De la brevedad de la vida
3RU 6e1(&$
1/40
De la brevedad de la vida
Séneca )LJXUD GH OD DQWLJHGDG *UHFR...
563 downloads
4949 Views
294KB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
De la brevedad de la vida
3RU 6e1(&$
1/40
De la brevedad de la vida
Séneca )LJXUD GH OD DQWLJHGDG *UHFRUURPDQD FRQ OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD UHIOH[LyQGHODpSRFDGHXQKRPEUHVREUHORKXPDQRHQVtGHVGHOD UD]yQRFRQFLHQFLD 6pQHFD IXH ILOyVRIR HVFULWRU KRPEUH GH (VWDGR VXMHWR D ODV GLILFXOWDGHV SROtWLFDV H REVFXULGDGHV KXPDQDV SURSLDV GH WRGRV ORV WLHPSRVSHUR\SDUWLFXODUPHQWHORVGHVXpSRFD 6H SUHRFXSD SRU OD H[SHULHQFLD GHYLYLUDUWLFXODGDDOELHQ \ HO PDO FRPR FRUUHVSRQGH OyJLFDPHQWH D XQD UHIOH[LyQ GHVGH OD UD]yQ DVt OODPDGDDODFRQFLHQFLDGHVtKXPDQD 6X YDORU HV HO GH KDEHUVH RSXHVWR D OD HUXGLFLyQ D SHVDU GH R SUHFLVDPHQWH SRU HOOR FRQRFHU SRHWDV KLVWRULDGRUHV \ ILOyVRIRV WDQWR JULHJRV FRPR ODWLQRV DGHPiV GH LPSRQHU VX LGHD ODV LGHDV SDUDHODSUHQGHUD³YLYLU´ELHQPiVTXHGHGLVSXWDU(VVDELGRSRU WRGRV TXH HQ OD pSRFD ODV UHWyULFDV \ ODV JUDPiWLFDV HQ ERJD VH RSRQtDQ FRQ OD GLVSXWD D FXDOTXLHU DYDQFH HQ HO SHQVDPLHQWR VLQ TXH SDUD QRVRWURV WDOHV GLVSXWDV KR\ VHDQ GHQLJUDEOHV SHUR Vt SXHVWDV HQ VX MXVWR OXJDU FRPR PHGLRV GH LQGDJDFLyQ \ QR GH H[SUHVLyQGHORGLRHQWUHODVJHQWHV 6pQHFD SDVy GHO FLQLVPR DO HVWRLFLVPR IXH HVWRLFR FRPR FXDOTXLHU FLXGDGDQR URPDQR UHFRUUH OXHJR HO HSLFXUHLVPR \ WLHQH YLVRV GH FULVWLDQLVPR(VWRVSLHQVR\RSURSLRVGHODUHIOH[LyQVREUHHOELHQ \HOPDO+R\HQGtDHOELHQ\HOPDOSDVDURQDVHUWpUPLQRVFRQ ORV TXH XQ VXMHWR VH UHSUHVHQWD SDUD RWUR SHUR QR \ HQ Vt FRQVXVWDQFLDOHV D OR KXPDQR WDO FRPR QLQJ~Q RWUR WpUPLQR GHO OHQJXDMHFRQORVTXHHOVXMHWRGHFLGDKDFHUVHUHSUHVHQWDU (O WUDEDMR VREUH OD OHQJXD GHVDUUROODGR SRU HO SVLFRDQiOLVLV FRPR PHGLR D WUDYpV GHO FXDO XQ VXMHWR VH UHSUHVHQWD SDUD HO VLVWHPD OLQJtVWLFR MXUtGLFR \ GH GHVHRV SURSLR GH VX pSRFD VLHQGR pVWH VLVWHPD QRREVWDQWHVLPEyOLFR HO VXMHWRSXHGHTXHGDUSUHxDGR\ DWDVFDGRSRU,PDJLQDULRR5HDOGHVXPXQGR6RQHVWRVWpUPLQRV TXHGDQRWUDSHUVSHFWLYDGHODVXQWRGHORKXPDQR1RREVWDQWHOD OHFWXUD VREUH 6pQHFD KDEUi GH VHUYLUQRV SDUD DGHQWUDUQRV HQ DOJXQD GH ODV SURIXQGLGDGHV GH OR KXPDQR \ VXV YLFLVLWXGHV 2/40
De la brevedad de la vida
VDOYDQGR HVWH LPSDVVH GH OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ SRU XQ ELHQ VXSUHPR TXHFRQODVUHOLJLRQHVHOVHUKXPDQRKDLQYHQWDGRSDUDH[SOLFDUVH (O PXQGR GH 6pQHFD HV PRUDO 1XHVWUR PXQGR DFWXDO HV HO GHO VXMHWR\VXVQH[RVFRQODUHDOLGDGHQORLPDJLQDULRORVLPEyOLFR\OR UHDO /D FHUWH]D HQ 6pQHFD HV FRQFHSWXDO 1XHVWUD FHUWH]D DFWXDO VREUH HO VXMHWR GH OD OHQJXD HVWD EDVDGD HQ QRFLRQHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV DTXHOODV TXH FRQWLHQHQ D ORV FRQFHSWRV HQ SRVWXUD GHERUGHDUORUHDO (QWUH ODV 5HIOH[LRQHV GH 6pQHFD \ ODV QXHVWUDV PHGLD OD FLHQFLD VXSHUDGD OXHJR SRU HO SVLFRDQiOLVLV OD OLWHUDWXUD \ ORV VLJORV GH DYDQFHUHVSHFWRGHOGHVHRKXPDQRGH6DEHUVHDVtPLVPR+R\SRU KR\VLELHQHVWHVDEHUVHVHSURFXUDSDVRKDFLDODFRQFLHQFLD QRHV GHpVWDVLQRXQLFHEHUJVXUJLGRGHVGHHOIRQGRGHORLQFRQVFLHQWH 2WUR YDORU GH 6pQHFD HV HO GHUUXPEH GH ODV FUHHQFLDV \ OD GHPROLFLyQGHSUiFWLFDVUHOLJLRVDVSURSLDVGHOSDJDQLVPRQRUHVSHWD FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRDOJXQRGHVROHPQHVULWRVSURSLRVGHVXpSRFD (Q 6pQHFD HO KRPEUH VH UHGLPH D Vt PLVPR \ SRU PHGLR GH OD UD]yQ +R\ GLUtDPRV TXH HO KRPEUH QR WLHQH UHGHQFLyQ TXH VX VDEHU HV LQFRQVFLHQWH \ TXH VX GLVIUXWH HV KDFHUOR FRQVFLHQWH VDELHQGRGHVtHQWUHWDQWRWDQWRFRPRGHORKXPDQRHQVt /XFLR $QQHR 6pQHFD SURFHGtD GH XQD LOXVWUH \ DFRPRGDGD IDPLOLD KLVSDQD +LMR VHJXQGR GH 6pQHFD HO 9LHMR HO 5HWyULFR $QWH HO WULEXQDOGHVXKHUPDQRPD\RUTXHIXHDGRSWDGRSRU-XLR*DOLyQ\ WRPy HO QRPEUH GH pVWH IXH SUHVHQWDGR 6DQ 3DEOR SRU ORV MXGtRV FXDQGRDTXpOHUDSURFyQVXOHQ*UHFLD *DOLyQUHKXVyMX]JDUOR'HVX KHUPDQRPHQRUIXHKLMRHOSRHWD/XFDQR 1DFLy HQ &yUGRED SRFRV DxRV DQWHV GHO FRPLHQ]R GH QXHVWUD (UD 6H HGXFy HQ 5RPD PDQLIHVWDQGR GHVGH MRYHQ DSWLWXGHV SDUD OD SRHVtD \ OD HORFXHQFLD DVt FRPR SDUD ORV HVWXGLRV ILORVyILFRV \ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFD 2EVHUYDEDSUiFWLFDVQHRHVWyLFDVGHYLGDVLPSOH\DXVWHUDSURSLDVGH ORVVHJXLGRUHVGH4XLQWR6H[WLR'HWDOVHFWDSURFHGtDQGRVGHVXV PDHVWURV 3DSLULR )DELDQR \ 6RFLyQ UHFRUGDGRV XQD \ RWUD YH] HQ VXV REUDV GH PDGXUH] FRQ JUDQ UHFRQRFLPLHQWR 2WUR HVWRLFR VH VXPDDHVWRVLGHDOHVGH6pQHFD $WDORGHTXLHQWUDGXMRVXVREUDV 3/40
De la brevedad de la vida
D UHDOLGDGHV YLYDV $WDOR VH HQWUHJDED DO HVWXGLR GH ODV FLHQFLDV QDWXUDOHVGHpVWHDSUHQGLy6pQHFDEDVWDQWHFRPRSDUDPHQFLRQDUOR HQ XQD GH VXV REUDV 'H 6RFLyQ DSUHQGLy OD PDQHUD HVWRLFD GHO UHQXQFLDU D ORV SODFHUHV H[WHUQRV SRU RWURV SODFHUHV PiV DFi GH pVWRVHMHPSORHV GRUPLUVREUHXQFROFKyQ³TXHQRWRPDVHODIRUPD GHO FXHUSR´ $ HVWDV SUiFWLFDV KXER 6pQHFD GH UHQXQFLDU HQ JUDQ PHGLGD SRU OD SUHVLyQ GH OD YROXQWDG 3DWHUQD ODV FDXVDV GH WDO UHSULPHQGDVHGHEtDQDTXHHQODpSRFD±±HUDHODxR\HO UHLQDED7LEHULR±±VHSURKLELySRUGHFUHWRWRGR FXOWRTXHROLHUDD IRUDVWHUR VHFWD PiJLFD R DVWUROyJLFD FXOWR HJLSFLR R MXGtR 6H UHWLUyHQWRQFHV6pQHFDD(JLSWRGRQGHXQWtRTXHHUDSUHIHFWRGH XQDSURYLQFLDFHUFDQDKDVWDTXHFD\y6HMDQR9ROYLHQGRD5RPD GHVFROOy \D \ VH GLR D FRQRFHU 6X EULOODQWH] GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ VX SHUVRQDOLGDG VX SDODEUD \ VX ILORVRItD HQWRQFHV GH PRGD OH DWUDMHURQODDWHQFLyQGHORVRWURV3RFRIDOWySDUDTXHHOVXFHVRUGH 7LEHULR&DOtJODORFRQGHQDVHDPXHUWHSRUVXSRVLFLyQH[SUHVDGD HQ DOJXQR TXH RWUR GLVFXUVR 'LFHQ TXH QR OR PDQGR D OD PXHUWH SRUTXHOHGLMHURQTXH6pQHFDHQSRFRWLHPSRPRULUtDGHWtVLFR(Q HO UHLQDGR GH &ODXGLR D LQVWLJDFLyQ GH 0HVDOLQD IXH GHVWHUUDGR D &yUFHJD 2FKRDxRV SDVDURQHQ ORVTXH VXSURGXFFLyQOLWHUDULD IXH HQJUDQDYDQFH 6pQHFD HQ VX REUD SXHV SHUPDQHFH HVWRLFR SHUR FRQ XQD HVWRD UHQRYDGDTXHVHWRPDODOLEHUWDGGHGHFLGLUSRUVtPLVPR6LHPSUH GHQWUR GH ORV FiQRQHV GH OD UD]yQ +R\ GLUtDPRV OLYHUGDG &RPR GLFLHQGRHVODYHUGDGGHOVXMHWRGHOLQFRQVFLHQWHODTXHQRVKDUi OLEUHVOLEUHVDOOHHUQXHVWUDVSURSLDVWRQWHUtDVHVGHFLUOLEUHVGHODV FDGHQDVGHIDODFHVFUHHQFLDVTXHGHWHUPLQDQODYLGDGHXQVXMHWR 6pQHFD QRV KDEOD VREUH ODV SDVLRQHV OR TXH QRVRWURV KR\ OODPDUtDPRV HO JRFH OD SDVLyQ KXPDQD TXH OR FRQGXFH KDFLD OD PXHUWH(VWHHVRWURYDORUGHLPSRUWDQFLD 'HODEUHYHGDGGHODYLGDHVXQWUDWDGRMXUtGLFRSROtWLFRGHGLFDGR SUREDEOHPHQWH D 3DROLQR SDGUH GH VX VHJXQGD PXMHU IXH FRPSXHVWRHQHODxR y
4/40
De la brevedad de la vida
FRAGMENTOS
Fragmentos de Cartas a Lucilio &RQVLGHURSXHVPiVIHOL]DOKRPEUHTXHQRKDQHFHVLWDGRVRVWHQHU QLQJXQD OXFKD FRQWUD Vt PLVPR \ FUHR PiV PHULWRULR DO TXH OXFKDQGRFRQVLJRPLVPRKDORJUDGRYHQFHUVXVPDODVLQFOLQDFLRQHV DUUDVWUDQGR VX DOPD PiV ELHQ TXH FRQGXFLpQGROD DO FDPLQR GH OD VDELGXUtD ;/,9 3HUR TXH HPRFLRQHQ ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV QR ODV IUDVHV ODHORFXHQFLDHVXQYHQHQRFXDQGRHVHOOD\QRODYHUGDGOR TXHDSDVLRQD ;/,9 1R WHQJDV QLQJXQD IH HQ ODV JHQWHV FXDQGR WH GLJDQ TXH VXV QHJRFLRVORVDSDUWDQGHORVHVWXGLRVVHULRV VHKDFHQORV RFXSDGRV VLQ HVWDUOR PXFKR OD GLILFXOWDG SDUD HVRV KRPEUHV HVWi HQ HOORV PLVPRV /;,, 7RGR SXHGH GHVSUHFLDUVH SHUR SRVHHUOR WRGR HV LPSRVLEOH (O FDPLQRPiVFRUWRSDUDVHUULFRHVGHVSUHFLDUODULTXH]D /;,, 1RKD\QDGDGHTXHQRVFDQVHPRVWDQSURQWRFRPRGHOGRORU VLHV UHFLHQWH HQFXHQWUDTXLHQ OR FRQVXHOH LQWHUHVD D ODV DOPDV JHQHURVDV SHUR VL HV DQWLJXR KDFH UHtU D WRGR HO PXQGR < HV UD]RQDEOH TXH VH UtD OD JHQWH SRUTXH HV XQ GRORU R ILQJLGR R LQVHQVDWR /;,,, (O GRORU GHEH VHU YHQFLGR SRU HO KRPEUH \ QR HO KRPEUH SRU pO /;,,, 8QDYH]HQWXVROHGDGKD]GHPRGRTXHODJHQWHQRKDEOHGHWL SRU WX SDUWH KDEOD FRQWLJR PLVPR ¢4XpWH GLUiV" /R TXH ORV KRPEUHV GLFHQFRQPXFKRJXVWRORVXQRVGHORVRWURV WHQPDODRSLQLyQGHWL \DVtDGTXLULUiVODFRVWXPEUHGHRtUODYHUGDG\GHGHFLUOD /;9,,, 3HURORTXHDSUHQGDVHQHOPRPHQWRGHLUWH¢FXiQGRWHVHUYLUiQL SDUDTXp"0HVHUYLUiSDUDLUPHVLHQGRPHMRU /;9,,, 3RURWUDSDUWHELHQVDEHVTXHQRHVIRU]RVRFRQVHUYDUODYLGDSXHV 5/40
De la brevedad de la vida
ORLPSRUWDQWHQRHVYLYLUPXFKRVLQRELHQYLYLU$VtHVTXHHOVDELR YLYH OR TXH GHEH QR OR TXH SXHGH ([DPLQDUi GyQGH FyPR FRQ TXLpQ SRU TXp GHEH YLYLU OR TXH VHUi VX YLGD QR OR TXH SXHGD GXUDU /;; 'DUVH OD PXHUWH R UHFLELUOD DFDEDU XQ SRFR GHVSXpV R XQ SRFR DQWHVKDGHVHUSDUDpOHQWHUDPHQWHORPLVPR QRKD\HQHVRQDGD TXH SXHGD HVSDQWDUOH ¢4Xp LPSRUWD SHUGHU OR TXH VH QRV YD HVFDSDQGR JRWD D JRWD" 0RULU PiV SURQWR R PiV WDUGH HV FRVD LQGLIHUHQWH ORLPSRUWDQWHHVPRULUELHQRPDO<¢TXpHVPRULUELHQ" 6XVWUDHUVHDOSHOLJURGHYLYLUPDO /;; 3UHIHULUtDDODPi[LPDGHTXHODIRUWXQDORSXHGHWRGRSDUDHOTXH YLYH HVWH RWUR SHQVDPLHQWR OD IRUWXQD QR SXHGH QDGD FRQWUD HO TXHVDEHPRULU /;; 6REUHWRGRWUDWiQGRVHGHODPXHUWHGHEHPRVVXMHWDUQRVDQXHVWUD IDQWDVtD /D PHMRU PXHUWH HV OD TXH PiV QRV JXVWH 3RFR LPSRUWD TXHODYLGDDFDEHSRUHOKLHUURODFXHUGDROHYHQHQRFRQWDOTXH DFDEHURPSLHQGRORVOD]RVGHODVHUYLGXPEUH6HGHEHFXHQWDGHOD YLGD D ORV GHPiV GH OD PXHUWH QR GHEHPRV FXHQWD PiV TXH D QRVRWURVPLVPRV SRUHVRHVPHMRUODTXHQRVDJUDGHPiV /;; /DREUDPDHVWUDGHODOH\HWHUQDHVKDEHUOHSURFXUDGRYDULDVVDOLGDV DODYLGDGHOKRPEUHTXHVyORWLHQHXQDHQWUDGD /;; /DPHMRUUD]yQSDUDQRTXHMDUVHGHODYLGDHVTXHHOODQRUHWLHQHDO TXHODTXLHUDGHMDU/DVFRVDVKXPDQDVHVWiQPX\ELHQGLVSXHVWDV QDGLHHVGHVJUDFLDGRPiVTXHSRUVXFXOSD¢7HSODFHODYLGD"9LYH ¢1R WH SODFH" SXHV HUHV GXHxR GH YROYHU DO OXJDU GH GRQGH KDV YHQLGR /;; 6LTXLHUHVQRVHUHVFODYRGHWXFXHUSRILJ~UDWHTXHHVWiVDORMDGRHQ pO PRPHQWiQHDPHQWH FRPR XQ WUDQVH~QWH \ QR SLHUGDV GH YLVWD TXH YDV D SHUGHU HO DORMDPLHQWR GH XQ LQVWDQWH D RWUR $Vt WH KDUi SRFDPHOODODQHFHVLGDGGHGHMDUOR3HUR¢FyPRIDPLOLDUL]DUVHFRQOD LGHDGHOSURSLRILQFXDQGRQRWLHQHQILQQXHVWURVGHVHRV" /;; &XDQGR TXLHUDV VDEHU OR TXH WH FRQYLHQH HYLWDU R OR TXH GHEHV EXVFDUILMDODYLVWDHQHOVREHUDQRELHQHQHOREMHWRJHQHUDOGHWX YLGDSXHVWRGRVQXHVWURVDFWRVGHEHQWHQGHUXQLIRUPHPHQWHKDFLD 6/40
De la brevedad de la vida
