Fbgbkl_jkl\h h[s_]h b ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb hl dhgdj_lgh]h d Z[kljZdlghfm> hl iZkkb\gh]h \...
46 downloads
235 Views
251KB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
Fbgbkl_jkl\h h[s_]h b ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb
Bkihevah\Zgb_ b^_c \hjhg_`kdhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc rdheu \ kh\j_f_gghf h[jZah\Zl_evghf ijhp_kk_
F_lh^bq_kdb_ mdZaZgby ^ey klm^_glh\ ^g_\gh]h/ \_q_jg_]h b aZhqgh]h h[mq_gby
KhklZ\bl_ev ?1<1 Djb\hlmeh\Z
5
Ij_^eZ]Z_fu_ klm^_glZf i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo ki_pbZevghkl_c f_lh^bq_kdb_ jZa0 jZ[hldb ij_^iheZ]Zxl= − jZa\blb_ m klm^_glh\ ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h bgl_j_kZ b ]hj^hklb aZ ^b^Zdlb0 q_kdmx rdhem/ kms_kl\h\Z\rmx \ mgb\_jkbl_l_ b ^Z\rmx i_^Z]h]bd_ [_kp_ggu_/ ZdlmZevgu_ b k_]h^gy b^_b> − jZkrbj_gb_ ij_^klZ\e_gbc h[ bklhjbb i_^Z]h]bdb/ kdeZ^u\Z\r_cky \ kl_gZo mgb\_jkbl_lZ b g_ \k_]^Z \oh^ys_c \ kh^_j`Zgb_ h[jZah\Zgby \ \b^m h]0 jZgbq_gghklb dmjkZ ebrv nmg^Zf_glZevgufb agZgbyfb1 GZf ij_^klZ\ey_lky/ qlh klm^_glu ey j_r_gby ijh[e_f h[jZah\Zgby/ gZ gZr \a]ey^/ y\ey_lky \Z`guf gZmqgh h[hkgh\Zggh_/ \a\_r_ggh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ hiulZ ijh0 reh]h/ mq_l dhlhjh]h [m^_l kihkh[kl\h\Zlv j_r_gbx ijh[e_f/ ZdlmZevguo ^ey kh\j_f_gghc rdheu1 Fgh]b_ nbehkhnu b bklhjbdb ^hdZaZeb/ qlh g_agZgb_ ijh0 reh]h g_ba[_`gh ijb\h^bl d g_ihgbfZgbx gZklhys_]h1 GZ \k_o wlZiZo jZa\blby rdheu j_rZeZkv aZ^ZqZ \hkiblZgby b jZa\blby ebq0 ghklb/ qlh k mq_lhf khpbZevgh0wdhghfbq_kdbo b iheblbq_kdbo mkeh\bc ih^q_j0 db\Zehkv DZil_j_\uf I1N1 ³« Iml_f \hkiblZgby b h[jZah\Zgby klj_fylky ijb0 kihkh[blv ih^jZklZxs__ ihdhe_gb_ d hdjm`Zxs_c ^_l_c h[s_kl\_ggh0 iheblbq_kdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb ´ > k164@1 K\h_h[jZab_ dZ`^h]h ba wlZih\ jZa\blby \hjhg_`kdhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc rdheu ijb\h^beh d ihbkdm ijbgpbih\/ f_lh^h\/ nhjf h[mq_gby/ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ih0 klZ\e_gguf aZ^ZqZf1 K_]h^gy fu iulZ_fky gZclb khpbZevgh ^_l_jfbgbjh\Zggu_ nhjfu b f_lh^u jZa\blby l\hjq_kdh]h fure_gby j_[_gdZ/ \ k\yab k q_f bamq_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdh]h gZke_^h\Zgby \hjhg_`kdhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc rdheu/ \u\h^h\ b h[h[s_gbc/ gZdhie_gguo aZ ijhr_^rb_ klh e_l/ iha\heyl h[h]Zlblv ^b^Zdlbq_0 kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby k_]h^gyrg_]h ^gy gZ hkgh\_ mq_lZ dZd ihablb\guo/ lZd b g_]Z0 lb\guo klhjhg ijhreh]h hiulZ1 6@/ h^gZdh ki_pbZevguo jZ[hl/ ihk\ys_gguo bklhjbb jZa\b0 lby \hjhg_`kdhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc rdheu/ ZgZebam bo b^_c/ bkihevah\Zgbx bo \ kh0 \j_f_gghc rdhevghc ijZdlbd_/ ^h kbo ihj g_ [ueh1 ;h]Zluc hiul/ gZdhie_gguc \hjhg_`kdhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc rdhehc/ _s_ g_ gZr_e ^hklZlhqgh]h l_hj_lbq_kdh]h hkfuke_gby b h[h[s_gby1 1/ ihkdhevdm __ emqrb_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb ± ;mgZdh\ G1N1/ DZil_j_\
6
I1N1 ± y\eyxlky _]h mq_gbdZfb b \ jZagh_ \j_fy jZ[hlZeb \ ,, 0 bgklblmpbhgZevguc/ k\yaZgguc kh klZgh\e_gb_f ,,, 0 wlZi ml\_j`^_gby dZd ^b^Zdlbq_kdh]h ijbagZgby \ fZkrlZ[Zo ]hkm^Zj0 kl\Z/ 830930_ ]h^u ± jZ[hlu ijhn_kkhjZ K1<1B\Zgh\Z> ,9 0 kh\j_f_gguc/ \g_^j_gb_ b^_c \ kh\j_f_ggh_ h[mq_gb_1 IjhZgZebabjm_f \ ojhgheh]bq_kdhc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb b^_b D1>1 Mrbg0 kdh]h/ G1N1 ;mgZdh\Z/ I1N1 DZil_j_\Z/ K1<1 B\Zgh\Z1 D1>1Mrbgkdbc +4;5704;:3,1 M dZ`^hc gZmdb _klv bklhd/ ba dhlhjh]h hgZ [_0 j_l k\h_ gZqZeh1 >ey jmkkdhc i_^Z]h]bdb b \hjhg_`kdhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc rdheu wlbf bklhdhf [ueh l\hjq_kl\h D1>1Mrbgkdh]h1 AZ 68 e_l i_^Z]h]bq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb +4;7804;:3, Mrbgkdbc kha^Ze deZk0 kbq_kdb_ i_^Z]h]bq_kdb_ ljm^u/ y\beky bgbpbZlhjhf i_^Z]h]bq_kdhc `mjgZeb0 klbdb \ Jhkkbb/ i_j\uf jmkkdbf i_^Z]h]hf0l_hj_lbdhf/ i_^Z]h]hf0im[ebpbklhf1 Ihke_ g_]h hklZeZkv [h]Zl_crZy i_^Z]h]bq_kdZy ebl_jZlmjZ1 K 4;87 ih 4;93 ]1 \uoh^yl i_j\u_ _]h i_^Z]h]bq_kdb_ klZlvb ± ³H iheva_ i_0 ^Z]h]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmju´/ ³Ljb we_f_glZ rdheu´/ ³H gZjh^ghklb \ h[s_kl\_g0 ghf \hkiblZgbb´/ ³Ljm^ \ _]h ikbobq_kdhf b \hkiblZl_evghf agZq_gbb´ b ^j1 JZ0 [hlZy 8 e_l +4;9504;9:, aZ ]jZgbp_c/ Mrbgkdbc kha^Ze aZf_qZl_evgmx dgb]m ³Jh^gh_ keh\h´ 0 deZkkbq_kdbc mq_[gbd jmkkdhc gZqZevghc rdheu b i_j\u_ ^\Z lhfZ nmg^Zf_glZevgh]h ljm^Z ³Q_eh\_d dZd ij_^f_l \hkiblZgby1 Hiul i_^Z]h]b0 q_kdhc Zgljhiheh]bb´1 <_jgm\rbkv \ Jhkkbx/ k 4;9: ih 4;:3 ]]1 jZ[hlZ_l gZ^ lj_lvbf lhfhf ³I_^Z]h]bq_kdhc Zgljhiheh]bb´1 < k\hbo gZmqguo ljm^Zo Mrbgkdbc baeZ]Z_l \a]ey^u gZ l_hjbx h[jZah\Zgby/ kqblZy qlh ^ey jZa\blby i_^Z]h]bdb g_h[oh^bfh ³\hkkh_^bgblv´ __ k ^jm]bfb h[0 eZklyfb agZgbc +nbabheh]b_c/ ikboheh]b_c,1 Kl_j`g_f _]h l_hjbb h[mq_gby y\ey_lky b^_y jZa\blby1 ³
7
jZa\blby j_[_gdZ b [ulv gZp_e_gu gZ mijZ\e_gb_ wlbf jZa\blb_f/ qlh khklZ\ey_l hkgh\gmx p_ev mq_[gh0\hkiblZl_evghc jZ[hlu rdheu´ >44/ F15:7@1 1Mrbgkdh]h jZ[hlZxl gZ b^_x jZa0 \blby j_[_gdZ \ rdhe_1 HklZgh\bfky gZ g_dhlhjuo ba gbo/ gZr_^rbo hljZ`_gb_ \ gZke_^bb \hjhg_`kdhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc rdheu1 D1>1Mrbgkdbc ^Z_l fgh]h p_gguo j_dhf_g^Zpbc ih Zdlb\baZpbb mfkl\_g0 ghc ^_yl_evghklb b jZa\blbx eh]bq_kdh]h fure_gby mqZsboky \ ijhp_kk_ h[m0 q_gby1 fbljb_\bq kqblZe lZdmx hj]ZgbaZpbx bo ^_yl_evghklb gZ mjhd_/ dhlh0 jZy \uau\ZeZ [u mfkl\_ggh_ gZijy`_gb_1 D lZdhc ³hj]ZgbaZpbb´ mjhdZ hg hlgh0 kbl kZfhklhyl_evgmx jZ[hlm ih ijbh[j_l_gbx agZgbc1 Mrbgkdbc ibkZe/ qlh ke_0 ^m_l i_j_^Z\Zlv mq_gbdZf g_ lhevdh l_ beb ^jm]b_ ihagZgby/ gh b jZa\b\Zlv m gbo `_eZgb_ b kihkh[ghklv kZfhklhyl_evgh/ [_a mqbl_ey/ ijbh[j_lZlv gh\u_ ihagZ0 gby«´>44/k15:;@1 44/k15<;@ < dZq_kl\_ wnn_dlb\gh]h f_lh^Z h[mq_gby/ ih\urZxs_]h mfkl\_ggmx Zd0 lb\ghklv mqZsboky gZ mjhd_/ Mrbgkdbc jZkkfZljb\Ze [_k_^m/ dhlhjZy iha\hey_l mqbl_ex ih^\h^blv mq_gbdh\ d kZfhklhyl_evguf \u\h^Zf b lZdbf iml_f Zdlb\b0 abjh\Zlv bo fure_gb_1 D1>1Mrbgkdbc \ k\hbo jZ[hlZo jZkdju\Z_l kmsghklv b agZq_gb_ [_k_^u dZd f_lh^Z h[mq_gby/ mdZau\Zy gZ __ ihbkdh\uc/ ijh[e_fguc oZjZdl_j/ gh g_ hi_jbjmy wlbf ihgylb_f/ \\_^_gguf \ ^b^Zdlbdm iha`_1 D1>1Mrbgkdbc ml\_j`^Z_l/ qlh q_eh\_d bf__l h]jhfgu_ \gmlj_ggb_ j_kmjku ^ey jZa\blby kZfhklhyl_evghklb fure_gby b ihagZ\Zl_evghc Zdlb\ghklb/ ijb0 \_klb \ ^_ckl\b_ dhlhju_ fh`gh k ihfhsvx fhlb\h\/ ex[hagZl_evghklb1 JZa\b0 \Zy k\hx dhgp_ipbx ³l_hjbx klj_fe_gby´/ dhlhjZy k\yaZgZ k ijh[e_fhc fhlb\Z0 pbb/ Mrbgkdbc Zdp_glbjm_l \gbfZgb_ gZ k\yab fhlb\h\ k khpbZevgufb mkeh\by0 fb `bagb q_eh\_dZ b k wfhpbhgZevghc kn_jhc ebqghklb1 DhgklZglbg >fbljb_\bq kqblZe ³« wfhpbb juqZ]hf/ ijb\h^ysbf \ ^_ckl\b_ klj_fe_gby ebqghklb´ >4/ k197@1 Wfhpbb qZklh klZgh\ylky fhlb\Zfb ^_yl_evghklb q_eh\_dZ/ hij_^_eyxl _]h ihklmidb b h[mkeZ\eb\Zxl hlghr_gb_ q_eh\_dZ d hlh[jZ`Z_fuf h[t_dlZf b y\0 e_gbyf ^_ckl\bl_evghklb1 Ijh[e_fZ gZ]ey^gh]h h[mq_gby jZkkfZljb\Z_lky \h fgh]bo ijhba\_^_gbyo D1>1Mrbgkdh]h/ hkgh\gufb kj_^kl\Zfb ^ey dhlhjh]h hg kqblZe ij_^f_lu \ gZlm0 j_ b dZjlbgu/ fh^_eb/ bah[jZ`Zxsb_ j_Zevgu_ ij_^f_lu b y\e_gby1 D1>1 Mrbg0 kdbc ^Ze i_^Z]h]bq_kdh_ b ikboheh]bq_kdh_ h[hkgh\Zgb_ g_h[oh^bfhklb ijbf_0 g_gby gZ]ey^ghklb1 J_[_ghd/ dZd hg kqblZe/ fukebl nhjfZfb/ djZkdZfb/ a\mdZfb/ hsms_gbyfb \hh[s_/ b/ ih _]h fg_gbx/ lhl gZijZkgh b \j_^gh gZkbeh\Ze [u ^_l0 kdmx ijbjh^m/ dlh aZohl_e [u aZklZ\blv mq_gbdZ fukeblv bgZq_1 Mrbgkdbc kh\_0
