Инфинитив. Часть I: Лексико-грамматический практикум по английскому языку

ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÁÙÅÃÎ È ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÂÎËÃÎÃÐÀÄÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ

Êàôåäðà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà

ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈ ×ÀÑÒÜ I Ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêèé ïðàêòèêóì ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó

Âîëãîãðàä 1999

Ñîñòàâèòåëü Î.Â. Ìàð÷åíêî

Ðåöåíçåíòû: êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. Â.Ê. Àíäðååâ; êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. Ò.Â. Ìàêñèìîâà

Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ó÷åíîãî ñîâåòà ôèëîëîãè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà (ïðîòîêîë ¹ 9 îò 30.06.97)

Èíôèíèòèâ. ×àñòü I: Ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêèé ïðàêòèêóì ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó / Ñîñò. Î.Â. Ìàð÷åíêî. — Âîëãîãðàä: Èçäàòåëüñòâî ÂîëÃÓ, 1999. — 44 ñ. Öåëü ïðàêòèêóìà — ïîìî÷ü ñòóäåíòàì â îâëàäåíèè íàâûêàìè ïåðåâîäà è óïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ðå÷è òàêîé ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé íåëè÷íîé ôîðìû, êàê èíôèíèòèâ. Äàííûé ïðàêòèêóì ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ I—II êóðñîâ íåÿçûêîâûõ ôàêóëüòåòîâ.

© Ìàð÷åíêî Î.Â., 1999 © Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 1999

ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ Äàííîå ïîñîáèå ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ 2 êóðñà íåÿçûêîâûõ ñïåöèàëüíîñòåé, õîòÿ óïðàæíåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå ñïåöèàëüíûå òåðìèíû, îðèåíòèðîâàíû íà ñòóäåíòîâ ôèçè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà. Ïîñîáèå ðàññ÷èòàíî íà 30 ÷àñîâ àóäèòîðíûõ è 10 ÷àñîâ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ çàíÿòèé. Öåëü ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ïðàêòèêóìà — âûðàáîòêà è ðàçâèòèå íàâûêîâ ÷òåíèÿ, óçíàâàíèÿ, ïåðåâîäà è ïîíèìàíèÿ òàêîé ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé êîíñòðóêöèè, êàê èíôèíèòèâ. Ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêèé ïðàêòèêóì ñîäåðæèò ñïðàâî÷íûé ìàòåðèàë ïî ïðàâèëàì îáðàçîâàíèÿ èíôèíèòèâíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, à òàêæå ïî ïðàâèëàì ïåðåâîäà äàííûõ ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ îáîðîòîâ. Ïðàêòèêóì, ÿâëÿÿñü ñòðóêòóðíî çàêîí÷åííûì, ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàí êàê äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ ïðåïîäàâàòåëåì, òàê è äëÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòû äîìà èëè â ëàáîðàòîðèè. Ïðàêòèêóì ðàññ÷èòàí íà ïðîäîëæàþùèõ èçó÷åíèå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Öåëü ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ïðàêòèêóìà — çàêðåïëåíèå ìîäåëåé àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ïóòåì óñòíûõ è ïèñüìåííûõ òðåíèðîâî÷íûõ óïðàæíåíèé. Ó÷åáíàÿ ìîäåëü âûñòóïàåò êàê ñðåäñòâî âûðàáîòêè àâòîìàòèçìà åå óïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ðå÷è. Áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî óïðàæíåíèé âûçâàíî ñòðåìëåíèåì ñîñòàâèòåëÿ îáåñïå÷èòü äîñòàòî÷íî ïðî÷íîå óñâîåíèå ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ÿçûêîâûõ ìîäåëåé. Óñòíûå è ïèñüìåííûå òðåíèðîâî÷íûå óïðàæíåíèÿ ñëóæàò ðàçâèòèþ íàâûêîâ ñëóõîâîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ, áûñòðîòû ðåàêöèè, áåãëîñòè ÷òåíèÿ è ãîâîðåíèÿ. Âèäû, õàðàêòåð è êîëè÷åñòâî óïðàæíåíèé çàâèñÿò îò ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà, à òàêæå îò òîãî, êàêîìó âèäó âëàäåíèÿ îíè ïîäëåæàò — ðåöåïòèâíîìó èëè ðåïðîäóêòèâíîìó. Ñîäåðæàíèå ëåêñè÷åñêîãî è ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà äàííîãî ïðàêòèêóìà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òðåáîâàíèÿì ïðîãðàììû äëÿ ïåðâîãî è âòîðîãî ýòàïîâ îáó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó. Ïîäáîð óïðàæíåíèé ïðîâîäèëñÿ êàê íà îñíîâå ñïðàâî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà, òàê è ñ ïîìîùüþ âûáîðêè ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ïðèìåðîâ èç ó÷åáíî-ìåòîäè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû.  äàííîì ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêîì ïðàêòèêóìå ïðåäëîæåí 3

îäèí èç ñïîñîáîâ èíòåíñèôèêàöèè ïðîöåññà, à èìåííî îáåñïå÷åíèå ëîãè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìíîñòè â ïîäà÷å ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà.

ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ×ÀÑÒÜ Èíôèíèòèâ (The Infinitive) — íåîïðåäåëåííàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà, îòâå÷àþùàÿ íà âîïðîñ «÷òî äåëàòü?» èëè «÷òî ñäåëàòü?». Ôîðìàëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì èíôèíèòèâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèèíôèíèòèâíàÿ ÷àñòèöà to, íå èìåþùàÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, òî åñòü ñ äàííîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà íå ïåðåâîäÿùàÿñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Îäíàêî â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç äàííîé ÷àñòèöû (ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, ïîñëå ðÿäà âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ è ò.ä.) Èíôèíèòèâ îáîçíà÷àåò äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå, íî íå óêàçûâàåò íè äåéñòâóþùåãî ëèöà, íè ÷èñëà, íè íàêëîíåíèÿ. Èíôèíèòèâ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èìåííóþ ôîðìó ãëàãîëà, ñîåäèíÿþùóþ â ñåáå ñâîéñòâà ãëàãîëà è îòâëå÷åííîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî (The Abstract Noun). Ãëàãîëüíûå ñâîéñòâà èíôèíèòèâà: - èíôèíèòèâ èìååò âèäî-âðåìåííûå ôîðìû; - èíôèíèòèâ èìååò ôîðìû çàëîãà; - èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò èìåòü äîïîëíåíèå. Ñâîéñòâà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî: - èíôèíèòèâ â ïðåäëîæåíèè âûïîëíÿåò òå æå ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè, ÷òî è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, òî åñòü â ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò áûòü ïîäëåæàùèì, äîïîëíåíèåì, îïðåäåëåíèåì, ñîñòàâíîé ÷àñòüþ ñêàçóåìîãî, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâîì. Ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà: Active Passive Indefinite to write to be written Continuous to be writing — Perfect to have written to have been written Íàïðèìåð: - I am happy to invite my friends to the theatre. = ß ñ÷àñòëèâ ïðèãëàñèòü ñâîèõ äðóçåé â òåàòð. - I am happy to be invited to the theatre. = ß ñ÷àñòëèâ, êîãäà ìåíÿ ïðèãëàøàþò ïðèãëàøàþò â òåàòð. - I am happy to have been invited to the theatre. = ß ñ÷àñòëèâ,

4

÷òî ìåíÿ ïðèãëàñèëè â òåàòð. Ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà îòðàæàþò âñå ïðèçíàêè ãëàãîëüíûõ ãðóïï. 1. Indefinite è Continuous ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà óêàçûâàþò íà ÎÄÍÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÎÑÒÜ âûïîëíåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ ñ äåéñòâèåì ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî, ïðè÷åì Continuous ôîðìà Èíôèíèòèâà óêàçûâàåò íà ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ Â ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÅ ÅÃÎ ÐÀÇÂÅÐÒÛÂÀÍÈß ÎÄÍÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÎ ñ äåéñòâèåì ñêàçóåìîãî. Íàïðèìåð: - I am glad to hear him now. = ß ðàä óñëûøàòü åãî ñåé÷àñ. - I was glad to hear it. = ß áûë ðàä óñëûøàòü ýòî. - I shall be glad to be speaking to you next week. = ß áóäó ðàä ïîãîâîðèòü ñ âàìè íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå. 2. Perfect ôîðìà èíôèíèòèâà óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, ÏÐÅÄØÅÑÒÂÎÂÀËÎ äåéñòâèþ ñêàçóåìîãî. Íàïðèìåð: I am sorry to have broken the cup. = Èçâèíèòå, ÷òî ðàçáèë ÷àøêó. Perfect ôîðìà èíôèíèòèâà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, êîòîðîå ââîäèòñÿ ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûì ñîþçîì «÷òî». 3. Ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå (The PASSIVE VOICE) óêàçûâàþò íà òî, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ïðîèñõîäèò, ïðîèçîøëî èëè áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü íàä ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÈÌ: Íàïðèìåð: - I don’t want to ask questions. ß íå õî÷ó çàäàâàòü âîïðîñû (Active Voice). - I don’t want to be asked questions. ß íå õî÷ó, ÷òîáû ìíå çàäàâàëè âîïðîñû (Passive Voice). Indefinite, Continuous è Perfect ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå óêàçûâàþò íà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå äåéñòâèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî, êàê è â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå. Íàïðèìåð: - She wants to be invited to the party. Îíà õî÷åò, ÷òîáû åå ïðèãëàñèëè íà âå÷åð. - She wants to be speaking to in English all the lesson. 5

