C.K. Ogden - A Bio-bibliographical Study

C. K. OGDEN a bio-bibliographic study by W. TERRENCE GORDON The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., & London 1990 ...

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C. K. OGDEN a bio-bibliographic study by

W. TERRENCE GORDON

The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., & London 1990

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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gordon, W. Terrence, 1942C.K. Ogden : a bio-bibliographic study / W. Terrence Gordon, p. cm. ISBN 0-8108-2317-9 (alk. paper) 1. Ogden, C.K. (Charles Kay), 1889-1957. 2. England--Biography. 3. Linguists--England--Biography. 4. Psychologists -England--Biography. 5. Ogden, C.K. (Charles Kay), 1889-1957-Bibliography. I. Title. CT788.032G67 1990 941.082'092--dc20 [B] 90-31264

C o p y r i g h t © 1990 by W. Terrence Gordon Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper

To Theresa Perry & Paul-Michael

A complete account of a minute of any person's life would have to mention both public and private facts. Neither alone would be adequate. --C. K. Ogden "Bodies as Minds" One lived completely in an intellectual world. —Lord Solly Zuckerman in an interview with the author Look at a list of his publications, and instinct is to say...'I don't believe it.'

one's

— J . R. L. Anderson C. K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir A little spit to herald the torrent. — C . K. Ogden "Signifies"

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks are due to many people for assistance provided during the preparation of this work over the past two years: David Abercrombie, Professor Emeritus, Edinburgh University; Dr. Pat Atherton, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Michael Bott, University of Reading Archives, Reading, England; Anne Caiger, University of California at Los Angeles Archives; David Calcutt, Q.C., Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge University; Alice Crosthwaite, London, England; Norman Franklin, London, England; Dr. K. E. Garay, McMaster University Archives, Hamilton, Canada; Mark Haymon, Esq., London, England; Mervyn Horder, London, England; David Hughes, York University Archives, Toronto, Canada; Jacqueline Kavanagh, British Broadcasting Corporation Written Archives, Reading, England; Pleasance Leffler, Harrogate, England; David Maunton, Brendon, England; Gwyn Pace, Killam Library, Dalhousie Univerv

sity, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Kate Perry, Girton College, Cambridge University; Lawrence Clark Powell, Professor in Residence Emeritus, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Dr. Walter Schmitz, University of Bonn; Robert Vosper, Professor Emeritus, University of California at Los Angeles; Lord Solly Zuckerman, King's Lynn, England. I was also assisted by staff members of Cambridge University Library, of the Public Record Office, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, England, and of University College London. My greatest debt is to my family. My wife Theresa is the data-base manager of my on-going Ogden research. She also worked with scrupulous precision to prepare the entire typescript of the present book. My son Perry has summarized the entire project in an aphorism: "orthology is bran for the brain." And my son Paul-Michael has supplied enough energy, enthusiasm, and encouragement to see this book through and launch the next. For permission to guote material, I am grateful to the Department of Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles, the Syndics of Cambridge University Library, the Master and Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the Orthological Institute, London, England.

W. Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia 21 July 1989

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments Preface

ix

I

C. K. Ogden: A Biographical Essay

II

C. K. Ogden: A Bibliography

III

v

1

Books

57

Articles

70

Editorials

82

Notes

89

Reviews

95

Translations

98

Secondary Sources Commentaries & Reviews of C. K. Ogden's Writings & Sequels by other Authors 101 Life Data

129

Endnotes

135

Index

152

PREFACE Single author bibliographies are often prepared during mopping-up operations, when the author has been the subject of a biography. My full-dress biography of C. K. Ogden may be ten to twenty years in the making, but 1989, the one hundredth anniversary of his birth, stimulated my sense of occasion, and I have decided to let the world know already just what he wrote. In spite of J. R. L. Anderson's injunction, given among my opening quotations, Ogden has, until now, won admirers without the benefit of his own bibliography. It is hoped that the present work will allow their number to grow. The biographical essay of Part I is intended, above all, to limn Ogden•s intellectual life and to show how his earliest studies gave form and unity to his later writings. But Ogden's accomplishments were not limited to his own writings, and the biographical essay,, therefore, devotes substantial space to his activities as translator, editor, and inventor of the international auxiliary language he called Basic English. In current scholarship, Ogden1s work is more often mentioned than discussed. He was, and is, probably read more often than studied. The bibliography, drawing together the works of Ogden, his commentators, and those whose work derived inspiration from his, makes provision for correcting that state of affairs and invigorating Ogden studies.

IX

C. K. OGDEN: A BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Introduction; Mask of Words, Mirror of Thoughts When C. K. Ogden was not making a jest or a mystery of himself, he was pursuing his plan for global peace. When Winston Churchill hailed that plan in 1943 (269), radio flashed Ogden's name to every corner of the earth. Millions were suddenly curious to see what the man who had invented Basic English looked like. He appeared in Picture Post (94) wearing a bizarre mask1 carefully chosen from his large collection. A moment at front and center on the world stage was not an occasion for self-important posturing, for becoming an icon, or for letting attention turn from Basic English to himself. He was perpetually self-obscuring but rarely out of view. Few knew his background when he arrived at Cambridge in 1908, none discovered the sources of his apparently considerable income, though many tried (441), but all came to know that he was The Heretics Society2 and The Cambridge Magazine. He was known as a pacifist3 (38); no one knew that he had been classified C-3, unfit for military service. Readers knew that the Numbers in parentheses refer to entries in the bibliography of Part II. Superscripts refer to endnotes.

Biography 2 by-line Adelyne More in The Cambridge Magazine meant Ogden, as editor, had decided to add a line more; few could have known his other pseudonyms, much less their motivation, or how many of the unsigned articles were also written by him. He was known as the editor of Psyche, a journal of general and linguistic psychology, from 1923 to 1952, but he told no one that he had saved the journal from demise 7 , buying it outright from a publisher fretting over low sales figures and considerable financial losses, or that year after year his royalties from the firm of Kegan Paul went directly to pay the printing bills for Psyche.8 What people did not know about Ogden they Q

invented. During his visits to America , extravagant hearsay filled the void he had left in London and Cambridge. A friend wrote: The world hums with rumours of your doings, that you're a professor at the University of Chicago, that President Hoover has appointed you to a commission on social trends in America, that you're off to China and so on. Of course we're used to a certain amount of mystery hovering about you, but this is too much. 10 Though Ogden gave the lie to the rumors on this occasion by returning to England before the letter reached him, he allowed apocryphal tales to surround him. He may have encouraged them. He was said to be sole heir to the Ogden tobacco fortune. * The story may have arisen because he used Ogden cigarette papers, or he may have used them to tease people into believing it.

3 Biography It is clear, in any case, from the account given by Marjory Todd (450), that Ogden not only kept his friends apart but that he was annoyed if they checked facts and compared details about him among themselves. Which if any, details of his fabled world tour in the company of an American millionaire and his beautiful daughter (441) are true remains unclear, but Ogden himself perpetuated the most curious and memorable part of the story, demolishing its credibility at the same time by incongruous juxtaposition. In the whimsical autobiographical note prefacing his ABC of Psychology (3) he wrote: "Besides spending one night in India, he has represented Cambridge University at Billiards." For Ogden, personality was a fiction --as defined by Jeremy Bentham (13), whose life and work are the keys to Ogden•s--nothing more substantial than a reaction, but given substance by its existence as a word, then to obstruct the communication for which words are intended. The problem is paradoxical and reguires a paradoxical solution: the dislocation of personality by persona, in the sense of its Latin root—a mask. Ogden's friend of many years, writer and broadcaster Mary Adams, recalled this as the rationale of the mask ritual to which he subjected visitors: He would often don a mask. He had many masks. A wonderful collection. And he would wear a mask while he talked to you—and often put a mask on you. Because, he said, •This enables me to talk in terms of ideas and not in terms of personalities. I blot you out. I only listen to what you say and 1 ^ the ideas that you have. ,iJ

Hlncjr 1-iphy

1

A m.ifik filippod on to strip away the mask of h.-ihit , idoiiK focused, words revitalized by language turned on itself, 4 the mask of words turned into a mirror of thought. Viewed with the benefit of Mary Adams's perspective, Ogden's masks not only become more than an eccentric preoccupation but provide a link to his work on The Meaning of Meaning (33) and Basic English. When Ogden died in 1957, casual commentators and serious eulogists alike resorted to labels in describing him: polymath, monologist, intellectual entrepreneur. " One writer with aspirations to being his biographer, proposed bon 17 vivant. There is more of the mask than the mirror in these labels.

Early Years A son 18 was born to Charles Burdett Ogden and his wife Fanny Hart at Rossall School, Fleetwood, England on 1 June 1889 and christened 1 q

,

Charles Kay Ogden. * He said in later years that he was good at everything by age 5. There is less vanity than jesting dismissal of the importance of his childhood years in this statement. If he was good at many pursuits, including games, piano, and chess, it was the influence of a scholarly family. The elder Ogden was a housemaster, and his son was educated at preparatory school in Buxton by his own uncle, Thomas Jones Ogden. He enjoyed and excelled at sports, particularly soccer. Then illness struck him at age sixteen. Rheumatic fever kept Ogden bed-ridden in a darkened room for nearly two

5 Biography years before it was arrested by Dr. Armstrong of Buxton, his preparatory school doctor. It ended Ogden*s days as a promising athlete before he arrived at Magdalene College and ensured that, for him, life at Cambridge would be a world of books and ideas.

The Heretics Ogden arrived at Cambridge with a classical scholarship in 1908,21 selecting the influence of the Greek language on Greek thought as his field of specialization. This topic, referred to variously as the power of words, word-magic, etc. in Ogden's writings, would form one of his key themes till the end of his career (51, 73, 83, 85, 96). But there would also be a more immediate effect. In those days of compulsory attendance at chapel—a repugnant notion for a young man requiring of himself consistency between his study of word-magic and his personal life—Cambridge already had its Apostles. It would soon have its Heretics. A meeting for the purpose of founding a society to discuss religion freely, A held in the rooms above the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, in October 1909, was not the first such initiative Cambridge had known. It was the first to succeed. In two accounts written with the benefit of eye-witness knowledge (432, 433), P. Sargant Florence gives the credit for this success to Ogden, whom he calls the moving-spirit of that first meeting. It was decided that the new society should be called The Heretics, and Ogden was

Biography 6 elected secretary. When the president subsequently converted unaccountably to mysticism, Ogden succeeded him. As secretary of the Heretics, Ogden relished the organizational work—attracting speakers, planning the program, recruiting honorary members. His genius for such matters extended to circumventing the chaperonage rules, and women from Newnham College and Girton College attended the meetings.23 But as president, a position he would occupy for twelve years,24 he was, in Florence's words, "curiously shy of appearing in the Chair or of moving votes of thanks."25 The first public meeting of The Heretics took place on 8 December 1909. From the outset, four or five mid-week meetings were held in lecture halls during each term of the university year. Every Sunday night, sessions were held in Ogden's rooms, where members had a chance to present a paper. This format, providing balance between formal addresses by well-known speakers and intimate gatherings where free-wheeling discussion could flourish, attracted a broad range of the University population. Joint meetings were occasionally held with other Cambridge societies. The Society soon established itself as less pretentious than The Apostles, and the membership grew quickly. By 1913, over 200 had joined, confirming Dora Russell's observation that "heresy is contagious."26 Honorary members included J. B. Bury, F. M. Cornford, G. Lowes Dickinson, J. M. Keynes, William NcDougall, G. E. Moore, Bertrand Russell, George Bernard Shaw, and G. M. Trevelyan. Law 4 of the Constitution of the Heretics, stating that membership implied the rejection of all

7 Biography appeal to authority in discussion of religious questions, may have kept others away, even though provision was made for those who wished only to be associates of the society—sympathetic to open discussion, but not yet entirely disabused of orthodoxy. Ogden's study of word-magic did not long confine itself to the influence of the Greek language on Greek thought, and the Heretics did not confine themselves to questions of religion. Law 2 of the Constitution stipulated that the object of the Society be to promote discussion of religion, philosophy, and art. A rich variety among speakers' subjects was thus ensured, securing the popular appeal of the Society, and accounting, in large measure, for its longevity. George Bernard Shaw spoke on the future of religion, ° G. K. Chesterton spoke 9 on Shaw's dogmas. Enthusiastic speakers essayed the broadest of topics: Hinduism, Pragmatism, * The Value of Historical Method in Aesthetics. 2 There was no shortage of whimsy, encouraged by Ogden himself. His talk of 30 April 1911 could hardly have been calculated to set the stage for Bertrand Russell's of the following evening, for it was entitled "The Inexplicable Indescribability of Post-mortem Psychoses." In later years, C. D. Broad spoke on Francis Bacon,33 Ludwig Wittgenstein spoke on ethics. Other speakers, from 1920 onward, included Walter de la Mare, Lytton Strachey, Edith Sitwell, Clive Bell, Virginia Woolf, Roger Fry, and Solly (later Lord Solly) Zuckerman. By the time the society dissolved in 1932, an incalculable effect of in-

hlngraphy 4 A mANk slipped on to strip away the mask of habit, ideas focused, words revitalized by language turned on itself, 4 the mask of words turned into a mirror of thought. Viewed with the benefit of Nary Adams's perspective, Ogden's masks not only become more than an eccentric preoccupation but provide a link to his work on The Meaning of Meaning (33) and Basic English. When Ogden died in 1957, casual commentators and serious eulogists alike resorted to labels in describing himi polymath, 5 monologist, intellectual entrepreneur. 6 One writer with aspirations to being his biographer, proposed bon 17

vivant. There is more mirror in these labels.

of

the

mask than the

Early Years A son 10 was born to Charles Burdett Ogden and his wife Fanny Hart at Rossall School, Fleetwood, England on 1 June 1889 and christened Charles Kay Ogden. 9 He said in later years that he was good at everything by age 5. There is less vanity than jesting dismissal of the importance of his childhood years in this statement. If he was good at many pursuits, including games, piano, and chess, it was the influence of a scholarly family. The elder Ogden was a housemaster, and his son was educated at preparatory school in Buxton by his own uncle, Thomas Jones Ogden. He enjoyed and excelled at sports, particularly soccer. Then illness struck him at age sixteen. Rheumatic fever20 kept Ogden bed-ridden in a darkened room for nearly two

5 Biography years before it was arrested by Dr. Armstrong of Buxton, his preparatory school doctor. It ended Ogden's days as a promising athlete before he arrived at Magdalene College and ensured that, for him, life at Cambridge would be a world of books and ideas.

The Heretics Ogden arrived at Cambridge with a classical scholarship in 1908,21 selecting the influence of the Greek language on Greek thought as his field of specialization. This topic, referred to variously as the power of words, word-magic, etc. in Ogden's writings, would form one of his key themes till the end of his career (51, 73, 83, 85, 96). But there would also be a more immediate effect. In those days of compulsory attendance at chapel—a repugnant notion for a young man requiring of himself consistency between his study of word-magic and his personal life—Cambridge already had its Apostles. It would soon have its Heretics. A meeting for the purpose of founding a society to discuss religion freely,22 held in the rooms above the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, in October 1909, was not the first such initiative Cambridge had known. It was the first to succeed. In two accounts written with the benefit of eye-witness knowledge (432, 433), P. Sargant Florence gives the credit for this success to Ogden, whom he calls the moving-spirit of that first meeting. It was decided that the new society should be called The Heretics, and Ogden was

Biography 8 tellectual ferment had been exerted on a whole generation of future writers and thinkers, 4 many of whom would transform heretical views into received wisdom. Ogden's own account of The Heretics, although written as part of an autobiographical sketch to accompany a funding application of vital importance to him, was typically brief. It is instructive nonetheless, providing some measure of explanation for the self-effacing tendency he displayed as president of the Society: "I was able to stage and direct some 300 experiments of three hours each, to study the defects of verbal exposition and argument, under the most favourable conditions."**5 It is no accident that Ogden's metaphors here are at once those of the theater and the laboratory. The on-going program of The Heretics could not have been assured without his organizing talent and his presence, but his own overriding purpose could not have been served unless he remained offstage and detached, positioned to observe, to report, to conclude. When he allowed himself on stage in the mask of the jester, it was to speak about post-mortem psychoses; when he chose to reveal himself and his convictions, it was to speak about Signifies. °

Oqden and Lady Welby (323, 402, 431) "I have expended much time," Ogden said, addressing The Heretics on "The Progress of 37 Signifies" on 19 February 1911, "from Adam to Lady [Victoria] Welby38--to show how the indefatigable labours of the latter have at last caused the problem [of confusion in the use of

9 Biography language] to take shape." Never satisfied with any vantage point but the panoptic, Ogden considered anything less than the span from Adam to Lady Welby inadequate to introduce his audience to the subject. In fact, he believed that anything less would deprive his survey of the correct perspective showing Lady Welby in her role as catalyst for the dawning age of signifies. Ogden's conviction about the inevitability of this imminent development was emphasized by the concluding remarks of his address. It was a conviction sparked originally by his reading of Welby1s published works 40 and fuelled by his acquaintance with her and by their correspondence between November 1910 and January 1912. Within three months of initiating that correspondence, Ogden had spoken to The Cambridge Heretics and at Balliol College, Oxford, introducing both audiences to Lady Welby1s work. By early 1912, he had become the heir apparent to her role as the prime mover of signifies. Her death in the same year might be expected to have heightened his perception of that role, but, for complex reasons, this was not to be. Writing to Lady Welby41 for the first time from Magdalene College on 15 November 1910, Ogden had already assimilated both quotations from her What is Meaning? (1903) and her conviction that the use of language was in a state of crisis. He already believed, with her, that the study she had pioneered and christened signifies must address that crisis by fostering, in her term (adopted and quoted back to her by Ogden in the same letter), linguistic conscience 42 —a new sensitivity to

Biography 10 the pitfalls of language and the conscious control of it to avoid them. His letter was a very welcome one, for Lady Welby, at age 73, sensed herself in physical decline and her long years of labor lost on a world apparently indifferent to the study of problems of language, whether under the banner of signifies or by any other name. At her invitation, Ogden came to her home at Harrow for their first meeting on 22 November 1910, immersing himself in her vast library during his one day visit. The correspondence continued, with Lady Welby the more prolific writer. Not content to offer encouragement to Ogden by letter, when his first foray into signifies at Balliol met with indifference and scepticism which were all too familiar to her, she invited him back to Harrow. His visit from 4th to 6th January 1911 brought his enthusiasm for signifies to its fullest. "I have never had such a feast of ideas,"43 he wrote to her, on returning to Cambridge and beginning to prepare his next address on the subject. His presentation to The Heretics bristled with vision and confidence, if not a little naivety: "Throughout the world can already be detected a movement which will shortly be manifest for all: converging in the title I have chosen, which is already finding its way into the vocabulary even of the working man." He distinguished between the principles of signifies and the application to which they must be put: It is to be hoped that we will speak [of] a linguistic conscience—a desire to impart without ambiguity, to apprehend without

11 Biography misunderstanding by a more perfect method 4 and through a more perfect medium 4 5 than any hitherto attained. The emphasis throughout was on the method as Lady Welby had articulated it. But the reaction of an audience learning of signifies for the first time could scarcely match his own enthusiasm. The reception Ogden had anticipated in the familiar setting of The Heretics eluded him, and the experience was nearly as disappointing as the earlier one at Balliol. Worse still, as he complained to Lady Welby, although people were talking about signifies, he saw no evidence that anyone was prepared to act on its tenets. 6 Underlying his disappointment, therefore, was a concern for transposing ideas into action, analysis into operation, principles into programs. Unresponsive audiences at Balliol and Cambridge had only deepened that concern, expressed earlier and repeated now in his exchanges with Welby.47 In spite of Ogden's discouragement over signifies, the most active period of his correspondence with her continued into the spring of 1911. His letters show the importance he attached to the continuation of her work 48 —and unequivocal admiration. That admiration was inextricably linked to his study of word-magic, because of the massive documentation for the subject which she had provided. It had found its way not only into his address to The Heretics but into his draft outline of The Meaning of Meaning, begun in 1910.49 It would find its way no further. Ogden turned his attention abruptly and

Biography 12 completely to the editing of The Cambridge Magazine. The correspondence with Welby ended.50 A complex and busy period began in Ogden's life, and more than a decade passed before The Meaning of Meaning was published in book form. By that time, he had obscured the influence of Lady Welby51 and the label of signifies as thoroughly as he managed, on occasion, to obscure himself. For a full explanation of the vanished traces of Welby in Ogden's work it is necessary to recall her strong Christian convictions. The sensemeaning-significance triad in her study of signifies culminated in the transcendental. She sought to bridge the gap between herself and Ogden on this matter (431), but without success. Though she could say to him that "signifies includes •heresy' in the original sense," his personal heresy could not, in the end, include signifies in the intellectual heresy he was preparing for the world.

The Cambridge Magazine Ogden took first class honors in part one of the Classical Tripos in 1911. According to one source (433), he set about part two immediately, but his own account states that he "devoted a year to developing more general material."52 Sustained work on his university program could have led to the traditional academic career his friends and acquaintances expected him to pursue; sustained work on the "more general material" led to The Meaning of Meaning. This would take twelve

13 Biography years, by the circuitous route of The Cambridge Magazine/ on which Ogden focused his attention, and which focused attention on him. What the meetings of The Heretics were teaching Ogden about the spoken word, the business of running The Cambridge Magazine would teach him about the printed word. It is described, in his own account, as "practical experience in the organization of printed matter and the technique of propaganda."53 Though the magazine endured for over a decade, and could boast, accurately, of the largest circulation of any university weekly in England between 1916 and 1920, it was only after surviving a precarious period of nearly four years. Without the initiative and good will of friends who gave financial help, Ogden would have occupied his first editorial post for less than a year. It is unclear whether Ogden approached the London publishing firm of Stephen Swift with a proposal to launch The Cambridge Magazine, or whether the firm approached him. Some hesitation on Ogden1s part to commit himself to the venture suggests the latter. It would be more than timeconsuming: it would jeopardize his chances of completing the second part of the Classical Tripos. Once he had taken counsel with Regius Professor of Greek, Sir Henry Jackson, he hesitated no longer. The magazine was an opportunity, but to hear it so described by a distinguished member of Cambridge University gave a seal of approval and a signal to action. The first issue of The Cambridge Magazine appeared on 20 January 1912, with Ogden's unsigned

Biography 14 statement of policy and objectives, titled "Ourselves," proclaiming that it would "accept and welcome every point of view." He denounced noncommittal attitude as mean-spirited and noted: "It is not impartiality which most people demand, but the promise of a fair hearing and a considered reply." The participation of readers was encouraged: "Any readable contribution, whether ultraacademic, or verging on the horsey, will be gladly received." The contribution of leaders was assured: "We have secured the service of many leading representatives of the various [university] movements and interests, academic, athletic, political, or religious." This was so, but, surveying the ten-year life span of the magazine, Philip Sargant Florence called it "almost undiluted Ogden."54 Not long after the appearance of the anonymous "Ourselves," Ogden added to his unsigned editorials and articles others by T.L. , CM., and Adelyne More. Before this spirited lady reached the height of her career, The Cambridge Magazine was threatened by an early demise. The firm of Stephen Swift collapsed before The Cambridge Magazine had been able to celebrate a full year of publication. Financial backing disappeared with the publisher. Having given instructions to the Cambridge printer to break up the type, already set for the first issue of the new university term, Ogden was walking back to "Top Hole," his quarters in the attic above the fish shop at the corner of Petty Cury and Falcon Yard. He was met by friends Philip Sargant Florence and David Leacock, who became the first to hear his bad news. To the practical-minded

15 Biography Leacock, it seemed obvious that a fund-raising blitz was needed to rescue the magazine. Within twenty-four hours, the three had raised 100 pounds, and The Cambridge Magazine was set on a course which would steadily improve. At a penny a copy, it was a wonder that the magazine ever turned a profit at all, let alone within two years. A brisk and tireless campaign by Ogden's friends to sell advertising stabilized its finances. Ogden catered to the reading interests of every segment in the university, from the athletically-minded to the political activists, but there was an unmistakable reflection of the The Heretics program in his editorial priorities. The magazine introduced readers to the questions of philosophy, psychology, aesthetics, and religion, discussed at The Heretics, and it promoted the society through reports of its meetings. The first issue had signalled its connection with big names, by a photograph of G. K. Chesterton, arriving in a cab to give his lecture. By adding a tongue-in-cheek caption to the photograph, and ensuring that Chesterton saw it in advance of publication, Ogden managed to draw a response from him, lending prestige to the magazine in its first issue. The company of the illustrious in its pages soon included Rupert Brooke, Frank Harris, Gilbert Murray, Arthur Quiller-Couch, and Bertrand Russell. If The Cambridge Magazine emphasized the quadrivium of The Heretics, it was not at the expense of neglecting other subjects. International reporting (39, 42, 44, 105, 152), educational reform (36), and advocacy of democratic

Biography 16 control of foreign policy (37) were among those treated by Ogden himself, in his signed contributions. To these he added others, intended to unsettle categorical thinking, scrutinize historical judgments, and tweak the noses of the establishment (38, 42, 43). In a lighter vein, he wrote about the sea as a career for university men (151) and proposed a Cambridge Oratorical Bureau, to "arrange other peoples* words." (154) Ogden achieved fair-mindedness and objectivity without grounding it in paralysing detachment. Some of his editorial concerns became personal preoccupations over a period of years. "A Straight Talk to Schoolmasters" (36) and "Women's Prerogative" (97) eventually formed the basis of his Militarism vs. Feminism (32). "The Problem of Population in War and Peace" (44) became Fecundity vs. Civilization (1). And The Cambridge Magazine commentaries on industrial issues led Ogden to write an important contribution for the journal Nineteenth Century (45). In combination with educational issues, this led to his translation of Georg Kerschensteiner•s The School and the Nation (239), and to the writing with Robert H. Best of The Problem of the Continuation School (29). A remarkable feature of The Cambridge Magazine was its Foreign Press Survey (337), an outgrowth, in part, of Ogden's extensive study of translation. This had culminated in the publication of four books translated by him between 1914 and 1916 (236, 239, 242, 243). Moreover, he perceived war-reporting in the British press as intolerably one-sided, and resolved to give his readers a balanced view. The Foreign Press Survey

17 Biography was launched in the issue of 28 October 1916 and remained a permanent feature of the magazine. It required a massive effort, under the editorship of Mrs. C. R. Buxton, the wife of a parliamentarian, and the niece of Sir Richard Jebb, a Cambridge professor of classics. The intrepid Mrs. Buxton and an entire corps of volunteer translators provided "a weekly survey of the whole of the foreign press on questions of internationalism." 200 newspapers and journals were systematically reviewed for pertinent material to broaden the perspective of readers, who eventually benefited from over three million translated words. Those who did not benefit were confirmed in their opinion that Ogden was a reprehensible pacifist. How else to explain articles from the German press in a Cambridge weekly? Suspicions were harbored for two years—long enough to build into destructive anger to be unleashed on Armistice Day. With and without Ogden's signature, the magazine attracted constant attention in Cambridge and beyond. At the height of a nation-wide campaign in 1917 to promote its bonds, The War Savings Commitee withdrew its advertisement from The Cambridge Magazine. The move had come swiftly enough to satisfy those who viewed the publication as pacifist, and even pro-German, since Ogden was known to have spent time in Germany, to have translated books from German, and to be advocating continuation schools on the German model. The government confirmed the punitive intent of its actions. There were protests, but in vain. Ogden honored the Conservative member, named Butcher, who had raised the question in The Commons, by hanging a sign reading "The Butchery" over a newly

Biography 18 opened branch of The Cambridge Magazine Bookshop. Business was flourishing. Butcher was not Ogden's only ally at Westminster, and not the only parliamentarian willing to have his name associated with The Cambridge Magazine. Charles A. McCurdy addressed a letter from The House of Commons which Ogden published in the correspondence column of 25 May 1918. McCurdy spoke in optimistic terms of the quest for peace. His references to "elements of pacifies for nonpacific students" and to the stimulation of thought clearly appealed to Ogden, even though the letter appears to open in a distinctly spiritual tone. To dispel the appearance that it emphasized The Word, Ogden headed the letter MWanted--An Idea." McCurdy spoke of both "an end to the present war" and "a few centuries of peace." The former was only months away when his letter appeared in The Cambridge Magazine. When it came, it brought the inevitable backlash against the idealism that had questioned and challenged four years of war effort. The Cambridge Magazine was an obvious target. Its conspicuous premises in King's Parade made it an ideal target. The first word of peace reached Cambridge at noon on Armistice Day (445). Within minutes, Ogden's premises were wrecked by angry rioters. Ogden took up a vantage point dangerously close by—the only one that would let him observe the rioters and survey the crowd of onlookers in the square for prospective witnesses. He noticed a tenant from one of his other premises. Visiting Richards late that night, he found him unable to identify anyone, but their talk soon turned from

19 Biography the legal to the philosophical. By the time Ogden disappeared into the Cambridge night, they had roughed out their plan for collaborating on The Meaning of Meaning. The book would first appear in serial form in The Cambridge Magazine (46-8, 51, 98, 100-03, 292, 386, 391); the magazine would first be transformed from a weekly to a quarterly; Ogden would first successfully prosecute those who had demolished his shop. It was 24 January 1920 when he announced the latter two items with restrained satisfaction on page one, under the title "A New Departure." (155) By 1921, The Cambridge Magazine had become esoteric by comparison with early volumes. The Cambridge Magazine Bookshops had become a flourishing business. If Ogden dominated the publication slightly less than before, it was only because he and Richards signed material jointly. Adelyne More remained active, taking credit for an article to be revised later as Chapter 4 of The Meaning of Meaning (47). The contributions of other authors reflected Ogden1s major interests, with topics in aesthetics and the psychology of language, to figure later in the pages of Psyche, being given first form and complementing material by Ogden and Richards. In the same year, the magazine*s letterhead, crowded with promotional material and propaganda, announced its locations in Cambridge, Cambridge Circus, and Cambridge, Massachusetts. Publishing offices and an art gallery, old and rare books and foreign department were housed in two separate shops in King's Parade, directly opposite the gate of King's College. Remainders were sold at 63

Biography 20 Bridge Street. A shop at 12 Benet Street dealt exclusively in stationery, and the Cambridge Calendar operated from 1 Free School Lane. London associates were Messrs. Henderson, at 66 Charing Cross Road, Cambridge Circus. Dominating the letterhead was the Cambridge coat of arms and a capitalized banner, calculated to continue galling university authorities, as the magazine already had for ten years. It read: Edited and controlled by members of Cambridge University. Ogden gave Cambridge its Heretics and its hair shirt. By the time the last of the articles which would form The Meaning of Meaning appeared in The Cambridge Magazine (51), it had accomplished its purpose in the vast scheme of things, visible to no one but Ogden. Six years later, he described the magazine as "in abeyance, but the machinery is all ready for its revival (vol. XII)." 5 5 In fact, Psyche, of which he was by then editor, had been founded, with his help, before publication of The Cambridge Magazine had stopped. Though the so-called machinery for revival was never put into operation, the idea of the Foreign Press Survey was retained and reworked by Ogden. Reflecting on it later, when fully preoccupied with developing Basic English, he noted: "the experience thus gained and the expert translators tested have prepared the ground for the project 'The Parallel Library' to translate the essentials of world literature into English on new principles."56

Ogden the Translator The Cambridge Magazine and his bookshops occupied Ogden for a decade without hampering his

21 Biography career as a translator. He produced fully half of his lifetime output of fifteen books translated from French and German during this period (235-6, 239, 242-3, 247). Later, he would translate millions of words from standard English into Basic English, including portions of James Joyce's Finneqans Wake (238). Ogden was a translator out of conviction. International understanding was the cause he first served by providing the Foreign Press Survey in The Cambridge Magazine. It remained the central driving force through his thirty years of work on Basic English. And the translator's invisible status suited him ideally. Reciting his credentials, in an application for the funding of Basic English in 1929, Ogden listed his translations of books on vitalism, education, philosophy, social commentary, socioentomology, and paroptics, stating that "all these works bear more or less directly on the language problem."5 This is not so much an exaggeration as an indicator of what he meant by "the language problem." The phrase occurs already in his correspondence with Lady Welby, where it accords with her definition of signifies, in the sense of "any potentially misleading feature of language structure and use," such as ambiguity. No quantum leap is required to discern the connection between signifies and education—the connection was fundamental for Welby, as noted above. Nor is the relationship between signifies and philosophy difficult to establish. Ant colonies and eyeless sight, on the other hand, pose more of a problem,

Biography 22 unless one is prepared to track Ogden to the center of his intellectual panopticon. From that vantage point, nothing escaped his attention, and no question was without interest. Subjects were related because he studied them. There was neither claim nor quest for the mystical unity of knowledge in the breadth of these studies, but they fed an intuition that the maze of the world's languages, and of one language's thousands of words, could be seen as something simpler. This intuition grew stronger as Ogden and Richards collaborated on The Meaning of Meaning. Soon after, it became the source and method of Basic English. The intuition had sprung from the rich variety of Ogden's readings in his earliest undergraduate days and been nurtured by the variety of the subject matter of the books he translated. It is to Ogden's credit that reviews of even his earliest translations say nothing about them, as translations (See 251 for an exception). After his death, a great deal of ink flowed on the subject of his translation of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (247, 278, 281, 291, 302, 405a, 418, 421, 425, 426, 427, 430, 435). A question arose as to the accuracy of Ogden's claim, in the prefatory note to the first edition, that Wittgenstein's own revisions were incorporated. Those who raised the question had heard otherwise from Wittgenstein himself, after the mists of time had clouded the work's genesis, CO

even in its author's mind. ° But documents were produced to vindicate Ogden's claim, and the Tractatus is now enjoying currency in the fifteenth printing of Ogden's original translation.

