Методические указания для студентов специальности ''Журналистика'' (английский язык)

Министерство образования Российской Федерации ОРЕНБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных и социальноэкономических специальностей

С.С. Палагина М.Ю. Крапивина

МEТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ для студентов специальности "Журналистика" (английский язык)

Оренбург 2003

ББК 81.2 Англ: 76.1я7 П 14 УДК 802.0:07(07)

Введение Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов II - III курсов факультета филологии и журналистики специальности "Журналистика" и позволяют совершенствовать разнообразные лингвистические навыки на материале, имеющем профессиональную направленность. Авторы использовали исключительно аутентичную литературу, что позволяет создать на уроке естественную языковую среду. Весь учебный материал изложен в пяти разделах, которые включают в себя девять уроков и приложение - тексты для дополнительного чтения "Рекомендации по дизайну газеты" и "Английские заголовки"; две лабораторные работы (аудиозапись прилагается); список специальных терминов. Основной материал учебника предлагает студентам следующие темы для обсуждения: журналистика и ее разделы; газета (типы газет, издание, издательский персонал, типы статей); радио и телевидение, в частности американское и британское. К текстам по данной тематике также разработаны разнообразные упражнения как тренировочного, так и творческого характера, направленные на развитие речевых, грамматических, лексических навыков. Разнообразные задания также нацелены на расширение кругозора, пополнение словарного запаса и обучение общению на английском языке в своей профессиональной сфере.

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Unit I 1 Lesson 1.1 Pre-Text Exercises 1.1.1 Learn the new words from the text: current affairs – текущие события opinion – мнение means of communication – средства сообщения to gather – собирать to edit – выпускать (в печать) to cover – освещать to depend on – полагаться на (syn: to rely on) to grant – предоставлять interference – вмешательство to encourage –вызывать, поощрять to slant – искажать to be referred to as … - считаться, называться 1.1.2 Pronounce the following words: -

journalism; affair; to refer; to cover; foreign; fair;

- fire; - interference; - essential; - to encourage; - society.

1.1.3 Translate the following international words: -

profession; to inform; nation; report; public; communication; radio; television;

- press; - material; - local; - correspondent; - democratic; - to control; - instrument; - policy.

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1.2 Text. Journalism Journalism is one of the most important professions. It informs citizens about events in their community, the nation, and the world. The reports of journalists also help people form opinion about current affairs. Journalists inform the public through several means of communications, especially newspapers, magazines, radio, and television. These means of communication are often referred to as the press or the news media. Every day, journalists throughout the world gather, write, and edit material for thousands of news stories. Local reporters, for example, cover school board meetings, fires, sports events, and other local stories. Other journalists, including foreign correspondents, cover national and international news. In democratic countries, people depend on the news media for the fair and truthful reporting of current events these nations grant the press freedom to report news and opinions without government interference. Freedom of the press encourages the exchange of ideas among citizens, which is essential for a democracy to work. In government-controlled societies, however, the news media serve as an instrument of the state. The press in these countries slants the news to support the policies of the government. 1.2.1 Find English equivalents to: -

формировать мнение; собирать материал; правдивое освещение новостей; предоставлять прессе свободу; искажать события; освещать зарубежные новости; служить инструментом; поддерживать политику правительства.

1.2.2 Form groups of synonyms: -

press; to cover; state; events; news media, to report;

- affairs; - means of communication; - to describe; - country; - news; - nation.

1.2.3 Insert the matching words from the exercise 1.2.2 In some government-controlled societies press is the … of the state. Newspapers are the … of informing public. 4

I usually listen to the latest … on the radio. Most people prefer truthful reporting of international … . 1.2.4 Answer the questions to the text: What is the main task of journalism? Can you name the fields of journalism? Can you describe journalists’ everyday work? What is the main feature of journalism in democratic countries? What does the press serve for in government-controlled societies? 1.2.5 Look through the text once more, try to express in one sentence the idea of journalism

2 Lesson 2.1 Pre-Text Exercises 2.1.1 Learn the new words: in details – подробно (syn: in depth) in-depth programme – аналитическая программа to compete with – соревноваться с to interrupt – прерывать to broadcast – передавать, транслировать broadcast – передача, сообщение (syn: report) live broadcast – сообщение в прямом эфире to absorb – поглощать, воспринимать to skip – пропускать to appeal to – обращаться к feature syndicate – агенство печати news syndicate – агенство новостей regular article (issue, publication) - периодическая статья (выпуск, публикация) thoughtful article – аналитическая статья 2.1.2 Remember the names of the following types of reports: weather forecast - прогноз погоды traffic report – сводка дорожных происшествий stock market listing – биржевая сводка news bulletin – сводка новостей news flash – экстренное сообщение 5

brief account – краткий обзор comic strips – комиксы advice column – колонка полезных советов death notice – некролог classified advertisements (ads.) – объявления; рекламные объявления announcement – объявление, анонс 2.2 Text. Fields of Journalism There are five chief fields of journalism: 1. newspapers 2. news services 3. magazines 4. radio 5. television. Related fields include advertising, book publishing, and public relations. Newspapers cover more stories than do any of the other newsmedia. They also cover stories in greater detail. However, newspapers cannot compete with radio or TV to be first to report the news. Radio and TV stations can interrupt their programmes at any time to broadcast a news bulletin. A paper must be printed and distributed before it can bring a story to the public. The great advantage of newspapers over radio and TV is that they can report stories in depth. Newspapers also have other advantages over radio and television. Newspapers permit readers to absorb the news at their own pace and on their own schedule. Readers can skip items that do not interest them. Newspapers therefore can print certain material that appeals to only a small percentage of readers. Such material includes death notices, stock market listings, and classified advertisements. Listeners to news broadcasts, however, cannot control the speed or the time of day at which the news is announced. Also, news broadcasts generally do not report items that interest relatively few people. A radio or TV news broadcast may lose much of its audience if its stories do not appeal to a large number of listeners. News Services. Large newspapers, national news magazines, and national radio and television networks have reporters stationed in major cities at home and abroad. The rest of the press relies chiefly on news services for national and international news. News services have journalists who report news from around the world. Their stories, as well as photographs, are transmitted mainly by satellite to members of the press that pay for the service. News services were formerly known as wire services because they sent news reports over wires to printing devices called teleprinters. News services may supply as much as 90 per cent of the foreign news and up to 75 per cent of the national news reported by the press in some countries. Other news services include news syndicates and feature syndicates. The major news syndicates are owned by newspapers that have a large staff of reporters at home and abroad. Feature syndicates are operated by business organizations that sell such material as advice columns, comic strips, and opinion columns. 6