Îíà õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ñ íåé ãîâîðèëè ïî-àíãëèéñêè âåñü óðîê. - I have letters to have been written in English. Ó ìåíÿ åñòü ïèñüìà, êîòîðûå áûëè íàïèñàíû ïî-àíãëèéñêè. Ñëåäóåò ïîìíèòü, ÷òî èíôèíèòèâ â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå (Passive Voice) ïåðåâîäèòñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, êîòîðîå ââîäèòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûìè ñîþçàìè. 4. Àíãëèéñêèå ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû (MUST, CAN, MAY), ïîñëå êîòîðûõ óïîòðåáëåí Continuous èëè Perfect Infinitive, òåðÿþò ñâîå ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, íî ïðèîáðåòàþò çíà÷åíèå ñîìíåíèÿ, íàìåðåíèÿ, ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ. Íàïðèìåð: - They MUST have completed their work. = Âåðîÿòíî, îíè çàêîí÷èëè ñâîþ ðàáîòó. - You COULD have done it better. = Âû ìîãëè áû ñäåëàòü ýòî ëó÷øå. - They COULDN’T be translating the text without the dictionary. = Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îíè ïåðåâîäèëè òåêñò áåç ñëîâàðÿ. Ñèíòàêñè÷åñêàÿ ôóíêöèÿ èíôèíèòèâà: 1. Ïîäëåæàùåå: -To read is useful. = ×èòàòü ïîëåçíî. -To fulfil this plan is not an easy task. = Âûïîëíèòü ýòîò ïëàí — íåëåãêàÿ çàäà÷à. 2. ×àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî: - His dream was to become an artist. = Åãî ìå÷òîé áûëî ñòàòü õóäîæíèêîì. - He cannot read English at all. = Îí ñîâñåì íå ìîæåò ÷èòàòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè. - We have to go there immediately. = Ìû äîëæíû èäòè òóäà íåìåäëåííî. - The problem was to get there in time. = Ïðîáëåìà áûëà â òîì, ÷òîáû äîáðàòüñÿ òóäà âîâðåìÿ. - Such phenomena can be observed in the north only. = Òàêèå ÿâëåíèÿ ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü òîëüêî íà ñåâåðå. - He had to get there before my coming.= Îí äîëæåí áûë äîáðàòüñÿ òóäà äî ìîåãî ïðèõîäà. - He began to read this story yesterday. = Îí íà÷àë ÷èòàòü ýòîò 6

ðàññêàç â÷åðà. 3. Äîïîëíåíèå: - I want to be invited to the party. = ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû ìåíÿ ïðèãëàñèëè íà âå÷åð. - He likes to read. = Îí ëþáèò ÷èòàòü. - We are glad to have seen you yesterday. = Ìû ðàäû, ÷òî óâèäåëè òåáÿ â÷åðà. - They decided to go there tomorrow. = Îíè ðåøèëè èäòè òóäà çàâòðà. - She prefers to have a rest abroad. = Îíà ïðåäïî÷èòàåò îòäûõàòü çà ãðàíèöåé. - We wanted to be sent to Oxford for two months. = Ìû õîòåëè, ÷òîáû íàñ ïîñëàëè â Îêñôîðä íà äâà ìåñÿöà. 4. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî: - I am waiting to be told the results. = ß æäó, êîãäà ìíå ñîîáùàò ðåçóëüòàòû. - He has come to see you. = Îí ïðèøåë, ÷òîáû óâèäåòü òåáÿ. - She is too tired to continue the work. = Îíà ñëèøêîì óñòàëà, ÷òîáû ïðîäîëæàòü ðàáîòó. - You will spend a lot of money to build the house. = Òû ïîòðàòèøü ìíîãî äåíåã, ÷òîáû ïîñòðîèòü äîì. - (In order) to master English we must work hard. = ×òîáû îâëàäåòü àíãëèéñêèì, ìû äîëæíû óïîðíî ðàáîòàòü. - Materials thrown out by volcanoes are spread over the surface to form fertile soils. = Ìàòåðèàëû, âûáðàñûâàåìûå âóëêàíàìè, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè, îáðàçóÿ ïëîäîðîäíûå ïî÷âû. 5. Îïðåäåëåíèå: - It was a difficult problem to solve. = Ýòî áûëà òðóäíàÿ ïðîáëåìà, êîòîðóþ íàäî áûëî ðåøèòü. - This is an article to be published in the magazine.= Âîò ñòàòüÿ, êîòîðóþ íàäî îïóáëèêîâàòü â æóðíàëå. - We shall have no possibility to go there. = Ó íàñ íå áóäåò âîçìîæíîñòè èäòè òóäà. - The road to connect these two towns is being built. = Äîðîãà, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà ñîåäèíèòü ýòè äâà ãîðîäà, ñòðîèòñÿ ñåé÷àñ. - He was the first to come and the last to leave the office. = Îí áûë ïåðâûì, êòî ïðèøåë, è ïîñëåäíèì, êòî óøåë èç ó÷ðåæäåíèÿ. 6. Ââîäíûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: - To tell the truth, I shan’t be able to come here tonight. = Ïî 7

ïðàâäå ãîâîðÿ, ÿ íå ñìîãó ïðèéòè ñþäà âå÷åðîì. -To begin with, you must see the doctor. = Ïðåæäå âñåãî, òåáå ðàäî îáðàòèòüñÿ êî âðà÷ó.

ÏÐÀÊÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ×ÀÑÒÜ Óïð. 1. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. To see is to believe. 2. To swim in the Black Sea was a real pleasure. 3. We had to change the time of our meeting. 4. He wants to accept your offer. 5. He wants to be accepted to the Institute. 6. He is happy to have been accepted to the Academy. 7. To produce a great number of excellent consumer goods, meeting the requirements of the populations, is the task of our light industry. 8. I’m sorry to have interrupted you. 9. To resume meetings of our circle we have to speak to the dean. 10. This is the problem to be solved as soon as possible. 11. That was a nice seaside place to spend the holidays. 12. I need a pen to write with. 13. The USSR was the first to conquer the space. 14. M.Lomonosov was the first to use the Russian language in scientific books. 15. She was the first to speak at the meeting. 16. We were the last to ring him up and to tell the news. 17. He told us nothing about his plan of research work to be carried our next year. 18. I have something interesting to tell you. 19. There was nothing interesting at the exhibition to attract our attention. 20. To master this speciality one must work hard. 21. In order to improve the drawing skill one must draw every day. 22. A certain temperature must be kept in picture galleries to preserve paintings. 23. To come to my office in time I must leave at half past seven. 24. To greet the teacher the students stand up when the teacher enters the classroom. Óïð. 2. Ïåðåäåëàòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî ìîäåëè, óêàçàâ, ÷òî äåéñòâèå, î êîòîðîì èäåò ðå÷ü, ïðîèçîøëî â ïðîøëîì. Ïåðåâåñòè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. M o d e l: We are glad to see you. — We are glad to have seen you. Ìû ðàäû âèäåòü âàñ. — Ìû ðàäû, ÷òî óâèäåëè âàñ. 1. She is happy to meet you. 2. We are sure to see him in the library. 3. She is sure to be accepted to the institute. 4. I’m glad to be invited to the party. 5. We are glad to hear the news. 8

