Blacks (Who We Are)

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BLACKS

BY THE NEW STRATEGIST EDITORS

BLACKS

BY THE NEW STRATEGIST EDITORS

New Strategist Publications, Inc. Ithaca, New York

New Strategist Publications, Inc. P.O. Box 242, Ithaca, New York 14851 800/848-0842; 607/273-0913 www.newstrategist.com

Copyright 2007. NEW STRATEGIST PUBLICATIONS, INC.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microﬁlming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher.

ISBN 978-1-933588-81-0 ISBN 1-933588-81-0 Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 1. Education Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Educational Attainment Has Grown Rapidly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks in the West Are the Best Educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks Represent a Large Share of the Nation’s Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Black College Enrollment Rate Is Slipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks Earn Nine Percent of Bachelor’s Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks Are Most Likely to Participate in Adult Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 14 19 22 26 31 37

Chapter 2. Health Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks Are Less Likely to Say Their Health Is Excellent or Very Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Among Blacks, One in Five Smokes Cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Blacks Are Overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Black Children Are Born to Single Mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Blacks Have Private Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ten Percent of Blacks Have Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heart Disease Is the Leading Cause of Death among Blacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39 40 42 44 46 50 54 58

Chapter 3. Housing Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nearly Half of Black Households Are Homeowners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Black Married Couples Own Their Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Black Homeowners Live in The South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Homeowners Are Achieving the American Dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Black Homeowners Live in Neighborhoods with Single-Family Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Blacks Rate Their House Highly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Mobility Is above Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61 62 66 69 72 74 76 79

Chapter 4. Income Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Black Incomes Have Been Growing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Most Black Married Couples Have Incomes above $50,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Black Men and Women Have Made Gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 The Income of Black Men Peaks in the 35-to-44 Age Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Black Earnings Rise with Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 One in Four Blacks Is Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Chapter 5. Labor Force Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two-Thirds of Black Men Are in the Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nine Percent of Professional Workers Are Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Black Workers Have College Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Households Have Fewer Earners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Black Workers Drive to Work Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Black Labor Force Will Grow by Nearly 3 Million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111 112 116 126 129 132 136

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS V

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few Black Households Are Headed by Married Couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . People Who Live Alone Account for Nearly One-Third of Black Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Households Are More Likely to Include Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Largest Share of Blacks Has Never Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

139 140 143 146 152

Chapter 7. Population Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Black Population Is Growing Slowly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thirteen Percent of Americans Are Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Blacks Live in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

157 158 161 165

Chapter 8. Spending Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Black Households Spend Less than the Average Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Blacks Are Big Spenders on Telephone Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Chapter 9. Time Use Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work Ranks Second in Time Use among Blacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks Spend More Time Participating in Religious Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks Are More Likely to Be in School on an Average Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

213 214 218 223

Chapter 10. Wealth Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks Have Little Wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Nonwhite Households Have Financial Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Nonwhite Households Own Nonﬁnancial Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Is Rising for Nonwhite Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Older Blacks Depend on Social Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Glossary

229 230 232 234 236 238

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Index

VI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

List of Tables Chapter 1. Education 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20

Total and Black Educational Attainment, 1980 to 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Blacks by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Black Men by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Black Women by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Blacks by Age and Region, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Blacks by State, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black School Enrollment by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . School Enrollment of Blacks by Age and Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by State, 1994 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black College Enrollment Rate, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black College Enrollment, 1976 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College Enrollment Status of Blacks Aged 18 to 24, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black College Enrollment by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College Enrollment of Blacks by Age and Type of School, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Associate’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . Master’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . . . Doctoral Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . . . First-Professional Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation in Adult Education, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 16 17 18 20 21 23 24 25 27 28 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 36 38

Chapter 2. Health 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21

Health Status of Total and Black Adults, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Health Status, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smoking Status of Total and Black Adults, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drinking Status of Total and Black Adults, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weight of Blacks by Age and Sex, 1999–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weight Status of Total and Black Adults, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Births to Total and Black Women by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Births to Black Women by Age and Marital Status, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Births to Total and Black Women by Birth Order, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Births to Total and Black Women by State, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Insurance Coverage of Total People and Blacks by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Insurance Coverage of Blacks by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Conditions among Total and Black Adults, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Conditions among Total and Black Children, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Total People and Blacks by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Total and Black Adults, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative AIDS Cases by Race and Hispanic Origin, through 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leading Causes of Death among Blacks, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Life Expectancy of Total People and Blacks at Birth and Age 65, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 41 43 43 45 45 47 47 48 49 51 51 52 53 55 56 56 57 57 59 59

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS VII

Chapter 3. Housing 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20

Total and Black Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Homeownership Rate by Age of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Homeownership Status by Age of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Homeowners by Age of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Renters by Age of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Homeownership Rate by Household Type, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Homeowners by Type of Household, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Renters by Type of Household, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Homeownership Rate by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Homeownership Status by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Homeowners by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Renters by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Blacks, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neighborhood Characteristics of Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Housing Value for Total and Black Homeowners, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opinion of Housing Unit and Neighborhood among Blacks, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Movers by Age, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geographical Mobility of Blacks by Age, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reasons for Moving among Black Movers, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63 63 64 64 65 67 67 68 68 70 70 71 71 73 75 77 78 80 81 82

Chapter 4. Income 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20

Median Income of Total and Black Households, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Income of Black Households by Household Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Income of Black Households by Age of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Income of Black Households by Educational Attainment of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . 91 Income of Black Households by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 High-Income Total and Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Median Income of Total and Black Men, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Median Income of Total and Black Women, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Income of Black Men by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Income of Black Women by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Median Income of Total and Black Men Who Work Full-Time, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . 100 Median Income of Total and Black Women Who Work Full-Time, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . 101 Median Income of Blacks Who Work Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Earnings of Black Men Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Earnings of Black Women Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Total People and Blacks below Poverty Level, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Total People and Blacks below Poverty Level by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Blacks below Poverty Level by Age and Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Number and Percent of Black Families below Poverty Level by Family Type, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Number and Percent of Black Families with Children below Poverty Level by Family Type, 1990 to 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Chapter 5. Labor Force 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

VIII

Total and Black Labor Force by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Labor Force Participation Rate of Total People and Blacks by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . Labor Force Participation Rate of Blacks by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment Status of Blacks by Sex and Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Workers by Occupation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

113 113 114 115 117 118

5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18

Total and Black Workers by Industry, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Labor Force by Educational Attainment, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Workers by Job Tenure, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Households by Number of Earners, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Labor Force Status of Black Married Couples, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Minimum Wage Workers, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Union Representation of Total and Black Workers, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Journey to Work by Black Workers, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Labor Force Projections, 2004 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2004 to 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125 127 127 128 130 131 133 133 134 135 137 138

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16

Total and Black Households by Age of Householder, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Households by Household Type, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Households by Size, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks Who Live Alone by Sex and Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Households with Children by Age of Householder, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Households with Children by Type of Household, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Living Arrangements of Total and Black Children, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Living Arrangements of Total and Black Adults, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Living Arrangements of Black Adults by Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Marital Status, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marital Status of Black Men by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marital Status of Black Women by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marital History of Black Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marital History of Black Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

141 141 142 144 145 147 147 148 149 150 151 153 154 155 156 156

Chapter 7. Population 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11

Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks by Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Share of Total Population by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks by Age, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Population by Region, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks by Region, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Population by State, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks by State, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Black Population by Metropolitan Area, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

159 159 160 162 163 164 166 166 167 168 169

Chapter 8. Spending 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

Average Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Shares by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Alcoholic Beverages by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Apparel by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Entertainment by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Financial Products and Services by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . .

179 182 185 188 192 193 195 197

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS IX

8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16

Spending on Gifts for People in Other Households by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . Spending on Groceries by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Household Operations by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Personal Care, Reading, Education, and Tobacco by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Restaurant Meals by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Shelter and Utilities by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Transportation by Black Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

198 199 202 203 206 207 208 210

Chapter 9. Time Use 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11

Time Use of Total Blacks, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Use of Black Men, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Use of Black Women, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Time Use of Total Blacks, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Time Use of Black Men, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Time Use of Black Women, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Time Use of Blacks by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Total Blacks, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Black Men, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Black Women, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Blacks by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

215 216 217 219 220 221 222 224 225 226 227

Chapter 10. Wealth 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

X

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Total and Nonwhite or Hispanic Households, 2004 . . . . . Net Worth of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ownership and Value of Financial Assets by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 and 2004 Financial Assets of Nonwhite or Hispanic Households, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ownership and Value of Nonﬁnancial Assets by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonﬁnancial Assets of Nonwhite or Hispanic Households, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt of Nonwhite or Hispanic Households, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sources of Income for Blacks Aged 65 or Older, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

231 231 233 233 235 235 237 237 239

List of Illustrations Executive Summary Thirteen percent of Americans are black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Few blacks live in the West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Thirty percent of Georgia’s population is black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Black households have less to spend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 But black couples have relatively high incomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Only 30 percent of black households are headed by married couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Nearly 70 percent of black babies are born to single mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Black household incomes are growing faster than average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The incomes of black men are also growing faster than average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 One in four blacks lives in poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Black households spend about $33,000 a year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 One in eight blacks participates in religious activities on an average day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 1. Education Many more blacks are high school graduates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black educational attainment varies by region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Among black students aged 20 or older, women greatly outnumber men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black enrollment rises sharply with family income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks earn one in eight associate’s degrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black participation is above that of Asians or Hispanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 19 22 26 31 37

Chapter 2. Health Blacks are less likely than the average American to rate their health highly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks are equally likely to smoke, but less likely to drink, than the average American. . . . . . . . . . . Few blacks have a healthy weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The percentage of babies born to single mothers falls with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks are more likely to be covered by private than by government insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Among AIDS cases, blacks outnumber non-Hispanic whites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black life expectancy is nearly ﬁve years below average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 42 44 46 50 54 58

Chapter 3. Housing Black homeownership has increased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black female-headed families are more likely to rent than own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black homeownership is low in the Northeast and West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most black homeowners live in a single-family detached house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most black households are satisﬁed with the local public elementary school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The median value of black homes is below average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . More than 16 percent of blacks moved between 2004 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62 66 69 72 74 76 79

Chapter 4. Income The median income of black households is below average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Black household incomes peak in middle age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Black men have lost ground since 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Black men are catching up to the average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Many highly educated black men earn $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 The black poverty rate bottomed out in 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS XI

Chapter 5. Labor Force Black women are almost as likely as black men to work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blacks account for a larger-than-average share of employment in some rapidly growing industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few black workers are high school dropouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Among black households, single earners are more common than dual earners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ten percent of blacks use mass transportation to get to work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The black labor force is growing faster than average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112 116 126 129 132 136

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements Black households are diverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most black households are home to only one or two people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few black children live with both parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Many blacks have yet to marry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

140 143 146 152

Chapter 7. Population Blacks are outnumbered by Hispanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 The black share of the population decreases with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Few blacks live in the West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Chapter 8. Spending Black households spend 29 percent less than the average household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Blacks spend more than average on phone cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Chapter 9. Time Use One-third of blacks do housework on an average day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Blacks spend more time than the average person in the classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Nearly 8 percent of blacks attend class on an average day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Chapter 10. Wealth The net worth of blacks is well below average. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Only three types of ﬁnancial assets are owned by more than 10 percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The median value of the nonﬁnancial assets owned by nonwhite households is below average . . . Mortgages are the biggest debt for nonwhite households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few older blacks receive retirement income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

XII

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

230 232 234 236 238

INTRODUCTION

Introduction The 2000 census counted not only more people than had been projected, but more diversity than had been expected. Now, with the 21st century well underway, the composition of the U.S. population is continuing its rapid change. Hispanics have become the largest minority. Asians are the most afﬂuent segment of the population. Blacks are making signiﬁcant gains in education and earning power. Only by understanding each of these increasingly important segments of the population can policymakers and business people hope to tailor their programs and products to the wants and needs of more than 300 million Americans. The ﬁrst edition of Who We Are: Blacks provides a comprehensive look at the characteristics of this fast growing segment of the U.S. population as the 21st century unfolds. In addition to detailed estimates of the numbers of blacks nationally and by state and metropolitan area, Who We Are: Blacks includes the latest socioeconomic data on the black population. It has detailed spending data for black households and the latest data on black household wealth. Results from the American Time Use Survey are also presented here, proﬁling black time use and comparing it to the averages. Understanding the demographics and lifestyles of racial and ethnic groups is of vital importance to researchers and policy makers. Who We Are: Blacks provides the key to understanding both the similarities and the differences between blacks and other Americans. Regardless of race or ethnic origin, there is no doubt Americans are more alike than different, and Who We Are: Blacks documents our many similarities. But there are also important differences among racial and ethnic groups that, if not taken into account, can derail public policy efforts and business strategies. The living arrangements of blacks differ from those of the average American, for example, and those differences affect not only lifestyles but also consumer behavior. The substantial educational, employment, and economic gains made by blacks, documented in these pages, are contrary to popular perception, but they are of utmost importance to policy makers and business leaders.

Race and Hispanic origin classiﬁcations The 2000 census transformed racial and ethnic classiﬁcation in the United States. The census allowed Americans, for the ﬁrst time in modern history, to identify themselves as belonging to more than one racial group. This makes the analysis of racial and ethnic diversity more complex—and more rewarding—than ever before.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 1

Most of the government’s ongoing surveys now use the new racial classiﬁcation scheme. Consequently, researchers have a wealth of racial and ethnic data available to them. The federal government’s new racial classiﬁcation system has resulted in different racial and ethnic combinations. Three terms are used to distinguish groups from one another. The “race alone” population consists of people who identify themselves as being of only one race. The “race in combination” population consists of people who identify themselves as being of more than one race, such as black and white. The “race, alone or in combination” population includes both those who identify themselves as being of one race and those who identify themselves as being of more than one race. For example, the “black, alone or in combination” population includes those who say they are black alone and those who say they are black and white and those who say they are black, white, and Asian, and so on. While the new classiﬁcation system is a goldmine for researchers, the numbers no longer add up. This may frustrate some, but it provides a more accurate picture of each racial group than the previous methodology did, which required the multiracial to align with only one race. Under the new scheme, however, tables showing the “race alone” population exclude the multiracial. Tables showing the “race in combination” population count some people more than once. To make matters even more complex, Hispanics are considered an ethnic group rather than a race and they can be black, white, or Asian. Keep these factors in mind as you peruse the numbers. Whenever possible, the tables in Who We Are: Blacks show the “race alone or in combination” populations. We prefer this classiﬁcation because it includes everyone who identifying with a particular racial group and does not exclude the multiracial. In some instances, the “race alone or in combination” population ﬁgures are not available. In these cases, the “race alone” population is shown. The racial classiﬁcation used is noted at the bottom of each table, if available. Note that some data sources do not deﬁne their racial classiﬁcations.

How to use this book Who We Are: Blacks is designed for easy use. It is divided into 10 chapters arranged alphabetically: Education, Health, Housing, Income, Labor Force, Living Arrangements, Population, Spending, Time Use, and Wealth. Descriptive text and charts accompany most of the tables, highlighting the important trends. Most of the tables in Who We Are: Blacks are based on data collected by the federal government, in particular the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National Center for Education Statistics, and the National Center for Health Statistics. The federal government continues to be the best source of up-to-date, reliable information on the changing characteristics of Americans.

2

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INTRODUCTION

Several government surveys are of particular importance to Who We Are: Blacks. One is the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey. The CPS is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. The Census Bureau takes it monthly, collecting information from 50,000 households on employment and unemployment. Each year, the March survey includes a demographic supplement that is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans, such as their educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes. CPS data appear in many tables of this book. The American Community Survey is another important source of data for Who We Are: Blacks. The ACS, an ongoing nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month, provides detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the census long-form questionnaire, the ACS includes more than 60 questions that formerly appeared on the long form, such as inquiries regarding the language spoken at home, or householders’ income and education. ACS data are available for the nation, regions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and smaller geographic units. The Consumer Expenditure Survey is the data source for the Spending chapter. Sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CEX is an ongoing study of the day-to-day spending of American households. The data collected by the survey are used to update prices for the Consumer Price Index. The CEX includes an interview survey and a diary survey administered to two separate, nationally representative samples. The average spending ﬁgures shown in the Spending chapters of this book are the integrated data from both the diary and interview components of the survey. For the interview survey, about 7,500 consumer units are interviewed on a rotating panel basis each quarter for ﬁve consecutive quarters. For the diary survey, another 7,500 consumer units keep weekly diaries of spending for two consecutive weeks. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ American Time Use Survey is the source of data for the Time Use chapter. Through telephone interviews with a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized Americans aged 15 or older, the ATUS collects information in minute detail about what survey respondents did during the previous 24 hours—or diary day. Time use data allow social scientists to better understand our economy and lifestyle and how policy decisions affect our lives. The data in the Wealth chapter comes from the Survey of Consumer Finances, a triennial survey taken by the Federal Reserve Board. The SCF collects data on the assets, debt, and net worth of American households. The latest data available are from the 2004 survey, for which the Federal Reserve Board interviewed a representative sample of 4,522 households. The SCF provides wealth data for only two racial and ethnic groups: “non-Hispanic whites” and “non-whites and Hispanics.”

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 3

Value added While the government collected the data presented in Who We Are: Blacks, the tables published here are not reprints from government reports—as is the case in many reference books. Instead, New Strategist’s editors spent hundreds of hours scouring web sites, compiling numbers into meaningful statistics, and creating tables with calculations revealing the trends. Government web sites are useful for obtaining generalized summary data or for tapping into complex databases that often require statistical programs for analysis. New Strategist has done the work for you, delving into the data and providing analysis and comparisons, placing the important information about blacks at your ﬁngertips. Researchers who want even more can use the source listed at the bottom of each table to explore the original data. The book contains a comprehensive table list to help readers locate the information they need. For a more detailed search, use the index at the back of the book. Also in the back of the book is the glossary, which deﬁnes most of the terms commonly used in the tables and text. Who We Are: Blacks gives you the opportunity to discover and become familiar with the growing black population and its many unique characteristics. Armed with such knowledge, you will be closer to understanding what the future holds for our vast and complex nation.

4

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Executive Summary

What You Need to Know about Blacks The United States is rapidly becoming more diverse. To keep track of the changing racial and ethnic makeup of the nation requires more than hearsay and hunches. It requires an understanding of the size and characteristics of the country’s growing minority populations. Whether you are a marketer, retailer, manufacturer, politician, policy maker, or social service provider, the nation’s Asians, blacks, and Hispanics are a growing share of your customers and constituents. Unfortunately, many Americans know little about the racial and ethnic makeup of the population. The public often wildly overestimates the size of minority groups while at the same time underestimating or even ignoring their powerful inﬂuence. In these fast-changing times, getting it wrong may be the difference between proﬁt and loss, winning and losing, successful programs and failures. To keep you informed, the summary charts below highlight the most important facts you need to know about the nation’s black or African American population. More details are available in the chapters that follow. Use these charts as a starting point for generating product ideas, developing marketing insights, and creating innovative policies.

1. Blacks are the second-largest minority in the United States Shortly after the 2000 census, the number of Hispanics surpassed the number of blacks. Today, there are 40 million blacks and 44 million Hispanics in the United States. Because the Asian, black, and Hispanic populations are growing faster than the non-Hispanic white population, the non-Hispanic white share of the population is shrinking. The nation’s minorities now account for one in three Americans. (For more information, see the Population chapter.) 90

Thirteen percent of Americans are black (percent distribution of population by race and Hispanic origin, 2006)

66% 60 60%

30 30%

13% 0 0%

1%

2%

a American Indian

b multiracial

15%

4% c Asian

d black

e f white Hispanic non-Hispanic

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 5

2. More than half of blacks live in the South The 54 percent majority of blacks live in the South, where they account for a large share of the populations of several states. Few blacks live in the West. In California, the nation’s most populous state, only 7 percent of the population is black. (For more information, see the Population chapter.)

Few blacks live in the West (percent distributiuon of the black population, by region, 2006) 10% Westd 18% Northeast a

a b c

54% South

18% Midwest b

d

c

3. Blacks are a large share of some state populations Blacks account for more than one in four residents of six states, all in the South. In some metropolitan areas, blacks are an even larger share of residents. They account for more than 40 percent of the population of 10 metros, including Jackson, Mississippi; Memphis, Tennessee; and Montgomery, Alabama. (For more information, see the Population chapter.)

Thirty percent of Georgia’s population is black (black share of population in the states in which blacks account for at least 25 percent of residents, 2006) 45

37.5% 30 30%

30.5%

32.1%

30.4%

29.5%

26.7%

15 15%

0 0%

6

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a Alabama

b Georgia

c Louisiana

d Maryland

e Mississippi

South fCarolina

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4. Black incomes are below average Black household incomes are below average because married couples—the most afﬂuent household type—head relatively few black households. Female-headed families—one of the poorest household types—are almost as numerous as married couples among black households, pulling down black household income statistics. (For more information, see the Income chapter.)

Black households have less to spend (median income of total and black households, 2005)

60000

$46,326 40000

$40,000

$30,954 20000

$20,000

0

$0

a total households

b black households

But black couples have relatively high incomes (median income of black households by household type, 2005)

$56,539

60000

40000

$40,000

20000

$20,000

0

$0

$22,690

a

black married couples

b

black female-headed families

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 7

5. Married couples head few black households Married couples head the 51 percent majority of the nation’s households. Among black households, however, married couples head a smaller 30 percent. Femaleheaded families represent a much larger share of black households (29 percent) than households nationally (12 percent). These differences in black household composition explain why black household incomes are below average. (For more information, see the Living Arrangements chapter.)

Only 30 percent of black households are headed by married couples (percent of total and black households headed by married couples and female-headed families, 2006) 60

51%

total black

40

40%

30% 20

20% 100000

0

29%

75000

0%

mc married couples

12% all households total dualhouseholds black

fem families female-headed

50000

6. Most black children are born out-of-wedlock Black women gave birth to25000 616,000 babies in 2005, and 69 percent of those children were born out-of-wedlock. This high rate of out-of-wedlock childbearing creates 0 female-headed families, boosting the black poverty rate and lowering black housewith w/out hold incomes. (For more information, see the Health chapter.)

Nearly 70 percent of black babies are born to single mothers 90

(percent of total and black babies born out-of-wedlock, 2005)

68.8% 60

60%

36.8%

8

30

30%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a born total babies out of wedlock

b born black babies out of wedlock

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

7. Black incomes are rising The median household income of blacks grew by 14 percent between 1990 and 2005, after adjusting for inﬂation—twice as fast as the median income of all households during those years. The median income of black men also has been rising faster than average. Behind the rising incomes of blacks is their growing educational attainment. (For more information, see the Income chapter.)

Black household incomes are growing faster than average (percent change in median income of total and black households, 1990 to 2005; in 2005 dollars)

14.4%

15

10

10%

6.8% 5

5%

0

0%

a total households

b black households

The incomes of black men are also growing faster than average (percent change in median income of total and black men, 1990 to 2005; in 2005 dollars) 12

9.7% 8

8%

4

4%

0

0%

0.5% totalamen

blackbmen

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 9

8. Fewer blacks are poor The poverty rate of blacks is nearly double the rate among all Americans, but it is much lower than it used to be as blacks make gains in education and employment. The black poverty rate fell from 31.9 percent in 1990 to 24.7 percent in 2005. Among black married couples, only 8.2 percent are poor. (For more information, see the Income chapter.)

One in four blacks lives in poverty 45

(percent of blacks with incomes below poverty level, 1990 and 2005)

31.9% 30

30%

15

15%

0

0%

24.7%

a 1990

b 2005

9. Blacks spend less than the average household The average annual spending of black households is 29 percent below average, largely because so many are female-headed families. On a number of individual items, however, blacks spend more than the average household. They spend 20 percent more than average on residential telephone service. They control more than one-quarter of the market for children’s shoes. (For more information, see the Spending chapter.)

Black households spend about $33,000 a year 60000

(average annual spending of total and black households, 2005)

$46,409

10

40000

$40,000

20000

$20,000

0

$0

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

$32,849

average a household

b black households

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

10. Blacks spend more time in religious activities Nothing distinguishes black time use from average time use as much as their involvement in religious activities. On an average day, blacks spend twice as much time as the average person participating in religious activities. Other activities at which blacks spend more time than the average person include going to school, watching television, and making telephone calls. (For more information, see the Time Use chapter.)

One in eight blacks participates in religious activities on an average day 15

(percent of total people and blacks aged 15 or older who participate in religious activities as a primary activity on an average day, 2005)

12% 10

10%

7% 5

5%

0

$0

a

total participating in religious activities

b

blacks participating in religious activities

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 11

EDUCATION CHAPTER

1

Education ■ More than 80 percent of blacks aged 25 or older are high school graduates, a share not far below the 85 percent of all Americans with a high school diploma. ■ By state, the percentage of blacks with a college degree is highest, at 29 percent, in Maryland and lowest, at 12 percent, in Indiana. ■ Of the nation’s 76 million students, more than 12 million—or 16 percent—are black. In some states, blacks are the majority or near majority of public school students. ■ Among the nation’s 17 million college students, 14 percent are black. Fifty-six percent of black college students are enrolled in four-year colleges, 30 percent in two-year schools, and 14 percent in graduate school. ■ Of the 1.4 million bachelor’s degrees awarded in 2004–05, blacks earned 9 percent. In that school year, blacks earned a larger 12 percent of associate’s degrees, 9 percent of master’s degrees, 6 percent of doctoral degrees, and 7 percent of ﬁrst-professional degrees. ■ Nearly half of the nation’s 23 million blacks aged 16 or older participated in adult education programs during the 2004–05 academic year.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 13

Black Educational Attainment Has Grown Rapidly Blacks are almost as likely as the average American to be high school graduates. More than 80 percent of blacks aged 25 or older are high school graduates, a share not far below the 85 percent of all Americans with a high school diploma. Blacks still lag in college experience. Only 19 percent of blacks have a college degree compared with 28 percent for the population as a whole. The educational attainment of blacks varies greatly by age. Among blacks under age 55, at least 85 percent have graduated from high school. Among those aged 65 or older, the proportion is just 55 percent. Among blacks under age 45, at least one in ﬁve has a college degree compared with only about one in ten blacks aged 65 or older. The greater opportunity available to younger generations of blacks is clearly evident in these statistics. ■ The proportion of blacks with a college education will continue to climb, but only if college remains affordable for the middle class.

Many more blacks are high school graduates (percent of blacks aged 25 or older with a high school diploma, 1980 and 2006) 90

14

81%

60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

51%

a 1980

b 2006

EDUCATION

Table 1.1

Total and Black Educational Attainment, 1980 to 2006

(percent of total people and blacks aged 25 or older completing high school or college, 1980 to 2006; percentage point change, 1980–2006) high school graduates

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980

college graduates

total

black

total

black

85.5% 85.2 85.2 84.6 84.1 84.1 84.1 83.4 82.8 82.1 81.7 81.7 80.9 80.2 79.4 78.4 77.6 76.9 76.2 75.6 74.7 73.9 73.3 72.1 71.0 69.7 68.6

80.7% 81.1 80.6 80.0 78.7 78.8 78.5 77.0 76.0 74.9 74.3 73.8 72.9 70.4 67.7 66.7 66.2 64.6 63.5 63.4 62.3 59.8 58.5 56.8 54.9 52.9 51.2

28.0% 27.7 27.7 27.2 26.7 26.2 25.6 25.2 24.4 23.9 23.6 23.0 22.2 21.9 21.4 21.4 21.3 21.1 20.3 19.9 19.4 19.4 19.1 18.8 17.7 17.1 17.0

18.5% 17.6 17.6 17.3 17.0 15.7 16.5 15.4 14.7 13.3 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.2 11.9 11.5 11.3 11.8 11.2 10.7 10.9 11.1 10.4 9.5 8.8 8.2 7.9

2.2 29.5

2.5 11.0

2.2 10.6

Percentage point change 2000 to 2006 1.4 1980 to 2006 16.9

Note: From 2003 through 2006, blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/ educ-attn.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 15

Table 1.2

Educational Attainment of Blacks by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of blacks aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total blacks Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

22,137 4,245 7,805 4,237 1,714 2,827 1,032 167 110

5,366 726 1,903 1,260 386 811 217 38 24

5,505 676 2,048 1,109 461 856 278 50 27

5,081 763 1,879 1,001 482 638 252 38 29

3,132 715 1,073 529 266 328 177 26 18

3,053 1,361 902 339 122 193 108 17 12

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

17,892 10,087 4,136

4,639 2,736 1,090

4,829 2,781 1,211

4,319 2,440 957

2,417 1,344 549

1,693 791 330

100.0% 44.6 29.5 11.1 4.0 6.3 3.5 0.6 0.4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total blacks Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 19.2 35.3 19.1 7.7 12.8 4.7 0.8 0.5

100.0% 13.5 35.5 23.5 7.2 15.1 4.0 0.7 0.4

100.0% 12.3 37.2 20.1 8.4 15.5 5.0 0.9 0.5

100.0% 15.0 37.0 19.7 9.5 12.6 5.0 0.7 0.6

100.0% 22.8 34.3 16.9 8.5 10.5 5.7 0.8 0.6

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

80.8 45.6 18.7

86.5 51.0 20.3

87.7 50.5 22.0

85.0 48.0 18.8

77.2 42.9 17.5

55.5 25.9 10.8

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

16

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Table 1.3 Educational Attainment of Black Men by Age, 2006 (number and percent distribution of black men aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total black men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

9,808 1,932 3,701 1,808 664 1,179 392 68 65

2,448 346 986 533 154 348 59 10 12

2,474 349 977 504 164 353 93 17 17

2,324 363 912 433 209 250 115 21 20

1,376 315 487 211 98 159 85 11 10

1,185 555 340 129 36 70 39 7 8

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

7,877 4,176 1,704

2,102 1,116 429

2,125 1,148 480

1,960 1,048 406

1,061 574 265

629 289 124

Total black men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 19.7 37.7 18.4 6.8 12.0 4.0 0.7 0.7

100.0% 14.1 40.3 21.8 6.3 14.2 2.4 0.4 0.5

100.0% 14.1 39.5 20.4 6.6 14.3 3.8 0.7 0.7

100.0% 15.6 39.2 18.6 9.0 10.8 4.9 0.9 0.9

100.0% 22.9 35.4 15.3 7.1 11.6 6.2 0.8 0.7

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

80.3 42.6 17.4

85.9 45.6 17.5

85.9 46.4 19.4

84.3 45.1 17.5

77.1 41.7 19.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

100.0% 46.8 28.7 10.9 3.0 5.9 3.3 0.6 0.7 53.1 24.4 10.5

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 17

Table 1.4

Educational Attainment of Black Women by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of black women aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total black women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

12,329 2,313 4,104 2,429 1,051 1,648 640 99 46

2,917 381 917 727 231 464 157 26 12

3,031 328 1,071 605 296 503 185 32 10

2,757 399 967 569 270 388 137 17 9

1,756 400 587 318 166 170 92 14 9

1,868 805 562 210 86 123 69 10 4

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

10,017 5,913 2,433

2,534 1,617 659

2,702 1,631 730

2,357 1,390 551

1,356 769 285

1,064 502 206

100.0% 43.1 30.1 11.2 4.6 6.6 3.7 0.5 0.2

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total black women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 18.8 33.3 19.7 8.5 13.4 5.2 0.8 0.4

100.0% 13.1 31.4 24.9 7.9 15.9 5.4 0.9 0.4

100.0% 10.8 35.3 20.0 9.8 16.6 6.1 1.1 0.3

100.0% 14.5 35.1 20.6 9.8 14.1 5.0 0.6 0.3

100.0% 22.8 33.4 18.1 9.5 9.7 5.2 0.8 0.5

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

81.2 48.0 19.7

86.9 55.4 22.6

89.1 53.8 24.1

85.5 50.4 20.0

77.2 43.8 16.2

57.0 26.9 11.0

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

18

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Blacks in the West Are the Best Educated Blacks in the South lag behind those in the rest of the country. Black educational attainment varies by region, and blacks living in the West are the most highly educated. Eighty-seven percent of blacks aged 25 or older in the West have a high school diploma compared with a low of 79 percent in the South. Twenty-ﬁve percent of blacks in the West have a college degree compared with only 17 to 18 percent of blacks in the Midwest and South. By state, the percentage of blacks with a college degree is lowest, at just 12 percent, in Indiana and Kentucky. The ﬁgure is highest, at 28 to 29 percent, in Colorado, Maryland, and Washington. ■ The educational attainment of blacks is rising, but wide variations by region and state remain.

Black educational attainment varies by region (percent of blacks aged 25 or older with a bachelor’s degree, by region, 2006)

30

25% 20 20%

19%

17%

18%

b Midwest

c South

10 10%

0 0%

a Northeast

d West

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 19

Table 1.5

Educational Attainment of Blacks by Age and Region, 2006

(percent of blacks aged 25 or older by selected educational attainment, age, and region, 2006) Northeast

Midwest

South

West

HIGH SCHOOL GRAD. OR MORE

Total blacks Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

80.3% 86.4 83.4 86.5 75.4 60.2

84.3% 88.0 89.1 89.5 82.0 62.9

78.8% 85.2 88.2 82.4 74.3 48.7

87.1% 90.3 90.5 88.7 88.0 70.8

43.1 52.7 48.4 43.9 35.3 25.0

49.6 52.1 54.5 54.2 49.6 28.8

43.0 48.3 48.7 45.0 39.9 22.6

57.7 59.8 58.1 62.0 62.1 41.3

16.7 16.1 21.2 17.7 18.4 7.0

18.1 20.8 21.4 17.0 16.0 10.9

24.6 23.8 25.4 27.8 25.6 19.1

SOME COLLEGE OR MORE

Total blacks Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR MORE

Total blacks Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

19.2 21.3 22.3 20.9 17.2 10.1

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

20

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Table 1.6

Educational Attainment of Blacks by State, 2006

(percent of blacks aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, for the 25 most populous states, 2006) high school graduate or more

Total blacks Alabama Arizona California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin

80.8% 77.9 88.7 86.6 87.7 75.2 83.0 82.8 83.4 90.8 87.1 89.0 87.4 83.8 85.9 80.5 78.9 78.2 84.8 82.2 77.9 78.5 82.6 79.6 89.7 81.0

college graduate

18.7% 14.3 20.4 25.3 28.2 18.9 19.1 19.3 11.9 12.3 28.9 20.1 16.8 20.3 12.5 18.2 21.2 15.3 17.0 14.8 15.1 14.8 19.8 21.9 28.2 13.8

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006 .html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 21

Blacks Represent a Large Share of the Nation’s Students Black women are much more likely than black men to be in school. Of the nation’s 76 million students, more than 12 million—or 16 percent—are black. More than 90 percent of blacks are in school through the 16-to-17 age group. At ages 18 to 19, nearly two-thirds of blacks are still in school. The proportion drops below the 50 percent mark among blacks aged 20 or older. Among students aged 20 or older, black women are much more likely than black men to be in school. In the 20-to-21 age group, fully 41 percent of black women are in school compared with 35 percent of black men. In the 22-to-24 age group the proportions are 31 and 24 percent, respectively. In some states, blacks are the majority or a near majority of public elementary and secondary students. They account for 51 percent of students in Mississippi, 48 percent in Louisiana, and 41 percent in South Carolina. ■ If college was made more affordable, a larger proportion of blacks in their twenties would be in school.

Among black students aged 20 or older, women greatly outnumber men (number of black students aged 20 or older, by sex, 2005)

1500000

1,267,000 1000000

1,000,000

752,000

22

500000

500,000

0

0

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a women

b men

EDUCATION

Table 1.7

Total and Black School Enrollment by Age, 2005

(total number of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, number of blacks enrolled, and black share of total, by age, October 2005; numbers in thousands) black

Total aged 3 or older Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

75,780 4,383 7,486 11,628 16,308 8,375 8,472 5,109 4,069 3,254 2,340 1,344 1,762 913 336

12,118 700 1,251 1,875 2,781 1,398 1,346 747 460 489 313 250 291 169 47

share of total

16.0% 16.0 16.7 16.1 17.1 16.7 15.9 14.6 11.3 15.0 13.4 18.6 16.5 18.5 14.0

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 23

Table 1.8

School Enrollment of Blacks by Age and Sex, 2005

(number and percent of blacks aged 3 or older enrolled in school, by age and sex, October 2005; numbers in thousands) total number

Total blacks enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

12,118 700 1,251 1,875 2,781 1,398 1,346 747 460 489 313 250 291 169 47

female percent

33.5% 51.3 96.1 98.5 98.6 95.9 92.9 62.5 38.1 27.8 11.7 9.9 5.3 3.4 0.8

number

6,325 341 621 954 1,362 736 683 359 249 298 199 181 214 99 27

male percent

32.4% 50.0 97.1 99.4 99.3 97.8 92.0 59.1 41.3 31.1 13.8 12.8 7.1 3.6 0.8

number

5,793 358 630 920 1,419 662 663 388 211 190 114 69 77 70 21

percent

34.6% 52.5 95.1 97.5 97.9 93.8 93.8 66.2 34.9 23.9 9.3 6.1 3.1 3.1 0.8

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

24

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Table 1.9

Black Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by State, 1994 and 2004

(percentage of students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools who are black, by state, 1994 and 2004; percentage point change, 1994–2004)

Total enrolled Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2004 17.3% 36.1 4.6 5.0 23.0 8.1 5.9 13.8 32.3 84.5 24.1 38.9 2.4 1.0 20.7 12.4 4.8 8.7 10.5 47.7 1.9 38.1 8.9 19.9 8.2 50.8 17.9 0.8 7.4 – 1.6 17.7 2.5 19.9 31.6 1.2 17.1 10.8 3.3 16.0 8.6 40.8 1.6 25.1 14.2 1.2 1.4 27.1 5.7 4.8 10.5 1.4

1994 16.7% 35.8 4.8 4.3 23.9 8.7 5.4 13.3 29.1 88.0 25.0 37.5 2.7 – 21.0 11.2 3.2 8.4 9.7 45.7 0.7 34.7 8.0 17.5 4.5 50.9 15.8 0.5 5.8 9.3 0.8 18.6 2.4 20.2 30.5 0.8 15.1 10.4 2.5 13.9 7.0 41.7 0.8 23.0 14.3 0.7 0.7 26.2 4.6 3.9 9.3 1.0

percentage point change 0.6 0.3 –0.2 0.7 –0.9 –0.6 0.5 0.5 3.2 –3.5 –0.9 1.4 –0.3 – –0.3 1.2 1.6 0.3 0.8 2.0 1.2 3.4 0.9 2.4 3.7 –0.1 2.1 0.3 1.6 – 0.8 –0.9 0.1 –0.3 1.1 0.4 2.0 0.4 0.8 2.1 1.6 –0.9 0.8 2.1 –0.1 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.4

Note: “–” means data are not available. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 25

The Black College Enrollment Rate Is Slipping Family income greatly affects black college enrollment. Most black students who graduate from high school enroll in college within 12 months of getting their diploma. But trends in the black enrollment rate are troubling. Since 2000, the black rate has failed to keep pace with the average rate, and it fell between 2004 and 2005. The rapid increase in college costs may be preventing blacks from enrolling in college. Family income greatly inﬂuences whether young adults are enrolled in a four-year college. Overall, 26 percent of black dependents aged 18 to 24 are students at a four-year school. The proportion is just 20 percent among those with family incomes below $25,000 and rises to 48 percent among those with incomes of $75,000 or more. Among the nation’s 17 million college students, 14 percent are black. Fifty-six percent of black college students are enrolled in four-year colleges, 30 percent in two-year schools, and 14 percent in graduate school. ■ Financial aid is critical to boosting the percentage of blacks with a college degree.

Black enrollment rises sharply with family income 60

(percent of black dependent family members aged 18 to 24 who attend a four-year college, by family income, 2005) � �

�

4040% � 2020%

00%

26

�

under a $25,000

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

$25,000 b to $49,999

$50,000 c to $74,999

$75,000dor more

EDUCATION

Table 1.10

Total and Black College Enrollment Rate, 1990 to 2005

(percent of total people and blacks aged 16 to 24 having graduated from high school in the previous 12 months who were enrolled in college as of October, 1990 to 2005; percentage point change in enrollment rate for selected years)

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total people

blacks

68.6% 66.7 63.9 65.2 61.8 63.3 62.9 65.6 67.0 65.0 61.9 61.9 62.6 61.9 62.6 60.1

55.7% 62.5 57.5 59.4 55.0 54.9 58.9 61.9 58.5 56.0 51.2 50.8 55.6 48.2 46.4 46.8

Percentage point change 2000 to 2005 5.3 1990 to 2005 8.5

0.8 8.9

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 27

Table 1.11

Total and Black College Enrollment, 1976 to 2005

(number of total people and blacks aged 15 or older enrolled in institutions of higher education, and black share of total, 1976 to 2005; numbers in thousands) black

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1990 1980 1976

total enrolled

number

17,488 17,272 16,901 16,612 15,928 15,312 14,791 14,507 14,502 14,368 14,262 13,819 12,087 10,986

2,215 2,165 2,069 1,979 1,850 1,730 1,641 1,583 1,551 1,506 1,474 1,247 1,107 1,033

share of total

12.7% 12.5 12.2 11.9 11.6 11.3 11.1 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.3 9.0 9.2 9.4

Note: Enrollment ﬁgures are based on a survey of institutions of higher education. They differ from enrollment ﬁgures in other tables, which are based on household surveys. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.12

College Enrollment Status of Blacks Aged 18 to 24, 2005

(total number of black dependent family members aged 18 to 24, and number and percent enrolled in a four-year college by family income, 2005; numbers in thousands) enrolled in four-year college

Total black dependent family members aged 18 to 24 Less than $25,000 $25,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 and over

total

number

2,540 882 901 132 60

678 177 263 62 29

percent

26.7% 20.1 29.2 47.0 48.3

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because not reported is not shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

28

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Table 1.13

Total and Black College Enrollment by Age, 2005

(total number of people aged 15 or older enrolled in college, number of blacks enrolled, and black share of total, by age, October 2005; numbers in thousands) black

Total enrolled in college Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

17,472 3,909 3,945 3,162 2,291 1,309 948 709 515 368 318

2,386 513 428 461 299 230 143 110 103 56 43

share of total

13.7% 13.1 10.8 14.6 13.1 17.6 15.1 15.5 20.0 15.2 13.5

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 29

Table 1.14

College Enrollment of Blacks by Age and Type of School, 2005

(number and percent distribution of blacks aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age and type of school, October 2005; numbers in thousands)

Total blacks enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 or older

total

two-year college

four-year college

graduate school

2,386 513 428 461 299 230 455

725 178 113 108 115 73 139

1,335 335 296 309 124 101 171

326 0 19 44 60 56 145

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF SCHOOL

Total blacks enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

30.4% 34.7 26.4 23.4 38.5 31.7 30.5

56.0% 65.3 69.2 67.0 41.5 43.9 37.6

13.7% 0.0 4.4 9.5 20.1 24.3 31.9

100.0% 24.6 15.6 14.9 15.9 10.1 19.2

100.0% 25.1 22.2 23.1 9.3 7.6 12.8

100.0% 0.0 5.8 13.5 18.4 17.2 44.5

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total blacks enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 or older

100.0% 21.5 17.9 19.3 12.5 9.6 19.1

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

30

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Blacks Earn Nine Percent of Bachelor’s Degrees They earn a larger 12 percent of associate’s degrees. Of the 1.3 million bachelor’s degrees awarded in 2004–05, blacks earned 9 percent. This ﬁgure is less than the black share of the total population and may slip in the future if black college enrollment rates continue to fall. Blacks earned a larger 12 percent of associate’s degrees awarded in 2004–05. At the master’s level, blacks earned 9 percent of degrees, including 18 percent of degrees in public administration. Only 6 percent of doctoral degrees are awarded to blacks. Blacks earned a relatively small 7 percent of ﬁrst-professional degrees awarded in 2004–05, but in theology they accounted for a much larger 15 percent of degrees. Of those receiving degrees in medicine and law in 2004–05, blacks accounted for 7 percent. ■ Blacks are making inroads into higher education, but the rising cost of college is limiting their gains.

