Методическое пособие по определению качества урожая сельскохозяйственных культур

Fbgbkl_jkl\hh[s_]hbijhn_kkbhgZevgh]hh[jZah\ZgbyJhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb BQ?KDH?IHKH;B?IHHIJ?>?E?GBX D:Q?KL?E?GB...

192 downloads 165 Views 129KB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

Fbgbkl_jkl\hh[s_]hbijhn_kkbhgZevgh]hh[jZah\ZgbyJhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb
F?LH>BQ?KDH?IHKH;B?IHHIJ?>?E?GBX D:Q?KL<:MJH@:YK?EVKDHOHAYCKLeyklm^_glh\dmjkZ^g_\gh]hhl^_e_gby

KhklZ\bl_eb^hpdk-ogL:>_\ylh\Z ^hpd[gG<Klhjh`_gdh

2

HIJ?>?E?GB?KH>?J@:GBY;?EDH
3

>Ze__ hkZ^hd \f_kl_ k nbevljhf gZ \hjhgd_ih^kmrb\Zxl\kmrbevghf rdZnm ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ -60H \ l_q_gb_ q aZl_f nbevlj k hkZ^dhf i_j_ghkyl[_aihl_jv\dhe[mDv_ev^Zey_fdhklvx-feb\eb\Zxl\g__ dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmx k_jgmx dbkehlm iehlghklv ba jZkq_lZ fe gZ ] ZgZebabjm_fh]h jZklbl_evgh]h \ha^mrgh-kmoh]h fZl_jbZeZ >ey ih\ur_gby l_fi_jZlmju k`b]Zgby Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh b mkdhj_gby j_Zdpbb hdbke_gby \ kf_kv ^h[Z\eyxl ] kmevnZlZ dZeby \a\_r_ggh]h gZ l_ogbq_kdbo \_kZo >ey ij_^hl\jZs_gby\ki_gb\Zgby[jhkZxldmkhq_diZjZnbgZjZaf_jhfk]hjhrbgm Kh^_j`bfh_dhe[ui_j_f_rb\Zxldjm]h\ufb^\b`_gbyfbDh]^Z\ki_gb\Zgb_ ij_djZlblky ^h[Z\eyxl dZlZebaZlhj – 0.1 ] k_e_gZ beb ] kmevnZlZ f_^b (CuSO4Â+22 >ey ij_^mij_`^_gby jZa[jua]b\Zgby ba dhe[u kh^_j`bfh]h \ ]hjeurdh __ \klZ\eyxl fZe_gvdmx \hjhgdm beb ki_pbZevgmx fZe_gvdmx ijh[hqdm AZl_f dhe[m keZ[h gZ]j_\Zxl gZ ieZf_gb ]Zah\hc ]hj_edb \ gZdehgghf iheh`_gbb ih^ m]ehf -60H Ijb hahe_gbb gb \ dh_f kemqZ_ g_evay^himkdZlvqlh[uieZfy]hj_edbdZkZehkvdhe[u\ur_mjh\gy`b^dhklb \g_cK`b]Zlvfh`ghlhevdhih^ly]hc ?kebkh^_j`bfh_dhe[u[m^_lkbevghi_gblvkyg_h[oh^bfhgZ]j_\Zgb_ mf_gvrblvg_evay^himkdZlvqlh[ui_gZaZoh^beZ\]hjeurdhdhe[uBgh]^Z ij_djZsZxl gZ]j_\Zgb_ ^h ihegh]h hk_^Zgby i_gu b lhevdh ihke_ wlh]h \hah[gh\eyxlgZ]j_\Zgb_ Dh]^Z\ki_gb\Zgb_ij_djZlblkybgZqg_lky\u^_e_gb_k_jgh]hZg]b^jb^Z \\b^_[_eh]h^ufZ fh`ghhklhjh`ghh[fulvkh^_j`bfufdhe[u__kl_gdb gZ dhlhjuo hklZebkv l_fgu_ djmibgdb h[m]eb\r_]hky fZl_jbZeZ Gh gZ^h ba[_]Zlv[mjgh]hdbi_gbylZddZdhgbijb\h^bldihl_j_ZahlZ?keb`b^dhklb \ dhe[_ hklZg_lky f_gvr_ fe hklhjh`gh ^h[Z\eyxl dbkehlm K`b]Zgb_ \_^ml ^h l_o ihj ihdZ kh^_j`bfh_ dhe[u kh\_jr_ggh h[_kp\_lblky dZlZebaZlhj – k_e_g beb ijbf_l ]hem[mx hdjZkdm dZlZebaZlhj – f_^guc dmihjhk

4

Ihke_ hdhgqZgby k`b]Zgby b hoeZ`^_gby dhe[u Dv_ev^Zey \ g__ hklhjh`gh ijbeb\Zxl g_fgh]h ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u \a[Zelu\Zxl b i_j_ghkyl \ hl]hggmx dhe[m Ihke_ keb\Zgby kh^_j`bfh]h dhe[u Dv_ev^Zey hiheZkdb\Zxl - jZaZ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc keb\Zy __ dZ`^uc jZa \ hl]hggmx dhe[m Hl]hggmx dhe[m g_evay gZihegylv [he__ q_f gZiheh\bgm h[t_fZ>eyijh\_jdbj_Zdpbbkj_^u\hl]hggmxdhe[mijb[Z\eyxl-dZieb n_ghenlZe_bgZbebhimkdZxldmkhq_ddjZkghceZdfmkh\hc[mfZ]b H^gh\j_f_ggh \ ijb_fgmx dhe[m _fdhklvx - fe gZeb\Zxl ibi_ldhc fe g H2SO4 b ijb[Z\eyxl - dZieb bg^bdZlhjZ =jhZdZ beb f_lbeh\h]h djZkgh]h Ijb_fgmx dhe[m k lbljh\Zgghc k_jghc dbkehlhc mklZgZ\eb\Zxl ih^ oheh^bevgbd ZiiZjZlZ ^ey hl]hgdb ZffbZdZ lZd qlh[u dhgqbdljm[dboheh^bevgbdZ[ueih]jm`_g\dbkehlm Ihke_ wlh]h ^ey ij_^mij_`^_gby lheqdh\ ijbdbiyq_gbbi_j_]hgy_fhc `b^dhklb \ hl]hggmx dhe[m [jhkZxl g_fgh]h i_fau beb ]jZgmebjh\Zggh]h pbgdZijbeb\Zxlfe-50 %-gh]hjZkl\hjZ_^dh]hdZebybebgZljby Hl]hggmx dhe[m g_ \a[Zelu\Zy __ kh^_j`bfh]h ijbkh_^bgyxl d ZiiZjZlm^eyhl]hgZZffbZdZ
5

