Defending Against Statistical Steganalysis

"!# 465"798:5";< =>;&?"U7 < 79=>DW;AV3@C5"$&;YB3X"%(...

Author: Provos

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15000

Coefficient Frequency

15000

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6

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15000

Coefficient Frequency

15000

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90

100

2tsuyAkzt2v0FvM"wEkt>Fky"yAEw¡³vut#z|{kyY"F¸¯vv£ FFv0°Nv0TvEvz|{2z|}2"|vQATFyKSFFkt2z|ETv FEv0z±SENzz|h"sÑ{>Et>0t2v0z°NTEvu"NyAksCFFv£y"¥w{2Fv0À*Af2kv0{2{>z|"w6Sv0 EyA`z|>v"Ef{Mv¡v0hSEFà³¹z|E"¬t>2{>v£Fv z|w {2y"AE"t2FvIz|K°±°v0yAz³F>t2Eft>v"v``9vSzf ÁSFkvvEF{>Fvv0`{>SvQEv0z|"{>z|M{´(yAFFv0{>t2T0v9Ft2`suvNzt2zfFv±wxEz|F2yAv0k`Tv S`kvEEFv0v0SSuEEvQt2v°±z|wzfEty"""v>¤Sk{>EyAFz|v0"SvuEv0wxvS¥F"t2`T^F*yK2Fz|`T£Ezzf¤y"z|^¤`2v{> yAzyK>Efz|vu"{F °±zfEt¡Et2vFFy"{>T¥"FwÆzf{®|"kEzfEt>w Q" suy">t2`vzFzfk"{>FEyAvQ9:E²z|t>{2y"¡{2"E²vQyA±{F¶¥kFEt2w v0EvQyA`>2Ev0{>2y"y"{*k`2 yAF y> sut>yKk× z| yAFyA}>"}2vkEµY `suz|wxt>v¡yKEyYv0fk v² yA"vx{ "2w6Et>v&v06Ezf"«0v¶`AzfÁ3v0EEt2v0v¡{>St2vQz2`Fvt>{CyKxwvQy"{ {2Fv0":Fzfkv{> "]FyAEz|hvQ:¥E"vQz|wxz yAQ k v0 ¥"°±9t>z|su²tt2vEt2wxvy »"¼3Fz½:¾]¿A½:"¾³³vQ"FEz wxEwyKy"Fv&f|vz|{>`Et>zy"yA{Ev0Et2vy"wx{>vyK `°Izfw6v2EFw ¶Fw¶v0vFFw6yA"v&vQ^Tz|«áv&KE°It>v0yA"xvQ°N>ykzf EE°Nt>t>vNvIv&|S yYk""E·v0FFv0ky"S{2"Efz|v{2{ ±yA29FwFzfy"wx3{>yAv6k¥kv0AE¹w ¥"`²hzft>Á3°±y"v0t2{2Ev0z"²{>vQt6SMvQE× t2Q v±EtvQyK