HVHREMHWR1RHVSRVLEOHRUGHQDUORVGHWDOOHVGHQXHVWUDYLGDVLQR KHPRVILMDGRVXFRQMXQWR /;;,, +D\JHQWHVTXHWLHQHQD VXODGR HO VREHUDQRELHQ VLQ VRVSHFKDUOR FRPRVXHOHVXFHGHUTXHDQGDPRVEXVFDQGRDOTXHWHQHPRVFHUFD 1RKD\QHFHVLGDGGHPXFKDVIUDVHVQLGHODUJRVFLUFXQORTXLRVSDUD KDFHUWH VHQWLU OR TXH HV HO ELHQ VREHUDQR EDVWD VHxDODUOR FRQ HO GHGR \ VLQ EXVFDUOR PXFKR ¢ SDUD TXp WDQWRV JLURV WDQWDV GLYLVLRQHV\VXEGLYLVLRQHVFXDQGREDVWDGHFLUTXHHOVREHUDQRELHQ HVODYLUWXG"3RGHPRVGHFLUPiV TXHODYLUWXGHVHO~QLFRELHQ ORV RWURV ELHQHV VRQ IDOVRV \ FRUURPSLGRV 6L WH SHQHWUDV GH HVWH SULQFLSLR \ WH DSDVLRQDV SRU OD YLUWXG SXHV DPDUOD HV SRFD FRVD WRGRVORVKHFKRVHQTXHHOODWHQJDSDUWHVHDFXDOIXHUHODRSLQLyQ GHORVGHPiVWHSDUHFHUiQIHOLFHV\IDYRUDEOHV KDVWDODWRUWXUDVL FRQVHUYDV HQ HO SRWUR PiV WUDQTXLOLGDG TXH WX YHUGXJR KDVWD OD HQIHUPHGDGVLGRPLQDVHOPDO\QRPDOGLFHVODVXHUWH /;;, (VYLUWXGODTXHWULXQIDGHODIRUWXQDDGYHUVDFRPRWDPELpQORHVOD TXHKDFHEXHQXVRGHODIDYRUDEOH$KRUDELHQODYLUWXGQRSXHGH VHUPiVJUDQGHQLPiVFKLFD VLHPSUHHVGHOPLVPRWDPDxR /;;, ¢+D\DOJRHQHOPXQGRTXHHVWpDODEULJRGHFDPELRV"/DWLHUUDHO FLHORWRGDODLQPHQVDPDTXLQDULDGHOXQLYHUVRQRHVWiQH[HQWRVGH FDPELRV D~Q VLHQGR OD REUD GH 'LRV PLVPR 1R HO PXQGR QR FRQVHUYDUiVLHPSUHVXRUGHQDFWXDO GtDYHQGUiTXHORGHVYtHGHVX FXUVR 7RGRV ORV VHUHV WLHQHQ SHULRGRV PDUFDGRV GHEHQ QDFHU FUHFHU \ SHUHFHU (VRV DVWURV TXH YHLV PRYHUVH SRU HQFLPD GH QRVRWURVHVWDWLHUUDHQTXHHVWDPRVFRQIXVDPHQWHHVSDUFLGRV\QRV SDUHFHWDQVyOLGDWRGRHOORHVWiPLQDGRVRUGDPHQWH\KDGHWHQHU XQ ILQ 1R KD\ QDGD TXH QR WHQJD VX YHMH] VX GHFUHSLWXG VX WpUPLQR DXQTXHHQpSRFDVGLIHUHQWHVHOPLVPRILQOHHVSHUDDWRGR ORTXHH[LVWH7RGRORTXHHVDFDEDUiSRUQRVHUSHURHOPXQGRQR SHUHFHUi SRU HVR VH GLVROYHUi /D GLVROXFLyQ SDUD QRVRWURV HV OD GHVWUXFFLyQ (Q HIHFWR QRVRWURV QR FRQVLGHUDPRV VLQR OR TXH HVWi PX\ FHUFD GH QRVRWURV QXHVWUD DOPD EDVWDUGHDGD\ TXH QR VDEH GHVSUHQGHUVH GHO FXHUSR QR YH PiV DOOi SHUR VRSRUWDUtDPRV FRQ PXFKDPiVILUPH]DODLGHDGHQXHVWURILQ\ODGHQXHVWURVSUyMLPRV VL HVWXYLpUDPRV SHUVXDGLGRV GH TXH OD QDWXUDOH]D QR HV PiV TXH XQD VXFHVLyQ GH QDFLPLHQWR \ PXHUWH GH TXH ORV FXHUSRV FRPSXHVWRV VH GLVXHOYHQ GH TXH ORV FXHUSRV GLVXHOWRV VH UHFRQVWLWX\HQ\GHTXHHVHQHVWHFtUFXORLQILQLWRGRQGHVHHMHUFHHO SRGHUGHO'LRVPRGHUDGRUGHOXQLYHUVR /;;, 7/40
De la brevedad de la vida
/DYLUWXGWLHQHVLHPSUHODPLVPDPHGLGDMXVWD QDGDOHIDOWD /;;, ¢ &yPR ODV DOHJUtDV GH XQ EDQTXHWH \ ORV WRUPHQWRV GHO VXSOLFLR SXHGHQ VHU OD PLVPD FRVD" ¢ (VR WH VRUSUHQGH" 3XHV KH DTXt XQD FRVDTXHKDGHVRUSUHQGHUWHPiV ODVDOHJUtDVGHOIHVWtQVRQXQPDO ORV WRUPHQWRV GHO SRWUR VRQ XQ ELHQ VL HQ ODV SULPHUDV QRV FRQGXFLPRV YHUJRQ]RVDPHQWH \ HQ ORV ~OWLPRV FRQ GLJQLGDG /DV FRVDV QR VRQ EXHQDV R PDODV SRU Vt PLVPDV VLQR SRU OD YLUWXG OD YLUWXG TXH GRQGHTXLHUD TXH YD OHV GD D WRGDV ODV FRVDV HO PLVPR YDORULJXDOPHGLGD /;;, 6H QHFHVLWD XQ DOPD JUDQGH SDUD DSUHFLDU ODV JUDQGHV FRVDV SXHV ODVDOPDVYXOJDUHVOHVDWULEX\HQVXVSURSLRV\HUURV /;;,
De la brevedad de la vida
H[SHULHQFLD KXPDQD 2OYLGDUVH HQWHUDPHQWH GH OD ILORVRItD X RFXSDUVHGHHOODDUDWRVYLHQHDVHUODPLVPDFRVD(QHIHFWRQROD HQFRQWUDPRVQXQFDGRQGHODGHMDPRV FRPRXQUHVRUWHGHOTXHVH WLUD \ TXH VH HQFRJH WDQ OXHJR FRPR OR VROWDPRV HOOD YXHOYH WDPELpQDOSXQWRGHSDUWLGD /;;,, /RV TXH GDQOD SUHIHUHQFLD D RWURV ELHQHV FDHQ HQ SRGHU GH OD PXGDEOH IRUWXQD \ GHMDQ GH SHUWHQHQFHUVH PLHQWUDV TXH HO KRPEUHTXH HQFLHUUD WRGRV ORV ELHQHV GH WRGDV FODVHV HQ OR KRQUDGRWLHQHODIHOLFLGDGGHQWURGHVt /;;,9 7RGR HO TXH VH DEDQGRQH D ORV FDSULFKRV GH OD VXHUWH VH SUHSDUD LQQXPHUDEOHV PRWLYRV GH GHVDVRVLHJR QR KD\ PiV TXH XQ VROR PHGLR GH OOHJDU D OD VHJXULGDG GHVSUHFLDU ODV FRVDV H[WHUQDV \ DSDUDWRVDVDWHQLpQGRVHDORKRQUDGR /;;,9 4XLHQWHQJDHOSURSyVLWRGHVHUIHOL]QRGHEHSHQVDUPiVTXHHQXQ VRORELHQORKRQHVWR /;;,9 ¢0H SUHJXQWDV SRU TXp OD YLUWXG QR WLHQH QHFHVLGDG GH QDGD" 3RUTXH QR GHVHD OR TXH QR WLHQH FRQ OR TXH WLHQH VH FRQWHQWD \ FRPR QR KD\ QDGD SDUD HOOD TXH QR WHQJD XQ YDORU WRGR OH EDVWD /;;,9 /RVYHUGDGHURVELHQHVVRQORVTXHODUD]yQSURFXUD VRQPiVVyOLGRV \GXUDGHURV QRSXHGHQQLSHUHFHUQLGHFUHFHUQLDPHQJXDUVH/RV RWURV QR VRQ PiV TXH ELHQHV GH FRQYHQFLyQ QR WLHQHQ GH FRP~Q FRQ ORV ELHQHV PiV TXH HO QRPEUH VX HVHQFLD HVPX\ GLVWLQWD /OiPHVHOHV SXHV YHQWDMDV R HQ HO OHQJXDMH GH QXHVWUD HVFXHOD SUHOLPLQDUHV SHURVHSDPRVTXHVRQVLUYLHQWHVQXHVWURV\QRSDUWHV GHQXHVWUDQDWXUDOH]D TXHVRQQXHVWURVSHURTXHHVWiQSRUIXHUD GH QRVRWURV 3RU PXFKD HQWUDGD TXH OHV GHPRV QR ORV FRQVLGHUHPRVMDPiVVLQRFRPRSRVHVLRQHVYLOHV\VXEDOWHUQDVTXH QRYDOHQSDUDSRQHUHQHOORVQLQJXQDYDQLGDG /;;,9 4XLHQSRQHVXFRQILDQ]DHQELHQHVHVHQFLDOPHQWHIXJLWLYRVHVPX\ SURQWRDEDQGRQDGRSRUHOORV \VLQRHVDEDQGRQDGRHQFRQWUDUiHQ HOORVXQWRUPHQWR /;;,9 4XH HO KRPEUH WHQJD SRU EXHQR WRGR OR TXH 'LRV KD HQFRQWUDGR EXHQR TXHQRVHHQRUJXOOH]FDGHVtPLVPRQLGHVXVDFFLRQHVVLQR 9/40
De la brevedad de la vida
HQ WDQWR TXH VHD LQYHQFLEOH TXH WHQJD ORV PDOHV EDMR VXV SLHV \ TXHSRUODIXHU]DGHODUD]yQODPiVSRGHURVDGHWRGDVODVDUPDV VH SRQJD IXHUD GH WRGRV ORV FDSULFKRV GHO D]DU \ SRU HQFLPD GHO GRORU\ORVXOWUDMHV$PDGODUD]yQSXHVHODPRUDHOODRVGHIHQGHUi GHWRGRVORVDVDOWRVGHWRGRVORVHQHPLJRV /;;,9 /DYLUWXGHQHIHFWRQXQFDGHMDXQYDFtRHQHODOPD ODOOHQDWRGD HOODVRODGLVLSDWRGRVORVSHVDUHVSRUTXHHVHOSULQFLSLR\HORULJHQ GHWRGRVORVELHQHV /;;,9 (O VREHUDQRELHQQRDXPHQWDQLGLVPLQX\H ODIHOLFLGDGQRFUHFHQL PHQJXD VXEVLVWH VLHPSUH HQ OD PLVPD SURSRUFLyQ KDJD OR TXH TXLHUDODIRUWXQD VLHOVDELRDOFDQ]DXQDYHMH]SURORQJDGDRDFDED VLQOOHJDUDODYHMH]ODPHGLGDGHVXEXHQDYHQWXUDHVODPLVPDSDUD pOVHDFXDOIXHUHODGLIHUHQFLDGHHGDG&XDQGRGHVFULEHVXQFtUFXOR JUDQGHRSHTXHxRHOHVSDFLRYDUtDSHURQRODIRUPD LJXDOPHQWHOR TXHHVUHFWR\MXVWRQRVHPLGHSRUHOWDPDxRSRUODFDQWLGDGQLOD GXUDFLyQ /DV GLPHQVLRQHV YDUtDQ VLQ TXH FDPELH OD HVHQFLD GH ODV FRVDV /;;,9 ¢4XLHUHV FRQYHQFHUWH GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH QR DSXUDUVH FRQ DQWLFLSDFLyQ",PDJtQDWHDXQKRPEUHDTXLHQVHOHDQXQFLDTXHVHUi VRPHWLGR D FUXHO VXSOLFLR DO FDER GH FLQFXHQWD DxRV ¢ KD GH DSXUDUVH SRU HVR" 3XHV FLQFXHQWD DxRV OH GXUDUi HO VXSOLFLR HQ HO FDVRGHTXHVHDSHVDGXPEUHDQWLFLSDGDPHQWHRVHSRQJDDSHQVDU HQORTXHKDGHVXFHGHUDOFDERGHPHGLRVLJOR(VStULWXVKD\TXHVH FRPSODFHQ HQ KDEODU GH SDGHFLPLHQWRV TXH \D KDQ GHVDSDUHFLGR UHFRUGDQGRHQIHUPHGDGHVDQWLJXDVTXHHVWiQFXUDGDV\QRGHMDURQ KXHOOD/RVPDOHVIXWXURVFRPRORVSDVDGRVVRQPDOHVDXVHQWHV\QR SRGHPRV VHQWLUORV ¢$ TXp SHQVDU HQ HOORV" 1R GHEH SXHV KDEHU SRUHOORVGRORUSXHVWRTXHQRKD\VHQWLPLHQWR /;;,9 £4Xp¢1RVLJXHVODVKXHOODVGHORVDQWLJXRV"6tSHURFRQUHVHUYDV FRQ OD FRQGLFLyQ GH SRGHU DxDGLU DOJXQD FRVD FDPELDU DOJR \ DEDQGRQDU DTXHOOR TXH PH SDUH]FD 6R\ VX GLVFtSXOR QR VX HVFODYR /;;; (O FXHUSR QHFHVLWD PXFKR DOLPHQWR PXFKD EHELGD PXFKR DFHLWH XQFXLGDGRHQILQGHWRGRVORVLQVWDQWHV3HURODYLUWXGVHDGTXLHUH VLQDSDUDWR\VLQGHVHPEROVR WRGRORQHFHVDULRSDUDVHUXQKRPEUH GHELHQORSRVpHV¢4XpHVORTXHVHQHFHVLWD"£4XHUHU /;;; 10/40
De la brevedad de la vida
)UDQTXpDWHSXHVHPDQFtSDWHDQWHWRGRGHOPLHGRDODPXHUWHTXH HVODSULPHUDGHODVVHUYLGXPEUHV \OXHJRGHOWHPRUDODSREUH]D /;;; &RPSDUDORVVHPEODQWHVGHORVSREUHVFRQORVGHORVULFRV(OSREUH UtHPiVDPHQXGR\PiVIUDQFDPHQWH VLWLHQHDOJ~QFXLGDGRSDVD FRPRXQDQXEH3HURDTXHOORVTXHVRQFRQVLGHUDGRVORVVHUHVPiV IHOLFHVWLHQHQSRUULVDXQDPXHFD VXDOHJUtDHVVLPXODGDSRUTXHOD WULVWH]DORVGHYRUD \HVVXPDOWDQWRPiVJUDYHSRUTXHQRGHEHQ PDQLIHVWDU VX SHQD KDQ GH PRVWUDUVH FRQWHQWRV HQWUH ODV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV TXH DUUXJDQ VXV IUHQWHV \ ODV SHVDGXPEUHV TXH RSULPHQ VXV FRUD]RQHV 6X IHOLFLGDG HV XQ GLVIUD] DUUDQFDGOHV OD FDUHWD\RVLQVSLUDUiQGHVSUHFLRROiVWLPD /;;; 3DUD DSUHFLDUWH WX PLVPR GHMD DSDUWH HO GLQHUR ODV FDVDV ORV KRQRUHV \ PtUDWH SRU GHQWUR $O SUHVHQWH PLGHV WX YDOHU SRU HO FULWHULRGHORVGHPiV /;;; (Q HIHFWR HO KRPEUH GHEHUtD SRUWDUVH VLHPSUH FRPR VL KXELHUD WHVWLJRV GH OR TXH KDFH SHQVDU VLHPSUH FRPR VL DOJXLHQ SXGLHVH OHHU HQ HO IRQGR GH VX SHQVDPLHQWR < D IH TXH SXHGH KDFHUOR /;;;,,, /RTXHQRVHQGXUHFHHQHOPDOHVQRYROYHUODYLVWDDORSDVDGRQR KDFHU QXQFD H[DPHQ GH FRQFLHQFLD $OJXQDV YHFHV QR PXFKDV VH SLHQVDHQOR TXH VH KDUi HQ OR TXHVH KD KHFKR VH SLHQVD PHQRV D~Q 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ HO SDVDGR VH GHEH DFRQVHMDU HO SRUYHQLU /;;;,,, 3DUD Pt OD OHFWXUD HV OD SULPHUD GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV HQ SULPHU OXJDUSRUTXHPHSUHVHUYDQGHFUHHUPHHO~QLFRSHQVDGRU \OXHJR SRUTXH PH SRQHQ DO FRUULHQWH GH ORV GHVFXEULPLHQWRV KHFKRV \ GH ORVTXHIDOWDQ /;;;,9 /DOHFWXUDSRURWUDSDUWHDOLPHQWDHOHVStULWX\OHSHUPLWHGHVFDQVDU GHOYHUGDGHURHVWXGLR1RHVEXHQROLPLWDUVHDHVFULELUFRPRQRHV EXHQRFRQWHQWDUVHFRQOHHU ORSULPHURFDQVD\DJRWDODVIXHU]DV OR VHJXQGR ODV GLVXHOYH \ GLOX\H (V SUHFLVR TXH DPERV HMHUFLFLRV DOWHUQHQFRPELQDGRVVLUYLHQGRGHFRUUHFWLYRHOXQRDORWUR/RTXH GHODOHFWXUDVHKDUHFRJLGRVHXWLOL]DHQODFRPSRVLFLyQ /;;;,9 11/40
De la brevedad de la vida
/DDPELFLyQQRWLHQHOtPLWHV ORPLVPRWHPHDORVTXHHVWiQGHODQWH TXH D ORV TXH YLHQHQ GHWUiV \ HV XQD GREOH HQYLGLD OR TXH OD DWRUPHQWD£4XpGHVGLFKDODGHVHUHQYLGLDGR\TXHPLVHULDODGH VHQWLUVHHQYLGLRVR /;;;,9 £$KGLULJHDRWUDSDUWHHOSHQVDPLHQWRHQFDPtQDWHDODVDELGXUtD EXVFD PiV ELHQ ORV JRFHV WUDQTXLORV H LQDJRWDEOHV 7RGR OR TXH SDUHFH HOHYDUVH SRFR R PXFKR HQWUH ODV KXPDQDV FRVDV QR WLHQH PiVTXHXQDJUDQGH]DDSDUHQWH\UHODWLYD \VLQHPEDUJRHOOOHJDU DHOODVHVGLItFLO\SHQRVR1RVHVXEHDORVKRQRUHVVLQRSRUVHQGD HVFDUSDGD3HURVLWHWUDVODGDVDHVWDVXEOLPHUHJLyQGHVGHODFXDO VH GRPLQD OD IRUWXQD YHUiV EDMR YXHVWURV SLHV OR TXH VH FUHH PiV DOWR<HVOODQRHOFDPLQRTXHWHOOHYDUiDODFXPEUH /;;;,9 1R VRODPHQWH FRQGHVFHQGHPRV FRQ IDFLOLGDG D ORV YLFLRV VLQR TXH QRVSUHFLSLWDPRVDHOORV\ORTXHKDFHLQFRUUHJLEOHVDODPD\RUtDGH ORVKRPEUHVHVTXHODVIDOWDVFRQWUDFXDOTXLHURWURDUWHDYHUJHQ]DQ DODUWtILFH\SHUMXGLFDQDTXLHQODVFRPHWHPLHQWUDVTXHORVSHFDGRV FRQWUDODUHFWLWXGGHODYLGDSURSRUFLRQDQGHOHLWH ;&9,, 1XQFD FUHDV IHOL] D QDGLH TXH HVWp SHQGLHQWH GH OD IHOLFLGDG ;&9,,, 'HVDVWURVRHV HOiQLPRDQVLRVRGHOR SRUYHQLU \GHVGLFKDGRDQWHV GHODGHVGLFKDHOTXHHVWiLQTXLHWRSRUTXHOHDFRPSDxHQKDVWDHO ILQ GH VX YLGD ODV FRVDV TXH OH GHOHLWDQ (Q QLQJ~Q WLHPSR WHQGUi VRVLHJR\HQODH[SHFWDFLyQGHOIXWXURSHUGHUiHOSUHVHQWH\ORTXH HQpOSXGLHUDGLVIUXWDU ;&9,,, 3XHGHDUUHEDWiUVHQRVHOWHQHUSHURQXQFDHOKDEHUWHQLGR ;&9,,, &DGDGtDFDGDKRUDQRVUHYHODODQDGDTXHVRPRV\QRVDGYLHUWH FRQ XQ QXHYRDUJXPHQWR QXHVWUDROYLGDGD IUDJLOLGDG HQWRQFHV QRV REOLJDDPHGLWDUHQORHWHUQR\DYROYHUODPLUDGDKDFLDODPXHUWH &, 1XHVWURWpUPLQRHVWiILUPHDOOtGRQGHORILMyHOKDGRLQH[RUDEOHSHUR QLQJXQR GH QRVRWURV VDEH D TXp GLVWDQFLD VH HQFXHQWUD 'LVSRQJDPRV SXHV GH QXHVWUR iQLPR FRPR VL \D KXELpVHPRV OOHJDGR D QXHVWUR ILQ 1R DSODFHPRV QDGD VDOGHPRV FDGD GtD 12/40