23 Biography Ogden and I. A. Richards The intellectual excitement generated by their long, late-night talk after the Armistice Day debacle galvanized Ogden and Richards into action on their projected book. In spite of Ogden*s by then massive commitments to The Cambridge Magazine, to his shops, and undertakings for the production of other books and translations, they found time to begin The Meaning of Meaning. A division of labor was quickly decided upon. Working from the manuscript of the untitled word-magic studyj:7 Ogden had begun drafting, while preparing part one of the Classical Tripos, they extracted its nucleus for a working outline of the new book. Enough material was there already to supply the basis for nine of ten chapters. Ogden was spending more and more of his time in London. Richards resigned himself to work sessions that began after midnight and lasted till daybreak. He would pace the floor at "Top Hole," while Ogden sat up in bed, writing out their text as they composed it aloud. A bizarre contraption to supply fresh air belched out something closer to the smell of the London underground. Ogden supplied cocoa for refreshment and nonsense for entertainment. His preferred writing spot prompted him, on one occasion, to enact the death of Sardanapalus60—the jester-king. The hilarious melodrama sustained Richards for the rest of the long night's work. While the twosome prepared their book by night, Ogden was preparing for its publication by day. He restyled The Cambridge Magazine in large pages of double columns, to accomodate what would

Biography 24 become four pages of type for the book. His busy days in London already included the first stages of his work for the firm of Kegan Paul, editing two series called The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method and The History of Civilization. Richards would recollect that "many have thought that the first of these may have been in part invented to serve as a reassuring frame for the unconventionalities of The Meaning of Meaning."61 The book would take more than four years to complete. It achieved enough success to make its authors' names inseparable. Much of their later work was mistaken as the product of continued collaboration. Winston Churchill ascribed the development of Basic English jointly to Ogden and Richards, an error which was inevitably perpetuated, and which Richards was at pains to correct after Ogden1s death. Ogden's own publisher prepared promotional material for Richards's Basic English and its Uses, indicating joint authorship. They appear to have projected collaboration after The Meaning of Meaning which was CO

not to materialize. * But Ogden fed Richards suggestions for books 63 to undertake on his own, for publication in Ogden•s series with Kegan Paul and elsewhere, and he encouraged him to write articles for Psyche (379, 384, 386). They travelled together occasionally and corresponded constantly. Richards was not only the first to hear very good news from Ogden in 1933 but learned at the same time that he was to share in it. Ogden wrote: I have a 3-year project grant from the Rockefeller [Foundation] for Basic [English]

25 Biography in the East, starting with Japan and looking forward to China. It will cover...a 1933 'consultation grant' to yourself...I think this is a beginning of great things. 4 Some of the enthusiasm which had fired the ••ffort to see The Meaning of Meaning through the long phase of its production was retained by both its authors over the years. Rereading his copy of the first edition in 1927, Richards savored their pronouncements on propositions and probability55 with very evident satisfaction, pausing to write a marginal note: "God alive! This is right! It gives one cause as well!!" Four years later, preparing revisions for the third edition, he was considerably less pleased, noting "serious problem here," "probably a muddle," occasionally "expand," and once "no!no!no!" By 1940, Ogden feared Richards would want to withdraw the book, ° unless the publisher agreed to massive revisions. For his part, Ogden was satisfied with the work for a long time. Thirteen years after the appearance of the first edition, he told the management at Kegan Paul that it remained the only outstanding treatment of word-magic. Ten years later, he continued claiming confidently that it was "absolutely water-tight,"68 while Richards sarcastically marvelled that they were still able to understand what they had written. 9 It was 1946, Richards was teaching at Harvard, and Basic English looked so different from opposite sides of the Atlantic that relations between them were beginning to sour. When their differences reached the point of bitter exchanges, their mutual friend and sometime collaborator, James Wood, mediated. The irony of

Biography 26 finding it impossible to communicate directly was, apparently, lost on the authors of the twentieth century's best-known book on language. The irony of his own words to Richards, some years before, when he had questioned him on the discrepancy between his atheism and his references to God, was lost on Ogden, who had written: "What with arteriosclerosis, etc., the authors of The Meaning of Meaning would find emotive language too much for them at [age] 50, especially with no jester at the shoulder."70 The rift over Basic English came while The Meaning of Meaning was still enjoying its greatest success, in the wake of publicity over Basic English. It had not been reissued between 1938 and 1943, but a new edition was demanded71 in response to Winston Churchill's address at Harvard University, endorsing Basic English. The print run of June 1938 had left over a thousand copies unsold72 in March 1940; 30,000 orders for the book were placed within two months of Churchill's speech. The obstacle of war-time paper rationing was swept aside for the publisher by the government. The book was scheduled for release in the late fall of 1943. "Still no Meaning of Meaning," J Ogden grumbled to Kegan Paul, as 1944 began. The apologetic publisher assured him, on 31 January, that it would arrive from the binders within twelve days. Ogden and Richards may have taken some consolation for the delay when their royalties were set at 22*#. 74 Ogden abandoned the criticisms and accusations of his hostile exchange with Richards for full-blown sarcasm in a letter of 19 September 1947, concluding: "God's in his heaven again, and

27 Biography all's wrong with the world as we used to conceive it." 5 But he regretted his animosity, telling James Wood: "I don't want to do him an injus76 tice, or end a valued friendship."'° The rift was never healed, but that did not prevent Richards from giving Ogden full credit for all that was rightfully his alone. Nor did it prevent him from speaking up on Ogden's 77 behalf.' Discussion turned to Ogden, at a gathering some years later, and Bertrand Russell remarked, "Oh, but he never held any official appointments.H Richards retorted, "Those are very queer sentiments coming from you, don't you think?" Russell was taken aback by Richards's pointed reminder that Ogden's Cambridge Magazine had defended him against charges of prejudicing His Majesty's relations with the United States and championed the losing cause of blocking Russell's dismissal from Trinity College. Ogden was not inclined to forgive and forget. Only months before his death he received a letter from R. W. M. Dias, who proposed to dedicate a forthcoming book to Ogden and Richards. He replied: The fact is that I have been out of sympathy with so much of what my former collaborator has been saying and doing since 1939 that the partnership, to which the suggested dedication would draw attention, has been tacitly dissolved, and for the past ten years The Meaning of Meaning has remained available (without the further revisions so obviously called for) only because the publisher cannot be denied the right to reprint.78

Biography 28 Ogden as Editor at Keqan Paul Ogden assisted in founding the journal Psyche in 1920.79 The editorship fell to Whately W. Smith, and Ogden, respected by Smith for the business acumen he so ably demonstrated, worked behind the scenes. As business manager of Psyche, on

he made his first contact with the publishers w of the journal, the London firm of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company. * Within two years, po

he joined the firm as consulting editor. * He was still working actively in that capacity at the time of his death, 35 years later. During those years, Ogden conducted much of his business with the firm by correspondence, appearing in their offices in Carter Lane, London, when the occasion required. His correspondents included all the figures who dominated Kegan Paul for decades: W. S. Stallybrass, Fredric Warburg, Murray Ragg, J. G. Carter, and Cecil A. Franklin. The latter, from the second of three generations of Franklins to occupy management and editorial positions at Kegan Paul, was Ogden's main contact, both before and after assuming the position of Managing Director. Warburg, in his autobiography, noted that Ogden's "relations with my master were pq

somewhat up-and-down."OJ Few of his readers could have appreciated what an understatement that was. The downs far outnumbered the ups, but without obstructing the eventual production of hundreds of titles, under Ogden's editorship, with the Kegan Paul imprint. They fell into five series:85 The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method, The History of Civilization, Today and Tomorrow, Science for You, and Psyche

29 Biography Miniatures. All of these were well established within the first decade of Ogden's editorship. If, as I. A. Richards noted, there were those who suspected Ogden had invented the International Library to flank The Meaning of Meaning, they might well have forgotten their suspicions by 1929, when the series already numbered 70 wellreceived volumes. 6 The History of Civilization, by the same time, had grown to 50 volumes. The Psyche Miniatures87 were launched in 1927 with Edouard Bugnion's The Origin of Instinct: A Study of the War between the Ants and the Termites, translated from the French by Ogden. He was, by then, editor of the quarterly Psyche, but the idea for the Psyche Miniature books had originated six years earlier, under Whately W. Smith's editorship. Smith wrote to Ogden to get his reaction to an idea: "Do you think it would be a good plan to write a series of articles in Psyche on 'First Steps in Psychology'? (99) I am inclined to think so, and it would make a capital reprint."88 Smith presented this plan as though it had come to him in a flash of inspiration. In fact, W. S. Stallybrass had outlined the idea to him, two days earlier: "The books [reprinted from Psyche articles] should be quite daintily got up, after an agreed model, on

quite 'off magazine style."" When it was finally launched, under Ogden's initiative, the series was not confined to reprints from the journal, but the Miniatures lived up to their name. Their tiny page size remained unchanged until the last of them was published, in 1948. The Science for You series, with far fewer

Biography 30 volumes than the others, was overshadowed in particular by Today and Tomorrow, launched in 1924. The latter eventually included 150 books, virtually all of which captured prospective buyers by their titles, combining the arcane and the explanatory:*v Ouroboros, or the Mechanical Extension of Mankind (Garet Garrett), Autolycus, or the Future for Miscreant Youth (R. G. Gordon), Lars Porsena, or the Future of Swearing and Improper Language (Robert Graves). Ogden never performed his massive editorial duties in a perfunctory way. An urgent request Q1

would arrive:*1 an American publisher demanding a new edition, while English buyers deluged Kegan Paul with orders. Ogden would not be rushed. When I call, I want to look at the original reviews for any criticisms which involve misprints. Would you see that the reviews department have them on the surface...It is rather worse than I thought for authorizing a second edition...The translator has certainly been rather careless for a distinguished and responsible scholar. * He advocated forward-looking research, J and he worried, when what seemed to him like excessive caution, on the management's part, threatened to keep the best of such work out of the Kegan Paul lists. ^ He voiced this concern with pointed reminders of opportunities that had been let slip: "You have lost so many books recently to other publishers—including the whole [Lancelot] Hogben outfit, though a little confidence and uptake would have secured an author whose last volume sold more than 20,000 before publication."95 For their part, the management

31 Biography complained about some of Ogden's own best-sellers going to other publishers. Ogden's editorial opinions were well respected at Kegan Paul. Fredric Warburg, having read the manuscript of a bizarre work dealing with immaturity, maturity, the visible midrib, and the invisible midrib, addressed a letter to Ogden. With his characteristic understatement, Warburg described it as "a curious book," concluding, "a cursory glance leads me to believe that we should not want to make an offer...but it may be that you will have something to say which may cause us to alter our views." 96 As often as not, however, Ogden's decisions in favor of publishing works were vetoed, on the basis of reports indicating low prospective sales. It annoyed him that financial considerations took precedence over what he perceived as a publisher's duty: to offer readers books in the vanguard of current thought. He did not restrain his sarcasm over the matter: "I left you a highly recommended book...which I expect will not seem saleable to you. Keep it till I call." 97 A project of particular importance to Ogden, a science dictionary prepared by collaborators working under no

his direction, was refused by Kegan Paul. ° When his frustration and anger over such matters reached their peak, he defused them with his wit. To Cecil Franklin, concerned that a prospective publication would duplicate an existing title, he wrote: This is part of a new approach to the background sciences and there will be many saints and many expositors. You are being offered a source book by one of the Apostles; and to

Biography 32 this extent it is no doubt reasonable to say •let's see how J. Christ sells.1 But don't blame me if others share the glory and the financial halo which might be yours."" Loud protests on Ogden's part were not always required. After explaining to him that it would probably take ten to twelve years to turn a profit on a revised edition of Bertrand Russell's Analysis of Matter, because of his 25% royalties, the Kegan Paul management announced that the book would, nevertheless, go ahead. Ogden had done nothing more than observe that it seemed absurd to let a book by Russell go out of print. The publishers talked themselves into reissuing the work, while Ogden, ever ambivalent on the subject of Russell, had remained uncharacteristically restrained. Sparring and oneupmanship were a large part of Ogden's relationship with the management at Kegan Paul. He advocated the addition of a study of Paracelsus101 to the lists, on the grounds 1 09

that there was no standard biography. "c "We publish one," Franklin replied.103 The book was rejected. There were outright confrontations too, and many of them. When a manuscript was rejected as insufficiently learned for specialists, and not popular enough for general readers, Ogden was incensed: "Who is now editing the [International] Library, as regards quality, etc? On such criteria, it would never have been started and half the books would have been turned down." 104 The decision against publication was not reversed. Ogden brought his spontaneous generosity into his position as editor. To ensure that deadlines

33 Biography and schedules were met, he often paid translators, proofreaders, and reviewers out of his own pocket.105 He confided to Cecil Franklin: "I have bought dozens of volumes to give away and generally have to give away my own copy to someone who has helped with advice." 106 While the Cambridge Magazine Bookshop at 10 King's Parade remained open, it supplied others whose credit policy meant that books would never be paid for.10 Ogden took thought for his authors as well: I suggest sending copies [of a new release] on sale to all the chief Cambridge booksellers, as the family is very well known in Cambridge, and it would not do for them to inquire and be told 'not known' on Wednesday. You can do this at my risk and expense. 108 Ogden's first statement of account at Kegan Paul was issued on 31 March 1923. For The Meaning of Meaning and the editing of eight other titles, he was credited with 152 pounds, eight shillings, six pence. It was one of the few occasions when he did not have to ask for payment to be made. Through the following years, something like a ritual of spring took place, in which Ogden would recite his difficulties and embarrassments over unpaid bills, delayed tax audits, etc. The Kegan Paul management would respond with a variety of explanations for annual royalties which had not, could not, or would not be paid. Ogden succeeded, on occasion, in remaining remarkably good-humored and restrained: "I expected the accounts as for 31 March [1939] before the end of May, but I i ng

suppose they are not yet ready."xv* More often, he was exasperated: "I understand the accounts

Biography 34 were going out last week. This fortnight into June is very awkward."110 Ogden was assured in 1936 that the company no longer waited for authors to request payment, but two years later he was told that he had received nothing because he had not asked. So it continued through three decades. With the 1951-52 accounts delayed longer than any in his memory, Ogden addressed a synoptic history of the matter to Cecil Franklin. ** The latter responded with a letter seeking to correct Ogden's understanding of just what arrangements had always been in place. Ogden was obliged, the following year, to send yet 112 another reminder that his cheque was overdue. Ogden's complaints were not confined to late payments and unadventurous company policy. He was disturbed about incorrect information going out from the publisher,113 the form of statements rendered to authors, 114 and errors in his own accounts. He suspected that 400 copies of his ABC of Basic English had been omitted in 1938. 700 copies proved to be unaccounted for. * He was also disturbed to find that he was not acknowledged as the editor of the International Library in the American editions.116 For their part, the Kegan Paul management complained of a breach of publishing etiquette over the sale of remaindered books to Ogden by their American affiliate, when the same titles were still in their own stock at trade 117

prices. x / Ogden's somewhat autocratic handling of the Psyche Miniatures series, releasing titles in disregard for the schedule required for the Kegan Paul travellers to promote them,118 was a further irritant. His offer of remedy did little

35 to

ease

Biography

friction. 1 1 9

the

There

were

tedious disputes, about authors who had firm

other

left

the

to publish elsewhere, and whether they could Ogden 1 s

be credited to return.

account, if

they

should

120

As with The Heretics, The Cambridge Magazine, and in the role of translator, Ogden at Kegan Paul preferred

to

function

He told Cecil Franklin desirable

that

I

as invisibly as possible. that

it

was

"frequently

should not appear in any nego-

tiations [with a u t h o r s ] , " 1 2 1 and that he want

did

not

any personal publicity from the British edi-

tion of I. A. Richards's Uses.

122

He

made

Basic

light

English

and

its

of his wish to be in190

visible on at least one expressed

occasion, * J

it

often enough to belie any jest.

of his last letters to the spective

but

publication, he

firm, vetoing urged, "please

is

In one a

pro-

be sure

to keep me and the [International] Library out the decision." The

of

124

fortunes of both Ogden and Kegan Paul in

the years of World War II proved to be a curiously inseparable mix of

setbacks

and

gains, both

of

which had begun taking shape before the war years. Only

three

titles

had

1937,125

been added to the Psyche

Miniatures

in

which

compounded, when

was

series Cecil

dropped Franklin

signalling

sales for the entire 1 26

noticeably, early had

told

in

1939.

"

Ogden in 1938 that the

firm was unwilling to add titles for

difficulty

to

the

Science

You series, without a guarantee that no cheap

editions would appear under another imprint within 1 27 two years. 1 4 When war was declared, Ogden left London

for

his flat in Hove, planning to stay "until there is

Biography 36 some obvious reason for avoiding the South Coast." Cecil Franklin moved the Kegan Paul records and accounts to his home in Chesham. " Soon came the bracing news that the Local Examinations Syndicate of the University of Cambridge was prescribing Basic English books for the Lower Certificate in English. 3 0 But the beginning of the war brought the biggest drop in sales for the premier series among the Kegan Paul publications— the International Library. J X Booksellers were holding up their accounts, and price increases, which no one would be able to afford, were needed to offset extra overhead, to pay war insurance, and to meet increased costs of production.1^ Ogden was particularly concerned about the Psyche Miniatures, J J when the death knell was about to sound for one of the other series. Fire destroyed one of the Kegan Paul warehouses in an air raid of 10 May 1941. 3,800 books, Ogden's own property, and uninsured, perished. 3 4 This total loss of the Science for You series came in the same month that Evans Brothers released The New Testament in Basic English, soon to be selling over 1,000 copies a day. 135 The strain of the war fuelled the tensions which had always existed in Ogden's relations with Kegan Paul. It became particularly severe in 1943-44. Ogden clamored for the rights to The ABC of Psychology to revert to him, since it had not been reissued within six months of going out of print. 136 The firm maintained that it would be improper for them to reprint it themselves, when they had licensed Penguin Books to produce an edition. 3 7 There were threats on both sides of redefining the relationship between author and

37 Biography publisher on a strictly legal basis. When Cambridge University Press approached Ogden for permission to include the German version of Ludvig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Loqico-Philosophicus in a new book, 3 8 the mention of the matter drove Cecil Franklin to his office in the dead of night with a torch to check the original agreement between Kegan Paul and Wittgenstein. 3 9 Ironically, the most serious flare-up came after the war ended, when some measure of restored normalcy might have been expected. A phone call from Kegan Paul to Ogden's Orthological Institute, for copies of Basic English books, brought the reply that they could only be supplied on payment of cash. Cecil Franklin issued an ultimatum: if those were the terms, Ogden would have to remove all the Psyche Miniatures held on commission at Kegan Paul. 4 0 Ogden's reply was mildly conciliatory, but evasive. He wanted time to check files in storage for any agreement that might pertain to the issue. 4 1 Franklin pressed. There was only an arrangement, no agreement, apart from 1926, irrelevant to the matter at hand. In a perverse bit of orthological brinkmanship, Ogden twisted the words of Franklin's ultimatum into a fiat: "As you insist on giving up the whole agency, I am making arrangements to take over the stock. Please let me know when you would like me to take delivery."14^ A week later, it was done. It was the end of the Psyche Miniatures. The next day, Franklin sent Ogden a bill for the hire of a van and men's time, in the amount of one pound, 11 shillings, six pence. 4 3 A more even tenor prevailed during the final years of Ogden's editorship, though not without a

Biography 38 certain amount of mutual badgering, as when Ogden wrote to Cecil Franklin: "You will remember that you refused permission some years ago to Cambridge University Press for the use of the Tractatus." 144 This was untrue, 145 as Ogden, with his careful records, very likely knew. Franklin, for his part, refused to give Ogden sales figures, which he needed in connection with publicity for Basic English.146 During this period, J. G. Carter was considerably more conciliatory than Cecil Franklin toward Ogden. 147 Ogden continued to scout material for the International Library series through the 1950s, 148 till his death. His own estimate of 830,000 volumes sold, in the International Library and History of Civilization series alone, is probably accurate. Some mysteries remain. How did Ogden come to earn royalties for fifteen years on George Routledge publications, including Summer Drinks, Salads, Jams, Cold Savoury Meals, Puddings, Meals on a Tray, Picnics for Motorists, Diet for Children, and Cakes of England?

Psyche 149 Psyche was launched in 1920, freighted by its subtitle: A Quarterly Review of Psychology in Relation to Education, Psycho-Analysis, Industry, Religion, Social and Personal Relationships, Aesthetics, Psychical Research, Etc. This scope shows the unmistakable influence of Ogden, as a member of the journals founding group. Whately Smith's brief editorial, introducing the second volume, committed Psyche to the intellectual vanguard—and beyond. 150

39 Biography Smith introduced his contributors: Mr. I. A. Richards and Mr. C. K. Ogden are best known to the psychological world through their recently published work on symbolism, in which they have elucidated the principles which govern the right use of symbols and have evolved a technique whereby the ambiguities commonly incidental to the use of language may be eliminated.151 As contributor of a report on the Tudor-Hart theory of color in the same issue, Ogden was identified only as "a writer who has studied exhaustively various theories of Colour Harmony and Standardisation."152 He thus functioned both visibly and invisibly, until the summer of 1923, when he became editor. 153 Over the thirty years of Ogden1s editorship, Psyche became his personal vehicle, in an even more pronounced way than had The Cambridge Magazine. Its fortunes were no less precarious than either those of The Cambridge Magazine or the frequently imperilled series with Kegan Paul, but Psyche afforded a degree of control, which eluded Ogden more and more in his other enterprises. There was no such control when he assumed his editorial responsibilities. As publishers of Psyche, the Kegan Paul firm kept a watchful eye on every detail from finances to copy. W. S. Stallybrass proposed censoring of material to Ogden on one occasion,154 but finances and low circulation were the more frequent concerns. 155 "We have been going into the figures of •Psyche' and have practically come to the conclusion that we cannot continue the publication after the next (April [1924]) issue....We must

Biography 40 talk this over when you next call." 156 The talk resulted in a reprieve, but a year later, Stallybrass, quoting worse losses, was "very disappointed about the situation of this magazine. Have you any suggestion to make?" 157 Recalling, perhaps, the premature end of The Cambridge Magazine, which he and his friends had managed to forestall from their own resources, Ogden replied that he would buy Psyche. A contract was signed in June 1925. 158 Kegan Paul were glad to be free of their direct responsibility for the journal, which they considered a financial millstone; Ogden was glad to have a free hand in shaping its future. He busied himself with securing contributors and, within a year, was confident enough of the journal's future to leave it in the hands of his main collaborator, and financial backer in its purchase, Warren Jay Vinton. 5 9 Ogden sailed for an extended stay in the United States. 6 0 Vinton was diffident about his ability to shoulder Psyche completely on his own. He was much relieved when Ogden, within three months of his arrival in New York, sent material for the next issue. 6 1 The relief was temporary. By the end of the year, he was fretting over content and cash, and the connection between them: I've heard a lot of talk about Psyche this last six months, both in London and in Groningen, and it all comes to the same thing; that it is an excellent paper but altogether too uneven...everyone complains that together with much excellent stuff we do publish some amazing rubbish.162 Vinton saw a vicious circle: "We haven't enough

41 Biography audience to attract many original papers from the best people, and we haven't enough brilliant material to attract many subscribers."163 Ogden1s brief return to England164 had done nothing to reassure Vinton. By the spring of 1927, he considered the demise of Psyche imminent, and sent Ogden a slightly panic-stricken telegram. 6 5 On a calmer note a month later, he wrote him a long letter. In a sobering litany of woes, he spared him no details. Their venture, by then, included the financing of the Psyche Miniatures, 6 6 and had all but broken Vinton financially. Whether to rescue Vinton, or Psyche, or to allay the fears of the management at Kegan Paul, 167 Ogden curtailed his American sojourn in July. 168 The finances of Psyche would not improve dramatically, if at all. Ogden's book royalties from Kegan Paul effectively subsidized the journal, year after year. 169 The financial drain was offset by the intellectual satisfaction Ogden derived from Psyche, which he described as "the only psychological journal in the English language with a general appeal." 170 When he consolidated his far-flung research under the aegis of the Orthological Institute 1703 in 1928, Psyche assumed its most important role: "It acts as a medium for all our linguistic research."171 This role remained unchanged for over twenty years, and was described by Ogden in terms remarkably similar to those of the Whately Smith editorial of 1921. 172 When Psyche was thirteen, and Ogden was marking ten years as its editor, he sent out a flyer announcing the milestone: This year saw the publication of the 100th

Biography 42 volume of the International Library of Psychology; this month the system known as Basic English will be available as a whole in ten volumes; and the appearance of Bentham's Theory of Fictions in June will coincide with the celebration of the Bentham Centenary at University College London, when it will be appropriate to bring the said theory to the notice of a wider public. The existence of Psyche made all these things possible, and meanwhile she herself has given birth to no less than fifty experimental offspring—the Psyche Miniatures. In fact, so successful has the experiment proved that during the past few years the Miniatures have overshadowed the parent; and for this reason, quarterly publication is no longer essential.173 But at Kegan Paul, Psyche was still regarded as a losing venture, if not an outright nuisance: "I spoke to you yesterday about Psyche. I find that we have between 5,000 and 6,000 copies of various numbers that are not wanted."1 4 Ogden was unperturbed. A few years later, most of the unwanted stock had been bought up, and Ogden responded to the publisher's request for Psyche with thinly veiled smugness: As regards the offer of 9 pounds each for two sets of Psyche for the continent, I'm afraid we can't reduce on the advertised price of 18 pounds a set, less the necessary discount. There is going to be a steady demand, and we shall get rid of the few complete sets remaining.175 In his own articles in Psyche, Ogden gave

43 Biography free rein to his limitless interests. Early items retain something of the themes and perspective of his Cambridge Magazine contributions (53, 106). They also show an emphasis on behavioral psychology (52, 55, 99), innovative, independent studies (54, 56), and the exploration of interdisciplinary method (64). Beginning in 1928, Ogden*s research on Jeremy Bentham is given pride of place (58-63, 129, 137, 147). Present throughout is the irrepressible Ogden wit (66-7, 127-8, 139), so aptly described by I. A. Richards: M0gden is often diverting himself, and such of his readers as are in rapport, with parodies of academic pontification. w176 Word-magic recurs as a theme for twenty years (73, 83, 96). Editorials range from one commenting on four topics in the space of a single page to another of 45 pages, expounding Ogden's views on the sprung rhythms of Gerard Nanley Hopkins (146). Notes document all aspects of the work of the Orthological Institute (157, 160-62, 164-67, 170-71, 175, 184, 190, 199, 202, 206). There is rich documentation for the intellectual odyssey of Ogden•s life in the pages of Psyche. An attentive reader learns that Ogden discovered Jeremy Bentham in 1914, but that he delayed his study of Bentham's work till 1928 (126). Notes on Universal Language reveal that Ogden was testing a form of Basic English twenty years before he unveiled it under that name (129). Illuminating comments on the process Ogden used for the word selection of Basic English 177 are here (132). There are also lapses 178 and 9 thought-provoking humor. As ever, there are mysteries: why was Ogden•s Panoptic Method, "with

Biography 44 the printer" 180 in 1930, never published? The seventeenth volume of Psyche was delayed in press for two years, finally appearing two 101 weeks before the outbreak of World War II. o x The next—and final--volume would be delayed 100 fourteen years. °* Its objective, which evolved during the delay, was to "explain how the war affected the period 1938-1948."183 When it finally appeared, it carried the date 1938-1952. Whether by design or by dint of circumstance, Psyche, volume 18, realized another objective, first articulated not by Ogden but by Warren Jay Vinton: "I long for the day when you'll be tempted to write a complete number of Psyche—you and Adelyne More." 184 The 400-page volume is closer to "almost undiluted Ogden" than any other edited by him since the earliest days of The Cambridge Magazine. The culmination of his quarter-century of Bentham studies is presented in an unique format, uniting intellectual historiography and detective literature (95). Ogden could not suppress at least one contribution in which he kept his tongue firmly in his cheek (148), but he allowed Adelyne More only a modest appearance in the role of translator (241). He reserved the closing pages to outline the orientation required for education in the decade that would be dominated by the cold war (205). The doors of the Orthological Institute were closed to the public by the time the volume appeared, but the note devoted to it virtually renders the closure irrelevant. It sets the Institute's program in a historical context, vicariously liberating it from the bureaucratic tangle of its final years (206). But it is the

45 Biography theme of word-magic that dominates the final volume of Psyche (96). Perhaps it was during the darkest days of the war, with no assurance that the long-projected volume would ever reach the public, that Ogden had a few copies of the page-proofs handsomely bound. They bore the title Word Magic.

