Системы высшего образования в Великобритании и США: Методическое пособие для студентов-заочников педагогического факультета

КАЛИНИНГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

СИСТЕМЫ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ И США Методическое пособие для студентов-заочников педагогического факультета

Калининград 1996

Системы высшего образования в Великобритании и США: Методическое пособие для студентов-заочников педагогического факультета / Калинингр. ун-т; Сост. С.И. Турыгина, В.А. Дырышева. - Калининград, 1996. - 36 с. Пособие включает разнообразные тексты, которые дают представление о высшем образовании в Великобритании и США, и снабжено предтекстовыми и послетекстовыми заданиями. Его цель - научить читать и понимать литературу по специальности. Может быть использовано как для самостоятельной работы студентов, так и для работы в аудитории. Предназначается для студентов педагогического факультета заочной формы обучения.

Составители: С.И. Турыгина, ст. преподаватель кафедры английского языка; В.А. Дырышева, ст. преподаватель кафедры английского языка.

Рецензент: Л.В. Шкодич, кандидат филологических наук, зав. кафедрой иностранных языков КГТУ. Печатается по решению кафедры английского языка.

© Калининградский государственный университет, 1996

Системы высшего образования в Великобритании и США Методическое пособие для студентов-заочников педагогического факультета Составители: Светлана Игоревна Турыгина Ванда Александровна Дырышева Лицензия № 020345 от 27.12.1991 г. Подписано в печать 29.03.96 г. Формат 60×90 1/16. Бумага для множительных аппаратов. Усл. печ. л. 2,3. Уч.-изд. л. 2,4. Тираж 150 экз. Заказ . Калининградский государственный университет, 236041, г. Калининград обл., ул. А. Невского, 14.

UNIT 1 I. Read the words and remember their meanings: learning essential necessary knowledge therefore behavior ancient the priestly caste scripture by heart nobles to appreciate free of charge primary rhetoric

учение, изучение, образование существенный, обязательный необходимый, нужный, неотъемлемый знания поэтому, следовательно поведение античный, древний привилегированное духовенство священная книга, рукопись наизусть знать ценить, оценивать по достоинству бесплатный начальный риторика, ораторское искусство

II. Read text A:

HISTORY OP EDUCATION l. As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are young helps us to continue learning. We are taught to read and write, and we are taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort them out so that later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people. The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5.000 to 6.000 years ago, and that 3

it was the invention of’ writing which made them necessary. Reading and writing were quite different from the skills used in everyday life, and writing made it possible to store up knowledge which grew with each generation. Specially trained people were therefore needed to teach it.

Education in Ancient World 2. Only the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, which taught reading, physical education and good behavior. In ancient India the priestly caste decided what should be taught to each of the four castes, or groups, into which people were divided. Only the priestly caste was allowed to learn the Hindu scriptures. In China, until the XIX century, education was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of learning the scriptures by heart. 3. A clear example of the way in which even neighbouring people produce different types of education comes from ancient Greece. Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, a hard and warlike people, gave a purely military education. At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken from their homes and were sent to live in groups. They were kept under a very strict discipline and were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons. The Spartans despised literature, and some people think they could not even read. At the very same time also for the nobles only the Athenians were building what we call a liberal education - one that helps a man to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life. They thought it important to educate the body as well as the mind, and had a programme of physical training which consisted of running, jumping, wrestling and throwing the discus. As time went on Athenian education paid special attention to reading, writing and literature and these were taught by a special teacher, known as “grammatist”. Common people were not educated, they were trained in craftsmanship, workmanship, trades. Greek philosophers, or thinkers always discussed what education should try to do and what it should include Platon wrote a book called “The Republic” 4

which is one of the best books ever written on education, and since those days Greek ideas have influenced European education, especially secondary and university education. 4. The Romans were very good at organising, and they were the first people to have schools run by the government free of charge. Throughout their great empire there was a network of these schools which provided for three stages of education. At six or seven all boys (and some girls) went to the primary school, where they learned, “three R’s”: reading, writing, and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than, this, but at 12 or 13 boys of the rich families went on to the “grammar” school to study the Greek and Latin languages and their literature, that is, what had been written in those languages. At 16, young nobles who wanted to enter politics or the service of their country went to the schools of rhetoric to be trained in rhetoric, or public speaking. 5. In Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught children to read, write and count, to cook and mend. their own shoes. In the early XIX century the main system of teaching was the “Monitor” system. The teacher could manage a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or “monitors” to help him. The schools had long desks which were sometimes arranged in tiers so that the teacher could see every child in a large class.

Notes: to sort out the schools run by the government the “Monitor” system of teaching -

отбирать, распределять (по сортам) школы, находящиеся в ведении государства Ланкастерская система образования, при которой старшие ученики следят за младшими.

III. Find the equivalents: 1. as long as

1. чтение и письмо 5

2. reading and writing 3. the sons of nobles 4. the priestly caste 5. warlike people 6. to despise 7. liberal education 8. throwing the discus 9. to pay special attention to 10. secondary education 11. free of charge 12. primary school 13. “grammar” school 14. that is 15. to enter politics

2. то есть 3. воинственный народ 4. метание диска 5. бесплатный 6. сыновья знати 7. гуманитарное образование 8. привилегированное духовенство 9. посвятить себя политической деятельности 10. “грамматическая школа” 11. презирать 12. среднее образование 13. начальная школа 14. до тех пор, пока 15. обращать особое внимание на

IV. Practise questions and answers. Work in pairs. 1. Where and when did the first schools appear? 2. Who attended the first Egyptian schools?