Fzfwx0Q'yA£yK{F>vIz{2²t>"¹"6y"2{>3 v SkEFv0SEvQzG 7 ` E¸¯"t>kvNEzzfEt>"}3FwÏkEFvQTyA:z|kE2z|y"|{2vzf{EEh²yAw¥{>2 TE2¥E"t2z¥Fv0 w6z|{2Q` vQSS F2v0vzykUy"TEvSz|{2z|vE{*t>F²vt2¹²vN°±t>EzfyAEv{2t|v0kSy v0E t2z|"z|¥{"Ft2"yAwv0f ¥EFzf¬v0À*02yKEvz|{"S{ TEEt>vy"}¢{E¥Ft2"v0w zf³y"Î vQTy:kESz|v0"{k{ ³S×2 Qv Uy"S2z|2v{*&²Ft2³v~sut2yAv¤{2{2z`"vF{`yA E¥Fz|"v0À*{#2Evt>{yAS²St> yAv {2Ukv0zf¶v0{kE²2yAzfFFvv0"ykFTz|z|"vz|&{>yKEFzf{2`CvSF¥v0Ek:Qw¨ t2z|"Et2zf{>v0 E×"t>× v °N"²T N ¡Ev|y"v02:2FzfzkFzf{k*{>EyAt2£v²t"yAF{2EkvQv0:0Ez|&{2sut2E²vxyA{>3Tv0¥T"FwÔEv|v0yASEz|T"vQ{ Fz|wv0Ey"2"²vk¤A°Iz|{xv"E{2v|vNF×t>yK£ Tz|{2k× Et2²tzhyAF{2v0k²v0t20{2 zÀ*I2"v"w"E}>t2y"vEz|S{2"FFvQv0y":²Et z|{2FFy"{>T¥"FwÏyA{yY"kz|×Q Q ²t>y"{2"vQMz|{yYkv²yAkv" °Ns¹SkvEFvkv0wvSFE3zz|¥{2v0µNEEwt>²yAv¡vQ{>EFT"yA¥"FkFEv0wvQN:EA{>9µv0`Fv9zfÁ3{2v0"AEFv0v9E{kt2E t>v~TyAz|»¶«vQ¥¼3"½:MyA¾]w{>¿A½:vQ¾IEy"FvQ}2yAFk}2zfv9|wxTyAz|E«Et>vQv"v 3wvk|KT°¢v0FEt2F"v²vQ±F¸Wzfwx{SyAFEv0vy"EFz|t2{2vxFEFt>y"v{>w¥kv0EFwÑEy""zvyAE>z|«fv6vFy"¶KSkkvEFEv0t>Sv v0TEz|wxyKFvyATvQNy{2"EzSvQyA2|vzf{>EvQy"Evzf{vFF"² EsuyAt>>t2vfvvFvE`²zyATv{E"{>¥EkEEz|"wÆyA{Fv0y"z|yµ|{E6zfE{t2tvy"Ft2NvENz|wsÝwy"v"Sv vuv EFUxt2t>vyKzf¶v0F{*v0ETFt2E0KF\z|°SExà³z|"z|{2"{¶"2EEFzt>v SyAv zE|E{Zt>t2vKS°"¥ENwvQEÀk}>t2>y"vvE{>zt2Ez|"T{EkAE" ~²yAEFt2wÆt2v v`zfkÁNEvz|sÑ"Fvz|{>{>SyA ,vv UA9suSyz|t2vv{*w²``xzf`Á3yAzf¬>Fv0v¡EvQv0{>{>vSzfwx"vQ|yAz "kz|zf{ v 2t2|zv"2k`Ev0t {>>hyKFFt2y>v v *Fv{>2v0 S(Fv0TI` v0¤{2A¤z|{>`zyAEvy"{* 7

