Практикум по лексикологии английского языка. Часть 1. Словообразование: Учебное пособие

Ф Е Д Е РАЛ Ь Н О Е АГ Е Н С Т В О П О О БРАЗО В АН И Ю В О РО Н Е Ж С К И Й Г О С У Д АРС Т В Е Н Н Ы Й У Н И В Е РС И Т Е Т

Н .А.Маковец кая, О .М.В оевудская П рактикум по лексикологии английского язы ка Ч асть I С ловообразование У ч ебноепособиепо спец иальностям: 031201 (022600) -Т еорияи методика преподавания иностранны х язы кови культур, 031202 (022900) - П еревод и переводоведение

В оронеж 2005

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У тверж дено науч но-методич еским советом ф акультетаромано-германской ф илологии П ротокол№ 1 от 21.01.2005 г.

С оставители: Маковец каяН .А., В оевудскаяО .М.

П особиеподготовлено накаф едреанглийской ф илологии ф акультета романо-германской ф илологии В оронеж ского государственного университета. Рекомендуетсядлястудентовтретьего курса дневного и веч ернего отделений ф акультетаромано-германской ф илологии.

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Word-Formation Definitions of Principal Concepts Morpheme, the smallest (ultimate) recurrent unit of the system of expression directly related to a corresponding unit of the system of content. Root, the semantic nucleus of a word with which no grammatical properties of the word are connected. Stem, that part of a word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm and to which grammatical inflexions and affixes are added. Morphological segmentation (morphological divisibility), the ability of a word to be divided into such elements as root, stem, and affix (affixes). Lexical morpheme, generalized term for root and derivational morphemes, as expressing lexical meanings in contrast to flexional (morphemes) that express grammatical meanings. Derivational morpheme, an affixal morpheme which, when added to the stem modifies the lexical meaning of the root and forms a new word. Word-formation, the process of forming words by combining root and affixal morphemes according to certain patterns specific for the language. Word-forming pattern, a structural and semantic formula, displaying a sequence of elements which is regularly reproduced in speech. Derivation (affixation), such word-formation where the target word is formed by combining a stem and affixes. Compounding (composition), such word-formation where the target word is formed by combining two or more stems. Compound derivative (derivational compound), the result of parasynthetic word-formation, i.e. a word which is formed by a simultaneous process of derivation and composition. Productivity, ability to form new words which are understood by the speakers of a language. Productive, able to form new words which are understood by the speakers of a language. Potential word, a derivative or a compound word which does not actually exist (i.e. has not appeared in any text), but which can be produced at any moment in accordance with the productive word-forming patterns of the language. Polyfunctionality, the functional shift of lexical-grammatical characteristics of certain words as a result of their ability to be used as different parts of speech. Lexicalisation, the development by a newly formed item new semantics contrasted with the meaning of the underlying base. Conversion (internal derivation, derivation without affixation), a special type of derivation where the word-forming means is the paradigm of the word itself, i.e. derivation which is achieved by bringing a stem into a different formal paradigm.

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Clipping, the process and the result of curtailing (the cutting off a part) of a word to one or two, usually initial syllabus. Abbreviation, the process and the result of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters, morphemes) or of a word combination. Blending, combining parts of two words to form one word blend (blended or portmanteau word), the result of blending. Back-formation (regression), forming the allegedly original stem from a supposed derivative on the analogy of the existing pairs, i.e. the singling-out of a stem from a word, which is wrongly regarded as a derivative. Word-Structure Exercise 1. Read the following sentences; analyse the words in bold type into their ultimate constituents. 1. … and I’m not a forgetter. 2. Morris was cheeky with words, superbly confident, but he knew the value of identical paint. 3. William undressed and lay among his heaps of luggage. His anger softened and turned to shame, then to a light melancholy, soon he fell asleep. 4. Adam telephoned his page through to the “Excess” , and soon after this a coloured singer appeared, paddling his black suede shoes in a pool of limelight, who excited Ginger’s disapproval. 5. As soon as the spoke, Mr. March resented his flirtatious air; and Mr. March’s own manner became more formidable and at the same time more intimate. 6. Katherine still remained suspicious. For days before the dance she and Charles re-examined each clue with their native subtlety, repetitiveness, realism, and psychological quest. 7. The question nagged at me, meaninglessly important, fretting with anxiety. 8. I recall that shortly after our first acquaintance we had an unfortunate difference of opinion upon the future of the world. 9. He loved argument: he was sometimes ashamed of the harshness that leapt to his tongue, but when he let himself go, argument made him fierce, cheerful, quite spontaneous and self-forgetful. Exercise 2. In the following sentences determine the character of the morpheme s. Say whether it is: 1) inflectional or b) derivational. 1. Enthusiasm works wonders. 2. There was an explosion in the glass works. 3. There aren’t many authorities on physics here. 4. The project has been approved by the authorities. 5. What are the latest developments? 6. Do not scatter yourself in so many directions. 7. Follow the directions. 8. He was buried with military honours. 9. When translating, translate thoughts, not words. 10. Do not exceed your powers. 11. Have the prescription filled at the chemist’s. 12. It’s yesterday’s news. 13. You get value for your money at Macy’s. (advertisement). 14. Sugar catches more flies than vinegar.

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Affixation Prefixation Exercise 1. Below are adjectives which can combine with some of the prefixes on the left. inimirilun-

dismissubunderover-

experienced valuable perfect mature conscious rational judged loaded valued honest normal legible 1. Which words combine with in-, im-, ir- and il- ? Which consonants usually follow im-, ir- and il-? What is in- usually followed by? (See the reference material). 2. Which words combine with un-, dis- and mis-? What is the difference in meaning between these prefixes? 3. Which words combine with sub-, under and over-? How does the prefix change the meaning of the new word? Exercise 2. Contradict the following statements in the same way as the example. Example: He’s a very honest man. I don’t agree. I think he’s dishonest. 1. I’m sure she’s discreet. 2. I always find him very sensitive. 3. It’s a convincing argument. 4. That’s a very relevant point. 5. She’s always obedient.

6. He’s very efficient. 7. I always find her responsible. 8. He seems grateful for our help. 9. I’m sure she’s loyal to the firm. 10. He’s a tolerant person.

Exercise 3. Three of these verbs make their opposite by adding the prefix dis- (e.g. like – dislike). Find the ones that do not. Believe, change, approve, allow, do, lead, direct. Exercise 4. Combine one of the prefixes in Box A with one of the words in Box B to form a new word which matches one of the definitions listed below (1-16). A co- dis- im- in- inter- mid- mis- non- out- pre- re- self- subsuper- un- underB active centred continental day fiction fortune gain heat human pack paid polite run satisfied standard worker 6

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1. take your things out of a suitcase u n p a c k e d 2. rude _______________ 3. selfish ______________ 4. a story based on fact ______________ 5. colleague ______________ 6. happening between Europe and Asia _________________ 7. noon ________________ 8. not earning enough money _______________ 9. go faster than the other competitors in the race __________________ 10. greater than the powers of an ordinary person __________________ 11. not good enough ______________ 12. not working or moving _________________ 13. something unlucky _______________ 14. not pleased _________________ 15. get something back again ________________ 16. allow to get hot in advance _______________ Exercise 5. Make any necessary corrections to the adjectives in the sentences below. The may be either of logic or word-formation. The exercise starts with an example. unemotional 1. The British are generally regarded as inemotional race. 2. What’s wrong? You seem very uncontented with your job these days. 3. No one is completely unvulnerable to stress. 4. The police were not fooled by their unconvincing story. 5. I wouldn’t trust him at all. He’s one of the most unhonest men I know. 6. They seemed unaware that there was anyone else in the room. 7. The children were impatient for the film to start. 8. I couldn’t help thinking that all their lavish praise was really unsincere. 9. I’m afraid Joan is very disattentive in lessons. 10. He’s not very good-looking but, there again, he’s not inattractive either. Exercise 6. Fill the blanks with the suitable prefixal antonyms of the root word suggested in brackets. 1. She was hateful, of course, but she was … (resist). 2. A strange, wild, haughty looking creature! Swithin observed his clothes with some … (approve). 3. He looked at his son. Now they had actually come to discuss a subject connected with the relations between the sexes he felt … (trust). 4. The teacher expressed his great … (content) with the works of his pupils. 5. He was still mysterious, withdrawn within himself, extraordinarily … (interest) in his physical surroundings. 6. And though nine-tenth of the inhabitants never went outside the gates, the definite and absolute closing of them … (moral) all hearts. 7. ‘Do you think I don’t know,’ said my aunt, ‘what kind of life you must have led, that poor, unhappy … (direct) baby?’ 8. A wife has to overlook the little … (perfect) in her husband’s behaviour?

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9. There can be no … (equal) in love. 10. She was thus quite … (intend) an interested observer of their little interview. 11. An … (distinct) idea he had, that the child was desolate and in want of help. 12. He was a man of … (limit) wealth. Exercise 7. Construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words. Example: He’s in favour of the American approach. He’s pro-American. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly. Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too little. He dated his cheque with a date that was later than the real date. She’s still on good terms with the man who used to be her husband. He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to write it again.

Exercise 8. Think of two examples for these prefixes. Anti-, auto-, bi-, ex-, micro-, mis-, mono-, multi-, over-, post-, pro-, re-, semi-, sub-, under-. Exercise 9. Complete the text below by inserting the word in brackets with its correct prefix. The job advertisement had asked for a self-motivated individual with good social skills. I remember thinking that the salary wasn’t brilliant, but the job didn’t seem too (1) ____________ (paid) for what was required. However, I soon found out that what they wanted was a workaholic! The factory was dirty, noisy, and the work was incredibly tiring. The place was seriously (2)____________ (staffed) – ten people doing the work of fifteen – and the management was lazy and (3)_____________ (efficient). It soon became clear that anything the factory produced was (4)______________ (standard) as quality control was minimal. Not surprisingly, relations within the workforce were poor and it was impossible to get anybody to co-operate on projects. People were either irritable and (5)_________________ (patient) or just couldn’t be bothered. I remember the day I finally handed in my resignation. I tried to explain some of the problems I’d experienced to senior management, and implied that some of their working practices were completely (7)_______________ (communicative) and (8) __________________ (interested). I was faced with a wall of silence, then more or less thrown out of the factory gates.

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Suffixation Exercise 1. Match the first half of the sentence in column A with an appropriate second half in column B. The first one has been done for you. Example: Children learn what they live. If a child lives with criticism (7) he learns to condemn (g). A B 1. hostility a to be patient 2. ridicule b to be shy 3. shame c to be confident 4. tolerance d to have faith 5. encouragement e to like himself 6. praise f to like justice 7. criticism g to condemn 8. fairness h to appreciate 9. security i to fight 10.approval j to feel guilty 11.acceptance and friendship k to find love in the world Exercise 2. Look at these words. Point out the derivational patterns after which they are built. Excitability, respectability, adaptability, liberality, practicality, reality, brutality, partiality, elasticity, eccentricity, domesticity, probability, responsibility, desirability. What s the rule? Divide the words into two groups denoting: a) state, b) quality. Exercise 3. Can you think of anything in your country which should be nationalised (e.g. banks, steel works), standardised, modernised, computerised, or centralised? Exercise 4. Which word is the odd one in each group and why? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

brotherhood, neighbourhood, manhood, priesthood hair-restorer, plant-holder, step-ladder, oven-cleaner appointment, involvement, compliment, arrangement tearful, spiteful, dreadful, handful worship, kinship, friendship, partnership

Exercise 5. Write the nouns that can be formed from these words: 1. announce – announcement 2. try 12. solve 3. lonely 13. choose 4. destroy 14. disappoint 5. poor 15. behave

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6. fit 7. anxious 8. refuse 9. celebrate 10. develop 11. electric

16. thick 17. breathe 18. stupid 19. relax 20. practise 21. imagine

Exercise 6. Adjectives ending … ed often form nouns with … ment, but not always. For each sentence below write another with the same meaning, converting the adjectives to nouns and making any other necessary changes. The first one has been done for you. 1. The bonus system has brought about an improved service. – The cause of the improvement in the service has been the bonus system. 2. I was rather disappointed by the result. – The result was _________________ . 3. The look he gave me was more astonished than pleased. – He looked at me ________________________. 4. If you take part-time work you won’t be entitled to unemployment benefit. – If you take part-time work you’ll lose ______________________________. 5. The children danced around , they were so exited and delighted. – The children danced around in _______________________ . 6. We stared at the scene, horrified and fascinated. – We stared at the scene in ____________________. 7. Ordinary people became progressively more impoverished as a result of the adjustment policies. – The adjustment policies led to the _________________. 8. He pushed at the locked door, surprised and annoyed. – He pushed at the locked door in _______________________________. 9. I was more amused than frightened by their behaviour. – Their behaviour caused me ________________________. 10.I gaped at him, utterly stupefied by what he had told me. – I gaped at him in ______________________. 11.They lived there contented for many years. – They lived there in ___________. Exercise 7. Choose the ending which forms a noun related to the word given. Only one ending is correct. EXPRESSIVE |

-ship, -ity, -ment-, -tion, -hood, -er

Exercise 8. Only one of these words can be changed to another by changing – ful to – less. Which one is it? Example: helpful – helpless Resentful, dreadful, spiteful, mindful, wonderful.