Ih hdhgqZgbb hl]hgZ dhg_p ljm[db oheh^bevgbdZ hiheZkdb\Zxl ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc \ ijb_fgbd Kh^_j`bfh_ ijb_fgbdZ lbljmxl g _^dbf gZljhf ^h i_j_oh^Z nbhe_lh\hc hdjZkdb `b^dhklb \ ijb_fgbd_ \ a_e_gmx _keb \ dZq_kl\_ bg^bdZlhjZ ijbf_gyeky j_Zdlb\ =jhZdZ beb ^h i_j_oh^ZdjZkghchdjZkdb\ahehlbklmx_kebijbf_gyekyf_lbeh\ucdjZkguc ?kebih^h[guci_j_oh^hdjZkdbijhbahc^_l\ijb_fghcdhe[__s_\ijhp_kk_ hl]hgZ ke_^m_l g_f_^e_ggh ijbeblv \ ijb_fgbd ^hihegbl_evgh fe g k_jghcdbkehluaZibkZlv Kh^_j`Zgb_[_edZhij_^_eyxlihnhjfme_ O=

Z ⋅ L − [ ⋅ L ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]^_ G

O-ijhp_gl[_edZG–gZ\_kdZ\_s_kl\Z\aylh]h^eyZgZebaZZ–feg G2SO4 \aylhc \ ijb_fgbd L – ihijZ\dZ d lbljm wlhc dbkehlu [ – fe g s_ehqb bajZkoh^h\Zgghc gZ lbljh\Zgb_ k\h[h^ghc k_jghc dbkehlu \ ijb_fgbd_L1 –ihijZ\dZdlbljmwlhcs_ehqb^eyi_j_\h^Z\ijhp_glu 0.0014 – dZ`^uc fe g G2SO4 k\yau\Z_l ZffbZd \ dhebq_kl\_ khhl\_lkl\mxs_f]ZahlZMfgh`Zyqbkehfek\yaZgghck_jghcdbkehlu gZ wlhl dhwnnbpb_gl magZ_f kdhevdh ZahlZ kh^_j`Zehkv \ [_ed_ gZ\_kdb \_s_kl\Z \aylh]h ^ey ZgZebaZ IjbgbfZy kj_^g__ kh^_j`Zgb_ ZahlZ \ [_ed_ fh`gh \uqbkeblv kh^_j`Zgb_ [_edZ \ ZgZebabjm_fhf fZl_jbZe_ >ey wlh]h dhebq_kl\h ZahlZ mfgh`Z_f gZ Dhwnnbpb_gl g_ y\ey_lky ihklhygguf >ey k_fyg jZaebqguo jZkl_gbc \ khhl\_lkl\bb k kh^_j`Zgb_f ZahlZ \ bo [_edZo ihevamxlky bguf dhwnnbpb_glhf ijb ZgZeba_ k_fyg dmdmjmau ]j_qbob nZkheb mfgh`Zxl gZ a_jgZ ir_gbpu h\kZ j`b yqf_gy ]hjhoZ [h[h\ – gZ k_fyg ih^kheg_qgbdZ evgZ oehiqZlgbdZ a_feygh]hhj_oZde_s_\bguexibgZ–gZ J_Zdlb\u f_^gucdmihjhk-gucjZkl\hj _^dbcgZljgucjZkl\hj oehjbkluc[Zjbc-gucjZkl\hj k_jgZydbkehlZiehlg k_e_g k_jgZydbkehlZgjZkl\hjfegZe s_ehqvg

6

jZkl\hjNaOH – 4.00 ]gZe s_ehqv-gucjZkl\hj1DHGbebDHG bg^bdZlhj=jhZdZ n_ghenlZe_bg
0.0014 –\_ebqbgZf]-wd\ZahlZ :G:EBAG:©KUJHCIJHL?BGª Ijbgpbif_lh^ZBgh]^Zhij_^_eyxlg_[_edh\h_\_s_kl\hjZkl_gbcZ lZd gZau\Z_fuc kujhc ijhl_bg < wlhf kemqZ_ hliZ^Z_l gZ^h[ghklv \ hkZ`^_gbb [_edZ GZ\_kdm ZgZebabjm_fh]h \_s_kl\Z \ lZdhf `_ dhebq_kl\_ dZdbijbZgZeba_gZ[_ehd i_j_g_k_ggmx\dhe[mDv_ev^Zeyg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh aZeb\Zxlbhaheyxlk_jghcdbkehlhcZ^Zevg_crbcZgZeba\_^mllZd`_dZdb \ kemqZ_ hij_^_e_gby [_edZ kf hij_^_e_gb_ [_edh\uo \_s_kl\\jZkl_gbyo Hrb[dZ wlh]h f_lh^Z khklhbl \ lhf qlh \_kv gZc^_gguc Zahl kqblZ_lky [_edh\uf ihwlhfm j_amevlZl ihemqZ_lky g_kdhevdh aZ\ur_gguf gh ^ey hjb_glbjh\hqghchp_gdbdhjfh\ih^h[guckihkh[kqblZ_lky^himklbfuf