8
lh\Ze mqbl_eyf \hkihevah\Zlvky _kl_kl\_gguf klj_fe_gb_f q_eh\_dZ d gZ]ey^gh0 klb ^ey ihemq_gby ij_djZkguo j_amevlZlh\ h[mq_gby1 ;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ hg m^_0 eye ^b^Zdlbq_kdbf dZq_kl\Zf gZ]ey^guo ihkh[bc/ \u^\bgme i_^Z]h]bq_kdb_ lj_0 [h\Zgby b ^Ze p_ggu_ j_dhf_g^Zpbb ih bkihevah\Zgbx gZ]ey^guo ihkh[bc1 DjZldh jZkkfhlj_ggu_ p_gljZevgu_ iheh`_gby l_hjbb h[mq_gby Mrbgkdh]h y\bebkv nmg^Zf_glhf/ gZ hkgh\_ dhlhjh]h hg jZajZ[Zlu\Ze ijh[e_fu qZklguo f_lh^bd hj]ZgbaZpbb mjhdZ1 >b^Zdlbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ D1>1Mrbgkdh]h [ueZ ijbgy0 lZ gZ \hhjm`_gb_ i_j_^h\uf mqbl_evkl\hf1 K\h_ ^Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ hgZ ihem0 qbeZ \ ljm^Zo ihke_^h\Zl_e_c Mrbgkdh]h= ;mgZdh\Z G1N1/ DZil_j_\Z G1N1 ± ^b0 ^Zdlh\ dhgpZ O,O ± gZqZeZ OO \1 ;mgZdh\ G1N1 +4;6:04<37,1 I_^Z]h]0^_fhdjZl/ l_hj_lbd b ijZdlbd gZqZevgh0 ]h h[mq_gby/ ki_pbZebkl ih f_lh^bd_ h[mq_gby jmkkdhfm yaudm/ \b^guc h[s_kl0 \_gguc ^_yl_ev1 G1N1;mgZdh\ hklZ\be agZqbl_evguc ke_^ \ bklhjbb 1Mrbgkdh]h/ ijb\e_dZe gh\_crb_ ^Zggu_ ikboheh]bb/ nb0 abheh]bb/ ZgZlhfbb/ eh]bdb/ nbehkhnbb b ^jm]bo gZmd/ bamqZxsbo q_eh\_dZ b h[s_kl\h1 L_hj_lbq_kdb_ iheh`_gby ih^dj_ieye dhgdj_lgufb ijbf_jZfb ba k\h_c ijZdlbdb b ijZdlbdb emqrbo rdhe1 AZ \j_fy jZ[hlu \ \hkiblZgb_ ex[\b d ljm^m> d ex^yf ljm^Z> \hkiblZgb_ q_klghklb/ k^_j`Zgghklb/ kdjhfghklb> wkl_lbq_kdh_ \hkiblZ0 gb_> jZa\blb_ kZfhklhyl_evghklb b ihagZ\Zl_evguo kihkh[ghkl_c/ rbjhdh_ bk0 ihevah\Zgb_ gZ]ey^guo ihkh[bc/ \ukhdbc ijbf_j mqbl_ey> ihklhyggZy k\yav rdheu k `bagvx1 HklZgh\bfky gZ g_dhlhjuo i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo b^_yo [he__ ih^jh[gh1
9
H^gbf ba hkgh\guo ijbgpbih\ h[mq_gby ;mgZdh\ kqblZe ijbgpbi gZ]ey^gh0 klb >47/ k1459@/ g_h[oh^bfhklv dhlhjh]h h[mkeZ\eb\Z_lky hkh[_gghklvx ^_lkdh]h fure_gby dZd fure_gby dhgdj_lgh]h1 GbdheZc N_^hjh\bq kqblZe/ qlh gZ]ey^0 ghklv \ha[m`^Z_l Zdlb\ghklv fure_gby m ^_l_c/ bgl_j_k d mq_[guf aZgylbyf b ^_eZ_l h[mq_gb_ [he__ ^hklmiguf1 Ih^ gZ]ey^ghklvx ;mgZdh\/ dZd b Mrbgkdbc/ ihgbfZe ij_`^_ \k_]h agZdhfkl\h k ij_^f_lZfb/ bo ijbagZdZfb b hlghr_gbyfb l1_1 ³ajbl_evgh_ \i_qZle_gb_´1 ;mgZdh\ ij_^eZ]Ze bkihevah\Zlv jZaghh[jZagu_ gZ]ey^gu_ ihkh[by/ gZijbf_j/ ij_^f_lu hdjm`Zxs_c ^_ckl\bl_evghklb +`b\hl0 guo/ jZkl_gby/ fbg_jZeu,/ qmq_eZ/ fh^_eb/ dhee_dpbb/ dZjlbgu/ dZjlu/ ko_fu/ ]eh[mk/ dm[bdb/ iZehqdb/ kq_lu1 \h0 \lhjuo/ qlh[u dZ`^h_ gh\h_ ihgylb_/ dZ`^h_ gh\h_ agZgb_ g_ \ul_kgyeh agZgbc/ jZg__ khh[s_gguo/ qlh[u gh\u_ agZgby « ijhqgh k\yau\Zebkv [u \ khagZgbb mq_gbdZ k ij_`gbfb/ hk\_`Zeb b mdj_ieyeb bo/ qlh[u agZgby eh`bebkv \ mfZo mqZsboky lhqgufb ]jmiiZfb b jy^Zfb´>5/ k1677@1 Bkoh^y ba wlh]h/ ;mgZdh\ lj_[h\Ze kljhblv h[mq_gb_ ^_l_c ih ijbgpbim= hl [ebadh]h d ^Ze_dhfm/ hl e_]dh]h d ljm^ghfm/ hl dhgdj_lgh]h d Z[kljZdlghfm1 F_0 `^m hl^_evgufb ij_^f_lZfb rdhevgh]h dmjkZ ^he`gZ [ulv mklZgh\e_gZ \gml0 j_ggyy k\yav/ qlh[u dZ`^uc ba gbo khklZ\eye qZklv h[s_]h/ p_eh]h1 ;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ \ h[mq_gbb ;mgZdh\ ijb^Z\Ze kZfh^_yl_evghklb b ebqgh0 fm bgl_j_km mqZsboky1 < 4;9; ]1 \ Hlq_l_ h ih^]hlh\bl_evguo rdheZo \ 47/ k1456@1 < 4;;9 ]1 \ dgb]_ ³Rdhevgh_ ^_eh´ \i_j\u_ hlf_qZxlky hkgh\gu_ fhf_glu \ ijh\_^_gbb mjhdZ1 Ih^]hlh\dZ mqbl_ey d mjhdm khklhbl \ ³mykg_gbb ]eZ\ghc p_eb´/ dhlhjZy ^he`gZ [ulv ^hklb]gmlZ gZ ij_^klhys_f aZgylbb> khklZ\e_gbb ieZgZ mjhdZ/ hi0 j_^_e_gbb ]eZ\guo iml_c/ ih dhlhjuf ke_^m_l b^lb d p_eb1 ;mgZdh\ mdZau\Z_l/ qlh ieZgbjh\Zgb_ g_h[oh^bfh ³g_ lhevdh gZqbgZxs_fm/ gh b hiulghfm mqbl_0 ex´1 Hg ibr_l= ³IjbagZxkv hldjh\_ggh/ y ^h kbo ihj/ khjhd e_l aZgbfZykv ijZd0 lbdhc ^_eZ/ g_ j_rmkv ^Zlv gb h^gh]h mjhdZ [_a ih^]hlh\db«´1> 47/ k1463@
:
ijh\_jdb mk\h_gby mqZsboky l_o agZgbc/ dhlhju_ [ueb khh[s_gu bf gZ ijh0 rehf mjhd_1 GZ mjhd_= g_h[oh^bfh ih^^_j`b\Zlv hij_^_e_gguc ihjy^hd1 < jZ[hl_ deZk0 kZ ^he`gu ijbgbfZlv mqZklb_ \k_ ^_lb/ k wlhc p_evx mqbl_ev ^he`_g qZs_ h[jZ0 sZlvky d ^_lyf/ aZklZ\eylv ]h\hjblv lh h^gh]h/ lh ^jm]h]h/ ihklhyggh ^_j`Zlv \ p_glj_ k\h_]h \gbfZgby ^_l_c \yeuo/ jZkl_jygguo b rZeh\eb\uo1 Dhg_p mjhdZ= ih^\_klb blh]b ijhc^_ggh]h1 G_ f_g__ \Z`gh wlh k^_eZlv ih0 ke_ p_eh]h jy^Z mjhdh\1 ³LZdZy h]ey^dZ ijbmqZ_l mq_gbdh\ khagZl_evgh/ \^mfqb\h hlghkblvky d k\hbf mq_[guf aZgylbyf/ \b^_lv \ gbo jZamfgmx ihke_^h\Zl_ev0 ghklv b k\yav f_`^m gbfb/ dZd qZklyfb h^gh]h p_eh]h/ ijh\_jylv b ijb\h^blv \ ihjy^hd k\h_ \gmlj_gg__ ^hklhygb_/ ijbh[j_lZ_fh_ iml_f mq_gby´1 Ij_djZkguf kj_^kl\hf ^ey aZdj_ie_gby \ mf_ mq_gbdh\ ihgylbc b agZgbc/ dZdb_ bf [ueb kh0 h[s_gu/ b ^ey ijh\_jdb wlbo agZgbc/ ;mgZdh\ ij_^eZ]Ze ijbf_gylv b kZfhklhy0 l_evgu_ jZ[hlu1 D \uiheg_gbx lZdh]h \b^Z jZ[hlu mqZsb_ky ^he`gu [ulv oh0 jhrh ih^]hlh\e_gu/ lZd qlh[u ij_^eZ]Z_fu_ mqbl_e_f aZ^Zgby [ueb bf ih kb0 eZf/ aZ^Zgby ^he`gu bgl_j_kh\Zlv mq_gbdh\/ lj_[h\Zlv hl gbo kZfh^_yl_evghklb b mfkl\_ggh]h gZijy`_gby1 < l_kghc k\yab k \hijhkZfb hj]ZgbaZpbb mq_[ghc jZ[hlu ;mgZdh\ jZkkfZl0 jb\Ze b f_lh^u h[mq_gby/ hij_^_ey_fu_ g_ lhevdh kh^_j`Zgb_f mq_[gh]h fZl_0 jbZeZ/ gh b hkh[_gghklyfb ^_lkdh]h fure_gby1 Hg j_dhf_g^m_l bkihevah\Zlv bg^mdlb\guc +nZdlbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe ij_^r_kl\m_l h[h[s_gbyf b \u\h^Zf, b ^_^mdlb\guc +\u\h^ ih ijZ\beZf eh]bdb/ p_iv mfhaZdexq_gbc, f_lh^u/ bkihev0 am_fu_ ijb kbkl_fZlbaZpbb b aZdj_ie_gbb ijbh[j_l_gguo mqZsbfbky agZgbc1 P_e_khh[jZaguf f_lh^hf h[mq_gby \ gZqZevghc rdhe_/ kihkh[kl\mxsbf jZa\b0 lbx m mqZsboky Zdlb\gh]h fure_gby b kZfhklhyl_evghklb/ ;mgZdh\ kqblZe ³dZ0 l_obabq_kdmx nhjfm k w\jbklbq_kdbf oZjZdl_jhf´1 W\jbklbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j h[m0 q_gby/ ih keh\Zf ;mgZdh\Z/ khklhbl \ lhf/ qlh[u mq_gbdb/ ih \hafh`ghklb/ kZfb ^hoh^beb ^h \kydh]h agZgby/ qlh[u hgb g_ ihemqZeb ]hlh\uo \u\h^h\ b hij_^_0 e_gbc/ Z kZfb ^h[bjZebkv ^h gbo/ gZ[ex^Zeb/ kjZ\gb\Zeb/ h[h[sZeb/ bah[j_lZeb/ lhevdh ijb g_dhlhjhf kh^_ckl\bb kh klhjhgu mqbl_ey1 GZjy^m k f_lh^hf [_k_^u ;mgZdh\ kqblZe `_eZl_evguf ijbf_g_gb_ f_lh^Z jZkkdZaZ/ hkh[_ggh ³\ l_o kem0 qZyo/ dh]^Z iml_f \hijhkh\ g_evay ijb\_klb mq_gbdh\ d agZgbx/ 0 gZijbf_j/ dh0 ]^Z bf gm`gh khh[sblv ]_h]jZnbq_kdb_/ bklhjbq_kdb_ b ^jm]b_ nZdlu´1 < k\h_c rdhe_ ;mgZdh\ ijZdlbdh\Ze wdkdmjkbb/ beb/ dZd hg bo bgh]^Z gZau\Ze/ mq_[gu_ ijh]medb/ gZ dhlhjuo ^_lb g_ lhevdh gZ[ex^Zeb/ gh b \h\e_dZebkv mqbl_e_f \ [_0 k_^m/ ^ey ihemq_gby agZgbc/ g_h[oh^bfuo bf gZ ihke_^mxsbo aZgylbyo1 IjZ\bevgZy hj]ZgbaZpby mq_[gh]h ijhp_kkZ/ ijbf_g_gb_ jZaghh[jZaguo f_0 lh^h\ h[mq_gby/ bgl_j_kgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ mq_[guo ij_^f_lh\ ± \k_ wlh fh`_l \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb kihkh[kl\h\Zlv/ ih fg_gbx ;mgZdh\Z/ ih\ur_gbx Zdlb\0 ghklb mqZsboky \ h[mq_gbb/ Z agZqbl b bo jZa\blbx1 < ljm^Zo G1N1;mgZdh\Z _klv fgh]h bgl_j_kgh]h b p_ggh]h ^ey i_^Z]h]bq_0 kdhc gZmdb b rdheu gZ kh\j_f_gghf wlZi_ __ jZa\blby1 I1N1DZil_j_\ +4;7<04<55,1 I_^Z]h]/ bklhjbd i_^Z]h]bdb/ ikboheh]1 Ijhn_k0 khj i_^Z]h]bq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ