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Exercise 9. Complete the sentences below with suitable nouns or adjectives formed from the words given in brackets. See the example provided. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Tony is a terribly competitive (compete) person. Most adolescents go through periods of great … (insecure). Limited exposure to the sun’s rays can be … (benefit) to health. Daniel shows very little … (aware) of how others see him. The confusion over the diplomats’ names caused a great deal of … (embarrass). Although she appeared calm, you could hear the … (anxious) in her voice. I’ve always regarded him as a man of great … (sincere). Monica was always very … (resent) of the fact that she was never given the chance of going to university. 9. I’m really fed up with her air of superiority – she’s just so … (dismiss) of everyone else’s ideas. 10.Oh, it’s a delightful little restaurant. Tasteful decor, excellent food and, most important, … (attend) waiters! Exercise 10. Use the words given in capitals to form a word (a noun , adjective or adverb) that fits in the space to each sentence. 1. When asked to talk about themselves, some people, particularly men, become rather … . 2. I think this dispute can be settled … . 3. You are forbidden to take out library books without paying the … fee. 4. Expeditions into the wild are very … , and candidates have to show that they can fend for themselves in rugged countryside. 5. I was on a diet, but when I saw the chocolate cake I gave in to … . I couldn’t resist it. 6. When her marriage to the rich man ended, she couldn’t give up the lifestyle she had got used to. 7. We haven’t got much time. We’ll have to come up with a … to the problem soon. 8. He talked his mother back very … . 9. If I were prime minister I would shut down … industries. 10. … for me the train was late, so I caught it. 11. The number of cases of influenza has … increased in the last month. 12. He lost all his … (s) in the earthquake.

DEFEND PEACE MEMBER DEMAND TEMPT LUXURY SOLVE IRRITATE PROFIT LUCKY CONSIDER POSSESS

Exercise 11. Instructions as above. 1. People today seem to have … that were never heard of by COMPLAIN their grandparents. 2. It is not surprising therefore that we begin to think we are KNOW

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more… than the doctors who treat us. 3. We develop all kinds of … illnesses, and manage to convince ourselves that they are real. 4. We expect to get the … we ask for, and are quite annoyed if we don’t. 5. All this must be very … to our over-worked doctors. 6. So they have to waste … time which would be better spent on people seriously ill. 7. It is a pity that giving false information to the doctor is not considered strictly … . 8. If anyone told Mrs. Harcourt that she was not really ill, she would have paid no … . 9. It was her … to marry Dr. Lane when her aunt died. 10.He was glad of the regular … he received, but that was all.

IMAGINE TREAT TROUBLE VALUE LEGAL ATTEND INTEND PAY

Exercise 12. Insert the correct form of the words given in capitals below into each of the gaps. CONTINUE, STRESS, SPEND, PACK, DELIBERATE, HARM, ACHIEVE, DEMONSTRATE, DETERMINE, SYMPATHY, PRESTIGE, MODERN 1. Why do you tolerate these … interruptions? Tell everyone that you’re busy and don’t want to be disturbed. 2. They packed in a job that was well-paid but … . 3. How big was your initial … for the laboratory equipment? 4. Some puzzles are … designed to catch you out and often sound much more difficult than they really are. 5. She is very … ; she never hides her feelings. 6. A city like Florence is always full of culture vultures … to see the sights. 7. Alec is a … little boy who is very popular with his classmates. 8. The box is made of plastic which makes it easily … and portable. 9. He was very proud to take part in the … annual festival. 10.Cigarettes and alcohol are known to be … in excess. 11.Susan was extremely nervous about her driving test, so passing it was quite an … . 12.The office equipment badly needs to be … . It is completely out of date.

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Suffixation and Prefixation Exercise 1. Use the prefixes and suffixes to make new words out of those in the box. Un-, ir-, im-, in-, dis-, extra-, inter-, -less, -ful, -ment. Action, ordinary, happy, satisfied, regular, assess, help, count, polite, courage, experience Exercise 2. Complete the sentences 1-10 using a derivative from Exercise 1. 1. It was the new assistant who made the mistake. Don’t be angry. Put it down to his … . 2. Bus-drivers usually have to put up with … working hours and with working at weekends. 3. Do you think it is … to talk others down? 4. When George is confronted with tough competition he soon becomes … . 5. Everyone considered him to be a man of … genius. 6. In some schools, colleges and universities, instead of tests and exams there is a continuous … with marks or grades for essays and projects during the term. 7. Alan was very … when his marriage broke up. 8. It is vital that … of any kind between the witnesses is prevented before and during the trial. 9. The road to success is long and there are no guarantees. No wonder that … young talents decide to settle for a regular job instead. 10.I found the local people very friendly and … . Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the Key word. Example: Music has always had an attraction for me. – I have always found music very attractive. 1. He wasn’t at all polite, in fact he was very … . 2. I am not clear about these proposals, would you … them? 3. The clerk is not allowed to authorise your application; he must have an official … form the Manager. 4. Is that really the truth? It doesn’t sound … to me. 5. Did you say John was illiterate? … seems to be increasing in all walks of life today. 6. He seems a very fussy sort of man. – Yes, I’m afraid … is one of his worst qualities. 7. Was John fortunate enough to get a place at London University? – No, … he didn’t get one. 8. Do you think she will be discreet enough not to repeat what I’ve just told you? – Oh, yes, you can absolutely rely on her … .

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9. Do you think Mr. Jones is quite sane? The way he behaved over that broken vase seemed to be positively … . 10.I feel sleepy all the time these days. – Do you think your … is due to going to bed so late? 11.She’s always been a very cheerful sort of person . – Yes, her … after the accident was an example to everyone. 12.Was there a date on the letter? – No, it was … . 13.There seem to be plenty of peaches in the shops just now. – Yes, peaches are very … this year. Exercise 14. Complete these sets of related words. Remember that the related forms may not be consecutive entries. Noun Evasion limit / limitation strategy restraint challenge injury reason admission persuade impression -

Adjective Evasive Convincing jerky successful available clean ideal false conventional rare -

Verb evade promote maintain impress repel consider tempt identify disgust hate permit qualify adore

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Exercise 15. Change the nouns and adjectives into the verbs by putting prefixes en- (or em-) at the beginning or the suffixes – ify, -ise/ -ize or – en at the end. Beauty, close, legal, public, power, modern, pure, height, terror, fresh, ugly, local, body, computer. Dynamics of Productive Word-Formation. Suffix ” -er” . Exercise 1. Analyse the derivational patterns on which the words in italics are formed. Which of them are occasional words? 1. They nodded and smiled, a little doubtfully perhaps, but still they nodded and smiled, men under a spell. “All right, then, I will. Just to cheer us all up. We’re getting terribly dismal.” And Miss Golspie, with a final and coquettish nod and smile of her own at the other two nodders and smilers, marched across the room, puffing away at one of her host’s Sahibs. Then she sat down at the baby grand (J.Priestley). 2. Back in the depression, when they took in roomers, the keys disappeared in the pocket of strangers, and Mrs. Collins’s never troubled to replace them (W.Morris). 3. He glanced up, very briefly, at his mother, then switched the nail file over to his left hand. “And the main idea is that it’s not supposed to be just for bastards and breast-beaters” (J.D.Salinger). 4. Richard’s eyes rested with appreciation on the young noisy campers whose tents were pitched in the lake-side field (M.Spark). 5. But the firm is more than just a money-maker, it is the consummate all-rounder (“The Economist” , № 3, 1991). 6. It is the march of the disciplined, the money-needers, the money-grubbers, the bread-winners, often the dead (J.Gordan). 7. Armstrong silences the doubters and looks good for fifth victory (“The Times” , № 3, 2001). 8.- I am lost without you. I am soulless, a drifter without a home, a solitary bird in a flight to nowhere. (M.Spark). 9. Zapp is described as vain, sarcastic and a mean grader, but brilliant and stimulating (D.Lodge). 10. The hammer is actually a ruddy great cannon-ball on the end of a long bit of wire, and the thrower whisks it round and round his or her head faster and faster and then lets it go (R.Dahl). 11. The boys ate quickly and quietly, wolfed their food. Aron said, “Will you excuse us, Father?” Adam nodded, and the two boys went quickly out. Samuel looked after them: “They seem older than eleven,” he said. “I seem to remember that at eleven my brood were howlers and screamers and runners in circles. These seem like grown men” (J.Steinbeck). Exercise 2. Analyse the connotational meaning of the italicized words 1. O’Shea is what you might call an avant-gardener (D.Lodge). 2. There were four other sleepers scattered about the raw rock floor (J.Jones). 2. Most video gamers in Britain are made because of the way they are marketed and designed but in Japan and America many more women are becoming interested in playing video

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games (MacMillan). 3. “I am informed that your boss is a hard bargainer, Miss Penrose” (D.Lodge). 4. “I Mary Hudson sat down between me and a boy named Edgar something, whose uncle’s best friend was a boot-legger (J.D.Salinger). 5. The homemaker, that’s me, is the missing part. When it comes time – the missing lines, they all look – me… (R.Bradbury). 6. “The idea,” he went on, “is that you scientists are the evidence gatherers” (R.Preston). 7. Some sports illnesses are linked to the use of performance enhancers (Ibid.). 8. Someone, the surgeon or a dresser, came forward and with a gesture motioned her aside; he leaned over the dying man and with a dirty rag wet his lips (S.Maugham). 9. Mice are the fastest breeders in the world, did you know that ma’am? (R.Dahl) 10. They rode in, the four of them, in the big two-and-a-half-ton personal truck, which on its way picked up also the quota of shavers and bathers from the company’s other isolated and waterless position between Makapoo and the CP (J.Joice). 11. The early Freud certainly thought libido was the prime mover of human behaviour (D.Lodge). 12. Today’s travellers are less interested in clothes hangers and hairdryers than inroom fax machines and natty TV sets that let them pay the bill, checked share prices and watch movies. Some people even predict that tomorrow globetrotters won’t waste any time in the lobby when they roll up at their hotel for the night (fr. Advanced Masterclass. Workbook. Oxford University Press, 1999). 13. Riflemen don’t carry them and machine-gunners who have pistols don’t carry rifles (J.Jones). 14. Mrs. Smith rejected it, and went home to a flooded washingmachine, a threatening letter from a released anarchist drug-pusher to the husband, and a reflection that in the past much great art had been produced by the peculiar vitality and vision afforded by TB, which could now, of course, be cured (A.Byatt). Suffix “ -ness” . Exercise 1. Pick out occasional words and say what stylistic effect they help to achieve. 1. It’s a really crisp, beautiful morning , and out through the window I can see people walking in all their peopleness , and the sun bringing out red glitter… (R.Bradbury). 2. And its sheer isness funnels straight into a key image that has plagued Bintliff since the Gulf War (“The Independent Newspaper” , 2000). 3. And she did not like being in the garden at all, because of the closeness there of the enemy irritation, restlessness, emptiness, whatever it was – which keeping her hands occupied made less dangerous for some reason (D.Lessing). 4. George O’Kelly was so new to poverty that had any one denied the uniqueness of his case he would have been astounded (F.S.Fitzgerald). 5. … I hope the length of this letter will make up for my remissness of late (D.Lodge). 6. At its worst, the Arts and Crafts movement degenerated into a kind of folksiness, a Surrey nookiness far removed from the honesty and restraint of the founding fathers (“The Independent Newspaper” , 1997). 7. Where before Comanches had simply stared at her femaleness, we now glared at it (J.D.Salinger). 8. That was the devilish part of her – this coldness, this woodness, something very profound in her, which he had felt again this morning talking to her; an impenetrability (V.Woolf). 9. “But we’re not