Blacks earn one in eight associate’s degrees (percent of degrees earned by blacks, by level of degree, 2004–05)

15

12.4% 9.5%

10 10%

9.5% 7.2% 5.8%

5

5%

0

0%

a associate’s

b bachelor’s

c master’s

d doctoral

e ﬁrst-professional

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 31

Table 1.15

Associate’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of associate’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2004–05) earned by blacks

Total associate’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and biomedical sciences Business Communications, journalism, and related programs Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering technologies English language and literature, letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages, literature, and linguistics Health professions and related sciences Legal professions and studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics and statistics Mechanics and repair technologies Military technologies Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences and science technologies Precision production Psychology Public administration and social service professions Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theology and religious vocations Transportation and materials moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

696,660 6,404 583 115 1,709 112,378 2,545 3,516 36,173 3,512 13,329 2,441 33,548 995 9,707 1,234 122,520 9,885 240,131 108 807 13,619 355 13,888 966 422 2,814 2,039 1,942 4,027 23,749 6,533 581 1,435 22,650

86,402 38 37 25 132 17,842 263 411 5,554 243 2,250 300 3,691 91 2,036 80 15,578 1,673 25,669 9 37 966 87 1,561 116 17 217 88 181 1,070 3,221 735 107 91 1,986

share of total

12.4% 0.6 6.3 21.7 7.7 15.9 10.3 11.7 15.4 6.9 16.9 12.3 11.0 9.1 21.0 6.5 12.7 16.9 10.7 8.3 4.6 7.1 24.5 11.2 12.0 4.0 7.7 4.3 9.3 26.6 13.6 11.3 18.4 6.3 8.8

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

32

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Table 1.16

Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of bachelor’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2004–05) earned by blacks

Total bachelor’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related services Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies Biological and biomedical sciences Business Communications, journalism, and related programs Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering technologies English language, literature, and letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages, literature, and linguistics Health professions and related clinical sciences Legal professions and studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics and statistics Mechanics and repair technologies Military technologies Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religious studies Physical sciences and science technologies Precision production Psychology Public administration and social service professions Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theology and religious vocations Transportation and materials moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

1,439,264 23,002 9,237 7,569 64,611 311,574 72,715 2,523 54,111 117 105,451 64,906 14,482 54,379 20,074 18,386 80,685 3,161 43,751 76 14,351 238 40 30,243 22,888 11,584 18,905 64 85,614 21,769 30,723 156,892 9,284 4,904 80,955

136,122 654 426 1,051 5,146 34,464 7,048 262 6,438 8 6,434 3,386 1,537 4,200 2,057 753 8,989 618 5,657 3 885 15 1 2,674 2,042 604 1,105 0 9,703 4,946 5,545 14,323 538 291 4,319

share of total

9.5% 2.8 4.6 13.9 8.0 11.1 9.7 10.4 11.9 6.8 6.1 5.2 10.6 7.7 10.2 4.1 11.1 19.6 12.9 3.9 6.2 6.3 2.5 8.8 8.9 5.2 5.8 0.0 11.3 22.7 18.0 9.1 5.8 5.9 5.3

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 33

Table 1.17

Master’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of master’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2004– 05) earned by blacks

Total master’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related services Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies Biological and biomedical sciences Business Communications, journalism, and related programs Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering technologies English language, literature, and letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages, literature, and linguistics Health professions and related clinical sciences Legal professions and studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics and statistics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religious studies Physical sciences and science technologies Precision production Psychology Public administration and social service professions Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theology and religious vocations Transportation and materials moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

574,618 4,746 5,674 1,755 8,199 142,617 6,762 433 18,416 167,490 32,633 2,500 8,468 1,827 3,407 46,703 4,170 3,680 6,213 4,477 4,252 3,740 1,647 5,678 6 18,830 29,552 3,991 16,952 5,815 802 13,183

54,482 112 268 168 426 16,025 678 48 1,024 16,977 885 203 366 196 81 4,386 201 306 288 143 322 318 80 127 0 2,493 5,374 663 1,206 489 48 581

share of total

9.5% 2.4 4.7 9.6 5.2 11.2 10.0 11.1 5.6 10.1 2.7 8.1 4.3 10.7 2.4 9.4 4.8 8.3 4.6 3.2 7.6 8.5 0.0 2.2 0.0 13.2 18.2 16.6 7.1 8.4 6.0 4.4

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

34

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Table 1.18

Doctoral Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of doctoral degrees conferred and number and percent earned by blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2004– 05) earned by blacks

Total doctoral degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related services Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies Biological and biomedical sciences Business Communications, journalism, and related programs Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering technologies English language, literature, and letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages, literature, and linguistics Health professions and related clinical sciences Legal professions and studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics and statistics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religious studies Physical sciences and science technologies Psychology Public administration and social service professions Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theology and religious vocations Visual and performing arts

total

number

52,631 1,173 179 189 5,578 1,498 465 3 1,119 7,681 6,547 54 1,212 331 1,027 5,868 98 109 42 1,176 983 207 586 4,114 5,106 673 94 3,819 1,422 1,278

3,056 23 5 24 155 123 25 0 22 1,206 111 0 80 37 11 257 1 2 0 20 64 8 25 60 323 92 6 195 153 28

share of total

5.8% 2.0 2.8 12.7 2.8 8.2 5.4 0.0 2.0 15.7 1.7 0.0 6.6 11.2 1.1 4.4 1.0 1.8 0.0 1.7 6.5 3.9 4.3 1.5 6.3 13.7 6.4 5.1 10.8 2.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 35

Table 1.19

First-Professional Degrees Earned by Total People and Blacks by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of ﬁrst-professional degrees conferred and number and percent earned by blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2004–05) earned by blacks

Total ﬁrst-professional degrees Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Optometry (O.D.) Osteopathic medicine (D.O.) Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Podiatry (Pod.D., D.P., or D.P.M.) Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) Naturopathic medicine Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord.)

total

number

87,289 4,454 15,461 1,252 2,762 8,885 343 2,354 2,560 262 43,423 5,533

6,313 192 1,083 36 88 791 34 43 135 13 3,052 846

share of total

7.2% 4.3 7.0 2.9 3.2 8.9 9.9 1.8 5.3 5.0 7.0 15.3

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

36

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

EDUCATION

Blacks Are Most Likely to Participate in Adult Education The largest share of blacks takes work-related courses. Blacks are more likely than Asians or Hispanics to participate in adult education. Nearly half—46 percent—of the nation’s 23 million blacks aged 16 or older participated in adult education programs during the 2004–05 academic year. Twenty-seven percent of blacks took a work-related course, and almost as many (24 percent) took a personal interest course. Black participation in other types of adult education programs is minimal. Just 2 percent of blacks took GED classes in 2004–05, and an equal share participated in apprenticeship programs. A larger 4 percent of blacks are in a part-time college degree program. ■ Blacks are more likely than Asians to be in an apprenticeship program.

Black participation is above that of Asians or Hispanics 60 (percent of people aged 16 or older who take adult education classes, by race and Hispanic origin, 2004–05)

44% 40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

46% 38%

a Asians

b blacks

c Hispanics

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 37

Table 1.20

Participation in Adult Education, 2004–05

(number and percent of people aged 16 or older participating in adult education, by type of educational activity, race, and Hispanic origin, 2004–05; numbers in thousands) Total aged 16 or older, number Total aged 16 or older, percent Participated in any formal adult education activity English-as-a-second-language classes Basic skills, GED classes Part-time college degree programs Part-time vocational degree or diploma programs Apprenticeships Work-related courses Personal interest courses

black

Asian

Hispanic

23,467 100.0% 46.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 27.0 24.0

7,080 100.0% 44.0 2.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 23.0

26,101 100.0% 38.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 17.0 15.0

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Education Participation in 2004-05; National Household Education Surveys Program, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/adulted/tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

38

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HEALTH CHAPTER

2

Health ■ Only 45 percent of blacks aged 18 or older say their health is excellent or very good, which is well below the 55 percent of all adults who rate their health highly. ■ Only 35 percent of blacks are current regular drinkers compared with a much larger 48 percent of all adults. ■ Sixty-ﬁve percent of black adults are overweight. Thirty-two percent are obese. ■ Of the 4.1 million births in the United States in 2005, blacks accounted for a substantial 15 percent. Sixty-nine percent of black births are to unmarried women. ■ The 80 percent majority of blacks had health insurance coverage in 2006. The percentage of blacks with no health insurance reaches a high of 35 percent in the 18-to-24 age group. ■ Blacks aged 18 or older suffer from a variety of health conditions at a higher than average rate, including high blood pressure, asthma, diabetes, and kidney disease. ■ At birth, blacks can expect to live 73.3 years, which is well below the 77.8 years of life expectancy for the average American.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 39

Blacks Are Less Likely to Say Their Health Is Excellent or Very Good The percentage of blacks who rate their health as excellent or very good has declined. Only 45 percent of blacks aged 18 or older say their health is excellent or very good, according to the federal government’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. This share is well below the 55 percent of all adults who rate their health highly. Blacks are much more likely than the average person to say their health is only fair or poor. Between 2000 and 2006, the percentage of blacks who rated their health as excellent fell by 2 percentage points. During those same years, the proportion rating their health as only good or fair climbed nearly 2 percentage points. Five percent of blacks reported poor health in 2006, about the same as in 2000. ■ A lack of health insurance and problems accessing health care services may be affecting the health status of blacks.

Blacks are less likely than the average Americans to rate their health highly

75 (percent of total people and blacks aged 18 or older who rate their health as excellent or very good, 2006)

55%

40

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

45%

totala adults

blackbadults

HEALTH

Table 2.1

Health Status of Total and Black Adults, 2006

(percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, and index of black to total, 2006)

Total people Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor

total

black

100.0% 20.7 34.4 30.2 10.9 3.7

100.0% 16.4 28.2 35.0 15.4 5.0

index black to total

– 79 82 116 141 135

Note: “–” means not applicable. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Prevalence Data, Internet site http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/index.asp; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.2

Black Health Status, 2000 and 2006

(percent distribution of blacks aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, 2000 and 2006; percentage point change, 2000–06)

Total blacks Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor

2006

2000

100.0% 16.4 28.2 35.0 15.4 5.0

100.0% 18.3 28.9 33.3 13.8 5.1

percentage point change

– –1.9 –0.7 1.7 1.6 –0.1

Note: “–” means not applicable. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Prevalence Data, Internet site http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/index.asp; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 41

Among Blacks, One in Five Smokes Cigarettes Blacks are much less likely than the average American to drink alcohol. Blacks smoke cigarettes at an average rate. Twenty-one percent of blacks aged 18 or older are current smokers, the same percentage as among all adults in the United States. Sixty-four percent of blacks aged 18 or older have never smoked, a larger share than the 57 percent of all Americans who never started smoking. Only 35 percent of blacks are current regular drinkers, meaning they have had more than 12 alcoholic drinks in the past year. This compares with a much larger 48 percent of all adults who are current regular drinkers. More than one-third of blacks (36 percent) are lifetime abstainers versus a smaller 24 percent of all Americans. ■ Only 14 percent of blacks are former smokers compared with 21 percent of all adults.

Blacks are equally likely to smoke, but less likely to drink, than the average American 60 (percent of total people and blacks aged 18 or older by smoking and drinking status, 2005)

48% 40

40%

20

20%

black

35%

21%

21% 100000

0

0%

all adults total dualadults black

75000

smoke current smoker

currentdrink regular drinker

50000

25000

0

42

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

with

total

w/out

HEALTH

Table 2.3

Smoking Status of Total and Black Adults, 2005

(number and percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 18 or older by smoking status, 2005) total number

Total people All current smokers Every-day smoker Some-day smoker Former smoker Nonsmoker

blacks percent distribution

217,774 45,131 36,454 8,678 46,522 124,257

100.0% 20.7 16.7 4.0 21.4 57.1

percent distribution

number

24,817 5,243 3,936 1,307 3,400 15,863

100.0% 21.1 15.9 5.3 13.7 63.9

Note: Current smokers have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and still smoke; every-day smokers are current smokers who smoke every day; some-day smokers are current smokers who smoke on some days; former smokers have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime but currently do not smoke; nonsmokers have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Numbers by smoking status may not add to total because unknown is not shown. Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.4

Drinking Status of Total and Black Adults, 2005

(number and percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 18 or older by drinking status, 2005) total number

Total people Current regular drinker Current infrequent drinker Former drinker Lifetime abstainer

217,774 103,672 25,502 30,357 51,420

blacks percent distribution

100.0% 47.6 11.7 13.9 23.6

number

24,817 8,566 2,699 3,605 8,995

percent distribution

100.0% 34.5 10.9 14.5 36.2

Note: A lifetime abstainer had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime; a former drinker had more than 12 drinks in lifetime, but no drinks in past year; current drinker had more than 12 drinks in lifetime, and had drinks in past year; infrequent drinker had fewer than 12 drinks in one year; a regular drinker had more than 12 drinks in one year. Numbers by drinking status may not add to total because unknown is not shown. Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 43

Most Blacks Are Overweight Nearly one in three is obese. Black men aged 20 or older weigh 190 pounds, on average, according to a government study that put a representative sample of Americans on a scale to measure their weight. Black women aged 20 or older weigh 183 pounds, on average. Among black adults, weight does not vary much by age. Blacks are signiﬁcantly more likely to be overweight than is the general population. Sixty-ﬁve percent of blacks are overweight, having a body mass index of 25 or more. Among all adults, a slightly smaller 58 percent are overweight. Thirty-one percent of blacks are obese, having a body mass index of 30 or more. Among all adults, 24 percent are obese. ■ Only 30 percent of blacks aged 18 or older have a healthy weight compared with 36 percent of all adults. 90

Few blacks have a healthy weight (percent distribution of blacks aged 18 or older by weight status, 2005)

65%

44

60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

30%

healthyaweight

b overweight

HEALTH

Table 2.5

Weight of Blacks by Age and Sex, 1999–2002

(average weight in pounds of non-Hispanic blacks aged 20 or older by age and sex, 1999–2002) men

Total blacks Aged 20 to 39 Aged 40 to 59 Aged 60 or older

women

190.0 lbs. 189.7 191.4 187.3

182.8 lbs. 179.6 189.3 177.2

Note: Data are based on measured weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: U.S. Population, 1999–2002, Advance Data, No. 361, 2005, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/advancedatas.htm

Table 2.6

Weight Status of Total and Black Adults, 2005

(percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 18 or older by body weight status, and index of black to total, 2005)

Total people Underweight Healthy weight Overweight, total Overweight, not obese Obese

total

blacks

100.0% 1.9 36.1 57.7 33.8 23.9

100.0% 1.0 29.9 64.8 33.5 31.3

index black to total

– 54 83 112 99 131

Note: Underweight is a body mass index (BMI) below 18.5; healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9; overweight is a BMI of 25.0 or higher; obese is a BMI of 30.0 or more. BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on self-reported heights and weights of a representative sample of the civilian noninstitutional population. Numbers may not add to total because weight unknown is not shown. Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. “–” means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 45

Most Black Children Are Born to Single Mothers More than two out of three black births are to unmarried women. Of the 4.1 million births in the United States in 2005, blacks accounted for a substantial 15 percent. Blacks account for one in four births to women aged 15 to 19 and for an even larger 42 percent of births to women under age 15. In 2004, the 69 percent majority of black births were to unmarried women. The percentage of births to single mothers falls with age, from more than 95 percent of births to black women under age 20 to less than half of births to black women aged 30 or older. Although blacks account for 15 percent of births nationwide, in some states the black share is much higher. The black share of births is at least 30 percent in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and South Carolina. ■ Because single mothers are such a large proportion of black families, the black poverty rate is well above average.

The percentage of babies born to single mothers falls with age 120

(percentage of black babies born to unmarried mothers, by age of mother, 2004)

96% 82%

80 80%

61% 42%

40 40%

0

46

0%

a 20 under

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

20 b to 24

c 29 25 to

30 ordolder

HEALTH

Table 2.7

Births to Total and Black Women by Age, 2005

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to blacks, and black share of total, by age, 2005) black

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

total

number

4,140,419 6,717 414,406 1,040,399 1,132,293 952,013 483,401 104,644 6,546

632,625 2,835 103,733 203,579 155,989 100,953 51,600 13,191 745

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 0.4 16.4 32.2 24.7 16.0 8.2 2.1 0.1

15.3% 42.2 25.0 19.6 13.8 10.6 10.7 12.6 11.4

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Preliminary Data for 2005, Health E-Stats, Internet site http://www.cdc .gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimbirths05/prelimbirths05.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.8

Births to Black Women by Age and Marital Status, 2004

(total number of births to blacks, number of births to unmarried blacks, and unmarried share of total, by age, 2004) unmarried

Births to blacks Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 or older

total

number

616,074 2,827 102,793 200,398 147,858 99,083 50,043 13,072

423,950 2,811 98,828 164,645 89,601 43,259 19,647 5,159

share of total

68.8% 99.4 96.1 82.2 60.6 43.7 39.3 39.5

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2004, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/nvsr.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 47

Table 2.9

Births to Total and Black Women by Birth Order, 2005

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to blacks, and black share of total, by birth order, 2005) black

Total births First child Second child Third child Fourth or later child

total

number

4,140,419 1,638,962 1,327,927 699,891 456,497

632,625 241,867 181,666 110,144 94,693

percent distribution

100.0% 38.2 28.7 17.4 15.0

share of total

15.3% 14.8 13.7 15.7 20.7

Note: Numbers will not add to total because “not stated” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Preliminary Data for 2005, Health E-Stats, Internet site http://www.cdc .gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimbirths05/prelimbirths05.htm; calculations by New Strategist

48

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HEALTH

Table 2.10

Births to Total and Black Women by State, 2005

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to blacks, and black share of total, by state, 2005) black births

Total births Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total 4,140,419 60,447 10,463 96,231 39,196 549,626 68,963 41,717 11,648 7,893 226,280 142,256 17,925 23,062 179,061 87,282 39,312 39,893 56,385 61,005 14,113 74,986 76,920 127,799 70,969 42,398 78,619 11,602 26,148 37,258 14,426 113,700 28,834 246,354 123,118 8,393 148,916 51,746 45,937 145,584 12,680 57,728 11,457 81,743 385,963 51,554 6,475 104,592 82,705 20,838 70,978 7,239

number 632,625 18,137 424 3,648 7,470 32,410 3,123 5,279 2,911 5,268 56,520 45,818 487 146 30,733 9,885 1,507 3,125 5,085 24,109 265 26,491 8,805 22,480 6,897 18,660 11,686 62 1,719 3,206 233 19,967 538 54,358 28,441 130 24,233 4,817 1,010 22,886 1,286 20,376 143 18,484 44,088 484 78 22,916 4,228 708 6,796 63

percent distribtution 100.0% 2.9 0.1 0.6 1.2 5.1 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8 8.9 7.2 0.1 0.0 4.9 1.6 0.2 0.5 0.8 3.8 0.0 4.2 1.4 3.6 1.1 2.9 1.8 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 3.2 0.1 8.6 4.5 0.0 3.8 0.8 0.2 3.6 0.2 3.2 0.0 2.9 7.0 0.1 0.0 3.6 0.7 0.1 1.1 0.0

share of total 15.3% 30.0 4.1 3.8 19.1 5.9 4.5 12.7 25.0 66.7 25.0 32.2 2.7 0.6 17.2 11.3 3.8 7.8 9.0 39.5 1.9 35.3 11.4 17.6 9.7 44.0 14.9 0.5 6.6 8.6 1.6 17.6 1.9 22.1 23.1 1.5 16.3 9.3 2.2 15.7 10.1 35.3 1.2 22.6 11.4 0.9 1.2 21.9 5.1 3.4 9.6 0.9

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Preliminary Data for 2005, Health E-Stats, Internet site http://www.cdc .gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimbirths05/prelimbirths05.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 49

Most Blacks Have Private Health Insurance One in ﬁve has no health insurance. The 80 percent majority of blacks had health insurance coverage in 2006, including 86 percent of black children. Although most blacks have private health insurance, only 27 percent have employment-based coverage through their own employer. Almost as many, 23 percent, were covered by Medicaid (the government’s health insurance program for the poor), and 11 percent were on Medicare (the government’s health insurance program for people aged 65 or older). Twenty percent of blacks are without health insurance. The largest share of black children is covered by private insurance (49 percent), while a smaller 41 percent are on Medicaid. The proportion of blacks with employment-based coverage through their own job tops 50 percent only in the 45-to-54 age group. The percentage of blacks with no health insurance reaches a high of 35 percent in the 18-to-24 age group. ■ Many of the nation’s uninsured seek care at emergency rooms, driving up health care costs.

Blacks are more likely to be covered by private than by government insurance

75

(percent distribution of blacks by health insurance coverage, 2006)

54% 50

50%

34%

50

25

25%

0

0%

20%

a private insurance

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

binsurance government

withoutcinsurance

HEALTH

Table 2.11

Health Insurance Coverage of Total People and Blacks by Age, 2006

(number of total people and blacks with and without health insurance coverage and black share of total, 2006; numbers in thousands) with health insurance

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

black

249,829 65,440 20,081 29,154 34,744 36,819 28,096 35,494

31,162 10,737 2,761 3,666 4,200 4,105 2,645 3,047

without health insurance black share of total

12.5% 16.4 13.7 12.6 12.1 11.1 9.4 8.6

total

black

46,995 8,661 8,323 10,713 8,018 6,642 4,095 541

7,921 1,708 1,473 1,751 1,221 1,065 624 80

black share of total

16.9% 19.7 17.7 16.3 15.2 16.0 15.2 14.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.12

Health Insurance Coverage of Blacks by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of blacks by age and health insurance coverage status, 2006; numbers in thousands)

total

total

private

government

not covered at any time during the year

39,083 12,445 4,234 5,417 5,421 5,170 3,268 3,128

31,162 10,737 2,761 3,666 4,200 4,105 2,645 3,047

20,966 6,129 1,998 2,863 3,464 3,380 1,905 1,228

13,121 5,522 898 984 909 953 955 2,899

7,921 1,708 1,473 1,751 1,221 1,065 624 80

with health insurance coverage during year

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

79.7% 86.3 65.2 67.7 77.5 79.4 80.9 97.4

53.6% 49.2 47.2 52.9 63.9 65.4 58.3 39.3

33.6% 44.4 21.2 18.2 16.8 18.4 29.2 92.7

20.3% 13.7 34.8 32.3 22.5 20.6 19.1 2.6

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers may not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 51

Table 2.13

Blacks with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of blacks by age and private health insurance coverage status, 2006; numbers in thousands) with private health insurance employment based

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

total

own

direct purchase

39,083 12,445 4,234 5,417 5,421 5,170 3,268 3,128

20,966 6,129 1,998 2,863 3,464 3,380 1,905 1,228

19,257 5,698 1,650 2,711 3,301 3,243 1,770 885

10,441 33 675 2,267 2,644 2,597 1,477 747

1,835 428 186 202 217 230 189 383

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

53.6% 49.2 47.2 52.9 63.9 65.4 58.3 39.3

49.3% 45.8 39.0 50.0 60.9 62.7 54.2 28.3

26.7% 0.3 15.9 41.8 48.8 50.2 45.2 23.9

4.7% 3.4 4.4 3.7 4.0 4.4 5.8 12.2

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

52

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HEALTH

Table 2.14

Blacks with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of blacks by age and government health insurance coverage status, 2006; numbers in thousands) with government health insurance

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

Medicaid

Medicare

military

39,083 12,445 4,234 5,417 5,421 5,170 3,268 3,128

13,121 5,522 898 984 909 953 955 2,899

9,086 5,152 760 830 648 604 474 618

4,127 115 47 97 153 320 523 2,871

1,289 359 119 121 179 178 182 150

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

33.6% 44.4 21.2 18.2 16.8 18.4 29.2 92.7

23.2% 41.4 17.9 15.3 12.0 11.7 14.5 19.8

10.6% 0.9 1.1 1.8 2.8 6.2 16.0 91.8

3.3% 2.9 2.8 2.2 3.3 3.4 5.6 4.8

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Number may not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 53

Ten Percent of Blacks Have Diabetes Blacks account for a disproportionate share of Americans experiencing a number of chronic conditions. Blacks aged 18 or older suffer from a variety of health conditions at a higher than average rate. Twenty-nine percent of black adults have high blood pressure, 25 percent have chronic lower back pain, and 19 percent have arthritis. Blacks account for 11 percent of the population, but are an even larger share of those with hypertension, stroke, asthma, prostate cancer, diabetes, and kidney disease. Black children are also more likely than average to experience a variety of health conditions. Seventeen percent have been diagnosed with asthma, and blacks account for more than one in ﬁve children with asthma in the United States. Black children account for 18 percent of those with a learning disability, although only 7 percent of black children have been diagnosed with the problem. Fourteen percent of black children have allergies, and 13 percent have taken prescription medicine regularly for at least three months. Sixteen percent of blacks aged 18 or older have difﬁculties in physical functioning. A substantial 9 percent ﬁnd it difﬁcult or impossible to walk a quarter mile, and 10 percent have trouble standing for two hours. Blacks make up the largest share of cumulative AIDS cases, at 42 percent. Non-Hispanic whites account for a smaller 40 percent of the nation’s total AIDS cases. ■ The poorer health of the black population is due in part to their lower socioeconomic status and lesser access to health care services. 60

Among AIDS cases, blacks outnumber non-Hispanic whites

(percent distribution of cumulative AIDS cases by race and Hispanic origin, through 2005)

54

42%

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

40%

16%

a black

b Hispanic

c white non-Hispanic

HEALTH

Table 2.15

Health Conditions among Total and Black Adults, 2005

(number of total people and blacks aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, percent of blacks with condition, and black share of total with condition, 2005; numbers in thousands) blacks

Total people

percent with condition

share of total

total

number

217,774

24,817

100.0%

25,583 14,088 48,759 5,166

2,258 1,311 7,097 706

9.1 5.3 28.6 2.8

8.8 9.3 14.6 13.7

Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

11.4%

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma Ever had Still have Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,791

180

0.7

4.7

23,334 15,697 18,651 29,517 8,912

2,899 2,048 1,502 3,292 1,063

11.7 8.3 6.1 13.3 4.3

12.4 13.0 8.1 11.2 11.9

Cancer Any cancer Breast cancer (all adults) Cervical cancer (women only) Prostate cancer (men only)

15,995 2,623 1,215 1,830

816 169 67 244

3.3 0.7 0.3 1.0

5.1 6.4 5.5 13.3

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes Ulcers Kidney disease Liver disease Arthritis Chronic joint symptoms Migraines or severe headaches Pain in neck Pain in lower back Pain in face or jaw

16,186 15,104 3,791 2,965 46,941 58,863 32,826 32,294 61,965 9,639

2,513 1,327 570 314 4,718 5,593 3,621 2,954 6,303 964

10.1 5.3 2.3 1.3 19.0 22.5 14.6 11.9 25.4 3.9

15.5 8.8 15.0 10.6 10.1 9.5 11.0 9.1 10.2 10.0

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

36,454 20,255 16,310

2,155 2,538 2,014

8.7 10.2 8.1

5.9 12.5 12.3

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past 12 months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past 12 months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 55

Table 2.16

Health Conditions among Total and Black Children, 2005

(number of total people and blacks under age 18 with selected health conditions, percent of blacks with condition, and black share of total, 2005; numbers in thousands) black

Total children Asthma Ever had Still have Experienced in last 12 months Hay fever Respiratory allergies Other allergies Ever told had* Learning disability Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder Prescription medication taken regularly for at least 3 months

percent with condition

share of total

total

number

73,376

11,152

100.0%

9,287 6,531

1,949 1,467

17.5 13.2

21.0 22.5

7,708 8,534 9,170

962 1,047 1,519

8.6 9.4 13.6

12.5 12.3 16.6

4,244 3,998

774 634

6.9 5.7

18.2 15.9

9,724

1,405

12.6

14.4

15.2%

* Ever told by a school representative or health professional. Data exclude children under age 3. Note: Other allergies include food or digestive allergies, eczema, and other skin allergies. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 231, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

Table 2.17

Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Total People and Blacks by Age, 2004

(number of total physician ofﬁce visits, number and percent distribution of visits by blacks, black share of total, and average number of visits by blacks per person per year, by age, 2004) visits by blacks

Total visits Under age 15 Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total (000s)

number (000s)

910,857 147,910 70,593 194,261 264,103 113,426 120,565

98,001 16,626 7,799 24,767 28,903 11,763 8,143

percent distribution

100.0% 17.0 8.0 25.3 29.5 12.0 8.3

share of total

10.8% 11.2 11.0 12.7 10.9 10.4 6.8

per person per year

2.7 1.8 1.3 1.3 3.8 7.0 6.7

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2004 Summary, Advance Data No. 374, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm; calculations by New Strategist

56

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HEALTH

Table 2.18

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Total and Black Adults, 2005

(number of total people and blacks aged 18 or older, number with difﬁculties in physical functioning, percent of blacks with difﬁculty, and black share of total, by type of difﬁculty, 2005; numbers in thousands) black

TOTAL PEOPLE

Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up 10 steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry 10 pounds Push or pull large objects

total

number

217,774 32,405 15,418 11,669 19,047 7,011 19,077 5,418 4,008 9,635 14,674

24,817 4,067 2,188 1,808 2,500 891 2,354 742 566 1,538 2,053

percent with difﬁculty

share of total

100.0% 16.4 8.8 7.3 10.1 3.6 9.5 3.0 2.3 6.2 8.3

11.4% 12.6 14.2 15.5 13.1 12.7 12.3 13.7 14.1 16.0 14.0

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.19

Cumulative AIDS Cases by Race and Hispanic Origin, through 2005

(cumulative number and percent distribution of AIDS cases by race and Hispanic origin, through December 2005) number

Total cases American Indian Asian Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic White, non-Hispanic

956,666 3,251 7,739 399,637 156,026 386,552

percent distribution

100.0% 0.3 0.8 41.8 16.3 40.4

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Vol. 17, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/ 2005report/default.htm

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 57

Heart Disease Is the Leading Cause of Death among Blacks Cancer ranks second as a cause of death. Heart disease is the leading cause of death among blacks, accounting for 26 percent of all deaths among blacks in 2004. Cancer is the only other disease that accounts for at least 20 percent of deaths among blacks. Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) accounts for 6 percent of deaths among blacks, while diabetes is in fourth place at 4 percent. Homicide is the sixth leading cause of death among blacks, and HIV infection is ninth. At birth, blacks can expect to live 73.3 years. This ﬁgure is well below the 77.8 years of life expectancy for the average American. At age 65, blacks can expect to live 17.3 more years, or 1.4 years below average. ■ Although black life expectancy has been rising, it is still well below the life expectancy of the average American.

Black life expectancy is nearly ﬁve years below average (years of life remaining at birth for total people and blacks, 2004) 90

77.8

58

60

60 years

30

30 years

0

0 years

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

total a people

73.3

b blacks

HEALTH

Table 2.20

Leading Causes of Death among Blacks, 2004

(number and percent distribution of deaths to blacks accounted for by the 10 leading causes of death among blacks, 2004) number

Total deaths among blacks 1. Diseases of the heart (1) 2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) (2) 3. Cerebrovascular diseases (3) 4. Diabetes mellitus (6) 5. Accidents (5) 6. Homicide (15) 7. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis (9) 8. Chronic lower respiratory disease (4) 9. Human immunodeﬁciency virus infection 10. Septicemia (10) All other causes

287,315 74,225 62,499 18,118 12,834 12,670 8,135 7,834 7,400 7,271 6,010 70,319

percent distribution

100.0% 25.8 21.8 6.3 4.5 4.4 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.1 24.5

Note: Number in parentheses shows rank for all Americans if the cause of death is among top 15. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.21

Life Expectancy of Total People and Blacks at Birth and Age 65, 2004

(expected number of years of life remaining for total people and blacks at birth and age 65 and difference between total and black, by sex, 2004) total

females

males

Total life expectancy at birth Black life expectancy at birth Difference

77.8 73.3 4.5

80.4 76.5 3.9

75.2 69.8 5.4

Total life expectancy at age 65 Black life expectancy at age 65 Difference

18.7

20.0

17.1

17.3 1.4

18.7 1.3

15.3 1.8

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 59

HOUSING CHAPTER

3

Housing ■ Forty-eight percent of the nation’s black households owned their home in 2006, up from 42 percent in 1994. The homeownership rate peaks at 68 percent among black householders aged 65 or older. ■ Among black married couples, 71 percent own their home. ■ Among black householders in the South, the 53 percent majority are homeowners. ■ More than 80 percent of black homeowners have three or more bedrooms in their home. Half have two or more bathrooms. ■ Only 12 percent of black homeowners report crime to be a problem in their neighborhood. Three out of four are satisﬁed with the local public elementary school. ■ The median value of the homes owned by blacks stood at $113,855 in 2005, well below the $165,344 median value of all owned homes. ■ With a mobility rate of 16 percent, blacks are signiﬁcantly more likely to move in a given year than is the average American.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 61

Nearly Half of Black Households Are Homeowners The black homeownership rate is well below average. Forty-eight percent of the nation’s black households owned their home in 2006. This share is well below the 69 percent homeownership rate for all households. Homeownership among blacks is increasing, the rate rising from 42 percent in 1994. The black homeownership rate rises with age, ﬁrst surpassing 50 percent in the 45to-54 age group. It rises as high as 68 percent among black householders aged 65 or older. Blacks account for 9 percent of the nation’s homeowners and for a larger 21 percent of the nation’s renters. ■ Because so many black households are female-headed families—one of the poorest household types—black homeownership is well below average.

Black homeownership has increased 60

(percentage of black households owning their home, 1994 and 2006)

48%

62

42%

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a 1994

b 2006

HOUSING

Table 3.1

Total and Black Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2006

(homeownership rate of total and black households and index of black to total, 1994 to 2006; percentage point change in homeownership rate, 1994–2006) homeownership rate

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994

index, black to total

total

black

68.8% 68.9 69.0 68.3 67.9 67.8 67.4 66.8 66.3 65.7 65.4 64.7 64.0

47.9% 48.2 49.1 48.1 47.3 47.7 47.2 46.3 45.6 44.8 44.1 42.7 42.3

70 70 71 70 70 70 70 69 69 68 67 66 66

0.7 5.6

– –

Percentage point change 2000 to 2006 1.4 1994 to 2006 4.8

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the black homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Housing Vacancies and Homeownership, Annual Statistics: 2006, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual06/ann06t20.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.2

Total and Black Homeownership Rate by Age of Householder, 2005

(percent of total and black households owning a home, by age of householder, 2005) homeownership rate

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

68.8% 23.9 40.2 56.7 68.7 76.7 81.1 82.9 77.7

black

48.1% 11.0 17.2 34.2 47.8 58.0 61.2 68.4 67.5

index, black to total

70 46 43 60 70 76 76 82 87

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the black homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 63

Table 3.3

Black Homeownership Status by Age of Householder, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households by age of householder and homeownership status, 2005; numbers in thousands) Total black households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

owner

renter

13,447 961 1,232 1,458 2,944 2,842 1,888 1,255 867

6,471 106 212 498 1,407 1,649 1,156 858 585

6,975 855 1,019 960 1,537 1,193 732 397 282

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOMEOWNERSHIP STATUS

Total black households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

48.1% 11.0 17.2 34.2 47.8 58.0 61.2 68.4 67.5

51.9% 89.0 82.7 65.8 52.2 42.0 38.8 31.6 32.5

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.4

Total and Black Homeowners by Age of Householder, 2005

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of black homeowners, and black share of total, by age, 2005; numbers in thousands) black

Total homeowners Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

74,931 1,436 3,402 5,777 15,419 17,305 13,773 9,185 8,633

number

6,471 106 212 498 1,407 1,649 1,156 858 585

percent distribution

100.0% 1.6 3.3 7.7 21.7 25.5 17.9 13.3 9.0

share of total

8.6% 7.4 6.2 8.6 9.1 9.5 8.4 9.3 6.8

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

64

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HOUSING

Table 3.5

Total and Black Renters by Age of Householder, 2005

(number of total renters, number and percent distribution of black renters, and black share of total, by age, 2005; numbers in thousands) black

Total renters Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

number

33,940 4,577 5,056 4,408 7,036 5,270 3,215 1,897 2,482

6,975 855 1,019 960 1,537 1,193 732 397 282

percent distribution

100.0% 12.3 14.6 13.8 22.0 17.1 10.5 5.7 4.0

share of total

20.6% 18.7 20.2 21.8 21.8 22.6 22.8 20.9 11.4

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 65

Most Black Married Couples Own Their Home Renters dominate other types of black households. Seventy-one percent of black married couples own their home. This share is less than the 84 percent homeownership rate for all married couples, but well above the 47 percent homeownership rate for all black households in 2006. Other black household types are more likely to rent than to own their home. Because so many black households are female-headed families, they account for a disproportionate share of the nation’s female-headed family homeowners. Among the 7 million female-headed families nationwide that own a home, blacks account for a substantial 21 percent. Among the 7 million female-headed families nationally that rent their home, blacks account for an even larger 38 percent. ■ Because few black households are headed by married couples, the black homeownership rate will remain low for years to come.

Black female-headed families are more likely to rent than own 90

(percentage of black households that own their home, by household type, 2006)

71% 60

60%

45% 37%

35%

66

30

30%

0

0%

marrieda couples

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

b female-headed families

c male-headed families

d nonfamily households

HOUSING

Table 3.6

Total and Black Homeownership Rate by Household Type, 2006

(percent of total and black households owning a home, by type of household, 2005) homeownership rate total

Total households Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

68.5% 75.7 83.6 49.2 58.5 53.4 57.5 48.3

black

47.1% 52.4 71.2 34.8 45.0 37.5 40.5 33.3

index, black to total

69 69 85 71 77 70 70 69

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. The index is calculated by dividing the black homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.7

Black Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2006

(number and percent distribution of black households by household type and homeownership status, 2006; numbers in thousands) Total black households Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

total

owners

renters

14,399 9,295 4,249 4,215 831 5,104 2,932 2,172

6,778 4,866 3,027 1,465 374 1,912 1,188 724

7,622 4,429 1,222 2,750 458 3,192 1,744 1,448

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOMEOWNERSHIP STATUS

Total black households Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

47.1% 52.4 71.2 34.8 45.0 37.5 40.5 33.3

52.9% 47.6 28.8 65.2 55.1 62.5 59.5 66.7

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 67

Table 3.8

Total and Black Homeowners by Type of Household, 2006

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of black homeowners, and black share of total, by type of household, 2006; numbers in thousands) black owners

Total homeowners Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

total

number

78,330 58,599 48,663 6,934 3,001 19,731 11,642 8,089

6,778 4,866 3,027 1,465 374 1,912 1,188 724

percent distribution

100.0% 71.8 44.7 21.6 5.5 28.2 17.5 10.7

share of total

8.7% 8.3 6.2 21.1 12.5 9.7 10.2 9.0

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.9

Total and Black Renters by Type of Household, 2006

(number of total renters, number and percent distribution of black renters, and black share of total, by type of household, 2006; numbers in thousands) black renters

Total renters Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

total

number

36,055 18,803 9,516 7,158 2,129 17,252 8,588 8,664

7,622 4,429 1,222 2,750 458 3,192 1,744 1,448

percent distribution

100.0% 58.1 16.0 36.1 6.0 41.9 22.9 19.0

share of total

21.1% 23.6 12.8 38.4 21.5 18.5 20.3 16.7

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

68

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HOUSING

Most Black Homeowners Live in the South The black homeownership rate is highest in the South. Among the 7 million black households in the South, the 53 percent majority owns their home. The South is the only region in which the majority of black households are homeowners. Sixty percent of all black homeowners live in the region. The black homeownership rate is lowest in the Northeast, at just 38 percent. Blacks account for only 9 percent of the nation’s homeowners, but in the South the proportion is a larger 14 percent. Blacks account for nearly 30 percent of renters in the South. The black share of renters is also substantial in the Northeast (22 percent) and Midwest (19 percent). Because few blacks live in the West, they account for a small share of homeowners or renters in the region. ■ Steep housing prices in the Northeast and West limit the homeownership of blacks.

Black homeownership is low in the Northeast and West (percent of black households owning their home by region, 2005) 60

53% 48%

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

40%

38%

a Northeast

b Midwest

c South

d West

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 69

Table 3.10

Total and Black Homeownership Rate by Region, 2005

(percent of total and black households owning a home, by region, 2005) homeownership rate total

Total black households Northeast Midwest South West

68.8% 65.0 73.6 70.5 64.3

black

48.1% 37.9 48.1 52.9 39.9

index, black to total

70 58 65 75 62

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the black homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.11

Black Homeownership Status by Region, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households by homeownership status and region, 2005; numbers in thousands) Total black households Northeast Midwest South West

total

owners

renters

13,447 2,473 2,447 7,342 1,184

6,471 938 1,178 3,883 473

6,975 1,535 1,269 3,460 711

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOMEOWNERSHIP STATUS

Total black households Northeast Midwest South West

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

48.1% 37.9 48.1 52.9 39.9

51.9% 62.1 51.9 47.1 60.1

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

70

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HOUSING

Table 3.12

Total and Black Homeowners by Region, 2005

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of black homeowners, and black share of total, by region, 2005; numbers in thousands) black owners

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

74,931 13,217 18,360 28,003 15,350

6,471 938 1,178 3,883 473

percent distribution

100.0% 14.5 18.2 60.0 7.3

share of total

8.6% 7.1 6.4 13.9 3.1

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.13

Total and Black Renters by Region, 2005

(number of total renters, number and percent distribution of black renters, and black share of total, by region, 2005; numbers in thousands) black renters

Total renters Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

33,940 7,120 6,595 11,719 8,507

6,975 1,535 1,269 3,460 711

percent distribution

100.0% 22.0 18.2 49.6 10.2

share of total

20.6% 21.6 19.2 29.5 8.4

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 71

Black Homeowners Are Achieving the American Dream Most black homeowners have three or more bedrooms in their home. Black homeowners are much better off than black renters, and the differences can be seen in the housing statistics. More than three out of four black homeowners live in a singlefamily detached unit. Among renters, only 21 percent live in a single-family home, while 70 percent live in an apartment. More than 80 percent of black homeowners have three or more bedrooms in their home. Among black renters, a smaller 30 percent have that many bedrooms. Half of black homeowners have two or more bathrooms compared with only 16 percent of renters. Not surprisingly, black homeowners are more likely than renters to have porches, garages, and ﬁreplaces. Thirty-one percent of black renters do not have a vehicle available for their use. ■ More than one in ﬁve black homeowners has a room in their home used for business.