From Bentham to Basic English Ogden's intellectual discoveries of 1928 launched him on the busiest years of his life. His systematic study of Jeremy Bentham's writings led (see 126 for detailed chronology) to a series of articles in Psyche (58-63), to books (9, 13, 14), and to further articles (71, 73, 95). The Bentham studies led, in turn, to Ogden*s development of Basic English. Whereas Ogden1s early enthusiasm for Lady Welby1s work had soon waned, Benthamiana (137) animated his intellectual world for over twenty-five years. His antipathy toward the Christian overtones of Welby*s writings distanced him from her, but he identified with Bentham, acquiring and wearing his ring (429). He rejected Welby's terminology for the analysis of meaning, but invented one for Bentham. 8 5 His final judgment of Lady Welby was that she had "spent much of her life in a vain attempt to focus attention on the influence of language in creating systems of philosophy;**186 in Bentham's work he saw an appealing progression from the analysis of language to the laying of a foundation for a specific program of language reform. It would be a shame, he had told Welby, for people to find her work too vision-

Biography 46 y.l87 Bentham, he concluded, had been found ar too visionary. Ogden set himself the mission of securing, for Bentham, his rightful place in intellectual history. As an undergraduate, Ogden had found himself unsuited to take on the role of Welby's expositor, but, as a mature scholar, he accepted and permanently retained just such a role for Bentham. As one of his practical contributions to social reform, Bentham had designed a circular prison, known as the panopticon. It was intended to provide the guard with a complete and unobstructed view of the prisoners, while keeping him from their view. Ogden adapted the idea as a means of liberating humanity from the prison-house of language (127, 129, 133), while, in some measure, keeping himself from view (80) 1 8 8 . Though his collaborators were often more explicit and illuminating on the subject of the panopticon (350, 356, 412), Ogden's own references do, at least, unequivocally reveal the link between it and Basic English (127, 129, 133). The panopticon eventually became a teaching aid to Basic English. " Though Ogden steadfastly eschewed the mantle of the academic establishment, he came his closest to donning it in his role as Bentham scholar. The reputation he earned, within four years of publishing his first article, brought him the invitation to give the lecture at the Bentham Centenary, University College London, on 6 June 1932 (14). As an authority on Bentham, Ogden did not go unchallenged in his views (364). He was uncharacteristically silent, publishing no reply, content, apparently, to let I. A. Richards speak on his behalf (382). But Ogden's reputation en-

47 Biography dured. One of the last requests he received to speak on BBC Radio was in connection with Bentham. It was 1946, and Ogden, weary of interminable negotations to establish a Basic English Trust, replied: "I do know about Bentham, but I have 1 Ql

said all I want to for the moment."1 Ogden*s earliest publications on Bentham (5863) and those containing the germ of his idea for Basic English (125-27, 129-36) appear side by side in the issues of Psyche between 1928 and 1930. The latter progress from speculation on the simplification of English and discussion of "Universal Language" to Basic English1 l a so called for the first time in 1929 (131). The key to that simplification was the elimination of verbs—a legacy from Bentham, who viewed them as the slippery eels of language. The Meaning of Meaning had also convinced Ogden that language, for all its pitfalls, could be controlled, thus ensuring effective communication, international understanding, even with a view to eliminating war. Ogden's conviction was confirmed by his study of Bentham1s writings on language. Guided above all by Bentham's warning that understanding is confounded by verbs, Ogden spent two years paring down the verb stock of English to a core of eighteen. Applying the same rigor to other parts of speech, he produced the 850-word system of Basic English, intended as an international auxiliary language. The early Ogden publications are full of conviction and confidence--reminiscent of the terms in which Ogden spoke of signifies, nearly twenty years earlier—as well as an optimism that would prove to be sadly misplaced: "All that remains is

Biography 48 to satisfy the sceptic who finds it impossible to believe that with so few words anything approaching a passable English idiom can be achieved" (129, p9). Ogden's objective of establishing Basic English as an international auxiliary language grew steadily closer during the 1930s. He used the worldwide network of correspondents he had been building for years to proselytize any and all interested in the subject. At home, he opened the doors of the Orthological Institute to train prospective teachers of Basic English. By 1935, it had established representatives in thirty countries, including the U. S. S. P., Poland, Latvia, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, South Africa, Indochina, Siam, and Mexico. 192 Centers for teaching Basic English were organized with the support of American educational foundations, such as the Irving Trust, Rockefeller Foundation, and the Payne Fund. At the invitation of the latter, some 200 teachers visited the Orthological Institute by 1940. 193 I. A. Richards was invited to China to advise and assist in the teaching of Basic English at the National Tsing Hua University, Peking, during 1936-7. Ogden's publications (10, 20) were adapted into twenty languages to provide teaching material. Programs in Basic English were broadcast regularly from WRUL in Boston to South America, Africa, and India. 1 9 3 3 The British Council noted that there were "few countries where the Council's work was developing more successfully than in Greece...When the Autumn [1939] session began...the [British Council's] Institute was besieged by no fewer than 8,000 applicants, of whom 4,000 enrolled."194

49 Biography This highly successful experiment was conducted by Ogden's associate, David Abercrombie. The successes were noted and resented in some quarters. As Ogden observed: The extent to which the international purpose was appreciated, when the advantages of Basic were presented without 'imperialist1 implications attaching to cultural propaganda in favour of English, aroused the hostility of the advocates of Esperanto and other artificial languages which had failed to make headway. 195 He noted, too, that when Basic English had been presented to the world in 1929, there were no rival systems of simplified English: there would soon be several (see 19, 21, 276, 383, 416). The dependence of the Orthological Institute on grant money from America, in unpredictable sums for unpredictable duration, prevented planning on the scale Ogden considered necessary to ensure the organization's future. He hoped to secure funding from the British government to solve this problem. Hope glimmered when Neville Chamberlain appointed a Committee of the Economic Advisory Council to investigate methods of teaching simplified English. " But war broke out, and the Committee never met. In the midst of the war, not more than a few weeks before another Prime Minister would touch the fortunes of Basic English, Ogden reflected on the opportunity missed: "The Prime Minister's Committee appointed in 1939 proved abortive. It is now known that the Prime Minister himself took the view that knowledge of Basic English would be of great importance to the world generally."197

Biography 50 Winston Churchill's endorsement of Basic English, as he accepted an honorary degree from Harvard University, 6 September 1943, came as a complete surprise to Ogden. Churchill's incorrect facts and figures about Basic, ^° and his attribution of its invention jointly to Ogden and I. A. Richards, were offset by sheer publicity value. An avalanche of congratulatory mail arrived at the Orthological Institute. "Yes," Ogden conceded, "the publicity is very gratifying and should lead to something very soon." 200 It led to a demand for Basic English books which could not be supplied, because of war shortages, to the withdrawal of American support, in the belief that Churchill's remarks signalled his government's willingness to assume all future funding, and to over three years of negotiations to establish a Basic English Trust. If Ogden's note of thanks to Churchill were dated later than 14 September 1943, it could be taken with ironical intent: "Dear Mr. Churchill, I am deeply grateful for what you said at Harvard. No one else could have conceived and executed a linguistic gesture at once so simple and so triumphant."201 Churchill's War Cabinet Committee on Basic English reported on 6 December 1943, recommending that "definite encouragement should be given to the development of Basic English as an auxiliary international and administrative language."202 The report became a government White Paper on 9 March 1944. After reporting a renewed air offensive against Germany, Allied raids on the Rome area, a Red Army advance, and a miners' strike in the Welsh coalfields, the BBC one o'clock news informed listeners that Parliament had been hearing,

51 Biography that morning, of the government's steps to develop hasic English. Those steps required the formation of an Inter-departmental Committee, involving six ministries. It soon became the bane of Ogden's existence. The development of Basic English never became the main thrust of the Committee's work. From the outset, its time was given, almost completely, to the details of establishing a Basic English Trust. Ogden's "pathological aversion"*UJ to the British Council, the result of that body's opposition to Basic English at the hearings of the War Cabinet Committee,204 was exacerbated when the British Council representative to the Inter-departmental Committee became its Chairman.205 The aversion kept Ogden away from all meetings. He was represented by his trusted friend, Sir Percy Ashley, Chairman of the British Rayon Corporation. But Ogden was present in absence. He bombarded the Committee with letters and memoranda, which both clarified206 and disturbed207 members. Those with little appreciation for his investment of time and accumulation of debt, in the cause of Basic English, perceived him simply as difficult and evasive in the long negotiations for a Basic English Trust. u o Sir Percy Ashley conceded that it was "not wholly a light task to convince my principal."209 Even Ogden's most valuable ally within the government, Arthur N. Coleridge, the Secretary of the War Cabinet Committee on Basic English, described Ogden as "a very difficult man, inaccessible, violently prejudiced, and with a most unexpectedly shrewd and even over-developed business sense." 210 Responding to a

Biography 52 draft proposal for a Basic English Trust deed in 1944, Ogden noted that "a commercial concern would consider the publicity of the last six months to 211

be worth well over one million pounds."*X1 In a separate letter to Coleridge, he added that he was under "moral obligation not to develop Basic English for commercial/national exploitation."212 In spite of this qualification, Coleridge perceived Ogden as walking both sides of the line between the altruism of world vision and the commercialism of world markets. With no agreement reached on the terms of a Basic English Trust in 1944, Ogden fell into an unaccustomed silence. 213 Whether diverted by continued criticism of Basic English (295, 305, 334, 419) or reports spread by Axis legations, decrying Basic English as a propaganda stunt to secure domination of the world, 214 Ogden communicated nothing to the Inter-departmental Committee till January 1945. If the new year held any hope for Ogden of quick settlement in the matter of the Basic English Trust, it was misplaced. The Inter-departmental Committee was meeting less frequently. By February, Arthur Coleridge, not pessimistic by nature, believed that "this will probably be an outstanding example of the foundering of a 'large idea,' in this case the one propounded by the Prime Minister."215 An offer of settlement was made to Ogden in August, but he found it unacceptable. Those who had fallen entirely out of sympathy with him saw the end of the Churchill government as the end of Basic English: "It seems to us that the recent change of government may result in the whole question [of Basic English] being put

53

Biography 216

on a high shelf in a dark corner. "*L%J But negotiations continued amid increased uncertainties, mutual hostility, and misprisions. Ogden chose the second anniversary of the introduction of the White Paper on Basic English as his deadline for breaking them off: After two and a half years, I finally had to walk out of the Government negotiations (British Council sabotage) resulting from the Churchill episode. So that's that...However, Spring is here, and at Gordon Square I have four mechanical nightingales and St. Thomas the cat to cheer me. x Negotiations for a Basic English Trust were reopened under the Labor Government at the instigation of Ernest Bevin. 8 Ogden received a settlement of 23,000 pounds 2183 for his claim of severe loss and damage to his affairs. The Cabinet Conclusion of 24 June 1946 stated that "the Government should continue to promote the use of Basic English by official means."219 On 17 April 1947, the Basic English Foundation was formed, with Ogden as Chairman of the Executive Committee "to provide such services for the development of Basic English as funds may allow."220 A year later, he resigned, and in June 1948, the copyright in Basic English was assigned to the Trustees of the Basic English Foundation. The Foundation continued to receive grant-in-aid until 1952-3, but on 31 March 1953, Ogden withdrew the facilities he had continued to provide through the Orthological Institute and his Basic English Publishing Company. Two years later, he obtained a release from his agreement to pay income from Basic English publications to the Trustees. 2 21

Biography

54

Still Worse, the Whirl of Words During

the

last

decade

became the "life and soul Those

who

heard

topics from Dasic

his

music

English.

the

endless

to

He

of his life, Ogden

of

coffee

Athenaeum."***

monologues recall beans, but

seldom

returned to his interest from

vhich all others had sprungi documenting the power of words.

He maintained a network

of

correspon-

dents, but his letters reserve optimism for little except

the

advances

of

science: "Personally, I

don't see much hope of avoiding any of the horrors you mention, except, perhaps, cancer."*' J On New Year's Day 1956, James Wood say

that

wrote

to

a mutual friend had seen Ogden "looking

younger than ever, unlike ards." 2 2

But

later

the that

aging

I. A. Rich-

year, Ogden

moved,

with his library of over 50,000 volumes, from Gordon Square to Cadogan Square listed

his

(443). For

one

who

recreation in Who's Who as orthology,

the end of the Orthological Institute was aging blow.

He fell ill.

retary, found

him

at

a

dam-

Dorothy Gates, his sec-

his flat in Hove, spitting

blood, and persuaded him to enter the London Clinic, where he died of Among

the

cancer

on

21

March

1957.

obituaries, the best--and not intended

for publication—came from his

old

friend, I. A.

Richards: I

keep

seeing

Sardanapalus

up on the huge

high day bed and smelling the ozone. cocoa, milk associates renewing.

and of

biscuits. the

Little

powerful

And the habitual

spell

and yet his presence, or even his hard would

he kept

I never learnt so much from anyone

paralyze

my

judgement.

work,

Still worse,

55 Biography the whirl of words. Differing from him, he could make you feel, was Judas-like. The rest will only be more of the legend growing less and less actual and more and more exaggeratedly fantastic. 0 dear, what a lot of poking about among his mysteries must be going on. I pity the poor executors. I would be glad to know that he did not have a long illness. It makes me feel chilly to think of Ogden facing his end.

II

(Arranged chronologically) Books 1

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Fecundity versus Civilization; A Contribution to the Study of Over-Population as the Cause of War and the Chief Obstacle to the Emancipation of Women with Special Reference to Germany. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1916. New York: Critic & Guide Company, 1917. Introduction by Arnold Bennett. Chapters are: I) The Early Stages; II) The Conflict of Opinion; III) Malthus and Modern Economics; IV) Progress in the United States; V) Official Alarm in Germany; VI) Militarism and the Birth-Rate; VII) The SocialDemocrats; VIII) The Birth Strike; IX) The Influences at Work; X) The Future. Includes a bibliography and two appendices, the second dealing with birth-control from Aristotle (who appears to have considered abortion justifiable if a family became too numerous) to the twentieth century. This work appears in abridged form over the signature of Adelyne More in Cambridge Magazine. See 44.

2

The Meaning of Psychology. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1926. New York & London: Harper & Brothers, 1926. The Preface states that 0. intended the work as Na brief account of the nucleus of accredited opinion from which the growing science is tending to develop" (pxx).H The Preface also alludes to The Meaning of Meaning to which the present work might serve as a stepping-stone for the linguistically inquisitive" (pxxi). Chapters: I) Preliminary—Reasons for the Study of P8ychology--The Subject Matter of Psychology; II) The Mind and the Body; III) Impulse and Inhibition; IV) How the Brain Works; V) Purpose and Interest; VI) The Growth of the Mind in Animals; VII) The Mentality of Apes; VIII) Mental Growth in Man; IX) Man's Linguistic Heritage; X) Behaviour; XI) Looking Inwards; XII) Looking Outwards; XIII) How We Think; XIV) Emotion and Character; XV) How the Mind Goes Wrong; XVI) The Abnormal; XVII) Looking Forward.

3

The ABC of Psychology. London: Trubner & Co., 1929, 1930. 57

Kegan

Paul, Trench,

Bibliography

58 A shortened version of 2.

4

Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1930. Presents the system of Basic English and its applications. Chapter 9, added to the 9th printing of 1944, outlines the progress of Basic English in China, Japan, India, Russia, Australia, North America, and Europe to the end of 1943. 0. pronounces Basic English "a living force in education and a new hope in international relations" (pl70). He calls it "the only chance" (pl71) for the future of a shrinking planet faced with an explosion of knowledge. "Five minutes [of news broadcasting in Basic English] would be enough--five minutes every hour, on the h o u r — to give everyone the feeling that this little earth was pulling itself together" (pl72). 0. projects the consequences of universal accessibility to such broadcasts: "the second step would be a Basic Library of General Knowledge covering the sciences in 1,000 divisions...[and]...a third step on the same scale would be a Basic Parallel Library of 1,000 books giving the Basic form of the works of great writers of the present and past and on the opposite page the words of the writer himself" (pl73). The book concludes: "Though the lights have gone out in country after country in Europe, there are hundreds of millions looking out from the dark into a future which is still bright with hope" (pl76).

5

The Basic Vocabulary: A Statistical Analysis with Special Reference to Substitution and Translation. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1930. Complements 4 with supplementary material on vocabularies and translation. The introduction points out that "the analysis of the linguistic material which the preparation of these special vocabularies [supplements to the 850 words of Basic English of 50 words each for specialized subjects] has involved will enable us also to expand the General Vocabulary in any direction, e.g. to indicate the first 1,000, 2,000, 5,000 words or the first 100, 500, 1,000 verbs, idioms, etc., for orthodox educational requirements" (p8). There is a 600-word mnemonic vocabulary for Basic English learners wishing to get phonetic assimilation down to a minimum. It also permits the essential Basic English words and their nearest equivalents in the learner's native language to be printed on a single sheet of the same size as the complete Basic wordlist. It can serve either as a complete system or a first step to learning Basic. The latter use, emphasizing reductive principles, "will both fix certain features of the system in the memory and afford some realization of the methods by which Basic has eliminated about 95* of the ordinary material of the Dictionary" (p9).

59

Books

Part II deals with the Basic English vocabulary and Part III with techniques of translation into Basic English. Examples are numerous and illuminating for such matters as the types of definitions used in translation, substitution technique in translation, how Basic avoids colloquial expressions, and descriptive circumlocution. An appendix on Chinese word-borrowings from English and French completes this work. <> Basic English Applied (Science). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931. Contents: Part I. The System—Preface; I) Introductory; II) Historical; III) International Terms; IV) Technical Aspects; V) The Basic Translations— 1. Chemistry; 2. Physics; 3. The Problem of Biology; IV) Conclusion. Part II. Specimen Translations [by R. Michaelis]—1. Chemistry; 2. Physics; 3. Biology; 4. Abstracts; Index. In this work 100 general science words and 50 specialized science words are added to the 850 of Basic. "Three considerations have governed the choice of scientific words: frequency of occurrence, difficulty of definition, and Instrumentality in the definition of other words" (p9). Authors of the passages selected for Part II approved the Basic versions with only minor revisions. 7

Brighter Basic: Examples of Basic English for Young Persons of Taste and Feeling. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931. "Division of Pages" [the Basic English paraphrase for Table of Contents] is: To the Reader; I) Why Do It?; II) The Language of the Future; III) All in Order; IV) The Chances of Getting There--1. At the National Gallery; 2. At the Baths; 3. At Wimbledon; 4. At Maidenhead; 5. At the Church; 6. At the Dance; 7. At the Motion Picture House; 8. At Tea; 9. At the Night Club; 10. At the Book Store.

8

Debabellzatlon: With a Survey of Contemporary Opinion on the Problem of a Universal Language. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931. Part I: The Function of a Universal Language corresponds partially to Part I of 19, as does The Introduction. Part II: Contemporary 0pinion--l . Babel; 2. Radio, the Talkies, and the Telephone; 3. National Pride. Part III: Debabellzatlon through English. "The present volume is designed to provide a general orientation for those who believe that the solution of the problem of Babel is to be found in some form of English and specifically in the simplified system known as Basic" (p7).

9

ed. The Theory of Legislation, by Jeremy Bentham. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1931. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931.

Bibliography

60

In his fifty-page introduction 0. argues that Bentham is beginning to come into his own and predicts that "fifty years from today he will stand as one of the great figures of European thought" (pxi). This view is justified by detailed accounts of Bentham' s contributions to i) theory of language and linguistic fictions; ii) the problem of an international language; iii) the psychology of value; iv) codification of legal systems; v) international law; vi) the foundations of humanitarianism and public health. The original version of The Theory of Legislation was composed in French by Etienne Dumont, working from Bentham 1 s various manuscripts, and published in Paris in 1802 as Traite de Legislation civile et penale, etc. The present edition is a revision of the translation by Richard Hildreth, originally published in 1864. (For references to an earlier translation see 364.) 0. observes that "Dumont removed from all Bentham's writings with which he was concerned as much linguistic matter as possible, on the ground of its unnecessary subtlety" (pxii). In spite of these omissions, 0. enshrines Bentham as the founder of orthology—the term for the science of correct symbolism coined by Karl Pearson in The Grammar of Science (1892) and promoted by 0. throughout his own career. "Only when we review his theory of fictions, legal and linguistic, in the light of modern psychology does the true significance of his laborious symbolic researches become clear" (pxiii). But 0. does not allow his great admiration for Bentham to completely mute the whimsical extravagances of style to which he is particularly partial for less serious subjects: "When Bentham had just turned sixty, he began to pile a Pelion of ripe wisdom on the Ossa of his middle age, itself reposing on the Olympus of his maturity" (pxiii). 0. outlines opposition to Bentham's views from J. S. Mill, Zane, and Hughes Parry. The second section of the introduction gives a detailed publication history of the work and the concluding section deals with the Bentham-Dumont correspondence. 10

The ABC of Basic English (in Basic). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932. With an Account of the Sounds of Basic English by A. Lloyd James. Chapters: The First Step, Simple Statements, Word-Order, Other Word-Forms, Expansions, Special Uses, The Last Step. 0. considers the essentials of the approach to teaching Basic English given here as indispensable in any acceptable alternative method. (cf. Note by 0. in 360). "You will not have the necessary working knowledge till you have gone through all the words in the Basic list in turn to get a clear idea of their behav-

61

Books

iour and special uses. The Basic Words is the guide for this purpose. In this book, every word of the 850 is given its parallels in French and German, so anyone with some knowledge of these languages will have a key to the sense of the words....In addition to the French and German parallels some account is given in Basic of every word. Naturally, as the selection of the 850 has been based on our most important needs, it is not possible to get round any of these words very happily within the limits of the system. So the only point of putting Basic into Basic is to make the sense clearer. It is not an attempt to give 'ways round' which may be seriously used" (ppl63-164). 11

The Basic Dictionary: Being the 7,500 Most Useful Words with their Eguivalents in Basic English for the Use of Translators, Teachers, and Students. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932. The 7,500 are "words which everyone knows" (pvi). 0. observes that these are specialized and extended to give 10,000 meanings in addition to their primary ones, drawing the conclusion which makes the rationale of Basic English apparent: "These 18,000, or so, common words and metaphors of current usage require for their idiomatic employment at least another 10,000 linguistic twists and turns [Idioms and collocations] which could not be guessed by anyone who had merely learnt the single words and their various common meanings. So that the total verbal memory-load of lowbrow conversational English is approximately four times its superficial Dictionary minimum, and would require some 30,000 entries for its adequate representation" (pvi). The front matter proceeds from these preliminary observations to an account by 0. at his pedagogical best drawing together passages from The Meaning of Meaning and Bentham's theory of fictions to explain the principles on which Basic simplifies full English. Further sections deal with the method of elimination of verbs in Basic, how to use the Dictionary, international words, international names, compound words, derivation, pronunciation, wordclusters, anachronisms, special equivalents and excluded material, the Basic words, errors and omissions.

12

The Basic Words: A Detailed Account of their Uses. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932. The 850 words of Basic English, normally grouped by the categories to which they belong in 0*s other publications, presented here in integrated alphabetical order. To each word are added examples of phrases and sentences in which the word occurs. The work thus forms a dictionary of collocations to supplement The Basic Dictionary. The closest French and German words are given for the root sense, special sense, and expansions of each Basic English

Bibliography

62

word. A key to given in Basic.

special

senses and expansions is

13

Bentham's Theory of Fictions. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932. This vork stands as the definitive treatment of Bentham's linguistic thought. An account of Bentham 's life precedes the exposition of his concept of fictions—forms of expression which impute concrete qualities where none exists. The work is th# key to the Bentham-inspired core of O's own thought and program. This is particularly evident in ths discussion of Bentham's views on paraphrase, devices for the detection and correction of errors, fictions as the source of wars, the fallacy of the correspondence between words and things, psychology and the new orientation of symbolism, the rationale of the preference for verbal substantives over verbs, the distinction between referential and fictional language, and panoptic tables. 0. ascribes the neglect of Bentham among scholars to the form in which his manuscripts were printed a decade after his death. The full and successful program of rehabilitation of Bentham*s thought which 0. envisages entails nothing less than the abolition of philosophy: "If the Theory of Linguistic Fictions is to take the place of Philosophy, as he undoubtedly intended that it should, it must be developed as the nucleus of a complete theory of symbolism in every branch of human thought; from the first mnemic reaction, through all forms of perception, interpretation, and eidetic projection, to the final achievements of grammatical accessories, abbreviations, and condensations, in notations as yet unborn" (pcxlix).

14

Jeremy Bentham 1832-2032. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932. The preface explains the title as follows: "In offering to a wider public this tribute to the memory of the chief Founder of University College, I take the opportunity of apologizing to those of my audience who were misled by its title. A mere act of presumption on my part--an exercise in the Liberty of Prophesying—was, I gather, magnified by a majority into a presumptive printer's error" (p7). Part I is the text of the Bentham Centenary Lecture delivered at University College, London on 6 June 1932. Appendices: 1) Bentham's Earliest Publication; 2) On Invention; 3) On Education; 4) On Legislation; 5) On Codification; 6) On Ireland; 7) On America; 8) On Offences against Taste; 9) On the Banking System; 10) On Fictions; 11) The Panopticon; 12) The AutoIcon .

15

Opposition: London:

A Linguistic and Psychological Analysis. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932.

63

Books

Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967. With an Introduction by I. A. Richards. This work is rich in linguistic insights vhich 0. gained while working out the system of Basic English: there is no opposition if there is no neutral point between extremes (p37); opposition is not a maximum degree of difference (p41); abstract and generic terms are without self-negation (p46); the only true opposites are those which exhaust a field by negation (p48). The brief introduction by I. A. Richards to the 1967 edition gives details of O's research methods but misjudges the importance of the appendix dealing with the mnemonic vocabulary of Basic English, perhaps because of O's whimsical opening: "Though the theory of Opposition here outlined has a direct bearing on the whole field of verbal controversy-for the attainment of what might be called Polar Bearings—its immediate orthological application is mnemonic" (pl05). 16 Basic by Examples. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933. The hundreds of model sentences in Basic English presented are not intended for memorization but provided so that the learner can use the book in conjunction with The ABC of Basic English and The Basic Words to test his/her knowledge. The work is also intended to meet the need of the Basic English teacher in supplying examples. Special uses of Basic words are omitted. 17 Stories from the Bible. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933. A random selection of passages from The Basic Bible, on which work had begun in 1930. "As a general rule the words of the King James Bible have not been changed where they are good Basic, though more than 80% of the 6,000 there used have been taken out" (p8). The Basic Bible is intended primarily to facilitate understanding for non-English speakers, and to promote Basic itself: "It would be quite possible for Basic to become the international language through The Basic Bible" (p9). 18 The System of Basic English. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934. Though O's Preface states that the book is for "English-speaking readers," it was designed specifically for the U. S. market. He states that it is not a class text-book. The second of the three main divisions of the book is written in Basic. The Preface issues a challenge to the reader: "As a psychological and educational discipline and as an international medium, Basic is admittedly a challenge to certain habits which have their roots very deep in our social behavior; but the moment is perhaps not altogether unfavorable to the demand for a new

Bibliography

64

linguistic conscience in the new generation whose social experiments may 1otherwise be frustrated by outworn verbal formulae * (pvi). Contents: Part One. General Account. I.Introductory. II. Basic as an International Language. Part Two. The System. The ABC of Basic English. Part Three. Examples. I. Radio, Newspapers, Motion Pictures. II. The Newcomer. III. Everyday. IV. Business. V. Science. VI. Economics. VII. Political Questions. VIII. Meetings. IX. Religion. X. Stories. Appendix: The Basic Word Wheel. Index to the Basic Words. General Index. 19

Basic English versus the Artificial Languages. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935. With contributions by Paul D. Hugon and L. W. Lockhart. The Introduction is written in Basic English. Part I) The Function of a Universal Language; Part II) Esperanto Controversy, Esperanto Statistics. Supplement I) An Examination of Esperanto by Paul D. Hugon; II) A Critique of Novial by L. W. Lockhart; III) A Note on Occidental by Gerald A. Moore. Hugon, formerly Esperanto Instructor to City of London College, London County Council and Cambridge University Esperanto Society, states: "after a lifetime of linguistic practice and research, I have attempted to formulate here the reasons why I consider Esperanto an inevitable failure" (pl02).

20

Basic Step by Step. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935. "The purpose of this book is to give a general idea of the stages by which Basic English, as outlined in The ABC [of Basic English], may be made part of the teaching system of any country" (p5). The book was designed in response to requests from teachers of Basic for detailed help. As elsewhere, O. stresses that orthology is the basis, the orientation, and the result of the Basic English system: "Here for the first time, is a chance of getting free from the strange power which words have had over us from the earliest times; a chance of getting clear about the processes by which our ideas become fixed forms of behaviour before we ourselves are conscious of what history and society are making us say. Those who take this chance will not only be in a position to get through the work of the different word-groups much more quickly than others, but will make the discovery that they have a new sort of control over their thoughts and their talk" (pp7-8). The work presents the entire vocabulary of Basic English divided into thirty topic-oriented wordgroups—the body, food, work, etc.

21

Counter-offensive: resentations of

An Exposition Basic English.

of Certain MisrepCambridge, England

65

Books

and Peiping, China: The Orthological Institute, 1935. "The purpose of this study is to dispose finally of the very explicit, elaborate, and detailed attack brought against Basic English in 'A Critical Examination of Basic English* [see 416] and, further to direct attention to the manner in which this attack has been made and the grounds adduced for it" (p5). As a result of the appearance of this work and the attendant publicity, West's bulletin was withdrawn from circulation. See 308 for extracts and 383 for commentary. 12

Basic Motion Pictures. Cambridge, England: The Orthological Institute, 1937. Supplement to The Basic News, October 1937. Put/take, come/go, give/get, be/seem, make/have, keep/let as used in specific sentences are illustrated for the Basic English learner by a series of flip-through pages for each pair of verbs. The illusion of animation created by the use for which the book is designed explains the title.

23

A Short Guide to Basic English. Cambridge, England: The Orthological Institute, 1937. Supplement to The Basic News, April 1937. Sections: What is Basic English? Basic as an International Language; How the 850 Words Do their Work; Basic as an Instrument of Thought; The Learning of Basic; The Teaching of Basic; Basic for Science; Basic for Business; Ten Years Work, 19271937; The Future.

/A

The Basic Books. Cambridge, England: The Orthological Institute, 1938. Supplement to The Basic News, January 1938. "The purpose of these pages is to give a fuller account of the most important books in, or about, Basic English than is possible in the short lists printed in a folder....In addition to the 100 here outlined or listed...there are now at least fifty books in other languages—Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Czech, Latvian, Swedish, Danish, German, French, etc.—through which those with no knowledge of English are able to get control of the system [of Basic English] or to make use of it in different ways" (p3).

25

The General Basic English Dictionary: Giving More than 40,000 Senses of over 20,000 Words in Basic English. London: Evans Brothers, 1940. New York: W. W. Norton, 1942. An expanded version of 11.

26

Basic by Picture Stamps. Cambridge, England: Basic English Publishing Co., 1941. "This book gives a selection of more than 800 pic-

Bibliography

66

tures [of stamps] which may be a help in learning the senses of the 850 words of Basic English" (unpaginated). "The idea was to see how much the stamps, which, for other reasons, now have an international distribution among young and old, would be able to do for the system—and at the same time to make the science and art of Philately of more value in education" (unpaginated). 27

Basic for Science. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1942. Part I deals with the language question in science, historical background, Basic and science, the Basic framework, international words, and the system in operation. Part II reproduces selections from books in Basic on a variety of scientific topics ranging over physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geology. The work concludes with a Basic Science Dictionary.

28

The ABC of Psychology. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1944. A revised edition of 3. As in the original, 0. stresses those aspects of psychology which bear directly on emotive use of words, fictions, and Basic English.

29

BEST, Robert H., and . The Problem of the Continuation School and its Successful Solution in Germany: A Consecutive Policy. London: P. S. King & Son, 1914. "My share with Mr. Best in this work is due partly to an opportunity given me by my college of visiting many of the leading centres of industry and education in Germany, particularly the Universities, in 1912. During last summer I had the further opportunity of making a detailed investigation of the schools of Germany, and especially of the continuation schools; and the conclusions I then reached, quite independently and from very different point of view, were almost identical with those at which Mr. Best had arrived after years of practical experience of the subject in both countries. Besides spending six weeks in Munich, I visited the schools of Berlin, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Freiburg, Strassburg, Hamburg, Lubeck, Basle and Zurich. I also made a special study of the schools and conditions in the industrial area at Duisburg, Remscheid, Elberfeld, Essen, Dortmund, and Dusseldorf" (pv) [C.K.O.]. Part I presents the findings of 0's study. Part II emphasizes the contrasting English attitude towards education, confusion of educational goals in England, the breakdown of the English education system, and the development of the compulsory system in Germany before outlining a proposal for a new policy. Two brief appendices deal with skilled and

67

Books

unskilled occupations and the cost of the system. 10

CARTER, E. H., and . General History in Outline and Story. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1938. A history of the world written essentially in Basic English. "Wherever it has been necessary, as in all fields, to make use of words outside the Basic 850, the sense has been made guite clear—generally in such a way that the reader to whom the word is new is given no trouble, and, on the other hand, the reader to whom it is not new does not have it forced on his attention. Sometimes, however, this has been done with the help of a picture, a footnote, or a straightforward account of its sense" (ppix-x).

31

ICHIKAWA, Sanki, and . The Basic Century Readers, nos. 1 & 2. Tokyot Kenkyusha, n.d. Volume 1 gives the English alphabet in print and script, phonetic transcription of the names of the letters of the alphabet and a key to pronunciation. 25 topic-oriented lesson chapters follow 11 initial chapters of basic model sentences, and an English/ Japanese word-list. The front matter of volume 2 repeats the key to pronunciation and adds rules correlating pronunciation and spelling. This volume contains 30 reading passages and a glossary.

32

MARSHALL, Catherine, , & Mary Sargant Florence. Militarism versus Feminism; Writings on Women and War. Ed. by Margaret Kamester & Jo Vellacott. London: Virago Press, 1987. See 311a.

