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Moryr 6um ne roJrbKo rroJre3Hbtu n floqernblM, Ho u [ptt6unlHur'r AeroM. flpao4a, nfireparypHbre BKycH ee xo3flnna HepeAKo BbrxoAHnH 3a paMKLt crporoft MopaJII{" 3arasas rro6uuorrry yqeHnKy Pefrxe.nn fienncy OoHeuanHy nepeBoA 6aceH Aarcroro JIaQoHreHa - fo.nl6epra, Beeep pacflnaTH.nCt C HHM (UeJrHM CO6paUUeU XsNr CO6;la3HnreJrbHbtx, yKparrreHHbrx cxBepHbrMn gcraMnaMH>. Hanouuttm, qro snurer ynorpe6.nn.ncr s XVIII B. B 3Haqerrr.rn . Hosnxosa Mano npLrB.rIeKaJI[ (co6.rasHfiterunue> 3craMltbI, Ho r{ emy flpeAcraBrflJtach cJIHutxou hpecHofi yucraeHHas, Anera, Koropyo peKoMeHAoBanH ronouecrBy HacraBHr.rKr{-neAaHrbr. B 6eceAax c Benepou ou nocrlrraJr as6yuHue Hcrr{Hbr xusoft [paKTHKr{ KHHxHoro Aena.
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KoB TIOHfl.'I, TITO 3A BAOXHOBEHHbIMH CJIOBAMfi IiKATCPHHbI IT sceo6uleN{ 6naxeHctne, ryMaHHgMe, npaBax JrnqHocrt{, 3aKOHHOCTTT l,I npoCBeUleH]IH KpOeTCs CTpeMneHUe yKpenHTb cBoH no3Hul.llt.
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BpeMr, KaK Apyrne, Ha3HAaHr{e rroroMcrBy 6yAy- nucaJrA.B T. Eoaoros, uruft eorpyaufiH Hosnxosa - BpeMs cBoe npoBox(Aann B oAHLrx sa6anax, yrexax H yBeceneHuf,x pa3Hbrx, t SaunMarcr qTeHHeM, nepeBoaaMll, HayKaMLI> 6. CroHr nn yAHBnRThcfl, qro 3a cemb ner cayx6u B rBapAr.tlr rHMHa3ncr-HeAoyqKa, ycureHHo 3aHHMaflcr. cauoo6pa3oBaHHeM, craJr oAHHM ug Hau6onee roHXHx [eHurenefi n 3HaroKoB pyccxofi KHr{rs. Vcnexau Hosnxosa B KHITxHoM yqeHnn HeMaJro cnoco6crsoBana cpeAa, n roropofi oH xHJt. Ero xouaHgr.rp 6ul [pe3nAeHrou flerep6yprcxofi AraAeMxr{ HayK. OH oxorHo noou1pfln yqeHbre 3aHflTr.rff cBonx noArrr:HeHHblx. E.nngxo coftAqcn c Her{oropbrMn cocJryx(uBqaMn, Hosuros He [opHBan csRsefi c roBapr.rqaMr{ tto rr{Mnagnll. Ayx ynrnepcn?ercKoro cryAeHqecxoro 6parcrBa BHocr{Jt B Hx orHoureHua ty oco6yn rennory r.r cepAerlHocrb, qro raK Hyxua MonoAoMy qe.rroBeKy, Bc'rynab[reMy B xu3nr. K cepeAfiHe 1760-x rr. e flerep6ypr crexaJrr.rcb MHorr{e yqacrHnKn xepacKoBcKoro n pefrxerercKoro flnreparypHbrx KpyxKoB: AeHuc H flaeer K)Hbrx - Kopncpaufifl nnreparopoB, cBfl3aHHbrx o6ulnmn B3rnflAaMn u HHTepecaMH, cnyxe6uurrrH, ApyxecKnM?r, a r{HorAa n ceuefiuuun y3aMr.t. Kpyr. lHreparypHbrx sHaKoMcrB Hosnxoga yxe rorAa 6Hll gnaqlreJrbHo urxpe rofi couna.nrsofi cpeAH, a roropofi oH Bbrpoc. flo.nyune ro poAy cnyx6ul Aocryn Bo ABopeu x a AraAeMHro HayK, KanregapMyc HslvrafiroBcKoro notKa He HcKar gAecb MoryulecrBeHHbrx noxpoBuTeJreft, Ho garo npno6per HeMaJro HcKpexHrix apysefi. Orpouuoe qeroBerlecKoe o6arHue, nHyrpeHHufi AeMoxparn3M, crpac"Hafl npuBepx(eHHocrb HAeanaM 4o6pa H crrpaBeAnnBocru c roAaMH cosAanH BoKpyr ero HMeHn noucrnne rrnHornqecruft opeol.
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B lro6ou cepbe3HoM HarIIrHaHuH MopaJlbHafl n AeJIoBas penyraunt ero nHl{unaropa BcerAa flBnflercff Ilenuefturuu nepBoHaqanbHHM KanHraJIoM. flepnyro nonoBlrHy 1760-x rr. B xIt3HLI H AeqreJbuocru HosnxoBa Molt(Ho cMeto Ha3Barb neplloAoM LrHTeHcr.rBHoro HaKonJIeHHq gToro xannrala. Oprann3arop no Ha"ype, on o6raaa.n peAKocrnb{M AapoM rny6oro sHr.rrarb Bo Bce Aerann Toro AeJIa, KoropblM 3aHHMan-
cq, BoBJreKar n cQepy cBol{x l{HrepecoB urnpoxnfi Kpyr .npAeft, cnoco6ssx reM HJIII HHIIM cnoco6ou nouortb ocyUICCTBJICHH}O CTO TIJTAHOB H 3AMbICNOB.
Tpyauo ceftqac cKa3arb, KaKoe co6nrne nocJlyxltJlo ToJrqKoM K rrpeBpaueunrc HosHKoBa H3 norpe6nre.nr KyJIbrypHbrx ueHHocrefi B ux npoH3BoALITent. Heuaroe 3Haqenne AJIg OCO3HaHr,tr HM CBOenO nOAJIHHHOTO npH3BaHHt MOTJIO
I{MeTb, Ha Halu B3HrgA, 3HaKOMCTBO C MaTepI{anaMH nepBoro pyccKoro ynr{BepcaflbHoro xypHara <ExeuecqqHble coqurrenns>. OcHosauHb{fl suAHEru yqeHHM-HcropHKoM cepeAxHu XVIII s. f. O. Mn.naepou, xypHan ocraBr{Jl gauerHufi
cJre.n B Hcropr,rn orerrecrBeHHofi xyrmypu. Oco6oe BHHMaHlte coBpeMeHHrrKoB npHBneKan rpnrnxo-6n6auorpaQr.rqecxHfi , B Koropbrx Mna.nep orAel - c npocBerr{TeJrbcrnx llHTaJrcf, nosaunft aKTnBHo sosAeficrBoBarb Ha QopuHpoBanr.re qlrrarerbcKr.rx HHTepecoB pyccKoro o6qecrsa H onocpeAcrBoBaHHo Ha xapaKTep *t peflepTyapa. cocTaB TeKyrqero-HauuoHaJlbHoro KHHxHoro Cxcrenarn.recrn ny6rrKyfl Ha crpaHr.ruax xypHana B Teqeune AByx rer (1763-1764) , oH HaAesncr co BpeMeHeM HcflpaBr.lrb . fiocrenenHo lrs coreH BHeIlHe He cBq3aHHbIx MexAy co6oft coo6uteunfi n KpHTUqecKlIx oT3bIBoB O pyccKHx H t'lHocTpaHHblx KHI'IXHbrx HoBHHKaX BO3HHKIa rU[pOKas npOCBeTHTenbHar nporpaMMa H3AaHr{r Jlyqunx, yAaqHo npucnoco6reHHbrx K MecrHbrM ycnoBnflM TpyAoB (o 3KOHOMHH, KoMMepUItH, MaHyQarrypax H arpnKynbrype nnH seMneAeJrbqecrBe>, nonynrpHbrx noco6nfi no IopilcnpyAeHqr{t,t ll MeAnqr{He, HpaBoyqnTeJIbHblx poMaHoB B AyXe, IIpOCnaBJIttOUlnX (qecrHocrb n Ao6poAeteJlb), I{ KHHr ,rlJrr AercKoro qreHl{t. Becrua aKTyaJrbHbrMx 6uan, KaK noxasaJlo BpeMs, pa3pa-
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KOpbICTT{, ecnr.r He cqHTaTb BOSMOXHOCTH BpeMq oT BpeMeHn c porcrsengl{KaMn r.r np}rflTeJrflMn no Mocxos-
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cKoMy ynr.rBepcnrery. X.JL Benep AaBHo rroAyMHBan o roM, KaK opraHn3oBarb uJr.rpoKyro npoAaxy cBoHx llsAaHnfi s f,Ierep6ypre, Ho yAo6noro cnyqafl He npeAcraBJrrJrocb. Axale-
MIla HayK a nerep6yprtrne nepennerquxn (V. IIIy6ou n M. Bere) 6paau ero KHnrI{ Ha KoMrrccnrc se6o.nuunMn napTr4s,Mri, a co3.(aHne croJrrrrrnoro Qwtnala 6ulo mrAa Besepy He no cpeAcrBaM. flosroray noqBreHl,te Hosnrosa snMofi 1766 r. B ynr{Bepcnrercxofi rgHxnoft JraBKe npilunocb KaK HeJrb3s Kcraru. Mo;roAofi refi6-roapaeeu, cepbesnbrfi n paccyAHTenbHHfi, noxaaarcr onHrHoMy KoMMepcanTy rrenoBeKoM AenoBHM H 3acnyxnBaror[HM AoBepns. K rouy xe HoBI{KoBy nHqeno He croHJro ornpaBl{Tb c rroJIKoBbIM o6osolr{ s flerep6ypr HecKoJrbKo rloxoB xHHr. ,[,ymaercR, Benep ue AoJrro yroBapnBan Hosxxoea crarb ero nerep6yprcxnu KoMr.rccr{oHepou. 3ra cAeJrKa 6uaa o6oroAoBuroAuoft, osa BnoJrHe coorBercrBoBaJra x(n3HeHHbtM [JIaHaM 6eesecrgoro
yHrep-o$xuepa, MeqraBrxero npocJraBHrb cBoe nMfl rpyAaMr{ Ha norrpnue npocBeqeHr.rfl cooreqecrBeHHnxoB. l3 Qeeparn Berep Bpytrnn Honnxony noA pacrrncKy KHr{rH E KparKocporrnyro ccyAy na -120 py6. <xo4auero poccnftcxolo cepe6pnnom Monerop>. B Flerep6ypre HoauxoB eHeprnqHo rpuHrncr 3a Aeno. ,ILeopnHau 3arpeuarocb B Hapyuenne cocnoBHux npaB KyneqecrBa. saHnMarbcq rHHxHofi roproe.nefi, nogToMy oH HatIaJr noAr{cKnBarb nocpeAHnxa. BgreA sa gTItM s.AxaAeMxrlecKyro runorpaQnro [ocrynr{n or Hero 3aKas Ha neqaraHIte qerbrpexcor aKaeMltnflpoB
Mopcroft, n l(uyrcoHoBoM AoMe>. H, saxoHeq, 28 uapra , a raKx(e oQopruurt no.lnncKy Ha MocKoBcKoe neper{3Aaune nepBoro pyccKoro e}(eMecrqHnra
Br{TenbHoe noHtMaHHe nc}txoJlorr{H pyccKoro gHTaTeJlt H nOxynarens. Koropoe 6uao or,rnqnrelrsoft veprofi scefi eno n3Aare.rrbcKoft n npocnernre.ntHoft Aerre.,rbHocrn. I4g necrporo noroKa KHHlKHbrx HoBr.tHoK oH on6pan ,{,Ba B cBoeil po,qe xJraccflqecKnx o6pasvura. paccquraHHHx Ha arc6rtenefi <eblcoKoro> H : BogBHIueHHo-na3}rAa-
rerbHyto TpareAHn cBoero nepBoro
HacTaBH[Ka
M. M. Xepacxoea (M., lTbb) u c6opnllx KourrrrecKr.r-rxyroBcKr.tx HoBe.nJ coygenHKa no ynr{Bepcnrercrofi
M. A. tlyarora (Cn6., 1266) K roriuy Mar Knr{rfi. npnBe3eHnble Ha Mocxsu, 6nan pacupo4anu, n HoBlrKoBcKafl .llaBKa B AoMe Kynua flerpa l(nyrcona n_pexparnJra cBoe cyuecrBoBanae. Toluro rny6oxofi oceHbx, Hoslxorl nonyqnn npxquraroulnecq eMy 3a rpyA npoqenrs. flyru xounaHboloB HaBcerAa pasorrnr{cb, oahixo'pa6ora c xHnroli yBneKna Honnxosa, r{ oH saAyuar Hc[HTarb cqacrbg s uosoft Aas ce6s ponn Knr{rou3AareJrr. Ero H3AareJrbcKnfi 4e6nr npoIuefi He3auerno. E nor6pr 1766 r HosHxos BbrKyrrnn v ruriorpaenn Cyxonyruoro ura'rrxernoro KaAercKoro xopnyca Becb rnpax (1000 axs.) HaneqaraHHofi codcrsegnbrM Hx(Ar{BeHneM mHentxofi xHnxeq-Kr.r Mopa-nbHbrx HacraB"fleHnft noA Ha3BaHueM <,llyx flu$aropoau 8 s TpylHo renepb cyAnrb, Kax Bcrpenua, pyccKar rtllranulan ny6.rnra crpacrHHe $rann_ nnxu
cMerrrHHK,
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paccyxAeHxflx repofl HoeHxoga cJrbrruen or3ByK ero co6crBeHlrbrx. pa3MbnxJrennft o nu6ope xH3HeHHoro rtonpHlqa, AoctofiHoro qeroBeKa H rpaxAaHr{Ha.