7

HIJ>?E?GB?GBLJ:LGH=H:AHL:BKMEVNHN?GHEH
8

qZrdm ijbeb\Zxl kf3 ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u b g_cljZebamxl __ kh^_j`bfh_-gufjZkl\hjhfs_ehqbNaOH). < ijbkmlkl\bb gbljZlh\ \ bkiulm_fhf jZkl\hj_ ihy\ey_lky `_elh_ hdjZrb\Zgb_ HdjZr_gguc jZkl\hj q_j_a \hjhgdm i_j_ghkyl \ f_jgmx dhe[m gZ kf3 fgh]hdjZlgh kiheZkdb\Zy qZrdm b iZehqdm ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc ^h\h^y h[t_f ^h f_ldb aZdju\Zxl ijh[dhc b i_j_f_rb\Zxl Hilbq_kdmx iehlghklvbaf_jyxl\nhlhwe_dljhdhehjbf_lj_ijbkbg_fk\_lhnbevlj_^ebgZ \hegugf \dx\_lZolhesbghckf Dhgp_gljZpbx gbljZlh\ hij_^_eyxl gZ hkgh\Zgbb bo hilbq_kdhc iehlghklbih]jZ^mbjh\hqghfm]jZnbdm >eyihkljh_gbydZeb[jh\hqghcdjb\hc\ijhgmf_jh\Zggu_nZjnhjh\u_ qZrdb[_jml kf3 h[jZaph\h]hjZkl\hjZgbljZlZk kh^_j`Zgb_f NO3 f]kf3 Ke_^h\Zl_evgh \ qZrdb khhl\_lkl\_ggh [ueh \g_k_gh b f] gbljZlZ QZrdb mklZgZ\eb\ZxlgZdbiysmx\h^ygmx[Zgxb\uiZjb\Zxlkh^_j`bfh_^hkmoZ AZl_f \ kmob_ qZrdb k hkZ^dhf gbljZlZ dZeby ijbeb\Zxl ih kf3 ^bkmevnhn_gheh\hcdbkehlukfZqb\Zxl_x\kxih\_joghklvqZrdbbq_j_a fbg ijbeb\Zxl kf3 ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u b g_cljZebamxl jZkl\hj 10 %-ghcNaOH^hihy\e_gby`_elh]hhdjZrb\Zgby HdjZr_ggu_ jZkl\hju i_j_ghkyl \ ijhgmf_jh\Zggu_ f_jgu_ dhe[u gZ kf3 ^h\h^yl ^h f_ldb i_j_f_rb\Zxl b baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv dZ`^h]hjZkl\hjZgZqbgZykgZbf_gvr_cdhgp_gljZpbb GZ fbeebf_ljh\hc [mfZ]_ \uq_jqb\Zxl dZeb[jh\hqgmx djb\mx hldeZ^u\ZygZhkbhj^bgZlagZq_gbyhilbq_kdhciehlghklbZgZhkbZ[kpbkk– khhl\_lkl\mxsb_dhgp_gljZpbbgbljZlh\\f]kf3).

9

gZ\_kdZ ZgZebabjm_fh]h \_s_kl\Z ] V – h[t_f nbevljZlZ kf3; V1 – h[t_f nbevljZlZ^ey\uiZjb\Zgbykf3. J_Zdlb\u ^bkmevnhn_gheh\Zy dbkehlZ – ] k\_`_i_j_]gZggh]h n_gheZkf_rb\Zxlk]kf oqk_jghcdbkehluieihf_sZxl\ djm]eh^hggmx dhe[m aZdju\Zxl ijh[dhc k ^ebgghc ljm[dhc b gZ]j_\Zxl gZ \h^yghc[Zg_qZk 2) 10 %-gucjZkl\hjNaOH; h[jZaph\uc jZkl\hj gbljZlZ GZ ZgZeblbq_kdbo \_kZo [_jml ] oqDNO3,ihf_sZxl\ebljh\mxdhe[mjZkl\hjyxl\^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^_b ^h\h^yl h[t_f ^h f_ldb < ijb]hlh\e_gghf jZkl\hj_ kh^_j`blky NO3 0.01 f]kf3. HIJ?>?E?GB?©KUJH=Hª@BJ:IHIHI:G>HIMEH Ijbgpbif_lh^ZF_lh^hkgh\ZggZwdkljZdpbb`bjZq_luj_ooehjbkluf m]e_jh^hf WdkljZdpby ijh\h^blky \ h[udgh\_gghc dhe[_ k ^ebgghc kl_deygghc ljm[dhc \ dZq_kl\_ h[jZlgh]h oheh^bevgbdZ Q_luj_ooehjbkluc m]e_jh^ dZd b ^jm]b_ jZkl\hjbl_eb wlbeh\uc wnbj [_gabg ba\e_dZ_l ijb h[jZ[hld_ bf jZkl_gbc g_ lhevdh `bju gh b jy^ ^jm]bo \_s_kl\ `bjgu_ dbkehlu\hkdZnhknZlb^ubij
ihke_^g_]h

h[klhyl_evkl\Z

`bju

ba\e_dZ_fu_

q_luj_ooehjbkluf m]e_jh^hf gZau\Zxlky ©kujufbª H^gZdh qZs_ \k_]h h]jZgbqb\Zxlkymq_lhflhevdhkujh]h`bjZ Oh^ZgZebaZIZd_lbdbbaiehlghcnbevljh\Zevghc[mfZ]bihf_sZxl\ lZjbjh\Zggu_[xdkubkmrZlijbl_fi_jZlmj_-150 HK\kmrbevghfrdZnm

10

^h ihklhyggh]h \_kZ qZk < \ukmr_ggu_ b ijhgmf_jh\Zggu_ ijhkluf dZjZg^ZrhfiZd_lbdb[_jmlhl^h]gZ\_kdbohjhrhbaf_evq_ggh]h\klmid_ fZl_jbZeZ \ukmrb\Zxl ijb -105 HK ^h ihegh]h m^Ze_gby \h^u q \a\_rb\Zxlbi_j_ghkyl\dhe[m^eywdkljZdpbb`bjZ < lm `_ dhe[m ijbeb\Zxl g_ [he__ h[t_fZ q_luj_ooehjbkluc m]e_jh^ Ijbkh_^bgyxlddhe[_\ha^mrgucoheh^bevgbdbwdkljZ]bjmxl`bj gZ \h^yghc [Zg_ \ l_q_gb_ fbg ;Zgy ^he`gZ klhylv \ \uly`ghf rdZnm k ohjhr_cly]hc
11