Most black homeowners live in a single-family detached house (percentage of black households living in a single-family detached house, by homeownership status, 2005) 90

77%

72

60

60%

30

40%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

21%

a owners

b renters

HOUSING

Table 3.14

Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Blacks, 2005

(number and percent distribution of housing units occupied by blacks by selected housing characteristics and homeownership status, 2005; numbers in thousands) owners

renters

total black households

number

percent distribution

13,447 6,453 1,153 1,688 1,127 1,022 644 751 609

6,471 4,999 661 177 20 66 23 63 462

1,618

1,712

–

1,314

–

13,447 144 2,000 3,923 5,392 1,987

6,471 0 130 1,049 3,649 1,644

100.0 0.0 2.0 16.2 56.4 25.4

6,975 144 1,871 2,874 1,743 343

100.0 2.1 26.8 41.2 25.0 4.9

13,447 121 6,755 2,224 4,347

6,471 41 1,841 1,367 3,223

100.0 0.6 28.5 21.1 49.8

6,975 80 4,914 857 1,124

100.0 1.1 70.5 12.3 16.1

13,447 2,302

6,471 1,393

100.0 21.5

6,975 910

100.0 13.0

10,284 12,936 2,682 6,030

5,633 6,265 2,123 3,833

87.0 96.8 32.8 59.2

4651 6,671 559 2,197

66.7 95.6 8.0 31.5

2,455 5,149 2,712

2,128 3,785 526

32.9 58.5 8.1

327 1,364 2,186

4.7 19.6 31.3

number

percent distribution

UNITS IN STRUCTURE

Total black households 1, detached 1, attached 2 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 or more Mobile home or trailer Median square footage of unit*

100.0% 77.3 10.2 2.7 0.3 1.0 0.4 1.0 7.1

6,975 1,454 492 1,511 1,106 955 621 689 148

100.0% 20.8 7.1 21.7 15.9 13.7 8.9 9.9 2.1

NUMBER OF BEDROOMS

Total black households None One Two Three Four or more NUMBER OF COMPLETE BATHROOMS

Total black households None One One-and-one-half Two or more ROOM USED FOR BUSINESS

Total black households With room(s) used for business SELECTED AMENITIES

Porch, deck, balcony, or patio Telephone available Usable ﬁreplace Separate dining room With two or more living or recreation rooms Garage or carport No cars, trucks, or vans available

* Single-family detached and mobile/manufactured homes only. Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. – means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 73

Most Black Homeowners Live in Neighborhoods with Single-Family Homes Nearly half of black renters live near commercial or institutional complexes, however. Black homeowners are likely to live in neighborhoods ﬁlled with single-family houses. Fully 86 percent of black homeowners reported single-family homes within 300 feet of their house in 2005. A smaller 65 percent of black renters reported single-family homes nearby. Nearly half of black renters reported commercial or institutional buildings within 300 feet compared with only 24 percent of black homeowners. Few black householders complain of problems in their neighborhood. Crime and street noise are the most common problems, and 12 percent of black homeowners and 17 percent of black renters report crime to be a problem in their neighborhood. Seventy-six percent of black homeowners are satisﬁed with the local public elementary school, as are 68 of renters. Most black householders are also satisﬁed with public transportation, neighborhood shopping, and police protection. ■ For black households, street noise is almost as big a problem in their neighborhood as crime.

Most black households are satisﬁed with the local public elementary school (percentage of black households satisﬁed with the local elementary school, by homeownership status, 2005) 90

76% 68%

74

60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a homeowners

b renters

HOUSING

Table 3.15

Neighborhood Characteristics of Black Households, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households by selected neighborhood characteristics and homeownership status, 2005; numbers in thousands) owners total black households

number

renters percent of total

number

percent of total

DESCRIPTION OF AREA WITHIN 300 FEET OF HOME

Total black households Single-family detached homes Single-family attached homes One to three story multiunit Four to six story multiunit Seven or more story multiunit Manufactured/mobile homes Commercial or institutional buildings Industrial establishments or factories Open space, park, woods, farm, or ranch Four-or-more lane highway, railroad, or airport With waterfront property

13,447 10,132 2,632 3,898 983 504 1,282 5,011 745 3,844 2,340 111

6,471 5,576 960 886 163 82 900 1,568 228 1,875 773 46

100.0% 86.2 14.8 13.7 2.5 1.3 13.9 24.2 3.5 29.0 11.9 0.7

6,975 4,556 1,673 3,012 820 422 382 3,443 517 1,969 1,567 65

100.0% 65.3 24.0 43.2 11.8 6.1 5.5 49.4 7.4 28.2 22.5 0.9

Total black households 13,447 Bothersome street noise problem 1,767 Bothersome neighborhood crime problem 1,927 Bothersome odor problem 676 Noise problem 415 Litter or housing deterioration 405 Poor city or county services 230 Undesirable commercial, institutional, industrial sites 93 People problem 664 Other problems 1,223

6,471 719 748 202 155 168 102 33 283 610

100.0 11.1 11.6 3.1 2.4 2.6 1.6 0.5 4.4 9.4

6,975 1,048 1,179 474 260 237 128 60 381 613

100.0 15.0 16.9 6.8 3.7 3.4 1.8 0.9 5.5 8.8

4,644 3,311

2,091 1,580

100.0 75.6

2,553 1,731

100.0 67.8

13,447 9,344 10,818 11,466

6,471 3,888 4,935 5,543

100.0 60.1 76.3 85.7

6,975 5,455 5,882 5,923

100.0 78.2 84.3 84.9

NEIGHBORHOOD PROBLEMS

PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Total black households with children under 14 Satisfactory public elementary school PUBLIC SERVICES

Total black households With public transportation Satisfactory neighborhood shopping Satisfactory police protection

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 75

Most Blacks Rate Their House Highly The homes owned by blacks are below average in value, however. The median value of the homes owned by blacks stood at $113,855 in 2005, well below the $165,344 median value of all owned homes. Black home values are below average because most black homeowners live in the South, where housing prices are lower. Only 5 percent of black homeowners have a house valued at $300,000 or more compared with a much larger 25 percent of homeowners nationally. Despite the lower value of the homes owned by blacks, most black homeowners rate their house and neighborhood highly. On a scale of 1 (worst) to 10 (best), nearly three out of four black homeowners give their house an 8 or higher. Two out of three give their neighborhood a rating of 8 or higher. Black renters are not as enthusiastic, with only 53 percent rating their house an 8 or higher and slightly less than 50 percent giving their neighborhood a high rating. ■ The relatively low value of the homes owned by blacks limits the net worth of black households.

The median value of black homes is below average (median home value for all homeowners and black homeowners, 2005) 180000

76

$165,344

120000

$120,000

60000

$60,000

0

$0

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

$113,855

a total homeowners

b black homeowners

HOUSING

Table 3.16

Housing Value for Total and Black Homeowners, 2005

(number and percent distribution of total and black homeowners by value of home, black share of total, and median value of home, 2005; number of homeowners in thousands) total number

Total homeowners Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $119,999 $120,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 to $299,999 $300,000 or more Median home value

74,931 1,762 1,231 1,266 1,429 1,721 1,954 2,883 3,357 6,370 5,123 7,377 9,751 6,658 4,949 19,100 $165,344

black percent distribution

100.0% 2.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.8 4.5 8.5 6.8 9.8 13.0 8.9 6.6 25.5 –

number

6,471 152 133 174 167 195 400 358 492 828 486 727 756 454 260 889 $113,855

percent distribution

100.0% 2.3 2.1 2.7 2.6 3.0 6.2 5.5 7.6 12.8 7.5 11.2 11.7 7.0 4.0 13.7 –

share of total

8.6% 8.6 10.8 13.7 11.7 11.3 20.5 12.4 14.7 13.0 9.5 9.9 7.8 6.8 5.3 4.7 –

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 77

Table 3.17

Opinion of Housing Unit and Neighborhood among Blacks, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households by opinion of housing unit and neighborhood, by homeownership status, 2005; numbers in thousands) owners total black households

number

renters percent distribution

number

percent distribution

OPINION OF HOUSING UNIT

Total black households 1 (worst) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (best) Not reported

13,447 135 66 147 183 1,012 853 1,906 3,418 1,660 3,425 644

6,471 22 5 31 32 266 264 739 1,688 953 2,140 331

100.0% 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.5 4.1 4.1 11.4 26.1 14.7 33.1 5.1

6,975 114 60 116 151 746 589 1,166 1,729 707 1,285 313

100.0% 1.6 0.9 1.7 2.2 10.7 8.4 16.7 24.8 10.1 18.4 4.5

6,471 52 60 55 106 391 362 855 1,673 920 1,643 354

100.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.6 6.0 5.6 13.2 25.9 14.2 25.4 5.5

6,975 198 105 199 197 871 520 1,074 1,514 702 1,246 348

100.0 2.8 1.5 2.9 2.8 12.5 7.5 15.4 21.7 10.1 17.9 5.0

OPINION OF NEIGHBORHOOD

Total black households 1 (worst) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (best) Not reported

13,447 250 165 254 303 1,263 882 1,929 3,187 1,622 2,889 703

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

78

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HOUSING

Black Mobility Is above Average Most black movers stay within the same county. Six million blacks moved between March 2004 and March 2005, according to the Census Bureau. With a mobility rate of 16 percent, blacks are signiﬁcantly more likely to move in a given year than is the average American. Among black movers, 63 percent moved within the same county, and only 20 percent moved to a different state. As is true for all movers in the United States, most moves by blacks are spurred by housing-related needs. Among black movers, the need to establish an independent household and the need for a larger house or apartment were the top reasons for moving. Only 5 percent cited a new job or job transfer. When choosing their new home, the largest share of black movers said ﬁnancial reasons were behind their choice, followed by room layout and the size of the home. ■ Black mobility is above average because most blacks are renters, and renters are more likely to move than homeowners.

More than 16 percent of blacks moved between 2004 and 2005 (percent 20 of total people and blacks aged 1 or older moving between March 2004 and March 2005)

16.5% 15

15%

10

10%

5

5%

0

0%

13.9%

total a people

b blacks

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 79

Table 3.18

Total and Black Movers by Age, 2004–05

(number of total people and blacks aged 1 or older moving and black share of total, percent of total people and blacks aged 1 or older moving, and index of black mobility rate to total, by age, March 2004 to March 2005; numbers in thousands) movers total

black

39,889 3,481 3,140 2,623 1,377 1,311 6,176 5,503 3,947 2,979 2,575 2,087 1,417 1,065 309 409 1,485

6,193 720 674 601 281 207 789 747 590 410 374 293 192 130 38 36 111

black share of total

NUMBER MOVING

Total movers Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

movers total PERCENT MOVING

Total movers Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

13.9% 21.4 16.1 12.5 10.5 17.2 30.3 28.2 19.9 14.4 11.3 9.4 7.2 6.4 5.7 5.6 4.2

black

16.5% 26.5 20.7 16.8 13.1 17.6 26.4 27.6 22.7 15.5 13.2 10.9 8.6 7.6 6.8 5.2 3.7

15.5% 20.7 21.5 22.9 20.4 15.8 12.8 13.6 14.9 13.8 14.5 14.0 13.5 12.2 12.3 8.8 7.5 index, black to total

119 123 129 134 125 102 87 98 114 108 116 116 119 119 119 93 88

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. The index is calculated by dividing the black mobility rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004 to 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

80

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HOUSING

Table 3.19

Geographical Mobility of Blacks by Age, 2004–05

(total number of blacks aged 1 or older, number who moved between March 2004 and March 2005, and percent distribution of movers, by age and type of move; numbers in thousands) movers

Total blacks Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

same county

37,540 2,721 3,257 3,575 2,140 1,177 2,983 2,702 2,599 2,640 2,832 2,695 2,244 1,716 561 693 3,006

6,193 720 674 601 281 207 789 747 590 410 374 293 192 130 38 36 111

3,923 507 419 351 197 142 479 492 381 236 215 184 114 87 19 21 82

different county, same state

different state

abroad

898 82 80 94 16 21 153 104 124 63 66 38 32 10 5 1 7

1,217 119 162 139 60 34 138 125 71 101 81 65 43 32 14 13 20

155 12 13 17 8 10 19 26 14 10 12 6 3 1 0 1 2

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY MOBILITY STATUS

Total blacks Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

63.3% 70.4 62.2 58.4 70.1 68.6 60.7 65.9 64.6 57.6 57.5 62.8 59.4 66.9 50.0 58.3 73.9

14.5% 11.4 11.9 15.6 5.7 10.1 19.4 13.9 21.0 15.4 17.6 13.0 16.7 7.7 13.2 2.8 6.3

19.7% 16.5 24.0 23.1 21.4 16.4 17.5 16.7 12.0 24.6 21.7 22.2 22.4 24.6 36.8 36.1 18.0

2.5% 1.7 1.9 2.8 2.8 4.8 2.4 3.5 2.4 2.4 3.2 2.0 1.6 0.8 0.0 2.8 1.8

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004 to 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 81

Table 3.20

Reasons for Moving among Black Movers, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households with respondents who moved in the past 12 months by main reason for move and for choosing new neighborhood and house, 2005; numbers in thousands) total black movers number

percent distribution

MAIN REASON FOR LEAVING PREVIOUS HOUSING UNIT

Total black movers 2,880 All reported reasons equal 33 Private displacement 21 Government displacement 13 Disaster loss (ﬁre, ﬂood, etc.) 24 New job or job transfer 155 To be closer to work/school/other 203 Other ﬁnancial/employment reason 122 To establish own household 426 Needed larger house or apartment 319 Married, widowed, divorced, separated 140 Other family/personal reason 221 Wanted better home 263 Change from owner to renter/renter to owner 104 Wanted lower rent or maintenance 139 Other housing related reasons 154 Evicted from residence 15 Other 401 Not reported 127

100.0% 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.8 5.4 7.0 4.2 14.8 11.1 4.9 7.7 9.1 3.6 4.8 5.3 0.5 13.9 4.4

MAIN REASON FOR CHOOSING PRESENT NEIGHBORHOOD

Total black movers All reported reasons equal Convenient to job Convenient to friends or relatives Convenient to leisure activities Convenient to public transportation Good schools Other public services Looks/design of neighborhood House was most important consideration Other Not reported

2,880 37 512 469 11 61 165 45 378 366 759 76

100.0 1.3 17.8 16.3 0.4 2.1 5.7 1.6 13.1 12.7 26.4 2.6 (continued)

82

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

HOUSING

total black movers number

percent distribution

MAIN REASON FOR CHOOSING PRESENT HOME

Total black movers All reported reasons equal Financial reasons Room layout/design Kitchen Size Exterior appearance Yard/trees/view Quality of construction Only one available Other Not reported

2,880 52 873 479 20 441 104 67 51 206 511 76

100.0% 1.8 30.3 16.6 0.7 15.3 3.6 2.3 1.8 7.2 17.7 2.6

Note: Blacks include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 83

INCOME CHAPTER

4

Income ■ Between 1990 and 2005, the median income of black households grew 14 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation—more than the 7 percent gain for all households during those years. ■ Among black households, married couples had a median income of $56,539 in 2005. Black householders with a college degree had a median income of $61,471. ■ The median income of black men stood at $22,609 in 2005, up 21 percent since 1990, after adjusting for inﬂation. ■ Among black men with a professional degree who work full-time, 55 percent earn $100,000 or more. ■ The black share of the poverty population fell from 29 to 26 percent between 1990 and 2005. One-third of black children are poor.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 85

Black Incomes Have Been Growing Since 1990, black household income grew more than twice as fast as the average. Among racial and ethnic groups, black household incomes are the lowest. Their $30,954 median household income in 2005 was well below the all-household median of $46,326—and lower than that of any other racial or ethnic group. But black households are making gains. Between 1990 and 2005, the median income of black households grew 14 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation—more than the 7 percent gain for all households during those years. Since 2000, black households have fallen behind. The median income of black households fell 8 percent between 2000 and 2005, after adjusting for inﬂation. This loss was greater than the 3 percent decline in the median income of all households during those years. Despite the loss, black households are still better off than they once were. Their median income has grown from just 62 percent of the all-household median in 1990 to 67 percent in 2005. ■ Black households have lower incomes than Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white households because they are less likely to be headed by married couples—the most afﬂuent household type.

The median income of black households is below average 60000

(median income of total and black households, 2005)

$46,326 40000

$40,000

$30,954

86

20000

$20,000

0

$0

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a total households

b black households

INCOME

Table 4.1

Median Income of Total and Black Households, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and black households, and index of black to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total households

black households

index, black to total

$46,326 45,817 45,970 46,036 46,569 47,599 47,671 46,508 44,883 43,967 43,346 42,038 41,562 41,774 42,108 43,366

$30,954 31,246 31,506 31,672 32,499 33,630 32,694 30,321 30,383 29,089 28,485 27,397 25,986 25,573 26,287 27,048

67 68 69 69 70 71 69 65 68 66 66 65 63 61 62 62

–2.7% 6.8

–8.0% 14.4

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Historical Income Tables—Households, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/ histinc/h05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 87

Most Black Married Couples Have Incomes above $50,000 The median income of black female-headed families was less than half the income of black married couples. Among black households, married couples have the highest median income by far, at $56,539 in 2005. In contrast, black female-headed families had a median income of just $22,690. Because female-headed families are almost as numerous as married couples among black households, the median income of black households was just $30,954 in 2005—lower than that of any other racial or ethnic group. Black household income rises with age to a peak of $41,331 among householders aged 45 to 54. Median household income drops rapidly after retirement age. Black householders aged 65 or older had a median income of just $17,141. Education greatly increases household income. Black householders with a college degree had a median income of $61,471. By region, blacks have the highest household income in the West ($35,607) and the lowest in the Midwest ($27,495). ■ More than 1 million black households had an income of $100,000 or more in 2005, or 6 percent of all households with incomes that high. 60000

Black household incomes peak in middle age (median income of black households, by age of householder, 2005)

$40,000 40000

$20,000 20000

0$0

88

under a 25

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

25 to b 34

35 to c 44

45 to d 54

55 to e 64

65 orfolder

INCOME

Table 4.2

Income of Black Households by Household Type, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households by household income and household type, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006) nonfamily households

family households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

14,399

4,249

4,215

831

2,932

2,597

2,172

1,807

975

81

430

45

263

245

154

147

$5,000 to $9,999

1,482

74

502

44

582

562

278

263

$10,000 to $14,999

1,276

150

443

57

401

371

226

214

$15,000 to $19,999

1,229

196

488

66

284

255

197

171

$20,000 to $24,999

1,090

190

393

58

235

217

213

195

$25,000 to $29,999

931

229

303

77

188

166

135

107

$30,000 to $34,999

872

235

280

49

154

136

153

136

$35,000 to $39,999

789

215

223

56

148

127

146

115

$40,000 to $44,999

732

247

192

45

118

105

129

106

$45,000 to $49,999

638

219

158

47

116

92

100

67

$50,000 to $54,999

608

232

152

32

102

85

91

71

$55,000 to $59,999

450

187

122

28

66

54

46

35

$60,000 to $64,999

474

213

100

43

49

28

70

54

$65,000 to $69,999

346

159

72

36

41

27

39

27

$70,000 to $74,999

311

159

51

14

38

28

50

26

$75,000 to $79,999

249

137

45

25

23

17

19

11

$80,000 to $84,999

259

168

35

13

22

20

21

11

$85,000 to $89,999

221

137

40

11

20

17

11

5

$90,000 to $94,999

164

99

32

10

7

7

16

11

Total black households Under $5,000

$95,000 to $99,999

total

living alone

total

living alone

female householder

male householder

169

121

16

6

7

5

20

6

1,136

804

137

68

70

32

58

31

$30,954

$56,539

$22,690

$36,710

$18,684

$17,058

$25,476

$22,103

$100,000 or more Median income

male hh, no spouse present

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total black households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $25,000

42.0

16.3

53.5

32.5

60.2

63.5

49.2

54.8

$25,000 to $49,999

27.5

26.9

27.4

33.0

24.7

24.1

30.5

29.4

$50,000 to $74,999

15.2

22.4

11.8

18.4

10.1

8.5

13.6

11.8

$75,000 to $99,999

7.4

15.6

4.0

7.8

2.7

2.5

4.0

2.4

$100,000 or more

7.9

18.9

3.3

8.2

2.4

1.2

2.7

1.7

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 89

Table 4.3

Income of Black Households by Age of Householder, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households by household income and age of householder, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006) 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

14,399

1,206

2,853

3,129

3,027

2,049

2,136

1,198

938

975

189

216

186

161

129

94

46

49

$5,000 to $9,999

1,482

156

214

211

243

226

432

202

230

$10,000 to $14,999

1,276

162

232

161

153

160

407

196

210

$15,000 to $19,999

1,229

131

275

197

202

145

279

170

108

$20,000 to $24,999

1,090

98

240

236

194

156

167

96

71

$25,000 to $29,999

931

80

185

194

154

151

166

107

60

$30,000 to $34,999

872

76

203

200

173

114

107

60

47

$35,000 to $39,999

789

67

191

177

167

115

73

39

34

$40,000 to $44,999

732

48

173

161

178

105

67

40

27

$45,000 to $49,999

638

32

137

181

137

96

55

34

21

$50,000 to $54,999

608

20

124

170

153

94

47

27

20

$55,000 to $59,999

450

23

80

112

125

76

34

22

13

$60,000 to $64,999

474

25

109

155

97

52

35

28

8

$65,000 to $69,999

346

21

52

105

107

45

16

9

7

$70,000 to $74,999

311

12

70

71

97

50

12

8

4

$75,000 to $79,999

249

4

49

64

73

35

23

17

5

$80,000 to $84,999

259

8

39

72

85

32

22

18

4

$85,000 to $89,999

221

9

38

69

61

32

11

9

2

$90,000 to $94,999

164

4

34

52

47

20

7

3

4

Total black households Under $5,000

$95,000 to $99,999

169

9

25

67

44

17

8

6

2

1,136

34

169

288

373

198

73

61

12

$30,954

$18,768

$31,180

$40,038

$41,331

$31,895

$17,141

$19,453

$14,447

$100,000 or more Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total black households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $25,000

42.0

61.0

41.3

31.7

31.5

39.8

64.6

59.3

100.0% 71.2

$25,000 to $49,999

27.5

25.1

31.2

29.2

26.7

28.4

21.9

23.4

20.1

$50,000 to $74,999

15.2

8.4

15.2

19.6

19.1

15.5

6.7

7.8

5.5

$75,000 to $99,999

7.4

2.8

6.5

10.4

10.2

6.6

3.3

4.4

1.8

$100,000 or more

7.9

2.8

5.9

9.2

12.3

9.7

3.4

5.1

1.3

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

90

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INCOME

Table 4.4

Income of Black Households by Educational Attainment of Householder, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households headed by people aged 25 or older by household income and educational attainment of householder, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006)

total

9th–12th grade, no diploma

high school graduate

13,194

778

1,838

4,356

2,636

786

64

190

304

138

1,326

215

350

492

154

$10,000 to $14,999

1,114

137

254

413

173

50

86

65

15

3

5

$15,000 to $19,999

1,098

87

263

429

177

71

72

50

18

4

0

$20,000 to $24,999

993

50

186

392

206

76

82

57

20

2

3

$25,000 to $29,999

851

56

112

322

174

84

101

84

15

0

3

$30,000 to $34,999

796

35

113

285

171

57

133

102

24

5

3

$35,000 to $39,999

723

24

56

262

194

71

115

90

24

0

2

$40,000 to $44,999

684

27

56

211

175

65

150

102

45

0

2

$45,000 to $49,999

606

6

52

186

173

69

120

85

28

4

3

$50,000 to $54,999

588

13

47

197

134

61

138

98

24

7

9

$55,000 to $59,999

427

13

23

122

101

65

102

59

37

2

4

$60,000 to $64,999

448

9

28

135

104

43

128

87

35

4

2

$65,000 to $69,999

325

4

14

105

70

37

96

63

28

4

2

$70,000 to $74,999

299

9

13

85

67

37

88

53

35

0

0

$75,000 to $79,999

245

7

9

74

52

23

80

51

20

6

4

$80,000 to $84,999

251

4

11

46

61

27

102

64

31

2

5

$85,000 to $89,999

212

4

13

47

44

18

86

68

13

2

2

$90,000 to $94,999

160

0

10

23

47

18

60

44

10

6

0

$95,000 to $99,999

161

5

9

28

45

20

53

37

15

0

1

1,102

10

27

197

175

90

602

332

193

48

30

$32,076 $13,852 $17,252

$26,839

Total black households Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999

$100,000 or more Median income

some college, associate’s no degree degree

bachelor’s degree or more

less than 9th grade

total

bachelor’s degree

master’s professional degree degree

doctoral degree

1,069

2,516

1,683

649

101

31

60

40

16

0

4

57

58

50

5

4

0

84

$37,591 $42,436 $61,471 $56,054 $68,257 $91,626 $67,393

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total black households

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Under $25,000

40.3

71.1

67.6

46.6

32.2

26.7

14.2

15.6

11.4

12.9

14.3

$25,000 to $49,999

27.7

19.0

21.2

29.1

33.6

32.4

24.6

27.5

21.0

8.9

15.5

$50,000 to $74,999

15.8

6.2

6.8

14.8

18.1

22.7

21.9

21.4

24.5

16.8

20.2

$75,000 to $99,999

7.8

2.6

2.8

5.0

9.4

9.9

15.1

15.7

13.7

15.8

14.3

$100,000 or more

8.4

1.3

1.5

4.5

6.6

8.4

23.9

19.7

29.7

47.5

35.7

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 91

Table 4.5

Income of Black Households by Region, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black households by household income and region, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006) Total black households Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $44,999 $45,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $54,999 $55,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $64,999 $65,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $84,999 $85,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $94,999 $95,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income

total

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

14,399 975 1,482 1,276 1,229 1,090 931 872 789 732 638 608 450 474 346 311 249 259 221 164 169 1,136

2,604 174 265 211 202 224 155 107 139 112 131 128 89 92 69 35 33 45 57 32 35 268

2,627 195 314 259 252 172 187 121 155 156 96 100 76 79 58 53 46 46 41 34 27 161

7,800 536 780 692 684 618 502 531 417 399 363 304 249 251 190 174 146 127 109 83 91 554

1,369 70 122 112 92 75 88 113 79 64 49 77 35 51 30 48 24 42 14 15 17 153

$30,954

$32,108

$27,495

$30,646

$35,607

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total black households Under $25,000 $25,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

100.0% 42.0 27.5 15.2 7.4 7.9

100.0% 41.3 24.7 15.9 7.8 10.3

100.0% 45.4 27.2 13.9 7.4 6.1

100.0% 42.4 28.4 15.0 7.1 7.1

100.0% 34.4 28.7 17.6 8.2 11.2

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

92

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INCOME

Table 4.6

High-Income Total and Black Households, 2005

(number and percent distribution of total and black households with incomes of $100,000 or more, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006) total number

Total households $100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 or more

114,384 19,715 12,132 4,031 1,529 2,023

black percent distribution

100.0% 17.2 10.6 3.5 1.3 1.8

number

14,399 1,136 798 211 50 77

percent distribution

100.0% 7.9 5.5 1.5 0.3 0.5

share of total

12.6% 5.8 6.6 5.2 3.3 3.8

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet stie http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new06_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 93

Black Men and Women Have Made Gains The median income of black women has grown 46 percent since 1990, after adjusting for inﬂation. The median income of black men stood at $22,609 in 2005, up a hefty 21 percent since 1990, after adjusting for inﬂation. The median income of black women grew more than twice as fast during those years, up 46 percent. In 2005, the median income of black men was 72 percent as high as the median income of all men, up from 63 percent in 1990. Black women have seen their median income rise from 83 to 95 percent of the median for all women. Since 2000, blacks have not fared as well as the average man or woman. The median income of black men fell 7 percent between 2000 and 2005, after adjusting for inﬂation. Black women saw their median fall 2 percent during those years. ■ The sluggish economy following the terrorist attacks of 2001 hurt blacks more than Asians, Hispanics, or non-Hispanic whites.

Black men have lost ground since 2000 (median income of black men for selected years 1990 to 2005; in 2005 dollars) 30000

$24,194 20000 $20,000

$22,609

$18,637

10000 $10,000

0

94

$0

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a 1990

b 2000

c 2005

INCOME

Table 4.7

Median Income of Total and Black Men, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and black men aged 15 or older with income, and index of black to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total men

black men

index, black to total

$31,275 31,537 31,763 31,739 32,092 32,129 31,971 31,686 30,579 29,525 28,700 28,300 28,073 27,891 28,610 29,390

$22,609 23,473 23,278 23,349 23,673 24,194 23,945 23,109 21,948 20,429 20,360 19,521 19,430 17,813 18,117 18,637

72 74 73 74 74 75 75 73 72 69 71 69 69 64 63 63

–2.7% 6.4

–6.6% 21.3

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 95

Table 4.8

Median Income of Total and Black Women, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and black women aged 15 or older with income, and index of black to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total women

black women

index, black to total

$18,576 18,258 18,316 18,250 18,322 18,209 17,927 17,259 16,620 15,875 15,430 14,939 14,695 14,609 14,643 14,584

$17,595 17,927 17,553 18,097 17,956 18,002 17,309 15,712 15,826 14,583 13,943 13,738 12,649 12,118 12,322 12,061

95 98 96 99 98 99 97 91 95 92 90 92 86 83 84 83

2.0% 27.4

–2.3% 45.9

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

96

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INCOME

The Income of Black Men Peaks in the 35-to-44 Age Group The percentage of men who work full-time also peaks in the 35-to-44 age group. The median income of black men peaks at $31,568 in the 35-to-44 age group. Behind the income peak is labor force participation. Sixty-eight percent of black men aged 35 to 44 work full-time, more than in any other age group. Among those who work full-time, median income is $36,666. Median income rises above $40,000 among black men aged 45 or older who work full-time. The median income of black women also peaks in the 35-to-44 age group, at $25,849, well below the median of black men. The labor force participation of black women is highest among those aged 35-to-44, with 62 percent working full-time. Among full-time workers, women’s median income is above $30,000 for those aged 35 or older. Black men working full-time have a median income 81 percent as high as the average man with a full-time job, up from only 74 percent in 1990. Black women who work full-time have a median income 91 percent as high as the average woman who works fulltime—about the same as in 1990. Among blacks working full-time, women earn 89 percent as much as men. ■ Black incomes are below average in part because their educational attainment is less than that of non-Hispanic whites or Asians.

Black men are catching up to the average (index of the median income of black men who work full-time to the median income of all men with full-time jobs, for selected years, 1990 to 2005) 90

74 60

60

30

30

0

0

a 1990

78

b 2000

81

c 2005

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 97

Table 4.9

Income of Black Men by Age, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black men aged 15 or older by income and age, 2005; median income of men with income and of men working full-time, year-round; percent working full-time, year-round; men in thousands as of 2006) 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

12,959 2,308 10,651 1,073 1,363 1,183 1,040 1,041 848 741 636 580 377 421 182 245 53 152 117 80 28 63 35 305

3,151 1,407 1,744 546 363 224 141 162 102 85 44 28 4 4 5 18 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 3

2,449 267 2,182 163 228 185 290 278 207 185 152 121 75 75 39 39 26 39 10 16 2 5 3 43

2,474 200 2,274 106 161 190 211 182 193 216 185 173 115 146 50 76 51 44 43 3 6 20 10 93

2,324 223 2,101 133 185 151 180 212 168 129 153 157 102 117 44 65 46 43 33 34 9 26 15 102

1,376 129 1,247 72 151 141 104 105 117 74 70 84 56 62 30 35 13 20 18 24 5 10 6 49

1,185 81 1,104 54 277 292 114 101 61 51 32 16 25 16 15 12 2 6 5 2 6 2 2 15

742 52 690 31 168 153 79 63 43 36 25 11 19 9 13 10 2 6 4 1 6 0 2 11

443 29 414 23 109 139 35 39 18 16 7 5 5 6 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 5

Median income $22,609 Men with income Men working full-time 34,144

$9,291 21,459

$23,750 30,270

$31,568 36,666

$30,641 40,238

$26,907 40,996

$13,605 41,095

$14,750 41,050

$12,506 –

Total black men Without income With income Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $44,999 $45,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $54,999 $55,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $64,999 $65,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $84,999 $85,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $94,999 $95,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

Percent working full-time

44.8%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

16.0%

60.1%

68.4%

61.7%

45.3%

7.1%

10.1%

1.8%

Total black men Without income With income Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999

100.0% 17.8 82.2 27.9 16.1 12.3 12.3 8.1

100.0% 44.7 55.3 36.0 9.6 5.9 2.4 1.0

100.0% 10.9 89.1 23.5 23.2 16.0 14.2 8.9

100.0% 8.1 91.9 18.5 15.9 16.5 19.1 14.8

100.0% 9.6 90.4 20.2 16.9 12.8 17.7 13.6

100.0% 9.4 90.6 26.5 15.2 13.9 15.3 11.6

100.0% 6.8 93.2 52.6 18.1 9.5 6.2 4.3

100.0% 7.0 93.0 47.4 19.1 10.6 7.4 5.4

100.0% 6.5 93.5 61.2 16.7 7.7 3.8 2.5

$75,000 or more

4.8

0.3

3.2

7.1

9.4

8.1

2.7

3.2

1.6

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

98

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INCOME

Table 4.10

Income of Black Women by Age, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black women aged 15 or older by income and age, 2005; median income of women with income and of women working full-time, year-round; percent working full-time, year-round; women in thousands as of 2006) 65 or older

Total black women Without income With income Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $44,999 $45,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $54,999 $55,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $64,999 $65,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $84,999 $85,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $94,999 $95,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income Women with income Women working full-time Percent working full-time

total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

15,627 2,390 13,237 1,600 2,417 1,713 1,448 1,251 1,003 860 619 515 373 345 220 183 126 106 72 66 65 50 17 185

3,298 1,321 1,977 680 438 323 190 133 69 70 19 17 25 4 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2

2,917 294 2,623 261 361 296 368 298 218 251 150 121 63 54 50 34 17 9 12 13 12 7 1 28

3,031 246 2,785 220 293 239 265 312 276 239 182 138 134 126 54 59 45 32 30 22 32 24 6 58

2,757 241 2,516 171 340 259 261 264 229 170 155 151 83 101 71 57 42 47 22 11 11 9 9 55

1,756 179 1,577 129 313 182 167 162 120 78 91 77 53 49 32 23 21 15 4 15 3 9 2 33

1,868 109 1,759 140 670 415 197 81 93 53 22 12 17 12 8 10 0 3 4 6 7 0 0 10

981 68 913 63 313 196 114 51 60 36 11 7 14 6 5 10 0 2 4 5 4 0 0 10

888 42 846 77 356 219 83 29 33 17 10 5 3 6 4 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0

$17,595

$8,061

$20,391

$25,849

$24,122

$19,888

$10,695

$11,626

$9,859

30,366

20,529

29,310

32,412

31,926

31,189

30,873

31,636

–

40.4%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

15.6%

50.8%

62.1%

57.9%

41.2%

5.7%

8.4%

2.7%

Total black women Without income With income Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999

100.0% 15.3 84.7 36.7 17.3 11.9 9.6 6.3

100.0% 40.1 59.9 43.7 9.8 4.2 1.8 0.3

100.0% 10.1 89.9 31.5 22.8 16.1 11.5 5.6

100.0% 8.1 91.9 24.8 19.0 17.0 15.0 10.4

100.0% 8.7 91.3 27.9 19.0 14.5 14.1 11.5

100.0% 10.2 89.8 35.5 18.7 11.3 12.6 8.0

100.0% 5.8 94.2 65.6 14.9 7.8 2.7 1.8

100.0% 6.9 93.1 58.3 16.8 9.8 3.3 2.3

100.0% 4.7 95.3 73.4 12.6 5.6 2.0 1.2

$75,000 or more

2.9

0.1

2.5

5.7

4.2

3.8

1.4

2.3

0.2

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 99

Table 4.11

Median Income of Total and Black Men Who Work Full-Time, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and black men who work full-time, year-round, and index of black to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income of full-time workers

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total men

black men

index, black to total

$42,188 43,060 44,044 43,972 44,262 44,086 43,869 43,359 42,752 41,546 40,958 41,188 41,344 42,041 42,395 41,970

$34,144 32,771 35,513 34,700 35,202 34,561 35,323 32,858 32,623 33,616 31,544 31,798 31,351 31,349 31,628 31,111

81 76 81 79 80 78 81 76 76 81 77 77 76 75 75 74

–4.3% 0.5

–1.2% 9.7

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or being of the race in combination with other races. The black/total indexes are calculated by dividing the median income of black men by the median income of total men and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

100

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INCOME

Table 4.12

Median Income of Total and Black Women Who Work Full-Time, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and black women who work full-time, year-round, and index of black to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income of full-time workers

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total women

black women

index, black to total

$33,256 33,190 33,591 33,619 33,547 33,013 32,057 32,120 31,570 30,889 30,245 30,313 29,892 30,125 29,695 29,822

$30,366 30,169 29,369 30,072 30,103 29,189 29,450 28,542 27,610 27,241 26,813 26,877 27,026 27,623 26,744 26,857

91 91 87 89 90 88 92 89 87 88 89 89 90 92 90 90

0.7% 11.5

4.0% 13.1

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. The black/total indexes are calculated by dividing the median income of black women by the median income of total women and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 101

Table 4.13

Median Income of Blacks Who Work Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2005

(median income of blacks who work full-time, year-round by sex, and black women’s income as a percent of black men’s income, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income of full-time workers

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

black men

black women

$34,144 32,771 35,513 34,700 35,202 34,561 35,323 32,858 32,623 33,616 31,544 31,798 31,351 31,349 31,628 31,111

$30,366 30,169 29,369 30,072 30,103 29,189 29,450 28,542 27,610 27,241 26,813 26,877 27,026 27,623 26,744 26,857

–1.2% 9.7

4.0% 13.1

women’s income as a percent of men’s income

88.9% 92.1 82.7 86.7 85.5 84.5 83.4 86.9 84.6 81.0 85.0 84.5 86.2 88.1 84.6 86.3

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race aloneor as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

102

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INCOME

Black Earnings Rise with Education The median earnings of black men with a professional degree exceed $100,000. The earnings of black men and women who work full-time increase with educational attainment. Among black men with no more than a high school diploma who work fulltime, median earnings were just $28,953 in 2005. College graduates earned a much larger $50,083. Twenty-one percent of black men with a master’s degree who worked full-time earned $100,000 or more, as did the 55 percent majority of those with a professional degree (doctors and lawyers). The pattern is the same for black women, although their earnings are less than those of black men. Black women who graduated from high school and work full-time earned a median of $23,969 in 2005. Those with a college degree earned a much larger $46,636. Thirty-one percent of black women with a professional degree who work full-time earned $100,000 or more. ■ As black educational attainment increases, so will black earnings.

Many highly educated black men earn $100,000 or more 75

(percent of black men aged 25 or older who work full-time, year-round and earn $100,000 or more, by educational attainment, 2005)

55% 50 50%

34% 25 25%

0

0%

21%

1%

2%

higha school graduate only

b associate’s degree

7% c bachelor’s degree

d master’s degree

e doctoral degree

f professional degree

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 103

Table 4.14

Earnings of Black Men Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black men aged 25 or older who work full-time, year-round, by earnings and educational attainment, 2005; median earnings of men with earnings; men in thousands as of 2006)

Black men working full-time

total

less than 9th grade

9th–12th grade, no diploma

high school graduate

some college, associate’s no degree degree

bachelor’s degree or more total

bachelor’s degree

master’s professional degree degree

doctoral degree

5,306

148

420

2,009

1,069

430

1,230

845

287

51

Under $5,000

62

4

7

29

10

1

9

8

2

0

47 0

$5,000 to $9,999

46

7

18

9

7

0

5

5

0

0

0

$10,000 to $14,999

256

21

42

130

36

6

22

20

2

0

0

$15,000 to $19,999

505

23

64

277

71

31

40

26

11

0

3

$20,000 to $24,999

618

25

91

310

121

33

39

35

4

0

0

$25,000 to $29,999

567

23

53

292

99

36

63

55

8

0

0

$30,000 to $34,999

528

17

46

204

121

38

102

80

20

2

0

$35,000 to $39,999

475

6

19

177

122

44

108

91

17

0

0

$40,000 to $44,999

472

12

28

171

101

39

121

83

31

3

3

$45,000 to $49,999

316

0

24

79

59

52

103

85

15

0

3

$50,000 to $54,999

372

1

4

95

97

48

125

88

24

11

3

$55,000 to $59,999

123

0

1

22

27

20

53

35

15

0

3

$60,000 to $64,999

221

3

14

58

60

20

66

49

11

2

4

$65,000 to $69,999

117

0

3

24

31

18

41

23

13

0

5

$70,000 to $74,999

130

2

0

37

39

10

42

27

14

0

2

$75,000 to $79,999

92

0

1

26

19

11

35

23

10

0

2

$80,000 to $84,999

69

0

0

15

17

6

32

13

14

3

2

$85,000 to $89,999

28

0

1

8

1

1

17

9

5

2

1

$90,000 to $94,999

54

0

0

12

7

6

30

24

5

0

0

$95,000 to $99,999

27

0

0

9

2

1

15

7

7

0

0

228

5

2

25

21

10

166

60

61

28

16

$35,521 $23,683 $23,913

$28,953

$36,998 $42,228 $50,083 $46,106 $57,292

–

–

$100,000 or more Median earnings

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Black men working full-time

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Under $15,000

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

6.9

21.6

16.0

8.4

5.0

1.6

2.9

3.9

1.4

0.0

0.0

$15,000 to $24,999

21.2

32.4

36.9

29.2

18.0

14.9

6.4

7.2

5.2

0.0

6.4

$25,000 to $34,999

20.6

27.0

23.6

24.7

20.6

17.2

13.4

16.0

9.8

3.9

0.0

$35,000 to $49,999

23.8

12.2

16.9

21.3

26.4

31.4

27.0

30.7

22.0

5.9

12.8

$50,000 to $74,999

18.1

4.1

5.2

11.7

23.8

27.0

26.6

26.3

26.8

25.5

36.2

$75,000 to $99,999

5.1

0.0

0.5

3.5

4.3

5.8

10.5

9.0

14.3

9.8

10.6

$100,000 or more

4.3

3.4

0.5

1.2

2.0

2.3

13.5

7.1

21.3

54.9

34.0

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Earnings include wages and salary only. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

104

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INCOME

Table 4.15

Earnings of Black Women Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black women aged 25 or older who work full-time, year-round, by earnings and educational attainment, 2005; median earnings of women with earnings; women in thousands as of 2006)

total

less than 9th grade

9th–12th grade, no diploma

high school graduate

some college, associate’s no degree degree

5,791

74

370

1,860

1,241

72

0

7

37

15

$5,000 to $9,999

111

5

22

53

$10,000 to $14,999

387

20

66

198

$15,000 to $19,999

680

20

108

$20,000 to $24,999

799

13

72

$25,000 to $29,999

733

4

$30,000 to $34,999

650

$35,000 to $39,999

bachelor’s degree or more total

bachelor’s degree

594

1,653

1,135

417

72

28

5

8

4

2

2

0

22

3

5

4

1

0

0

58

22

22

16

2

2

2

330

118

61

42

35

5

0

2

369

181

77

87

70

16

2

0

36

301

204

96

91

84

7

0

0

2

27

186

177

83

175

134

32

8

2

475

2

3

129

128

57

156

110

42

4

0

$40,000 to $44,999

422

0

6

83

105

56

171

106

58

4

3

$45,000 to $49,999

290

0

10

38

63

28

150

105

43

2

0

$50,000 to $54,999

314

0

4

69

66

27

148

118

19

7

4

$55,000 to $59,999

154

0

3

18

27

13

94

55

37

1

1

$60,000 to $64,999

167

2

5

11

30

31

89

53

32

1

2

$65,000 to $69,999

85

0

0

10

7

5

63

32

27

4

0

$70,000 to $74,999

82

0

0

7

9

6

60

35

20

5

0

$75,000 to $79,999

75

2

0

0

8

7

58

43

12

2

2

$80,000 to $84,999

62

0

0

3

17

4

38

29

4

3

2

$85,000 to $89,999

44

0

0

4

0

4

37

22

11

2

1

$90,000 to $94,999

40

0

0

5

2

0

32

18

15

0

0

$95,000 to $99,999

17

0

0

0

0

0

17

12

3

2

0

132

0

0

7

5

10

109

53

28

22

7

– $19,122

$23,969

$30,406 $31,277 $46,636 $45,189 $49,933

–

–

Black women working full-time Under $5,000

$100,000 or more Median earnings

$30,570

master’s professional degree degree

doctoral degree

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Black women working full-time Under $15,000

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

9.8

33.8

25.7

15.5

7.7

5.1

2.1

2.1

1.2

5.6

$15,000 to $24,999

25.5

44.6

48.6

37.6

24.1

23.2

7.8

9.3

5.0

2.8

7.1 7.1

$25,000 to $34,999

23.9

8.1

17.0

26.2

30.7

30.1

16.1

19.2

9.4

11.1

7.1

$35,000 to $49,999

20.5

2.7

5.1

13.4

23.9

23.7

28.9

28.3

34.3

13.9

10.7

$50,000 to $74,999

13.8

2.7

3.2

6.2

11.2

13.8

27.5

25.8

32.4

25.0

25.0

$75,000 to $99,999

4.1

2.7

0.0

0.6

2.2

2.5

11.0

10.9

10.8

12.5

17.9

$100,000 or more

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.4

1.7

6.6

4.7

6.7

30.6

25.0

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Earnings include wages and salary only. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 105

One in Four Blacks Is Poor The black poverty rate has fallen since 1990. Twenty-ﬁve percent of blacks were poor in 2005, down from 32 percent in 1990. The black share of the poverty population fell from 29 to 26 percent during those years. Between 2000 and 2005, the black poverty rate grew slightly, as did the black share of the poor. One-third of black children are poor. The black poverty rate falls to a low of 17 percent in the 35-to-54 age group, then rises to 25 percent among blacks aged 75 or older. Black women are more likely than black men to be poor. Family type has a strong effect on black poverty. Only 8 percent of black married couples were poor in 2005. This compares with a poverty rate of 36 percent among black female-headed families. Fully 42 percent of black female-headed families with children are poor. This is a lower poverty rate than in 1990, however, when the 56 percent majority of black female-headed families with children were poor. ■ If black educational attainment continues to grow, the black poverty rate should resume its decline.