De la brevedad de la vida
QXHVWUDV FXHQWDV FRQ OD YLGD (O PD\RU GHIHFWR GH OD YLGD HVWi HQ TXHVLHPSUHHVLQFRPSOHWDSRUTXHVLHPSUHGHMDPRVDOJRDSOD]DGR $ TXLHQ VDEH GDU FDGD GtD D VX YLGD OD ~OWLPD PDQR QR OH IDOWD WLHPSR &, /RTXHLPSRUWDHVOREXHQDTXHVHDWXYLGDQRFXiQODUJDVHD< PXFKDVYHFHVTXHVHDEXHQDHVTXHQRVHDODUJD &, /D WHPSHVWDG DPHQD]D DQWHV GH HVWDOODU ORV HGLILFLRV FUXMHQ DQWHV GH GHUUXPEDUVH HO KXPR DQXQFLD FRQ WLHPSR HO LQFHQGLR HO GDxR TXHSURFHGHGHOKRPEUHOOHJDGHLPSURYLVR\VHHQFXEUHFRQWDQWR PiVFXLGDGRFXDQWRPiVVHDSUR[LPD &,,, 'LFHQTXH6yFUDWHVFRQWHVWyDDOJXLHQTXHVHTXHMDEDGHQRKDEHU VDFDGR SURYHFKR GH VXV YLDMHV 1R HV UDUR TXH WH KD\D RFXUULGR HVRSXHVYLDMDEDVFRQWLJRPLVPR£4XpELHQLUtDDPXFKRVDOHMDUVH GHVtPLVPRV &,9 6L HUHV VDELR DWHPSHUDUiV XQD FRVD FRQ RWUD QL HVSHUDUiV VLQ GHVFRQILDQ]DQLGHVFRQILDUiVVLQHVSHUDQ]D &,9 0LHQWUDV LJQRUHV GH TXp KDV GH KXLU TXp KDV GH EXVFDU TXp HV QHFHVDULR \ TXH HVWi GH VREUD TXp HV MXVWR \ TXp LQMXVWR OR TXH KDJDVQRVHUiYLDMDUVLQRDQGDUHUUDQWH &,9 1RKD\YLDMHDOJXQRFUpHPHTXHWHFRORTXHIXHUDGHODFRGLFLDGH OD LUD GHO PLHGR VL OR KXELHUD HO JpQHUR KXPDQR OR KDUtD HQ FROXPQD FHUUDGD (VRV PDOHV WH DFRVDUiQ \ WH HQHUYDUiQ YD\DV GRQGHYD\DVPLHQWUDVOOHYHVFRQWLJRVXVFDXVDV¢7HPDUDYLOODVGH TXH OD IXJD QR WH DSURYHFKH" (V TXH DTXHOOR GH OR TXH KX\HV OR OOHYDVFRQWLJRDOKXLU &,9 /D QDWXUDOH]D QRV KD FUHDGR PDJQiQLPRV \ FRPR D DOJXQRV DQLPDOHV OHV GLR OD ILHUH]D D RWURV OD DVWXFLD D RWURV HO PLHGR D QRVRWURVQRVGLRXQHVStULWXJORULRVR\HOHYDGRTXHDVSLUDDODYLGD PiVKRQUDGDQRDODPiVVHJXUDVHPHMDQWHDORVFLHORVDORVTXH VLJXH\HPXODHQ OD PHGLGD HQTXH SXHGHQ ORJUDUOR ODVIXHU]DVGH ORVPRUWDOHV XQHVStULWXTXHVHHQVDQFKDSRUTXHFRQItDHQTXHVL HV FRQWHPSODGR PHUHFHUi DODEDQ]D (V VHxRU GH WRGDV ODV FRVDV HVWiSRUHQFLPDGHWRGDVODVFRVDV$QDGDSXHVVHVRPHWDQDGD OHSDUH]FDJUDYHQLFDSD]GHGREOHJDUDXQKRPEUH &,9 13/40
De la brevedad de la vida
4XLHQ GHVSUHFLD D DOJXLHQ OH SLVD VLQ GXGD SHUR SDVD DGHODQWH 1DGLHKLHUHFRQSHUWLQDFLDHLQVLVWHQFLDDOKRPEUHGHVSUHFLDGR+DVWD HQHOFRPEDWHVHSDVDDOODGRGHOTXHKDFDtGR\VHOXFKDFRQHO TXHVLJXHHQSLH &9 3DVD OD SHQD WRGR HO TXH OD HVSHUD \ OD HVSHUD WRGR HO TXH OD KD PHUHFLGR &9 (OFXOSDEOHKDWHQLGRDOJXQDYH]ODVXHUWHGHQRVHU GHVFXELHUWRQXQFDODGHHVWDUFRQILDGR &9 (OTXHDFXGHDOILOyVRIRKDGHOOHYDUVHFRQVLJRDOJREXHQRFDGDGtD KD GH YROYHU D VX FDVD R PiV VDQR R PiV FXUDEOH < DVt YROYHUi pVWD HV OD YLUWXG GH OD ILORVRItD TXH D\XGD QR VyOR D TXLHQHV VH FRQVDJUDQDHOODVLQRKDVWDDTXLHQHVFRQHOODWLHQHQWUDWR &9,,, /DV PHMRUHV FRVDV HVFDSDQ YRODQGR \ ODV SHRUHV ODV VXFHGHQ &9,,, 9LYDPRV SXHV FRQ WRGR HO iQLPR \ SXHVWR DSDUWH OR TXH QRV GLVWUDH HVIRUFpPRQRV HQ XQD VROD FRVD TXH QR WHQJDPRV TXH FRPSUHQGHU OD UDSLGH] GHO WLHPSR LQIDWLJDEOH FXDQGR \D QRV KD\D DEDQGRQDGR4XHFDGDSULPHUGtDDJUDGHFRPRVLIXHVHHOPHMRU\ TXH VH KDJD QXHVWUR +D\ TXH WRPDU SRVHVLyQ GH OR TXH VH QRV HVFDSD &9,,, 3HURSDUD TXHQRPHRFXUUDDPtPLVPRPLHQWUDVDQGREXVFDQGR RWUDFRVDFRQYHUWLUPHHQJUDPiWLFRRILOyORJRWHDGYLHUWRTXHDORtU ROHHUDXQILOyVRIRKD\TXHWUDWDUGHHQFRQWUDUODFLHQFLDGHODYLGD IHOL]GHPRGRTXHVHFDSWHQQR\DSDODEUDVDUFDLFDVRUHWRUFLGDV\ PHWiIRUDVGLItFLOHV\ILJXUDV GHGLFFLyQVLQRSUHFHSWRVSURYHFKRVRV \ VHQWHQFLDV PDJQiQLPDV \ HVIRU]DGDV TXH OOHYHQ D XQD SURQWD DFFLyQ &9,,, ¢4Xp D\XGD SXHGH RIUHFHUPH HO SLORWR GH XQ QDYtR DWXUGLGR \ YRPLWDQGR" < ¢ QR FUHHV TXH OD YLGD HV DUURMDGD GH XQ ODGR SDUD RWUR SRU XQD WHPSHVWDG PiV GXUD TXH OD TXH SXHGD ]DUDQGHDU D QDYH DOJXQD" 1R VH WUDWD GH KDEODU VLQR GH PDQHMDU HO WLPyQ &9,,, (OYHUGDGHURILOyVRIRFRQVXWDPDxDVHFRQWHQWD ¢FyPRLEDDQR HVWDUFRQWHQWRGHKDEHUFUHFLGRKDVWDGRQGHQRDOFDQ]DODPDQRGH 14/40
De la brevedad de la vida
OD IRUWXQD" (VWi SXHV SRU HQFLPD GH ODV FRVDV KXPDQDV \ HQ FXDOTXLHU VLWXDFLyQ HV LJXDO D Vt PLVPR WDQWR VL OD YLGD VLJXH XQ FXUVR IDYRUDEOH FRPR VL VH EDPEROHD HQWUH DGYHUVLGDGHV \ GLILFXOWDGHV &;, $Vt SXHV GRQGH TXLHUD TXH YHDV TXH OD FRUUXSFLyQ GHO OHQJXDMH SURGXFHDJUDGRWHQODVHJXULGDGGHTXHDOOtWDPELpQODVFRVWXPEUHV VHKDQDSDUWDGRGHODUHFWLWXG &;,9 1XHVWURUH\HVHOiQLPR FXDQGRHVWiILUPHWRGRORGHPiVHVILHOD VXGHEHUREHGLHQWHGyFLO(QFXDQWRDTXpOYDFLODXQSRFRWRGRVH WDPEDOHD \ VL VH HQWUHJD DO SODFHU WDPELpQ VXV DFWLWXGHV \ VXV DFWRV ODQJXLGHFHQ \ WRGR HVIXHU]R VH KDFH IORMR \ SXVLOiQLPH &;,9 3XHV¢TXp/XFLOLRQRHVDFDVRXQDORFXUDTXHQLQJXQRGHQRVRWURV SLHQVH TXH HV PRUWDO \ GpELO HV PiV TXH QLQJXQR GH QRVRWURV SLHQVHTXHQRHVPiVTXHXQR" &;,9 (VWDUHPRV VDQRV \ PRGHUDUHPRV QXHVWURV GHVHRV VL FDGD XQR VH FXHQWD FRPR XQR VROR \ PHGLUHPRV ELHQ QXHVWUR FXHUSR VL FDGD XQR VDEH TXH QR SXHGH DEDUFDU PXFKR QL SRU PXFKR WLHPSR < QDGD WH VHUi WDQ ~WLO SDUD FRQVHUYDU OD WHPSODQ]D FRPR OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ IUHFXHQWH GH OD EUHYHGDG \ OD LQFHUWLGXPEUH GH OD YLGD KDJDVORTXHKDJDVUHFXHUGDTXHHUHVPRUWDO &;,9 6HJ~QHOSUHFLRVRPRVEHQLJQRVRFUXHOHV\SURFXUDPRVORTXHHV KRQUDGR PLHQWUDV SRGHPRV HVSHUDU DOJR GH HOOR SHUR VLHPSUH GLVSXHVWRV D SDVDU DO SDUWLGR FRQWUDULR VL HO FULPHQ QRV SURPHWH PiV &;9 (OGLQHURVHSHUVLJXHFRQWRUPHQWR\VHSRVHHFRQXQWRUPHQWRD~Q PD\RU &;9 /D ILORVRItD WH RIUHFHUi SXHV OR TXH FLHUWDPHQWH UHSXWR FRPR HO PD\RUELHQ QXQFDWHDUUHSHQWLUiVGHWLPLVPR &;9 1R KD\ YLFLR DOJXQR SDUD HO TXH QR KD\D DOJXQD GHIHQVD WRGRV WLHQHQ XQ FRPLHQ]R SXGRURVR \ H[FXVDEOH SHUR OXHJR VH H[SDQVLRQDQ PXFKR PiV QR FRQVHJXLUiV TXH FHVH VL OH SHUPLWHV FRPHQ]DU7RGDSDVLyQHVGpELODOSULQFLSLR GHVSXpVVHH[FLWDDVt 15/40
De la brevedad de la vida
PLVPD\UH~QHIXHU]DVDPHGLGDTXHDYDQ]D HVPiVIiFLOFHUUDUOHHO SDVRTXHH[SXOVDUOD &;9, ¢6DEHVSRUTXpQRWHQHPRVIXHU]DVXILFLHQWH"3RUTXHFUHHPRVTXH QRODWHQHPRV &;9, 3XHVQLQJXQDGLIHUHQFLDKD\/XFLOLRHQWUHQRGHVHDU\WHQHU &;,; 1XQFD HV SRFR OR TXH HV VXILFLHQWH \ QXQFD HV PXFKR OR TXH QR EDVWD &;,; 1RWHLQWHUHVHFyPRKDGHVHUODPHVDFyPRODSODWDFXiQSDUHMRV \ UiSLGRV ORV HVFODYRV SDUD VHUYLU OD FRPLGD OR ~QLFR TXH OD QDWXUDOH]DHFKDGHPHQRVHVHODOLPHQWR &;,; 1DGD HV EXHQR VLQR OR TXH HV KRQHVWR \ OR TXH HV KRQHVWR HV VLHPSUHEXHQR &;; /XHJRKHPRVGLYLGLGRpVWD>ODYLUWXGSHUIHFWD@HQSDUWHV KDEtDTXH UHIUHQDU ODV DPELFLRQHV UHSULPLU ORV WHPRUHV SURYHHU D ORV TXHKDFHUHV GLVWULEXtU OR TXH KD GH GDUVH DVt FRQFHELPRV OD WHPSODQ]DODIRUWDOH]DODSUXGHQFLDODMXVWLFLD\GLPRVDFDGDXQD VXFRPHWLGR¢'HGyQGHKHPRVVDFDGRSXHVHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD YLUWXG" 1RV OD PDQLIHVWy VX SURSLR RUGHQ EHOOH]D \ FRQVWDQFLD OD FRQFRUGLD HQWUH WRGDV VXV DFFLRQHV \ VX JUDQGH]D TXH VH HOHYD VREUHWRGDVODVFRVDV &;; 1DGDHVVXILFLHQWHSDUDXQRVVHUHVTXHKDQGHPRULUPHMRUGLFKR TXH \D HVWiQ PXULHQGR SXHV FDGD GtD HVWDPRV PiV FHUFD GHO ~OWLPR \ D DTXHO HQ HO TXH KHPRV GH FDHU WRGDV ODV KRUDV QRV HPSXMDQ0LUDHQTXpJUDQFHJXHUDHVWiQXHVWURHQWHQGLPLHQWR OR TXH OODPDPRV IXWXUR HVWi RFXUULHQGR \D \ XQD JUDQ SDUWH GHO PLVPR \D HVWi FXPSOLGD WDQWD VLQ GXGD FRPR GtDV OOHYDPRV YLYLGRV(UUDPRVSXHVORVTXHWHPHPRVHO~OWLPRGtD\DTXHFDGD XQR GH HOORV QRV OOHYD LJXDOPHQWH KDFLD OD PXHUWH $TXHO ~OWLPR SDVRHQHOTXHFDHPRVQRSURGXFHQXHVWUDFDGXFLGDGVyORODSRQH GHPDQLILHVWR HVHOGtDTXHOOHJDKDVWDODPXHUWHSHURWRGRVOOHYDQ KDFLD pVWD OD FXDO QRV UHFLEH SHUR\D GHDQWHV QRVWHQtD FRJLGRV &;; (V DVt FRPR PiV FODUDPHQWH VH PXHVWUD HO iQLPR LPSUXGHQWH VH SUHVHQWD GH PRGRV GLYHUVRV \ HV GHVLJXDO D Vt PLVPR FRVD D PL 16/40
De la brevedad de la vida
HQWHQGHU PiV YHUJRQ]RVD TXH RWUD FXDOTXLHUD 7HQ SRU LGHDO FRPSRUWDUWHFRPRXQPLVPRKRPEUH SHURDSDUWHGHOVDELRQDGLH ORORJUD ORVGHPiVWHQHPRVPXFKDVFDUDV &;; 1DGLHSXHGHWHQHUWRGRORTXHTXLHUHSHURSXHGHQRTXHUHUORTXH QRWLHQH\XVDUDOHJUHPHQWHORTXHVHOHRIUHFH &;;,,, £&XiQWR PHMRU HV VHJXLU HO FDPLQR UHFWR \ OOHJDU DO HVWDGR HQ TXH VHDQODVFRVDVKRQHVWDVODVTXHWHSURGX]FDQSODFHU(VRSRGUHPRV FRQVHJXLUORVLVDEHPRVFRQVHJXLUORVLVDEHPRVTXHKD\GRVFODVHV GHFRVDVODVTXHQRVLQYLWDQ\ODVTXHQRVUHSHOHQ1RVLQYLWDQODV ULTXH]DV ORV SODFHUHV OD EHOOH]D OD DPELFLyQ \ ODV GHPiV FRVDV EODQGDV\VRQULHQWHV QRVUHSHOHQHOWUDEDMRODPXHUWHHOGRORUOD LJQRPLQLD ODV HVWUHFKHFHV 'HEHPRV SXHV HMHUFLWDUQRV HQ QR WHPHU HVWDV FRVDV QL GHVHDU DTXpOODV /XFKHPRV HQ GLUHFFLyQ FRQWUDULD DSDUWpPRQRV GH OR TXH QRV LQYLWD \ IRUWDOH]FiPRQRV FRQWUDORTXHQRVHVKRVWLO &;;,,, 7RGRVORVTXHSRQHQHOSODFHUFyPRHOYDORUPiVDOWRHQWLHQGHQTXH HOELHQHVVHQVLEOH QRVRWURVHQFDPELRFUHHPRVTXHHVLQWHOLJLEOH SRUTXHORDWULEXLPRVDOiQLPR &;;,9 /R PLVPR TXH WRGD QDWXUDOH]D SUHVHQWD VX ELHQ FXDQGR HVWi FXPSOLGDDVtHOELHQKXPDQRIDOWDDOKRPEUHKDVWDTXHpVWHSRVHH ODUD]yQSHUIHFWD<¢TXpHVHVWHELHQ"
De la brevedad de la vida
TXH DTXHOORV D TXLHQHV OD IRUWXQD OHV HV IDYRUDEOH VRQ ORV PiV LQIHOLFHVGHWRGRV &;;,9 6pQHFD&DUWDVD/XFLOLR
18/40
De la brevedad de la vida