33

, and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Regan Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Co., 1923, xxxi, 544pp.; 2d rev. ed., 1927, xxii, 359pp., 3d ed., 1930; 4th ed. , 1936; 5th ed., 1938, xxii, 363pp.; 6th ed., 1943; 7th ed., 1945; 8th ed., 1946; 9th ed., 1948; 10th ed., 1949; repr. 1952, 1953, 1956. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Harvest Books, n.d. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ark Paperbacks, 1985. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. The first edition contained an introduction by John Percival Postgate, eliminated from all subsequent editions. At the reguest of their editor, Ogden and Richards agreed to shorten the second edition, deleting sections which had formed both part of the first edition and of Ogden's original outline of the work, drafted nearly ten years before he began his collaboration with Richards. The deleted sections are: Evidence of the sacred books, The 'lost word,1 Extraordinary power of words in Islam, The case of Abu Sa'id, The wonderful word Allah, The verbal magic of M. Coue

Bibliography

68

compared, The foregoing best understood in relation to magic, The importance of words in general magic, First scientifically studied by Malinowski, The stomach as the seat of power in New Guinea, Modern Theosophical doctrine, The ineffable word, Spells in western Europe, The Hebrew attitude, Examples of verbal magic in the Old Testament, Verbal medicine, Healing words, Words of power in religious medicine, Abracadabra, Bacon's idola fori, Locke's Third Book, Leibnitz: The project of a universal language, The clarity of Hobbes, His circumvention of the theologians, The nominalism of Condillac, Berkeley, After Berkeley the traditions lost in metaphysical speculation, But reappear in Home Tooke and the philological nominalists, Edward Johnson, James Mill, J. S. Mill, Taine's analysis of sign-situations, The influence of Whately, C. S. Peirce, Scepticism. Revised and expanded versions of these deletions were to appear in projected sequels, alluded to by Richards in the introduction to the 1967 edition of Ogden's Opposition (see 15).These sequels eventually appeared under the sole authorship of Ogden (see 83 and 96). Supplement I, NThe Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages," by Bronislaw Malinowski, and Supplement II, "The Importance of a Theory of Signs and a Critique of Language in the Study of Medicine," by Francis Graham Crookshank, appear in all editions except 1985, from which prefaces to the second and following editions are also eliminated. Ogden and Richards argue in the preface to the first edition that linguistics has neglected the study of meaning and the relation of thought to language. Peripheral areas of semantics have been explored, but essential problems of meaning have not been discovered. The authors consider the most valuable parts of their book to be: i) the account of interpretation in causal terms; ii) the division of the functions of language into the symbolic and the emotive; iii) the analysis of the word 'meaning* both in the theory of knowledge and in all discussion; iv) the examination of the same words for different things, different words for the same thing, and the same or different words for nothing. Chapter headings are: I) Thought, words and things; II) The power of words; III) Signsituations; IV) Signs in perception; V) The canons of symbolism; VI) Definition; VII) The meaning of beauty; VIII) The meaning of philosophers; IX) The meaning of meaning; X) Symbol situations. Appendices are: I) On grammar; II) On contexts; III) Aenesidemus' theory of signs; IV) Some moderns: Husserl, Russell, Frege, Gomperz, Baldwin, Peirce; V) On negative facts. For references to serialized publication see 46-8, 51, 98, 100-03, 292, 386, 391. For other references see 11, 129, 133, 285, 287,

69

Books

289, 301, 314, 315, 319, 323, 352, 363, 365, 377, 386-7, 391, 394, 397-8, 412, 424, 428, 439, 445. M

RICHARDS, I. A., , and James Wood. The Foundations of Aesthetics. New York* Lear Publishers, 1925. Published originally as 102, this is an expanded version of Chapter VII of The Meaning of Meaning— The Meaning of Beauty. The expansions consist chiefly of documentation for the 16 definitions of beauty given by the authors, much of it from poetic texts. Substantial space is devoted to critical discussion of Clive Bell's writings as well as those of other practitioners of aesthetics.

Articles 35

Mr. Bernard Shaw as Heretic. The Gownsman, 3 June 1911, 9-11. A report of Shaw's address, "The Future of Religion," to the Cambridge Heretics Society, 29 May 1911, described as "unusually outspoken" (pll).

36

[Adelyne More, pseud.] A Straight Talk to Schoolmasters. The Cambridge Magazine, 27 February 1915, 302303. A plea for a new spirit in education, beginning with child-raising. "The modern infant is nurtured in an atmosphere of war. Its very cradle is loaded with popguns, leaden soldiers, drums and trumpets, the forerunners of the forts which it storms when it can scarcely walk, and of the rifle and sword bigger than itself which glorify the nursery on the first available Christmas day" (p302). 0. argues that the entire educational system is geared to moulding students for military administration.

37

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The Latest in Internationalism. The Cambridge Magazine 5, 4 (6 November 1915), 89-90. Argues for the democratic control of foreign policy.

38

[Adelyne More, pseud.] What Are They Thinking in Mars? or What About Norman Angel1 Now? The Cambridge Magazine 5, 6 (20 November 1915), 119-120. On Erasmus on England in war-time. Comments on a passage from Erasmus which could be read as protopacificism, concluding: "Foul pro-Germanism this. All the more gratuitous in an age when Germany could hardly be said to exist" (pll9). Concludes with an Erasmus quotation: "What do you suppose the Turks think when they hear that Christian princes are raging with so much fury against each other?" and notes: "Today we can no longer appeal even to the Turks. We must go much further afield and ask, •what do you suppose they think in Mars?'" (pl20). (Norman Angell was a founding member of the Union of Democratic Control and a noted pacifist.)

39

[Adelyne More, pseud.] What's Wrong with Germany? The Cambridge Magazine, 5 June 1915, 465-466. Advances the thesis that Germany has been undone by anachronistic patriotism and religious revival.

40

[Adelyne More, pseud.]

All the Papers: 70

An Antholog-

71 ical Panopticum. The May 1916), 449-450.

Articles Cambridge Magazine 5, 20 (13

41

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Darvln and Huxley. The Cambridge Magazine 5, 9 (15 January 1916), 192. On posthumous initiatives to characterize Darwin and Huxley as men of faith.

42

International Tittle-Tattle. The Cambridge Magazine 5, 15, (26 February 1916), 337-338. "It is satisfactory to one who spent some time in Germany before the war to discover from a perusal of the German press during the past few months, that so few of those of whose intellectual importance he had satisfied himself have behaved with less decency than their counterparts in England and France" (p337).

43

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The One Thing Needful: A Suggestion to Members of Parliament. The Cambridge Magazine 5, 11 (29 January 1916), 240-241. "This then is the purport of the bill that must be introduced forthwith: That the age-limit for enlistment in His Majesty's Army be abolished, and that all males between the ages of 45 and 70 be encouraged to volunteer for active service" (p241). A shortened version is reprinted in The Cambridge Magazine 7, 8 (1 December 1917), 181-182.

44

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The Problem of Population in War and Peace—with Special Reference to Germany. Parts 1, 2. The Cambridge Magazine 5, 23 (3 June 1916), 527-532; 5, 24 (10 June 1916), 552-560. An abridged version of Fecundity versus Civilization.

45

Industrial Fatigue. The Nineteenth Century, February 1917, 413-433. Early pages deal with attention, memory, action, choice, the effect of monotony and speed as factors in the cause of industrial accidents. 0. approaches the topic as a linguist as well as a psychologist: "Our account has assumed so far that the meaning of the term fatigue required no discussion. That, however, is by no means the case, and in particular the distinction between objective and subjective fatigue is essential to a proper understanding of factors in the curves we are considering" (p419).

46

[Adelyne More, pseud.] What is a Fact? The Cambridge Magazine, Double Number, Summer 1920, 41-42. On the conundrum of the impossibility of denying negative facts without paradox. A solution is proposed through the application of the Doctrine of Symbolism and the Theory of Signs. An expanded version appears as Appendix E to The Meaning of Meaning.

Bibliography

72

47

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Vision and Imagination. The Cambridge Magazine 10, 2 (January-March 1921), 101103. This text was revised as The Meaning of Meaning, chapter 4, Signs in Perception.

48

An Invaluable Word. The Cambridge Magazine 11, 1 (January-March 1921), 41-48. Reprinted with minor revisions as The Meaning of Meaning, chapter 8, The Meaning of Philosophers.

49

Sound and Colour. The Cambridge Magazine 11, 1 (Decennial Number 1912-1921), 9-19. Surveys the literature on sound-colour analogy from Isaac Newton to F. Forichon (La Couleur, ses manifestations, son role dans les arts, ses harmonies; manuel du colorlste, Paris; H. Laurens,1916) and concludes with a section on psychology and colour-harmony. "Our conclusion is that a first essential for progress in the teaching and application of any theory of colour is the acceptance of a clear and serviceable notation. If the analogy can provide us with this notation it will have justified itself apart from the further development to which it may also lead" (pl9).

50

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Colour in the Theatre. The Cambridge Magazine 11, 2 (Early Spring, Double Number 1923), 75-79. Proposes application of the theory of colour harmony to revitalize the English theatre against the encroachment of the cinema and the revue.

51

The Power of Words. The Cambridge Magazine 11, 2 (1923), 5-50. Reprinted with deletions and additions as The Meaning of Meaning, chapter 2. Section headings are: Our Verbal Heritage, Logocracy in Greece and Rome, Eastern Logolatry, Verbal Magic, Modern Methods, More Modern Methods, Most Modern Methods, and Towards a science of symbolism.

52

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Dr. Watson's First Codicil. Psyche 5, 2 (October 1924), 174-178. 0. welcomes the concession by John B. Watson (Psychological Review, 1924) that visceral organization interacts with manual and laryngeal organization and that he is prepared to admit a place for the concept of thought in behavioral analysis.

53

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Mind in Action. Psyche 4, 3 (January 1924), 262-268. Discusses the formation and the fate of the Interlectual Worker's Council in Germany from 1919 to 1923.

54

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Why Time Flies. (April 1924), 327-334.

Psyche 5, 4

73

Articles

Explores the question of whether time is constant and invarying in any absolute sense. Gives a summary of Benedicks' criticism of Einstein's relativity theory and of commentaries relative to time by Ritz, Jelliffe, and Desfosses. 55

Bodies as Minds. Psyche 24 (April 1926), 21-28. A brief survey of seven competing theories in psychology: 1. Materialism and Behaviorism; 2. Animism and Interactionism; 3. Psycho-neural Parallelism; 4. Epiphenomenalism; 5. The Double Aspect Hypothesis; 6. Neutral Monism; 7. The Double Language Hypothesis.

56

Chronaxy in Relation to Impulse, Inhibition, and the Conditioned Reflex. Psyche 25 (July 1926), 27-41. "There is for each muscle and nerve a certain intensity of electrical stimulation which is the least that will excite a response, however long we give it. If this intensity is doubled and the times these doubled intensities take to excite the nerve or the muscle are measured, it is found that these times (known as 'chronaxies'—from chronos * 'time' and axia = 'value') have simple relations to one another. Every tissue has, as it were, its own private time-value" (p30).

57

Aesthetics. The Encyclopaedia Brltannica, 13th ed., (London and New York: The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1926), v3, 44-46. Finds that the chief advances in aesthetics since 1911 have been applications of psychological discoveries and discusses opposing theories, the value of experiences, and philosophy of aesthetics.

58

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Bentham on the Verb. Psyche 8, 4 (April 1928), 19-39. Brief commentary by 0. precedes and follows the reproduced sections of Bentham's Works dealing with the verb.

59

Bentham's Philosophy of As-If. Psyche 9, 1 (July 1928), 4-14. A pre-publication summary of 13, followed by the text of Jeremy Bentham's manuscript on linguistic fictions and portions of his nephew George Bentham's work on the classification of fictions. 0. concludes that Vaihinger (see 245) worked without the benefit of first-hand knowledge of Bentham's writings, in spite of the similarity between his philosophy of as-if and Bentham's theory of fictions.

60

Forensic Orthology. Psyche 8, 4 (April 1928), 3-18. Corresponds, with minor revisions, to the text of the Introduction to 9.

61

Bentham on 102-109.

Invention.

Psyche 10, 2 (October 1929),

Bibliography

74

Synthesizes those portions of Bentham's Works dealing with patent lav, rules for inventors, and the historical aspect of invention. 62

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Ghosts, Fictions, and Incomplete Symbols. Psyche 10, 2 (October 1929), 39-69. The introductory section explains how Bentham's childhood experiences influenced the development of his theory of fictions. Subsequent sections aret Symbolic Association and Eidetic Projection, Legal Fictions, Personification of Fictions, Purity=Indigence, Dead Languages, Entities Real and Fictitious, Corporeal and Incorporeal, Fixation, Definition, Classification, Heterogeneity and Nomenclature, Rights, Grammatical Symmetry, Aspects and Translation, Title, Rule and Principle, Function, Matter, and Fallacies.

63

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The Theory of Fictions. Psyche 10, 1 (1929), 31-38. One of the briefest but most readable and illuminating accounts of fictions among all of O's writings. Examples abound in this essentially inductive presentation, unlike most of O's other writings, which are based on massive documentation from their Benthamite sources. Sections arex Grammar in Relation to the Physical World, Fiction and Metaphor, The Nature of Fictions, Kinds of Fictions, Substantives and Qualifiers, Events and Things. Examples presented indicate, inter alia, the difference between fictional and non-fictional metaphors, metaphors applied to fictions, compound fictions, language structure generating fictions, and epistemological conflation of fictions.

64

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Opposition: Logical, Psychological, and Orthological. Psyche 10, 3 (January 1930), 29-54. Corresponds to chapters 3, 4, and 5 of 15.

65

Debabelization: A Reply to Professor Sapir. Psyche 11, 4 (April 1931), 16-25. See 399 for Sapir, from whose text 0. takes dozens of sentences, rewriting them with the minimal changes required to make clear how his point of view on universal language differs from Sapir's.

66

[Adelyne More, pseud.] La Pythie de Delphes. Psyche 11, 3 (January 1931), 74-80. A mock-pedantic history of the origin of the oracle of Delphi, with reference to demonic possession, mental illness, fictions, word-magic, dancing, and poetry.

67

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Unterhundismus. Psyche 11, 4 (April 1931), 88-89. A mock psychoanalytical analysis of the Charlie Chaplin film City Lights.

75

Articles

f>B Basic English and International Development. Progress and the Scientific Worker 1 (July 1932), 16-18. A brief account of Basic English and recent publications in Basic. <>9 Basic Vocabulary. Progress and the Scientific Worker 1 (September 1932), 52-54. A brief account of the principles used by 0. for the reduction of full English to Basic English. 70

Basic Words in Operation. Progress and the Scientific Worker 1 (November 1932), 86-68. An account of the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics in Basic English. 0. had hoped Basic English would be used in the Olympic village, but his system was not ready in time to meet the organizers' deadline.

71

Bentham's Theory of Language. Psyche 12, 3 (1932), 343. Sections arei The Linguistic Basis of Logic, Aristotelian Verbalism*, The Technological Approach, Definition, Qualities as First-Order Fictions*, Principles of Psychology*, Grammar, Comparative Philology, Neologisms, The Nature of Mathematics, Dark Spots [Jeremy Bentham's phrase in his discussion of the relationship between hard words and lack of understanding], The Sad Case of Mr. Beardmore [taken from Bentham's account of the disease resulting from insufficient intellectual stimulation]. Sections marked * appear in revised form in 13.

72

Quarterly Quarrel: Which International Language? Service in Life and Work, (Autumn 1932), 27-37. A brief account of Basic, followed by a brief account of Esperanto by F. B. Bourdillon, followed by mutual rejoinders from 0. and Bourdillon.

73

Word Magic. Psyche 12, 4 (1932), 2-12. The text of Bentham's Prolegomena to The Theory of Fictions, followed by The Significance of Bentham's Theory [a revised version of The Technological Approach in 13] and Incomplete Symbols.

74

Basic English: An International Language. Discovery 14, 164 (August 1933), 280-282. With particular reference to the advantages of Basic English for science. • Basic English and the Englishman. Progress and the Scientific Worker 1 (May 1933), 177-179. Answers British and American apprehensions about Basic English.

75

76

Basic English and the Specialist. Progress and the Scientific Worker 1 (January 1933), 116-119. Discusses Basic English for the sciences and how the two vocabularies of Basic English Applied (Science regroup scientific subjects.

Bibliography

76

77

Popularization through Basic: The Destruction of International Trade. Progress and the Scientific Worker 1 (March 1933), 146-149. A brief account of Jeremy Bentham's contribution to language simplification followed by a translation into Basic English of Bentham's "Observations on the Restrictive and Prohibitory Commercial System."

78

President Roosevelt on the Banks: His Radio Talk Put into Basic English. Progress and the Scientific Worker 2 (July 1933), 207-210. Also appears in 18, ppl42-152.

79

Towards International Science. Progress and the Scientific Worker 2 (October 1933), 232-235. On Basic as a "wholesome discipline which forces us to identify our references before clothing them in language" (p232). Includes many useful examples.

80

Basic English 1924-1934. Progress and the Scientific Worker 2 (January 1934), 264-267. "As little as possible will be said about the events which led up to the actual publication of the system" (p264).

81

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Counter-offensive: A Study in Implicative Statistics. Psyche 14 (1934), 202-222. Gives the background of O's dispute with Michael West (see 416).

82

Internationalization of Scientific Terms. Progress and the Scientific Worker 2 (September 1934), 351-353. On the advantages of Basic in countering "the tendency of certain modern scientists to veil their utterances in verbose jargon [which] not only invests science, in the eyes of a worshipping public, with something dangerously akin to the quality of a mystery religion, but makes for the entanglement of its practitioners themselves in unfruitful form6 of verbalism" (p351).

83

The Magic of Words. Psyche 14 (1934), 9-87. Begins with a detailed analysis of Francis Bacon's linguistic thought, continues with discussion of Bacon's influence on Hobbes, the Third Book of John Locke's essay, and Leibnitz, concluding with exposition of Berkeley's theory of signs.

84

Printed Word. Progress and the Scientific Worker 2 (March 1934), 293-295. Explains why spelling reform is irrelevant for the system of Basic English.

85

Word Magic in Education. Progress and the Scientific Worker 2 (July 1934), 319-322. A revisionist view of Francis Bacon, contrasting his views with those of Hume and Kant, concluding

77

Articles

M

Between correct English—in the sense of clear, idiomatic, and intelligible means of communication —and Basic English there is no conflict; and as readers of previous articles in Progress will be aware, Basic makes possible that elimination of fictional jargon which is the essential first step to a rational treatment of Word Magic as one of the primary problems of contemporary education" (p322). 86

[Adelyne More, pseud.] How Not to Make a Dictionary. Psyche 15 (1935), 205-240. A review of Michael West's The Rational Dictionary. MIt is not to be concluded that if 1,000 or so of the grosser errors were put right, this Dictionary would serve a useful educational purpose" (p229).

87

International Geology. Progress and the Scientific Worker 3 (August 1935), 74-76. Outlines problems posed for vocabulary reduction of Basic English by geology.

88

Onomatopoeia. Progress and the Scientific Worker 3, 1 (January-February 1935), 12-15 "The field was surveyed by The Orthological Institute as part of the background of Basic English before the system was publicly launched in 1930, and though the subject proved to be a side-issue for practical purposes, the evidence which led to this conclusion may merit brief statement" (pl2). Basic English contains seventeen onomatopoeic words.

89

The Science of Picture Making. (In Basic English) Progress and the Scientific Worker 3, 2 (May-June 1935),39-43. A brief summary of C. L. T. Griffith's pedagogical application of tanagrams, or picture-making system, consisting of outlines designed to be joined together to make many new outlines. 0. notes the explanation for the range of possibilities offered: "The eye is so trained by experience that the way in which the separate parts of a picture are seen is dependent on the complete organization of lines and masses which makes a picture 'of something" (p42). 0. notes the connection between Griffith's system and Basic English: "Those who give some weight to theory will see an interesting parallel between the number of forms which may be made...and the number of statements which may be made with the 850 simple words of Basic English" (p40). But he concludes: "It will be clear that the Seven Picture-Makers [seven elements of Griffith's system] are not able to give a picture representation of every one of the 850 Basic words. It is very hard to get across the idea of 'library* for example, or an 'adjustment,' and quite impossible to give any picture of the colours. We may make pictures of brown animals,

Bibliography

78

green mountains, and a yellow moon, but that is not quite the same thing. It seems probable that the best picture-system for teaching Basic will not be limited to tanagrams or even to the very expert pictures designed by Dr. Neurath, but vill make use of a number of different sorts of pictures to give the learner the greatest possible help at every stage of his work. Experience, not theories, vill have the last word" (p43). Ret Neurath, 0. noted "Dr. Otto Neurath [Nundaneum Institute at the Hague] is using Basic to give an account of this system [picture-systems called Isotypes] and using the system in turn, to give an account of Basic" (p39). See 360. 90

Sound, Sense, and Intelligibility: An Orthological Interpretation of Stress and Rhythm. Psyche 15 (1935), 19-76. A detailed analysis of the prosodic features of Basic English concluding: "even single words may be allowed to have the rhythm of the accentual pattern to which they belong. But in this wider analogical usage, rhythm is merely a descriptive label for a normal sequence of stresses, whether accentual or emphatic; and, in Basic, the rhythm so defined may be acquired, as a factor in normal intelligibility, by attending solely to the pronunciation of individual words as dictionary-items, to the slurring of the twelve proclitic gliders, and, above all, to sense" (p76). See 288.

91

Basic English and Grammatical Reform. Psyche 16 (1936), 51-75. Reprinted as Supplement to The Basic News, July 1937. A plea for the integration of grammar into a more general science of interpretation inquiring into types of reference and distinguishing referential from emotive elements of language. Sections are: The Technological Approach (with reference to Bentham), Directional Thinking, Problems of Standardization, Spelling Reform, Problems of Syntax, Word-Magic, Logic and Grammar, Linguistic Therapy, Basic in Education, Translation and Reduction, An Example of Verb-Elimination [Lincoln's Gettysburg address in Basic English].

92

Change of Face. The Basic News, No. 8 (October-December 1938), 3-7. "A knowledge of rhythm is specially necessary for the teaching of Basic English, because, when words are rightly weighted with the degree of force needed for the sense, less time is wasted than if attention is given to the ups and downs of the voice which still get so much space in books about Phonetics" (p3).

93

Basic

English.

The

Saturday

Review,

11 September

79

Articles

1943, 12-13. Reprinted from The Saturday Review, 20 July 1929, 1193. A brief outline of the system of Basic English, stressing that its rules are intended to eliminate irregularity and to maximize the range of its restrictive vocabulary. 94

Can Basic English Be a World Language? Picture Post, 23 October 1943, 23-25. Argues that no artificial language can achieve the vocabulary economy of Basic or take advantage of the widespread use of full English. Advocates international radio news in Basic and the creation of a Basic Library of General Knowledge and a Basic Parallel Library of 1,000 books [in which works of great writers appear across the page from their Basic English translations].

95

Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. Psyche 18 (19381952), 127-204. A massively documented study which begins by describing Jeremy Bentham's relationship with Henry Peter Brougham (Lord Chancellor of England 1831-35). Bentham's influence on Brougham is said to have been insufficiently emphasized by historians, although this neglect is not surprising, since no appreciation of Bentham was found in Brougham's papers. "The search has not been in vain; it may have revealed the true reason for their absence" (pl32). Thus begins a detective story in which the principal characters, among a supporting cast of dozens more, are Lord Dudley, John Forster, Joseph Cauvin, Henry Reeve, Anthony Trollope, and John Hill Burton.

96

Word Magic. Psyche 18 (1938-1952), 19-126. Part I, The Power of Words, corresponds with minor revisions and additions to the first seven sections of 83. Part II, Towards a Science of Orthology, is an extensively expanded and updated version of the final section of 83 (Towards a Science of Symbolism) Sections of Part II are: The Great Tradition (from Francis Bacon to Jeremy Bentham), One Touch of Nature (on Robert Boyle), After Bentham (The Utilitarians), The Comparative Method, Systematic Lexicology, Towards a Theory of Signs, Towards a Critique of Language, Towards the Way out. The concluding paragraph strikes an optimistic note: "Perhaps the most encouraging sign that the historical and educational treatment of linguistic communication is beginning to bear fruit may be found in the contributions which scientists themselves are now making to a word-conscious methodology" (pl26).

97

Florence, M. Sargant, and . Women's Prerogative. Jus Suffraqii, 1 January 1915, 218-219. "If woman climbed up to the clearer air above the battlefield and cried aloud in her anguish to her

Bibliography

80

sisters afar off: 'These things must not be, they shall never be again!* would man indeed say, 'Down with her!'? Would he not allow her prerogative? Would he not even wish to climb up, too?" (p219). 98

, and I. A. Richards. The Art of Conversation. The Cambridge Magazine 10, 2 (January-March 1921), 94-100. Passages of this text were rewritten to form the essence of The Meaning of Meaning, chapters 1 (Thoughts, Words and Things) and 6 (The Theory of Definition).

99

, and . First Steps in Psychology. Psyche 2, 1 (1921), 67-79. A survey intended for the uninitiated. Comments on psychologists' introduction of terms freer from irrelevant associations than those in ordinary use. Addresses the question: What is an idea? Presents four views of mind.

100

, and . The Meaning of Meaning. The Cambridge Magazine 11, 1 (January-March 1921), 49-57. Reprinted with minor revisions under the same title as The Meaning of Meaning, chapter 9.

101 RICHARDS, I. A., and . On Talking. The Cambridge Magazine 11, 1 (Decennial Number 1912-1921), 57-65. Reprinted with revisions and addenda as The Meaning of Meaning, chapter 10, Symbol Situations. 102

, I. A. Richards, and James Wood. The Sense of Beauty. The Cambridge Magazine 10, 2 (JanuaryMarch 1921), 73-91. Reprinted with minor revisions as (34), where Richards is credited as the senior author.

103

, and I. A. Richards. Symbolism. The Cambridge Magazine, Double Number, Summer 1920, 32-40. Passages of this text were rewritten to form the core of The Meaning of Meaning, chapters 5 (The Canons of Symbolism), 6 (The Theory of Definition), and 10 (Symbol Situations).

104 WATSON, James, and . More Georgian Poetry. The Cambridge Magazine 5, 7 (27 November 1915), 154-155. 105 WILLAMS, G. Trevor, and . The Duel Academic. The Cambridge Magazine, 24 May 1913, 607-608. A report on the Student Corps in German universities and colleges. 106

, and James Wood. The Analogy of Sound and Colour. Psyche 2, 3 (January 1922), 219-231. Argues that the analogy may be validly established even though the physical bases of sound and colour

81

Articles

are not identical. Section headings are: The Analogue of Pitch; The Analogue of Timbre; The Analogue of the Keyboard; An Analogy of the Intervals.

Editorials 107

Psyche 4, 1 (July 1923), 1-5. On the aesthetic value of the spoken vord and the literary critic's dependence on the psychologist, together vith various announcements.

108

Psyche 4, 2 (October 1923), 97. A brief report on the Seventh International Congress of Psychology and the Contest of Spoken Verse held at Oxford.

109

Psyche 4, 3 (January 1924), 191-195. On Jules Roma ins' discovery of a paroptic sense in the human skin; on the theoretical interest of the uniform experience of subjects under the effect of nitrous oxide: "Nitrous oxide might well, for all ve can say at present about it, be an invaluable instrument to the introspective psychologist, analogous to the microscope in the hands of the physiologist" (pl94).

110

Psyche 4, 4 (April 1924), 287-292. A detailed report of the joint meeting of the British Psychological Association and the Cambridge Psychological Society.

111

Psyche 5, 1 (July 1924), 1-2. A synoptic formulation of the history of ideas bearing on word-magic: "Not only did English Nominalism of the Middle Ages (Occam) early realise the fictional nature of general ideas, but Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Berkeley, and many subsequent writers influenced by them and by Home Tooke had encouraged a common sense attitude to mental constructs, which, but for the religious revival of the latter years of the nineteenth century, and the ontological mirage due to the successes of certain mathematical logicians, would have fallen into abeyance. The revival of this scientific attitude in psychology should enable The Philosophy of 'As i f to make its full appeal during the next decade, and in the next issue of Psyche it will be shown that the theory of fictions has had a formulation in the history of English thought very much more elaborate and explicit than even Professor Vaihinger [245] imagines" (p2).

112

Psyche 5, 2 (October 1924), 97-98. A condemnation of the academic and entrepreneurial inertia obstructing the development of psycho82

83

Editorials

logy in England. 113

Psyche 5, 3 (January 1925), 193. Introduces Bronislav Malinowski's article criticizing Freud's use of the Oedipus Complex in the description of primitive societies.

114

Psyche 5, 4 (April 1925), 289.

115

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Psyche no. 21 (July 1925), 1. (1) Noise and Nerves; (2) Quies (promoting the ear plugs sold under this name and supplied by Psyche); (3) An Explanation (re: article in previous issue); (4) Do Animals Laugh? A Problem of Instinct.

116

Psyche no. 22 (October 1925), 1-5.

117

Psyche no. 23 (January 1926), 1. Commentary on Freud on the occasion of the publication of his Collected Papers. "Like many original thinkers, Freud seems to have been strangely unaware of the speculations of others in fields closely allied to his own, and the impression is often created that when the necessary qualifications have been introduced an apparently startling hypothesis often departs very little from relatively orthodox views...But the Conversion of Freud to Telepathy is a still more recent development than any of his published writings which have yet reached this country."

118

Psyche no. 24 (April 1926), 1. Announcement of the appearance of the Psyche Miniatures Series.

119

Psyche no. 25 (July 1926), 1-4. Makes the case that all the sciences are dependent in some measure on psychology. "To the student of language it should be clear that the branch of psychology which bears most directly on these ineffable issues is that which deals with symbols, with the words in which questions are asked, the formulae in which dilemmas are stated, and which minds the symbolic machinery whose parts are so often mistaken for fragments of the external world. Unfortunately it is at present the business of nobody in particular to study this machinery, though its defects are daily becoming more obvious. What psychology needs today is an Institute of Linguistic Research, with an endowment of 100,000 pounds, to make possible further work on the borderlands of neurology, anthropology, pathology, philology, grammar, and physics."

120

Psyche no. 26 (October 1926), 1-5. A report on the Eighth International Congress of Psychology, held in Groningen, and a brief review

Bibliography

84

of contributions to the Encyclopaedia Britannlca, thirteenth edition, bearing on psychology. 121

Psyche no. 27 (January 1927), 1-2. A whimsical commentary ranging over John B. Watson's Behaviorism, Bertrand Russell's review of The Meaning of Meaning, W. M. Wheeler, Freud, Reaumur, Burdon Sanderson, and Adelyne More.

122

Psyche no. 28 (April 1927), 1-2. On the prevalence of word-magic in China and the scanty evidence for Chinese linguistic reflection which successfully transcends word-magic. "For Confucius...the world is out of joint because names have lost their true, their original meanings. So the Confucianism which has dominated Chinese thought until today concentrated all energies on philology; and that alone would be sufficient to account for the failure of psychology to emerge. But the evidence is clearly insufficient. Both the Sung and Ming writers seem to have produced interesting psychological material. The Zen masters, too, developed a curiously behavioristic psychology in place of the Buddhist analysis of the mind into 540 states, which never took root in China" (p2).

123

Psyche no. 29 (July 1927), 1-7. Sections are : (1) Orthology; (2) The Science of Symbols; (3) How Words Work; (4) The Way out; (5) lope versus Dope—"The study of language is an eyeopener .. .Essence of Eye-opener (lope) should, indeed, be on sale at every educational institution from the Child Clinic upwards"—p3; (6) An Orthological Institute; (7) Possession and the Lawyer-on why orthology is vital to the study of the law; (8) The Doctor in the Dock—on how psychoanalysis has demonstrated the importance of the study of symbols; (9) The Future of English.

124

Psyche 8, 2 (October 1927), 1-3. Announces the publishing program for Psyche and for the Psyche Miniatures series for 1927-1928.

125

Psyche 8, 3 (January 1928), 1-2. Reveals the germ of 0's idea for Basic English: "The future, in fact, will be with the language which can simplify itself most rapidly, and the simplification of English is one of the most important branches of Orthology....If...unaccountable enthusiasm for the explicit were scientifically canalized, and people were accustomed to the use of five words where one might suffice, all literary abbreviations and synonyms could be dispensed with in conversation. It would then be discovered that with a command of 1,000 easily memorized names of common objects, situations, and occurrences, and some 500 linguistic devices for operating them, a foreigner could make himself...fluent and intelli-

85

Editorials

gible after a three month course" (p2). 126

Psyche 8, 4 (April 1928), 1-2. The first section highlights recent additions to the Psyche Miniatures series and the second, entitled "Why Bentham?" gives the chronology under which 0. integrated his study of Jeremy Bentham with his work on symbolism.