Important news services include Agence France-Presse in France, Xinhua in China, Reuters in the United Kingdom, Kyodo in Japan, Associated Press (AP) in the United States. Magazines, like newspapers, enable people to absorb the news at their own pace and to select only the stories that interest them. In general, the literary quality of magazines, which are published weekly or at longer intervals, is superior to that of newspapers. News magazines, usually published weekly, summarize and analyse the biggest national and international news stories of the preceding week. The magazines also include regular articles on developments of the arts, business, education, science, and other fields. Many magazines specialize in covering the news in a specific area, such as fashion, television entertainment, or sports. Opinion magazines publish thoughtful articles on politics and the arts. Trade and business magazines provide news of a particular profession or industry, such as medicine or publishing. Radio is generally the first of the news media to report a local story or a news service bulletin. A radio announcer can interrupt a programme with a news flash as soon as the report comes in. Most stations present regular news bulletins every half of hour or hour. A few stations broadcast the news continuously. The national radio networks broadcast major news events. Millions of people depend on the radio for regularly scheduled news bulletins. However, most radio news bulletins do not report the news in detail. In a five-minute broadcast, for example, the stories average less than 30 seconds each. Many people also rely on radio for weather forecasts and traffic reports. Television is the chief source of news for many households around the world. TV does what none of the other media can: it brings the sights and sounds of some important news events of filmed, taped, or live reports. Like regular radio news bulletins, daily TV news programmes provide only brief accounts of relatively few stories. But the visual aspect of a TV news story can often help viewers understand the story. In addition to daily news reports, television covers special news events. Coverage of such an event may replace many hours of regular TV shows. For example, television presented live broadcasts of the first men to walk on the moon. Television also broadcasts in-depth programmes that help explain a story or subject. Such programmes, which run from a half-hour to three hours or more, include documentaries and interview programmes. Most documentaries are filmed or taped. They may examine such subjects as crime, foreign policy, or race relations. Interview programmes, most of which are broadcast live, may consist of a panel of journalists who ask questions of a major figure in the news. 2.2.1 Translate the groups of words: compete – competitive - competition; announce – announcement – announcer; journal – journalist – journalism – journalistic; special – specially - specialize – speciality; 7

continue – continuous – continuously. 2.2.2 Say whether the following statements are true or false: Newspapers are the first to report any news. News services transmit stories mainly by satellite. The major news syndicates have reporters only abroad. Magazines serve mainly for announcing latest news. Many magazines specialize is such areas as fashion, TV, politics, business. Radio news bulletins do not report the news in detail. TV broadcasts mainly in-depth programmes. Television is the chief source of news for many households. 2.2.3 Classify these types of reports according to the field of journalism in which they are used. Arrange them into four columns: Fields: newspapers; magazines; radio; TV. Reports: weather forecast, news bulletin, documentaries, regular articles, death notice, classified advertisements, commercials, show, live broadcast, stock market listings, news flash, essay, death notice.

Unit II 3 Lesson 3.1 Pre-Text Exercises 3.1.1 Pronounce the following words, mind your stress: -

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advantage; bulletin; business; certain; column; comment; controversal; disaster; editorial; efficiency;

- entertainment; - feature; - issue; - major; - pressure; - range; - require; - schedule; - science; - variety.

3.2 Text. Newspapers Newspaper is a publication devoted chiefly to presenting and commenting on the news. Newspapers provide an excellent means of keeping well informed on current events. They also play a vital role in shaping public opinion. Newspapers have certain advantages over the other major news mediatelevision, radio, and news magazines. For example, newspapers can cover more news- and in much greater detail-than can television radio news bulletins. News magazines concentrate on the chief national and international events of the preceding week. But daily newspapers report local as well as national and international news on a day-to-day basis. A large daily newspaper provides a great variety of information. News stories cover the latest developments in such fields as government, politics, sports, science, business, and the arts. Other news stories report crimes, disasters, and special events of human interest. Editorials and columns of opinion comment on controversial issues. Informative feature articles examine a wide range of subjects, including fashion, health, and child care. Comic strips, advice columns, and other entertainment items also appear regularly in most daily papers. Producing a daily newspaper requires great speed and efficiency. Reporters, editors, and photographers work under the constant pressure of deadlines. A large daily also employs many other workers, including advertising salespeople, artists, librarians, printing-press operators, and truckdrivers. The entire staff must operate as a well-drilled team if the papers are to reach homes and newsstands on schedule. 3.2.1 Match equivalents: -

to provide; to concentrate; to examine to require to include; to cover; to operate; to employ; chief; excellent; vital; major; wide; well-trained;

- to demand; - chief; - well-drilled; - to tell; - splendid; - broad; - to give; - important; - to focus; - to contain; - to use; - main; - to work; - to check.

3.2.2 Learn the following expressions by heart. Use them in sentences of your own: 9

-

to devote smth to smth/smb; to comment on smth; to provide means of doing smth; to play a role in smth; to have an advantage over smth/smb; to concentrate on smth/doing smth; to do smth under the pressure of smth/smb; to reach smth on schedule; to trace the history of smth.

3.2.3 Transform the first sentence of the text into three short sentences in Present Simple Active 3.2.4 Answer the following questions: What is the difference between news magazines and newspapers? What material is provided by a large daily newspaper? What condition promotes appearing a newspaper on schedule? 3.2.5 Look through the text, find the sentences containing the following expressions: to cover news to report on news to comment on issues Translate these sentences. 3.2.6 Make up the summary of the text using one sentence from each paragraph

4 Lesson 4.1 Pre-Text Exercises 4.1.1 Pronounce the following words: birth, coarse, death, efficiency, measure, neighbour, numerous. 4.2 Text. Kinds of Newspapers Newspapers are printed on coarse paper called newsprint. There are two major sizes of newspapers-standard and tabloid. A standard-sized newspaper has pages that measure about 38 by 58 centimetres. The pages of a tabloid are about half that size. The standard and tabloid sizes are both used in publishing all types of newspapers. The three main kinds of papers are (1) daily newspapers, (2) weekly newspapers, and (3) special-interest newspapers. 10