Bunycrua B cBer nepByro KHHry, Hosuros 6 uon6pn roro xe roAa o6paruJrcfl B AraAeunqecKyro rr.rrorpaQur,o c npocl6ofi Haneqararb 600 sxs. AByx noBecrefr <ApucroHoeBbr npuKnnqeHr.rfl, r PoxAenne lrcAefi flpounQeenux>, rIepeBeAeHHbIx ero AaBHHM rrpnf,TeneM M. Vl. flonosbrr{10. CHMeorHrrHo, qro rparnqecKaq tereHAa o MoryqeM T[TaHe, AapoBaBIxeM .rrroAflM cBer 3Hanufr n xecroxo HaI(a3aHHoM 3a gro 6orauu, noflBu.rracb o nerep6yprcKux KHI.{xHbIx JIaBKax B Tor AeHb, KorAa ExarepnHa II no4nnca.na naaHnQecr o co3HBe Kourccllx no cocraBneHnro HoBoro VroxeHuq.
1767 r.6ur nepe.noMubrM 3TanoM B xH3HH HaqfiHauqero H3AareJrff. 3l uro;rn n Mocxny co Bcex KoHuoB Pocclll ctexaJrr.rcb Aenyrarbr 6raropo4uoro n noAarHHX (xpor,le noMer{Hrrbr{x rpectnu) coc.nonafi, qro6u o6cyAnrt H [pHHRTb HoBoe Vloxeune - cBoA rocyAapcrBeunbrx 3aKoHoB, onpeAe,rflrculnx npaBa u o6ssanuocru noAAaHHbilx pyccKofi xopo-
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3HaJra croJrb rroJtHoMortHoro co6paHr.tfl HapoAHrilx npeAcraBr.rreleft, H He yAHBHTeJrbr{o, qro cnopbt, pa3nopeBunecfl BoKpyr KoMHccHLI, orrecHfiJru ua saAHr.tfi nJIaH Bce ocraJtbHble npo-
6.neuu o6ulecrseHnoft xr.rsnH. frasHbrrvr co6HrHeu ,u,Hs craJr AenyraraM, co6crseHnopyrrHo cKoMnnnHpoaaHuHft LIMneparpHtleft sg coquHeHnft sanaAHoeBponeftcxr.rx [pocBerxre.nefi.
Canrufi He.nn{enpnnrHufi 6norpaQ ExarepnHu II ue Moxer He Bo3Aarb AoJrlr(Hoe ocrpore yua erofi HesaypaAnoft npaBr.ITenbHn[u,
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Ko oHa flBHo HeAooqenr{Jra cBorix noAAaHHbrx. Cpe4n 4eny-
TaroB Kouucclll.r o coqHHeHnH HoBoro VJloxeH[q oKa3aJlocb HeMaro lrcrnnnHx narprroroB, lnaeft c vyrxofi coBecrbro H 3..(paBHM yMoM. Hx nucryn.[eHufl, a raKxe corHr{ HaKa3oB
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o6qecree.
flepnoe BpeMr Exarepnna Il ne npr.r4aBaJra 6oauurono sHarIeHHt peqaM AerryraroB, u6o xopouro gHara, qro nocneA-
Hee croBo ocrauercfl sa Heft. Mexay reM 3aceAannn s KpeM,neBcKoM ABOpqe BCe AaJrbrxe oTK.noHrJrHcb oT rrepBoHaqanbHoro cl1eHapnfl, a ero ycrponTern, HeBeAoMo A.nr ce6s, co.
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Beprrrarn orrn6Ky sa orrra6Koft. I4u$eparpnqa pacnopffAlrJracb HaflpaBr.rrb B Kounccuro AJrff BeAeHrr nncbMenublx Aen san6oree cnoco6nux n o6pasooanubtx MoJroAHx o0uqepoB.
KaH4n;rarypa Hnro.rraq Hosnrosa na nepnHfi ssrrsA snorse orBeqara ernu rpe6oBaHHflM, n rpaQ K. f. Pasyuoscrnfi noArrncaJr
l7 aerycra
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npnKa3 o ero HoBoM Ha3Haqe-
unn. Mor Jrr{ npeABuAerb KoMaHAap Heuafi.noBcKoro
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opyAr{r uoHaprueft Bonn, Koropar orBoa}rJracb (nporoxo.rrucry) uacruoft romnccnn . flonropa roAa cryx6u n l(ounccul.r orKpbrJrr{ Hoaurony rJra3a Ha HcrHHHoe noro}KeHr.re AeJr B crpaue; 3Aecb oH npouen no.nuuft Kypc rpaxAaHcxoro BocnHTaHHt, yTBepAHnCt B CBOHX nOJrr{TUqeCK[X CHMnaTHsx u aHrr{narnqx, npNo6pe.n BKyc K o6ulecrseunofi AeqrerlHOCTI{.
IlocreneHHo aruocQepa s Korvtr.rccnu HaKaJrnJracb Ao npeOrronocKu xapKltx cnopoB o 6yayureru Poccr.rr.r MexAy
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rxnpoKyro ny6.rmxy, cer cMqreHr.re B yMax. Taxofi noBopor co6urnfi He ycrpauBaJr Exarepnny II, n ona nocnerrrnJra npeKparr{Tb cnoBonpeHHf AenyTaToB, pacnycTHB Hx B KoH-
ue 1768 r. no AoMaM. Haqasuascs noftHa c Typuneft npnrrJJracb KaK HeJIb3r Kcrarr.r. 3oou opyxufl garnylrrnJr roJloca HeAoBoJrbHlJx. O,u,Haxo He raK-ro npocro 6u.no oAsllu MaxoM nepeqepKHyTb rxHpoKo pa3peKJraMrrpoBar{Hbre npoeKTH rocyAapcrBeHHux peQopu. 3ro MorJro r.rMerb uexe;rarelrnufi A.nq Exarepnubr nonxflr.recxnft pe3oHanc sa py6exoM, Ai H BHyrpr{ crpaHbr no3nur{H 4noprHcxoft Qpouau ocraBaJrncb eule AocraToqHo cr.urbHurrlu. crpeuncr orpaAHTb ce6q or o6suHeHuft B Aecnorl{gMe, oHa lepenox(ilna orBercrBeHHocrb ga pocnycK Kouuccnn Ha crpoflrr.rBbrx AenyraroB, He noxe-
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c AorxHbIM 6rarorogeHneM npnHtrb ee MHJIoCTLI-
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BHe 3axonbr,
pea.rruofi nepc[eKTr{Bbl cou[anbrroro pasBr.rrns Poccl.u Ha nnxaitnne Aecfl TuJrerr.rs npoBo3rJr arrr a Jrct nyrb HpaBcrBeHHrilx npeo6paaonaHnrt o6ulecrsa, npocBeuleHr.rq yMoB u cMtrqeHnq cepAe[. Iloucxll Qopr*r, B Koropbrx Aolxna 6una npoBoAr{Tbct oqepeAHaq noruiuqecKafl KaMrIaHLIfl, HanoMHnnn ExarepnHe II o .nro6r.ruoM ero B roHocrn aHr.nnftcrou MopanHcrHrrecKoM x(ypHafle . <.IIerqe Jrr.rcr 6
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npoqecrb, HexeJrr.r Knr{ry, oHa. - paccyxAaJra - Muorue,c KHr{ry B3rB B pyKr{, yxe 3eBaroT, a nHcToqKy naBcTpeqy ynu6xoft 6eryr> tl. Tax nof,BnJrcfl Ha cBer nepsufi e Poccn[ HpaBoyrrHTenbHo-carrpaqecxnfi exeHeAeJrbHltK . Ero sAoxnoBr{reJreM n HepracHblM peAaKTopoM 6u.na nuneparpHqa. O6tqsns ce6n <6a6yurnofi> HoBoro noKoJreHufl pyccKnx xypHanoB, , roropuft He saxoreJr r{rparb B xypHanncruKy no ttpaBr{JraM, npeanaqepraHHbrM <6a6yrurofi >.
loprxo 6ulo Hnxo.naro Honnxony u ero cBepcrHnKaM paccraBarbcr c K,HotlecKHMH r{nJrro3ntMu. IInHnqHufi yras ExarepnHu II o pocnycKe 3axoHo4arearnofi Kounccnll He ocraBJrflJr HaAexA Ha cKopbre nepeMenH n o6qecrgeHHofi xH3Ha Poccnr.r. flepcnexrnna crarb noKopHHM ncnoJrHnTeneM pacnopskeHnfi cBbrrrre He npr.rBJrexara Hosnxosa. BoeHHaq cnyx6a npeAcraBntnacb eMy <6ecnoxofinorc n yrne. Taroqen qenoBeqecreo>. .[,.na (np[rKa3Hux> 4ea ou 6u.n cJrnrrrKoM ttpnHunrnaneH ll 6pesr.nnn. flpn4nopHafl AoJrx(Hocrb ..1-Io?Tony npn nepBoM xe yAodHou cJryqae, snruofi lZ69 r. noBHKoB HaBcerAa ocraBr.tJr rocyAapcrBeHHyro cnyx6y, peruna 6espa3AenbHo rrocBrrurb ce6a 4e;ry npocBeuleHr{t COOTEIIECTBCHHHKOB.
Ilepnue onbrrbr ugAarenbcKofi ,(entettHocru [oKa3aJrr{ Honaxony, HacKoJrbxo BeJrr{Ka Mopanbnas orBercrBenHocrb rrepeA g6qecrsoM rre.rroBeKa, B3tBrxero Ha ce6s MHororpyAHHe o6ggaHHocrl.t [ocpeAHnKa Mex,(y corrHHr.ITerrMH H rIH-
TarerflMtr. Conpeueunux eMy HsAarereft-KoMMepcaHToB MaJro BoJrHoBa.rra 3TnqecKafl cropoHa Hx peMecna. Kggra 6u.na Ans (napHaccKr.rx ulenerrJrbHnKoB> (ulenernrrsnxaMH Ha3brBaJIH B To BpeMf, MeJrK[x roprosqes) TaKnM xe
xoAoBbIM TOBapOM, KaK (CHypKH, SanOHKH H HanepcTKH), LI oHI{ .lterKo npnHopaBn[Banr.tcb x aro6nu BKycaM rroKynareaeft. boauuoft QaHrasnr EJrfl aroro He rpe6oralocr. He-
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BeHHHx yuon. He MeHb[Iyro oflacuocrb AJtf, rIHT?T€al€fi [peAcTaBJIqnil aBaHTnpHo-gpornqecKr.re poMaHbI, HaBoAHHBure pyccraft rHnxuufi pbrHoK. JIoura rpaAuur{oHsux AoMocrpoeBcKlx HopM o6ulexnrltq noA B.nHflHHeM cKerrrnqecKnx r.rAefi 0paHuy3cKoro flpocneuleHns 6uaa Hcro;tKoBaHa MaJloo6pasonauuuMr.r ABopffHcKHMH HeAopocJrflMr.r ll r.rx noApyraMn B qHcTo HHrHJrncTr{qecKoM Ayxe, KaK KpyrrreHne Bcex HpaBcrBeHHbrx ycroeB. Ha norpe6y arHM uraplKr{poBaHHblM KOril{sM napHXCKHX nerHMeTpOB r..rsAaBa.nr{cb 3J1O BbIcMeRHHbIe HosilxosHrvl lruKaHTHHe coqHHeHHr aMypHbIx Aen MacTepoB , H
sblx>. H3AaHr{fl nerpoBcKoro BpeMeHH 3aqacryl,o 6u.nn nparMaTHqHbr H CKyqHbr, oAHaKO nepBbie no[HTKr{ paclrrHpHTb xnuxHstfi penepryap HocHJn{ flBHo couHHrensuuft xapaKTep.