127

Psyche 9, 1 (July 1928), 1-3. (1) Debabelization: Takes its cue from C. J. Warden's An Outline of Comparative Psychology to discuss obstacles to communication between humans and animals. "When asked to retrieve a pair of gloves by such different noises as 'I have lost my gloves' and 'go get my gloves,' a dog unfamiliar with the theory of linguistic fictions might well think it was being trifled with" (pi). (2) Panoptic Conjugation: Provides the first formulation of this concept/device in O's writings. "To conjugate a verb is to put it through its tricks. Conjugates, in another connexion, are words related to the same root. If we apply the terms to words in general so that any word can have its conjugation and conjugates, it will be convenient to exhibit these so that they can be appreciated at a glance--panoptically" (p2). (3) The Higher the Fewer: A demonstration of the word economy of "simplified universal English" in which a 55-word text with a vocabulary of 40 words is re-expressed in a 16-word text with a vocabulary of only four words.

128

Psyche 9, 2 (October 1928), 1-5. Discusses eolithic art (eoliths are pieces of flint worked by man) and proposes a procedure for dispelling the controversy surrounding them: "We require a facial frequency curve for a sample of stones from the caves, and similar samples from a Cement works,...from the Brighton beach,...and from under the Steam Roller. It could then be deterrn inded whether the curve of the disputed flints was 'significant'; and a comparison with similar shapes in potatoes or in random linear designs could be instituted, with special reference to the psychological capacity for enjoying 'Faces in the Fire,' and the eidetic phenomenon itself" (p4).

129

Psyche 9, 3 (January 1929), 1-9. Introduces the first publication of the 850-word list under the name of "The Universal Language." Its reductive and panoptic principles are set out, relating them to The Meaning of Meaning and the work of Jeremy Bentham. "All that remains is to satisfy the sceptic who finds it impossible to believe that with so few words anything approaching a passable English idiom can be achieved" (p9).

130

Psyche 9, 4 (April 1929), 1-2.

Bibliography

86

131

Psyche 9, 5 [10, 1] (July 1929), 1-30. Reports work in progress on Basic English (so called for the first time). Sections arei Vocabularies, The Average Man, Historical Estimates, Children, The Inductive Method, What Is a Word and When Is it Known?, The Principles of Translation, Special Vocabularies, Extension by Rule, Ambiguity, Metaphor and Specialization, The Technique of Substitution, Adjectival Equivalents, The Analytic Tendency, The Untranslatable, Sample Translations, Neologistic Orthology, Americana, The International Sciences, Literary Experiments and Iglupakulia, illustrating the principle of infixes.

132

Psyche 10, 2 (October 1929), 1-38. The introductory section describes the origins of Basic English as "an experimental application of linguistic psychology" (pi), announces the Science for You series, and explains why peace is excluded from the Basic English vocabulary while war is included. Subsequent sections are: The Languages of the World, A Current Legend (the number of English speaking people in the world, underestimated by nearly 400 million, is perpetuated internationally in the press), The Claim of Chinese, Artificial Simplification, The Talkies, The Value of Synthetic Languages, The Case for English, Principles of Internationally, The Prevarication of Science, Scientific Vocabularies, The Commonest Words, Reading, Model Sentences, The Light of Asia, Building up a Vocabulary, The Basic Menu, and The Time Factor.

133

Psyche 10, 3 (January 1930), 1-28. "With this issue of Psyche the publication of the theoretical background, psychological and linguistic of Basic English reaches its penultimate stage. By the time our next issue is ready for press the application of these researches, in the form of a working system, will be complete, and the task of rendering it available to the general public will then be only a matter of days" (pi). Thus begins one of the most important of O's writings for understanding the unifying features of his scholarship and publishing program. Sections aret Scientific, Basic, and Mnemonic; The Languages of Science; International Terms; Bilingualism in Bengal; Simplification and Irregularity; Methodological; Panoptic Conjugation (explicitly relating the panoptic method of Basic English to The Meaning of Meaning); The Diagram of Operators; Opposition: Aristotle's Obsession, The First Modern Treatment; The Sociological Approach; Tarde's Classification; The Zero Criterion; and A Fresh Start.

134

Psyche 10, 4 (April 1930), 1-2.

135

Psyche 11, 1 (July 1930), 1-5. Discusses the functions of the 600-word

mnemonic

87

Editorials

form of the vocabulary of Basic English and the background to the translation into Basic English of Leonhard Frank's Carl and Anna. 136

Psyche 11, 2 (October 1930), 1-9. (1) On orthological investigation of the function of the verb; (2) A reprint of an editorial from The Japan Chronicle, 4 September 1930, reviewing the Basic English translation of Carl and Anna? (3) A reprint of an editorial on Basic English from Hindu (Madras), 20 August 1930.

137

Psyche 11, 3 (January 1931), 1-6. Entitled "Benthamianat Bentham on Sex, The Interpretation of Bentham," this editorial introduces two fragments from Bentham*s manuscripts printed as the lead article of the issue under the title "Offences against Taste."

138

Psyche 11, 4 (April 1931), 1-3. Announcements of various forthcoming Psyche Miniatures and the background of The Basic Dictionary.

139

Psyche 12, 1 (July 1931), 1-5. (1) Psittacistic: Parrots point to the failure of phonetics; (2) Basic Systematized: On the suitability of Basic English for first language learning; (3) The Eastern Situation: On the advantages of Basic English for Japanese learners.

140

Psyche 12, 2 (October 1931), 1. A "reminder of the [Bentham] centenary which Psyche has already proposed to celebrate next year."

141

Psyche 12, 3 (January 1932), 1-2. An introduction to the Bentham centenary obituary notice of Frank Ramsey.

142

Psyche 12, 4 (April 1932), 1. A retrospective examination Psyche.

of

and

an

the program of

143

Psyche 13 (1933), 3-9. Sounds an optimistic note about avoiding war, introduces the contributions to the issue,and gives various announcements.

144

Psyche 14 (1934), 5-8. Introduces 83, relating it to the system and program of Basic English. "If Basic English is the enemy of Word Magic, its opponents are likely to be the first to reveal the attitudes and adopt the arguments which it condemns; and their detailed examination becomes a necessary part of the expense of verbalism in general, to which Bacon, Hobbes, Berkeley, and Bentham, each in his different way, made such illuminating contributions" (pp7-8).

Bibliography

88

145

Psyche 15 (1935), 5-18. Commentary on the work of many authors, including Charles S. Peirce and Leonard Bloomfield, precedes a detailed introduction to the lead article of the issue.

146

Psyche 16 (1936), 5-50. Announces the appearance of The Basic News, introduces the contributions to the current volume, and expounds O's views on the sprung rhythms of Gerard Manley Hopkins.

147

Psyche 17 (1937), 5-23. Cites a passage from Jeremy Bentham "where an historical sine qua non for the emergence of a universal grammar is specifled" (p6). 0. elaborates Bentham's claim that John H o m e Tooke prepared the way for the development of universal grammar, digressing at length on Tooke's dinners, his commentary on other scholars, his dictionary project and antipathy towards artificial languages.

148

Psyche 18 (1938-1952), 5-18. IT The Origins of Archetypation: "As Euhemerism [a system of mythological interpretation which denies the existence of divine beings] sought out the Panachaean Inscriptions which would provide concrete archetypes for the addicts of nectar and ambrosia, so Orthology must seek the Panoptic Definitions ...of such Linguistic Fictions as today claim a similar metaphorical subsistence" (p6); (2) Retrospective: Outlines O's research and publications on word magic from 1912-1952; (3) The Normative Approach: On Orthology's objective of transcending the distinction between science and art. This section emphasizes the unifying orthological theme of O's publications; (4) Can You See Space? '"Can you play Chess without the King?' is doubtless the conundrum of the new Elizabethan era, though in this atomic age it might be subordinated to the dreary query, 'Can you see Space?"' (pl7).

Notes 149

Note. In Haruzo Okamoto, Basic for Business The Yuhodo Ltd., n.d.), pi.

(Tokyo:

150

To the Reader. Man (London:

151

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The Sea as a Career for University Men. The Cambridge Magazine 3, 25 (6 June 1914), 1.

152

The Trade War and Trade Education. The Cambridge Magazine, 31 October 1914, 79. Advocates that England follow the German model in establishing trade schools.

153

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Be Fruitful and Multiply. The Cambridge Magazine, 6 March 1915, 327. Articulates the corollary to the cited injuncM, tion: Be fruitful and multiply* has been the warrior-statesman's command, 'and conquer the earth'

154

[Adelyne More, pseud.] What the Public Wants: The Right Words in the Right Order. The Cambridge Magazine, 26 February 1916, 339. A hilarious tongue-in-cheek proposal for the establishment of a Cambridge Oratorical Bureau to "arrange other people's words."

155

To Subscribers and Contributors: A New Departure. The Cambridge Magazine, 24 January 1920, 1-2. Announces the reorganization of the journal as a quarterly, success in a lawsuit over vandalism to the Cambridge Magazine bookshop on Armistice Day, a subscription transfer arrangement with The Manchester Guardian, and "the establishment of a Book business, with publishing, stationery and art departments, three shops devoted entirely to the sale of new and second hand books, and connexions in London and abroad for the rapid supply of current requirements" (pi).

156

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Poland. The Second International Congress of Psychical Research. Psyche 4, 2 (October 1923), ppl86-187.

157

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 10, 2 (October 1929), 111-112. Reports experiments by the International Ortho-

In George Bernard Shaw, Arms and the Evans Brothers, n.d.), ppv-viii.

89

Bibliography

90

phonics Archives section of the Orthological Institute and announces the availability of the recording of James Joyce reading from Anna Llvla Plurabelle, made under the auspices of the Orthological Institute. 158

Preface. In Janes Joyce, Tales Told of Shem and Shauni Three Fragments from Work in Progress (Paris: The Black Sun Press, 1929), i-xv. Comments on fragments from Joyce, vhich eventually formed part of Finnegans Wake, in terms of their sources and as linguistic experimentation. The portion of the text on infixes corresponds in part to 131. Gives a concise overview of Joyce's procedures for symbolic condensation and describes him as "the protagonist of neologistic orthology, the bell-wether of debabelization" (pxiii).

159

Introduction. In Leonhard Frank, Karl and Anna (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1930), pp5-12.

160

The Orthological Institute. 30), 88.

161

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 11, 1 (July 1930), 95-96. Comments on the background and text of the Orthological Institute's recording of James Joyce reading from Anna Livia Plurabelle.

162

The Orthological 1930), 10.

163

Introduction. In L. W. Lockhart, The Basic Traveller (London: Regan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931, pp7-12.

164

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 11, 3 (January 1931), 94-96. Welcomes the statement by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, in the same issue, on the international language question and discusses Basic in science.

165

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 11, 4 (April 1931), 94-96. A brief outline of Basic English and a statement of support for it from leading figures.

166

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 12, 1 (July 1931), 96. Signatures of support for Basic English.

167

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 12, 2 (October 1931), 92-96. Commentary on and translation into Basic English of the last four pages of James Joyce's Anna Livia

Psyche 10, 4

Institute.

(April 19-

Psyche 11, 2 (October

91

Notes

Plurabelle. The translation also appeared in transition 21 (March 1932). See also 238. 168

Preface. In L. W. Lockhart, Word Economy (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931), pp7-8.

169

Notes in Basic English on the Anna Livia Plurabelle Record. Psyche 12, 4 (April 1932), 86-95.

170

The Orthological 1932), 96.

171

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 12, 4 (April 1932), 83-85. Signatures of support for Basic English and announcements of Institute activities.

172

To

173

To the Reader. In Henry Wickham Steed, International Talks in Basic English. (London: Regan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932), p7.

174

Note. In Ky6son Tumura, That Night (London: Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933), pp7-8.

175

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 13 (1933),199-206. (1) A New International Bible; (2) Basic for Science; (3) Round the Earth with 850 Words: On the teaching material designed for the Basic English program.

176

To the Reader. In Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933), pp7-ll.

177

To the Reader. In Michael Faraday, The Chemical History of a Candle (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933), pp7-9.

178

To the Reader. In James Clerk Garnett, The Organization of Peace (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933), pp7-9.

179

To

180

To the Reader. ics (London: 1933), pp7-8.

181

To the Reader. In Thomas North, Plutarchus (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933), pp7-ll.

182

To the Reader.

Institute.

Psyche 12, 3 (January

the Reader. In Edgar Allan Poe, The Gold Insect (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1932), pp5-13.

Kegan

the Reader. In Lafcadio Hearn, Japanese Stories (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933), pp7-8. In L. W. Lockhart, Basic for EconomKegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.,

In Anna Sevell, Black Beauty (London:

Bibliography

92

Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933), pp7-10. 183

A Note on Basic English. In Raymond McGrath, Twentieth Century Houses (London: Faber & Faber, 1934), pp221-225. 0. explains that the work is written in Basic because the author sees in it the same qualities as the buildings he writes about.

184

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 14 (1934), 187201. An announcement of the Institute's move to Dartmouth Street, London, is accompanied by a summary of its other locations since 1928. New additions to the Psyche Miniatures series are discussed. International news of Basic English is reported from the Argentine Republic, Australia, Czechoslovakia, Burma, and China. The account of Basic English from H. G. Wells's The Shape of Things to Come is reprinted. (The latter also appears in 18, pp298-303. )

185

To the Reader. In Inez Holden, Death in High Society (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1934), pp7-10.

186

To the Reader. In L. W. Lockhart, Everyday Basic (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1934), pp7-13.

187

To the Reader. In S. L. Salzedo, A Basic Astronomy (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1934), pp7-10.

188

To the Reader. In Jonathan Swift, Gulliver in Lllllput (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1934), pp7-10.

189

To the Reader. In L. N. Tolstoi, Stories for the Young (London: The Basic English Publishing Co., 1934 ll, pp7-9.

190

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 15 (1935), 236251. Basic News from the Far East, Malaya, The U. S. S. R., Australia, North America, and the Leeward Islands. Additional information about The Basic News and Basic books.

191

Those Experts. Psyche 15 (1935), 252-255. A brief summary of two key points raised in 21.

by

0.

192

To the Reader. In The Basic St. Mark (London: Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935), pp7-16.

Kegan

193

To the Reader. In Benjamin Franklin, Wise Words (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935),

93

Notes

pp5-10. 194

To the Reader. In J. B. S. Haldane, The Outlook of Science (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935), pp7-ll.

195

To the Reader. In J. B. S. Haldane, Science and WellBe inq (London: Regan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935), pp7-U.

196

To the Reader. In Nathaniel Hawthorne & Edgar Allan Poe, The Three Signs (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935), pp7-8.

197

To

198

To the Reader. In Robert Levis Stevenson, Keave's Bottle (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935), pp5-8.

199

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 16 (1936), 195200. Announcement of the forthcoming move of the Institute to Gordon Square, London, and an extensive report of Basic English teaching in China.

200

To the Reader. In J. Rantz, The Sounds and Forms of Basic English (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1936), pp5-8.

201

To the Reader. In Ivan Sergiecvich Tourgenieff, The Two Friends (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1936), pp5-6.

202

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 17 (1937), 218224. Various announcements of Psyche Monographs, Psyche Miniatures, and a report on the measurement of linguistic stress.

203

To the Reader. In P. M. Rossiter, Basic for Geology (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1937), pp7-9.

204

To the Reader. In Edwin William Smith, The Basic St. John (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1938), pp7-15.

205

Epilogue. Psyche 18 (1938-1952), 397-400. 0. outlines the requisite orthological orientation for any educational program developed while the world is "moving in the shadow of universal destruction" (p397) and concludes: "Before the era of World-wars there were few thinkers who concentrated their attention on the influence of language as a segregating factor and as an aggravator of in-

the Reader. France (London: 1935), pp7-10.

In Charles Perrault, Stories from Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.,

Bibliography

94

ternational troubles. The word 'international' itself has been in existence for little more than [a] century. It was invented by Bentham for use in certain legal contexts to which the rapid rise of 'nationalism' had given a special significance. But, whatever we may substitute in a global context, it should be clear that though languages segregate, language can unite" (p400). 206

The Orthological Institute. Psyche 18 (1938-1952), 371-386. Historical notes on (1) John Home Tooke; (2) the Orthological Institute's acquisition of the the papers of Henry Peter Brougham; (3) Mayors of Cambridge (their contribution to scholarship); (4) Timothy Bright (the father of modern shorthand); (5) Bright's Characterie (1588), in which the term is defined as "the art of short, swifte, and secrete writing by Character" (p376), and which was also intended as a universal language; (6) Laurentius Grimaldus's The Councellor (1598); (7) Basic Sign-Writing; (8) Publications 1937-1947.

207

To the Reader. In C. L. T. Griffith, The Story of Letters and Numbers (London: Regan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1939), ppvii-x.

208

To the Reader. In C. Collodi, Pinocchlo (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CoT, 1940), pp5-8.

209

To the Reader. In Frederick Marryat, Mr. Midshipman Easy (Cambridge, England: The Basic English Publishing Co., 1942), ppv-vi.

210

To the Reader. In W. Repton, Between the Lines (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1950), pp7-13.

Reviews 211

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Maurice Maeterlinck; Poet and Philosopher, by Macdonald Clark. The Cambridge Magazine 5, 3 (30 October 1915), 71. A positive review criticizing only the "somewhat washy final chapter on the place of Maeterlinck in modern thought and literature."

212

Modern Substitutes for Christianity, by Edmund McClure. The Cambridge Magazine 5, 3 (30 October 1915), 70-71. Dismisses the book as "entirely out of touch with the younger generation of thinking persons" (p70).

213

[Adelyne More, pseud.] War Echoes. The Peace Treaty and the Economic Chaos, by Norman Angel1; Balkan Problems and the European Peace, by Noel Buxton and C. L. Leese; The Language Question in Belgium, by A. Van de Perre; The Indictment of War. The Cambridge Magazine, 17 January 1920, 223.

214

A Neglected Complex, by W. R. Bousfield. (October 1924), 187-188.

215

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Seventh International Congress of Psychology, ed. by C. S. Meyers. Psyche 5, 2 (October 1924), 185.

216

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Problems of Personality (Studies in Honour of Dr. Morton Prince). Psyche no. 21 (July 1925), 110-111.

217

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The Art of Thought, by Graham Wallas. Psyche no. 25 (July 1926), 114.

218

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Contempory Thought of France, by Isaac Beurubi. Psyche no. 26 (July 1926), 114.

219

The New Brltannlca (Inside Out). The Saturday Review of Literature, 23 October 1926, 229-231, 235-236. 0. declares that the work "must be pronounced a triumph of publishing and organization" (p230). At the same time he notes various omissions and some features "particularly unsystematic" (p236). Reprinted in 307, ppl92-212.

220

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Science, Religion and Reality, by Joseph Needham. Psyche no. 24 (April 1926), 95-96. 95

Psyche 5, 2

Bibliography

96

221

Goo, Goo. General Theory of Value, by Ralph Barton Perry; Philosophy of the Recent Past, by Ralph Barton Perry. Psyche no. 29 (July 1927), 99-102.

222

History and Psychology. The Human Adventure, being The Conquest of Civilization, by James H. Breasted; The Ordeal of Civilization, by James Harvey. Psyche no. 29 (July 1927), 102-104.

223

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Race Today and Tomorrow. The Racial Basis of Civilization, by Frank H. Hankins. Psyche no. 29 (July 1927), 105.

224

The Renewal of Culture, by Lars Ringbom; Individual Psychological Treatment, by Erwin Wexberg? Sleep, by R. D. Gillespie. Psyche 10, 1 (July 1929), 85.

225

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Disturbing Urbanity. Modern Conversation, by Barrington Hall. Psyche 11, 2 (October 1930), 96.

226

The Philosophy of the Unconscious, by E. von mann. Psyche 11, 2 (October 1930), 91-93.

227

Laws of Feeling, by F. Paulhan. ber 1930), 94-95.

228

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Human Variability. Study of Aesthetics, by L. A. Reid; Conditions and Consequences of Human Variability, by Raymond Dodge; An Outline of the Universe, by J. G. Crowther. Psyche 12, 1 (July 1931), 95-96.

229

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Mongols, Monkeys, and Mysticism. The Mongol in our Midst, by F. G. Crookshank; The Nature of Living Matter, by Lancelot Hogben. Psyche 11, 4 (April 1931), 93.

230

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The Orthological Basis of Physics. Critique of Physics, by L. L. Whyte; The Revolt Against Dualism, by E. 0. Lovejoy. Psyche 12, 1 (July 1931), 93-94.

231

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The Physical Basis of Personality. The Physical Basis of Personality, by Charles R. Stockard; Crime as Destiny, by J. Lange. Psyche 12, 1 (July 1931), 94-95.

232

The Psychology of Clothes, by 11, 3 (January 1931), 88.

233

[Adelyne More, pseud.] Reflex Action, by Franklin Fearing. Psyche 11, 3 (January 1931), 91-92.

234

[Adelyne More, pseud.] The Linguistic Basis of Metaphysics. The Structure of Thought, by Ludwig Fischer. Psyche 11, 4 (April 1931), 90-93.

Hart-

Psyche 11, 2 (Octo-

J. C. Flugel.

Psyche

97

Reviews

234a Philological Studies. Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality. Ed. by David G. Mandelbaum. The Times Literary Supplement 11 August 1950, p502. 0. identified himself as the author of this unsigned review: "My brief note [about Sapir's book] appeared in yesterday's TLS" (BBCW 910 OGD, CKO to P. H. Newby, 12 August 1950). "Whenever he allowed himself to generalize, Sapir showed himself a worthy successor of Whitney and an upholder of the parallel tradition of Sweet, Skeat, and Sayce."

Translations 234b BUGNION, Edouard. The Origin of Instinct; A Study of the War between the Ants and the Termites. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1927. Originally written as an Appendix to Part 4 of 237. 235

CALLISON, Dorothie. (The Mutation Theory) Credula res amor est. [Adelyne More, pseud.] Original (accompanying) published as Fidelity. The Cambridge Magazine, 13 November 1915, 112. Reprinted in Gulielmo A. Osborne, Flosculi Rossallienses (Cambridge, England: In Prelo Academico, 1916), p233, where the original is not attributed to Callison.

236

DRIESCH, Hans. The History and Theory of Vitalism. London: Macmillan and Co., 1914. Originally published as Geschichte des Vitalismus (Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1922).

237

FOREL, Auguste. The Social World of the Ants. 5 vols. London & New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1928.

238

JOYCE, James. Anna Livia Plurabelle. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 1970. Translation into Basic English. See 167.

239

KERSCHENSTEINER, Georg. The School and the Nation. London: Macmillan and Co., 1914. Originally published as Grundfragen der Schulorganisation (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1907).

239a PAULHAN, F. The Laws of Feeling. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Co., 1930. 240

PIERON, Henri. Thought and the Brain. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1927. Originally published as Le Cerveau et la pensee (Paris: F. Alcan, 1923).

241

Q[uintus] H[oratius] FLACCUS. Hesperian Catch* [Adelyne More, pseud.] *Horace, Odes, I, 36. Psyche 18 (1938-1952), 364.

242

ROLLAND, Romain. The Idols. Together with a letter by M. Rolland to Dr. Frederik van Eeden on the Rights of Small Nationalities. Cambridge, England: Bowes & Bowes; London: Macmillan & Co.; Glasgow: Jas. MacLehose & Sons, 1915. The Idols was originally published in the Journal 98

99

Translations

de Geneve, 10 December 1914, and translated in The Cambridge Magazine, 6 February 1915. It pursues the thesis that "every ideal which ought to liberate is transformed into a clumsy Idol" (p3). 243

. Above the Battle. Chicago & London: The Open Court Publishing Co., 1916. Originally published as Au-dessus de la melee (Paris: Paul Ollendorff, 1915).

244

ROMAINS, Jules. Eyeless Sight. London & New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1924. Originally published as Vision extra-retinienne (Paris: Nouvelle Revue Francaise, 1920).

245

VAIHINGER, Hans. The Philosophy of 'As i f . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1924. Originally published as Die Philosophie des als ob (Berlin: Reuther and Reichard, 1911).

246

WELLS, H.G. The Rights of Man. Psyche 18 (1938-1952), 365-370. "Put into Basic English with [Wells's] help and approval (1941) by C. K. Ogden" (p365).

247

WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1922. "In rendering Mr. Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus available for English readers, the somewhat unusual course has been adopted of printing the original side by side with the translation. Such a method of presentation seemed desirable both on account of the obvious difficulties raised by the vocabulary and in view of the peculiar literary character of the whole. As a result, a certain latitude has been possible in passages to which objection might otherwise be taken as over-literal" [C. K. 0.] (p5). Reprinted in 1933 (with corrections), 1947, 1949, 1951, 1955, (with an Index), 1958, 1960, 1962, 1971, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988. See 278, 281, 291, 302, 405a, 418, 421, 425-27, 430, 435.

Ill

SECONDARY SOURCES Commentaries & Reviews of C. K. Ogden's Writings & Sequels by other Authors 248

Matter and Life. Review of The History and Theory of Vitalism/ by Hans Driesch. Authorized translation by C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement/ 17 September 1914, 426.

249

Above the Battle. Review of Above the Battle by Romain Rolland. Translated by C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement/ 9 March 1916, 110.

250

Review of Psyche, 4, 2, October 1923. Edited by C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement, 6 December 1923, 854.

251

Logical Fictions. Review of The Philosophy of 'As If', by Hans Vaihinger. Translated by C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement, 17 July 1924, 444. "The translation is quite excellently done, and but for an occasional lapse into Germanicized construction it reads like an original English work."

252

Review of Psyche, 4, 3, January 1924. Edited by C. K. Ogden. The Literary Supplement, 7 February 1924, 82.

253

Insects and Men. Review of The Social World of Ants, by Auguste Forel. Translated by C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement, 19 July 1928, 529.

254

Review of Psyche, 8, 3, January 1928. Edited by C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement, 23 February 1928.

255

Feeling and Will. Review of The Laws of Feeling, by F. Paulhan. Translated by C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement, 25 June 1931, 500.

256

Basic English. Nature 130, 3272 (16 July 1932), 8384. A brief summary with samples taken from Basic English Applied (Science).

257

A Bentham Classic. Review of The Theory of Legislation, by Jeremy Bentham. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement, 11 February 1932, 88. 101

Commentaries

102

258

Internationalingo. Review of The System of Basic English, by C. K. Ogden. Time, 12 March 1934. A review of 18 accompanied by a brief background note on 0.

259

Gloro. Time, 5 April 1937. Contrasts Basic English artificial languages.

with

Gloro

and

other

260

Review of General History [in Outline and Story], by E. H. Carter and C. K. Ogden. The Times Literary Supplement, 25 February 1939, 126.

261

English for All Nations: Movement for 850-Word Tongue Shifts to United States. Newsweek, 29 July 1940, 42-43. A brief outline of the history and system of Basic English. This report attributes to I. A. Richards the speculation that 0. would come to Harvard, "thereby completing the Cambridge-toCambridge shift" (p43).

262

Reading and The World. Time, 15 July 1940, 69. Reports I. A. Richards work with Basic English in the United States.

263

Short Cut to Literacy. Time, 15 June 1942, 52. A report on the first educational movie short on Basic English. Brief discussion of charges of "linguistic imperialism" levelled against Basic.

264

Basic English. New Statesman, 11 September 1943, 161-162. Translates a fragment of Churchill's Harvard speech into Basic to criticize its vocabulary gaps.

265

The Basis of Basic. Time, 20 September 1943, 55. The word-chart of Basic English.

266

Churchill and Speech Experts Differ on Basic English as World Language. Newsweek, 20 September 1943, 82-84. Outlines the vocabulary reduction principle of Basic, its advantages and disadvantages. "With singular glee, its opponents like to point to the 'clumsiness' of Basic. 'The officer led his soldiers against the enemy, but the enemy stood firm' would, they said, read like this: 'The person in military authority was the guide of his men in the army against the nation 1 at war, but the not-friends stood solidly upright. But to this C. K. Ogden snapped back his own translation: 'The lieutenant went in front of his men to the attack, but the other side did not give way.'"

267

Does This Make You Tired? Time, 16 August 1943, 44. A brief report in Basic, critical of its elimination of various verbs and the tedious effect

103

Reviews/Sequels

of its style for those with knowledge of full English. 268

Pho, Mr. Churchill! Newsweek, 15 November 1943, 9093. Criticisms of Basic English imputed to Samuel Johnson, Sir Thomas Browne, and James Joyce.

269

War Enters Most Severe and Costly Phase. The Daily Telegraph, 23 September 1943. Includes the full text of Winston Churchill's speech at Harvard University endorsing Basic English.

270

Whose Basic?

271

For the Far East: The Great Verb Difficulty Abolished. The Japan Chronicle, 4 September 1930. Reprinted in 136.

272

Judicial Juxtaposition: The New Testament in English. Psyche 18 (1938-1952), 387-396. Extracts from 76 reviews.

273

A

274

Some Opinions: The New Testament in Basic English. The Basic News 10 (1950), 44-48. Extracts from 36 reviews.

275

A. P. H[erbert]. Classics in Bassic. (sic) Punch, 26 April 1944, 358-359. Translates fragments of songs, Christmas carols, and quotations from Shakespeare, Winston Churchill et al. into Basic English. "We are well aware that Basic English is not intended for rhetorical or poetical use. Nevertheless, anyone who wants to learn Basic English will find it highly instructive to try to translate old favourite phrases into Basic, because he will then see quickly the kind of thing that can and cannot be done with it" (p358).

276

AIKEN, Janet Rankin. English as the International Language. American Speech 9, 2 (April 1934), 98-110. A comparison of Basic English, IRET English (Institute for Research in English Teaching method developed by Harold E. Palmer), and Swenson English (developed by Elaine Swenson of the Language Research Institute at New York University). States that Basic is probably the best of the three sys-

Time, 4 October 1943, 70.

Basic

Noble Experiment. Basic English: International Second Language, by C. K. Ogden, revised by E. C. Graham. The Economist, 21 June 1969, 51-52. Includes a very brief history of the development of Basic English and concludes: "What Basic English needs now is not merely finance for a largescale trial, but also good public relations. It deserves the experiment" (p52).

Commentaries

104

terns and that it reads well, but finds that "the organization and presentation are careless, eccentric and confused" (pl08) and objects to the manner in which the system "smuggles in some verb uses" (pl09). 277

. The System of Basic English, by C. K. Ogden (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1934). American Speech 9, 3 (October 1934), 221-222. Finds the book a distinct improvement on O's earlier presentations of the same material but notes that "the thorny question of idiom is still left unsolved" (p222) and that "the criticism made by Professor Michael West and others, that the learning weight of the 850 is equal to over 3000 words, is not answered" (ibid.).

278

ANSCOMBE, G. E. M. An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1959. Contains only one reference to O., which started a controversy: "English readers of the Tractatus may need to be warned that Ogden•s translation is notoriously very bad. Wittgenstein told me that he had not checked the whole of this translation, but only answered a few questions that were put to him about some passages" (pl7). See 247, 281, 291, 302, 405a, 418, 421, 425-27, 430, 435.

279

BARNETT, Lincoln. Basic English: A Globalanguage. Life, 18 October 1943, 57-64. A very detailed and accurate account of Basic to which Columbia University linguist Mario Pei responded (without identifying himself as such) in the issue of 8 November 1943: "Though neither an English teacher nor an Esperantist, I oppose Basic English on the following grounds: 1. It is an unsatisfactory means of expression for the normal English speaker; 2. It is fundamentally misleading in its claims and methods; 3. It presents greater difficulty to the average foreign learner than does ordinary English" (p4).

280

BARZUN, Jacques. A Second Language. The Saturday Review of Literature, 2 October 1943, 5-6. Expresses scepticism about Basic as an universal language but acknowledges its value in "wag[ing] war on stilted, inhuman classroom lingo and on the loose polysyllabic prose of officialdom and bad journalese" (p5). (Forty-four years later, still making readers conscious of loose language, B. demonstrates how a particularly bad text could be rewritten; the result is completely in Basic. See The Globe & Mail (Toronto), 27 June 1987.)