1. It is thought that the first schools appeared in Egypt 5000 to 6000 years ago. 2. Only the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, where were taught reading, physical education and good behavior. 3. How was education organized 3. In China, until the XIX century, education in China? was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of learning the scriptures by heart. 4. What are the peculiarities of 4. There were two Greek states in ancient education in ancient Greece? Greece: Sparta and Athens. The Spartans, a hard and warlike people, gave a purely military education. The boys were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons. At the same time the Athenians gave liberal education. They thought it important to educate the body as well as the 6

mind. Their education included the programme of physical training, reading, writing and literature. 5. What kind of education existed The Romans were the first to have schools in the Roman empire? run by the government free of charge. They have three stages o f education: primary school (6-12), grammar school (12-16), rhetoric schools (16). 6. What system of teaching ex- 6. In the early XIX century the main system isted in Great Britain in the early of teaching in Great Britain was the “Monitor” system. The teacher could manage a XIX century? class of 100 or more by using older pupils or “monitors” to help him.

V. Retell the text using the answers of exercise V.

VI. Read text B: Early Greek Education The development of instructional method has not taken place independently. On the contrary, it has been extraordinarily dependent upon developments in other phases of education. The method of instruction that early men used was through imitation. Children began to imitate their elders first in play. In fact, children of all periods have done this. Toys and games were miniature of adult activities. As children grew older, they imitated their elders more closely by participating directly in the hunt, in agriculture, in domestic duties and in religious ceremonies. Even after the development of writing the method of instruction continued to depend upon imitation and memorization. The educational method of imitation and memorization also pervaded early Greek education. During Homeric age and for a long time afterwards the youth were set noble examples of great men to imitate. The method of instruction 7

aimed to affect conduct. There was no divorce of word and deed. The young were constantly under the supervision of their elders. A young man was continually being directed or reminded that “this is just and that is unjust”, “this is honourable”, “that is dishonourable”, “do this and don’t do that”, and if he obeys, well and good, if not he is punished. It should be noted that flogging was given not only to punish but also, especially in Sparta, to teach endurance. Flogging was just another hardship like hunger, cold, and heat. It was ideal training for a society that, like Sparta, was constantly on a war footing.

VII. Read text C: Education of Roman Youth The Romans were no innovators in educational methods. They copied their educational methods from the Greeks. Roman boys were expected to memorize the law of their people. Like the Greeks, Roman boys were set noble examples of manhood to imitate. But unlike the Greeks, they were under supervision not of a pedagogue, as he often was a slave, but of their fathers. Thus a Roman youth was his father’s frequent companion in forum, camp and field. He learned the Roman virtues of fortitude, earnestness, honesty and pity not only by imitating the heroes of legend and history but also by observing these virtues in his father and his father’s companions. Rome’s great schoolmaster Quintilian mentioned that the way of learning by precept was long and difficult, but by example short and easy. Later the education of Roman youth became more literary in character. More time was spent on grammar and effective speech. When they learned grammar they took up first the names of the letters; then they learned the forms of the letters. After they had learned these, they passed to syllables and their changes, then to the parts of speech - nouns, verbs, connectives. After that they began to write and read. By the time the Greek and Roman youth had learned enough to begin the reading of some authors, another method of instruction was employed. Selected passages from these authors were analysed and discussed. Analysis was divided 8

into six parts. The teacher first was to give the selected passage an exact reading with particular regard to pronunciation, punctuation and rhetorical expression. Then followed an explanation of any poetic figures of speech. The teacher commented on the author’s choice of words and gave their etymology. Next he gave attention to the grammatical forms employed and ended with literary critique of the passage as a whole. Thus the youth were taught to express themselves artistically.

VIII. Look through texts B and C again and determine whether the following statements are true or false. 1. The method of instruction that early men used was through imitation. 2. The educational method of imitation didn’t pervade early Greek education. 3. Flogging was forbidden in ancient Greece. 4. The Romans were real innovators in educational methods. 5. Roman boys, were under supervision of a pedagogue, who was a slave. 6. The youth were taught to express themselves artistically.

IX. Look through texts B and C again and answer these questions: 1. What method of instruction did early men use? 2. What educational method was used in early Greek and Roman education? 3. Was there any difference between early Greek and Roman education? 4. Did the Greek and Roman youth learn rhetoric?

UNIT 2

I. Read the words and remember their meanings: 9

higher to endow undergraduate benefactor authority charter applicant allocation as regards humanities to incorporate bachelor doctorate a pass

высший обеспечивать постоянным доходом новичок, начинающий; студент благотворитель власть, орган власти устав, хартия, грамота претендент, кандидат, абитуриент ассигнование что касается гуманитарные науки включать бакалавр ученая степень доктора посредственная оценка

II. Read the following international words and give their Russian equivalents: University, autonomous, examination, procedure, administrative, polytechnics, certificate, qualification, department, candidate, correspondence, diploma, selection, faculty, theology, result, specialization, emphasis, thesis.