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going to Cyprus” , he said. And then, looking at the brochure – as if her adventurousness was being tested and she recognized its limits. “Besides, Istanbul is in Europe” (G.Swift). 10. – Why did she never love me? In my dreams, too, the answer comes from deep underground: it’s the hardness of my words (R.Tremain). 11. Suddenly, his Daddy-ness was all over that girl – cuddling, holding hands – makin’ some heat, now what I mean? (” The National Enquirer, February, 19, 2002). Exercise 2. Explain the difference in the meaning of the semantically related words in italics. aggressivity - aggressiveness 1. Aggressivity of the company helped it to win the market, though attitudes towards it were different (“Successful business” , Oxford University Press, 1991). 2. His aggressiveness took me aback (M.Tess). pretentiousness – pretension Tim was a person of a social pretension and there’s been a boarder-line between him and his partner… He hated the pretentiousness of business parties and official ceremonies (J.Lingsey). callousness – callosity 1. Anna realised that people were made to suffer. But such callousness distressed her (R.Tremain). 2. Callosity of feelings is one main problem of modern society. responsibility – responsiveness 1. Wives still take most of the responsibility for the children (Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary, p. 1235). 2. The most essential thing is responsiveness between parent s and children (Ibid.). connection – connectedness 1. What is the connection between the two ideas? (A.S.Hornby. Oxford Student’s Dictionary of Current English). 2. Looking back through other cultures and religions there has been a sense of all connectedness between people in both a spiritual and material way (B.Symes). Suffix “ - less” . Exercise. Look at the derivatives with “-less”. Analyse them on the metasemiotic level. 1. She is ageless (J.Jardam). 2. Who says you can’t have an ageless smile? (Ibid.). 3. No one lived there, except aliens of course. It was completely humanless (M.Bathman). 4. On sunless clear morning, the silhouette of the “Splendid” seems to be drawn on the sky in blue-grey ink.5. For months, Mabel had been servantless in the big house, keeping the home together in penury for her ineffectual brothers (D.Lawrence). 6. I expect the girls underneath you will take pity on your wifeless state and offer to wash your shirts (D.Lodge). 7. He was thought to be a prominent writer. But his inspirationless always stroke me (J.Jones). 8.That was a timeless evening (R.Tremain). 9. So I did a centre-spread in Mayfair, perfectly decent, just bra-less, only the photographer took a lot of other shots I knew nothing about (T.Heldon). 10. Maybe that face was showing through hers for all to see –

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shapeless, blind, nameless face (R.Price). 11. So-so purposeless now (A.Christie). 12. Nothing could prevent it. The world seemed to be skyless – just the Earth and the Space (M.Bathman). 13. Lord Emsworth was so acutely spectacleless, Ruber Baxter, his secretary, so pronouncedly spectacled (P.G.Wodehouse). 14. Your ideal skin. See it. Feel it. Have it. Poreless. Lineless. Balanced. Smooth. (ELLE, December, 2001). Suffix “ - y” . Exercise. Look at the derivatives with the suffix “-y”. Which of them are used metasemiotically? Translate them. 1. “What’s after you?” she said. “You’re as jumpy as a goat.” He found he was unable to speak (R.Dahl). 2. A bottle of this smelly purple mixture always stood on the shelf above the sink in the bathroom alongside all the toothbrushes, and a very vigorous scalp massage with oil of violets took place daily after shaving was completed (Ibid.). 3. “Who was there? The usual mess, of course. Baldies, hairies, collapsed faces, fallen women, who would you think?” (B.Johnson). 4. For about a whole month, at least, whenever anybody said anything that sounded campusy and phony, or that smelled to high heaven of ego or something like that, I at least kept quiet about it (J.D.Salinger). 5. ” Thank you,” says William. “Or righty,” says Gruner, then he climbs back into the bus … (R.Bradbury). 6. I parked the tractor in the tree’s shade, on grass saturated with wormy spicy fruit (J.Updike). 7. And Sophie laughed her deep fruity Fraulein’s laugh, showed her fine white teeth and her dimples, and said: “You want some person to play mistress of the house sometimes, not so?” (D.Lessing). 8. She sat at one empty table waiting for service, and in her restlessness began to eat the bits of damp ribbony lettuce that served as decoration on the plate of sandwiches… that the previous occupant had devoured (E.O’Brien). 9. She seemed slimmer; her skin had the papery look of the recently awakened and her slightly twisted lips seemed amused (J.Updike). 10. “It’s a bit nippy tonight” (J.D.Salinger). 11. “I won’t go on, spinning it out word for word. In any case not many more passed before she snatched the book out of my hands.” “You booky bastard,” she screamed (A.Sillitoe). 12. … there were two or three worth looking at, the flashy young Jewessy type, at Chase & Cohen’s Carnival Novelties place at the end. Any one of this girls, walking into Twigg & Dersingham’s , would have lit up the place for him, and the day’s routine would have become an adventure (J.Priestly). 13. A small victory or two would help her tolerate their idiocies and would stop her from going crazy (R.Dahl). 14. Matilda liked her because she was gutsy and adventurous (Ibid.). 15. She took a deep breath as she laid her hand on the table. “Well, at least you aren’t picky, Jin.” (N.Sparks). 15. She was available for the second date, though … told her friends he was creepy (E.Adler). 16. The father in particular became less cocky and unbearable for several days after receiving a dose of Matilda’s magic medicine (R.Dahl). 17.“We know that,” Mrs. Wormwood said, ratty about missing her programme (Ibid.). 18. That’s exactly what’s bothering me so. Just because I’m choosy about what I want in this case, enlightenment, or peace, instead of money

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or prestige, or fame, or any of those things – doesn’t mean I’m not as egotistical and self-seeking as everybody else (J.D.Salinger). 19. … and greet Helen with embarrassing cry of “darling” as if she were her dearest friend, in her impossibly husky and actressy voice (F.Weldon). 20. She was not worldly like Clarissa; not rich like Clarissa (V.Woolf). 21. I’ve never seen such hardy man before (S.Reynolds). 22. He’s just a saucy lad! (G.Carey). 23. The sun shone, the sky was blue, all seemed so lively and afternoony and summery (D.Lawrence). 24. Sitting at the till, its numbers bleeping, Hamid thought of the dinner prepared for him at home – the hiss of the spices as they hit the pan, the buttery taste of the paratha he would soon be eating. 25. Look at that film-star for instance,” she added, pointing at the silent TV screen, where a bosomy female was being embraced by a crazy actor in the moon light (R.Dahl). 26. “What are you looking so biggily about?” she asked him (R.Price). 27. This place is nothing if not classy (N.Sparks). 28. She had told him to wear something dressy , and he walked off the plane wearing a blazer (Ibid.). 29. “Have a nice trip,” she said with, Robyn thought, a slightly bitchy intonation (D.Lodge). 30. He was so crumby in his personal habits (J.D.Salinger). 31. It must be more leathery (about a face) (J.Gardam). 32. He looked more than eleven, but his complexion was peachy and downy still, like a younger child’s and his long lashes threw shadows across his eyes (E.Taylor). 33. Aslan heard … cold, tingling, silvery voices (S.Lewis). 34. “He’s gone off his rocker!” shouted one of the fathers, aghast, and the other parents joined in the chorus of frightened shouting. “He’s crazy!” the shouted. “He’s balmy!” “He’s nutty!” “He’s screwy!” “He’s batty!” “He’s dippy!” “He’s dotty!” “He’s daffy!” “He’s goofy!” “He’s beany!” “He’s buggy!” “He’s wacky!” “He’s loony!” (R.Dahl). 35. I was feeling terribly lonely and miserable and sore-throaty the night I wrote (S.Webster). 36. Dan’d grown up in Santa Barbara, a typical outdoorsy Californian – a champion swimmer and an avid surfer and fisherman (E.Adler). Polyfunctionality of Items. Suffix - able. Exercise 1. Point our a) “active” adjectives; b) “passive” adjectives; c) adjectives expressing both active and passive meanings. 1. He let loose a stream of unprintable language (R.Preston). 2. His voice as a rule was agreeable, with a variety of tone, bot now he spoke on one note (S.Maugham). 3. The box is made of strong plastic which makes it easily packable and portable (The Times, № 7, 2002). 4. “An Indian factory worker” , Robyn derived a considerable satisfaction from uttering this phrase (D.Lodge). 5. There was only one pistol. And through fate or luck, and a series of strangely unforeseeable happenings, it had been given to him, not O’Brien (J.Jones). 6. At first I find this intensely irritating and the persistent commentary almost insupportable (W.Boyd). 7. What an adorable dress you have on! (R.Dahl). 8. … a fit of some unnameable emotion seized Mast so strongly that he was afraid of a moment he might weep

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(J.Jones). 9. He was personable and quick-minded, which might, with his middleclass manner and accent, have done him harm; but he was also a diplomat (J.Fowles). 10. In silence we again drove for an interminable distance until at last, just after midnight, the carriage pulled up (C.Doyle). 11. The situation might possibly be manageable (R.Preston). 12. I had a golf trip down there once. Great courses, a little flat, but playable (N.Sparks). 13. My son – for it was as such that Richard figured in the mental shorthand of panic – was in my vision as a pitiable witness, more pitied by me, more clearly pictured in his helpless bright-eyed onlooking, than his mother my wife, the actual victim, the mangled nude (J.Updike). 14. The President was repudiating only a few horrible and probably unusable weapons in the American arsenal to gain possible advantages of security for the nation and prestige for himself (R.Preston). 15. Business is a very good thing and a very respectable thing (Ch.Dickens). 16. … there was even an ancestor discriminable as a Puritan gentleman who served under Cromwell, but afterwards comformed and managed to come out of all political trouble as a proprietor of a respectable family estate (G.Eliot). 17. … it was laughable (S.Maugham). 18. Her face – short, with its round chin, … and sensibly kissable mouth – really it was a credit (J.Galsworthy). 19. Kitty had never heard Chinese speaking of anything but decadent, dirty and unspeakable (S.Maugham). 20. I have insisted to him on what Aristotle has stated with admirable bravity (J.Eliot). 21. He is a personable young man… I wouldn’t mind getting married him (R.Tremain). 22. The Labour Party has always been pubbable rather than clubbable: there’s no left wing equivalent to the Carlton of White’s, and even Liberal club like Brooke’s has ended up largely conservative (fr. “Customs, Traditions and Festivals of Great Britain” by T.Khimunina). 23. It was the kind of restaurant where the first thing the waiters did was to take away the perfectly serviceable place settings already on the table and substitute more elaborate ones (D.Lodge). Exercise 2. See instructions in Exercise 1. 1. A Greek friend has come to see him upon business, he said, and, as he could speak nothing but his own tongue, the services of an interpreter were indispensable (C.Doyle). 2. “You have shown remarkable restraint – you impatient sex,” I said (J.Thurber). 3. Your Clinique gift is filled with the newest products, best loved favourites and “un-buyable” exclusives (ELLE, Oct., 2002). 4. The maddening thing about it – and it really was maddening to Turgis – was that all these other ripe and adorable girls (He thought of them as “fine bits” ) were all over the place, walking in and out of offices (J.Preistley). 5. I see now that this has been a story of the West, after all – Tom and Gatsby, Daisy and Jordan and I, were all Westerners, and perhaps we possessed some deficiency in common which made us subtly unadaptable to Eastern life (F.Fitzgerald). 6. But he kept it, all – same. It was – “beast” , but better than nothing as –expression of – inexpressible (J.Galsworthy). 7. At the end of that time they will be unemployed and perhaps unemployable (K.Hewitt). 8. … but then we are not as detectable as a young elk (J.Barnes) 9. “You’ve sold it” , she said hastily as he leaned closer, his face infinitely kissable

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(S.Wood). 10. Another unbeatable way to save from One.Tel. (The Times, № 3, 2002). 11. The men below had lights to illuminate the scalable rock (L.Davidson). 12. I would be beaten continuously with slippers and even sticks. I’d be held down and beneath. At the time, I accepted that I was bullyable. I also accepted that I was the only person who was bullied (The Independent Newspaper, 1998). 13. I managed to smile at him. How had I ever thought Wayne Martin a harsh, unreachable man? (Ph.Whitney). 14. It is a way of signalling that she has certain inviolable zones that mustn’t be trespassed on (G.Swift). 15. His remarkable picture “Ox in a morning-room, late autumn” was one of the sensations and successes of the next Paris Salon (“Saki” ). 16. Our report Lost for words, published last year, showed considerable complacency in Britain, because so many visitors have an impressive command of English (Caterer & Hotelkeeper, Sutton, Surrey). 17. Machine washable and dryable, these will inspire endless gifts and home decor projects (fr. the Internet). 18. She seemed pitiable, as I imagined her – lonely among strangers (J.Cheever). 19. When you notice a cat in profound meditation, The reason, I tell you, is always the same: His mind is engaged in a rapt contemplation Of the thought, of the thought, of the thought of his name: His ineffable effable Effanineffable Deep and inscrutable singular name. (T.Eliot). 20. You are the most adorable of all ladies! (O.Wilde). 21. Not that many ladies call on her dear, but she has a great many disreputable men friends – my own brother particularly, as I told you – and that is what makes it so dreadful about Windermere (Bid). Suffix - ing. Exercise 1. Say whether the ing-form in the sentences below is: a) participle I, b) adjectivized participle, c) adjective, d) part of compound nouns, e) part of set phrases (cliches). 1. Eshley presented Adela Pingsford with a new copy of “Israel Kalisch” , and a couple of finely flowering plants of madam AndréBlusset… (“Saki” ). 2. He had loosened up, compared to the evening before. There was energy in the way he spoke to her now, and Theresa found the change appealing (N.Sparks). 3. … the most stunning difference was that the clients actually talked to each other (J.Worsley). 4. Look. All right. Maybe you don’t the kind of world I was brought up in. But its leading principle is never, never, never show what you really feel (J.Fowles). 5. He’s drunk, and he’s calling me insulting names, and I want you to come over here and arrest him (J.Cheever). 6. The red-haired young woman behind the coffee machine gave him a dazzling smile of welcome that seemed to spread from one pretty diamond-studied ear to the ear (E.Adler). 7. My attention was arrested by the running figure of a man approaching me (F.Fitzgerald). 8. The taxi came. The driver was an oldish man with a thick black drooping moustache (R.Dahl). 9. Her mind was like a bowl brimmed with one numbing thing – Milo’s burden he had asked her to share… (R.Price). 10. He fashionable aspirations waning with the increase of adipose the past waxed and became a very