HosHxos B Bonpocax Hs,r,arerrcxofi noJurrr'rKr.r 3aHflJr pa3 n HaBCerAa IIpHHIIHIIHaJIbHyI,O nosLIqHIO, I{CKJIIOqaBIIIyIO .nn6ue KoM[poMnccbr c coBecrbrc paAH npno6pereHr{fl MaTepr.raJrbHblx BbIroA. Bunycxan B cBer oceHbro 1768 r. rpn TOHeHbKr.re KHH)KeqKl{ CTTTXOB CBOeTO COCnyX(r{BrIa nO CeKperapcxofi pa6ore s KoMr.rccua, TaJTaHTJTI{Boro H caMo6bITHo-
fo nosra B. H. MafixoBa 12, oH eABa JIH Mor paccqnTblBarb xaroHa npn6u.nb or Hx npoAaxa. <9epr MeHfl Aepnyn,
BaJrcfl HonHxooy rroJrroAa cttycrfl apyroft nncarenb-pa3no-
A. O. A6;lecHMoB, sa caMoe pasopx- npnHnrbcff TeJIbHoe y[pa)KHeHHe, a HMeHHo: 3a crllxorBopcrBo. f coqHHLIJT CKa3KLI B CTgXaX n XOTeJI HX HalerlaTaTb, HO OT MeHf qnHerl
3a HafleqaraHHe rpe6onann AeHer npexAe Harlerlaranxg. Barrr 6es coMHeHHq ri3BecrHo, qro JroAH Moero npoMblcna AeHbrn notrxTal,o? peAKocrr{ro, a eu1e 6oluue re, KoropHe or crnxoB nponnTaHne r{Meror... fl uct
ero, rrro6bl oH KHI.IXKy MoIo KyII{JI H HanegaraJr. focnoAnH aBTop, cKa3aJI oI{ MHe, 3Haere rI{ BbI, qro nnarl.rrb AeHbfH 3a HaIIetIaraHI{e crlrxoB TaK x<e npN6n.nruo, KaK H n.naTr..rTb 3a nalcKHe LIHAyJlbreHIllIH. f Onuraun y3HaJr. rrro cTHxaMH pacroproBarbcfl snxaxofi HeT HaAex-
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o6ulecrnesnofi sna.rfiuocrn Haqaroro r.rM Aena noAAepx(HBaJro r.r3Aarert B qacbr coMnennft, r{ oH, HeB3Hpaf Ha y6bITKH, Bbrnycxan corrnueHns cBonx 4pysefi H eAHHoMr'Iu.neHHHKoB, nr.rcarerrefi-paenounnues M. H. flonoea, B. H. Maiixona, A. O. A6.rrecHnosa n VI. A. llrrrnrpencKoro. 3auerHu, vro y6urxr.r 6uls ne raK yx< BerHKr{. Tnpax e 60 exg. KHHxeqKH uafrxoscxax crnxoB o6ourelcs Hoenxoay z 2 py6. 40 ron., 250 axs. s 3 py6. 24 xon. Tanofi pac, xoA 6ru BnorHe no KapMaHy- noMeuluKy cpe4Hefi pyKH, HeKOTOpaR qacTb 3aTpaT HeCOMHeHHO Bo3MeElaracb co BpeMeHeM, a o npn6rrlax oH noKa erqe tl He AyMan. Crenrn'Iecxoe orHor[enne rrnTarereft x rpy.uaM nnca?eaeft-cooreqecrBennnKoB AaneKo He BcerAa cgHAereJrbcrBosaao o6 Hx KocMononHTEsMe r.rJrn HeBexectne. !,axe caMHM peBHocrHbru narpr{oraM HacKyqun rpaAr{uroHnrlft penepry. ap pyccxoft cJroBecHocrn: nanerr.rptrqecKne crilxn t{ AoMopoIrleHubre nepeAenKr{ qyx$eMHbrx roue4nft. Crorulo HosH. KoBy BbrcTynlrTb B floBOM aMnnya H3AaTeJrfi ocfpocaTuprrqe. cKoro exeHeAeJrbHnKa, xaK K HeMy IIpHurJtn craBa I1 noMuepvecrnfi ycnex. Bnxo4 nepBbrx HoMepoB:rypnara *Tpy. regb> BbrsBar e o6ulecrBe ofpoMuufi nnrepec Bcex nopagrra sro6oAHeBH@Tb H Merftocrb o6tkcxterlnHx gapncoBoK, rre3aBncr.rMocrb cyx4exnfi H crpacrnar ny6.nnuxcrn'lHocrb HoBr.rxoBcKoro nHToMrIa. Kasa.ncct, qro oH lloAcry[raJt TO, O qeu UIenTaJIr.rCb B Ca.rloHax It TpaKnrpax, cyuel no TbICAqe HeJIKHX CHMnTOMOB pacno3HaTb npH3rraKH cMeD" relrnofi 6olesHn, rroAtaqnBaBuefi pyccxoe o6ulecrso. Honnxon 6n;r se roJrbKo HsAareJreil{ >Kypfral,a, Ho tt caMbrM aKrHBHbrM ero aBropou. Vporu, ilpenoAaHHbre eMy Aenyraraulr xoMnccr{t,I , fie fipotfiIfit AapoM. C xaxAuu AHeM or{ gce d-oaume y6exaalcn r geHsdexHocrn ocrporo coqr{aJrbHoro ron$;tnrra Mex.(y <6.nargpo^uuu> cocJroBHeM r yrHeTetlHbrtft{ r{accai{tr. Eutt TpeBofy Bor qro 6HJro, no ero MlreHrrn, B ro BpeMt B6tcrrrnu rpaxAaHcKHM AoJrroM. 2S-nernnfi xypnanucr aKagailcq lrpogopnngee n AaJrbHoBHAHee y6e.neHrtux cehu*awn rocyAapcrBeHHbrx uyxefi. . Vz6paz arr{ crpor(H H3 npnrqn Cyruapoxoea snllrpaSou n , Honrnop nptxo rr oflrpulo aarstr.ll qfi?aTerffM o cBoHX rIO.nI'THTIeCKUX CHMnafltfrX fl arlunaTnt5
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rleJroBeqecKHe cJla6ocrl{ I{ nopoKlt, a caMHe oTBPaT[TenbHHe tsBH COBPeMeHHOTO pyccKoro o6qecrBa npoll3Bon xpenocrHl{KoB, JII{xoHMcrBo qRHoBHI{CTatI{ MI{KOB, KOCMOIOIHTI{3M ABOpTHCKLIX TpyTHeft rrreHbKr Anf, crpen HoBr{KoBcKofi carupu.
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surugfifi 6aaroc.rrosrffer nx rpyAbl r{ HarpaxAaet, a Ee3paccyA ux o6npaer>. Pa.InrerrHuft xogqun 400 xpenocrHblx Ayur, HornKoB He co6npa;rcr 4o6pouoaruo paccraBarbcs co cBoHMr{ A,oxoAaMH }r ltpr{Bnnernf,,Mrr. Ero no.nnrnqecraf, [porpaMMa 6Hra secnMa yMepeHnofi. B ro xe BpeMr oH xopolrro noHr{Max, qro aro6orvry repneHl{Io yrnereunbtx ecrb npeaeJr. fHesno ocyxAar 6essaxoune I{ npoltsBoJl uapcKnx qI,IHOBHHKOB, OH BHAEJI B HI{X HIABHbIX BI,IHOBHI{KOB HAPOAHbrx Bo3Myuennft. Xecrorocrr n 6esnpaBcrBeHuocrb ABopflHcKr{x rpyrHefi TaH.rrH n ce6e, no ero MHeHI.IIo, cMepreJlb-
Hyrl yrposy 6aarononyrlxlo H caMoMy cyulecrBoBaHlrlo scero 6raropoAHoro coc.rroBnn. H se to.nrxo a6crpaxrHHfi ryMaHH3M, Ho H gJreMeurapHufi e4parHfi cMbIcJI noAcKa3bt'
BaJr Honuxooy eAnHcrBeHHo peanbHoe B Tex yctoBl'Itx cpeAcrBo, cnoco6uoe xorq 6u sa BpeMt npeAorBparl'ITb ocrpuft coq[anbnHft xottQ;tnxr: ABoptHaM ryque nocry' nnrbcfl cBonMH 6espaccyaHblMx npnxortMn, qeM noreptrb npeAynpexAan oH xecroKocep,4,sce. .
Kasarocr 6u, HonHroB Bblcryltna n col'o3HnAaxe nocJleAoBareneM ExarcpnHu II. 3axoHnocru, 9TI{ OCHOBOnOJIaranul}re ryMaHHocrb r{ yMepeHnocrb KoM H
npfi HlIHn bI rccyAapcrBeHuoro npaBJleHnt
6Hlu ropxecrBenHo npoBo3rnaueHH HMneparp[ueft s Kounccrn o coqr.rHeHELI HoBoro V.noxeHug. flpososr.nanrenbl... H npoq' Ho sa6Hrbl! oH TaK l,t He notyqut. HosHxoBy xe BMecro o6oapeHlla rr noAAepxKI{ AaJILI nOHtTb, qTo oH He B cBoI{ caHll caAItTCs' AepsKo noyqar yMy-PasyMy <6onrutnx 6onp>. Erarepnna l6
6uaa ne Ha ruyrKy pa3rHeBana. Hoopna c Koutlccueft noBropflJracb, H ee ocrpoyuutlfi orsrexaloulnfr MaHeBp rpo_3I'lJI SAKOHIIHTbCR OqCPCAHHM NOJIHT}IqECKIIM CKAHAAJIOM.
HA-
qaJrbcrBenHble oI(pHKIr TpyAHo Aaxe Ha-
3Barb Ju.rreparypnofi noleunrofi. flepnoe BpeMfl peAaKrop nbITaJIct nx He 3aMeqarb LIJIH BbIcMeHBat.
noxa Bcgxaf BcflqHHa, coo6uraJl oH rII{TareJIflM' - HaIIncaJra, qro nsruft rncr Tpyrnfl yHnqroxaer. H 3To KaK-To cKa3aHo He [o-pyccKll; yHHTITOXHTb, TO-eCTb B HHTITO npeBparl{Tb, ecrb cJIoBo, caMoBJacr[n cgoficrBeHHoe, a raKI'tM 6esAer[uaM, KaK ee JILICTKH, HnKaKaq BJIacrb He nprlanrlHa; yHnqrox(aer Bepxnflq BJIacrb xaxoe-Hx6yAb npaBo ApyrHM. Ho c rocnoxn Bcsxoft BcflqHHbI lloBonbHo 6u 6ulo HanI{carb, qro npe3r{paer, a He yHnqroxaer MoIo rpLITHxy. Cux
x<e JTHCTKoB MHOXeCTBO HOCHTCff nO pyKaM, LITaK t,tx gCeX efi yHHTITOXUTb ge MOXHO> t5.
Hosfiroe He npeyBenr.rq[Ban nonynrpHocrl{ cBoero xypHana. PasHortHHHaq qllTareJrbcKafl ayAr{Topl{fl ero ropqqo Bcrpernna. A. O. A6necHMoB coo6uar H3AareJII,o , rITo ero exeHeAeJIbHHK , tl r{cKa.[ c HHM apyx6u lo; crapruuft <6pat> HoBHKoBcKoro BHpaxaJr cBom cHMnarHro r{ noAAepxKy groMy orBaxHoMy <Apyly qe.noBesecrBa> 17. Ornocnrenluo cxponaHufi rupa)K nepBHx 12 noruepon (626 srs.) pasolrencq noqr[ MrHoBeHHo. C xouqa nrolg 1769 r., Bcero nHrrrb TpH Mecflrla cnycTq nocJle rroflBJreHHf Ha cBeT, THpax xypHaJra BHpoc BABoe (ao 1240 sra.), n H3Aarenro npn-
.