DE LA BREVEDAD DE LA VIDA /D PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV KRPEUHV £RK 3DXOLQR VH TXHMD GH OD QDWXUDOH]D FXOSiQGROD GH TXH QRV KD\D FULDGR SDUD HGDG WDQ FRUWD\TXHHOHVSDFLRTXHQRVGLRGHYLGDFRUUDWDQYHOR]TXH YLHQHDVHUPX\SRFRVDTXHOORVDTXLHQQRVHOHVDFDEDHQPHGLR GH ODV SUHYHQFLRQHV SDUD SDVDUOD < QR HV VROD OD WXUED GHO LPSUXGHQWH YXOJR OD TXH VH ODPHQWD GH HVWH RSLQDGR PDO TXH WDPELpQ VX DIHFWR KD GHVSHUWDGR TXHMDV HQ ORV H[FHOHQWHV YDURQHVKDELHQGRGDGRPRWLYRDODRUGLQDULDH[FODPDFLyQGHORV PpGLFRV³TXHVLHQGRFRUWDODYLGDHVODUJD\GLIXVDHODUWH´'H HVWRWDPELpQVHRULJLQyODTXHUHOOD LQGLJQDGHYDUyQVDELR TXH $ULVWyWHOHV GLR TXH VLHQGR OD HGDG GH DOJXQRV DQLPDOHV EUXWRV WDQODUJDTXHHQXQRVOOHJDDFLQFRVLJORV\HQRWURVDGLH]VHD WDQ FRUWD \ OLPLWDGD OD GHO KRPEUH FULDGR SDUD FRVDV WDQ VXSHULRUHV (OWLHPSRTXHWHQHPRVQRHVFRUWR SHURSHUGLHQGRPXFKRGHpO KDFHPRV TXH OR VHD \ OD YLGD HV VXILFLHQWHPHQWH ODUJD SDUD HMHFXWDU HQ HOOD FRVDV JUDQGHV VL OD HPSOHiUHPRV ELHQ 3HUR DO TXH VH OH SDVD HQ RFLR \ HQ GHOHLWHV \ QR OD RFXSD HQ ORDEOHV HMHUFLFLRVFXDQGROHOOHJDHO~OWLPRWUDQFHFRQRFHPRVTXHVHOH IXHVLQTXHpOKD\DHQWHQGLGRTXHFDPLQDED /R FLHUWR HV TXH OD YLGD TXH VH QRV GLR QR HV EUHYH QRVRWURV KDFHPRV TXH OR VHD \ TXH QR VRPRV SREUHV VLQR SUyGLJRV GHO WLHPSR VXFHGLHQGRORTXHDODVJUDQGHV\UHDOHVULTXH]DVTXHVL OOHJDQ D PDQRV GH GXHxRV SRFR FXHUGRV VH GLVLSDQ HQ XQ LQVWDQWH \DOFRQWUDULRODVFRUWDV\OLPLWDGDVHQWUDQGRHQSRGHU GHSUyYLGRVDGPLQLVWUDGRUHVFUHFHQFRQHOXVR$VtQXHVWUDHGDG WLHQHPXFKDODWLWXGSDUDORVTXHXVDUHQELHQGHHOOD ¢3DUDTXpQRVTXHMDPRVGHODQDWXUDOH]DSXHVHOODVHKXERFRQ QRVRWURV EHQLJQDPHQWH" /DUJD HV OD YLGD VL OD VDEHPRV DSURYHFKDU $ XQR GHWLHQH OD LQVDFLDEOH DYDULFLD D RWUR OD FXLGDGRVD QHJOLJHQFLD GH LQ~WLOHV WUDEDMRV XQR VH HQWUHJD DO YLQR RWUR FRQ OD RFLRVLGDG VH HQWRUSHFH D RWUR IDWLJD OD DPELFLyQ SHQGLHQWH VLHPSUH GH DMHQRV SDUHFHUHV D XQRV OOHYD SRUGLYHUVDVWLHUUDV\PDUHVODGHVSHxDGDFRGLFLDGHPHUFDQFtDV FRQ HVSHUDQ]DV GH JDQDQFLD D RWURV DWRUPHQWD OD PLOLWDU LQFOLQDFLyQVLQMDPiVTXHGDUDGYHUWLGRVFRQORVDMHQRVSHOLJURV QLHVFDUPHQWDGRVFRQORVSURSLRV+D\RWURVTXHHQYHQHUDFLyQ 19/40
De la brevedad de la vida
QR DJUDGHFLGD GH VXSHULRUHV FRQVXPHQ VX HGDG HQ YROXQWDULD VHUYLGXPEUH$PXFKRVGHWLHQHODHPXODFLyQGHDMHQDIRUWXQDR HO DERUUHFLPLHQWR GH OD SURSLD $ RWURV WUDH XQD LQFRQVWDQWH \ VLHPSUHGHVFRQWHQWDOLYLDQGDGYDFLODQGRHQWUHYDULRVSDUHFHUHV \ DOJXQRV KD\ TXH QR DJUDGiQGRVH GH RFXSDFLyQ DOJXQD D TXH GLULMDQ VX FDUUHUD ORV KDOODQ ORV KDGRV PDUFKLWRV \ YRFH]DQGR GH WDO PDQHUD TXH QR GXGD VHU YHUGDG OR TXH HQ IRUPD GH RUiFXORGLMRHOPD\RUGHORVSRHWDV ³3HTXHxDSDUWHGHYLGDHVOD TXH YLYLPRV´ SRUTXH OR GHPiV HV HVSDFLR \ QR YLGD VLQR WLHPSR 3RUWRGDVSDUWHVORVFHUFDQDSUHWDQWHVYLFLRVVLQGDUOXJDUDTXH VHOHYDQWHMDPiV\VLQSHUPLWLUTXHSRQJDQORVRMRVHQHOURVWUR GHODYHUGDG\WHQLpQGRORVVXPHUJLGRV\DVLGRVHQVXVGHVHRV ORV RSULPHQ 1XQFD VHOHVGD OXJDUDTXHYXHOYDQ VREUHVt \ VL DFDVRWDOYH]OHVOOHJDDOJXQDQRHVSHUDGDTXLHWXGD~QHQWRQFHV DQGDQ IOXFWXDQGR VXFHGLpQGROHV OR TXH DO PDU HQ TXLHQ GHVSXpVGHSDFLILFDGRVORVYLHQWRVTXHGDQDOWHUDGDVODVRODVVLQ TXHMDPiVOHVVROLFLWHHOGHVFDQVRDGHMDUVXVGHVHRV ¢3LHQVDVTXHKDEORGHVRORVDTXHOORVFX\RVPDOHVVRQQRWRULRV" 3RQORVRMRVHQORVGHPiVDFX\DIHOLFLGDGVHDUULPDQPXFKRV\ YHUiV TXH DXQ HVWRV VH DKRJDQ FRQ VXV SURSLRV ELHQHV ¢$ FXiQWRV VRQ PROHVWDV VXV PLVPDV ULTXH]DV" ¢$ FXDQWRV KD FRVWDGR VX VDQJUH HO GHVHR GH RVWHQWDU VX HORFXHQFLD HQ WRGDV RFDVLRQHV" ¢&XiQWRV FRQ VXV FRQWLQXRV GHOHLWHV VH KDQ SXHVWR SiOLGRV" ¢$ FXiQWRV QR KD GHMDGR XQ LQVWDQWH GH OLEHUWDG HO IUHFXHQWH FRQFXUVR GH VXV SDQLDJXDGRV" 3DVD SXHV GHVGH ORV PiV tQILPRV D ORV PiV HPSLQDGRV \ YHUiV TXH pVWH DKRJD HO RWUR DVLVWH DTXHO SHOLJUD pVWH GHILHQGH \ RWUR VHQWHQFLD FRQVXPLpQGRVHORVXQRVHQORVRWURV3UHJXQWDODYLGDGHpVWRV FX\RVQRPEUHVVHFHOHEUDQ\YHUiVTXHWHFRQRFHQSRUVHxDOHV TXHpVWHHVUHYHUHQFLDGRUGHDTXpODTXpOGHORWUR\QLQJXQRGH Vt &RQ OR FXDOHVLJQRUDQWtVLPD ODLQGLJQDFLyQGHDOJXQRV TXH VH TXHMDQ GHO VREUHFHMR GH ORV VXSHULRUHV FXDQGR QR ORV KDOODQ GHVRFXSDGRV \HQGR D YLVLWDUORV ¢(V SRVLEOH TXH ORV TXH VLQ WHQHU RFXSDFLyQ QR HVWiQ MDPiV GHVRFXSDGRV SDUD Vt PLVPRV KDQ GH WHQHU DWUHYLPLHQWR SDUD FRQGHQDU SRU VREHUELD OR TXH TXL]iHVIDOWDGHWLHPSR"(ORWURVpDVHHOTXHVHIXHUHSRUOR PHQRVWDOYH]DXQTXHFRQURVWURPHVXUDGRSXVRORVRMRVHQWL WDOYH]WHR\y\WDO YH]WHDGPLWLy D VX ODGR\ W~ MDPiV WH KDV GLJQDGRGHPLUDUWHQLRtUWH1RKD\SDUDTXHFDUJXHVDORVRWURV
20/40
De la brevedad de la vida
HVWDVREOLJDFLRQHVSXHVFXDQGRIXLVWHDEXVFDUORVQRIXHWDQWR SDUDHVWDUFRQHOORVFXDQWRSRUTXHQRSRGtDVHVWDUFRQWLJR $XQTXH FRQFXUUDQ HQ HVWR WRGRV ORV LQJHQLRV TXH UHVSODQGHFLHURQ HQ WRGDV ODV HGDGHV QR DFDEDUiQ GH SRQGHUDU VXILFLHQWHPHQWHHVWDQLHEODGHORVKXPDQRVHQWHQGLPLHQWRV1R FRQVLHQWHQ TXH QDGLH OHV RFXSH VXV KHUHGDGHV \ SRU SHTXHxD TXH VHD OD GLIHUHQFLD TXH VH RIUHFH HQ DVHQWDU ORV OLQGHURV YLHQHQDODVSLHGUDV\DODVDUPDV \WUDVHVRQRVyORFRQVLHQWHQ TXH RWURV VH OHV HQWUHQ HQ VX YLGD VLQR TXH HOORV PLVPRV LQWURGXFHQDORVTXHKDQGHVHUORVSRVHHGRUHVGHHOOD1LQJXQR KD\ TXH TXLHUD UHSDUWLU VXV GLQHURV KDELHQGR PXFKRV TXH GLVWULEX\H Q VX YLGD PXpVWUDQVH PLVHUDEOHV HQ JXDUGDU VX SDWULPRQLR \ FXDQGR VH OOHJD D OD SpUGLGD GH WLHPSR VRQ SUyGLJRVGHDTXHOORHQTXHIXHUDMXVWLILFDGDODDYDULFLD 'HVHROODPDUDOJXQRGHORVDQFLDQRV\SXHVW~ORHUHVKDELHQGR OOHJDGR D OR ~OWLPR GH OD HGDG KXPDQD WHQLHQGR FHUFD GH FLHQ DxRVRPiVYHQDFiOODPDDFXHQWDVDWXHGDG'LPH¢FXiQWD SDUWHGHHOODWHFRQVXPLyHODFUHHGRUFXiQWDHODPLJRFXiQWDOD UHS~EOLFD \ FXiQWD WXV DOOHJDGRV FXiQWD ORV GLVJXVWRV FRQ WX PXMHU FXiQWD HO FDVWLJR GH ORV HVFODYRV FXiQWD HO DSUHVXUDGR SDVHR SRU OD FLXGDG" -XQWD D HVWR ODV HQIHUPHGDGHV WRPDGDV FRQ WXV PDQRV DxDGH HO WLHPSR TXH VH SDVy HQ RFLRVLGDG \ KDOODUiVTXHWLHQHVPXFKRVPHQRVGHORVTXHFXHQWDV7UDHDOD PHPRULDVLWXYLVWHDOJ~QGtDILUPHGHWHUPLQDFLyQ\VLOHSDVDVWH HQDTXHOORSDUDTXHOHKDEtDVGHVWLQDGR4XpXVRWXYLVWHGHWL PLVPRFXiQGRHVWXYRHQXQVHUHO URVWURFXiQGRHOiQLPRVLQ WHPRUHV TXp FRVD KD\DV KHFKR SDUD WL HQ WDQ ODUJD HGDG FXiQWRV KD\DQ VLGR ORVTXHWH KDQUREDGR ODYLGD VLQ HQWHQGHU W~ORTXHSHUGtDV FXiQWRWLHPSRWHKDQTXLWDGRHOYDQRGRORUOD LJQRUDQWH DOHJUtD OD KDPEULHQWD FRGLFLD \ OD HQWUHWHQLGD FRQYHUVDFLyQ \ YLHQGR OR SRFR TXH D WL WH KDV GHMDGR GH WL MX]JDUiVTXHPXHUHVPDORJUDGR ¢&XiOSXHVHVODFDXVDGHHVWR"(OYLYLUFRPRVLKXELpUDGHVGH YLYLU SDUD VLHPEUH VLQ TXH YXHVWUD IUDJLOLGDG RV GHVSLHUWH 1R REVHUYiLV HO WLHPSR TXH VH RV KD SDVDGR \ DVt JDVWiLV GH pO FRPRGHFDXGDOFROPDGR\DEXQGDQWHVLHQGRFRQWLQJHQWHTXHHO GtDTXHWHQpLVGHWHUPLQDGRSDUDDOJXQDDFFLyQVHDHO~OWLPRGH YXHVWUD YLGD 7HPpLV FRPR PRUWDOHV WRGDV ODV FRVDV \ FRPR LQPRUWDOHVODVGHVHiLV 21/40
De la brevedad de la vida
2LUiVGHFLUDPXFKRVTXHHQOOHJDQGRDFLQFXHQWDDxRVVHKDQ GH UHWLUDU D OD TXLHWXG \ TXH HO GH VHVHQWD OHV MXELODUi D WRGRV ORV RILFLRV \ FDUJRV 'LPH &XDQGR HVWR SURSRQHV ¢TXp VHJXULGDG WLHQHV GH PiV ODUJD YLGD" ¢4XLpQ WH FRQVHQWLUi HMHFXWDUORTXHGLVSRQHV"¢1RWHDYHUJHQ]DVGHUHVHUYDUWHSDUD ODVVREUDVGHODYLGDGHVWLQDGRDODYLUWXGVyORDTXHOWLHPSRTXH SDUD QLQJXQD FRVD HV GH SURYHFKR" £2+ FXiQ WDUGtD DFFLyQ HV FRPHQ]DUODYLGDFXDQGRVHTXLHUHDFDEDU£4XpQHFLRROYLGRGH OD PRUWDOLGDG HV GLIHULU ORV VDQWRV FRQVHMRV KDVWD ORV FLQFXHQWD DxRV FRPHQ]DQGR D YLYLU HQ HGDG D TXH VRQ SRFRV ORV TXH OOHJDQ $ PXFKRV GH ORV SRGHURVRV TXH RFXSDQ JUDQGHV SXHVWRV RLUiV GHFLUTXHFRGLFLDQODTXLHWXGTXHODDODEDQ\ODUHILHUHQDWRGRV ORV ELHQHV TXH GHVHDQ VL FRQ VHJXULGDG OR SXGLHVHQ KDFHU EDMDU GH DTXHOOD DOWXUD SRUTXH FXDQGR IDOWHQ PDOHV H[WHULRUHV TXHOHVDFRPHWDQ\FRPEDWDQODPLVPDEXHQDIRUWXQDVHFDHGH VX\R (O GLYLQR $XJXVWR D TXLHQ ORV GLRVHV FRQFHGLHURQ PiV ELHQHV TXH D RWUR DOJXQR DQGDED VLHPSUH GHVHDQGR OD TXLHWXG \ SLGLHQGR OH GHVFDUJDVHQ GHO SHVR GH OD UHS~EOLFD 7RGDV VXV SOiWLFDVLEDQHQGHUH]DGDVDSUHYHQLUGHVFDQVR\FRQHVWHGXOFH DXQTXHILQJLGRFRQVXHORGHTXHDOJ~QGtDKDEtDGHYLYLUSDUDVt HQWUHWHQtDVXVWUDEDMRV(QXQDFDUWDTXHHVFULELyDO6HQDGRHQ TXH SURPHWtD TXH VX GHVFDQVR QR VHUtD GHVQXGiQGRVH GH OD GLJQLGDG QL GHVYLiQGRVH GH VX DQWLJXD JORULD KDOOp HVWDV SDODEUDV ³$XQTXH HVWDV FRVDV VH SXHGHQ KDFHU FRQ PiV JORULD TXH SURPHWHUVH SHUR OD DOHJUtD GH KDEHU OOHJDGR DO GHVHDGR WLHPSRPHKDSXHVWRWDQDGHODQWHTXHDXQTXHKDVWDDKRUDPH GHWLHQH HO JXVWR GH ORV EXHQRV VXFHVRV PH UHFUHR \ UHFLER GHOHLWH FRQ OD GXO]XUD GH HVWDV SOiWLFDV´ 'H WDQ JUDQGH LPSRUWDQFLD MX]JDED VHU OD TXLHWXG TXH \D TXH QR SRGtD FRQVHJXLUODVHGHOHLWDEDHQSURSRQHUOD$TXHOTXHYHtDSHQGHU WRGDVODVFRVDVGHVXYROXQWDG\HOTXHKDFtDIHOLFHVDWRGDVODV QDFLRQHV HVH FXLGDED JXVWRVR GHO GtD HQ TXH VH KDEtD GH GHVQXGDUGHDTXHOODJUDQGH]D&RQRFtDFRQH[SHULHQFLDFXiQWR VXGRU OH KDEtDQ FRVWDGR DTXHOORV ELHQHV TXH HQ WRGDV SDUWHV UHVSODQGHFHQ\FXiQWDSDUWHGHHQFXELHUWDVFRQJRMDVHQFLHUUDQ KDELpQGRVH KDOODGR IRU]DGR D SHOHDU SULPHUR FRQ VXV FRPSDxHURV\~OWLPDPHQWHFRQVXVGHXGRVHQTXHGHUUDPDQGR VDQJUH HQ PDU \ WLHUUD DFRVDGR SRU 0DFHGRQLD 6LFLOLD (JLSWR 22/40
De la brevedad de la vida
6LULD\$VLD\FDVLSRUWRGDVODVGHPiVSURYLQFLDVDORUEHSDVyD EDWDOODV H[WHUQDV ORV HMpUFLWRV FDQVDGRV GH PRUWDQGDG URPDQD PLHQWUDV SDFLILFD ORV $OSHV \ GRPD ORV HQHPLJRV PH]FODGRV HQ SD] \ HQ HO LPSHULR \ PLHQWUDV HQVDQFKD ORV WpUPLQRV SDViQGRORV GHO 5HQR (XIUDWHV \ 'DQXELR VH HVWDEDQ DILODQGR FRQWUDpOHQODPLVPDFLXGDGGH5RPDODVHVSDGDVGH0XUHQD GH(VFLSLyQGH/pSLGR\GH(JQDFLR<DSHQDVKDEtDGHVKHFKR ODV DVHFKDQ]DV GH pVWRV FXDQGR VX SURSLD KLMD \ PXFKRV PDQFHERV QREOHV DWUDtGRV FRQ HO DGXOWHULR FRPR VL IXHUD FRQ MXUDPHQWRSRQtDQWHPRUDVXTXHEUDQWDGDYHMH] GHVSXpVGHOR FXDOOHTXHGDEDXQDPXMHUDTXLHQWHPHURWUDYH]FRQ$QWRQLR &RUWDED HVWDV OODJDV FRUWDQGR ORV PLHPEURV \ DO SXQWR QDFtDQ RWUDV \ FRPR HQ FXHUSR FDUJDGR FRQ PXFKD VDQJUH VH DOWHUDEDQVLHPSUHDOJXQDVSDUWHVGHpO)LQDOPHQWHGHVHDEDOD TXLHWXG \ HQ OD HVSHUDQ]D \ SHQVDPLHQWR GH HOOD GHVFDQVDEDQ VXV WUDEDMRV (UHHUD HO GHVHR GH TXLHQSRGtD KDFHUTXHWRGRV FRVLJXLHVHQORVVX\RV 0DUFR 7XOLR &LFHUyQ SHUVHJXLGR GH ORV &DWLOLQDV &ORGLRV 3RPSH\RV\&UDVRVORVXQRVHQHPLJRVPDQLILHVWRV\RWURVQR VHJXURV DPLJRV PLHQWUDV DUULPDQGR HO KRPEUR WXYR D OD UHS~EOLFD TXH VH LED D FDHU SDGHFLy FRQ HOOD WRUPHQWDV DSDUWDGR ILQDOPHQWH \ QR TXLHWR FRQ ORV SUyVSHURV VXFHVRV \ PDOVXIULGRFRQORVDGYHUVRVDERPLQyPXFKDVYHFHVGHDTXHOVX FRQVXODGR WDQ VLQ ILQ DXQTXH QR VLQ FDXVD DODEDGR £4Xp ODPHQWDEOHV SDODEUDV SRQH HQ XQD FDUWD TXH HVFULELy D $WLFR GHVSXpV GH YHQFLGR 3RPSH\R \ HVWDQGR VX KLMR UHKDFLHQGR HQ (VSDxD ODV TXHEUDQWDGDV DUPDV ³3UHJ~QWDVPH GLFH TXp KDJR DTXt" (VWR\PH HQ PL 7XVFXODQR OLEUH D PHGLDV´ < DxDGLHQGR GHVSXpVRWUDVUD]RQHVHQTXHODPHQWDODHGDGSDVDGDVHTXHMD GHODSUHVHQWH\GHVFRQItDGHODYHQLGHUD/ODPyVH&LFHUyQOLEUH D PHGLDV \ YHUGDGHUDPHQWH QR OH FRQYHQtD WRPDU WDQ DEDWLGR DSHOOLGRSXHVHOYDUyQVDELRQRHVPHGLROLEUHVLHPSUHJR]DGH HQWHUD \ VyOLGD OLEHUWDG < VLHQGR VXHOWR \ JR]DQGR GH VX GHUHFKRVREUHSXMDDORVGHPiVQRSXGLHQGRKDEHUTXLHQWHQJD GRPLQLRHQDTXHOTXHWLHQHLPSHULRVREUHODIRUWXQD +DELHQGR/LYLR'UXVRKRPEUHiVSHUR\YHKHPHQWHUHPRYLGRODV QXHYDV OH\HV \ ORV GDxRV GH *UDFR HVWDQGR DFRPSDxDGR GH JUDQGH FRQFXUVR GH WRGD ,WDOLD QR KDELHQGR DQWHYLVWR HO ILQ GH ODVFRVDVTXHQLSRGtDHMHFXWDUQLWHQtDOLEHUWDGSDUDUHWURFHGHU HQ HOODVGHWHVWDQGR VXYLGDGHVGHODQLxH] LQTXLHWDVHFXHQWD 23/40