281

BLACK, Max. A Companion to tatus '. Ithaca, New York:

Wittgenstein's 'TracCornell University

105

Reviews/Sequels

Press, 1964. Reproduces the entire text of the translation of the Tractatus by D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuinness (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961). Includes scores of cross-references to 0's translation, which B. frequently prefers. See 247, 278, 291, 302, 405a, 418, 421, 425-27, 430, 435. 282

BLISS, Charles Kasiel. Semantography; A Non-Alphabetical Symbol Writing. (3 vols.) Sydney, Australia: Institute for Semantography, 1949. B. sent a copy of his work to 0., "with gratitude because your pioneering work has made mine possible," but he wishes 0. would yield to criticisms of Basic and modify it to include verbs.

283

BOLTON, W. F. The Language of 1984: Orwell's English and Ours. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. The chapter "Language Mixture" gives details of Orwell's contact with 0., his defense of Basic English, and disputes the claim of Fink (304) that Newspeak is a parody of Basic.

284

BURGESS, Anthony. Language Made Plain. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1965. Includes a brief evaluation of the merits of Basic English in the chapter "The Breaking of Babel."

285

BURKE, Kenneth. The Meaning of C. K. Ogden. The New Republic, 2 May 1934, 328-331. "A least one way to reach simplification is through super-complexity...C. K. Ogden is a typical instance of this attitude: an interest in simplification arising from a full exposure to the subtleties of the extremely complex. The library that he edits, the International Library, is constantly characterized by this dual tendency: it attempts to get at fundamentals through exposure to the full elaborateness of the superstructures rising above these fundamentals" (p328). Includes a poem by 0., consisting entirely of words of opposite meanings. Reviews Basic, stressing its analytic principles (pp339-340). Situates The Meaning of Meaning in "the line of speculation and investigation that might be traced through nominalism, empiricism, utilitarianism, phenomenalism, pragmatism, ending perhaps in the thoroughly psychological approaches of behaviorism and Gestalt theories" (p330). "If we were to attempt characterizing in one sentence the purpose to which Mr. 0. has devoted the best of his efforts, we might say that he has been concerned with teaching us how to prepare and consume our words without the sufferings of a bad diet" (p330). Relates The Meaning of Meaning to Basic English

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106

and to The Meaning of Psychology. "The Meaning of Meaning is primarily a description of a method—or perhaps better, the embodiment of an attitude; and this method, or attitude, can be turned, mutatis mutandis into any kind of subject matter" (p331). 286

CARINGTON, Whately. Matter, Mind and Meaning. London: Methuen & Co., 1949. Chapter 3 comments extensively on The Meaning of Meaning, with particular reference to signs, words as signs, reference, correctness of symbols, true and false reference, interpretation of sign-situations, definition of words vs. definition of things, and external context.

287

CATFORD, J. C. The Background and Origins of Basic English. English Language Teaching 5, 2 (November 1950), 36-47. Particularly useful for an understanding of how O's work on The Meaning of Meaning and Opposition relates to Basic English.

288

. Word-Stress and Sentence-Stress: A Practical and Theoretical Guide for Teachers of Basic English. London: The Basic English Publishing Co., 1950. Supplement to The Basic News, 1950. "This account of Word-Stress and Sentence-Stress is a re-presentation by J. C. Catford of material contained in C. K. Ogden's article in 'Sound, Sense, and Intelligibility,' Psyche 15 (1935), supplemented in Part 2 by Mr. Catford's own contribution on the theoretical side. It is intended to show teachers of Basic English how they may simplify the phonetic side of their work by applying to it the general principles underlying the Basic System" (p2). See 90.

289

CHASE, Stuart. The Tyranny of Words. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1938. Chapter 7 discusses the triadic model of meaning from The Meaning of Meaning and four of the six canons of symbolism. For a brief account of the contact between Chase and 0. see 322.

290

CONNOR, George A. A "Neutral" Tongue. The Saturday Review of Literature, 2 October 1943, 9-10. Argues for the advantages of Esperanto over Basic English.

291

COWELL, F. R. Wittgenstein's "Tractatus". Literary Supplement, 1965, 293. See 405a.

292

CROOKSHANK, Francis G. Word-Magic in Modern Medicine. The Cambridge Magazine 11, 2 (1923), 57-65. Reprinted with very minor revisions as Supplement

The Times

107

Reviews/Sequels

II to The Meaning of Meaning ("The Importance of a Theory of Signs and a Critique of Language in the Study of Medicine"). 293

CROWTHER, James G. Basic English. In James G. Crowther, Osiris and the Atom (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1932), pp216-221. "In Mr. Ogden's view, Jeremy Bentham's strange way of writing was caused by his use of a sort of Basic English and not by the fact that he was a bad writer" (p221). "[0] is only attempting to put into a system what all writers are at pains to do more or less unconsciously" (ibid.).

294

DANIELS, F. J. Basic English; A Protest. With a foreword by J. A. Lauwerys. London: The Basic English Foundation, 1966. This pamphlet is a systematic refutation of criticisms of Basic English raised by Robert A. Hall, Jr., in Leave Your Language Alone! A partial list of books in Basic is appended.

295

DINGLE Reginald J. The Basic English Heresy. Nineteenth Century, August 1941, 96-99. "No fallacy has done so much to retard understanding between nations as the kind of internationalism which ignores the differences in the texture of their minds" (p98). (0. would have regarded texture, as used here, as a fiction.) "The war against Basic English and against the new spelling is a war on two fronts, but we must hope for the rout of the enemy on both" (p99).

296

DURRELL, Lawrence. Basic English. The Times Literary Supplement, 1978, 256.

297

EMPSON, William. Basic English. The New Statesman and Nation, 25 September 1943, 201. A letter to the editor, replying to comments on Basic. "Your grim and amusing prophecies depend on the assumption that everybody will use Basic and nothing else. This idea, if taken seriously, would of course be a typical neurotic phobia, like worrying that the alphabet will be forgotten unless those awful dictaphones are suppressed soon." See 264.

298

. Basic English and Wordsworth. Kenyon Review 2 (1940), 449-457. Reprinted in P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Oqden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), ppl69-173. The article is extracted from the text of a radio broadcast on WRUL, Boston and written in Basic English. It argues that Basic lends itself to poetic expression "because the great trick of poetry, the reason, you might say, for writing in verse

Commentaries

108

at all, is that it lets the writer get his thought crushed into a small space" (p449). This is demonstrated by translating fragments of Wordsworth into Basic. 299

ESDAILE, Ernest. Basic English: London: Quality Press, 1944.

How

to

Speak

it.

300

EVOE. More About Basic English. Punch, 14 July 1943, 5. A copy of the Basic English way of writing done in humor.

301

F. P. R. The Meaning of Meaning, by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. Mind 33 (1924), 108-109. Finds that the analysis of reference in terms of causal relations is interesting but that "we are only given sketchy unconvincing indications of how it might be applied to other cases" (pl08). The authors redeem this shortcoming by providing "a lot of amusing writing on the use of words by plain men, savages, and philosophers" (pl09).

302

FAVRHOLDT, David. An Interpretation and Critigue of Wittgenstein's Tractatus. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1964. Reports Anscombe's criticism (278) of O's translation (misquoting the passage which A. quoted correctly), concluding that "Miss Anscombe has felt a difficulty at this point but tried unsuccessfully to exorcise it" (p94). F. concludes that "Miss Anscombe makes the same mistake as Stenius [See 405a], perhaps in a more crude version" (ibid).

303

FIFE, Robert Herndon. A Survey of Tendencies in Modern Language Teaching, 1927-33: Retrospect and Prospect. In Algernon Coleman, Experiments and Studies in Modern Language Teaching (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934), ppl-25. Finds the vocabulary minima basis of Basic inappropriate "when the primary objective is to lead progressively to reading ability" (p24).

304

FINK, Howard. Newspeak: the Epitome of Parody Techniques in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Critical Survey 5, 2 (1971), 155-163. Claims that Basic English was the major source for Orwell's Newspeak parody but admits substantial evidence to the contrary. For an opposing view see 283.

305

FLESCH, Rudolf. How Basic Is Basic English? Harper's Magazine 118, 1126 (March 1944), 339-343. An emotive condemnation of Basic. See 403 for a reasoned reply.

306

FLORENCE, P. Sargant. Basic English for the Social Sciences. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. An-

109

Reviews/Sequels

derson, eds., C. K. Oqden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), ppl43-152. A paper in Basic English read to The British Association for the Advancement of Science , Manchester, 1962. Sections are: Is Basic English Able to Do What Is Needed?; Needs Which the Social Sciences Have in Common; What is Given by Basic English?; Making up the Balance; Is Basic English Able to Make Ideas Clear? Concludes: "Basic English may be of help not only in the exchange of ideas but-and possibly of even greater help—in the process of thought itself" (pl52). 307

, and J. R. L. Anderson, eds. C. K. Oqden: A Collective Memoir. London: Elek Pemberton, 1977. See 298, 306, 308, 325, 327, 337, 340, 372, 424, 432-33, 445, 447, 450, 456.

308

, ed. Counter-Offensive. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Oqden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), pp213-225. Introduces extracts from 21. See 383.

309

FRENCH, F. G. The Basic Way. Teaching: A Quarterly Journal for Teachers (Bombay) 10, 4 (June 1938) , 151-161. A harsh criticism of The Basic Way, complaining of omissions from the 850-word vocabulary of Basic English and traps "in the device of verb-elimination" (pl57).

310

FRIEDRICH, Carl J. Intellectual Imperialism? The Saturday Review of Literature, 2 October 1943, 7-8. The title is taken from a listener's reaction to Winston Churchill's speech at Harvard promoting Basic English. F. raises the question of whether a basic form of any language could not serve as a universal medium as effectively as Basic English. See 388.

311

FRY, Allan Harrison. Interlanguage. The Saturday Review of Literature, 2 October 1943, 7-8. An emotive condemnation of Basic English. See 388. 311a GARAY, K. E. Adelyne Revisited: Militant Feminism and Feminist Antimilitarism during World War I. Russell: The Journal of the Bertrand Russell Archives 7, 2 (Winter 1987-88), 179-82. A review of 32. 312

GARVER, F. M. The Basic English Vocabulary as a Minimum Sight Word List for the Elementary School. Educational Outlook 16, 2 (January 1942), 62-69. "The simplicity and flexibility of the Basic Engish word list makes it an excellent one for teachers in the elementary school to choose to develop

Commentaries

110

word mastery (p63).

that

will

ensure

reading success"

313

GATENBY, E. V. Sentences in Basic English. Tokyo: Rokuseikwan, 1933. Thirty-seven lessons presenting Basic English vocabulary and structures in model sentences.

314

GLICKSBERG, Charles I. The Semantic Revolution and the Teaching of English. Harvard Educational Review 10, 2 (March 1940), 150-163. Deals mainly with the work of Alfred Korzybski but includes references to The Meaning of Meaning and notes that "Basic English translations will not only overcome difficulties of comprehension and interpretation but will also pave the way for establishing international means of communication" (pl63).

315

GOLDBERG, Isaac. The Wonder of Words: An Introduction to Language for Everyman. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1938. Disputes O's claim that the absence of a common medium of communication is the chief obstacle to international understanding and, in effect, the chief underlying cause of war (p309). Finds The Meaning of Meaning characterized by "stigmatic petulance" (p315). A brief section is given to Basic English (pp458-461).

316

GORDON, W. Terrence. Anniversary: C. K. Ogden-of Basic English. The Guardian, 30 May 1989, 37. Published to coincide with the centenary of O's birth (1 June 1989), this article gives the highlights of O's career as scholar, editor, and inventor of Basic English.

317

. C. K. Ogden, Edward Sapir, Leonard Bloomfield, and the Geometry of Semantics. In H. J. Niederehe & E. F. K. Koerner, eds., Papers from the Fourth International Conference on the History of Linguistics (Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins), in press. Presents material gathered through archival research on the work of 0., Sapir, and Bloomfield individually and in relation to each other, examines the troublesome issues surrounding geometric models of meaning, and shows that a partial resolution of the mechanist/mentalist dilemma has been supplied.

318

. English as an International Language: A Reply to Prof. Viereck. Indogermanische Forschungen, in press. For reference to V. and some of the points raised in discussing the misconceptions and inaccuracies of his statements about Basic English see 410.

319

. A History of Semantics.

Amsterdam & Phila-

Ill

Reviews/Sequels

delphia: John Benjamins, 1982. Chapter 5 deals with The Meaning of Meaning, with particular emphasis on 0. and Richards' commentary on the work of earlier scholars, 0 & R in relation to the dominant intellectual trends of their time, and their model of word meaning as a triadic relationship between symbol, thought, and referent. The model is compared to those proposed by other scholars. 320

. Linguistic Thought in Inter-Bellum Britain. Historiographia Linguistica, in press. A review article based on 332. G. finds that the essay on 0. "errs by ascribing the determining formative influences on Ogden's thought to John Broadus Watson's behaviorism and to [Bertrand] Russell. "

321

. Parody & Paraphrase: Making Fun of(,) Making Sense of(,) Making Jokes in C. K. Ogden's Basic English. In Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen, eds., Whimsy VI: International Humor (Arizona State University, English Dept., 1988), ppl88-189. Relates the indispensable paraphrase mechanisms of Basic English to parodies of Basic (see 275 and 300) and to the joke-making capabilities of Basic. "Basic, like drum language, is economical as a system but not in the structure of its messages. The mechanism of paraphrase, therefore, becomes style unintentionally, becomes humorous unintentionally, becomes ripe for exploitation by the parodist... Basic lacks the idiom, the ambiguity, the stylistic range, and the synonyms required to render jokes" (pl88). Also appears in Meta 34, 1 (March 1989), 102-104.

322

. Semantics and C. K. Ogden: Interdisciplinary Initiatives in the 1930s. Proceedings of the XlVth International Congress of Linguistics, Humboldt University, Berlin - 10/15 August 1987, in press. Outlines three approaches to linguistic historiography and two types of interdisciplinary study as a preliminary to delineating the relationship between 0. and Alfred Korzybski, the founder of general semantics. Documents 0's reasons for rejecting K's proposal for collaboration. A revised version to appear as "Semantic Pioneers Revisited" in ETC.: A Review of General Semantics (in press ) .

323

. Signifies and C. K. Ogden: The Influence of Lady Welby. In Walter Schmitz, ed., Essays in Signifies (Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1989), ppl79-196. Traces the cited influence through the correspondence between 0. and Welby, through an examination of an early 0. manuscript, and through a close

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reading of The Meaning of Meaning. G. concludes that "0. and Richards set themselves the task of answering Lady Welby's call for further development of her ideas" (pl93). 324

. Undoing Babel: C. K. Ogden•s Basic English. ETC.; A Review of General Semantics 45 (1988), 337340. Situates Basic English in the context of other attempts to develop a universal language, comments on Jeremy Bentham's influence on the development of Basic, and outlines the fortunes of Basic from 1928 to 1953.

325

GRAHAM, Elsie C. Basic English and its Value for Science. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Ogden; A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), ppl35-142. A reprint of a paper in Basic English read to The British Association for the Advancement of Science, Manchester, 1962. Gives a full account of the development of Basic before turning to a discussion of the General Science list of Basic words.

326

, ed. Basic English: International Second Language by C. K. Ogden. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. A revised and expanded version of 18. The most extensive revisions and additions are in Section One, the general account of Basic. The entire texts of The ABC of Basic English and The Basic Words are integrated as Section Two.

327

. Basic English—The System and its History. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, July 1966, 779-787. Particularly useful for its discussion of (1) the fallacy of Basic English as definitions in simpler terms; (2) the selection of Basic words by the application of interlocking criteria; (3) homonyms; (4) admissible but restricted multiple meaning; (5) the fallacy of full English to Basic English by literal translation; (6) the function of Basic to clarify thought. A shortened version appears as Basic English as an International Language in P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), ppl53-160.

328

GRIFFIN, F. R. Basic English. New Statesman, 18 September 1943, 185. Criticizes (264), noting that, "the 850 words of Basic English are not a cast-iron upper limit but merely a beginning."

329

HABER, Tom

Burns.

Handbook of Basic English.

New

113

Reviews/Sequels

York & London: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1945. Introduction by Norman Angell. 330

HALL, Robert King. Basic English for South America Buenos Aries: Editorial Guillermo Kraft, 1943. Chapters are: 1) What is Basic English? 2) Is it a System or a Method? 3) How does it Work? 4) How Short is the Vocabulary? 5) How Simple is its Grammar? 6) Is it Really Good English? Chapter One includes brief commentary on the definition route component of the panoptic conjugator.

331

. Robert King. So You're Going to Teach English. Education 63, 8 (April 1943), 493-496. Includes a brief summary of Basic English.

332

HARRIS, Roy ed. Linguistic Thought in England 19141945. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1988. A collection of eight essays on the thinkers who shaped language theory in England. The central essay deals exclusively with 0., and others include passages relating his work to that of other scholars. See 320 for a review.

333

HORST, Hans, and Meta Horst. English ohne Ballast. Berlin: Langenscheidt, 1956. Follows the order of presentation of Basic English Step by Step.

334

JAGGER, J. Hubert. English in the Future. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1940. Includes a comparison of Basic English and Esperanto. Comments on Basic and on 0. are so emotive ("swollen with success," "waxed fat"—pl53) as to undermine the possibility of being considered as serious intellectual criticism.

335

JAMESON, R. D. Too Much Language. Peiping Chronicle, 9 November 1933. "In the Peiping Chronicle of Sunday 22 October 1933, the Editor discussed Basic English. Basic is not designed, as he suggested, to become a world language, it is to become a universal auxiliary language. Nor is it a reduction of English to its •infant forms.' Its function is to make English more generally useful in communication. The present article is an attempt to clean up such misunderstandings" (pi).

336

J0HNSEN, Julia E. Basic English. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1944. Detailed and balanced discussion of Basic followed by an extensive bibliography.

337

KOLINSKY, Martin, and Eva Kolinsky. A Voice of Reason in the First World War. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977),

Commentaries

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pp56-81. An excellent analysis of The Cambridge Magazine's survey of the foreign press between 1915 and 1919. Sections are: Notes from the Foreign Press, The Journals Covered, War Aims in Allied Countries, War Aims in Germany, Wilson's 14 Point Peace Terms, Democracy as War Aim, Diary of Post-War Revolution, German Resentments, The Divisions in the French Press, Conclusions: Ogden's Overriding Balance. 338

KORZYBSKI, Alfred. Science and Sanity. Lakeville, Conn.: International Non-Aristotelian Library, 1941 (2d ed. ) . 0., with little enthusiasm, replied to K's letters for over fourteen years. The latter stressed the affinity between their approaches to problems of language. 0. eventually agreed to draft a passage on the work of The Orthological Institute for inclusion in Science and Sanity. K. revised the passage to suit his own needs before printing it, annoying 0. considerably. For details see 322.

339

LARGE, Andrew. The Artificial Language Movement. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Includes a brief but accurate and thoughtful account of Basic English.

340

LAUWERYS, J. A. Basic English--its Present Position and Plans. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, July 1966, 788-799. Written by an associate of 0., this account is particularly useful for historical details pertaining to Basic English. It appears in shortened form in 307 and 326.

341

LIN YUTANG. Basic English and Pidgin. In With Love and Irony (New York: John Day Co., 1940), pp255265. Approves of Basic English in principle but notes: "It is an unfortunate fact that Ogden was forced to select words of an abstract, generic character, instead of those of a more specific character. It is a list that smells of the psychological laboratory (with words like behavior, reaction, impulse, observation, normal), unlike pidgin English which grows out of the real workaday life" (p264).

342

LITVINOFF, Ivy. Basic English—A Polished Instrument. The Saturday Review of Literature, 2 October 1943, 8. L., nee Low, an associate of 0., gives her views on what makes Basic particularly appropriate for instruction in English to non-native speakers, quite independently of the question of an international auxiliary language.

343

[LITVINOFF] LOW, Ivy. Mr. Richards' New "Republic". The New Republic, 18 May 1942, 106.

115

Reviews/Sequels

See 389. 344

LOCKHART, L. W. Basic Picture Talks. Cambridge, England: The Basic English Publishing Co., 1942. "The purpose of this book is to give some experience of talking to learners of Basic who have no chance of learning or using it outside the schoolroom" (pvii).

345

. The Case for Basic English? The Listener, 11 November 1943, 559. Addresses the question of whether the limited vocabulary of Basic inevitably produces monotonous sentence patterns. Stresses the self-contained structure of Basic, gives a sample news broadcast, and addresses the question of whether "national feeling is too strong for any but the Englishspeaking countries to get behind Basic." The text is taken from a Home Service broadcast.

346

. Critical Discussion. 1931), 81-87.

347

. Current Literature. Psyche 9, 2 (October 1928), 105-108. Discusses Otto Jespersen's application of linguistics to an international language (Novial) on the occasion of the publication of his An International Language.

348

. Everyday Basic. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931. Gives examples of Basic English by topic: 1) The Newcomer, 2) Stories, 3) Political, 4) Meetings, 5) Radio News, 6) History. Followed by a note on Basic English.

349

. Translation into Basic English. Psyche 9, 3 (January 1929), 97-100. The text is a translation by L. into Basic of a portion of H. Stafford Hatfield's Automaton.

350

. Word Economy. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931. Subtitled "A Study in Applied Linguistics," the work aims at "a practical orientation of linguistic values" (pll). It compares and contrasts economy at three different levels, according to whether it is achieved by contraction of ideas, of vocabulary, or of words. Part III deals in detail with the analytical principle of Basic, oppositions in the vocabulary, and panoptic conjugation.

351

. Word Formation. Psyche 9, 2 (October 1928), 8-11. An earlier draft of Part IV of 350 which deals with the question of extension of vocabulary. It attempts to meet two criticisms of Basic English:

Psyche 11, 3

(January

Commentaries

116

the first, that its elimination of verbs removes the basis of the most productive source of word formation in full English; "the second, that it is impossible on the basis of a national language to frame a system of properly differentiated derivatives" (p9). 352

MCMILLAN, Dougald. Transition: The History of a Literary Era 1927-1938. London: Calder and Boyars, 1975. The chapter on James Joyce's "Work in Progress" in the review transition states that "The Meaning of Meaning provided the rationale for Joyce's attempts to use language to penetrate the unconscious. "In the articles which made up the Exaqmination series, attention is called to Vico, Ogden, and Jousse, but the emphasis is upon Ogden's work" (pl95).

353

MOMENT, G. B. Basic English Again. ety 39, 1010 (5 May 1934), 571. A reply to 415.

354

355

School and Soci-

. Basic English as a Universal Auxiliary Language. School and Society 38, 982 (21 October 1933), 538-540. Argues for the superiority of Basic over man-made languages. Quotes example translations into Basic from Basic English Applied and discusses the guestion of scientific word-groups. See 415. MYERS, Adolph. Basic and its Critics. (1937), 185-209. A version of chapter 19 in 356.

Psyche

17

356

. Basic and the Teaching of English in India. Bombay: The Times of India Press, 1938. Parts are: I) First Principles; II) Teaching Problems; III) Conclusion. Part I includes a 36-page chapter entitled "How Mr. Ogden made his selection of 850 words," one of the best accounts, outside O's own publications, dealing with the panoptic conjugation. Chapter 19, at 45 pages the longest in the book, deals with Basic English and its critics: "A complete answer to [Michael] West, [P.B.] Ballard, [F.G.] French and other critics of Basic, showing why the Critical Examination of Basic English was withdrawn and destroyed" (pl2).

357

. Basic English. Teaching: A Quarterly Technical Journal for Teachers (Bombay) 10, 3 (March 1938), 113-120. Reviews the West-Ogden controversy.

358

. Basic in Burma. Bombay: The Times of India Press, 1938. A collection of short lectures, letters to the

117 editor, reprints of newspaper oranda on Basic English.

Reviews/Sequels articles, and mem-

359

, ed. The Times of India Guide to Basic English by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. Bombay: The Times of India Press, 1938. Sections are: I) Introductory; II) The System (In Basic); III) Basic as an International Language; IV) Basic versus Word Magic; V) Examples. Appendices are: 1) Leading Article from The Times 12 June 1935; 2) Opinion on Basic Prose; 3) Complete List of Basic Books; 4) Specimen Pages from Basic Books; 5) Basic Supporters; 6) Basic Representatives . "The purpose of this book is to give a short account of the system of Basic English for Englishspeaking readers, and at the same time to provide a guide to the growing literature of Basic...The book as a whole is the work of Mr. C. K. Ogden.... Part IV, except for the opening section, is from the pen of Dr. I. A. Richards....About half the book is in Basic English and the other half in the normal English of those to whom it is primarily addressed" (Editor's Note).

360

NEURATH, Otto. Basic by Isotype (in Basic). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1948. (Note by C. K. 0.:) "As with any language, there are more ways than one of teaching Basic English, though all will necessarily be based on the development outlined in The ABC of Basic English" (p5). "Not all the Basic words are covered by the Isotype pictures in this book, and possibly there are parts of Basic which are outside the range of Isotype. The purpose of the book is to give teachers an example of one sort of good picture-teaching" (p6).

361

NEVILE, G. C. Berkeley, Basic Speech and Basic Money. The National Review 114, 683 (January 1940), 72-74. Translates a passage on Berkeley from full English into Basic English, to illustrate the value of Basic in clarifying ideas. "Thus what our analysis yields is simply that numbers are words, and Berkeley very nearly said so, and so mathematics is just a language. A language should convey meaning. Is there no one who will do for the language of money-numbers what Basic has done for ordinary language?" (p74)

362

NICHOLAS, William H. The World's Words. The National Geographic Magazine 84, 6 (December 1943), 689-700. Includes a brief summary of Basic English.

363

NORRIS, Chistopher. Ogden, Charles Kay (1889-1957). In Thomas A. Sebeok, ed., Encyclopedic Dictionary

Commentaries

118

of Semantics (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1986), pp643-647. Substantial and useful discussion of The Meaning of Meaning and Opposition. N. concludes: "Clearly Ogden is talking semiotics insofar as he sees certain terms as related by a network of differential features that effectively determine their meaning. However, he rejects the Saussurean concept of language as a wholly Autonomous signifying realm... Ogden's purpose is to make logic 'more critical of its symbolic foundations,' which indicates (contra Saussure) that thought can effectively survey and reform its own linguistic habits" (p646). 364

OAKESHOTT, Michael. The New Bentham. Scrutiny 1, 2 (September 1932), 114-131. A highly critical review of 9. For a reply see 382.

365

OESTERLE, John A. The Problem of Meaning. mist 6, 2 (July 1943), 180-229.

366

The Tho-

. Another Approach to the Problem of Meaning. The Thomist 7, 1 (April 1944), 233-263. Very detailed discussion of the triadic model of meaning in The Meaning of Meaning. The author dwells on the similarities and contrasts between the model and that of John of St. Thomas in his Cursus Philosophicus. "The point of agreement, then, between Ogden and Richards and John of St. Thomas is the role of the instrumental sign; the difference is that John of St. Thomas takes this as evident, while Ogden and Richards make this the main point" (p255). Oesterle finds the triangle too simple to be epistemologically adeguate and therefore considers it inferior to the model available in John of St. Thomas.

367

0KAM0T0, Harumi. What is Basic English? Monthly 2, 5 (May 1933), 33-34.

The Basic

368

O'NEILL, F. R. Basic English. New Statesman 11 September 1943, 185-186. Notes that criticisms of Basic English ignore its special functions.

369

POGSON, Geoff. Enlightenment Through Constraint. Language Technology no. 6, March-April 1988, 22-25. Includes brief reference to Basic English.

370

PORTEN, W. Basic Sign-Writing. Buxton, England, 1944. A system of 50 signs—for writing, shorthand, and printing—put together in such a way that the senses of the 850 words of Basic English are covered. "This is an attempt to make a sign representative of a word and to give its expansions by a natural

119

Reviews/Sequels

sign-connection. For example direction is line+to [from+tree=fruit, from+sheep=wool]." (unpaginated) 371

POUND, Ezra. Debabelization and Ogden. The New English Weekly 6, 20 (28 February 1935), 410-411. P. notes that his recommendation for Social Credit Policy advocated that as much propaganda as possible be written in Basic English. He also states: "I see three uses of Basic. 1. As training and exercise, especially for excitable yeasty youngsters who want so eagerly to mean something that they can't take out time to think...2. As sieve. As a magnificent system for measuring extant works...If a novelist can survive translation into Basic, there is something solid under his language. 3...The advantages of Basic vocabulary limited to 850 words and their variants, plus the special technical vocabulary for individual sciences, for the diffusion of ideas is, or should be, obvious to any man of intelligence" (p411).

372

PRITCHARD, Norman. Basic English Today: A Postscript. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), ppl74-175. Situates Basic English in the context of developments in applied linguistics in the 1950s and 60s and concludes that it has "become an unacknowledged —even unconscious—part of teaching and publishing strategy" (pl75).

373

PURCELL, Victor. Basic English for Malaya. Singapore: Lithographers Ltd., 1937. Includes an account of Basic English in Singapore by Margaret Bottrall.

374

QUINTON, Anthony. Starting an Argument. Review of P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson eds., C. K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir. The Times Literary Supplement, 17 February 1978, 184.

375

RICHARDS, Audrey. Quick-Fire Education. The Listener, 22 March 1945. A report on experiments in the teaching of English to Africans. "Basic English has swept into the hospitals too, and is used as a form of occupational therapy."

376

RICHARDS, I. A. Basic English. Fortune 23, 6 (June 1941), 89-91, 111-112, 114. A detailed account of Basic in Basic.

377

. Basic English and its Applications. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 2 June 1939, 735-755. Begins with an account of the origins of Basic in 0 & R's work on chapter 5 of The Meaning of Meaning followed by an account of R's teaching experiences in China. Stresses the pedagogical value of Basic.

Commentaries

120

378

. Basic English and its Uses. New York: W. W. Norton, 1943. Chapters are: 1) On the Choice of a Second or World Language; 2) What Basic English Is; 3) The Simplification of English; 4) Aims and Policies of Basic English; 5) Basic English Teaching Films; 6) Basic English for Reading Better. Chapter 2 answers ankylotic grammarians critical of Basic.

379

. Basic English in the Study of Interpretation. Psyche 17 (1937), 35-47. Puts the functions of words into four categories (pointing to or naming things, expressing feelings and attitudes, representing acts, indicating directions), noting that "these are the categories which Basic offers, in place of the traditional noun, adjective, verb and preposition with which to open up better modes of training in interpretation" (p39). Cites primordial semantics as the rationale of Basic: "The root or central meanings of the Basic operators are what we and our prehuman ancestors know most about--in the sense that they name the acts which we know best how to do" (p40). With regard to the theme announced in the title, R. stresses the power of Basic to clarify ideas and specify meaning. "Translation into Basic forces attention to the pattern of sense shifts as the use of Compplete English never does. And these patterns are the key patterns of thought" (p45). Also addresses criticisms of Basic: "The fear that Basic may lead to the substitution of crude approximations for exact statements, and so blur discrimination, is soon dispelled by actual practice of it" (pp45-46).

380

. Basic in Teaching: East and West. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1935. Chapters are: 1) What is the Theory of Language?; 2) The Cultural Crisis in China; 3) Reading or Perusal; 4) The Nature and Use of Basic; 5) Some Misunderstandings .

381

. Basic Rules of Reason. (in Basic) London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933. Chapters are: 1) A Language Machine; 2) Theory of Knowledge; 3) Theory of Connections; 4) Theory of Instruments, followed by A List of the Chief Senses of some Key Words in Discussion.

382

. Bentham's Theory of Fictions. Edited, with an Introduction by C. K. Ogden. Scrutiny 1, 4 (March 1933), 406-410. "That Bentham, contrary to the ordinary opinion of him (conveniently displayed by Mr. Oakeshott in a recent number of Scrutiny [see 364]) was a highly original, persistent, penetrating and careful thinker, as remarkable for his linguistic investigations as even for his political, social and legal reforms, Mr. Ogden in this selection and exposition

121 of his (p407).

methodical

Reviews/Sequels

writings, clearly

makes

out"

383

. Commentary on Ogden's Counter-Offensive. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Oqden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), pp226-230. "Characteristically, its title is one of Ogden's multiple puns: beside the military sense of the compound term, the first member alludes to the fact that his opponents relied upon word-counts, were radically word-counters, insensitive to other considerations" (p226).

384

. Definiteness. Psyche 15 (1935), 77-87. An essay in orthological lexicography. "There is a group of senses in which we are saying with [the adjective 'definite'] something about a thing; and another in which we are saying something about some representation of a thing, about a statement, or an expression, or an idea of it, and comparing this representation of it with others" (p77). R. postulates three senses in the first group and eight in the second.