Kh^_j`Zgb_`bjZjZkkqblu\Z_lkyke_^mxsbfh[jZahfkh^_j`Zgb_`bjZ O \Z[khexlghkmohfjZklbl_evghffZl_jbZe_[m^_ljZ\gh P ⋅ , P ]^_P– fZkkZh[_a`bj_ggh]hjZklbl_evgh]hfZl_jbZeZ] O =

m1 – fZkkZ Z[khexlgh kmoh]h jZklbl_evgh]h fZl_jbZeZ \aylh]h ^ey ZgZebaZ] HIJ?>?E?GB?GBLJ:LGH=H:AHL:KIHFHSVX BHGHK?E?DLB:IHF?LH>MPBG:H Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z < hkgh\m f_lh^Z iheh`_gh y\e_gb_ \hagbdgh\_gby we_dljbq_kdh]h aZjy^Z kljh]h hij_^_e_gghc kbeu ijZdlbq_kdb \k_o bhgh\ jZkl\hjbfuo \ \h^_ We_dljh^\b`msZy kbeZ W>K jZkl\hjZ h[mkeh\e_ggZy gbljZlZfb k_e_dlb\gh baf_jy_lky gbljZlguf we_dljh^hf Dhgkljmdlb\gh b l_ogheh]bq_kdbwlhlwe_dljh^\uiheg_glZdqlhkihkh[_gj_]bkljbjh\Zlvebrv we_dljbq_kdb_ aZjy^u gbljZl-bhgh\ F_`^m W>F baf_jy_fhc we_dljh^hf b dhgp_gljZpb_cgbljZlh\\jZkl\hj_kms_kl\m_lkljh]ZyaZ\bkbfhklv Ih^Zgghfmf_lh^mgbljZluhij_^_eyxlihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdbkihfhsvx bhghk_e_dlb\gh]h gbljZlgh]h we_dljh^Z \ \uly`d_ ba k\_`_]h jZklbl_evgh]h fZl_jbZeZ
12

Ihke_]hfh]_gbaZpbbkmki_gabxi_j_eb\Zxl\obfbq_kdbcklZdZggZ fe Ijb hlkmlkl\bb ]hfh]_gbaZlhjZ gZ\_kdm ij_^\Zjbl_evgh baf_evq_ggh]h jZklbl_evgh]h fZl_jbZeZ jZklbjZxl \ klmid_ k d\Zjp_\uf i_kdhf ^h h^ghjh^ghcfZkkuIj_^\Zjbl_evghi_khdgZklZb\Zxl\kheyghcdbkehl_aZl_f lsZl_evgh hlfu\Zxl hl Kl-bhgh\ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc b ihke_ \ukmrb\ZgbygZ\ha^mo_ijhdZeb\Zxl\fmn_e_ijbl_fi_jZlmj_HK Kh^_j`bfh_ klmidb aZeb\Zxl - fe ba fe jZkl\hjZ ZexfhdZeb_\uo d\Zkph\ b ijh^he`Zxl jZklbjZlv \ l_q_gb_ - fbg aZl_f fZkkmdhebq_kl\_gghi_j_ghkyl\obfbq_kdbcklZdZgh[t_fhffekfu\Zy hklZldb gZ klmid_ b i_klbd_ hklZ\rbfky jZkl\hjhf ZexfhdZeb_\uo d\Zkph\ I_j_g_k_ggmx fZkkm wg_j]bqgh i_j_f_rb\Zxl \ klZdZgqbd_ kl_deygghc iZehqdhc

\

l_q_gb_

-

fbg

Baf_jyxl

ihl_gpbZe

gbljZlgh]h

bhghk_e_dlb\gh]hwe_dljh^ZgZbhghf_lj_ Dhgp_gljZpbx gbljZlh\ gZoh^yl ih dZeb[jh\hqghfm ]jZnbdm gZ hkgh\Zgbbbaf_j_ggh]hihl_gpbZeZ\f< >eyihkljh_gbydZeb[jh\hqghcdjb\hcbaf_jyxlW>K\fbeeb\hevlZo\ k_jbbjZkl\hjh\gbljZlZdZebyba\_klghcdhgp_gljZpbb–FF F b F Ih ihemq_gguf agZq_gbyf fbeeb\hevlh\ jZkl\hjh\ gZ fbeebf_ljh\hc [mfZ]_ \uq_jqb\Zxl ]jZ^mbjh\hqgmx djb\mx hldeZ^u\Zy gZ hkbZ[kpbkkagZq_gbyHNO3ZgZhkbhj^bgZl–khhl\_lkl\mxsb_bfagZq_gby W>Kf<
13

J_Zdlb\u jZkl\hjZexfhdZeb_\uod\Zkph\–]khebjZkl\hjyxl\ ebljh\hcdhe[_^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^hcb^h\h^ylh[t_f^hf_ldb

F

klZg^Zjlguc

jZkl\hj

DNO3

-

]

oq

i_j_djbklZeebah\Zggh]h b \ukmr_ggh]h ijb WO 105 H ^h ihklhyggh]h \_kZ Zahlghdbkeh]hdZebyjZkl\hjyxl\-ghfjZkl\hj_ZexfhdZeb_\uod\Zkph\ \f_jghcdhe[_h[t_fhffeb^h\h^ylh[t_fwlbf`_jZkl\hjhf^hf_ldb F jZkl\hj D123 – fe F jZkl\hjZ DNO3 ihf_sZxl \ f_jgmxdhe[mgZ eb^h\h^yl^hf_ldb-gufjZkl\hjhfZexfhdZeb_\uo d\Zkph\ F jZkl\hj DNO3 ]hlh\yl -djZlguf jZa[Z\e_gb_f F jZkl\hjZ-gufjZkl\hjhfZexfhdZeb_\uod\Zkph\ HIJ?>?E?GB?DJ:OF:E:F?LH>HFDBKEHLGH=H=B>JHEBA: Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z Fhe_dmeu djZofZeZ jZks_ieyxl ^_ckl\b_f kheyghc dbkehlu gZ fhe_dmeu ]exdhau k ihke_^mxsbf hij_^_e_gb_f __ ih ;_jljZgm K6G10H5 + nG2H nK6G12H6 Oh^ ZgZebaZ Ba lsZl_evgh jZkl_jlhc kj_^g_c ijh[u ZgZebabjm_fh]h \_s_kl\Z [_jml gZ\_kdm dZjlhn_ey hdheh ] fmdb – 1 ] k_fyg – ] b i_j_ghkyl \ f_jgmx dhe[m gZ fe ijbeb\Zxl fe ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^ulsZl_evgh\a[Zelu\Zxlbijbeb\ZxlfeGKlKh^_j`bfh_dhe[u gZ]j_\ZxlfbggZdbiys_c\h^yghc[Zg_ Ih bkl_q_gbb wlh]h \j_f_gb ^_eZxl ijh[m gZ hdhgqZgb_ ]b^jhebaZ djZofZeZ k ihfhsvx jZkl\hjZ ch^Z \ ch^bklhf dZebb ?keb ]b^jheba g_ aZ\_jr_g ijbkh_^bgyxl \aylmx ijh[m h[jZlgh d kh^_j`bfhfm dhe[u b ijh^he`Zxl gZ]j_\Zgb_ _s_ fbg AZl_f [_jml gh\mx ijh[m gZ hdhgqZgb_ ]b^jhebaZbl^^hihegh]hbkq_agh\_gbydjZofZeZ Ih hdhgqZgbb ]b^jhebaZ hoeZ`^Zxl kh^_j`bfh_ dhe[u ^h dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmju ih^ djZghf k oheh^ghc \h^hc b g_cljZebamxl ihemq_gguc

