Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: природопользование: Методические указания. Часть III

ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÂÎËÃÎÃÐÀÄÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ ÂÎËÆÑÊÈÉ ÃÓÌÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÛÉ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ Êàôåäðà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ

ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ Â ÑÔÅÐÅ ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÉ ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÊÀÖÈÈ: ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ×àñòü III

Âîëãîãðàä 2001 1

Ñîñòàâèòåëè: êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. Ë.À. Òàðàñîâà cò. ïðåïîäàâàòåëü Â.È. Êèðþøèí

Ðåöåíçåíò: êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. À.Â. Îëÿíè÷

Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ó÷åíîãî ñîâåòà ôàêóëüòåòà ðåãèîíîâåäåíèÿ è ëèíãâèñòèêè ÂÃÈ ÂîëÃÓ

Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â ñôåðå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé êîììóíèêàöèè: ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå: Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ. ×àñòü III / Ñîñò. Ë.À. Òàðàñîâà, Â.È. Êèðþøèí. — Âîëãîãðàä: Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2001. — 72 ñ. Äàííàÿ ðàáîòà ñîäåðæèò òåêñòû ïî òåìàòèêå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è óïðàæíåíèÿ, íàïðàâëåííûå íà ðàçâèòèå íàâûêîâ îñìûñëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ, à òàêæå íàâûêîâ óñòíîé ðå÷è â ñôåðå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî îáùåíèÿ. Ïðåäíàçíà÷àåòñÿ ñòóäåíòàì I—II êóðñà èíñòèòóòà, îáó÷àþùèìñÿ ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå».

© Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2001 2

Unit 6

CHANGES IN THE EARTH'S OUTER CRUST The various changes are continually taking place on the surface of the earth. Here is three main kinds of them: a) the wearing away of the land which is called the denudation; b) the removal of material from one part of the earth's outer crust to another, which is called the transportation; c) the sediment of above-mentioned material in new places, which is called deposition. The denudation is taking place because of action of the sun, wind, rain, frost, running water, moving ice, the sea, etc. In the hot parts of earth the sun heats greatly the rocks and debris on the earth's surface all day along, so they expand forming cracks. During the night time the rocks get cold and contract. In a such a way the cracks form. Gradually they become larger and larger and gradually the rock breaks up into small pieces. The wind affects in two ways. For one thing the gale or strong wind blows loose particles of soil and dust them away. For another the wind wears away the land. The gale rises billions of sharp pieces of dust and blows them against a cliff or hard rock, so it gradually demolishes the surface and destroys the hard rock. As for the rain, it has a powerful action especially in hot countries. By forming the endless number of streams, rushs, floods, and trickles it loosens and carries away a great amount of soil. On passing through the air, it absorbs gaseous carbon dioxide, making a solution, which in its turn, dissolves certain kinds of rocks, such as limestoned ones. It's well known, that water under the temperature –4°C expands. So when the water, having sunk into the ground freezes, it causes the cracks to widen. In a such a way, step by step it demolishes the rock. Almost any rain makes streams or trickles, which in their moving produce grooves or little valleys and gradually these valleys become deep canyons. In fact, running water influences the earth's surface greatly, because after rainstorms the powerful streams are running along the valleys moving large masses of stones and sand. In such a case the water stream is cutting its way through solid masses of hard rock. 3

In the mountains and in the cold regions of the earth there are a lot of solid masses of ice. They are called glaciers. In many cases they behave like rivers, descending from the mountains to the valleys and gradually deeping them. Every day the sea is taking away from the land a great deal of soil especially in time of the storm. Each surge hurls a great mass of water against the shore and washes away its soft parts. ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

absorb frost affect gradually gaseous groove amount hurl glacier gale burst carbon land carry limestone influence particle certain rainstorm cliff realize continually removal contract sediment powerful rush crack sink 4

[ b's :b] [frost] [ 'fekt] ['gr dju li] ['geisi s] [gru:v] [ 'maunt] [h :l] ['gl sj ] [geil] [b :st] ['ka:b n] ['l nd] ['k ri] [laim'stoun] ['influ ns] ['pa:tikl] ['s :tn] ['rein'st :m] [klif] ['ri laiz] [k n'tinju li] [ri'mu:v l] ['k ntr kt] ['sedim nt] ['pau ful] [r ] ['kr k] [sink]

- ïîãëîùàòü, âñàñûâàòü - ìîðîç - âîçäåéñòâîâàòü - ïîñòåïåííî - ãàçîîáðàçíûé - êàíàâêà - êîëè÷åñòâî - øâûðÿòü - ëåäíèê - ñèëüíûé âåòåð - âçîðâàòüñÿ, ðàçðàçèòüñÿ - óãëåðîä - çåìëÿ - íåñòè, ïîääåðæèâàòü - èçâåñòíÿê - âëèÿòü - ÷àñòèöà - îïðåäåëåííûé - ëèâåíü - ñêàëà, óòåñ - ïðåäñòàâëÿòü ñåáå, îñîçíàâàòü - íåïðåðûâíî - óäàëåíèå, - ñæèìàòüñÿ, ïåðåìåùåíèå - îñàäîê - ìîùíûé - ñòðåìèòåëüíîå äâèæåíèå, íàïîð - òðåùèíà, ì÷àòüñÿ - òîíóòü, ïîãðóæàòü

crust rock debris soil demolish denudation deposition descend shore destroy dioxide solid dissolve dust solution especially stream surface åxpand surge trickle flood through valley various freeze wear away

['kr st] [r k] ['debri:] [s il] [di'm li ] [dinju'dei n] [dep 'zi n] [di'send] [ :] [dis'tr i] ['dai' ksaid] ['s lid] [di'z lv] ['d st] [s 'lu: n] [is'pe li] ['sri:m] ['s :fis] [iks'p nd] [s :d ] [trikl] [fl d] [ ru:] ['v li] ['v ri s] [fri:z] [w ]

- çåìíàÿ êîðà - ñêàëà, ãîðíàÿ ïîðîäà - îñêîëêè, îáëîìêè ïîðîä - ïî÷âà - ðàçðóøàòü, óíè÷òîæàòü - îáíàæåíèå (ïîðîä) - îñàäîê, îòëîæåíèå - ñïóñêàòüñÿ, ñõîäèòü - áåðåã - óíè÷òîæàòü, ðàçðóøàòü - äâóîêèñü - òâåðäûé, êðåïêèé, ñïëîøíîé, öåëûé - ðàñòâîðÿòü - ïûëü - ðàñòâîð - îñîáåííî - ïîòîê - ïîâåðõíîñòü - ðàñøèðÿòü - áîëüøàÿ âîëíà - ñòðóéêà - çàëèâàòü, çàòîïëÿòü, ïðèëèâ, íàâîäíåíèå - ÷åðåç - äîëèíà - ðàçëè÷íûé - ìîðîçèòü, çàìåðçàòü - èçíàøèâàòü

EXPRESSIONS

above-mentioned a great deal of to take place instead of to lay down at first in its turn

- âûøåóïîìÿíóòûé - ìíîãî, çíà÷èòåëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî - èìåòü ìåñòî, ïðîèñõîäèòü - âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû - îòêëàäûâàòü - ñíà÷àëà - â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü

5

GRAMMAR ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ

Âñå âðåìåíà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îáðàçóþòñÿ èç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ëèöå, ÷èñëå è âðåìåíè è ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ôîðìå ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Participle II). Êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, îíî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ íàä ëèöîì èëè ïðåäìåòîì, îáîçíà÷åííîì ïîäëåæàùèì äàííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîë-ñêàçóåìîå â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå ÷àùå âñåãî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: à) Ñî÷åòàíèåì ãëàãîëà «áûòü» ñ êðàòêîé ôîðìîé ïðè÷àñòèÿ. Ïðèìåð: Heat was transformed into work. Ïåðåâîä: Òåïëî áûëî ïðåâðàùåíî â ðàáîòó. á) Ãëàãîëîì ñ îêîí÷àíèåì -ñÿ. Ïðèìåð: The energy is dissi pated in the iron in the form of heat. Ïåðåâîä: Ýíåðãèÿ ðàññåèâàåòñÿ â æåëåçå â ôîðìå òåïëà. â)  íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîëîì â 3-ì ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Ïðèìåð: A new device for measuring pressure is being designed now. Ïåðåâîä: Ñåé÷àñ êîíñòðóèðóþò íîâûé ïðèáîð äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ äàâëåíèÿ. Ïðèìåð: The engineer was asked to test the device. Ïåðåâîä: Èíæåíåðà ïîïðîñèëè èñïûòàòü ìåõàíèçì. ×àñòî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ êîíñòðóêöèè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, ãäå ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ òîëüêî êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì. Ïðèìåð: He was told to bring the tools. Ïåðåâîä: Åìó âåëåëè ïðèíåñòè èíñòðóìåíòû. Åñëè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî ñòîèò îòäåëÿåìûé ïðåäëîã (òî åñòü ïðåäëîã áåç îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê íåìó ïîñëåäóþùèõ ñëîâ), òî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è ïîäëåæàùåå àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïðåäëîæíûì äîïîëíåíèåì. Åñëè æå ïðåäëîã íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ, òî ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà. Òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè. 6

Ïðèìåð: Your invention was spoken of at the last meeting. Ïåðåâîä: Î âàøåì èçîáðåòåíèè ãîâîðèëè íà ïðîøëîì ñîáðàíèè. Ïðèìåð: He was sent for as he was only one to help us. Ïåðåâîä: Çà íèì ïîñëàëè, òàê êàê îí áûë åäèíñòâåííûì, êòî ìîã ïîìî÷ü íàì. Ïðèìåð: This book is being looked through now. Ïåðåâîä: Ýòó êíèãó ñåé÷àñ ïðîñìàòðèâàþò. Åñëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå óêàçàíî äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî, âûðàæåííîå ïðåäëîæíûì äîïîëíåíèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì by, ïîñëåäíåå ÷àñòî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîäëåæàùèì. Ïðèìåð: Your luggage will be looked after by somebody. Ïåðåâîä: Êòî-íèáóäü ïðèñìîòðèò çà âàøèì áàãàæîì. EXERCISES

I. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ñïîñîáû ïåðåäà÷è ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: 1. The statistical theory has been developed quite recently. 2. The science about soils is called edaphology. 3. The result of the experiment is shown in the plot. 4. Objects with negative stability are called unstable. 5. Thermal and other forms of diffusion were discarded. 6. We shall dwell upon the interphase nucleus which has been discussed. 7. A supply of hydrogen must be kept in darkness. 8. A similar explanation can be offered for the melting of a solid. 9. Some words may be added about the course of the reaction. 10. At these frequencies oscillation can be prevented. 11. Solar rays are absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. 12. The increase in nucleic acids in the cell has been studied by biochemistry. 13. The growth law of population is determined by a large number of parameters. 14. Cooling is provided by the circulation of water. 15. The typical spontaneous depolarization of these particles was suggested by Bozler in 1948. 16. In 1894 it was shown by Reinolds that the effect of the flow was negligible. 17. It was suggested by Fobey that some reactions were of agglutinative character. 18. Nobody has been refused a hearing at the conference. 19.The attraction between the molecules is being neglected. 20. The positive particle in the nucleus of the atom was given the name of «proton». 21. Some pressing problems will be discussed at 7

the symposium. 22. Recent discoveries have been greatly assisted by the development of the research technique. 23. Any deduction is usually preceded by a number of experiments and observations. 24. We were informed that a new idea had been advanced at the closing session. 25. More recently some of the results were shown in a simplified form. II. Âûáåðèòå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ îáúåêò íàõîäèòñÿ â: à) Active Voice, b) Passive Voice. Saturn is surrounded..., Mars aroses much interest..., small bodies located..., Jupiter is the giant..., students study..., they are taught, the scientists has been working..., the experiment has been made..., the discovery is much spoken about..., the table was referred to..., the problem will be dealt with..., the article deals with..., the exercises are being done..., the documents had been signed..., the question was being discussed... . III. Ïîñòàâüòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â Passive Voice: 1. Our scientific knowledge determine the entire industrial and agricultural structure. 2. Our immense industrial complex requre an army of highly trained men and women for its mere maintenance to say nothing about its further development. 3. After World War II public attention throughout the world attracted to atomic and hydrogen bombs. 4. More recently we focused our attention on satellites, spaceplatforms, and intercontinental ballistic missiles. 5. Science more and more deeply involves in military problems. 6. In connection with these facts we must face and solve many pressing problems. 7. Natural sciences are more and more influence with our life. 8. Many examples can illusrate this idea. 9. Science has invented countless devices giving comfort to us. 10. Science and technology have materially and intellectually created the world surrounding us. 11. They said me that a big fish had been caught in the river. 12. The wind soon dispelled the fog. 13. He dispatched the wounded deer. 14. She displayed no signs of emotion. IV. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïàðû ïàññèâíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé: A

1. a) He was asked to bring his drawings. b) He was told to sign his report. 8

2. a) Next week you will be sent to the expedition. b) Tomorrow you will be given a difficult problem to solve. 3. a) Our students are taught to use lab equi pment. b) Our students are shown the new lab equi pment. B

4. a) The process was watched with great attention. b) The process was watched by the operator with great attention. 5. a) Her example must be followed. b) Her example must be followed by everybody. 6. a) These words can be understood without dictionary. b) These words can be understood by all students. V. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðèìåðàõ íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ñ ïîìîùüþ ñëîâ «èçâåñòíî», «îêàçûâàåòñÿ», «ñ÷èòàåòñÿ» è ò. ä.: 1. It was found that the substance was radioactive. 2. It has been shown that a number of species produce aminoacids. 3. It is assumed that the derivative has a constant value. 4. It was thought that the cells passed two main phases during their growth. 5. It is believed that in many instances the explanations have been clarified. 6. Mention has already been made that gold is slowly attacked by fused hydrates and alcali metal hydroxides. 7. There is no doubt that in the course of further development of all sciences extensive use will be made of modern computers. VI. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóÿ îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ: 1. Numerous classifications have been used. 2. A more careful approach is needed. 3. Separate coefficients of viscosity are used to establish stresses. 4. Information on the volume of reservoir is required. 5. The large disagreement between the various published data is discussed. 6. The changes taking place are not easily accounted for. 7. The problem of terminology has not been touched upon here. 8. The problem of pollution was attacked next. 9. None of the data on plastic state have been presented at the conference. 10. The method described above is the most accurate and should be followed. 11. Care must be taken in handling radioactive materials as painful and even dangerous burning may result from prolonged exposure to the rays. 12. Chemical methods of purifying water are given much attention to at present. 9

VII. Ïðî÷òèòå, ïåðåâåäèòå è çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ: à) Êîíòèíåíòû Africa [' frik ] - Àôðèêà Antarctica (Antarctic Continent) [ nt'a:ktik ] - Àíòàðêòèäà Asia ['ei ] - Àçèÿ Australia [ :s'treilij ] - Àâñòðàëèÿ Europe ['ju r p] - Åâðîïà South America ['sau 'merik ] - Þæíàÿ Àìåðèêà North America ['n : 'merik ] - Ñåâåðíàÿ Àìåðèêà á) Îêåàíû Antarctic Ocean (Southern Ocean) [ nt'a:ktik ] - Àíòàðêòè÷åñêèé (Þæíûé) îêåàí Arctic Ocean ['a:ktik ] - Ñåâåðíûé Ëåäîâèòûé îêåàí Atlantic Ocean [ t'l ntik] - Àòëàíòè÷åñêèé îêåàí Indian Ocean ['indj n] - Èíäèéñêèé îêåàí Pacific Ocean [p 'sifik] - Òèõèé îêåàí â) Ìîðÿ Adriatic Sea [,eidri' tik] - Àäðèàòè÷åñêîå ìîðå Aegean Sea [i:'d i: n'si:] - Ýãåéñêîå ìîðå Arabian Sea [ 'reibj n] - Àðàâèéñêîå ìîðå Aral Sea ['a:r l] - Àðàëüñêîå ìîðå Azof, Sea of (Azov, Sea of) ['si: v 'az f(v)] - Àçîâñêîå ìîðå Baltic Sea ['b :ltik] - Áàëòèéñêîå ìîðå Barents Sea ['ba:rents] - Áàðåíöîâî ìîðå Bellingshausen Sea ['belinz,hauzn] - ìîðå Áåëëèíñãàóçåíà Bering Sea ['berin] - Áåðèíãîâî ìîðå Black Sea [bl k] - ×åðíîå ìîðå Caribbean Sea [,k ri'bi: n] - Êàðèáñêîå ìîðå Caspian Sea ['k spi n] - Êàñïèéñêîå ìîðå Chuckchee Sea ['t ukt i] - ×óêîòñêîå ìîðå Dead Sea [ded] - Ìåðòâîå ìîðå East China Sea ['i:st ,t ain ] - Âîñòî÷íî-Êèòàéñêîå ìîðå East Siberian Sea [‘i:ssaibi ri n] - Âîñòî÷íî-Ñèáèðñêîå ìîðå Kara Sea ['ka:ra:] - Êàðñêîå ìîðå Laptev Sea ['la:ptev] - ìîðå Ëàïòåâûõ Marmara (Marmora), Sea of ['si: v'ma:m r ] - Ìðàìîðíîå ìîðå Mediterranean [,medit 'reinj n] - Ñðåäèçåìíîå ìîðå Okhotsk, Sea of [ou'k tsk] - Îõîòñêîå ìîðå 10

South China Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Yellow Sea

['sau 't ain ] [ti'ri:nj n] ['jelou]

- Þæíî-Êèòàéñêîå ìîðå - Òèððåíñêîå ìîðå - Æåëòîå ìîðå

VIII. Ïåðåñêàæèòå äèàëîã: Peter: I spent my holidays in a fourteen-day cruise in the Baltic Sea. A fortnight, no more, but it was worth while cruising round Scandinavian countries. Lesley: Did you make advance arrangements for the tri p? Peter: Two days before our cruise started, I had already packed my suit-case. I kept wondering whether I had forgotten anything. Apart from that we were on our own and in every town walked wherever we liked. Lesley: What impressed you most? Peter: Well, it's difficult to say. There were such a variety of landscape that the whole voyage was enchanting. What I liked about Stockholm were its modern roads. I loved the cobbled streets and fish market in Helsinki, where they were selling fish straight from the fishing-boats. It was lovely in Copenhagen too. Moreover, I took dozens of photographs of its streets and monuments. Lesley: Did you have a chance to see the famous Norwegian fiords? Peter: I made a point to visit at least a few of them. I was impressed with their specific beauty and solemnity. Lesley: And what about the Baltic Sea? Peter: Of course, we had the opportunity to tour the almost whole lenght of the sea-coast. Lesley: You obviously had a time to remember. I have no idea to plan a cruise to Scandinavian countries next summer. Peter: If you make up your mind about it and need the advice of an experienced person, well, you know where to find me. IX. Îòâåòüòå íà âîïðîñû: 1. How many changes are continually taking place on the earth's surface? Name them. 2. What is called the denudation? 3. How is denudation different from transpotation? 4. What the main reasons, which cause the denudatin? 5. At what time do rocks expand? contract? 11