De la brevedad de la vida
TXHGLMRTXHpOVyORHUDTXLHQVLHQGRPXFKDFKRQRKDEtDWHQLGR XQGtDGHGHVFDQVR$WUHYLyVHDQWHVGHVDOLUGHODHGDGSXSLODU\ GH TXLWDUVH OD URSD SUHWH[WD D IDYRUHFHU FRQ ORV MXHFHV ODV FDXVDV GH ORV FXOSDGRV LQWHUSRQLHQGR VX IDYRU FRQ WDQWD HILFDFLDTXHFRQVWDKDEHUYLROHQWDGRDOJXQRVSDUHFHUHV¢+DVWD GyQGHQRKDEtDGHOOHJDUWDQDQWLFLSDGDDPELFLyQ"&ODURHVWiTXH DTXHOOD WDQ DFHOHUDGD DXGDFLD KDEtD GH SDUDU HQ JUDQGH PDO SDUWLFXODU \ S~EOLFR 7DUGH SXHV VH TXHMDED GH TXH Q RKDEtD WHQLGR XQ GtD GH TXLHWXG KDELHQGR VLGR VHGLFLRVR GHVGH QLxR\ SHVDGR D ORV WULEXQDOHV '~GDVH VL VH PDWy pO PLVPR SRUTXH FD\y KDELHQGR UHFLELGR XQD UHSHQWLQD KHULGD HQ OD LQJOH GXGDQGR DOJXQR VL HQ pO IXH OD PXHUWH YROXQWDULD R YHQLGD D VD]yQ 6XSHUIOXR VHUi HO UHIHULU PXFKRV TXH VLHQGR WHQLGRV GH ORV GHPiV SRU GLFKRVtVLPRV GLHURQ HOORV PLVPRV YHUGDGHUR WHVWLPRQLR GH Vt SHUR HQ HVWDV TXHMDV QL VH HQPHQGDURQ QL HQPHQGDURQDRWURV SRUTXHDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHODVSXEOLFDEDQ FRQ SDODEUDV YROYtDQ ORV DIHFWRV D VX DQWLJXD FRVWXPEUH /R FLHUWRHVTXHDXQTXHOOHJXHQXHVWUDYLGDDPLODxRVVHUHGXFHD VHU PX\ FRUWD (Q FDGD VLJOR VH FRQVXPHQ WRGDV ODV FRVDV VLHQGRIRU]RVRTXHHVWHHVSDFLRGHWLHPSRHQTXHDXQTXHFRUUH OD QDWXUDOH]D OD DSUHVXUD OD UD]yQ VH QRV KX\D FRQ WRGD OLJHUH]D SRUTXHQLLPSHGLPRVQLGHWHQHPRVHOFXUVRGHODFRVD PiV YHOR] DQWHV FRQVHQWLPRV VH YD\D FRPR VL QR IXHVH QHFHVDULD\VHSXGLHVHUHFXSHUDU (Q SULPHU OXJDU SRQJR DTXHOORV TXH MDPiV HVWiQ GHVRFXSDGRV VLQRSDUDHOYLQR\9HQXVSRUTXHpVWRVVRQORVPiVWRUSHPHQWH HQWUHWHQLGRV TXH ORV GHPiV TXH SHFDQ HQJDxDGRV FRQ DSDULHQFLDGHJORULDYDQD\HUUDQFRQFXELHUWDGHELHQ2UDPH KDEOHVGHORVDYDULHQWRVRUDGHORVDLUDGRVRUDGHORVJXHUUHURV WRGRV pVWRV SHFDQ PDV YDURQLOPHQWH SHUR OD PDQFKD GH ORV LQFOLQDGRVDODVHQVXDOLGD\ GHOHLWHVHVWRUSH([DPLQDORVGtDV GHpVWRVPLUDHOWLHPSRTXHVHOHVYDHQFRQWDUHQDFHFKDUHQ WHPHUHQUHYHUHQFLDU\FXiQWRWLHPSROHVRFXSDQVXVFRQFLHUWRV \ ORV DMHQRV FXiQWRV ORV FRQYLWH TXH \D YLHQHQ D WHQHUVH SRU RILFLR \ FRQRFHUiV TXH QL VXV PDOHV QL VXV ELHQHV ORV GHMDQ UHVSLUDU )LQDOPHQWH HV GRFWULQD FRP~QPHQWH UHFLELGD TXH QLQJXQD DFFLyQ GH ORV RFXSDGRV HQ HVWDV FRVDV SXHGH VHU DFHUWDGDQRODHORFXHQFLDQLODVDUWHVOLEHUDOHVSRUTXHHOiQLPR HVWUHFKDGR QR HV FDSD] GH FRVDV JUDQGHV DQWHV ODV GHVHFKD FRPR KROODGDV < HO KRPEUH RFXSDGR HQ QLQJXQD FRVD WLHQH 24/40
De la brevedad de la vida
PHQRUGRPLQLRTXHHQVXYLGDSRUVHUGLILFXOWRVtVLPDODFLHQFLD GHYLYLU 'H ODV GHPiV DUWHV GRQGH TXLHUD VH HQFXHQWUDQ PXFKRV SURIHVRUHV \ DOJXQDV KD\ TXH DXQ ORV PX\ QLxRV ODV KDQ DSUHQGLGR GH PRGR TXH ODV SXGLHUDQ HQVHxDU PiV OD GH YLYLU WRGD OD YLGD VH KD GH LU HVWXGLDQGR \ OR TXH PiV VH GHEH SRQGHUDUHVTXHWRGDHOODVHKDGHJDVWDUHQDSUHQGHUDPRULU 0XFKRVJUDQGHVYDURQHVKDELHQGRGHMDGRWRGRVORVHPEDUD]RV UHQXQFLDQGR ODV ULTXH]DV RILFLRV \ HQWUHWHQLPLHQWRV QR VH RFXSDURQHQRWUDFRVDKDVWDHOUHPDWHGHVXYLGDVLQRHQHODUWH GHVDEHUYLYLU \PXFKRVGHHOORVPXULHURQFRQIHVDQGRTXHD~Q QRKDEtDQOOHJDGRDFRQVHJXLUOD¢&yPRSXHVODVDEUiQORVTXH QRODHVWXGLDQ" &UpHPHTXHHVGHKRPEUHVJUDQGHV\VREUHSXMDUDORVKXPDQRV HUURUHV QR FRQVHQWLU TXH VH OHV XVXUSH XQ LQVWDQWH GH WLHPSR FRQ OR FXDO YLHQH D VHU ODUJXtVLPD VX YLGD SRUTXH WRGR OR TXH HOOD VH H[WHQGLy IXH SDUD HOORV QR FRQVLQWLHQGR KXELHVH FRVD RFLRVD \ VLQ FXOWLYDU QR HQWUHJDURQ SDUWH DOJXQD DO DMHQR GRPLQLR SRUTXH OR KDOODURQ HTXLYDOHQWH UHFRPSHQVD FRQ TXH SHUPXWDU HO WLHPSR \ DVt IXHURQ YLJLODQWtVLPRV JXDUGDGRUHV GH pOFRQORFXDOOHVIXHVXILFLHQWH DOFRQWUDULRHVIRU]RVROHVIDOWH DORVTXHHOSXHEORKDTXLWDGRPXFKDSDUWHGHODYLGD <QRHQWLHQGDVTXHpVWDVGHMDQGHFRQRFHUTXHGHDTXHOODFDXVD OHV SURFHGH HVWH GDxR D PXFKRV GH pVWRV D TXLHQ OD JUDQGH IHOLFLGDG DSHVJD RLUiV H[FODPDU HQWUH OD FDWHUYD GH VXV SDQLDJXDGRVRHQHOGHVSDFKRGHORVQHJRFLRVRHQODVGHPiV KRQURVDVPLVHULDVTXHQROHHVSHUPLWLGRYLYLU¢4XpPDUDYLOOD TXH QR VH OHV SHUPLWD" 7RGRV DTXHOORV TXH VH WH DOOHJDQ WH DSDUWDQ GH WL ¢&XiQWRV GtDV WH TXLWy HO DFXVDGR FXiQWRV HO SUHWHQGLHQWH FXiQWRV OD YLHMD FDQVDGD GH HQWHUUDU KHUHGHURV FXiQWRVHOTXHVHILQJLyHQIHUPRSDUDGHVSHUWDUODDYDULFLDGHORV TXH FRGLFLDQ VX KHUHQFLD FXiQWRV HO DPLJR SRGHURVR TXH WH WLHQH QR SDUD DPLVWDG VLQR SDUD RVWHQWDFLyQ" +D]WHUXHJR XQ DYDQ]R \ FXHQWD ORV GtDV GH WX YLGD \ YHUiV FXiQ SRFRV \ GHVHFKDGRVKDQVLGRORVTXHKDVWHQLGRSDUDWL(ORWURTXHOOHJy D FRQVHJXLU HO FRQVXODGR TXH WDQWR SUHWHQGLy GHVHD GHMDUOR\ GLFH ³¢&XiQGR VH DFDEDUi HVWH DxR"´ 7LHQH HO RWUR D VX FDUJR ODV ILHVWDV KDELHQGR KHFKR JUDQ DSUHFLR GH TXH OH FD\y SRU VXHUWH OD FRPLVLyQ \ GLFH ³¢&XiQGR VDOGUp GH HVWH FXLGDGR"´ (VFRJHQDXQRSDUDDERJDGRHQWUHWRGRVORVGHPiV\OOpQDVHHO 25/40
De la brevedad de la vida
WULEXQDOGHJHQWHSDUDRtUOHDXQKDVWDGRQGHQRDOFDQ]DVXYR] \GLFH ³¢&XiQGRVHDFDEDUiGHVHQWHQFLDUHVWHSOHLWR"´ &DGDFXDOSUHFLSLWDVXYLGDWUDEDMDQGRFRQHOGHVHRGHORIXWXUR \FRQHOKDVWtRGHORSUHVHQWH3HURDTXpOTXHDSURYHFKDSDUDVt WRGRVXWLHPSR\HOTXHRUGHQDWRGRVVXVGtDVSDUDTXHOHVHDQ GHYLGDQL GHVHD QLWHPHDOGtDYHQLGHUR 3RUTXH¢TXpFRVDOH SXHGHDFDUUHDUTXHOHVHDGLVJXVWR"&RQRFLGDVWLHQHFRQKDUWXUD WRGDVODVFRVDV HQORGHPiVGLVSRQJDODIRUWXQDFRPRTXLVLHUH TXH\DODYLGDGHpVWHHVWiHQSXHUWRVHJXUR3RGiUVHOHDxDGLU DOJR SHUR TXLWDU QR VXFHGLpQGROH OR TXH DO HVWyPDJR TXH HVWDQGR VDWLVIHFKR \ QR FDUJDGR DGPLWH DOJ~Q PDQMDU VLQ KDEHUOHDSHWHFLGR 1RMX]JXHVSXHVTXHDOJXQRKDYLYLGRPXFKRWLHPSRSRUYHUOH FRQ FDQDV \ FRQDUUXJDV TXHDXQTXH KD HVWDGR PXFKRWLHPSR HQ HO PXQGR QR KD YLYLGR PXFKR ¢'LUiV W~ SRU YHQWXUD TXH QDYHJyPXFKRDTXpOTXHKDELHQGRVDOLGRGHOSXHUWROHWUDMROD FUXHO WHPSHVWDG GH XQD SDUWH D RWUD \ IRU]DGR GH OD IXULD GH HQFRQWUDGRVYLHQWRVDQGXYRGDQGRERUGRVHQXQPLVPRSDUDMH" (VWH DXQTXH SDGHFLy PXFKR QR QDYHJy PXFKR 6XpORPH DGPLUDUFXDQGRYHRDOJXQRVTXHSLGHQWLHPSR\TXHORVTXHOH KDQ GH GDU VH PXHVWUDQ IiFLOHV /RV XQRV \ ORV RWURV SRQHQ OD PLUDHQHOQHJRFLRSDUDTXHVHSLGHHOWLHPSRSHURQRODSRQHQ HQ HO PLVPR WLHPSR \ FRPR VL OR TXH VH SLGH \ OR TXH VH GD IXHUD GH SRTXtVLPR YDORU VH GHVSUHFLD XQD FRVD WDQ GLJQD GH HVWLPDFLyQ(QJixDORVHOYHUTXHHOWLHPSRQRHVFRVDFRUSyUHD QL VH GHMD FRPSUHQGHU FRQ OD YLVWD \ DVt OH WLHQHQ SRU FRVD YLOtVLPD\GHQLQJ~QYDORU $OJXQRV FDUtVLPRV YDURQHV UHFLEHQ JDMHV GH RWUR \ SRU HOORV DOTXLODQ VX WUDEDMR VX FXLGDGR \ VX GLOLJHQFLD SHUR GHO WLHPSR QR KD\ TXLHQ KDJD DSUHFLR XVDQ GH pO SUyGLJDPHQWH FRPR GH FRVD GDGD JUDWXLWDPHQWH 3RU ORV RMRV HQ ORV TXH HVWR KDFHQ \ PtUDORVFXDQGRHVWiQHQIHUPRV\FXDQGRVHOHVDFHUFDHOSHOLJUR GH OD PXHUWH \ WHPHQ HO FDSLWDO VXSOLFLR \ YHUiV TXH GLFHQ WRFDQGR ODV URGLOODV GH ORV PpGLFRV TXH HVWiQ GLVSXHVWRV D GDU WRGDVXKDFLHQGDSRUFRQVHUYDUODYLGD 7DQGLYHUVDHVHQHOORVOD GLVFRUGLDGHORVDIHFWRV<VLFRPRSRGHPRVWUDHUDFDGDXQRD OD PHPRULD HO Q~PHUR GH ORV DxRV TXH VH OH KDQ SDVDGR SXGLpVHPRV WHQHU FHUWH]D GH ORV TXH OH TXHGDQ £RK FyPR WHPEODUtDQ DTXHOORV D TXLHQHV OHV TXHGDVHQ SRFRV \ FyPR KXLUtDQGHGLVLSDUORV/D GLVSRVLFLyQGHORTXHHV FLHUWRDXQTXH 26/40
De la brevedad de la vida
VHD SRFR HV IiFLO SHUR FRQYLHQH JXDUGDU FRQ PD\RU GLOLJHQFLD DTXHOORTXHQRVDEHQFXiQGRVHWHKDGHDFDEDU<QRSLHQVHV TXH HOORV LJQRUDQ TXH HO WLHPSR HV FRVD SUHFLRVD SXHV SDUD HQFDUHFHUHODPRUTXHWLHQHQDORVTXHDPDQPXFKROHVVXHOHQ GHFLUTXHHVWiQSURQWRVDGDUOHVSDUWHGHVXVDxRV/RFLHUWRHV TXH VLQ HQWHQGHUOR VH ORV GDQ SHUR GDQORV TXLWiQGRVHORV D VL PLVPRV VLQ TXH VH DFUH]FDQ D ORV RWURV SHUR FRPR LJQRUDQ OR TXH SLHUGHQ YLpQHOHV D VHU PiV WROHUDEOH OD SpUGLGD GHO QR HQWHQGLGRGDxR 1RKD\TXLHQSXHGDUHVWLWXLUWHORVDxRV\QLQJXQRWHUHVWLWXLUiD WLPLVPR ODHGDGSURVHJXLUiHOFDPLQRTXHFRPHQ]yVLQYROYHU DWUiVQLGHWHQHUVH QRKDUiUXLGRQLWHDGYHUWLUiGHVXYHORFLGDG SDVDUiFRQVLOHQFLRQRVHSURUURJDUiSRUPDQGDGRGHORVUH\HV QLSRUHOIDYRUGHOSXHEOR FRUUHUiGHVGHHOSULPHUGtDFRPRVHOH RUGHQy HQ QLQJXQD SDUWH WRPDUi SRVDGD QL VH GHWHQGUi ¢4Xp VHVHJXLUiGHHVWR"4XHPLHQWUDVW~HVWiVRFXSDGRKX\HDSULVD ODYLGDOOHJDQGRODPXHUWHSDUDODFXDOTXLHUDVRQRTXLHUDVHV IRU]RVRGHVRFXSDUWH ¢3RU YHQWXUD DOJXQR KDEOR GH DTXHOORV TXH VH SUHFLDQ GH SUXGHQWH YLYLHQGR FRQ PiV FXLGDGR SRGUi FRQVHJXLU HO YLYLU FRQ PiV GHVFDQVR" 'LVSRQHQ OD YLGD KDFLHQGR FDPELRV \ UHFDPELRVGHHOOD\H[WLHQGHQORVSHQVDPLHQWRVDWpUPLQRODUJR FRQVLVWLHQGR OD PD\RU SpUGLGD GH OD LGD HQ OD GLODFLyQ HOOD QRV VDFD GH ODV PDQRV HO SULPHU GtD HOOD QRV TXLWD ODV FRVDV SUHVHQWHVPLHQWUDVQRVHVWiRIUHFLHQGRODVIXWXUDV VLHQGRJUDQ HVWRUER SDUD OD YLGD OD HVSHUDQ]D TXH SHQGH GH OR TXH KD GH VXFHGHU PDxDQD 3LHUGHV OR SUHVHQWH \ GLVSRQLHQGR GH OR TXH HVWiHQODVPDQRVGHODIRUWXQDGHMDVORTXHHVWiHQODVWX\DV ¢$GyQGHSRQHVODPLUD"¢+DVWDGyQGHWHH[WLHQGHV"7RGRORTXH HVWi SRU YHQLU HV LQFLHUWR 9LYH GHVGH OXHJR \ DGYLHUWH TXH HO PD\RU GH ORV SRHWDV FRPR LQIODPDGR GH DOJ~Q GLYLQR RUiFXOR FDQWyDTXHOVDOXGDEOHYHUVR ³(OPHMRUGtDGHODSULPHUDHGDGHV HOSULPHURTXH KX\H D ORV PRUWDOHV´³3RU TXpWHGHWLHQHV GLFH SRU TXp WDUGDV" (O WLHPSR KX\H VL QR OH RFXSDV \ DXQTXH OH RFXSHV KX\H´ < DVt VH KD GH FRQWUDVWDU VX FHOHULGDG FRQ OD SUHVWH]D GH DSURYHFKDUOH FRJLHQGR FRQ SULVD HO DJXD FRPR GH DUUR\RUiSLGRTXHHQSDVDQGRODFRUULHQWHTXHGDVHFR7DPELpQ HVPX\DSURSyVLWRSDUDFRQGHQDUORVSHQVDPLHQWRVSURORQJDGRV TXHQROODPyEXHQDDODHGDGVLQRDOGtD