14

jZkl\hj -guf KH3 ijb[Z\eyy _]h g_[hevrbfb ihjpbyfb \ ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ ijhbkoh^bl kbevgh_ \ki_gb\Zgb_ b `b^dhklv fh`_l i_j_eblvky q_j_a djZc]hjeurdZdhe[u HdhgqZgb_g_cljZebaZpbbhij_^_eyxlijh[hcgZkbgbc eZdfmkBa[uldZs_ehqbg_h[oh^bfhba[_]ZlvlZddZd\s_ehqghckj_^_kZoZjZ jZaeZ]Zxlky AZl_f `b^dhklv \ dhe[_ ^h\h^yl ^h f_ldb ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc lsZl_evgh\a[Zelu\Zxlbnbevljmxl ;_jmlfenbevljZlZi_j_ghkyl\klZdZg_fdhklvxfe^h[Z\eyxl fe^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^u fegZ-gh]hCuSO4fe]ebp_jbgZfe 20 %-gh]hNaOHKh^_j`bfh_dhe[ugZ]j_\Zxl^hdbi_gbybdbiylyljh\gh fbg Ihbkl_q_gbbfbgmldhe[hqdmkgbfZxlkh]gybhklZ\eyxlgZfbgmlm \ ihdh_ ^Zxl hk_klv \uiZ\r_fm djZkghfm hkZ^dm aZdbkb f_^b D wlhfm \j_f_gb ^he`gZ [ulv ih^]hlh\e_gZ ljm[dZ :eebgZ k Zk[_klh\uf nbevljhf HkZ^hd\dhe[hqd_hlfu\Zxl]hjyq_c\h^hciml_f^_dZglZpbb NbevljZl\dhe[_;mga_gZ^he`_gbf_lvkbg__hdjZrb\Zgb_\ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ hij_^_e_gb_ g_h[oh^bfh ih\lhjblv jZa[Z\b\ bkoh^guc jZkl\hj \ g_kdhevdhjZa Hlfu\Zgb_hkZ^dZ^_dZglZpb_cijh^he`Zxl^hl_oihjihdZijhfu\gu_ \h^u g_ klZgml kh\_jr_ggh ijhajZqgufb b i_j_klZgml ^Z\Zlv j_Zdpbx gZ kmevnZl-bhg k %D&O2 MdZaZgb_f gZdhg_phlfu\ZgbyhkZ^dZy\ey_lkylZd`_b g_cljZevgZyj_Zdpbyihke_^g_cihjpbbijhfu\guo\h^ Hdhgqb\ijhfu\Zgb_ \ueb\ZxlnbevljZlbijhfu\gu_\h^ubohjhrh kiheZkdb\Zxl dhe[m ;mga_gZ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc Ljm[dm :eebgZ ihf_sZxl gZ ij_`g__ f_klh hkZ^hd \ klZdZg_ jZkl\hjyxl ijb[Z\e_gb_f ih^dbke_ggh]h k_jghc dbkehlhc k_jghdbkeh]h hdbkgh]h `_e_aZ beb jZkl\hjZ `_e_ah-Zffhgbcguo d\Zkph\ Ijb wlhf hkZ^hd kgZqZeZ q_jg__l Z aZl_f ^Z_l jZkl\hj a_e_gh-]hem[h\Zlh]h p\_lZ J_Zdlb\ ijbeb\Zxl ihkl_i_ggh h[s__ ihlj_[gh__]hdhebq_kl\h-fe

15

Ihke_ jZkl\hj_gby hkZ^dZ jZkl\hj g_f_^e_ggh nbevljmxl q_j_a ljm[dm :eebgZ^eyihegh]hjZkl\hj_gbyhkZ^dZgZZk[_klh\hfnbevlj_nbevljh\Zgb_ ke_^m_laZf_^eblv KlZdZg\dhlhjhf[uejZkl\hjg_kdhevdhjZaijhfu\Zxl ]hjyq_c^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^hcbkeb\Zxl__gZnbevlj Ijbijhfu\ZgbbhkZ^dZgZnbevlj_gZ^hg_^Z\Zlv`b^dhklbiheghklvx kl_dZlv^eyba[_`Zgbyhdbke_gby\hkklZgh\e_ggh]h`_e_aZ GZdhg_pm^Zeyxlljm[dm:eebgZb_s_]hjyqbcjZkl\hj\dhe[_;mga_gZ lbljmxl g jZkl\hjhf i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby ^h keZ[h]h ihjhah\_gby g_ bkq_aZxs_]h\l_q_gb_fbgmlu JZkq_l kh^_j`Zgby djZofZeZ Mfgh`Zxl dhebq_kl\h fe i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby ihr_^r_]h gZ lbljh\Zgb_ gZ ihijZ\dm d _]h lbljm b gZ dhwnnbpb_gl AZl_fhij_^_ey_lky\_khkZ^dZf_^b\hkklZgh\e_ggh]h]exdhahcldfe gjZkl\hjZi_jfZg]ZgZlZdZebyhl\_qZ_lf]f_^b AZl_fihlZ[ebp_;_jljZgZkf©IjZdlbdmfihZ]jhobfbbªkljih^ j_^ ;:Y]h^bgZ gZoh^yl dhebq_kl\h ]exdhau khhl\_lkl\mxs__ \uqbke_gghfm \_km f_^b Qlh[u hl ]exdhau i_j_clb d djZofZem \_k __ mfgh`Zxl gZ dhwnnbpb_gl hlghr_gb_ f_`^m fhe_dmeyjgufb \_kZfb djZofZeZb]exdhau AZl_f hij_^_eyxl kh^_j`Zgb_ djZofZeZ \ ZgZebabjm_fhf \_s_kl\_ \ ihnhjfme_ O=