385

. Design for Escape: World Education through Modern Media. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. Chapter 3, "Basic English: The Forerunner," consists of revised extracts from 378.

386

. The Future of Grammar. Psyche 11, 2 (1923), 51-56. Attempts to compensate for the neglect by grammarians of the last of the four problems outlined by Bertrand Russell in the Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus Loqico-Philosophicus, that of the correspondence between word-symbols and things. Briefly surveys fallacious reasoning on the subject from the pre-Socratics to Kant. Appears with minor revisions as Appendix A of The Meaning of Meaning.

387

. John Watson's Behaviorism. In John Paul Russo, ed., Complementarities: Uncollected Essays by I. A. Richards (Manchester: Carcanet New Press, 1976), ppl6-23. Russo's introduction situates the article with respect to The Meaning of Meaning, Principles of Literary Criticism, and the philosophical questions dominating Cambridge at the time it was written. "The Meaning of Meaning made thought be 'of its causes—in a special scrubbed-clean sense of 'cause.' Hence the relevance of behaviorism. 0. and R. remained mentalists, however, and this piece was written to protect them from being thought to be among Watson's converts" (pl6). Reprinted from New Criterion 4 (1926), 372-378.

Commentaries

122

388

. Mr. Richards on Basic English. The Saturday Review of Literature, 23 October 1943. Commentary on 280, 310, 311, 342, 406.

389

. The Republic of Plato: A New Version Founded "on Basic English. New York: W. W. Norton, 1942. "If I had been writing for a public to whom English might be a foreign or recently acquired language I would simply have used Basic English. As it is, to avoid the samenesses which help them but bore the native English-speaker, I have written in an ampler medium. After profiting from the study which making a complete version in Basic English enforced, I used that as my foundation text, looking for opportunities to simplify Plato in inessentials and at the same time to compress Basic wherever there would be no loss of clarity for an English-speaker. Words as well-known to all English-speakers as any in the Basic list and verbuses of Basic nouns were used freely. Nonetheless, it will be found that considerable parts of the text remain in Basic. No gain seemed possible through changing them" (pl5). See 343.

390

. So Much Nearer: Essays Toward a World English, 2d ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968. The final chapter gives a brief but balanced account of the history, development, and aims of Basic English. Includes discussion and a sample of translation from Complete English into Basic. Concludes with a proposal for modifying the permitted usages of the Basic word list: "Why not, both for paraphrasing purposes and—after a certain stage-for the foreign learner, use a_s verbs all the general words on the Basic List that admit of such use? There are some two hundred that may be so used, though in strict Basic they are nouns only" (p262). R. makes an additional proposal for allowing an unrestricted number of pictured things and concludes: "If rightly ordered, and developed through a due sequence, the study of English can become truly a humane education. May not such a language justly be named 'Every Man's English'?" ( P 266).

391

. Thoughts, Words and Things. The Cambridge Magazine 11, 1 (1921), 29-41. Subsequently revised as the summary of The Meaning of Meaning, with the title retained for Chapter One. Part Two of the present article, titled "What Happens When We Think," was revised in part as Chapter Three of The Meaning of Meaning ("Sign-Situations") and in part as Appendix B ("On Contexts")

392

, and Christine Gibson. Technigues in Language Control. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers,

123

Reviews/Sequels

1974. Chapter 3: The Contribution of Basic; Chapter 4: The Relation of Basic to Every Man's English. The former, a detailed account of all aspects of Basic, includes translations into Basic of a fragment of Paradise Lost and a text in linguistics. The latter opens by noting that "techniques of language control needed for very early stages of second language learning and also for the teaching of reading a native language concern themselves, of course, not with expansions and relaxations that take us out into the language beyond Basic, but with rigorously selected elements within it, which let us build securely" (p47). Recommendations from writers who have experimented with varieties of Every Man's English are reported. A program of coordinated use of Basic English and Every Man's English is suggested. 393

ROBBINS, R. H. 850 English Words: A World Tongue. The New York Times, 20 November 1932, 4. Based on an interview with 0., "who has been consulting with college authorities and scientific organizations in the U. S. in recent weeks."

394

RODKER, John. The Word Structure of Work in Progress. Transition Past and Future. Paris, n.d., 229-232. Cites The Meaning of Meaning in characterizing the dynamics of Joyce's work.

395

ROSSITER, A. P. Shakespeare's Julius Caesar; A Basic English Expansion. London: The Basic English Publishing Co., 1941.

396

RUNDLE, Stanley. Language as a Social and Political Factor in Europe. London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1946. A brief section of the chapter on auxiliary languages complains of words eliminated from the 850 of Basic (some of which are not), the length of Basic paraphrases, and repeats other criticisms familiar from commentators such as Jagger (334).

397

RUSSELL, Bertrand. The Meaning of Meaning by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. The Dial, August 1926, 114-121. Particularly useful for the comparisons and contrasts established: "[0. & R.] do not, like Dr. Watson, maintain that there are no such things as images, but they hold that 'meaning' can be adequately defined without reference to them" (pi17); "To explain the causes of speaking, we need a causal theory; to explain the effect of hearing, we need an effect theory. I provided both, whereas they provide only the former" (pll9).

Commentaries

124

398

SAPIR, Edward. An Approach to Symbolism. The Freeman/ 22 August 1923, 572-573. An enthusiastic review of The Meaning of Meaning, emphasizing its originality and interdisciplinary approach to symbolism.

399

. The Function of an International Auxiliary Language. Psyche 11, 4 (1930-1931), 4-15. Particularly useful for comments on (1) the expectation of progressive movement toward perfection of the mathematical symbolism of a constructed international language; (2) the egalitarian advantage of a constructed international language; (3) freedom from the symbolism of localism or nationality of a constructed international language; (4) potential conflict between a simplified English and a constructed language; (5) the pseudo-simplicity of English as a masked complexity; (6) unused formal resources of English; (7) pedagogical advantages of a well constructed international language. See 65 for O's reply.

400

. Wanted: A World Language. 22 (1931), 202-209. A shortened version of 399.

American Mercury

401

SCHLAUCH, Margaret. The Gift of Tongues. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1943. Very brief and superficial references to Basic, concluding that "Mr. Ogden claimed too much when he stated that absence of an international language like Basic English is 'the chief obstacle to international understanding, and conseguently the chief underlying cause of war'" (p226). O's reply to this comment in private correspondence did not dissuade S. from repeating it in the revised version of her book, published as The Gift of Language (1955).

402

SCHMITZ, H. Walter, ed. Signifies and Language: The Articulate Form of our Expressive and Interpretative Resources, by Victoria Lady Welby. Amsterdam /Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1985. The penultimate section of S's massively documented 200-page introductory essay on the origin of the signific movement establishes the historical facts which explain the points of connection between 0. and Welby. See 323 for a seguel.

403

SHEFFIELD, Alfred D. The Baseless Fabric of "Basic" Criticism. College English 6, 2 (1944), 88-92. Defends Basic against the criticisms of Flesch (305), noting that "Basic puts first the clarifying exchange of ideas; and if it succeeds with this, need we be too anxious how it serves in run-ins of tourists with taximen over lost purses or in tablechat over turkey and pumpkin pie?" (pp91-92). Sum-

125

1'i-v l.-wji/noquels

marizes the case for Basic. 404

.

The New Testament in Basic I-IUIIIMI.

II.HV.H-I

Educational Review 12, 4 (October 194;), i*u '»' "The New Testament in Basic Engllnli « .m >.»%. » major function. Basic is peculiarly a M|UMU ii •M.II urn congenial to the mind that is intent on Min .i jective, analytic, identifying essential*; «>r vii.ii is referred to. As such, it affords a dcinni n>. tionalized expression of cultural ideas for I»»H poses of interinstitutional communication" (pJ()i). 405

SHERERTZ, D. L. Sound-Families of the Most Useful English Words: Being Basic English Vocabulary Grouped After Craigie's Sound Numbers. Soochow, China: Soochow University, 1933.

405a STENIUS, Erik. Wittgenstein's Tractatus: A Critical Exposition of its Main Lines of Thought. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell, 1960. Passage from chapter VII (The Sentence as a Picture) quoted in 291. See also 302. 406

THORP, Willard. Obstacles to "Basic". The Saturday Review of Literature, 2 October 1943, 6-7. The anticipated obstacles to Basic English as an international language are nationalism of non-English speaking peoples and inertia of English teachers. Cautions promoters of Basic that "it is not good propaganda to promise too much" (p7) and regrets translations of Shakespeare and the Bible into Basic: "This can go too far, especially in America, where it is the universal tendency to hunt for short cuts to anything valuable and desirable" (ibid.).

407

TILLEY, Winthrop. Basic English for College Freshmen. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Brothers, 1938. Chapters are: 1) Basic English and the Basic Words; 2) Changes in the Forms of Words; 3) Complex Words; 4) Specializations, Expansions, Metaphor; 5) Statements; 6) Variety in Statements; 7) How to Write Basic; 8) Making a Basic Account of a Passage in Complete English; 9) Special Section A: Uses of Special Pronoun Forms; 10) Special Section B: Punctuation; 11) List of Common Acts. 0. read and approved the manuscript before publication.

408

TYLER, Charlotte. Learning the English Language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942. (3 vols.) "This book is an attempt to put some of the features of the Basic analysis at the disposal of the American teacher of English as a foreign language" (pv).

409

ULICH, Robert. The Republic of Plato, by I. A. Richards. Harvard Educational Review 12, 4 (1942),

Commentaries

126

428-429. A positive review, finding that the new translation adequately mirrors the ideas of the original, that the shortening of the text has not violated the original, and that Plato's spirit of inquiry, his dialectic, and his irony are all preserved. 410

VIERECK, Wolfgang. English as an International Language. Indoqermanische Forschungen 92 (1987), 172194. This well-researched article is blemished only by inaccuracies in its comments about Basic English: (1) To speak of the "relatively large degree of popularity" of Basic English, is an understatement. It was taught in over thirty countries around the world by representatives of The Orthological Institute. Moreover, this worldwide network flourished ten years before Winston Churchill's speech at Harvard University endorsing Basic. (2) It is incorrect to ascribe the success of Basic even partially to Churchill's comments. In fact, those comments produced an unexpected and unpredictable negative effect: it was assumed by American organizations then funding Basic English teaching, research, and publication that the British government was prepared to assume financial responsibility for continuing such work. Consequently, all American funding was withdrawn. (3) "The uncertainty of being able to manage with the 850 Basic words" (pl73) was never the main obstacle to the progress of Basic as an international auxiliary language, though it often figured into criticism from opponents, generally in an irrelevant manner, as 0. frequently and effectively demonstrated in his publications. The General Basic English Dictionary (11) gives 20,000 words from full English, with a total of 40,000 meanings, paraphrased by the 850 words of Basic. (4) Setting the number of words in Basic at 850 was never intended as an absolute restriction. Fifty international words were appended to the system. In Basic English (4), which V. cites, 0. made provision for the technologically complex future in which we now live by allowing for a list of 100 of the most fundamental words in any science to be added to Basic. (5) V. speaks of "translation of the Bible, of literary works...and of scientific work [which] showed that one could not do with the Basic vocabulary alone" (pl73). The reference here to the Bible in Basic, as though it were a casual experiment which showed that it did not merit further serious attention, is an injustice. In reality, the translation was carried out by a body of biblical scholars over a period of seven years. (6) How the Basic words combine with each other is limited only by the overriding criterion of achieving unequivocal expression and the objective of

127

Reviews/Sequels

simplifying the relationship between language and thought. V. overlooks this essential point when he states that "the paraphrases in Basic English are of necessity often clumsy" (pl73). Moreover, he complains of a lack of flexibility in Basic, but his examples inadvertently illustrate a flexibility which leads to ambiguity of the kind which it is the very purpose of Basic to eliminate. (7) V. concludes that "Basic English demands extraordinary rational abilities of those who speak English as their first language, because they must solidly 'freeze' their own language" (pl73). Here two separate issues are confused. Basic does demand new habits of rational reflection when it is used by native speakers. That is precisely the second purpose of it: to clarify thought. The first, and entirely distinct purpose, is to provide a medium of international communication for those who do not have English as a first language, and who, therefore, have nothing to "freeze." 411

WALPOLE, Hugh. Semantics; The Nature of Words and Their Meanings. New York: W. W. Norton, 1941. Chapter 9, "Applied Semantics: Basic English," gives an account of the development and uses of Basic and adds extensive practice exercises and an alphabetic list of the 850 Basic words.

412

. The Theory of Definition and its Application to Vocabulary Limitation. Modern Language Journal 21 (1937), 398-402. A succinct summary of points bearing on The Meaning of Meaning (chapter 6), panoptic conjugation, and the development of Basic English.

413

WALSH, Chad. Basic English: World Language or World Philosophy? College English 6, 8 (1945), 453-459. Addresses three questions: "Is Basic English easy for a foreigner to learn? Is it adequate for very wide transactions of practical business and of interchange of ideas? What effect would it have on international thinking?" (p453). Answers 'no' to the first two and predicts "mankind in the image of Jeremy Bentham and C. K. Ogden" (p459) in reply to the third.

414

WELLS, H. G. Shall We Have a World Language? The Saturday Review of Literature, 7 August 1943, 4-6. Brief reference to Basic English and to the possibility of its eventual fusion with minimum vocabulary from Russian, Italian, etc.

415

WEST, Michael P. Basic English. School and Society 39, 999 (17 February 1934), 212. Comments on 354 [G. B. Moment], noting that although its author claims it is written in Basic English, sixteen of the words in the text do not appear in the 850.

Life Data 429

130

BROWN, G. Burniston. C. K. Ogden. ary Supplement, 1978, 446.

The Times

Liter-

430

CHESTER, P. J. Wittgenstein's "Tractatus". Literary Supplement, 1965, 195.

431

CUST, Nina, ed. Other Dimensions: A Selection from the Later Correspondence of Victoria Lady Welby. London: Jonathan Cape, 1931. Includes a letter from W. to 0. of 16 May 1911, at which time she was encouraging him to continue her work on signifies. W. attempts to narrow the breach between her transcendental impulses and O's iconoclasm, which threatened to prevent him from carrying on her work: "I don't wonder that you feel as you do about the 'divine.' I should welcome a term for the starry and the sunny and the rush of spring beauty which was free from outgrown references. I agree with Allen Upward in asking for the •new word,' and that word, as you say, must include the element of humour." (p336). See 323 and 402 for an analysis of the W.-O. relationship.

432

FLORENCE, P. Sargant. The Cambridge Heretics (19091932). In A. J. Ayer, ed., The Humanist Outlook (London: Pemberton, 1968), pp223-239. Rich in detail about O's role in the formation and activities of the Heretics.

433

. Cambridge 1909-1919 and its Aftermath. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C_^ K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), ppl3-55. Sections are: 1) The Heretics and the Magazine; 2) Editorship; 3) Industrial Issues; 4) Philosophy, Theology, Psychology; 5) Women's Lib and Birth Control; 6) War-Time Cambridge; 7) Post-War CambridgeTranslation to Soho and Bloomsbury; 8) Ogden's Legacy to Me.

434

GILBERT, Stuart, ed. Letters of James Joyce. London: Faber & Faber, 1957. Various letters to Harriet Shaw Weaver and Mrs. Herbert Gorman refer to O's preface to Tales Told of Shem and Shaun (see 158) and to Joyce's recording of Anna Livia Plurabelle under the auspices of The Orthological Institute.

435

HAYMON, Mark. Wittgenstein's "Tractatus". Literary Supplement, 18 March 1965, 215.

436 437

. C. K. Ogden. 28 April 1976, 475. HAYMON, Sylvia. 1963, 560.

The Times

The Times

The Times Literary Supplement,

C. K. Ogden.

The Listener, 28 March

131

Life Data

438

. A Room to Remember. The Lady, 7 March March 1963, 374-375. A vivid, detailed description of the drawing room at O's residence, 45 Gordon Square, London. H. notes that "Ogden was no eccentric at all. He was regulated with micrometric precision by a controlling intelligence promethean in its range, unflinching in its logic, and only off-centre in so far as it lacked completely that instinct of selfpreservation which makes most of us hedge about our thought processes" (p374).

439

HOWARTH, T. E. B. Cambridge between Two Wars. London: Collins, 1978. Personal anecdotes about 0. precede a discussion of The Cambridge Magazine and passing references to The Meaning of Meaning.

440

LEWIS, Haymon, and Walters. Wittgenstein's "Tractatus". The Times Literary Supplement, 1965, 156.

441

MARTIN, Kingsley. An English Eccentric. The New Statesman and Nation, 30 March 1957, 405-406. An obituary notice giving particular emphasis to The Cambridge Magazine, apocryphal accounts of O's finances, and the Heretics.

442

. Father Figures; A First Volume of Autobiography 1897-1931. London: Hutchinson, 1966. Includes a revised version of 441.

443

POWELL, Lawrence Clark. Rendezvous in Cadogan Square. In Books in My Baggage: Adventures in Reading and Collecting. Cleveland & New York: World Publishing Company, 1960), ppl30-136. On the acquisition of O's personal library of nearly 60,000 volumes by the University of California after his death in 1957. The title refers to O's last residence in London, at 12 Cadogan Square.

444

PRINGLE, John. The Spoken Word. March 1963, 531.

445

RICHARDS, I. A. Some Recollections of C. K. Ogden. Encounter, 9, 3 (September 1957), 10-12. Highlights first meeting, The Cambridge Magazine, and collaboration on The Meaning of Meaning. Also appears in Magdalene College Magazine and Record , new series no. I (1956-57), 10-14. A revised and expanded version appears as Co-Author of The Meaning of Meaning in P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), pp96-109.

446

RUSSELL, Dora. C. K. Ogden. 1963, 505-506.

The

Listener,

21

The Listener, 21 March

Life Data

132

447

. My Friend C. K. Ogden. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Ogden; A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), pp82-94. An affectionate account of 0., emphasizing the Heretics (noting O's "special originality and courage" in founding the society) and The Cambridge Magazine. Personal anecdotes abound.

448

. The Tamarisk Tree; My Quest for Liberty and Love. London: Elek Pemberton, 1975. Gives information on the Heretics supplementing that of 447, a physical description of 0., and an account of his influence on R.

449

SMITH, David C. H. G. Wells; Desperately Mortal. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986. Includes a brief account of O's relationship with Wells.

450

TODD, Marjory. An Improbable Friendship. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), ppllO-121. This expanded version of passages from 451 gives an anecdotal account of T's friendship with 0., emphasizing his fondness for things whimsical. T. supplements her own recollections with extensive quotations from Fredric Warburg's autobiography, An Occupation for Gentlemen.

451

. Snakes and Ladders. See 450.

London:

Longman, 1960.

452

UDEN, Grant. Untitled. Antiguarian Book Monthly Review 7, 11 (November 1980), 534-535. A brief biographical sketch emphasizing the diversity of O's accomplishments.

453

von WRIGHT, G. H. ed. Letters to C. K. Ogden: with Comments on the English Translation of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, by Ludwig Wittgenstein. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell/London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973. The Foreword gives an inventory of material relating to the publication of the Tractatus preserved by 0. The Introduction gives a detailed account of the publication history of the work and includes an exchange of letters between 0. and Bertrand Russell. Thirteen letters from W. to 0. cover the period 1922-33. The bulk of this text is taken up by W's commentaries on O's translation. There is an Appendix of Letters by Frank Plumpton Ramsey to Wittgenstein, 1923-24.

454

WILLIAMS, D. G. Wittgenstein's "Tractatus". Times Literary Supplement, 1965, 171.

The

133

Life Data

455

ZUCKERMAN, Solly. From Apes to War Lords; An Autobiography 1904-1946. London: Collins, 1988. Includes passing references to 0. as editor, his reputation, and the Heretics.

456

. Talent Scout and Editor. In P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson, eds., C. K. Oqden: A Collective Memoir (London: Elek Pemberton, 1977), ppl22-132. A detailed account of O's work on the various series he edited for the firm of Kegan Paul.

ENDNOTES Abbreviations For Sources BBCW: British Broadcasting Corporation Written Archives, Reading, England CAMB: Cambridge University Library Archives MAGD: Magdalene College, Cambridge University MCMA: McMaster University Archives, Hamilton, Canada PUBR: Public Record Office, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, England READ: University of Reading Archives UCLA: University of California at Los Angeles Archives UCOL: University College, London YORK: York University Archives, Toronto, Canada Numbers appearing after these designations refer to collection numbers and/or file numbers. Other numbers refer to items in the present bibliography. For Names of Persons ANC: CAF: CKO: EHP: FJW: FRC: HGL: IAR: JGC: JHP:

JW: OVF: PSF:

VW: WJV: WSS: WWS:

Arthur N. Coleridge Cecil A. Franklin C. K. Ogden E. H. Paxton Fredric J. Warburg Frank Richard Cowell Henry Goddard Leach I. A. Richards J. G. Carter John H. Peck James Wood Olof von Feilitzen P. Sargant Florence Victoria Welby Warren Jay Vinton W. S. Stallybrass Whately W. Smith

Other ms.: manuscript n.d . : no date 1.

The photograph appeared originally in (92).

2. P. S. F. (433) goes further: "Often when asked what college I attended at Cambridge I feel tempted to say Ogden College!" (p55). 135

Endnotes

136

3. He paid for this reputation at the hands of those who could not, or refused, to see him as anything more, and who wrecked his bookshop on Armistice Day. But O's writings such as 38 show less of a commitment to pacifism than one might expect, if such commitment is taken to entail proselytizing, less of a commitment to pacifism than to education. Rhetoric and suasion were anathema to 0., and his writing style is free of them. Those of his contemporaries who categorically labelled him a pacifist failed to see that 0. was not championing pacificism as much as challenging his readers to reevaluate categories and labels. 4. I am indebted for this information to Haymon, Esq., who had access to O's medical records.

Mark

5. 0. might have been ready to let the fictitious lady retire when he went to the extravagant length of publishing a photo of her wedding (see 432, p227 and 433, pl7), but he was encouraged to launch her on a second career as a frequent contributor to Psyche by his predecessor in the editorship of that journal, CAMB 8310, WWS to CKO, 7 April 1921. Smith proposed pseudonyms as an expedient for extracting a higher fee for contributions to the journal from the publisher, suggesting, among others, Cyrus K. Scroggins. But 0. preferred Adelyne More and used the name in Psyche from 1924 to 1952. The joke extended beyond the pages of Psyche: one of the five doorbells at his London residence in Frith Street was marked "More." 6. PSF gives C M . (for Cambridge Magazine) and T.L. (for The Limit) in 433 (pl7). He attributes a fourth pseudonym to 0. (p46), without specifying what it was. In private correspondence, 0. occasionally signed himself Dorothy Gates, the name of his secretary of many years. (UCLA 785/1/2) 7. 0. and WJV purchased the right, interest and title in the journal, together with 71 complete sets of the five back volumes and nearly 4,000 mixed copies of other volumes, from Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Company on 6 June 1925. The agreement of sale stipulated that 0. would continue as editor and that Vinton would put up the money—50 pounds for the complete sets and 8 pounds per ton for the rest. (CAMB 8310) 8.

READ 1709ff.

9. April to August 1926; 5 September 1926 to June 1927; November to December 1932; July to August 1933. 10.

CAMB 8310, WJV to CKO, n.d.

11. Professor David Abercrombie informs me that this completely unfounded speculation was widely circulated. 12. In Basic English, "personality" "person's general effect."

is

replaced

by

137

Endnotes

13. Portrait of C. K. Ogden, Third Program, British Broadcasting Corporation, March 1963. Quoted in 433, p44. 14. In this respect, the thrust of O's scholarship in The Meaning of Meaning and the objective of the linguistic reforms of his Basic English have much in common with the work of his contemporaries in the literary world—Joyce (see 352 for commentary on the link between Finnegans Wake and The Meaning of Meaning), Eliot, Pound. 15.

See 307.

16. Terms applied to 0. by J. C. Catford and A. J. Ayer respectively in Portrait of C. K. Ogden, Third Program, British Broadcasting Corporation, March 1963. 17. Alan 1958, p241.

Keen, The Times Literary Supplement, 2 May

18. Another son and a daughter were born to the Ogdens. The daughter died in childhood. The second son, Frank Kay Ogden, died in 1983 at age 96. 19. Marjory Todd, describing O's quarters in Petty Cury, Cambridge, around 1928, notes: "On the end of one shelf was a silver christening mug which I picked up and which Ogden said proved that he was forty" (450, pi 16). 20. The illness explains why 0. was classified as unfit for military service in World War I. 21. It is extraordinary, by any standard, that the program and purpose which would unify his career were determined during the first year of his university studies. His best known book, The Meaning of Meaning, by its sub-title, The Influence of Language upon Thought, makes it clear that such is the case. It is equally extraordinary that the portions of that work which remained the most important to 0. throughout his life were drafted during his student days. 0. traced the beginning of his work on Basic English to the same period: "These principles [of vocabulary simplification]...were being tested as long ago as 1908" (129, p5). 22. The circular announcing the program of The Heretics for 1911-12 attributes the impetus for the Society's formation ultimately to a paper by Dr. W. Chawner, the Master of Emmanuel College, entitled "Prove All Things," which lamented the absence of an adequate forum in Cambridge for discussing religion. 23. Law 5 of The Heretics Society specified that Members and Associates should be elected from these institutions as well as from the University of Cambridge. 24. The Heretics Society continued under the leadership of four successive Cambridge dons for ten more

Endnotes

138

years after 0. stepped down in 1922. 25.

307, pl5.

26.

448, p43.

27. PSF states that The Heretics pioneered new fields, citing anthropology, social history, psychology, sociology, political science, and economics. 28.

29 May 1911.

29.

17 November 1911.

30.

D. S. Fraser, 26 February 1911.

31.

K. C. Costelloe, 12 February 1911.

32.

PSF, 5 February 1911.

33. Bacon figured prominently in O's private studies at this time and continued to occupy a place in his writings for many years: see 83, 85, 144. 34. Dora Russell, dissatisfied with the treatment of 0. in the BBC memorial broadcast of 1963, wrote to The Listener to complain (see 446). "The broadcast ...involved itself so patronisingly in an assessment of what might be his achievements in specialist fields that it entirely missed the meaning of C. K. for so many of his generation at Cambridge. Cambridge, before 1914 and after, housed many great men: it was a ferment of scientific discovery and of challenging work in philosophy, mathematics and economics. Ogden made no mean contribution to this general atmosphere by his wide interest in disseminating new ideas, and provoking discussion of the new knowledge of the intellectual giants." 35.

MCMA ms., 22 February 1929.

36. "I would first introduce the word 'signifies' as an admirable label under which to group the whole range of the subjects concerned—the study of facts or evidence which may have a bearing on the question, the utilisation or improvement of every form of expression, the means of creating the linguistic conscience, the manner of clearing up confusions due to language through knowledge of their causes, and finally the possibility of obviating their occurrence in the future, whether through education, through linguistic reform, or through new developments of language involving universal regeneration and reconstruction" ("The Progress of Signifies" see following note). 37.

MCMA ms., n.d.

38.

Lady

Welby

(1837-1912), a

godchild

of

Queen

13 g

Endnotes

Victoria, pursued a career of independent scholarship for forty years, culminating in the development of the study she called signifies. (See 323 & 402.) It was intended as a complete program of educational reform and was based on the distinctions she established among sense, meaning, and significance. 39. "Even this extraordinary outburst [of publications dealing with signifies] after a lull of ten years is but an obelisk—a little spit to herald the torrent about to be expended on the subject" ("The Progress of Signifies"). 40.

See 402 and the bibliography therein.

41. All references here are to the Welby-Ogden correspondence in the York University Archives, Toronto, Canada. 42. The term appears as the title of an unsigned note in The Cambridge Magazine, Double Number, Summer 1920, p31, where Lady Welby is mentioned en passant. This note was subsequently revised as the Preface to The Meaning of Meaning. 43.

YORK, 19 January 1911.

44.

My emphasis (WTG).

45.

ibid.

46.

YORK, 9 March 1911.

47. "The great objection to be met is: what can you do but draw attention to the fact that we are not sufficiently awake? (O's emphasis) What, therefore, is the need of a study without any practical (O's emphasis) proposals for waking us?" (YORK, 21 March 1911). 48. "The language side of signifies everyone can understand; it is 'everyone* to whom you appeal...to return to the introduction [to Signifies and Language, her book to be published later the same year], the pity would be for people to think 'this is too visionary.' For the language difficulty to grow and its attempted solution to be called by another name (O's emphasis), and be carried on for many years apart (O's emphasis) from the ideas of your life's work, to the great detriment of linguistic (sic) and signifies. Whereas if stress is now (O's emphasis) laid on language, and the word signifies retained, people will naturally have to find out what your (O's emphasis) aims and work are" (YORK, 22 April 1911). 49. "It must not be forgotten that the psychological investigation into the functions of language were already beginning and that Bergson's 'Essai' had already appeared when Lady Welby circulated her first publication--'Witnesses to Ambiguity.' And as all

Endnotes

140

progress in signifies for some time to come is likely in reality to be but a sifting of the materials which Lady Welby has amassed, we may perhaps pause again for a moment at this point." CAMB 8309, p37. The five following pages of the ms. were left blank, as though with the intent of later expanding VW's material. 50. "His last message to Lady Welby was a postcard dated 24 December 1911, from Berlin, in which he laconically informed her that he could not accept her invitation to come to Harrow and that he would be the editor of The Cambridge Magazine as of January, 1912" 402, pclxxxiv. 51. In spite of the prominence 0. had given her in the manuscript outline of The Meaning of Meaning, by the time the book reached print in 1923, she had been relegated to an appendix, with little hope of being noticed, much less appreciated, by any but the most diligent reader. The same reader, however, could have found unmistakable echoes of VW's themes in the key chapters of the book. This is particularly true for the discussion of conditions of meaning, the rationale of studying the influence of symbols on thought, the self-transcending quality of the linguistic sign, interpretation and sign-situations as requisites of perception, and the fallacy of fixed meaning. 0. occasionally returned to VW in his private studies, many years after their exchange. It was, in all likelihood, more by chance than by choice, and his reflections did not result in any positive reassessment of her work. Annotating his copy of Marion Helen Wodehouse's The Presentation of Reality (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1910), he noted: "This book was annotated for me (in ink) by Lady Welby when I stayed at her house in Harrow in 1910. Shortly afterwards (early 1911), I made some pencil annotations when trying to relate it to current controversy, Marshall's consciousness, etc. I located it in Falcon Yard [Cambridge] April 26/47. I wanted to discover whether Lady Welby was capable of doing more than realize the need for some analysis of 'meaning' and reiterate her s[ense]m[eaning]-s[ignificance] formula. It seemed and seems not." (UCLA 785/8) Similar annotation appears in his copy of her published correspondence (see 431), where he "replies" to one of her letters to him. It states: "Believing on authority in the religious field (apart from puns) does not include loyalty to or affection for persons or reliability in non-religious activities. VW, like H o m e Tooke, yearned for the real or true 'meaning' of current (and eternal) symbols." In so saying, 0. had forgotten one of the most important principles articulated in VW's What is Meaning? (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1983 [1903]): "There is strictly speaking, no such thing as the sense of a word, but only the sense in which it is used--the circumstances, state of mind, reference, 'universe of discourse' belonging to it. The meaning of a word is the

141

Endnotes

intent which it is desired to convey--the intention of the user" (pp5-6). The oversight on O's part is difficult to explain, given that VW continued her statement in a vein of thought which foreshadows the all-important distinction between symbolic and emotive meaning in The Meaning of Meaning; "The significance is always manifold, and intensifies its sense as well as its meaning, by expressing its importance, its appeal to us, its moment for us, its emotional force, its ideal value, its moral aspect, its universal or at least social range." (ibid.) 52. MCMA ms., 22 February 1929. This document specifically relates the material in guestion to the resources which Lady Welby put at Ogden's disposal. 53.

MCMA ms., 22 February 1929.

54.

433, pl7.

55.

MCMA ms., 22 February .1929.

56.

MCMA ms., 22 February 1929.