III. Read text A: Higher education in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, higher education is given in five main types of institution: the universities, polytechnics, the Open University (which operates by means of radio and TV, correspondence and vacation courses, and by part-time tutors and study counsellors), teacher-training colleges, art and music colleges. Higher education has involved in a very diversified fashion within the United Kingdom, and as a result there is no codified system of regulations to cover all

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varieties of institutions. Nor is there any of authority which directs higher education as a whole. The administrative structure of higher education for Scotland, for example, differs considerably from that of England for which the responsible body is the Department of Education and Science. Ultimately universities in Britain derive their legal rights and powers from royal charters or private Acts of Parliament which set out their constitutions in broad outline. Each university has the right to award its own degrees. All universities are autonomous institutions, particularly in matters relating to courses and programmes. The main task of the University Grants Committee, members of which are appointed by the Secretary of State for Education and Science, is to distribute between university institutions the financial allocations determined by the Government. Most universities are organized into faculties, which may be subdivided into departments. There exist also departments and institutes which are multydisciplinary. Some newer universities are divided into schools. In the polytechnics, as in some of the more technologically oriented universities, the fields of study relate principally to scientific applications to industry and commerce. Many of these technologically oriented institutions offer parttime courses. There are also a large number of institutions known as colleges of further education, which offer a wide variety of programmes, a few of which are at the level of higher education. The teacher-training colleges are specialized institutions which give courses of training for intending teachers. Art and music colleges prepare students for various diplomas, one of which is of the same level as bachelor’s degree. The Royal College of Art possesses the same status as a university. The Open University offers tuition for part-time study for degrees and other courses by means of correspondence supplemented by closely linked radio and television broadcasts, residential summer schools, and an extensive counselling and tutorial service which operates through local study centres. The University is mainly aimed at providing higher educational opportunities for those who did not or could not take advantage of the usual institutions of education in the United Kingdom. Other “non-traditional” forms are the sandwich courses in which the undergraduate course is incorporated with periods of industrial training. The duration 11

of study for an honours degree is four years. These courses are mainly offered in universities which were formerly colleges of advanced technology, but there are a few in other universities. Access to higher education normally takes place after a minimum of 13 years of primary and secondary education. A pre-condition is success (“passes”) in a certain number of subjects in the general certificate of education (GCE) examinations or in other examinations passed at the equivalent level. The conditions vary according to the disciplines in higher education that the candidate wishes to study and according to the level of the examinations themselves: ordinary level (“Q” level) or advanced level (“A” level). Most institutions of higher education require passes in the following subjects: English, mathematics or one scientific subject and a foreign language. These represent the indispensable minimum for a general education to equip the students for any branch of higher education. Generally, institutions of higher education demand as an entrance requirement a minimum of passes in five subjects of which two at least must be at advanced level, or four passes, of which at least three must be at advanced level. Scotland has its own leaving certificates and Scottish universities may apply different conditions of access. These minimum conditions are necessary but not a sufficient qualification for admission to universities which may also impose their own conditions. Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities organize their own competitive entrance examinations. Because of the competition for places further criteria of selection other than examination results are usually taken into consideration. Overseas students are eligible to apply for admission to almost all courses provided they have the necessary qualifications, but each university will want to have evidence that the applicant’s education has qualified him to follow the course and that he speaks and understands English well. Although there are some courses specially designed for students from overseas, most overseas students attend exactly the same courses as United Kingdom students. Those courses that are intended for students from abroad usually have a special emphasis on practical subjects in which there is a demand for advanced training facilities, for example in the economic, social and administrative fields. Colleges of technology prepare for the higher national certificate, which may be obtained after minimum of two years’ part-time study, and the higher national

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diploma which may be obtained after two to three years’ full-time study, depending upon the specialization chosen. In a teacher-training college a certificate of education may be obtained after three years’ study. This gives the right to teach in either a primary or a secondary school. The main stage of higher education is devoted to a study in depth of one or more subjects or fields. It leads after three or four years to the award of the first degree in arts, science, or other fields (theology, law, engineering, etc.). This degree is normally the bachelor’s degree, although in Scottish universities the first terminal degree in arts normally carries the designation master (and, not bachelor). The first degree may be of two kinds: the honours or special degree, in which the studies are more specialized, and the ordinary or pass degree. In some of the newer universities the honours degree may also be obtained in a wider and less specialized field of study. In other universities, such as those in Scotland, studies may lead to what is termed a double honours degree, in which two subjects are carried to the same level, although the length of study may be only three or, at most, four years of study. A second stage of studies following upon the first degree (postgraduate studies) consists of a deepening of knowledge and greater specialization. At university this leads to the master’s degree, or, in some institutions, to a bachelor of philosophy degree. According to the subject chosen, the course for this postgraduate degree lasts one, two or even more years and ends in a formal examination or the presentation of a thesis or both. Many secondary teachers, particularly those teaching academic subjects hold a first degree of a university as well as a postgraduate certificate of education awarded by a university. The third stage is that of specialization proper and of personal research. At a university it leads, after two years’ additional study and the successful presentation of a thesis, to the master of philosophy degree; or after two years - normally longer - of such additional study the candidate may present a thesis for the doctorate of philosophy (DPhil or PhD). A higher doctorate may be awarded by the university after a candidate, usually a senior university teacher, has submitted for consideration a number of learned works, which have usually already been published. 13

The two universities of Northern Ireland (the Queen’s University of Belfast and the New University of Ulster) have conditions of entry and diplomas which are similar to those of universities elsewhere in the United Kingdom. At Belfast, four years are required for a bachelor’s degree. The University of Ulster has introduced a unit-credit system: the students may follow courses chosen from a wide variety of options and thereby acquire up to six credit units per year. Notes: Bachelor’s degree -

Bachelor of Arts -

Master’s degree Doctor’s degree = Doctorate -

Doctorate of philosophy Sandwich courses -

Honours degree Pass degree -

степень бакалавра (1-я степень присваиваемых высшим учебным заведением степеней) степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук (обладатель степени бакалавра по одной из гуманитарных наук в университете) степень магистра (2-я ученая степень) степень доктора (ученая степень, которая присуждается соискателю после того, как он уже получил степень бакалавра и степень магистра) степень доктора философии (присуждается в различных областях науки) промежуточные курсы, которые включают занятия в университете и периоды производственного обучения или профессиональной подготовки вне стен университета. Продолжительность курса четыре года, в конце присуждается степень отличия диплом с отличием диплом без отличия

IV. Find the equivalents: 1. a teacher-training college 14

1. политехнический институт

2. a private benefactor 3. overseas students 4. an applicant 5. to sit for a degree 6. The University Grants Committee 7. Honours degree 8. a polytechnic 9. access to higher education 10. Pass degree 11. either, ... or 12. correspondence courses

2. абитуриент 3. заочные курсы 4. диплом с отличием 5. доступ к высшему образованию 6. университетский финансовый комитет 7. диплом без отличия 8. педагогический колледж 9. держать экзамен на получение степени 10. или ... или 11. иностранные студенты 12. частный благотворитель

V. Practise questions and answers. Work in pairs. 1. How many types of higher institutions are there in the United Kingdom of Great Kingdom?