6. She is sorry to keep you waiting. 7. He is happy to take part in the discussion. 8. I am sorry to trouble you. Óïð. 3. Ïåðåäåëàòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî ìîäåëè, èñïîëüçóÿ ïàññèâíóþ ôîðìó èíôèíèòèâà. Ïåðåâåñòè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. M o d e l: We are glad to meet him. — We are glad to be met by him. 1. I don’t want to ask about it. 2. She wants to tell the story. 3. I am glad to invite them. 4. I don’t like to interrupt you. 5. She hopes to provide you with everything necessary for the work. 6. He is happy to paint you. Óïð. 4. Ïðî÷èòàòü. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. She doesn’t want to be caught in the rain. 2. Then Mary arrived at the bus-stop, Herbert pretended not to have seen her. 3. He decided to drive his car deep enough into the brushwood to be concealed. 4. I was pleased not to be feeling afraid of him. 5. To have seen him was enough. 6. I saw at once that my daughter was thrilled to be wearing an evening dress. 7. She is happy to have found such a nice place to live in. 8. The child was afraid to be going past that house alone. 9. The walls were in good enough shape & didn’t need to be painted. 10. It has been a pleasure to have been sharing a room with you all these years. 11. The boy was delighted to have been transferred from that class to another one. 12. I’ll be glad to be sent up to Moscow. 13. Help yourself to take care of it: it is there to be eaten. 14. I’m very pleased to have been of help. 15. The questions to be answered are on page 40. Óïð. 5. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 9

I. 1. It must be very nice to know a foreign language well. 2. It will take me half an hour to buy all these things at the super-market. 3. It was wise of them to book a room in advance. 4. It will be difficult to find this dictionary. 5. It was his habit to have a nap after dinner. 6. It surprised me to meet Vera in Moscow. 7. It won’t do you any harm to read the book again. 8. It cheered me up even to think of it. 9. It is never too late to learn. II. 1. To say such a thing to a child was simply thoughtless of you. 2. To tell him the truth at that moment meant nearly to kill him. 3. To know any language well means to be able to speak it and to read books in the original, I think. 4. To lie to a child is unpardonable. 5. To be in our town and not to drop at our place is simply a shame. 6. To deceive the lawyer was absolutely impossible. 7. To mend our TV set was no problem of Nick. 8. To miss the recital was a disappointment for us. III. 1. It was stupid of him not to have gone there. 2. It was clever of him to have given a talk of it. 3. It was foolish of her not to have accepted the offer. 4. It was stupid of you not to have joined the excursion. 5. It was kind of them to have offered their tickets to the concert to us. 6. It was nice of them to have visited their old school teacher. 7. It was wrong of you to have told the news to her. 8. It was wise of her to have taken some medicine with her on the tri p. 9. It was good of you to have brought a pair of gloves for my mother-in-law. IV. 1. His dream was to buy a new car. 2. Our plan was to complete the experiment by the end of the month. 10

3. The only thing they wanted then was to find shelter somewhere to spend the night. 4. All she managed to do was to get a taxi, but she couldn’t go to the station with us. 5. To act like this meant to offend them, and we didn’t want it. 6. The main problem is to save money if you are going to buy a cottage. 7. Your only chance to go on this excursion is to pass your exams beforehand & successfully. 8. To do your shopping at the super-market means to save a lot of time — they sell many things under one roof. 9. Our task is to win the match in order to get a gold medal. The difficulty was where and how to cross the river — there was no bridge nearby. V. 1. Jane’s house was easy to find as it was just near the tram-stop. 2. Tom’s house was not easy to find because we didn’t remember its number. 3. The film is interesting to see if you like travelogues. 4. The book isn’t easy to find as it was published about 20 years ago. 5. Historical novels are very useful to read, especially if you are going to be a historian. 6. Such stories are not easy to retell because they have no plot. 7. This story wasn’t difficult to read as it was adapted. 8. The expedition was rather easy to organize as there were very many volunteers. 9. Nina is very pleasant to look at as she is rather beautiful. 10. He is very hard to please because he is too hot-tempered. 11. The girl is very pleasant to talk to as she is well-read. 12. The room wasn’t comfortable to live in as it was cold and dark. Óïð. 6. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. I was glad to have been invited to the party. 2. I was surprised to have been recognized by them. 3. He was lucky to have been chosen for the job. 4. She was glad not to have been late for the show. 5. We were happy to have won the match. 6. I was astonished to have been the only one in the hall. 7. They were surprised not to have been invited to the meeting. 11

8. Peter was sorry not to have been offered the job. 9. Helen was sorry to have lost a chance to go there. Óïð. 7. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Óêàçàòü ôîðìó èíôèíèòèâà â êà÷åñòâå îïðåäåëåíèÿ. I. 1. The children have no garden to play in. 2. This is a very good hotel to stay at. 3. Has your little son any companions to play with? 4. I can give you a box to put your toys in. 5. A refrigerator is a good thing to keep food in. 6. The knife is not sharp enough to cut the meat with. 7. These coat-hangers are to hang clothes on, aren’t they? 8. This is the drawer to keep your papers in. 9. I don’t think this is a film to talk as much about. II. 1. He is not the kind of person to rely on. 2. It is not the kind of book to refer to. 3. She is not the kind of woman to go to when you are in trouble. 4. They are not the kind of people to depend on. 5. It is not the kind of book to be interested in. 6. She is not the kind of person to be afraid of. 7. He is not the kind of son to be proud of. 8. He is not the kind of man to take to at first acquaintance. III. 1. It’s not the sort of question to be asked. 2. She is not the sort of person to be appointed secretary. 3. It’s not the sort of book to be recommended. 4. It’s not the sort of book to be discussed. 5. It’s not the sort of story to be read to them. 6. It’s not the sort of film to be shown to children. 7. It’s not the sort of performance to be televised for children. 8. It’s not the sort of reference book to be consulted in . 9. It’s not the sort of person to easily offended. IV. 1. I have no desire to live in the village. 2. I have no money to buy this umbrella. 3. She has no courage to speak to the dean today. 4. She has no need learning her role. 12

5. He has no time to come over and see you this evening. 6. I have no talent to music to take music lessons. 7. They have no chance to have spoken to him. 8. Nick has no wish to get married. 9. I have no courage to dive into the river. V. 1. Mary was the first to start work. 2. He was the last to hear the rumours. 3. They were the last to go out to lunch. 4. I was the first to be given a rise. 5. You were the last to leave the library. 6. John was the first to be told the news. 7. She was the first to come home at 8. 8. The boys were the last to pass the exam. Óïð. 8. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. We need to cut the trees. / The trees are needed to be cut. 2. I don’t want them to see me looking untidy. / I don’t want to be seen looking untidy. 3. You ought to give your baby Vitamin C. / Vitamin C ought to be given to your baby. Your baby ought to be given Vitamin C. 4. You should wash tomatoes before making a salad. / Tomatoes should be washed before making a salad. 5. Dust the furniture thoroughly in spring. / Furniture is to be dusted thoroughly in spring. 6. You must not take Bob seriously. / Bob mustn’t be taken seriously. 7. I have a lot of dictations to correct. / There is a lot of dictations to be corrected. 8. Cook these apples, they are too sour. / These apples are to be cooked, they are too sour. 9. I have to do a lot of work. / There is a lot of work to be done. Óïð. 9. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà. 1. I rang up to invite him to the party. 2. They came to discuss the oncoming exams. 3. He waved to greet me. 4. I crossed the street to avoid meeting Tom. 13

5. I went to the post-office to send a telegram. 6. They collected money to buy a birthday present for their friends. 7. We went to the cafeteria to have much coffee. 8. Bob thought some potatoes to boil for the dinner. 9. She wanted to stay in bed for more two days. Óïð. 10. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. I.. 1. They swam against the current, didn’t they? · No, the current was too strong to swim against. 2. The exam finished in an hour, didn’t it? · No, the exam was too long to finish in an hour. 3. She climbed the mountain, didn’t she? · No, the mountain was too high to climb. 4. He often goes to the cinema, doesn’t he? · No, he is too busy to go anywhere. 5. He still wears his black boots, doesn’t he? · No, the boots are too old to wear. 6. He said something, didn’t he? · No, he was too angry to say anything. II. 1. Can he hang up the picture? · I think he is tall enough to hang it. 2. Can the children play football in the yard? · I think the garden is large enough to play in. 3. Can he solve this problem? · I think he is clever enough to solve it 4. Can he repair my new transistor? · I think he is experienced enough to repair it. 5. Can she carry this suit-case to the station? · I think she is strong enough to carry it. 6. Can we drink this water? · I think this water is clean enough to drink. 7. Can we swim in this lake? · I think the lake is deep enough to swim. III. 1. It is pouring. It is much too wet to play tennis. 2. It is 9 o’clock. It is too late to have dinner. 14