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constellation of shining memories (J.Galsworthy). 11. That came of Rosacoke in a hiss, breaking voice seldom used that always scared her when it came (R.Price). 12. … the public remarks on her victory were embarrassing to all (Ibid.). 13. There was a jacuzzi at one end of the pool, a foaming whirl-pool of hot water that gently pummelled your muscles into a state of blissful relaxation (D.Lodge). 14. That, she realized, was what peculiarly degrading and depressing about the pictures (D.Lodge). 15. The reading public has enormously increased during the last thirty years. 16. This absorbing information about my neighbour was interrupted by Mrs. McKee’s pointing suddenly at Katherine (F.Fitzgerald). 17. And even Mrs. Dersingham would have been compelled to admit that they were very charming features (Miss Golspie) (J.Priestley). 18. Long-standing friendships were broken, new enmities established (D.Lodge). 19. Between calls she murmured inaudibly to her companion and stroked her platinum-blond hairdo as of it were an ailing pet (Ibid.). 20. Well, it’s nice work. It’s meaningful. It’s rewarding (Ibid.). 21. I have been deer-hunting once already and once was enough for me (R.Price). 22. He thought it [the hat] gave him a rakish daring look, especially when he wore it at angle… (R.Dahl). 23. Oh, don’t frown like that – you look like the presiding magistrate! (S.Maugham) 24. It’s one of the most touching thing I’ve ever read (N.Sparks). 25. Mrs. Cork snatched the letter and read in a booming voice that made the words ridiculous: “I am longing for the necklace” (V.Pritchett). 26. This was the kind of leave-taking any ruling society gave to one of their own (Ibid.). Exercise 2. Say whether the ing-form in the sentences below is: a) participle I, b) adjectivized participle, c) adjective, d) part of compound nouns, e) part of set phrases (cliches). 1. But I had not wandered far before my solitude was interrupted by the only person, who appeared as a limiting factor in my ultimate happiness; Mr. Huntington came suddenly upon me (A.Bronté). 2. She had very beautiful eyes that glowed with burning passion (W.Styron). 3. You will do a good deal to cultivate the admiration of young girl friends, telling them the most trilling stories (L.Segal). 4. Crooks scowled, but Lennie’s disarming smile defeated him (J.Steinbeck). 5. She was still in hollering distance if anybody was to pass that needed hollering at (R.Price). 6. My grandmother had lit up one of her disgusting black cigars and was puffing smoke over everything (R.Dahl). 7. He wore a frown behind his cigar, as though the stunning lighting effects had been “created” by a stage director whose taste he considered more or less suspicious. (J.D.Salinger). 8. To my overwhelming surprise the living-room was deserted (F.Fitzgerald). 9. He has his own business in Washington. There Theresa had a blossoming career in Boston (N.Sparks). 10. Then he was over the side in a clean-curving dive (A.Sperry). 11. This Frankie Ferocions comes from over in Brooklyn, where he is considered a rising citizen in many respects, and by no means a guy to give hot foots to, especially as Frankie Ferocious has no sense of humour whatever (R.Dahl). 12. The episode was the turning point in Eshley’s artistic career (“Saki” ).

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13. Not only are the adults unable to relax there, but their conflicting interests create even more tension among them (St.Martin). 14. Performance – boosting drugs must be banned if we are to retain the social value of sport (fr. ‘Advanced Masterclass’, CAE Student’s Book, Oxford University Press, 1996). 15. … of other frightening things were taken to her (R.Dahl). 16. … knowledge should lead to wisdom, and if it doesn’t, it’s just a disgusting waste of time! (J.D.Salinger). 17. My experience was exasperating (Bid). 18. The human brain is an amazing thing (R.Dahl). 19. Sometimes my grief is overwhelming (N.Sparks). 20. He’s quite a keen racing man (Bid). Exercise 3. In the sentences below the ing-form is used metaphorically. Translate the sentences and say what stylistic effect is achieved. 1. You always find out that one’s most glaring fault is one’s most important virtue (O.Wilde). 2. The snow fell silently, with an insulting grace (F.Fitzgerald). 3. I often wish I’d gone on the regular stage myself. Must be a topping life, if one has talent, like you (J.Galsworthy). 4. I spent my Saturday nights in New York, because those gleaming, dazzling parties of his were with me so vividly, that I could still hear the music and the laughter, faint and incessant, from his garden, and the cars going up and down his drive (F.Fitsgerald). 5. Little John replied in a calculating manner: “I don’t want to grow up, much. I don’t want to go to school.” A sudden overwhelming desire to say something more, to say what he really felt, turned him red” (J.Galsworthy). 6. His eyes was caught by a flaming red-and-gold Christmas-carol book (R.Kipling). 7. They delivered their views on the burning questions of the dog. 8. Arthur gave a creaking laugh. 9. We strolled out into the gathering darkness. 10. He cocked an inquiring eye at him. 11. He watched it with despairing incredulity. 12. He was advancing on me with a damp and welcoming hand. Suffix - ed. Exercise. Say whether the forms with – ed are participle II or adjectives? 1. Lennie’s face broke into a delighted smile (J.Steinbeck). 2. He is distinguished for his good knowledge of economics (Bid). 3. He is a man of settled opinions (Bid). 4. The first open attempt, as distinguished from the nocturnal tries at stealing it, came from the same, dark, inarticulate Irishman (J.Jones). 5. The distinguished panel judges will include (included) a famous TV presenter and an acclaimed international photographer. 6. By the end of the day they felt completely drained (R.Coles). 7. The workers felt “cornered, trapped, lonely, pushed around” (Bid). 8. Australians are deeply rooted in Europe through their “Englishness” , their way of life and mentality. 9. Is a return to a simpler way of life possible with our increased population? 10. The author’s of the article tries to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of our “ advanced” civilization? 11. Trudy thought him more disgusted and at the same time more unattainable than ever (M.Spark). 12. She felt a keen pleasure at the dashed look on his face (J.Galsworthy). 13. … the dashed look on her face pleased her (Bid). 14. Edward

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looked unnaturally detached that night and seemed to have no words except his ‘yes’ and ‘no’. 15. She was at cross purposes with everyone and held detached views on everything. 16. The trial of Leonard Vole took place in London. He would have preferred her to be a more unbiased witness. 17. Dry flyaways can’t compete with full, sexy beach hair; chapped, flaky, wind-burned cheeks are much less appealing than glowing sun-kissed skin (ELLE, № 206, 2002). 18. My feelings about Garfield are further bedevilled by what Garfield has become (D.Mackenzie). 19. She was wearing the flowered dress she had found in a flea market (R.Prestley). 20. … old-fashioned countrified house (J. Tolkien). Suffix - ly. Exercise. Analyse the italicized words from the point of view of polyfunctionality of items. Say whether the suffix –ly is inflexional or derivational? Comment on the instances of lexical isolation of the words in –ly. What stylistic effect do these words help to achieve? 1. Seale reflected, and finally said unwillingly: “I can’t really say, you know, that he did” (A.Christie). 2. Poirot said thoughtfully: “You think Amberiotis shot Morley?” (Bid). 3. … who was holding the head of the arrow thoughtfully (J.Dickey). 4. “He gave me a long serious glance, closed his eyes again tiredly and settled farther down on his back” (Bid). 5. “He … came trailing in, with one large flat foot feeling reluctantly for the new bit of ground.” (Bid). 6. Terence was unwholesomely beautiful (I.McEwan). 7. He glanced coldly at George and then at Lennie (J.Updike). 8. Two or three times now quiet, lonely, protective girls had fallen hopelessly for Terence and his ways, but, tellingly, he was not interested (I.McEwan). 9. “Not a bit good,” said Soames, and sat down gloomily (J.Galsworthy). 10. He followed doggedly along a shady alley, losing sight of her now and then when the path curved (Bid). 11. Curly looked threateningly about the room (J.Steinbeck). 12. He has read widely in literature and profited emotionally from the experience (R.Bradbury). 13. I was used to hearing Martha’s breath bring me back, for she breathed heavily, but this time it was the wind (J.Dickey). 14. Adding to the farmer image, he dressed tweedily (A.Hailey). 15. … until the leg made longer by the position bent gracefully at the knee (J.Dickey). 16. … and the tree began to glow softly (Bid). 17. My feet slanted painfully in one direction or another (Bid). 18. Mast could only hate him; viciously, bitterly, terrifiedly and with horror (J.Jones). 19. He swung back loose-jointedly to the table (E.Hemingway). 20. Mr. Smeeth thought about this extra money and delightedly considered what might be done with it (J.Priestley). 21. Turgis swallowed desperately: “I’m not sure about that,” he declared (Bid). 22. When, in despair, he crumpled the paper and flung down his pen and then wandered wretchedly to the window … (Bid). 23. … wondering indignantly what on earth she had against them (Bid). 24. “Take a shovel,” said Slim shortly (J.Steinbeck). 25. A forkful of scallop is immeasurably easier to lift than the glass of wine… (R.Tremain). 26. There, in mirror, I was the survivor of some kind of explosion, with a shirt-sleeve rippled off and a pant’s leg blown open, bearded and red-eyed, not able to speak. Out of this, I smiled, very

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whitely, splitting the beard” (J.Dickey). 27. Lennie looked hopelessly at George, and then he got up and tried to retreat (J.Steinbeck). 28. Mr. Smeeth took his pipe out, stared at it, and then whistled softly (J.Priestley). 29. … and he yawned hugely and kept his eyes closed even after the yawn was done (Bid). 30. And now this chap comes along with his “You’ve forgotten to put your tie on,” Mr. Smeeth began to chuckle softly (Bid). 31. A school of dolphins leapt cleanly through the water, on their way south to the Gulf (J.Ballard). 32. Bobby lowered his hands hesitantly (J.Dickey). 33. Curly stepped gingerly close to him (J.Updike). 34. Candy joined the attack with joy. “Glove fulla vaseline,” he said disgustedly (J.Steinbeck). Word-Composition Exercise 1. Pick out compounds in the following jokes and extracts and sort them out into: a) neutral compounds, b) morphological compounds, c) syntactic compounds. 1. Pat and Jack were in London for the first time. During a tour of the shops in the West End they came to an expensive-looking barber's. 'Razors!' exclaimed Pat. 'You want one, don't you?' There's a beauty there for twenty-five bob (= a shilling; pl. bob), and there's another for thirty bob. Which would you sooner have?' 'A beard,' said Jack, walking off. 2. The children were in the midst of a free-for-all (a fight without rules in which any number of people join or become involved). 'Richard, who started this?' asked the father as he came into the room. 'Well, it all started when David hit me back'. 3. That night, as they cold-suppered together, Barmy cleared his throat and looked across at Pongo with a sad sweet smile. 'I mean to say, it's no good worrying and trying to look ahead and plan and scheme and weigh your every action, because you never can tell them when doing such-and-such won't make so-and-so happen while, on the other hand, if you do so-and-so it may just as easily lead to such-andsuch.' 4. When Conan Doyle arrived in Boston, he was at once recognised by the cabman whose cab he engaged. When he was about to pay his fare, the cabman said: 'If you please, sir, I should prefer a ticket to your lecture.' Conan Doyle laughed. 'Tell, me,' he said, 'how you knew who I was and I'll give you tickets for your whole family.' 'Thank you, sir,' was the answer. 'On the side of your travelling-bag is your name.' 5. An old tramp sailed up to the back door of a little English tavern called ‘The George and Dragon’ and beckoned to the landlady. 'I've had nothing to eat for three days,' he said. 'Would you spare an old man a bite of dinner?' 'I should say not, you good-for-nothing loafer,' said the landlady and slammed the door in his face. The tramp's face reappeared at the kitchen window. 'I was just wonderin',' he said, 'if I could 'ave a word or two with George.' 6. 'Where are you living, Grumpy?' 'In the Park. The fresh-air treatment is all the thing nowadays.'