Ill.flocb cpoqHo AeJraTb 3aKa3 Ha AoneqaTl(y nepBblx tHcToB. B ro xe BpeMr rruTare.rln flcno r{ HeABycMbIcneHHo orKa3aJrH B rrpH3HaHr{H . Ee rnpax 3a roA coKparnncfl B rpn pa3a: c 1500 ao 500 ex3. 18 XypHa.l Hoeuroga He gaJrexHBaJrcfl B KHr{xHLrx naBxax HecMOTpfl Ha TO, rrTO H3AaTeJIb Ha3Harr[Jr 3a HerO AOBOJTbHO BblcoKyro ueHy, B fiflTb pag npeBbrrrrapqyn ero ce6ecronMocrb: no 4 ron. sa HeAeJrbnuft nnnycx na cepoft 6yuare re u uo I py6. 40 xon. sa roAosoft KoMn<.nrc6cxofi>, ycrynnn noAflficrraKaM ToJrbKo JIeKT Ha 6e.nofi 4 xon. c o6qefi- crouMocru 36-rn .nacros. B 1770 r. noArrucHar ueHa Ha < 6una yBennqeHa ao 2 py6., a uepbs ABa roAa Knrroroproseu K. B. Mu;urep rpe6oaal c noKy-
narenefi yxe 8 py6. sa ABa roAoBhrx KoMrrJreKra. Vcnexy xypnana s Her\aaJofi creneHH cnoco6crsoBaJrH MHorocropoHHHe cBfl3n Hosnrosa c Mocrsoft l,t [poBr{Huuefi. XapaxTepno, qro s MocKBe orAeJrbnHe Bbr[ycKr{ n KoMlreKTbr
t7
npoAaBanr{cb no nerep6yprcxofi qene He rorbKo
B conuAHbrx KHHxH[lx JtaBKax VHnnepcnrera H nepenJrerqr xa Pu4trepa, Ho H sa CnaccxoM Mocrv v roDfoBueB nonv_
.nnp1ofi3 HapoAe ay6ouHofi xsrrofi fl. AbtipuriuHa, f. l4aitHa, I._lterpoBa. Ecero, no noAcqeranr B. fl. CeueHnurooa, nepaufi xe ro4 lrs1arus, np[Hec Hoanroay ueen_ 4anHuft B ro, BpeMr AoxdA ._ 6o.nee t000 py6. Hall6oaee ocrp_bre u :;ro6o4HeBHbte MarepHaJlbr ltoBHKoBcKot o x(ypHana
(ns II, VI, IX ;{ Apyrax lrcroe) BoniJrr{ cocrasHofi qacrbK, B rpa4HrlHoHHHe pyKorrxcHbre c6opuaxn napoAHoft carnpbr,". ?lx qKran|/ H fiepenncbrBanH Apyr y Apyra Kyrr(H H MeIrIaHe, MacTepoBbre H rpaMoTHbte KpecTbgHe Bo Beex yror_
xax Pocclnt, rtr4Tailil... H Aenanil Bb[BoAH, HepeAKo ropasAo 6onee paA'Kanb'bre, qeM roro xoreno"" cu"d"y Aouui*o-fr. 3ro se MofJro ocrarbcfl 6eauaxasaHHuu. Exarep;;-ii BCerAa cTpaurnacb rJracHocTr{ H peruHTenbHo fipeceKana an6ue norruTKr.r cBoHx rroAAaHHblx BMerxnBarbcff B AeJIa -rocyAapcrBeuHoro fipaBneHufl. BuxoA B cBer [recroro JrHcra c carr.rpr{qecKnM o6tssle}rnem o Ha6ope nrc_
6onnuroe AJtn
KoKerKH> 6*r, socnprnHrr HMrreparpxrtefi xax Jrxrrnoe ocxop6leHNe. 4 Htoaq 1769 r. lpaQ B. f. Op.noa KareropuqecKn 3anpernn Bbrrrycrarb lrg AxaAeunqecxofi rnnorpaQuu xaxue-nu6o il3AaHHn B rrpoAaxy H coo6qarb o HHx B ra3erax [pex(Ae, qeu . flqrb 4Hefr cnycrs [ocneAoBaJro HOBOe rrpeAnHcaHr.re o AocTaBKe BO {Bopeu co cfieqfianbHbtM KypbepoM cRe)KeorneqaraHHbtx HoMepoB n 2t, a 22 nnlg ExareD$Ha noBe.[eJra <[Merb 3a H3AaBaeMbrMr{ JIHCTaMIi caMoe cTporoe ga6arcAeHHe>22.
B nepeue roAbr eKarepr{Hxncxoro
qapcrBoBaHr{fl aKaAe-
(6o.lrurefi qacrbio nroAr.r npocBeil,eHnbre n CsO6oAortlucnnulne) oTHocHnHcb K cBoHM o6ssaHHoCtRIr{ He cJlHruKol,r 4odpocorecrHo. C noqsneHr{eu car}rpfiqecrnx xypuaJroB noroxeHfle pe3Ko H3Merrnnocb. B ycnornrx, KOrAa .nn6oft npoMax Mor.[H npnpaBgrTb K FocyAapcrBeH_ aKaAeMnK Io{y __npecTynneHrro, ueH3op C. K. Korenbur.rKoB yrponn csoro 6Ar.rreabHocrb.LleHsypHue npefionbl cepbe3Ho ocJroxnnnn pa6ory ns.larelx. Bxxog B cBer repBbrx HoMepoB ero xyoHara sa 177,0 r. saAepxancfl Ha Mecru23, H HoeHxory abaeft-Heroreft npurunoct c6asurb roH. t{nrare.na 6ucrpo 3aMernJut sry nepeMeHy. <
. Tx eoBceu crat He ro,r... I BOH KHHrOnpoAaBeu cKa3bIBaJI, rrTo HbrHerlrHero FoAa
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JilrcToB He noKynanT H B AecqTylo Ao.10 [poTHB npexHero> 24. Hosnxos H caM xopomo noHI'IMa.iI, qro xypHaJI Tepfl-
er 6u.nyro nonynflpHocrb, oAHaKo He B efo cuJlax 6uro 'IrorH6o HslueHutt. Og cqel 3a 6naro ,
cBoero (pa3ryqHTbct>) c q[TaTeJIf MI'1. > B
orKpIilToM 6oto co cBoHM n[TeparypHblM conepnuxotrl. floHlrMara gro Ir Exatepnna, xoropoft ocraBaJlocb roJIbKo AeJraTb Br{A, qro oHa LIfHOpxpyeT Aep3KIte BbIXOAKI'I <seJleoH ocrelle:tttrcq!.. Horo> nHua. flpofi4er BpeMs Ha nepnufi B3rrqA Moxer- noKa3arbqfl, qro HosHKoB B 1770-e rr. n BnpaBAy rlpllcMupe.n. HayueHuufr roplxllM onblToM, MoJroAoft
c
xypna;rncr ug6era.n orKpblTbrx croJIxuoseuHft
HMneparpuqeii u Aaxe cyMeJt Ha KaKoe-ro BpeMq 3apyqr.rrbcq ee corIyBcrBHeM H noAAep)KKofi B ocyuiec'rB.fleHltll
cBolrx [pocBerr.rreJlbHblx 3aMbIcJIoB. Bce sro raK, oAIIaKo HoBbre carr.rpnrrecKne xypHaJlu Hoexxoea I{ <Xtisonuceu> HarJrflAHo cBLIAereJIbcrBoBaJIH o roM, qro I{x Hs!.areJrb He cJro)KH,'l opyxltf n 6ops6e 3a yMLI il cepAua corpaxAaH. VxpunurNcb 3a unpMoft nocropxreHHblx IIaHernpr.rKoB Exarepune II n ee Sanopnram, oH .i:o6pa3HJI I\{erxofi N cuenoft KrrcrFlo qyAoBHIqHbIft nanonruxyu BepIxHteleft cyae6 pyccKoro :rapJAa, crapblx 3HaiioMblx tl}.{-
rare,'left <-) A <<6espaccyAOB>>. B rpemeu v31a*nv <Xnsonrcua> (1775) BepHorIoAAaHI'Iqecxuft xauyQ.nrx 6un or6pouren. flo cyqecrBoBaBueMy a Poccur.r saKoHoAareJlbcrBy, nepelrsAaHllfl He ltpoxoAHJIH qepe3 uen3ypy, u HonuKoB, BoclIoJIb3oBaBIIIHcb oTI'IM, 3aMeHnJr penTHJrbHhle oAr,I nan6o.nee ocTpbIMLl, He rloTepflBIIJI'lMIl sro6or,r:esuocrrr crarbrMLI tt3 . tlnrare.ns no Ao-
crouHcrBy ouenHJIII ero rpyAbl. Jlnreparypsufr t't KoMMep.recxnfi yc[ex Hosnxosa-carfipHKa flBneH{e _6_e_cnpeqe-
AeHTHoe B HcropIIH pyccKoro KHLIII(Horo ae.na XVIII cro"[e'tug25.,[,entrn n cnaBa npulxnu K Bqepa eu1e 6esnecrHouy ropyqHKy.
XilgHl
noArBepALIna caMble neccnMllcrtlqecKHe nporHo-
gH Hosfixona. Kponrn H cJIe3aM[ 3a[JIarI{JIo pyccKoe ABoptttcTBo B AHlt r,ryraqeBcKoro BoccTaHl{fl 3a cBOIo HeAaJIbHO-
MonoAofi xypualucr 6u.n ruy6oxo norpflceH xecroKocrbro BoccraBurllx H nx naJlaqefi. Tolrxo renepb Hoeuxos no-HacroqureMy oco3HaJI, KaK rpyAeH I'I Herlpo-
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ocBquIeHHbrMr{ TpaAnuHefi npeApaccyAraMn.
B noncxax noenrnsHofi npoiparr,run o6qecrseHHux npeo6pasonaunft, cnoco6Hofi yBnerrb coorerrecrBeuHltKoB, oH o6paruncn r pyccroft ncropr.rn. Moxer 6urr rau, B AaBHo noga6urux BpeMenax, Aefi crsHreabno garepf,.rtcs , O BO3BpauIeHHr{ K KOTOPOMy MerrTan BoxAb KoHcepBa_ tngnoft geopnxcxofi tpponau KHfl3b M. M. Illep6aroa. H-HoBr.rKoB co sceft npncyuteft eMy gHepr.uefi norpysuncr B r{gy-
xaprnfi H MaHycKpr.rnroB. flarpnornvecxufi nopbrB r{3AareJrs oKa3aJrcg KaK He.lIb3t 6oree cBoeBpeMeHHuu. BuxoA Poccnlr Ha MnpoByro apeny B cepeAnHe XVIII B. aKrHBHo cnoco6crsoBan pocry HaunolreHne crapHHHbrx
HanbHoro caMoco3gaHr{s Haurnx [peAKoB. C pennneuM BHII-
MaHHeM cJreAHJrH pyccKne rrnrareJru
sa rax,Eofi ny6nnraunefi s sanaAnoenponeficxofi ne,larn, [ocBf,rqeHnofi ux crpaHe. flpr.ro6uteHlre sonoft sernxofi AepxaBH K ceMbe npocBerqeHHbtrx,
Jllrreparopauu 3anaAa. CHncxoAnrenbHo-npeHe6pexr{TenbHOe OTHOUeHT{e K (BapBapaM-MOCKOBHTaM>
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s ee 6oarurue
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Aarero
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sa py6exaun Poccnu pa3AeJrflJrn 9Ty r. n flapnxe noqBxrocb
rorrKy 3peHr.rr. B cepe4r.rne 1768
ceHcaur{oHHoe coqHHeHHe H3Becrrroro Qpaguy3cKoro acrpo-
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Ocrportry rJra3y yqeHoro a66ara orKpbrBanncr no scefi cnoeft uarore KaprnHbr xr.r3Hn nenonsrnofi n He c.rrnlrlxoM npl{srexarerlHofi Anfl npocBerqeuHoro enponefiqa. OAnaro fl3BnTerbHble 3aMeqanr.rs o <6raroAeHcrBr.rn> KpenocrHHx ttor. HroM HenocuJrbHofi pa6orn n npo3parlHHe HaMeKr.r Ha eQeuepnocrb eKarepnHHHcKHx pe$oprr,r HepeAKo nepeDacra;rn n rpy6ne HanaAKn Ha pyccxnft HapoA, Ha pyccKylo
Kynbrypy. Cro.rrr 6esanenrsrlnonnnft npIlroBop oAHoMy H3 sernqafirunx HapoAoB Ml.rpa Bbr3Ban c[paBeAJIHBoe HeroAoBanr.re y MHortlx apygefi Poccnn. He uor.nn, ecrecrBeHno, cMorqarb n ocxop6.nensue [IannoM pyccKr{e. Oaus ga ApyrHM B nOJreMHKy C B[TCOKOMepHbIM nyTeUreCTBeHHI{KOM n ero eAHHoMbIrxJIeHHlrKaMn Bcrynnnt,t auoHl.rtusuft corlnHHTeJIb nep Boro 6uo6vt6 nuorp a Qnvecxoro cnoBa pfl pyccxnx nucare-
Eratepuna II, ns4aouaa n 1770 r' KplrrnqecKnli o KHHre lllanna c MHoro3HaqI{TeJIbHbIM Ha3BaHIleM (), peAaKrop nepBoro 6n6lno' rpaQnuecroro xypHana s Poccuu
.nefi26,
oqepK
20
(1772-1789), nerep6yprcrnfi yvegufi f. .n. X. Eaxueficrep H. H. Hosnxos. 30 Mapra 1772 r- nepennerqnKn Vl- X. Eerxe lr K. B. Mn.n;rep r{3Becrnru qnrarerefi o noc"yn,JreHnn B npoAaxy , co6paunoro <ns pa3nblx ilegarHblx H pyKonncHbrx ruur, coo6uleHuux Ir3necraft n cnoBecHblx npe4aunft> Huro.naeu Hosurosbllrr. Eno nsAarenb npoAenan orpoMHyp pa6ory, BbrqBrnfl H cBoAfl BoeAHHo cBeAeHr.tr o 317-rn pyccKnx nucareJrflx r1 yqeHblx. HosHxon ropflqo noAAepxan coqnHHTerbHHlry B ee crpeMJreHHH AoKa3arb BceMy MHpy, qro pyccKaf Kynbrypa HMeer MnoroBexoByro Hcropnro 27. On BocKpecr.rJr HMeHa nepBblx npocBeruTe.nefi Pycn Hecropa n Maxapss, Bo3AaJr AoJrxHoe Kanrerr BcneA 3a HHMH
MI{pa, J-IoraoHocosa, Tpe4naroBcKoro r{ Hx npeATeq Cnueo-
ua floaoqroro n @eoQana flporonoBuqa, TeJrflM o
HanoMHr{Jr qnra-