3. It is 28 degrees Centigrade. It is much too cold to go out. 4. It is 5 o’clock in the morning. It is much too early to get up. 5. His handwriting isn’t clear. It is much difficult to understand it. 6. John is 12. He is much too young to read this novel. 7. We have worked 8 hours and very tired. We are much too tired to go walking. 8. The train arrives in two hours. It is much too early to meet them. 9. Peter is only 17. He is too much young to marry. Óïð. 11. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè ââîäíîãî ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 1. To tell the truth, I hesitated myself. 2. We are going to visit Novgorod,Saratov, to say nothing of Volgograd. 3. To make a long story short, our plans came to nothing. 4. She is not a beauty, to be sure, but she is much prettier than her sisters. 5. To be quite frank, I don’t believe him. 6. To put it mildly, his answer left much to be desired. 7. To tell the truth, I haven’t yet seen them. 8. He was simply rude, to say the least of it. 9. To make things worse, Alec lost our tickets. Óïð. 12. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. I can’t hear a word, though he seems to be speaking. 2. I’m happy not to have failed you. 3. I felt that to send the letter to Chemberlen would only pain him uselessly. 4. We were sorry to find out that most of the museums we wanted to see that day were closed. 5. We didn’t expect the boy to turn up so soon. 6. One of the students was suddenly taken ill and had to be operated on immediately; that’s why he had to miss quite a number of lessons. 7. He was very sorry to have missed so many lessons just before the exam. Óïð. 13. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Subject 15

1. To live here is very pleasant. 2. It is time to go home. Predicative 1. Your duty is to look after your little sister. Object 1. She is ready to help us. 2. I want to come earlier today. Attribute 1. This is the way to do it. Adverbial 1. I have come here to talk to you. 2. He was too old to travel any more. 1. To copy the text isn’t very difficult. 2. Our hometask was to read the text about the USA. 3. We promised to come back from the concert not later than 10 o’clock. 4. Please, give me some water to drink. 5. I stopped at the newspaper-stand to buy the latest magazine «Playboy». 6. It is never too late to learn. 7. It is very nice of you to bring me flowers. 8. The children wanted to go out and to play. 9. I have something to tell you about your brother. 10. Now it is your turn to be on duty. 11. How long does it take to get to the railway station? 12. We are sorry not to see you at the museum. 13. I am very glad to see you again. 14. You go to school to study, not to play. 15. It is better not to open the windows, she is ill. 16. This is the book to be read. 17. The children lost their way in the forest and they didn’t know whether to go on or to turn back. 18. I want something interesting to read. 19. It will be very difficult to get tickets to the theater. 20. He went to the library to get a book of poems by Yesenin. Óïð. 14. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. The teacher asked the pupils on duty to open the window. 16

2. She watched the children play in the yard. 3. He told me to try to come earlier. 4. He ordered the windows to be shut. 5. This work must be done in three days. 6. «The game must be won», said the team-captain. 7. It is pleasant to be swimming in the warm water of the lake. 8. Ask the driver to tell you where to get off. 9. They must be working in the garden now. 10. I’m pleased to have met him yesterday. 11. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 12. You must have met him, he lives next door to us. 13. She was absent yesterday, she may have been ill. 14. I don’t like people to be late. 15. He may have lost your address and cannot write you a letter. 16. He made us promise not to tell anybody what we had seen. 17. That building must have been built recently in our district. 18. She must be doing her homework now. 19. I’m very glad to have taken your advice. 20. This work must be done today. 21. They may be travelling to the South. 22. This box is too heavy for you to carry, let me help you. 23. She must be waiting for you at the bus-station. 24. The telegram must be brought in two days. 25. He must have forgotten hid promise to come to see us. 26. I’m sorry not have been present at the meeting. 27. There is nothing to be done. 28. I’m so glad to have met you here. 29. It’s so good to see you well again. 30. Can he be waiting for us? 31. I don’t want to be asked about the events of this day. 32. I hope to see you again. 33. This medicine must be taken every three hours. 34. He must be working in the field now. Óïð. 15. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. Newton was the first to solve the problem of gravitation. 2. Galilei was one of the first to build a telescope and the first to see the moons of Jupiter. 3. The first scientist to deduce scientifically an atomic theory was 17

Dalton. 4. Uranium was the first atom to be split by man in order to liberate a tremendous amount of energy. 5. The substance discovered has some peculiar properties to be examined before a final conclusion is made. 6. The white polar caps to be clearly seen on Mars may indicate the presence of water on it. 7. Neutrons serve as particles with which to bombard nuclei. 8. The Pacific Ocean has no direct flow from the Arctic to speak of because the only outlet into it is the narrow and shallow Bering Strait. 9. About 95% of the major rivers in the USA are used mainly as a conveyer belt on which to send waste products to the see. 10. Madagascar is one of the four greatest islands of the world to be compared with Borneo. Óïð. 16. Ñîñòàâèòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî ìîäåëè, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà. M o d e l: He wanted to visit his friend. - He arrived in London to visit his friend. 1. He wanted to buy some sugar. — He went to a grocer’s to buy some sugar. 2. She wanted to send a telegram. — She went to the post-office to send a telegram. 3. They are going to buy cinema-tickets. — They went to the cloak-room to buy cinema-tickets. 4. We were eager to see a new film. — We went to the cinema to see a new film. 5. Tom had to write a letter. — Tom sat at the table to write a letter. 6. Mr.Smith wanted to choose a meal. — Mr.Smith called a waiter to choose a meal. Óïð. 17. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form the molecule of water. 2. The unstable isotopes undergo radioactive decay to form other isotopes. 3. Masses of vegetation may accumulate to be converted into peat /òîðô/ and perhaps later into coal. 4. Lunar gravitation is too weak to hold the gases of an atmosphere. 18

5. Lavas generally do not have crystals large enough to be seen clearly with an unaided eye. 6. The telescopes showed that myriads of stars existed that were too dim to be observed with an unaided eye. 7. In Antarctica the summer nights are sufficiently cold to freeze water. 8. The temperature of the sun’s surface is high enough to vaporize any form of matter, but not high enough to produce X-rays. Óïð. 18. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îïðåäåëèòü ôóíêöèþ èíôèíèòèâà. 1. To buy bread we went to the baker’s. 2. He gave me a suit to be tired on. 3. This suit seems to be out of fashion. 4. To dress well is the matter of your taste. 5. I want to buy this coat to her. 6. To buy new trousers he usually goes to the ready-made department. 7. I saw her walk along the street and could hardly recognize her. 8. Here is a book to answer your question. 9. I made my daughter prepare her lessons well. 10. This book is too difficult for the child to read. 11. He happened to ask the same question. 12. This is a dress for her to try on. 13. My brother wanted to be present at this party. 14. I know that I must answer your question but it is too difficult for me to answer. Óïð. 19. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. Julia invited him to have a cup of coffee. 2. I shall try to furnish you with the necessary information. 3. It was one of his ambitions to think that he understand the hearts of children. 4. What they did after this conversation was suddenly to become light-hearted. 5. He wanted to be a professor of comparative philology. 6. He loved her too much to show his suffering. 7. Needless to say, we have both changed a lot. 8. It was a 4-storey brick building, wide enough to have three windows across the front. 19

9. I’ve come here to fetch some of my things, not to chat with you. 10. To ask is better that go astray. 11. He is your superior, so to speak. 12. I asked the driver to pull over to the kerb. 13. Her real employment was to be herself. 14. She says the oven is cool enough to bake. 15. I broke a lunch date with her to meet a woman novelist. 16. It was a good idea to rest before the party, so as to be fresh. 17. To be exact, it was in 1925. 18. My immediate impulse was simply to run away. 19. I began to feel calm enough to find the situation rather interesting. Óïð. 20. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. The Infinitive is used here as ATTRIBUTE I.. 1. It was a pleasant garden, with walks and flower- beds and places to sit. 2. You are the chap to advise me in the crisis which has arisen in my affairs. 3. The first thing to do is to look up his number in the phonebook. 4. There is a time to weep and a time to laugh. 5. The Weeds were the last to leave the party. 6. Caroline was the first to point out that it was time to go and have dinner. 7. Herbert was the first one to arrive. 8. The last to come was my husband. 9. There was nothing to stop him. 10. There was a mile to go. 11. There was no lack of things to see. 12. She didn’t conceal the fact that there was worse to come. 13. I have something very important to consult you about. 14. Have you anything to suggest? 15. I haven’t anywhere to sleep tonight. 16. I have a long way to go in forming my character. I have terrible habits. 17. She has taken up his invitation to go and see his paintings. 18. But her power to think clearly lasted only an instant. 20