Daily newspapers print world, national, and local news. They also carry editorials, opinion columns, feature articles, and entertainment items. Big-city dailies print many stories on social and political issues, such as the quality of schools and the efficiency of government. Many dailies are morning papers, others are afternoon papers, and a few publish around the clock. In large cities, many morning papers publish several editions-the first one in early evening and the last one in the early morning. Similarly, many afternoon papers publish from early morning to late afternoon. In some countries, additional features and more additional features and more advertising make Sunday newspapers much larger than weekday editions. Numerous Sunday papers have special sections on such topics as entertainment, finance, and travel. They may also include a Sunday magazine, a guide to television programmes, and coloured comics. Weekly newspapers, in general, serve much smaller areas than daily papers and publish news of a more personal nature. In small communities, most people know one another and take great interest in the activities of their friends and neighbours. Weeklies also report news of local business and politics. Most weekly newspapers do not carry national or world news. Special-interest newspapers print news of concern to particular groups. Many large companies and trades unions publish newspapers for their members. Newspapers printed in foreign languages serve foreign-born residents in big cities. 4.2.1 Look through the text and answer the following questions in written form -

What is the difference between standard-sized newspapers and tabloids? What are the three main kinds of papers? Are standard-sized papers used in publishing only weekly newspapers? What do daily newspapers usually print? What newspapers can afford publishing around the clock? Why are some Sunday newspapers much larger than weekly additions? What newspapers publish news of a more personal nature? What news gets front-page coverage in weeklies? Whom are special-interest newspapers for?

4.2.2 Learn the following words: -

amendment – поправка clause – статья occurrence – событие to take pictures – фотографировать to award – присуждать, награждать excellence – совершенство, высокое качество to establish – учреждать

4.2.3 Make up all possible word combinations using words from the two groups: 11

- current, recent, latest, new, previous, last, fresh, important - events, news, information, publication, occurrences, opinion

4.3 Look through the text and be ready to talk on the following points Is there a “free press” in your country? Which newspaper is your favourite? Why? In your native language does the word for “newspaper” include the meaning of the word “news”? Have you ever won a prize? If so, what was it for? Have you ever taken a photograph that you think should win a prize? If so, what is it of? Who is a famous photographer in your country? 4.3.1 Text. American Press The English word “newspaper” does not really describe everything that you can read in this kind of publication. In addition to stories about recent events (news), newspapers also include opinions, advertising, and other non-news items. Newspapers in the US are protected by the “Freedom of the Press” clause of the First Amendment to the US Constitution, the basic law of the USA. This amendment guarantees that the government will not interfere with the right of newspapers to print truthful statements. “The New York Times”, “The Washington Post” and “The Los Angeles Times” are three of the most important daily papers for foreign and domestic news. There’s something for everyone to read with 1,700 daily and 6,300 weekly newspapers. Eight out of ten Americans read a tabloid or standard newspaper every day. Often newspapers are delivered early in the morning so people can read them before leaving home for the day to go to work. Standard newspapers have long articles about local, national, and international news, while tabloid newspapers include short news articles and a lot of photos, stories about famous people, comic strips, advice columns, and horoscopes. Most newspapers are regional rather than national, although some are distributed all over America. The New York Times, for example, is available in New York and in most big cities. The paper with the largest circulation is The Wall Street Journal, which specializes in business news; 1.9 million copies a day are sold. The first American newspaper was called “Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick”. This paper was first published in Boston in 1690. In 1704, the “Boston Newsletter” was started. This was the first regularly published newspaper in the American Colonies. Pulitzer Prizes are awarded each spring in America by Columbia University. These prizes are given for excellence in journalism, literature, history and music of 12

the US. The journalism prizes are awarded for reporting and photography that have appeared in US newspapers the previous year. The PP were established by Joseph Pulitzer. Pulitzer (1847-1911) was an immigrant from Hungary who became one of the greatest American publishers. He was also the founder of Columbia University’s School of journalism. Ansel Adams (1902-1984) is probably the most famous American photographer. He is well known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West. Adams took large pictures of landscapes, including the great forest and mountains of America’s beautiful national parks. 4.3.2 On Sundays “The New York Times” has fourteen sections, weighing up to five pounds! Look at the table of contents for this Sunday edition Arts and Leisure Automobiles The City Editorials and Op-Ed Magazine Money and Business Real Estate Regional Weeklies Sports Sunday Television Travel Week in Review Answer the following questions: Which section of the paper do you want to read first? Which section won’t you read? Why? Do you usually read a tabloid or a standard paper?

5 Lesson 5.1 Text. Newspaper Staff The number of people needed to produce a newspaper varies greatly. The smallest weekly papers may have only to 3 workers, who do everything from writing the news, to selling advertising space, to running the press. Larger weeklies employ 10 to 30 people. The largest metropolitan dailies have more than 1,000 employees. The staff of a large metropolitan daily is headed by the publisher, who in some cases owns the paper. The staff of such a paper is divided into three main departments: (1) the editorial department, (2) the business department, and (3) the mechanical department. The editorial department is responsible for the news and features that the paper prints. The head of the department is called the editor in chief, executive editor, 13

or simply editor. The editor in chief must have a thorough knowledge of all phases of newspaper work and know to deal with people well. A managing editor helps the editor in chief direct the members of the editorial staff. Under the managing editor are assistant managing editors and news editors. Other editors are responsible for news in certain areas. For example, most large dailies have a city editor, a suburban editor, and a foreign editor. The various sections and departments of the paper, such as the sports, arts, and financial sections, also have an editor of their own. Each editor supervises a staff of reporters, writers, and other workers. Some editors, such as the sports and financial editors, may write a daily column in addition to their supervisory duties. The editor in chief directs a staff of editorial writers, as well as the news staff. In many cases, the publisher helps to guide these writers. Thus, a newspaper’s editorials often express the views of the publisher. Metropolitan dailies also employ special columnists to write columns of humour, advice, or general information. Large newspapers provide special facilities to assist the editorial staff. For example, a library keeps copies of past stories and pictures as well as such resources as almanacs and encyclopedias. In addition, artists and photographers need special facilities to do their work. A newspaper must also have a photo lab where pictures can be processed speedily. The business department tries to ensure that the paper makes a profit. A business manager heads the department with the help of an advertising manager, a circulation manager, and a promotion manager. The advertising manager directs a staff that sells advertising space to shops, manufacturers, and other businesses as well as classified ads to individuals and firs. The circulation manager supervises the distribution of the newspaper by carriers, newsstands, and mail. The promotion manager develops ways of drawing attention to the paper to attract new readers and new advertisers. The business department also has accountants and bookkeepers to handle the financial records. The mechanical department prints the newspaper. A production manager directs the department’s operations. Some workers set the type, and others arrange the stories, photographs, and advertising to make up the pages. Still other workers produce the printing plates from which the newspaper is printed. The printing-press operators lock the plates on the presses and print the papers. Mailroom personnel assemble the papers and turn them over to the circulation department. 5.1.1 Look through the text and answer the following questions: How many people do small and middle-sized weeklies employ? Whom is the staff of a large metropolitan daily headed by? What is the editorial department responsible for? What is the business department responsible for? What is the mechanical department responsible for? How can the top manager in the editorial department be called? What must he do? What are the duties of a managing editor? 14