gacnyrax nepeA oreqecrBenHofi caosecHocrbro cBorrx
yvnre.nefi H Xepacrooa. OAsaxo B orIeHKe - CyuapoxoBa coBpeMeHHHx nr.rreparypHux re.renuft no3r{rlnr{ Exarepnuu II n r{gAareJrf, oxa3aJlucb Ar.raMerpanbHo npoTuBonoJIoxHHMH. Cnnnarnn Honuxona, ec?ecrBeuHo, 6u;tu Ha cmpoHe MoJroAHx nncare.nefi AeMoKparnrrecroro Jarepq, 6argxnx eMy no o6paey ruscaefi H noHr{MaHr{n 3aAaq r[reparypH E. Vl. OoHsnsHHa, O. A. 3uuna, B. H. Mafixosa tu M. I{.- flonona, a B xapaKTepr{crnKax npnABopubrx oAonHcrIeB tBHo AaBano ce6s gHarb MerKoe H 6esxarocrHoe nepo peAaKropa . Corcs nporns o6qero Bpara nplrrnyruun, Ho He ycrpa-
paggoraacrfi MexAy ErarepnHofi II u Hosnxoebru. flpanAa, Ao nopbr Ao BpeMeHH HMneparpr{qa npeAnoqHrara He gaueqarb ero Aep3KHX BbrnaAoB. Vxe so BpeMfl pa6orn HaA cnoBapeM oHa orKpHna nepeA Hr{M ABepr{ Sprvrnraxuofi 6n6anoreru n Apyrnx mcyAapcrBeHHbrx ApeBnexpaHrnr{u. lopavee o4o6penne ABopa Bcrpernno HoBoe aHTHrrran[oBpeaKuI{cKoe coquHeHr.Ie, H3AaHHoe HosHroBbIM, - TpaKTarAe llonouHoro napnxcKoro nr{reparopa O. IllaunroHa Tarbe. flepeaoa v ns4arfle arofi rsnrn eABa nH Aeflan qecrb qeJroBeKy, ynorpe6unureMy Ha Hee cBoe BpeMfl n AeHbrH. Hosnxoa sBHo He noHrn tlJrn He 3axorer noHrrb trcrnnHoro cMbIcJIa $uaocoQnu lllauntosa. BHcrynaa B sarru{ry naTpHorHsMa_ rr narpuoroB, napnxcrnft nr{Teparop rHeBHo x.lefiuna 6eepo4nux KocMonoJrHToB, arencroB <no MoAe, u HeBexA, prArulnxcr B Tory Qn.rrocoQos. I,Iuenso gTH MbrcHI{n
2l
HarrrJrn orKJlHK y pyccKr.rx qr.rTaTeJreft, TeM 6onee qTo B yMo3pnrenbHoM noprpere Haruoro nxe-Qunocooa oEn He-
rH
coMHeHHo Br.rAefllr
qeprbr
HeHaBncrnoro
lllanna. Oagaro
ocHosHofi MlrueHbn AeMarora-KJrepr{Kana 6uan He cronbKo ypoAJrHBHe Hapocrbr Ha Apese npocBerrleHHr, cKoJrbxo xnBHTeJrbHble HAeH BO.IbHOCTH, TepTTHMOCTH
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c AoMbilcJlauu lllanna. nocsqrns csofi nocne4Hnfi carxpn-
qecxnft xypHan (1774) ocMeflHr{to narorornqecxoft ralroMaHnr.r ABopRHcKHx
H AenoBHx
cssseft MexAy npocBe-
H sce-raxa Borrpocbt HarrnonanbHoro npecrnxa ocraBanr{cb A.nfl Hero ocrpHMH n sao6oAHeBHHull. He- cnyuafino, las1aBafl yH[KanbHoe onncaH[e BoAHHx UIeHHHMH HapoAaMn.
nyreft Mocxoscxoro rocyAapcrBa, cocraBJreunoe pyccrf,Mtt ronorpaQauh B HaqaJre XVII s.,- crruTa.n csoeft saxHefiuefi saAa.Iefi - HosnKos <
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6yaro roJIbKo c.nyxe6Htlx> 2E. I4naesno arn coo6paxeHns u no6yAn.nn npocBerure.,rtnarpr-rora paspa6orarb nporpaMMy uy6auraunn [eHnefiurnx naMflrHHKoB r.rcropr{H, Kynbrypbr H 6ura ,{penHefi Pycn. Tax rossnnHcr l0 roMoB (1773-1775'), > (1776 r.), (1773), qapcKoro cronbHuKa A"qp"" .IlHs.nosa (1776) n (1776). Crpeunct pacrrrrpnrb Kpyr [errarHb{x ucrouHltKoB no pyccxofi ncropnn, HoBrrKoB u36ail uouorpaQnn xpynueftrunx oregecrBeHnlrx HcropnorpaQoe f. O. Mnnnepa (1773\ x M. M. Il{ep6arcra (1774). o4o6pnla n noAAepxaJra HoBnKoBcKue nJraHbr. Ha npnsua H3Aarefiq x <6larocxJroHnbrM qI{TaTeJIqM... ytInHHTb BCnOMOXeHHe> B ero TpyAaX OTKnnKHynucb corpyAHnKr.r Mocxoscxoro apxr{Ba Ko.nlernn nHocrpaHHbrx Ae;r f. tD. Mnlnep n H. H. EaHrnm-Kauegcrlft, 6n6rnorexapr AxaAeunn wayx L|. O. baxueficrep, nogrrlapeABopeq n. C. floreuxnu, o6epnporypop Cenara H. V. Hen.nrcea, KHr3b C. A. KasreMr4p r{ xnaprnpuefictep 22
HsMafiroscroro norra B. n. Osuo6ntunn. Hx naxoArcr, a Tatrxe AecrrKrr crapnHublx pyronncefi r{ AoKyueHmB H3 9puuraxnofi 6u6anorexu, flarpnapurefi pusHIrIlH, ApeBnexpanr{nHrrl Vcnencxoro co6opa r Mocxse H Kneso-nesepcrofi raopu 6uan cxonspoBaubr B MacrepcKofi Hosuxoacrono KoMnccuoHepa-nepen.nerqnKa K. B. Mn.naepa. Heuano KHr{xHHx peArocrefi yAanocb co6pat B gTIr roAbt H caMoMy Honnxooy n. ApxeorpaQ-cauoyrtxa, He noJlyqnsurnfi HHNaKoro cneuuaJrbHoro o6paaonaunn. on 6nmpo oBJIaAeJI HaBbIKaMtl HayqHo-ny6anratopcxofi pa6oru. Cs]rAererrcreou ToMy Moxer cJryxuTb ror Qarr, qro Anfi Kpnrnqecxoro H3AaHEt , Ha3BaJr Hosnrosa cxynofi Ha noxBaJrbt pelreHseHT , yqeHnK lllep6a rosa F. JI. 5pafiro $. 3ro MHeH[e saKpennJrocb Ha BeKa. OAuaxo Hosnxos acerAa 6un cxopee npocBernreJleM n nonynf,prrsaropoM, qeM yqeHHM B nptnou cubrcle c.noaa. llsAaHHbte r.rM [cTopnqecKHe naMf,THl{Klr oH aApecoBan He y3KoMy Kpyry ctretluaJrucroB, a unpoxofi qnrarettcxof, ayAHT{)pIrU, BRAC B HRX Morlnree OPyXne nPOTUB <MOJIOAHX KOIIIYHOB, HEHABHARIIIHX CBOE OTCqECTBO}'I.
(DaHarusecxu y6ex,q,ennufi n orpouuoM npocBernTeJlbHoM 3HaqeHnlr negarHoro qnoBa, Hosuxos Henpec?axuo HcKaJ! Bce HoBHe $opuu r MeroAH l{3AareJlbcKofi AeqrernIlocTIr, paclrlt{pgn peflepTyap BHnycKaeMbIx eFo nxAHBeHIrnncaJl oArIH Hs aHoHHMHHx eM KIrHr. cKnnroneqaraune, KoppecnoHAeHmB
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Aoc?aBnrff BceM eBeAeHue o xao6perennou H nPorcuIeAIIreM, ecrb HauBeJlnqafturee EBo Bcex nso6petennfi, pasyuy ueloBeqecKouy noAnexalqux. Qro Moxer 6o;ree, KoJIH He neqaTaHr{e KHI{r, pacnJloAlrrb eAnnylo ucrl{Hy, s sa6seHltlr 6bI 6urr 6es oHoro onpeAeternyn, H poAHTb, TaK cKa3arb,
c"orbro x(e npruo Mueltrutnx roJIoB, KaK caM nao6perarear mfi ncrlrgu, cKoJtbro ecrb qnrare.nefi. fleqatanre co6rpAaet Haunyqutrx o6paaon Bce ncrl{Hbl, AocraBJlser Hau6oarureuy Kon[qecrBy HapoAa o6 ouux cBeAeHHe, qpe3
ro orrurrlaer d6rqectso m ia6a1yxaennfi...> t. Hnrepecuo, rtro 3Ta anoJlornt KHrrrofieqaranufl noflBllJIACb A TTOBHtrOBCKOM XypHane KaK pa3 B Tor MoMeHr, KOrAa 23
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rrecTHoe H AOBOJIbHOe flplryMHot(eHr{e cBorrx AoxoAoB} H TeM caMEdM nOOqpexu 6xlg s.
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- Exarenacb qpe3Buqaftso MeAneHHo. Kax n Bce Haqr.rHannq paHbr, < 6rylo 3aAyMaHo c pasMaxoM H rrrnpoxo pa3peKnaMrrpoBago. Hraneparpnua pacnopaAHJracb e)r(eroAHo or[ycKarb H3 rocyAapcrseunoft Ka3Hbr S ruc. py6. , 3aBena
B AKaleMr.rqecxoft rfinorpaQnx qerblpe HoBbrx neqarHbrx craHKa co rrrraroM pa6ovr.rx cneuuaJrbgo AJrfl HyxA , co6crnenuopyvno rrlra:H-flpocneKr HaMeqeHHbdx K nepeBoAy coqxHeHafr. III.nn roAr,r. Hosbre sa6oTbI, npoeKTbl H HHTpI{rH gaHLIManN yu Exarepr.rHbr, H oHa oxJraAeJra K cBoeMy . I4sIanut pac_ KyraJracb nroxo, a HeperynrpHo rrocrynaBrrrnx lrs CpeACTB eABa xBaTaJro Ha o[nary rpyAa nepeBoArrnKog. B grux ycJroBnffx npeAJroxeHne Hoeflxosa BgffTb Ha ce6s pacxoALil H xJro[orbr no H3AaHrlrc cKonr{Brrr[xcfl B <nopreelnx> pyKonnceft npfltunocb KaK Herb3q Kcrarn. Vxe nepeuft onHr nocpeAHurrecrBa MexAy
9yu H AxaAelruqecxofi runorpa$ueft HamxAno rroKa3an Hoeuxooy, cKonb rrxeK rpys, roropufi oH Ao6posolrHo B3BaJrr.rJr Ha cBou nneqfi. t{yrr .nr ue ece ero c6epekeHHfi oro.no 400 py6._ yurnn Ha neqaraHr.re AByx rracreft
.recxori nooMbr> Topxaaro Tacco . gro ueura.no KHIIJIrrM>>
24
rong,u,arerslr [ocJleAoBarb LIx flpl{Mepy? Tax po.qnacq npo-
s PoccHH KooneparxBHoro HsAarenbcrBa . 3a rpn rola cBoero cyutecrBoBaHufl (1773-1775) HoBr.rKoBcKoe O6qecrso QnnaucnpoBano [3AaHI{e 24 nepeBoAHbrx H AByx opurnnanbHblx coql{HeHnft (oxoao 250[ ncex ue1anuft ). Penepryap 3rl{x KHHr Ha nepnHfr B3rnqA npeAcraBrqercs BecbMa necrpblM n 6eccncreMnHM. flposanuecxu,ft nepeno4 fouepa coceAcrBoBaJl c paccKa3aMn a66ara JIa lllaneus o cpeAHeBeKoBbIx Qoryco npaH[Nax, <3anncxn> IOrnr l{esapa - I HacraBJteHHeM nepy QanBnrax noBeAenufl oQnuepa, npHHaAnexaBIIIHM renb-aA'broranra npyccKoro Koponn AIo laar6porunpxofr o ropxecrBax no cnyqan Aa - c toHeHrxoft lrecapeBnqa flasaa flerponnT a. H nce-rarn 6parocoueraHns Bo BHe[rHe xaorilqecKoM cMettIeHHH saraagHfi H HMeH tBcrBeHHo HaMeqarlcb ocHoBHbIe HanpaBJIeHHfl, XapaKTepHHe Ant sceft lrsAarearcrofi AesreJlbHocru Hostlxosa. flosHueHHufi nHrepec saB3trorrr rearpana K oAHoMy H3 caMHx MaccoBbrx H o6IqecrseHno 3HaqHMbIx BLIAoB ncKyccrBa npotB[Jrcf B efo nocmtHHoM crpeMneHHl{ nononHtTb n o6oraulatb penepryap poccnficxofi MelsnoMeHbl. He cay.rafiHo nepBoe Mecro cpeAn uslanufi O6qectsa saHHMaJIH Tearpanbxue coquneHxr: rpaneAnn KopHeax n9nAt, B rlepeBoAax fl. E. Kunx; HHHa (1775), Copena (17731, nopaaunurHfi aoo6paxeHue PaAsqena, n c6opucJraB, Xepacxoea (1774), TBopeHHR BerLIKoro HraJtbtHcKoro KoMeAHorpaQa loluAoHn r.r tgBnrenbHat carnpa Ha xaHx(eft nenaeuroro ApaMarypra-Mopanucra fe.n.nepra <Eorouolxa> (1774). VAnsnrearHo, KaK MHoro oKa3arocb o6qnx BparoB y l{3Aarens <)(nnonrcua) Lt BeJIHKoro auranftcxoro carl{pnxa .[,xoHaraHa CenQra, AByx He3HaKoMbIx lroAefi, pa3AeJreHHHx npocrpaHcrBoM H BpeMeHeM. I-lycrt HoBI{KoBcK[e <6espaccyaH> t,l u cnaQroncxue (JIHJIHnyTH> n HocHJrH pagnble MacKu, Bce oHLI 6ulu nopoxAenlteM oAHIfX H TeX Xe TeMHbtX CI.IJI - HeBeXeCTBa, HACnilHfi, aHTI{ryMaHHgua. MoxHo JtI.t coMHeBarbct B ToM, .Iro Hos[KoB c oco6ofi paAocrbro Bcrpernn BbIxoA B cBer nepBHx AByx qacrefi c.naBHoro MopenJraBareJra us Epncroar s.