2. In what decisions are the British universities practically autonomous? 3. What is the main task of the University Grants Committee?

4. What kind of tuition does the Open University offer?

1. There are 5 main types of higher institutions in the UK: the universities, polytechnics, the Open University, teachertraining colleges, art and music colleges. 2. All universities are autonomous institutions, particularly in matters relating to courses and programmes. 3. The main task of the University Grants Committee is to distribute between university institutions the financial allocations determined by the Government. 4. The Open University offers tuition for part - time study for degrees and other courses by means of correspondence supplemented by radio and television broadcasts, residential summer schools 15

5. What other “non-traditional” forms of education are there in Great Britain?

6. At what age does the access to higher education take place in Great Britain? 7. When may a certificate of education be obtained in a teacher training college? 8. What is the first degree awarded in the British institutions of higher education? 9. What is the main stage of higher education devoted to? 10. When may a higher doctorate be awarded?

and tutorial service. 5. There are other “non-traditional” forms of education in Great Britain. They are the sandwich courses. The duration of study for an honours degree is 4 years. These courses are offered in universities. 6. The access to higher education takes place after a minimum of 13 years of primary and secondary education. 7. In a teacher-training college a certificate of education may be obtained after 3 years’ study. 8. The first degree awarded in the British institutions of higher education is the Bachelor’s degree. 9. The main stage of higher education is devoted to a study in depth of one or more subjects or fields. 10. A higher doctorate may be awarded by the university after a candidate has submitted for consideration a number of learned works which have usually already been published.

VI. Retell the text using the answers of exercise V.

VII. Read text B and answer the questions: 1. Is Oxford an old town? When was it mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon chronicle? 2. What is it famous for? 3. When was the university founded? 16

4. Why was Oxford chosen as a seat of learning? 5. What subjects are taught at the Oxford University?

OXFORD The “oxen ford” is first mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon chronicle of 912, although the settlement was probably already some 200 years old by then. By the middle of 11 century its importance had grown to such an extent that by 1071 the Normans had built a castle to protect the settlement. Oxford is an industrial town, for the suburb of Cowley is one of the main single producers of motor-cars in the British Isles. But its importance as an industrial town and market centre is, however, masked by its importance as a university city. No exact date can be offered for the founding of the Oxford university, but it is believed by some historians that its beginning is related to the exodus of English students from the University of Paris in 1167 or 1168. The choice of the small rural village of Oxford as a seat of learning was significant. Far removed from foreign influence, Oxford was within comparatively easy reach of all parts of England. From the beginning the university was designed not for the aristocrats, but for the English commoners. The university developed from the monastery school of St. Frideswide’s Priory. It received its first official privilege in 1214 from the papal legate Pandulf. In the 90 years after 1249 the first 7 colleges were founded, making the University strong enough to compete with Paris. Its great rise during the Renaissance was followed by the set-back of the Reformation. The iconoclastic Calvinism under Edward VI emptied the university and Test Act of 1672 turned it into an Anglican university. In 1920 the university became a modern university which no longer required Greek as a necessary part of education, admitted women and accepted a Government grant; thus ended its 700-year-old independence. But for all this “modernity” Oxford remains what it has been for centuries, the most interesting and beautiful city in the world. At Oxford colleges are scattered throughout the town. Most of them began as hostels opened by individuals and groups to provide lodging, care and general supervision of students. The present facilities at Oxford include theology and oriental studies, law, English language and literature, medieval and modern history, humane letters,

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social studies, medicine, physical and chemical science, biological science, anthropology, geology, agriculture, forestry and music.

Notes: Test Act -

Тест-акт, закон о присяге в отречении от признания папской власти и догмата пресуществления

VIII. Choose the correct answer: 1. The “ oxen ford” is first mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon chronicle of a) 919; b) 912; c) 812 2. No exact date can be offered for the founding of the Oxford University. Some historians believed that its beginning is related to the exodus of English students from the University of Paris in a) 1157 or 1158; b) 1267 or 1268; c) 1167 or 1168 3. In the 90 years after a) 1249; b) 1214; c) 1260 the first 7 colleges were founded. 4. The university received its first official privilege from the papal legate Pandulf in a) 1672; b) 1071; c) 1214 5. The university became a modern university which no longer required Greek as a necessary part of education in a) 1902; b) 1920; c) 1900

IX. Give a summary of text B.

X. Read text C and answer the questions: 1. When was the University of Cambridge founded? 18

2. Who could be taught at the University in medieval times? 3. Who delivered lectures at the University? 4. What language were the lectures delivered in? 5. When did the university’s reputation decline? 6. When have the new honours examinations been established in various branches of study? 7. Where is the University of Cambridge situated? 8. How many colleges are there at the University? 9. What kind of examination is called “Tripos” examination? Why?

THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The University of Cambridge may be said to have originated in the XII century, and before the beginning of the XIII was almost certainly a recognized centre of study. The university was formed on the model of European continental universities, particularly that of Paris. In medieval times it taught all who could live in the town and pay their lecture fees. At first there were no colleges in the modern sense of the word, nor were there professors. Lectures were delivered by licensed teachers of the university. Life in college was strict; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. Books were very scarce and all the lessons were in Latin which students were supposed to speak even among themselves. They studied Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric, and when the student went for his degree examination it took him some time to show his knowledge of these subjects. So he was allowed to bring a small stool or “Tripos” to sit on, and. to this day the degree examinations at Cambridge are called “Tripos” examinations. If he proposed to be a teacher he also had to show that he could use a rod, which be would do by beating a small boy who was afterwards paid for his pains! Until the XV century the history of Cambridge was insignificant in comparison with that of Oxford. It was as a stronghold of the Reformation that the university’s reputation grew during the XVI century. The Lady Margaret, mother of Henry VII, founded in 1502 the first professorship, that of divinity,

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which still bears her name, and in 1506 and 1511 Christ’s and St. Johan’s colleges. In the XVII century, the reputation of the university declined. a little and its educational curriculum became less liberal. By the end of that century, however, the university was the home of the Cambridge Platonists and of Sir Isaac Newton (professor of mathematics, 1673-1702), whose influence was deep and permanent. Serious tests were imposed upon candidates for degrees. During the early part of the XIX century examinations were further improved. Written examinations were more frequently employed. Since the middle of the XIX century new triposes, or honours examinations, have been established in various branches of study, and a succession of new professorship created. The same period saw the building of more extensive laboratories for the natural sciences. Admission to the university may be secured only by members of the colleges and of Fitzwilliam House, and as a general rule membership of these bodies is open only to persons who possess the necessary qualifications for matriculation. A number of well-known scientists and writers, among them Newton, Darwin and Byron were educated at Cambridge. The University is situated on the river Cam as far as 70 miles from London. It consists of more than 20 colleges. Each of the colleges is a selfgoverning body and the control of its affairs rests with its head and fellows. The supreme governing body of the University is the senate which consists of Doctors and Masters in all faculties and Bachelors of Divinity.

Notes: Cambridge Platonists -

tripos Fitzwilliam House 20

школа философско-религиозного направления, достигшая своего рассвета в Кембриджском университете во второй половине XVII столетия экзамен для получения отличия (в Кембридже) музей, принадлежащий Кембриджскому

университету

XI. Read text D and say if there is any difference between the University of London and the oldest universities of England (Oxford and Cambridge).

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON The University of London is a federation of some 44 schools and institutes, which together register over 40000 internal and a great number of external students; the latter come to London only to sit for their examinations. In fact most external students at London University live in London. The schools, institutes and. colleges of the University of London are essentially teaching institutions providing instruction chiefly by means of lectures, which are attended mainly by day students. The character and organization of the University of London are such, that it’s better to look at its history separately. The University was founded in 1836 as an examining and degree-granting body only and remained as an institution with limited functions until 1900 when it was reconstituted in its present form. The Senate was given the lawful right to admit institutions within the County of London as schools of the University. The schools of the University of London vary greatly in size and character from a series of specialized postgraduate institutes and a number of medical and dental schools to several large institutions such as: University College and King’s College which in themselves are autonomous universities in most respect.

Notes: external student to sit for an examination Senate -

студент, обучающийся экстерном держать экзамен Совет университета 21

County the lawful right -

графство, округ города законное право

XII. Do you know that... ...There are “Redbrick” universities in Great Britain. They were founded in XIX-XX centuries on the basis of university colleges which were now granted fully independent status. They are Belfast (Queen’s University), Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, the federal university of Wales and others. ...There are 10 “Whitebrick” or new universities in Great Britain which were established in the 1960s. ...The Open University is perhaps the most revolutionary of all the post-war developments in university education. It was set up in 1969 for those people, who missed the chance of going to an ordinary university. As the university is really “open” neither formal entrance examinations, nor qualifications are required at undergraduate level. Students are admitted on a “first come, first served” basis. Each student gets the help of his own tutor. Students may be of all ages and come from all walks of life.

UNIT 3 I. Read the words and remember their meanings: state (public) private financial local authorities to ensure the accreditation system gamut 22

государственный частный финансовый местные власти обеспечивать, гарантировать аккредитивная, общепринятая система диапазон, разнообразие

to facilitate option verification adequate to pursue a course of study prerequisite freshman sophomore holder of a degree

облегчать, способствовать право выбора подтверждение достаточный, отвечающий требованиям продолжать курс обучения предпосылка первокурсник второкурсник обладатель научной степени

II. Read the international words and give their Russian equivalents: student, standard, religious, local, total, association, federal, financial, classification, prestige, technical, system, college, category, professional, industry, finance, academic, technology, president, psychological, programme, legal, business, tendency, architecture, philosophy, immigration III. Read text A: THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA There are two main types of institutions of higher education: state (or public) and private. Certain private institutions are religious institutions. About 30 per cent of the total number of students attend private institutions. The main difference between the two is a financial one: private institutions have only limited financial help from the state authorities. State institutions may be the responsibility of the State they are situated in, or of local authorities. The federal government plays an important part in their financing. The accreditation system is characteristic of American higher education. There are on the one hand six regional accreditation organizations, founded by the universities themselves, which ensure the high level of higher education by recognizing through accreditation those institutions in their region who fit their required standards. There are, on the other hand, some 50 national accreditation organizations which are 23