6. What causes cracks in the rocks? 7. In what way does the wind affect denudation? 8. How does the rain act on soil? 9. What the rain absorbs from the air and how does it influence the earth's crust? 10. In what way does the water expanding influence the rock? 11. How do you think the running water affects the earth's surface? 12. What the rain produces in the soil? 13. Why do the rainstorms sometimes so dangerous? 14. What increases the force of the water? 15. What are glaciers? 16. What is the influence of glaciers on mountans or rocks? X. Âûáåðèòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò: 1. target 1. ïðîâåðÿòü 2. afford 2. òðàíñïîðòíîå ñðåäñòâî 3. event 3. ïåðåñå÷åíèå 4. threaten 4. â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå 5. augment 5. ìèøåíü, öåëü 6. endeavour 6. ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü 7. vehicle 7. ñîáûòèå 8. spread 8. ïîïûòêà, óñèëèå 9. interception 9. îùóùàòü, ïîñòèãàòü 10. verify 10. ïîçâîëÿòü ñåáå 11. ultimately 11. óâåëè÷èâàòü, ïðèáàâëÿòü 12. perceive 12. óãðîæàòü XI. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ Participle I èëè II. 1. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû, ñ êîòîðûìè ñòîëêíóëèñü âñå ñòðàíû, î÷åíü ñëîæíû. 2. Óùåðá îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå, íàáëþäàåìûé íàìè, íîñèò ãëîáàëüíûé õàðàêòåð. 3. Äàííûå, ïîëó÷åííûå â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé, íå îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ïðåæíèõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ. 4. Ó÷åíûå, ðàáîòàþùèå â ëþáîé îáëàñòè íàóêè, íå äîëæíû çàáûâàòü î ñâîåé îòâåòñòâåííîñòè. 5. Ðàññìàòðèâàåìàÿ ïðîáëåìà èìååò áîëüøóþ íàó÷íóþ öåííîñòü. 6. Âîïðîñ, îáñóæäàåìûé íà êîíôåðåíöèè, èìååò âàæíîå ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå. 7. Ñòàòüÿ, î êîòîðîé èäåò ðå÷ü, áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà â òåçèñàõ. 8. Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ ðà12

áîòà, ïðîâîäèìàÿ íà êàôåäðå, ïðèâåëà ê íåîæèäàííûì ðåçóëüòàòàì. 9. Èçó÷àåìûé âîïðîñ óæå íåîäíîêðàòíî îáñóæäàëñÿ. XII. Ïðî÷òèòå, ïåðåâåäèòå, âûïèøèòå è çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå âûäåëåííûå ñèíîíèìè÷íûå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ: Beginning [bi'gi:nin] — íà÷àëî 1. I am beginning to understand. 2. When did you begin your scientific activity? 3. At the start of the year. 4. It is time to start. 5. They commenced this construction in May. 6. When will the courses commence? 7. A new era had dawned. 8. It dawned to him to return home immediately. 9. She embarked on a 4-month courses. 10. The company embarks on a new venture. 11. They launched a new election campaign. 12. She launched out a new project. 13. We looked forward their advent. 14. His advent was so unexpected. 15. On our arrival in Volgograd we came to the Volga embankment. 16. Spring has arrived. 17. The new director entered on his career in our laboratory in 1990. 18. The professor will enter upon another term from the 1st of September. XIII. Çàïîìíèòå ñõîäíûå ïî çíà÷åíèþ ãðóïïû ñëîâ: à) îáû÷íûé îáû÷íî á) ãëàâíûé ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì general generally main mainly usual usually chief chiefly habitual habitually primary primarily common commonly essential essantially substantial substantially Óïîòðåáèòå âûøåïðèâåäåííûå ñëîâà â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: 1. The Sun is the (ãëàâíûé) source of energy in biosphere. 2. People (îáû÷íî) did not think of the future generations in this 13

country. 3.The (îáû÷íûå) relationshi ps and connections of nature are amazing. 4. His (îáû÷íîå) time of getting up is 6 o'clock. 5. They tried to solve (ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì) the problem of restorating the unity between man and nature. 6. (Îáû÷íàÿ) dynamics of population is highly influenced by the degree of complicacy of an ecosystem. 7. Man did not (îáû÷íî) exploit the nature resources so rapidily. 8. The (ãëàâíîå) trend in ecology is to restore the balance between man and biosphere. 9. She is (îáû÷íî) good in geography. 10. If we do not use pesticides according to instructions they become (ãëàâíûé) poisons for foodstuffs. 11. (Îáû÷íîå) purification of waste water will save our rivers and lakes. 12. The (ãëàâíûå) aspects of the ecological problem are increasing difficulties in acquiring energy and pollution of environment. XIV. Óêàæèòå òó ÷àñòü ñëîâà, êîòîðàÿ äåëàåò åãî çíà÷åíèå îòðèöàòåëüíûì; ïåðåâåäèòå ñëîâà íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: unimportant, groundless, unknown, untried, independent, irregular, imbreathable, unusual, bottomless, hopeless, unscientific, impure, impolitic, impenetrate, impatient, immoderate, useless, irresponsible, irreversible, lifeless, unlimited, unprecidented, fearless.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå îäíè è òå æå ïðåäëîãè ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê ïðåäëîãè ìåñòà è íàïðàâëåíèÿ.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå â òàêèõ ñèòóàöèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå ïðåäëîãè, íàïðèìåð: Ðîäæåð íàõîäèòñÿ â èíñòèòóòå è Ðîäæåð õîäèò â èíñòèòóò.  àíãëèéñêîì âàðèàíòå ýòî âûãëÿäèò òàê: Roger is at the Institute è Roger goes to the Institute. XV. Îñíîâíûå àíãëèéñêèå to - ê from - èç, îò by - ìèìî into - â (âîâíóòðü) out of - èç through - ÷åðåç, ñêâîçü A tri p to Greece. To sail away from the shore. They went by a beautiful lake. 14

ïðåäëîãè íàïðàâëåíèÿ: about - ïî, âîêðóã down - âíèç, ïî, ñ up - ââåðõ, ïî, íà round - âîêðóã, çà towards - ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ along - âäîëü Ïîåçäêà â Ãðåöèþ. Îòïëûâàòü îò áåðåãà. Îíè ïðîåõàëè ìèìî êðàñèâîãî îçåðà.

The travellers went into the wood. We went out of the wood. We went through the wood. They were walking about the town. A boat sailed down the Volga. He went up the stairs. He walked round the statue. They were driving toward volcano. The steamer sailed along the coast.

Ïóòåøåñòâåííèêè âîøëè â ëåñ. Ìû âûøëè èç ëåñà. Ìû øëè ÷åðåç ëåñ. Îíè áðîäèëè ïî ãîðîäó. Ïî Âîëãå ïëûëà ëîäêà. Îí ïîäíÿëñÿ ïî ëåñòíèöå. Îí îáîøåë ñòàòóþ êðóãîì. Îíè åõàëè ê âóëêàíó. Ïàðîõîä ïëûë âäîëü áåðåãà.

XVI. Ñãðóïïèðóéòå ñèíîíèìû, ïåðåâåäèòå èõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: amount, little, the same, exactly, to compose, similar, to indicate, to vary, precisely, to show, to make up, to differ, small, quantity, as, well-known, because, familiar, on condition that, provided. XVII. Ñãðóïïèðóéòå àíòîíèìû, ïåðåâåäèòå èõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: rich, warm, to fall, dissolved, poor, slowly, cold, undissolved, quickly, above, far, come into, near, come out, below, to rise. XVIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëîâà â ñêîáêàõ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. –273° is the lowest temperature that (ìîæåò ñóùåñòâîâàòü). 2. At –273° the molecules are (íåïîäâèæíû). 3. One has to remember that this law (íå ïðèìåíèì) for very low temperatures. 4. This formula (ìîæåò áûòü íàïèñàíà) from the proportions and physical (ñâîéñòâ) of component gases. 5. We know that gas (ðàñøèðÿåòñÿ) as the temperature (ïîâûøàåòñÿ). 6. The volume of (äàííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ãàçà) varies (ïðÿìî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî) with the absolute temperature, provided that there is no change (â äàâëåíèè). XIX. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ãëàãîëà to have: 1. The scientists have many problems to investigate. 2. When the composition had dissolved much heat liberated. 3. One has to remember that this reaction is followed by an explosion. 4. They have already completed this experiment. 5. We had to use a catalyst to accelerate the reaction. 6. Let's have a rest when this job is finished. 7. Somebody will have to make a report on this subject. 8. You'll have to shorten the manuscri pt before giving it to the printing shop. 9. Do 15

I have to climb this hill? 10. He has to make a living. 11. They don't have to revise the whole material. 12. We had to work hard to learn how to solve such problems. 13. They had to repeat their experiments. 14. He'll have to give a talk at the next seminar. 15. We'll have to put it off till next time. 16. They have to look up a few words in the dictionary, and what about you? 17. My sister has to go to a doctor. 18. Do I have to shorten my manuscri pt? XX. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå ñëîâà only (the only): 1. The earth isn't the only one that revolves around the sun. 2. The English Channel is only 21 miles wide at its narrowest point. 3. The problem of «Man and biosphere» cannot be solved by the only country. 4. Only a few brave men could climb this mountain. 5. That was only the beginning of the expedition. 6. Only the moon was seen low on the horizon. 7. Only electrical field helps some fish to find the food and to feel the difference between friend and enemy. 8. The only theoretical foundation for solving the ecological problem is a scientific understanding of the relations between man and nature. 9. Only one ton of oil can spread over about twelve square kilometers of the water surface. 10. They were only just speaking about their prospects for future. XXI. Îïðåäåëèòå, ê êàêîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è îòíîñÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñëîâà, ïåðåâåäèòå èõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: liquefy, liquefaction, definition, indentify, measurement, measurable, indefinite, measured. XXII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãðóïïû ñëîâ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: to come to conclusion, constant pressure, the properties of elements, a fixed quantity of a gas, a measured gas sample, a very definite relation, all over the world, at some different temperature, a uniform motion, a marked influence, for many purposes, to fail to settle, to be of fundamental importance, a bold prediction, seeming dissimilarity, adopted classification. 16

XXIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ñîþçû provided, if, whether: 1. Engineers reported that a miniature video camera provided the latest submersible with vision. 2. The speed of a satellite would be less provided it moved at a greater distance from the earth. 3. Drivers don't know yet whether radars will be mounted on the next car model. 4. If the weather is too bad for flying, passenger airplanes don't leave airports. 5. It was very important to find out if electricity could be used for long distance communication. 6. During the entire flight, the pilot provided with all the necessary information about weather conditions. 7. Modern submersibles can remain at the depth of 6000 metres for eight hours or, if needed, as long as two or three days. 8. A new system for motor cars can be provided with infrared sensors that can detect a human figure at night. 9. If underwater tourism continued to develop at present rate, the number of passengers could grow up to millions in only a few years.

Unit 7

ON THE BED OF THE PACIFIC We call our world «the earth», but really nearly three quarters of its surface is covered by the deep waters of the great oceans. The land surface of the globe is well known today, but we do not know much about the bed of the sea, particularly the floor of the deep ocean. In the past years four large oceanographic expeditions from various countries studied ocean depths. Three of them — the Swedish, the Danish and the British expeditions — were «round-theworld» expeditions. The Russian expedition on the «Vityaz» worked on a smaller area in the North-West Pacific. Sent by an Institute of Academy of Science, the motor-shi p «Vityaz» was equi pped for exploration of the sea at any depth. It had all the necessary instruments — hydrological, hydrochemical and geological. Sixty scientists could live and work on the «Vityaz». It had 14 fully equi pped laboratories. The 17

«Vityaz» studied a particulary deep area of the Pacific — the Tuscarora Deep running from the Bering islands to the Isle of Hokkaido. The materials collected by the expedition are of great scientific interest. The Tuscarora Deep going down over six miles, is one of the nineteen deepest spots found in the depths of the sea. Fifteen of them are in the Pacific, most of them in the western parts of the ocean. In 1864, an American shi p, the «Tuscarora», found adepth of nearly 8.534 km in this area. This depth, well over five miles, was at that time the greatest depth in that part of the ocean. The greatest depth found by the «Vityaz» in 1953, however, was over 10.363 km, some 6.5 miles. This is over a mile deeper than the depth found by the Tuscarora. It makes it one of the deepest places in the Pacific Ocean. By using echoes coming back from the sea floor, the scientists on the «Vityaz» mapped its shape in great detail. Earthquakes, and volcanic activity generally, was found over a wide area, particularily in the northern part, where part of the sea bed dropped down hundreds of feet. Undersea volcanoes were found by the expedition. Deep water fishes were caught, many of them not only of the new species, but even of new types, unknown to science. Some of them have no eyes and they move about with the aid of tentacles. Other have large eyes like telescope lenses, or eyes on the end of long stalks. WORDS

stalk [st :k] tentackle ['tent kl] volcano [v l'keinou] species ['spi: i:z] lens [lenz] echo ['ekou]

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íîæêà (çîîë.), ñòåáåëü, ÷åðåíîê ùóïàëüöå âóëêàí âèä (áèîëîã.) ëèíçà ýõî

GRAMMAR ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ

Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû — ãëàãîëû, âûðàæàþøèå íå äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå, à îòíîøåíèå ëèöà ê äåéñòâèþ èëè ñîñòîÿíèþ. Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì îáðàçóþò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå. Îíè âûðàæàþò çíà÷åíèå âîçìîæíîñòè, íåîáõîäèìîñòè, æåëàòåëüíîñòè è ò. ï. 18

Îñîáåííîñòüþ ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî îíè: à) íå èìåþò ïîëíîãî ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà (áåç ÷àñòèöû to); á) íå èìåþò íåëè÷íûõ ôîðì (èíôèíèòèâ, ïðè÷àñòèå, ãåðóíäèé); â) íå èìåþò îêîí÷àíèÿ -s â 3-ì ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè: Polluted environment can affect health in many ways. Çàãðÿçíåíèå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ìîæåò âëèÿòü íà çäîðîâüå ñàìûìè ðàçëè÷íûìè ïóòÿìè. ã) íå èìåþò ôîðì ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè, êðîìå can (could), may (might), è àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ ôîðì (áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè, ïðîäîëæåííîãî âèäà, ïåðôåêòíûõ ôîðì è ôîðì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà); ä) îáðàçóþò âîïðîñèòåëüíóþ è îòðèöàòåëüíóþ ôîðìû áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: People cannot (can't) breathe the atmosphere of Venus. Àòìîñôåðà Âåíåðû íå ïðèãîäíà äëÿ äûõàíèÿ ëþäåé. Âàðèàíòû óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ: Can. Ãëàãîë can èìååò çíà÷åíèå ìî÷ü, îáëàäàòü ôèçè÷åñêîé èëè óìñòâåííîé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ: can (íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ) ìîãó, ìîæåò, ìîæåì è ò. ä., could (ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ) ìîã, ìîãëà, ìîãëî è ò. ä. Íàïðèìåð: She can translate thå text. — Îíà ìîæåò ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. Even a child can do it. — Äàæå ðåáåíîê ìîæåò ýòî ñäåëàòü. Ñî÷åòàíèå to be able — áûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýêâèâàëåíòîì ãëàãîëà can è âîñïîëíÿåò åãî íåäîñòàþùèå ôîðìû: We shall be able to do it only in the morning. Ìû ìîæåì ñäåëàòü ýòî òîëüêî óòðîì. Can + èíôèíèòèâ (ëþáîé) â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ è âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ìîæåò âûðàæàòü óäèâëåíèå, ñîìíåíèå ïî ïîâîäó äåéñòâèé, êîòîðûå ñîâåðøèëèñü, ñîâåðøàþòñÿ èëè áóäóò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ: Can they return tomorrow? — Íåóæåëè îíè âåðíóòñÿ çàâòðà? They cannot return tomorrow. — Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îíè âåðíóëèñü çàâòðà. Ñan he have said it? — Íåóæåëè (ðàçâå) îí ýòî ñêàçàë? He can't have said it. — Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí ýòî ñêàçàë. 19

May. Ãëàãîë may èìååò çíà÷åíèå ðàçðåøåíèÿ è âîçìîæíîñòè: may (íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ) ìîãó, ìîæåò, ìîæåì è ò. ä.; might (ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ) ìîã, ìîãëà, ìîãëè è ò. ä. Íàïðèìåð: May I pass please? — Ìîæíî ïðîéòè? I hope she may recover. — Íàäåþñü, ÷òî îíà ïîïðàâèòñÿ. Ýêâèâàëåíòîì ãëàãîëà ìàó ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèÿ to be allowed è to be permitted è âîñïîëíÿþò åãî íåäîñòàþùèå ôîðìû â çíà÷åíèè ìî÷ü, èìåòü ðàçðåøåíèå: We were allowed to do it. — Íàì ðàçðåøèëè ñäåëàòü ýòî. May + èíôèíèòèâ (ëþáîé) â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ è îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âûðàæàåò ïðåäïîëîæåíèå (ñ îòòåíêîì ñîìíåíèÿ) èëè äîïóñêàåìóþ âîçìîæíîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì âðåìåíè è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëîâàìè ìîæåò áûòü, âîçìîæíî, ìîæåò. (Ñèíîíèìàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ perhaps, maybe). They may return tomorrow. — Îíè, âîçìîæíî, âåðíóòñÿ çàâòðà. (Perhaps they will return tomorrow). — (Îíè ìîãóò âåðíóòüñÿ çàâòðà). They may not return tomorrow. — Îíè, âîçìîæíî, íå âåðíóòñÿ çàâòðà. (Perhaps they will not return tomorrow). — (Îíè ìîãóò íå âåðíóòüñÿ çàâòðà). Must. Ãëàãîë must âûðàæàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü, ìîðàëüíóþ îáÿçàííîñòü è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñëîâàì äîëæåí, íóæíî, íàäî. Ãëàãîë must èìååò òîëüêî îäíó ôîðìó íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè: We must help them. — Ìû äîëæíû ïîìî÷ü èì. Íàðÿäó ñ ãëàãîëîì must è âçàìåí åãî íåäîñòàþùèõ ôîðì óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ýêâèâàëåíòû to have (äîëæåí â ñèëó îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ) è to be (äîëæåí â ñèëó çàïëàíèðîâàííîñòè, íàìå÷åííîñòè äåéñòâèÿ), ïðè ýòîì ñëåäóþùèé çà íèì èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to: We will have to leave early. — Íàì ïðèäåòñÿ ðàíî óåõàòü. I am to be there at 2. — ß äîëæåí áûòü òàì â äâà. They are to take their exams in January. — Îíè äîëæíû ñäàâàòü ýêçàìåíû â ÿíâàðå. Ought. Ãëàãîë ought âûðàæàåò ìîðàëüíûé äîëã, æåëàòåëüíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó è áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ought ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñëîâàìè ñëåäîâàëî áû, 20

ñëåäóåò, äîëæåí. Ïîñëå ought èíôèíèòèâ âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to: He ought to come. — Åìó ñëåäóåò ïðèéòè. Should. Ãëàãîë should â êà÷åñòâå ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà âûðàæàåò îáÿçàííîñòü, æåëàòåëüíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåò, ðåêîìåíäàöèþ. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê should ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñëåäóåò, äîëæåí, îáÿçàí: We should leave right now. — Ìû äîëæíû ñåé÷àñ æå óéòè. You should know about it. — Òåáå ñëåäóåò çíàòü îá ýòîì. Would. Ãëàãîë would â êà÷åñòâå ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà âûðàæàåò: à) îáû÷íûå è ïîâòîðÿþùèåñÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì (â ýòîì çíà÷åíèè îí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèíîíèìîì âûðàæåíèþ used to): He would swim in the evening. — Îí îáû÷íî ïëàâàë ïî âå÷åðàì. He used to swim in the evening. — Îí îáû÷íî ïëàâàë ïî âå÷åðàì. á) óïîðíîå íåæåëàíèå âûïîëíèòü êàêîå-òî äåéñòâèå: The window would not open. — Îêíî íèêàê íå îòêðûâàëîñü. I told you you shouldn't, but you would do it. — ß ãîâîðèë òåáå, ÷òî íå íàäî ýòîãî äåëàòü, à òû íå ïîñëóøàë â) ïðèñóùåå ñâîéñòâî, õàðàêòåðèñòèêó (îáû÷íî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â òåõíè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå). Ñoal would burn. — Óãîëü õîðîøî ãîðèò. Need. Need ìîæåò áûòü è ìîäàëüíûì è ïðàâèëüíûì ãëàãîëîì.  êà÷åñòâå ìîäàëüíîãî îí èìååò òîëüêî îäíó ôîðìó è ÷àùå âñåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: You needn't worry. — Âàì íå÷åãî áåñïîêîèòüñÿ. Ãëàãîëû to be è to have â êà÷åñòâå ìîäàëüíûõ 1. Ãëàãîë be + èíôèíèòèâ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to âûðàæàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü, ïðåäóñìîòðåííóþ ïëàíîì, äîãîâîðåííîñòüþ, ðàñïèñàíèåì: He is to come to the lab at 10 o'clock. — Îí äîëæåí ïðèéòè â ëàáîðàòîðèþ â 10 ÷àñîâ. 2. Ãëàãîë have + èíôèíèòèâ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to âûðàæàåò âûíóæäåííóþ íåîáõîäèìîñòü: These laboratories have to buy modern equi pment. — Ýòè ëàáîðàòîðèè äîëæíû çàêóïèòü ñîâðåìåííîå îáîðóäîâàíèå.