The black poverty rate bottomed out in 2000

45

(percent of blacks below poverty level for selected years, 1990 to 2005)

30

31.9% 30%

22.5%

106

15

15%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a 1990

b 2000

24.7%

c 2005

INCOME

Table 4.16

Total People and Blacks below Poverty Level, 1990 to 2005

(number and percent of total and blacks below poverty level, and black share of poor, 1990 to 2005; people in thousands as of the following year) blacks in poverty total people in poverty number

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

36,950 37,040 35,861 34,570 32,907 31,581 32,791 34,476 35,574 36,529 36,425 38,059 39,265 38,014 35,708 33,585

percent

12.6% 12.7 12.5 12.1 11.7 11.3 11.9 12.7 13.3 13.7 13.8 14.5 15.1 14.8 14.2 13.5

number

9,517 9,411 9,108 8,884 8,136 7,982 8,441 9,091 9,116 9,694 9,872 10,196 10,877 10,827 10,242 9,837

percent

24.7% 24.7 24.3 23.9 22.7 22.5 23.6 26.1 26.5 28.4 29.3 30.6 33.1 33.4 32.7 31.9

black share of total

25.8% 25.4 25.4 25.7 24.7 25.3 25.7 26.4 25.6 26.5 27.1 26.8 27.7 28.5 28.7 29.3

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov2.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 107

Table 4.17

Total People and Blacks below Poverty Level by Age, 2005

(number and percent of total people and blacks below poverty level by age, and black share of total, 2005; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people in poverty 36,950 Under age 18 12,896 Under age 5 4,107 Aged 5 to 17 8,789 Aged 18 to 64 20,450 Aged 18 to 24 5,094 Aged 25 to 34 4,965 Aged 35 to 44 4,186 Aged 45 to 54 3,504 Aged 55 to 59 1,441 Aged 60 to 64 1,260 Aged 65 or older 3,603 Aged 65 to 74 1,648 Aged 75 or older 1,955

black percent

number

12.6% 17.6 20.4 16.5 11.1 18.2 12.6 9.7 8.2 8.1 9.6 10.1 8.9 11.5

percent

9,517 4,074 1,224 2,850 4,735 1,176 1,190 907 845 324 292 708 371 337

share of total

24.7% 33.5 36.9 32.2 20.3 27.6 22.2 16.5 16.6 17.9 22.1 23.2 21.6 25.3

25.8% 31.6 29.8 32.4 23.2 23.1 24.0 21.7 24.1 22.5 23.2 19.7 22.5 17.2

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/pov/new01_100.htm

Table 4.18

Blacks below Poverty Level by Age and Sex, 2005

(number and percent of blacks below poverty level by age and sex, and female share of poor, 2005; numbers in thousands) males

Total blacks in poverty Under age 18 Under age 5 Aged 5 to 17 Aged 18 to 64 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

number

9,517 4,074 1,224 2,850 4,735 1,176 1,190 907 845 324 292 708 371 337

4,006 2,050 611 1,439 1,719 434 401 280 372 130 102 237 149 88

females percent

22.2% 33.2 36.2 32.1 16.1 21.1 16.4 11.3 16.0 16.1 18.0 20.0 20.1 19.8

number

5,511 2,024 613 1,411 3,016 742 789 628 473 194 190 471 222 249

percent

26.9% 33.8 37.6 32.4 23.8 33.7 27.1 20.7 17.1 19.4 25.2 25.2 22.6 28.1

share of poor

57.9% 49.7 50.1 49.5 63.7 63.1 66.3 69.2 56.0 59.9 65.1 66.5 59.8 73.9

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/pov/new01_100.htm

108

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

INCOME

Table 4.19

Number and Percent of Black Families below Poverty Level by Family Type, 1990 to 2005

(number and percent of black families below poverty level by family type, 1990 to 2005; families in thousands as of the following year) total black families in poverty number

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

2,050 2,082 2,021 1,958 1,829 1,686 1,887 1,981 1,985 2,206 2,127 2,212 2,499 2,484 2,343 2,193

percent

22.0% 22.8 22.1 21.4 20.7 19.3 21.8 23.4 23.6 26.1 26.4 27.3 31.3 31.1 30.4 29.3

married couples number

348 386 331 340 328 266 295 290 312 352 314 336 458 490 399 448

percent

8.2% 9.1 7.8 8.0 7.8 6.3 7.1 7.3 8.0 9.1 8.5 8.7 12.3 13.0 11.0 12.6

female householder, no spouse present number

1,524 1,538 1,496 1,454 1,351 1,300 1,487 1,557 1,563 1,724 1,701 1,715 1,908 1,878 1,834 1,648

percent

36.2% 37.6 36.8 35.7 35.2 34.3 39.2 40.8 39.8 43.7 45.1 46.2 49.9 50.2 51.2 48.1

male householder, no spouse present number

178 158 194 165 150 120 105 134 111 130 112 161 133 116 110 97

percent

21.3% 20.7 24.1 20.8 19.4 16.3 14.8 20.3 19.7 19.8 19.5 30.1 29.6 24.8 21.9 20.6

Note: Beginning in 2002, data are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 109

Table 4.20

Number and Percent of Black Families with Children below Poverty Level by Family Type, 1990 to 2005

(number and percent of black families with related children under age 18 below poverty level by family type, 1990 to 2005; families in thousands as of the following year) total black families with children in poverty number

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

1,679 1,655 1,698 1,597 1,524 1,411 1,603 1,673 1,721 1,941 1,821 1,954 2,171 2,132 2,016 1,887

percent

28.3% 28.6 28.6 27.2 26.6 25.3 28.9 30.5 30.5 34.1 34.1 35.9 39.3 39.1 39.2 37.2

married couples number

213 213 210 199 205 157 199 189 205 239 209 245 298 343 263 301

percent

9.2% 9.3 9.1 8.5 8.7 6.7 8.7 8.6 9.0 11.0 9.9 11.4 13.9 15.4 12.4 14.3

female householder, no spouse present number

1,335 1,339 1,341 1,288 1,220 1,177 1,320 1,397 1,436 1,593 1,533 1,591 1,780 1,706 1,676 1,513

percent

42.0% 43.3 42.7 41.3 40.8 41.0 46.0 47.5 46.9 51.0 53.2 53.9 57.7 57.4 60.5 56.1

male householder, no spouse present number

131 102 146 110 99 76 84 88 81 109 79 118 93 83 77 73

percent

29.6% 25.3 30.7 26.3 24.6 21.7 21.7 24.8 25.8 27.2 23.4 34.6 31.6 33.5 31.7 27.3

Note: Beginning in 2002, data are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

110

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE CHAPTER

5

Labor Force ■ In 2006, the labor force participation rate of black men stood at 67.0 percent, well below the 73.5 percent rate for all men. Conversely, black women are more likely to work than the average woman—61.7 percent compared with 59.4 percent for all women. ■ Blacks make up 11 percent of the workforce in 2006, but are 14 percent of education administrators, 21 percent of dieticians, 23 percent of social workers, 24 percent of taxi drivers and chauffeurs, and 30 percent of security guards. ■ The 54 percent majority of black workers has at least some college, and nearly one in four has a college degree. ■ Although black households have fewer earners than average, black couples are more likely than the average married couple to be dual earner—57 percent compared with 54 percent for all married couples. ■ Among the 16 percent of blacks represented by a union, median weekly earnings ($694) are more than 30 percent higher than the earnings of those not represented by a union ($520). ■ The black labor force is projected to grow by nearly 3 million workers between 2004 and 2014, a 17 percent rise compared with a 10 percent increase for the total labor force.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 111

Two-Thirds of Black Men Are in the Labor Force The labor force participation rate of black men is below average. In 2006, the labor force participation rate of black men stood at 67.0 percent, well below the 73.5 percent rate for all men. At every age, black men are less likely than average to work, but the gap is most pronounced among the young and the old. Black women are more likely to work than the average woman. In 2006, 61.7 percent of black women were in the labor force—a higher proportion than the 59.4 percent rate for all women. ■ The high unemployment rate of black men—particularly teenagers—discourages many from even looking for a job. 90

Black women are almost as likely as black men to work (percent of blacks aged 16 or older in the labor force, by sex, 2006)

67.0%

112

60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a men

61.7%

b women

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.1

Total and Black Labor Force by Age and Sex, 2006

(number of total people and blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, and black share of total, by age and sex, 2006) men

Total in labor force Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

black

81,255 1,453 2,240 8,116 17,944 19,407 18,489 10,509 3,096

8,128 152 256 971 1,986 1,999 1,792 777 195

women black share of total

10.0% 10.5 11.4 12.0 11.1 10.3 9.7 7.4 6.3

total

black

70,173 1,499 2,089 6,997 14,628 16,441 16,656 9,475 2,388

9,186 166 297 989 2,211 2,349 1,993 963 218

black share of total

13.1% 11.1 14.2 14.1 15.1 14.3 12.0 10.2 9.1

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.2

Labor Force Participation Rate of Total People and Blacks by Age and Sex, 2006

(percent of total people and blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, and index of black to total, by age and sex, 2006) men total

Total people Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

73.5% 31.5 58.2 79.6 91.7 92.1 88.1 69.6 20.3

black

67.0% 21.4 46.4 71.6 85.7 84.4 79.2 55.9 16.7

women index, black to total

91 68 80 90 93 92 90 80 82

total

59.4% 33.5 55.8 69.5 74.4 75.9 76.0 58.2 11.7

black

61.7% 23.9 49.0 66.2 78.6 80.1 73.0 55.1 11.8

index, black to total

104 71 88 95 106 106 96 95 101

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. The index is calculated by dividing the black rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 113

Table 5.3

Labor Force Participation Rate of Blacks by Age and Sex, 2006

(percent of blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by age and sex, 2006) Total blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

men

64.1% 34.0 22.6 47.8 68.8 81.8 80.6 83.1 82.0 82.5 81.6 75.8 77.4 74.0 55.4 63.8 43.9 13.7 21.9 14.7 6.3

67.0% 32.3 21.4 46.4 71.6 85.7 84.0 87.6 84.4 85.7 83.1 79.2 81.0 77.2 55.9 63.9 44.5 16.7 24.6 16.7 8.7

women

61.7% 35.6 23.9 49.0 66.2 78.6 77.7 79.5 80.1 79.9 80.3 73.0 74.4 71.3 55.1 63.7 43.4 11.8 19.9 13.2 5.0

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

114

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.4

Employment Status of Blacks by Sex and Age, 2006

(number and percent of blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, age, and employment status, 2006; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force unemployed

civilian noninstitutional population

total

Total blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

27,007 2,565 2,851 5,133 5,302 4,992 3,137 3,027

17,314 871 1,960 4,197 4,348 3,785 1,739 414

Total black men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

12,130 1,266 1,355 2,318 2,369 2,261 1,390 1,170

8,128 409 971 1,986 1,999 1,792 777 195

Total black women Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

14,877 1,299 1,495 2,815 2,933 2,731 1,747 1,857

9,186 462 989 2,211 2,349 1,993 963 218

percent of population

percent of labor force

employed

number

15,765 618 1,643 3,809 4,072 3,570 1,659 394

1,549 253 318 388 276 214 81 19

67.0 32.3 71.6 85.7 84.4 79.2 55.9 16.7

7,354 275 804 1,797 1,882 1,680 734 184

774 134 167 189 118 112 43 11

9.5 32.7 17.2 9.5 5.9 6.3 5.5 5.8

61.7 35.6 66.2 78.6 80.1 73.0 55.1 11.8

8,410 343 839 2,012 2,191 1,890 925 210

775 120 150 199 158 102 38 8

8.4 25.9 15.2 9.0 6.7 5.1 3.9 3.7

64.1% 34.0 68.8 81.8 82.0 75.8 55.4 13.7

8.9% 29.1 16.2 9.3 6.3 5.7 4.6 4.7

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of the employed plus the number of the unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 115

Nine Percent of Professional Workers Are Black Blacks account for 23 percent of social workers. Blacks accounted for 11 percent of the workforce in 2006, but the black share of workers by occupation varies widely. Blacks are a relatively large 16 percent of service workers and 14 percent of production workers. Blacks account for 9 percent of professional workers, including 11 percent of registered nurses. Blacks account for 21 percent of dietitians, 24 percent of taxi drivers and chauffeurs, 28 percent of garbage collectors, and 30 percent of security guards. Among the nation’s education administrators, a substantial 14 percent are black. ■ Although blacks are underrepresented in many managerial and professional occupations, they have been making gains over the past few years.

Blacks account for a larger-than-average share of employment in some rapidly growing industries 20

(black share of employed people aged 16 or older by selected industry, 2006)

16% 15

14%

15%

12%

116

10

10%

5

5%

0

0%

a information

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

band health educational services

c public administration

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.5

Total and Black Workers by Occupation, 2006

(total number of employed persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed blacks, and black share of total, by occupation, 2006; numbers in thousands) black percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Management, professional, and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

144,427 50,420 21,233 15,249 5,983 29,187 3,209 2,830 1,434 2,156 1,637 8,126 2,735 7,060

15,765 4,252 1,547 950 597 2,704 233 158 81 402 107 795 183 746

100.0% 27.0 9.8 6.0 3.8 17.2 1.5 1.0 0.5 2.5 0.7 5.0 1.2 4.7

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

23,811 3,132 2,939 7,606 5,381 4,754

3,797 774 578 892 840 714

24.1 4.9 3.7 5.7 5.3 4.5

15.9 24.7 19.7 11.7 15.6 15.0

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

36,141 16,641 19,500

4,051 1,503 2,548

25.7 9.5 16.2

11.2 9.0 13.1

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

15,830 961 9,507 5,362

1,079 47 624 408

6.8 0.3 4.0 2.6

6.8 4.9 6.6 7.6

Production, transportation, material-moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material-moving occupations

18,224 9,378 8,846

2,586 1,148 1,438

16.4 7.3 9.1

14.2 12.2 16.3

TOTAL EMPLOYED

10.9% 8.4 7.3 6.2 10.0 9.3 7.3 5.6 5.6 18.6 6.5 9.8 6.7 10.6

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 117

Table 5.6

Total and Black Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2006

(total number of employed workers agd 16 or older and percent black, by detailed occupation, 2006; numbers in thousands) total TOTAL EMPLOYED

Management, professional, and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations occupations Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Advertising and promotions managers Marketing and sales managers Administrative services managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers Industrial production managers Purchasing managers Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers Farmers and ranchers Construction managers Education administrators Engineering managers Food service managers Lodging managers Medical and health services managers Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators Compliance ofﬁcers, excl. agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Cost estimators Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists Management analysts Accountants and auditors Appraisers and assessors of real estate Budget analysts Financial analysts Personal ﬁnancial advisors Insurance underwriters Loan counselors and ofﬁcers Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Tax preparers

144,427 50,420 21,233 15,249 1,689 998 75 888 87 401 1,083 280 298 165 249 242 784 1,010 796 103 900 174 511 618 315 5,983 222 290 283 149 114 765 572 1,779 134 52 103 389 92 468 67 98

percent black

10.9% 8.4 7.3 6.2 3.1 5.7 5.4 4.8 7.3 6.4 7.0 11.0 3.0 8.7 9.8 2.4 0.8 3.7 14.2 2.9 5.8 6.5 10.3 7.2 15.0 10.0 3.2 7.9 14.1 17.4 1.0 14.5 5.9 10.2 1.5 18.1 4.0 7.0 16.2 11.1 21.4 10.6 (continued)

118

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE

total

Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Computer scientists and systems analysts Computer programmers Computer software engineers Computer support specialists Database administrators Network and computer systems administrators Network systems and data communications analysts Operations research analysts Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except naval Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Computer hardware engineers Electrical and electronics engineers Industrial engineers, including health and safety Mechanical engineers Drafters Engineering technicians, except drafters Surveying and mapping technicians Life, physical, and social science occupations Biological scientists Medical scientists Chemists and materials scientists Environmental scientists and geoscientists Market and survey researchers Psychologists Chemical technicians Community and social services occupations Counselors Social workers Miscellaneous community and social service specialists Clergy Legal occupations Lawyers Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers Paralegals and legal assistants Miscellaneous legal support workers Education, training, and library occupations Postsecondary teachers Preschool and kindergarten teachers Elementary and middle school teachers Secondary school teachers Special education teachers Other teachers and instructors Librarians Teacher assistants

29,187 3,209 715 562 846 314 90 180 356 85 2,830 221 110 70 304 80 382 174 322 181 396 96 1,434 116 164 116 101 129 189 76 2,156 614 698 293 416 1,637 965 66 345 261 8,126 1,194 690 2,701 1,098 401 705 229 942

percent black

9.3% 7.3 9.5 3.9 5.8 10.5 8.9 4.4 7.9 18.1 5.6 3.2 5.6 4.2 5.0 3.8 5.9 7.0 4.3 3.0 9.3 3.0 5.7 3.5 5.3 7.4 2.9 9.0 2.6 11.4 18.6 17.9 22.7 23.9 12.4 6.5 5.0 11.3 8.4 8.7 9.8 6.7 13.9 9.7 7.3 9.0 9.4 8.8 14.9 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 119

total

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Artists and related workers Designers Producers and directors Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers Musicians, singers, and related workers Announcers News analysts, reporters, and correspondents Public relations specialists Editors Technical writers Writers and authors Miscellaneous media and communication workers Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators Photographers Health care practitioner and technical occupations Chiropractors Dentists Dietitians and nutritionists Pharmacists Physicians and surgeons Physician assistants Registered nurses Occupational therapists Physical therapists Respiratory therapists Speech-language pathologists Veterinarians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Diagnostic related technologists and technicians Emergency medical technicians and paramedics Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Medical records and health information technicians Service occupations Health care support occupations Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides Physical therapist assistants and aides Massage therapists Dental assistants Protective service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives Fireﬁghters Bailiffs, correctional ofﬁcers, and jailers Detectives and criminal investigators Police and sheriff’s patrol ofﬁcers Private detectives and investigators Security guards and gaming surveillance ofﬁcers

2,735 223 821 134 270 203 62 78 141 157 60 174 67 89 127 7,060 69 196 96 245 863 85 2,529 78 198 85 114 67 321 144 281 156 425 556 98 23,811 3,132 1,906 61 124 274 2,939 103 253 451 144 655 85 835

percent black

6.7% 5.1 3.2 6.4 9.5 9.0 21.6 4.0 8.8 5.1 8.9 5.7 7.5 11.7 7.1 10.6 3.3 3.1 21.2 6.0 5.2 10.9 10.9 3.1 5.8 15.3 8.1 0.4 14.2 1.4 7.5 11.9 11.8 23.2 20.5 15.9 24.7 34.8 2.7 5.4 5.4 19.7 5.5 9.9 24.2 17.6 14.9 11.4 29.8 (continued)

120

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE

total

Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks Food preparation workers Bartenders Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop Waiters and waitresses Food servers, nonrestaurant Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Dishwashers Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Janitors and building cleaners Maids and housekeeping cleaners Pest control workers Grounds maintenance workers Personal care and service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers Nonfarm animal caretakers Gaming services workers Barbers Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists Miscellaneous personal appearance workers Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges Transportation attendants Child care workers Personal and home care aides Recreation and ﬁtness workers Residential advisors Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers Cashiers Counter and rental clerks Parts salespersons Retail salespersons Advertising sales agents Insurance sales agents

percent black

7,606 313 652 1,868 698 389 344 308 1,960 155 380 279 257 5,381 305

11.7% 14.1 14.7 17.4 12.3 2.5 12.5 12.1 7.0 23.7 8.4 10.0 6.3 15.6 16.2

235 2,082 1,423 78 1,259 4,754 124 176 137 106 100 767 230 78 134 1,401 703 322 62

5.8 18.7 19.9 7.7 7.8 15.0 5.8 11.2 3.6 7.6 36.7 11.9 6.5 14.8 21.8 17.0 22.4 11.3 25.6

36,141 16,641 3,435 1,433 3,063 146 149 3,386 220 548

11.2 9.0 7.4 5.6 15.3 11.1 3.0 11.1 6.7 6.9 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 121

total

Securities, commodities, and ﬁnancial services sales agents Travel agents Sales representatives, services, all other Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing Models, demonstrators, and product promoters Real estate brokers and sales agents Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, related workers Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of ofﬁce and admin. support workers Bill and account collectors Billing and posting clerks and machine operators Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Tellers Court, municipal, and license clerks Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks Customer service representatives Eligibility interviewers, government programs File clerks Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks Interviewers, except eligibility and loan Library assistants, clerical Loan interviewers and clerks Order clerks Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping Receptionists and information clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks Couriers and messengers Dispatchers Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Postal service mail sorters, processors, processing machine operators Production, planning, and expediting clerks Shipping, receiving, and trafﬁc clerks Stock clerks and order ﬁllers Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping Secretaries and administrative assistants Computer operators Data entry keyers Word processors and typists Insurance claims and policy processing clerks Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Ofﬁce clerks, general Ofﬁce machine operators, except computer

398 82 563 1,422 75 1,046 142 261 19,500 1,543 213 422 1,511 158 432 114 56 1,916 61 363 117 141 119 190 128 56 1,403 156 273 303 153 329 98 296 543 1,462 81 3,455 185 475 256 274 123 1,035 52

percent black

9.3% 7.1 5.9 2.9 3.2 5.8 19.5 6.5 13.1 9.0 25.1 13.3 7.8 11.0 10.6 12.4 10.8 18.3 25.4 13.9 18.1 17.3 8.2 12.0 8.8 17.9 10.8 19.3 15.3 11.7 22.7 15.7 28.2 7.5 14.0 17.8 15.3 9.8 15.2 15.2 18.1 11.4 25.8 12.4 20.3 (continued)

122

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE

total

percent black

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Graders and sorters, agricultural products Logging workers Construction and extraction occupations First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades, extraction workers Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons Carpenters Carpet, ﬂoor, and tile installers and ﬁnishers Cement masons, concrete ﬁnishers, and terrazzo workers Construction laborers Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers Electricians Painters, construction and maintenance Pipelayers, plumbers, pipeﬁtters, and steamﬁtters Roofers Sheet metal workers Structural iron and steel workers Helpers, construction trades Construction and building inspectors Highway maintenance workers Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers Computer, automated teller, and ofﬁce machine repairers Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers Security and ﬁre alarm systems installers Aircraft mechanics and service technicians Automotive body and related repairers Automotive service technicians and mechanics Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics Small engine mechanics Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics Maintenance and repair workers, general Millwrights Electrical power-line installers and repairers Telecommunications line installers and repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

15,830 961 68 78 9,507 976 244 1,843 279 107 1,693 451 295 882 713 662 242 125 59 132 102 103 5,362 357 371 205 69 141 162 875 367 237 61 405 56 436 435 67 109 210 73 62

6.8% 4.9 11.5 7.5 6.6 4.6 7.1 4.5 5.3 13.8 7.5 8.3 3.8 7.5 7.0 8.5 7.0 2.2 2.6 9.9 10.1 10.5 7.6 7.8 8.4 11.2 4.2 6.6 4.1 6.1 6.3 2.6 6.0 4.8 5.3 9.1 11.3 6.2 12.0 11.3 5.3 8.2

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations Production occupations First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers

18,224 9,378 868 213

14.2 12.2 9.8 14.0 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 123

total

Bakers Butchers and other meat, poultry, and ﬁsh processing workers Food batchmakers Computer control programmers and operators Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Grinding, lapping, polishing, and bufﬁng machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Machinists Molders and molding machine setters, operators, tenders, metal and plastic Tool and die makers Welding, soldering, and brazing workers Printing machine operators Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials Sewing machine operators Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers Upholsterers Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood Stationary engineers and boiler operators Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers Cutting workers Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians Packaging and ﬁlling machine operators and tenders Painting workers Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Helpers—production workers Transportation and material-moving occupations Supervisors, transportation and material-moving workers Aircraft pilots and ﬂight engineers Bus drivers Driver/sales workers and truck drivers Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Railroad conductors and yardmasters Parking lot attendants Service station attendants Crane and tower operators Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Cleaners of vehicles and equipment Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Packers and packagers, hand Refuse and recyclable material collectors

percent black

186 292 81 54

9.4% 12.8 10.5 4.8

119

13.8

62 415 70 105 546 208 190 63 292 111 54 113 58 94 95 57 105 78 702 95 275 173 62 53 8,846 228 115 565 3,475 282 50 65 96 54 63 574 401 1,899 432 91

12.6 5.2 9.8 3.0 7.5 9.5 18.3 21.7 10.7 7.6 10.9 1.8 8.6 8.5 13.4 12.1 19.3 5.8 11.4 9.7 21.5 9.0 15.2 16.1 16.3 13.0 0.0 29.4 13.9 23.8 14.8 16.6 5.9 13.5 4.7 20.1 16.9 16.2 18.9 28.0

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

124

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.7

Total and Black Workers by Industry, 2006

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed blacks, and black share of total, by industry, 2006; numbers in thousands) black

Total employed Agriculture, forestry, ﬁshing, hunting Mining Construction Manufacturing Wholesale/retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Educational and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Public administration

total

number

144,428 2,206 687 11,749 16,377 21,328 7,455 3,573 10,490 14,868 29,938 12,145 7,088 6,524

15,765 60 33 647 1,557 1,992 1,230 420 1,068 1,463 4,265 1,280 692 1,056

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 0.4 0.2 4.1 9.9 12.6 7.8 2.7 6.8 9.3 27.1 8.1 4.4 6.7

10.9% 2.7 4.8 5.5 9.5 9.3 16.5 11.8 10.2 9.8 14.2 10.5 9.8 16.2

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 125

Most Black Workers Have College Experience Twenty-three percent have at least a bachelor’s degree. Among the 14 million blacks in the labor force in 2006, only 11 percent were not high school graduates. The 54 percent majority of black workers has at least some college, and nearly one in four has a college degree. Black labor force participation increases sharply with education, from a low of 40 percent among blacks aged 25 or older without a high school diploma to 82 percent among those with a bachelor’s degree. Black job tenure is about average, with 26 percent of blacks having worked for their current employer for 12 months or less. Among all workers, a slightly smaller 24 percent had one year or less job tenure. Blacks are slightly less likely than the average worker to have held their current job for 20 or more years—8 percent of blacks versus 9 percent of all workers. ■ Among employed blacks, 89 percent of men and 83 percent of women work full-time.

Few black workers are high school dropouts (percent distribution of black workers aged 25 or older by educational attainment, 2006) 11% ahigh school dropout

23% college graduated

a b c

35% d high school graduate only b 31% some college or associate’s degree

126

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

c

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.8

Total and Black Workers by Educational Attainment, 2006

(number of total people and blacks aged 25 or older in the civilian labor force, black labor force participation rate, distribution of blacks in labor force, and black share of total labor force, by educational attainment, 2006; numbers in thousands) black labor force

Total aged 25 or older Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

total labor force

number

129,034 12,758 38,354 22,504 12,906 42,512

14,482 1,593 5,105 3,015 1,413 3,356

participation rate

70.0% 40.1 66.8 74.0 77.9 82.1

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 11.0 35.3 20.8 9.8 23.2

11.2% 12.5 13.3 13.4 10.9 7.9

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.9

Total and Black Workers by Job Tenure, 2006

(number of total and black employed wage-and-salary workers aged 16 or older, percent distribution by tenure with current employer, and index of black to total, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

Total workers, number Total workers, percent 12 months or less 13 to 23 months 2 years 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 or more years

125,668 100.0% 24.4 7.0 5.2 16.9 20.9 9.5 6.7 9.4

black

14,265 100.0% 26.2 6.6 5.7 17.2 21.1 8.4 6.5 8.2

index black to total

– 100 107 94 110 102 101 88 97 87

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the black ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 127

Table 5.10

Black Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2006

(number and percent distribution of employed blacks aged 16 or older by age, sex, and full- and part-time employment status, 2006; numbers in thousands) men

Total employed blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

women

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

7,354 275 804 5,358 918

6,529 105 602 5,034 788

825 170 202 324 130

8,411 343 840 6,093 1,135

7,001 108 584 5,404 905

1,410 235 256 689 230

88.8% 38.2 74.9 94.0 85.8

11.2% 61.8 25.1 6.0 14.2

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

83.2% 31.5 69.5 88.7 79.7

16.8% 68.5 30.5 11.3 20.3

100.0% 1.6 9.2 77.1 12.1

100.0% 20.6 24.5 39.3 15.8

100.0% 4.1 10.0 72.4 13.5

100.0% 1.5 8.3 77.2 12.9

100.0% 16.7 18.2 48.9 16.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Total employed blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total employed blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 3.7 10.9 72.9 12.5

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

128

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE

Black Households Have Fewer Earners Among black couples, most are dual earners. The average black household has only 1.23 earners, less than the 1.36 earners in the typical American household. Behind the lower ﬁgure for blacks is the fact that female-headed families head a large share of black households, and many female-headed families have only one earner. Consequently, blacks account for a disproportionately large share of the nation’s one-earner households and for a much smaller share of households with two or more earners. Although black households have fewer earners than average, black couples are more likely than the average married couple to be dual earners. Fifty-seven percent of black couples are dual earners. Among all married couples, the ﬁgure is a smaller 54 percent. Only 18 percent of black husbands are the family’s sole provider compared with 23 percent of husbands nationally. ■ Among black couples aged 55 to 64, husbands and wives are almost equally likely to be the sole provider.

Among black households, single earners are more common than dual earners (percent distribution of black households by number of earners, 2006) 23% no a earners

32% two or more earnersc

a b c

45% one earner b

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 129

Table 5.11

Total and Black Households by Number of Earners, 2006

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of black households and black share of total, by number of earners per household, 2006; numbers in thousands) black

Total households No earners One earner Two or more earners Two earners Three earners Four or more earners Average number of earners per household

total

number

114,384 24,224 42,066 48,095 38,327 7,337 2,430

14,399 3,295 6,523 4,581 3,735 700 146

1.36

1.23

percent distribution

100.0% 22.9 45.3 31.8 25.9 4.9 1.0 –

share of total

12.6% 13.6 15.5 9.5 9.7 9.5 6.0 –

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

130

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.12

Labor Force Status of Black Married Couples, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black married-couple family groups aged 20 or older by age of householder and labor force status of husband and wife, 2005; numbers in thousands)

total

husband and wife

husband only

wife only

neither husband nor wife in labor force

Total black couples Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

4,362 120 298 484 484 583 1,099 776 517

2,488 78 204 339 353 440 738 295 38

802 33 56 105 100 88 203 161 56

423 6 23 29 17 33 98 154 61

650 2 15 11 14 21 59 167 362

Total black couples Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

18.4% 27.5 18.8 21.7 20.7 15.1 18.5 20.7 10.8

9.7% 5.0 7.7 6.0 3.5 5.7 8.9 19.8 11.8

14.9% 1.7 5.0 2.3 2.9 3.6 5.4 21.5 70.0

husband and/or wife in labor force

57.0% 65.0 68.5 70.0 72.9 75.5 67.2 38.0 7.4

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 131

Most Black Workers Drive to Work Alone Union representation is higher than average among blacks. Sixteen percent of blacks are represented by a union, more than the 13 percent share among all workers. Among blacks represented by a union, median weekly earnings ($694) are more than 30 percent higher than the earnings of those not represented by a union ($520). Although blacks have lower earnings than the average American worker, few earn the minimum wage or less. In 2006, just 1.7 percent of black wage and salary workers earned at or below the minimum wage. Blacks account for 10 percent of the nation’s minimum wage workers. Three of four black workers drive themselves to work alone, while 10 percent carpool. Their median travel time to work is 23 minutes, and they cover a median distance of 11 miles. ■ Only 5 percent of black workers hold more than one job.

Ten percent of blacks use mass transportation to get to work (percent distribution of black workers aged 16 or older by selected means of transportation to work, 2005) 90

75% 60 60%

30 30%

0

132

10%

10%

b carpools

uses mass c transportation

2% 0%

a self drives

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

d walks

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.13

Total and Black Minimum Wage Workers, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and black wage and salary workers aged 16 or older paid hourly rates and those paid at or below minimum wage, by sex, 2006; numbers in thousands)

Total workers aged 16 or older Black workers aged 16 or older Black men Black women

at or below minimum wage

total paid hourly rates

total

at $5.15/hour

below $5.15/hour

76,514 9,903 4,485 5,419

1,692 173 68 106

409 62 28 34

1,283 111 40 72

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE/SEX

Total workers aged 16 or older Black workers aged 16 or older Black men Black women

100.0% 12.9 5.9 7.1

100.0% 10.2 4.0 6.3

100.0% 15.2 6.8 8.3

100.0% 8.7 3.1 5.6

2.2% 1.7 1.5 2.0

0.5% 0.6 0.6 0.6

1.7% 1.1 0.9 1.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY WAGE STATUS

Total workers aged 16 or older Black workers aged 16 or older Black men Black women

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 5.14

Total and Black Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2006

(total number and percent of employed people aged 16 or older who hold more than one job, number and percent of blacks holding more than one job, and black share of total, by sex, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

number

Total multiple job holders Men Women

7,576 3,822 3,753

black percent of total employed

5.2% 4.9 5.6

number

818 404 415

percent of employed blacks

5.2% 5.5 4.9

share of total

10.8% 10.6 11.1

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 133

Table 5.15

Union Representation of Total and Black Workers, 2006

(number of total and black employed wage and salary workers aged 16 or older, number and percent represented by unions, and median weekly earnings of those working full-time by union representation status, 2006; number in thousands) total

Total employed Number represented by unions Percent represented by unions Median weekly earnings of full-time workers Workers represented by unions Workers not represented by unions

blacks

128,237 16,860 13.1%

14,878 2,391 16.1%

$671 827 642

$554 694 520

Note: Workers represented by unions are either members of a labor union or similar employee association or workers who report no union afﬁliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

134

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.16

Journey to Work by Black Workers, 2005

(number and percent distribution of black workers aged 16 or older by principal means of transportation to work, travel time from home to work, distance from home to work, and departure time to work, 2005; numbers in thousands) number

Total black workers

13,051

percent distribution

100.0%

Principal means of transportation to work Drives self 9,796 Carpools 1,269 Uses mass transportation 1,353 Uses taxicab 47 Bicycles or ride motorcycle 26 Walks only 291 Uses other means 109 Works at home 160

75.1 9.7 10.4 0.4 0.2 2.2 0.8 1.2

Travel time from home to work Less than 15 minutes 15 to 29 minutes 30 to 44 minutes 45 to 59 minutes 1 hour or more Works at home No ﬁxed place of work

3,498 4,577 2,295 901 839 160 781

26.8 35.1 17.6 6.9 6.4 1.2 6.0

23

–

372 2,503 2,831 3,520 1,699 981 203 160 781

2.9 19.2 21.7 27.0 13.0 7.5 1.6 1.2 6.0

11

–

85 1,543 2,248 1,738 1,361 1,270 538 659 1,607 966

0.7 11.8 17.2 13.3 10.4 9.7 4.1 5.0 12.3 7.4

Median travel time (minutes) Distance from home to work Less than 1 mile 1 to 4 miles 5 to 9 miles 10 to 19 miles 20 to 29 miles 30 to 49 miles 50 miles or more Works at home No ﬁxed place of work Median distance (miles) Departure time to work 12:00 a.m. to 2:59 a.m. 3:00 a.m. to 5:59 a.m. 6:00 a.m. to 6:59 a.m. 7:00 a.m. to 7:29 a.m. 7:30 a.m. to 7:59 a.m. 8:00 a.m. to 8:29 a.m. 8:30 a.m. to 8:59 a.m. 9:00 a.m. to 9:59 a.m. 10:00 a.m. to 3:59 p.m. 4:00 p.m. to 11:59 p.m.

Note: Departure time numbers may not add to total because not reported is not shown and those who work at home are not included. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 135

The Black Labor Force Will Grow by Nearly 3 Million Blacks will account for 12 percent of the labor force in 2014. The black labor force will grow by nearly 3 million workers between 2004 and 2014, a 17 percent rise. At the same time, the total labor force will increase by a smaller 10 percent. The labor force participation rate of black women is projected to rise by 0.8 percentage points between 2004 and 2014, to 62.3 percent. The rate for black men is projected to fall by 2.0 percentage points during those years, to 64.7 percent. Blacks will account for a larger share of workers entering than exiting the labor force during the next decade. Between 2004 and 2014, blacks will account for 15 percent of labor force entrants and for a smaller 12 percent of those exiting the labor force. Consequently, the black share of the labor force will climb from 11 to 12 percent over those years. ■ Black women outnumber black men in the labor force, and the gap will grow slightly during the next decade.

The black labor force is growing faster than average 20

(projected percent change in total and black workers aged 16 or older, 2004–14)

17%

136

15

15%

10

10%

5

5%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

10%

a total workers

black b workers

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.17

Total and Black Labor Force Projections, 2004 and 2014

(projected number and percent of total people and blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, 2004 and 2014; percent change in number and percentage point change in rate, 2004–14; numbers in thousands) percent change

2004

2014

147,401 16,638

162,100 19,433

Total men in labor force Black men in labor force

78,980 7,773

86,194 9,075

9.1 16.8

Total women in labor force Black women in labor force

68,421 8,865

75,906 10,358

10.9 16.8

2004

2014

percentage point change

NUMBER

Total labor force Black labor force

10.0% 16.8

PARTICIPATION RATE

Total people Total blacks

66.0% 63.8

65.6% 63.4

–0.4 –0.4

Total men Black men

73.3 66.7

71.8 64.7

–1.5 –2.0

Total women Black women

59.2 61.5

59.7 62.3

0.5 0.8

Note: Blacks include only those who identiﬁed their race as black alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/emp/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 137

Table 5.18

Total and Black Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2004 to 2014

(projected number and percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force in 2004 and 2014, and number and percent distribution of entrants, leavers, and stayers, 2004–14; numbers in thousands) 2004–2014 2004 labor force

entrants

leavers

stayers

2014 labor force

147,401 16,638

39,048 5,795

24,352 2,999

123,049 13,639

162,100 19,433

NUMBER

Total labor force Black labor force

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total labor force Black labor force

100.0% 11.3

100.0% 14.8

100.0% 12.3

100.0% 11.1

100.0% 12.0

Note: Blacks include only those who identify their race as black alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/emp/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

138

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS CHAPTER

6

Living Arrangements ■ Married couples head only 30 percent of black households—well below their 51 percent share of all households. Female-headed families are almost as numerous, accounting for 29 percent of total black households. ■ Black households are only slightly larger than the average household, with 2.64 people on average in black households versus 2.57 people in households nationally. ■ Black children are much less likely than the average American child to live with both parents. Among black children under age 18, only 35 percent live with mom and dad. ■ Fewer than half of blacks are married. Among black men, only 38 percent are currently married. The ﬁgure is a smaller 29 percent among black women.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 139

Few Black Households Are Headed by Married Couples Female-headed families are almost as numerous. In 2006, the number of black households in the United States numbered more than 14 million and account for 13 percent of the total. Black householders have an average age of 46, a few years younger than the average of 49 for all householders. Married couples head only 30 percent of black households—well below their 51 percent share of all households. Female-headed families are almost as numerous and account for 29 percent of the total, a much higher proportion than their 12 percent share of households nationally. Female-headed families outnumber married couples among black householders under age 40. Between ages 40 and 74, married couples outnumber female-headed families. Among black householders aged 75 or older, women living alone are the most common household type and account for 44 percent of households in the age group. ■ Black household incomes will remain well below average as long as female-headed families account for so many black households.

Black households are diverse (percent distribution of black households by household type, 2006)

36

30%

29%

24 24%

18% 13%

12 12%

6% 0

140

0%

marriedacouples

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

b female-headed families

c male-headed families

women d living alone

e alone men living

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.1

Total and Black Households by Age of Householder, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and black households, and black share of total, by age of householder, 2006, numbers in thousands) total number

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older Avg. age of householder

black percent distribution

114,384 6,795 9,223 9,896 10,976 12,040 12,470 11,262 18,264 11,687 11,772

100.0% 5.9 8.1 8.7 9.6 10.5 10.9 9.8 16.0 10.2 10.3

49.2 yrs.

number

14,399 1,206 1,372 1,481 1,497 1,632 1,677 1,350 2,049 1,198 938

–

45.9 yrs.