27/40
De la brevedad de la vida
¢&yPRSXHVHQWDQDSUHVXUDGDKXtGDGHOWLHPSRTXLHUHVW~FRQ VHJXULGDG\SHUH]DH[WHQGHUHQXQDODUJDFRQWLQXDFLyQORVPHVHV \ ORV DxRV UHJXOiQGRORV D WX DOEHGUtR" $GYLHUWH TXH HO SRHWD KDEOy FRQWLJR FXDQGR KDEOy GHO GtD \ GHO GtD TXH KX\H 1R VH GHEHSXHVGXGDUTXHKX\HHOSULPHUEXHQGtDDORVPLVHUDEOHV \ RFXSDGRV KRPEUHV FX\RV SXHULOHV iQLPRV RSULPH OD YHMH] OOHJDQGR D HOOD GHVDSHUFHELGRV \ GHVDUPDGRV 1R KLFLHURQ SUHYHQFLRQHV\GLHURQGHUHSHQWHHQVXVPDQRVQRHFKDQGRGH YHUTXHFDGDGtDVHOHVLEDDFHUFDQGR VXFHGLpQGRORVORTXHDORV FDPLQDQWHV TXH HQWUHWHQLGRVHQ DOJXQD FRQYHUVDFLyQ R DOJXQD OHFWXUD R DOJ~Q LQWHULRU SHQVDPLHQWR HFKDQ GH YHU TXH KDQ OOHJDGR DO OXJDUDQWHV TXHHQWHQGLHVHQ HVWDEDQ FHUFD $Vt HVWH FRQWLQXR \ DSUHVXUDGR YLDMH GH OD YLGD HQ TXH YDPRV D LJXDO SDVR ORVGRUPLGRV\ORVGHVSLHUWRVQRORFRQRFHQORVRFXSDGRV VLQRFXDQGRVHDFDEy 6L KXELHUDQ GH SUREDU FRQ HMHPSORV \ DUJXPHQWRV OR TXH KH SURSXHVWRRFXUULpUDQPHPXFKRVFRQTXHKDFHUHYLGHQFLDTXHOD YLGD GH ORV RFXSDGRV HV EUHYtVLPD 6ROtD GHFLU )DOLDQR QR GH HVWRV ILOyVRIRV GH FiWHGUD VLQR GH ORV YHUGDGHURV \ DQWLJXRV TXH FRQWUD ODV SDVLRQHV VH KDEtDQ GH SHOHDU FRQ tPSHWX \ QR FRQ VXWLOH]D DKX\HQWDQGR HO HVFXDGUyQ GH ORV DIHFWRV QR FRQ SHTXHxRV JROSHV VLQR FRQ IXHUWHV HQFXHQWURV SRUTXH SDUD GHVKDFHUOH QR EDVWDQ OLJHUDV HVFDUDPX]DV VLQR KHULGDV TXH FRUUHQ 3HUR SDUD DYHUJRQ]DU D ORV KRPEUHV GH VXV FXOSDV QR EDVWD FRQGROHUQRVGHHOORV PHQHVWHUHVHQVHxDUOHV(QWUHVWLHPSRVVH GLYLGH OD YLGD HQ SUHVHQWH SDVDGR \ IXWXUR 'H pVWRV HO SUHVHQWHHVYLYtVLPRHOIXWXURGXGRVRHOSDVDGRFLHUWR3RUTXH pVWHTXHFRQQLQJ~QLPSHULRSXHGHYROYHUDWUiV\HQpOSHUGLy \DVXGHUHFKRODIRUWXQDHVHOTXHQRJR]DQORVRFXSDGRVSRU IDOWDUOHVWLHPSRSDUDSRQHUORVRMRVHQORSDVDGR \VLWDOYH]OH WLHQHQ HV GHVDEULGD OD PHPRULD GH ODV FRVDV SDVDGDV SRUTXH FRQWUDVXYROXQWDGUHGXFHQDOiQLPRORVWLHPSRVPDOHPSOHDGRV VLQWHQHURVDGtDGHDFRUGDUVHGHHOORV SRUTXHORVYLFLRVTXHFRQ DO~Q KDODJR GH GHOHLWH SUHVHQWH VH LEDQ HQWUDQGR FRQ GLVLPXODFLyQ VH PDQLILHVWDQ FRQ OD PHPRULD GH ORV SDVDGRV 1LQJXQRRWURVLQRDTXpOTXHUHJXOyVXVDFFLRQHVFRQHOQLYHOGH ODEXHQDFRQFLHQFLD TXHMDPiVVHGHMDHQJDxDUFXOSDEOHPHQWH KDFH FRQ JXVWR UHIOH[LyQ HQ OD YLGD SDVDGD SHUR HO TXH FRQ DPELFLyQ GHVHy PXFKDV FRVDV HO TXH ODV GHVSUHFLy FRQ 28/40
De la brevedad de la vida
VREHUDQtD \ ODV DGTXLULy FRQ YLROHQFLD HO TXH HQJDOxy FRQ DVHFKDQ]DV UREy FRQ DYDULFLD \ GHVSUHFLy FRQ SURGLJDOLGDG HV IRU]RVRWHPDDVXPLVPDPHPRULD(VWDSDUWHGHOWLHPSRSDVDGR HVXQDFRVDVDJUDGD\GHGLFDGDOLEUH\DGHWRGRVORVKXPDQRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV \ H[HQWD GHO LPSHULR GH OD IRUWXQD VLQ TXH OH DIOLMDQSREUH]DRPLHGRQLHOFRQFXUVRGHYDULDVHQIHUPHGDGHV eVWD QR SXHGH LQTXLHWDUVH QL TXLWDUVH SRU VHU VX SRVHVLyQ SHUSHWXD\OLEUHGHUHFHORV (O WLHPSR SUHVHQWH HV VyOR GH GtDV VLQJXODUHV \ VX SUHVHQFLD FRQVLVWH HQLQVWDQWHV SHUR ORVGtDV GHOWLHPSRSDVDGRVLHPSUH TXHVHORPDQGDUHVSDUHFHUiQHQWXSUHVHQFLDFRQVLQWLHQGRVHU GHWHQLGRVSDUDVHUUHVLGHQFLDGRVDWXDOEHGUtR VLELHQSDUDHVWH H[DPHQIDOWDWLHPSRDORVRFXSDGRV TXHHOGLVFXUULUVREUHWRGD ODYLGDSDVDGDHVGDGRVRODPHQWHDORVHQWHQGLPLHQWRVTXLHWRV \VRVHJDGRV/RViQLPRVGHORVDWRORQGUDGRVHVWiQFRPRGHEDMR GH\XJRQRSXHGHQPLUDUVHQLYROYHUODFDEH]D$QHJyVHSXHV VX YLGD \ DXQTXH OH DxDGDV OR TXH TXLVHUHV QR IXH GH PiV SURYHFKR TXH OR HV OD QDGD VL QR H[FHSWXDURQ \ UHVHUYDURQ DOJXQD SDUWH 'H SRFD LPSRUWDQFLD HV HO GDUOHV ODUJR WLHPSR VL QR KD\ HQ TXp KDJD DVLHQWR \ VH JXDUGH SLpUGHVHOHV SRU ORV URWRV\DJXMHUDGRViQLPRV (O WLHPSR SUHVHQWH HV EUHYtVLPR GH WDO PDQHUD TXH DOJXQRV GLFHQTXHQROHKD\SRUTXHVLHPSUHHVWiHQYHOR]FDUUHUD FRUUH \SUHFLSLWDVH\DQWHVGHMDGHVHUTXHKD\DOOHJDGRVLQVHUPiV FDSD] D GHWHQHUVH TXH HO RUEH \ ODV HVWUHOODV FX\R PRYLPLHQWR HV VLQ GHVFDQVR\ VLQ SDUDUVH HQ DOJ~Q OXJDU 1R JR]DQ SXHV ORVRFXSDGRVPiVTXHGHOWLHPSRSUHVHQWHHOFXDOHVWDQEUHYH TXH QR VH SXHGH FRPSUHQGHU \ D~Q pVWH VH OHV KX\H HVWDQGR HOORVGLVWUDtGRVHQGLYHUVDVFRVDV ¢4XLHUHV ILQDOPHQWH VDEHU OR SRFR TXH YLYHQ" 3XHV PLUD OR PXFKRTXHGHVHDQYLYLU0HQGLJDQORVYLHMRVGHFUpSLWRVDIXHU]D GH YRWRV HO DXPHQWR GH DOJXQRV SRFRV DxRV )tQJHQVH GH PHQRVHGDG\OLVRQMpDQVHFRQODPHQWLUD HQJixDQVHFRQWDQWR JXVWR FRPR VL MXQWDPHQWH HQJDxDUDQ D ORV KDGRV 3HUR FXDQGR DOJ~Q DFFLGHQWH OHV DGYLHUWH OD PRUWDOLGDG PXHUHQ FRPR DWHPRUL]DGRV QR FRPR ORV TXH VDOHQ GH OD YLGD VLQR FRPR H[FOXLGRV GH HOOD 'LFHQ D YRFHV TXH IXHURQ LJQRUDQWHV HQ QR KDEHU YLYLGR \ TXH VL HVFDSDQ GH DTXHOOD HQIHUPHGDG KDQ GH YLYLU HQ GHVFDQVR &RQRFHQ HQWRQFHV FXiQ HQ YDQR DGTXLULHURQ ORVELHQHVTXHQRKDQGHJR]DU\FXiQSHUGLGRIXHWRGRDIiQ 29/40
De la brevedad de la vida
3HUR ¢TXp FRVD HVWRUED TXH OD YLGD GH ORV TXH OD SDVDQ DSDUWDGRV GH QHJRFLRV QR VHD ODUJD" 1LQJXQD SDUWH GH HOOD VH HPSOHD HQ GLIHUHQWH ILQ QDGD VH GHVSHUGLFLD QDGD VH GD D OD IRUWXQDQDGDFRQQHJOLJHQFLDVHSLHUGHQDGDVHGLVPLQX\HFRQ GiGLYDV QDGD KD\ LQIUXFWXRVR \ SDUD GHFLUOR HQ XQD SDODEUD WRGD HOOD HVWi GDQGR UpGLWRV \ DVt SRU SHTXHxD TXH VHD HV VXILFLHQWH 'H TXp VH VHJXLUi TXH FDGD \ FXDQGR TXH DO YDUyQ VDELR VH OOHJDUH HO ~OWLPR GtD QR VH GHWHQGUi HQ LUD ODPXHUWH FRQSDVRGHOLEHUDGR 3UHJXQWDUiVPHSRUYHQWXUDDTXpSHUVRQDVOODPRRFXSDGDV1R SLHQVHVTXHKDEORVyORGHDTXHOORVTXHSDUDTXHGHVRFXSHQORV WULEXQDOHV HV QHFHVDULR VROWDU ORV SHUURV \ TXH WLHQHQ SRU KRQURVRV ORV HQFRQWURQHV TXH OHV GDQ ORV TXH ORV VLJXHQ \ SRU DIUHQWRVRV ORV TXH UHFLEHQ GH ORV TXH QR OHV DFRPSDxDQ QL DTXHOORVD TXLHQ VXV RILFLRV ORV VDFDQ GH VXV FDVDV SDUD FKRFDU FRQODVSXHUWDVDMHQDVQLDTXHOORVDTXLHQHQULTXHFHODYDUDGHO MXH]FRQLQIDPHVJDQDQFLDTXHWDOYH]FUtDQSRVWHPD(ORFLRGH DOJXQRVHVWiRFXSDGRHQVXDOGHDRHQFDPD SHURHQPHGLRGH OD VROHGDG DXQTXH VH DSDUWDURQ GH ORV GHPiV HOORV PLVPRV VH VRQPROHVWRV \DVtGHpVWRVQRKHPRVGHGHFLUTXHWLHQHQYLGD GHVFDQVDGDVLQRRFXSDFLyQRFLRVD ¢/ODPDUiVW~GHVRFXSDGRDOTXHJDVWDODPD\RUSDUWHGHOGtDHQ OLPSLDU FRQ FXLGDGRVD VROLFLWXG ORV YDVRV GH &RULQWR HVWLPDGRV SRU OD ORFXUD GH DOJXQRV \ HQ TXLWDU HO RUtQ D ODV PRKRVDV PHGDOODV" ¢$O TXH VHQWDGR HQ HO OXJDU GH ODV OXFKDV HVWi PLUDQGR ODV SHQGHQFLDV GH ORV PR]RV" 3RUTXH \D £2+ JUDYH PDO 1R VyOR HQIHUPDPRV FRQ YLFLRV URPDQRV ¢$O TXH HVWi DSDUHDQGRORVUHEDxRVGHVXVHVFODYRVGLYLGLpQGRORVSRUHGDGHV \FRORUHV\DOTXHEDQTXHWHDDORVTXHYHQFHQHQODOXFKD" ¢3RU TXp OODPDV GHVFDQVDGRV D DTXHOORV TXH SDVDQ PXFKDV KRUDV FRQ HO EDUEHUR PLHQWUDV OHV FRUWD HO SHOR TXH FUHFLy OD QRFKH SDVDGD \ PLHQWUDV VH KDFH OD FRQVXOWD VREUH FXDOTXLHU FDEHOOR \ PLHQWUDV ODV HVSDUFLGDV JXHGHMDV VH YXHOYHQ D FRPSRQHURVHFRPSHOHDORVGHVYLDGRVSHORVTXHGHXQD\RWUD SDUWH VH MXQWHQ SDUD IRUPDU FRSHWH" 3RU FXDOTXLHU GHVFXLGR GHO EDUEHURVHHQRMDQFRPRVLIXHUDQYDURQHV HQIXUpFHQVHVLVHOHV FRUWyXQiWRPRGHVXVFULQHVRVLTXHGyDOJ~QFDEHOORIXHUDGH RUGHQ \ VL QR HQWUDURQ WRGRV HQ ORV UL]RV ¢&XiO GH pVWRV QR TXLHUH PiV TXH VH GHVFRPSRQJD OD SD] GH OD UHS~EOLFD TXH OD FRPSRVWXUD GH VX FDEHOOR" ¢&XiO QR DQGD PiV VROtFLWR HQ HO 30/40
De la brevedad de la vida
DGRUQR GH VX FDEH]D TXH HQ OD VDOXG GH LPSHULR SUHFLiQGRVH PiVGH OLQGR TXHGH KRQHVWR" ¢$ pVWRV OODPDVW~ GHVRFXSDGRV HVWDQGRWDQRFXSDGRVHQWUHHOSHLQH\HOHVSHMR" 3XHV ¢TXp GLUiV GH DTXHOORV TXH WUDEDMDQ HQ FRPSRQHU RtU \ DSUHQGHU WRQRV PLHQWUDV FRQ TXLHEUDV GH QHFtVLPD PHORGtD YLROHQWDQ OD YR] TXH QDWXUDOH]D OHV GLR FRQ XQ FRUULHQWH FODUR EXHQR\VLQDUWLILFLR" ¢$TXHOORV FX\RV GHGRV PLGLHQGR DOJ~Q YHUVR HVWiQ VLHPSUH KDFLHQGR VRQ" ¢$TXHOORV TXH OODPDGRV SDUD FRVDV JUDYHV \ WULVWHVVHOHVR\HXQDWiFLWDP~VLFD"7RGRVpVWRVQRWLHQHQRFLR VLQRSHUH]RVRQHJRFLR 7DPSRFR SRQGUp FRQYLWHV GH pVWRV HQWUH ORV WLHPSRV GHVRFXSDGRV YLpQGRORV WDQ VROtFLWRV HQ FRPSRQHU ORV DSDUDGRUHV HQ DOLxDU ODV OLEUHDV GH VXV FULDGRV TXH VXVSHQVRV HVWiQHQFyPRYHQGUiSDUWLGRHOMDEDOtSRUHOFRFLQHURFRQTXp SUHVWH]D KDQ GH DFXGLU ORV SDMHV D FXDOTXLHU VHxD FRQ FXiQWD GHVWUH]D VH KDQ GH WULQFKDU ODV DYHV HQ QR IHRV SHGD]RV FXiQ FXULRVDPHQWH ORV LQIHOLFHV PR]XHORV OLPSLDQ OD VDOLYD GH ORV ERUUDFKRV&RQHVWDVFRVDVVHDIHFWDJUDQMHDUIDPDGHFXULRVRV\ HVSOpQGLGRVVLJXLpQGROHVGHWDOPRGRVXVYLFLRVKDVWDHOILQGHOD YLGDTXHQLEHEHQQLFRPHQVLQDPELFLyQ 7DPSRFR KDV GH FRQWDU HQWUH ORV RFLRVRV D ORV TXH VH KDFHQ OOHYDU GH XQD SDUWH D RWUD HQ VLOOD R HQ OLWHUD VDOLHQGR DO HQFXHQWURD ODV KRUDV GHOSDVHR FRPR VLHO GHMDUOH QROHV IXHUD OtFLWR2WUROHVDGYLHUWHFXiQGRVHKDQGHODYDUFXiQGRVHKDQ GHEDxDUFXiQGRKDQGHFHQDU\OOHJDDWDQWRODHQIHUPHGDGGH iQLPR UHODMDGR \ GHMDWLYR TXH QR SXHGHQ VDEHU SRU Vt VL DFDVR WLHQHQKDPEUH2tGHFLUGHXQRGHHVWRVGHOLFDGRV VLHVTXHVH SXHGHOODPDUGHOHLWHLJQRUDUODYLGD \FRVWXPEUHVGHKRPEUHV TXHKDELpQGROHVDFDGRGHXQEDxRHQEUD]RV\VHQWiGROHHQXQD VLOODTXHGLMRSUHJXQWDQGRVLHVWDEDVHQWDGR¢3LHQVDVW~TXH pVWH TXH LJQRUD VL HVWi VHQWDGR VDEH VL YLYH VL YH \ VL HVWi RFLRVR"1RVpVLPHFRPSDGH]FDPiVGHTXHOR LJQRUDVH RGH TXH ILQJLHVH LJQRUDUOR 0XFKDV VRQ ODV FRVDV TXH LJQRUDQ \ PXFKDV HQ ODV TXH LPLWDQ OD LJQRUDQFLD GHOpLWDQOHV DOJXQRV YLFLRV \ WHQLpQGRORV SRU DUJXPHQWR GH VX IHOLFLGDG MX]JDQ TXH HVGHKRPEUHVEDMRVHOVDEHUORTXHKDQGHKDFHU 'LUiV TXH ORV SRHWDV KDQ ILQJLGR PXFKDV FRVDV SDUD ]DKHULU ODV GHPDVtDV 3XHV FUpHPH TXH HV PXFKR PiV OR TXH VH OHV SDVD SRUDOJRTXHORTXHILQJHQ KDELHQGRHQHVWHQXHVWURLQIHOL]VLJOR SDUDVyORHVWRLQJHQLRVR SDVDGRWDQDGHODQWHODDEXQGDQFLDGH 31/40
De la brevedad de la vida