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EXERCISES

I. Çàïîëíèòå ïðîáåëû ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè can/could, may/ might èëè èõ îòðèöàòåëüíûìè ôîðìàìè: 1. Students ... bring textbooks into the examination room. 2. ... you stand on your head? — I ... when I was at school but I ... now. 3. ... I smoke here? — No, you ..., smoking is not allowed. 4. ... you type? — Yes, I ... type but I ... do shorthand. 5. ... come in? — Please, do. 6. I ... remember the address. — ... you even remember the street? 7. He ... answer the teacher's questions yesterday, but he ... answer the same questions today. 8. ... I come and see you this evening? — Of course you ... . 9. When I first went to Spain I ... read Spanish but I ... speak it. 10. He said that we ... use his flat whenever we liked. 11. There was a lot of noise in the street last night, and I ... sleep. 12. ... I borrow your umbrella? 13. I ... walk ten miles a day when I was a young man, but now I ... . 14. It's very cold. ... I shut the windows? 15. They ... have seen the real ermine! II. Ïåðåâåäèòå, èñïîëüçóÿ ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë can èëè åãî ýêâèâàëåíò to be able to: 1.  ýòèõ ãîðàõ ìîæíî íàéòè ýäåëüâåéñ (edelweiss). 2. Îíè ñìîãëè â÷åðà âå÷åðîì äîñòè÷ü âåðøèíû ãîðû? 3. Îêåàíîãðàôû ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî â ýòîì çàëèâå ìîãóò áûòü íàéäåíû îòëîæåíèÿ öåííûõ ìèíåðàëîâ (valuable mineral deposits). 4. Íà ýòîé ìàøèíå ìû ñìîæåì âûåõàòü çàâòðà â ïîëå. 5. Ñìîæåì ëè ìû ïîîáåäàòü (have a snack) çàâòðà â äîðîãå (on the way)? 6. Âû ìîæåòå ïîâåðèòü, ÷òî êàíàäñêàÿ ñîéêà (Canada Jay) ãíåçäèòñÿ (nests) çèìîé? 7. Îíè ñìîãëè äîáðàòüñÿ ê íàì íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå. 8. Ìû íå ñìîãëè îáñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ â ñóááîòó. 9. Îíè ñìîãóò äîáðàòüñÿ òóäà òîëüêî ê âå÷åðó. 10. Âû ñìîæåòå â äâà ÷àñà âñòðåòèòü ýòèõ èíæåíåðîâ? 11. ß ñìîãó íà÷àòü ïîèñêè òîëüêî ïîñëåçàâòðà. 12. Êóíèöà (marten) ìîæåò ïðîáåæàòü çà ñóòêè îò 6 äî 17 êèëîìåòðîâ. 13. Îí ìîæåò ïåðåâåñòè ýòè ñòàòüè. 14.  1957 ãîäó â Òåìçå â ðàéîíå Ëîíäîíà ñîâñåì íå áûëî ðûáû (there were no fish at all), à ñåé÷àñ ìîæíî íàñ÷èòàòü áîëüøå 100 ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ (different species).15. Ìû ìîæåì ïðèîáðåñòè ïðîäóêòû ó ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé. 16. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí îòêàçàëñÿ ïîìî÷ü âàì. 17. Âû ìîæåòå âñòðåòèòü ýòî âûðàæåíèå â ëþáîì ñëîâàðå.

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III. Ïåðåâåäèòå, èñïîëüçóÿ ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë may: 1. Îíè, âîçìîæíî, âåðíóòñÿ ÷åðåç íåäåëþ. 2. Âîçìîæíî, îí ñåé÷àñ ñäàåò ýêçàìåí. 3. Âîçìîæíî, îí çíàåò îáî âñåì, äà íå õî÷åò íàì ñêàçàòü. 4. Ìîæåòå âçÿòü ìîþ êíèãó, îíà ìíå íå íóæíà. 5. Ïîäîæäèòå íåìíîãî, îí ìîæåò ñêîðî ïðèéòè. 6. Ìîæíî ìíå îñòàâèòü âåùè çäåñü? 7. Ãäå Àíäðåé? — Íå çíàþ, îí, âîçìîæíî ïîøåë ê äðóãó. 8. Òû âèäåë Ñåðãåÿ ïîñëå ýêñïåäèöèè? — Íåò. Âîçìîæíî îí åùå íå âåðíóëñÿ. 9. Õîòÿ ïîõîæå íà òî, ÷òî áóäåò äîæäü, íî êòî çíàåò, ìîæåò áûòü, çàâòðà áóäåò õîðîøàÿ ïîãîäà. 10. Ñêàæè åìó, ÷òî îí ìîã áû áûòü áîëåå âíèìàòåëüíûì íà çàíÿòèÿõ. 11. Îíà ìîæåò ýòîãî íå çíàòü. 12. ß íà÷íó, åñëè ìîæíî. 13. Îêåàíñêàÿ âïàäèíà, íàéäåííàÿ êîðàáëåì «Âèòÿçü» â 1953 ãîäó, âîçìîæíî, ñàìàÿ ãëóáîêàÿ âïàäèíà â ìèðå. 14. Áèáëèîòåêà, âîçìîæíî, óæå çàêðûòà. 15. Ìîæåò áûòü, îí ðàçäåëÿåò ìîå ìíåíèå. 16. Âàøè äðóçüÿ, âîçìîæíî óæå ïðèñòóïèëè ê ýòîé ðàáîòå. IV. Ïåðåâåäèòå, èñïîëüçóÿ ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë must: 1. Åìó, äîëæíî áûòü, íå óäàëîñü óáåäèòü èõ îòêàçàòüñÿ îò ýòîãî ïëàíà. 2. Ïîñìîòðèòå, òàì ÷òî-òî åñòü, äîëæíî áûòü, îíà îñòàâèëà âàì çàïèñêó. 3. Âû, äîëæíî áûòü, îøèáàåòåñü, çäåñü íåò òàêîé êíèãè. 4. Îí ñêîðî äîëæåí ïðèéòè ñ ðå÷êè. 5. Îíè, äîëæíî áûòü, íå ñîãëàñèëèñü ñ ïðåäëîæåíèåì äåêàíà. 6. Ìû äîëæíû ïîìî÷ü èì, åñëè ìîæåì. 7. Äîëæåí ñêàçàòü, ÿ áûë óäèâëåí. 8. ×åðåç ÷àñ ìû äîëæíû äîáðàòüñÿ äî ýòîãî îçåðà. 9.  Àëüïàõ ó âàñ äîëæåí áûòü õîðîøèé ïðîâîäíèê, îäíîìó ïîäíèìàòüñÿ â ãîðû îïàñíî. 10. Âàì íåëüçÿ ïîäíèìàòüñÿ â ãîðû, ïîòîìó ÷òî ïëîõàÿ ïîãîäà. 11. Ïîñåòèòåëÿì çàïðåùàåòñÿ êîðìèòü æèâîòíûõ. 12. Âû îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíû êàê-íèáóäü ïðèéòè ê íàì íà îáåä. 13. Âàì íàäî ñäåëàòü ýòî ñåãîäíÿ, âû íå ìîæåòå îñòàâëÿòü ýòî äî çàâòðà. 14. Ýêñïåäèöèÿ ê âå÷åðó äîëæíà äîñòè÷ü êðàòåðà âóëêàíà. 15. Âû äîëæíû ïîáûâàòü â ýòîì çàïîâåäíèêå. 16. Â÷åðà ìíå ïðèøëîñü îòâåòèòü íà âñå ýòè ïèñüìà. 17. Âàì ïðèøëîñü îñòàòüñÿ â ïàëàòêå, ïîòîìó ÷òî áûëà ïëîõàÿ ïîãîäà? V. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ãëàãîëû may, might, could è ought: 1. You could have done it more carefully. 2. In general solids may be good condutors or poor. 3. Of course, the ancients did not know why amber could attract the light objects. 4. This substance 23

might be an insulator or a conductor. 5. Let us picture what to happen povided there were a conducting wire between two points of unequal potential. 6. From the reservoir the water was directed through a channel to some point, where it could fall into the lake. 7. In order that the compound might be used it had to be purified. 8. However that might be, the repair was ordered to be executed. 9. Important as this question may be in itself, the debate on the subject went far beyond its original bounds. 10. You ought to come at once. 11. I could finish my work by December. 12. He gave me this plan so that I might copy it. 13. Newton could not have got the law of inertia from the «Dialogue» because it is not only stated there but also it seems to have been denied in certain passages. 14. Whatever Galileo may have had in mind, the words he published might have suggested to Newton his question about the apple and the moon. 15. You ought to be ashamed of yourself for asking such a simple question. 16. I couldn't afford to learn it. VI. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ðàçëè÷íûå ôóíêöèè ãëàãîëà to do: 1. Newton did see the apple fall. 2. In any event he asked himself why the moon did not move away from the earth or fall to it as the apple did. 3. I admire him much more than I do a hundred artists who is ensuing centuries have brought this profession to the highest perfection. 4. Newton assumed that a large body such as a moon would move uniformly in a straight line in the absense of an external force. He sought the force that prevented the moon from doing so. 5. What Galileo had set out to prove had nothing to do with the moon. 6. It is enough to read with care what Galileo published in the «Dialogue», because that is what Newton did. 7. Galileo did say that the particular motion arising in heavy bodies from rotation of the earth is circular. 8. Thus did Galileo recount his discovery in his epochmaking book «Sidereal Messenger». 9. A collision at a low relative velocity does allow the bodies to coalesce. 10. The calculations do more, however, than confirm the earlier results. VII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîñòîÿùèå èç ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ñ ïåðôåêòíûì èíôèíèòèâîì: 1. It may have been a diagram in the «Dialogue». 2. I believe what might have inspired his extention of gravity to the moon was a 24

section he had read in Galileo Galilei's «Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World». 3. The actual events must have been much more complex. 4. Something was in his mind when the famed apple fell that was different from anything that had occured to the other people in similar curcumstances. It would be good to know what that some-thing could have been. 5. I do not say «what it was», because there is no way to be certain of it, but I can suggest something it could well have been. 6. In the book is a demonstration that could scarcely have failed to interest Newton. 7. A passage Galileo wrote and particularly a diagram he drew may have been applied by Newton to a purpose that never occured to Galileo. 8. Whatever Galileo may have had in mind, the words he published might have suggested to Newton his question about the apple and the moon. 9. Simon Mayer may have observed the satellites of Jupiter before Galileo did. 10. There is another passage in the «Dialogue» that must have intrigued Newton. VIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. It is of interest to inquire whether a radioactive charge should be classed as chemical in character or not. 2. No fuel would burn in atmosphere deprived of its oxygen. 3. The early alche-mists searched for a fluid which would dissolve gold. 4. The chemistry of radium resembles that of barium as we should expect from the position of these two elements in the Periodic Table. 5. There are many reactions which the chemist would like to speed up; there are other reactions which we should like to retard. 6. Should the anode grow too hot you must decrease the power of the transmitter. 7. In veiw of the recent discovery of the positron, one might suspect that these particles are extremely rare in nature. Such is by no means the case. 8. The purest natural water is rain. Chemists, however, would hardly consider it as being really pure. 9. First of all it should be emphasized that atoms and molecules are infinitely small, so small that it is really impossible for us to appreciate their masses. 10. The velocities are greatest in solids, which is what one would expect since their elasticities are normally higher than those of liquids and gases. 11. In order that a compound be in the large group of substances termed acids, it must have the following properties. 12. A gas in the normal state conducts electricity to a slight extent, however small the electric force may be. 13. Faraday stated as one of the laws of electrolysis that the mass of 25

the substance liberated at an electrode would be directly proportional to the quantity of electricity sent through the solution. 14. One should carefully observe the definitions above given of the words force, energy and power as any want of clearness of ideas is fatal to an exact knowledge of physical facts. 15. One of the most remarkable features of a seam of coal, whatever its geological age may be, and in whatever part of the world it may occur is its purity. 16. Batteries perform innumerable useful services, one can hard-ly imagine how we could do without them. 17. Newton had to base his studies on the facts available at his time. 18. The idea of inertia was to become the basis of the First Law. 19. What else had you to learn? IX. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ must, to be, to have, should, ought, need: 1. Âàì íóæíî ïðèéòè ñíîâà çàâòðà. 2. Îí äîëæåí áûòü íà ëåêöèè ñåé÷àñ. 3. Åé ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòüñÿ ê âðà÷ó. 4. Òåáå ãîâîðèòü â åãî çàùèòó. 5. Ìíå ïðèäåòñÿ çàêîí÷èòü ðàáîòó ÷åðåç íåäåëþ. 6. Èì íå îáÿçàòåëüíî ïðèåçæàòü ñåãîäíÿ. 7. Íàì íå ïðèøëîñü ïîâòîðÿòü ýêñïåðèìåíò. 8. Âû äîëæíû ðàññêàçàòü îá ýòîì ñëó÷àå. 9. ×òî ÿ äîëæíà ñêàçàòü åé? X. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îíà îïðåäåëèëà... . 2. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí ðåøèë... . 3. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû ñòóäåíòû ñäàëè ... . 4. Ìîæåò áûòü, îíè óæå âû÷èñëèëè... . 5. Âðÿä ëè îí óæå èçìåðèë ... . 6. Ìîæåò áûòü, îíè ñåé÷àñ ñìåøèâàþò ... . 7. Äîëæíî áûòü, ñòóäåíòû óæå ðàçëîæèëè ... . 8. Ýòè óñëîâèÿ, äîëæíî áûòü, óæå äîñòèãíóòû ... . 9. Äîëæíî áûòü, îí óæå ïðèøåë è æäåò âàñ... . 10. Ìîæåò áûòü, îíà óæå äàâíî çàíèìàåòñÿ è óæå âñå ðåøèëà. 11. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí íå âèäåë â÷åðà... . 12. Âðÿä ëè îíè äîñòèãëè ... . XI. Dialogue: Zdenek: I am tired with the Customs formalities. Let's take a short rest now. Shall we sit here? Laslo: Not a bad idea. These deck-chairs seem to be safe enough and it's much better to stay on deck than in those stuffy cabins. Zdenek: Certainly. So, that's what La Manche looks like. 26

Laslo: You mean the English Channel. Zdenek: What's the difference? Laslo: Oh, between ourselves, there's no difference at all, because you're Polish and I'm Hungarian, but if you speak to a Frenchman, call it La Manche. On the other hand, British people prefer the former name, I mean the English Channel. Zdenek: I see. But then it should be called the British Channel, shouldn't it? Laslo: That's the history, tradition, and all that. Zdenek: Thank you so much for that most useful information because it's good to know the «likes and dislikes» of the country one is going to visit for the first time. XII. Îòâåòüòå íà ñëåäóþùèå âîïðîñû: 1. How many expeditions studied ocean depth? 2. Where did the Russian expedition on the «Vityaz» work? 3. Who sent it there? 4. How many laboratories has the «Vityaz»? 5. How deep is the Tuscarora Deep? 6. What did the Russian scientists catch? 7. Why is the Tuscarora Deep called so? XIII. Çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ: à) Ãîñóäàðñòâà è èõ ñòîëèöû: Algeria [ l'd i ri ] (the Republic of Algeria) - Àëæèð Algiers [ 'ld i z] - ã. Àëæèð Argentina [a:d n'ti:n ] (the Republic of Argentina) - Àðãåíòèíà. Buenos Aires ['bwen s'ai riz] - Áóýíîñ-Àéðåñ Austria [' stri ] (the Republic of Austria) - Àâñòðèÿ Austrian [' sri n] - àâñòðèåö, àâñòðèéñêèé Vienna [vi'en ] - Âåíà Brazil [br 'zil] (the Federative Republic of Brazil) - Áðàçèëèÿ Rio de Janeiro ['ri:ouded 'ni rou] - Ðèî-äå-Æàíåéðî Bulgaria [b l'g ri ] (the Republic of Bulgaria) - Áîëãàðèÿ Bulgarian [b l'g ri n] - áîëãàðèí, áîëãàðñêèé Sophia ['soufj ] - Ñîôèÿ Belgium ['beld m] (the Kingdom of Belgium) - Áåëüãèÿ Belgian ['beld n] - áåëüãèåö, áåëüãèéñêèé 27

Brussel ['br slz] - Áðþññåëü Canada ['k n d ] - Êàíàäà Canadian [k 'neidi n] - êàíàäåö, êàíàäñêèé Ottawa [' t w ] - Îòòàâà China ['t ain ] (the Chinese People's Republic) - Êèòàé Chinese ['t ai'ni:z] - êèòàåö, êèòàéñêèé Peking [pi:'kin] - Ïåêèí Ñzech ['t ek] (the Czech's Republic) - ×åõèÿ Ñzech ['t ek] - ÷åõ, ÷åøñêèé Prague [pra:g] - Ïðàãà Egypt ['i:d i pt] (the Arab Republic of Egypt) - Åãèïåò Cairo ['kai rou] - Êàèð France [fra:ns] (the Republic of France) - Ôðàíöèÿ French [frent ] - ôðàíöóç, ôðàíöóçñêèé Paris ['p ris] - Ïàðèæ German ['d :m n] (the Federal Republic of Germany) - Ãåðìàíèÿ German ['d :m n] - íåìåö, íåìåöêèé Berlin [b' :lin] - Áåðëèí Greece [gri:s] (the Republic of Greece) - Ãðåöèÿ Greek [gri:k] - ãðåê, ãðå÷åñêèé Athens [' inz] - Àôèíû Holland ['h l nd] - Ãîëëàíäèÿ Dutch [d t ] - ãîëëàíäåö, ãîëëàíäñêèé (the Kingdom of Netherlands) - Íèäåðëàíäû the Hague [ 'heig] - Ãààãà Hungary ['h ng ri] (the Hungarian Republic) - Âåíãðèÿ Hungarian [h n'g ri n] - âåíãð, âåíãåðñêèé Budapest ['bju:d 'pest] - Áóäàïåøò India ['indj ] (the Republic of India) - Èíäèÿ Indian ['indj n] - èíäèåö, èíäóñ, èíäèéñêèé Dehli ['deli] - Äåëè Italy ['it li] (the Republic of Italy) - Èòàëèÿ Italian [i't lj n] - èòàëüÿíåö, èòàëüÿíñêèé Rome [roum] - Ðèì Japan [d 'p n] - ßïîíèÿ Japanese [,d p 'ni:z] - ÿïîíåö, ÿïîíñêèé Tokio ['toukjou] - Òîêèî Jugoslavia ['ju:gou'sla:vj ] (the Federative Republic of Jugslavia) - Þãîñëàâèÿ 28

Jugoslav ['ju:gou'sla:v] - þãîñëàâ, þãîñëàâñêèé Belgrade [bel'greid] - Áåëãðàä Poland ['poul nd] (the Polish Republic) - Ïîëüøà Polish ['pouli ] - ïîëÿê, ïîëüñêèé Warsaw ['w :s :] - Âàðøàâà Portugal ['p :tjug l] (the Portugese Republic) - Ïîðòóãàëèÿ Portugal ['p :tjug l] - ïîðòóãàëåö, ïîðòóãàëüñêèé Lisbon ['lizb n] - Ëèññàáîí Rumania [ru:'meinj ] (the Republic of Rumania) - Ðóìûíèÿ Rumanian [ru:'meinj n] - ðóìûí, ðóìûíñêèé Bucharest ['bju:k rest] - Áóõàðåñò Spain [spein] - Èñïàíèÿ Spaniard ['sp nj d] - èñïàíåö, èñïàíñêèé Madrid [m 'drid] - Ìàäðèä Sweden ['swi:dn] (the Kingdom of Sweden) - Øâåöèÿ Swedish ['swi:di ] - øâåä, øâåäñêèé Stockholm ['st khoum] - Ñòîêãîëüì Switzerland ['swits l nd] (the Federal Republic of Switzerland) - Øâåéöàðèÿ Swiss [swis] - øâåéöàðåö, øâåéöàðñêèé Geneva [d i'ni:v ] - Æåíåâà Turkey ['t :ki] (the Republic of Turkey) - Òóðöèÿ Ankara [' :nk :r :] - Àíêàðà the Ukraine [ju:'krein] (the Ukrainian Republic) - Óêðàèíà Kiev ['ki:ev] - Êèåâ United States of America (the) - Ñîåäèíåííûå Øòàòû Àìåðèêè Washington ['w int n] - Âàøèíãòîí XIV. Îòâåòüòå íà âîïðîñû: 1. What apparatuses are used for exploring the ocean beds at present? (non-military submersibles). 2. What countries are developing such submersibles? (Russia, the USA, France and Japan). 3. What kind of submersible is being designed? (an advanced manned submersible). 4. What is the depth it is capable to submerge to? (7000 metres). 5. What motor is used in it? (a battery-operated electric motor). 6. What devices are provided for collecting samples from the ocean floor? (robotic mani pulators). 7.What is the practical application of the submersible? (cultivating sea plants, fish and pearls).