eKT nepBoro
25
BuuuruleuHble carnpnqecKne (nyrerxecrBnr> BcerAa 6u;rn saAexHbtM cpeAcrnou 6opr6u c Haur{oHanrnofi orpaH ?rqeHnocrbK), Ayxonuoii KocHocrbro H cocJroBn brM H fipeApaccyAl(aMrr. Bupuean qr{TareJrfi r.r3 npnBbrrrHoft xoaen o6uAesHoft AeficrsnrerbHocrx, our{ noMorJrr{ eMy ocosnarb
uacrura6H H nponopuntr oKpyxanuero Mr{pa. C sbrcorril nrnqbero flonera xaJTKHMH t{ HHqrox(HbrMn npeAHcrr.rHHbre
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6n6n noreqxy KHr{r, nocBfl IIIeHHbIx AocronaMfl THbtM yronKa M sameft rrJraHerhr, o6u.raRu n HpaBaM ee o6nrareaeft. IIepBbrMr.r JracroqKaMn
n reorpaQn.recxofi cepnr{
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llyreruecrane B [pocrpaHcrBe HepeAKo npeBpaqaflocb B nyreuecrBue no BpeMeHH. 3Aect, ga Aanba BeKoB, nexano Tar.rHcTBeHHOe UapcTBO aHTHTTHbIX MyApeUoB H repoeB caoeo6paaHnft uparcrnensufi H gcrerr{qecxnft era;loH rapMoHHqHoro o6urecrsa, ua xoropufi paBHqJHcb coBpeMeHHHrH Hosuxopa. Vxe c KoHua XVII s. AyxoBnoe HacJleAHe 3lraAu u Puua craJro oAHnM ug saxHeftlunx Qarropoo pyccxoft Kynbrypbr. Bocnnransbre Ha (naccarrecxux o6paatlax, opranx3aropbr
HHocrpaHHbrx KHHr> orBoAHtH oco6oe Mecro B cBonx ntaHax H nponaraHAe cotrnHeHnft sernrxx rrayxefi ApenHocrn. Hosnxos BceueJro o4o6pra l,t noAAepxr{Bar ux 3ar.r3AaHHm
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yHr,rBepcnrera A. E. CeMeHosuil,r-PyAnenuu (6yayu$tv err.rcKolroM ,[,auacrnHuu).
H OT CCTCCTBCHHOTO COCTOqHHfl MCIIbIIIC OTAAJIEH, HCX(CJIH 36. pecny6.nuxaHcKnx pex(HMoB npI{BeJIo, no fla4exue Haur> ero MHeHHro, r o6ureny KpIl3Hcy aHru.rHoft KyJrbrypbl, K noBpexAeHr{ro HpaBOB.
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TpaKTara oAHoro r{3 flepBHx r{AeororoB yronuqecKoro corlHa-
a66ara Ma6nu <PasMbluJteHur o npevecroft ncropl.m>. 24-nerHHfi o6ep-ayAnrop OfiH.lqnAcroro rroJrKa, B HeAaBHeM rrponrJroM .nefinuurcxufi cryAeHr ArexcanAp PaAnrqea He roJrbKo nepeBen Ma6,rn, Ho r{ ycxJrilJr paAHKanbHoe 3ByqaHr.re KHHrH rDerara-BoJrbHoAyMua. Metxnfi H JlaKoHHqHHii sbrnaA Ma6nu rporuB caMo.lepxanuoft SopMbI npaBneHilfl, , Aan nepeBoAqr.rKy yao6nuft iloBoA BucKa3arb co6creeuuoe noflccy)KAenne no 3ToMy Bonpocy.
Hf,Jr oH B noAcrpoqHoM npnMeqaunt,t,
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ecrecrBy cocroqHue... Henpanocylr.re mcyAapn Aaer HapoAy, ero cy,qnn, ro x<e N 6olee HaA Hr.tM rrpaBo, KaKoe Aaer euy 3aKoH HaA npecrynHnxauu. focyAapb ecrb nepeuft rpaxAaHlrn HapoAHoro o6urecrsa> 37. HafisHH[,r 6suro 6u noJrafarb, qro Hosuxoe, H3AaBafi B 1773 r. cBoHM [rxAI{BeHHeM rpaKrar Ma6an, ue o6parn;t uee
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JII{ onno3r.IqfioHHo HacrpoeHHoft uo.noAexu.
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Anfl npoAonxenlrfl 6ops6u 3a cBon rrAeaJrbr, Haqaroft s nepHoA H3AaHHs carr.rpr.rt{ecKnx xypHanoB. Aero e roM, qro nepBbre ABa AecflTurernfl nocJle BocurecrBxq ua pyccxnfr npecroJr ExarepuHa II npuaepxuBaJlacb AocraroqHo ocropoxnofi n rn6xofi ;rnrcparypuoft noJrHrHKr{. TpaAnunonuo 27
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ua QyuaaueHranbgbre rpyAbr no Su;rocoenn, ncropun n noOsa 6ula cJrr{ruKoM 3ar.rHTepecoBaHa B rrepnoA "or cosAarb ce6e p_enyraqnn (rpocBeulennoft> uosapxnHn n rura3ax eaponeftcroro n pyccKoro o6qecrBa H paAH groro co3Hare.rrbHo tuJra Ha onpeAeJrensuft pncr. Co6crBeHHo roBopfl, HMrrepaTpHua He TaK y)r( r{ pHcKoBa.[a, CMOTpf, CKBO3b naJrbr{br Ha H3AaHr.Ie coqngeHnft, loAo6uux <paguuuuenutM o rpeqecxoft ncropnn> Ma6tn. Kpyr pyccrnx trr.rrareref, cnoco6Hsrx B3srb Ha Boopyx(eHr.re paccyx(AeHnq a66araBoJIbHoAyMua H ero nepeBoAqaKa, 6u;r s lTT0-e rr. eule upeaaHvafiHo y3oK, a noroMy Hx rrponarauAucrcxnfi sQeerr JII{Tr.rKe.
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- crapanuteroce xne Qnrypbr H. I(apxanHn, E. - E. CeMeHoalPya"e". fl. 6. Knqxunn, A. H. PaasqeB I{ A.
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VnnnepcnrercKafl rnnorpaQnq. Ocrasaaocb m.lbKo npoAyuart nan6oJree Bbrrolnble ycJroBr{r ee cAaqr{ ts HaeM u HaMerr{rb KaHAHAarypy 6yayuero coAepxareJrn. Bn6op -n naJr Ha Hosnxosa. fipe4loxexne npfiexaBrueno B 1778 r. lletep6ypr XepacKoBa rpnHffrb B (coAepxanre> VHrsepcnreicKyto ranorpaQun He Monro He yBneqb Hosnxosa. l. KoHeuno, 9To nplr3Hanne cAeJraHo B BecbMa cne[nQuuecxofi o6cranosxe nt[To.rHoro Ka3eMara n KpacKr{ B HeM rBHo cryqeHH, oAHaKo po.nr 6yayurero saxoHoAarenfl JrnTeparypHoro BKyca r{ KpynHoro npeAnpr,rHuMa_ TeJrfl -MerreHara HecoM HeHHo nbcrnJra ca Mo.[p6xro Hosnxosa. Cepreenuu AoBoAoM B nonbsy nepeMeHH Mecra xnreJrbcrsa 6Han Ans HornxoBa He Jrnrrrer{Hbre ocHoBagfis HaaexAbr Ha noAAepxry Bo Bcex ero npocBerHTeJIbHHx u enaan_ TponHqecKHx Haqr{HaHr{tx co cTopoHbr BJIHfiTeJIbHbIX MOCKoBcKrrx caHoBHHKoB. ,(peanaa cronuqa c lerpoBcrux BBeMeH npeBparr{nacb B onJror 4nopnncrofi Qpon4u. Croaa y!.aJrnnvcb sa noxoft onaJIbHHe BpeMeHrrlnKr.r, gAecb HaurJro 48
Anfl ce6fl 6naro4aruyrc florlBy MacoHcrBo. Exarepnna II ue nrc6ura uyunufi ropoA H peAKo 6xsaaa s Mocxne; HaMecrHr{KaM xe HMneparpHIlH soaefi-Hesoreft npHxoAHnocb npI{HopaBnuBaTbct K npurlyAaM MecTHbIX BelbMox, cMoTperb cKBo3b naJIbIlbI Ha Hx 3aren. Arn roro qro6rr rpe3Bo oqeHllrb BbIroAbI, oxnAaeMble or HoBoro ilpeAnpntrltr, Honnxon B Harlare 1778 r- nocBflrr.rJr uecKoJtbKo HeAeJIb gHaKoMcrBy c VHurepcntercxofi tunorpaQxeft. Pesyamaru ocMmpa noArBepAHnI{ ero cauHe xyArxHe noAoSpeHlrfl, oAHaKo n3AareJlb He cnacoBaJl nepeA rpyAHocrnMu. 3anepurua n flerep6ypre sce Heo6xoAHMbIe Qopua;rrnocrlr, oH HaBcerAa nepecennncs Ha poAlrHy I{ 5 llrorq noAnHcaJI c VnnnepcnreroM KoHTpaKT ua l0-aevrsnft cpox (c I uas 1779 r. no I Maq 1789 r.), coruIacHo Koropouy o'6asalcfl 2. B pacnopnxenne apeHAaropa BpeMeHHo [epexoAI'IJIo Bc,e o6opyaonanne runorpaQnu r caosonnrHofi uacrepcroft. Ans ux pa3MelqeHur Vunnepcnrer BbIAenI{JI luecrb KoMHar IT CKNAACKI{C NOMCIIIEHI{fl
B HHT(HEM gTAXC KAMEHHOTO AOMA
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Ha HeCKOJIbKO MeCtIIeB. DacrqHvfl'Cfl ' B oicq6pe 1779 r. X. PlrAurep nepeAan Honnxooy yuuBepcHrercKylo KHLX(HyIO naBKy H ABe roproBble naJIaTKI{ Ha Kpacnofi nJIoqaAH, nocJle qefo npoll3BoAcrBo x c6ut xsur, HsAaBaBIxlrxcR MocxoBcKHM yHHBepclaremM, cocpeAoroqnJrr.rcb B pyKax oAHoro xo3sI'IHa.
BceBosMoxnofo ABI{xHMoro I'I HeABI'IxHMoro Hoanxos npIrHsJI noA cBoe ynpaBneHHe Bcex H cnyxal{Hx Vnnnepcnrercxoft runorpaQnu. Or-
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sapa6oruue AeHbrH>. BseAeHlre cAenbulnHlr BMecro rBepAoro oKJIaAa, KaK npaBfi.no, cnoco6craosaro yKp-enneHnK) AHcrrnnJII,IHbI nyqme .nrc6ux [ocyJIoB H yrpos' H Hosuroa crapaJrcfl MarepuaJlbHo saHHrepecoBarb MacTepoBHx B pe3yrbrarax nx TpyAa.