What middle level managers can work in the editorial department? Whose help does a business manager rely on? What is the duty of a production manager? 5.1.2 Draw a scheme of the staff subordination in all three departments of a large metropolitan daily a) The editorial department editor in chief managing editor … … b) The business department business manager … c) The mechanical department …

6 Lesson 6.1 Look through the text and find English equivalents for the following wordcombinations: - собрать дополнительную информацию; - переписать материал; - добывать факты; - изменить материал; - вставить новую информацию; - исправить и сократить материал; - перегруппировать материал; - появиться на экране; - хранить в банках компьютерной памяти; - проверять материал на точность. 6.1.2 Which word combination may be chosen as key words for the text “Writing and editing stories"? - to make phone calls; - subeditors and copy editors typewriters and pencils; - the rest of the space; - to assemble the facts into a story. 15

6.1.3 Text. Writing and Editing Stories Some reports write their own stories, but many stories are written by subeditors. Subeditors do not rewrite material but get the facts, usually by telephone, from a reporter and assemble them into a story. Subeditors may also make many phone calls themselves to gather additional information for stories. In writing a news story, reporters or subeditors begin by giving the important facts in the first paragraph, which is called the lead. They then present the details in the rest of the space given to the story by the news editor. The completed story goes to a copy editor, who checks it for accuracy and writes a headline for the story. The copy editor may also change the wording in places to make the story more readable, and must cut material from the story if it is too long. Many newspapers use computerized editing systems. With these systems, writers and editors use video display terminals (VDT’s) instead of typewriters and pencils. A VDT consists of a typewriter like keyboard with an electronic screen attached. As a reporter or subeditor types out a story on the keyboard, it appears on the screen. Special keys enable the writer to make corrections, insert information, and rearrange sentences or paragraphs. The completed story is stored in the computer’s memory banks. At a touch of a button, a copy editor can call up the story and edit it on a VDT like the one used by the writer. VDT’s are sometimes also called cathoderay tube terminals (CRT’s). 6.1.4 Form adjectives with suffix –able and explain their meaning. Model: to recognize – recognizable – something that is possible to recognize - to read; - to change; - to measure; - to copy;

- to attach; - to arrange; - to transmit.

6.1.5 Add prefix re- to the following verbs. Explain the meaning of new words or translate them. Model: to write – to rewrite; means to write once more; переписать - to search; - to print; - to distribute; - to read;

- to type; - to assemble; - to arrange; - to make.

6.1.6 Explain or translate the following words: - subeditor; - readable; 16

- lead; - wording.

Unit III 7 Lesson 7.1 Look through the text and change the order of the questions according to the logical structure of the text. Answer them What is the difference between investigative reporters and stringers? How are news reports from various countries transmitted to newspaper offices? What may a general assignment reporter do? What papers can afford to have foreign correspondents? What techniques do reporters use to gather information for their stories? What job may stringers for big-city newspapers have? What types of particular buildings are visited by speciality reporters? What particular subjects can speciality reporters cover? 7.1.1Text. How newspapers are produced Gathering the news is the first step in the production of a newspaper. A paper gets the news it prints from two main sources: (1) its own reporters and (2) news services. Reporters use interviews, research, and investigative techniques to gather information for their stories. They must have well-developed “news judgement” to sort out important stories from those that have little public interest. A newspaper employs several kinds of reporters. Many reporters cover a speciality. Some speciality reporters are assigned to particular buildings, including police stations and the criminal courts. Other reporters cover a particular subject, such as science, education, or consumer affairs. Certain other reporters cover any story to which they are assigned or which they find on their own. A general assignment reporter may assist a speciality reporter if too many stories break on a topic for one person to handle. The news staff of big-city newspaper also includes investigative reporters and stringers. Investigative reporters search out and expose political corruption on other wrongdoing. They may work weeks or months to get a story or a series of stories. Stringers do not work full time for the newspaper but occasionally turn in a story. Stringers for big-city newspapers may have a permanent job with a regional newspaper or a small radio station. The largest papers have foreign correspondents in the major cities of the world, such as London, Paris, Moscow, Washington, and Tokyo. But not even the largest newspapers can afford to have reporters in all the major cities. As a result, newspapers depend on news services or wire services for at least part of their national and foreign news. Each news service has hundreds of reporters in various countries. The news services transmit news reports and photographs to newspaper offices over a 17

teleprinter and telephoto system, or via satellite. Major news services include Agence France-Presse in France, Reuters in the United Kingdom, Tass in Russia, and Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI) in the United States. Many papers also get news from news syndicates. A news syndicate is owned by a newspaper or chain of newspapers with a large staff of reporters around the world. A syndicate distributes to its clients many stories that it prints in its own paper or papers. 7.1.2 Use toponimic names from the text in sentences of your own. Model: Berlin is the capital of Germany. Moscow, London, Paris, Washington, Tokyo. 7.1.3 Form synonymic pairs: -

to gather; to get; particular; main; affairs; to include; assignment; to expose; to assist; to own; to sort out; to handle; various; to employ; permanent;

- to classify; - to possess; - constant; - to receive; - to use; - different; - to help; - to man ipulate; - special; - to pick; - to show; - to contain; - matters; - task; - major.