29

XV. Çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ñèíîíèìû è ñèíîíèìè÷íûå ñî÷åòàíèÿ: Âîëíà — wave - áîëüøàÿ âîëíà - surge; - î÷åíü áîëüøàÿ âîëíà - billow; - íàáåãàþùàÿ íà áåðåã îêåàíñêàÿ âîëíà - (beach) comber; - ðàçðóøèòåëüíàÿ âîëíà (òèïà öóíàìè èëè ñèëüíàÿ øòîðìîâàÿ íà îòêðûòîì ïîáåðåæüå) - destructive wave; - øòîðìîâàÿ âîëíà - storm wave; - âñòðå÷íàÿ âîëíà - head sea; - ãëóáîêîâîäíàÿ âîëíà - deep water wave; - äëèííàÿ âîëíà - long rolling sea; - åäèíè÷íàÿ âîëíà - separate [solitary] wave; - êîðîòêàÿ âîëíà - short sea; - êðóòàÿ âîëíà - steep wave; - ìåëêîâîäíàÿ âîëíà - shallow-water wave; - ìåëêîâîäíàÿ âîëíà (ïðèëèâà) - shallow-water constituent; - ïîïóòíàÿ âîëíà - following sea, sea from aft; - ïðèëèâíàÿ âîëíà - tidal (tide) wave; - ïðîöåññ îáðàçîâàíèÿ, â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîñòü çûáè - sea; - èäòè ïðîòèâ âîëíû - buck ahead sea; - ëåãêî âñõîäèòü íà âîëíó - ride easily; - ïðàâèòü ïðîòèâ âîëíû - head into it; - ïðè âñòðå÷íîé âîëíå è âñòðå÷íîì âåòðå - against weather; - ïðîòèâ âîëíû - upwave; - óõîäèòü îò âîëíû - run before the sea; XVI. Ïåðåâåäèòå, ïåðåñêàæèòå òåêñò ïî-àíãëèéñêè: TIDAL WAVE EXPERTS WORKING TOGETHER

Experts from Russia, the United States and Japan have left Vladivostok aboard the research vessel «Pegasus» to study «tsunamy» — the devastating tidal waves produced by undersea earthquakes in the Pacific. 30

There is regular exchange of information between the «tsunamy» study centres in Sakhalin and Honolulu. Sakhalin transmits data from observes in Kamchatka and the Kuril islands. These lie in a zone where four-fifths of all earthquakes in the world occur. These earthquakes sometimes originate only 100—125 miles from Russian shores, a distance a tidal wave can cover in 20—30 minutes. But Russian stations give warning of possible danger within seconds of the quake.

Unit 8

PROPERTIES OF AIR Air is the gas which we know best, and, in discussing gases, we shall use it as an example. You must remember, however, that the laws that apply to air apply to all other gases. Air has weight. We can easily show it if we weight an incandescent lamp. Heat a spot on the lamp red hot, using a mouth blowpi pe. The air pressure will make a hole through the glass and the lamp will fill with air. Weight it again and you will find that the lamp weights more, than before, because it is now full of air. Fill the lamp with water and find its volume. Now you have all the fiûgures necessary to determine the weight of one cubic foot of air. Thus we know that the weight of a cubic foot of air at 0°C and 76-cm pressure is .081 pound, or 12 cubic feet of air weight a pound. Since air has weight, it must press down on the surface of the earth. At sea level the pressure of the air on the surface of the earth is about 15 pounds per square inch. We often call this pressure of 15 lb. per sq. in. a pressure of one atmosphere, but the figure 15 is not exact because the pressure varies with the level of the place and the height of the barometer at that time. Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. If you move your hand in front of your face, you can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. Blow on your hand and you will feel the air coming out of your mouth. We could not live without air. We take it into our bodies blowing it out again through our noses and 31

mouths. Air is everywhere and it gives life to every living thing. When air moves, we call it «wind». When we say that a bottle is empty and has nothing in it, that is not really true, for the bottle is full of air. Push it under water and you will see the air coming out of it as the water goes in. Although we cannot see it, air has some strength. For example, it stops a piece of paper from falling as quickly as a piece of wood. Hold a piece of wood in your left hand and a small piece of paper in your right hand and drop them together. The wood will fall quickly, but the paper will fall much more slowly. The two pieces, dropped together, will fall on the ground at different times. This is because it was more difficult for the paper to push through the air than for the piece of wood. But if you put the paper on the piece of wood and drop them again, they will fall together and reach the ground at the same time, because the wood pushes the air out of the way and the paper falls as quickly as the wood does. This shows us that falling things must push their way through the air. This is very useful to airmen. When an accident happens to an airplane in the air, such as the airplane catching fire, the airman can jump out and can fall slowly to the earth by his parachute. The airman held by a parachute does not fall quickly to the ground, he goes down slowly. Airplanes can fly because of the strength of the air. Airplanes are bigger and heavier than motor cars. How, then, can they keep up in the air without falling? The answer is this: as the engine pulls the airplane through the air, the air presses on the under part of the wings and this holds up the airplane. When an airplane starts from the ground, first of all it runs on its wheels like a motor car, going more and more quickly. When the speed is great enough, the pressure of the air under its wings lifts it off the ground and it rises like a bird. Air is a gas. Things called 'solids' keep the same shape when you put them in a vessel. A piece of wood or a stone do not take the shape of the vessel. Things called 'liquids' do not keep their shape in a bottle or a cup. They take the shape of the bottle or the cup, but they keep their size. Put some water into a bottle or a cup and it will take the shape of the bottle or a cup. Air is not a solid, for it changes its shape. And it is not a liquid because it changes its size as well. That is why we say it is a gas. 32

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

property example remember however apply weight spot fill hole through determine full volume thus necessary pound since exact vary although push blow everywhere empty true strength paper wood hold together airman useful accident jump engine pull lift

['pr p ti] [ig'za:mpl] [ri'memb ] [hau'ev ] [ 'plai] ['weit] ['sp t] [fil] [houl] [ ru:] [di't :min] [ful] ['v ljum] [ s] ['nesis ri] ['paund] [sins] [ig'z kt] ['v ri] [ :l' ou] [pu ] [blou] ['evriw ] ['empti] [tru:] ['stren ] ['pei p ] ['wud] [hould] [t 'ge ] [ m n] ['jusful] [' ksid nt] [d mp] ['end in] [pul] [lift]

- ñâîéñòâî, èìóùåñòâî, ñîáñòâåííîñòü - ïðèìåð, îáðàçåö - ïîìíèòü - îäíàêî, òåì íå ìåíåå - ïðèêëàäûâàòü, ïðèëàãàòü, ïðèìåíÿòü, - âåñ, ãèðÿ - ïÿòíî, êðàïèíêà - íàïîëíÿòü, çàïîëíÿòü - îòâåðñòèå, óãëóáëåíèå ÿìà - ÷åðåç, ñêâîçü, èç-çà - îïðåäåëÿòü - ïîëíûé - îáúåì - òàê, òàêèì îáðàçîì - íåîáõîäèìûé - çä. ôóíò ñòåðëèíãîâ - ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê - òî÷íûé, àêêóðàòíûé - èçìåíÿòüñÿ, ðàçíîîáðàçèòü, ðàçíèòüñÿ - õîòÿ; åñëè áû äàæå - òîë÷îê, äàâëåíèå - 1) äóòü 2) öâåñòè 3) óäàð - âñþäó, âåçäå - ïóñòîé, âïàäàòü (î ðåêå) - âåðíûé, ïîäëèííûé - ñèëà, óñèëèâàòü - áóìàãà, ãàçåòà, ñòàòüÿ, íàó÷íûé äîêëàä - ëåñ, äåðåâî, äðîâà - äåðæàòü, âëàäåòü, èìåòü - âìåñòå - ëåò÷èê - ïîëåçíûé - ñëó÷àéíîñòü, íåñ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé - ïðûãàòü, ñêàêàòü, ïåðåñêàêèâàòü - ìàøèíà, äâèãàòåëü - òÿíóòü, òàùèòü, äåðãàòü - ïîäíèìàòü, âîçâûøàòü, ïîäñàäèòü, ïîäâåçòè 33

bird solid vessel liquid shape size

[b :d] ['s lid] [vesl] ['likwid] [' ei p] [saiz]

-

ïòèöà òâåðäûé, êðåïêèé, ñïëîøíîé, öåëûé ñîñóä, ñóäíî, êîðàáëü æèäêèé ôîðìà, î÷åðòàíèå, ðàçìåð, âåëè÷èíà, îáúåì

EXPRESSIONS

incandescent lamp red hot mouth blow-pi pe cubic foot square inch to catch fire as well that is why

- ëàìïà íàêàëèâàíèÿ - ðàñêàëåííûé äîêðàñíà - ïàÿëüíàÿ òðóáêà - êóáè÷åñêèé ôóò - êâàäðàòíûé äþéì - çàãîðàòüñÿ - òàêæå - âîò ïî÷åìó GRAMMAR ÒÈÏÛ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÎÂ

I. Îáùèå âîïðîñû ¦ 1) Do they travel a lot? General Questions ¦ 2) Are they travelling across Spain now? (òðåáóþò îòâåòà «äà», «íåò»)¦ 3) Have they been travelling for fortnight? yes/no ¦ 4) Have they ever travelled in Spain? II. Ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû ¦ 1) Where do they like to travel? WH questions ¦ 2) Why are they travelling in Spain? (íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ âîïðîñè- ¦ 3) How long have they been travelling? òåëüíîãî ñëîâà) where, ¦ 4) What have they seen in Spain? why, how long, what, ¦ 5) Who is travelling across Spain now? who, which of you ¦ 6) Which of you has been travelling? III. Àëüòåðíàòèâíûå âîïðîñû ¦ 1) Do they travel or do they stay at home? Alternative questions ¦ 2) Are they travelling or are they (âîïðîñ âûáîðà ìåæäó | staying at home? äâóìÿ äåéñòâèÿìè, ïðåä- ¦ 3) Have they been travelling for ìåòàìè è ò.ï.) or | fortnight or a month? ¦ 4) Have they travelled in Spain or | in Portugal? 34

IV. Ðàçäåëèòåëüíûå âîïðîñû Tag questions (óòâåðæäåíèå èëè îòðèöàíèå ïëþñ êðàòêèé âîïðîñ)

¦ 1) They travel in Spain, don't they? ¦ 2) They are not travelling in Spain, | are they? ¦ 3) They have been travelling in Spain | for fortnight, haven't they? ¦ 4) The have travelled in Spain, | haven't they? V. Âîïðîñû ê ïîäëåæàùåìó ¦ 1) Who travels in Spain? Present èëè Past Indefinite ¦ 2) Whose family travelled in Spain? Active áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ¦ 3) How many people travel in Spain? ãëàãîëîâ ¦ 4) Who was in Spain? ¦ 5) Who travelled in Spain? ¦ 6) Who will travel in Spain? ¦ 7) Who has been travelling in Spain | for fortnight? ¦ 8) What books do you usually take | with you? ¦ 9) Which letter follows «d»? EXERCISES

1. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: À 1. Îíè ñòóäåíòû? 2. Îíè ñòóäåíòû èëè ðàáî÷èå? 3. Âîçäóõ èìååò âåñ? 4. Âñå ñòóäåíòû íà ëåêöèè? 5. Òâîé äðóã — ïåðâîêóðñíèê? 6. Òâîè äðóçüÿ ãîòîâÿòñÿ ïîñòóïàòü â èíñòèòóò? 7. Îí áóäåò æäàòü òåáÿ â äâà ÷àñà? 8.  âàøåì ãîðîäå åñòü óíèâåðñèòåò? 9. Ýòî áîëüøîå îçåðî? 10. Äîêëàä áûë èíòåðåñíûì? 11. Ñòóäåíòû íàøåé ãðóïïû ïîäãîòîâèëèñü ê êîíôåðåíöèè? 12. Îí ìîæåò ñäåëàòü äëÿ òåáÿ ýòó ðàáîòó? 13. Òû æèë â Âîëãîãðàäå? 14. Îíè äîáðàëèñü äî ãîðîäà? 15. Îíè áûëè â ëàáîðàòîðèè? 16. Îí õîäèë â õèìè÷åñêóþ ëàáîðàòîðèþ? 17. Ýòî èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà? 18. Îíè åäóò â Âîëãîãðàä? 19.  ïàðêå â âîñêðåñåíüå áóäåò ìíîãî ëþäåé? 20. Âû åäåòå ñî ìíîé? 21. Âû êîãäà-íèáóäü âèäåëè òàêîå áîëüøîå æèâîòíîå? 22. Òàì áóäåò êòî-íèáóäü èç íàøèõ ñòóäåíòîâ? 23. Àòìîñôåðà îêðóæàåò âñþ ïîâåðõíîñòü Çåìëè? 24. Íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå áûëî ìíîãî ñåìèíàðîâ? 25. Ó íåå ìíîãî ðàáîòû?

35

 1. ×òî òàêîå àòìîñôåðà? 2. ×òî âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ëèòîñôåðà? 3. Êàê ìû êëàññèôèöèðóåì ãîðû? 4. Êàêèõ æèâîòíûõ ïîêàçûâàëè â çîîïàðêå? 5. Íàçâàíèÿ êàêèõ ìîðåé âû çíàåòå? 6. Ãäå íàõîäèòñÿ Ýëüáðóñ? 7. Êîãäà îí áûë ïîñëåäíèé ðàç íà çàíÿòèÿõ? 8. Êàêèå ïðåäìåòû âû èçó÷àåòå? 9. Êîãäà âû äîëæíû íàïå÷àòàòü ðåçóëüòàòû âàøåé ðàáîòû? 10. Ïî÷åìó ëþäè íå æèâóò âûñîêî â ãîðàõ? 11. Êòî èç âàñ ïóòåøåñòâîâàë äî ïîñòóïëåíèÿ â èíñòèòóò? 12. Ãäå áûëè íàéäåíû çàïàñû óãëÿ? 13. Êîãäà â èíñòèòóòå ëåêöèÿ? 14. Ãäå ìåäâåäè ñïÿò çèìîé? 15. Êàêèå ãîðû ñàìûå âûñîêèå? 16. Ãäå ïðîõîäèò ãðàíèöà ðàéîíà? 17. Êàêîé øêàëîé âû ïîëüçîâàëèñü ïðè èçìåðåíèÿõ? 18. Êàêîå ðàññòîÿíèå äî áëèæàéøåé áàðîìåòðè÷åñêîé ñòàíöèè? 19. Ãäå áëèæàéøàÿ áåíçîçàïðàâî÷íàÿ ñòàíöèÿ? 20. Ñêîëüêî îáðàçöîâ âû âçÿëè? 21. Êàêîé ãåîôèçè÷åñêîé àïïàðàòóðîé âû ðàñïîëàãàåòå? 22. Ñêîëüêî âðåìåíè âû áóäåòå â êîìàíäèðîâêå? 23. Ãäå ìîæíî âçÿòü òåõíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñåéñìîêîìïëåêñà? 24. Êàêèå âèäû îáîðóäîâàíèÿ âû ïëàíèðóåòå èñïîëüçîâàòü? Ñ 1. Âû åçäèëè â ýêñïåäèöèþ èëè â îòïóñê? 2. Îíà çíàåò ôðàíöóçñêèé èëè íåìåöêèé? 3. Ó íàñ ñåé÷àñ ëåêöèÿ ïî ôèçèêå èëè ïî ãåîãðàôèè? 4. Ó íåãî áóäåò çà÷åò èëè ýêçàìåí? 5. Âû áóäåòå ïëûòü ïî Âîëãå èëè ïî Äîíó? 6. Âû ïðîøëè êóðñ ãèäðîãðàôèè èëè ãèäðîãåîëîãèè? 7. Îíè íàáëþäàþò çà Ìàðñîì èëè çà Ñàòóðíîì? 8. Îíè âèäåëè áåëêó èëè êóíèöó? 9. Âû ñîáèðàëè ãðèáû èëè ÿãîäû? 10. Îí åäåò â Êðûì èëè íà Êàâêàç? 11. Ýòî ýêçîòåðìè÷åñêàÿ èëè ýíäîòåðìè÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ? 12. Âû ïîëó÷èëè ñîëü èëè êèñëîòó? 13. Ðóáèäèé — ýòî ìåòàëë èëè ãàëîãåí? 14. Òû ìîæåøü îïðåäåëèòü — ýòî ñâèíåö èëè îëîâî? D 1. Âû óæå èçó÷èëè ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ ãåîãðàôèþ, íå òàê ëè? 2. Îí âèäåë èçâåðæåíèå âóëêàíà, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 3. Ñ ïîìîùüþ äàííîé ðåàêöèè ìû ïîëó÷àåì ÷èñòóþ ðòóòü, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 4. Âû óæå çíàêîìû ñ îñíîâàìè áèîëîãèè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 5. Îíè ñåé÷àñ íå íà çàíÿòèÿõ, íå òàê ëè? 6. Îí óæå îçíàêîìèëñÿ ñ íîâîé óñòàíîâêîé, íå òàê ëè? 7. Â÷åðà âû çàíèìàëèñü â õèìè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèè, íå òàê ëè? 8. Ãîðû Êàâêàçà âûøå Óðàëüñêèõ ãîð, íå òàê ëè? 9. Îí åùå íå âåðíóëñÿ èç Ñàðàòîâà, íå òàê ëè? 10. Îí âåäü íå áûë òàì, íå òàê ëè? 11. Áîëüíîìó åùå íåëüçÿ âûõîäèòü, 36