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7. Arriving home one evening a man found the house locked up. After trying to get in at the various windows on the first floor he finally climbed upon the shed roof and with much difficulty entered through a second-story window. On the diningroom table he found a note from his absent-minded wife: 'I have gone out. You'll find the key under the door mat.' 8. One balmy, blue-and-white morning the old woman stood in her long, tidy garden and looked up at her small neat cottage. The thatch on its tip-tilted roof was new and its well-fitting doors had been painted blue. Its newly-hung curtains were gay … Bird-early next morning Mother Farting went into the dew-drenched garden. With billhook and fork she soon set to work clearing a path to the appletree. (From Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator by R.Dahl) Exercise 2. Classify the compounds according to the meaning of the first component: state whether it denotes time, purpose, cause, place, property, doer of the action, object of the action, etc . Waterfall, paper-littered, weather-ruined, wrist-watch, sunray, sky-blue, evilhearted, strike-breaker, day-shift, ashtray, hand-knitted, duty-free, water-proof, long-awaited, fir-cone, cold-blooded. Exercise 3. Give the pattern according to which each type of the compound adjectives in bold type is formed. Derivational compounds: noble-minded, doll-faced, etc. Compounds proper: paper-stuffed, moon-lit, etc.. 1. I smiled to her as she turned for the door, and what came back wasn’t the barefaced cheeky grin I knew once, but a wry parting of lips moving more for exercise than humour (A.Sillitoe). 2. A powerful, big-stomached man came into the bunk house (J.Steinbeck). 3. Outside, the frost-bound fields and skeletal trees covered under a shield of cloud. There was a kind of pleasure in being warm and mobile in a cold and lifeless landscape (D.Lodge). 4. He sounds like a real hard-noised bastard, hard-noised and soft-centered (Ibid.). 5. Housewives like Marjorie, softhearted and soft-headed enough to throw their scraps into the garden (Ibid.). 6. They were sullen-looking, sleepy-eyed men (E.Caldwell). 7. He got to his feet, thinking longingly of the many-pillowed, white-canopied bed upstairs and Ellie in it (E.Adler). 8. Then she saw a sober-suited, white-faced, white-bolding little man trotting up the stairs like a waiter, and she went after him (D.Lessing). 9. It is clear he is capable of love, and he forms strong attachment to his caregivers even while he is attacking them (R.Preston). 10. That Winstock could stand there and barefacedly say such a thing was immediately suspicious to Mast (J.Jones). 11. Be quite a second, or I’ll forget it,” Franny said. She stared avidly into space, as nightmare-recallers do (Ibid.). 12. My mother and Richard were on the sofa beside the dogs, bent above a weather-beaten little book with wavy papers… (J.Updike). 13. I have seen him, in a white jacket, collecting laundry and doing

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jobs in the corridor: one of those thick-faced, crop-haired, rather melancholylooking young Turks (G.Swift). 14. By then it was nearly midnight and things being to relieve with Mary here, I was thinking mostly of how soon working time would come and Baby sister was getting wall-eyed from lack of sleep (R.Price).

Exercise 4. In each box below match the adjectives with the nouns to make the most appropriate pairs. Use these in short sentences, for example: Example: Acrobats are often double-jointed. I want a long-sleeved sweater. hypocrites professors tennis stars acrobats sun-worshippers cowboys and cellists kleptomaniacs bodyguards beer drinkers travelling salesmen

light-fingered dark-skinned a silver-tongued absent-minded a pair of bow-legged bad-tempered broad-shouldered two-faced some double-jointed pot-bellied

wide-brimmed twin-bedded double-breasted two-roomed short-haired gold-rimmed long-sleeved high-heeled copper-bottomed three-legged

saucepan spectacles room shoes jacket flat stool hat sweater terrier

Exercise 5. Match each compound adjective in 1-8 to an adjective in a-h with a similar meaning. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

hard-wearing record-breaking labour-saving hard-hitting good-looking never-ending mouth-watering far-reaching

a convenient b interminable c outstanding d extensive e durable f attractive g direct h appetising

Exercise 6. Match each adjective in Column A with the appropriate noun in Column B. The first one is shown as an example. A B 1 carving - G A board 2 shaving B rod 3 building C bag 4 diving D stone 5 watering E licence 6 parking F powder

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7 driving 8 filling 9 paving 10 walking 11 fishing 12 sleeping 13 ironing 14 washing 15 drinking

G knife H can I water J site K cream L space M station N stick O board

Exercise 7. Match the word from Column A with another word from Column B to form ten compound adjectives. Example: home-made A B air conditioned brand controlled hard fashioned home hand labour made mass new old produced remote proof second saving water wearing Exercise 8. a) Look at the compound adjectives below and answer the questions that follow. Long-winded, neatly-clipped, well-behaved, quick-drying, energy-saving, welladjusted, ill-fated, well-connected, cross-eyed, tight-fisted, narrow-wasted, sourfaced, double-breasted, slim-hipped, pot-bellied, thin-skinned. 1) Which of the adjectives can be used to describe personal qualities or behaviour? 2) Which of them are used to describe things? b) Fill each blank below with the proper adjective. 1. Your children are … . They were as good as gold. 2. This is … work. 3. They have invented a new … device. 4. She just felt the expedition was somehow … : she knew in her bones that something was going wrong. 5. She’s very … . She always uses ten words where two will do. 6. She’s so … . She can easily get on with other people. 7. Behind a large desk sat a well-groomed young man: impeccable haircut, tie perfectly in place, … moustache. 8. He’s … . He knows a lot of influential people.

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c) Replace the clauses with compound adjectives. Make any other necessary changes. 1. Nick has read a lot of good books. He could speak knowledgeably on a range of topics. 2. He thinks quickly and always comes up with brilliant ideas. 3. Mary’s parents have tolerant, liberal minds – they let her do whatever she wants. 4. She’s oversensitive. She takes everything close to heart. 5. Alice is generally in a bad mood. The thing is she wanted to be an actress and not a school-teacher. 6. She is so selfish and never cares about others. She will never give you a helping hand. 7. He knows a lot about the world because he has visited a lot of other countries. Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with suitable compounds from the list below. Comment on their structure and meaning. Long-stemmed, fall out, life-long, double-talk, sun-burnt, dog-eared, homebaked, apple-trees, bookworm, colour-blind, bell-shaped, crazy-looking. 1. From where he sat he could see a cluster of … in blossom. 2. Everything was at hand, from … bread to mushroom wild and tame. 3. … people are allowed to take a driving test. 4. The radioactive … in the London area has increased. 5. This is my … conviction. 6. We've some plain, blunt things to say and we expect the same kind of answer, not a lot of … . 7. A blush of embarrassment shone faintly on his … cheeks. 8. There was silence then June rose: '… creature!' he thought. 9. With his large … top hat and his great statue and bulk he looked too primeval for a Forsyte. 10. 'Just look at these … roses! Aren't they lovely?' 11. He's always reading. He'll read anything. He'll a real … . 12. After a book has been read a lot, it tends to become … . Exercise 10. Arrange the compounds given below into two groups: a) Idiomatic. b) Non-idiomatic. Say whether the semantic change within the idiomatic compounds is partial or total. Butterfly, n.; homebody, n.; cabman, n.; medium-sized, adj.; blackberry, n.; bluebell, n.; good-for-nothing, adj,; wolf-dog, n.; highway, n.; dragon-fly, n.; looking-glass, n.; greengrocer, n.; bluestocking, n.; gooseberry, n.; necklace, n.; earthquake, n.; lazy-bones, n. Exercise 11. a) Translate the compound words into Russian. b) Compare the meaning of the compound word with that of its components. c) Classify them into endocentric and exocentric.

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Lady-bird, nobleman, masterpiece, red-handed, lady-killer, kill-joy, pickpocket, man-eater, straight-haired, good-for-nothing, new-fashioned, to whitewash, bird's eye, bell-hop. Exercise 12. Give the plural of the following words: Sister-in-law, man-of-war, man-eater, editor-in-chief, cast-away, stay-at-home, mother's mark, dress-hanger, footstep, stand-point. Exercise 13. Identify the compounds in the word-groups below. Say as much as you can about their structure and semantics of the compounds below. a) Emily, our maid-of-all-work; a heavy snowfall; an automobile salesman; corncoloured chiffon; vehicle searchlights; little titbit in The Afro-American; German A.A. fire; a born trouble-shooter; to disembark a stowaway; an old schoolmate; a cagelike crate; a slightly stoop-shouldered man; a somewhat matter-of-fact manner; a fur-lined boot; to pick forget-me-nots and lilies-of-the-valley; a small Tshirt; a sportscar agency. b) Pigeon English, pigeon-hole, middle-class, butter-fingers, soft-hearted, crybaby, peace-loving, blue-bottle, sleepyhead, art-lovers, garden-party, hide-andseek, life-long, bull's eye, weather beaten (face), dark-eyed, snow-white, roughlooking. c) Red-hot, heart-broken, stay-at-home, Anglo-Saxon, sunfish, will-to-live, passerby, mother-in-law, child-like, up-to-date, corn-coloured, statesman, dancing-hall, three-petalled. Exercise 14. Make compound adjectives by joining the noun-stem from column A and the verb-stem from column B. Make the necessary changes. Use them in sentences of your own. Example: snow + cover(ed) → snow-covered A Wind Leather Velvet Sun Moth Pencil Lemon Wave Mud University Dew Crowd

B pack train blow wash burn cover splash scribble scent cover bind eat

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Exercise 15. What compound nouns do the following definitions refer to? See the list below: 1) staying late in bed in the morning; 2) arrangements of persons in a line; 3) upheaval, complete rearrangement; 4) restaurant at which customers are served without having to leave their cars; 5) signal or permission to proceed; 6) act of ignoring, avoiding or rejecting; 7) something handed out (esp. statement prepared for journalists); 8) delay in traffic, stoppage; 9) unpleasant after-effects of getting drunk; 10) final settlement of accounts; 11) person (usually woman) whose acquaintance one casually makes; 12) thing set off against another; 13) open revelation of enmity, 14) an organised absence of employees from their jobs on the pretext of being sick; 15) the collecting of people's signatures in support of a petition, demand, addressed to the government or any authoritative body; 16) a musical event in which the audience serves as a chorus or joins in the singing; 17) the occupying of a public place by a group of people to spend the night or to sleep there as a form of protest; 18) a gathering to smoke marijuana or hashish; 19) a long meeting or session held by university teachers and students for the purpose of expressing critical views on an important social issue. Shake-up, lie-in, line-up, drive-in, go-ahead, go-by, handout, hold-up, hangover, pay-off, pick-up, set-off, showdown, seek-out, sleep-in, sing-in, smoke-in, teach-in, sign-in. Exercise 16. Comment on the semantics of the underlined derivational compound nouns. 1.We had a breakdown. 2. There was a smash-up of two governments during this time. 3. The story was a take-in. 4. She wore castaways. 5. Spelling is his most serious hold-back. 6. He was given a top-off as to what was going to happen. 7. Questioned about the break-up of his marriage, Hume said it was inevitable. 8. The airplane made a perfect touch-down with one of its four engines out of action. 9. The actions of the management caused a mass walk out. 10. Her face flushed under the make-up, then grew white. 11. He sent telegrams to some of the runaway former addresses. 12. Sam got carried off somewhere in a mix-up. 13. No one liked the new lecturer, so there was a gradual fall-off in attendance of his lectures. Exercise 17. Translate the occasional compound words in bold type.