;

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0

9

Difference in percent

0.2

Bits 1 − 23946

0.1 0 −0.1 −0.2 −120

Difference in percent

9

Histogram difference

−100

−80

−60

−40

−20

0

20

0.2

40

60

80

Bits 23947 − 47892

0.1 0 −0.1 −0.2 −120

Difference in percent

−100

−80

−60

−40

−20

0

20

0.2

40

60

80

Bits 47893 − 71840

0.1 0 −0.1 −0.2

2tà³`zv0zfk*F2z"yKFkFv Fzfky"{>wZS¥¥Ä9"F"¹ 2w#}>yAyAwEEt2z|F{2v¤Mz|A>{2`{2Fwt2F t2v£2vµz|wxz¬>2yAvQz"ÁvIv"FTFvt2zf{>kKzf°{v0¡yA,{2z|{Zsu{2t2E"t>v9Ev z|Sy"vQEyAkN2v0T|s v `zfÁ3v0Ev0{>Svz±yAF">{> Ê É r EÌn ÍÊ É EEÄ¤t>t>kvvv{ }2">EEvQt>ETv"v0F2{>"kSv0tv0 ±"F³Evvy*{>yAt2E{2v0zk20">`²vTyAF{}2yKFt wz|±TvQEzEzFyAy"Ak¹ºFv"y"v {>{yA>|`{>T`zvS±Fv0y"SF{yA>Ev0fv¤"v0 y" µEv|v~v0:zfF{*zfkEF{``}2>F`v0S¢v0F0µ°Isut2{2v&v0° ¬>²wv>Et2Ev0`2yFEvvQzf`wv0C}2F}>K"Tv0vµ>E`t>"v ²wyA`{>``zk¬3w yKF{ zf2kw{>M3EvFkt2vvI{2v0KF"yAv0EkMwFv0`z|`2vSwFvhFwsut2z|{2vIvEv0Et>"v{>¥v°N>Ev0v0T vEvFF|v0":EF¯zf{>"FE2vQzf:FE¤z|{2°±zfESt>`"``vQNzf{>FEvQz|{>y"EEzf{>vQy"EEvt2vEt>{ v¶2w6Ü>v `v0zf£2z|" z~{>v0z|:{ v0>FEFv0yA¡FF¶²}2tFyAK{2 kz|v0`0vH}>|sMy"k>"Tvz|2Et2|v6v00`v0{2Et2zyAvQ2Tvµz|fz w¡vSEt>v6 v>w3v0yA>{\`zf{>3v w>Fzf}2|vt2z2`v0{¡wvQEFyAkv0Nzf{¡Ft2vSKkvuwv0`z|2w ®`vfEEv0t>S"2wkt``Et>zf¬v¡yAE"z|w"{>wu"¥{2F"|~w >EEt>v0v zfwS}2,FEKvQ"vQ¡z|6vw2{>3y"v02>|`v¶zf{>F E}2yAv0FF{>v0`yk`SNv0vQF zf¤{`}>vQy"(EFTv0²ETuz|¤3Av0E³ty"yKz|{&I{xzz|ENwxt2zyAyAIk}}>v"yAyA 2}3|vvQA"M°N2vvSE`vQvQ:EFzfE{2z|6vQw yA2{xz¬>vvQ s¹SkÑ2{*F"2|{*zf·kEv0v¡\Et2TFvyAEvSz FFvz|0{>yA`µvQ EvQ²:\,EvQ>y"QEIv0°N v¡"zf{{*EF¥`F`v0À*>2v0v0{>Sy ¥¥{2F"v0"F° wÞwªwE¥"t2vSNv FFt2vt2w6`vÞÂkvQÃIE2ÄI`z|Å¢S{2k¥E"F}2Fv0FwxS`SyKv0QFFht2£vZ®y"u{>²yyKyFFz|v0TEE"2zFf0Ey"vQ :{2F`"zf{2v{> vzyKF"FEMy"z|"E{>t>{Tv }2TEFvv0*EyAv{*{2EkvQ"²yA}2²yKt EkzTEzyAv2Ey"v0|TEF£}>yAEvQ{xTv0`{kvFEv0vQ:¤yAF{t2v»&}2F¼3v0½:E¾]v¿A{>½:¾uvuv0AT

−120

−100

−80

−60

−40

−20 0 DCT coefficients

20

40

60

&

80

E2z|yAwxFyyKFEv¶tyKFt>yK0yA{yA|fKv°t2z|>>`6vE{z|{2vSyAE{v0Ewz|wz|{2y""vvFt2°±vt2z|yA vw"F2zf|{*M3AvS z|Å {2z|"vyA{>fyv9Ft2z|>}2`Fvv0{xEvwF"v0v³F¥FFyAv0"À*vk2"v0°N{>vSy"S{xk2>{*TMv>Ey"t2Evv0vQTFFzfwxyAEyAzEFv±z|0F À*y"2{&z²·*3|v6v²w6t>**vQT2v`y"vQ{x¡zfFwxyK¥y"v0"fkv± z|{°±t2z²tyT}3v0z¬wvQEFyAkv suyA}>t2}2vfÑwSvSkFt2EF`v02SEz|{2E¦Fz|wFy"}2{>FTK¥""Fv´wE´t2vFÔvw6}2EvQvQT2v0`Ez|k{2v\ÏTyAF{yAEÏzFFz Å y"2£vQ}2E¤F"Ö }3Ø*v}2EEFz|"v0"²t>yAwyY"Sv¶°±t>v0z|²vt{zz|^w¥F}2vfv0v0fw vyY{*YEy"vQzfyA>z|{~fv9Ey"t2MvTk§2`FTv S``vyA l r É Ê ¹Ë É o2n ¸Iy"EEt>vy"¥2{2A·&FvÃh vz|Evv°áy""{>{2v0T 2wky""{vQFyAzf{>k{>Ã9QyAyK{>FEz²Ãh· vEv0MÅ y"`{2Ezfwxv0yA¥{>k{ ¥N"yA¶F²y¶v0zf¥{2kyv0y"kE| zfv0 `Ezt2Ev>}>Et2Evz|"²^{>#k¸{yAEvQE`>ESt>z|{2y"{2·´w®`{>`zf`¬FvyA° E¥2z|"M{"Fw±wEt2vvN{*FSuKkkv{vwFEv0k2TzfW2SwkEAFy"v0{>SE z|{2Î vQyAS{ ``IvQAÁ v ¥kMt2v0f}`