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 8.4 9.5 10.3 10.4 11.3 11.6 9.4 14.2 8.3 6.5 –

12.6% 17.7 14.9 15.0 13.6 13.6 13.4 12.0 11.2 10.3 8.0 –

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.2

Total and Black Households by Household Type, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and black households, and black share of total, by household type, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total households Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse Male hh, no spouse Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

114,384 77,402 58,179 14,093 5,130 36,982 20,230 17,392 16,753 13,061

black percent distribution

100.0% 67.7 50.9 12.3 4.5 32.3 17.7 15.2 14.6 11.4

number

14,399 9,295 4,249 4,215 831 5,104 2,932 2,597 2,172 1,807

percent distribution

100.0% 64.6 29.5 29.3 5.8 35.4 20.4 18.0 15.1 12.5

share of total

12.6% 12.0 7.3 29.9 16.2 13.8 14.5 14.9 13.0 13.8

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 141

Table 6.3

Black Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2006

(number and percent distribution of black households by age of householder and household type, 2006; numbers in thousands) nonfamily households

family households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

14,399

4,249

4,215

831

2,932

2,597

2,172

1,807

Under age 25

1,206

114

448

145

282

196

217

147

Aged 25 to 29

1,372

266

530

121

217

168

237

178

Aged 30 to 34

1,481

431

568

81

178

148

223

161

Aged 35 to 39

1,497

489

564

74

191

158

180

149

Aged 40 to 44

1,632

575

548

94

183

165

232

208

Aged 45 to 49

1,677

623

447

95

229

203

283

231

Aged 50 to 54

1,350

468

317

58

317

286

190

164

Aged 55 to 64

2,049

742

397

82

539

506

290

262

Aged 65 to 74

1,198

374

213

50

370

359

191

180

938

168

182

32

426

410

130

128

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Total black households

Aged 75 or older

male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

living alone

female householder

male householder

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total black households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under age 25

8.4

2.7

10.6

17.4

9.6

7.5

10.0

8.1

Aged 25 to 29

9.5

6.3

12.6

14.6

7.4

6.5

10.9

9.9

Aged 30 to 34

10.3

10.1

13.5

9.7

6.1

5.7

10.3

8.9

Aged 35 to 39

10.4

11.5

13.4

8.9

6.5

6.1

8.3

8.2

Aged 40 to 44

11.3

13.5

13.0

11.3

6.2

6.4

10.7

11.5

Aged 45 to 49

11.6

14.7

10.6

11.4

7.8

7.8

13.0

12.8

Aged 50 to 54

9.4

11.0

7.5

7.0

10.8

11.0

8.7

9.1

Aged 55 to 64

14.2

17.5

9.4

9.9

18.4

19.5

13.4

14.5

Aged 65 to 74

8.3

8.8

5.1

6.0

12.6

13.8

8.8

10.0

Aged 75 or older

6.5

4.0

4.3

3.9

14.5

15.8

6.0

7.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Total black households

100.0%

20.4%

18.0%

15.1%

12.5%

Under age 25

100.0

29.5% 9.5

37.1

29.3%

12.0

5.8%

23.4

16.3

18.0

12.2

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

19.4

38.6

8.8

15.8

12.2

17.3

13.0

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

29.1

38.4

5.5

12.0

10.0

15.1

10.9

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

32.7

37.7

4.9

12.8

10.6

12.0

10.0

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

35.2

33.6

5.8

11.2

10.1

14.2

12.7

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

37.1

26.7

5.7

13.7

12.1

16.9

13.8

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

34.7

23.5

4.3

23.5

21.2

14.1

12.1

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

36.2

19.4

4.0

26.3

24.7

14.2

12.8

Aged 65 to 74

100.0

31.2

17.8

4.2

30.9

30.0

15.9

15.0

Aged 75 or older

100.0

17.9

19.4

3.4

45.4

43.7

13.9

13.6

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

142

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

People Who Live Alone Account for Nearly One-Third of Black Households The percentage of blacks who live alone rises with age. Black households are only slightly larger than the average household, with 2.64 people on average in black households versus 2.57 people in households nationally. Although black households are larger than average, blacks are more likely to live alone. Thirty-one percent of black households are people who live alone versus 27 percent of households nationally. Blacks account for 14 percent of the nation’s single-person households. The percentage of blacks who live alone rises from just 5 percent of those under age 25 to 40 percent of those aged 75 or older. Older women are far more likely than older men to live alone. Among blacks aged 75 or older, 29 percent of men and 46 percent of women live by themselves. ■ Because many blacks are not married, the percentage who live alone in old age may rise. 45

Most black households are home to only one or two people (percent distribution of black households, by size, 2006)

30 30%

31% 28% 23% 19%

15 15%

0

0%

a 1 person

b 2 people

c 3 people

d people 4 or more

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 143

Table 6.4

Total and Black Households by Size, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and black households, and black share of total, by size, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total households One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven or more people

114,384 30,453 37,775 18,924 15,998 7,306 2,562 1,366

Average number of persons per household

2.57

black percent distribution

100.0% 26.6 33.0 16.5 14.0 6.4 2.2 1.2 –

number

14,399 4,404 4,060 2,689 1,770 887 385 205 2.64

percent distribution

100.0% 30.6 28.2 18.7 12.3 6.2 2.7 1.4 –

share of total

12.6% 14.5 10.7 14.2 11.1 12.1 15.0 15.0 –

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_007.htm; calculations by New Strategist

144

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.5

Blacks Who Live Alone by Sex and Age, 2006

(total number of blacks aged 15 or older, number and percent living alone, and percent distribution of blacks living alone, by sex and age, 2006; numbers in thousands) living alone percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Total blacks Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

28,586 6,449 5,366 5,505 5,081 3,132 1,723 1,331

4,404 343 655 679 884 768 539 538

100.0% 7.8 14.9 15.4 20.1 17.4 12.2 12.2

15.4% 5.3 12.2 12.3 17.4 24.5 31.3 40.4

Black men Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

12,959 3,151 2,449 2,474 2,324 1,376 742 443

1,807 147 340 356 395 262 180 128

100.0 8.1 18.8 19.7 21.9 14.5 10.0 7.1

13.9 4.7 13.9 14.4 17.0 19.0 24.3 28.9

Black women Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

15,627 3,298 2,917 3,031 2,757 1,756 981 888

2,597 196 315 323 489 506 359 410

100.0 7.5 12.1 12.4 18.8 19.5 13.8 15.8

16.6 5.9 10.8 10.7 17.7 28.8 36.6 46.2

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_007.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 145

Black Households Are More Likely to Include Children Most black children live with only their mother. Thirty-six percent of black households include children under age 18, a signiﬁcantly greater proportion than the 32 percent share among all U.S. households. Among black households with children, married couples head only 41 percent of the total, while female-headed families head a larger 53 percent. Black children are much less likely than the average American child to live with both parents. Among black children under age 18, only 35 percent live with mom and dad. Among all children, the ﬁgure is a much larger 67 percent. Blacks are almost as likely as the average American to live in a family household—76 percent of blacks and 79 percent of all Americans aged 15 or older are part of a family household. But only 15 percent of blacks are married-couple householders versus 25 percent of the population as a whole. ■ The poverty rate among black children is well above average because most live in a female-headed family—the poorest family type.

Few black children live with both parents (percent distribution of blacks under age 18 by living arrangement, 2006) 9% neither parent 5% father onlyc

d

a a

35% both parents

b c d

51% mother only b

146

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.6

Total and Black Households with Children by Age of Householder, 2006

(number of total and black households, number and percent with children under age 18, and number and percent distribution of total and black households with children under age 18 by age of householder and black share of total, 2006, numbers in thousands) total number

black percent distribution

number

percent distribution

share of total

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

114,384

100.0%

14,399

100.0%

Total households with children under age 18

36,466

31.9

5,138

35.7

Total households with children under age 18 Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

36,466 2,003 4,242 6,128 7,309 7,353 5,359 2,642 1,225 205

100.0% 5.5 11.6 16.8 20.0 20.2 14.7 7.2 3.4 0.6

5,138 450 757 929 982 909 605 294 173 40

100.0% 8.8 14.7 18.1 19.1 17.7 11.8 5.7 3.4 0.8

12.6% 14.1 14.1% 22.5 17.8 15.2 13.4 12.4 11.3 11.1 14.1 19.5

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.7

Total and Black Households with Children by Type of Household, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and black households with children under age 18, and black share of total, by type of household, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total households with children under age 18 Married couples Female-headed families Male-headed families

36,466 25,982 8,389 2,095

black percent distribution

100.0% 71.2 23.0 5.7

number

5,138 2,100 2,712 327

percent distribution

100.0% 40.9 52.8 6.4

share of total

14.1% 8.1 32.3 15.6

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 147

Table 6.8

Black Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2006

(number and percent distribution of black households by age of householder, type of household, and presence of own children under age 18, and average age of householder, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

Total black households

married couples

total

with children

female-headed families

total

with children

male-headed families

total

with children

total

with children

14,399

5,138

4,249

2,100

4,215

2,712

831

327

Under age 25

1,206

450

114

83

448

336

145

31

Aged 25 to 29

1,372

757

266

206

530

487

121

64

Aged 30 to 34

1,481

929

431

325

568

544

81

60

Aged 35 to 39

1,497

982

489

413

564

517

74

51

Aged 40 to 44

1,632

909

575

424

548

436

94

48

Aged 45 to 49

1,677

605

623

345

447

223

95

38

Aged 50 to 54

1,350

294

468

182

317

91

58

20

Aged 55 to 64

2,049

173

742

100

397

67

82

7

Aged 65 or older

2,136

40

542

22

395

12

82

7

35.0 yrs.

40.6 yrs.

Average age of householder

45.9 yrs.

37.1 yrs.

47.6 yrs.

39.9 yrs. 41.7 yrs.

36.6 yrs.

PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN BY TYPE

Total black households

100.0%

35.7%

100.0%

49.4%

100.0%

64.3%

100.0%

39.4%

Under age 25

100.0

37.3

100.0

72.8

100.0

75.0

100.0

21.4

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

55.2

100.0

77.4

100.0

91.9

100.0

52.9

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

62.7

100.0

75.4

100.0

95.8

100.0

74.1

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

65.6

100.0

84.5

100.0

91.7

100.0

68.9

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

55.7

100.0

73.7

100.0

79.6

100.0

51.1

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

36.1

100.0

55.4

100.0

49.9

100.0

40.0

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

21.8

100.0

38.9

100.0

28.7

100.0

34.5

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

8.4

100.0

13.5

100.0

16.9

100.0

8.5

Aged 65 or older

100.0

1.9

100.0

4.1

100.0

3.0

100.0

8.5

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

148

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.9

Living Arrangements of Total and Black Children, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and black children under age 18, and black share of total, by living arrangement, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total children Living with both parents Living with mother only Never married Married, spouse absent Divorced or separated Widowed Living with father only Never married Married, spouse absent Divorced or separated Widowed Living with neither parent

73,664 49,661 17,161 7,443 789 8,308 621 3,459 1,255 243 1,823 138 3,383

black percent distribution

100.0% 67.4 23.3 10.1 1.1 11.3 0.8 4.7 1.7 0.3 2.5 0.2 4.6

number

12,261 4,338 6,199 3,847 228 1,966 158 608 325 32 222 29 1,116

percent distribution

100.0% 35.4 50.6 31.4 1.9 16.0 1.3 5.0 2.7 0.3 1.8 0.2 9.1

share of total

16.6% 8.7 36.1 51.7 28.9 23.7 25.4 17.6 25.9 13.2 12.2 21.0 33.0

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 149

Table 6.10

Living Arrangements of Total and Black Adults, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 15 or older by living arrangement, and black share of total, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people 233,039 Living in family household 182,981 Living in nonfamily household 50,058

black percent distribution

number

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 78.5 21.5

28,554 21,759 6,795

100.0% 76.2 23.8

114,384 77,402 58,179 19,223 36,982 30,453 6,529

49.1 33.2 25.0 8.2 15.9 13.1 2.8

14,399 9,295 4,216 5,079 5,104 4,404 700

50.4 32.6 14.8 17.8 17.9 15.4 2.5

12.6 12.0 7.2 26.4 13.8 14.5 10.7

Not a householder 118,655 In family household 105,579 Spouse of householder 58,179 Child of householder 34,579 Other relative of householder 12,821 In nonfamily household 13,076

50.9 45.3 25.0 14.8 5.5 5.6

14,155 12,464 4,216 5,592 2,656 1,691

49.6 43.7 14.8 19.6 9.3 5.9

11.9 11.8 7.2 16.2 20.7 12.9

Householder Family householder Married couple householder Other family householder Nonfamily householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

12.3% 11.9 13.6

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

150

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.11

Living Arrangements of Black Adults by Sex, 2006

(number and percent distribution of blacks aged 15 or older by living arrangement and sex, 2006; numbers in thousands) men number

women percent distribution

number

percent distribution

Total blacks Living in family household Living in nonfamily household

12,939 9,712 3,226

100.0% 75.1 24.9

15,615 12,046 3,569

100.0% 77.1 22.9

Householder Family householder Married couple householder Other family householder Nonfamily householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

5,564 3,392 2,561 831 2,172 1,807 365

43.0 26.2 19.8 6.4 16.8 14.0 2.8

8,835 5,903 1,688 4,215 2,932 2,597 335

56.6 37.8 10.8 27.0 18.8 16.6 2.1

Not a householder In family household Spouse of householder Child of householder Other relative of householder In nonfamily household

7,374 6,321 2,561 3,139 621 1,054

57.0 48.9 19.8 24.3 4.8 8.1

6,780 6,143 1,688 2,453 2,002 637

43.4 39.3 10.8 15.7 12.8 4.1

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 151

The Largest Share of Blacks Has Never Married Only 30 percent of blacks are currently married. Fewer than half of blacks are married. Among black men, only 38 percent are currently married. The ﬁgure is a smaller 29 percent among black women. A larger share of both men and women has never married. A study of martial history by the Census Bureau reveals that only 30 percent of black men and 24 percent of black women have married once and are still married. About one in ﬁve black men and women have ever divorced. The ﬁgure tops 30 percent among black men and women aged 50 to 69. Among black women aged 70 or older, 60 percent of women have been widowed. ■ Because many blacks are not married, and married couples are the most afﬂuent household type, black household incomes are well below average. 60

Many blacks have yet to marry men

(percent distribution of blacks aged 15 or older by marital history and sex, 2004)

45% 40 40%

women

44% 30% 24% 19%

20 20%

20%

100000

0 0%

never never married

75000

50000

all men dual women

married married once, still married

divorced ever divorced

25000

0

152

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

with

w/out

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.12

Total and Black Marital Status, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 15 or older by marital status, and black share of total, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people Never married Married, spouse present Married, spouse absent Separated Divorced Widowed

233,039 68,515 119,055 3,785 4,963 22,806 13,914

black percent distribution

100.0% 29.4 51.1 1.6 2.1 9.8 6.0

number

28,554 12,964 8,670 544 1,388 3,198 1,790

percent distribution

100.0% 45.4 30.4 1.9 4.9 11.2 6.3

share of total

12.3% 18.9 7.3 14.4 28.0 14.0 12.9

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 153

Table 6.13

Marital Status of Black Men by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of black men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2006; numbers in thousands)

Total black men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older Total black men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

11,841 601 1,452 1,297 1,151 1,199 1,269 1,258 1,058 1,369 1,185

5,060 591 1,313 990 580 452 395 305 212 140 82

4,444 2 104 224 444 515 595 636 518 785 620

266 0 8 18 20 33 37 34 29 49 38

539 8 12 47 34 43 59 81 95 90 72

1,196 0 8 18 72 146 168 192 188 253 150

336 0 8 1 2 10 15 10 16 52 223

2.2% 0.0 0.6 1.4 1.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.7 3.6 3.2

4.6% 1.3 0.8 3.6 3.0 3.6 4.6 6.4 9.0 6.6 6.1

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

42.7% 98.3 90.4 76.3 50.4 37.7 31.1 24.2 20.0 10.2 6.9

37.5% 0.3 7.2 17.3 38.6 43.0 46.9 50.6 49.0 57.3 52.3

10.1% 0.0 0.6 1.4 6.3 12.2 13.2 15.3 17.8 18.5 12.7

2.8% 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.5 3.8 18.8

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

154

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.14

Marital Status of Black Women by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of black women aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2006; numbers in thousands)

Total black women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older Total black women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

14,521 639 1,555 1,499 1,418 1,475 1,556 1,485 1,270 1,756 1,868

5,755 616 1,389 1,014 684 546 458 411 259 244 133

4,220 12 119 340 464 515 599 600 495 643 431

275 2 12 24 40 33 27 32 24 38 43

833 6 19 71 98 119 111 110 94 141 64

1,989 2 12 45 129 243 322 266 320 417 234

1,449 1 2 5 3 19 40 66 77 272 964

1.9% 0.3 0.8 1.6 2.8 2.2 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.3

5.7% 0.9 1.2 4.7 6.9 8.1 7.1 7.4 7.4 8.0 3.4

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

39.6% 96.4 89.3 67.6 48.2 37.0 29.4 27.7 20.4 13.9 7.1

29.1% 1.9 7.7 22.7 32.7 34.9 38.5 40.4 39.0 36.6 23.1

13.7% 0.3 0.8 3.0 9.1 16.5 20.7 17.9 25.2 23.7 12.5

10.0% 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.3 2.6 4.4 6.1 15.5 51.6

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 155

Table 6.15

Marital History of Black Men by Age, 2004

(number of black men aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) Total black men, number Total black men, percent

total

15–19

20–24

25–29

30–34

35–39

40–49

50–59

60–69

70+

11,985

1,527

1,326

1,120

1,122

1,141

2,415

1,650

991

693

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0% 100.0%

Never married

44.5

98.4

89.8

70.7

43.6

32.1

24.7

14.6

10.2

7.5

Ever married

55.5

1.6

10.2

29.3

56.4

67.9

75.3

85.4

89.8

92.5

Married once

44.0

1.6

10.2

28.3

52.4

58.2

62.0

60.0

62.5

63.9

Still married

30.1

1.3

10.2

24.1

39.0

43.7

39.3

39.4

41.1

35.6

Married twice

9.7

0.0

0.0

1.0

4.0

8.6

12.3

20.7

21.8

22.7

Still married

7.1

0.0

0.0

1.0

3.0

8.1

9.8

13.7

13.5

16.3

1.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

1.0

4.7

5.5

5.9

Still married

1.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

1.0

3.8

3.5

2.9

Ever divorced

19.1

0.1

0.0

2.6

11.9

17.9

29.7

39.2

36.0

28.1

10.4

0.1

0.0

1.6

8.9

8.9

18.4

20.6

16.6

11.5

3.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.3

1.6

3.9

10.6

31.0

2.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.2

1.4

2.0

8.3

22.9

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2004, Detailed Tables; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div/2004detailed_tables.html

Table 6.16

Marital History of Black Women by Age, 2004

(number of black women aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) Total black women, number Total black women, percent

total

15–19

20–24

25–29

30–34

35–39

40–49

50–59

60–69

70+

14,735

1,555

1,495

1,371

1,407

1,431

2,937

2,135

1,227

1,177

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0% 100.0%

Never married

43.5

98.1

88.1

66.3

47.0

39.0

29.4

17.5

8.7

8.4

Ever married

56.5

1.9

11.9

33.7

53.0

61.0

70.6

82.5

91.3

91.6

Married once

45.5

1.9

11.8

32.3

49.2

50.9

57.0

60.0

70.7

69.7

Still married

24.3

1.8

10.2

24.4

36.3

32.8

34.1

27.4

26.9

14.5

Married twice

9.6

0.0

0.1

1.4

3.3

9.4

12.1

19.6

17.6

18.6

Still married

5.0

0.0

0.1

1.4

2.5

7.8

6.4

11.1

7.0

5.1

1.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.7

1.6

2.9

3.0

3.3

Still married

0.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.9

2.0

1.0

1.3

Ever divorced

19.6

0.0

0.9

3.7

10.6

22.6

27.5

39.4

34.0

24.4

12.2

0.0

0.8

2.5

7.5

13.0

18.6

24.5

21.8

10.6

10.1

0.1

0.0

0.8

1.4

0.9

3.0

12.5

30.6

60.0

9.2

0.1

0.0

0.5

1.4

0.7

2.5

10.8

27.7

57.6

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2004, Detailed Tables; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div/2004detailed_tables.html

156

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION CHAPTER

7

Population ■ The number of blacks in the U.S. population grew 7 percent between 2000 and 2006, much less than the growth rate of Asians and Hispanics. But the black growth rate greatly exceeded the small 1.5 percent increase for non-Hispanic whites. ■ The nation’s 40 million blacks account for more than one in ten Americans. Seventeen percent of Americans under age 20 are black, a share that falls to just 9 percent of people aged 65 or older. ■ The 54 percent majority of blacks live in the South, where they account for a substantial 20 percent of the population. Although New York is the state with the largest black population, only 9 percent of blacks live there.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 157

The Black Population Is Growing Slowly The growth rate of the black population is well below that of Asians or Hispanics. The number of blacks in the U.S. population grew 7 percent between 2000 and 2006, much less than the 23 to 24 percent growth rate for Asians and Hispanics. But the black growth rate greatly exceeded the small 1.5 percent increase for non-Hispanic whites. The count of blacks ranges from 38 million who identify themselves as black and no other race (called black alone) to 40 million who identify themselves as black alone or black in combination with other races. Beginning in 2000, Americans could identify themselves as more than one race, increasing the complexity of racial identiﬁcation. Adding to the complexity is the fact that Hispanic is an ethnic identity rather than a race, meaning blacks can also be Hispanic. Five percent of the nation’s blacks also identify themselves as Hispanic. ■ Unlike Hispanics or Asians, most of whom live in only a few states, blacks are an important segment of the population throughout the country. This relatively even distribution adds to their cultural inﬂuence and political power.

Blacks are outnumbered by Hispanics (population by race and Hispanic origin, 2006; numbers in millions; American Indians, 60 Asians, and blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone)

44 38

40 million 40

20 20 million

13 3

0

158

0

a Indian American

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

b Asian

c black

d Hispanic

POPULATION

Table 7.1

Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 and 2006

(number and percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2000 and 2006, and percent change in number, 2000–06; numbers in thousands) 2006 number

2000 percent distribution

percent distribution

number

percent change in number 2000–06

RACE

Total population One race American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Two or more races

299,398,484 294,679,815 2,902,851 13,159,343 38,342,549 528,818 239,746,254 4,718,669

100.0% 98.4 1.0 4.4 12.8 0.2 80.1 1.6

282,216,952 278,288,359 2,673,624 10,697,440 35,814,967 465,124 228,637,204 3,928,593

100.0% 98.6 0.9 3.8 12.7 0.2 81.0 1.4

6.1% 5.9 8.6 23.0 7.1 13.7 4.9 20.1

299,398,484 44,321,038 255,077,446 198,744,494

100.0 14.8 85.2 66.4

282,216,952 35,659,724 246,557,228 195,774,391

100.0 12.6 87.4 69.4

6.1 24.3 3.5 1.5

HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total population Hispanic Non-Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

Note: Native Hawaiians include other Paciﬁc Islanders. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/index.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 7.2

Blacks by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2006

(total number of people, and number and percent distribution of blacks by racial identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2006 percent change, 2000–06) 2000

2006 number

Total people Black alone or in combination with one or more other races Black alone Black in combination

percent distribution

number

percent distribution

299,398,484

100.0%

282,216,952

100.0%

40,240,898 38,342,549 1,898,349

13.4 12.8 0.6

37,233,421 35,814,967 1,418,454

13.2 12.7 0.5

percent change 2000–06

6.1% 8.1 7.1 33.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 159

Table 7.3

Blacks by Hispanic Origin, 2006

(number and percent distribution of blacks by Hispanic origin and racial identifcation, 2006) black alone or in combination number

Total blacks Not Hispanic Hispanic

40,240,898 38,294,161 1,946,737

percent distribution

100.0% 95.2 4.8

black alone number

38,342,549 36,689,680 1,652,869

percent distribution

100.0% 95.7 4.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NCEST2006-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

160

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION

Thirteen Percent of Americans Are Black The black population grew 8 percent between 2000 and 2006. The nation’s 40 million blacks account for more than 1 in 10 Americans. The black share of the population is largest among children and young adults. Seventeen percent of Americans under age 20 are black. The share falls with age to just 9 percent of people aged 65 or older. The black population, like the non-Hispanic white population, has been affected by baby boom and baby bust over the decades. Consequently, some age groups are growing while others are shrinking. The number of blacks aged 55 to 59 expanded by 42 percent between 2000 and 2006 as boomers entered the age group. But the number of blacks aged 35 to 39 fell 5 percent as the small generation X aged into its late thirties. Black females outnumber black males beginning in the 25-to-29 age group. By age 65 or older, only 62 black males are left for every 100 black females. ■ The diversity of older Americans will increase greatly as today’s young adults become the nation’s elderly.

The black share of the population decreases with age (black share of the total population for selected age groups, 2006) 20

17% 15

15%

10

10%

5

5%

0

0%

9%

underaage 20

aged 65bor older

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 161

Table 7.4

Black Share of Total Population by Age, 2006

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of blacks, and black share of total, by age, 2006) black percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

299,398,484 20,417,636 19,709,887 20,627,397 21,324,186 21,111,240 20,709,480 19,706,499 21,185,785 22,481,165 22,797,569 20,480,605 18,224,445 13,362,238 10,375,554 8,541,290 7,381,027 5,665,664 5,296,817

40,240,898 3,470,662 3,301,967 3,508,741 3,553,270 3,240,737 3,014,732 2,710,943 2,813,164 2,939,909 2,838,933 2,384,972 1,940,678 1,299,383 1,009,580 801,880 599,470 424,322 387,555

100.0% 8.6 8.2 8.7 8.8 8.1 7.5 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.1 5.9 4.8 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.0

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

29,454,784 225,662,922 37,260,352

4,590,762 27,756,283 3,222,807

11.4 69.0 8.0

15.6 12.3 8.6

36.4

30.1

–

–

Median age (years)

13.4% 17.0 16.8 17.0 16.7 15.4 14.6 13.8 13.3 13.1 12.5 11.6 10.6 9.7 9.7 9.4 8.1 7.5 7.3

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

162

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION

Table 7.5

Blacks by Age, 2000 and 2006

(number of blacks by age, 2000 and 2006; percent change, 2000–06) 2006

2000

Total blacks Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

40,240,898 3,470,662 3,301,967 3,508,741 3,553,270 3,240,737 3,014,732 2,710,943 2,813,164 2,939,909 2,838,933 2,384,972 1,940,678 1,299,383 1,009,580 801,880 599,470 424,322 387,555

37,233,421 3,242,170 3,547,396 3,423,039 3,165,108 2,861,079 2,720,841 2,777,611 2,970,829 2,842,171 2,390,813 1,908,280 1,363,040 1,104,101 911,855 752,932 569,465 358,438 324,253

percent change

8.1% 7.0 –6.9 2.5 12.3 13.3 10.8 –2.4 –5.3 3.4 18.7 25.0 42.4 17.7 10.7 6.5 5.3 18.4 19.5

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

4,590,762 27,756,283 3,222,807

4,126,555 25,121,184 2,916,943

11.2 10.5 10.5

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 163

Table 7.6

Blacks by Age and Sex, 2006

(number of blacks by age and sex, and sex ratio by age, 2006) total

females

males

sex ratio

Total blacks Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

40,240,898 3,470,662 3,301,967 3,508,741 3,553,270 3,240,737 3,014,732 2,710,943 2,813,164 2,939,909 2,838,933 2,384,972 1,940,678 1,299,383 1,009,580 801,880 599,470 424,322 387,555

21,030,677 1,706,545 1,627,339 1,729,382 1,754,333 1,601,729 1,547,831 1,423,637 1,487,231 1,563,041 1,518,571 1,292,541 1,064,129 730,440 580,738 475,417 375,062 277,707 275,004

19,210,221 1,764,117 1,674,628 1,779,359 1,798,937 1,639,008 1,466,901 1,287,306 1,325,933 1,376,868 1,320,362 1,092,431 876,549 568,943 428,842 326,463 224,408 146,615 112,551

91 103 103 103 103 102 95 90 89 88 87 85 82 78 74 69 60 53 41

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

4,590,762 27,756,283 3,222,807

2,269,569 14,880,918 1,983,928

2,321,193 12,875,365 1,238,879

102 87 62

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. The sex ratio is the number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

164

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION

Most Blacks Live in the South Blacks account for one in ﬁve Southerners. The 54 percent majority of blacks live in the South, where they account for a substantial 20 percent of the population. The Northeast and Midwest are each home to 18 percent of the black population, while only 10 percent of blacks live in the West. Although most blacks live in the South, no single state is home to more than 9 percent of the black population. New York has the largest black population among the 50 states, but only 9 percent of blacks live in New York state. Blacks account for the largest share of state populations in the South. They are more than 30 percent of the populations of Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, and Mississippi. Seven metropolitan areas are home to more than 1 million blacks: Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. In 10 metropolitan areas, blacks account for more than 40 percent of the population: Albany, Georgia; Columbus, Georgia–Alabama; Florence, South Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; Macon, Georgia; Memphis, Tennessee–Mississippi–Arkansas; Montgomery, Alabama; Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Rocky Mount, North Carolina; and Sumter, South Carolina. ■ The number of blacks in Louisiana fell 6 percent between 2000 and 2006 because of the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans metropolitan area and other parts of the state.

Few blacks live in the West

75

(percent distribution of blacks by region, 2006)

54% 50 50%

25 25%

18%

18% 10%

0

0%

a Northeast

b Midwest

c South

d West

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 165

Table 7.7

Total and Black Population by Region, 2006

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of blacks, and black share of total, by region, 2006) black

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

299,398,484 54,741,353 66,217,736 109,083,752 69,355,643

40,240,898 7,249,439 7,292,743 21,697,542 4,001,174

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 18.0 18.1 53.9 9.9

13.4% 13.2 11.0 19.9 5.8

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2006-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 7.8

Blacks by Region, 2000 and 2006

(number of blacks by region, 2000 and 2006; percent change, 2000–06)

Total blacks Northeast Midwest South West

2006

2000

40,240,898 7,249,439 7,292,743 21,697,542 4,001,174

36,419,434 6,556,909 6,838,669 19,528,231 3,495,625

percent change

10.5% 10.6 6.6 11.1 14.5

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of blacks in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, The Black Population 2000, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ cen2000/briefs.html; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2006-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

166

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION

Table 7.9

Total and Black Population by State, 2006

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of blacks, and black share of total, by state, 2006) black

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total 299,398,484 4,599,030 670,053 6,166,318 2,810,872 36,457,549 4,753,377 3,504,809 853,476 581,530 18,089,888 9,363,941 1,285,498 1,466,465 12,831,970 6,313,520 2,982,085 2,764,075 4,206,074 4,287,768 1,321,574 5,615,727 6,437,193 10,095,643 5,167,101 2,910,540 5,842,713 944,632 1,768,331 2,495,529 1,314,895 8,724,560 1,954,599 19,306,183 8,856,505 635,867 11,478,006 3,579,212 3,700,758 12,440,621 1,067,610 4,321,249 781,919 6,038,803 23,507,783 2,550,063 623,908 7,642,884 6,395,798 1,818,470 5,556,506 515,004

number 40,240,898 1,228,083 33,120 269,202 453,662 2,706,205 227,497 385,748 185,493 334,267 2,971,181 2,854,474 44,669 13,855 1,997,141 599,813 88,242 185,582 337,894 1,375,461 14,864 1,705,728 491,336 1,518,332 268,943 1,091,110 706,546 6,999 87,462 217,490 18,336 1,326,160 58,766 3,519,135 1,972,357 7,570 1,460,770 311,770 91,260 1,410,946 76,759 1,274,166 10,702 1,046,674 2,908,563 36,674 6,155 1,579,160 288,828 67,499 361,640 6,609

percent distribution 100.0% 3.1 0.1 0.7 1.1 6.7 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.8 7.4 7.1 0.1 0.0 5.0 1.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 3.4 0.0 4.2 1.2 3.8 0.7 2.7 1.8 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 3.3 0.1 8.7 4.9 0.0 3.6 0.8 0.2 3.5 0.2 3.2 0.0 2.6 7.2 0.1 0.0 3.9 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.0

share of total 13.4% 26.7 4.9 4.4 16.1 7.4 4.8 11.0 21.7 57.5 16.4 30.5 3.5 0.9 15.6 9.5 3.0 6.7 8.0 32.1 1.1 30.4 7.6 15.0 5.2 37.5 12.1 0.7 4.9 8.7 1.4 15.2 3.0 18.2 22.3 1.2 12.7 8.7 2.5 11.3 7.2 29.5 1.4 17.3 12.4 1.4 1.0 20.7 4.5 3.7 6.5 1.3

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2006-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 167

Table 7.10

Blacks by State, 2000 and 2006

(number of blacks by state, 2000 and 2006; percent change, 2000–06) Total blacks Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2006 40,240,898 1,228,083 33,120 269,202 453,662 2,706,205 227,497 385,748 185,493 334,267 2,971,181 2,854,474 44,669 13,855 1,997,141 599,813 88,242 185,582 337,894 1,375,461 14,864 1,705,728 491,336 1,518,332 268,943 1,091,110 706,546 6,999 87,462 217,490 18,336 1,326,160 58,766 3,519,135 1,972,357 7,570 1,460,770 311,770 91,260 1,410,946 76,759 1,274,166 10,702 1,046,674 2,908,563 36,674 6,155 1,579,160 288,828 67,499 361,640 6,609

2000 36,419,434 1,168,998 27,147 185,599 427,152 2,513,041 190,717 339,078 157,152 350,455 2,471,730 2,393,425 33,343 8,127 1,937,671 538,015 72,512 170,610 311,878 1,468,317 9,553 1,525,036 398,479 1,474,613 202,972 1,041,708 655,377 4,441 75,833 150,508 12,218 1,211,750 42,412 3,234,165 1,776,283 5,372 1,372,501 284,766 72,647 1,289,123 58,051 1,200,901 6,687 953,349 2,493,057 24,382 4,492 1,441,207 238,398 62,817 326,506 4,863

percent change 10.5% 5.1 22.0 45.0 6.2 7.7 19.3 13.8 18.0 –4.6 20.2 19.3 34.0 70.5 3.1 11.5 21.7 8.8 8.3 –6.3 55.6 11.8 23.3 3.0 32.5 4.7 7.8 57.6 15.3 44.5 50.1 9.4 38.6 8.8 11.0 40.9 6.4 9.5 25.6 9.5 32.2 6.1 60.0 9.8 16.7 50.4 37.0 9.6 21.2 7.5 10.8 35.9

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of blacks in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, The Black Population 2000, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ cen2000/briefs.html; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2006-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

168

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION

Table 7.11

Total and Black Population by Metropolitan Area, 2005

(total number of people, number of blacks, and black share of total, for selected metropolitan areas, 2005) black

Abilene, TX Akron, OH Albany, GA Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY Albuquerque, NM Alexandria, LA Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA–NJ Altoona, PA Amarillo, TX Ames, IA Anchorage, AK Anderson, IN Anderson, SC Ann Arbor, MI Anniston–Oxford, AL Appleton, WI Asheville, NC Athens–Clarke County, GA Atlanta–Sandy Springs–Marietta, GA Atlantic City, NJ Auburn–Opelika, AL Augusta–Richmond County, GA–SC Austin–Round Rock, TX Bakersﬁeld, CA Baltimore–Towson, MD Bangor, ME Barnstable Town, MA Baton Rouge, LA Battle Creek, MI Bay City, MI Beaumont–Port Arthur, TX Bellingham, WA Bend, OR Billings, MT Binghamton, NY Birmingham–Hoover, AL Bismarck, ND Blacksburg–Christiansburg–Radford, VA Bloomington, IN Bloomington–Normal, IL Boise City–Nampa, ID Boston–Cambridge–Quincy, MA–NH Boulder, CO Bowling Green, KY

total population

number

146,427 684,459 158,772 816,044 783,920 142,353 766,822 122,717 227,799 70,480 341,282 125,161 172,748 319,791 109,762 211,469 379,808 167,582 4,828,838 264,403 118,664 508,401 1,406,364 724,206 2,583,923 140,625 220,838 706,909 134,628 107,256 366,855 178,425 140,161 143,977 237,626 1,069,498 96,068 140,200 161,204 146,894 530,359 4,270,631 271,934 105,848

9,357 83,253 76,381 60,124 24,171 40,525 31,945 1,629 12,035 1,402 20,029 10,276 29,024 40,878 21,628 1,752 19,715 33,928 1,502,745 45,441 27,997 185,038 106,330 40,738 743,133 993 4,972 240,828 15,727 1,956 92,572 2,276 1,434 1,066 8,739 299,191 551 7,281 3,636 9,105 4,764 302,758 3,319 7,850

share of total

6.4% 12.2 48.1 7.4 3.1 28.5 4.2 1.3 5.3 2.0 5.9 8.2 16.8 12.8 19.7 0.8 5.2 20.2 31.1 17.2 23.6 36.4 7.6 5.6 28.8 0.7 2.3 34.1 11.7 1.8 25.2 1.3 1.0 0.7 3.7 28.0 0.6 5.2 2.3 6.2 0.9 7.1 1.2 7.4 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 169

black

Bremerton–Silverdale, WA Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk, CT Brownsville–Harlingen, TX Brunswick, GA Buffalo–Niagara Falls, NY Burlington, NC Burlington–South Burlington, VT Canton–Massillon, OH Cape Coral–Fort Myers, FL Casper, WY Cedar Rapids, IA Champaign–Urbana, IL Charleston, WV Charleston–North Charleston, SC Charlotte–Gastonia–Concord, NC–SC Charlottesville, VA Chattanooga, TN–GA Cheyenne, WY Chicago–Naperville–Joliet, IL–IN–WI Chico, CA Cincinnati–Middletown, OH–KY–IN Clarksville, TN–KY Cleveland, TN Cleveland–Elyria–Mentor, OH Coeur d’Alene, ID College Station–Bryan, TX Colorado Springs, CO Columbia, MO Columbia, SC Columbus, GA–AL Columbus, IN Columbus, OH Corpus Christi, TX Corvallis, OR Cumberland, MD–WV Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX Dalton, GA Danville, IL Danville, VA Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA–IL Dayton, OH Decatur, AL Decatur, IL Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach, FL Denver–Aurora, CO Des Moines, IA Detroit–Warren–Livonia, MI Dothan, AL

total population

number

231,902 884,050 374,081 92,964 1,111,554 136,552 197,382 401,032 539,097 68,203 239,343 198,091 301,716 575,297 1,491,330 177,569 476,969 81,793 9,272,117 207,937 2,026,216 229,822 104,259 2,082,379 126,079 181,896 571,244 143,221 652,063 274,086 72,650 1,665,428 405,416 74,075 93,637 5,727,391 130,351 79,235 106,853 367,050 817,340 146,379 106,433 475,189 2,327,901 511,565 4,428,941 134,993

7,539 93,460 1,644 24,023 138,850 26,243 2,562 30,778 40,949 934 7,830 21,000 15,932 174,565 352,030 24,928 68,427 2,375 1,716,689 4,559 248,023 47,256 4,013 424,156 403 22,870 41,362 13,261 216,186 118,449 1,665 246,829 16,098 1,043 2,861 821,443 3,290 8,161 34,926 24,083 125,616 17,987 16,775 47,554 139,787 22,158 1,038,638 32,022

share of total

3.3% 10.6 0.4 25.8 12.5 19.2 1.3 7.7 7.6 1.4 3.3 10.6 5.3 30.3 23.6 14.0 14.3 2.9 18.5 2.2 12.2 20.6 3.8 20.4 0.3 12.6 7.2 9.3 33.2 43.2 2.3 14.8 4.0 1.4 3.1 14.3 2.5 10.3 32.7 6.6 15.4 12.3 15.8 10.0 6.0 4.3 23.5 23.7 (continued)

170

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION

black

Dover, DE Dubuque, IA Duluth, MN–WI Durham, NC Eau Claire, WI El Centro, CA Elizabethtown, KY Elkhart–Goshen, IN Elmira, NY El Paso, TX Erie, PA Eugene–Springﬁeld, OR Evansville, IN–KY Fairbanks, AK Fargo, ND–MN Farmington, NM Fayetteville, NC Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR–MO Flagstaff, AZ Flint, MI Florence, SC Florence–Muscle Shoals, AL Fond du Lac, WI Fort Collins–Loveland, CO Fort Smith, AR–OK Fort Walton Beach–Crestview–Destin, FL Fort Wayne, IN Fresno, CA Gadsden, AL Gainesville, FL Gainesville, GA Gettysburg, PA Glens Falls, NY Goldsboro, NC Grand Forks, ND–MN Grand Junction, CO Grand Rapids–Wyoming, MI Great Falls, MT Greeley, CO Green Bay, WI Greensboro–High Point, NC Greenville, NC Greenville, SC Gulfport–Biloxi, MS Hagerstown–Martinsburg, MD–WV Hanford–Corcoran, CA Harrisburg–Carlisle, PA Harrisonburg, VA

total population

number

140,205 86,626 261,976 434,878 146,010 144,523 105,570 192,562 84,117 708,319 266,662 327,762 340,915 83,656 175,563 124,994 324,076 395,592 120,776 438,589 193,365 139,966 94,964 264,807 278,361 177,284 395,458 858,948 101,151 224,719 163,204 95,850 123,464 109,615 89,111 126,588 750,962 77,462 223,966 289,298 657,975 154,987 570,538 244,808 240,247 121,418 500,356 102,997

30,626 1,382 2,944 122,804 924 3,222 10,613 11,489 4,154 22,328 17,136 4,965 21,457 5,455 3,233 1,087 124,202 6,787 2,189 92,075 78,738 17,811 559 3,016 10,911 17,417 43,244 49,391 14,612 44,101 11,001 1,072 2,047 36,523 1,117 1,627 59,936 673 1,495 4,611 157,761 55,606 100,591 49,599 14,144 5,807 50,668 3,078

share of total

21.8% 1.6 1.1 28.2 0.6 2.2 10.1 6.0 4.9 3.2 6.4 1.5 6.3 6.5 1.8 0.9 38.3 1.7 1.8 21.0 40.7 12.7 0.6 1.1 3.9 9.8 10.9 5.8 14.4 19.6 6.7 1.1 1.7 33.3 1.3 1.3 8.0 0.9 0.7 1.6 24.0 35.9 17.6 20.3 5.9 4.8 10.1 3.0 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 171

black

Hartford–West Hartford–East Hartford, CT Hattiesburg, MS Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton, NC Holland–Grand Haven, MI Honolulu, HI Hot Springs, AR Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux, LA Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, TX Huntington–Ashland, WV–KY–OH Huntsville, AL Idaho Falls, ID Indianapolis, IN Iowa City, IA Ithaca, NY Jackson, MI Jackson, MS Jackson, TN Jacksonville, FL Jacksonville, NC Janesville, WI Jefferson City, MO Johnson City, TN Johnstown, PA Jonesboro, AR Joplin, MO Kalamazoo–Portage, MI Kankakee–Bradley, IL Kansas City, MO–KS Kennewick–Richland–Pasco, WA Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood, TX Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, TN–VA Kingston, NY Knoxville, TN Kokomo, IN La Crosse, WI–MN Lafayette, IN Lafayette, LA Lake Charles, LA Lakeland, FL Lancaster, PA Lansing–East Lansing, MI Laredo, TX Las Cruces, NM Las Vegas–Paradise, NV Lawrence, KS Lawton, OK Lebanon, PA Lewiston–Auburn, ME

total population

number

1,140,319 125,782 347,698 245,075 873,177 91,690 196,621 5,193,448 279,158 358,646 113,677 1,608,730 129,932 87,080 152,954 497,168 105,237 1,223,882 125,251 154,296 135,442 181,670 138,963 109,727 162,578 307,353 103,593 1,909,666 219,224 330,421 298,447 170,938 635,635 102,346 123,253 171,344 242,090 186,858 530,126 476,155 435,632 221,478 184,089 1,691,213 94,200 102,887 121,054 104,298

122,106 35,304 23,793 4,095 31,515 7,249 31,754 866,016 8,017 75,563 345 243,128 4,254 3,137 10,995 234,461 32,509 278,709 25,256 8,398 7,156 4,800 3,801 9,931 2,590 29,640 16,474 245,939 4,358 67,411 5,394 8,430 43,791 7,620 1,475 4,610 63,277 45,540 76,933 19,944 40,195 1,369 3,337 177,190 4,876 21,178 2,558 896

share of total

10.7% 28.1 6.8 1.7 3.6 7.9 16.1 16.7 2.9 21.1 0.3 15.1 3.3 3.6 7.2 47.2 30.9 22.8 20.2 5.4 5.3 2.6 2.7 9.1 1.6 9.6 15.9 12.9 2.0 20.4 1.8 4.9 6.9 7.4 1.2 2.7 26.1 24.4 14.5 4.2 9.2 0.6 1.8 10.5 5.2 20.6 2.1 0.9 (continued)

172

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION

black

Lexington–Fayette, KY Lima, OH Lincoln, NE Little Rock–North Little Rock, AR Logan, UT–ID Longview, TX Longview, WA Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana, CA Louisville, KY–IN Lubbock, TX Lynchburg, VA Macon, GA Madera, CA Madison, WI Manchester–Nashua, NH Mansﬁeld, OH McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX Medford, OR Memphis, TN–MS–AR Merced, CA Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Miami Beach, FL Michigan City–La Porte, IN Midland, TX Milwaukee–Waukesha–West Allis, WI Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington, MN–WI Missoula, MT Mobile, AL Modesto, CA Monroe, LA Monroe, MI Montgomery, AL Morgantown, WV Morristown, TN Mount Vernon–Anacortes, WA Muncie, IN Muskegon–Norton Shores, MI Myrtle Beach–Conway–North Myrtle Beach, SC Napa, CA Naples–Marco Island, FL Nashville–Davidson–Murfreesboro, TN New Haven–Milford, CT New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner, LA New York–Northern New Jersey– Long Island, NY–NJ–PA Niles–Benton Harbor, MI Norwich–New London, CT Ocala, FL Ocean City, NJ

total population

number

share of total

410,876 101,619 268,089 623,851 106,718 199,417 95,905 12,703,423 1,183,916 250,628 227,858 218,398 134,159 519,330 393,207 121,365 671,967 191,465 1,236,181 237,278 5,334,685 104,164 119,720 1,480,517 3,076,239 96,467 393,585 497,804 165,220 152,392 339,638 106,899 131,585 111,330 108,356 169,500 224,487 127,445 302,514 1,384,347 817,828 1,292,774