Z ⋅ ]^_ G

Z – \_k djZofZeZ \ f] J – gZ\_kdZ \_s_kl\Z \ f] khhl\_lkl\mxsZy h[t_fmnbevljZlZ\aylh]h^eyZgZebaZ J_Zdlb\u GKl jZkl\hj fe gZ e NaCO3. 20 % jZkl\hj CuSO4Â+2O, 4 % jZkl\hj NaOH jZkl\hj jZkl\hj k_jghdbkeh]h hdbkgh]h `_e_aZ ] Fe(SO4)3ÂG2H jZkl\hjyxl \ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^_ b ijb[Z\eyxl lm^Z gZ fe dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc G2SO4 Z aZl_f ^h\h^yl \ f_jghc dhe[_ h[sbc h[t_f jZkl\hjZ

16

^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc ^h e DfnH g jZkl\hjZ ch^Z \ ch^bklhf dZebbdfe^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^uijb[Z\eyxl]ch^bklh]hdZebyKJ b ihke_wlh]hjZkl\hj_gby–]f_lZeebqch^ZAZl_f^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^hc\ f_jghf pbebg^j_ h[t_f jZkl\hjZ ^h\h^yl ^h fe OjZgblv j_Zdlb\ g_h[oh^bfh\l_fghckdeygd_ HIJ?>?E?GB?K:O:JH<:OIH;?JLJ:GM Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z KZoZjZ ba\e_dZxl ]hjyq_c \h^hc < qZklb nbevljZlZ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ihke_ ^b]_klbb \u^_j`b\Zgb_ \ l_q_gb_ hij_^_e_ggh]h \j_f_gb gZ\_kdb \ ]hjyq_c \h^_ hij_^_eyxl gZoh^b\rb_ky \ h\hsZo fhghkZoZjZdhlhju_ijbgylhgZau\Zlv©bg\_jlhfª>jm]mxihjpbxnbevljZlZ \hij_^_e_gguomkeh\byoih^\_j]Zxl]b^jhebambg\_jkbb kheyghcdbkehlhc Ijhp_kk bg\_jkbb g_h[oh^bf ba-aZ lh]h qlh kZoZjhaZ g_ h[eZ^Z_l kihkh[ghklvx \hkklZgZ\eb\Zlv f_^v \ n_eebg]h\hc `b^dhklb kf_kv jZ\guo dhebq_kl\ ih h[t_fm jZkl\hjZ f_^gh]h dmihjhkZ b s_ehqgh]h jZkl\hjZ k_]g_lh\hc kheb < j_amevlZl_ `_ bg\_jkbb kZoZjhaZ \hagbdZxl ]exdhaZ b njmdlhaZ\hkklZgZ\eb\Zxsb_hdbkgmxf_^v\aZdbkgmxIjb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb jZkl\hjZ ]exdhau k n_eebg]h\hc dbkehlhc kh^_j`Zs_c f_^v h[jZam_lky hkZ^hd aZdbkb f_^b dhebq_kl\h dhlhjh]h khhl\_lkl\m_l dhebq_kl\m kZoZjZ \ jZkl\hj_ Wlhl hkZ^hd jZkl\hjyxl k_jghdbkeuf hdbkguf `_e_ahf \ ijbkmlkl\bb k_jghc dbkehlu Hdbkgh_ `_e_ah ijb wlhf hdbkey_l f_^v b \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky \ aZdbkgh_ AZdbkgh_ `_e_ah dhebq_kl\_ggh hdbkey_lky i_jfZg]ZgZlhfdZebyIhbajZkoh^h\ZgghfmgZlbljh\Zgb_hdbke_gb_`_e_aZ jZkl\hjm.FQ24mklZgZ\eb\Zxlkh^_j`Zgb_kZoZjZ\jZkl\hj_ Oh^ ZgZebaZ Bkke_^m_fuc fZl_jbZe lsZl_evgh fhxl h[lbjZxl b baf_evqZxl gZ l_jd_ Ba ohjhrh i_j_f_rZgghc f_a]b [_jml gZ\_kdm ] \ kl_deygguc[xdkbebnZjnhjh\mxqZrdmAZl_fi_j_ghkyl__\rbjhdh]hjemx dhe[m_fdhklvxfekfu\Zy^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^hc^hh[t_fZhdheh fe