19. She had an impulse to get up and make her way out of the place. 20. I do feel really helpless without someone to look after me. II. 1. We have a lot of troubles to put up with. 2. Chess is a good game to go in for. 3. There is nothing to make a fuss about. 4. There is no one to speak to. 5. This is the best part of the garden to grow flowers. 6. He looked for somewhere to escape to. 7. There were rich stacks of goods in the window to look at. 8. Here is a tray- basket to put your things in. Óïð. 21. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Îïðåäåëèòü èíôèíèòèâ â êà÷åñòâå ïîäëåæàùåãî è äîïîëíåíèÿ. 1. I find it hard enough to pick my own way along. 2. Herbert took it on himself to comfort me. 3. It was good exercise to climb mountains. 4. She thought it was best of all to prepare him for the news. 5. It is impossible to understand what you mean. 6. It will be nice of you to see him. 7. Hugo finds it very hard to express himself on paper at all. 8. We didn’t think it is necessary to paint the walls. 9. It was kind of you to look after the baby. 10. It will be a great surprise to find him at home. 11. It is wrong to laugh at another’s weakness. 12. She found it hard to focus, on any item. 13. It was impossible not to pause and read various labels. Óïð. 22. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. He starts work early so as to have more free time. 2. She washes her woolens in tepid water so as not to shrink them. 3. They bought goods in large quantities in order to get them cheaper. 4. In order to hear better he preferred to sit in front row. 5. Apples are good to eat. 6. Cider is nice to drink. 7. He is too old to work. 8. He is so mad as to do it. 21

9. She went forward with the most delighted enthusiasm as if about to embrace her friend. 10. It is too good to be true. 11. He is studying French to prepare for business and broaden his education. 12. He was lucky enough to win the prize. 13. I have come here to learn English. 14. He is working late so as to make up for his absence yesterday. Óïð. 23. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. To introduce computational physics is the subject of our studies. 2. To introduce it successfully we are to see what computational physics is. 3. To involve computational problems is difficult without some practice in solving ordinary differential equations. 4. To solve this second order differential equation is the first thing to be done. 5. To understand the problem we must involve one new phenomenon. 6. To demonstrate this phenomenon we involve three-body problem. 7. To see things in a simple way is the job of a physicist. 8. To understand many complicated phenomena in terms of a few simple princi ples physicists develop theories. 9. To provide experimental evidence for the theoretical ideas experimentalists make more and more complicated experiments. Óïð. 24. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. We have got one more problem to solve. 2. There is one more phenomenon to be involved into this solution. 3. The person to solve the problem must de familiar with differential calculus. 4. The motion to be calculated involves the solution of a threebody problem. 5. This is the set of equations to be solved to understand the problem as a whole. 6. The amount of computations to be done is great. 7. The specialists to make these computations must write a pro22

gram in BASIC. 8.The data to be analysed involve knowledge of numerical methods. 9. There are some laws to follow in this solution. 10. To obtain paper of high quality the pulp should be carefully washed. 11. To be applied for paper-making the water must be specially conditioned. 12. After washing the pulp is spread on a wire not to be dried. Óïð. 25. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. I. 1. He held the door open for her to get in. 2. How nice of you to know my voice. Am I disturbing you? 3. It was kind of you to come but you must go now. 4. — «Three weeks & two days, my Lady», John replied. - «How nice of you to have counted the days», said Betsy. 5. It’s nice of you to have come», came his voice from the bed. 6. I think the best way for you would be to see him for yourself. 7. It’s too late for children to get out. II. 1. I have something so important to tell you that I hardly know how to say it. 2. I’m not quite sure whether to join them or not. 3. When to start is to be decided yet. 4. He hesitated what to say next. 5. I didn’t know which book to choose. 6. Tell me who to invite. 7. The question is where to hide it. III. 1. And to tell you the truth, I’m glad to have a companion myself. 2. To be frank, no other house in the town was as popular as theirs. 3. He will be a little late, to be sure, and Ann will be grambling. 4. To cut a long story short, everything ended to her delight. 5. To say it for short, I’m very tired. Óïð. 26. Çàìåíèòü ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èíôèíèòèâîì. 1. He was sorry when he heard of your disappointment. 2. She will be sorry if she receives bad reports of her son. 3. I’m sorry that you have missed the beginning of the concert. 23

4. I was sorry that I had to leave so early. 5. She was sorry when she found out that her boy-friend had forgotten her birthday. 6. Your mother will be sorry if you dye your hair black. 7. I’m sorry I can’t pay her a visit. 8. I’m sorry that I have kept you waiting. Óïð. 27. Âûáðàòü ïðàâèëüíûé âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà èíôèíèòèâà èç äàííûõ â ñêîáêàõ: 1. An optical aid is necessary to collect and to magnify the far off stars or the sun (ñîáèðàòü; ÷òîáû ñîáèðàòü; êîòîðûå íóæíî ñîáèðàòü). 2. Years ago, scientists tried to explain how electricity passed through space (îáúÿñíèòü; ÷òîáû îáúÿñíèòü; êîòîðûå ñëåäóåò îáúÿñíèòü). 3. Ultrasonics is a very useful instrument to be used in industry, science and medicine ( èñïîëüçîâàòü; ÷òîáû èñïîëüçîâàòü; êîòîðûå íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü). 4. In distant era, people began to show desire to know about their surroundings and to to record what they saw (óçíàòü; ÷òîáû óçíàòü; êîòîðîå íóæíî óçíàòü). 5. To use materials that are made by nature is one thing but to design and build special materials in the lab is quite another (èñïîëüçîâàòü; ÷òîáû èñïîëüçîâàòü; ðàçðàáîòàòü è ñîçäàòü; ÷òîáû ðàçðàáîòàòü è ñîçäàòü). 6. The first man to penetrate into a space was a Soviet man (ïðîíèêíóòü; ÷òîáû ïðîíèêíóòü; êîòîðûé ïðîíèê). 7. Russian scientists continue to work at cybernetic machines (ðàáîòàòü; ÷òîáû ðàáîòàòü; ðàáîòó). Óïð. 28. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. To help navigation at sea, small radars are based on small commercial shi ps. 2. Ground-based radar is employed to control flights of aircraft. 3. To determine the exact location of any target is possible hrough accurate measurements of range, altitude and asimuth. 4. To understand something of the properties of electrons it is necessary to know a little about the atomic structure of matter. 5. The number of electrons must always equal the number of protons to keep the atom electrically neutral. 24

6. To put Tsiolkovsky’s dream to life the efforts of all peoples were necessary. 7. Our scientists had to solve many important problems to launch a first artificial satellite. 8. Tsiolkovsky was the first to propose the idea of creating artificial satellits of the earth. 9. Modern space technology has made it possible to build orbiting scientific «laboratories» to conduct observations at and beyond the earth’s atmosphere. 10. The progress of chemistry and the chemical industry helps to provide all citizens with adequate food and means to combat deceases. Óïð. 29. Ñîñòàâèòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî îáðàçöó è ïåðåâåñòè èõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. M o d e l: to carry out the experiment - Let us (him, her, them, me, John, Ann & so on) carry out the experiment. 1. to suspend the balls 2. to rub a rod with a piece of fur 3. to touch each ball with the rod 4. to use a glass rod and a silk cloth 5. to complete this qualitative picture 6. to define the electrostatic unit of charge 7. to measure force in neutrons 8. to write Coulomb’s law as an equation Óïð. 30. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. I. 1. It was impossible to explain what he meant. 2. To make a choice between these two proposals was quite difficult. 3. It takes him nearly an hour to get to work. 4. He advised us not to say anything about the incident. 5. He agreed to follow their examples. 6. The young scientist found it difficult to speak in public. 7. He failed to make his point of view and the audience was disappointed. 8. They managed to fulfill the task. 9. He needs a place to live in. 25

10. They were looking for somebody to help them the experiment. 11. There are lots of contradictions to be found in this paper. 12. There was no time to spare. 13. He was nowhere to be seen. 14. The President was the first to confirm this information. II. 1. Their intention is to collect funds to fight the disease. 2. The lawyer’s advice was to talk as little as possible. 3. The right solution is to hold an open discussion between the parties concerned. 4. He was too excited to explain his position clearly. 5. The student was clever enough to solve any mathematical problem. 6. Their mutual respect was deep enough to encourage them for future cooperation. 7. The purpose of education is to encourage people to be individuals. 8.The student got ajob to earn money for his trip to the Far East. 9. His desire was to make a career in politics. 10. The task of the city Council is to improve standards of living. Óïð. 31. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà èíôèíèòèâ â êà÷åñòâå ââîäíîãî ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ñëåäóþùèõ çíà÷åíèÿõ: - to tell the truth — ïî ïðàâäå ãîâîðÿ - to begin with — ïðåæäå âñåãî - to conclude/ to sum up — â çàêëþ÷åíèå - to say nothing of — íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î - to put it simply — ïîïðîñòó ãîâîðÿ - to put it briefly — êîðî÷å ãîâîðÿ - to put it another way — èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ 1. Their invention is of great scientific value, to say nothing of its possible economic effect. 2. To put it another way, inventions appear at times when societies need them. 3. To avoid making mistakes is difficult, because, to begin with, to err is human. 26