;
k D1>1Mrbgkdbf/ l\hjq_kl\h dhlhjh]h hdZau\Z_l [hevrh_ \ebygb_ gZ i_^Z]h]b0 q_kdb_ \a]ey^u I1N1DZil_j_\Z1 K 4<4; ]1 b ^h ihke_^gbo ^g_c k\h_c `bagb hg ieh^hl\hjgh ljm^beky \ 1Mrbgkdh]h h jZa\blbb ^_l_c \ rdhe_/ DZil_j_\ \ k\h_c dgb]_ ³>b^Zdlbq_kdb_ hq_jdb1 L_hjby h[jZah\Zgby´ +4;;8, ibr_l= ³=eZ\gZy aZ^Z0 qZ h[mq_gby _klv jZa\blb_ mfkl\_gghc kZfh^_yl_evghklb h[jZam_fuo«´1 Kj_^b ijb_fh\/ kihkh[kl\mxsbo ^_lkdhfm jZa\blbx/ hg _s_ \ 4;:; ]h^m \ klZlv_ ³F_lh^ b _]h ijbf_g_gb_´ ijb^Z_l [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ f_lh^Zf ij_ih^Z\Z0 gby1 ³< ^_e_ h[mq_gby/ 0 ibr_l DZil_j_\/0 g_evay lhevdh ^_j`Zlvky l_hjbb i_^Z0 ]h]bq_kdh]h \^hogh\_gby beb haZj_gby«/ ij_ih^Z\Zlv dZd [h] gZ ^mrm iheh0 `bl«´1 >ey mki_rgh]h h[mq_gby hg ij_^eZ]Z_l d bkihevam_fhfm f_lh^m ih^oh0 ^blv k q_luj_o hkgh\= mqblu\Zlv ^_lkdmx ijbjh^m \hh[s_/ kh^_j`Zgb_ ij_ih^Z0 \Z_fhc gZmdb/ ebqgu_ hkh[_gghklb h[mqZ_fuo ^_l_c b ebqghklv kZfh]h mqbl_ey1 < f_lh^_ DZil_j_\ jZaebqZ_l ^\_ klhjhgu= gZmqgmx +agZgb_ gZmdb/ f_lh^bdb/ ³k\hckl\ ^_l_c´, b ijZdlbq_kdmx+ ³klhjhgm bkdmkkl\Z´/ h\eZ^_gb_ f_lh^hf dZd ³k\hbf \gmlj_ggbf ^moh\guf ^hklhygb_f´,1 Ijb \u[hj_ f_lh^Z h[mq_gby j_0 rZxsmx jhev b]jZ_l ebqghklv mqbl_ey/ lZd dZd ³bamqblv f_lh^ dZd bkdmkkl\h/ gZmqblvky ijbf_gylv _]h ih dgb`dZf/ ih f_lh^bd_ g_evay´1 AgZqbl_evgh jZgvr_/ \ 4;:7 ]1 \ jZ[hl_ ³W\jbklbq_kdZy nhjfZ h[mq_gby \ gZjh^ghc rdhe_´ I1N1DZil_j_\/ jZkkm`^Zy h ijhy\e_gbyo i_^Z]h]bq_kdh]h f_lh0 ^Z/ jZaebqZ_l= g_ij_ju\gmx +kemrZl_evgmx, b \hijhkgh0hl\_lgmx +kijZrb\Z0 l_evgmx,1 Bo jZaebqby DZil_j_\ k\yau\Z_l g_ k \g_rgbf \b^hf j_qb ijb ij_ih0 ^Z\Zgbb/ Z k h[jZahf agZgbc dhlhju_ i_j_^Zxlky mqZsbfky1 Ihwlhfm hg hlf_qZ_l
<
6 \b^Z agZgbc= ^h]fZlbq_kdbc/ ZgZeblbq_kdbc b ]_g_lbq_kdbc1 Ijb ihke_^g_f ihdZau\Z_lky ijhp_kk bo \hagbdgh\_gby/ jZa\blby b hdhgqZl_evgZy nhjfmebjh\0 dZ1 Ihegmx ³bah[j_lZl_evghklv´ ijb ]_g_lbq_kdhf \b^_ agZgbc DZil_j_\ gZau\Z0 _l w\jbklbq_kdhc1 Hg ibr_l/ qlh g_evay \u^mfZlv kj_^kl\Z/ [he__ kbevgh \ha[m0 `^Zxs_]h mfkl\_ggmx kZfh^_yl_evghklv/ dZd w\jbklbq_kdh_ h[mq_gb_1 +b[h hgZ dZd [u ]h\hjbl mq_gbdm= fukeb \k_]^Z gZklhevdh kZfhklhyl_evgh/ gZkdhevdh fh0 `_rv,1 LZdh_ h[mq_gb_ k\yaZgh k ljm^hf b mkbebyfb> dZ`^h_ agZgb_ gm`gh [jZlv/ lZd kdZaZlv/ k [hx> hldjulb_ gZmqguo bklbg ijhbkoh^bl kZfbfb ^_lvfb ih^ jm0 dh\h^kl\hf mqbl_ey b kihkh[kl\m_l jZa\blbx j_[_gdZ1 DZd ^b^Zdl/ I1N1DZil_j_\ \ klZlv_ ³H agZq_gbb mq_[gbdZ \ h[mq_gbb´ +4;;9, \uqe_gbe kZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ \ mq_[ghc ^_yl_evghklb mqbl_ey= mf_gb_ ijh[m`^Zlv b jZa\b\Zlv kZfhklhyl_evgh_ fure_gb_ mqZsboky iml_f ^_ckl\bl_evgh]h gZ[ex0 ^_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h gZmqgh]h fZl_jbZeZ b _]h h[h[s_gby1 ³MqZsboky/ 0 ib0 r_l hg/ 0 g_h[oh^bfh agZdhfblv k kZfbf ijhp_kkhf ihemq_gby agZgbc ± imlyfb/ dhlhjufb hgb ^h[u\Zxlky/ kh kihkh[Zfb bo h[jZ[hldb b hdhgqZl_evghc nhjfm0 ebjh\db1 KZfhklhyl_evgu_ jZ[hlu mq_gbdh\ ih^ jmdh\h^kl\hf mqbl_ey/ ih fg_0 gbx DZil_j_\Z/ ih^\h^yl bo d mk\h_gbx kh^_j`Zgby khhl\_lkl\mxs_c qZklb mq_[gbdZ/ bamq_gb_ dhlhjhc ijb\h^bl \ k\yav b ihjy^hd j_amevlZlu ij_^u^msbo kZfhklhyl_evguo jZ[hl mqZsboky1 >_lb ^he`gu gZmqblvky k\h[h^gh ihevah\Zlv0 ky mq_[gbdhf/ ihgbfZlv ijb_fu beb f_lh^u kbkl_fZlbaZpbb mq_[gh]h fZl_jbZeZ1 G_fZeh\Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ \ jZa\blbb fure_gby DZil_j_\ hl\h^bl b]jZf1 Bk0 oh^y ba ³_kl_kl\_ggh0hj]Zgbq_kdbo´ ihlj_[ghkl_c ^_l_c b]jZlv/ jZkdjuluo bf \ klZlv_ ³H ^_lkdbo b]jZo b jZa\e_q_gbyo´ +4;<;,/ hg iha`_/ \ 4;;8 ]1 \ ³>b^Zdlb0 q_kdbo hq_jdZo´ ]h\hjbl h g_h[oh^bfhklb \dexqZlv bo \ rdhevgh_ jZkibkZgb_1 J_[_ghd \ b]j_ `b\_l \k_f k\hbf kms_kl\hf1 >_lkdZy b]jZ ± y\e_gb_ keh`gh_/ ³h^gh\j_f_ggh nbabq_kdh_ b ikbobq_kdh_´1 HgZ ]em[hdh \eby_l gZ ebqghklv j_0 [_gdZ1 I1N1DZil_j_\ ml\_j`^Ze/ qlh \ ³b]jZo fh`gh [m^_l ij_^m]Z^Zlv [m^ms_]h ^_yl_ey/ _]h \dmku b kdehgghklb´1 Hq_gv \Z`gu ^ey jZa\blby b]ju k hij_^_e_g0 ghc p_evx1 Hg ibr_l= ³< ^_lkdbo aZgylbyo we_f_gl qm\kl\Z \f_kl_ k ^\b`_gbyfb g_kdhevdh hkeZ[_\Z_lky/ aZlh mkbeb\Z_lky mfkl\_gguc/ l_hj_lbq_kdbc we_f_gl/ \u^\b]Z_lky \i_j_^ bgl_j_k agZgby b ^hklb`_gby hij_^_e_gghc p_eb1 Bgl_j_k bgbpbbjm_l mfkl\_ggh_ jZa\blb_/ ijb nhjfmebjh\d_ p_eb ^_yl_evghklv kbkl_fZ0 lbabjm_lky1 >ey kh_^bg_gby mfkl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb k ijZdlbq_kdhc hq_gv \Z`0 gu/ hlf_qZ_l DZil_j_\/ b]ju ih^jZ`Zl_evgu_/ k ij_h[eZ^Zxsbf ihagZ\Zl_evguf oZjZdl_jhf b om^h`_kl\_gguf we_f_glhf/ h[s_kl\_ggu_ b]ju1 Hgb jZa\b\Zxl gZ[ex^Zl_evghklv/ kihkh[ghklv i_j_jZ[Zlu\Zlv \i_qZle_gby \gmljb k_[y/ mdj_i0 eyxl iZfylv´1 Ih^q_jdb\Zy \Z`ghklv h[s_kl\_gguo b]j/ hg ibr_l= ³B mf ^blylb/ b qm\kl\h/ b gZ[ex^Zl_evghklv [m^ml \ha[m`^_gu h[s_kl\_gghc b]jhc/ [m^ml gZ0 oh^blvky \ gZijy`_gghf khklhygbb/ \ q_f b e_`bl ij_`^_ \k_]h \hkiblZl_evgZy kbeZ ^_lkdhc h[s_kl\_gghc b]ju´> k1473@1 ³I_j\h^\b]Zl_e_f´ \k_o mfkl\_gguo ijhp_kkh\ I1N1DZil_j_\ kqblZe ³jZa\b0 lb_ b mdj_ie_gb_ ^_lkdbo b xghr_kdbo bgl_j_kh\´> k17<:@1 Bgl_j_k jZkkfZljb\Z_l hg k [bheh]bq_kdhc b ikboheh]bq_kdhc klhjhgu1 IjbgbfZy wlh \h \gbfZgb_/ \u^_ey_l ljb klmi_gb \ _]h jZa\blbb=
43
, 0 ijbh[j_l_gby +4045 ]h^u `bagb> bgl_j_k d \g_rgbf \hkijbylbyf/ keh0 \Zf/ h[sbf bgl_j_kZf> mfkl\_ggh_ ijh[m`^_gb_,> ,, 0 mihjy^hq_gby b hp_gdb +k 4504; e_l> i_jbh^ qm\kl\Z/ bgl_j_kh\ wlbq_0 kdbo/ khpbZevguo/ iheh\uo/ ki_pbZevguo,> ,,, 0 l\hjq_kl\Z +\ajhkeuc \hajZkl ± i_jbh^ jZ[hlu,1 ³Bgl_j_k/ 0 ibr_l DZil_j_\/ ± _klv klj_fe_gb_ d hij_^_e_gghc ^_yl_evgh0 klb/ ijb jZa\blbb dhlhjhc g_h[oh^bfh hibjZlvky gZ lZdb_ nhjfmeu= hl ijhklh]h d keh`ghfm> hl dhgdj_lgh]h d Z[kljZdlghfm> hl iZkkb\gh]h \hkijbylby d kZfh0 ijhba\hevghfm> hl g_hij_^_e_gghklb d ki_pbZebaZpbb> hl km[t_dlb\gh]h d h[t0 _dlb\ghfm> hl g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h d hihkj_^h\Zgghfm1´ > 5, ³\_kv mq_[guc dmjk gm`gh k^_eZlv kh^_j`Zl_evguf/ ^Zxsbf mfm k\_l b [h^jhklv b ijb\e_dZl_evguf k \g_rg_c klhjhgu´/ ^ey q_]h p_e_khh[jZagh ijh0 jZ[hlZlv \_kv fZl_jbZe/ baeh`blv _]h \ kljhcghf ihjy^d_/ ih \hafh`ghklb h[0 klZ\blv mjhdb hiulZfb/ ^_fhgkljZpbyfb/ ihkh[byfb> 6, hj]Zgbah\Zlv ³kh[kl\_ggmx kZfh^_yl_evgmx jZ[hlm mqZsboky ih ij_^f_0 lm mjhdZ´ > k1847@1 >h I1N1DZil_j_\Z gZ]ey^ghklv jZkkfZljb\ZeZkv lhevdh dZd gZ]ey^gh_ h[jZ0 ah\Zgb_ ij_^klZ\e_gbc b ihgylbc1 Gh _keb fu ohlbf kha^Zlv l_hjbx gZ]ey^gh0 klb/ lh g_h[oh^bfh h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ b gZ \ujZ`_gb_ mfkl\_gguo ijhp_kkh\ > k184:@1 %Qlh[u ij_ih^Z\Zlv gZ]ey^gh/ 0 ibr_l DZil_j_\/ ± gm`gh jZaeh`blv kh^_j0 `Zgb_ gZmdb gZ we_f_glu/ gZqZlv k