established, within the framework of various professions and which establish standards and guidelines within their professional subjects for the specialized and professional institutions of higher education as well as university departments. Apart from these specific organizations, there are a number of coordinating organizations for higher education, such as the American Council on Education, as well as a number of associations such as the Association of American Universities, the National Association of American Universities, the National Association of State Universities, the Association of Urban Universities, etc. It is therefore difficult to establish a classification of institutions which represents the complete gamut of programmes offered. Moreover, the system of summer schools, correspondence and evening courses enables large numbers of students and people already in employment to further their education. Also the official name of an institution does not necessarily indicate the level of teaching it provides. Thus certain institutions designated as “universities” do not provide courses beyond those leading to the bachelor’s degree, while others designated as ‘colleges’, offer programmes leading to the doctorate and enjoy great prestige. In a rather general and schematic way, it is possible to classify institutions of higher education in the United States of America into four main categories: 1. Technical institutions and “semi-professional” schools offering two-year or three-year courses, leading to an “associate” qualification and preparing students for employment in semi-professional occupations such as medical, dental and engineering technician or skilled employees of commerce, accountancy, nursing, etc. Programmes resemble those in junior colleges. 2. Junior colleges or community colleges which provide two-year courses which may lead to studies in the two categories below. 3. Liberal arts colleges, states colleges and independent professional institutions awarding the first degree (bachelor’s degree) and sometimes the master’s degree and the doctorate. Independent professional institutions include teachertraining colleges, institutes of technology (of a higher level than institutes providing short courses in category 1), schools of theology, art, etc. 4. Universities, which may award the highest degree (doctor’s degree). There is in every state at least one college (or university) created originally to train agricultural technicians and engineers. Most of these institutions have become very large universities where students can study all subjects, from humani24

ties to applied sciences. Within a university, colleges provide undergraduate courses leading to the first university degree and graduate schools provide courses leading to higher (postgraduate) degrees. The highest body of a college or university is traditionally the board of trustees (or board of regents, or board of directors), whose members come from outside the institution and belong to industry, the world of finance, the professions, etc. In the case of religious institutions, the members belong to the relevant religion. The president, elected by the board of trustees, is responsible for the administrative running of the institution. His powers are considerable, especially regarding financial matters and the appointment of academic staff. Most teacher-training colleges have become colleges of the liberal-arts or state-college type, or even universities teaching a variety of subjects. Moreover, certain colleges devoted mainly to the teaching of arts and science subjects have organized additional subjects concerned with teacher training. There is a tendency to widen the range of subjects for future teachers. In a great many American states teachers of both primary and secondary education follow a five-year course. A large majority of the former and almost all the latter hold the first degree of bachelor of arts or science and an increasing number also hold a second university degree. Access to higher education is based on the high-school diploma (primaryand secondary-school-leaving certificate) awarded around 18 years of age, after 12 years of primary and secondary studies. In fact, in most states, this qualification is awarded on results obtained during the last years of studies, and not on results of an examination. Many institutions of higher education select candidates either on results in the high-school diploma or through an entrance examination. Candidates may apply to several universities or colleges at the same time. A number of colleges now rely on the College Board examinations, psychological tests, aptitude tests or on their own admission procedure. In recent years, admission to the first stages of higher education and sometimes to the second has been facilitated by a growing use of non-traditional criteria which recognize learning that has occurred in settings other than conventional high schools and colleges. There are several non-traditional systems being useful. The instructional delivery system may be non-traditional, providing learners with options of taking, courses through means such as newspapers, 25

television, radio and home study. The site at which instruction occurs may be non-traditional, enabling persons working in business, industry, government and the military to take courses at their work sites. Foreign student applicants to US institutions of higher education should, as a minimum, be able to establish that they have completed the equivalent of a 12year elementary and secondary education cycle. The admission of a foreign student will also be dependent upon financial verification, that is, proof that sufficient financial resources are available for the full course study. Also required is an evaluation of English proficiency to prove that this is adequate to pursue a course of study given in the English language. Within these general provisions, the admission of any foreign, student is determined by each institution in accordance with its own special interests, standards and policies. Some institutions may offer conditional admissions to applicants with inadequate English ability providing that the applicant will take a special English programme as needed prior to starting academic work. In order to admit foreign students educational institutions must have the approval of the US Immigration and Naturalization service for the attendance of non-immigrant foreign students. With this approval institutions may issue a certificate of eligibility which will enable the foreign student to obtain a student visa to enter the United States solely for the purpose of study. Authority to issue this certificate involves certain legal responsibilities on the part of the institution, specifically to report the arrival, continuation of full-time student status and eventual departure from campus of the foreign student. Applications are normally accepted 6 to 12 months prior to the intended entry date. Institutions of technical and semi-professional education award after two or three years a certificate or associate degree (vocational diploma). Studies leading to the same qualification may be undertaken in junior colleges and community colleges. In universities and colleges, the first two-year phase (freshman year and sophomore year) almost always consists of broadly-based studies in humanities, social sciences, applied and natural sciences, fine arts. This phase is aimed at providing general education and preparing for more specialized studies. This phase represents the first half of the first stage of studies. It is given in arts and science junior colleges, state colleges and universities. It is prerequisite to more specialized studies. 26