LQFUHtEOHV YLFLRV TXH SRGHPRV OOHJDU D FRQGHQDU OD QHJOLJHQFLD GHODVViWLUDV £4XHH[LVWDXQKRPEUHWDQPXHOOHTXHWHQJDTXHVDEHUSRURWUR VLHVWiVHQWDGReVWHQRVHGHEHOODPDURFLRVR RWURQRPEUHVHOH KDGHSRQHU(QIHUPRHVWiRSRUPHMRUGHFLUPXHUWR2FLRVRHV HO TXH FRQRFH VX RFLR SHUR HO TXH SDUD HQWHQGHU VXV DFFLRQHV FRUSRUDOHV QHFHVLWD GH TXLHQ VH ODV DGYLHUWD pVWH VRODPHQWH HV PHGLRYLYR¢&yPRWHQGUiGRPLQLRHQHOWLHPSR" 6HUtD SUROLMLGDG UHIHULU WRGRV DTXHOORV D TXLHQ ORV GDGRV HO DMHGUH]ODSHORWDRHOFXLGDGRGHFXUWLUVHDOVROOHVFRQVXPHOD YLGD1RVRQRFLRVRVDTXHOORVFX\RVGHOHLWHVORVWUDHQDIDQDGRV \ QDGLH GXGD TXH ORV TXH VH RFXSDQ HQ HVWXGLRV GH OHWUDV LQ~WLOHV GH TXH \D HQWUH ORV URPDQRV KD\ PXFKRV IDWLJiQGRVH QRSRFRREUDQQDGD(QIHUPHGDGIXHGHORVJULHJRVLQYHVWLJDU TXp Q~PHUR GH UHPHURV WXYR 8OLVHV VL VH HVFULELy SULPHUR OD ,OLDGD R OD 2GLVHD VL VRQ HQWUDPERV OLEURV GH XQ PLVPR DXWRU FRQRWUDVLPSHUWLQHQFLDVGHHVWDFDOLGDGTXHFDOODGDVQRD\XGDQ DODFRQFLHQFLD\GLFKDVQRGDQRSLQLyQGHPiVGRFWRVLQRGH PiV HQIDGRVR $GYLHUWH FyPR VH KD LGR DSRGHUDQGR GH ORV URPDQRVODLQ~WLOFXULRVLGDGGHDSUHQGHUORQRQHFHVDULR (VWRV GtDV Rt D XQ KRPEUH VDELR TXH UHIHUtD TXH 'UXLOR IXH HO SULPHUR TXH YHQFLy HQ EDWDOOD QDYDO TXH &XULR 'HQWDWR HO SULPHURTXHPHWLyHOHIDQWHVHQHOWULXQIR$XQTXHODQRWLFLDGH HVWDVFRVDVQRPLUDDODJORULDYHUGDGHUDWRFDQVXVHMHPSORVHQ PDWHULDV FLYLOHV QR VLHQWR ~WLO VX FRQRFLPLHQWR QRV GHOHLWD FRQ XQDJXVWRVDYDQLGDG3HUGRQHPRVWDPELpQDORVTXHLQTXLHUHQ FXiOIXHHOSULPHURTXHSHUVXDGLyDORVURPDQRVODQDYHJDFLyQ (VWH IXH &ODXGLR &DQGH] OODPDGR DVt SRUTXH ORV DQWLJXRV OODPDEDQFDQGH]DODWUDED]yQGHPXFKDVWDEODV\ODVWDEODVVH OODPDQ FyGLFHV \ ORV QDYtRV TXH VHJ~Q OD DQWLJXD FRVWXPEUH SRUWHDQ ORV EDVWLPHQWRV VH OODPDQ FDXGLFDULDV 3HUPtWDVH DVLPLVPR VDEHU TXH 9DOHULR &RUYLQR IXH HO SULPHUR TXH VH DSRGHUyGH0HVLQD\HOSULPHURTXHGHODIDPLOLDGHORV9DOHULRV VHOODPy0HVDQDWRPDQGRHOQRPEUHGHODFLXGDGUHQGLGD\TXH PXGDQGR HO YXOJR SRFR D SRFR ODV OHWUDV VH YLQR D OODPDU 0HVDOD ¢3HUPLWLUiV SR YHQWXUD DYHULJXDU VL IXH /XFLR 6LOD HO SULPHUR TXH GLR HQ HO FRVR OHRQHV VXHOWRV KDELHQGR VLGR FRVWXPEUH KDVWD HQWRQFHV GDUORV DWDGRV" ¢< TXH HO UH\ %RFR HQYLy IOHFKHURV TXH ORV PDWDVHQ" 3HUPtWDVH WDPELpQ HVWR SHUR ¢4XpIUXWRWLHQHHOVDEHUTXH3RPSH\RIXHHOSULPHURTXHPHWLy 32/40
De la brevedad de la vida
HQ HO FROLVHR GLHFLRFKR HOHIDQWHV TXH SHOHDVHQ HQ PRGR GH EDWDOODFRQORVKRPEUHVGHOLQFXHQWHV"(OSUtQFLSHGHODFLXGDG\ HO PHMRU GH ORV SUtQFLSHV FRPR SXEOLFD OD IDPD VLHQGR GH SHUIHFWDERQGDGWXYR SRUILHVWDVGLJQDVGHPHPRULD PDWDUSRU QXHYR PRGR ORV KRPEUHV ¢3HOHDQ" 3RFR HV ¢'HVSHGi]DQVH" 3RFR HV TXHGDQ RSULPLGRV FRQ HO JUDYH SHVR GH DTXHOORV DQLPDOHV+DUWRPHMRUIXHUDTXHVHPHMDQWHVFRVDVVHROYLGDUiQ SRUTXH QR KXELHUD GHVSXpV DOJ~Q KRPEUH SRGHURVR TXH DSUHQGLHUD\HQYLGLDUDWDQLQKXPDQDYDQLGDG £2+TXHJUDQGHFHJXHUDSRQHDORVKXPDQRVHQWHQGLPLHQWRVOD JUDQGH IHOLFLGDG-X]JRDTXpOTXHHQWRQFHVVHHPSLQDEDVREUH ODQDWXUDOH]DFXDQGRH[SRQtDWDQWDPXFKHGXPEUHGHPLVHUDEOHV KRPEUHV D ODV EHVWLDV QDFLGDV GHEDMR GH RWURV FOLPDV FXDQGR OHYDQWDED JXHUUDV HQWUH WDQ GHVLJXDOHV DQLPDOHV FXDQGR GHUUDPDUDPXFKD\pOPLVPRGHVSXpVHQJDxDGRSRUODPDOGDG DOHMDQGULQDVHHQWUHJyDODPXHUWHSRUPDQRGHXQYLOHVFODYR FRQRFLpQGRVHHQWRQFHVODYDQDMDFWDQFLDGHVXVEUHQRPEUH 3HUR YROYLHQGR DO SXQWR GH TXH PH GLYHUWt PRVWUDUp HQ RWUD PDWHULDODLQ~WLOGLOLJHQFLDGHDOJXQRV&RQWDEDpVWHPLVPRVDELR TXHWULXQIDQGR0HWHORGHORVFDUWDJLQHVHVYHQFLGRHQ6LFLOLDIXH VyORHQWUHORVURPDQRVHOTXHOOHYyGHODQWHHOFDUURFLHQWRYHLQWH HOHIDQWHV FDXWLYRV 4XH 6LOD IXH HO ~OWLPR GH ORV URPDQRV TXH H[WHQGLyODURQGDGHORVPXURVQRKDELHQGRVLGRFRVWXPEUHGH ORV DQWLJXRV DODUJDGD FXDQGR VH DGTXLUtD QXHYR FDPSR HQ OD SURYLQFLDVLQRFXDQGRVHJDQDEDHQ,WDOLD(OVDEHUHVWRHVGH PiVSURYHFKRTXHDYHULJXDUVLHOPRQWH$YHQWLQRHVWiIXHUDGH OD RQGD FRPR pVWH PLVPR DILUPDED GDQGR GRV UD]RQHV R SRUTXH OD SOHEH VH UHWLUy D pO R SRUTXH FRQVXOWDQGR 5HPR HQ DTXHO OXJDU ORV DJHURV QR KDOOy IDYRUDEOHV ODV DYHV GLFLHQGR RWUDV LQQXPHUDEOHV FRVDV TXH R VRQ ILQJLGDV R VHPHMDQWHV D ILFFLRQHV SRUTXHDXQTXHOHVFRQFHGDVHVFULEDQHVWDVFRVDVFRQ EXHQD IH \ FRQ ULHVJR GH VX FUpGLWR GLPH ¢TXp FXOSDV VH HQPHQGDUDQFRQHVWDGRFWULQD"¢4XpGHVHRVHQIUHQD"¢$ TXLpQ KDFH PiV IXHUWH PiV MXVWR \ PiV OLEHUDO" 6ROtD GHFLU )DELDQR TXH GXGDED VL HUD PHMRU DEVWHQHUVH GH WRGR HVWXGLR TXH HQUHGDUVHHQHVWDVDYHULJXDFLRQHV 6RORVDTXHOORVJR]DQGHTXLHWXGTXHVHGHVRFXSDQSDUDDGPLWLU OD VDELGXUtD \ VRORV HOORV VRQ ORV TXH YLYHQ SRUTXH QR VyOR DSURYHFKDQ VX WLHPSR VLQR TXH OH DxDGHQ WRGDV ODV HGDGHV 33/40
De la brevedad de la vida
KDFLHQGRSURSLRVVX\RVWRGRVORVDxRVTXHKDQSDVDGR3RUTXH VLQRVRPRVLQJUDWRVHVIRU]RVRFRQIHVDUTXHDTXHOORVFODUtVLPRV LQYHQWRUHVGHODVVDJUDGDVFLHQFLDVQDFLHURQSDUDQXHVWURELHQ\ HQFDPLQDURQQXHVWUDYLGD FRQWUDEDMRDMHQRVRPRVDGLHVWUDGRV DO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH FRVDV JUDQHV VDFDGDV GH ODV WLQLHEODV D OD OX]1LQJ~QVLJORQRVHVSURKLELGRDWRGRVVRPRVDGPLWLGRV \VL FRQ OD JUDQGH]D GH iQLPR TXLVLpUDPRV VDOLU GH ORV HVWUHFKRV OtPLWHV GH OD LPEHFLOLGDG KXPDQD KDEUi PXFKR WLHPSR HQ TXH SRGHU HVSDUFLDUQRV 3RGUHPRV GLVSXWDU FRQ 6yFUDWHV GLILFXOWDU FRQ&DUQHDGHVDTXLHWDUQRVFRQ(SLFXURYHQFHUFRQORVHVWRLFRV OD LQFOLQDFLyQ KXPDQD DGHODQWDUOD FRQ ORV FtQLFRV \ DQGDU MXQWDPHQWHFRQODQDWXUDOH]DHQFRPSDxtDGHWRGDVODVHGDGHV ¢&yPRSXHVHQHVWHEUHYH\FDGXFRWUiQVLWRGHOWLHPSRQRQRV HQWUHJDPRVGHWRGRFRUD]yQHQDTXHOODVFRVDVTXHVRQLQPHQVDV \HWHUQDV\VHFRPXQLFDQFRQORVPHMRUHV" (VWRVTXHDQGDQSDVDQGRGHXQRILFLRHQRWURLQTXLHWDQGRDVt\ D ORV GHPiV FXDQGR KD\DQ OOHJDGR D OR ~OWLPR GH VX ORFXUD \ FXDQGR KD\DQ YLVLWDGR FDGD GtD ORV XPEUDOHV GH WRGRV ORV PLQLVWURV \ FXDQGR KD\DQ HQWUDGR SRU WRGDV ODV SXHUWDV TXH KDOODURQ DELHUWDV FXDQGR KD\DQ LGR SRU GLIHUHQWHV FDVDV KDFLHQGR VXV LQWHUHVDGDV YLVLWDV D FXDQWRV SRGUiQ YHU HQ WDQ LQPHQVD FLXGDG GLYHUWLGD HQ YDULRV GHVHRV £4Xp GH HOORV HQFRQWUDUiQ FX\R VXHxR FX\D OXMXULD R FX\D GHVFRUWHVtD ORV GHVHFKHQ £&XiQWRV TXH GHVSXpV GH KDEHUOHV DWRUPHQWDGR FRQ KDFHUOHVHVSHUDUVHOHVHVFDSHQFRQXQDILQJLGDSULVD£&XiQWRV TXH SRU QR VDOLU SRU ORV ]DJXDQHV OOHQRV GH VXV SDQLDJXDGRV KXLUiQ SRU ODV VHFUHWDV SXHUWDV IDOVDV FRPR VL QR IXHUD PD\RU LQKXPDQLGDG HQJDxDU TXH GHVSHGLU £&XiQWRV VRxROLHQWRV \ SHVDGRV FRQ OD HPEULDJXH] FRQWUDtGD OD QRFKH DQWHV FRQ XQ DUURJDQWH ERFH]R DEULHQGR DSHQDV ORV ODELRV SDJDUiQ D ORV PLVHUDEOHV TXH SHUGLHURQ VX VXHxR SRU JXDUGDU HO DMHQR ODV VDOXWDFLRQHVLQILQLWDVYHFHVUHSHOLGDV 6RORV DTXHOORV SRGHPRV GHFLU HVWiQ GHWHQLGRV HQ YHUGDGHUDV RFXSDFLRQHV TXH VH SUHFLDQ WHQHU FRQWLQXDPHQWH SRU DPLJRV D =HQyQD3LWiJRUDVD'HPyFULWRD$ULVWyWHOHV\7HRIUDVWUR\ORV GHPiV YDURQHV HPLQHQWHV HQ ODV EXHQDV FLHQFLDV 1LQJXQR GH pVWRV HVWDUi RFXSDGR QLQJXQR GHMDUi GH HQYLDU PiV GLFKRVR \ PiV DPDGRU GH Vt DO TXH YLQLHUH D FRPXQLFDUORV QLQJXQR GH HOORV FRQVHQWLUi TXH ORV TXH FRPXQLFDUHQ VDOJDQ FRQ ODV PDQRV YDFtDV$ELHUWDWLHQHQODSXHUWDGtD\QRFKHDWRGRVORVPRUWDOHV 34/40
De la brevedad de la vida
1LQJXQR GH HOORV WH IRU]DUi D OD PXHUWH \ WRGRV HOORV WH HQVHxDUiQ D PRULU 1LQJXQR KROODUi WXV DxRV DQWHV WH FRQWULEXLUiQ GH ORV VX\RV 1LQJXQD FRQYHUVDFLyQ VX\D WH VHUi SHOLJURVD1RVHUiFXOSDEOHVXDPLVWDGQLFRVWRVDVXYHQHUDFLyQ 'H VX FRPXQLFDFLyQ VDFDUiV HO IUXWR TXH TXLVLHUHV VLQ TXH SRU HOORVTXHGHHOTXHFRQVLJDVPiVFXDQWRPiVVDFDUHV £4XpIHOLFLGDG\TXpKRQUDGDYHMH]HVSHUDDOTXHVHSXVRGHEDMR GH OD SURWHFFLyQ GH pVWD 7HQGUi FRQ TXLHQ GHOLEHUDU GH ODV PDWHULDVJUDQGHV\SHTXHxDVDTXLHQFRQVXOWDUFDGDGtDHQVXV QHJRFLRV \ GH TXLHQ RtU YHUGDGHV VLQ LQMXULDV \ DODEDQ]DV VLQ DGXODFLyQ \ XQD LGHD FX\D VHPHMDQ]D LPLWH 6ROHPRV GHFLU TXH QR HVWXYR HQ QXHVWUD SRWHVWDG HOHJLU SDGUHV KDELpQGRQRVORV GDGR OD IRUWXQD FRQ WRGR HVR KDELHQGR WDQWDV IDPLOLDV GH QRELOtVLPRV LQJHQLRV QRV YLHQH D VHU OtFLWR QDFHU D QXHVWUR DOEHGUtR(VFRJHDFXDOGHHOODVTXLHUHVDJUHJDUWHTXHQRVyOR VHUiV DGRSWDGR HQ HO DSHOOLGR VLQR SDUD JR]DU DTXHOORV ELHQHV TXHQRVHGDQSDUDJXDUGDUORVFRQPDOLJQLGDG\EDMH]DVLHQGR GHFDOLGDGTXHVHDXPHQWDQPiVFXDQGRVHUHSDUWHQHQPiV (VWDV FRVDV WH DEULUiQ HO FDPLQR SDUD OD HWHUQLGDG FRORFiQGRWH HQDTXHOODDOWXUDGHODFXDOQDGLHVHUiGHULYDGR6yORHVWHPHGLR KD\ FRQ TXH H[WHQGHU OD PRUWDOLGDG R SDUD GHFLUOR PHMRU SDUD FRQYHUWLUODHQLQPRUWDOLGDG/DVKRUDV\ODVPHPRULDV\WRGROR GHPiV TXH R SRU VXV GHFUHWRV GLVSXVR OD DPELFLyQ R OHYDQWy FRQIiEULFDVFRQPXFKDEUHYHGDGVHGHVKDFH QRKD\FRVDTXH QR GHVWUX\D OD YHMH] ODUJD FRQVXPLHQGR FRQ PiV SULVD OR TXH HOOD PLVPDFRQVDJUy 6RODODVDELGXUtDHVDTXLHQQRVH SXHGH KDFHULQMXULD QRODSRGUiERUUDUODHGDGSUHVHQWHQLODGLPLQXLUi OD IXWXUD DQWHV OD TXH YLQLHUH DxDGLUi DOJXQD SDUWH GH YHQHUDFLyQ SRUTXH OD HQYLGLD VLHPSUH KDFH VX PRUDGD HQ OR FHUFDQR\FRQPiVVLQFHULGDGQRVDGPLUDPRVGHORPiVUHPRWR 7LHQHSXHVODYLGDGHOVDELRJUDQGHODWLWXGQRODHVWUHFKDQORV WpUPLQRV TXH D OD GH ORV GHPiV pO VROR HV OLEUH GH ODV OH\HV KXPDQDV 6tUYHQOH WRGDV ODV HGDGHV FRPR D 'LRV &RPSUHQGH FRQODUHFRUGDFLyQHOWLHPSRSDVDGRDSURYpFKDVHGHOSUHVHQWH\ GLVSRQHHOIXWXUR FRQORFXDOODXQLyQGHWRGRVORVWLHPSRVKDFH TXH VHD ODUJD VX YLGD 6LHQGR PX\ FRUWD \ OOHQD GH FRQJRMDV OD GH DTXHOORV TXH VH ROYLGDQ GH OR SDVDGR QR FXLGDQ GH OR SUHVHQWH\WHPHQ ORIXWXUR\FXDQGROOHJDQDVXVSRVWULPHUtDV FRQRFHQWDUGHORVGHVGLFKDGRVTXHHVWXYLHURQRFXSDGRVPXFKR WLHPSRHQKDFHUORTXHHQVtHVQDGD 35/40
De la brevedad de la vida