we_f_glh\ b kljh]h ihke_^h\Zl_evgh bamqZlv khq_lZgby bo \ keh`gu_ h[jZah\Zgby1 >ey \uiheg_gby lZdhc jZ[hlu g_h[oh^bfh \eZ^_lv [hevrbf ZgZeblbq_kdbf lZeZglhf b hlq_leb\h ij_^klZ\eylv k_[_ hkgh\0 gh_ eh]bq_kdh_ jZa\blb_ gZmdb1 JZa\b\Zy l_hjbx gZ]ey^ghklb/ DZil_j_\ ijboh^bl d ihgbfZgbx _kl_kl\_ggh]h f_lh^Z h[mq_gby/ dhlhjuc jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd kh0 _^bg_gb_ gZ]ey^ghklb k ijZ\bevghc we_f_glZjghklvx1 < k\h_c jZ[hl_ hg \u^_ey0 _l ljb nhjfu gZ]ey^ghklb= ihegZy gZ]ey^ghklv/ iheh\bggZy b mfkl\_ggZy +ih iZfylb,1 IhegZy gZ]ey^ghklv ± h[mq_gb_ k\yaZgh k kh[kl\_gguf gZ[ex^_gb_f aZ bam0 qZ_fuf ij_^f_lhf1 IhemgZ]ey^ghklv 0 h[mq_gb_ k\yaZgh k jZ[hlhc ih fh^_eyf/ dZjlbgZf/ q_j0 l_`Zf hlkmlkl\mxsbo ij_^f_lh\1 Mfkl\_ggZy +ih iZfylb, ± ijb h[tykg_gbb hl\e_q_gguo iheh`_gbc kkueZ0 xlky gZ qZklgu_ dhgdj_lgu_ nZdlu/ [he__ beb f_g__ bf agZdhfu_ +ijb h[tykg_0 gbb/ gZijbf_j/ gjZ\kl\_gguo ijZ\be/ fu i_j_\h^bf bo gZ jy^ dhgdj_lguo nZd0 lh\/ qlh klZgh\blky [he__ ^hklmiguf ^ey ^_l_c,1 < dgb]_ ³>b^Zdlbq_kdb_ hq_jdb1 L_hjby h[jZah\Zgby´ +4;;8, DZil_j_\ jZa0 \b\Z_l b^_x k\yaZgghklb b h[t_^bg_gghklb mq_[gh]h dmjkZ1 K\yaZgghklv b h[t_^bg_gghklv mq_[gh]h dmjkZ \_^_l d ihemq_gbx p_evghc kbkl_fu agZgbc/ qlh y\ey_lky \Z`guf ^ey jZa\blby j_[_gdZ1 K\yav ij_^f_lh\
44
rdhevgh]h dmjkZ DZil_j_\ ij_^klZ\ey_l \ jZaebqguo nhjfZo1 GZ i_j\h_ f_klh hg klZ\bl f_oZgbq_kdh_ h[t_^bg_gb_ ij_ih^Z\Z_fuo ij_^f_lh\1 Kmlv dhlhjh]h kh0 klhbl \ lhf/ qlh d dZdhfm0eb[h mq_[ghfm fZl_jbZem ijbkh_^bgyxlky k\_^_gby/ bf_xsb_ \g_rgxx k\yav k gbf1 Dh \lhjhfm h[t_^bg_gbx mq_[gh]h dmjkZ DZil_0 j_\ hlghkbl ³kbkl_fm dhgp_gljh\´1 Dhgp_gljbq_kdh_ jZkiheh`_gb_ mq_[gh]h ij_^f_lZ ± wlh lZdh_ jZkiheh`_gb_/ ih dhlhjhfm fZl_jbZe/ ih^e_`Zsbc mk\h_0 gbx/ jZa[b\Z_lky gZ ihkl_i_ggh jZkrbjyxsb_ky djm]b ± ljb/ q_luj_/ ijbq_f dZ0 `^uc ihke_^mxsbc djm] aZdexqZ_l \ k_[_ ij_^u^msbc1 Ijb kha^Zgbb ^Zgghc kbkl_fu DZil_j_\ hibjZ_lky gZ ijbgpbi ihkljh_gby gZmdb b dZ`^h]h mq_[gh]h ij_^f_lZ1 Hg ibr_l= ³GZmdZ b dZ`^uc mq_[guc ij_^f_l _klv kbkl_fZ jZaghh[0 jZaguo agZgbc/ jZa\b\Zxsboky ihke_^h\Zl_evgh/ eh]bq_kdb/ lZd l_kgh k\yaZgguo f_`^m kh[hc/ qlh ihke_^mxs__ fh`_l [ulv ihgylh lhevdh gZ hkgh\Zgbb ij_^u0 ^ms_]h«´ > k1888@1 Ihwlhfm ih^]hlh\dZ d ihke_^mxs_fm djm]m ^he`gZ hkms_0 kl\eylvky dZd aZ kq_l qZkluo ih\lhj_gbc ba\_klguo iheh`_gbc b ijb_fh\ mqZ0 sboky/ lZd b hij_^_eylvky eh]bqghklvx b ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvx bamqZ_fh]h fZl_0 jbZeZ1 Ihkl_i_ggh_ gZjZklZgb_ b jZkrbj_gb_ fZl_jbZeZ \ dhgp_gljbq_kdbo djm]Zo khhl\_lkl\m_l ihkl_i_gghfm jZa\blbx ^moh\guo kbe mqZsboky1 < wlhc `_ jZ[hl_ DZil_j_\ \u^\b]Z_l b^_x ³ih]jm`_gby´1 Hg ibr_l= ³Ih]jmab\rbkv \ h^gm kn_jm agZgbc/ j_[_ghd g_ \b^bl _kl_kl\_ggh]h i_j_oh^Z d ^jm]hc1 HklZ\b\ __ b i_j_0 r_^rb d ^jm]hc/ hg kh\k_f aZ[u\Z_l ijh i_j\mx b l1^1 LZdh_ ^jh[e_gb_ agZgbc \_^_l d jZkk_b\Zgbx \gbfZgby mqZsboky b \j_^bl p_evghklb fure_gby ih dhg0 dj_lghfm ij_^f_lm´ > k1978@1
45
[ex^Z_lky ijbf_g_gb_ agZgbc gZ ijZdlbd_= fukebl_evgZy jZ[hlZ ijbh[j_lZ_l \g_rgxx nhjfm/ ih dhlhjhc fh`gh ijh\_jblv mk\h_ggu_ agZgby1 +Ohjhrh ijhjZ[hlZlv mjhd g_ \hafh`gh/ g_ ih^]hlh\b\rbkv d g_fm/ g_ kh0 klZ\b\ ieZgZ,1 61 Ohjhrbc mjhd _klv ^\hcghc mjhd ± ^ey mfZ b ^ey \heb1 >ey jZa\blby b mdj_ie_gby \heb mqZsboky mqbl_ev ^he`_g ke_^blv aZ l_fb \he_\ufb mkbebyfb/ dhlhju_ ijh^_eZe mq_gbd/ ]hlh\y mjhd +kh[jZgghklv ^hfZ b \ rdhe_/ i_j_^mfu\Zgb_ bamqZ_fh]h fZl_jbZeZ,1 Hlf_q_ggu_ k\hckl\Z m[_`^Zxl gZk/ qlh h[mq_gb_ g_hlt_fe_fh hl \hkiblZ0 gby/ ihwlhfm bf_ggh \hkiblu\Zxs__ h[mq_gb_ ijb\_^_l d ba\_klghfm mq_[ghfm j_amevlZlm ± jZa\blbx ebqghklb1 b^Zdl1 AZ\_^mxsbc dZn_^jhc i_^Z]h]bdb b ikb0 oheh]bb 1 Mrbgkdh]h1 K bf_g_f K_j]_y 8/ k154@1 I_^Z]h]bq_kdbc nZdmevl_l <=M hdZau\Ze ijZdlbq_kdmx ihfhsv mqbl_eyf1 < 4<58 ]h^m ijb i_^0 nZd_ [ue hldjul gZmqgh0dhgkmevlZpbhgguc imgdl ^ey ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c kj_^gbo rdhe b l_ogbdmfh\/ \ jZ[hl_ dhlhjh]h Zdlb\gh_ mqZklb_ ijbgbfZe K1<1 B\Zgh\1 ;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ hg ijb^Z\Ze jZa\blbx i_^Z]h]bq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ/ gZeZ`b\Z0 gbx b mdj_ie_gbx k\yab mgb\_jkbl_lZ kh rdhehc1 < k\h_c i_^Z]h]bq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb K_j]_c 1 Mrbgkdh]h/ G1N1 ;mgZdh\Z I1N1 DZil_j_\Z1 < 4<63 ]1 \ureZ _]h klZlvy ³D1>1 Mrbgkdbc h[ mjhd_ b mkeh\byo mki_rgh]h h[mq_gby´/ ]^_ jZkkfZljb\Zebkv i_^Z0 ]h]bq_kdb_ b^_b \_ebdh]h ^b^ZdlZ ^ey [he__ ]em[hdh]h ihgbfZgby rdheu/ ^ey ijZ\bevgh]h jZaj_r_gby gZ ijZdlbd_ \hijhkh\ h[mq_gby ih^jZklZxs_]h ihdh0 e_gby1 Mqblu\Zy/ qlh l\hjq_kdbc i_jbh^ B\Zgh\Z K1<1 k\yaZg k jZa\blb_f kh\_l0 kdhc ^b^Zdlbdb +63083 ]]1 OO \1,/ hklZgh\bfky gZ djZldhc _]h oZjZdl_jbklbd_1 < i_jbh^ 63083 ]]1 kh^_j`Zl_evghklv b gZijZ\e_gghklv jZa\blby i_^Z]h]bq_0 kdhc gZmdb hij_^_eyebkv ihklZgh\e_gbyfb iZjlbb b ijZ\bl_evkl\Z h rdhe_1 Hk0 gh\gZy aZ^ZqZ h[mq_gby ± wlh \hhjm`blv rdhevgbdh\ kbkl_fZlbq_kdbfb b ijhq0 gufb agZgbyfb >7/ k1 75@1 JZajZ[hldZ jy^Z ZdlmZevguo Zki_dlh\ \ h[eZklb l_hjbb kh^_j`Zgby h[jZah0 \Zgby [ueZ ij_^ijbgylZ \b^guf ^b^Zdlhf F1G1KdZldbguf +4<7<,1 Bf [ueb knhjfmebjh\Zgu ke_^mxsb_ ijbgpbiu hij_^_e_gby kh^_j`Zgby h[jZah\Zgby= bklhjbaf/ h\eZ^_gb_ l_hjb_c/ k\yav l_hjbb k ijZdlbdhc/ \hkiblZgb_ bgl_j_kZ d gZmd_1 H^gZdh \ wlhl i_jbh^ i_^Z]h]Zf g_ m^Zehkv jZajZ[hlZlv p_ehklghc l_hjbb kh^_j`Zgby h[jZah\Zgby1
46
Wlhl i_jbh^ oZjZdl_jbam_lky jZajZ[hldhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdbo ijbgpbih\/ bamq_0 gb_f ijhp_kkh\ gZmqgh]h ihagZgby1 Hkh[mx ZdlmZevghklv ijbh[j_eZ jZajZ[hldZ f_lh^h\ h[mq_gby1 Fgh]b_ ^b^Zdlu klj_fbebkv dhgkljmbjh\Zlv bo/ bkoh^y ij_`0 ^_ \k_]h ba \_^ms_c jheb mqbl_ey +B1L1H]hjh^gbdh\/ F1G1KdZldbg/ >1H1 Ehj^db0 iZgb^a_,1 < i_^Z]h]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ hkljh [ue ihklZ\e_g \hijhk h g_^himklbfhklb mgb\_jkZebaZpbb hl^_evguo f_lh^h\ b g_h[oh^bfhklb jZaghh[jZaby bo \ ijhp_k0 k_ h[mq_gby1 Kj_^b j_dhf_g^h\Zgguo f_lh^h\ ^ey jZ[hlu \ rdhe_ [ueb ke_0 ^mxsb_= jZkkdZa/ [_k_^Z +ijb_fu \_^_gby dhlhjuo ^he`gu mkbeb\Zlv \gbfZgb_/ bgl_j_k d ij_^f_lm b Zdlb\babjh\Zlv fure_gb_,/ bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbc1 Ij_ih^Z0 \Zgb_ ^he`gh [ulv [he__ ]b[dbf= ^ey dZ`^h]h fhf_glZ i_^Z]h]bq_kdh]h ijhp_k0 kZ g_h[oh^bfh bkihevah\Zlv lhl f_lh^/ dhlhjuc [he__ \k_]h ih^oh^bl >7/ k1 46@1 < i_^Z]h]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ l_o e_l [ue k^_eZg ijyfhc \u\h^ h agZq_gbb kZfh0 klhyl_evghc jZ[hlu mqZsboky ^ey h\eZ^_gby ijhqgufb agZgbyfb1 HgZ ^he`gZ [ulv gZijZ\e_gZ gZ jZa\blb_ l\hjq_kdbo kihkh[ghkl_c b l\hjq_kdhc bgbpbZlb\u1 H^gZdh bkihevah\Zgb_ kZfhklhyl_evguo jZ[hl [ueh ijbf_g_gh lhevdh d kljmd0 lmj_ ljZ^bpbhggh]h mjhdZ1 7/ k1 98@1 D qbkem \hijhkh\/ gZoh^ysboky \ p_glj_ \gbfZgby bkke_^h\Zl_e_c/ bamqZ\0 rbo ijh[e_fm mjhdZ/ ke_^m_l hlg_klb \hijhk h lbiheh]bb beb deZkkbnbdZpbb mjhdh\1 G_h[oh^bfuf mkeh\b_f j_r_gby wlh]h \hijhkZ [ueh h[hkgh\Zgb_ djbl_0 jb_\ ^ey deZkkbnbdZpbb1 >_eZebkv ihiuldb deZkkbnbpbjh\Zlv mjhdb/ bkoh^y ba aZdhghf_jghkl_c ijhp_kkZ ihagZgby/ ba eh]bdb mq_[gh]h ijhp_kkZ/ ba mjh\gy ij_^r_kl\mxs_c ih^]hlh\db mqZsboky1 +GZb[hevr__ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ihemqbe h[s_^b^Zdlbq_kdbc ijbgpbi/ bkoh^ysbc ba p_eb mjhdZ,1 < khhl\_lkl\bb k ijb0 gylhc deZkkbnbdZpb_c \u^_eyebkv mjhdb= h[tykg_gby gh\h]h fZl_jbZeZ> ih\lh0 j_gby b mijZ`g_gby> ijh\_jdb b hp_gdb agZgbc> dhf[bgbjh\Zggu_1 < wlhl i_jbh^ \ghkylky dZj^bgZevgu_ baf_g_gby \ ljZdlh\dm mq_lZ agZgbc1 < dZq_kl\_ f_lh^h\ mq_lZ gZau\Zebkv gZ[ex^_gb_/ ijhkfhlj b ijh\_jdZ l_dmsbo jZ[hl mqZsboky/ dhgljhevgu_ jZ[hlu/ mklguc hijhk/ l_klu1 Ih^q_jdb\ZeZkv g_0 h[oh^bfhklv ijbf_gylv jZagu_ \b^u mq_lZ/ dhlhju_ ^he`gu gZoh^blvky f_`^m kh[hc \ hij_^_e_gghc k\yab +khklZ\eylv kbkl_fm,>7/ k1 9<@1 >Zgguc i_jbh^ \ jZa\blbb ^b^Zdlbdb [ue l\hjq_kdbf b ^ey B\Zgh\Z K1<1 < 730830_ ]h^u hg gZibkZe jy^ bgl_j_kguo i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo klZl_c/ kj_^b gbo=