45,054 11,430 8,929 140,545 633 34,683 1,123 988,235 163,233 19,050 39,826 95,496 4,001 22,632 7,132 9,856 2,298 1,095 559,809 9,253 1,116,727 9,590 8,220 249,725 215,563 548 137,711 15,885 56,175 3,908 140,473 3,371 4,192 987 7,807 24,258 34,543 2,282 17,417 212,243 104,149 495,864

11.0% 11.2 3.3 22.5 0.6 17.4 1.2 7.8 13.8 7.6 17.5 43.7 3.0 4.4 1.8 8.1 0.3 0.6 45.3 3.9 20.9 9.2 6.9 16.9 7.0 0.6 35.0 3.2 34.0 2.6 41.4 3.2 3.2 0.9 7.2 14.3 15.4 1.8 5.8 15.3 12.7 38.4

18,351,099 158,224 253,468 295,555 96,630

3,336,148 25,335 15,337 33,035 5,658

18.2 16.0 6.1 11.2 5.9 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 173

black

Odessa, TX Ogden–Clearﬁeld, UT Oklahoma City, OK Olympia, WA Omaha–Council Bluffs, NE–IA Orlando–Kissimmee, FL Oshkosh–Neenah, WI Owensboro, KY Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura, CA Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville, FL Panama City–Lynn Haven, FL Parkersburg–Marietta–Vienna, WV–OH Pascagoula, MS Pensacola–Ferry Pass–Brent, FL Peoria, IL Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Phoenix–Mesa–Scottsdale, AZ Pine Bluff, AR Pittsburgh, PA Pittsﬁeld, MA Plattsburgh, NY Pocatello, ID Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, ME Portland–Vancouver–Beaverton, OR–WA Port St. Lucie–Fort Pierce, FL Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Prescott, AZ Providence–New Bedford–Fall River, RI–MA Provo–Orem, UT Pueblo, CO Punta Gorda, FL Racine, WI Raleigh–Cary, NC Rapid City, SD Reading, PA Redding, CA Reno–Sparks, NV Richmond, VA Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario, CA Roanoke, VA Rochester, MN Rochester, NY Rockford, IL Rocky Mount, NC Rome, GA Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville, CA Saginaw–Saginaw Township North, MI

total population

number

123,331 481,703 1,124,533 225,469 795,707 1,903,273 150,687 109,410 782,759 521,226 158,141 161,018 155,942 415,313 357,285

5,851 7,052 130,341 7,634 66,227 298,246 1,337 4,561 23,766 50,655 17,876 1,349 31,277 71,752 32,939

5,644,383 3,805,123 95,402 2,314,937 125,654 75,053 83,492 500,263 2,063,277 374,713 635,978 194,928 1,565,972 443,188 147,187 154,716 190,368 924,415 114,805 382,917 176,570 387,750 1,132,036 3,827,946 279,269 173,360 996,309 333,729 141,985 90,124 2,004,476 202,037

1,183,449 173,743 44,206 198,411 4,000 959 583 6,346 71,391 46,917 63,276 1,600 87,512 1,336 3,474 6,064 20,626 189,675 1,869 19,512 2,227 10,852 340,910 313,886 34,491 4,803 116,393 34,485 64,509 12,381 165,384 40,341

share of total

4.7% 1.5 11.6 3.4 8.3 15.7 0.9 4.2 3.0 9.7 11.3 0.8 20.1 17.3 9.2 21.0 4.6 46.3 8.6 3.2 1.3 0.7 1.3 3.5 12.5 9.9 0.8 5.6 0.3 2.4 3.9 10.8 20.5 1.6 5.1 1.3 2.8 30.1 8.2 12.4 2.8 11.7 10.3 45.4 13.7 8.3 20.0 (continued)

174

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

POPULATION

black

St. Cloud, MN St. Joseph, MO–KS St. Louis, MO–IL Salem, OR Salinas, CA Salisbury, MD Salt Lake City, UT San Angelo, TX San Antonio, TX San Diego–Carlsbad–San Marcos, CA Sandusky, OH San Francisco–Oakland–Fremont, CA San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara, CA San Luis Obispo–Paso Robles, CA Santa Barbara–Santa Maria, CA Santa Cruz–Watsonville, CA Santa Fe, NM Santa Rosa–Petaluma, CA Sarasota–Bradenton–Venice, FL Savannah, GA Scranton–Wilkes-Barre, PA Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue, WA Sheboygan, WI Sherman–Denison, TX Shreveport–Bossier City, LA Sierra Vista–Douglas, AZ Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Sioux Falls, SD South Bend–Mishawaka, IN–MI Spartanburg, SC Spokane, WA Springﬁeld, IL Springﬁeld, MA Springﬁeld, MO Springﬁeld, OH State College, PA Stockton, CA Sumter, SC Syracuse, NY Tallahassee, FL Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL Terre Haute, IN Texarkana, TX–AR Toledo, OH Topeka, KS Trenton–Ewing, NJ Tucson, AZ Tulsa, OK

total population

number

172,989 111,755 2,725,336 360,857 389,004 107,489 1,017,572 100,894 1,844,018 2,824,259 76,797 4,071,751 1,726,057 239,638 383,393 240,367 137,758 453,850 660,611 302,925 528,353 3,133,715 111,100 113,899 375,139 120,439 139,910 201,044 303,925 259,224 425,684 202,317 653,913 382,521 139,053 124,263 646,259 102,146 628,295 317,527 2,596,556 158,940 125,886 637,276 224,023 345,118 902,720 867,878

3,085 3,603 505,584 3,699 11,530 27,598 15,059 4,370 118,087 163,098 6,870 389,171 50,757 3,397 8,586 3,208 1,069 8,849 42,252 106,202 9,887 200,123 991 7,363 148,534 5,005 3,175 4,398 36,690 53,760 10,677 21,219 44,359 8,157 13,709 2,547 54,571 48,928 49,151 103,660 302,910 5,778 29,456 84,664 16,862 70,471 35,002 82,741

share of total

1.8% 3.2 18.6 1.0 3.0 25.7 1.5 4.3 6.4 5.8 8.9 9.6 2.9 1.4 2.2 1.3 0.8 1.9 6.4 35.1 1.9 6.4 0.9 6.5 39.6 4.2 2.3 2.2 12.1 20.7 2.5 10.5 6.8 2.1 9.9 2.0 8.4 47.9 7.8 32.6 11.7 3.6 23.4 13.3 7.5 20.4 3.9 9.5 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 175

black

Tuscaloosa, AL Tyler, TX Utica–Rome, NY Valdosta, GA Vallejo–Fairﬁeld, CA Vero Beach, FL Victoria, TX Vineland–Millville–Bridgeton, NJ Virginia Beach–Norfolk–Newport News, VA–NC Visalia–Porterville, CA Waco, TX Warner Robins, GA Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Waterloo–Cedar Falls, IA Weirton–Steubenville, WV–OH Wenatchee, WA Wheeling, WV–OH Wichita, KS Wichita Falls, TX Williamsport, PA Wilmington, NC Winchester, VA–WV Winston-Salem, NC Worcester, MA Yakima, WA York–Hanover, PA Youngstown–Warren–Boardman, OH–PA Yuba City, CA Yuma, AZ

total population

number

189,393 185,465 281,918 117,756 395,426 126,258 117,233 139,968 1,585,416 404,909 214,582 123,176

66,599 34,522 11,100 37,776 63,704 10,557 6,613 23,584 516,266 7,638 33,338 33,375

5,119,490 153,873 123,066 103,393 141,860 575,506 137,103 112,735 308,470 114,482 437,100 759,409 227,809 400,670 569,009 153,262 175,793

1,378,998 10,627 5,314 460 3,896 46,996 11,329 4,959 46,693 4,482 86,412 27,672 2,561 18,494 63,518 4,248 3,639

share of total

35.2% 18.6 3.9 32.1 16.1 8.4 5.6 16.8 32.6 1.9 15.5 27.1 26.9 6.9 4.3 0.4 2.7 8.2 8.3 4.4 15.1 3.9 19.8 3.6 1.1 4.6 11.2 2.8 2.1

Note: Blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/; calculations by New Strategist

176

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING CHAPTER

8

Spending ■ The nation’s 14 million black households spent an average of $32,849 in 2005, less than the $46,409 spent by the average household. ■ The spending of blacks is below average because married couples—the most afﬂuent householders—head relatively few black households. Nevertheless, blacks spend more than average on a such items as pork, poultry, ﬁsh, noncarbonated fruit-ﬂavored drinks, clothes, and shoes. ■ Because homeownership is relatively low among blacks, they spend less than average on mortgage interest, but more on rent, residential phone service, and phone cards.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 177

Black Households Spend Less than the Average Household On some products and services, however, they spend more. The nation’s 14 million black households spent an average of $32,849 in 2005, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey. While the annual spending of black households (called consumer units by the Bureau of Labor Statistics) is less than the $46,409 spent by the average household, on some items blacks spend more. One reason for the lower spending of blacks is that married couples head relatively few black households, and married couples are the most afﬂuent household type. Nevertheless, blacks spend more than average on a number of foods such as pork, poultry, and ﬁsh. They spend 5 percent more than the average household on clothes and 7 percent more on telephone service. ■ Black spending will remain below average until married couples become a larger share of black households. 60000

Black households spend 29 percent less than the average household (average annual spending of total and black consumer units, 2005)

$46,409

178

40000

$40,000

20000

$20,000

0

$0

$32,849

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a total

b black

SPENDING

Table 8.1

Average Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005

(average annual spending of households by product and service category and by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2005) total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

Number of households (in 000s) Average number of persons per household Average before-tax household income

117,356 2.5 $58,712

4,283 2.9 $73,995

14,042 2.6 $39,385

12,462 3.4 $47,509

90,995 2.3 $63,203

Average annual household spending

$46,409

$52,054

$32,849

$40,123

$49,331

5,931 3,297 445 143 302 764 228 153 103 134 113 33 378 146 232 552 182 175 106 89 1,158 119 85 609 303 41 2,634

6,632 3,580 492 216 276 892 196 164 82 147 259 45 303 137 166 814 284 312 125 93 1,078 102 86 567 279 45 3,052

4,319 2,663 363 132 231 787 193 170 90 177 121 35 245 98 147 428 122 122 99 85 840 82 79 432 230 17 1,657

5,551 3,344 400 147 253 876 285 160 99 177 109 46 364 162 202 640 219 210 119 92 1,064 90 84 535 321 33 2,207

6,223 3,384 463 144 319 746 225 150 106 122 113 30 400 151 249 558 185 178 105 89 1,217 128 86 645 312 46 2,838

426

319

173

286

483

15,167 8,805 5,958 3,317 1,541 1,101

19,017 12,659 8,623 5,354 2,203 1,066

11,650 6,524 3,188 1,998 734 456

14,338 8,937 4,886 3,166 1,058 662

15,813 9,134 6,527 3,538 1,730 1,259

FOOD Groceries Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Restaurants and other food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 179

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$2,345 502 3,183 473 1,155 142 1,048 366 801 322 479 611 134 320 157 1,767 132 467 56 223 105 782

$3,479 556 3,018 454 942 58 1,166 398 948 449 499 439 91 233 115 1,954 172 478 97 377 94 737

$3,148 189 3,253 549 1,205 45 1,124 330 530 289 241 352 119 160 74 991 93 298 16 143 46 393

$3,876 175 2,986 378 1,071 43 1,130 365 605 336 268 508 156 252 100 1,303 95 487 20 171 85 445

$2,013 594 3,201 475 1,159 170 1,025 371 868 324 544 663 133 352 178 1,947 143 490 67 242 117 887

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

1,886 440 349 91 754 633 121 82 320 290

2,035 467 366 101 877 715 162 97 303 291

1,981 420 297 123 765 635 130 77 493 226

2,195 529 416 112 787 597 191 149 442 288

1,830 431 347 83 747 637 111 74 278 300

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

8,344 3,544 1,931 1,531 82 2,013 2,339 297 671 913 458 448

8,899 3,516 2,568 898 50 2,011 2,395 218 619 914 643 978

5,850 2,350 988 1,307 55 1,546 1,710 229 433 747 301 245

7,900 3,280 1,710 1,551 20 2,171 2,068 269 586 837 376 380

8,791 3,765 2,104 1,566 95 2,063 2,474 311 721 949 493 489

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances and miscellaneous housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

(continued)

180

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$2,664 1,361 677 521 105

$2,262 1,357 499 335 72

$1,448 841 321 244 43

$1,520 750 444 273 54

$3,005 1,523 763 597 122

2,388 588 888 420 492

1,804 647 748 175 233

1,242 201 797 128 117

1,494 337 716 244 197

2,683 682 925 488 589

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

541

519

472

501

557

READING

126

117

52

55

148

EDUCATION

940

1,759

500

558

1,061

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Audio and visual equipment and services Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

319

124

216

158

357

MISCELLANEOUS

808

794

416

665

887

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,663

1,188

1,204

927

1,834

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

5,204 381 4,823

6,584 465 6,119

3,325 292 3,033

3,974 140 3,834

5,659 428 5,232

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

2,408 1,696 534 177

1,966 1,334 440 192

603 287 257 59

982 655 258 69

2,877 2,054 614 210

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

1,091

1,185

587

636

1,229

Note: Asian and black include Hispanics and non-Hispanics who identify themselves as being of the respective race alone. Hispanic includes people of any race who identify themselves as Hispanic. Other includes people who identify themselves as non-Hispanic and as Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian (who are also included in the Asian column), Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc Islander, as well as non-Hispanics reporting more than one race. Spending by category will not add to total spending because gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories and personal taxes are not included in the total. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 181

Table 8.2

Indexed Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005

(indexed average annual spending of households by product and service category and by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2005; index deﬁnition: an index of 100 is the average for all households; an index of 132 means that spending by households in that group is 32 percent above the average for all households; an index of 68 indicates spending that is 32 percent below the average for all households) total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$46,409 100

$52,054 112

$32,849 71

$40,123 86

$49,331 106

FOOD Groceries Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Restaurants and other food away from home

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

112 109 111 151 91 117 86 107 80 110 229 136 80 94 72 147 156 178 118 104 93 86 101 93 92 110 116

73 81 82 92 76 103 85 111 87 132 107 106 65 67 63 78 67 70 93 96 73 69 93 71 76 41 63

94 101 90 103 84 115 125 105 96 132 96 139 96 111 87 116 120 120 112 103 92 76 99 88 106 80 84

105 103 104 101 106 98 99 98 103 91 100 91 106 103 107 101 102 102 99 100 105 108 101 106 103 112 108

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100

75

41

67

113

HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

100 100 100 100 100 100

125 144 145 161 143 97

77 74 54 60 48 41

95 101 82 95 69 60

104 104 110 107 112 114

Average household spending, total Average household spending, index

(continued)

182

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances and miscellaneous housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

148 111 95 96 82 41 111 109 118 139 104 72 68 73 73 111 130 102 173 169 90 94

134 38 102 116 104 32 107 90 66 90 50 58 89 50 47 56 70 64 29 64 44 50

165 35 94 80 93 30 108 100 76 104 56 83 116 79 64 74 72 104 36 77 81 57

86 118 101 100 100 120 98 101 108 101 114 109 99 110 113 110 108 105 120 109 111 113

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

108 106 105 111 116 113 134 118 95 100

105 95 85 135 101 100 107 94 154 78

116 120 119 123 104 94 158 182 138 99

97 98 99 91 99 101 92 90 87 103

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

107 99 133 59 61 100 102 73 92 100 140 218

70 66 51 85 67 77 73 77 65 82 66 55

95 93 89 101 24 108 88 91 87 92 82 85

105 106 109 102 116 102 106 105 107 104 108 109 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 183

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

100 100 100 100 100

85 100 74 64 69

54 62 47 47 41

57 55 66 52 51

113 112 113 115 116

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Audio and visual equipment and services Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

100 100 100 100 100

76 110 84 42 47

52 34 90 30 24

63 57 81 58 40

112 116 104 116 120

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

100

96

87

93

103

READING

100

93

41

44

117

EDUCATION

100

187

53

59

113

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

100

39

68

50

112

MISCELLANEOUS

100

98

51

82

110

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100

71

72

56

110

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

100 100 100

127 122 127

64 77 63

76 37 79

109 112 108

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

100 100 100 100

82 79 82 108

25 17 48 33

41 39 48 39

119 121 115 119

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

100

109

54

58

113

Note: Asian and black include Hispanics and non-Hispanics who identify themselves as being of the respective race alone. Hispanic includes people of any race who identify themselves as Hispanic. Other includes people who identify themselves as non-Hispanic and as Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian (who are also included in the Asian column), Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc Islander, as well as non-Hispanics reporting more than one race. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey

184

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Table 8.3

Total Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005

(total annual spending by race and Hispanic origin groups, 2005; households and dollars in thousands) total households

Number of households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

12,462

90,995

117,356

4,283

14,042

$5,446,374,604

$222,947,282

$461,265,658

FOOD

696,038,436

28,404,856

60,647,398

69,176,562

566,261,885

Groceries

386,922,732

15,333,140

37,393,846

41,672,928

307,927,080

52,223,420

2,107,236

5,097,246

4,984,800

42,130,685

Cereals and cereal products

16,781,908

925,128

1,853,544

1,831,914

13,103,280

Bakery products

35,441,512

1,182,108

3,243,702

3,152,886

29,027,405

89,659,984

3,820,436

11,051,054

10,916,712

67,882,270

Beef

26,757,168

839,468

2,710,106

3,551,670

20,473,875

Pork

17,955,468

702,412

2,387,140

1,993,920

13,649,250

Other meats

12,087,668

351,206

1,263,780

1,233,738

9,645,470

Poultry

15,725,704

629,601

2,485,434

2,205,774

11,101,390

Fish and seafood

13,261,228

1,109,297

1,699,082

1,358,358

10,282,435

3,872,748

192,735

491,470

573,252

2,729,850

44,360,568

1,297,749

3,440,290

4,536,168

36,398,000

Fresh milk and cream

17,133,976

586,771

1,376,116

2,018,844

13,740,245

Other dairy products

27,226,592

710,978

2,064,174

2,517,324

22,657,755

64,780,512

3,486,362

6,009,976

7,975,680

50,775,210

Fresh fruits

21,358,792

1,216,372

1,713,124

2,729,178

16,834,075

Fresh vegetables

20,537,300

1,336,296

1,713,124

2,617,020

16,197,110

Processed fruits

12,439,736

535,375

1,390,158

1,482,978

9,554,475

Processed vegetables

10,444,684

398,319

1,193,570

1,146,504

8,098,555

135,898,248

4,617,074

11,795,280

13,259,568

110,740,915

13,965,364

436,866

1,151,444

1,121,580

11,647,360

9,975,260

368,338

1,109,318

1,046,808

7,825,570

Miscellaneous foods

71,469,804

2,428,461

6,066,144

6,667,170

58,691,775

Nonalcoholic beverages

35,558,868

1,194,957

3,229,660

4,000,302

28,390,440

4,811,596

192,735

238,714

411,246

4,185,770

309,115,704

13,071,716

23,267,594

27,503,634

258,243,810

49,993,656

1,366,277

2,429,266

3,564,132

43,950,585

Total spending of all households

Cereals and bakery products

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs

Eggs Dairy products

Fruits and vegetables

Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils

Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Restaurants and other food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

$500,012,826 $4,488,874,345

HOUSING

1,779,938,452

81,449,811

163,589,300

Shelter

1,033,319,580

54,218,497

91,610,008

111,372,894

831,148,330

699,207,048

36,932,309

44,765,896

60,889,332

593,924,365

Mortgage interest and charges

389,269,852

22,931,182

28,055,916

39,454,692

321,940,310

Property taxes

180,845,596

9,435,449

10,306,828

13,184,796

157,421,350

Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

129,208,956

4,565,678

6,403,152

8,249,844

114,562,705

Owned dwellings

178,680,156 1,438,903,935

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 185

total households

Asian

black

$275,199,820

$14,900,557

$44,204,216

58,912,712

2,381,348

2,653,938

2,180,850

54,051,030

373,544,148

12,926,094

45,678,626

37,211,532

291,274,995

Natural gas

55,509,388

1,944,482

7,709,058

4,710,636

43,222,625

Electricity

135,546,180

4,034,586

16,920,610

13,346,802

105,463,205

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services

Fuel oil and other fuels

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$48,302,712 $183,172,935

16,664,552

248,414

631,890

535,866

15,469,150

122,989,088

4,993,978

15,783,208

14,082,060

93,269,875

Water and other public services

42,952,296

1,704,634

4,633,860

4,548,630

33,759,145

Household services

94,002,156

4,060,284

7,442,260

7,539,510

78,983,660

Personal services

37,788,632

1,923,067

4,058,138

4,187,232

29,482,380

Other household services

56,213,524

2,137,217

3,384,122

3,339,816

49,501,280

Housekeeping supplies

71,704,516

1,880,237

4,942,784

6,330,696

60,329,685

Laundry and cleaning supplies

15,725,704

389,753

1,670,998

1,944,072

12,102,335

Other household products

37,553,920

997,939

2,246,720

3,140,424

32,030,240

Postage and stationery

18,424,892

492,545

1,039,108

1,246,200

16,197,110

207,368,052

8,368,982

13,915,622

16,237,986

177,167,265

Telephone

Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles

15,490,992

736,676

1,305,906

1,183,890

13,012,285

Furniture

54,805,252

2,047,274

4,184,516

6,068,994

44,587,550

6,571,936

415,451

224,672

249,240

6,096,665

Major appliances

26,170,388

1,614,691

2,008,006

2,131,002

22,020,790

Small appliances and misc. housewares

12,322,380

402,602

645,932

1,059,270

10,646,415

Miscellaneous household equipment

91,772,392

3,156,571

5,518,506

5,545,590

80,712,565

Floor coverings

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES

221,333,416

8,715,905

27,817,202

27,354,090

166,520,850

Men and boys

51,636,640

2,000,161

5,897,640

6,592,398

39,218,845

Men, aged 16 or older

40,957,244

1,567,578

4,170,474

5,184,192

31,575,265

Boys, aged 2 to 15

10,679,396

432,583

1,727,166

1,395,744

7,552,585

Women and girls

88,486,424

3,756,191

10,742,130

9,807,594

67,973,265

Women, aged 16 or older

74,286,348

3,062,345

8,916,670

7,439,814

57,963,815

Girls, aged 2 to 15

14,200,076

693,846

1,825,460

2,380,242

10,100,445

9,623,192

415,451

1,081,234

1,856,838

6,733,630

Footwear

37,553,920

1,297,749

6,922,706

5,508,204

25,296,610

Other apparel products and services

34,033,240

1,246,353

3,173,492

3,589,056

27,298,500

Children under age 2

TRANSPORTATION

979,218,464

38,114,417

82,145,700

98,449,800

799,937,045

Vehicle purchases

415,909,664

15,059,028

32,998,700

40,875,360

342,596,175

Cars and trucks, new

226,614,436

10,998,744

13,873,496

21,310,020

191,453,480

Cars and trucks, used

179,672,036

3,846,134

18,352,894

19,328,562

142,498,170

9,623,192

214,150

772,310

249,240

8,644,525

Gasoline and motor oil

236,237,628

8,613,113

21,708,932

27,055,002

187,722,685

Other vehicle expenses

274,495,684

10,257,785

24,011,820

25,771,416

225,121,630

Vehicle ﬁnance charges

34,854,732

933,694

3,215,618

3,352,278

28,299,445

Maintenance and repairs

78,745,876

2,651,177

6,080,186

7,302,732

65,607,395

107,146,028

3,914,662

10,489,374

10,430,694

86,354,255

Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges

53,749,048

2,753,969

4,226,642

4,685,712

44,860,535

Public transportation

52,575,488

4,188,774

3,440,290

4,735,560

44,496,555

Other vehicles

Vehicle insurance

(continued)

186

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

total households

Asian

black

HEALTH CARE

$312,636,384

$9,688,146

$20,332,816

Health insurance

159,721,516

5,812,031

11,809,322

9,346,500

138,585,385

Medical services

79,450,012

2,137,217

4,507,482

5,533,128

69,429,185

Drugs

61,142,476

1,434,805

3,426,248

3,402,126

54,324,015

Medical supplies

12,322,380

308,376

603,806

672,948

11,101,390

280,246,128

7,726,532

17,440,164

18,618,228

244,139,585

69,005,328

2,771,101

2,822,442

4,199,694

62,058,590

Audio and visual equipment and services

104,212,128

3,203,684

11,191,474

8,922,792

84,170,375

Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment

49,289,520

749,525

1,797,376

3,040,728

44,405,560

Other entertainment products and services

57,739,152

997,939

1,642,914

2,455,014

53,596,055

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

63,489,596

2,222,877

6,627,824

6,243,462

50,684,215

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions

READING

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$18,942,240 $273,439,975

14,786,856

501,111

730,184

685,410

13,467,260

110,314,640

7,533,797

7,021,000

6,953,796

96,545,695

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

37,436,564

531,092

3,033,072

1,968,996

32,485,215

MISCELLANEOUS

94,823,648

3,400,702

5,841,472

8,287,230

80,712,565

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

195,163,028

5,088,204

16,906,568

11,552,274

166,884,830

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS

610,720,624

28,199,272

46,689,650

49,523,988

514,940,705

44,712,636

1,991,595

4,100,264

1,744,680

38,945,860

Pensions and Social Security

566,007,988

26,207,677

42,589,386

47,779,308

476,085,840

PERSONAL TAXES

282,593,248

8,420,378

8,467,326

12,237,684

261,792,615

Federal income taxes

199,035,776

5,713,522

4,030,054

8,162,610

186,903,730

State and local income taxes

62,668,104

1,884,520

3,608,794

3,215,196

55,870,930

Other taxes

20,772,012

822,336

828,478

859,878

19,108,950

128,035,396

5,075,355

8,242,654

7,925,832

111,832,855

EDUCATION

Life and other personal insurance

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

Note: Asian and black include Hispanics and non-Hispanics who identify themselves as being of the respective race alone. Hispanic includes people of any race who identify themselves as Hispanic. Other includes people who identify themselves as non-Hispanic and as Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian (who are also included in the Asian column), Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc Islander, as well as non-Hispanics reporting more than one race. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 187

Table 8.4

Market Shares by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005

(percentage of total annual spending accounted for by race and Hispanic origin groups, 2005) total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

Share of total households Share of total before-tax income Share of total spending

100.0% 100.0 100.0

3.6% 4.6 4.1

12.0% 8.0 8.5

10.6% 8.6 9.2

77.5% 83.5 82.4

FOOD Groceries Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Restaurants and other food away from home

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.1 4.0 4.0 5.5 3.3 4.3 3.1 3.9 2.9 4.0 8.4 5.0 2.9 3.4 2.6 5.4 5.7 6.5 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.7 3.4 3.4 4.0 4.2

8.7 9.7 9.8 11.0 9.2 12.3 10.1 13.3 10.5 15.8 12.8 12.7 7.8 8.0 7.6 9.3 8.0 8.3 11.2 11.4 8.7 8.2 11.1 8.5 9.1 5.0 7.5

9.9 10.8 9.5 10.9 8.9 12.2 13.3 11.1 10.2 14.0 10.2 14.8 10.2 11.8 9.2 12.3 12.8 12.7 11.9 11.0 9.8 8.0 10.5 9.3 11.2 8.5 8.9

81.4 79.6 80.7 78.1 81.9 75.7 76.5 76.0 79.8 70.6 77.5 70.5 82.1 80.2 83.2 78.4 78.8 78.9 76.8 77.5 81.5 83.4 78.4 82.1 79.8 87.0 83.5

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100.0

2.7

4.9

7.1

87.9

HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.6 5.2 5.3 5.9 5.2 3.5

9.2 8.9 6.4 7.2 5.7 5.0

10.0 10.8 8.7 10.1 7.3 6.4

80.8 80.4 84.9 82.7 87.0 88.7 (continued)

188

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances and miscellaneous housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.4% 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 1.5 4.1 4.0 4.3 5.1 3.8 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.7 4.0 4.8 3.7 6.3 6.2 3.3 3.4

16.1% 4.5 12.2 13.9 12.5 3.8 12.8 10.8 7.9 10.7 6.0 6.9 10.6 6.0 5.6 6.7 8.4 7.6 3.4 7.7 5.2 6.0

17.6% 3.7 10.0 8.5 9.8 3.2 11.4 10.6 8.0 11.1 5.9 8.8 12.4 8.4 6.8 7.8 7.6 11.1 3.8 8.1 8.6 6.0

66.6% 91.7 78.0 77.9 77.8 92.8 75.8 78.6 84.0 78.0 88.1 84.1 77.0 85.3 87.9 85.4 84.0 81.4 92.8 84.1 86.4 87.9

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.9 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.9 4.3 3.5 3.7

12.6 11.4 10.2 16.2 12.1 12.0 12.9 11.2 18.4 9.3

12.4 12.8 12.7 13.1 11.1 10.0 16.8 19.3 14.7 10.5

75.2 76.0 77.1 70.7 76.8 78.0 71.1 70.0 67.4 80.2

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.9 3.6 4.9 2.1 2.2 3.6 3.7 2.7 3.4 3.7 5.1 8.0

8.4 7.9 6.1 10.2 8.0 9.2 8.7 9.2 7.7 9.8 7.9 6.5

10.1 9.8 9.4 10.8 2.6 11.5 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.7 8.7 9.0

81.7 82.4 84.5 79.3 89.8 79.5 82.0 81.2 83.3 80.6 83.5 84.6 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 189

total households

Asian

black

6.5% 7.4 5.7 5.6 4.9

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.1% 3.6 2.7 2.3 2.5

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Audio and visual equipment and services Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.8 4.0 3.1 1.5 1.7

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

100.0

READING EDUCATION

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

6.1% 5.9 7.0 5.6 5.5

87.5% 86.8 87.4 88.8 90.1

6.2 4.1 10.7 3.6 2.8

6.6 6.1 8.6 6.2 4.3

87.1 89.9 80.8 90.1 92.8

3.5

10.4

9.8

79.8

100.0

3.4

4.9

4.6

91.1

100.0

6.8

6.4

6.3

87.5

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

100.0

1.4

8.1

5.3

86.8

MISCELLANEOUS

100.0

3.6

6.2

8.7

85.1

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100.0

2.6

8.7

5.9

85.5

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

100.0 100.0 100.0

4.6 4.5 4.6

7.6 9.2 7.5

8.1 3.9 8.4

84.3 87.1 84.1

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.0 2.9 3.0 4.0

3.0 2.0 5.8 4.0

4.3 4.1 5.1 4.1

92.6 93.9 89.2 92.0

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

100.0

4.0

6.4

6.2

87.3

Note: Asian and black include Hispanics and non-Hispanics who identify themselves as being of the respective race alone. Hispanic includes people of any race who identify themselves as Hispanic. Other includes people who identify themselves as non-Hispanic and as Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian (who are also included in the Asian column), Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc Islander, as well as non-Hispanics reporting more than one race. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey

190

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Blacks Are Big Spenders on Telephone Service Black spending is below average on a variety of items because many households are female-headed. Although black households spend less than the average household on many products and services, they are big spenders on a number of items. Black households spend 5 percent more than the average household on clothes, with spending a substantial 54 percent above average on shoes. On boys’ and girls’ shoes, blacks spend more than twice the average and control more than 25 percent of the market. Black households spend 19 percent less than the average household on groceries overall, but they spend 32 percent more than average on poultry. They also spend more than average on ﬁsh and pork. Consistently over the years they have spent much more than the average household on noncarbonated fruit-ﬂavored drinks. Because homeownership is relatively low among blacks, they spend less than average on mortgage interest, but their spending is 33 percent above average on rent. They spend 20 percent more than the average household on residential phone service and 17 percent more on phone cards. Blacks spend less than the average household on new cars, but 17 percent more than average on used cars. They spend 77 percent more than the average household on mass transit. ■ Because many blacks live in the South, they spend disproportionately on termite and pest control services.

Blacks spend more than average on phone cards (indexed spending by black households on telephone service and phone cards, 2005) 150

120

117

residentialatelephone service

phonebcards

100 100 = average

50

50

0

0

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 191

Table 8.5

Spending on Alcoholic Beverages by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on alcoholic beverages, 2005)

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

At home Beer and ale Whiskey Wine Other alcoholic beverages Away from home Beer and ale Wine Other alcoholic beverages Alcoholic beverages purchased on trips

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$173.48 100.35 66.82 1.35 21.24 10.93

41 46 56 21 28 69

$2,436,006 1,409,115 938,286 18,957 298,252 153,479

73.14 23.49 13.89 26.01 9.75

35 30 38 52 23

1,027,032 329,847 195,043 365,232 136,910

market share

4.9% 5.5 6.7 2.5 3.3 8.2 4.2 3.6 4.6 6.2 2.8

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

192

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Table 8.6

Spending on Apparel by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on apparel, accessories, and related services, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$1,980.82 296.85 30.41 9.82 48.73 10.29 12.81 0.92 31.25 6.25 11.06 70.32 53.23 7.83 3.05 0.88

105 85 119 112 130 58 81 65 82 56 79 72 84 58 130 62

$27,814,674 4,168,368 427,017 137,892 684,267 144,492 179,878 12,919 438,813 87,763 155,305 987,433 747,456 109,949 42,828 12,357

Boys’ (aged 2 to 15) apparel Coats and jackets Sweaters Shirts Underwear Nightwear Hosiery Accessories Suits, sport coats, and vests Pants Shorts and shorts sets Uniforms Active sportswear Costumes

123.05 7.63 3.36 35.11 6.13 3.92 5.55 6.40 2.22 33.66 11.05 4.74 2.96 0.31

135 142 147 130 104 146 133 150 154 143 156 178 85 28

1,727,868 107,140 47,181 493,015 86,077 55,045 77,933 89,869 31,173 472,654 155,164 66,559 41,564 4,353

16.2 17.0 17.6 15.5 12.4 17.5 15.9 18.0 18.4 17.1 18.6 21.2 10.1 3.3

Women’s apparel Coats and jackets Dresses Sport coats and tailored jackets Sweaters and vests Shirts, blouses, and tops Skirts Pants Shorts and shorts sets Active sportswear

634.54 71.23 50.45 5.41 36.41 116.31 22.42 111.03 6.72 18.19

100 119 108 69 80 92 106 101 50 58

8,910,211 1,000,212 708,419 75,967 511,269 1,633,225 314,822 1,559,083 94,362 255,424

12.0 14.3 12.9 8.3 9.5 11.0 12.7 12.1 6.0 6.9

APPAREL Men’s apparel Suits Sport coats and tailored jackets Coats and jackets Underwear Hosiery Nightwear Accessories Sweaters and vests Active sportswear Shirts Pants Shorts and shorts sets Uniforms Costumes

market share

12.6% 10.2 14.2 13.4 15.5 7.0 9.7 7.8 9.8 6.7 9.4 8.6 10.0 6.9 15.5 7.4

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 193

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

Nightwear Undergarments Hosiery Suits Accessories Uniforms Costumes

$37.15 30.57 21.62 29.47 69.44 7.21 0.90

113 91 121 136 123 133 42

$521,660 429,264 303,588 413,818 975,076 101,243 12,638

13.5% 10.9 14.4 16.3 14.7 15.9 5.0

Girls’ (aged 2 to 15) apparel Coats and jackets Dresses and suits Shirts, blouses, and sweaters Skirts and pants Shorts and shorts sets Active sportswear Underwear and nightwear Hosiery Accessories Uniforms Costumes

130.17 6.89 16.24 34.41 31.11 8.00 8.51 7.18 5.45 6.90 3.66 1.81

108 128 138 104 113 118 77 119 117 70 144 94

1,827,847 96,749 228,042 483,185 436,847 112,336 119,497 100,822 76,529 96,890 51,394 25,416

12.9 15.3 16.6 12.4 13.5 14.1 9.2 14.2 14.0 8.3 17.2 11.2

77.11 3.80 20.45 38.89 2.95 11.02

94 141 89 90 75 116

1,082,779 53,360 287,159 546,093 41,424 154,743

11.2 16.9 10.6 10.8 8.9 13.9

Footwear Men’s Boys’ Women’s Girls’

492.63 131.35 83.13 204.24 73.91

154 132 223 137 213

6,917,510 1,844,417 1,167,311 2,867,938 1,037,844

18.4 15.8 26.7 16.4 25.5

Other apparel products and services Material for making clothes Sewing patterns and notions Watches Jewelry Shoe repair and other shoe services Coin-operated apparel laundry, dry cleaning Apparel alteration, repair, tailoring services Clothing rental Watch and jewelry repair Professional laundry, dry cleaning Clothing storage

226.47 5.48 2.20 22.54 64.53 0.69 58.40 5.32 0.25 2.15 64.17 0.73

78 64 42 95 46 52 156 97 12 51 106 124

3,180,092 76,950 30,892 316,507 906,130 9,689 820,053 74,703 3,511 30,190 901,075 10,251

9.3 7.6 5.0 11.4 5.5 6.2 18.7 11.7 1.4 6.1 12.7 14.8

Children’s (under age 2) apparel Coats, jackets, and snowsuits Outerwear including dresses Underwear Nightwear and loungewear Accessories

market share

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

194

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Table 8.7

Spending on Entertainment by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on entertainment, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

ENTERTAINMENT $1,242.07 Fees and admissions 200.80 Recreation expenses on trips 8.33 Social, recreation, civic club membership 25.82 Fees for participant sports 23.52 Participant sports on trips 4.85 Movie, theater, amusement park, and other admissions 60.07 Movie, other admissions on trips 21.85 Admission to sports events 10.30 Admission to sports events on trips 7.28 Fees for recreational lessons 30.46 Other entertainment services on trips 8.33 Audio and visual equipment, services 797.11 Television sets 91.08 Cable TV and community antenna 521.77 Tape recorders and players 4.97 VCRs and video disc players 16.44 Miscellaneous sound equipment 1.13 Sound equipment accessories 4.22 Video cassettes, tapes, and discs 40.58 Video game hardware and software 29.21 Streaming and downloading video 0.40 Repair of TV, radio, and sound equipment 3.49 Rental of television sets 1.66 Personal digital audio players 4.17 Sound components and component systems 5.69 Satellite dishes 0.62 Compact discs, records, and audio tapes 34.61 Streaming and downloading audio 1.10 Rental of VCR, radio, and sound equipment 0.30 Musical instruments and accessories 15.49 Rental and repair of musical instruments 0.63 Rental of video cassettes, tapes, discs, ﬁlms 19.43 Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment 127.60 Pets 67.54 Pet food 41.33 Pet purchase, supplies, and medicines 8.98 Pet services 5.16 Veterinarian services 12.06 Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles 59.06 Stamp and coin collecting 0.17 Playground equipment 0.83

52 34 33 21 30 18

$17,441,147 2,819,634 116,970 362,564 330,268 68,104

56 45 22 45 34 33 90 81 101 121 80 59 49 90 98 71 117 307 31 38 86 91 47 107 49 13 60 30 21 31 13 17 13 67 3 25

843,503 306,818 144,633 102,226 427,719 116,970 11,193,019 1,278,945 7,326,694 69,789 230,850 15,867 59,257 569,824 410,167 5,617 49,007 23,310 58,555 79,899 8,706 485,994 15,446 4,213 217,511 8,846 272,836 1,791,759 948,397 580,356 126,097 72,457 169,347 829,321 2,387 11,655

market share

6.2% 4.1 4.0 2.5 3.5 2.1 6.7 5.4 2.7 5.4 4.1 4.0 10.7 9.7 12.0 14.4 9.5 7.0 5.9 10.7 11.7 8.5 14.0 36.8 3.7 4.5 10.3 10.9 5.6 12.8 5.8 1.5 7.1 3.6 2.5 3.7 1.5 2.0 1.6 8.0 0.3 3.0 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 195

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

Other entertainment supplies, equipment, services $116.56 Rental of recreational vehicles 3.38 Sports, recreation, exercise equipment 74.06 Athletic gear, game tables, exercise equip. 54.45 Bicycles 7.71 Camping equipment 4.73 Hunting and ﬁshing equipment 4.26 Winter sports equipment 0.13 Water sports equipment 0.22 Other sports equipment 2.06 Rental and repair of misc. sports equipment 0.51 Photographic equipment and supplies 35.61 Film 4.37 Other photographic supplies 0.70 Film processing 7.80 Repair and rental of photographic equipment 0.13 Photographic equipment 12.61 Photographer fees 9.99 Pinball, electronic video games 1.41

24 74 46 63 55 54 15 4 4 25 23 40 42 35 39 28 36 50 66

$1,636,736 47,462 1,039,951 764,587 108,264 66,419 59,819 1,825 3,089 28,927 7,161 500,036 61,364 9,829 109,528 1,825 177,070 140,280 19,799

market share

2.8% 8.9 5.5 7.5 6.6 6.5 1.8 0.5 0.5 2.9 2.7 4.8 5.1 4.1 4.6 3.3 4.3 6.0 7.9

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

196

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Table 8.8

Spending on Financial Products and Services by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on ﬁnancial products and services, cash contributions, insurance, pensions, and taxes, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, SERVICES $415.64 Miscellaneous fees 1.56 Lottery and gambling losses 71.14 Legal fees 64.75 Funeral expenses 26.72 Safe deposit box rental 1.37 Checking accounts, other bank service charges 18.48 Cemetery lots, vaults, and maintenance fees 7.10 Accounting fees 21.14 Miscellaneous personal services 4.27 Dating services 0.40 Finance charges, except mortgage and vehicles 113.93 Occupational expenses 26.85 Expenses for other properties 52.12 Credit card memberships 1.31 Shopping club membership fees 4.50

51 40 93 52 42 33 92 43 38 11 105 60 63 32 60 60

$5,836,417 21,906 998,948 909,220 375,202 19,238 259,496 99,698 296,848 59,959 5,617 1,599,805 377,028 731,869 18,395 63,189

6.2% 4.8 11.1 6.2 5.1 4.0 11.0 5.2 4.6 1.3 12.6 7.2 7.6 3.9 7.2 7.2

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS 1,204.11 Support for college students 65.46 Alimony expenditures 8.78 Child support expenditures 204.29 Gifts of stocks, bonds, and mutual funds to members of other households 1.82 Cash contributions to charities and other organizations 56.16 Cash contributions to church, religious organizations 710.11 Cash contributions to educational institutions 9.10 Cash contributions to political organizations 3.57 Other cash gifts 144.83

72 71 16 104

16,908,113 919,189 123,289 2,868,640

8.7 8.5 1.9 12.5

5

25,556

0.6

28

788,599

3.4

100 24 40 44

9,971,365 127,782 50,130 2,033,703

12.0 2.9 4.8 5.2

3,325.18 292.42

64 77

46,692,178 4,106,162

7.6 9.2

287.32 5.10 3,032.76 67.77 2.64 227.77 173.59 2,560.99

78 38 63 79 77 37 37 70

4,034,547 71,614 42,586,016 951,626 37,071 3,198,346 2,437,551 35,961,422

9.4 4.5 7.5 9.4 9.2 4.5 4.4 8.4

602.68 287.11 256.89 58.67

25 17 48 33

8,462,833 4,031,599 3,607,249 823,844

3.0 2.0 5.8 4.0

PERSONAL INSURANCE, PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Life, endowment, annuity, other personal insurance Other nonhealth insurance Pensions and Social Security Deductions for government retirement Deductions for railroad retirement Deductions for private pensions Nonpayroll deposit to retirement plans Deductions for Social Security PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

market share

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 197

Table 8.9

Spending on Gifts for People in Other Households by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on gifts for people in other households, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$586.87 50.79 2.27 1.14

54 46 60 12

$8,240,829 713,193 31,875 16,008

9.46 3.06 3.70

69 51 70

132,837 42,969 51,955

8.3 6.1 8.4

Housing Housekeeping supplies Stationery, stationery supplies, giftwrap Household textiles Bathroom linens Bedroom linens Appliances and miscellaneous housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Household decorative items Indoor plants, fresh ﬂowers

130.74 19.58 9.98 10.90 1.14 2.76 8.45 2.25 6.20 22.65 3.74 3.11

56 62 66 82 41 47 36 32 38 34 23 31

1,835,851 274,942 140,139 153,058 16,008 38,756 118,655 31,595 87,060 318,051 52,517 43,671