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1. He swung loose-jointedly to the table. (E.Hemingway). 2. He realised that he was a dreamer of dreams born out of his due time, that he should have floated Antinous-like with the Emperor Hadrian to the music of flutes and violins on the subtly-drifting waters of the immemorial Nile. (R.Aldington). 3. He (Tiger) … turned sharply, tiger-style, the trick that had given him his nick-name. (S.Chaplin). 4. Suddenly Cerberus, barking puppy-fashion for another stick, turned and stood motionless, ears prickled. (D.Maurier). 5. That’s a Jesus-brilliant thing to say” , Mr. McArdle said quietly-steadily. (J.D.Salinger). 6. It didn’t surprise me to learn that Americans send out a billion and a half Christmas cards every year. That would have been my guess, give or take a quarter of a billion. Missing by 250 million is coming close nowayears, for what used to be called astronomical figures have now become the figures of earth. (J.Thurber). 7. The military has been riding awful high-wide-and-handsome in this country ever since World War II. (F.Knebel, Ch.Bailey). 8. It (a cat) leaped silently up to the porch and crept low-belly toward the men. (J.Steinbeck). Exercise 18. Comment on the stylistic usage of the underlined words. 1. “A moon-geographer,” Richard explained. “They’re going to need people on the moon who can make maps” (J.Updike). 2. See you five-thirtyish (Bid). 3. … that young lady had a stand-off-don’t-touch me air… (L.Alcott). 4. His irritability, though it might have been comprehensible to an urban brain-worker, was an amazing thing to these quiet Sussex villagers (H.Wells). 5. The riding surface varies widely. Most places have hard packed dirt. But you can also expect small to medium rocky roads. Some places are sandy and one road I encountered was cobblestone! A few places have “washboard” . This is where the springs of the ranch trucks form waves in the road. This tends to make you seasick or carsick (or bikesick?) (Internet). 6. Not every old man with ragged trousers is a bad old man: some are bone-and-bottle men, and have little dogs of their own; and some are gardeners; and a few, a very few, are wizards prowling round on a holiday looking for something to do (J.Tolkien). 7. At least homesickness is one disease that I’ve escaped! I never heard of anybody being asylumsick, did you? (J.Webster). 8. It’s a fine chance for me to learn house-keeping. Every woman has to understand it, and I only know asylum-keeping (Bid). 9. That magazine was some little cheerer upper (J.D.Salinger). 10. “What if they capture us?” said Mrs. Bucket. “What if they shoot us?” said Grandma Georgina. “What if my beard were made of green spinach?” cried Mr. Wonka. “Bunkum and tommyrot! You’ll never get anywhere if you go about what-iffing like that… We want no what-iffers around, right, Charlie?” (R.Dahl). 11. They asked us to kitten-sit for the evening (J.Rowling). 12. They belonged to a triple-decker, violently purple bus, which had appeared out of thin air (Bid). 13. It was terrifically funny to hear the voice of the rather loudmouthed Bruno coming out of that tiny mouse’s throat (R.Dahl). 14. The stables had been full of horses, there was a great turmoil and come-and-go of horses and of dealers and grooms (D.Lawrence). 15. “I’m sure that by the time we reached the baseball field there was on every Comanche’s face a some-girls-just-don’t-know-

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when-to-go-home look (J.D.Salinger). 16. On coming of age he had spent a few weeks at Thornby Place, but the place, and especially the country, had appeared to him so grossly protestant – so entirely occupied with the material well-to-doness of life – that he declared he longed to breathe again the breathe of his beloved sacristy, that he must go away from that close and oppressive atmosphere of the flesh (G.Moore). 17. “The trouble with me is… I don’t trust any out-of-towners in New York” (J.D.Salinger). 18. No regrets or good-byes formed in her mind (J.Cheever). 19. “Also there were mostly old show-off-looking guys with their dates (J.D.Salinger). 20. “The still-water-run-deep women were often there… ” (A.Sillitoe). 21. He wad or led down the hall and wheeled at the far end, shouting, “Now don’t tell you-know-who” ! (J.Updike). 22. “Sissy must be extra-let-down, toting it through all that hot weather so tell her too I am sorry” (R.Price). 23. Velvet Goldmine recognises that pop revolutions are invariably short-lived and their seismic effects often denied by the very people that caused them. The polysexual youthquake that Slade heralds has its phoney side, too (J.Romney). 24. How are the secondhand breeks? – They fit well enough, Stephen answered. Buck Milligan attacked the hollow beneath his underlip. The mockery of it, he said, contentedly, secondleg they should be (J.Joyce). 25. “Is all this really true?” he asked. “Or are you pulling my leg?” Charlie looked slowly around at each of the four old faces… They were quite serious. There was no sign of joking or legpulling on any of them (R.Dahl). Conversion Exercise 1. Translate these sentences. Analyse semantic relations between the converted verbs in italics and the nouns. 1. So she gardened or sewed, and asked friends in, being a person who was bound to have a lot of friends (D.Lessing). 2. He sat, shirted and slippered, in a chair by the window, looking out (Ibid.). 3. She would stand gazing at a hillside brilliant with ferns and bracken, jewelled with running water, and see nothing but her devil… (Ibid.) 4. The teacher had telephoned from school to say Joan’s teeth were paining her, and she hadn’t known what to say (Ibid.). 5. He was frequently approached by gays and once, in Polk Street San Francisco, literally nodded (I.McEwan). 6. George was pouring more Scotch and spooning ice into the glasses (Ibid.). 7. She was fashioned, observe, soon after God had “formed every feast of the field, and every fowl of the air” , and his hand, still turning to those same rhythms, imparted to Woman a creaturely shapeliness (J.Updike). 8. “Ah,” John said, “that first drag of the day, clawing and scraping its (cigarette) way down your throat” (Bid). 9. “Drive carefully” Mrs. Lutz said from the shadowed porch, where her cigarette showed as an orange star (Ibid.). 10. When I lowered the lemonade jar from my mouth, she licked, in an access of empathy that seemed to betray fright, her own upper lip, which was moustached with moisture (Ibid.). 11. He dressed and breakfasted alone in the dining-room (W.Trevor). 12. Beyond the curtained windows the light of dawn broke into night (Ibid.). 13. … Fielding had been

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formidably well equipped to buccaneer on the sea side (J.Fowles). 14. He wandered in loneliness weeping a little for the hardness of the world, and he journeyed up the river till he came to a stream that flowed down from the mountains, and went that way (J.Tolkien). 15. He was interested in roots and beginnings; he dived into deep pools, he burrowed under trees and growing plants he tunneled into green mounds. (Bid). 16. There the green floor ran on into the wood, and formed a wide space like a hall, roofed by the boughs of trees (Ibid.). 17. … gathering the water-lilies to flower by her pretty feet till the snows are melted (Ibid.). 18. Pippin fell asleep, pillowed on a green hillock (Ibid.). 19. Matilda… put her elbows on the desk and cupped her face in her hands, … she ordered, “Tip glass, tip!” (R.Dahl). 20. She couldn’t possibly keep a gigantic secret like that bottled up inside her (Ibid.). 21. He sponged a small area of the bare forearm with alcohol (Ibid.). 22. The Trunchbull stood in the playground dusting off her hands (Ibid.). 23. Hopkins led her into an area walled off by boxes where people were working furiously (R.Preston). 24. She put on the yellow raincoat, shouldered her knapsack, and took a taxi to Union Square (Ibid.). 25. She wags as she comes, with loping, silent strides, to where Clarence towers over Waldo (W.Morris). 26. … but without Lyle around to milk her, the cow, Bessy, won’t give her milk (Ibid.). 27. Left to herself Melanie will eat nothing but creamed canned corn and chipped beef in a white sauce (Ibid.). 28. These vines are budded. The rootstock is good. If you baby them, love them, they will revive (E.Adler). 29. Romany had her own money, inherited from her grandfather, and the happy pair flitted around the world, partying and enjoying life (Ibid.). 30. They were standing by the pond, listening to the frogs revving up to serenade the night (Ibid.). 31. The pillow beneath her head was white satin, the coverlet white lace, threaded with pink ribbon (Ibid.). 32. His sneakered feet made no noise on the thickly carpeted stairs (Ibid.). 33. I was afraid that I might sound as though I were humouring him, but I hoped he wouldn’t take it that way (J.Baldwin). 34. As smooth as minnows were Mrs. Lancaster’s phrases of welcome; she had soothed so many mothers, mothered so many boys (E.Taylor). 35. “No, no. I was just … No, no,” the grayhaired man said, leaving his fingers bridged over his eyes. He cleared his throat (J.D.Salinger). 36. I knew the other clerks and young bond salesmen by their first names, and lunched with them in dark, crowded restaurants on little pig sausages and mashed potatoes and coffee (F.S.Fitzgerald). 37. He’d built his house of imported cream limestone, with a columned arcade, tall French windows leading into shady patios, fountained courtyards and gardens (Bid). 38. When the front door swung open, wind gusted the living room, scattering the letters to the floor (N.Sparks). 39. Theresa felt as she had been cornered into something in the same way she had cornered Mr. Shendakin (Ibid.). 40. It could have been a place where they vacationed or visited (Ibid.). 41. … she found the phone book, thumbed through it, and scribbled the address on a piece of paper (Ibid.). 42. Correctly predicting the reply, he silently mouthed it in unison (D.Lodge). 43. So then, being curious about the people I work with, I asked him if he found the smock helped his colour-values. It was one of those crisp, white, closely-tailored ones, buttoning high round the neck, and with a breast pocket for the mouth mirror (J.Wain).

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Exercise 2. Translate these sentences. Analyse semantic relations between the converted nouns in bold type and the verbs. 1. “Lucy is a marvel in her way” , Gwen said (M.Spark). 2. I would wait for the trump as it hit the house at the end of its run (W.Morris). 3… .to repulse this proffer of herself was to inflict the most grievous hurt a woman could receive (J.London). 4. It’s only a guess, but here’s what I think (R.Dahl). 5. “You’ve got to make absolutely sure I’m well out of the way myself before you put the cats in.” – “That’s a promise,” she said (Ibid.). 6. He has a good grip of the situation, that’s why his grip on the audience is so strong (Ibid.). 7. Turgis came nearer, and lowered his voice when he spoke. “D’you think, Mr. Smeeth, there’ll be any chance of a rise, now I’m getting all this extra work? Ought to be, oughtn’t there? I mean, I’m not getting a lot really, am I?” (J.Priestley) 8. Now the children and I were just going up to the house for a bit, and we want you to come along with us (B.MacDolald). 9. So he asked us to give her a taste of that for a year (E.Bowen). 10. The line of least resistance, backed up by cloudy visions of gain, had brought him here, rather against both his better judgement and his conscience (K.Amis). 11. He did not at all like the look or feel of the bed; the springs were broken in the centre and it creaked ominously when he lay down to try it (E.Waugh). 12. I don’t keep up this house to be a hostel of bores to come and gossip in (Ibid.). 13. This was Helena’s last try (M.Spark). 14. That single name gave me a stab of grief, sickening as a present grief – whereas the name of Roy Calvert himself I had heard without emotion (C.P.Snow). 15. After he retired, it seemed for a time that the old sting had left him (Bid). 16. … I realized it might be possible to… run for money, trot for wages on piece work at a bob a puff rising bit by bit to a guinea a gasp and retiring through old age at thirty-two (A.Sillitoe). 17. … I’m doing it in a place just where the drive turns in to the sportsfield – where they can see what I’m doing… (Bid). 18. She was wearing a tweed coat trimmed with fur, smart travelling clothes, foreign in make and cut (A.Christie). 19. With the weather thickening and the light fading early the crowd had thinned slightly either end of the ground. The better part of it was now stuffed in the main stand and in the covered stand opposite (D.Storey). Exercise 3. Translate these sentences. Analyse semantic relations between the converted verbs in italics and the adjectives. 1. Good wine plus good weather equaled a good crop (E.Adler). 2. It was ten thirty before the cafe quieted down and she finally got a break and could sit with him (Ibid.). 3. Then he sobered (J.Baldwin). 4. Pictures of me… staring from the head of a yellowed news clipping in plastic were popped and hung throughout the living-room… (J.Updike) 5. … William flushed with his responsibilities, his wife turning to brown her back in the sun (V.Pritchett). 6. Once she narrowed her eyes to see only him (R.Price). 7. Melanie’s chores are to cook, tidy up, make the beds, and hand wash Floyd’s dress shirts in case he dirties any (W.Morris). 8. The

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caption beneath the photo read simply “Garret Blake of Iceland Diving, readying his class for its first ocean dive” (N.Sparks). 9. He gave him twenty-five grains of quinine and lit a fire so close to the hammock that by morning it was singed and blacked with smoke (E.Waugh). 10. On first sight it looked distressingly forlorn, huddled there in the laps of the great Olympics, the buildings greyed with weather, the orchard overgrown with second-growth firs, the fences collapsing, the windows gaping (B.MacDonald). 11. He filled and emptied the wash tubs and carried the clothes basket out to the clothes line for me (Bid). 12. By day, she exacted an equal privacy (E.Bowen). 13. This ought to steady him (Bid). 14. … they have picked locks, turned on electric appliances, set off burglar alarms, and loosed the local constabulary on endless hunts (E.Gurney). 15. I narrowed my eyes, and in the thick air against the dark prominence of the cooling towers, saw the slim oval shape (D.Storey). Exercise 4. Recast the following sentences substituting the parts of speech indicated in brackets for the italicized words. Make necessary changes. 1. Morris was still chuckling to himself as the mini-skirted secretary, looking, he thought, rather nervously over her shoulder from time to time, led him down the corridor to his office (D.Lodge). (noun). 2. He took a notebook from his inside pocket and leafed through it with a wetted finger till he reached a certain page. “It’s your 22 EX machine, right?” “Correct” (Ibid.). (adjective) 3. He sunned himself in their new respect and felt, that hunting was good after all (W.Golding). (noun). 4. As much modern as the moderns, as you are more ancient (J.Galsworthy). (adjective) 5. After a second his connection was made; a sleepy voice hello’d from somewhere above (F.S.Fitzgerald). (noun) 6. The late afternoon sky bloomed in the window for a moment like the blue honey of the Mediterranean – then the shrill voice of Mr. McKee called me back into the room (Ibid.). (noun) 7. The creature asked Jonah who he was and how he was enjoying his swim (E.Gurney). (verb) 8. “Carrots, please,” my grandmother said. “But no potatoes. I heard the carrots being dished out (R.Dahl). (noun) 9. He takes it for a walk – such walks have long been a ritual activity of the poor, the dog more expensively jacketed than the owner (J.Steinbeck). (noun) 10. … because I’m slowing down now for Gunthorpe to catch me up… (A.Sillitoe). (adjective) 11. It was a dark night, not cold, with low cloud cover (C.P.Snow). (verb) 12. … but I am not in the least prepared to give tacit support to degrading superstitions (Bid). (verb) 13. A chairwoman, Mrs. Wayes, now came in to clean and polish, ostensibly leaving Matchet freer to maid Anna and valet Thomas (E.Bowen). (adjective, noun, noun) 14. His courage is worthy of great praise (verb). 15. The baby gave a terrible scream (verb). 16. The storm caused many wrecks to the trees in our park (verb).