47
³Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ ihgylbc \ ijhp_kk_ h[mq_gby´ +4<78,/ ³:gZeba mjhdZ´+4<7;,/ ³ DZd kljhblv kbkl_fm mjhdh\ ih mq_[ghc l_f_´ +4<7<,/ ³>b^Zdlbq_kdb_ ijZ\beZ mki_rgh]h \_^_gby mjhdh\´ +4<7<,/ ³Ikboheh]bq_kdb_ hkgh\u mki_rgh]h \_^_gby mjhdZ´ +4<7<,/ ³Ijh[e_fu mjhdZ \ kh\_lkdhc ^b^Zdlbd_´ +4<7<,/ ³Ijh[e_fZ mjhdZ \ bklhjbb jmkkdhc rdheu b i_^Z]h]bdb´ +4<83,/ ³Ijh[e_fu mjhdZ \ k\_l_ nbabh0 eh]bq_kdh]h mq_gby B1I1IZ\eh\Z´ +4<83,/ ³Lbiu b kljmdlmjZ mjhdh\´ +4<85,1 < wlbo gZmqguo jZ[hlZo K_j]_c ;/ k1:<@1 Ijb gZmqghf ihagZgbb j_Zevghc ^_ckl\bl_evgh0 klb B\Zgh\ kqblZe g_fZeh\Z`guf klbfmebjh\Zlv kZfhklhyl_evghklv eh]bq_kdh]h imlb j_[_gdZ1 < ihagZgbb fh`gh \u^_eblv g_kdhevdh klmi_g_c1 Ijb h[mq_gbb klmi_gb ihagZgby/ ih B\Zgh\m/ ^he`gu ijhgbdZlv ^jm] \ ^jm]Z/ \k_]^Z gZoh^blv0 ky \ k\yab b _^bgkl\_1 Hg hlf_qZ_l/ qlh lZdhc ijhp_kk ^he`_g ijhclb q_j_a hsm0 s_gby j_[_gdZ/ fukebl_evgmx ^_yl_evghklv b ijbh[j_l_gb_ agZgbc/ ijZ\bev0 ghklv dhlhjuo ijh\_jy_lky ijZdlbdhc1 ³ IjZdlbdZ hkhagZ_lky ijb ihfhsb fur0 e_gby/ Z fure_gb_ \ k\h_f oh^_ b jZa\blbb ih^dj_iey_lky ihdZaZgbyfb qm\kl0 \_ggh]h hiulZ1 Ijbf_g_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdbo k\_^_gbc ijb\h^bl d \ujZ[hld_ khhl0 \_lkl\mxsbo mf_gbc b gZ\udh\´ >;/ k1 53@1 Mqblu\Zy/ qlh ijhp_kk ihagZgby \_^_l g_ lhevdh d gZdhie_gbx agZgbc/ gh b d jZa\blbx fure_gby/ B\Zgh\ ij_^eZ]Z_l rbjhdh ijbf_gylv eh]bq_kdb_ hi_jZpbb= ZgZeba b kbgl_a/ bg^mdpbx b ^_^mdpbx/ kjZ\g_gb_ b h[h[s_gb_1 Bf lZd`_ j_dhf_g^m_lky/ ih f_j_ mfkl\_ggh]h jhklZ mqZsboky/ \k_ [hevr_ ^_eZlv gZ mjhd_ \u\h^u b aZdexq_gby/ gZ hkgh\_ jZg__ gZdhie_gguo h[sbo ij_^klZ\e_gbc b ihgylbc1 >ey [he__ ]em[hdh]h b ijhqgh]h ihagZgby B\Zgh\ ij_^eZ]Z_l mqbl_ex= GZ[ex^_gb_1 Ijb^Z\Zy [hevrmx jhev gZ]ey^ghklb/ hg ij_^eZ]Z_l bkihevah0 \Zlv ^ey fh[bebaZpbb \gbfZgby ³ qm\kl\h h`b^Zgby´1 Bf jZkdju\Z_lky b ^jm]Zy klhjhgZ wlh]h f_lh^Z 0 ³\gmlj_ggyy´/ dhlhjmx hg \b^bl \ ³ \ha[m`^_gbb khagZgby keh\hf´1 JZkkdZa1 ³>ey jZa\blby ihagZ\Zl_evgh]h bgl_j_kZ/ 0 ibr_l B\Zgh\/ ± g_h[0 oh^bfh jZkkdZa khijh\h`^Zlv ^_fhgkljZpb_c hiulZ/ aZjbkh\dhc gZ ^hkd_/ ql_gb0 _f hlju\dh\ ba ijhba\_^_gbc/ [_k_^hc ih hl^_evguf \hijhkZf´1 ;_k_^Z w\jbklbq_kdh]h lbiZ1 H[jZah\Zgb_ gm`guo ihgylbc K_j]_c Zgguc f_lh^ ij_^eZ]Z_lky bkihevah\Zlv gZ mjhdZo mk\h_gby gh0 \uo agZgbc1 E_dpby ^he`gZ qblZlvky dZd ³jZa\_jlu\Zxsbcky dem[hd fuke_c´/ b
48
mqZsb_ky \f_kl_ k mqbl_e_f ijh^mfu\Zxl hk\_sZ_fuc \hijhk b b^ml d gm`guf \u\h^Zf1 KZfhklhyl_evghklv1 OZjZdl_jghc q_jlhc \uihegy_fuo jZ[hl gZ mjhd_ y\0 ey_lky/ ih fg_gbx B\Zgh\Z/ rbjhdh_ ijhy\e_gb_ kZfhklhyl_evghklb mqZsboky/ bo ebqghc bgbpbZlb\u b l\hjq_kdhc bah[j_lZl_evghklb1 GZ mjhdZo ih\lhj_gby/ h[h[s_gby b aZdj_ie_gby kqblZ_lky p_e_khh[jZaguf ³\ujZ`_gb_ \k_]h ijhc^_ggh]h \ h[h[sZxs_c ko_f_ beb lZ[ebp_´/ bf_ggh lZdhc ijb_f [m^_l kihkh[kl\h\Zlv emqr_fm ihagZgbx mq_[gh]h fZl_jbZeZ1 KZ0 fhklhyl_evghklvx b l\hjq_kl\hf ^he`_g [ulv ijhgbaZg b dhgljhev aZ agZgbyfb1 Bkoh^y ba bg^b\b^mZevghklb dhgljhey/ B\Zgh\uf ij_^eZ]Z_lky hkms_kl\eylv _]h \ jZaguo nhjfZo= hijhk/ jZa\_jgmlh_ baeh`_gb_ mk\h_ggh]h mjhdZ/ j_r_gb_ aZ0 ^Zq/ dhgljhevgu_ ibkvf_ggu_ jZ[hlu1 Ijb^Z\Zy [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ bkihevah\Z0 gbx jZaghh[jZaguo nhjf dhgljhey/ B\Zgh\ j_dhf_g^m_l kha^Zgb_ ihkh[bc dhg0 ljhevgh]h lbiZ ih dZ`^hfm mq_[ghfm ij_^f_lm1 ;/ k143@1 < k\hbo jZ[hlZo B\Zgh\ ih^q_jdb\Z_l \Z`gmx jhev mqbl_ey/ \ jmdZo dhlhjh0 ]h ^he`gZ gZoh^blvky ³]eZ\gZy gblv/ \_^msZy mq_gbdZ d gm`guf j_amevlZlZf´1 H^gZdh a^_kv `_ hg hlf_qZ_l jhev kZfhklhyl_evghklb b Zdlb\ghklb mq_gbdZ \ gZ0 oh`^_gbb iml_c ihagZgby1 HibjZykv gZ l_hjbx ihagZgby/ K1<1B\Zgh\ ijboh^bl d jZaj_r_gbx \hijhkZ h lbiZo mjhdh\/ \ hkgh\m deZkkbnbdZpbb dhlhjuo hg iheh`be g_ h^bg ijbagZd/ dZd ^jm]b_ ^b^Zdlu/ Z g_kdhevdh1 K_j]_c ;/ k1 57 @1
49
Wlb klmi_gb B\Zgh\ jZkkfZljb\Z_l b dZd kljmdlmjgu_ we_f_glu h^gh]h mjh0 dZ/ b dZd hl^_evgu_ kZfhklhyl_evgu_ mjhdb hij_^_e_ggh]h lbiZ1 < jZ[hl_ ³Lbiu b kljmdlmjZ mjhdh\´ + 4<85, ijbgbfZ_lky ke_^mxsZy ghf_gdeZlmjZ mjhdh\= 41 <\h^guc mjhd1 51 Mjhd i_j\bqgh]h hagZdhfe_gby k fZl_jbZehf1 61 Mjhd mk\h_gby gh\uo agZgbc +ihgylbc/ aZdhgh\ b ijZ\be,1 71 Mjhd ijbf_g_gby ihemq_gguo agZgbc gZ ijZdlbd_1 81 Mjhd gZ\udh\1 91 Mjhd aZdj_ie_gby/ ih\lhj_gby b h[h[s_gby1 :1 Dhgljhevguc mjhd1 ;1 Mjhd kf_rZgguc beb dhf[bgbjh\Zgguc1 ³A^_kv gZa\Zgu hkgh\gu_ lbiu mjhdh\1 Wlh/ dhg_qgh/ g_ klZg^Zjl/ g_ l\_j0 ^Zy ko_fZ jZa b gZ\k_]^Z ^Zgguo mjhdh\/ Z ebrv jZ[hqZy ]bihl_aZ/ dhlhjZy fh`_l ih0jZaghfm \Zjvbjh\Zlvky«´ >;/ k159 @1 ³ IjZ\bevgh_ j_r_gb_ \hijhkZ h jZaghh[0 jZabb lbih\ mjhdh\/ 0 ibr_l B\Zgh\/ ± bf__l [hevrh_ agZq_gb_/ lZd dZd ij_^h0 ojZgy_l mqbl_ey hl ^\mo hiZkghkl_c= k h^ghc klhjhgu/ hl hiZkghklb kdZlblvky d rZ[ehgm \ ihkljh_gbb dZ`^h]h hq_j_^gh]h mjhdZ> b k ^jm]hc klhjhgu ± hl hiZk0 ghklb ke_ih]h ij_dehg_gby i_j_^ klbobcghklvx/ i_j_^ [_a]jZgbqghc k\h[h^hc ^_ckl\bc \ hj]ZgbaZpbb mq_[gh]h ijhp_kkZ´ >9/ k148@1 < wlhc `_ jZ[hl_ K_j]_c 51 Q_ldh]h b ykgh]h nhjfmebjh\Zgby aZ^Zq __ bamq_gby> 61 GZdhie_gby gm`guo agZgbc/ fZl_jbZeh\ b ihkh[bc ^ey bamq_gby ^Zgghc l_fu> 71 Ijh\bahjgh]h ieZgbjh\Zgby mjhdh\ gZ hkgh\_ lsZl_evgh]h ZgZebaZ l_fu kh klhjhgu __ kh^_j`Zgby b hkh[_gghkl_c mk\h_gby ^_lvfb ^Zggh]h \hajZklZ1 Ihkljh_gb_ kbkl_fu mjhdh\ h[_ki_qb\Z_l h[^mfu\Zgb_ mqbl_e_f kihkh[h\ bamq_gby/ nhjf hj]ZgbaZpbb mq_[ghc ^_yl_evghklb/ bkihevah\Zgby f_lh^h\/ h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo ijhqgh_ b ]em[hdh_ mk\h_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby ^Zgghc l_fu1 < dgb]_ ³:gZeba mjhdZ´ +4<7;, B\Zgh\ K1<1 ih^oh^bl d j_r_gbx ^Zggh]h \hijhkZ dZd k ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc/ lZd b k ikboheh]bq_kdhc klhjhgu/ qlh k_]h^gy lZd`_ y\ey_lky Zd0 lmZevguf1 Kj_^b hkgh\guo imgdlh\ ieZgZ ^ey ZgZebaZ mjhdZ bf hlf_qZxlky= 41 H[sb_ k\_^_gby h[ mjhd_1 51 OZjZdl_jbklbdZ mjhdZ kh klhjhgu _]h lbiZ b kljmdlmju1 61 Kh^_j`Zgb_ mjhdZ1 71 F_lh^u ij_ih^Z\Zgby1 81 Ih\_^_gb_ mqZsboky1 91 Ih\_^_gb_ mqbl_ey1 :1 J_amevlZlu mjhdZ1 ;1 :/ k1<@1
4:
y\eyeky qe_ghf Dhhj^bgZpbhggh]h kh\_lZ ih i_^Z]h]bq_kdbf gZmdZf ijb Fbgbkl_jkl\_ ijhk\_s_gby JKNKJ> [ue qe_ghf Kh\_lZ ih i_^Z]h]bd_ \ukr_c rdheu Fbgbkl_jkl\Z \ukr_]h b kj_^g_]h ki_pbZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby KKKJ1 :gZeba \ur_i_j_qbke_gguo fhgh]jZnbc b gZmqguo jZ[hl \_^msbo mq_guo \hjhg_`kdhc ^b^Zdlbq_kdhc rdheu iha\hebe \u^_eblv ZdlmZevgu_/ bf_xsb_ bggh\Zpbhgguc kfuke b^_b= • jZa\b\Zxs_]h h[mq_gby> • bg^b\b^mZebaZpbb h[mq_gby> • Zdlb\baZpbb mfkl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb mqZsboky ihkj_^kl\hf gZ]ey^guo kj_^kl\/ jZa\blby ihagZ\Zl_evgh]h bgl_j_kZ/ w\jbklbq_kdbo [_k_^/ jZaghh[jZaguo \b^h\ kZfhklhyl_evguo jZ[hl/ ]jmiih\hc jZ[hlu> • bkihevah\Zgby jZa\b\Zxsbo b]j> • ³k\yaghklb b h[t_^bg_gghklb mq_[gh]h ijhp_kkZ´ +ih]jm`_gb_ \ bamq_gb_ h^gh]h ij_^f_lZ/ dhgp_gljbq_kdh_ jZkiheh`_gb_ ij_^f_lZ,> • \u\_^_gby ^b^Zdlbq_kdbo ijZ\be mki_rgh]h \_^_gby mjhdZ +ikboheh]bq_0 kdb_ b nbabheh]bq_kdb_ hkgh\u/ hij_^_e_gb_ kljmdlmju b wlZih\ mjhdZ/ hj]Zgb0 aZpbb kbkl_fu mjhdh\/ ZgZebaZ mjhdZ,> • bkihevah\Zgby Zdlb\gh ljm^h\h]h f_lh^Z ± ZgZeh]bqgh]h kh\j_f_gghfm bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhfm1 46/ k145@ mdZau\Z_l gZ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ 83 i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo l_o0 gheh]bc/ dhlhju_ kihkh[kl\mxl jZa\blbx rdheu1 ³Ijh]j_kk \ jZ[hl_ rdheu/ 0 ibr_l =1D1K_e_\dh/ ± k\yaZg k aZf_ghc mklZj_\rbo/ g_wnn_dlb\guo b^_c ^ey ^Zgguo mkeh\bc gZ [he__ wnn_dlb\gu_ mkeh\by/ kihkh[kl\mxsb_ jZa\blbx l\hj0 q_kdhc ebqghklb´ >46/ k157@1 JZkkfhljbf h^gm ba b^_c I1N1DZil_j_\Z ± ih]jm`_gb_1 ³AZ[hlykv h[ hk\_0 `_gbb mfZ mqZsboky ijZ\bevghc kf_ghc aZgylbc/ ijb khklZ\e_gbb jZkibkZgby mjhdh\ gm`gh hkl_j_]Zlvky b ijhlb\hiheh`ghc djZcghklb ± jZkk_ygb_ \gbfZgby mqZsboky fgh`_kl\hf jZaebqguo ij_^f_lh\« Ihwlhfm ih g_dhlhjuf ij_^f_0 lZf fh`gh gZagZqZlv ih ^\Z mjhdZ ih^jy^ \ h^bg ^_gv1 KlZgh\blky ihgylguf `_0 eZgb_ g_dhlhjuo ^b^Zdlh\/ qlh[u ^h ihem^gy \ rdheZo hklZgZ\eb\Zebkv [_a i_0 j_ju\Z gZ h^ghf ij_^f_l_/ Z ihke_ ihem^gy ± gZ ^jm]hf> qlh[u g_^_ex/ f_kyp/ q_l\_jlv ]h^Z aZgbfZebkv lhevdh ^\mfy beb lj_fy mq_[gufb ij_^f_lZfb/ qblZeb lhevdh h^gh]h Z\lhjZ/ aZdZgqb\Zeb h^bg hl^_e bklhjbb« 1 k 977@1
4;
F:LJBP: NMG>:F?GL:EVGUO B>?C B>:DLBQ?KDHC RDHEU B^_y
:\lhj/ ]h^
4 5 41 :dlb\ghklv mq0ky/ ;mgZdh\ G1N1/ 4<33]1/ hkgh\ZggZy gZ bgl_0 DZil_j_\ I1N1 4;;6]1 j_k_ d mq_[guf aZ0 gylbyf1 51 GZ]ey^ghklv h[m0 ;mgZdh\ G1N1/ 4<39]1/ q_gby1 DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4;;6]1
61 JZa\blb_ ihagZ\Z0 l_evgh]h bgl_j_kZ q_j_a hsms_gby hj0 ]Zgh\ qm\kl\/ \_^m0 s__ d fure_gbx1 71 Bkihevah\Zgb_ ]jmiih\uo aZgylbc1 81 Ijhqghklv b kbk0 l_fZlbqghklv1
;mgZdh\ G1N1/ 4;;9]1/ DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4;;6]1/ B\Zgh\ K1<1/ 4<83]1 ;mgZdh\ G1N1/ 4;;9]1
;mgZdh\ G1N1/ 4<33]1/ DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4;;6]1 B\Zgh\ K1<1/ 4<83]1 91 W\jbklbq_kdbc ;mgZdh\ G1N1/ 4<39]1/ oZjZdl_j h[mq_gby1 DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4;;6]1 :1 Bkihevah\Zgb_ ;mgZdh\ G1N1/ 4;;9]1 kZfhklhyl_evghc jZ[hlu1
;1 Bkihevah\Zgb_ DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4;<;]1 jZa\b\Zxsbo b]j1 <1 Bkihevah\Zgb_ DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4;;9]1 mq_[gbdZ ijb h[mq_0 gbb1 431 JZa\b\Zxs__ Mrbgkdbc D1>1/ 4;93/ h[mq_gb_1 +jZa\blb_ DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4<37]1 ebqghklb ij_^f_lZ0 fb/ kZfhjZa\blb_ \ ijhp_kk_ h[jZah\Z0 gby b \hkiblZgby,1
L:;EBP: 41
:dlmZevghklv \ kh\j_f_gghf ijhp_kk_ 6 L_ogheh]bb jZa\b\Zxs_]h h[mq_gby +kbkl_0 fZ AZgdh\Z/ WevdhgbgZ0>Z\u^h\Z,1 Kbkl_fZ ?1G1 BevbgZ1 Ijh[e_fgh_ h[mq_gb_/ l_ogheh]by gZ hkgh\_ ko_fguo b agZdh\uo fh^_e_c mq_[gh]h fZl_0 jbZeZ +<1N1 RZlZeh\,1 Mdjmig_gb_ ^b^Zdlb0 q_kdbo _^bgbp ² M>? +I1F1 Wj^gb_\,1 Fh0 ^mevgh_ h[mq_gb_1 I_^Z]h]bdZ khljm^gbq_kl\Z l_ogheh]bb jZa0 \b\Zxs_]h h[mq_gby +kbkl_fZ AZgdh\Z/ Wev0 dhgbgZ0>Z\u^h\Z,1 B]jh\Zy ^_yl_evghklv1 Ijh[e_fgh_ h[mq_gb_1 I_^Z]h]bdZ khljm^gbq_kl\Z/ B]jh\Zy ^_y0 l_evghklv1 =jmiih\u_ l_ogheh]bb1 Kh\j_f_ggh_ ljZ^bpbhggh_ h[mq_gb_1 Kbkl_fZ ?1G1 BevbgZ1 Ijh[e_fgh_ h[mq_gb_1 L_ogheh]bb jZa\b\Zxs_]h h[mq_gby1 Kbkl_0 fZ mjhdh\ ih :1:1 Hdmg_\m1 Ijh[e_fgh_ h[mq_gb_/ ]jmiih\u_ l_ogheh0 ]bb/ l_ogheh]by ijh]jZffbjh\Zggh]h h[mq_0 gby +fh^mevgh_ h[mq_gb_,1 L_ogheh]by ih0 wlZigh]h nhjfbjh\Zgby mfkl\_gguo ^_ckl\ +F1;1
4<
4 5 441 K\yaghklv b h[v0 DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4<37]1 _^bg_gghklv mq_[0 gh]h dmjkZ= ² ih]jm`_gb_ \ bamq_gb_ h^gh]h ij_^f_lZ>
6
E_dpbhggh0k_fbgZjkdh0aZq_lgZy kbkl_fZ h[mq_gby1 L_ogheh]by dhffmgbdZlb\gh]h h[mq_gby bghyauqghc dmevlmj_ +?1B1IZkkh\,1 L_ogheh]bb ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zggh]h h[mq_gby +m]em[e_gb_ ih ij_^f_lm,1
² f_oZgbq_kdh_ h[t_^bg_gb_ ij_^0 f_lh\>
Kh\j_f_ggh_ ljZ^bpbhggh_ h[mq_gb_1
² dhgp_gljbq_kdh_ jZkiheh`_gb_ mq_[0 gh]h fZl_jbZeZ +kbkl_fZ dhgp_gljZ0 lh\,1 451 Bg^b\b^mZebaZ0 DZil_j_\ I1N1/ <37]1 pby h[mq_gby1
Mdjmig_gb_ ^b^Zdlbq_kdbo _^bgbp ² M>?1 L_ogheh]by bgl_]jbjh\Zggh]h h[mq_gby1 E_dpbhggh0k_fbgZjkdh0aZq_lgZy kbkl_fZ h[mq_gby1
461 IjZ\beZ \_^_gby ;mgZdh\ G1N1/ 4;;9]1/ mjhdZ/ ih^oh^ d lb0 DZil_j_\ I1N1/ 4<37/ iheh]bb mjhdZ1 B\Zgh\ K1<1/ 4<83]1
I_^Z]h]bdZ khljm^gbq_kl\Z1 L_ogheh]bb jZa0 \b\Zxs_]h h[mq_gby +kbkl_fZ AZgdh\Z/ Wev0 dhgbgZ0>Z\u^h\Z,1 =mfZggh0ebqghklgZy l_o0 gheh]by R1:1 :fhgZr\beb1 L_ogheh]by bg0 ^b\b^mZebaZpbb h[mq_gby +Bg]_/ Mgl/ :1K1 =jZgbpdZy/ <1>1 RZ^jbdh\,1 Dhee_dlb\guc kihkh[ h[mq_gby/ l_ogheh]by h[mq_gby gZ hkgh\_ j_r_gby aZ^Zq +J1=1 OZaZgdbg,1 I_^Z]h]bq_kdZy l_ogheh]by gZ hkgh\_ kbkl_0 fu wnn_dlb\guo mjhdh\ +:1:1 Hdmg_\,= ² l_ogheh]by ihwlZigh]h nhjfbjh\Zgby mf0 kl\_gguo ^_ckl\bc +F1;1 ² kh\j_f_ggh_ ljZ^bpbhggh_ h[mq_gb_1
Hlf_lbf/ qlh gZqZeh mihfbgZgby l_jfbgZ ³ ih]jm`_gb_´ hlghkblky d gZqZem ;3 ]h^h\/ \ k\yab k wdki_jbf_glZevghc jZ[hlhc F1I1S_lbgbgZ1 Iha^g__ wlh gZ0 ijZ\e_gb_ \ujZ`Z_lky \ fgh]hqbke_gguo fh^_eyo= ³ ih]jm`_gb_´ \ kjZ\g_gb_/ ³ f_`ij_^f_lgu_ ih]jm`_gby´ +:1G1Lm[_evkdbc,/ f_lZij_^f_lgu_ ³ ih]jm`_gby´/ ³ w\jbklbq_kdb_ ih]jm`_gby´ + :1<1Omlhjkdhc,/ \u_a^gu_ ³ih]jm`_gby´ +:1:1HklZi_gdh/ E1G1Kg_]mjh\Z,/ ³ ih]jm`_gb_´ \ h[jZa +K1:1L_jkdh\Z/ ?1<1Rm[bgZ,/ ³ih]jm`_gb_´ dZd kj_^kl\h dhee_dlb\gh]h kihkh[Z h[mq_gby +K1>1F_kyp,/ ³ ih]jm`_gb_´ \ dmevlmjm +?1;1?\eZ^h\Z, b l1^1 B^_y ³ih]jm`_gby´ rbjhdh bkihevam_lky \ kh\j_f_gghf h[jZah\Zl_evghf ijhp_kk_1 HgZ gZreZ hljZ`_gb_ \ l_ogheh]bb dhffmgbdZlb\gh]h h[mq_gby bgh0 yauqghc dmevlmj_/ jZajZ[hlZgghc [he]Zjkdbf mq_guf =1EhaZgh\uf1 H[mq_gb_ ^he`gh [ulv ijh^he`bl_evguf ih \j_f_gb b bfblbjh\Zlv ³ ih]jm`_gb_´ \ ^Zg0 gmx yaudh\mx kj_^m 1
53