6

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t©23(4<3²6|)*.++4" > {9{(4µ\%23L(:)**,<HJ9*(4KL,.%+K.),MAON\" ÀJÁLÁ+Â²ÃÄLÄ.ÅLÅ+ÅhÆÇ.ÈJÁ+É+ÈOÊOËLËDÆÇÌLÉOÄ l7#&{K+{9yww+t" wH#Í,9,ªH(4;4{)*29~NJ"g?A(Î&oªÏh%;:)NM9*23+%Ð#&<=K )*29*AEdl u ,.)*;AywwLxJ" y¹z"¼j"&+,.%»B 2=%J9y"ÑU ^ TR ` S ]:^ ckRU ^ RCfhR ` ceUO»ÒD [ RT¤." HM)*2=%K+(:)h(:)*<=,KlWx%'(4'29*23+%DlDywwLxO" +¬j"º»"ºI,<3<=,;:(+"Ó?A(´L6hÏÔHO9*23<3<$6²2=;9*{)*(!+E$ M)*(423%´HO9,%',)' "IfhRiji8SOUc ] V ^ ckRUbzR~ ^ [$a fµ¡Îl onkoJpq +¹ysJo+ol #M)*2=<²yww" xy¬HO9*(4+(Îº,<9*+% "-}~%Ge.)*Ez,.9*23+%¿#{9*A(4%J9*23;y,9*2=%ÕGe.), H<323MMW(:)N©(:®0#K(+"ÖT4×ÖR+§y§:bPOR.STUWVX l¦x.¹nkoJpq34ts xmOlW#M)*23<²4w+w+³O" yz#%')*(y,.²º(49Ge(:<'8,%'8#%'O)*(y,h6|½9*¾4Ez,.%% "#99,;ØO +%HO9*(4K+,%K),.MA23;zHJN9*(4E4"8}_%TR ][*[` ceUJbzRU 4RTiV ^ ckRUÎc ` cUO ÒDOceT ` U ^_[ TUV ^ cRUV+XdR.T*.bR" HM)*2=%K+(:)&h(:)*<=,KlWHO(4M9*(4Ej1W(:)4w+w+wO" 4o.z"jÙ|+Ú <3<3%(:)ylz¼"/(y'()),.9*ADl8¼j"5Û<323Ez,%J9yl#5"56|½9*¾: Ez,%%Dl"6²2=.9),;AØL(lW#"º(:9Ge(4<=' lWj"º¨23;ØL(+l,%' j"Oº+<G_" u O'(4<3<323%K89*A(HO(4;4{)*29_NzG²HJ9*(4KL,.%K),MA23; HON9*(4E4"Ü}_% TR ][*[` ceUJb¨RªU44RTiV ^ ckRU°c ` cUO Z\[] RU ` U ^_[ TUWV ^ cR.UWV+X±RT.bR" HOM)*23%K(:)()*<,.Kl # M)*2=<²yww+tO"

Against Perfectionism: Defending Liberal Neutrality

Against Perfectionism: Defending Liberal Neutrality

Defending Your Digital Assets Against Hackers,Crackers,Spies,and Thieves

Defending Your Digital Assets Against Hackers,Crackers,Spies,and Thieves

Defending Jacob

Defending Jacob

Defending Space

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Defending Jacob

Defending Jacob

Defending Jacob

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Defending Life: A Moral and Legal Case Against Abortion Choice

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Defending Jacob

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Defending Jacob

Defending Jacob

Defending Angels

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Defending Jacob

Defending Jacob

Defending Jacob

Defending Jacob

Defending Evil

Defending Devon

Defending Devon

Defending Jacob

Defending Jacob

Defending Serenity

Defending Serenity

Defending the Heiress

Defending the Heiress

Defending Jacob: A Novel

Defending Jacob: A Novel

Defending the Undefendable

Defending the Undefendable

Defending the Heiress

Defending the Heiress

Defending the Undefendable

Defending the Undefendable

Defending the Undefendable

Defending the Undefendable

Defending Common Sense

Defending Common Sense

Defending standardized testing

Defending standardized testing

Defending Hard Incompatibilism

Defending Hard Incompatibilism

Defending His Own

Defending His Own

Defending Rhyannon's Inheritance

Defending Rhyannon's Inheritance

Defending the Heiress

Defending the Heiress

Steganalysis of JPEG Images Breaking the F5 Algorithm

Steganalysis of JPEG Images Breaking the F5 Algorithm

Defending literature early mod england

Defending literature early mod england

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