49
OAHa Hs caMbrx BbrroAnbrx AJrfl coAep)Karerq runorpaQun ctareft xoHrpaKra npeAocraBrqna eMy uononollnoe npaBo Ha r.r3Aar{He E paclpocrpaHeHne <MocxoscKr.rx Be,(ouocrefi>, a raKxe Ha B3brMaHHe [JIarbI sa nv6rlrKveMble B HHx (r.. e. uacrnue) o6lqsrenur. Co csoeft croponbl, Honilros o6qsarcs > [eqaTaJlr.rcb <Jlyque H qlrule u 6w"rnr 6u 6onee LrHrepecHbr l,nn ny6.nuxn>. Bunolsenue groro vcJroBufl B KoHeqHoM Lrrore orBeqaJro ero xe co6crseHHHt.t tiHrepecar,a. Pacqeru c apenAaropoM 3a neqaraHne KHHr
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Quuecroe o6opyaonanne H MarepnaJtbr. B ro xre npeux Hono cBoeMy ycraHoBr.rrb Ileubr Ha rnnorpaQcrre pa6orn, BbrnoJrrrflBrrrfiecg AJrfl qacrHbrx .TIHII 3, a raKxe r{gAaBarb KHHru co6crsengblM ltxntlBeBIIKOB nMeJr npaBo
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saxoqer. Cyaa no nllcbMy Hosuxosa x fl. V. Eyaraxony or 2l anpe.na 1779 r., oH npmItJI B Aonlo rpex cBoI'Ix npnsJe.nefia.-Hx HMeTIa Ao cnx nop ocralorcfl Hen3Becrsuun' OAr{aKo, yqr,rrbrBafl aKTHBHyK) noAAepxKy, KoTopyrc oKaSaJI Ha nepBbrx nopax Honurony oAIlH Its BJlnflreJlbHeftruux uacoH,cKr,rx Ha'qaJIbHI,IKos H. n. Erarrn, Aeno 3Aecb, KoHeqHo, se o6ourrocs 6es yuacrnn 6patnea-KaMeHurI{KoB. flporeruun nerep6ypncKux u MocKoBcKI'Ix Ma'couoB, oxa3aHrras Hotuxony, HH s roeft Mepe He yqeMnffna Ka3enHbrx HHTepecoB, KaK BnocJIeAcrBlrH yrBep)Iqanu eno Bpar[. Vc;toBLrfl ,cor,'Iauegns 6u;m BSaHMoBLilroAHtr o6euu cropoHaM. Eonee rofo, AoroBop c HonuxoBblM npaKTI'IqecKI'I craJl >, rIoBTOpqtCb llortTll cJIoBo B CJIOBO npH 3aKnIOrIeHnU KOHTpaKTOB c HOBbIMI{ apeHAaTopaMn yHrBepcnrercroft tnnorpaSlrn. fl p uHa n s a ce6 s IIeJIeTKI'Ie o6ng a nnocrn yH I{BepcI{TercKoro , Honnxos .He cql{TaJlcfl HH c KaKIMI{ sarparault. Orolo 20 rnc. py6., aupyueHHblx or npoAaxr ol'qoBcKoro HMeHHs s MeuloscxoM ye3.u,e, ytunn Ha saMeny ycrapeBuero rnnorpa$cxoro o6opyAoBanI'Is, BbIn[cKy u3-3a rpauuubl HoBbIx tupuQmn, noxynlry 6lnrarn, KpacKn' _croJrflpnoro H cnecapHoro HncrpyMeura. 9ru xeprBbl ue 6u;tl't Hanpacunun. Vxe r I(oHIIy 1780-x rr. VuHnepcnrercras runorpaQHst no cBnAeTenbcl?y coBpeMeHHIrKOB' HH B qeM He ycryflana ryrrtunM nonnrpaapnqecKuM npeAnp[srnsu Esponu 5. ' He Menbrue xronorr ueu nepeo6oPyAoBanl{e rnnorpaQnn, AocraBnsrfi Hoaurouy ee pa6mnnxn.
tens saBf,cnr, rro 6oarmei qactn ns6aaosalrtrHx, teHnBHx f, nbnnHx, xaroaaJtcn on fl. H. Eyaraxory B rilcbue or - r. Craparccr, cxoau-xo ctrJr Morrx A@Taer, l5 npas 1779 Bo BceM sroil Rr norpaBrTb u, 6aaroAapn 6ora, Ruerr trero6. ropuft ycnexr KoueuHo, AaJrer(o ne Bce cJryxaqfle Hosnrona 6unr tenrflffMn n nbrnnrlamn. Bpeur coxpanruIo AJIff noroMxoB JrRrub rrMena nan6oaee sneprnqnHx n 6ecxopucrnblx noilot[HnKoB pyccrono npocBernTe,rn: Qaxropa (uauaarnrxa HaA runorpaScxnun pa6otnnn) AHlpuasa OelopoBrrtra AsrsKoBa, (MRom noonqrsBlueno>, tlo croBaM ero 6norpaea, , Kopper(r_opo n HsaH a au apenxora ( I 279--l Z8O rr. ), Mn-Kp x?\Ia Konrena (1782-1784 rr.) u. Mnxau;la Cainxoga
(l7M-t789 rr.).
C xaxAuu roAoM a4MnnscrparfiBrrue o6ssaxnocru craHoBnrncb sce 6onee o6peuennrelbrruMn Anr Honnxosa. z. fleproe BpeMfi rroucrrrHe HeouerflMyro nououlb HonrxoBy oKa3HBan ero nepnuf,_Apyr n eAnnolrnrrrJrenrrnx trpo$ec-
eop Haan fprropuennu IIIbapu, Ao6poBonbno npnnrniunfi sa ce6s Aorxrrocrb (HaAsllparenff) ga ynnBepcflrercrnxrr KHr.rxHbrM r{ Jr aBKaMu n .cx.rraAaMn ( uarasuuarn) .,(pyxr6y n AoBeple MexAy Hltut{ He Morurn noxo.le6arr HHKaKue RclHTannf,.9ro 6ruo rrsBesrHo nceu. Teu c 6oarmefi peruurerbHocrbro Honfixos orBepr lpeAJroxeune 6patren 'uo opaeny nepeAarb lllnapuy Vnnrepcurercryro irnoI ynpaBneHne rpaeup. (tsxertr nopyqHTb exy xe Aena tnnorpaenvecKHe,-pa3t.f,efif,n apeHAarop cBoK) no3rtq,Rx),-TO On croJrb o6peuennrcr, sro HeBo3uoxno ery 6yler rcero ncnoJrHnrb, u6o s nopyqerHne yxe T€rrepb exy Aerra enorb ooulnpxbr, qro eABa .rrll He nce safiuyr eno Bpeut, xoTt 9tt) gacTb TonbKo; I( TOMy x(e, KaxeTqE [tre, rrTo no TIIIoerf, ero HpaBa u nexsofi qyacrBrrrerbuoc?r, f,e roxer oH c noJrbgox) ncrpaBr{rb cue Aerro... B cnorpennn sa nrnorpaQcxurn 4eJraMH rraBnefiruee n 6ecnorofinefiruee gsrb rro, sm 6ecnpecranno rruerb cuorpenne sa pa6ovnun JrK),qbrR, sm6u orf,n npaxoAnnn na pa6mrr, cro6Dr rlctrpaBno pa6maan n sro6H 52
He 6H.'ro Kpax E HanpacHorlo reAJ[eBEt II ocraEoBKa B Aeae>E. CJrosa Honnrosa oKa3arHcb trpopoqecKnxn. Dpexr HenocunbHbrx sa6or n roHeHRfl rporo HeApyra xacogoB-
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53,
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aoJrrn 6H.nn Hesenuxu. Poxosblu Ant Kounaxnr crana noKynxa B Korrqe 1785 r. orpoMHoro AoMa Ha CaAosofi ynnqe, panee npnHaAnexaBruero rpaQy fen4puxony. Honnxoa eABa rn petunncfl 6rl na raKoe npeAnpurrue, ecJrH 6u se o6errlauue HoBoro MacoHcKoro HaqaJbHHKa 6apoHa lllpeaepa ganJlarnrb 3a AoM. lllpeaep He BrtrrroJtHHJI cBonx o6qsaTeJrbcrB, n Aonrfi Kounannn MrHoBeHHo Bo3pocnrr Ao acrponorrruqecxoft uuQpm s 300 rbtc. py6- to
Hosnxos npunflJr Bce Mepbr, qro6u Rg6exarr 6auxpmcrBa, peaJrbno HaBncluero HaA Kounannefr. HeAocraroK HaJrHqHbIx AeHer oH BocnoJlnsn nyreM co6ctnenuux I(HHr Ha rrOJrb3OBaBIrLreCfl CrrpOcOM n3AaHLlq ApyrItX TurlorpaQnfi n (nJrarexa KHuraMil KpeAnropaM sa 6parne paaHlile MarepnaJrbr>. CyurecrneuuHu noAcnopbeM Ana AaJIbsefiruero pacrxnpeHr{n Aena cnyxuJla noArll{cHas nJlara Ha <MocroscKne BeAoMocrr{>> H MnoforoMrlble HgAaIILIT, HaAexHo rapanTupoBaBuaR pacflpocrpaHeHHe sHarlltrerbHoft qacTtr Lrx Tilpa>Ka, a Taxxe AoxoAbI oT IIeqaTaHLls (paSHbIx oco6ux ue.nxnx nnec, KaK-To: o6tqsneHufi Tearpanbnblx, MacxepaAHblx H Apyrux, nexceleft AJtfl KyneqecKl{x KoHTop, nureftsnx KoHTpaKToB, ffpJlbIKoB H npoqHx MeJIKHX HgBecttrft, xompue Bce no npnqfiHe Hx MHo)I(ecrBa I{ Ma.Iloro pacxoAa B MarepnaJtax, Ha HHx ynorpe6laeuux, npI,IHocHJlI{ npr6u.nu BecbMa MHoro>>. B qe.nou xe npu6u.nr Kounaxnn B hHbne roAtr Aocrnra;ra 80 tuc. py6., 'rro nogBoJIflJIo He .
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EctecrseHHo, rITo HoBnKoBcKHe runorpaQuu He MoTJIH cyqecrBoBarb I{cKJInqnreJIbHo 3a cqer pyxonnceft, nocrynaBIuI{x (caMoreKoM>) or aBTopoB, BoJIbHbIx ngAare.neft u xa3eHnbrx uecr. OcHoBHyIo qacrb npoAyKqHH cocraBrqlu KHHrlr, BbInycKaBuII,Iecfl Ha cpeAcrBa Hosuxosa, a SareM Tnno' rpaQnuecxofi xounannn. Oxorno nepeAoBepts cBoI{M _noMOuIHUKaM re nJrll lrHtile aAMllHHcrparnBHue Qynxunu, HoBHKOB NOqTN BCETAA JIHIIHO BCJI NEPETOBOPbT C ABTOPAMH H 57
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B grnx ycnoBxqx ugAareJrrc [pnxoA]rrocr 6urr oco6en-
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Mn, ec.ltrl eMy xoretrocr, uro6H oRE paforaan Ba Heno ne 58
crpax, a ga coBecrr. Kax cBnAgreJrbcrByror Ao[reArrrr{e Ao Anefi 4oryuentu, Honlxon 6Hcipo cyMeJr safirn nepnufi noAxoA K raKHM [oJregHbrM AJrr ero rtpeAnpllflTlls nnAsM, xax A. T. Eonmos, M. 14. Bepesxun n'B. A. JIennruH. KoseqHo, MexAy Hr.rMr.r cnyqanr{cD HeAopa3yMeHHr, !l 3a
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npoAars cpoft nepeBoA, o6euag BbrnJraquBarb noHopap B pa3uepe 2Q_pyO. sa xaxAbrfr rou H caepx roro 25 atsTopcr(Hx exseunlapoi. <6oarute cerc, Hosnxoe lb uro.nir lTTg r., - nrcar Eylraxory npono3rfponarb BaM He cMen, B paccyxAeflnH roro, qTo BenIrK yBpa)K, HO eCJrH B TeqeHr{e npoAaxn yBnxy q or Hefo BblroAbl, ro 6ylsre yBepeHbl, rrro r He xopucroan6uB> tt. flepeno4ullx HarrreJr Aln ce6s 6olee BbrmAHbrM npoAonxarb [3.:taune Ha rrpexHr{x ycnoBnflx c HoBIIM KoMnaHboHoM, a Hoguros, uecnorpr Ha rroHeceHnble y6urxn, npeAnoqen paAH coxpaneHrfl Ae.rosofi penyra[Hr{ Yna,&nru 3m Aeno MnpoM. .4,alexo He Bce aBTopbr u nepeBoArrnKl.r, c I(oro,pHMH npuxoArrnocr pa6oram Hoenxony, 6unn cm.nr HecroBopqnBH, KaK bylraxon. > B csoefi x
IrI{ HasBan oAHTr H3 CaMHx_gHeprnqHbrx TpyxeHnr{oB pyccKo-
rg npocBeuleHar An4pefi TnuoQeeanq Eororos .(eHi-2 cenrr6pn 1779 r. KorAa, ornpaBnBurncb no AeJraM a VHnnepcuTercKyro rrnonpaQnn, oH BnepBble no3HaKoMr.rJlcfl TaM c ee apeHAaropou; Hoenroa oqapoBan rocrr (orMeHHoro JracKon n 6aaronpnrrcrBoM>. , TaK qm yxe B caMble nepBbre MnHyrbr 6ecern (cJrennJracb> Mex.q,y HHMa Kpenxafl
59
apyx6a. Ceercxnft pa3roBop HeoxHAaHHo Anf, yqenono npoBHHrlHa.[a 3aBepunncfl Ae.rIoBbrM fipeAnox(eHneu Hornrosa soso6HoBnrb noA HoBbrM HasBaHueM HsAaHlte nepBoro n PoccItH gr, nperpaTaBrrrero cBoe cyu{ecrtsotsaH,ue B Mapre lTT9 r. Hs-3a <Mano-
ro qacra 6unurnx Ha Hero npeHyMepaHmn> HognKoB Ha3HaqHJr aBTopy <SroHonnqecKoro Mara3[Ha>
exeroAnufi ro-
Hopap B pa3Mepe 400 py6. (c l78l r. 500 py6.), B ABa pa3a npeBbrruasunfr Bo3Harpax(AeHHe, -Koropoe BHTIaqHBaJI euy r.r_gAaTe.ltr a cBepx - X. Pnanrep, rono l5 aBropcKfix sK3eMnJrflpoB KaxAoro Horrrep-a. Caelka oKasaJracb Ha peAKocrt snroAuofi AaR o6eux cropon. C raxAbrM roAoM AeJroBoe corpyAHnrrecrBo Hosnxosa c BoaoToBbrM pacrunpflnoct.