< ijZdlbd_ jZ[hlu Z\lhjkdhc rdheu kZfhhij_^_e_gby ]1Fhkd\u bkihevam0 _lky f_`ij_^f_lgh_ b ij_^f_lgh_ ³ih]jm`_gb_´1 Ijb f_`ij_^f_lghf ih]jm`_0 gbb= mqbl_ey/ jZ[hlZxsb_ \ h^ghf deZkk_/ \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo ^g_c jZ[hlZxl gZ^ h^gbf ihgylb_f beb mf_gb_f1 Bgh]^Z mq_[gh0\hkiblZl_evguc ijhp_kk hj]Z0 gbam_lky \ \b^_ ³ ih]jm`_gbc´ 0 g_kdhevdh ^g_c bamqZ_lky lhevdh h^bg ij_^f_l1 B^_y ih]jm`_gby hq_gv qZklh bkihevam_lky mqbl_eyfb ± ijZdlbdZfb ijb m]0 em[e_gghf bamq_gbb ij_^f_lh\1 GZ hkgh\Zgbb wlhc b^_b kljhblky mq_[guc ijh0 p_kk \ kj_^g_c rdhe_ ‹67 k bkihevah\Zgb_f mdjmig_gby ^b^Zdlbq_kdbo _^bgbp b khhl\_lkl\mxsbo bf nhjf h[mq_gby= kh\f_s_gguo mjhdh\/ mjhdh\0 dhgn_j_gpbc/ ^\moqZkh\uo k_fbgZjh\ b l1^1 Gh ih]jm`_gb_ gZ hkgh\_ ihke_^gbo ikboheh]h0i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc bkihevam_lky \ kljh]h j_]eZf_glbjh0 \Zgghf khhlghr_gbb ij_^f_lh\ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl bo ljm^h_fdhklb b keh`ghklb1 Bkoh^y ba \ur_baeh`_ggh]h/ fh`gh k^_eZlv \u\h^/ qlh b^_y I1N1DZil_j_\Z 0 ih]jm`_gb_ ² ZdlmZevgZ \ kh\j_f_gghf h[jZah\Zl_evghf ijhp_kk_1 Mjhd \ kh\j_f_gghf h[jZah\Zl_evghf ijhp_kk_1 < gZklhys__ \j_fy h[s_kl\h gm`^Z_lky \ ex^yo h[jZah\Zgguo/ kihkh[guo [ukljh hjb_glbjh\Zlvky \ gh\hc h[klZgh\d_/ fukeblv kZfhklhyl_evgh b k\h[h^0 guo hl kl_j_hlbih\1 : wlh agZqbl/ qlh baf_g_gbc lj_[m_l kZf mjhd b f_lh^bdb ihemq_gby agZgbc1 ³ Kh\j_f_gguc mjhd 0 wlh ij_`^_ \k_]h mjhd/ gZ dhlhjhf mqbl_ev mf_eh bk0 ihevam_l \k_ \hafh`ghklb ^ey jZa\blby ebqghklb mq_gbdZ/ __ Zdlb\gh]h mfkl\_g0 gh]h jhklZ/ ]em[hdh]h b hkfuke_ggh]h mk\h_gby agZgbc/ ^ey nhjfbjh\Zgby __ gjZ\kl\_gguo hkgh\´1 LZdhc mjhd k_]h^gy ijbgylh gZau\Zlv jZa\b\Zxsbf > 43/ k18@1 DhgZj`_\kdbc X1 :1 \ dgb]_ ³ :gZeba mjhdZ´ +4<<<, hlf_qZ_l \hk_fv ihab0 pbc mjhdZ/ dhlhju_ iha\heyl i_j_\_klb rdhem \ j_`bf jZa\blby/ qlh y\ey_lky g_fZeh\Z`guf k_]h^gy1 41 Mjhd y\ey_lky hkgh\ghc nhjfhc hj]ZgbaZpbb mq_[ghc jZ[hlu/ ijb ihfh0 sb dhlhjhc hkms_kl\ey_lky \hkiblZgb_ b jZa\blb_ ebqghklb1 51 Mjhd ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc `b\mx/ ih^\b`gmx/ ihklhyggh baf_gyxsmxky b kh\_jr_gkl\mxsmxky ijhp_kkmZevgmx kbkl_fm/ hljZ`Zxsmx \ k_[_ \k_ fgh]h0 h[jZagu_ fgh]hieZgh\u_ klhjhgu b fhf_glu mq_[gh0\hkiblZl_evgh]h ijhp_kkZ1 61 Mjhd ± kbkl_fZ khpbZevgZy/ dhlhjZy fh`_l kms_kl\h\Zlv lhevdh aZ kq_l \aZbfh^_ckl\by mqbl_ey k mqZsbfbky b mqZsboky ^jm] k ^jm]hf1 71 Mjhd ^he`_g kljhblvky gZ hkgh\_ kZfh^_yl_evghklb mqZsboky \ mq_[ghf ijhp_kk_/ bo kZfhhj]ZgbaZpbb/ jZa\blby bo ebqghklb/ dhee_dlb\ghc/ mq_[ghc ^_yl_evghklb/ hl\_lkl\_gghklb mq_gbdh\1 81 Mjhd h[mkeZ\eb\Z_lky khpbZevgh0wdhghfbq_kdbfb ihlj_[ghklyfb h[s_0 kl\Z/ mjh\g_f _]h jZa\blby/ dhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklb _]h wdhghfbdb/ gjZ\kl\_g0 gufb b fhjZevgufb p_gghklyfb wlh]h h[s_kl\Z1 91 Mjhd l_kgh k\yaZg k i_^Z]h]bq_kdbfb ijhp_kkZfb/ bf_xsbfb f_klh \ k_0 fv_1
54
:1 Mjhd ij_^klZ\ey_l [he__ beb f_g__ aZdhgq_gguc hlj_ahd i_^Z]h]bq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ/ h]jZgbq_gguc ojhgheh]bq_kdbfb jZfdZfb/ p_eyfb/ kh^_j`Zgb_f/ kh0 klZ\hf mqZsboky1 ;1 Mjhd ^he`_g [ulv hj]Zgbq_kdb k\yaZg k ij_^u^msbfb b ihke_^mxsbfb mjhdZfb/ hg y\ey_lky a\_ghf \ p_ib mjhdh\1 <1 Ihabpbb/ hlf_q_ggu_ DhgZj`_\kdbf/ fh`gh gZclb b \ jZ[hlZo ^b^Zdlh\ \hjhg_`kdhc rdheu1 Mjhd/ ijh\_^_gguc k wlbo ihabpbc/ gZijZ\e_g gZ kha^Zgb_ mkeh\bc/ \ dhlh0 juo j_[_ghd qm\kl\m_l k_[y kZfbf kh[hc/ iheghp_gguf mqZklgbdhf jZaebqguo nhjf h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb1 Ex[Zy ]jZgv agZgbc/ ^h[ulZy gZ lZdhf mjhd_/ ex[Zy q_jlhqdZ ebqghklb ² wlh j_amevlZl kh[kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb mqZs_]hky1 :dlmZevguf \hijhkhf ijb ihkljh_gbb mjhdZ y\ey_lky hij_^_e_gb_ p_eb1 < p_eb mjhdZ knhjfmebjh\Zg lhl dexq_\hc j_amevlZl/ d dhlhjhfm ^he`gu klj_0 fblvky mqbl_ey b mq_gbdb/ b _keb hgZ hij_^_e_gZ g_ lhqgh beb mqbl_ev iehoh k_0 [_ ij_^klZ\ey_l imlb b kihkh[u __ ^hklb`_gby/ lh h[ wnn_dlb\ghklb mjhdZ ljm^0 gh ]h\hjblv >44/ k143 @1 P_ev \[bjZ_l \ k_[y ljb Zki_dlZ= ihagZ\Zl_evguc/ \hkib0 lZl_evguc b jZa\b\Zxsbc +ljb_^bgZy p_ev mjhdZ ² LPM,1 Ih fg_gbx DhgZj0 `_\kdh]h/ LPM _klv lhl kbkl_fhh[jZamxsbc kl_j`_gv/ [_a dhlhjh]h mjhd gbdh]^Z g_ ij_\jZlblky \ p_ehklgmx kbkl_fm1 AZgbfZykv wlbf \hijhkZf/ ;mgZdh\ G1N1 +4;;9,/ DZil_j_\ I1N1 +4<37,/ B\Z0 gh\ K1<1 +4<85, ijb^Z\Zeb [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ g_ lhevdh ihklZgh\d_ p_eb/ gh b im0 lyf __ ^hklb`_gby1 44/ k155@1 >b^Zdlu hlf_qZxl/ qlh f_lh^u h[mq_gby ± wlh kihkh[u kh\f_klghc ^_yl_evghklb mqbl_ey b mqZsboky/ gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ j_r_gb_ aZ^Zq h[mq_gby1 Kms_kl\m_l g_kdhevdh deZkkbnbdZpbc f_lh^h\ h[mq_gby= ih bklhqgbdZf agZgbc> ih kl_i_gb \aZbfh^_ckl\by mqbl_ey b mqZsboky/ ih oZjZdl_jm ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb mqZsboky b mqZklby mqbl_ey \ mq_[ghf ijhp_kk_ b l1^1 Ihkdhevdm gb h^bg f_lh^ \ qbklhf \b^_ g_ kms_kl\m_l/ lh k kh\j_f_gguo ihabpbc ^b^Zdlb0 db f_lh^ h[mq_gby ij_^klZ\ey_l kh\hdmighklv fgh]bo oZjZdl_jbklbd kihkh[h\ ^_yl_evghklb mq_gbdZ b mqbl_ey/ b _]h g_h[oh^bfh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd kbkl_fm >44/ k1 59 @1 Ihabpbx mdjZbgkdh]h ijhn_kkhjZ <1B1;hg^Zjy +f_lh^ h[mq_gby ± kbkl_fZ, fh`gh ij_^klZ\blv \ \b^_ ko_fu 41
55
O
H[tykgbl_evgh0 beexkljZlb\gu_ J_ijh^mdlb\gu_ Ijh[e_fgu_ QZklbqgh ihbkdh\u_ Bkke_^h\Zl_evkdb_
Ko_fZ 41
Keh\_kgu_ GZ]ey^gu_ IjZdlbq_kdb_
J_r_gb_ aZ^Zq mqbl_e_f
M
6
F_lh^u \hkijbylby> F_lh^u hkhagZgby> F_lh^u h[h[s_gby> F_lh^u dhgljhey1
Ijh^mdlb\gu_ Bg^mdlb\gu_ >_^mdlb\gu_
=
O ± ]jmiiZ f_lh^h\ ih oZjZdl_jm bklhqgbdh\ bgnhjfZpbb/ M ± ]jmiiZ f_lh^h\ ih mjh\gx ihagZ\Zl_evghc kZfh^_yl_evghklb mqZsboky/ = ± ]jmiiZ f_lh^h\ ih bo ^b^Zdlbq_kdbf nmgdpbyf/ 6 0 ]jmiiZ eh]bq_kdbo f_lh^h\ h[mq_gby1 Bf_ggh lZdhc ih^oh^ d bkihevah\Zgbx f_lh^h\ gZ mjhd_ [m^_l kihkh[kl\h0 \Zlv g_ lhevdh h[h]Zs_gbx mqZsboky agZgbyfb b mf_gbyfb/ gh b jZa\blbx b \hkiblZgbx mqZsboky1 GZ dhfie_dkgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ f_lh^h\ mdZau\Z_l DZil_0 j_\ I1N1 +4;:;, b B\Zgh\ K1<1 +4<85,1 Hgb kqblZxl/ qlh lhevdh lZdhc ih^oh^ h[_ki_qb\Z_l jZa\blb_ j_[_gdZ1 < i_^Z]h]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ mki_rghklv h[mq_gby k\yau\Z_lky g_ lhevdh k f_lh^Zfb/ gh b k nhjfZfb hj]ZgbaZpbb ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb/ dhlhjZy fh`_l [ulv bg^b\b^mZevgh0h[hkh[e_gghc/ njhglZevghc/ ]jmiih\hc b dhee_dlb\0 ghc1 AgZqbl_evgh_ \gbfZgb_ jZa\blbx ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb m^_eyeb ;m0 gZdh\ G1N1 +4;9;, b DZil_j_\ I1N1 +4;;9,/ ihgbfZy/ qlh lZdZy ^_yl_evghklv/ hkgh0 \ZggZy gZ ihagZ\Zl_evghf bgl_j_k_ bgbpbbjm_l mfkl\_ggh_ jZa\blb_1 B k_]h^gy m^_ey_lky g_fZeh\Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ jZa\blbx ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb ijb ihkljh_gbb jZa\b\Zxs_]h mjhdZ1 Mqblu\Zy/ qlh \ ijZdlbd_ jZ[hlu rdheu ^h kbo ihj bkihevam_lky dhf[bgb0 jh\Zgguc mjhd b hg hdZ hklZ_lky gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gguf/ ^b^Zdlu kqblZxl g_h[oh^bfuf ih^\_klb ih^ g_]h jZa\b\Zxsmx hkgh\m1 DhgZj`_\kdbc X1:1 +4<<<, hlf_qZ_l g_dhlhju_ hkh[_gghklb lZdh]h mjhdZ/ dhlhjuc ^he`_g kljhblv0 ky= 9 gZ hlghr_gbyo khljm^gbq_kl\Z> 9 dZd ijhp_kk dhee_dlb\gh]h ljm^Z mq_gbdh\> 9 gZ ijbgpbiZo jZa\blby ebqghklb1 GZ mjhd_ mqbl_ev ^he`_g [ulv hj]ZgbaZlhjhf ijhp_kkZ mq_gby1
56