íå òàê ëè? 12. ß âåäü ïðàâ? 13. ß îïîçäàë, äà? 14. Ìû âñå êîëëåãè, íå òàê ëè? 15. Âû íå çíàåòå, êàê äîáðàòüñÿ äî âîêçàëà, íå òàê ëè? 16. Îí íå ó÷àñòâîâàë â ïðîøëîãîäíåé ýêñïåäèöèè, íå òàê ëè? Å 1. Êòî õîðîøî çíàåò ñåéñìîëîãèþ? 2. Êòî èç âàñ õîðîøî ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè? 3. ×òî îáû÷íî ñïðàøèâàåò ïðåïîäàâàòåëü íà ýêçàìåíå? 4. Êàêèå êíèãè íàäî ïðî÷åñòü ïðåæäå âñåãî? 5. ×üè äðóçüÿ æèâóò çäåñü? 6. ×üÿ ýòî ìàøèíà? 7. Êòî ðàáîòàåò â ýòîì ó÷ðåæäåíèè? 8. Êòî èç âàñ ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ýêîíîìèêå? 9. Êòî ÷èòàë Äæåêà Ëîíäîíà? 10. ×üè êíèãè òàì íà ñòîëå? II. Íàéäèòå ïðàâèëüíûé îòâåò: A 1. After institute you called at somebody. (A - Who called you at? B - Who did you call at?) 2. The reporter is asking the specialist. (A - Who is asking the specialist? B - Who is the specialist asking?) 3. ... is it from here to Pskov? (A - How far? B - How long?) 4. ... would you like to buy? (A - Which? B - What?) 5. ... of the cars is the best? (A - What? B - Which?) 6. It's so sunny today. ...got your parasol? (A - Why you haven't? B - Why haven't you?) 7. ... holiday are we having? (A - Which? B - Whom? C - What? D - What?) 8. ... does it cost to stay at the Seabeco Hotel? (A - How many? B - How much? C - What?) 9. ... is John's brother? - He's a manager of a large firm (A - What? B - Who? C - Where?) 10. ... will take me to learn German? - I think you'll be able to speak in another few months. (A - How much? B - How long? C - What?) 11. You can have a flower. ... one would you like? (A - What? B - Which?) B 1. It's a nice day, ...? (A - does it? B - is it? C - isn't it?) 2. There isn't a cloud in the sky, ...? (A - is it? B - does it? C - is there?) 3. We haven't got much time, ...? (A - have we? B - don't we? C - haven't we?) 4. He can play chess well, ...? (A - doesn't he? B - can he? C - can't he?) 5. Mrs. Smith is writing at the table, ...? (A - is she? B - isn't she? C - doesn't she?) 6. You like apples, ...? (A - aren't you? B - don't you? C - do you?) 7. I'm busy, ...? (A - aren't I? B - don't I? C - am not I?) 8. You aren't well enough. You should stay with either me or my parents, ...? (A - should you? B - shouln't you? C - are you?) 9. I'm not well enough, ...? (A - are I? B - am I?) 10. There are a lot of pictures in this room, ...? (A - aren't they? 37

B - aren't there? C - are there?) 11. There was nobody there, ...? (A - was there? B - wasn't there? C - were there?). 12. They never use this playground, ...? (A - don't they? B - do they? C - aren't they?) 13. My neighbour hasn't bought a new car yet, ...? (A - hasn't he? B - has he? C - did he?) 14. There will be a nice jaunt, ...? (A - won't there? B - will it? C - will there?) 15. He received a letter yesterday, ...? (A - did he? B - hadn't he? C - didn't he?) III. Ïðî÷òèòå ïî-àíãëèéñêè: a) õðîíîëîãè÷åñêèå äàòû In 1600 (In sixteen hundred) In 1807 (In eighteen seven) In 1998 (In nineteen ninety eight) April 28, 1984 (The twenty-eight of April, nineteen eighty four, April the twenty-eight, nineteen eighty four). b) êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå 100 a(one) hundred 101 a(one) hundred and one 200 two hundred 250 two hundred and fifty 365 three hundred and sixty five 1,210 one thousand two hundred and ten 100,000 a(one) hundred thousand 1,000,000 a(one) million ñ) äðîáíûå è ñìåøàííûå âåëè÷èíû 1/2 - a (one) half 1/3 - a (one) third 1/4 - a (one) quarter; 5/6 - five sixths a (one) fourth 3/4 - three fourths 1/5 - a (one) fifth 25/57 - twenty five fifty sevenths 2/3 - two thirds 3 4/5 - three and four fifths 2 1/2 - two and a half d) äåñÿòè÷íûå âåëè÷èíû 0.8 - point eight; nought [n :t] point eight; o [ou] point eight; zero pont eight; 0.5 - point five; nought [n :t] point five; zero point five; .5 - o [ou] point five; one half; 0.003 - o [ou] point o [ou] o[ou] three; .003 - zero point zero zero three; point two oes [ouz] three; point two noughts three; 38

0.0000005 - o [ou] point six noughts five; 1.1 - one point one; 3.06 - three point nought six; three point o [ou] six 4.25 - four point two five 5.14 - five point one four 16.303 - sixteen point three nought three; sixteen point three o [ou] three IV. Ïðî÷èòàéòå: 3, 16, 70, 50, 100, 30, 11, 2, 88, 18, 306, 1005, 502, 5.786, 2.032, 1812, 1999, 1945, February 21, 5 1/3, 6 3/4, 15 5/6, 22 7/8. V. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 15 àâãóñòà 1967 ãîäà; 3245 êì; 0,2 êã; 0,63 ìåòðà; 3 ïðîöåíòà; 1,5 ÷àñà; 6,4 ïðîöåíòà; 18 íîÿáðÿ 1963 ãîäà; 5/8 òîííû; 6 ÷àñîâ; 22-é êèëîìåòð; 16-é ìåòð; 34-é àâòîìîáèëü; 3-é ñòîë; 3/4 ìåòðà; 1/2 ÷àñà; 105; â 1901 ãîäó; 1968 ãîä; 22 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1995 ãîäà; â 1900 ãîäó; 3/4 òîííû; 25 ïðîöåíòîâ; 0,35; 2,06; 7,45; 1/8; 2,5; 6857 êì; 0,43 ìåòðà; 41-é êèëîìåòð; 3,16; 2 ïðîöåíòà; 1/4; 0,6; 2 000; 1 970; 100 000; 5 000 000. VI. Íàïèøèòå öèôðàìè: 1. Three hundred and two. 2. The seventeen. 3. Forty six point two. 4. December the sixteen. 5. Thirty-seven. 6. Two thousand. 7. Two fourths. 8. Point nine. 9. Point three five noughts eight. 10. Five point three oes seven. 11. Two point zero zero six. 12. Fifteen point o eight. 13. Six and a half. 14. One point nine. 15. Five point nought three. 16. Eleven hundred. 17. Thirty four thirty sevenths. 18. Forty two point five nought six. 19. Thirty two point five six nine. VII. Ïðàâèëà ÷òåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ ôîðìóë: 1. + plus 2. – minus 3. ½ sign of multi plication; multi plication sign 4. : sign of division; division sign 5. ( ) round brackets; parentheses 6. { } curly brackets; braces 7. [ ] square brackets; brackets 8. a = b a equals b; a is equal to b 39

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

24. 25. 26.

27.

28.

29. 30. 31. 40

a>b a >> b a
a is greater than b a is substantially greater than b a is less than b a is substantially less than b n factorial a prime a double prime; a second prime a tri ple prime a plus b is c; a plus b equals c; a plus b is equal to c; a plus b makes c 4+7 = 11 four plus seven is eleven; four plus seven equals eleven; four plus seven is equal to eleven 12 > 5+5 twelve is greater than five plus five 5+5 < 12 five plus five is less than twelve c–b = a c minus b is a; c minus b equals a; c minus b is equal to a; c minus b leaves a (2x – y) bracket two x minus y close the bracket 18-6 = 12 eighteen minus six is equal to twelve; eighteen minus six equals twelve eighteen minus six is twelve; eighteen minus six leaves twelve 1½1=1 once one is one 2½2=4 twice two is four; twice two makes four 5 ½ 5 = 25 five times five is twenty five; five multi plied by five equals twenty five; five by five is equal to twenty five A=F½S (work = force x distance); a) work is equal to the product of the force multi plied by the distance; b) work is equal to the product of the force times distance; c) A equals F multiplied by S, were A means work, F means force and S means distance 16 : 4 = 4 sixteen divided by four is four; sixteen by four is four; sixteen by four is equal to four; the ratio of sixteen to four is four 20 : 5 = 16 : 4 the ratio of twenty to five equals (is equal) to the ratio of sixteen to four 1:2 the ratio of one to two 51 : 1 the ratio of fifty one to one

VIII. Ïðî÷òèòå, ïåðåâåäèòå è çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ: à) Ðåêè, ïðîëèâû è êàíàëû the Amazon [' m z n] - ð. Àìàçîíêà the Amu Darya [a:'mu:da:r'ja:] - ð. Àìó-Äàðüÿ the Clyde [klaid] - ð. Êëàéä Dardanelles [,da:d 'nelz] - ïðîëèâ Äàðäàíåëëû the Danube ['d nju:b] - ð. Äóíàé the Dneper ['dni:p ] - ð. Äíåïð the Don [d n] - ð. Äîí the Dover, Strait of ['streit v 'douv ] - ïðîëèâ Ïà-äå-Êàëå the Elb [elb] - ð. Ýëüáà the English Channel ['ingli 't n l] - ïðîëèâ Ëà-Ìàíø the Enisei ['jenisei] - ð. Åíèñåé the Gibraltar [d i'br :lt ] - ïðîëèâ Ãèáðàëòàð Hudson Strait ['h dsn'streit] - Ãóäçîíîâ ïðîëèâ the Hwang Ho [hw n 'hou] - ð. Õóàíõý the Irtish [ir'ti ] - ð. Èðòûø Kattegat [,k ti'g t] - ïðîëèâ Êàòòåãàò the Lena ['lein ] - ð. Ëåíà the Mississi ppi [,misi'si pi] - ð. Ìèññèñèïè the Missouri [mi'su ri] - ð. Ìèññóðè the Neva ['neiv ] - ð. Íåâà the Niagara (FAlls) [nai' g r (folz)] - ð. Íèàãàðà the Nile [nail] - ð. Íèë the Ob [oub] - ð. Îáü the Panama Canal [p n 'ma: k 'n l] - Ïàíàìñêèé êàíàë the Rhine [rain] - ð. Ðåéí the Seine [sein] - ð. Ñåíà Skagerrack ['sk g r k] - ïðîëèâ Ñêàãåððàê the Suez Canal ['su:izk 'n l] - Ñóýöêèé êàíàë the Syr Darya [sir'da:rja:] - ð. Ñûð-Äàðüÿ the Volga [v lg ] - ð. Âîëãà the Severn ['sev :n] - ð. Ñåâåðí the Thames ['temz] - ð. Òåìçà the Tigris ['taigris] - ð. Òèãð á) Îçåðà è çàëèâû the Baikal [bai'ka:l] - îçåðî Áàéêàë Biscay, Bay of ['bei v'biskei] - Áèñêàéñêèé çàëèâ 41

Bothnia, Gulf of Chad, Lake the Great Lakes Hudson Bay Ladoga Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Michigan Lake Ontario Lake Superior Onega Sevan(g) Victoria, Lake

['g lf v'bo ni ] ['leik' v t d] ['h dsn 'bei] ['l d g ] ['leik'i ri] ['leik 'hju: r n] ['leik 'mi ig n] ['leik n't riou] ['leik sju:'pi ri ] [ 'njeg ] [se'va:n] ['leikvik't :ri ]

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Áîòíè÷åñêèé çàëèâ îçåðî ×àä Âåëèêèå Îçåðà Ãóäçîíîâ çàëèâ îçåðî Ëàäîãà îçåðî Ýðè îçåðî Ãóðîí îçåðî Ìè÷èãàí îçåðî Îíòàðèî îçåðî Âåðõíåå Îíåæñêîå îçåðî îçåðî Ñåâàí îçåðî Âèêòîðèÿ

IX. Ðàñêðîéòå ñêîáêè, ïîñòàâèâ ãëàãîëû â Past Indefinite Passive Voice: 1. No echo (to hear) for three seconds. 2. All the details (to know) to the scientists. 3. A new island (to find). 4. Our shi p (to send) to explore that area. 5. The laboratory (to equi p) for this kind of scientific studies. 6. A fish (to catch). 7. Much new material (to collect) every month. 8. The shi p (to build) in Germany. 9. Many beauiful ensembles in St. Petersburg (to design) by Rossi. 10. Two thousand roubles (to pay) for this collection of books. X. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Çàïîìíèòå äàííûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ: as far as íàñêîëüêî as far back as åùå as well as òàê æå êàê, à òàêæå as soon as êàê òîëüêî as large as òàêîé æå âåëè÷èíû as long as ïîêà, äî òåõ ïîð ïîêà, åñëè òîëüêî as quickly as possible êàê ìîæíî ñêîðåå 1. The territory of the country is almost as large as of Asia. 2. Come back home as quickly as possible. 3. By referring lines of lattitude as well as lines of longitude, navigators can find their position accurately. 4. There are many rivers as well as lakes in the country.

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5. As far back as in ancient France and Spain there were whole towns, where only smiths lived. 6. As far as I know he is a good geographer. 7. As soon as you are ready, let me know about it. 8. It will be fine as long as he passes his exams. 9. You can watch TV as long as you like. XI. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñî ñðàâíèòåëüíûìè êîíñòðóêöèÿìè «as ... as», «not so ... as» íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. The Volga is almost as long as the Mississi ppi. 2. It is known that there is some air at a height as great as 200 miles. 3. The heat of the sun at the poles not so strong as near the equator. 4. Venus is not so big as Jupiter. 5. The range of the temperature of the air is not so great as the range of the temperature of the ground. 6. There are thousands of stars in the sky that are as large as the sun and as hot as the sun. 7. For the best accuracy the sampling should carried out as close as possible. 8. He measured the distance at which a point image of the Moon could appear as bright as the one star and then as bright as the other. 9. This boiler plant will be shut down as soon as the diesel fuel engines are available to supply the power. 10. The figures available are not so complete as to provide a basis for final analysis. XII. Îïðåäåëèòå ôóíêöèè ñëîâ only, yet, either, since è ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. There are remain only five cases to be considered in this analytic study. 2. To enumerate the names to indicate the truth of this statement is the only thing to do it. 3. Since the electrons in the wire constitute the current flow they will certainly tend to flow from the point of lower potential toward that of higher potential. 4. Since the unit of potential is called a volt, potential itself is quite often called «voltage». 5. In general they are likely to be fairly close to the actual values, but since plant designs differ considerably, there may occasionally be quite wide deviations. 6. An electric charge of the same kind as that produced on glass rubbed with silk is called a 43

positive charge either. 7. If we divide the molecule of water into smaller parts, these particles are no longer water but either oxygen or hydrogen. 8. The question of the gauge to be adopted was not yet definitely settled. 9. When the new hydroelectric plant will be completed is not yet known. 10. Yet these arrangements are not left to develop hazardly. 11. As yet no practicable means of controlling this procedure has been found. 12. Yet occasionally such important operations are delegated to unskilled, inefficient workmen. XIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: äåéñòâèå ñèë ïðèòÿæåíèÿ Ëóíû è Ñîëíöà íà Çåìëþ; ïðèëèâíîå òðåíèå â ìåëêèõ âîäàõ; èãðàòü âàæíóþ ðîëü â ðàçâèòèè ñèñòåìû Çåìëÿ — Ëóíà; äâèãàòüñÿ ïî êðóãîâîé îðáèòå âîêðóã ýêâàòîðà ïëàíåòû; âðàùàòüñÿ âîêðóã îáùåãî öåíòðà ìàññû; îãðàíè÷èâàòü âûñîòó ïðèëèâà; ïîäâåðãàòüñÿ äåéñòâèþ ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèëû; âûçûâàòü ïðèëèâû êàê â îêåàíàõ, òàê è â òâåðäîì òåëå Çåìëè; ñîçäàâàòü òóðáóëåíòíûé ïîãðàíè÷íûé ñëîé; ìåíÿòüñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðàññòîÿíèÿ äî öåíòðà ìàññû; óâåëè÷åíèå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè ñóòîê íà Çåìëå; âûçûâàòü óâåëè÷åíèå ðàññòîÿíèÿ Ëóíû îò Çåìëè; ìåíÿòü ïåðèîäû âðàùåíèÿ íåáåñíûõ òåë. XIV. Ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå ñîñòàâ ñëîâ (îïðåäåëèòå èõ ñóôôèêñû è îñíîâû). Ïåðåâåäèòå áåç ñëîâàðÿ: global, typical, unfriendly, inexact, unplanned, grammatical, ungrammatically, unscientific, incomplete, uncultured, adoption, completion, unnecessary, indifferent, unreal, an unwritten law, to overheat, underwater, undersized. XV. Ïîäáåðèòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû: íóæíî ïðèìåíèòü (must, can, cannot) be applied ìîæíî ïîêàçàòü (may, must, should) be shown äîëæíî áûòü îáåñïå÷åíî ( should, may, can) be provided ìîæíî ðàçëîæèòü (have to, can,) be decomposed íóæíî ïîëó÷èòü (may, can, must) be obtained ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü (ought, should, may) be determined ìîæåò áûòü ïîëó÷åí (have to, must, may) be obtained ìîæíî ïðåîáðàçîâàòü (must, should, may) be transformed íå ìîæåò áûòü óâåëè÷åí (must not, cannot) be increased ìîæíî ñôîðìóëèðîâàòü (should, may, must) be stated 44

Unit 9

THE MEN WHO STUDY VOLCANOES A man was standing at the door of a small house, looking at the high mountain some twenty miles away. From the top of the mountain thick smoke was rising into the sky. The man went into the house. In the house instruments were registering earth tremors. Soon some men in heavy thick coats went away — towards the volcano. The volcano we are speaking about is Kluchevskaya, over 16,000 feet high, the best known and biggest of the many active volcanoes of Kamchatka. Who are the men that not afraid of the volcano? They are the scientists who study it. They work at the Kamchatka station for the study of volcanoes. This volcano is an object of great interest to scientists. There, near the Pacific Ocean, great geological and mountain-making disturbances are taking place. These disturbances are being studied by scientists. Study of eruptions and other volcanic activity is teaching the scientists a great deal about the laws of the formation of munerals deep in the earth. The men whom we were watching went up the mountain through deep snow. They were carring all kinds of special cameras and instruments. All around them thick trees were sleeping deep in snow. Cold mountain winds were blowing, carring the snow along the ground. But noises, like gunfire, were disturbing the silence. They seemed to be coming from above. The men went up another eight or nine hundred feet and came out of the trees on to an open place. Before them a mountain of fire, coming up from the earth, rose to a great height. Above it was a dark cloud with red tongues of fire. Below it was a river of lava, reflecting the mountan of fire. It was a slow, dark, wide river. All around it trees were burning in the heat. The houses of the station were built on the river Kamchatka over thirty years ago. There, thousands of miles from the nearest city, the scientists have all the equi pment they need — from firstclass laboratories to telescopes. When the eruption take place cameras on these telescopes take many pictures. But the main work must be done by expeditions. 45