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Exercise 5. Comment on the derivational pattern on which the underlined words are formed. Are they all occasional words? Translate them. 1. Dictionary-ing carefully, I said, “hunt kudu tonight. Last hour best hour. Kudu close?” (H.Hemingway). 2. The bottle of liniment… smithersceened on the tile floor (T.Capote). 3. “And she’s going to Blandings? H’m!” “There’s nothing to h’m about (P.G.Wodehouse). 4. “You don’t mean that old crumb was there?” I said, Great-Scott-ing… (Bid). 5. It isn’t much of a run from Brinkley Court to Market Snodsbury, and I… started m-p-h-ing homeward in what you might call a trice (Bid). 6. “My husband is going to finish his drink, and then I’m afraid he must rest” . “Don’t third-person me. … Don’t let ‘em third-person you, Pricey” , said Lockhorn sternly. “Next comes the first person plural – they first-personplural you to death” (J. Thurber). 7. It was a bit difficult to know to carry on. A ‘There, there, little woman’ might have gone well, or it might not. After thinking it over for a moment, I too-badded. “Oh, it’s all right” she said, stiffening the upper lip (P.G.Wodehouse). 8. Pa said, “Been smart-alecking aroun’ the country. You look worn out” (J.Steinbeck). 9. “And it’s a great deal better, Work’us, that she died when she did, or else she’d have been hard labouring in Bridewell, or transported, or hung… (Ch.Dickens). 10. He Good-afternoon-Plank-ed, and Plank responded in suitable terms (P.G.Wodehouse). 11. His own papers were works of art on which he laboured with loving care for many hours tinkering and polishing, weighing every word, deftly manipulating eithers and ors, judiciously balancing difficult questions on popular authors with easy questions on obscure ones (D.Lodge). 12. A thousand what-ifs, and he was no closer to understanding the whole thing than he had been when it first happened (N.Sparks). 13. She crowned him with a whiskey bottle and her tongue was full of lice and tomorrows (H.Miller). 14. “The bastard” , she said, “he’s two-timing me!” “Now, Sadie” , I said… “we went into that arithmetic a long time back. He’s not two-timing you. He’s two-timing Lucy. He may be one-timing you, or four-timing you. But it can’t be two-timing” (R.P.Warren). 15. Finally, here are some reminders: it may sound like a do’s and don’ts column, but these are important things to remember (A.Rendle). 16. But there were too many unknowns (E.Adler). 17. “Jesus Christ!” Brenda flared, “Carlota washes the dishes!” “Don’t Jesus Christ me!” (Ph.Roth). 18. “No, you stay here” , she cried in alarm. “Fetch the police.” “Ah’ll police him!” said Tiger (S.Chaplin). 19. “He was right across the field. He sheered off through the wood before I could tell.” “I’ll sheer him off’, he said. “Damn quick” . (H.E.Bates). 20. “I’ll exquisite day you, buddy, if you don’t get off that bag this minute. And I mean it,” Mr. McArdie said (J.D.Salinger). 21. Peter: My dear fellow, I… Jerry: Don’t my dear fellow me (E.Albee). 22. When he drinks it makes him cocky and he came in plenty cocky. “Well, big shot” , he says to Harry. “Don’t big shot me” , Harry told him (E.Hemingway).

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Shortening Exercise 1. Match these abbreviations with their meanings. 1. Bs c 2. FBI 3. Fr 4. ext. 5. CD 6. asap 7. PIN 8. e.g. 9. UNESCO 10.HNC 11.PGCE 12.MA

Post Graduate Certificate of Education For example Federal Bureau of Investigation Personal identification number (usually on a bank card) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Bachelor of Science Extension Father (title for a priest) As soon as possible Master of Arts Higher National Diploma Compact disc

Exercise 2. Explain 1-5 and match them with the context on the right. 1. Students and OAPs: Ј1.50 2.WC Gents 3. Us forces take 5,000 POWs 4. Ozone-friendly: CFC-free 5. Dep 1500 Arr1742

On an aerosol can In a newspaper headline In a museum On an airline timetable On a door in a pub

Exercise 3. Translate this note from the boss to a group of workers in an office, into full words. Memo from: Mr. Braneless (MD) To: All staff Date: 3/5/91 Ref: 040556/DC May I remind you that all new lab equipment should be registered with Stores & Supplies, Room 354 (ext 2683)? NB: new items must be notified before 1700 hrs on the last day of the month. All a/c nos must be recorded. Braneless Exercise 4. Pick out the words with aphaeresis, syncope or apocope and comment on the formation of each word. Bus, mend, zoo, wig, exam, hanky, tec, mob, lab, sub, story, phone, tram, fancy, gent, tend, Wednesday, hosp, eve, cert, phiz, max, pres, usu, Fri, comfy, doc, pram, gym.

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Exercise 5. a) Pick up all the shortenings from the sentences below. b) Define the type of shortening. 1. Because it perpetuates the Oxbridge idea of higher education as a version of pastoral, a privileged idyll cut off from ordinary living (D.Lodge). 2. So Robyn and Charles went to Cambridge to do their Ph.Ds. (Ibid.). 3. She had one of those CND badges on (Ibid.). 4. All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if choosing a prep school for me, and finally said, “Why – ye-es” with very grave, serious faces (F.Fitzgerald). 5. Well, then, maybe it’s the solitariness of the cowboy in the ads that appeals to you. Self-reliant, independent, very macho (D.Lodge). 6. She had never been a deb, which was just as well, for she would have made the other debs look more than ordinarily silly (C.Hare). 7. “Marje is no intellectual,” said Vic, “as you probably noticed. She left school without any O-levels” (D.Lodge). 8. The young people continued to stay on because they were comfy with her. 9. Put on your specs when buying package holidays. 10. I’ve brought you some black undies. 11. His wife found his bacco-box. 12. I told the old lady not to make any more sandwiches, because I was off to the great metropolis. 13. There were two prams in the hall and the smell, milky and faecal, of small children. 14. Wishing you congrats and all the best from my wife and I, Yours faithfully, Mr. and Mrs. Harper. 15. Tony spoke to the vet’s wife and Mr. Partridge from the shop, then he was joined by the vicar. 16. “I’ll leave you those mags,” she said. “You ought to read them sometime.” 17. I do nearly all shopping and most of the cooking since my old ma’s had her op. 18. I learnt nothing at my prep school. 19. It was his sister’s voice from the stairs. “ Oh, Matthew, you promised” - “I know, sis. But I can’t.” 20. You don’t mean to say that bloody British gent is coming to expect you? 21. He wrote their language in his occasional sales memos to Mr. Callender. 22. “He’s taking junior prep,” said Mor. 23. The young woman in the slacks who had spoken to him suddenly at Frankfurt had had an eager intelligent face. Exercise 6. a) Write the following shortened words in full. b) Analyse the type of shortening. BBC, BA, BC, ch, coll, Dept, FI, FA, FO, ad, mob, mike, sub, cf., CIA, V-Day, c., C., Co., D.C., FBA, L., Ltd, N., No., NB, p.t.o., sec., St., Rd, UNO, UNESCO, viz., yd, gvt, str., ave., op.cit, R.S.V.P, N., S., A.D., U FO, NATO, Ibid., A.B.C., dorm, hanky, H-m, MA, Ph D., X-mas, sq, E-mail, USIA, ABC, P.T.O., COD, PGE, HND, i.e., v., EC. Exercise 7. Write the correct abbreviations next to the full forms below. Department, height, weight, January, meter, hour(s), November, that is, society, Queen, Doctor of Philosophy, Limited, Master of Arts, minimum, Foreign office, foreign, foot (feet), House of Lords, information. Exercise 8. What two words did the words below originate from?

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Medicare, denticare, stagflation, bionics, bo(a)tel, brunch, holidate, motel, plastinaut, rockoon, sexpert, vocumentary, trambulance, Yanknik, travelator.

Exercise 9. Explain the formation of the words in italics. Which of them are emotionally charged? 1. It is believed that telemedicine could play an important part in reducing hospital waiting lists. 2. He hurried across the street to the laundromat (C.Hiaasen). 3. One very small part of Nature, your own eye, is a far more wonderful structure than any watch. But if some man should stand up and say that this wonderful universe in which we live came into being by a fortuitous concurrence of atoms which danced around through the endless ages until they danced into their present form any would call him a philosopher. In ordinary affairs of life he would be called a foolosopher (R.Torrey). 4. O Your Grandness! You are fantabulous! (R.Dahl). 5. Just knock my head seven times on the pillow, and I wake up at seven. Absoblooming-lutely certain (J.Lindsay). 6. Nothing in contemporary life carries meaning for him. He is a deeply relicious person, not simply nostalgic.

Exercise 10. Explain the formation of the following blends. Brunch, fruice, smog, swellegant, flurry, glaze, animule, dollarture, cablegram, flish, slash, galumph, chortle, zebrule. Exercise 11. Comment on the formation of these words: To baby-sit, to beg, to typewrite, to burgle, to sight-read, to spring-clean, to pettifog, to strap-hang, to darkle. Revision Exercises on Word-Formation . Exercise 1. Using the examples below discuss the dynamics of productive wordformation. 1. “Martha, you can not want roses! What kind of person am I married to? An antirose personality?” (F.Weldon). 2. About us gobblers fork spiced beans down their gullets (J.Joice). 3. … who was it who wrote the miserable town where the girls were boisterous and the boys were girlsterous… (O.Nash). 4. Like all your generations, you’re an anti-romantic (A.Christie). 5. She had felt, as one still felt, neither free or unfree (M.Spark). 6. For if nobody’s a fool, then neither am I, and I’m entitled to a non-fool’s Sunday awareness that … our gusto for lurid is awful (J.D.Salinger). 7. The club which had playing and non-playing classes of membership… (J.O’Hara). 8. There was a pile of unsecret rubbish left to be burnt (G.Greene). 9. Flashes and smatterings of all kinds of thoughts and feelings tore

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through him, the ruined peacefulness of the Pass here, his own violated trustfulness, the precious rest he had had for ten days but which was now lost, the cheap reaction of the two men before him to what was clearly a deep moral issue, the unconscionable lack of integrity of the man behind him (J.Jones). 10. That branch of the family had been reckless marriers (C.Porter). 11. Mary Jane threw back her head and roared. “Marvellous,” she said, coming back into drinking position (J.D.Salinger). 12. On the sub-main floor of the hotel, which the management directed bathers to use, a woman with zinc salve on (Bid). 13. “Did he … peacefully?” she asked. “Oh, quite peacefully, ma’am,” said Eliza. “The pain was bad but it was livable. You couldn’t tell when the breath went out of him” (J.Joyce). 14. And thereafter I seldom suffered a fine day to pass without paying a visit to Wildfell about the time new acquaintance usually left her hermitage, she was a real looker (A.Bronté). 15. … three reporters called to interview Ben, two of them kittenish young girls (R.Gardner). 16. I had sized up the Taylor woman as a package-leaver as soon as she joined us (D.Maurier). 17. A good reliable husband he’ll make, I’m sure… But your father doesn’t over-like him (J.Lindsay). 18. Unseeking you can have nothing (W.Saroyan). 19. “Well, you’ve certainly eased my mind,” said Catsmeat, having released the hand and then re-grabbed and re-squeezed it (P.G.Wodehouse). 20. However, by pulling this way and by pushing that, I made progress, and I'’ just contrived to de-chair myself and was about to rise, when another voice spoke (Bid). 21. Lord Conesford stoat defender of the Queen’s English recently paraphrased Churchill’s “Give us the tools and we will finish the job” by Washingtonizing it like this: “Supply us with the implements and we will finalize the solution of the matter” (J.Thurber). 22. When it comes to dealing with daily obstacles, he says, “we have a tendency towards catastrophizing and awfulizing (fr. Newsweek, 25 Apr., 1988). 23. The raspy American drawl may be a little grittier … but Lady Long Legs … is in rumbustuous form, looking great an as much of a clothesaholic as ever (fr.Daily Telegraph, 12 Jan., 1987). 24. I fell to wondering why chocolate is such compulsive stuff that those who love it have earned the unlovely nickname of “chocoholics” . (fr. Daily Telegraph, 26 Mar., 1988). Exercise 2. Instructions as above. 1. He detests me because I’m in this crazy Religion seminar he conducts, and I can never bring myself to smile back at him when he’s being charming and Oxfordish (J.D.Salinger). 2. After half an hour, breakfastless he climbed the stairs (S.Lewis). 3. It dawned upon him that he became wifeless and in effect childless (J.O’Hara). 4. Lord Emoworth was so acutely spectacleless, Rupert Baxter, his secretary, so pronouncedly spectacled (P.Wodehouse). 5. He remained annoyingly unloverlike (M.Mitchell). 6. … a pale, solemn, unathletic-looking young man (S.Lewis). 7. You think in such an absolutely unmodern way about everything (A.Huxley). 8. Sofia Tolstoy was a remarkably unbrilliant woman (J.D.Salinger). 9. I have decided that you are up to no good. I as well aware that that is your natural condition. But I prefer you to be up to no good in London.