4. To put it briefly, this work must be done. 5. To tell the truth, we expected quite different results of this experiment 6. To put it simply, special device allow the whole system to function automatically. Óïð. 32. Âñòàâèòü íåîáõîäèìóþ ôîðìó èíôèíèòèâà: a) Active — Passive b) Indefinite — Perfect a) 1. The lecturer wants ... and the students want ... (to understand / /to be understood). 2. We expected the meeting ... next month. He expected ... the attention of the audience ( to held // to be hold). 3. Some changes had ... . He wanted ... some changes in the report ( to make // to be made). 4. There were a lot of things ... . He was nowhere ... ( to see // to be seen). b) 1. It’s good ... work for the day ( to finish // to have finished). 2. She admits ... the same mistake in her previous paper (to make // to have made). 3. He was sorry not ... the idea earlier ( to give up // to have given up). 4. Many nations claim ... defending democracy (to be // to have been). 5. She confessed ... the man before (to see // to have seen). 6. The negotiations seem ... to an end (to come // to have come). 7. The relations between the two countries seem ... the lowest point (to reach // to have reached). Óïð. 33. Ïåðåâåñòè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. The conference to be held in July will consider various ways of establishing contacts among scientists. 2. The reports to be made at the conference are likely to attract the attention of scientists in various countries. 3. The commission to select the material for publication will begin its work within a few days. 4. The building to house the exhibition will be ready in April. 5. The exhibits to be shown at the exhibition have already been 27

chosen. Óïð. 34. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. Lady Franklin was horrified at herself. To have asked him, to have been told his name, and to have forgotten it. 2. She seemed to be paying no attention to what was going round her. 3. He suddenly awoke from his queer trance, there was a decision to be made. 4. Good-bye, Mr. Jackson. Glad to have been of service to you. 5. I say, don’t you think you ought to be going? 6. He was very tired, & to have been caught napping had irritated him & hurt his pride. 7. There are a great many things to be taken into consideration. 8. Judging from the books and papers on the writing-table he must have been working since they left him in the morning. 9. She told them to take off their shoes so that their footsteps could not be heard in the flat below. 10. «We are very sorry to have disturbed you», began Peter. 11. I want you to promise me you won’t talk to Antonia about that sort of things. 12. That woman is still sitting. She seems to have been waiting over an hour. 13. Well, funny things seem to be happening. 14. To have been so happy and not to have known it. 15. There was nothing to be done, but to wait for the next express, which was due at four. Óïð. 35. Ïîñòàâèòü èíôèíèòèâ â íåîáõîäèìóþ ôîðìó. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. I’m so dreadfully sorry (to bother) you in this stupid way. 2. He kept late hours last night, he may still (to sleep). 3. «She must (to be) very beautiful years ago», Maren thought. 4. It’s a secret, & no one else must (to tell). 5. «Good-bye. So pleased (to meet) you». 6. He’s a talented engineer. He’s supposed (to work) at a new invention. 7. Oh, my Maggy, my daughter. You should never (to go). It was all your father’s fault. 8. She seems (to work) at her course paper since spring & says 28

she has still a lot ( to do). 9. I’ve just seen him passing the entrance door, so he can’t (to work) at the laboratory as you say. 10. The next morning he seemed (to forget) it all. 11. It ought (to do) long ago; at least before their leaving Blackstable. 12. She seemed at times (to seize) with an uncontrolled irritation & would say sharp and wounding things. 13. You probably think that I must (to live) a very gay life in France, but it wasn’t so. 14. No words can describe it: it must (to see). Óïð. 36. Âñòàâèòü, ãäå íåîáõîäèìî, ÷àñòèöó to. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. The teacher made me ... repeat it all over again. 2. You needn’t ... ask for permission, I let ... you take my books whenever you like. 3. Will you help me ... move the table? 4. He is expected ... arrive in a few days. 5. You seem ... know places very well. 6. You had better ... make a note of it. 7. I heard the door ... open and saw a shadow ... move across the floor. 8. He told me ... try ... do it once again. 9. I’d rather ... walk a little before going to bed. 10. There is nothing ... do but ... wait till somebody comes ... let us out. 11. You ought not ... show your feelings. 12. Why not ... wait a little longer? 13. I felt her ... shiver with cold. 14. We should love you ... stay with me. 15. You are not ... mention this to anyone. 16. We got Mother ... cut up some sandwiches. 17. Rose wanted them ... stop laughing, wanted the curtain ... come down. 18. I’ll have ... go there. 19. There doesn’t seem ... be anything wrong with you. 20. Look here, Jane, why ... be so cross? 21. She helped me ... get over my fear.

29

22. He was seen ... make a note of it. 23. What made you ... deceive me? 24. He was not able ... explain anything. Óïð. 37. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ôóíêöèþ ÷àñòèöû to. 1. He hadn’t wanted to laugh then, nor did he want to now. 2. You needn’t say anything if you don’t want to. 3. Michael knew a lot, or seemed to. 4. Well, let’s forget it, shall we? — I’m glad to; thanks very much. 5. She always kept her mouth shut when told to. 6. It was my fault. I’m sorry, I didn’t want to. I didn’t mean to. 7. I know I should have come to you and told you about it, but I was afraid to. 8. I’d be glad to see you. Come any time you like. — Darling, you know I long to. But I can’t. 9. You can’t sent this letter. — I’m certainly going to by air mail from Rome. 10. I couldn’t do what I wanted to. Óïð. 38. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, óêàçàâ èíôèíèòèâ â êà÷åñòâå ðåçóëüòàòà äåéñòâèÿ: 1. I intended to use the opportunity, it was too good to be missed. 2. When I left the Post Office I found that I was too late to catch the London train. 3. It was getting too hot to work and we decided to have a break. 4. Dixon was clever enough to avoid talking on this subject with Welch. 5. Michael considered Johnny to be young to be drawn into their religious community. 6. She was a woman enough not to forget to powder her nose even at that critical moment. 7. His case in such as not to be helped. 8. He turned to Jane to find her in conversation with Carol. 9. He heard a loud knock at the front door and opened it to see a stranger in a shabby raincoat. 10. She liked to be kind to people & used to give promises to forget them at once. 11. He went quickly to the bath, & returned to find Murphy 30

sitting behind him. 12. I wish I were strong enough to help you, my boy. Óïð. 39. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. He came into the room to shut the windows. 2. He seemed to know all about influensa & said there was nothing to worry about. 3. Do you want me to read to you? 4. I made a note of the time to give the various capsules. 5. They said the boy refused to let any one come into the room. 6. You can’t come in. You mustn’t get what I have. 7. Don’t make me laugh. 8. It took me about five minutes to work out how much a suit at nine & a half geneas would cost. 9. The British Museum is much too big to be seen in an hour or so. 10. Father decided to take a holiday from his office so as to help in celebrating the day. 11. It was necessary to make it in a day, just on Monday. 12. She was sitting near enough to see his face. 13. That’s how I used to be myself. 14. A railway station is the most difficult of all places to act in. 15. I think the best way to get a general idea of a country is to study the map. 16. If he couldn’t get something to do he would have to commit suicide. 17. You may fail in your English if you go on like that. 18. It’s true there was no scenery to stare at, but the costumes & make-up, the light & sound effects helped the audience to concentrate on the dialogue & the acting. 19. It seemed a privilege to lend anything to him. 20. Thank you for your very kind invitation to visit you and stay with you. 21. It made our mouths water to hear him talk about such tasty things. Óïð. 40. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. The samples obtained in such a way are used to continue the experimental work. 2. It is possible to find a certain type of the catalyst which could 31