6.7 7.4 7.9 9.8 4.9 5.6 4.3 3.9 4.5 4.1 2.7 3.7

Apparel and services Men and boys, aged 2 or older Women and girls, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Jewelry

143.87 38.86 49.05 22.79 6.02

70 81 64 61 32

2,020,223 545,672 688,760 320,017 84,533

8.4 9.6 7.6 7.3 3.8

61.56 24.63 4.62

107 138 47

864,426 345,854 64,874

12.7 16.5 5.7

GIFTS Food Fresh fruit Candy and chewing gum Alcoholic beverages Beer and ale Wine

Transportation Used cars Airline fares Health care Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles Personal care products and services Reading

market share

6.4% 5.5 7.1 1.4

5.02

11

70,491

1.4

33.02 10.50

45 42

463,667 147,441

5.3 5.0

8.19

50

115,004

6.0

0.14

14

1,966

1.6

Education College tuition

98.11 68.30

40 34

1,377,661 959,069

4.7 4.1

All other gifts Gifts of out-of-town trip expenses

45.96 12.80

52 26

645,370 179,738

6.2 3.1

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Spending on gifts is also included in the product and service categories in other tables. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

198

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Table 8.10

Spending on Groceries by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on groceries, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

GROCERIES $2,662.61 Cereals and bakery products 362.51 Cereals and cereal products 131.59 Flour 4.02 Prepared ﬂour mixes 10.34 Ready-to-eat and cooked cereals 80.69 Rice 20.14 Pasta, cornmeal, and other cereal products 16.39 Bakery products 230.92 Bread 73.29 White bread 32.61 Bread, other than white 40.67 Cookies and crackers 56.14 Cookies 34.79 Crackers 21.36 Frozen and refrigerated bakery products 20.18 Other bakery products 81.32 Biscuits and rolls 26.09 Cakes and cupcakes 30.44 Bread and cracker products 3.06 Sweetrolls, coffee cakes, doughnuts 12.41 Pies, tarts, turnovers 9.32

81 81 92 82 89 92 124 75 76 86 102 77 70 71 68 83 72 63 91 74 61 70

$37,388,370 5,090,365 1,847,787 56,449 145,194 1,133,049 282,806 230,148 3,242,579 1,029,138 457,910 571,088 788,318 488,521 299,937 283,368 1,141,895 366,356 427,438 42,969 174,261 130,871

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Ground beef Roast Chuck roast Round roast Other roast Steak Round steak Sirloin steak Other steak Other beef Pork Bacon Pork chops Ham Ham, not canned Canned ham Sausage Other pork Other meats Frankfurters Lunch meats (cold cuts) Bologna, liverwurst, salami Other lunch meats Lamb, organ meats, and others

103 85 99 85 94 82 80 63 74 47 69 112 111 113 130 94 97 16 126 93 87 114 78 84 75 104

11,047,263 2,713,055 1,241,172 399,354 127,080 78,495 193,639 758,268 141,263 167,100 450,046 314,120 2,384,612 450,327 602,542 380,538 378,572 1,966 482,904 468,301 1,259,146 323,528 806,572 220,881 585,692 129,046

786.73 193.21 88.39 28.44 9.05 5.59 13.79 54.00 10.06 11.90 32.05 22.37 169.82 32.07 42.91 27.10 26.96 0.14 34.39 33.35 89.67 23.04 57.44 15.73 41.71 9.19

market share

9.7% 9.7 11.0 9.8 10.6 11.0 14.8 8.9 9.1 10.3 12.2 9.2 8.4 8.5 8.1 9.9 8.7 7.6 10.9 8.8 7.3 8.4 12.3 10.2 11.9 10.1 11.3 9.8 9.6 7.6 8.9 5.6 8.3 13.4 13.3 13.5 15.6 11.3 11.6 1.9 15.1 11.1 10.4 13.6 9.3 10.1 9.0 12.5 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 199

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$177.46 144.40 31.33 113.07 33.05 121.34 13.58 73.68 34.08 35.24

132 131 116 136 137 107 87 121 92 108

$2,491,893 2,027,665 439,936 1,587,729 464,088 1,703,856 190,690 1,034,615 478,551 494,840

15.8% 15.7 13.8 16.3 16.3 12.8 10.4 14.5 11.0 12.9

Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Fresh milk, all types Cream Other dairy products Butter Cheese Ice cream and related products Miscellaneous dairy products

245.45 98.38 91.85 6.53 147.07 14.08 65.72 42.74 24.51

65 67 70 43 63 72 58 69 67

3,446,609 1,381,452 1,289,758 91,694 2,065,157 197,711 922,840 600,155 344,169

7.8 8.1 8.4 5.1 7.6 8.7 6.9 8.2 8.1

Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Apples Bananas Oranges Citrus fruits, excluding oranges Other fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Potatoes Lettuce Tomatoes Other fresh vegetables Processed fruits Frozen fruits and fruit juices Frozen orange juice Frozen fruits Frozen fruit juices, excluding orange Canned fruits Dried fruits Fresh fruit juice Canned and bottled fruit juice Processed vegetables Frozen vegetables Canned and dried vegetables and juices Canned beans Canned corn Canned miscellaneous vegetables Dried peas Dried beans Dried miscellaneous vegetables Fresh and canned vegetable juices

427.90 121.56 19.50 21.48 16.65 10.10 53.84 122.42 26.98 14.62 21.00 59.82 98.70 6.31 2.14 2.87 1.29 14.11 4.03 13.39 60.87 85.21 29.18 56.03 11.26 6.65 15.59 0.23 3.19 6.16 12.60

78 67 65 81 85 64 60 70 93 64 66 66 93 64 63 68 58 76 55 80 114 96 104 92 94 110 82 85 106 72 106

6,008,572 1,706,946 273,819 301,622 233,799 141,824 756,021 1,719,022 378,853 205,294 294,882 839,992 1,385,945 88,605 30,050 40,301 18,114 198,133 56,589 188,022 854,737 1,196,519 409,746 786,773 158,113 93,379 218,915 3,230 44,794 86,499 176,929

9.3 8.0 7.8 9.7 10.2 7.7 7.2 8.4 11.2 7.7 7.9 7.9 11.1 7.7 7.5 8.2 7.0 9.1 6.6 9.5 13.6 11.4 12.5 11.0 11.3 13.2 9.8 10.2 12.6 8.6 12.6

Poultry Fresh and frozen chicken Fresh and frozen whole chicken Fresh and frozen chicken parts Other poultry Fish and seafood Canned ﬁsh and seafood Fresh ﬁsh and shellﬁsh Frozen ﬁsh and shellﬁsh Eggs

market share

(continued)

200

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Sugar and other sweets Candy and chewing gum Sugar Artiﬁcial sweeteners Jams, preserves, other sweets Fats and oils Margarine Fats and oils Salad dressings Nondairy cream and imitation milk Peanut butter Miscellaneous foods Frozen prepared foods Frozen meals Other frozen prepared foods Canned and packaged soups Potato chips, nuts, and other snacks Potato chips and other snacks Nuts Condiments and seasonings Salt, spices, and other seasonings Olives, pickles, relishes Sauces and gravies Baking needs and miscellaneous products Other canned or packaged prepared foods Prepared salads Prepared desserts Baby food Miscellaneous prepared foods Nonalcoholic beverages Cola Other carbonated drinks Coffee Roasted coffee Instant and freeze-dried coffee Noncarbonated fruit-ﬂavored drinks Tea Other nonalcoholic beverages and ice Groceries purchased on trips

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$81.55 38.46 23.53 4.33 15.22

69 51 148 88 66

$1,145,125 540,055 330,408 60,802 213,719

79.38 6.63 36.28 20.74 6.98 8.75

93 84 131 78 62 77

1,114,654 93,098 509,444 291,231 98,013 122,868

11.2 10.1 15.6 9.3 7.4 9.2

432.07 86.68 26.94 59.74 31.89 83.93 67.90 16.03 77.29 23.19 8.00 31.40 14.70 152.29 21.25 7.15 21.60 102.29 230.26 62.75 35.27 27.17 17.22 9.95 28.12 15.10 61.65

71 67 63 69 78 69 74 53 73 99 62 67 65 72 66 54 72 76 76 74 74 56 54 59 155 66 76

6,067,127 1,217,161 378,291 838,869 447,799 1,178,545 953,452 225,093 1,085,306 325,634 112,336 440,919 206,417 2,138,456 298,393 100,400 303,307 1,436,356 3,233,311 881,136 495,261 381,521 241,803 139,718 394,861 212,034 865,689

8.5 8.0 7.5 8.2 9.4 8.2 8.8 6.4 8.8 11.9 7.4 8.1 7.7 8.6 7.9 6.5 8.7 9.1 9.1 8.8 8.8 6.7 6.5 7.1 18.6 7.9 9.2

16.76

41

235,344

4.9

market share

8.2% 6.1 17.7 10.6 7.9

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 201

Table 8.11

Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on out-of-pocket health care costs, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

HEALTH CARE $1,448.18 Health insurance 841.00 Commercial health insurance 117.58 Traditional fee-for-service health plan (not BCBS) 34.91 Preferred-provider health plan (not BCBS) 82.67 Blue Cross, Blue Shield 254.44 Traditional fee-for-service health plan 24.65 Preferred-provider health plan 114.43 Health maintenance organization 99.96 Commercial Medicare supplement 14.51 Other BCBS health insurance 0.89 Health maintenance plans (HMOs) 205.49 Medicare payments 197.31 Commercial Medicare supplements and other health insurance 54.86 Commercial Medicare supplement (not BCBS) 43.67 Other health insurance (not BCBS) 11.18 Long term care insurance 11.31

54 62 44

$20,335,344 11,809,322 1,651,058

48 43 64 36 70 80 36 24 76 74

490,206 1,160,852 3,572,846 346,135 1,606,826 1,403,638 203,749 12,497 2,885,491 2,770,627

5.7 5.2 7.6 4.3 8.4 9.5 4.3 2.9 9.1 8.9

43 47 33 34

770,344 613,214 156,990 158,815

5.2 5.6 3.9 4.1

market share

6.5% 7.4 5.3

Medical services Physician’s services Dental services Eye care services Service by professionals other than physician Lab tests, X-rays Hospital room and services Care in convalescent or nursing home Other medical services

320.65 60.70 53.55 16.15 17.15 10.56 153.24 4.31 4.99

47 39 21 44 33 24 162 16 35

4,502,567 852,349 751,949 226,778 240,820 148,284 2,151,796 60,521 70,070

5.7 4.7 2.5 5.3 4.0 2.9 19.4 1.9 4.2

Drugs Nonprescription drugs Nonprescription vitamins Prescription drugs

243.99 34.70 13.99 195.30

47 48 32 48

3,426,108 487,257 196,448 2,742,403

5.6 5.8 3.8 5.8

Medical supplies 42.54 Eyeglasses and contact lenses 25.78 Hearing aids 0.84 Topicals and dressings 12.22 Medical equipment for general use 1.31 Supportive and convalescent medical equipment 1.15 Rental of medical equipment 0.17 Rental of supportive, convalescent medical equip. 1.07

40 48 7 42 31 34 20 147

597,347 362,003 11,795 171,593 18,395 16,148 2,387 15,025

4.8 5.7 0.8 5.0 3.7 4.0 2.4 17.5

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

202

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Table 8.12

Spending on Household Operations by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on household services, supplies, furnishings, and equipment, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

HOUSEHOLD SERVICES $529.72 Personal services 289.07 Babysitting, child care in own home 11.12 Babysitting, child care in someone else’s home 39.71 Care for elderly, invalids, handicapped, etc. 9.18 Day care centers, nurseries, and preschools 224.32 Other household services 240.65 Housekeeping services 11.53 Gardening, lawn care service 46.71 Water-softening service 3.53 Nonclothing laundry, dry cleaning, sent out 0.73 Nonclothing laundry, dry cleaning, coin-operated 5.69 Termite and pest control services 6.28 Home security system service fee 18.96 Other home services 7.36 Termite and pest control products 1.03 Moving, storage, and freight express 26.48 Appliance repair, including at service center 5.90 Reupholstering and furniture repair 1.22 Repairs and rentals of lawn and garden equipment, hand and power tools, etc. 1.56 Appliance rental 0.99 Repair of computer systems, nonbusiness use 1.77 Computer information services 100.84

77 66 90 27 138 37 100 50 13 49 85 70 182 40 115 42 46 73 41

$7,438,328 4,059,121 156,147 557,608 128,906 3,149,901 3,379,207 161,904 655,902 49,568 10,251 79,899 88,184 266,236 103,349 14,463 371,832 82,848 17,131

7.9% 10.8 3.2 16.5 4.4 11.9 6.0 1.5 5.8 10.2 8.4 21.8 4.8 13.8 5.0 5.5 8.7 4.9 1.7

15 24 57 36

21,906 13,902 24,854 1,415,995

2.9 6.8 4.3 7.8

352.49 119.18 67.36 51.83 159.53

58 89 95 82 50

4,949,665 1,673,526 945,869 727,797 2,240,120

6.9 10.6 11.3 9.9 6.0

67.83 68.32 23.38 73.78 37.25 35.48 1.05

71 52 25 47 44 52 25

952,469 959,349 328,302 1,036,019 523,065 498,210 14,744

8.6 6.3 3.0 5.6 5.2 6.3 2.9

990.76 93.41 24.13 48.14

56 71 110 74

13,912,252 1,311,663 338,833 675,982

6.7 8.4 13.2 8.9

HOUSEKEEPING SUPPLIES Laundry and cleaning supplies Soaps and detergents Other laundry cleaning products Other household products Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels, and napkins Miscellaneous household products Lawn and garden supplies Postage and stationery Stationery, stationery supplies, giftwrap Postage Delivery services HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT Household textiles Bathroom linens Bedroom linens

market share

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 203

Kitchen and dining room linens Curtains and draperies Slipcovers and decorative pillows Sewing materials for household items Other linens Furniture Mattresses and springs Other bedroom furniture Sofas Living room chairs Living room tables Kitchen and dining room furniture Infants’ furniture Outdoor furniture Wall units, cabinets, and other furniture Floor coverings Wall-to-wall carpeting Floor coverings, nonpermanent Major appliances Dishwashers (built-in), garbage disposals, range hoods Refrigerators and freezers Washing machines Clothes dryers Cooking stoves, ovens Microwave ovens Portable dishwashers Window air conditioners Electric ﬂoor-cleaning equipment Sewing machines Small appliances and misc. housewares Housewares Plastic dinnerware China and other dinnerware Flatware Glassware Silver serving pieces Other serving pieces Nonelectric cookware Tableware, nonelectric kitchenware Small appliances Small electric kitchen appliances Portable heating and cooling equipment Miscellaneous household equipment Window coverings Infants’ equipment

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$1.21 8.59 8.02 2.38 0.95 298.30 23.17 90.58 81.14 26.86 11.75 21.65 3.39 5.45 34.31 16.23 7.10 9.13 143.42

14 46 116 24 78 64 40 97 76 51 66 43 41 30 55 29 27 31 64

$16,991 120,621 112,617 33,420 13,340 4,188,729 325,353 1,271,924 1,139,368 377,168 164,994 304,009 47,602 76,529 481,781 227,902 99,698 128,203 2,013,904

1.7% 5.5 13.8 2.8 9.3 7.6 4.8 11.5 9.1 6.1 7.9 5.2 4.9 3.6 6.6 3.5 3.2 3.7 7.7

9.57 38.72 24.67 16.76 29.32 8.77 1.02 5.76 7.79 1.03 46.27 32.75 1.84 4.10 1.75 3.52 3.22 0.36 8.60 9.36 13.52 9.91 3.60 393.13 9.24 14.16

58 64 76 73 71 81 179 102 32 33 44 41 107 31 54 30 67 23 42 40 54 53 56 50 28 101

134,382 543,706 346,416 235,344 411,711 123,148 14,323 80,882 109,387 14,463 649,723 459,876 25,837 57,572 24,574 49,428 45,215 5,055 120,761 131,433 189,848 139,156 50,551 5,520,331 129,748 198,835

6.9 7.6 9.1 8.7 8.5 9.7 21.4 12.2 3.8 4.0 5.3 4.9 12.8 3.8 6.5 3.5 8.0 2.7 5.0 4.8 6.4 6.4 6.7 6.0 3.3 12.1

market share

(continued)

204

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Laundry and cleaning equipment Outdoor equipment Clocks Lamps and lighting ﬁxtures Other household decorative items Telephones and accessories Lawn and garden equipment Power tools Ofﬁce furniture for home use Hand tools Indoor plants and fresh ﬂowers Closet and storage items Rental of furniture Luggage Computers and computer hardware for nonbusiness use Computer software and accessories for nonbusiness use Personal digital assistants Internet services away from home Telephone answering devices Business equipment for home use Other hardware Smoke alarms Other household appliances

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$5.95 9.95 1.57 5.76 114.88 21.48 24.00 12.52 2.94 0.67 14.53 4.07 12.88 2.51

36 35 32 29 61 69 47 23 30 11 32 28 428 36

$83,550 139,718 22,046 80,882 1,613,145 301,622 337,008 175,806 41,283 9,408 204,030 57,151 180,861 35,245

4.3% 4.1 3.8 3.5 7.2 8.2 5.6 2.8 3.5 1.3 3.8 3.4 51.2 4.4

89.13

60

1,251,563

7.2

11.42 1.66 2.66 0.57 1.74 8.03 0.97 4.78

58 48 74 48 61 32 87 49

160,360 23,310 37,352 8,004 24,433 112,757 13,621 67,121

6.9 5.7 8.9 5.7 7.3 3.8 10.5 5.9

market share

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 205

Table 8.13

Spending on Personal Care, Reading, Education, and Tobacco by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on personal care, reading, education, and tobacco products, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$472.08 201.10 34.96 6.25 9.15 20.39 9.95 95.22

87 74 70 104 532 72 67 72

$6,628,947 2,823,846 490,908 87,763 128,484 286,316 139,718 1,337,079

22.85

77

320,860

2.32 270.98

21 101

32,577 3,805,101

9.3 2.5 12.1

READING Newspaper and magazine subscriptions Newspapers and magazines, nonsubscription Books

52.44 18.44 14.06 19.85

41 35 89 35

736,362 258,934 197,431 278,734

5.0 4.2 10.7 4.1

EDUCATION College tuition Elementary and high school tuition Other school tuition Other school expenses including rentals Books, supplies for college Books, supplies for elementary, high school Books, supplies for day care, nursery school Miscellaneous school expenses and supplies

500.13 269.37 99.36 27.90 22.19 42.45 11.77 3.14 23.97

53 48 56 84 55 66 76 75 57

7,022,825 3,782,494 1,395,213 391,772 311,592 596,083 165,274 44,092 336,587

6.4 5.7 6.7 10.1 6.6 7.9 9.1 8.9 6.8

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES Cigarettes Other tobacco products Smoking accessories

216.21 206.33 9.08 0.80

68 71 38 33

3,036,021 2,897,286 127,501 11,234

8.1 8.5 4.5 4.0

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Personal care products Hair care products Hair accessories Wigs and hairpieces Oral hygiene products Shaving products Cosmetics, perfume, and bath products Deodorants, feminine hygiene, miscellaneous products Electric personal care appliances Personal care services

market share

10.4% 8.8 8.4 12.4 63.7 8.6 8.0 8.6

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

206

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

Table 8.14

Spending on Restaurant Meals by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on restaurant meals and other food away from home, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$1,475.65 550.17 324.35 142.46 8.98 74.37 643.17 294.23 343.68 0.90 4.36 122.36 60.13 20.93 33.23 8.06 159.96 94.85 52.90 2.69 9.52

68 72 89 50 61 78 62 87 50 25 72 70 56 74 98 123 77 94 57 76 91

$20,721,077 7,725,487 4,554,523 2,000,423 126,097 1,044,304 9,031,393 4,131,578 4,825,955 12,638 61,223 1,718,179 844,345 293,899 466,616 113,179 2,246,158 1,331,884 742,822 37,773 133,680

Board (including at school)

14.79

38

207,681

4.5

Catered affairs

17.45

23

245,033

2.7

Food on trips

71.05

30

997,684

3.6

School lunches

62.86

88

882,680

10.5

Meals as pay

14.86

55

208,664

6.6

Meals at restaurants Lunch At fast-food restaurants* At full-service restaurants At vending machines, mobile vendors At employer and school cafeterias Dinner At fast-food restaurants* At full-service restaurants At vending machines, mobile vendors At employer and school cafeterias Snacks and nonalcoholic beverages At fast-food restaurants* At full-service restaurants At vending machines, mobile vendors At employer and school cafeterias Breakfast and brunch At fast-food restaurants* At full-service restaurants At vending machines, mobile vendors At employer and school cafeterias

market share

8.1% 8.7 10.7 5.9 7.2 9.3 7.4 10.4 5.9 3.0 8.7 8.3 6.7 8.9 11.7 14.7 9.2 11.3 6.8 9.1 10.9

* The category fast-food restaurants also includes take-out, delivery, concession stands, buffets, and cafeterias other than employer and school. Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 207

Table 8.15

Spending on Shelter and Utilities by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on shelter and utilities, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

SHELTER $6,524.01 Owned dwellings* 3,187.62 Mortgage interest and charges 1,997.88 Mortgage interest 1,895.11 Interest paid, home equity loan 40.69 Interest paid, home equity line of credit 61.89 Property taxes 733.70 Maintenance, repairs, insurance, other expenses 456.04 Homeowner’s insurance 202.31 Ground rent 15.31 Maintenance and repair services 194.87 Painting and papering 26.68 Plumbing and water heating 17.76 Heat, air conditioning, electrical work 37.34 Rooﬁng and gutters 24.35 Other repair and maintenance services 61.34 Repair, replacement of hard-surface ﬂooring 24.44 Repair of built-in appliances 2.96 Maintenance and repair materials 13.20 Paints, wallpaper, and supplies 3.92 Tools, equip. for painting, wallpapering 0.42 Plumbing supplies and equipment 1.82 Electrical supplies, heating cooling equip. 0.19 Hard-surface ﬂooring, repair and replacement 0.39 Rooﬁng and gutters 0.35 Plaster, paneling, siding, windows, doors, screens, awnings 0.58 Patio, walk, fence, driveway, masonry, brick, and stucco materials 0.02 Miscellaneous supplies and equipment 5.49 Property management and security 27.79 Property management 21.65 Management and upkeep services for security 6.14 Parking 2.56

74 54 60 62 50 40 48

$91,610,148 44,760,560 28,054,231 26,611,135 571,369 869,059 10,302,615

41 61 35 33 37 35 44 20 31 43 47 16 25 25 30 3 4 4

6,403,714 2,840,837 214,983 2,736,365 374,641 249,386 524,328 341,923 861,336 343,186 41,564 185,354 55,045 5,898 25,556 2,668 5,476 4,915

5.0 7.4 4.2 3.9 4.5 4.2 5.2 2.4 3.7 5.2 5.6 1.9 3.0 3.0 3.6 0.4 0.5 0.5

5

8,144

0.6

2 24 60 66 45 35

281 77,091 390,227 304,009 86,218 35,948

0.2 2.9 7.2 8.0 5.3 4.2

134 133 268 72 125 64 40

44,198,178 42,381,564 1,456,577 359,896 156,568 146,458 56,870

16.1 15.9 32.1 8.7 15.0 7.6 4.8

Rented dwellings Rent Rent as pay Maintenance, insurance, and other expenses Tenant’s insurance Maintenance and repair services Maintenance and repair materials

3,147.57 3,018.20 103.73 25.63 11.15 10.43 4.05

market share

8.9% 6.4 7.2 7.4 6.0 4.8 5.7

(continued)

208

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

Other lodging $188.82 Owned vacation homes 58.41 Mortgage interest and charges 31.53 Property taxes 18.15 Maintenance, insurance, and other expenses 8.73 Housing while attending school 42.49 Lodging on trips 87.92

38 40 61 30 25 69 30

$2,651,410 820,193 442,744 254,862 122,587 596,645 1,234,573

market share

4.5% 4.8 7.3 3.6 3.0 8.2 3.6

UTILITIES, FUELS, AND PUBLIC SERVICES Natural gas

3,252.61 549.02

102 116

45,673,150 7,709,339

12.2 13.9

Electricity

1,205.40

104

16,926,227

12.5

44.82 30.41 2.79 11.62

32 38 34 22

629,362 427,017 39,177 163,168

3.8 4.5 4.0 2.7

1,123.60 681.81 415.45 1.73 24.61 329.76

107 120 91 104 117 90

15,777,591 9,573,976 5,833,749 24,293 345,574 4,630,490

12.8 14.3 10.9 12.5 14.0 10.8

262.66 63.56 3.54

101 63 84

3,688,272 892,510 49,709

12.1 7.5 10.0

Fuel oil and other fuels Fuel oil Coal, wood, and other fuels Bottled gas Telephone services Residential telephone and pay phones Cellular phone service Pager service Phone cards Water and other public services Water and sewerage maintenance Trash and garbage collection Septic tank cleaning

* The amount paid in mortgage principal is not shown here because it is considered an asset. Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 209

Table 8.16

Spending on Transportation by Black Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by black households on transportation, 2005) black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new New cars New trucks Cars and trucks, used Used cars Used trucks Other vehicles New motorcycles Used motorcycles

$5,849.72 2,349.54 988.19 476.93 511.26 1,306.61 944.78 361.83 54.73 54.60 0.14

70 66 51 59 46 85 117 50 67 111 0

$82,141,768 32,992,241 13,876,164 6,697,051 7,179,113 18,347,418 13,266,601 5,080,817 768,519 766,693 1,966

8.4% 7.9 6.1 7.0 5.5 10.2 14.0 6.0 8.0 13.3 0.1

Gasoline and motor oil Gasoline Diesel fuel Gasoline on trips Motor oil Motor oil on trips

1,545.87 1,494.84 2.17 43.47 4.95 0.44

77 81 6 36 54 36

21,707,107 20,990,543 30,471 610,406 69,508 6,178

9.2 9.7 0.8 4.3 6.5 4.4

Other vehicle expenses 1,709.81 Vehicle ﬁnance charges 228.74 Automobile ﬁnance charges 123.54 Truck ﬁnance charges 103.93 Motorcycle and plane ﬁnance charges 0.56 Other vehicle ﬁnance charges 0.70 Maintenance and repairs 432.95 Coolant, additives, brake, transmission ﬂuids 3.08 Tires—purchased, replaced, installed 60.85 Parts, equipment, and accessories 17.87 Vehicle products and cleaning services 4.52 Vehicle video equipment 9.77 Miscellaneous auto repair, servicing 24.38 Body work and painting 16.18 Clutch and transmission repair 28.13 Drive shaft and rear-end repair 3.65 Brake work 40.72 Repair to steering or front-end 12.04 Repair to engine cooling system 19.75 Motor tune-up 27.34 Lube, oil change, and oil ﬁlters 39.12 Front-end alignment, wheel balance, rotation 10.16 Shock absorber replacement 3.43 Tire repair and other repair work 28.07

73 77 109 63 14 5 64 89 63 41 68 423 61 50 59 57 77 72 95 56 61 89 70 70

24,009,152 3,211,967 1,734,749 1,459,385 7,864 9,829 6,079,484 43,249 854,456 250,931 63,470 137,190 342,344 227,200 395,001 51,253 571,790 169,066 277,330 383,908 549,323 142,667 48,164 394,159

8.7 9.2 13.0 7.5 1.7 0.6 7.7 10.6 7.6 5.0 8.2 50.6 7.3 6.0 7.0 6.8 9.2 8.6 11.3 6.6 7.3 10.7 8.3 8.4

market share

(continued)

210

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

SPENDING

black average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

Vehicle air conditioning repair Exhaust system repair Electrical system repair Motor repair, replacement Auto repair service policy Vehicle insurance Vehicle rental, leases, licenses, other charges Leased and rented vehicles Rented vehicles Auto rental Auto rental on trips Truck rental Truck rental on trips Leased vehicles Car lease payments Truck lease payments Vehicle registration, state Vehicle registration, local Driver’s license Vehicle inspection Parking fees Parking fees in home city, excl. residence Parking fees on trips Tolls Tolls on trips Towing charges Global positioning services Automobile service clubs

$11.31 6.25 18.72 34.53 7.73 747.39 300.73 201.51 34.96 17.51 12.53 3.09 1.83 166.55 73.96 84.32 39.44 4.73 4.08 5.32 16.12 13.95 2.17 14.54 2.82 4.67 0.36 7.14

79 66 79 55 59 82 66 73 89 234 54 113 53 70 69 75 48 67 55 55 51 54 37 102 61 93 25 40

$158,815 87,763 262,866 484,870 108,545 10,494,850 4,222,851 2,829,603 490,908 245,875 175,946 43,390 25,697 2,338,695 1,038,546 1,184,021 553,816 66,419 57,291 74,703 226,357 195,886 30,471 204,171 39,598 65,576 5,055 100,260

Public transportation Airline fares Intercity bus fares Intracity mass transit fares Local transportation on trips Taxi fares and limousine service on trips Taxi fares and limousine service Intercity train fares Ship fares School bus

244.50 97.20 6.77 91.07 3.87 2.27 12.81 8.25 21.05 1.21

55 34 56 177 34 34 72 43 50 47

3,433,269 1,364,882 95,064 1,278,805 54,343 31,875 179,878 115,847 295,584 16,991

market share

9.5% 7.9 9.4 6.6 7.0 9.8 7.9 8.7 10.7 28.0 6.5 13.5 6.4 8.4 8.3 8.9 5.7 8.1 6.6 6.5 6.1 6.4 4.5 12.1 7.3 11.2 3.0 4.8 6.5 4.1 6.7 21.2 4.1 4.1 8.6 5.1 6.0 5.6

Note: The index is calculated by dividing black spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 211

TIME USE CHAPTER

9

Time Use ■ After sleep, work is the most time-consuming activity for blacks. Blacks who worked on diary day spent 7.46 hours on the job. ■ Blacks spend more than twice as much time involved in religious activities as the average person. They also spend 11 percent more time in school on an average day. ■ Black men spend 14 percent more time than the average man caring for people in other households and 20 percent more time grooming. ■ Black women are 47 percent more likely to attend class than the average woman and 40 percent more likely to participate in religious activities. They are 16 percent less likely than the average woman to socialize.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 213

Work Ranks Second in Time Use among Blacks Watching television is third. We know how blacks use time because of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), introduced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2003. The ATUS collects data on how Americans spend their time during an average day. ATUS data are now published annually, allowing social scientists to better understand our economy, our lifestyles, and the way policy decisions affect our lives. Through telephone interviews with a nationally representative sample of Americans aged 15 or older, ATUS asks survey respondents what they did minute by minute during the previous 24 hours—or diary day. The following pages show how blacks aged 15 or older use their time. All of us spend more time sleeping than doing any other activity. Among blacks aged 15 or older, sleep consumes 9.08 hours a day, on average. After sleep, work is the most time-consuming activity for blacks, with the average black working 3.3 hours a day. This ﬁgure appears low because it includes weekdays and weekends, people of working age and retirees. Blacks who worked on diary day spent 7.46 hours on the job. Television is the third most time-consuming activity for blacks. The average black person aged 15 or older spends 3.19 hours a day watching television as a primary activity. ■ Ten percent of blacks aged 15 or older are involved in educational activities on an average day.

One-third of blacks do housework on an average day (percent of blacks aged 15 or older who participate in selected activities on an average day, 2005) 45

39.3% 32.8%

30 30%

22.5% 14.3%

15 15%

0

214

0%

a for shopping consumer goods

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

b housework

c for caring household children

d participating in sports, exercise

11.9%

religiouseactivities

TIME USE

Table 9.1

Time Use of Total Blacks, 2005

(number and percent of total blacks aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, hours spent doing activity by the average black aged 15 or older and by blacks aged 15 or older who participated in the activity, 2005; numbers of participants in thousands) total blacks participating number

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

26,921 26,916 26,894 21,842 25,309 18,086 8,828 13,450 1,629 3,948 11,609 10,572 2,021 6,958 6,047 3,810 1,660 11,271 10,658 2,651 2,064 1,464 4,567 3,192 1,829 25,812 10,474 21,490 3,839 6,302

hours spent doing activity

percent

average black

black participants

100.0% 100.0 99.9 81.1 94.0 67.2 32.8 50.0 6.1 14.7 43.1 39.3 7.5 25.8 22.5 14.2 6.2 41.9 39.6 9.8 7.7 5.4 17.0 11.9 6.8 95.9 38.9 79.8 14.3 23.4

24.00 10.09 9.08 0.79 0.88 1.29 0.47 0.49 0.13 0.07 0.73 0.37 0.08 0.45 0.35 0.23 0.07 3.30 2.96 0.50 0.35 0.11 0.47 0.27 0.14 5.69 0.78 3.19 0.22 0.21

24.00 10.09 9.09 0.98 0.93 1.93 1.42 0.98 2.08 0.49 1.70 0.94 1.04 1.74 1.54 1.64 0.70 7.89 7.46 5.07 4.53 2.08 2.74 2.26 2.04 5.94 2.00 4.00 1.54 0.91

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all subcategories are shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 215

Table 9.2

Time Use of Black Men, 2005

(number and percent of black men aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, hours spent doing activity by the average black man aged 15 or older and by black men aged 15 or older who participated in the activity, 2005; numbers of participants in thousands) black men participating number

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

12,150 12,150 12,127 9,309 11,487 7,088 2,536 4,613 – 1,732 4,959 4,437 – 2,256 1,824 1,557 1,126 5,426 5,062 – – – 2,049 1,316 – 11,864 5,120 9,790 2,302 2,627

percent

100.0% 100.0 99.8 76.6 94.5 58.3 20.9 38.0 – 14.3 40.8 36.5 – 18.6 15.0 12.8 9.3 44.7 41.7 – – – 16.9 10.8 – 97.6 42.1 80.6 18.9 21.6

hours spent doing activity average black man

black men participating

24.00 9.87 9.05 0.65 0.93 0.92 0.23 0.26 – 0.07 0.56 0.27 – 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.06 3.57 3.18 – – – 0.43 0.24 – 6.46 0.87 3.66 0.31 0.20

24.00 9.87 9.06 0.84 0.98 1.58 1.10 0.68 – 0.46 1.36 0.73 – 1.28 1.17 1.87 0.62 7.99 7.63 – – – 2.54 2.24 – 6.62 2.08 4.54 1.65 0.93

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all subcategories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

216

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

TIME USE

Table 9.3

Time Use of Black Women, 2005

(number and percent of black women aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, hours spent doing activity by the average black man aged 15 or older and by black women aged 15 or older who participated in the activity, 2005; numbers of participants in thousands) black women participating number

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

14,771 14,767 14,767 12,533 13,821 10,998 6,292 8,838 – 2,216 6,650 6,134 1,155 4,702 4,224 2,254 1,380 5,845 5,596 1,631 1,278 2,519 1,876 925 13,948 5,353 11,699 1,537 3,675

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 84.8 93.6 74.5 42.6 59.8 – 15.0 45.0 41.5 7.8 31.8 28.6 15.3 9.3 39.6 37.9 11.0 8.7 – 17.1 12.7 6.3 94.4 36.2 79.2 10.4 24.9

hours spent doing activity average black woman

black women participating

24.00 10.27 9.11 0.91 0.84 1.60 0.66 0.68 – 0.08 0.87 0.45 0.10 0.63 0.48 0.22 0.07 3.09 2.77 0.55 0.37 – 0.50 0.29 0.14 5.06 0.70 2.81 0.14 0.22

24.00 10.27 9.11 1.07 0.89 2.15 1.56 1.14 – 0.51 1.94 1.09 1.22 1.97 1.69 1.47 0.78 7.80 7.31 4.98 4.23 – 2.91 2.27 2.22 5.36 1.93 3.55 1.39 0.90

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all subcategories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 217

Blacks Spend More Time Participating in Religious Activities Black women spend 21 percent more time than black men involved in religious activities. Blacks spend about the same amount of time as the average person doing most activities. They spend more time doing some activities however. The biggest difference is in the amount of time devoted to religious activities. Blacks spend more than twice as much time involved in religious activities as the average person. They spend 11 percent more time in school on an average day and 11 percent less time working. Black men spend 14 percent more time than the average man caring for people in other households. They spend 20 percent more time grooming than the average man and 31 percent more time watching television. Black women spend more time than the average woman working and going to school. They spend 17 percent more time grooming and 19 percent more time watching television. ■ Black women spend more than twice as much time as black men doing housework, preparing meals, and caring for household children.

Blacks spend more time than the average person in the classroom

300

(index of black to total people aged 15 or older in time spent doing selected activities on an average day, 2005)

225 200

200

118

124

130

a grooming

watchingbtelevision

c class attending

100 100 = average

0

218

0

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

religiousdactivities

TIME USE

Table 9.4

Indexed Time Use of Total Blacks, 2005

(hours spent doing primary activities on an average day by blacks aged 15 or older and total people aged 15 or older, and index of time spent by blacks to total people, 2005) average hours

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

blacks

total

index, blacks to total people

24.00 10.09 9.08 0.79 0.88 1.29 0.47 0.49 0.13 0.07 0.73 0.37 0.08 0.45 0.35 0.23 0.07 3.30 2.96 0.50 0.35 0.11 0.47 0.27 0.14 5.69 0.78 3.19 0.22 0.21

24.00 9.43 8.63 0.67 1.24 1.82 0.61 0.51 0.20 0.15 0.80 0.41 0.08 0.54 0.42 0.23 0.08 3.69 3.35 0.45 0.27 0.14 0.31 0.12 0.14 5.14 0.75 2.58 0.29 0.18

100 107 105 118 71 71 77 96 65 47 91 90 100 83 83 100 88 89 88 111 130 79 152 225 100 111 104 124 76 117

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the average time spent by blacks doing primary activity by average time spent by total people doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all subcategories are shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 219

Table 9.5

Indexed Time Use of Black Men, 2005

(hours spent doing primary activities on an average day by black men aged 15 or older and total men aged 15 or older, and index of time spent by black men to total men, 2005) average hours

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

black men

total men

index, black men to total men

24.00 9.87 9.05 0.65 0.93 0.92 0.23 0.26 – 0.07 0.56 0.27 – 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.06 3.57 3.18 – – – 0.43 0.24 – 6.46 0.87 3.66 0.31 0.20

24.00 9.22 8.54 0.54 1.30 1.35 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.12 0.63 0.31 0.06 0.34 0.25 0.21 0.08 4.44 4.02 0.47 0.28 0.15 0.27 0.10 0.14 5.50 0.71 2.80 0.39 0.12

100 107 106 120 72 68 96 100 – 58 89 87 – 71 72 114 75 80 79 – – – 159 240 – 117 123 131 79 167

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the average time spent by black men doing primary activity by average time spent by total men doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all subcategories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

220

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

TIME USE

Table 9.6

Indexed Time Use of Black Women, 2005

(hours spent doing primary activities on an average day by black women aged 15 or older and total women aged 15 or older, and index of time spent by black women to total women, 2005) average hours

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

black women

total women

index, black women to total women

24.00 10.27 9.11 0.91 0.84 1.60 0.66 0.68 – 0.08 0.87 0.45 0.10 0.63 0.48 0.22 0.07 3.09 2.77 0.55 0.37 – 0.50 0.29 0.14 5.06 0.70 2.81 0.14 0.22

24.00 9.62 8.70 0.78 1.19 2.27 0.96 0.75 0.14 0.17 0.96 0.50 0.11 0.72 0.57 0.25 0.08 3.00 2.73 0.43 0.25 0.14 0.35 0.15 0.15 4.80 0.78 2.37 0.20 0.23

100 107 105 117 71 70 69 91 – 47 91 90 91 88 84 88 88 103 101 128 148 – 143 193 93 105 90 119 70 96

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the average time spent by black women doing primary activity by average time spent by total women doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all subcategories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 221

Table 9.7

Indexed Time Use of Blacks by Sex, 2005

(average hours spent by blacks aged 15 or older doing primary activities on an average day by sex, and index of black women’s time to black men’s, 2005) blacks aged 15 or older, average hours

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

black men

black women

index of women to men

24.00 9.87 9.05 0.65 0.93 0.92 0.23 0.26 – 0.07 0.56 0.27 – 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.06 3.57 3.18 – – – 0.43 0.24 – 6.46 0.87 3.66 0.31 0.20

24.00 10.27 9.11 0.91 0.84 1.60 0.66 0.68 – 0.08 0.87 0.45 0.10 0.63 0.48 0.22 0.07 3.09 2.77 0.55 0.37 – 0.50 0.29 0.14 5.06 0.70 2.81 0.14 0.22

100 104 101 140 90 174 287 262 – 114 155 167 – 263 267 92 117 87 87 – – – 116 121 – 78 80 77 45 110

Note: The index is calculated by dividing women’s time by men’s and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

222

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

TIME USE

Blacks Are More Likely to Be in School on an Average Day Black women are more than twice as likely as black men to do housework. Black participation in some activities is below average. Only 6 percent of blacks spend time taking care of the lawn or garden on an average day compared with 10 percent of all Americans aged 15 or older. Blacks are also 18 percent less likely to participate in sports and exercise. Blacks are more likely to participate in some activities however. The biggest difference is in religious activities. On an average day, 12 percent of blacks participate in religious activities compared with a smaller 7 percent of all Americans. Blacks are 28 percent more likely to attend class on an average day. Black men’s participation in most activities is average, although they are 93 percent more likely than the average man to participate in religious activities on an average day. Black women’s participation shows some variation from the average. They are 47 percent more likely to attend class than the average woman (9 percent versus 6 percent), and 40 percent more likely to participate in religious activities. They are 16 percent less likely than the average woman to socialize. ■ Forty-three percent of black women and 21 percent of black men do housework on an average day.