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Which is more used to up-to-no-gooders (J.Fowles). 10. I was always asked to keep the score for netball or rounders while sitting at the edge of the pitch looking on (J.D.Salinger). 11. Another feature in these isles is their emphatic uninhabitableness (H.Melville). 12. I didn’t imagine the expected to expect so suddenly (P.Rath). 13. This was the first time in many years Colonel Bünle had heard this adjective applied to this race by a non-German (B.Arnold). 14. For Fred, disapproving of her being here at all, was quite ready to let friendship, or at least acquaintanceship, follow his disapproval, if only she would let him (D.Lessing). 15. My musicianship is poor, and slightly unusual rhythms perplex me (I.McEwan). 16. Like all compulsive monologuists he lacked curiosity about other people’s minds, but his stories were good and never told the same one twice (Bid). 17. It’s pricy enough (D.Lodge). 18. O’Brien grinned at him toothily (J.Jones). 19. Jack laughed and put out a ham-like hand. He tried to out-grip me but he couldn’t manage it (J.Braine). 20. He had what might be called a third-class leading man’s speaking voice: narcissistically deep and resonant, functionally prepared at a moment’s notice to out-male anyone in the same room with it (J.D.Salinger). Exercise 3. Define the means by which the words in bold type are made. Pick out occasional words. 1. A hump-backed moon was coming up, brightening the eastern sky and silhouetting the distant scraps of the Blue Mountains in a solid wall. 2. She looked after the nurse with a doglike expression and slowly began to put on her dressing gown. 3. Life had rooted these ideas firmly in their minds. 4. He glanced at the clock and edged nearer to the door. 5. I started pussyfooting through the house. 6. I will not let any gloomy moralising intrude upon us here tonight. Here we are gathered together for a brief moment from the bustle and rush of our everyday routine. 7. He cupped his hands about his mouth. 8. She had no intention of being sidetracked from the subject. 9. She had nursed the girl in her infancy. 10. He took the hours-old fish away. 11.I need not say that such a breach of confidence is unthinkable. 12. You know nothing, Mr.Hampton. Your balloon-like mind is entirely filled with egotistical gas. 13. We’ll turn to the right and see if we pick up the lettered streets. 14. It was a long hall, papered and carpeted in dark green. 15. His heavy-lidded eyes and the disorder of his scanty hair made him look sleepy. 16. “Well, you’re saving it, honey, till the right time comes,” she said, breaking the silence above her had quieted - she wondered, not noting them so long (R.Price). 17. “Are you mad or something? If I told Edwards you’d touched me, he’d have you blacklisted by every agency in London (J.Wain). 18. Carrington Villas was one great gloomy drip-drip (J.Priestley). 19. … with a hit-hit here and a hit-hit there (D.Lawrence). 20. What a creepy idea! (D.Lodge). 21. Both of them were blue-lipped and insensible (C.Doyle). 22. She ran successfully for the VicePresidentship of the Student Union (D.Lodge). 23. She watched him put on his socks, with a mixed expression of injury and the ungovernable interest of someone who has been examining laundered socks for holes for a great many

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years (J.D.Salinger). 24. Its threadbare coat, refashioned from some old carpet bag, stretched itself into a lazy arch that seemed to freeze forever in mid-frame (J.Ballard). Exercise 4. Instructions as above. 1. He terrorised the inhabitants of the town. 2. The woman poured coffee by eyemeasure. 3. "I don't fly into any sort of rage," he said bottling his anger and speaking slowly and coldly. 4. She raised her deliberately pencilled eyebrows. 5. She watched him nursing the flame between his hands. 6. It was a long hall, papered and carpeted in dark green. 7. He looked down at her, indescribably touched by her love, the generous unselfishness. 8. He always cursed his own thin-skinnedness. 9. The Victoria hospital was unquestionably old. 10. Bramwell was not inexperienced and because of this his ignorance was inexcusable. 11. There is a well-loved cat next door to you. 12. If your boss asked you to work overtime without extra pay, would you do it? 13. He is an outgoing and sociable person. 14. She busied herself with the papers. 15. These goods are duty-free. 16. Don't be a middle-roader. 17. We'll buy him a put-it-together toy set. 18. All her life she has worn her sister's hand-me-downs. 19. People involved in a racket are called racketeers. 20. Buying pre-packed food saves time. 21. Neither age nor an enormous dinner clouded his wits (J.Tolkien). 22. A forkful of scallop is immeasurably easier to lift than the glass of wine, and the Australian wife (R.Tremain). 23. He would see … something in Joe’s eyes that brought him thump-thumping across the room… (A.Fairbairn). 24. Then he saw Broderick sitting up, dummy-wise, hands stiff and out-stretched, in the bed (H.Bates). 25. And suddenly, as it drew to a standstill, he half-wished he had never come (Ibid.). 26. … most found this hard to believe, harder than any other reasons or unreason that their fancy could suggest (J.Tolkien). 27. Behind the child-like feature, the soft mouth and boneless nose a pair of adult eyes watched him wearily (J.Ballard). 28. The hair on the top of my head felt like hay, and I began to sneeze, suddenly, unstoppably (J.Updike). 29. I felt he’d made the trip in order to do a disservice to my mother (J.Cheever). 30. “It’s nice of you to cheer me up, but it can’t be done. I regard the entire personnel of the ensembles of our musical comedy theatre as – if you will forgive me being Victorian for a moment – painted hussies.” - “They’ve got to paint.” - “Well, they needn’t huss. And they needn’t ensnare my son.” (P.Wodehouse).

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Test Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

How do you distinguish between a morpheme and a word? What is the difference between a lexical morpheme and a grammatical one? What is word-formation? How is word-formation classified? What do we mean by derivation? What principles of classifying affixes do you know? Give examples. What are the italicized elements in the words given below? What makes them different from affixes, from stems? Statesman, waterproof, cat-like, trustworthy. 8. What is understood by composition? What do we call words made by this type of word-formation? 9. Into what groups and subgroups can compounds be subdivided structurally? Illustrate your answer with examples. 10.Which types of composition are productive in Modern English? Give examples of different types of composition. 11.What are the interrelationships between the meaning of a compound word and the meanings of its constituent parts? Point out the principal cases and give examples. 12.What are the criteria for distinguishing between a compound and a word combination? 13.What is conversion? 14.How can the problem of the original and the target word in conversion be sold? 15.What features of Modern English have produced the high productivity of conversion? 16.Which categories of parts of speech are especially affected by conversion? 17.What are the two processes of making shortenings? Explain the productivity of this way of word-formation and stylistic characteristics of shortened words. Give examples. 18.What is the difference between abbreviation, shortening and blending? 19.What is back-formation? 20.Why are formations of the baby-sit type are called ‘pseudocompound verbs’? 21.What minor processes of word-formation do you know? Describe them and illustrate your answer with examples.

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Reference Material Word Roots Here are some Latin (marked L) and Greek (marked G) roots. Recognizing them will help you recognize networks of words in the language.

Root - audi- (L) - bene- (L) - bio- (G) - duc(t)- (L) - gen- (G) - geo- (G) - graph- (G) - jur -, -jus- (L) - log(o)- (G) - luc- (L) - manu- (L) - mit-, -mis- (L) - path- (G) - phil- (G) - photo- (G) - port- (L) - psych- (G) - scrib-, -script- (L) - sent-, -sens- (L) - tele- (G) - tend – (L) - terr- (L)

- therm- (G) - vac- (L) - vid-, -vis- (L)

Meaning to hear good, well life to lead, to make race, kind earth to write law word, thought light hand to send feel, suffer love light to carry soul to write to feel far away to stretch earth

heat empty to see

Examples audience, audio, auditorium benevolent, benefit, benefactor biography, biosphere, biopsy ductile, reduce, reproduce genealogy, gene geography, geometry graphic, photography, pictograph justice, jurisdiction biology, logical, logocentric lucid, translucent manufacture, manual, manipulate permit, transmission, intermittent empathy, pathetic philosopher, bibliophile photography, telephoto transport, portable psychology, psychopath inscribe, manuscript, descriptive sensation, resent telegraph, telepathy extend, tendency inter, territorial

thermonuclear, thermostat vacuole, evacuation video, envision, visit

Prefixes Prefixes of negation or opposition:

Prefix a-, ananti-

Meaning without against

Examples ahistorical, anemia antibody, antiphonal

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contradedisil-, im-, in-, ir-

against from, take away from apart, away not

malmisnonun-

wrong wrong, bad not not

contravene, contramand demerit, declaw disappear, discharge illegal, immature, indistinct, irreverent malevolent, malpractice misapply, misanthrope nonentity, nonsense unbreakable, unable

Prefixes of quantity:

Prefix

Meaning

Examples

bimillimonoomnisemitriuni-

two thousand one, single all half three one

bipolar, bilateral millimeter, milligram monotone, monologue omniscient, omnipotent semicolon, semiconductor tripod, trimester unitary, univocal

Prefix

Meaning

Examples

antecircumco-, col-, com-,con-, cor-

before around with

e-, exhyperhypointermegamicroneopostpreproresubsupersyntrans-

out of over, more than under, less than between enlarge, large tiny recent after before, before, onward again, back under, beneath over, above at the same time across, over

Prefixes of time and space:

antedate, antebellum circumlocution, circumnavigate coequal, collaborate, contact, commiserate, correspond emit, extort, expunge hypersonic, hypersensitive hypodermic, hypoglycemia intervene, international megalomania, megaphone micrometer, microscopic neologism, neophyte postwar, postscript previous, prepublication project, propel review, recreate subhuman, submarine supercargo, superimpose synonym, synchronize transport, transition

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Suffixes Noun suffixes

Suffix -acy -al -ance, -ence -dom -er, -or -ism -ist -ity -ment -ness -ship -sion, -tion

Meaning state of quality act of state or quality of place or state of being one who doctrine or belief characteristic of one who quality of condition of state of being position held state of being or action

Examples democracy, privacy rebuttal, refusal maintenance, eminence freedom, kingdom trainer, investor liberalism, Taoism organist, physicist veracity, opacity payment, argument watchfulness, cleanliness professorship, fellowship digression, transition

Verb suffixes

Suffix -ate -en -ify, -fy -ize

Meaning cause to be cause to be or become make or cause to be cause to become

Examples concentrate, regulate enliven, blacken unify, terrify, amplify magnetize, civilize

Adjective suffixes

Suffix -able, -ible -al -esque -ful -ic -ish -ious, -ous -ive -less

Meaning capable of being pertaining to reminiscent of having a notable quality pertaining to having the quality of of or characterized by having the nature of without

Examples assumable, edible regional, political picturesque, statuesque colourful, sorrowful poetic, mythic prudish, clownish famous, nutritious festive, creative, massive endless, senseless

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С оставители: к.ф .н., доц . Маковец каяН ина Александровна, к.ф .н. В оевудскаяО ксанаМихайловна Рец ензент д.ф .н., проф . С тернина М.А. Редактор Бунина Т .Д .