The main crater of the Kluchevskaya volcano is a great hole some 2,000 feet across. The top of the mountain is covered with snow and ice, and the main crater cannot be seen. However, during an eruption the lava also comes out through the weak places at the sides of the mountain. Such eruptions, though smaller than the main one, are much easier to see. The scientists can see them from a distance of about 700 yards. First of all, they take many pictures of the eruption. They register the speed with which the lava comes out. They register its heigh and width. Kluchevskaya had a great eruption in 1945. The fountain of fire rose to a height of about ten miles. At its top was a lagre black cloud. The fire could be seen at a distance of about 250 miles and the noise could be heard 200 miles away. ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

camera ['k m r ] distance ['dist ns] disturb [dis't :b] disturbance [dis't :b ns] equi pment [i'kwi pm nt] eruption [i'r p n] fountain ['fauntin] lava ['la:v ] main ['mein] mineral ['min r l] mountain ['mauntin] noise ['noiz] reflect [ri'flekt] register ['red ist ] silence tongue towards tremor weak yard

46

['sail ns] [t n] [t 'wo:dz] ['trem ] [wi:k] [ja:d]

- ôîòîàïïàðàò - ðàññòîÿíèå - áåñïîêîèòü, ðàññòðàèâàòü, íàðóøàòü - áåñïîêîéñòâî, âîëíåíèå - îáîðóäîâàíèå - èçâåðãàòüñÿ (î âóëêàíå) - èñòî÷íèê, ôîíòàí - ëàâà - ãëàâíûé - ìèíåðàë, ìèíåðàëüíûé - ãîðà - øóì - îòðàæàòü, áðîñàòü òåíü, ðàçìûøëÿòü - æóðíàë (ä/çàïèñåé), ñ÷åò÷èê, ðåãèñòðèðîâàòü - òèøèíà - ÿçûê, ãîâîð - ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ, ñ öåëüþ - äðîæü, òðåïåò - ñëàáûé - äâîð, ÿðä (ìåðà äëèíû îê. 91 ñì)

GRAMMAR ÑÎÃËÀÑÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ (SEQUENCE OF TENSES)

Ñîãëàñîâàíèå âðåìåí âûðàæàåò çàâèñèìîñòü ñêàçóåìîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îò ñêàçóåìîãî ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Ýòà çàâèñèìîñòü ñîáëþäàåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, ïðè ýòîì: 1) Ôîðìû Past Indefinite è Past Continuous áåðóòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè è ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íàñòîÿùèì âðåìåíåì. Ïðèìåð: He showed that this method was dependable. Ïåðåâîä: Îí ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ýòîò ìåòîä íàäåæåí. 2) Ôîðìû Past Perfect áåðóòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè. Ïðèìåð: We saw that one form of energy had been transformed into another. Ïåðåâîä: Ìû âèäåëè, ÷òî îäíà ôîðìà ýíåðãèè ïðåâðàòèëàñü â äðóãóþ. 3) Ôîðìû Future in the Past (should äëÿ 1-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà è would äëÿ âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ ëèö â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà áåç ÷àñòèöû to) áåðóòñÿ äëÿ dûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè. Ïðèìåð: He said that the wire cage plus the bird would weigh only five pounds. Ïåðåâîä: Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïðîâîëî÷íàÿ êëåòêà âìåñòå ñ ïòèöåé áóäåò âåñèòü òîëüêî ïÿòü ôóíòîâ. 4) Ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí íå ñîáëþäàþòñÿ, êîãäà â ïðèäàòî÷íîì äîïîëíèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãîâîðèòñÿ îá îáùåèçâåñòíûõ âåùàõ èëè ÿâëåíèÿõ, îáúåêòèâíî ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â ïðèðîäå. Ïðèìåð: At the lecture on chemistry the students were told that the atom is devisible into still smaller particles. Ïåðåâîä: Íà ëåêöèè ïî õèìèè ñòóäåíòàì ñîîáùèëè, ÷òî àòîì äåëèòñÿ íà åùå áîëåå ìåëêèå ÷àñòèöû. 5) Ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí â îòíîøåíèè îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ è îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñîáëþäàþòñÿ òîëüêî â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà òî, î ÷åì ãîâîðèòñÿ â ýòèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè. Ïðèìåð: We translated the article which you had given to us. Ïåðåâîä: Ìû ïåðåâåëè ñòàòüþ, êîòîðóþ âû íàì äàëè. 47

6) Åñëè ñêàçóåìîå îïðåäåëèòåëüíîãî èëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íå ñîîòíåñåíî ñî ñêàçóåìûì ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à âûðàæàåò êàêîé-íèáóäü ôàêò èëè ÿâëåíèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè, òî ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí íå ñîáëþäàþòñÿ. Ïðèìåð: She entered the Institute of the humanity as she wants to be an ecologist. Ïåðåâîä: Îíà ïîñòóïèëà â ãóìàíèòàðíûé èíñòèòóò, òàê êàê îíà õî÷åò áûòü ýêîëîãîì. Ïðèìåð: I found a very interesting book on birds which I shall give you as soon as you come. Ïåðåâîä: ß íàøåë î÷åíü èíòåðåñíóþ êíèãó î ïòèöàõ, êîòîðóþ ÿ âàì äàì, êàê òîëüêî âû ïðèäåòå. Ïðèìåð: I thought she would be an excellent interpreter, because she knows English well. Ïåðåâîä: ß äóìàë, ÷òî îíà áóäåò ïðåêðàñíûì ïåðåâîä÷èêîì, ïîñêîëüêó îíà õîðîøî çíàåò àíãëèéñêèé. I. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. I thought you were going to teach me to swim. When shall we start our lessons? 2. Last year he promised he would take me to the theatre, but he never did. 3. We were sure they had had dinner and could go to the show. 4. I thought you knew the particulars of that road accident. 5. I thought you had met in Saratov. 6. I thought they knew the language. 7. They believed the train left at midnight. 8. They believed the train had left. 9. I was sure the match had been put off. 10. I knew that this work was very exhausting. 11. They promised they would write the first day they arrived in Pscov. 12. I hope you know the English money system. II. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: À 1. ß íå çíàë, ÷òî âû ëþáèòå ìóçûêó. 2. Ìû áûëè óâåðåíû, ÷òî ïîåçä îòïðàâëÿåòñÿ â 8 óòðà. 3. ß äóìàë, ÷òî îíà õîðîøî ãîâîðèò ïî-èñïàíñêè. 4. ß äóìàë, ÷òî îíà æèâåò çà ãîðîäîì. 5. ß äóìàë, ÷òî âî âðåìÿ âîéíû îíà æèëà â Ñàìàðå. 6. ß íàäåÿëñÿ, ÷òî ñìîãó äîñòàòü ýòè æóðíàëû â áèáëèîòåêå. 7. Áîëåëüùèêè ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî íàøà ñáîðíàÿ ïîáåäèò. 8. Ìíîãèå ñ÷èòàëè, ÷òî áðàçèëüñêàÿ êîìàíäà ñíîâà ñòàíåò ÷åìïèîíîì. 9. ß áûë óâåðåí, 48

÷òî îíè óæå ïåðååõàëè íà íîâóþ êâàðòèðó. 10. ß óâåðåí, ÷òî îíè ïåðååçæàþò íà íîâóþ êâàðòèðó. 11. ß íàäåþñü, ÷òî ïîãîäà íå èçìåíèòñÿ â áëèæàéøèå äíè. 12. ß äóìàë, ÷òî îí áûë äîìà. B 1. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî áóäåò íåñêîëüêî ïîçæå, ïîñêîëüêó îí ñåé÷àñ çàíÿò. 2. Ìû áûëè óâåðåíû, ÷òî îíè áóäóò âîâðåìÿ, òàê êàê îíè óæå åäóò. 3. Íà÷àëüíèê èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèè ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí íå ñîâñåì óäîâëåòâîðåí ïîëó÷åííûìè ðåçóëüòàòàìè. 4. Ìû ñïðîñèëè åãî, âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ëè òàêèå ìèíåðàëû íà Ïàìèðå. 5. Êîãäà ÿ óåçæàë èç Ðîñòîâà, ìîé äðóã ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, áóäåò ëè ó ìåíÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîäîëæàòü ìîþ ðàáîòó. 6. ß âñåãäà âåðèë, ÷òî êîãäà-íèáóäü áóäåò íàéäåíî îáúÿñíåíèå ýòîìó ôàêòó. 7. Íàì ñêàçàëè, ÷òî íàì íåîáõîäèìî áóäåò ñâåðèòü íàøó ðàáîòó ñ ðàñïèñàíèåì. 8. Áûëî ðåøåíî, ÷òî âñå ÷ëåíû êëóáà áóäóò ïîñåùàòü âñå ñîáðàíèÿ. 9. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî âåðíåòñÿ äîìîé ïðèìåðíî â äâà ÷àñà. 10. Îí ñïðîñèë íàñ, âîçìîæíî ëè âûó÷èòü èíîñòðàííûé ÿçûê çà òàêîå êîðîòêîå âðåìÿ. 11. Ïðîôåññîð ñïðîñèë åãî, ïî÷åìó èç âñåõ ïðîôåññèé îí âûáðàë ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå. 12. Ïðîôåññîð ñïðîñèë ñòóäåíòà, áûë ëè ó íåãî îïûò ïîëåâîé ðàáîòû. III. Îïðåäåëèòå âðåìÿ ñêàçóåìîãî â ãëàâíîì è ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. Aristotle imagined that all substances were composed of some sort of stuff mixed with various amounts of the four elementary properties. 2. We showed that when a body was raised from one elevation to another, the increase in its potential energy was equal to the work done in lifting it. 3. It was a surprise to physicists who assumed that the proton would have the same mass as the electron. 4. Scientists said that they had smashed an electron when the nucleus had been made to absorb particles or give them off. 5. He showed that the rays consisted of three kinds, which he had named «alpha», «beta», and «gamma» rays, after the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. 6. Rutherford found that the rays moved with a velocity of twenty thousand miles per second. 7. He proved that the particles comprising the cathode stream were far smaller than the smallest atom known. 8. Perrin proved that these particles followed the same laws which had been worked out for the mixtures of gases. 9. It was found that the acid is a new product. 49

IV. Íàéäèòå ñëîâà, ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå ïî ñìûñëó: cold, rise, silence, towards, above, up, fall, hot, from, fire, thin, earth, top, noise, water, below, sky, thick, bottom, down. V. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëîâà: burn, need, above, width, cloud, disturb, below, across, coat, during, away, to be afraid, camera, noise, along, soon, door, look, another, fountain, object, smoke, watch, distance, disturbance, main, tongue, gun, sky, equi pment, picture, silence, mountain, snow, stand, towards, weak. VI. Ïåðåâåäèòå òåêñò ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé, ïåðåñêàæèòå ïî-àíãëèéñêè: ARCTIC VOLCANOES

Russian Polar explorers have established that there is a chain of volcanoes at the bottom of the deep-water area of the Arctic Ocean. This was learned from studies of undersea rocks. This chain begins in the Atlantic Ocean, crosses Iceland and can be traced far to the north, along the centre line of the Atlantic — Arctic deep-water area of the Arctic Ocean. The chain of undersea volcanoes separates the Norwegian Sea from the Sea of Greenland, just as the central underwater Atlantic chain cuts the ocean to the south of Iceland in two. The presence of the Arctic chain of volcanoes was forcast on the basis of geological data. In the opinion of scientists, the volcanoes are now sleeping in the Arctic, but they may become active at any time. The volcano chain of the Arctic Ocean has been set down for the first time almost completely on the charts prepared at the institute. VII. Ïåðåâåäèòå òåêñò: ATLANTIC STUDY BY RUSSIA AND USA

A Russian-American study of the biological resources of the oceans has just ended. For six weeks a United States satellite took photographs which were studied on Russian vessels and compared with sea-level observations off the coast of West Africa. This was an experiment to find a way of using shi ps and satellites to study remoter parts of the oceans, not just coastal zones. 50

It is believed that this study will make it possible to bring the world catch up to 90—100 million tons a year, and to find ways of regulating catches so as to ensure reserves ans save rare forms of sea life. VIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ïðèëèâàìè â ãèäðîñôåðå íàçûâàþò ïåðèîäè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ óðîâíÿ ìîðÿ (ïðèëèâû è îòëèâû) îòíîñèòåëüíî åãî ñðåäíåãî ïîëîæåíèÿ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå âñëåäñòâèå äåéñòâèÿ ñèë ïðèòÿæåíèÿ Ëóíû è Ñîëíöà. 2.  ðåçóëüòàòå âðàùåíèÿ Çåìëè âîêðóã îñè ñîëíå÷íàÿ ïðèëèâíàÿ âîëíà ïåðåìåùàåòñÿ ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè îêåàíîâ ñ ïåðèîäîì, ðàâíûì ñîëíå÷íûì ñóòêàì (24 ÷àñ), à ëóííàÿ ïðèëèâíàÿ âîëíà — ñ ïåðèîäîì, ðàâíûì ëóííûì ñóòêàì (24 ÷àñ 50 ìèí). 3. Çà ýòî âðåìÿ ïðîèñõîäÿò äâà ïðèëèâà (âûçûâàåìûå âîëíàìè, íàïðàâëåííûìè ê âîçìóùàþùåìó òåëó è îò íåãî) è äâà îòëèâà. 4. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîëíàÿ âîäà, âûçâàííàÿ âëèÿíèåì Ëóíû, äîëæíà áûëà áû íàáëþäàòüñÿ â ñðåäíåì ÷åðåç êàæäûå 12 ÷àñ 25 ìèí, à âûçâàííàÿ âëèÿíèåì Ñîëíöà — ÷åðåç êàæäûå 12 ÷àñ. 5. Îäíàêî ïðè ñâîåì äâèæåíèè ñ âîñòîêà íà çàïàä ïðèëèâíàÿ âîëíà èñïûòûâàåò òðåíèå î äíî îêåàíîâ è ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ñî ñòîðîíû ìàòåðèêîâ, ñîçäàþùèõ ïðåãðàäû åå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ. 6.  ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîèñõîäÿò çíà÷èòåëüíûå îòêëîíåíèÿ îò òîé ïðîñòîé ñòàòè÷åñêîé ñõåìû, êîòîðàÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ îïèñàííûõ âûøå ïðèëèâíûõ ñèë. 7.  áîëüøèíñòâå ìåñò ïîëíàÿ âîäà íå ñîâïàäàåò ñ ìîìåíòîì êóëüìèíàöèé Ëóíû, îíà îáû÷íî çàïàçäûâàåò íà íåêîòîðûé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè. 8. Âåëè÷èíà è õàðàêòåð ïðèëèâîâ çàâèñÿò íå òîëüêî îò âçàèìíîãî ïîëîæåíèÿ Ëóíû, Çåìëè è Ñîëíöà, íî òàêæå îò ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé øèðîòû è ìåñòíûõ óñëîâèé: áåðåãîâîé ëèíèè, ãëóáèíû, ôðîíòà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïðèëèâíîé âîëíû. 9. Âåëè÷èíà ïðèëèâà â îêåàíå âäàëè îò ïîáåðåæüÿ íå ïðåâûøàåò 1 ì, íî ó áåðåãîâ ïðèëèâû ìîãóò äîñòèãàòü çíà÷èòåëüíîé âûñîòû. 10. Òàê, â çàëèâå Ôàíäè (àòëàíòè÷åñêîå ïîáåðåæüå Êàíàäû) íàèáîëüøàÿ âåëè÷èíà ïðèëèâà äîñòèãàåò 18 ì; áîëüøèå ïðèëèâû íàáëþäàþòñÿ ó áåðåãîâ ïðîëèâà Ëà-Ìàíø. 11. Íà ìíîãèõ ðåêàõ òàêæå ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü ïðîíèêíîâåíèå èç îêåàíîâ è ìîðåé ïðèëèâíîé âîëíû ââåðõ ïî ðåêå. 12.  íåêîòîðûõ ðåêàõ ýòî ÿâëåíèå ïðèëèâà íîñèò äîâîëüíî áóðíûé õàðàêòåð: ïðèëèâíàÿ âîëíà âûñîòîé 3—4 ì ñ áîëüøîé ñêîðîñòüþ 51

äâèæåòñÿ ââåðõ ïî ðåêå íà çíà÷èòåëüíûå ðàññòîÿíèÿ. 13. Íàïðèìåð, íà Àìàçîíêå ïðèëèâ çàìåòåí íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1400 êì, íà ðåêå ñâ. Ëàâðåíòèÿ ïðèëèâ çàìåòåí íà ðàññòîÿíèè 700 êì, íà ðåêå Ñåâåðíîé Äâèíå — íà 120 êì. 14. Ïðèëèâû ÷àñòî çàëèâàþò ýòîò îñòðîâ. 15. Äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ìîðåïëàâàíèÿ â Ðîññèè, ÑØÀ, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, ßïîíèè è äðóãèõ ñòðàíàõ èçäàþòñÿ «Òàáëèöû ïðèëèâîâ», ñîäåðæàùèå äàííûå î âûñîòå ïðèëèâà â íóæíûõ ïîðòàõ íà êàæäûé ÷àñ â òå÷åíèå ãîäà. IX. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: Ñ ñàìûõ äðåâíèõ âðåìåí ëþäåé èíòåðåñîâàëè âîïðîñû ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ íåáåñíûõ òåë è èõ ñèñòåì. Ýòè âîïðîñû ñîñòàâëÿþò ñîäåðæàíèå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé íàóêè — êîñìîãîíèè.  1755 ã. íåìåöêèé ôèëîñîô È. Êàíò âûñêàçàë ãèïîòåçó î ïðîèñõîæäåíèè Çåìëè è âñåé Ñîëíå÷íîé ñèñòåìû èç îáëàêà ìåëêèõ òâåðäûõ ÷àñòèö. Ôðàíöóçñêèé ìàòåìàòèê Ï. Ëàïëàñ â 1796 ã. îïóáëèêîâàë íåáóëÿðíóþ ãèïîòåçó îáðàçîâàíèÿ Ñîëíå÷íîé ñèñòåìû èç âðàùàþùåéñÿ ðàñêàëåííîé ãàçîâîé òóìàííîñòè. Èç ñîîáðàæåíèé Ëàïëàñà âûòåêàëî, ÷òî Çåìëÿ áûëà ñíà÷àëà â ãàçîîáðàçíîì, ïîòîì â îãíåííî-æèäêîì ñîñòîÿíèè, çàòåì íà íåé ïîÿâèëàñü òâåðäàÿ êîðà.  1829 ã. ôðàíöóçñêèé ãåîëîã Ýëè äå Áîìîí ðàçâèë òåîðèþ êîíòðàêöèè (ñæàòèÿ) çåìíîãî øàðà ïðè äàëüíåéøåì åãî îcòûâàíèè. Íåáóëÿðíàÿ è êîíòðàêöèîííàÿ ãèïîòåçû, à òàêæå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå îá îãíåííî-æèäêîì ÿäðå Çåìëè (ïîêðûòîé ëèøü òîíêîé êîðîé) ïðîäåðæàëèñü â íàóêå äî íà÷àëà XX â. Ïîçäíåå âûÿâèëîñü, ÷òî ãèïîòåçà Ëàïëàñà íå âûäåðæèâàåò êðèòèêè ñî ñòîðîíû ìåõàíèêè è ôèçèêè.  òî æå âðåìÿ èçó÷åíèå íåäð Çåìëè ìåòîäàìè ñåéñìîëîãèè ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî ïîä êîðîé íåò ñïëîøíîé æèäêîé ìàãìû è ÷òî Çåìëÿ òâåðäà ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå íà ãëóáèíó äî ïîëîâèíû ñâîåãî ðàäèóñà.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì ïîÿâèëèñü íîâûå ãèïîòåçû î ïðîèñõîæäåíèè Çåìëè. Òàê, àìåðèêàíñêèå ó÷åíûå Ò. ×åìáåðëèí è Ô. Ìóëüòîí ïðåäïîëîæèëè, ÷òî Çåìëÿ îáðàçîâàëàñü èç õîëîäíûõ ÷àñòè÷åê (ïëàíåòåçèìàëåé) è íèêîãäà íå áûëà ðàñïëàâëåííîé è ÷òî ãðàâèòàöèîííàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ â òåëå Çåìëè ñëóæèò èñòî÷íèêîì ýíåðãèè òåêòîíè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ.