7.2 Look through the text and find sentences in the text telling about: -

“quality” newspapers concern; the aim of “tabloids”; “The Daily Telegraph” circulation; the readership of “The Sun”; the ownership of British newspapers; peculiarities of the “Sundays”.

7.2.1 Text. Types of National Daily Paper Probably in no other country are there such great differences between the various national daily newspapers- in the type of news they report and the way they report it. 18

On the one hand, there are the “quality” newspapers: The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, the Financial Times and The Daily Telegraph. These concern themselves, as far as possible, with factual reports of major national and international news stories, with the world of politics and business and with the arts and sport. On the other hand, there are the “popular” or “tabloids”, so-called because of their smaller size. The tabloids- the most widely-read of which are The Daily Mail, The Daily Express, The Daily Mirror, The Sun and The Daily Star- concentrate on more emotive reporting of stories often featuring sex, violence, the Royal Family, film and pop stars, and sport. It is often said that the popular Press aims to entertain its readers rather than inform them. The tabloid Press is far more popular than the quality Press. The average daily circulation in 1989 for the Daily Mirror, for example, was almost 3,200,000, while for The Times it was less than 450,000. The most popular quality paper is The Daily Telegraph with the circulation of around 1,100,000 per day, compared with The Sun’s circulation of over 4,170,000. Of course, more than one person usually reads each newspaper that is sold ( the readership of The Sun, for instance, is probably over 11,000,000 per day). It is estimated that two out of every three adults regularly read a national daily newspaper, and that three out of four adults regularly read a local newspaper. This means that the British are one of the biggest newspaper –reading nations in the world. Those are the main types of printed press in Britain: A popular or tabloid newspapers focuses more on sensation than real news whereas a quality newspaper professes to be more interested in real news than in sensation. A tabloid usually has a smaller format than a quality paper, it has larger headlines and shorter stories and, in Britain, it prefers stories about film stars, violent crimes and the royal family. A journal is the name usually given to an academic magazine. A colour supplement is a magazine which comes out once a week ( often on Sundays) as an addition to a newspaper. A comic is a magazine, usually for children or teenagers, with lots of picture stories and/or cartoons. 7.2.2 Choose the correct answers: 1.The quality papers try to entertain rather than inform. a. true b. false 2. The circulation of a newspaper is: a. the number of people who buy it b. the number of people who read it 3.The readership of a newspaper is: a. the number of people who buy it 19

b. the number of people who read it 4.Most colour supplements are published on Sundays and are: a. bought with the Sunday papers b. bought separately from the Sunday papers 5.The most popular quality paper is: a. The Times b. The Daily Telegraph 6.Newspapers in Britain are owned by: a. the Government b. individuals and publishing companies 7.2.3 Answer the questions to the text: In what ways do the national British papers differ? What are the main types of all the newspapers in Britain? Which of them are dailies? Which type of paper would you choose to read about pop-music? Are there any newspapers similar to “populars” in your country? What Russian daily papers may be called “quality”? What British newspaper has the larger circulation – “The Sun” or “The Daily Telegraph”? Who owns newspapers in your country? Are there “Sundays” in Russia? What do the local papers feature on? Do you usually buy newspapers or get them by post? Which type do you prefer? 7.3 Newspaper Advertisements Many English newspapers have pages with advertisements on them. People advertise for the things they want to buy, and the things they want to sell. Some advertisements are put in the newspaper by the big companies. Others are put by ordinary people. An advertisement which uses a lot of space costs more money than one which uses a little space. So people try to make their messages as short as possible.. They shorten the words, and use abbreviations. For example, they put ‘rm’ instead of ‘room’, and ‘250 pm’ instead of ‘250 a month’. 7.3.1 Here is the list of abbreviations which you can find in advertisements for flats and houses. On the right, there is a list of meanings. Match correct meaning with each abbreviation. The first one has been done for you 1. sc 20

a) self- contained ( it has its own entrance)

2. rm 3. fac 4. k&b 5. gdn 6. CH 7. rec 8. yr 9. frig 10. f and f 11. beds … 12. pw… 13. furn … 14. tel … 15. pa … 16. incls … 17. dble

b) fixtures and fittings c) per annum( a year) d) garden e) bedrooms f) telephone g) central heating h) inclusive i) room j) double k) kitchen and bathroom l) year m) fridge n) per week o)reception room ( sitting room/ dinning room) p) facilities r) furnished

7.3.2 Choose any newspaper and say whether it contains the following parts: Headlines, news reports, the editorial, feature articles, e.g. about fashion or social trends, horoscope, cartoons, crossword, small ads, business news, sports reports, scandal, the letters page. 7.3.3 Choose any newspaper (it could be in your own language if you can’t find an English one) and complete the following sentences 1. The main story today is about … 2. The editorial is about … 3. There are readers’ letters on page … and they deal with the following topics; 4. The most interesting feature is about … 5. There is some scandal on page … , a crossword on page … , a cartoon on page … and some small ads on page … . 6. The most interesting business story is about … and the largest sports article is about … 7. The most striking paragraph shows … 8. There are advertisements for … and … 7.3.4 Write definitions explaining what jobs each of these people involved in the media do? Example: An editor is the person responsible for the production of a newspaper or magazine. 1.A foreign correspondent 2.A sub-editor 3.An editor 4.A librarian 21

5.A bookseller 6.A publisher 7.A columnist 8. A critic

Unit 4 8 Lesson 8.1 Pre-Text Exercises 8.1.1 Check if you remember these verbs: to celebrate, to appoint, to interfere, to offer, to provide, to obtain 8.1.2 Learn the following words and phrases: content – содержание quiz - викторина phone-in programme – программа по звонкам слушателей to allocate – выделять жаловаться to complain – жаловаться to be prejudiced against – иметь предубеждение recently – недавно (in the recent years) to set up – основывать to speak for – высказываться в пользу кого-либо 8.1.3 Find words or phrases in the text which have the same meaning as those below: must be given; is biassed against; people who play records on a radio programme; total control or ownership of something; to cater for the tastes. 8.2 Text. Radio in Britain In 1982 the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) celebrated its 60th anniversary of broadcasting. It is controlled by a board of governors who are appointed by the government but this board has complete freedom and the government cannot interfere by dictating the content of the programmes. The BBC does not speak for the Government. On the contrary, it has to be as fair as possible in giving radio time to political parties and religious groups, for 22