17

Kh^_j`bfh_ dhe[u \a[Zelu\Zxl b klZ\yl gZ \h^ygmx [Zgx k l_fi_jZlmjhc H gZ fbg ^ey ^b]_klbb Ihke_ wlh]h dhe[m hoeZ`^Zxl ^h dhfgZlghcl_fi_jZlmjubijb[Z\eyxl\g__-feg_cljZevgh]hk\bgph\h]h mdkmkZ^hij_djZs_gbyh[jZah\Zgbyfmlb^eyhkZ`^_gby[_edh\uobdjZkysbo \_s_kl\ >h\h^yl `b^dhklv \ dhe[_ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc ^h f_ldb b \a[Zelu\Zxldhe[Z Ihke_ hlklZb\Zgby `b^dhklb __ nbevljmxl q_j_a kmohc nbevlj \ kmohc klZdZg beb dhe[m fe nbevljZlZ i_j_ghkyl ibi_ldhc \ f_jgmx dhe[m _fdhklvx fe ijb[Z\eyxllm^Z`_-fegZkus_ggh]hjZkl\hjZNa2SO4 ^ey m^Ze_gby ba[uldZ mdkmkgh-k\bgph\hc kheb ^h ij_djZs_gby h[jZah\Zgby fmlb Dhe[m ^h\h^yl ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc ^h f_ldb \a[Zelu\Zxl ^Zxl hlklhylvkybnbevljmxlq_j_a^\hcghckmohcnbevlj\kmomxdhe[hqdm ?keb lj_[m_lky hij_^_eblv ebrv fhghkZoZjZ [_jml fe nbevljZlZ b hij_^_eyxlbg\_jlguckZoZjih;_jljZgm ?keb gZ^h magZlv h[s__ dhebq_kl\h kZoZjh\ ihklmiZxl ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf >jm]mxihjpbxnbevljZlZ fe badhe[uihf_sZxl\dhe[m _fdhklvxfeklZ\ylgZ\h^ygmx[ZgxgZ]j_lmxij_^\Zjbl_evgh^hHb ^h\h^yll_fi_jZlmjm\dhe[_^hH. AZl_fdhe[mkgbfZxlk[Zgbb^h[Z\eyxl\g__f_jgufpbebg^jhffe 20 %-ghcHKlDhe[m\gh\vklZ\ylgZ\h^ygmx[Zgxkl_fi_jZlmjhc-70HgZ fbgmlIhlhfdhe[mhoeZ`^Zxl`b^dhklvg_cljZebamxl-gufjZkl\hjhf kh^uNa2CO3kf_lbeh\ufhjZg`_\uf^hi_j_oh^ZdjZkghchdjZkdb\qmlv-qmlv `_elh\Zlmxb^h\h^yl^hf_ldb^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^hcbnbevljmxl;_jml fe nbevljZlZ b hij_^_eyxl h[s__ kh^_j`Zgb_ kZoZjZ bg\_jlbjh\Zgguc kZoZj lZd`_ihf_lh^m;_jljZgZkfhij_^_e_gb_djZofZeZ\jZkl_gbyo
18

lbljm i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby b gZ dhwnnbpb_gl fu gZc^_f dhebq_kl\h \hkklZgh\e_gghcf_^b^eybg\_jlZ Ihevamykv lZ[ebp_c kf ©IjZdlbdmf ih Z]jhobfbb ih^ j_^ ;:Y]h^bgZ klj ^ey bg\_jlZ gZc^_f kh^_j`Zgb_ \ bkke_^m_fhf jZkl\hj_bg\_jlZ–Z\fbeeb]jZffZo L_i_jvgZ^h\ujZablvkh^_j`Zgb_bg\_jlZ\ijhp_glZodZgZebabjm_fhfm \_s_kl\m >ey wlh]h gZ^h agZlv dZdZy gZ\_kdZ f_a]b khhl\_lkl\m_l fe nbevljZlZ\aylh]h^eyhij_^_e_gbykZoZjZ Mqblu\ZyjZa\_^_gb_gZoh^bfwlmgZ\_kdmihnhjfme_ G =

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Z ⋅ = f]bg\_jlZ= ⋅ G

Hij_^_e_gb_ h[s_]h kh^_j`Zgby kZoZjZ < – dhebq_kl\h fe g DfnO4ihr_^r_]hgZlbljh\Zgb_ijbhij_^_e_gbbh[s_]hZahlZMfgh`b\< gZ ihijZ\dm d lbljm DFnH b gZ gZc^_f dhebq_kl\h \hkklZgh\e_gghc f_^b ^ey h[s_]h kZoZjZ bg\_jlbjh\Zggh]h Ihevamykv lZ[ebp_c ;_jljZgZ gZc^_f \ bkke_^m_fhf jZkl\hj_ bg\_jlbjh\Zggh]h kZoZjZ – \ \ f] GZ\_kdm f_a]b khhl\_lkl\mxsmx fe nbevljZlZ \aylh]h ^ey hij_^_e_gby bg\_jlbjh\Zggh]hkZoZjZgZoh^bfihnhjfme_ G =

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ \ ⋅ = f]bg\_jlbjh\Zggh]hkZoZjZ= ⋅ G J_Zdlb\u g_cljZevguc k\bgph\uc mdkmk ] KG3KHH 2 Jb

jZklbjZxl k ] k\bgph\h]h ]e_lZ 3E2 \ ijbkmlkl\bb fe ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u < aZdjulhc kl_dehf nZjnhjh\hc qZrd_ j_Zdlb\ \u^_j`b\Zxl gZ dbiys_c \h^yghc [Zg_ ihdZ `_elZy hdjZkdZ g_ ijbh[j_l_l [_euc beb jhah\h-[_euc p\_l AZl_f ^h[Z\eyxl fe ]hjyq_c ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u Kf_kv i_j_ghkyl \ [mluev aZdju\Zxl ijh[dhc b \ l_iehff_kl_hklZ\eyxl^eyhk\_le_gbyjZkl\hjZIhlhfnbevljmxlbojZgyl\ aZdmihj_gghckdeygd_

19

gZkus_ggucjZkl\hjkmevnZlZgZljby]Na2SO4ÂG2HjZkl\hjyxl \ebljh\hcdhe[_b^heb\Zxl^hf_ldb^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^hc GKl, 20 %; 4) Na2CO3, 20 %; 5) f_^guc dmihjhk – ] k_jghdbkehc f_^b KuSO4ÂG2H jZkl\hjyxl \ f_jghc ebljh\hc dhe[_ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hcb^h\h^yl__^hf_ldb jZkl\hj N_eebg]Z khklZ\ey_lky ba jZaguo dhebq_kl\ ih h[t_fm jZkl\hjZ CuSO4ÂG2H j_Zdlb\ b s_ehqgh]h jZkl\hjZ k_]g_lh\hc kheb j_Zdlb\ Kf_rZlv jZkl\hju lhevdh i_j_^ mihlj_[e_gb_f s_ehqghc jZkl\hj k_]g_lh\hc kheb ] k_]g_lh\hc kheb jZkl\hjyxl \ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^_ijb[Z\eyxllm^Z]_^dh]hdZebybeb_^dh]hgZljZ b^h\h^ylh[t_f^hebljZ J_Zdlb\nbevljmxlq_j_aljm[dm:eebgZ HIJ?>?E?GB?DE?LQ:LDBM DXJRG?J:B=:G?D: (fh^bnbdZpby:<I_l_j[mj]kdh]h Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z Hij_^_e_gb_ de_lqZldb hkgh\Zgh gZ h[jZ[hld_ ZgZeblbq_kdhcijh[ukf_kvxdhgp_gljbjh\ZgguoZahlghcbmdkmkghcdbkehl IjbwlhfmdkmkgZydbkehlZjZkl\hjy_lfZkeZb]b^jhebam_l[_edh\u_\_s_kl\Z :ahlgZy