Kj_^b ijbgpbih\/ \_^msbo dhf[bgbjh\Zgguc mjhd d jZa\blbx ebqghklb/ ikboheh] E1F1Njb^fZg > 43/ k16: @ hlf_qZ_l= 4 ± kZfh^_yl_evghklv mqZsboky \ oh^_ mjhdZ> 5 ± kZfhhj]ZgbaZpbx mqZsboky> 6 ± jZa\blb_ ebqghklb> 7 ± nhjfbjh\Zgb_ dhee_dlb\bafZ> 8 ² jhe_\h_ mqZklb_ +^ey ijbh[j_l_gby dhee_dlb\gh]h oZjZdl_jZ ^_yl_evghklb g_h[oh^bfh/ qlh[u \k_ mqZsb_ky [ueb gZ^_e_gu hij_^_e_ggufb jheyfb,>
9 ² hl\_lkl\_gghklv +mjhd ^he`_g kljhblvky gZ hl\_lkl\_gghf hlghr_gbb mq_gbdh\ d ^hklb0 `_gbx _]h p_eb,> : ² ikboheh]bq_kdh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ +mjhd ^he`_g hj]Zgbah\u\Zlvky b ijh\h^blvky lZd/ qlh0 [u h[_ki_qb\Zlv fhlb\Zpbx mq_gby b iheh`bl_evgh_ wfhpbhgZevgh_ hlghr_gb_ d g_fm m dZ`^h]h mq_gbdZ,1 Fgh]b_ \ur_i_j_qbke_ggu_ ijbgpbiu jZa\b\Zxs_]h mjhdZ j_Zebamxlky \ ^b^Zdlbq_kdbo b^_yo ijb ihkljh_gbb mjhdZ m Mrbgkdh]h D1>1 +4;9:,/ m ;mgZdh\Z G1N1 +4<;9,/ m DZil_j_\Z I1N1 +4;;8, b B\Zgh\Z K1<1 +4<85,1 Kh\j_f_ggu_ ^b^Zdlu \u^_eyxl k_fv wlZih\ dhf[bgbjh\Zggh]h mjhdZ= 9 hj]ZgbaZpbhgguc> 9 ijh\_jdb ^hfZrg_]h aZ^Zgby> 9 \k_klhjhgg_c ijh\_jdb agZgbc> 9 ih^]hlh\db mqZsboky d Zdlb\ghfm b khagZl_evghfm mk\h_gbx gh\h]h fZl_jbZeZ> 9 mk\h_gby gh\uo agZgbc> 9 aZdj_ie_gby gh\uo agZgbc> 9 bgnhjfZpbb mqZsboky h ^hfZrg_f aZ^Zgbb/ bgkljmdlZ` ih _]h \uihe0 g_gbx> 9 ih^\_^_gb_ blh]h\ mjhdZ1 Fu ihdZaZeb lhevdh h^bg ba \ZjbZglh\ dhf[bgbjh\Zggh]h mjhdZ/ gh hg ^Z0 e_dh g_ _^bgkl\_gguc1 Kh\k_f g_ h[yaZl_evgh \ dZ`^hf mjhd_ bf_lv bf_ggh lZ0 dh_ dhebq_kl\h wlZih\ b jZkiheZ]Zlv bo \ lZdhc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb1 43/k187 @1 GZ ih^\b`ghklv kljmdlmjguo we_f_glh\ mjhdZ mdZau\Ze \hjhg_`kdbc ^b0 ^Zdl B\Zgh\ K1<1 \ jZ[hl_ %Lbiu mjhdh\%/ \ q_f ijhy\beZkv ijh]j_kkb\ghklv _]h \a]ey^h\ b ZdlmZevghklv a\mqZgby ^Zggh]h \hijhkZ1 < i_^Z]h]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ hlf_qZxlky jZaebqgu_ deZkkbnbdZpbb mjhdh\/ gh/ d kh`Ze_gbx/ ^h kbo ihj wlh keh`gZy ijh[e_fZ g_ jZaj_r_gZ/ ihwlhfm _^bgZy lbiheh]by mjhdh\ hlkmlkl\m_l1 GZfb m`_ [ueb jZkkfhlj_gu jZaghh[jZagu_ ih^0 oh^u d lbiheh]bb mjhdh\1 H^ghc ba gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gguo y\ey_lky deZk0 kbnbdZpby mjhdh\ ih hkgh\ghc h[jZah\Zl_evghc p_eb1 < lZdhf kemqZ_ dZkk_lZ lb0 ih\ mjhdh\ \u]ey^bl ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf >43/k1:< @= 41 Mjhd mk\h_gby gh\uo agZgbc mqZsbfbky1 51 Mjhd aZdj_ie_gby bamqZ_fh]h fZl_jbZeZ1 61 Mjhd ih\lhj_gby1 71 Mjhd kbkl_fZlbaZpbb b h[h[s_gby gh\h]h fZl_jbZeZ1
57
81 Mjhd ijh\_jdb b hp_gdb agZgbc1 91 Dhf[bgbjh\Zgguc mjhd1 DeZkkbnbdZpby mjhdh\ ih hkgh\ghc h[jZah\Zl_evghc p_eb gZb[he__ m^h[gZ ^ey bo ZgZebaZ b ieZgbjh\Zgby1 KhklZ\eyy dZe_g^Zjguc beb l_fZlbq_kdbc ieZg/ mqbl_ev jZkij_^_ey_l mjhdb ih hl^_evguf jZa^_eZf b l_fZf \ khhl\_lkl\bb k h[0 jZah\Zl_evgufb p_eyfb1 JZg__ gZfb [ueh hlf_q_gh/ qlh deZkkbnbdZpby mjhdh\ ih hkh[_gghklyf ijh0 p_kkZ h[mq_gby/ ij_^eh`_ggZy B\Zgh\uf K1<1/ g_ ihemqbeZ ijbagZgby \ i_^Z]h0 ]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_/ h^gZdh/ gZ gZr \a]ey^/ bf_ggh lZdhc ih^oh^/ iha\hebl mqb0 l_ex jZa[blv l_fm gZ k_jbx mjhdh\/ kihkh[kl\mxsbo jZa\blbx j_[_gdZ \ ijh0 p_kk_ h[mq_gby1 DZq_kl\h b wnn_dlb\ghklv mjhdZ \h fgh]hf aZ\bkbl hl mf_gby mqbl_ey ZgZ0 ebabjh\Zlv k\hb b qm`b_ mki_ob b hrb[db1 I_^Z]h]bq_kdbc ljm^ g_\hafh`_g [_a we_f_glh\ ZgZebaZ1 :gZeba mjhdZ ± wlh jZa[hj b hp_gdZ mq_[gh]h aZgylby \ p_ehf b hl^_evguo _]h klhjhg1 Kh^_j`Zgb_ mjhdZ \k_]^Z ^he`gh kem`blv aZ^ZqZf jZa0 \blby/ aZ^ZqZf \dexq_gby mqbl_ey \ j_`bf l\hjq_kl\Z1 :gZeba mjhdZ [Zabjm_lky gZ jy^_ ijbgpbih\= h[t_dlb\ghklb/ \aZbfhk\yab b \aZbfh^_ckl\bb/ jZa\blby/ ^_l_jfbgbafZ/ q_eh\_dhp_gljbafZ/ ]eZ\gh]h a\_gZ/ Zd0 lb\ghklb/ bg^b\b^mZevgh]h ih^oh^Z/ p_e_gZijZ\e_ggh]h ieZgbjh\Zgby >43/ k1463@1 Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv/ qlh mki_o i_^Z]h]bq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ mjhdZ ^hklb]Z_lky ihke_^h\Zl_evguf ijbf_g_gb_f \k_o ijbgpbih\ +kbkl_fu ijbgpbih\, b dZ`^h]h ba gbo \ hl^_evghklb1 < gZklhys__ \j_fy [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ ij_^Z_lky wlZiZf ZgZebaZ mjhdZ1 JZkkfhljbf g_dhlhju_ ba gbo1 WlZi ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h hagZdhfe_gby k ij_^f_lhf ZgZebaZ1 < khklZ\ wlZiZ \oh^yl ke_^mxsb_ hi_jZpbb= 41 Mykg_gb_ ijh[e_fu/ ih^e_`Zs_c ZgZebam> 51 AgZdhfkl\h k ebl_jZlmjhc/ mq_[gbdhf/ ijh]jZffhc> 61 Nhjfmebjh\Zgb_ p_eb ihk_s_gby b ZgZebaZ mjhdZ> 71 KhklZ\e_gb_ ijh]jZff gZ[ex^_gby1 WlZi hkms_kl\e_gby gZ[ex^_gby aZ oh^hf mjhdZ/ k[hj bgnhjfZpbb ^ey ZgZebaZ1 Wlhl wlZi kdeZ^u\Z_lky ba= 41 GZ[ex^_gby aZ oh^hf mjhdZ> 51 AZibkb b dh^bjh\Zgby mjhdZ> 61 ;_k_^u k mqbl_e_f i_j_^ ZgZebahf mjhdZ1 WlZi g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h ZgZebaZ mjhdZ1 Hg gZqbgZ_lky k lh]h/ qlh km[t_dl ZgZebaZ \u^_ey_l \j_fy/ qlh[u ^h ih\lhj0 ghc \klj_qb k mqbl_e_f/ g_ lhjhiykv/ ]em[hdh b k_jv_agh ihjZ[hlZlv k kh[jZgghc bgnhjfZpb_c b ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv __1 ©<_kv ijhp_kk jZ[hlu gZ^ ZgZebahf mjhdZ/ 0 ibr_l DhgZj`_\kdbc/ ± ^he`_g [ulv ih^qbg_g h[s_fm oh^m gZmqgh]h ihagZgby +gZ[ex^_gb_/ ZgZeba/ kbgl_a,1ª LZdhc `_ ih^oh^ fu \klj_qZ_f b m B\Zgh\Z K1<1 \ jZ[hl_ %:gZeba mjhdZ% +4<7:,1 Kms_kl\m_l g_kdhevdh lbih\ ZgZebaZ mjhdZ= djZldbc/ kljmdlmjguc +ihwlZi0 guc,/ Zki_dlguc +ihwe_f_glguc,/ iheguc/ dhfie_dkguc b kbkl_fguc1 G_h[oh0 ^bfh hlf_lblv/ qlh ihwe_f_glguc ZgZeba hq_gv rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_g \ ljZ^b0
58
pbhgghc kbkl_f_ h[mq_gby1 H^gZdh [he__ ihegZy dZjlbgZ mjhdZ \ujbkh\u\Z_lky ijb kbkl_fghf ZgZeba_1 Kbkl_fguc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam ljZ^bpbhggh]h mjhdZ jZk0 kfZljb\Z_lky fgh]bfb ^b^ZdlZfb = RZfh\hc L1 B1/ =hjkdhc =1 B1/ DhgZj`_\kdbf X1 :1 K_]h^gy \hagbdZ_l g_h[oh^bfhklv \ jZajZ[hld_ f_lh^bd kbkl_fgh]h ZgZeb0 aZ mjhdZ jZa\b\Zxs_]hky h[mq_gby1 DhgZj`_\kdbc X1:1 \ k\h_c jZ[hl_ ³:gZeba mjhdZ´ ij_^eZ]Z_l lZdhc ZgZeba gZqbgZlv k \uykg_gby oZjZdl_jZ \aZbfh^_ckl\by mqbl_ey b mqZsboky/ Z lZd0 `_ mqZsboky f_`^m kh[hc1 Ke_^mxsbf wlZihf y\ey_lky ihklZgh\dZ b j_Zeb0 aZpby mq_[ghc aZ^Zqb/ nhjfbjh\Zgb_ \ oh^_ __ j_r_gby mq_[ghc ^_yl_evgh0 klb mqZsboky/ Z lZd`_ hk\h_gb_ mqZsbfbky ijhp_kkZ \hkoh`^_gby hl Z[kl0 jZdlgh]h d dhgdj_lghfm1 H^ghc ba ]eZ\guo aZ^Zq ZgZebaZ DhgZj`_\kdbc X1:1 kqblZ_l ijhke_`b\Zgb_ \aZbfhk\yab b \aZbfhaZ\bkbfhklb ijhp_kkh\ jZa\b0 \Zxs_]h h[mq_gby \ mjhd_1 GZ ZgZeba ^_yl_evghklb mq_gbdZ b mqbl_ey/ dZd _^bgh]h p_eh]h/ gZijZ\e_g0 guo gZ jZa\blb_ ebqghklb/ hibjZeky B\Zgh\ K1<1 \ jZ[hl_ %:gZeba mjhdZ%/ qlh _s_ jZa ih^l\_j`^Z_l nmg^Zf_glZevghklv b^_c K_j]_y
59
Ebl_jZlmjZ/ j_dhf_g^m_fZy ^ey bamq_gby1 41:glheh]by i_^Z]h]bq_kdhc fukeb Jhkkbb \lhjhc iheh\bgu ;,;0gZqZeZ ;; \1 ² F1= I_^Z]h]bdZ/ 4<<31 ± 93;k1 51;mgZdh\ G1N1 Ba[jZggu_ i_^Z]h]bq_kdb_ khqbg_gby1 0 F1= I_^Z]h]bdZ/ 4<861 0 :54k1 611 I_^Z]h]bq_kdb_ \a]ey^u b ^_yl_evghklv G1N1;mgZdh\Z1 ± F1= ;1b1/ 4<931 ± 4;5k1 481KdZldbg F1G1 Kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ ijhp_kkZ h[mq_gby1 ± F1= ;1b1/ 4<:41 ± 583k1 GZmqguc j_^Zdlhj/ ijhn_kkhj/ ^hdlhj i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo gZmd Kheh\v_\Z GZlZ0 evy 1