fly6anra oxorHo noKynana HpaBo-
yqrlTerrbHHe coqnHeHHR, ApaMH n nepeBoAxtbre HeMeql(ne poManbr. noroKoM rrreArune n Mocxny H3 nopoAa Boncpoalrqroro. Eqe 3a HecKoJrbKo MecrrreB Ao apesra Hosnroi roroBIrn BTopoe n3,u'aHne <SxoHolrn.recKoro Mara3nsa> tE. He ueHee nJroAoB_HTblMr.t r{ yH HBepcaJrunbrMr.t corpyAH}rxauu 6uln Mnxanl HsaHosrq Bepearnrn n Bacnanf A"nerceeBuq Jlesruan. floeneAsnfi HaneqaraJr y Honnxona 22 opurHHaJrbHbrx H nepeBoAHbrx coqHHeHr{fl.
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ApceHueu (B. Vl. Bepeularnuur'r), HcnncbrBann ecsxlrfi AeHb <noA Ar.[maTypy> HeyroMr{Mono nepeBoAcsKa no .fpn 6e;lue-rerpaAu>. He 6Hlo, Kaxercq, Hn o4uoft rpynuoft ru-
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1783), 22 'qacrv _ A. O. flpeno A'grsrurs (lTB2-fpllM 1787) u urecrb roMoB <3anncox, niAaexaqnx Ao ilcrc4,nn,
\?!\,^xyro_r(ecrB, HpaBoB, o6uqaea ( r 786- I 788) . 60
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B pesyarrare sroro cJroxHnocb napaAoKcanbHoe noJtoxenne, KorAa Exarepnna II, n cx.ny aairnoro eK) yKa3a, BHrryxAena 6rua QuxancupoBarb npeAnpnrrue cBoero Bpara. A ryr eIr1e oAHH o'6aaroAererncrsosaxnufi uuneparpnqefi nnTeparop aBrop cHcropuuecKoro onficannr poccuficxofi - M. KoMMepru{H> A. tlyaron, [eAoBonbnbrfi ue,(.nl.rrelnHocrblo n nJroxHM KarrecrBoM pa6m AxaAennqecrofi rrnorpaQttn, nepeAan HgAaHHe KHHrr{, Haqnnaq c rperbero roMa, Honnrory. fleqarauue rpyAoB Bepeaxnna, rlyarona, a raKJK€r n€p€Be.(eHHoro no npnKa3aHnn Exarepunu II npoQeccopamH Mocroacxoro yrrnBepcnrera C. E. Aecnnqrnnr a A. M. Eprtueauu V. E.nercrona (xn. l-3, 1780-1782) o6oruaocu Kasne c firBaps l78l no oxrr6pr 1788 r. a 30 rHc. py6. Eolsrue TOnO, HMnepalpHua oKasanacb Heuc[paBHbrM AoJr)KHIKOM HoBnxoBa, u6o, xar Bbrngnr.rJrocb n non6pe 1790 r., c nee rrpr{qnTaJr_ocu-.rnnorpaQnn Mocxoscxoro yHr.rBepcnTera 9807 p. 56 x.2r
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unft pas'HanoulHaer o6tssaeHue B t,tnHbcrou HoMepe n Jferpana llrx fl. C. CsHcryHoB o6elrHna H3Aare.lrfl n xonrpaQaxquu, HafiAfi K ToMy xe B HaneqaraHHbrx nbecax <MHoxecrBo oruu6ox tnnorpaQcxnx>. AeftcrsnreJrbHo, gru KHr{rn He cso6oArru or ouru6or. OAnaxo, KaK MoxHo JrerKo y6e4nrrcr, 6olrrurncrBo r{3 HHx o6rscHsaocb re}r, qro nepeBoAu CeucryHoBa treqgTaJII{Cb He nO ero pyKonHctM, a co c[r{cKoB, noJyrreHHbrx oT KOrO-TO n3 aKTepOB.
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gHaMeHr.rroro neftnqarcKoro r43Aare.[q'He o6raAan opranl{3aurronHbrMr4 TailaHTaMH n AeJosofi xsarroft orlla. Bpeun rIrJIo, B crpaTre c KaxAbrM MecffueM olqy[raJlacb ece 6oree ocrpar HexBarKa yve6nux noco6nfi. B Nnle 1784 r. cneH Kou'l-lccl.rur O. H. f HroBr.rq Ae Mapneno ycMorpeJl ns Karailora VHunepcnretcxofi xHaxuofi ilaaKrt, r{To raM, paBHo KaK n y nerep6yprcKoro KoMlrccI{oHepa, Kyrtla
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tlnrc t,t xouQncxonarb HepacnpoAaxHble arseunnrpu yve6HXKoB. OAHaro Hos[xos H aAbIoraHTbI MocKoBcKoro rJIaBHoKoManAylorqefo rpaSa 3. f. r{epnunesa H. fI. Typrenen u H. 14. Prnulea no'Ka3aJILt Ha Aonpoce B noJII,IuHLI, noATBepAHB 3To oQnquarrHbrMn AoKyMeHTaMu, uro > n >, a raKx(e < n oPyerqe ABe Apyme KH'HrH 6unn Haneqaranbl no [psMoKoBoAcrBo x apaSrrlernKe> My vKa3aHlrn tlepnuurena. -HecnpaBeAnnBocrr rpe6onannR xonQacx'croarb 3Tlr ns1atlr.n craJla oqesltAHoft Aaxe fipoMy HeApyry MacorroB, HoBoMy MocKoBcKoMy ffIaBHoKoMaHAy.lo-
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py Korunccra fl. B. 3aoa4oacxoMy, [pnqrrne roro, rrro - nonpenoAar,or u y$AHbrx ropoAoB rUKOJrax yqeHEe lro oHbrM, ro n 6yay oxzAarb orBera: flycrurb JIn re KHlrrH B fipoAaxy HJrH rrpe[poBo4rTb s KoMr.rccuro, B Kar(\oBoM cJIvqae cqflTaro, qro coAepxareJrb rnnorpa$,an Honuxon, io HeBI{HHocrH cooefr, 3acJryxnBaer yAoBJreTBopeHLIfl ga rrone_ ces,Huri Ha[er{araH,r.reM r{x y6uron 2a. Kounccuu flpnrrrnocbnpr.rHflTb r.rgAareJrbcKue pacxoal,r Hosprxosa. Ha csofi cqer. Ayuaelca, qro HosHxoB He 3Jloynorpe6arn uesaxonHofr xoHrpa0axuuerl. !,oroaop c VHunepczteiona npeAocraBnfln B 3AeIIrHr{x
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KoJr Jr eKTHB a corpyAH n3alrpocbl qnrare,refi Bcex coqrranbHHx Kareropufi. HosHxos He ronbKo cn.rrornJr BoKp,yr cBoero 'Lr3AareJlbcrsa raxofi Ko.rrJreKTHB, Ho r.r c.rleJraJr ero flApoM nnTeparypHo-o6qecrseHtroro corosa, xoropuft nepepoc paMKr.t MaconcrBa H K KoHqy 1780-x rr. craJr Baxsefi runira n,{,eft no-noa HrHqecKHM Qa rroponn cotspeMeHHoft pyccxoft xngsu. B saperucrpr{poBaHo oKoJrog0 anropon, ne_ q ara BIrI nx cBoI{ op H[I{'H aJIbH ble r{ KoM nHJrff TLIBH ble coq r.rHeH r.rq y Honx-x_ona. 6onee rrerBeprn fia HHx npoQeccopa n cryAeH"LI Mocxoncxoro ynuBepcnTera, npr4MepHo croJrbKo xe nl{rl AyxoBHoro sBaHHfl, ruraBHbrM o6pasorr,I npeno4anarenefi ryM a Hr.rrapHbrx AHcur{nnxH,s CraseHo-rp eKo-Jr arnHcxofi a xa _ AeMnr.r H npoBlrHll'Ha,rlnHbrx ceMlrHapr.rflx, ocTa.rrbHble _ yqH_ TeJIff, .II{H0BHLTKII, BoegHocnyxaqre, Jrnua cno6o4uux npo_
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ryape 3aHHMaJra repeBoAHafl nnreparypa. TpynHo renepb ycranoBr.rrb roqHoe qncro flepeBo,rlqnKoB, pa6oranmnx ua Honuxona, TaK KaK MHoFlre r{3 r{Lrx no reM nan'nnwu coo6paxeHLIrM npeAfloqlrranl{ coxpar{flTb rrHKorHI{To. B
BeKa> 3aperlrcrpr.rpoBano 163 arreparopa pasHbrx no cortuanbnoMy loJroxeHr,ro,'Bospacry N npoQeccnu, qbu nepeBoAbr KraccflqecKrx corrugegnfi n noryreAH'nx HoBnHox c QpanuyacKofs, HeMeqKono, rarllHcKoro, rpeqecKoro, anr.nnficKoto, LITa,'IbgHcKoro n rnraftcKoro rgbrKoB neqara.rlncr a Vnnnep-
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Bbre u gHuT.txJroneAnqecKn o6pasoBauHbre B. A. JlesrulrH x Bepeexr.rH, xp_enocr.uofi 6n6nnorexapt rpaea [IepeMerbeBa B. B_opo6nescxnft H KyneqecKufi cui O. B. KipxaBHH c pannori oxoroft flepeBoAznr.r HoBbre pouauu x Ha-
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KoBa no uacoucxofi Jrolr(e. H. B. "rlonyxuu, A. M. Kyrysoa N H. II. TypreueB nepeBoAIlJrH, napqay c Mlrcrr{qecKrrMn cor{nHeHHqMH npeATeq n yqa.relefi MacoH,crBa, upancrreuuo-eu,r'ocoQcrne rp a Krarbr lyrcco, aJrJrerop fi qecxxb nosecrn M-ep cbe, Ayxo'Bubre rro3Mbr K.nonuroxa u lOsra. 3rn xuurn, rio 3aMbrcJry BoJIbHbrx KaMeHuIHKoB, AoJrx(rrbr 6tr.nu noAroroBHTb K Boclpr.{rrnro MacoHcKHx HAeft ,Hx 6yAyurnx aAelroB
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no noJrr{TgKonoMlrn, topflcnpyAe}itlrvr tl arpapHoMy Bonpocy. HeMerlxaq 3crer.r{Ka u ennocoQlrr npe4craBJreHa B HoBHKoBcKoM H3AareJrbcKoM pelepryaLepeBoAaMH ) {HreJIq C'MoreHcxoft 4yxonHofr ceunHapi.rlr H. f. Moposona. Crapufi apyr n corpyaauK yuuBepcnrerP_e
cKoro rurrofpaQa M. H. flonoe lepeBoArur coquHefilrfl r.rraJrbtHcKI,tx noJIHTliqecKnx uslc.llnre.neft . Carvroft MHorrorrucreirsoft z necrpofi rro cocraBy 6ula
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coBpeMeHTrxx Hosfixosa, yqeHHK Anex- BcnoMlrnat canrpoHeBcxoft ceunHapau V. H. MaprunoB, - cryAeHqeqro oHH cKItMH nepeBoAaMn ne 6pesranv!, srafl rro orrbrry, AelxeBne BcrKlrx Apyrnx. C.nyua.nocl H raK, qro nepeBoA Aenan cTyAeHT 3a HHqroxHylo nJIaTy, a Ha 3aTJIaBHOM JIHCTTeJIr{,
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