example at election time major political parties must be allocated equal time for their party political broadcasts. Each party complains from time to time that the BBC is prejudiced against it! The BBC operates four national radio services which specialize as follows: Radio 1 – rock & pop music; phone-in request programmes with disk-jockeys selecting records from “Top 40”. Radio 2 – music station with some pop music; mainly “light” music, sport and light entertainment/comedy. Radio 3 – recorded classical music during the day; broadcasts of concerts, plays & serious discussions in evening. Radio 4 – mainly spoken word: news programmes, current affairs, reviews, serials, quizzes, discussions, plays. Radio 4 VHF (very high frequency) also broadcasts OPEN UNIVERSITY courses and STUDY ON 4 programmes offering courses on foreign languages, art, politics etc. There are also special regional programmes for Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales (some programmes in Welsh) and more recently a large number of local radio stations have been set up all over the country, reporting local community service – e.g. Radio Leeds or Radio WM for Birmingham. In addition the BBC World Service broadcasts programmes about Britain together with news bulletins in 37 different languages as well as in English to all parts of the world. The headquarters of World Service is in Bush House in London and over the entrance to the building as over other BBC centres is the BBS text “NATIONS SHALL SPEAK PEACE UNTO NATIONS”. There is no advertising on BBC radio (or TV) stations and the BBC obtains most of its financial support from the sale of TV licenses. However, you do not need to buy a license if you only have a radio and no television. In recent years, the BBC monopoly on radio has been broken by about 20 independent or commercial radio stations which have opened in many large cities. They are financed by the advertisements they broadcasts and they provide a variety of programmes to suit the tastes of their local audiences. In London there are 2 commercial stations broadcasting 24 hours per day: The London Broadcasting Company (LBC) - largely news; Capitol Radio – largely pop music aimed at a young audience. In Birmingham the popular commercial station is BRMB. The Leeds area is covered by Radio Aire and 235 Pennine Radio. Details of BBC radio can be found in the weekly magazine called Radio Times (also containing TV programme details) while any daily newspaper gives details of all TV and radio programmes for that day. The “Listener” is another weekly BBC publication which critically reviews and comments on radio & TV programmes of the week. 8.2.1 Say whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE The BBC began broadcasting in 1922. 23

Whichever government is in power has control over the BBC. If you are interested in classical music you will probably tune in to Radio 1. (tune in = listen) BBC World Service only broadcasts in languages other than English. The BBC is financed by revenue from advertisements. BRMB is an example of an independent radio station. 8.2.2 Answer the questions: What do the initials VHF stand for? What might you see written over the entrance to a BBC Radio Centre? 8.2.3 Complete the diagram below: Radio in Britain

World service

Commercial Radio

London Leeds BRMB

8.2.4 Find in the text equivalents to: совет членов правления; как можно справедливее; наоборот; музыкальные программы; по телевизионным заявкам; к тому же; отвечать вкусам аудитории; получать финансовую поддержку. 8.2.5 Discuss the peculiarities of the British radio broadcasting system

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8.3 Text. US Radio. On the air Across the United States there are more than nine thousand radio stations. Almost all of them are commercial, except for National Public Radio stations. Listeners can tune into all kinds of stations: pop or classical music, news, sports, or community radio. Talk radio shows are very popular. Listeners call in and ask the talk show host or guests questions about anything from cooking or car repair to politics or health. Callers often get a chance to give their own opinions on the air. "Shock jocks" attract listeners to their talk shows because of their funny, controversial, and insulting comments. 8.3.1 Have you ever listened to shock jocks on the radio? What do you think of them?

9 Lesson 9.1 Look through the text and find words and phrases which have the same meaning as those below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

inactivity a weekly programme in which the story continues in the next episode factual films advertising films a sum of money paid as a penalty it reflects most popular times for watching TV

9.1.1 Text. Television in Britain According to market surveys or opinion polls, watching television is the most common leisure activity among British people - which may reflect the quality of British television or the inertia of the British people. There are now four television channels in Britain. Two are operated by the British Broadcasting Company (BBC): BBC 1 - shows mainly light entertainment, news, quizzes, films, serials and documentaries. Courses for the OPEN UNIVERSITY are shown on BBC 1 on Sunday mornings ver early. BBC 2 - usually shows more serious films, plays, documentaries and discussions. The majority of courses for the OPEN UNIVERSITY are shown on this channel either very early in the morning or late at night. Eight regional television centres provide regional news and programmes of local interest on both channels. These two channels are finances by the TV license which everyone who owns or rents a television must obtain. The penalty for not having a 25

license is a fine which would be double the cost of the license itself. There are 2 licenses, one for black and white (monochrome) TV sets and one for colour TV sets. The latter is almost three times the cost of the black and white TV license. The other two channels are commercial channels, that is to say they are financed by the money received from advertising. Programmes are interrupted at regular intervals by "commercials" - manufacturer of this product will pay large sums of money to have his "commercial" shown at peak viewing hours. There are strict rules about the amount of advertising and the type of advertisements allowed (e.g. advertisements for cigarettes are forbidden). ITV (Independent Television) consists of 14 different programme companies each serving a different part of the country e.g. Granada, Anglia, Southern, Yorkshire. These companies are controlled by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA). ITV - shows light entertainment, comedy, films etc, aimed at a mass audience so that as many people as possible will watch the "adverts". CHANNEL 4 - a very recent channel, aims at providing an alternative channel to ITV; in a sense it mirrors the role of BBC 2 in that it offers programmes appealing to varied minority tastes rather than the mass popular audience and as a result CHANNEL 4 initially experienced difficulties in getting manufacturers to advertise their products on its channel because of the smaller audience figures. Information about television programmes can be found in any daily newspaper, where details are given for programmes on that day. The BBC also publishes a weekly magazine called "Radio Times" which gives details of both BBC radio and TV programmes. ITV also publishes a weekly magazine called "TV Times" containing a full programme guide to television programmes on ITV and CHANNEL 4. 9.1.2 Complete the following diagram: Television in Britain Commercial

9.2 Pre-Text Exercises 9.2.1 Pronounce the following words: average, audience, aerial satellite dish, remote control, video cassette, serial, headphones, on/off button, camcorder, episode, series.