prevent the reaction from slowing down. 3. To recognize a substance it is not necessary to examine all its properties. 4. It would be difficult to fractionate in the experiment one must work hard. 5. To obtain good result in the experiment one must work hard. 6. You ought to say to them that the reactions carried out carelessly resulted a number of explosions. 7. To be able to deal with such a great variety of devices is only one his excellent qualities. 8. The devices are used to measure the amounts of the material & energy leaving the process. 9. To determine whether separating could be controlled was their foremost task. 10. We assume a substance to be a number of small particles called atoms. Óïð. 41. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. Of all the known polymers to be considered in our report we have taken epoxy-resin laminates which may be used at high temperatures. 2. Let us assume the atomic weights to be integral. 3. Recent research has shown the nucleus to be an exceedingly complex structure. 4. The process to be treated subsequently in detail is known as ionization. 5. Diamond is to be used to cut glass. 6. The work is not sufficiently advanced for any definite opinion to be formed. 7. The aim of the experiment to be carried out in our lab is to prove the crystalline structure of the substance under test. 8. These substances can be made to liquefy by methods to be described later. 9. The stability of the compound to be formed is to be considered. 10. As for conclusions to be discussed we feel it our duty to confirm them once more. 11. Mercury to be added to eliminate free chlorine complicates the reaction. 12. He studied the properties of water always believed to expand 32

on heating. 13. There were many questions to be answered in this field of science. 14. The reason for using insulation was to decrease fuel costs. Óïð. 42. Ïåðåâåñòè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. Since recent years timber beams no longer serve to carry the load of a structure. 2. The model to be tested was submitted to a special commission. 3. To span a river with a bridge is to improve the transport. 4. Everyone wants to succeed in one’s work. 5. Engineers study mathematics to be able to make complicated computations & to acquire practical skill in making drafts. 6. Research work to follow experimenting should be carefully done. 7. Kulibin refused to realize his work in foreign lands, he preferred it to be neglected. 8. The machine to be assembled will be more effective than that of a recent design. 9. Tsiolkovsky had little money to spend on his research. 10. It is the lecture not to be missed. Óïð. 43. Ïåðåâåñòè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. To introduce numerical (÷èñëåííûé) methods and their use in physics is the purpose of the paper. 2. The methods to be introduced are extremely useful for solving many practical problems. 3. To answer this question we studied a great deal of publications on the problem. 4. We need a week more to study the problem in detail. 5. We have done much in this field to come to this conclusion. 6. They have a strong evidence to predict this result. 7. The set of laws to be involved in these calculations must be studied in detail. 8. To interpret these results in terms of your concept is rather difficult. Óïð. 44. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. He wants to learn the facts. 2. It is possible to learn foreign language in a year. 33

3. I’m going to study the problem very carefully. 4. He went to Oxford to study history. 5. When a person wants to say something he will find a way to say it. 6. Biologists realize now that the only way to know the animals is to study them in their natural surroundings. 7. People study foreign languages to be able to read and speak them. 8. Do not try to learn everything not to become an ignoramus in everything. 9. Education makes people easy to lead but difficult to drive; easy to govern but impossible to enslave. 10. Education has produced a vast population able to read but unable to distinguish what is worth reading. 11. People study foreign languages to be able to read, to speak and to understand the. Óïð. 45. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. We read books in order to acquire new information. 2. People go in for sports in order to be healthy and strong. 3. In order to survive, every animal must adapt to its environment. 4. Many tourists come to this down every year to see old paintings and architecture. 5. Members of informal groups sometimes use unusual methods to obtain their purposes, which, in themselves are absolutely normal. 6. The first settlers came to the American continent in the 17th century in order to establish an ideal society. Óïð. 46. Çàêîí÷èòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîäõîäÿùèìè ñìûñëîâûìè ÷àñòÿìè. 1. A man who really knows how to learn... 2. The uneducated person is either unable to... 3. We learn arithmetics to be able... 4. We learn our own language so that... 5. Nearly everything we study at school has some... 6. A man who knows how to learn will always be... 7. They learn foreign languages to make people from other countries... 8. The purpose of school is not just to... 9. The only subject he dislikes is... a/ ...understand what they themselves mean and in order to be 34

able to benefit from what people in other countries have written. b/ ...to teach languages. maths, geography, etc., but to teach pupils the way to learn. c/ ...to measure and to count things in their daily life. d/ ...to do something new, or does it badly. e/ ...will always be successful, because whenever he has to do something new which he had never had to do before, he will rapidly teach himself how to do it in his best way. f/ ...we will be able to tell others clearly what they want and what they know, and understand what others tell them. g/ ...practical use in their daily life, but is that the only reason why they go to school. h/ ...Physics. Keys: 1-e; 2-d; 3-c; 4-f; 5-g; 6-e; 7-a; 8-b; 9-h. Óïð. 47. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, íàéòè èíôèíèòèâ, îïðåäåëèòü åãî ôóíêöèþ â ïðåäëîæåíèè. 1. I want to show you the house where I was born. 2. I ask you not to touch the picture. 3. You will be able to do it yourself when you are older. 4. «To be or not to be — that is the question». 5. The doctor told me not to drink cold water. 6. I’m not going to stay here any longer. 7. You can hear some loud noise. 8. «Will you help me to lay the table, dear?» the mother said. 9. It was wrong of you not to help him with maths. 10. It was useful to speak to him, he followed your advice. 11. It was useless to speak to him, he’ ll do what he has decided to. 12. She asked him to help her, but he refused. 13. Have you washed your hands and face? — I am going to do that at once. 14. The teacher asked the pupils on duty to open the windows. 15. The owner ordered the windows to be shut. 16. This work must be done in 3 days. 17. I’m very pleased to meet you now. 18. He told me to try to come earlier. 19. «The game must be won», said the captain of the team. 20. Ask the driver to tell you where to get off. Óïð. 48. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 35

1. To discover new source of energy and to develop new methods of power generation is the main problem to be solved by our scientists. 2. To follow the actual circulation in deep water oceanographers have made use of oxygen as a tracer. By sampling the oxygen conventration in deep water at various locations, it’s possible to plot the direction of the deep-sea currents. 3. Careful measurements to find the relative weight of uranium and lead in the rock can be used to measure the rock’s age. 4. On the earth atoms usually combine to form molecules. 5. The fundamental difference between the cintinental blocks & ocean basins is to be found in the fact that the two are composed of different crustal materials. 6. Since the celebrated experiment of Thomson & Aston, a great majority of elements have been found to contain two or more isotopes. 7. The earth rotates so slowly that the flattering and bulging are too slight to be readily detected. 8. One of the functions of the oceans is to act as equalizer of temperatures. 9. Pythagoras was the first person to hold that the earth is a sphere and to suggest that it might not be fixed, but might move about the sun. 10. The petroleum (oil) industry is sure to continue developing techniques and tools for operations in still deeper water and farther from shore. 11. We want our scientists to be well read and highly educated persons. Óïð. 49. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ôóíêöèþ ïàññèâíîãî èíôèíèòèâà. Model: If my hair is too long, it needs to be cut. - Åñëè ìîè âîëîñû ñëèøêîì äëèííûå, èõ íóæíî ïîäðåçàòü. 1. If her dress is wrinkled it needs to be ironed. 2. If your socks have worn into holes they need to be mended/ 3. If there are some stains on your suit it needs to be cleaned. 4. If your dress is too long it needs to be shortened. 5. If her shoes are completely worn down they need to be repaired. 6. If he has worn his jacket through at the elbow it needs to be patched. 7. If your dog has broken loose it needs to be tied. 36

8. If their dresses are loose at the waist they need to be taken in. 9. If his trousers are baggy the knees they need to be pressed. 10. If your blouse is dirty it needs to be washed. Óïð. 50. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. To exploit new sources of energy is the most urgent problem of today. 2. To solve this problem the researchers have been working hard for years. 3. To exploit the whole of the Sun’s energy is one of the researchers’ long term aims. 4. To do it as quickly as possible we are to increase scientific efficiency. 5. To increase scientific efficiency is to raise the productivity of our industry. 6. To improve our citizens’ working and living conditions our government pay attention to all of these problems. 7. For these problems to be carried out successfully we are to work hard. 8. Much is to be done in this field for this key problem to be solved successfully. 9. This is the key problem to be solved immediately. 10. For this key problem to be solved immediately much is to be done. 11. We are to solve this key problem immediately 12. There are the main sources of energy to be exploited. 13. The main sources of energy to be exploited in future are the energy of the sun and nuclear energy. 14. For energy of the Sun to be exploited to the full the researches are developing new techniques. Óïð. 51. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà îòñóòñòâèå ÷àñòèöû to. 1. Why not go to the theater on Sunday? We have a free evening. 2. Why not go to the pictures? A very funny comedy is on. 3. Why not go to the country next Sunday? We could ski there. 4. Why not save a little money if he can? 5. Why not have dinner now? Everything is ready. 6. Why not take a porter? We’ve got a lot of luggage. 7. Why not go to a sanatorium? You’ve been seriously ill. 37