dbkehlZ

hdbkey_l

jy^

^jm]bo

hj]Zgbq_kdbo

kh_^bg_gbc

khijh\h`^Zxsbode_lqZldm Oh^ ZgZebaZ GZ ZgZeblbq_kdbo \_kZo [_jml gZ\_kdm ] ]jm[h baf_evq_ggh]h - ff \ha^mrgh-kmoh]h \_s_kl\Z b i_j_ghkyl\dhgbq_kdmx dhe[m_fdhklvxfekgZ[`_ggmx\ha^mrgufoheh^bevgbdhf\hjhgdZ < dhe[mijbeb\Zxl-fedbkehlghckf_kbbklZ\yl__gZdbiysmx[ZgxIh bkl_q_gbb - fbgml ^ey [h[h\uo dmevlmj - qZkZ dh]^Z jZklbl_evguc fZl_jbZeih[he__l]b^jhebaaZdZgqb\Zxl =hjyq__kh^_j`bfh_dhe[unbevljmxlq_j_aijhkmr_ggucb\a\_r_gguc iehlguc nbevlj f_lh^hf ^_dZglZpbb De_lqZldm \ dhe[m ijhfu\Zxl - jZaZ

20

ih - fe ]hjyq_c^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^hcijhfu\gu_\h^ukeb\ZxlgZ nbevlj AZl_f i_j_ghkyl __ gZ nbevlj b kgh\Z ijhfu\Zxl - jZaZ ]hjyq_c ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc ^h bkq_agh\_gby aZiZoZ mdkmkghc dbkehlu Ihke_ wlh]hnbevljkde_lqZldhckfZqb\Zxlfe-gh]hwlbeh\h]hkibjlZbjZaZ lZdbf`_dhebq_kl\hfk_jgh]hwnbjZKibjlbwnbjm^Zeyxl\h^mbba\e_dZxl ba gZ\_kdb hklZldb kfhe ^m[bevguo b djZkysbo \_s_kl\ `bjh\ \hkdZ b ^j kh_^bg_gbc Hdhgqb\ ijhfu\Zgb_ nbevlj k de_lqZldhc gZ \hjhgd_ ih^kmrb\Zxl \ kmrbevghf rdZnm ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ -80 HK \ l_q_gb_ qZkZ aZl_f \ukmrb\Zxlijbl_fi_jZlmj_-105 HK^hihklhyggh]h\_kZ Kh^_j`Zgb_de_lqZldb\\uqbkeyxlihnhjfme_ \ − \ ⋅ O= ]^_ G \1 –\_kde_lqZldbknbevljhf\–\_knbevljZG–gZ\_kdZ J_Zdlb\u dbkehlgZykf_kvfe-ghcmdkmkghcbfem^\_k Zahlghcdbkehlu wlbeh\uckibjl k_jgucwnbj HIJ?>?E?GB?H;S?CDBKEHLGHKLBIEH>HZe__ __

21

\u^_j`b\ZxlgZ\h^yghc[Zg_iheqZkZijbl_fi_jZlmj_ HQ_j_adZ`^u_ fbgmlkh^_j`bfh_dhe[u\a[Zelu\Zxl^eyemqr_]h\aZbfh^_ckl\by Ihke_hoeZ`^_gby`b^dhklv\dhe[_^h\h^yl^hf_ldb^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc \a[Zelu\Zxl b nbevljmxl q_j_a kmohc nbevlj fe nbevljZlZ i_j_ghkyl ibi_ldhc \ dhgbq_kdmx dhe[m _fdhklvx fe b lbljmxl g jZkl\hjhf _^dh]h gZljby beb dZeby ?keb nbevljZl hdjZr_g lh dhg_p lbljh\Zgby mklZgZ\eb\Zxl ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf gZ kbgxx eZdfmkh\mx [mfZ`dm gZghkyl dZieb ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u b g_^Ze_dh hl g__ – dZiex jZkl\hjZ ba dhe[u ^ey lbljh\Zgby Lbljh\Zgb_ kqblZ_lky aZdhgq_gguf _keb eZdfmkh\Zy [mfZ`dZ g_ ihdjZkg__l hl dZieb nbevljZlZ IjZdlbq_kdb lbljh\Zgb_ kqblZ_lky aZdhgq_gguf dh]^Z g_ [u\Z_l aZf_lgh]h jZaebqby \ hdjZkd_h[_bodZi_ev_kebjZkl\hjg_hdjZr_glhlbljh\Zgb_fh`gh\_klb\ ijbkmlkl\bbbg^bdZlhjZ=jhZdZ^hihy\e_gbya_e_ghchdjZkdb O =

Z ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ]^_ G

O - kh^_j`Zgb_ jZkl\hjbfuo dbkehl \ i_j_kq_l_ gZ y[ehqgmx Z – dhebq_kl\h fe s_ehqb ihr_^r_c gZ lbljh\Zgb_ – ihijZ\dZ d lbljm nbdkZgZevgh]hjZkl\hjZs_ehqb–dhwnnbpb_gli_j_kq_lZgZy[ehqgmx dbkehlmG–gZ\_kdZf_a]bkhhl\_lkl\mxsZyfenbevljZlZ J_Zdlb\gjZkl\hjs_ehqb EBL?J:LMJ: 1. IjZdlbdmfihZ]jhobfbbIh^j_^;:Y]h^bgZF 2. IjZdlbdmfihZ]jhobfbbIh^j_^<LFbg__\ZF KhklZ\bl_ev>_\ylh\ZLZlvygZ:gZlhev_\gZ Klhjh`_gdhGZ^_`^Z

Методическое пособие по определению качества урожая сельскохозяйственных культур

Recommend Documents