The first main stage of studies, however, may only be provided by universities, state colleges, liberal arts colleges, teachers’ colleges and institutes of technology. It is devoted to more specialized studies, and culminates in the bachelor’s degree, which is the first university degree. Higher education often ceases after the award of the first degree, but entry to professional courses is frequently conditional on the candidate first undertaking all or part of a bachelor’s degree in a non-professional field (e.g. bachelor of arts or science) before being allowed to specialize. In colleges, four-year courses in technology train higher technicians. The second stage of higher education leads, after one or, more often, two years’ study in a university or in some colleges, to the master’s degree. Candidates usually have to submit a thesis. The third stage of higher education is reached after two to three years’ study in a university or college, either in faculties providing traditional teaching (arts, law, science, etc.) or in specialized schools of engineering, agriculture, architecture, economy, veterinary medicine, etc. This culminates in the doctor’s degree, which is the highest university degree. There are two types of doctor’s degree: the professional doctor’s degree, awarded in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, etc., which is a professional qualification, and the “research” doctor’s degree, or degree of doctor of philosophy (PhD) awarded after specialized research leading to a thesis, the level of which varies greatly according to the institution. Candidates for the degree of doctor of philosophy usually have to take an examination as well. In several subjects, but mostly in the scientific ones, post-doctoral studies of one to three year’s duration enable holders of a degree of doctor of philosophy to acquire further specialized knowledge in their field. These studies are often financed by such central organizations as the National Science Foundation or the Public Health Service. Notes: the board of trustees Associate degree -

совет попечителей первая степень, присуждаемая после двух лет обучения в высшем учебном заведении. В некоторых учебных заведениях

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a Junior College -

это конечная степень, в других - она является промежуточной степенью, присуждаемой перед степенью бакалавра колледж с двухгодичным неполным курсом

IV. Find the equivalents: 1. private institutions 2. accreditation system 3. apart from 4. therefore 5. the gamut of programmes offered 6. liberal arts 7. states colleges 8. to widen 9. the board of trustees 10. in case of 11. to facilitate 12. applicant 13. freshman 14. prior to 15. sophomore

1. абитуриент 2. совет попечителей 3. облегчать, способствовать 4. следовательно, поэтому 5. гуманитарные науки 6. разнообразие предложенных программ 7. в случае 8. аккредитивная система 9. частные учебные заведения 10. первокурсник 11. расширять 12. помимо 13. второкурсник 14. колледжи штатов 15. до, прежде, раньше

V. Answer the following questions. Work in pairs. 1. How many types of institutions are there in the USA? 2. Do many students attend private institutions? 3. What system is characteristic of American higher education? 28

1. There are two main types of institution of higher education: state (or public) and private. 2. About 30 per cent of the total number of students attend private institutions. 3. The accreditation system is characteristic of American higher education.

4. What are the main categories of institutions of higher education in the USA?

5. What is the highest body of a college or university in the USA? 6. How can a young person be admitted to an institution of higher education?

7. May candidates apply to several universities or colleges at the same time? 8. Is it possible for foreign student applicants to study in the USA? 9. What awards can a student get studying in the USA?

4. There are four main categories of institutions of higher education in the USA. They are technical institutions, junior colleges or community colleges, liberal arts colleges, universities. 5. The highest body of a college or university is traditionally the board of trustees (or board of regents, or board of directors). 6. Access to higher education is based on the high-school diploma awarded around 18 years of age, after 12 years of primary and secondary studies. Many institutions of higher education select candidates either on results in diploma or through an entrance examination. 7. Yes, they may. Candidates may apply to several universities or colleges at the same time. 8. Yes, it is possible for foreign student applicants to study in the USA. 9. The first degree awarded after two years’ study is the Associate degree. It is awarded in junior or community college or technical institution. The first degree awarded by a university or college after four years’ study is the Bachelor’s degree. The second degree is the Master’s degree. Candidates usually have to submit a thesis. The third degree is the Doctor’s degree. It is the highest degree awarded by a university or college. There are 29

two types of doctor’s degree: the research doctorate and the professional doctorate.

VI. Retell the text using the answers of exercise V.

VII. Read text B and answer the questions: 1. When was Harvard University founded? 2. Where is it located? 3. Who was the first benefactor of the university? 4. What are the distinctive features of undergraduate life at Harvard? 5. How many graduate schools are there at the university? 6. What kind of corporation is at the head of the university? 7. When was the period of unprecedented growth of Harvard University? HARVARD UNIVERSITY Harvard University is the oldest privately controlled, nonsectarian institution of higher learning in the USA. It is located chiefly in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1636 by the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and opened for instruction in 1638. In 1939 the college was named after the English clergyman John Harvard, its first benefactor. It was charted as a university in 1780. Harvard College, the oldest division of the university, offers undergraduate courses in the liberal arts leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree, which is granted only for men. Distinctive features of undergraduate life at Harvard are the House Plan, which encourages social and intellectual exchange between students and teachers, the General question programme and the tutorial system. During the first year at Harvard College students live in halls within Harvard Yard, a walled enclosure containing residence halls, classroom buildings, libraries and other university structures; thereafter they reside outside the Yard in 7 large residences, known as Houses, which are named in honour of illustri30

ous alumnae. Each House accommodates about 350 undergraduates, who are chosen as a representative cross section of the student body, and a group of faculty members who serve as tutors. Every undergraduate receives individual instruction from a tutor, usually in his own House. Each House has a library, a dining hall, a common room, dormitories and athletic teams which engage in intramural competition, and the Houses sponsor music, dramatic and art study groups. Besides Harvard College, the university has 10 graduate schools. The various schools were founded in the following order: medicine (1782), divinity (1816), law (1817), dental medicine (1867), arts and sciences (1872), business administration (1908), education (1920), public health (1922), design (1936) and public administration (1937). Engineering courses are provided in Harvard College and in the graduate school of arts and sciences by a division of engineering end applied physics. All the graduate schools except the school of business administration and divinity are open to both men and women. The professional schools offer appropriate degrees. The graduate school of arts and sciences confers the Master’s degree in most fields and the PhD. Institutes of special studies at the university include the Harvard Institute for Far Eastern Studies, the Russian Research Centre, the Centre for Middle Eastern Studies, the Centre for International Affairs, the Centre for International Legal Studies and the Defence Studies Programme. The university sponsors fellowship programmes for mature practitioners in the professions of journalism, public administration, trade unionism, advanced management and elementary and secondary school teaching. The Harvard library, which contains more than 6 mln bound volumes, is the largest and the oldest university library in the USA and is exceeded in size by not more then 3 or 4 libraries in the world. The University possesses, in addition, 50 special libraries and nearly a score of departmental libraries. Its collections relating to Hebraica, Celtic literature, linguistics, Portuguese language and literature, the fine arts, the theatre, business history, law and medicine are especially outstanding. Museums maintained by the University in Cambridge Boston area include the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Gray Herbarium and the Reisinger Museum of Scandinavian and Germanic Culture. The University supports various scientific research laboratories. 31