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9.3 Text. What’s on US TV? On the average, American viewers watch TV four hours a day, usually tuned to one of the national commercial networks: ABC,NBC,CBC, or Fox Broadcasting Company. These stations attract about 98 percent of TV audiences. During a sixtyminute TV program, you can expect to see about twelve minutes of commercials. The commercial networks broadcast a variety of shows: news, drama, soap operas, comedy, sports, music, movies, children’s programs, game shows, and talk shows. There is a lot of competition for viewers, especially during prime time, from 7 to 11 p.m.. Ratings, published in the newspapers, measure the audiences for top ten programs. PBS (Public Broadcasting Service), supported by government and private funding is the only noncommercial network. It broadcasts more serious drama, performing arts, science, public-affairs documentaries, and educational children’s programs. Sesame Street, the most popular children’s show on PBS, appears on TV stations all over the world. All five networks broadcast twenty-four hours a day. Some viewers pay to receive a wider selection of programs on cable television. There are up to 500 cable stations. Two well-known ones are HBO (Home Box Office), which shows movies, and CNN, which specializes in news. Network Prime-time Ratings Program 1 Seinfeld 2 60 Minutes 3 E.R. 4 NFL Monday Night Football 5 Friends

Network ABC CBC NBC ABC NBC

Type of program Sitcom TV news magazine Hospital drama Live football game Sitcom

Date and time Thursday at 9:00 p.m. Sunday at 7:00 p.m. Thursday at 10:00 p.m. Monday at 9:00 p.m. Thursday at 8:00 p.m.

Household 22,390,000 19,550,000 19,120,000 18,520,000 17,970,000

9.3.1 Make sure you know the verbs in these sentences: The BBC World Service broadcasts throughout the world. I can receive/pick up broadcasts from Moscow on my radio. They're showing a good film tonight. Ratings measure the audiences for top ten programmes. The film was shot/made on location in Spain. They cut/censored the film before showing it on TV. 9.3.2 Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with the most appropriate words 1. He doesn't even get up from the sofa to change channels, he just presses … on the … . 2. Although our … was expensive, we've taken some priceless film of our children. 3. Children often prefer looking at … to reading books. 27

9.3.3 Look through the list of types of TV programmes: Documentaries, news broadcasts, current affairs programmes, soap operas, quizzes, sitcoms, drama chat shows, detective stories, sports programmes, weather forecasts, music programmes, game shows, variety shows, commercials, a serial. And say what sort of TV programmes you think these would be: 1. Murder at the Match. 2. The Amazing Underwater World. 3. World Cup Special. 4. The $10000 Question. 5. Last Week in Parliament. 6. Hamlet from Stratford. 9.3.4 Look through the list of types of TV programmes and give the name of one programme you know in Russia of each type listed 9.3.5 Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right 1. a kind of sophisticated 1. VDU typewriter using a computer 2. a tape recorder 2. a machine which makes 3. a camcorder copies of documents 4. a camera operator 3. a piece of equipment allowing 5. a continuity person you to sent information from 6. a remote control one computer down telephone 7. a word processor lines to another computer 8. a modem 4. a visual display unit 9. a fax machine 5. a machine which makes 10. a photocopier copies of documents and sends them down telephone lines to another place 6. a camera which records moving pictures and sound 7. a machine which records and plays back sound and picture 8. a device to switch on/off television sets and video recorders 9. a person responsible for seeing that the continuity between one scene and another in a film is correct 10. is the person who operates a camera filming a TV program or a film 28

Unit 5 10 Supplement 10.1 Text. Recommendations on Newspaper Design Read through the text attentively. Which of the fonts is more appropriate for writing headlines, advertisements, editorials, body of the article, etc. Give your opinion in written form. Use the following expressions: I think, I believe (consider), In my opinion, As I see it, Besides. It's useful to have some knowledge of fonts. There are some samples of fonts:

Я 1.Baltica(serif type) 2.Academy(serif type) 3.Courier(serif type) 4.Arial (non-serif type) 1.Choose one definite font for your major text. The research that has been conducted in the US shows that a human eye perceives fonts of serif type more easily. The human eye and the brain detect and identify a beautiful serif type font more easily, hence there's less eye fatique. The main task of those responsible for printing is to make texts readable. 2.Choose font-size that doesn't lead to the eye-fatique. On the one hand a small size helps place and arrange more printing matter per page (font size 8) but on the other hand this size font may lead to the eye fatique and cause headaches. Irritation on the part of a reader may cause his/her unwillingness to buy your paper. It's advisable to use font size 9-9,5. 3.Choose the best possible ink for printing. If ink doesn't show all the details of a serif type font the text is hard to read. It's more sensible to choose NT Harmonica if your ink quality leaves much to be desired. 4.Choose different fonts for your major text and for advertisements.

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5.Choose the best possible intervals between lines. Experiment with intervals on your computer-do your best to find the most attractive variant. Avoid large intervals in short articles and small intervals in long articles. 6.Choose the optimal column width. The optical width of the column for the main text shouldn't be less than 5cm.(12 cicero). It's difficult to read narrower columns. On the other hand, columns with width of 12cm.(25 cicero) are also hard to read. Your paper may look more attractive if you thoroughly work out its inner architecture-every minute detail should be taken into account if your paper is compiled in the printing plant. Balanced and neat arrangement of all details will be a sure proof of your professionalism. If you use your computer for compiling a paper then its inner architecture may be built much easier. Use only high quality photos, though, of course, there are situations when it's better to have a poor quality picture than no picture at all. Pictures showing people in action appeal to readers more than static picture. A beautiful picture may be enlarged and become the focus of the front page. Use information graphics. Information graphics includes maps, diagrams, charts, tables. It is as important as a photograph. Each of the devices mentioned above makes the text more informative and visually attractive as it adds to the perception of the content. Summary: Experts on contemporary newspaper design believe that a high quality newspaper design is a neat and deliberate union of the text and visual elements (fonts, photographs, coloured illustrations, information graphics and white spaces). 10.2 Text. English Headlines Headline writers try to catch the readers eye by using as few words as possible. The language headlines use is, consequently, unusual in a number of ways. • Grammar words like articles or auxiliary verbs are often left out, e.g. Early Cut Forecast in Interest Rates • A simple form of the verb is used, e.g. Queen Opens Hospital Today • The infinitive is used to express the fact that something is going to happen in the future, e.g. President to Visit Mine Newspaper headlines use a lot of distinctive vocabulary. They prefer words that are usually shorter and generally sound more dramatic than ordinary English words. The words marked can be used either as nouns or verbs.