< QRWHQJDV SRU VXILFLHQWH DUJXPHQWR SDUDSUREDU TXHWXYLHURQ ODUJD YLGD HO KDEHU DOJXQDV YHFHV OODPDGR D OD PXHUWH $WRUPpQWDORV VX LPSUXGHQFLD FRQ LQFRQVWDQWHV DIHFWRV TXH LQFXUULHQGR HQ OR PLVPR TXH WHPHQ GHVHDQ PXFKDV YHFHV OD PXHUWHSRUTXHODWHPHQ 7DPSRFRHVDUJXPHQWRSDUDMX]JDUODUJDODYLGDHOTXHMDUVHGH TXH VRQ ODUJRV ORV GtDV \ TXH YDQ HVSDFLRVDV ODV KRUDV SDUD OOHJDU DO WLHPSR VHxDODGR SDUD HO FRQYLWH 3RUTXH VL WDO YH] ORV GHMDQ VXV RFXSDFLRQHV VH DEUDVDQ HQ HO GHVFDQVR VLQ VDEHU FyPROHGHVHFKDUiQRFyPRORDSURYHFKDUiQ \DVtOXHJREXVFDQ DOJXQDRFXSDFLyQWHQLHQGR SRU SHVDGR HOWLHPSR TXH HVWiQ VLQ HOOD6XFHGLpQGROHVORTXHDORVTXHHVSHUDUHOGtDGHVWLQDGRSDUD ORV MXHJRV JUDGLDWRULRV R SDUD RWUR DOJ~Q HVSHFWiFXOR R ILHVWDV TXH GHVHDQ DVHQ DSULVD ORV GtDV LQWHUPHGLRV SRUTXH UHWDUGD OR TXHHVSHUDQSDUDOOHJDUWLHQHQSRUSUROLMDODGLODFLyQTXHDDTXHO WLHPSR TXH DO TXH OH DPD HV EUHYH \ SUHFLSLWDGR KDFLpQGRVH PiV EUHYH SRU VX FXOSD SRUTXH VLQ WHQHU FRQVLVWHQFLD HQ ORV GHVHRVSDVDQGHXQDFRVDHQRWUD$pVWRVQRVRQODUJRVVLQR PROHVWRVORVGtDV \DOFRQWUDULRWLHQHQSRUFRUWDVODVQRFKHVOR TXH ODV SDVDQ HQWUH ORV ODVFLYRV DEUD]RV GH VXV DPLJDV R HQ OD HPEULDJXH] GH TXH WXYR RULJHQ OD ORFXUD GH ORV SRHWDV TXH DOHQWDURQ FRQ IiEXOD ODV FXOSDV GH ORV KRPEUHV ILQJLHQGR TXH -~SLWHU HQYLFLDGR HQ HO DGXOWHULR GH $OHPHQD KDEtD GDGR GXSOLFDGDVKRUDVDODQRFKH(OKDFHUDXWRUHVGHORVYLFLRVDORV GLRVHV ¢TXp RWUD FRVD HV VLQR DQLPDU D HOORV \ GDU D OD FXOSD XQDGLVFXOSDEOHOLFHQFLDFRQHOHMHPSORGHODGLYLQLGDG"¢$pVWRV TXH WDQ FDUDV FXHVWDQ ODV QRFKHV SRGUiQ GHMDU GH SDUHFHUOHV FRUWtVLPDV"3LHUGHQHOGtDHVSHUDQGRODQRFKH\ODQRFKHFRQHO WHPRU GHO GtD \ D~Q VXV PLVPRV GHOHLWHV VRQ WHPHURVRV \ GHVDVRVHJDGRVFRQYDULRVUHFHORVHQWUDQGRHQPHGLRGHOJXVWR DOJ~QFRQJRMRVRSHQVDPLHQWRGHORSRFRTXHGXUD 'H HVWH DIHFWR QDFLy HO OORUDU ORV UH\HV VX SRGHUtR \ VLQ TXHOD JUDQGH]DGHVXIRUWXUDORVDOHJUDVHOHVSXVRWHUURUHOILQTXHOHV HVSHUDED ([WHQGLHQGR HO LQVROHQWtVLPR UH\ GH ORV SHUVDV VXV HMpUFLWRVSRUODUJRVHVSDFLRVGHWLHUUDVLQSRGHUFRPSUHQGHUVX Q~PHUR QL PHGLGD GHUUDPy OiJULPDV FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH GHQWUR GH FLHQ DxRV QR KDEtD GH KDEHU YLYR DOJXQR GH WDQ IORULGD MXYHQWXG VLHQGR HO PLVPR TXH ORV OORUD HO TXH OHV KDEtD GH DSUHVXUDUODPXHUWH \KDELHQGRGHFRQVXPLUHQEUHYHWLHPSRD XQRV HQ WLHUUD D RWURV HQ PDU D XQRV HQ EDWDOODV D RWURV HQ KXLGDVSRQtDHOWHPRUHQHOFHQWpVLPRDxR 36/40
De la brevedad de la vida
6RQ SXHV VXV JXVWRV FDUJDGRV GHUHFHORVSRUTXH QRHVWULEDQ HQIXQGDPHQWRVVyOLGRV \DVtFRQODPLVPDYDQLGDGTXHOHVGLR SULQFLSLR VH GHVKDFHQ ¢&XiOHV SXHV MX]JDUiV VRQ DTXHOORV WLHPSRVDXQ SRU VX PLVPDFRQIHVLyQ PLVHUDEOHVSXHVDXQ ORV HQTXHVHOHYDQWDQVREUHSXMDQGRHOVHUGHKRPEUHV¢VRQSRFRV VHUHQRV"/RVPD\RUHVELHQHVVRQFRQJRMRVRV\QXQFDVHKDGH GDUPHQRVFUpGLWRDODIRUWXQDTXHFXDQGRVHPXHVWUDIDYRUDEOH 3DUD FRQVHUYDUQRV HQ XQD EXHQD GLFKD QHFHVLWDPRV GH RWUD \ GHKDFHUYRWRVSDUDTXHGXUHQORVEXHQRVVXFHVRVSRUTXHWRGR ORTXHYLHQHGHPDQRGHODIRUWXQDHVLQHVWDEOH\ORTXHVXELy PiV DOWR HVWi HQ PD\RU GLVSRVLFLyQ GH FDtGD VLQ TXH FDXVH GHOHLWHORTXHDPHQD]DUXLQD \DVtHVIRU]RVRTXHQRVyORVHD EUHYtVLPD VLQR PLVHUDEOH OD YLGD GH DTXHOORV TXH FRQ JUDQ WUEDMRDGTXLHUHQORTXHHQPD\RUKDQGHSRVHHU&RQVLJXHQFRQ VXVXGRUORTXHGHVHDQ\SRVHHQFRQDQVLDVORTXHDGTXLULHURQ FRQWUDEDMR\FRQHVWRQRFXLGDQGHOWLHPSRTXHSDVDQGRXQD YH]MDPiVKDGHYROYHU$ODVDQWLJXDVRFXSDFLRQHVVXVWLWX\HQ RWUDVGHQXHYR XQDHVSHUDQ]DGHVSLHUWDDRWUD\XQDDPELFLyQ DRWUDDPELFLyQ QRVHEXVFDHOILQGHORVWUDEDMRVSHURP~GDVH ODPDWHULD 1XHVWUDV KRQUDV QRV DWRUPHQWDQ SHUR PiV WHPSR QRV FRQVXPHQODVDMHQDV DFiEDVHHOWUDEDMRGHQXHVWUDSUHWHQVLyQ \ FRPHQ]DPRV HO GH ODV LQWHUFHVLRQHV 'HMDPRV OD PROHVWLD GH VHU ILVFDOHV \ FRQVHJXLPRV OD GHV VHU MXHFHV DFDEyVH OD MXGLFDWXUDSDVDDFRQWDGRUPD\RU HQYHMHFLyVLHQGRPHUFHQDULR SURFXUDGRU GH KDFLHQGDV DMHQDV \ KiOODVH HPEDUD]DVR FRQ OD SURSLD'HMyD0DULR OD PLOLFLD \ RFXSyOH HO FRQVXODGR 6ROLFLWD 4XLQFLR HO KXLU GH OD GLFWDGXUD \ VDFDUiQOH SDUD HOOD GHVGH HO DUDGR,Ui(VFLSLyQDODVJXHUUDVGHÈIULFDVLQPDGXUDGHHGDG SDUD WDQ JUDQGH HPSUHVD YROYHUi YHQFHGRU GH $QtEDO \ GH $QWLRFRVHUiKRQRUGHVXFRQVXODGR\ILDGRUGHOGHVXKHUPDQR <VLpOQRORLPSLGLHUHOHKDUiQLJXDOD-~SLWHU\DpVWHTXHHUD HO DPSDUR GH OD SDWULD DFRVDUiQ FLYLOHV VHGLFLRQHV < DO TXH VXSR HQ OD MXYHQWXG GHVHFKDU ORV GHELGRV KRQRUHV OH GHOHLWDUi HQODYHMH]ODDPELFLyQGHXQSHUWLQD]GHVWLHUUR1XQFDKDQGH IDOWDU FDXVDV GH FXLGDGR RUD IHOLFHV RUD LQIHOLFHV FRQ ODV RFXSDFLRQHVVHFLHUUDODSXHUWDGHVHiQGRVHVLHPSUHVLQOOHJDUD FRQVHJXLUVH
37/40
De la brevedad de la vida
'HVYtDWH SXHV 2+ FODUtVLPR 3DXOLQR GHO YXOJR \ UHFyJHWH D PiV VHJXUR SXHUWR \ QR VHD FRPR DUURMDGR SRU OD YHMH] $FXpUGDWHGHORVPDUHVTXHKDVQDYHJDGRODVWRUPHQWDVSURSLDV TXH KDV SDGHFLGR \ ODV TXH VLHQGR S~EOLFDV KDV KHFKR WX\DV 6XILFLHQWHVPXHVWUDVKDQGDGRWXYLUWXGHQLQTXLHWDV\WUDEDMRVDV RFDVLRQHV ([SHULPHQWDDKRUDORTXHKDFHHQODTXLHWXG-XVWR HVKD\DVGDGRDODUHS~EOLFDODPD\RU\PHMRUSDUWHGHODHGDG WRPDWDPELpQSDUDWLDOJXQDSDUWHGHWXWLHPSR<QRWHOODPRD SHUH]RVR \ KROJD]iQ GHVFDQVR QL SDUD TXH VHSXOWHV WX EXHQD LQFOLQDFLyQHQVXHxRQLHQGHOHLWHVHVWLPDGRVGHOYXOJR TXHHVR QR HV DTXLHWDUVH +DOODUiV UHWLUDGR \ VHJXUR RFXSDFLRQHV PiV LPSRUWDQWHVGHODVTXHKDVWDDKRUDKDVWHQLGR $GPLQLVWUDQGR W~ ODV UHQWDV GHO LPSHULR FRQ PRGHUDFLyQ GH VHU DMHQDV FRQ OD PLVPD GLOLJHQFLD TXH VL IXHUDQ SURSLDV \ FRQ OD UHFWLWXGGHVHUS~EOLFDVFRQVLJXHVDPRUGHXQRILFLRHQTXHQR HV SHTXHxD KD]DxD HYLWDU HO RGLR 3HUR FUpHPH TXH HV PiV VHJXURHOHVWDUHQWHUDGRGHODFXHQWDGHWXYLGDTXHGHODVGHO GHSyVLWR GHO WULJR S~EOLFR 5HGXFH D WL HVH YLJRU GH iQLPR FDSDFtVLVPRGHJUDQGHVFRVDV\DSiUWDOHGHHVHPLQLVWHULRTXH DXQTXH HV PDJQtILFR QR HV DSWR SDUD YLGD SHUIHFWD \ SHUVXiGHWH TXH WDQWRV HVWXGLRV FRPR KDV WHQLGR GHVGH WX SULPHUD HGDG HQ ODV FLHQFLDV QR IXHURQ D ILQ GH TXH VH HQWUHJDVHQDWXFXLGDGRWDQWRVPLOODUHVGHIDQHJDVGHWULJR GH FRVDVPD\RUHV\PiVDOWDVKDEtDVGDGRVHVSHUDQ]DV1RIDOWDUiQ SDUD HVD RFXSDFLyQ KRPEUHV GH HVFRJLGD FDSDFLGDG \ GH FXLGDGRVD GLOLJHQFLD 3DUD OOHYDU FDUJDV PiV DSWRV VRQ ORV WDUGRVMXPHQWRVTXHORVQREOHVFDEDOORVFX\DJHQHURVDOLJHUH]D ¢TXLpQ KD\ TXH OD RSULPD FRQ SHVR JUDYH" 3LHQVD DVLPLVPR GH FXiQWR IDVWLGLR VHD HO H[SRQHUWH D WDQ JUDQGH FXLGDGR 7X RFXSDFLyQ HV FRPR ORV HVWyPDJRV KXPDQRV TXH QL DGPLWHQ UD]yQ QL VH PLWLJDQ FRQ HTXLGDG SRUTXH HO SXHEOR KDPEULHQWR QRVHDTXLHWDFRQUXHJRV 3RFRV GtDV GHVSXpV TXH PXULy &DOtJXOD D TXLHQ GHEtD SHVDU PXFKR VL HV TXH H[LVWH VHQWLPLHQWR HQ HO LQILHUQR PRULUL YLYLHQGR D~Q HO SXHEOR URPDQR TXHGy 5RPD FRQ SURYLVLRQHV SDUDVLHWHXRFKRGtDV < PLHQWUDV pO FRQVWUXtD SXHQWHV FRQ QDYtRV \ MXJDED FRQ ODV IXHU]DVGHO,PSHULRSUHVHQWyVHHO~OWLPRGHORVPDOHVDXQDUD ORV VLWLDGRV OD HVFDVH] GH DOLPHQWRV (O TXHUHU LPLWDU D XQ IXULRVRUH\H[WUDQMHURFRQLQIHOLFLGDGVREHUELROHKXERGHFRVWDU ODSpUGLGD\HOKDPEUH\ORTXHDHOODVHVLJXHTXHHVODUXLQD 38/40
De la brevedad de la vida
GH WRGDV ODV FRVDV ¢4Xp SHQVDPLHQWR WHQGUtDQ HQWRQFHV DTXHOORV D TXLHQ HVWDED HQFRPHQGDGD OD SURYLVLyQ GH WULJR S~EOLFR HVSHUDQGR UHFLELU KLHUUR SLHGUDV IXHJR \ HVSDGDV" (QFHUUDEDQ FRQ VXPD GLVLPXODFLyQ \ QR VLQ FDXVD HQ VXV SHFKRV WDQWRV HQFXELHUWRV PDOHV SRU KDEHU PXFKDV HQIHUPHGDGHV TXH VH KDQ GH FXUDU LJQRUiQGRODV ORV HQIHUPRV KDELHQGRKDELGRPXFKRVDTXLHQHOFRQRFHUVXHQIHUPHGDGIXH FDXVDGHVXPXHUWH 5HFyJHWHDHVWDVFRVDVPiVWUDQTXLODVPiVVHJXUDV\PD\RUHV ¢3LHQVDV TXH HV LJXDO RFXSDFLyQ FXLGDU TXH HO WULJR VH HFKH HQ ORV JUDQHURV VLQ TXH OD IUDXGH R QHJOLJHQFLD GH ORV TXH OH SRUWHDQOHKD\DQPDOHDGRDWHQGLHQGRDTXHFRQODKXPHGDGQR VHGDxHRHVFDOLHQWHSDUDTXHUHVSRQGDDOSHVR\PHGLGD"¢2HO OOHJDUWHDHVWDVFRVDVVDJUDGDV\VXEOLPHVKDELHQGRGHDOFDQ]DU FRQHOODVODQDWXUDOH]DGHORVGLRVHV"¢<TXHGHOHLWHTXpHVWDGR TXpIRUWXQDTXpVXFHVRHVSHUDWXDOPD\HQTXpOXJDUQRVKD GH SRQHU OD QDWXUDOH]D FXDQGR HVWHPRV DSDUWDGRV GH ORV FXHUSRV"¢4XpFRVDVHDODTXHVXVWHQWDWRGDVODVFRVDVSHVDGDV GHO PXQGR OHYDQWDQGR DO IXHJR D OR DOWR PRYLHQGR HQ VXV FXUVRVODVHVWUHOODVFRQRWUDVPLOOOHQDVGHPDUDYLOODV"¢4XLHUHV W~ GHMDQGR OR WHUUHQR PLUDU FRQ HO HQWHQGLPLHQWRV HVWDV VXSHULRUHV" $KRUD SXHV PLHQWUDV OD VDQJUH HVWi FDOLHQWH ORV YLJRURVRVKDQGHFDPLQDUDORPHMRU(QHVWHJpQHURHYLGDWH HVSHUD PXFKD SDUWH GH ODV EXHQDV FLHQFLDV HO DPRU \ HMHUFLFLR GHODYLUWXGHOROYLGRGHORVGHOHLWHVHODUWHGHYLYLU\PRULU\ ILQDOPHQWHXQVREHUDQRGHVFDQVR (O HVWDGR GH WRGRV ORV RFXSDGRV HV PLVHUDEOH SHUR HO GH DTXHOORVTXHD~QQRVRQVX\DVODVRFXSDFLRQHVHQTXHWUDEDMDQ HVPLVHUDELOtVLPR GXHUPHQSRUVXHxRDMHQRDQGDQFRQDMHQRV SDVRV FRPHQ FRQ DMHQD JDQD KDVWD HO DPDU \ DERUUHFHU TXH VRQ DFFLRQHV WDQ OLEUHV OR KDFHQ PDQGDGRV 6L pVWRV TXLVLHUHQ DYHULJXDU FXiQ EUHYH HV VX YLGD FRQVLGHUHQ TXp SDUWH KD VLGR VX\D &XDQGR YLHUHV SXHV D ORV TXH YDQ SDVDQGR GH XQD HQ RWUD MXGLFDWXUD JDQDQGR RSLQLyQ HQ ORV WULEXQDOHV QR OHV HQYLGLHV WRGR HVR VH DGTXLHUH SDUD SHUGLGD GH OD YLGD \ SDUD TXHVyORVHFXHQWHHODxRGHVXFRQVXODGRGHVWUXLUiQWRGRVVXV DxRV $ PXFKRV GHVDPSDUy OD HGDG PLHQWUDV WUHSDQGR D OD FXPEUH GH OD DPELFLyQ OXFKDEDQ FRQ ORV SULQFLSLRV D RWURV GHVSXpVGHKDEHUDUULEDGRSRUPLOLQGLJQLGDGHVDODVGLVJQLGDGHV VXSUHPDVOHVOOHJDXQPLVHUDEOHGHVHQJDxRGHTXHWRGRORTXH 39/40
De la brevedad de la vida
KDQ WUDEDMDGR KD VLGR SDUD HO HSLWDILR GHO VHSXOFUR $ RWURV GHVDPSDUyODFDQVDGDYHMH]PLHQWUDVFRPRMXYHQWXGVHGLVSRQH HQWUHJUDYHV\SHUYHUVRVLQWHQWRVSDUDQXHYDVHVSHUDQ]DV 7RUSHHVDTXHODTXLHQHVWDQGRHQHGDGPD\RUFRJHODPXHUWH RFXSDGRHQQHJRFLRVGHQRFRQRFLGRVOLWLJDQWHVSURFXUDQGRODV OLVRQMDVGHOLJQRUDQWHYXOJR \WRUSHDTXHOTXHDQWHVFDQVDGRGH YLYLU TXH GH WUDEDMDU PXULy HQWUH VXV RFXSDFLRQHV 7RUSH HO HQIHUPR GH TXLHQ SRU YHUOH RFXSDGR HQ VXV FXHQWDV VH UtH HO DPELFLRVRKHUHGHUR 1R SXHGR GHMDU XQ HMHPSOR TXH VH PH RFXUUH +XER XQ YLHMR OODPDGR 7XUDQLR GH SXQWXDO GLOLJHQFLD \ KDELpQGROH &DOtJXOD MXELODGRHQRILFLRGHSURFXUDGRUVLQKDEHUORpOSHGLGRSRUVHUGH PiV GH QRYHQWD DxRV VH PDQGy HFKDU HQ OD FDPD \ TXH VX IDPLOLDOHOORUDVHFRPRDPXHUWR/ORUDEDSXHVWRGDODFDVDHO GHVFDQVRGHVXYLHMRGXHxR\QRFHVyODWULVWH]DKDVWDTXHVHOH UHVWLWX\y D DTXHO VX WUDEDMR WDQWR VH HVWLPD HO PRULU HQ RFXSDFLyQ 0XFKRVKD\GHHVWDRSLQLyQGXUDQGRHQHOORVPiVHOGHVHRTXH OD SRWHQFLD SDUD WUDEDMDU SHOHDQ FRQ OD LPEHFLOLGDG GH VX FXHUSRVLQFRQGHQDUSRUSHVDGDDODYHMH]SRURWURDOJ~QWtWXOR PiV GH SRUTXH ORV DSDUWD GHO WUDEDMR /D OH\ QR FRPSHOH DO VROGDGR HQ SDVDQGR GH FLQFXHQWD DxRV QL OODPD DO VHQDGRU HQ OOHJDQGRDVHVHQWD0iVGLILFXOWRVDPHQWHDOFDQ]DQORVKRPEUHV GH Vt PLVPRV HO GHVFDQVR TXH GH OD OH\ < PLHQWUDV TXH VRQ OOHYDGRV R OOHYDQ D RWURV \ XQRV D RWURV VH UREDQ OD TXLHWXG KDFLHQGRORVXQRVDORVRWURVDOWHUQDGDPHQWHPLVHUDEOHVSDVDQ XQD YLGD VLQ IUXWR VLQ JXVWR \ VLQ QLQJ~Q DSURYHFKDPLHQWR GHO iQLPR 1LQJXQR SRQH ORV RMRV HQ OD PXHUWH WRGRV DODUJDQ ODV HVSHUDQ]DV\DOJXQRVGLVSRQHQWDPELpQORTXHHVSDUDGHVSXpV GH OD YLGD JUDQGHV PiTXLQDV GH VHSXOFURV HSLWDILRV HQ REUDV S~EOLFDV DPELFLRVDV GRWDFLRQHV SDUD VXV H[HTXLDV 7HQ SRU FLHUWR TXH ODV PXHUWHV GH pVWRV VH SXHGHQ UHGXFLU D KDFKDV \ FLULRVFRPRHQWLHUURGHQLxRV
40/40