The University is governed by a self-perpetuating corporation, known as the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The oldest corporation in America, it comprises the president, a treasurer and 5 fellows. Harvard University conferred its first Bachelor of Arts degree in 1642. At first, the university was supported jointly by the Congregational Church and the government of Massachusetts, but it gradually acquired private financial resources and a considerable degree of autonomy. By 1865 the university was fully autonomous. During the latter half of the XIX century Harvard experienced a period of unprecedented growth, which began under the presidency (1869-1909) of the American educator Charles William Eliot. He firmly established the elective system for undergraduates, organized the graduate school of art and sciences and strengthened and improved the other graduate schools. The achievements of other presidents (his successors) included the introduction of the tutorial system and the House Plan, the introduction of rigorous system for selecting permanent faculty members and others. Notable Americans in many professions have attended Harvard College during the past 3 centuries, among them are 4 US presidents, namely John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

Notes: undergraduate alumna (ìí. ÷. alumnae) dormitory graduate school PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) a score nonsectarian institution -

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студент (лат.) бывшая студентка, выпускница (колледжа или университета) спальня (в колледже) (амер.) аспирантура степень доктора философии два десятка учебное заведение, принимающее студентов независимо от их религиозной принадлежности

VIII. Choose the correct answer: 1. Harvard University was founded in a) 1638; b) 1636; c) 1939. 2. It was charted as a university in a) l638; b) 1939; c) 1780. 3. Besides Harvard College, the University has a) 25; b) 10; c) 7 graduate schools. 4. The Harvard library is the largest and the oldest library in the USA. It contains more than a) 6 mln; b) 16 mln; c) 8 mln bound volumes. 5. Harvard experienced a period of unprecedented growth during the latter half of a) the XVIII century; b) the XX century; c) the XIX century.

IX. Give the main ideas of text B.

X. Read text C and answer the questions: 1. When was Princeton University founded? 2. When was the present name adopted? 3. What colleges (schools) does the university include? 4. When was the preceptorial system introduced? 5. Which organization has Princeton joined?

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton University, a privately-controlled institution of higher education for men, was founded in 1746 as the College of New Jersey. It is situated at Princeton, N.J. Its divisions include the schools of arts and sciences, engineering, and architecture, the graduate school, the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Institute for Advanced Study. The Univer33

sity offers baccalaureate degrees in the liberal arts and in the various branches of engineering; master’s degrees in the liberal and fine arts; and doctorates in philosophy. Accelerated courses are available for students desiring to earn baccalaureate degrees in 3 years instead of the normal 4 years. Under a recently instituted plan freshmen and sophomores are required to follow a general curriculum designed to furnish them with a broad cultural background. Juniors and seniors specialize in fields of their own choosing, and seniors are required to prepare a thesis averaging 20000 words in their special fields. The university has also recently instituted a group of courses dealing with the Near East, designed to prepare students for private and governmental posts in that area. Since 1905 the preceptorial system has been in operation, whereby formal lectures are supplemented by semi-formal meetings between the professors and small group of students. At the institute for Advanced Study eminent scholars conduct highly specialized researches in various scientific and cultural fields, working with selected graduate students of the university. The library of the university is one o f the largest in the USA. It contains about 1750000 bound volumes. In addition to the library, notable facilities include 23 dormitories, many of which are famous for the beauty of their architecture, the Gothic-style chapel, erected in 1928 and the well-equipped chemical, geological, biological and engineering laboratories. Princeton is one of the nine Eastern institutions which have joined together to form Associated Universities, Inc. This organization is charged with fulfilling US government contracts for nuclear research conducted at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The initiative for the founding of the College of New Jersey came from the Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia, which in 1739 formed a committee for this purpose. The efforts of this body proved fruitless, however, and this group of people withdrew from the Philadelphia Synod and formed the Synod of New York to obtain a charter for the establishment of the College in 1746. Classes were begun at Elizabethtown, N.J. early the following year. A few months later the College was moved to Newark, where it remained until 1756, when it was permanently established on the present site at Princeton. The present name was adopted in 1896 at the ceremonies commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Institution’s founding. 34

Notes: the Institute for Advanced Study -

the preceptorial system graduate student the Eastern institutions -

Presbyterian Synod -

научно-исследовательский институт по изучению перспективных научных разработок система наставников, кураторов аспирант учебные заведения (колледжи, университеты), расположенные на территории восточных штатов синод, совет пресвитерианских церквей

XI. Do you know that... ... The practice of collecting fees from the students is almost universal among American institutions of higher education. Even the state-controlled institutions usually charge substantial fees. ... Students’ academic level is: freshmen (1st year), sophomore (2nd year), junior (3rd year), senior (4th year). This terminology applies to both secondary school and college. ... The pattern of the academic calendar is either the semester or the quarter. Under the semester plan the academic year is divided into 2 equal parts, each of which is called a semester. Under the quarter plan, the academic year is divided into 3 equal parts providing terms or quarters of three months in length.

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