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Newspaper word

Meaning

aid axe back bar blast boost boss

help cut, remove support exclude, forbid explosion incentive, encourage manager, director

head clash curb cut drama drive gems go-ahead hit key link move ordeal oust pledge ploy poll probe quite riddle strife talks threat vow wed

dispute restrain, limit reduction tense situation campaign, effort jewels approval affect badly essential, vital connection step forward a desired end painful experience push out promise clever activity election/ public opinion survey investigate leave, resign mystery conflict discussions danger promise marry

A. Newspaper headlines often use abbreviations, e.g. PM for Prime Minister, MP for Member of Parliament UN for United Nations, IRA for Irish Republican Army WHO for World Health Organization PLO for Palestine Liberation Organization ANC for African National Congress The above mentioned abbreviations are read as individual letters. 31

In the following three cases, the name of each country and the name of its secret police are pronounced as individual letters/ numbers. CIA (USA)

M15 (UK)

KGB (former USSR, now CIS)

Note - when these abbreviations are stressed words in the sentence, the stress falls on the last letter, e.g. She works for the CIA. I heard it on the BBC. B.Some abbreviations are read as words we call them acronyms, e.g. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Counters

Лабораторная работа №1 An Interview. Programmes listened to or watched Staring Name of time programme BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 Local Radio Commercial Radio BBC 1 Television BBC 2 Television ITV Television

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Satisfaction with programmes Tick (v) one box for each service commented on A = completely satisfied B = moderately satisfied C = thoroughly dissatisfied A BBC Radio Local Radio Commercial Radio BBC Television ITV Television

B

C

Лабораторная работа №2 The Queen's Speech 12 November 1986. Exercise I. Read the questions through before listening to the tape. Listen to the first part of the text and find answers to them. 1. In the first part of the speech the Queen speaks of her own official state duties. Who will she receive on state visits to England and where will she herself be going and on what occasions? 2. The following phrases are common collocational groupings; try filling in the gaps before listening to the tape and then check your answer by listening to the speech. -

I look ……..with much ……. . My government will continue to attach the highest ……. And to preserving ……. And play an …….part ……. the Atlantic Alliance My government will honour their ……..to They will discharge their …….to My government will make vigorous efforts to combat international …….and trafficking in …….. .

3. Several countries and geographical areas are mentioned during the speech, can you list them? Exercise II. The remainder of the speech now follows with gaps, try filling in these gaps before listening to the tape and then check your answers. Members of the House of ….., estimated for the public service ….. be laid before you. My ….. and Members of the ….. of Commons, my government's firm monetary and fiscal ….. will continue to restrain inflation and ….. the conditions necessary for further sustained economic ….. . Within that framework my government will ….. to promote enterprise, the ….. of employment and the education and training of young ….. . My government will maintain firm ….. of public ….. so that it may continue to fall as a proportion of the nation's ….. and permit further reductions ….. the burden of taxation. Consistently with this my ….. will continue to seek better ….. for money in ….. spending, so that vital services may be further ….. . Action will be ….. to further privatization ….. to improve economic efficiency ….. to encourage wider share ownership. 33

Legislation will be ….. to the system for the supervision of banks. A bill will be ….. forward to improve the working of criminal justice, to ….. certain recommendations ….. by the committee ….. fraud trials and to make further provision ….. the confiscation of the proceeds of crime. Measures will ….. proposed to promote further competition in ….. to secure ….. efficiency in the provision of local ….. services, and to improve the basis for the payment of rate support grant in England and Wales. Legislation will be brought ….. you to repeal the Remuneration of the Teachers Act 1965 and to introduce new arrangements to ….. schoolteacher pay, duties and conditions of ….. within the resources available. A bill will be introduced to extend the rights of people ….. in privately owned flats in England and Wales. A bill will be ….. to facilitate the conversation and management of the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads. Legislation will be introduced to provide further financial ….. to support the coal industry's progress to commercial viability and to enable fair representation of the work ….. . Measures will be proposed to bring up to ….. the arrangements regulating oil and ….. installations and operations. Measures will be brought ….. further to reform family law in England and Wales. A bill will be introduced to modify the system for the control ….. fire risks and to make further provision ….. safety at sports grounds. For Scotland, ….. will be introduced to abolish domestic rates, to reform the enforcement of debts due under court orders and to make various improvements to criminal justice. My government will continue through the Anglo-Irish agreement to cooperate with the government of the ….. of Ireland. They will encourage elected representatives in Northern Ireland to search ….. an agreed basis for the return to a devolved administration. They will continue to encourage economic and industrial ….. . A bill will be introduced to amend Northern Ireland legislation ….. terrorism. Measures will be proposed to ….. the administration of marine pilotage. Legislation will again be brought before you to enable construction of a channel ….. . A bill will be introduced to authorize the ….. of a third crossing of the Thames ….. Dartford. Measures will be ….. to strengthen the law on consumer protection. Other measures will be ….. before you. My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest upon your ….. .

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Glossary advertisements (ads.) 22 business department 16 BBC 24 circulation 21 CNN 29 comic 21 CRT 18 commercial 28 copy editor 18 daily newspaper 11, 12 editor 16 editorial department 15 feature syndicate 8 font 31 foreign correspondent 19 investigative reporter 19 ITV 28 journal 21 journalism 6 LBC 25 magazine 9 mechanical department 16 newspaper 8,10,14,31 news services 8,10,14,31 news syndicates 7,20 popular newspaper 21 press (=media) 6 quality newspaper 21 radio 9,25 report 18 reporter 19 shock-jock 27 special - interest newspaper 13 speciality reporter 19 standard newspaper 14, 21 stringer 19 subedidor 18 sunday newspaper 13 tabloid 21 television 9, 27 VDT 18 VHF 25 weekly newspaper 13 35

Список использованных источников 1. Энциклопедия "Британника". - Chicago, 1994. - 980c. 2. "Лингво-страноведческий словарь. Великобритания". - М.: изд-во "Русский язык", 1980. - 480с. 3. "English Vocabulary in Use". Michael McCarthy, Felicity O'Dell. Cambridge University Press, 1996. 4. Материалы лекций Ручкиной А.Г. - М.: МАИ, 1990. - с. 5. Журналы "Sun", "Sunday Times", "Мозаика", "Англия", "Эхо планеты".

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