Nearly 8 percent of blacks attend class on an average day

15

(percent of blacks and total people aged 15 or older who participate in selected activities on an average day, 2005)

10

total blacks

10.4% 10%

7.7% 6.1%

6.0% 5

5% 100000

0

0%

all total dual blacks

75000

class attending class

lawn lawn and garden care

50000

25000

0

with

w/out

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 223

Table 9.8

Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Total Blacks, 2005

(percent of blacks aged 15 or older and total people aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, and index of participation by blacks to total people, 2005) percent participating

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

blacks

total

100.0% 100.0 99.9 81.1 94.0 67.2 32.8 50.0 6.1 14.7 43.1 39.3 7.5 25.9 22.5 14.2 6.2 41.9 39.6 9.8 7.7 5.4 17.0 11.9 6.8 95.9 38.9 79.8 14.3 23.4

100.0% 100.0 99.9 78.9 97.1 74.6 36.9 52.0 10.4 18.0 45.8 41.4 8.9 26.2 22.2 13.7 9.0 46.1 44.5 8.6 6.0 5.3 13.3 7.4 7.3 96.4 40.4 79.8 17.5 24.3

index, blacks to total people

100 100 100 103 97 90 89 96 58 81 94 95 84 99 101 103 69 91 89 115 128 103 128 160 93 99 96 100 82 96

Note: The index is calculated by dividing percent of blacks doing primary activity by percent of total people doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

224

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

TIME USE

Table 9.9

Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Black Men, 2005

(percent of black men and total men aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, and index of participation by black men to total men, 2005) percent participating black men

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

100.0% 100.0 99.8 76.6 94.5 58.3 20.9 38.0 – 14.3 40.8 36.5 – 18.6 15.0 12.8 9.3 44.7 41.7 – – – 16.9 10.8 – 97.6 42.1 80.6 18.9 21.6

index, black men to total men

total men

100.0% 100.0 99.9 75.1 97.4 64.5 19.4 37.1 11.8 15.1 40.0 36.0 6.7 20.5 16.4 12.1 8.6 52.6 50.9 8.3 6.1 5.1 11.7 5.6 7.0 96.7 37.6 80.7 19.4 18.0

100 100 100 102 97 90 108 102 – 94 102 101 – 91 92 106 108 85 82 – – – 144 193 – 101 112 100 98 120

Note: The index is calculated by dividing percent of black men doing primary activity by percent of total men doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls. gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 225

Table 9.10

Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Black Women, 2005

(percent of black women and total women aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, and index of participation by black women to total women, 2005) percent participating black women

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

100.0% 100.0 100.0 84.8 93.6 74.5 42.6 59.8 – 15.0 45.0 41.5 7.8 31.8 28.6 15.3 9.3 39.6 37.9 11.0 8.7 – 17.1 12.7 6.3 94.4 36.2 79.2 10.4 24.9

total women

index, black women to total women

100.0% 100.0 100.0 82.6 96.8 84.0 53.3 66.0 9.0 20.7 51.2 46.5 10.9 31.5 27.7 15.2 9.4 40.1 38.6 8.9 5.9 5.5 14.9 9.1 7.7 96.1 43.0 78.9 15.7 30.2

100 100 100 103 97 89 80 91 – 72 88 89 72 101 103 100 99 99 98 124 147 – 114 140 81 98 84 100 66 82

Note: The index is calculated by dividing percent of black women doing primary activity by percent of total women doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls. gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

226

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

TIME USE

Table 9.11

Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Blacks by Sex, 2005

(percent of blacks aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day by sex, and index of women’s participation to men’s, 2005) blacks aged 15 or older, percent participating men

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn, garden, and houseplants Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Professional and personal care Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Work and work-related activities Working Education Attending class Research, homework Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

100.0% 100.0 99.8 76.6 94.5 58.3 20.9 38.0 – 14.3 40.8 36.5 – 18.6 15.0 12.8 9.3 44.7 41.7 – – – 16.9 10.8 – 97.6 42.1 80.6 18.9 21.6

index of women to men

women

100.0% 100.0 100.0 84.8 93.6 74.5 42.6 59.8 – 15.0 45.0 41.5 7.8 31.8 28.6 15.3 9.3 39.6 37.9 11.0 8.7 – 17.1 12.7 6.3 94.4 36.2 79.2 10.4 24.9

100 100 100 111 99 128 204 158 – 105 110 114 – 171 190 119 101 89 91 – – – 101 117 – 97 86 98 55 115

Note: The index is calculated by dividing percent of women participating in primary activity by percent of men participating in primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 227

WEALTH CHAPTER

10 Wealth ■ Between 2001 and 2004, the net worth of nonwhite/Hispanic households climbed a substantial 30 percent compared with a small 1.5 percent increase for the average household. ■ In 2004, 85 percent of nonwhite/Hispanic households owned ﬁnancial assets, which include checking and savings accounts, stocks, and retirement accounts. ■ Between 2001 and 2004, the median value of the nonﬁnancial assets owned by nonwhite or Hispanic households increased by just 2 percent after adjusting for inﬂation, much less than the 22 percent gain in the value of nonﬁnancial assets for all households. ■ The median debt of households headed by nonwhites or Hispanics, at $30,500, is lower thann that for all households, but it grew by a faster 43 percent between 2001 and 2004. ■ Social Security is the major source of income for blacks age 65 or older, 88 percent of whom receive Social Security income.

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 229

Blacks Have Little Wealth But their net worth is growing faster than average. The median net worth (assets minus debts) of nonwhite or Hispanic households amounted to just $24,800 in 2004. This ﬁgure was far below the $93,100 net worth of the average American household. (Note: The Federal Reserve collects wealth data for only two racial and ethnic categories: non-Hispanic whites, and nonwhites or Hispanics. The nonwhite or Hispanic category includes primarily blacks and Hispanics, but also Asians and American Indians.) On every measure of wealth, nonwhites or Hispanics have less than the average household. Their ﬁnancial assets are just 22 percent as high as the average, and their nonﬁnancial assets are only 43 percent of the average. Fortunately for them, their debts are also lower, amounting to 55 percent of the average. Between 2001 and 2004, the net worth of nonwhite or Hispanic households climbed by a substantial 30 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation. This gain was much greater than the 1.5 percent increase in net worth experienced by the average household during those years. Behind the gains are rising homeownership rates. ■ The net worth of nonwhite or Hispanic households is below average largely because blacks and Hispanics are less likely than the average household to own a home.

The net worth of blacks is well below average 120000

(median net worth of total and nonwhite or Hispanic households, 2004)

$93,100

230

80000

$80,000

40000

$40,000

0

$0

$24,800

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a total households

nonwhite b or Hispanic households

WEALTH

Table 10.1

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Total and Nonwhite or Hispanic Households, 2004

(median net worth, median value of assets for owners, and median amount of debt for debtors, for total and nonwhite or Hispanic households, and index of nonwhite or Hispanic to total, 2004) nonwhite or Hispanic households

Median net worth Median value of ﬁnancial assets Median value of nonﬁnancial assets Median amount of debt

total households

median

index

$93,100 23,000 147,800 55,300

$24,800 5,000 64,100 30,500

27 22 43 55

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the nonwhite or Hispanic ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Survey of Consumer Finances, SCF Chartbook, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ oss/oss2/2004/scf2004home.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 10.2

Net Worth of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 and 2004

(median net worth of households by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2001 and 2004; percent change, 2001–04; in 2004 dollars)

Total households Non-Hispanic white Nonwhite or Hispanic

2004

2001

$93,100 140,700 24,800

$91,700 129,600 19,100

percent change

1.5% 8.6 29.8

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 231

Most Nonwhite Households Have Financial Assets The median value of ﬁnancial assets owned by nonwhite or Hispanic households fell between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, 94 percent of all households owned ﬁnancial assets, which include checking and savings accounts, stocks, and retirement accounts. Among non-Hispanic white households, the ownership rate was a nearly universal 97 percent. Among nonwhite or Hispanic households, the ﬁgure was a smaller 85 percent. The median value of ﬁnancial assets plummeted between 2001 and 2004 because of the declining stock market. Non-Hispanic white households experienced a 13 percent loss in the value of their ﬁnancial assets during those years, while the drop for nonwhite or Hispanic households was a larger 34 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation. In 2004, the median value of the ﬁnancial assets owned by nonwhite or Hispanic households was just $5,000. A checking account is the most widely owned ﬁnancial asset among nonwhite or Hispanic households, with 81 percent having such an account. The median value of the transaction accounts owned by nonwhites or Hispanics was just $1,500, however. Thirtythree percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households owned a retirement account. The median value of those retirement accounts stood at a modest $16,000 in 2004. Seventeen percent owned a life insurance policy with a median cash value of $5,000. ■ Nonwhite and Hispanic households will need to boost their savings if they want to enjoy a comfortable retirement.

Only three types of ﬁnancial assets are owned by more than 10 percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households (percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households that own selected ﬁnancial assets, 2004) 90

81%

60

60%

30

30%

33% 17%

0

232

0%

checkingaaccounts

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

retirementbaccounts

cash valueclife insurance

WEALTH

Table 10.3

Ownership and Value of Financial Assets by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 and 2004

(percentage of households that own any ﬁnancial asset and median value of ﬁnancial assets for owners, by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2001 and 2004; percentage point change in ownership and percent change in value, 2001–04; in 2004 dollars) percent owning any ﬁnancial asset 2004

Total households Non-Hispanic white Nonwhite or Hispanic

93.8% 97.2 85.0

2001

median value of ﬁnancial assets

percentage point change

2004

2001

0.7 0.5 1.8

$23,000 36,000 5,000

$29,800 41,300 7,600

93.1% 96.7 83.2

percent change

–22.8% –12.8 –34.2

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 10.4

Financial Assets of Nonwhite or Hispanic Households, 2004

(percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households that own ﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2004) percent owning asset

Any ﬁnancial asset Transaction accounts Certiﬁcates of deposit Savings bonds Bonds Stocks Pooled investment funds (mutual funds) Retirement accounts Life insurance (cash value) Other managed assets Other ﬁnancial assets

85.0% 80.6 6.0 8.5 – 8.0 5.0 32.9 17.4 2.1 9.4

median value

$5,000 1,500 12,000 600 – 5,300 18,000 16,000 5,000 40,000 2,500

Note: “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 233

Most Nonwhite Households Own Nonﬁnancial Assets Vehicles are the most commonly owned nonﬁnancial asset. Most households own nonﬁnancial assets, with 96 percent of non-Hispanic white households and 85 percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households owning homes, cars, businesses, or other nonﬁnancial assets. The median value of the nonﬁnancial assets owned by nonwhite or Hispanic households was just $64,100 in 2004, well below the $147,800 median for all households. Between 2001 and 2004, the median value of the nonﬁnancial assets owned by nonwhite or Hispanic households increased by 2 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation, much less than the 22 percent gain in asset value for all households. Vehicles are the most commonly owned nonﬁnancial asset. Seventy-six percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households own a vehicle. A home is the second most commonly owned nonﬁnancial asset among nonwhites and Hispanics. Fifty-one percent own a home. The median value of the homes owned by nonwhites or Hispanics stood at $130,000 in 2004. ■ Because nonwhite and Hispanic households are much less likely than non-Hispanic white households to own a home, their net worth is much lower.

The median value of the nonﬁnancial assets owned by nonwhite households is below average (median value of nonﬁnancial assets for total households and nonwhite or Hispanic households, 2004)

$147,800

150000

100000

$100,000

$64,100

234

50000

$50,000

0

$0

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

a total households

nonwhite b or Hispanic households

WEALTH

Table 10.5

Ownership and Value of Nonﬁnancial Assets by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 and 2004

(percentage of households that own any nonﬁnancial asset and median value of nonﬁnancial assets for owners, by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2001 and 2004; percentage point change in ownership and percent change in value, 2001–04; in 2004 dollars) percent owning any nonﬁnancial asset 2004

Total households Non-Hispanic white Nonwhite or Hispanic

92.5% 95.8 84.0

2001

90.7% 94.7 78.4

median value of nonﬁnancial assets

percentage point change

2004

2001

1.8 1.1 5.6

$147,800 164,800 64,100

$120,900 141,400 62,800

percent change

22.2% 16.5 2.1

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 10.6

Nonﬁnancial Assets of Nonwhite or Hispanic Households, 2004

(percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households that own nonﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2004) percent owning asset

Any nonﬁnancial asset Vehicles Primary residence Other residential property Nonresidential property Business equity Other nonﬁnancial asset

84.0% 76.1 50.8 8.9 5.8 5.9 3.8

median value

$64,100 9,800 130,000 80,000 30,000 66,700 10,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 235

Debt Is Rising for Nonwhite Households Nearly half have credit card debt. Between 2001 and 2004 median debt for all households climbed to $55,300, a 34 percent increase after adjusting for inﬂation. The median debt of households headed by nonwhites or Hispanics is lower, at $30,500, but grew by a faster 43 percent during those years. Three of four nonwhite or Hispanic households are in debt, slightly below the all-household average. Credit card debt is the most common type of debt among nonwhite or Hispanic households. Forty-seven percent carried a balance on their credit cards, although the median amount owed was just $1,600. Forty-three percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households had installment loans, typically car loans, owing a median of $9,600. Thirty-seven percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households had debt for a primary residence, owing a median of $83,000. ■ As the homeownership rate of nonwhite and Hispanic households rises, their debt is increasing as well.

Mortgages are the biggest debt for nonwhite households

120000

(median amount owed for selected types of debt by nonwhite or Hispanic households with debt, 2004)

$83,000

80000 $80,000

40000 $40,000

$9,600 0

236

$0

a on mortgage primary residence

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

b loans installment

$1,600 c balance credit card

WEALTH

Table 10.7

Debt of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 and 2004

(percentage of households with debts and median amount of debt for debtors, by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2001 and 2004; percentage point change in households with debt and percent change in amount of debt, 2001–04; in 2004 dollars) percent with debt 2004

Total households Non-Hispanic white Nonwhite or Hispanic

76.4% 78.0 72.5

2001

75.1% 75.8 72.9

median amount of debt percentage point change

2004

2001

1.3 2.2 –0.4

$55,300 69,500 30,500

$41,300 47,700 21,300

percent change

33.9% 45.7 43.2

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 10.8

Debt of Nonwhite or Hispanic Households, 2004

(percent of nonwhite or Hispanic households with debt, and median amount of debt for those with debts, 2004) percent with debt

Any debt Secured by residential property Primary residence Other residential property Installment loans Credit card balance Other lines of credit Other debt

72.5% 37.4 3.0 43.2 46.7 1.1 7.3

median amount

$30,500 83,000 66,000 9,600 1,600 400 3,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 237

Older Blacks Depend on Social Security Some older blacks are still in the labor force. Social Security is the major source of income for blacks age 65 or older. Eighty-eight percent of older blacks receive Social Security income. Among those who do, the average amount received in 2005 was $9,255. Only 29 percent of older blacks receive retirement income, and those with retirement income averaged $9,367 from this source. Twenty-four percent receive interest income, but the average amount was just $1,520 in 2005. Fifteen percent of older blacks supplement their Social Security and retirement income by working. Their average earnings were $15,223, a larger amount than from any other source. ■ Without Social Security income, many older Americans would be living in poverty. 120

Few older blacks receive retirement income (percent of blacks aged 65 or older with income from selected sources, 2005)

88% 80

80%

40

40%

29%

24% 15%

0

238

0%

Social a Security

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

b income retirement

interestcincome

d earnings

WEALTH

Table 10.9

Sources of Income for Blacks Aged 65 or Older, 2005

(number and percent of blacks aged 65 or older with income from selected sources and average income for those with income, ranked by number receiving income, 2005; people in thousands as of 2006) number with income

Blacks aged 65 or older with income Social Security Retirement income Interest Earnings SSI (Supplemental Security Income) Dividends Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts Survivor’s beneﬁts Veteran’s beneﬁts

2,862 2,519 819 678 428 265 155 130 81 80

percent with income

100.0% 88.0 28.6 23.7 15.0 9.3 5.4 4.5 2.8 2.8

average amount received by those with income

$11,754 9,255 9,367 1,520 15,223 3,385 1,786 2,172 6,324 3,254

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being black alone or as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/ new08_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 239

GLOSSARY

Glossary adjusted for inﬂation Income or a change in income that has been adjusted for the rise in the cost of living, or the consumer price index (CPI-U-RS). age Classiﬁcation by age is based on the age of the person at his/her last birthday. American Community Survey The ACS is an ongoing nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month, providing detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the census long-form questionnaire, the ACS includes more than 60 questions that formerly appeared on the long form, such as language spoken at home, income, and education. ACS data are available for the nation, regions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and many places. American Housing Survey The AHS collects national and metropolitan-level data on the nation’s housing, including apartments, single-family homes, and mobile homes. The nationally representative survey, with a sample of 55,000 households, is conducted by the Census Bureau for the Department of Housing and Urban Development every other year. American Time Use Survey Under contract with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Census Bureau collects ATUS information, revealing how people spend their time. The ATUS sample is drawn from U.S. households that have completed their ﬁnal month of interviews for the Current Population Survey. One individual from each selected household is chosen to participate in the ATUS. Respondents are interviewed by telephone only once about their time use on the previous day. In 2005, the sample size was approximately 26,000 households. Asian Beginning with the 2000 census and in 2003 for government surveys, Asians can identify themselves as being Asian and no other race (called “Asian alone”) or as being Asian in combination with one or more other races (called “Asian in combination”). The combination of the two groups is termed “Asian alone or in combination.” In this book, the “Asian alone or in combination” population is shown whenever possible. average hours per day On the time use tables, the average number of hours spent in a 24-hour day (between 4 a.m. on the diary day and 4 a.m. on the interview day) doing a speciﬁed activity. Estimates are adjusted for variability in response rates across

days of the week. Average hours per day are shown in decimals. To convert decimal portions of an hour into minutes, multiply 60 by the decimal. For example, if the average is 1.2 hours, multiply 60 by 0.2 to get 12 minutes, so the average is 1 hour and 12 minutes. If the average is 0.05 hours, multiply 60 by .05 to get 3 minutes. If the average is 5.36 hours, multiply 60 by 0.36 to get 21.6, so the average is 5 hours and about 22 minutes. baby boom Americans born between 1946 and 1964. baby bust Americans born between 1965 and 1976, also known as Generation X. black Beginning with the 2000 census and in 2003 for government surveys, blacks can identify themselves as being black and no other race (called “black alone”) or as being black in combination with one or more other races (called “black in combination”). The combination of the two groups is termed “black alone or in combination.” In this book, the “black alone or in combination” population is shown whenever possible. Consumer Expenditure Survey The CEX is an ongoing study of the day-to-day spending of American households administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CEX includes an interview survey and a diary survey. The average spending ﬁgures shown in this book are the integrated data from both the diary and interview components of the survey. Two separate, nationally representative samples are used for the interview and diary surveys. For the interview survey, about 7,500 consumer units are interviewed on a rotating panel basis each quarter for ﬁve consecutive quarters. For the diary survey, 7,500 consumer units keep weekly diaries of spending for two consecutive weeks. consumer unit (on spending tables only) For convenience, the terms consumer unit and households are used interchangeably in the spending section of this book, although consumer units are somewhat different from the Census Bureau’s households. Consumer units are all related members of a household, or ﬁnancially independent members of a household. A household may include more than one consumer unit. Current Population Survey The CPS is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. It is taken monthly by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics,

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 241

collecting information from more than 50,000 households on employment and unemployment. In March of each year, the survey includes the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (formerly called the Annual Demographic Survey), which is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans, such as educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes. disability The National Health Interview Survey estimates the number of people aged 18 or older who have difﬁculty in physical functioning, probing whether respondents could perform nine activities by themselves without using special equipment. The categories are walking a quarter mile; standing for two hours; sitting for two hours; walking up 10 steps without resting; stooping, bending, kneeling; reaching over one’s head; grasping or handling small objects; carrying a 10-pound object; and pushing/pulling a large object. Adults who reported that any of these activities was very difﬁcult or they could not do it at all were deﬁned as having physical difﬁculties. dual-earner couple A married couple in which both the householder and the householder’s spouse are in the labor force. earnings A type of income, earnings is the amount of money a person receives from his or her job. See also Income. employed All civilians who did any work as a paid employee or farmer/self-employed worker, or who worked 15 hours or more as an unpaid farm worker or in a family-owned business, during the reference period. All those who have jobs but who are temporarily absent from their jobs due to illness, bad weather, vacation, labor management dispute, or personal reasons are considered employed. expenditure The transaction cost including excise and sales taxes of goods and services acquired during the survey period. The full cost of each purchase is recorded even though full payment may not have been made at the date of purchase. Average expenditure ﬁgures may be artiﬁcially low for infrequently purchased items such as cars because ﬁgures are calculated using all consumer units within a demographic segment rather than just purchasers. Expenditure estimates include money spent on gifts for others. family A group of two or more people (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and living in the same household. family household A household maintained by a householder who lives with one or more people related to him or her by blood, marriage, or adoption.

242

WHO WE ARE: BLACKS

female or male householder A woman or man who maintains a household without a spouse present. May head family or nonfamily households. foreign-born population People who are not U.S. citizens at birth. full-time employment Full-time is 35 or more hours of work per week during a majority of the weeks worked. full-time, year-round Indicates 50 or more weeks of full-time employment during the previous calendar year. Generation X Americans born between 1965 and 1976, also known as the baby-bust generation. Hispanic Because Hispanic is an ethnic origin rather than a race, Hispanics may be of any race. While most Hispanics are white, there are black, Asian, American Indian, and even Native Hawaiian Hispanics. household All the persons who occupy a housing unit. A household includes the related family members and all the unrelated persons, if any, such as lodgers, foster children, wards, or employees who share the housing unit. A person living alone is counted as a household. A group of unrelated people who share a housing unit as roommates or unmarried partners is also counted as a household. Households do not include group quarters such as college dormitories, prisons, or nursing homes. household, race or ethnicity of Households are categorized according to the race or ethnicity of the householder only. householder The householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented or, if there is no such person, any adult member. With married couples, the householder may be either the husband or wife. The householder is the reference person for the household. householder, age of The age of the householder is used to categorize households into age groups such as those used in this book. Married couples, for example, are classiﬁed according to the age of either the husband or wife, depending on which one identiﬁed him or herself as the householder. housing unit A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure and that have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall that is used

GLOSSARY or intended for use by the occupants of another unit or by the general public. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements. housing value The respondent’s estimate of how much his or her house and lot would sell for if it were for sale. immigrants Aliens admitted for legal permanent residence in the United States. income Money received in the preceding calendar year by each person aged 15 or older from each of the following sources: 1) earnings from longest job (or self-employment); 2) earnings from jobs other than longest job; 3) unemployment compensation; 4) workers’ compensation; 5) Social Security; 6) Supplemental Security income; 7) public assistance; 8) veterans’ payments; 9) survivor beneﬁts; 10) disability beneﬁts; 11) retirement pensions; 12) interest; 13) dividends; 14) rents and royalties or estates and trusts; 15) educational assistance; 16) alimony; 17) child support; 18) ﬁnancial assistance from outside the household, and other periodic income. Income is reported in several ways in this book. Household income is the combined income of all household members. Income of persons is all income accruing to a person from all sources. Earnings are the money a person receives from his or her job. industry Refers to the industry in which a person worked longest in the preceding calendar year. job tenure The length of time a person has been employed continuously by the same employer. labor force The labor force tables in this book show the civilian labor force only. The labor force includes both the employed and the unemployed (people who are looking for work). People are counted as in the labor force if they were working or looking for work during the reference week in which the Census Bureau ﬁelds the Current Population Survey. labor force participation rate The percent of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the civilian labor force, which includes both the employed and the unemployed. married-couple family group Married couples who may or may not be householders. Those who are householders are “married-couple households.” Those who are not householders are married couples living in a household headed by someone else, such as a parent of the husband or wife. Because married-couple family groups include married-couple households, the

number of married-couple family groups will always outnumber married-couple households. married couples with or without children under age 18 Refers to married couples with or without own children under age 18 living in the same household. Couples without children under age 18 may be parents of grown children who live elsewhere, or they could be childless couples. median The median is the amount that divides the population or households into two equal portions: one below and one above the median. Medians can be calculated for income, age, and many other characteristics. median income The amount that divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having incomes above the median, half having incomes below the median. The medians for households or families are based on all households or families. The median for persons are based on all persons aged 15 or older with income. metropolitan statistical area The general concept of a metropolitan area is a large population nucleus with adjacent communities having a high degree of social and economic integration with the core. The Ofﬁce of Management and Budget deﬁnes the nation’s metropolitan statistical areas. In general, they must include a city or urbanized area with 50,000 or more inhabitants and a total population of 100,000 or more. The county (or counties) that contains the largest city is the “central county” (counties), along with any adjacent counties that are socially and economically integrated with the central county (or counties). In New England, MSAs are deﬁned in terms of cities and towns rather than counties. millennial generation Americans born between 1977 and 1994. mobility status People are classiﬁed according to their mobility status on the basis of a comparison between their place of residence at the time of the March Current Population Survey and their place of residence in March of the previous year. Nonmovers are people living in the same house at the end of the period as at the beginning of the period. Movers are people living in a different house at the end of the period than at the beginning of the period. Movers from abroad are either citizens or aliens whose place of residence is outside the United States at the beginning of the period, that is, in an outlying area under the jurisdiction of the United States or in a foreign country. The mobility status for children is fully allocated from the mother if she is in the household; otherwise it is allocated from the householder. WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 243

National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey The NAMCS is an annual survey of visits to nonfederally employed ofﬁce-based physicians who are primarily engaged in direct patient care. Data are collected from physicians rather than patients, with each physician assigned a one-week reporting period. During that week, a systematic random sample of visit characteristics are recorded by the physician or ofﬁce staff. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey The NHANES is a continuous survey of a representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. Respondents are interviewed at home about their health and nutrition, and the interview is followed up by a physical examination that measures such things as height and weight in mobile examination centers. National Health Interview Survey The NHIS is a continuing nationwide sample survey of the civilian noninstitutional population of the U.S. conducted by the Census Bureau for the National Center for Health Statistics. In interviews each year, data are collected from more than 100,000 people about their illnesses, injuries, impairments, chronic and acute conditions, activity limitations, and use of health services. National Household Education Survey The NHES, sponsored by the National Center for Education Statistics, provides descriptive data on the educational activities of the U.S. population, including after-school care and adult education. The NHES is a system of telephone surveys of a representative sample of 45,000 to 60,000 households in the U.S. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander The 2000 census identiﬁed this group for the ﬁrst time as a separate racial category from Asians. nonfamily household A household maintained by a householder who lives alone or who lives with people to whom he or she is not related. nonfamily householder A householder who lives alone or with nonrelatives. non-Hispanic People who do not identify themselves as Hispanic are classiﬁed as non-Hispanic. Non-Hispanics may be of any race. non-Hispanic white People who identify their race as white alone and who do not indicate their ethnicity as Hispanic. nonmetropolitan area Counties that are not classiﬁed as metropolitan areas. occupation Occupational classiﬁcation is based on the kind of work a person did at his or her job during the previous calendar year. If a person changed jobs 244

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during the year, the data refer to the occupation of the job held the longest during that year. occupied housing units A housing unit is classiﬁed as occupied if a person or group of people is living in it or if the occupants are only temporarily absent—on vacation, example. By deﬁnition, the count of occupied housing units is the same as the count of households. outside central city The portion of a metropolitan county or counties that falls outside of the central city or cities; generally regarded as the suburbs. own children Own children are sons and daughters, including stepchildren and adopted children, of the householder. The totals include never-married children living away from home in college dormitories. owner occupied A housing unit is “owner occupied” if the owner lives in the unit, even if it is mortgaged or not fully paid for. A cooperative or condominium unit is “owner occupied” only if the owner lives in it. All other occupied units are classiﬁed as “renter occupied.” part-time employment Part-time is less than 35 hours of work per week in a majority of the weeks worked during the year. percent change The change (either positive or negative) in a measure that is expressed as a proportion of the starting measure. When median income changes from $20,000 to $25,000, for example, this is a 25 percent increase. percentage point change The change (either positive or negative) in a value which is already expressed as a percentage. When a labor force participation rate changes from 70 percent of 75 percent, for example, this is a 5 percentage point increase. population versus participant measures On the time use tables, average time spent doing an activity is shown for either the population as a whole (such as all 25-to-34-year-olds) or only for those participating in an activity in the previous 24-hours, or diary day. Data referring to the population as a whole include every respondent, even those who did not engage in the activity on diary day. This type of calculation allow researchers to see how Americans prioritize the entire range of daily activities, but it results in artiﬁcially short amounts of time devoted to activities done infrequently (such as volunteering). Data referring to participant time show only the time spent on speciﬁc activities by respondents who reported doing the activity on diary day. They more accurately reﬂect the amount of time people spend doing speciﬁc activities when they do them.

GLOSSARY poverty level The ofﬁcial income threshold below which families and people are classiﬁed as living in poverty. The threshold rises each year with inﬂation and varies depending on family size and age of householder. principal cities The largest cities in a metropolitan area are called the principal cities. The balance of a metropolitan area outside the principal cities is regarded as the “suburbs.” primary activity On the time use tables, primary activity is the main activity a respondent was doing at a speciﬁed time. proportion or share The value of a part expressed as a percentage of the whole. If there are 4 million people aged 25 and 3 million of them are white, then the white proportion is 75 percent. race Race is self-reported and can be deﬁned in three ways. The “race alone” population comprises people who identify themselves as only one race. The “race in combination” population comprises people who identify themselves as more than one race, such as white and black. The “race, alone or in combination” population includes both those who identify themselves as one race and those who identify themselves as more than one race. regions The four major regions and nine census divisions of the United States are the state groupings as shown below: Northeast: • New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont • Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania Midwest: • East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin • West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota

renter occupied See Owner occupied. rounding Percentages are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent; therefore, the percentages in a distribution do not always add exactly to 100.0 percent. The totals, however, are always shown as 100.0. Moreover, individual ﬁgures are rounded to the nearest thousand without being adjusted to group totals, which are independently rounded; percentages are based on the unrounded numbers. self-employment A person is categorized as selfemployed if he or she was self-employed in the job held longest during the reference period. Persons who report self-employment from a second job are excluded, but those who report wage-and-salary income from a second job are included. Unpaid workers in family businesses are excluded. Self-employment statistics include only nonagricultural workers and exclude people who work for themselves in incorporated business. sex ratio The number of men per 100 women. suburbs See Outside principal city. Survey of Consumer Finances A triennial survey taken by the Federal Reserve Board. It collects data on the assets, debts, and net worth of American households. In the 2004 survey, the Federal Reserve Board interviewed a representative sample of 4,522 households. unemployed Unemployed people are those who, during the survey period, had no employment but were available and looking for work. Those who were laid off from their jobs and were waiting to be recalled are also classiﬁed as unemployed. white The “white” racial category includes many Hispanics (who may be of any race) unless the term “non-Hispanic white” is used.

South: • South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia • East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee • West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas West: • Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming • Paciﬁc: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington

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Bibliography Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet site http://www.bls.gov —2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/home .htm —2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home .htm —Labor Force Statistics from the 2006 Current Population Survey, Annual Averages—Household Data, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm —Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2006, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/cps/minwage2006.htm —Employee Tenure, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.toc.htm —Employment Projections, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/emp/home.htm Bureau of the Census Internet site http://www.census.gov/ —2000 Census, American FactFinder, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/ servlet/BasicFactsServlet —2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/ www/ —2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/dinctabs.html —American Housing Survey for the United States in 2005, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/ahs/nationaldata.html —America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html —The Asian Population, Census 2000 Briefs, C2KBR/01-5, February 2002, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.html —The Black Population, Census 2000 Briefs, C2KBR/01-16, August 2001, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.html —Educational Attainment—Historical Tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/educ-attn.html —Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, detailed tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html —Geographic Mobility: 2004 to 2005, Detailed Tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2005.html —Health Insurance Tables, 2007 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/ toc.htm —The Hispanic Population, Census 2000 Briefs, C2KBR/01-3, May 2001, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.html

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

—Historical Income Tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/ h05.html —Historical Poverty Tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/ histpov/histpovtb.html —Housing Vacancies and Homeownership, Annual Statistics: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual06/ann06t20.html —National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/ national/index.html —Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P70-97, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www .socdemo/marr-div.html —Poverty Tables, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/pov/toc.htm —School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, detailed tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/school/cps2005.html —State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/ asrh/SC-EST2006-04.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Internet site http://www.cdc.gov —Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005, HIV/ AIDS Surveillance Report, Vol. 17, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/default.htm —Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Prevalence Data, Internet site http:// apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/index.asp Federal Reserve Board Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/scﬁndex.html —Survey of Consumer Finances, SCF Chartbook, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/scf2004home.html National Center for Education Statistics Internet site http://nces.ed.gov —Digest of Education Statistics: 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/ —National Household Education Surveys Program, Adult Education Participation in 2004-05, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/adulted/tables.asp National Center for Health Statistics Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs —Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: U.S. Population, 1999–2002, Advance Data, No. 361, 2005, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/ major/nhanes/advancedatas.htm

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—Births: Final Data for 2004, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/55/55-pre. htm —Births: Preliminary Data for 2005, Health E-Stats, 2006, Internet site http://www .cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimbirths05/prelimbirths05.htm —Health United States 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm —National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2004 Summary, Advance Data No. 374, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm —Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm —Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 231, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

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INDEX

Index accidents, as cause of death, 59 adult education, 37–38 adults in other households, time spent caring for, 214–227 age births by, 46–47 college enrollment by, 29–30 dual–earner couples by, 131 educational attainment by, 14, 16–18 geographic mobility by, 79, 81 health insurance coverage by, 50–53 homeowners by, 62–64 households by, 140–143, 145, 147–148 income by, 88–90, 97–99, 238–239 labor force by, 112–115, 128 marital status by, 152, 154–156 population by, 161–164 poverty by, 106, 108 renters by, 64–65 school enrollment by, 22, 24 weight by, 44–45 AIDS, 54, 57–59 alcoholic beverages, spending on, 179, 182, 185, 188, 192. See also Drinking. allergies, 54–56 apartments, percent living in, 72–73 apparel, spending on, 178, 180, 183, 186, 189, 191, 193–194 arthritis, 55 assets ﬁnancial, 230–233 nonﬁnancial, 230–231, 234–235 asthma, 54–56 attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder, 54, 56 attitude toward housing unit, 76, 78–79, 83 moving, reasons for, 79, 82 neighborhood, 74–76, 78, 82 police protection, 74–75 public schools, 74–75 public transportation, 74–75 back pain, 54–55 bathrooms, number of, 72–73 bedrooms, number of, 72–73 births by age, 46–47 by birth order, 48 by marital status, 8, 46–47 by state, 46, 49 share of total, 46–49

bonds, as ﬁnancial asset, 233 bronchitis, 55 business equity, as nonﬁnancial asset, 235 rooms used for, 72–73 cancer as cause of death, 58–59 as health condition, 55 cerebrovascular disease, as cause of death, 58–59 checking and savings accounts, as ﬁnancial asset, 232–233 children families in poverty with, 106, 110 health conditions of, 54, 56 in college, families with, 26, 28 living arrangements of, 146, 149 presence of in households, 146–148 taking prescription drugs, 54, 56 time spent caring for, 214–227 cigarettes. See Smoking and Tobacco products, spending on. clothes, spending on, 178, 180, 183, 186, 189, 191, 193–194 college enrollment. See also School enrollment and Degrees earned. by age, 29–30 by type of school, 26, 30 of families with children, 26, 28 rate, 26–27 share of total, 26, 28–29 commuting. See Journey to work. contributions of cash, spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 197 credit card debt, 236–237 crime, as neighborhood problem, 74–75 death, causes of, 58–59 debt, 230–231, 236–237 deck, houses with, 73 degrees earned, by ﬁeld of study associate’s, 31–32 bachelor’s, 31, 33 doctoral, 31, 35 ﬁrst-professional, 31, 36 master’s, 31, 34 share of total, 31–36 dental problems, 55 dentistry, degrees earned, 36

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diabetes as cause of death, 59 as health condition, 54–55 dining room, in home, 73 disabled, 54, 56 divorced, 152–156 doctor visits, 54, 56 drinking, 42–43 drugs, prescription children taking, 54, 56 spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 202 dual-earner couples, 129, 131 earners, 129–130 earnings by educational attainment, 103–105 by sex, 103–105 by union representation, 132, 134 in retirement, 238–239 eating and drinking, time spent, 214–227 education adult, 37–38 spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 206 time spent on, 214–227 educational attainment by age, 14, 16–18 by region, 19–20 by sex, 17–18 by state, 19, 21 comparison with total, 14–15 earnings by, 103–105 household income by, 88, 91 of labor force, 126–127 employment as reason for moving, 79, 82 status, 112, 115 entertainment, spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 195–196 families, female–headed. See also Families, maleheaded and Families, married-couple. by age, 140, 142, 148 homeownership of, 66–68 in poverty, 106, 109–110 income of, 7, 88–89 share of total, 140–141, 147 with children, 146–148 families, male-headed. See also Families, femaleheaded and Families, married couple. by age, 142, 148 homeownership of, 66–68 in poverty, 109–110 income of, 89 share of total, 141, 147 with children, 147–148 250

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families, married-couple. See also Families, femaleheaded and Families, male–headed. by age, 131, 140, 142, 148 dual-earner, 129, 131 homeownership of, 66–68 in poverty, 109–110 income of, 7, 88–89 share of total, 141, 147 with children, 146–148 families with children in college, 26, 28 females. See also Children and Single-person households. births, 8, 46–47 earnings of, 103, 105 educational attainment, 18 in poverty, 106, 108 income of, 94, 96–97, 99, 101–102 labor force, 112–115, 126, 128, 136–137 life expectancy, 59 marital status, 152, 155–156 population, 161, 164 school enrollment, 22, 24 time use of, 214, 217–218, 221–223, 226–227 weight status, 44–45 ﬁnancial products and services, spending on, 197 ﬁreplace, in home, 73 food preparation and clean–up, time spent, 214–227 food, spending on, 178–179, 182, 185, 188, 191, 199, 207 footwear, spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 191, 194 full-time workers earnings of, 103–105 income of, 97–102 percent of labor force, 126, 128 furniture, spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 203–205 garage, with home, 73 gasoline, spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 210 geographic mobility by age, 79, 81 reason for, 79, 82 share of total, 79–80 gifts for people in other households, spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 198 groceries, spending on, 179, 182, 185, 188, 191, 199 grooming, time spent, 214–227 headaches, 55 health care, spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 202 health care visits. See Physician ofﬁce visits. health conditions. See also AIDS. of adults, 54–55 of children, 54, 56 share of total, 54–56

INDEX health insurance coverage by type, 50–53 employment-based, 50, 52 share of total with/without, 51 spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 202 health status, 40–41. See also Weight status. hearing problems, 55 heart disease as cause of death, 58–59 as health condition, 55 Hispanic origin, 158–160 homeowners. See also Renters. attitude toward housing unit, 76, 78 attitude toward neighborhood, 74–75, 78 by age, 62–64 by household type, 66–68 by region, 69–71 housing unit, characteristics of, 74–75 share of total, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71 value of home, 76–77 homeownership rate, 62–64, 66–67, 69–70, 235 homes, as asset, 234–235 homicide, as cause of death, 59 household management, time spent, 214–227 household services, spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 203 households assets of, 230–235 by age, 140–143, 145, 147–148 by number of earners, 129–130 by presence of children, 146–148 by size, 143–144 by type, 8, 140–142, 146–148 debt of, 230–231, 236–237 homeownership, 62–71 income of, 7, 9, 86–93 net worth of, 230–231 share of total, 140–141, 143–144, 146–147 spending by, 10, 178–211 net worth of, 230–231 housekeeping supplies, spending on, 203 housework, time spent, 214–227 housing as reason for moving, 79, 82 attitude toward unit, 76–77, 79, 83 characteristics, 72–73 reasons for choosing unit, 79, 83 spending on, 179, 182, 185, 188, 208–209 value, 76–77, 234–235 human immunodeﬁciency virus. See AIDS. hypertension, as health condition, 54–55 income. See also Earnings. by age, 88–90, 97–99 by educational attainment, 88, 91

by household type, 7, 88–89 by region, 88, 92 by sex, 9, 94–102 families with children in college by, 26, 28 household, 7, 9, 86–93 households with high, 88, 93 of full-time workers, 97–102 retirement, 238–239 industry, 116, 125 insurance. See also Health insurance. homeowners, 208 life, 181, 184, 187, 190, 197, 232–233 vehicle, 180, 183, 186, 189, 211 interest income, 238–239 job tenure, 126–127 journey to work, 132, 135 kidney disease, 54–55 labor force. See also Earners. by age, 112–115, 128 by industry, 116, 125 by occupation, 116–124 by sex, 112–115, 126, 128, 136–137 educational attainment of, 126–127 full-time workers, 98–99, 126, 128 job tenure, 126–127 journey to work, 132, 135 minimum-wage, 132–133 multiple job holders, 132–133 projections, 136–138 share of total, 112, 113, 116–125, 127, 133, 136, 138 unemployed, 112, 115 union representation, 132, 134 law, degrees earned, 31, 36 lawn, garden, and houseplants, time spent, 214–227 learning disability, 54, 56 leisure activities, time spent, 214–227 life expectancy, 58–59 liver disease, as health condition, 55 living alone. See Single-person households. living arrangements of adults, 146, 150–151 of children, 146, 149 living room, in home, 73 loans, installment debt, 236–237 males. See also Children and Single-person households. earnings of, 103–104 educational attainment, 17 in poverty, 106, 108 income of, 9, 94–95, 97–98, 100, 102 labor force, 112–115, 126, 128, 136–137 WHO WE ARE: BLACKS 251

life expectancy, 59 marital status, 152, 154, 156 population, 161, 164 school enrollment, 22, 24 time use of, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222–223, 225, 227 weight status, 44–45 malignant neoplasms. See Cancer. marital history, 152, 156 marital status births by, 8, 46–47 by age, 152, 154–156 by sex, 152, 154–156 living arrangements of children by parent, 149 share of total, 153 married, 152–156 Medicaid coverage, 50, 53 Medicare coverage, 50, 53 medicine, degrees earned, 31, 36 metropolitan areas, population of, 165, 169–176 Midwest. See Region. minimum wage workers, 132–133 mobile homes, percent living in, 73 mobility, geographic by age, 79, 81 reason for, 79, 82 share of total, 79–80 mortgage debt, 236–237 mortgage interest, spending on, 179, 182, 185, 188, 191, 208 multiple job holders, 132–133 mutual funds, as ﬁnancial asset, 233 neighborhood attitude toward, 74–76, 78, 82 characteristics, 74–75 reason for choosing, 82 net worth, 230–231 never-married, 152–156 Northeast. See Region. occupation, 116–124 optometry, degrees earned, 36 overweight. See Weight status. part–time workers, 128 pensions, spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 197 personal care professional, time spent, 214–227 spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 206 pharmacy, degrees earned, 36 physician ofﬁce visits, 54, 56 podiatry, degrees earned, 36 police protection, attitude toward, 74–75

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population by age, 161–164 by metropolitan area, 165, 169–176 by race and Hispanic origin, 5, 158–160 by region, 6, 165–166 by sex, 161, 164 by state, 6, 165, 167–168 share of total, 5, 158–159, 161–162, 165–167, 169–176 porch, houses with, 73 poverty by age, 106, 108 by sex, 106, 108 families in, 106, 109–110 people in, 10, 106–108 share of total, 106–108 prescription drugs children taking, 54, 56 spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 202 projections, of labor force, 136–138 public transportation as means of transportation to work, 132, 135 attitude toward, 74–75 spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 191, 211 racial identiﬁcation, 158–160 reading, spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 206 region educational attainment by, 19–20 homeownership by, 69–71 household income by, 88, 92 population by, 6, 165–166 religious activities, time spent, 11, 214–227 rent, spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 191, 208–209 renters attitude toward housing unit, 76, 78 attitude toward neighborhood, 74–75, 78 by age, 64–65 by household type, 66–68 by region, 69–71 housing unit characteristics of, 74–75 share of total, 62, 65–66, 68 respiratory disease as cause of death, 59 as health condition, 54–56 restaurants, spending on, 179, 182, 185, 188, 207 retirement accounts, as ﬁnancial asset, 232–233 income, 238–239 school enrollment. See also College enrollment. by age, 22, 24 by sex, 22, 24 by state, 22, 25 share of total, 22–23

INDEX schools, attitude toward, 74–75 septicemia, as cause of death, 59 sex ratio, 161, 164 shoes, spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 191, 194 shopping, time spent, 214–227 single-family homes, percent living in, 72–73 single-person households by age, 140, 142–143, 145 by sex, 140–143, 145, 151 income of, 89 share of total, 140–141, 144, 150 sleeping, time spent, 214–227 smoking, 42–43. See also Tobacco products, spending on. Social Security retirement income, 238–239 spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 197 socializing, time spent, 214–227 South. See Region. sports participation, time spent, 214–227 state births by, 46, 49 educational attainment by, 19, 21 population by, 6, 165, 167–168 school enrollment, 22, 25 stocks, as ﬁnancial asset, 232–233 stroke, 54–55

vehicles as means of transportation to work, 132, 135 available, 72–73 ownership of, 234–235 spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 191, 210–211 value, 235 veterinary medicine, degrees earned, 36 vision problems, 55 volunteer activities, time spent, 214-227 walking as means of transportation to work, 132, 135 difﬁculty, 54, 57 weight status, 44-45 West. See Region. widowed, 152-156 workers. See Labor force. working at home, 135 time spent, 214-227

taxes, spending on federal, state, and local, 181, 184, 187, 190, 197 property, 179, 182, 185, 188, 208 telephone available, 73 calls, mail, and email, time spent, 214–227 spending on, 178, 180, 183, 186, 189, 191, 209 television, time spent watching, 214–227 theology, degrees earned, 31, 36 tobacco products, spending on, 181, 184, 187, 190, 206 transportation, public, attitude toward, 74–75 spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 210–211 ulcers, 55 unemployment, 112, 115 union representation, 132, 134 utilities, fuels, and public services, spending on, 180, 183, 186, 189, 209

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