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X. Ñîñòàâüòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîáëþäàÿ ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí: ¦ He has no experience in this field. ¦ It didn't occur to him that he was wrong. ¦ We can take any bus from here to the station. He said, that ¦ There aren't any institutions in this town. ¦ Although it was December there was no ice on ¦ the river. ¦ Nobody was interested in the problem. ¦ No construction was going on at that period. ¦ They couldn't find the explanation of this fact ¦ anywhere. ¦ Has he got any English-Russian Dictionary? ¦ Has anybody made mistakes in this sentence? ¦ Did you use a submersible in your researches? ¦ What number of people can be included in the ¦ experiment? They asked, if ¦ Could you scale that peak? ¦ Has such a scale of construction been achieved ¦ anywhere else? ¦ Will they be given admitting to the mission of ¦ the commitee? ¦ Were you surprised when you won the prize? XI. Ðàñïðåäåëèòå ñëîâà íà ñèíîíèìû: aid, various, the earth, large, shi p, help, work, different, the globe, big, vessel, activity. XII. Ðàñïðåäåëèòå ñëîâà íà àíòîíèìû: back, less, full, push, generally, small, western, front, new, more, particularly, empty, eastern, great, old, pull. XIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïèñüìåííî íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, à ïîòîì îáðàòíî íà àíãëèéñêèé è ñâåðüòå ñâîé ïåðåâîä: 1. A new globe was brought into the classroom. 2. This area was often visited by scientists. 3. New instruments were sent to the scientists. 4. The details are known now. 5. New lenses were bought by our laboratory. 6. When was the first fish caught? 7. Were the instruments put on the table? 8. My letter was answered at once. 9. We were 53

joined by a group of our students in Omsk. 10. The lecture was attended by many students. 11. The terms are agreed upon. 12. He was listened attentively. 13. This problem was not spoken about. 14. The doctor will be sent at once. 15. This book is often referred to. 16. He was never heard of. 17. The terms were insisted upon. 18. They are taught German at school. 19. She was offered a new job. 20. We are paid twice a month. 21. The student was asked to tell the rule again. XIV. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, ïîëüçóÿñü ïðèâåäåííûìè îáðàçöàìè: a) He was the first man to realize this discovery. Îí áûë ïåðâûì, êòî ðåàëèçîâàë ýòî îòêðûòèå. b) Newton was one of the first to question this long-standing idea. Íüþòîí áûë ïåðâûì, êòî çàíÿëñÿ ýòîé äàâíåé èäååé. 1. Îíè ïåðâûìè ðåøèëè ýòó çàäà÷ó. 2. Ïåðâûé ÷åëîâåê, êòî áðîñèë âûçîâ Åâêëèäó, áûë ñàì Åâêëèä. 3. Îí ïåðâûé ïðèøåë ê ýòîìó âûâîäó. 4. ß ïîñëåäíÿÿ óçíàëà îá ýòîì îòêðûòèè. 5. Îí ïîñëåäíèì âûñòóïàë â÷åðà íà çàíÿòèÿõ. à) Take whatever measures you think best. Ïðèìèòå ìåðû, êîòîðûå ñî÷òåòå íóæíûìè. b) Whatever affects the industry, affects the general economy. Âñå, ÷òî çàòðàãèâàåò ïðîìûøëåííîñòü, çàòðàãèâàåò îáùóþ ýêîíîìèêó. 1. Êàêóþ áû ôîðìó íå èìåëî òåëî, ìû ìîæåì íàéòè åãî îáúåì. 2. Êîãäà áû âû íå ñòîëêíóëèñü ñ òàêèìè òðóäíîñòÿìè, îáðàòèòåñü ê ýòîìó ñïðàâî÷íèêó. 3. Êòî áû íè çàíèìàëñÿ ýòèì äåëîì, ðàáîòó ïðèäåòñÿ çàêîí÷èòü âîâðåìÿ. 4. ×òî áû íè ñëó÷èëîñü, âû äîëæíû âûñòóïèòü íà êîíôåðåíöèè. 5. Ãäå áû îíî íå ïðîèñõîäèëî, ýòî ÿâëåíèå ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ îäíîìó è òîìó æå çàêîíó. XV. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãðóïïû ñëîâ è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: ocean-going, obtuse-angled, direct observations, seamount range, school of fish, stellar scintillation, hollow sea, breaking wave, 54

surging sea, sweet water, nature of the bottom, pleasure launch, drawing compass, north circle, equatorial circumference of the Earth, polar circumference of the Earth, weather gauge, marking boundaries, sampling apparatus, measurement of preci pitation. XVI. Óêàæèòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò: 1. introduce 1. îòíîñèòüñÿ, èìåòü îòíîøåíèå 2. essential 2. ðàññìàòðèâàòü, ñ÷èòàòü 3. govern 3. âíåäðÿòü 4. outstanding 4. ñìåøèâàòü 5. create 5. âàæíûé, ñóùåñòâåííûé 6. mix 6. óïðàâëÿòü 7. relate 7. ñîçäàâàòü, òâîðèòü 8. consider 8. âûäàþùèéñÿ XVII. Óêàæèòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé àíãëèéñêèé ýêâèâàëåíò: 1. ïîäâåðãàòüñÿ 1. opportunity 2. ïîçâîëÿòü 2. oscillate 3. ïðåäñòàâëÿòü 3. keep records 4. êîëåáàòüñÿ 4. undergo 5. íà÷àëî 5. make possible 6. óñòóïàòü äîðîãó 6. origin 7. âîçìîæíîñòü 7. represent 8. âåñòè çàïèñü 8. give way to

Unit 10

THE PAMIRS More and more people — physicists, seismologists, archaeologists and other scientists — are visiting the Pamirs, one of the earth's highest mountain systems. The Pamirs are natural laboratory for the study of cosmic radiation, which is being studied at the high mountain research camp at Ak-Akhrar, nearly 3.5 miles above the sea level. Tadjikistan is also one of the most earthquake prone part of the world. In fact, there are weak underground tremors practically every 55

day; middling ones about once a year; severe ones every few years; and really destructive ones every few decades. The Pamirs are extremely rich in power resources, for they are the source of powerful mountain rivers like the Vakhsh. Archaeologists recently made an amazing discovery in the Pamirs — the remains of a 10—12th century mining town, high above the clouds. This town is 12,540 feet above sea level, and graves have been found containing a great quantity of things which throw much light on the history of the area. Botanists find the Pamirs highly interesting, and recently ten expeditions have been working in different parts of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. One of the world's highest botanical gardens is just outside Khorog, capital of the region. Its plan includes study of medical herbs and observation of the effect of ultraviolet rays on the growth of trees and other plants. The Pamirs are the largest glacial zone in the world, so naturally glaciologists find them interesting. There are more than a thousand glaciers, one of which, the Fedchenko, is more than 44 miles long. Hydrographers study the snow cover on the mountains, for agriculture in Central Asia depends on the amount of water in the mountains brought down by its chief rivers, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. Finally, the Pamirs have a particular interest for studying languages. The area is a kind of linguistic museum in which many «dead» Iranian languages still live. ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

earthquake prone underground tremor middle severe destructive decade extremely 56

[' : kweik] [proun] [ nd 'graund] ['trem ] ['midl] [si'vi ] [dis'tr ktiv] ['dek d] [iks'tri:mli]

-

çåìëåòðÿñåíèå ðàñïðîñòåðòûé, ñêëîííûé ïîäçåìíûé äðîæü, òðåïåò ñðåäíèé ñèëüíûé, ñòðîãèé, ñóðîâûé ðàçðóøèòåëüíûé äåñÿòèëåòèå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî, êðàéíå

archaeologist recently amazing discovery remains century mine cloud grave contain quantity throw outside include herb observation growth glacial glacier naturally hydrographer agriculture depend amount particular still

[ :ki' l d ist] ['ri:sntli] [ 'meizin] [dis'k v ri] [ri'meinz] ['sent uri] ['main] ['klaud] [greiv] [k n'tein] ['kw ntiti] [ rou] ['aut'said] [in'klu:d] ['h :b] [ bz 'vei n] ['grou ] ['gleisi l] ['gl sj ] ['n t r li] [hai'dr gr f ] [' grik lt ] [di'pend] [ 'maunt] [p 'tikjul ] [stil]

- àðõåîëîã - íåäàâíî - èçóìëÿòü, èçóìëåíèå - îòêðûòèå - îñòàíêè, îñòàòêè - âåê, ñòîëåòèå - øàõòà - îáëàêî - ìîãèëà - ñîäåðæàòü â ñåáå - êîëè÷åñòâî - áðîñàòü, êèäàòü - ñíàðóæè, âíå, çà ïðåäåëàìè - âêëþ÷àòü, çàêëþ÷àòü - òðàâà, ðàñòåíèå - íàáëþäåíèå, çàìå÷àíèå - ðîñò, óâåëè÷åíèå - ëåäíèêîâûé, ëåäÿíîé - ëåäíèê, ãëåò÷åð - åñòåñòâåííî, êîíå÷íî - ãèäðîãðàô - ñåëüñêîå õîçÿéñòâî - çàâèñåòü, ïîëàãàòüñÿ - êîëè÷åñòâî, äîõîäèòü äî, ðàâíÿòüñÿ - îñîáåííûé, îñîáûé - äî ñèõ ïîð, âñå åùå; íåïîäâèæíûé, òèõèé, áåñøóìíûé

EXPRESSIONS

for the study - äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ earthquake prone - ïîäâåðæåííûõ çåìëåòðÿñåíèÿì for they are - ïîñêîëüêó îíè high above - âûñîêî íàä to throw light - ïðîëèâàòü ñâåò just outside - ïðÿìî, ñðàçó æå effect of ultra-violet rays - âëèÿíèå óëüòðàôèîëåòîâîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ snow cover - ñíåãîâîå ïîêðûòèå is a kind of - ñâîåãî ðîäà 57

GRAMMAR ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÀß ÐÅ×Ü

Ñîäåðæàíèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ìîæíî ïåðåäàòü êàê ïðÿìîé ðå÷üþ, òàê è êîñâåííîé. Íàïðèìåð: He said: «I will go to the country tomorrow» (ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü). He said that he would go to the country the next day (êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü).  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïðè ïåðåäà÷å êîñâåííîé ðå÷è íåîáõîäèìî ñëåäèòü çà ñîãëàñîâàíèåì âðåìåí. Ïðè îáðàùåíèè óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé èç ïðÿìîé ðå÷è â êîñâåííóþ ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ: 1) Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü ââîäèòñÿ ñîþçîì that, êîòîðûé ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ. 2) Ãëàãîë to say, ïîñëå êîòîðîãî ñëåäóåò äîïîëíåíèå, çàìåíÿåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì to tell. 3) Âðåìåíà ãëàãîëîâ â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè èçìåíÿþòñÿ ñîãëàñíî ïðàâèëàì ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ âðåìåí. 4) Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ è íàðå÷èÿ çàìåíÿþòñÿ ïî ñìûñëó: Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü here there this that these those now then today that day, at the time tomorrow the next day the day after tomorrow two days later yesterday the day before, on the previous day the day before yesterday two days before last night (on) the previous night ago before next year the next year, the following year Îáùèå âîïðîñû ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçàìè if, whether, èìåþùèìè çíà÷åíèå ÷àñòèöû «ëè».  ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñîáëþäàåòñÿ ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ óòâåðäèòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. He asked me: «Do you know hydrography?» Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Âû çíàåòå ãèäðîãðàôèþ?» He asked me if I knew hydrography.

58

Ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû ââîäÿòñÿ òåì æå âîïðîñèòåëüíûì ñëîâîì, ñ êîòîðîãî íà÷èíàåòñÿ ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü. Ñîáëþäàåòñÿ ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ óòâåðäèòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. He asked me: «When did you learn hydrography?» Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Êîãäà âû ó÷èëè ãèäðîãðàôèþ?» He asked me when I had learned hydrography. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, êîãäà ÿ ó÷èë ãèäðîãðàôèþ. Äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïðîñòûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to. Åñëè ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü âûðàæàåò ïðèêàçàíèå, òî ãëàãîë to say çàìåíÿåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì to tell (âåëåòü) èëè to order (ïðèêàçûâàòü). Åñëè ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü âûðàæàåò ïðîñüáó, ãëàãîë to say çàìåíÿåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì to ask (ïðîñèòü). He said to me: «You must get up at 7 o'clock». Îí ñêàçàë ìíå: «Òû äîëæåí âñòàòü â 7 ÷àñîâ». He told me to get up at 7 o'clock. Îí âåëåë ìíå âñòàòü â 7 ÷àñîâ. He said to me: «Please, give me the lectures on geography». Îí ñêàçàë ìíå: «Äàé ìíå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ëåêöèè ïî ãåîãðàôèè». He asked me to give him the lectures on geography. Îí ïîïðîñèë ìåíÿ äàòü åìó ëåêöèè ïî ãåîãðàôèè. Ïðè ïåðåõîäå èç ïðÿìîé ðå÷è â êîñâåííóþ, åñëè ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íàõîäèòñÿ â îäíîì èç ïðîøåäøèõ âðåìåí, ïðîèñõîäÿò ñëåäóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ: Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü can could could had been able to may might might might is to, are to was to, were to was to, were to was to, were to have to, has to had to had to had to must must should should ought ought need need dare dared

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EXERCISES

I. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â êîñâåííóþ ðå÷ü. Íà÷íèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñî ñëîâ she said..., he said..., they said... . 1. I don't like to be interrupted. 2. We must catch an early train. 3. I can't forgive such insults. 4. We did a lot of gardening in the country. 5. There was always a great deal of work to do. 6. The weather was fine and we stayed outdoors from morning till night. 7. My uncle showed me the parcel which arrived for him yesterday. 8. There were delicious apples and pears in it. We had quite a feast. 9. I was waiting for Peter all morning on Sunday. 10. He came when I had nearly given him up. 11. We rehearsed the new play last week. 12. They were walking across the forest almost the whole week-end. 13. Andrew brought his brother, who was an actor. 14. He's bought presents for all the family. Nearly all the money is gone. He hopes they'll like the presents, though. 15. We watched the rowing race between Oxford and Cambridge. 16. Crabs provided her with the best fun of all. 17. Towards sunset the beach became alive with these little creatures getting from their holes. 18. One day I noticed that George walked with difficulty. 19. He had never travelled in any other way. 20. She enjoyed with the game reserve best of all. 21. Winni peg distributors handle more freshwater fish than any other centre in North America. 22. It will involve some sixty dives in three underseashi ps. 23. Each dive should be an adventure straight from Jules Verne. II. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß äóìàë, ÷òî âû óæå ñëûøàëè îá ýòîé ïîåçäêå. 2. Îíà íå çíàëà, ÷òî ìû ïðîâåëè îòïóñê â äåðåâíå. 3. Îíà ïîäóìàëà, ÷òî îïîçäàëà íà ïîåçä. 4. Ìû áûëè óâåðåíû, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò âîâðåìÿ. 5. ß çíàë, ÷òî ïåðåâåäó ýòó ñòàòüþ áåç ñëîâàðÿ. 6. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî óñòàåò âå÷åðîì. 7. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî ëåãêî ìîæåò ïåðåâåñòè ýòè ñòàòüè. 8. ß íå çíàë, ÷òî ó âàñ åñòü ìíîãî êíèã ïî ãåîëîãèè Óðàëà. 9. Îí ãîâîðèë, ÷òî õî÷åò èçó÷àòü äâà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêà. 10. Ñòóäåíòû ñêàçàëè, ÷òî åäóò â ãîðû. 11. Ôðàíöóçñêèå è àìåðèêàíñêèå ó÷åíûå ñêàçàëè, ÷òî íàäåÿëèñü óçíàòü íàìíîãî áîëüøå î òàèíñòâåííîì ïîäâîäíîì ðàéîíå. 12. Îíè îáúÿñíèëè, ÷òî èõ öåëü — èññëåäîâàíèå íåáîëüøîé ÷àñòè ãðîìàäíîé ðèôòîâîé (rift) äîëèíû. 13. Îí çàÿâèë, ÷òî ñîëè óðàíà ñïîñîáíû âîçäåé60

ñòâîâàòü (âëèÿòü) íà ôîòîãðàôè÷åñêóþ ïëàñòèíêó. 14. Àëõèìèêè (alchemists) ãîâîðèëè, ÷òî ðòóòü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùåé (constituent) ÷àñòüþ âñåõ ìåòàëëîâ. 15. Áûëî ñêàçàíî, ÷òî ðàñòâîðèìîñòü áîëüøèíñòâà âåùåñòâ áóäåò óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè òåìïåðàòóðû. 16. Îíè íå ñîîáùèëè, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ëè ýòîò ìåòîä ñóøêè â õèìè÷åñêèõ ëàáîðàòîðèÿõ. 17. Îí õîòåë çíàòü, áóäóò ëè â äàííîé êíèãå îáñóæäàòüñÿ äðóãèå ìåòîäû ïîëó÷åíèÿ âîäîðîäà. 18. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïðèñîåäèíèòñÿ ê íàì, êàê òîëüêî ñäàñò ýêçàìåíû. III. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ïðÿìóþ ðå÷ü: 1. Jack said he wanted to read some books on zoology. 2. My friend said he had enjoyed his tri p to Lake Baikal. 3. Tom said he had booked tickets for a fast train. 4. Fred told his sister that he was going to take her to the managery. 5. Mary said she was working at a report on the latest achievements in chemistry. 6. The dean said I ought to be more careful. 7. They said I might call any day I liked. 8. Mike said his sister was good at sports and had won a number of competitions. 9. Anrew said Ann that he would stay at the seaside for another week. 10. Nick said he knew a girl who was a champion in parashute jumping. 11. Betty said that she had seen a real avalanche in the mountains. 12. Kate said she dared not speak to her father when he was in one of his bad moods. 13. The son told his mother that he had not been able to let her know he would be late. 14. The students said they would go sightseeing and take pictures of all the places of interest. 15. Nick told his uncle that he had been waiting for him more than an hour. 16. My neighbour said he had met John on his way home. 17. Mother said it had been raining all night. 18. The postgraduate said he must read for his exams. 19. The teacher said we needn't write any more on the subject. 20. Mary said she had been in a nature reserve. 21. They say a prairie is a large treeless track of level or undulating grassland. 22. The farmer said that he hadn't grown any wheat since 1990. IV. Ïåðåñêàæèòå äèàëîã: Mike: My steps become lighter because I hear the music of running water. Let's stand and look at the stream. Jane: Why only look? I'm thirsty and nothing tastes so good as cool mountain water. 61

Mike: But passing the same water through the pores of the skin does the body fifteen times as much good as it does when you drink it. Put your hands and arms into the deepest place and you'll feel so wonderful. Jane: I can't stop drinking. Look at the clear, smooth surface of the stream. Water is beautiful. Mike: And perhaps, the most beautiful thing about it is its use. It helps all living things in one way or another. Jane: I know that my own body is eighty-five per cent water. Mike: Yes, and this water keeps you going in spite of the weather. Jane: How does it do this? Mike: By circulation it keeps your body at the same temperature all the time. Jane: I've read that water has the most interesting properties of all liquids. It is the slowest to cool and the slowest to heat. Mike: In winter the water in your body keeps you warm by circulating evenly to all parts. In the heat of summer it passes off through the million of pores of your skin. This keeps you cool and takes away toxic material at the same time. Jane: I think the great supply of water in the body is one of the nature's great provisions. Mike: Sure, especially taking into consideration that the human being can live only within the narrow range in body temperature of a very few degrees Fahrenheit. Have you got enough water? V. Âûáåðèòå âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà: discovery: à) ðåøåíèå; b) îòêðûòèå; ñ) ðàçëè÷èå; d) ñðàâíåíèå breadth: à) òîëùèíà; b) äëèíà; ñ) âûñîòà; d) øèðèíà property: a) ÷àñòü; b) ñâîéñòâî; ñ) äàâëåíèå; d) ìîùíîñòü define: a) äåëèòü; b) îïðåäåëÿòü; ñ) ïðîèçâîäèòü; d) ïîíèìàòü numerous: a) öåëûé; b) ïîõîæèé; ñ) ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé; d) îáû÷íûé 6. almost: a) ïðîñòî; b) âìåñòå; ñ) ÷àñòî; d) ïî÷òè 7. always: a) ñðåäè; b) èíîãäà; ñ) âñåãäà; d) áûñòðî b) 8. óãîë: à) square; b) circle; c) angle; d) solid 9. èññëåäîâàíèå: a) dimension; b) field; c) subject; d) research 10. âåñ: a) thing; b) volume; c) weight; d) matter 11. óëó÷øàòü: a) exist; b) improve; c) establish; d) explain 12. ïîñûëàòü: a) seem; b) supply; c) serve; d) send a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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13. 14. 15. 16.