8. Why not ask for his advice? He seems to know everything. 9. Why not call on him now? His house is a stone’s throw from here. Óïð. 52. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà îòñóòñòâèå ÷àñòèöû to. you would = you’d 1. Is the kettle boiling?- I suppose so, but you’d better go and see for yourself. 2. Has Mary done the shopping?- I think so, but you’d better ask her. 3. Is it far from here to the Metro?- I suppose so, but you’d better ask the militiaman. 4. Has the postman brought the papers?- I suppose so, but you’d better go and look in the letter-box. 5. Does Nelly know news about Nick’s marriage?- I suppose so, but you’d better tell her yourself. 6. Did she hear the telephone ring?- I don’t think so, you’d better answer it yourself. 7. Do you think it will rain tomorrow?- I don’t suppose so, but you’d better take a raincoat with you, just in case. 8. Will it be all right if I wear my blue dress to the theater?- I think so, but you’d better ask Mother’s advice. 9. Does the show begin at 6 sharp?- I suppose so, but you’d better ring the box-office. Óïð. 53. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà îòñóòñòâèå ÷àñòèöû to. 1. He suggested that we should go there at once. - Hadn’t we better wait a little? 2. Mary suggested that we should buy Mother an umbrella as a New Year present. - Hadn’t we better buy her a hand-bag? 3. Mother suggested that we should take our raincoat to the country. - Hadn’t we better take an umbrella? 4. Pete suggested that we should go to the pictures. - Hadn’t we better stay at the library? 5. Nina suggested that we should send Aunt Lily a telegram on the 8th of March. - Hadn’t we better send her flowers? 6. The Granny suggested that we should close the window. 38

- Hadn’t we better leave it open. 7. John suggested that we should develop the snapshots ourselves. - Hadn’t we better take them to a photographer. 8. The doctor suggested that the patient should go to the country after his recovery. - Hadn’t he better go to the sanatorium? 9. Kitty suggested that we should go shopping in the afternoon. - Hadn’t we better go there right now? Óïð. 54. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà îòñóòñòâèå ÷àñòèöû to. 1. stay at home — go out / I’d rather stay at home than go out. 2. go dancing — play chess / I’d rather go dancing than play chess. 3. read a book — see a film / I’d sooner read a book than see a film. 4. return home — wait for him / I’d rather return home than wait for him. 5. carry the suitcase myself — take a porter / I’d rather carry the suitcase myself than take a porter. 6. invite Mary — go with Nina / I’d sooner invite Mary than go with Nina to the theater. 7. go away — listen to / I’d rather go away than listen to their quarrel. 8. go swimming — lie / I’d rather go swimming than lie on the beach. 9. put up at a hotel — stay at / I’d rather put up at a hotel than stay at friends’ house. Óïð. 55. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìîäàëüíûõ ñî÷åòàíèé ñ èíôèíèòèâîì. 1. He lived in that house when he was young. - He used to live in that house when he was young. 2. Peter was very fat. - Peter used to be very fat in 40. 3. Helen was often late for work. - She used to be often late for work. 4. I had very good eyesight. - I used to have very good eyesight. 5. He was a lecturer at the University. - He used to be a lecturer at the University. 6. There was a small house here. 39

- There used to be a small house here, but now there’s a new hospital. 7. She carried it out without argument. - She used to (would) carry it out without argument. 8. She walked to her office in any weather. - She would walk to her office in any weather. 9. In her childhood Mary drank a glass of milk every morning. - In her childhood Mary would drink glass of milk every morning. 10. Granny always grumbled or made a fuss. - Granny would grumble or make a fuss. Óïð. 56. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. The street hasn’t changed much since our boyhood. - Except that there used to be a large field where the new school is now. 2. Your town hasn’t changed much since the war. - Except that there used to vast streches of waste land where new houses are being built now. 3. You haven’t changed at all. - Except that there used to be a mop of thick brown hair where scanty grey hair is now. 4. Your village hasn’t changed at all since last year. - Except that there used to be an old shabby-looking house where the new hospital is now. 5. His room hasn’t changed since my last visit. - Except that there used to be a fire-place where the bookcase is standing now. Óïð. 57. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. I wouldn’t recognize your house if I were at once. - There’s now grocer’s where the butcher’s to be. 2. I don’t recognize the corner of this street. - There’s now a booking-shop where the dairy used to be. 3. Your street has changed so much. - There’s now a row of big apartment houses where small onestorey houses used to be. 4. Where is the baker’s? I don’t see it. I remember it was somewhere here. - There’s a big department store where the baker’s used to be. 5. Excuse me, where is the chemist’s ? I can’t see it. - There’s a small lending library where the chemist’s used to. 40

6. I couldn’t find the cafeteria which we had frequented when we were students. - There’s now a big restaurant where that cafeteria used to be. Óïð. 58. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. I don’t like chocolate now (when I was a boy). - But I used to like it when I was a boy. 2. We don’t study German any more ( at school). - But we used to study it at school. 3. Father doesn’t play football any more ( when he was young). - But he used to play it when was young. 4. Mike doesn’t work at the library now ( a few years ago). - But he used to work there a few years ago. 5. I don’t like coffee now ( when I was much younger). - But I used to like coffee when I was much younger. 6. My brother doesn’t smoke any more (heavy after school). - But he used to smoke heavily after school. 7. I never walk to the office now (when there was no metro). - But I used to walk there when there was no metro. 8. I don’t work at night (last year). - But I used to work at night last year. 9. Bill never gets up early (in the army). - But he used to get up early in the army. Óïð. 59. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. That actress plays far better than she used to. 2. The baby eats a bit slower than she used to. 3. The students speak English much more fluently than they used to. 4. Bill works far more efficiently than he used to. 5. The little boy goes to bed much later than he used to. 6. This ballet-dancer dances a bit worse than he used to. 7. Lanny works much harder than she used to. 8. The child speaks a bit clearer than he used to. 9. The secretary types a bit faster than she used to. 10. The actor sings much better than he used to. Óïð. 60. Èíôèíèòèâ ñ ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè. Ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. The problem must be solved in different ways. 2. The teacher must present his material in such a way as to stimulate the students’ interest. 41

3. When a person wants to say something, he will find a way to say. 4. We must find the most effective way of learning. 5. I don’t like the way you talk to your teachers. You must be more polite. 6. Biologists realize now that the only way to know the animals is to study them in their natural surroundings. 7. At the age of 7 a child must be able to read fluently. 8. What is your problem? I may be able to help you. 9. A good instructor must teach children how to learn. 10. You must try to do your best to achieve your dreams. 11. The bus-stop must be next to that block. 12. I cannot spend much time in the open. 13. He can sleep late on Sunday. 14. You may not have fun in class. 15. One must learn at school, but upon leaving school one must learn still harder. Óïð. 61. Ïðî÷èòàòü, ïåðåâåñòè, îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì. 1. On the scale of galaxies, the Universe must have been in a highly turbulent state. 2. In Devonian times (some 350 million years ago) the day must have been 22 hours long, and this value can actually be checked. 3. A calculation by J.Jeans leads to the calculation that a third of the mass of the sun should have been left behind to form the planets. 4. Strong evidence suggests that the Antarctic ice sheet may have been more extensive in the past. 5. Newton himself suggested that the solar system might have been formed from a thin cloud of gas and dust that slowly condensed under gravitational attraction. 6. It is obvious that the more deeply buried sediments must have suffered compaction and may have been reduced to perhaps half or less of their original thickness. 7. The time required to produce a particular ore deposit may have been centuries or thousands of years, & some deposits probably required hundreds of thousands or millions of years to build up. 8. During past earth history rocks must have been formed & some of them subsequently broken down physically or chemically in the same manner as now. 42

9. All our evidence shows that life comes from life. Yet somehow, somewhere, sometime life must have got started. One idea is that life might have arrived on earth from outer space.

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Ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð À.Â. Øåñòàêîâà Ðåäàêòîð Ñ.È. Âàëåíòåé Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåäàêòîð ß.Â. Äåðåâÿíêèí

ËÐ N 020406 îò 12.02.97 Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü 24.02.99. Ôîðìàò 60x84/16. Áóìàãà òèïîãðàôñêàÿ ¹ 1. Ãàðíèòóðà Òàéìñ. Óñë. ïå÷. ë. 2,6. Ó÷-èçä. ë. 2,8. Òèðàæ 50 ýêç. Çàêàç .

Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. 400062, Âîëãîãðàä, óë. 2-ÿ Ïðîäîëüíàÿ, 30.