ïðîäîëæàòü: a) turn; b) continue; c) heat; d) revolve ëåãêèé: a) equal; b) easy; c) even; d) each áëàãîäàðÿ: a) during; b) such; c) ago; d) due to èíîãäà: a) together; b) usually; c) sometimes; d) hard

VI. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Îí ñîîáùèë ñâîèì äðóçüÿì, ÷òî ñåãîäíÿ ó íèõ âñòðå÷à. 2. Îíè ñêàçàëè ìíå, ÷òî ëåòîì ñîáèðàþòñÿ ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü â Ñèáèðè. 3. Îíà ñïðîñèëà, êàê ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ñëîâî «pandemonium». 4. Äåêàí îáúÿâèë, ÷òî ó ñòóäåíòîâ II êóðñà ñåãîäíÿ ñâîáîäíûé äåíü. 5. Îíà ãîâîðèò, ÷òî ó íåå â ñàäó íåò áåëûõ ðîç. 6. Äîêòîð ñêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî ó Åâãåíèÿ ñåãîäíÿ ïðîñòóäà. 7. Íàø ó÷èòåëü ãîâîðèò, ÷òî ó ìîëîäûõ ëþäåé ñåé÷àñ ìíîãî ïðîáëåì. 8. Îí ãîâîðèò, ÷òî ñåãîäíÿ î÷åíü çàíÿò. 9. Îíà ñïðîñèëà ìåíÿ, çíàþ ëè ÿ ÷òî-íèáóäü îá ýòîì. 10. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî íè÷åãî îá ýòîì íå çíàþ. 11. Îíè ñêàçàëè ìíå, ÷òî Ðîáåðò ñèäèò â ñàäó. 12. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî ÷àñòî âèäèò ñâîåãî äðóãà. 13. ß çíàë, ÷òî îí æèâåò â Âîëãîãðàäå. 14. Ìû çíàëè, ÷òî îíà æèëà â Ðèî-äåÆàíåéðî. 15. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî âèäåë èõ íàêàíóíå. 16. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïðåïîäàâàòåëü. 17. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îíè îáñóäÿò ýòîò âîïðîñ, êàê òîëüêî äèðåêòîð âåðíåòñÿ èç êîìàíäèðîâêè. 18. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïîøëåò òåëåãðàììó, åñëè íå ïîëó÷èò èçâåñòèé îò áðàòà. 19. Ôðýíê ñêàçàë, ÷òî åãî æåíà âñå åùå â áîëüíèöå, è îí ñîáèðàåòñÿ íàâåñòèòü åå âå÷åðîì. 20. Íàø ãèä ñêàçàë, ÷òî àâòîáóñ òîëüêî ÷òî ïðèøåë è îòïðàâèòñÿ â Ýäèíáóðã ÷åðåç ÷àñ. 21. Âàø òîâàðèù ñêàçàë ìíå, â ÷åì äåëî, è ÿ äóìàþ, ÷òî ñìîãó ïîìî÷ü âàì. 22. ß äóìàë, ÷òî ìîé äðóã èõ õîðîøî çíàåò. 23. Ïî÷åìó âû íå ñêàçàëè, ÷òî íàì íóæíî ïåðåâîäèòü ýòó ñòàòüþ? 24. Ìîé äðóã îáåùàë äîñòàòü íåñêîëüêî êíèã ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó, êàê òîëüêî ÿ íà÷íó ðàáîòàòü íàä ñòàòüåé. VII. Èç äâóõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñîñòàâüòå îäíî: 1. A new one-passenger submersible is designed for performing…; 1. an underwater helicopter. 2. This submersible is a spherical transparent plastic apparatus…; 2. to the depth of 2,700 feet. 3. It looks like…; 3. this apparatus will move like a sports car. 4. It can move in water environment;… 4. its sensory mani pulator with miniature video cameras and microphones. 63

5. While exploring the ocean floor; 5… . accurate scientific explorations. 6. The apparatus is capable to descend; …6. due to the use of rotor instead of conventional propeller. 7. A special feature of this manned submersible is; …7. mounted on a metal platform. VIII. Ïðî÷òèòå, ïåðåâåäèòå è ïåðåñêàæèòå òåêñò ïî-àíãëèéñêè: From time immemorial an immense amount of shi ps were lost at sea, because sailors couldn't fix their position. An astronomer from Greenwich, Flamstead by name, even in XVII century tried to find the answer. With a telescope made by himself he watched the sky night after night for twenty years. In a hundred years later, another astronomer, Harrison proceeded his work and made a clock which told the time at sea and helped seafarers to find their location. One can see Harrison,s clock, still working in Greenwich museum of the sea. But it is of Flamstead's work every country all over the world tells its time nowadays by Greenwich time. Every year a million visitors come to Greenwich to see its museums and palaces and its two famous shi ps: an old one and a new one. They are: big Cutty Sark and the little Gypsy Moth sailed through dangerous waters before they came safely back to their Greenwich home. At the end of 1800's the Cutty Sark was the fastest shi p of its size. Carrying more than a million kilos of tea, she travelled the 25,000 kilometers from China to England in only a hundred days. Next to the Cutty Sark is the Gypsy Moth — only 16,5 metres long, but full of newest equi pment. Her captain Sir F. Chichester wanted his shi p to sail as far and as fast as the Cutty Sark. When he sailed round the world by himself in Gypsy Moth in 1966 — the first man ever do this — he took a flag from the Cutty Sark with him. IX. Çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ: 1. «fluvial topography» ['flu:vi l] - ðå÷íîé ðåëüåô 2. river mouth, a delta ['delt ] - óñòüå ðåêè 3. distributary (distributary channel), a river branch (river arm) [dis'triâjut ri] - ðóêàâ ðåêè, ïðîòîêà, äåëüòîâûé ðóêàâ 4. bank ['b nk] - ðå÷íîé îòêîñ, áåðåã 5. peninsula (spit) [pi'ninsjul ] - ïîëóîñòðîâ 64

6. island ['ail nd] 7. bay (cove) [bei] 8. stream (brook, rivulet, creek)

- îñòðîâ - çàëèâ, áóõòà, ãóáà, ýñòóàðèé - ïîòîê, ðó÷åé, ðåêà, ðóñëî, òå÷åíèå 9. levee ['levi] - äàìáà, ïëîòèíà, íàñûïü, áåðåãîâîé (íàìûâíîé) âàë (ðåêè), ïðèïîäíÿòûé áåðåã (ðåêè) 10. alluvial plain [ 'lu:vj l] - àëëþâèàëüíàÿ ðàâíèíà 11. meander (river bend) [mi' nd ] - ìåàíäðà, èçãèá, èçëó÷èíà 12. meander core (rock island) [k :] - ÿäðî ìåàíäðû (õîëì, îãèáàåìûé ìåàíäðîé) 13. meadow ['medou] - ëóã, áîëîòèñòàÿ ìåñòíîñòü 14. stagnum ['st gn m] - çàñòîéíîå îçåðî 15. «bog (marsh)» [m : ] - áîëîòî, òðÿñèíà, òîïü, òîðôÿíîå áîëîòî 16. low-moor bog [mu ] - íèçîâîå áîëîòî 17. layers of decayed vegetable matter [di'keid] - ñëîè ðàçëîæèâøåéñÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè 18. fen peat (consisting of rush and sedge) [fenpi:t] - íèçèííûé òîðô, òîðô íèçèííîãî òèïà 19. high-moor bog [b g] - âåðõîâîå áîëîòî 20. layer of recent sphagnum mosses ['sf gn m] - ñëîé íåçðåëîãî òîðôÿíîãî ìõà 21. layer of older sphagnum mosses [m siz] - ñëîé çðåëîãî òîðôÿíîãî ìõà 22. bog pool [pu:l] - áîëîòíûé âîäîåì 23. swamp [sw mp] - áîëîòî, òîïü, òðÿñèíà 24. «cliffline (cliffs)» [kliflain] - êëèôîâàÿ ëèíèÿ, ëèíèÿ óòåñîâ 25. surf [s :f] - ïðèáîé 26. cliff (cliff face, stee rock face) [klif] - óòåñ 27. scree [skri:] - ùåáåíü, ùåáíèñòàÿ îñûïü 28. [wave-cut] notch [n t ] - ïîäìûâ, âîäíîïðèáîéíàÿ íèøà 29. abrasion platform (wave-cut platform) [ 'brei n] - àáðàçèîííàÿ ïëàòôîðìà 30. atoll (ring-shaped coral reef), coral reef [' t l] - àòîëë, êîðàëëîâûé ðèô 31. lagoon [l 'gu:n] - ëàãóíà 65

32. breach (hole)

- îòâåðñòèå, ðàçðûâ, ïðîìîèíà 33. «beach» [bi:t ] - ïëÿæ, îòëîãèé ïåñ÷àíûé áåðåã, îòìåëü 34. high-water line (high-water mark, tidemark) [‘taid ] - áåðåãîâàÿ ëèíèÿ ïðè ïîëíîé âîäå, óðåç ïîëíîé âîäû 35. groyne [groin] - áóíà, âîëíîëîì, âîëíîðåç 36. groyne head [groinhed] - ãîëîâà âîëíîðåçà 37. wandering dune (migratory dune, travelling dune), a dune ['w nd rin dju:n] - äâèæóùàÿñÿ äþíà, äþíà 38. barchan (barchane, barkhan, crescentic dune) ['ba:ka:n kres'entik] - áàðõàí (ñåðïîâèäíàÿ ïåñ÷àíàÿ äþíà), ìàòåðèêîâàÿ äþíà 39. ri pple mark ['ri pl ma:k] - âîëíîïðèáîéíûé çíàê (îáðàçîâàíèå âîëíîé èëè âåòðîì íà áåðåãó) 40. hummock ['h m k] - õîëìèê, íåáîëüøàÿ ãîðêà, áóãîð 41. wind cri pple [wind 'kri pl] - çîíà âûâåòðèâàíèÿ 42. coastal lake [koust l] - ïðèáðåæíîå îçåðî 43. «canyon (canon, coulee)» ['k nj n] - êàíüîí, óùåëüå 44. plateau (tableland) ['pl tou] - ïëàòî, âîçâûøåííàÿ ðàâíèíà, ïëîñêîãîðüå 45. rock terrace ['ter s] - ñêóëüïòóðíàÿ òåððàñà, ýðîçèîííàÿ òåððàñà 46. sedimentary rock (stratified rock) [,sedi'ment ri] - îñàäî÷íàÿ ïîðîäà 47. river terrace (bed) - ðå÷íàÿ òåððàñà 48. joint ['d int] - òðåùèíà 49. canyon river - ðåêà â êàíüîíå 50. «types of vally» ['v li] - ðàçíîâèäíîñòè äîëèí 51. cross section - ïîïåðå÷íûé ðàçðåç (ñå÷åíèå) 52. gorge (ravine) [g :d ] - óùåëüå, îâðàã, òåñíèíà 53. V-shaped valley (V-valley) - V-îáðàçíàÿ äîëèíà 54. widened V-shaped valley ['waidnd] - ðàñøèðÿþùàÿñÿ äîëèíà 55. U-shaped valley (U-valley, trough valley) - U-îáðàçíàÿ äîëèíà, òðîã, òðîãîâàÿ [êîðûòîîáðàçíàÿ] äîëèíà 66

[bri:t ]

56. synclinal valley ['sinklin l] 57. «river valley» 58. scarp (escarpment) [ska:p]

- ñèíêëèíàëüíàÿ äîëèíà - ðå÷íàÿ äîëèíà - óñòóï, îáðûâ, êðóòîé ñêëîí 59. sli p-off slope [sli p f sloup] - îòëîãèé íàìûâíîé áåðåã (ðåêè) 60. mesa ['meis ] - ìåñà (ïëàòî; ñòîëîâîå ïëîñêîãîðüå; ñòîëîâàÿ ãîðà; ïëîñêèé õîëì-îñòàíåö; øèðîêàÿ òåððàñà, ïðîòÿãèâàþùàÿñÿ âäîëü äîëèíû) 61. ridge [rid ] - õðåáåò; ãðåáåíü ãîðû; ãîðíûé êðÿæ; ãðÿäà ãîð; âåðøèíà; óòåñ; ïîäâîäíàÿ ñêàëà; âîäîðàçäåë 62. floodplain ['fl dplein] - ïîéìà 63. terracette [ter 'set] - òåððàñîâèäíûé âûñòóï íà êðóòîì ñêëîíå õîëìà; oïîëçíåâàÿ òåððàñêà; òåððàñåòà 64. pediment ['pedim nt] - ïåäèìåíò 65. hill [hil] - õîëì 66. valley floor (valley bottom) [fl :] - äíî äîëèíû 67. riverbed ['riv bed] - ðóñëî ðåêè 68. sediment ['sedim nt] - îñàäîê, îñàäî÷íàÿ ïîðîäà, îòëîæåíèÿ 69. bedrock [bedrok] - ñêàëèñòîå äíî 70. «karst formation» (in limestone) [ka:st] - êàðñòîâîå îáðàçîâàíèå 71. dolina, a sink (sinkhole, swallowhole) ['d lin ] - äoëèíà (åñòåñòâåííàÿ âîðîíêîîáðàçíàÿ òðóáà) 72. polje ['p lj ] - ïîëüå, âíóòðåííÿÿ äîëèíà (â êàðñòîâûõ îáëàñòÿõ) 73. percolation of a river [,p :k lei n] - ïðîñà÷èâàíèå âëàãè ðåêè 74. karst spring [sprin] - êàðñòîâûé èñòî÷íèê 75. dry valley - ñóõàÿ äîëèíà 76. system of caverns (system of caves) ['k v n] - ñèñòåìà êàâåðí 77. water level water table (in a karst formation) - óðîâåíü âîäû 78. impervious rock (impermeable rock) [im'p :vj s] - âîäîíåïðîíèöàåìàÿ ïîðîäà 67

79. limestone cave (dri pstone cave) ['laimstoun] - èçâåñòíÿêîâàÿ ïåùåðà 80. speleothem (cave formation) [,spi:li' m] - ñïåëåîòåì (âòîðè÷íûå ìèíåðàëüíûå îòëîæåíèÿ, îáðàçóþùèåñÿ â ïåùåðå â ðåçóëüòàòå äåéñòâèÿ âîäû) 81. stalactite (dripstone) ['st l ktait] - ñòàëàêòèò 82. stalagmite ['sta l gmait] - ñòàëàãìèò 83. linked-up stalagmite and stalactite - ñîåäèíåííûå ñòàëàãìèò è ñòàëàêòèò 84. stagmalite ['st gm lait] - îáùåå íàçâàíèå ñòàëàêòèòà è ñòàëàãìèòà 85. subterranean river [,s bt 'reinj n] - ïîäçåìíàÿ ðåêà X. Ïîäáåðèòå ýêâèâàëåíò ðóññêîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ èç ïðåäëàãàåìûõ àíãëèéñêèõ âàðèàíòîâ: 1. Îí äîëæåí èäòè äîìîé. He may go home. He must go home. He had to go home. 2. Îí äîëæåí èäòè äîìîé â 3 ÷àñà. He must go home at 3 o'clock. He is to go home at 3 o'clock. He may go home at 3 o'clock. 3. Îí ìîæåò èäòè äîìîé â 3 ÷àñà. He may go home at 3 o'clock. He can go home at 3 o'clock. He must go home at 3 o'clock. 4. Îí äîëæåí áóäåò èäòè äîìîé ðàíüøå. He must go home åàrlier. He should go home åàrlier. He will have to go home åàrlier. 5. Åìó ñëåäóåò èäòè äîìîé. He should go home. He may go home. He had to go home. 6. Îí ìîæåò î÷åíü áûñòðî õîäèòü. He can walk very quickly. He will be able to walk very quickly. He could walk very quickly. 7. Åìó ðàçðåøàò èäòè äîìîé ïîñëå 10. He is permitted to go home after 10. He was permitted to go home after 10. He will be permitted to go home after 10. 8. Åìó íå íóæíî èäòè äîìîé ñðàçó. He is allowed to go home at once. He could go home at once. He needn't go home at once.

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XI. Îïðåäåëèòå, ê êàêèì ÷àñòÿì ðå÷è îòíîñÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñëîâà, ïåðåâåäèòå èõ: requirement, constituent, scientific, distance, agronomist, ancient, density, differ, hardness, structural, various, magnificent, presence, property, culture, conductor, presentation, probably. XII. Íàïèøèòå ãëàãîëû, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñëåäóþùèì ñëîâàì: surprisingly, difference, equi pment, mixture, coming, estimation, weightlessness, production, separately, development, movement, disapearance, functional. XIII. Îáðàçóéòå îò ñëåäóþùèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå: magnet, industry, absence, speciality, weight, probability, orbit, dynamics, preparation, gravitation, superpurity, difficulty, variety. XIV. Äëÿ ïðèâåäåííûõ íèæå ñëîâ ïîäáåðèòå à) ñèíîíèìû various, certain, movement, quality, manufacture, consequently, means, possess, to start, to occur, numerous, to use, research, to substitute, nowadays; á) àíòîíèìû invaluable, distant, unusual, to stop, dependence, minimum, few, to reduce.

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CONTENTS Unit 6 ........................................................................................................ 3 CHANGES IN THE EARTH'S OUTER CRUST .................................. 3 Unit 7 ...................................................................................................... 17 ON THE BED OF THE PACIFIC ........................................................ 17 Unit 8 ...................................................................................................... 31 PROPERTIES OF AIR ........................................................................... 31 Unit 9 ...................................................................................................... 45 THE MEN WHO STUDY VOLCANOES ............................................ 45 Unit 10 .................................................................................................... 55 THE PAMIRS ........................................................................................ 55

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Notes

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ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ Â ÑÔÅÐÅ ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÉ ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÊÀÖÈÈ: ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ×àñòü III Ñîñòàâèòåëè: Òàðàñîâà Ëþäìèëà Àëåêñàíäðîâíà Êèðþøèí Âàëåíòèí Èâàíîâè÷

Ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð À.Â. Øåñòàêîâà Ðåäàêòîð Ë.Â. Ñóááîòèíà Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåäàêòîð Ë.Â. Ñóááîòèíà Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü 18.04.01. Ôîðìàò 60½84/16. Áóìàãà òèïîãðàôñêàÿ ¹ 1. Ãàðíèòóðà Òàéìñ. Óñë. ïå÷. ë. 4,2. Ó÷.-èçä. ë. 4, 5. Òèðàæ 100 ýêç. Çàêàç . Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. 400062, Âîëãîãðàä, óë. 2-ÿ Ïðîäîëüíàÿ, 30. 72