57. MCMA ms., 22 February 1929. Oddly, he made no mention of his translation of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Loqico-Philosophicus. 58. Wittgenstein managed to forget that Frank Ramsey, who had collaborated with Ogden on the translation of the Tractatus, had come to Austria to clarify points about the translation with him before Ogden released the second edition (READ C. k. 0. to C. F., 19 July 1951). 59. CAMB 8309, the Meaning of Meaning.

holograph

manuscript

of

The

60. "The fortieth and last king of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and voluptuousness. The greater part of his time was spent in the company of his eunuchs, and the monarch generally appeared in the midst of his concubines disguised in the habit of a female, and spinning wool for his amusement" F. A. Wright, ed., Lempriere's Classical Dictionary of Proper Names (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958), p559). 61.

445, plOO.

62. "With all good wishes for the new book which you and Dr. Richards are doing..."CAMB 8310, HGL to CKO, 2 April 1936). 63. "I have a book for you to write: An Hour of the English Novel. 25,000 words only! Historical and general approach. Contract all fixed, barring accidents. (100 pounds advance on royalties, the best ever made.)" MAGD, CKO to IAR, 11 September 1927. 64.

MAGD, CKO to IAR, 3 February 1933.

Endnotes

142

65. In The Meaning of Meaning, page 169 of the first edition and page 74 of later editions. 66.

READ 1748, CKO to CAF, 15 January 1940.

67.

READ 1653, CKO to Mr. Lush, 16 June 1935.

68. UCLA 785/1/3, CKO to Whately Carington, 5 October 1946. The letter continues: "In particular, the fact that a reference (a going-on) may refer to another going on, which is then the referent, is fully covered; but this never makes the reference its own referent, as you seem to suppose. A 'reference' and a 'referent' are parts of a sign or symbol situation—which you seem to have overlooked." 69. UCLA 785/1/12, n.d. The letter continues: "No doubt if we combed it we'd find countless things....Hardly worth while, though, doing anything about this or other such things until later, when we virtually rewrite all of the theoretical part into clearer terminology." 70.

MAGD, CKO to IAR, 7 November 1942.

71. READ 1846, correspondence September 1943— January 1944. 72. READ 1772, CAF to letter of 13 March 1940.

between CKO and CAF,

CKO, n.d., in

reply

to

73.

READ 1846, CKO to CAF, 24 January 1944.

74.

READ, CAF to CKO, 30 January 1951.

75.

MAGD, CKO to IAR, 19 September 1947.

76.

MAGD, CKO to JW, 1 November 1947.

77.

CAMB 8311, JW to CKO, 10 July 1951.

78.

MAGD, CKO to R. W. M. Dias, 18 August 1956.

79.

MCMA ms., 22 February 1929.

80.

CAMB 8310, CAF to CKO, 29 August 1921.

O's

81. The firm was associated with that of George Routledge & Sons. The two later merged to form Routledge & Kegan Paul. 82. "In 1922 C. K. Ogden...came to Carter Lane to act as a consulting editor" (Norman Franklin, 150 Years of Great Publishing, Routledge & Kegan Paul, pl4). 83.

Quoted in 307, pll3.

84.

See Appendix to 307.

Endnotes 143 85. The International Library of Psychology was published concurrently in the United States by Harcourt Brace, The History of Civilization by Alfred A. Knopf, and Today and Tomorrow by Dutton. Two affiliated series, New Science and Educational Psychology were published respectively by the Norton Company and Brentano. (MCMA ms., 22 February 1929) 86.

MCMA ms., 22 February 1929.

87. See 149-210 for Ogden's prefatory notes to books in this series. 88.

CAMB 8310, WWS to CKO, 7 April 1921.

89.

CAMB 8310, WSS to WWS, 5 April 1921.

90. This, the influence name Psyche for an explanatory February 1921).

too, appears to have come about through of WSS, who had originally suggested the the journal, and that it be accompanied by sub-title. (CAMB 8310, WWS to CKO, 17

91. "We have had an order from Harcourt Brace...and English buyers are bombarding us with applications. Will you therefore do your very best to get this new edition through as quickly as possible" (READ 1653, FJW to CKO, 8 November 1935). 92.

READ 1653, CKO to Mr. Lush, 21 November 1935.

93. "If you want orthodox surveys, this [manuscript] would certainly be a creditable addition to the [International] Library... If, on the other hand, you want to strengthen your reputation for forward-looking research, Weinberg's survey of Logical Positivism...would be a more promising investment. If you reject both, you are certainly in danger of surrendering the field for the obvious" (READ 1653, CKO to CAF, 30 January 1936). 94. "I fear you will lose [Max Black's] volume and with it much of the Logical Positivism connection. As this is1 the coming movement in all hitherto called •logical or 'philosophical' or 'metaphysical,' it will be the concern of physicists and biologists equally—the decision to let him and his go elsewhere (for an English volume on the subject) is an important one" (READ 1709, CKO to CAF, 20 April 1937). 95. READ 1748, CKO to CAF, 2 July 1938. Likewise, "You will remember that when the opportunity of securing a world-market for the Miniatures arose, with a joint imprint, you yourself rejected it by insisting on new conditions which my relations with the Foundations did not allow me to accept; and the proposal was abandoned" (READ 1678, CKO to CAF, 17 November 1936). 96.

READ 1653, FJW to CKO, 21 November 1935.

Endnotes 97.

144 READ 1653, CKO to FJW, 7 October 1935.

98. READ 1846, CAF to CKO, 27 January 1944. 0. replied drily, "I did not expect the Science Dictionary would be in your line" (READ 1846, CKO to CAF, 29 January 1944). 99.

READ 1678, CKO to CAF, 8 February 1937.

100.

READ 1678, CKO to CAF, 23 January 1936.

101. Pseudonym of Theophrastus von 1493-1541, Swiss physician and alchemist.

Hohenheim,

102.

READ 1653, CKO to CAF, 27 July 1935.

103.

READ 1653, CAF to CKO, 29 July 1935.

104.

READ 1678, CKO to CAF, 16 October 1936.

105.

READ 1709, CKO to CAF, 21 January 1937.

106.

READ 1748, CKO to CAF, 10 November 1938.

107.

ibid.

108.

READ 1678, CKO to CAF, 21 November 1936.

109.

READ 1772, CKO to CAF, 4 June 1939.

110.

READ 1678, CKO to CAF, 14 June 1936.

111.

READ, CKO to CAF, 24 November 1952.

112.

READ, CKO to CAF, 16 December 1953.

113.

READ 1678, CKO to CAF, 25 August 1936.

114.

READ 1709, CKO to CAF, n.d.

115.

READ 1748, CKO to CAF, 7 September 1938.

116.

READ, CKO to Norman Franklin, 31 December 1953.

117.

READ 1709, CAF to CKO, 14 September 1937.

118.

READ 1797, CAF to CKO, 23 May 1940.

119. "I shall be very willing for sample copies to be sent at our risk (or copies on sale or return) to all booksellers who might have been intrigued into buying it by your travellers" (READ 1797 CKO to CAF, 4 June 1940). 120.

READ 1748, CAF to CKO, 28 March 1939.

121.

READ 1846, CKO to CAF, 31 March 1943.

122.

ibid., 27 August 1943.

145

Endnotes

123. "Please do not mention my name in any way...Blame your decision on Stalin, Hitler, or the British Public, or whatever you fancy" (READ 1772, CKO to CAF, 27 October 1939. 124.

READ, CKO to Colin E. Franklin, 16 March 1956.

125.

READ 1678, CAF to CKO, 19 March 1937.

126.

READ 1772, CAF to CKO, 23 November 1939.

127.

READ 1797, CAF to CKO, 3 November 1938.

128. READ 1772, CKO to CAF, 27 October 1939. He soon found it necessary to move to Buxton, where he spent most of the war years, visiting for extended periods with friends in Steyning, Tannton, Devon, North Bovey, and elsewhere. 129.

READ 1772, CAF to CKO, 1 September 1939.

130.

ibid., JG to CKO, 3 November 1939.

131.

ibid., CAF to CKO, 16 October 1939.

132.

ibid., 13 December 1939.

133.

READ 1797, CKO to CAF, 12 September 1940.

134.

READ 1818, CAF to CKO, 12 June 1941.

135.

ibid., CKO memo, June 1941.

136.

READ 1846, CKO to CAF, 31 March 1943.

137.

ibid., CAF to CKO, 7 April 1943.

138.

ibid., CKO to CAF, 18 January 1944.

139.

ibid., CAF to CKO, 20 January 1944.

140.

READ, CAF to CKO, 9 April 1948.

141.

READ, CKO to CAF, 13 April 1948.

142.

ibid., 2 May 1948.

143.

READ, CAF to CKO, 13 May 1948.

144.

READ, CKO to CAF, 9 May 1951.

145. Franklin had given permission (CAF to CKO, 20 January 1944), and Ogden had acknowledged this (CKO to CAF, 24 January 1944). 146. O's protests 22 April 1950).

were in vain.

(READ, CKO to CAF,

Endnotes

146

147. "The reference you make, both as to a half-yearly statement of royalties and to the affaire Wittgenstein, point to misunderstandings which both I and my colleagues deplore. Would it not be possible for you to come in to Carter Lane at some time convenient to yourself, when we could all take part in a friendly discussion with the object of smoothing out the apparent discontent, leading to a better understanding between the publishers and one of their chief editors" (READ, JGC to CKO, 13 November 1951). 148. "I have suggested to Professor Mavrogordato that the typescript of a book by his friend, Capt. Peter Wright, (who was Secretary to the Supreme War Council in the 1914-18 War, a notable linguist, and author of at least three books which I have, on the Supreme War Council, on cow-punching, and on eminent politicians), should be sent to you..." (READ, CKO to CAF, 29 March 1953). "Charlesworth. Not for the library. Not only for the reasons we discussed (about Wittgenstein and his followers); but primarily because it is a Neo-Thomistic (Roman Catholic?) approach with continental students (priests?) in view. Outside the library it might be quite a useful and competent publication, and, even a good commercial proposition; but in the series it would give a wrong impression..." (CKO to Colin E. Franklin, 16 March 1956). 149. For O's own articles in Psyche see 52-6, 58-67, 71, 73, 81, 83, 86, 90-1, 95-6, 99. For his editorials, see 107-148. For his reviews, see 214-18, 220-34. For his notes, see 156-7, 160-62, 164-7, 169-71, 175, 184, 190-91, 199, 202, 205-6. There are also many unsigned reviews and notes in Psyche which were probably written by 0. 150. "The policy of Psyche is to provide a conspectus of all the most reliable views, while not ignoring more advanced and tentative developments in which opinion is still divided" (Psyche 2, 1 (1921), p i ) . 151.

ibid.

152. ibid., p85. Smith had returned O's first version of this report, complaining that it was "intolerably obscure" (CAMB 8310, WWS to CKO, 16 March 1921). For his contributions to the second volume of Psyche, Ogden earned 5 pounds, 5 shillings. CAMB 8310, WWS to CKO, 30 October 1921. 153. "The quarterly journal Psyche, which I assisted in founding in 1920, has been under my editorship and control for six years" (MCMA ms., 22 February 1929). 154. "I have carefully considered over the Malinowski article for 'Psyche' which you showed me. I think, in the interests of the magazine, you ought to censor it very

147

Endnotes

heavily indeed" (CAMB 8310, WSS to CKO, 6 October 1923). 155. Approximately 200 paid 1923 and 1927. UCOL, RKP Archives.

subscriptions between

156.

CAMB 8310, WSS to CKO, 6 March 1924.

157.

ibid., 16 March 1925.

158. "You take over as from the issue of July 1925 the proprietorship (including copyright) of this Journal which we shall continue to publish subject to either party having the option to bring this agreement to a close at three months notice" (ibid., 6 June 1925). See also note 7 above. 159. Vinton styled himself Assistant Editor, but the printer changed it to Associate Editor. CAMB 8310, WJV to CKO, 20 April 1926. 160. "In 1926 and again in 1927 I visited America to familiarize myself with the linguistic situation there, and for a year I acted as Science Editor of the Forum, while its circulation rose from 70,000 to 100,000" (MCMA iiis., 22 February 1929). 161. "How excellent of you to gather in material for so rich a number of Psyche. It will be one of the best" (CAMB 8310, WJV to CKO, 29 June 1926). 162.

ibid., 28 December 1926.

163.

ibid.

164. "We are delighted to know that you're coming b a c k — b u t our delight is somberly tempered by the fear that a 'fortnight in England' confirms the rumours of your too permanent attachment to America" (ibid., 29 June 1926). 0. returned to New York on 5 September 1926. CAMB 8310, Edouard Bugnion to CKO, 30 August 1926. 165. "Good number Psyche in press. Fear cannot continue much longer. Do you know anyone willing to take it over?" (CAMB 8310, WJV to CKO, 18 April 1927). 166. "Psyche Miniatures are not selling. Most sell 300-400 copies....We have to sell 900 copies to get our money back. An inexpensive book of limited appeal is almost hopeless. I've already got a lot of money invested in these books. Psyche...has been losing an average of 50 pounds per number. I don't frankly see on the present basis how it is going to pay either of us to go on with them. They take up your time and my money" (ibid., 13 May 1927). 167. "[Stallybrass] had something to say about the difficulties of your two big series if you stayed away

Endnotes

148

long...I told him...you had asked me to see Psyche through the press while you were in New York for a month [sic] or so. 'Well,' said S., 'I wish he'd come back'" (ibid., 15 June 1926). 168. "We're delighted to know you're back [in England]" (ibid., 25 July 1927). 169.

See note 8 above.

170.

MCMA ms., 22 February 1929.

170a. The term ortholoqy, designating the science of correct symbolism, was coined by Karl Pearson in The Grammar of Science (1892). 171.

ibid.

172. "[Psyche] is a sort of medium for the 'linguistic' research of the Orthological Institute, with the addition of some borderland psychological material" (CAMB 8310, CKO to OVF, 11 February 1948). 173.

CAMB 8310.

174.

ibid., CAF to CKO, 16 March 1932.

175.

READ 1709, CKO to CAF, 27 January 1937.

176.

See bibliography item 15, pp9-10.

177. "The significance of choosing 'war' as the fundamental word [for inclusion in Basic English] is when 'not at war' we have 'peace;' while peace is naturally described in terms of war 'coming to an than vice versa."

more that more end'

178. "[C. S. Peirce's] lengthy private correspondence with Lady Welby...was only terminated by his death in 1914" (See bibliography item 145, p7). In fact, Welby died in 1912. 179. "The difference between Orthology and 'Semantics,' etc., may correspond to that between burgling in the dark and burbling or bugling in the park" (See bibliography item 148, pl5). 180.

See bibliography item 134, p2.

181.

READ 1772, CKO to Mr. Lush, 21 August 1939.

182. O's correspondence reveals less frustration than determination, in the face of the delay, and clear evidence of the great importance he attached to publishing what he knew would be the final volume of Psyche. "Two hundred pages are already set, but [Psyche] won't be ready till the spring, I suppose" (READ 1818, CKO to CAF, 31 October 1941). "[Psyche] is now moving into page proof at

149

Endnotes

last" (READ 1846, CKO to CAF, 4 January 1943). "I am just sending Psyche to press, seven years late..." (UCLA 785/1/11, CKO to Jean Peck, 25 November 1945). A reference to the forthcoming volume also appeared in the 8th edition of The Meaning of Meaning; "See especially [Psyche] Volume 18 (1946), where the nucleus of a posthumous treatise on 'Word Magic' may at last be taking shape" (p44). 183.

CAMB 8310, CKO to OVF, 11 February 1948.

184.

CAMB 8310, WJV to CKO, 4 June 1926.

185. "I have pointed out on several occasions that Bentham's Theory of Fictions is the title of a book by^ me. It contains material by Bentham—but Bentham himself never used the word 'Fiction.' The material is illustrative of a theory of Fictions which I called by that name for the first time. (READ, CKO to CAF, 27 September 1949). See especially 13, 14, 59, 62, 63, 71. 186. MCMA ms., 22 February 1929. A synoptic ment which ignores the thrust of much of her work. 187.

See note 48 above.

188.

See page 44.

judg-

189. "The Basic English Word Wheel is an apparatus for putting words in the right order automatically. It is named the 'Panopticon' because all the necessary units are seen together. In its simplest form it is made of cardboard and is the same size as a small phonograph record. There are seven wheels or circles on top of the other, and on the edges of these circles words are printed, so that when these circles are turned in the right way, the words make sense on a line reading from left to right from the middle of the circle" (18, pp305-06). 190. "Tell your secretary not [to address me as] 'professor' until things get very much worse than even I think they are" (READ 1772, CKO to CAF, 27 October 1939). 191.

BBCW 910 OGD, CKO to EHP, 10 March 1946.

191a. An acronym for British, American, Scientific, International, and Commercial. 192.

BBCW BW2/72 CKO to FRC, 29 July 1945.

193. BBCW, CKO's memorandum on The Teaching sic English Overseas, 23 December 1942.

of

193a. BBCW 910 OGD, CKO to EHP, 31 December 1940. 194.

ibid.

195.

ibid.

Ba-

Endnotes

150

196. "We were expecting the Prime Minister's Committee of 1939 to set up an Inter-departmental organisation and possibly a trust to take over certain Basic English interests" (READ 1853, CKO to CAF, 22 January 1945). 197.

See 193.

198. He noted that Basic English contained "only 200 verbs" (269); it contains only eighteen words which are verbs in full English. 199. "Dr. Richards was not in England from 1927 to 1930, when the origins of Basic English were the concern of the Orthological Institute, and he has not covered the most important points of method [in Basic English and its Uses]" (READ 1846, CKO to CAF, 1 December 1943). 200. ibid., 19 September 1943. A month later he would say: "we have nothing to gain by publicity" (BBCW R51/35/2, CKO to G. R. Barnes, 18 October 1943). Six months later he would say: "Every post brings evidence of activities and potential complications which we are powerless to cope with until the [Prime Minister's] statement is implemented... I hope it will not be long before we can begin to build up an organisation capable both of cooperating with the departments involved and of neutralizing the legends and misconceptions which all this fantastic publicity has generated" (PUBR CAB 21/885/ 11/ 4/ 6). He was, by then, "personally paying at least seven emergency people to cope with our side of the rush generated since last September" (ibid.). 201. PUBR September 1943.

PREM 4/11/7, CKO to Winston Churchill, 14

202.

BBCW WP (43) 551, p5.

203.

BBCW BE 70, FRC, 10 December 1945.

204.

PUBR CAB 21/835, ANC to JHP, 28 March 1944.

205. 0. also shared what he perceived as a widespread lack of confidence in the British Council: "So many people rely on the British Council vanishing as soon as possible after the war in a stink (especially if there is any left-wing movement) that we surely can't look forward to any dependence on them?" (PUBR CAB 21/835, CKO to ANC, 29 March 1944). 206. ber 1944. 207.

BBCW R51/35/3, R. A. Rendall to PUBR

BW2/72, R. G. Wayment

to

CKO, 1

Novem-

FRC, 25

July

1945. the

208. "You will probably agree with the view that machinery for giving effect to the policy of His Maj-

151

Endnotes

esty's Government on Basic English remains very defective. No doubt our difficulties with the inventor afford some excuse" (PUBR BW1/35, Sir Basil Newton to A. J. S. White). 209. PUBR BW2/72, Sir Evans, 8 October 1944. 210. PUBR February 1945.

CAB

Percy

Ashley

to

21/885/11/4/6/Annex, ANC

B. Ifor to JHP, 23

211.

PUBR CAB 21/885/11/4/6/Annex.

212.

ibid.

213.

ibid., ANC to FRC, 20 January 1945.

214.

BBCW R51/37/1 BE 10.

215.

PUBR CAB/21/885, ANC to JHP, 23 February 1945.

216. BBCW 910 OGD, J. B. Clark memorandum to BBC Service Directors and Representatives, 5 October 1945. 217.

UCLA 785/1/11, CKO to Jean Peck, 4 May 1946.

218. Yorwerth 26 March 1963.

Davies.

Basic English.

The Guardian

218a. The same amount had been awarded to Jeremy Bentham by the government of his day for Bentham's work on the Panoptican prison. 219.

PUBR Ed 52.

220.

ibid.

221.

ibid.

222.

450, pl20.

223.

UCLA 785/1/9, CKO to HGL, 5 June 1947.

224. CAMB 8310, JW to CKO, 1 January 1956. Richards, four years Ogden•s junior, outlived him by twenty-two years.

INDEX References to the Biographical Essay of Part I are preceded by p(p); references to Endnotes are preceded by n; all other references are to entry numbers in the bibliography of Parts II and III. Names of persons are references to these persons as subjects. Many of the same names appear as those of authors in Parts II and III. Abercrombie, David, p49 Aesthetics, 34, 57, 102, 107, 228 Ambiguity, 131 Angell, Norman, 38, 213 Animal Laughter, 115 Ants, 234b, 237, 253 Apostles (Society), p5, p6 Archetypation, 148 Armistice Day (1918), pl7, pl8, p23, 155, n3 Ashley, Sir Percy, p51 Bacon, Francis, 83, 85, 96, 144, n33 Balliol College, p9, pll Barton, John Hill, 95 Basic English, p4, p20, p21, p22, p24, p25, p26, p42, p43, p45, pp46-53, p54 cabinet conclusion (1946) on, p53 copyright in, p53 inter-departmental committee on, p51, p52 radio broadcasts in, p48 related to Jeremy Bentham's panopticon, p46 war cabinet committee on, p50, 4-8, 10-12, 15-27, 31, 68-70, 72, 74-80, 82, 84, 85, 87-94, 125, 129, 131-133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 144, 146, 164-167, 171, 173, 175, 183, 184, 190, 191, 238, 256, 258, 259, 261-267, 269-277, 279, 280, 282-285, 287, 288, 290, 293-300, 303314, 316, 318, 321, 324331, 333-336, 339-342, 344, 345, 348-351, 353362, 367-373, 376-381, 388-390, 392, 393, 395,

396, 399-401, 403-417, 419, 423, 424, 428, nl89, nl96, nl98, nl99, n208 Basic English Foundation, p53 Basic English Publishing Company, p53 Basic English Trust project, p47, p50, p51, p52, p53 Behaviorism, 52, 55, 121, 122, 387 Bell, Clive, p7, 34 Bentham, Jeremy, p3, p42, p43, p44, pp45-47, 9, 11, 13, 14, 58, 59, 61, 71, 77, 91, 95, 96, 126, 129, 137, 140, 141, 144, 147, 205, 257, 293, 324, 364, 382, nl85, n218a Berkeley, George, 83, 111, 144, 361 Best, Robert H., pl6 Beurubi, Isaac, 218 Bevin, Ernest, p53 birth rate, 1, 44, 153, 433 Black, Max, n94 Bloomfield, Leonard, 145, 317 Bousfield, W. R., 214 Brain, 240 Breasted, James H., 222 Bright, Timothy, 206 British Council, p48, p51, p53, n205 Broad, C. D., p7 Brooke, Rupert, pi5 Brougham, Henry Peter, 95, 206 Bugnion, Edouard, p29 Burdon, Sanderson, 121 Bury, J. B., p6 Buxton, Mrs. C. R., pl7 Buxton, Noel, 213 Cadogan Square, p54, 443 Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, p36

152

153 Cambridge Magazine, pi, p2, ppl2-20, p23, p27, p35, p39, p40, p43, p44, 1, 433, 439, 441, 447, n50, foreign press survey in, ppl6-17, p20, p21, 337 Cambridge Magazine bookshops, ppl7-18, ppl9-20, p23, p33, 155 Cambridge Oratorical Bureau, 154 Cambridge University Press, p37 Carter, J. G., p28, p38 Cauvin, Joseph, 95 Chamberlain, Neville, p49 Chesham, p35 Chesterton, G. K., p7, pl5 Chronaxy, 56 Churchill, Winston, pi, p24, p26, p50, p52, 264, 266, 268, 269, 275, 310, 410, nl98 City Lights (film), 67 Clothes, 232 Coleridge, Arthur N., p51, p52 Color theory, p39, 49, 50, 106 Comparative philology, 71 Confucius, 122 Conversation, 98, 225 Cornford, F. M., p6 Crime, 231 Crookshank, F. G., 229 Crowther, J. G., 228 Dancing, 66 Darwin, Charles, 41 de la Mare, Walter, p7 Delphi, oracle of, 66 Demonic possession, 66 Dias, R. W. M., p27 Dickinson, G. Lowes, p6 Dodge, Raymond, 228 Dualism, 230 Dumont, Etienne, 9 Economic Advisory Council, p49, nl96 Education, 29, 36, 91, 152, 239, 312, 385, 399, 407, 417 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 120, 219 Eolithic art, 128 Erasmus, Desiderius, 38 Esperanto, p49, 19, 72,

1 n<1<

289, 334 Evans Brothers (publ i MIKM M ) , p36 Fearing, Franklin, 231 Feminism, 32, 311a Fischer, Ludwig, 234 Florence, P. Sargent, pr>, p 1 1 Flugel, J. C , 232 Forel, Auguste, 255 Forster, John, 95 France, 218 Franklin, Cecil A., p28, pll, p32, p33, p34, p35, p36, p37, p38, nl45 Freud, Sigmund, 113, 115, 121 Fry, Roger, p7 Garett, Garet, p30 Gates, Dorothy, p54, n6 Germany, 29, 38, 39, 42, 44, 53, 105, 152 Ghosts, 62 Gillespie, R. D., 224 Girton College, p6 Gordon, R. G., p30 Grammar, 71, 91, 386 Graves, Robert, p30 Grimaldus, Laurentius, 206 Hankins, Frank H., 223 Harris, Frank, pl5 Harvard University, p25, p26 p50 Heretics Society, pi, pp5-8, p9, plO, pll, pl3, pl5, p20, p35, 432, 433, 447, 448, 456, n22, n24, n27 Hildreth, Richard, 9 History, 30 Hobbes, Thomas, 11, 144 Hogben, Lancelot, p30, 229 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, p43, 146 Human rights, 242, 246 Humanitarianism, 9 Hume, David, 85, 111 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 41 Ideals, 242 Imagination, 47 Industrial fatigue, 45, 433 Instinct, 234b Internationalism, 37 Invention, 61 Irving Trust, p48 Isotype, 360 Jackson, Sir Henry, pi3

Index

154

Jebb, Sir Richard, pl7 John of St. Thomas, 366 Joyce, James, Anna Livia Plurabelle, 157, 161, 167, 169, 238, 434, Finneqans Wake, p21, 158, 352, 394, 434, nl4 Kant, Immanuel, 85 Kerschensteiner, Georg, pl6 Keynes, J. M., p6 King's College, pl9 Korzybski, Alfred, 322, 338 Lange, J., 231 Language problem, 21-22 Law, 9, 123, 257 Leacock, David, pl4 Leese, C. L., 213 Leibniz, Gottfried, 83 Lexicography, 86, 384 Lexicology, 96 Linguistic conscience, pp9-10 Linguistic fictions, 9, 11, 13, 14, 59, 62, 63, 66, 71, 127, 148, 251, nl85 Linguistic oppositions, 15, 64, 133, 287, 363 Literary criticism, 107 Locke, John, 83, 111 Logic, 64, 71, 91 Los Angeles Olympics (1932), 70 Lovejoy, E. 0., 2 30 McClure, Edmund, 212 McCurdy, Charles A., pl8 McDougall, William, p6 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 211 Magdalene College, p5, p9 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 113, nl54 Mathematics, 71 Meaning of Meaning, The, p4, pll, pl2, pl9, p20, p22, p23, p24, p25, p26, p27, p29, p33, p47, 2, 11, 29, 34, 121, 133, 285, 287, 289, 301, 314, 315, 319, 323, 352, 363, 365, 377, 386, 387, 391, 394, 397, 398, 412, 424, 428, 439, 445, nl4, n21, n42, n51, n59, n65, nl82

Mechanical nightingales, p53 Mental Illness, 66 Metaphor, 131, 407 Metaphysics, 234 Militarism, 32, 311a Military service, 43 Mill, J. S., 9 Mongols, 229 Monkeys, 229 Moore, G. E., p6 Mysticism, 229 Needham, Joseph, 220 Neologisms, 71 Neurath, Otto, 89 Newnham College, p6 Noise, 115 Novial (language), 115 Ogden, Charles Burdett (father of C K O ) , p4 Ogden, Charles Kay arrival at Cambridge, pi, P5 at the Athenaeum, p54 Buxton birthplace of, pp4-5 childhood pursuits, p4 editor for Kegan Paul, pp28-38, 433, 455, 456, n82 editor of Forum (New York), nl60 editor of Psyche, pp38-45, 433, nl53 friendship with Marjory (Black) Todd, 450 Heretics, president of, pp5-6 Heretics, secretary of, pp5-6 Heretics, talks to, pp7-8 illnesses, p4, p54, n20 income, 1 influence on Dora Russell, 448 masks of, pi, pp3-4 obituaries, 422, 423 pacifism of, pi, pl7, n3 physical appearance of, 448 pseudonym Adelyne More, p2, pl4, pl9, p44, 121, 311a, n5 pseudonym C. M. (Cambridge Magazine), pl4, n6 pseudonym T. L. (The Limit), pl4, n6 publishing activities of, 420

155 relationship with H. G. Wells, 449 residences, pl4, p23, p35, p53, p54, 438, 443, n5 Sardanapalus enacted by, p23, p54, n60 translation work of, pp20-22, p44 travels of, p2, p3, plO, p40, p41, n9, n51, nl28, nl64, nl68 university program of, P12 wit of, p43 Ogden, Fanny Hart (mother of CKO), p4 Ogden, Frank Kay (brother of CKO), nl8 Ogden, Thomas Jones (uncle of CKO), p4 Onomatopoeia, 88 Orthological Institute, p37, p41, p43, p44, p48, p49, p50, p53, p54, 157, 160-162, 164-167, 170171, 175, 184, 190, 199, 202, 206, 410, nl99 Orthology, 9, 20, 60, 90, 96, 123, 125, 131, 136, 148, 158, 161, 205, 230, 384, nl70a, nl79 Over-population, 1 Panoptic conjugation, 13, 127, 133, 350, 356, 412 Paracelsus, p32, nlOl Parallel Library project, p20, 94 Paroptics, 109, 244 Parry, Hughes, 9 Paulhan, F., 227 Payne Fund, p48 Pearson, Karl, 9, nl70a Peirce, C. S., 33, 145 Penguin Books, p36 Perry, Ralph Barton, 221 Philosophy, 48, 59, 221, 226, 245 See also Wittgenstein Physics, 230 Picture-making system, 89 Poetry, 66, 104, 298 Prince, Morton, 216 Prosody, 90, 288 Psittacism, 139 Psyche, p2, pl9, p20, p24, p28, p29, pp38-45, p47,

Ind««x 124, 142, n5, nl49, nl50, nl52-155, nl58, nl59, nlf>(>, nl67, nl72, nl82 Psyche Miniatures series, pp28-29, p34, p35, p36, p37 p41, p42, 118, 124, 126,13R 184, 202, n95, nl66 Psychical Research, 156 Psychoanalysis, 123, 226, 231 Psychology, 2, 3, 9, 13, 15, 28, 49, 55, 71, 99, 107, 108, 110, 112, 119, 120, 132, 215, 224, 226, 227, 232, 341, see also Behaviorism Public health, 9 Quiller-Couch, Arthur, pl5 Ragg, Murray, p28 Ramsey, Frank, 141, 453, n58 Reeve, Henry, 95 Reflex action, 233 Reid, L. A., 228 Rhythm, 92 Richards, Ivor Armstrong Basic English translations of Plato reviewed, 343, 409 collaboration with CKO, p22, pp23-27, p39, n62 credited jointly with CKO for invention of Basic English, p50 meeting with CKO on Armistice Day (1918), ppl8-19 on The Meaning of Meaning, p29 on writing style of CKO, p43, 15 outlives CKO, n224 reaction to death of CKO, pp54-55 responds to criticism of Bentham publication on CKO's behalf, p46, 382 teaching in China, p48 Ringbom, Lars, 224 Rockefeller Foundation, p24» p48 Routledge (George) titles, p38 Routledge & Kegan Paul, p2, p24, p25, p26, pp28-38, p41, p42 History of Civilization series, p28, p29, n85 International Library series, p24, p29, p32,

Index

156

p34, p35, p36, p38, pp41-42 see also Psyche Miniatures, Science for You, Today & Tomorrow Russell, Bertrand, p6, pl5, p27, p32, 121, 386, 453 Russell, Dora, p6 St. Thomas the cat, p53 Sapir, Edward, 65, 234a, 317 Science for You, p28, p29, p36 Semantics, 33, 46-48, 51, 62, 63, 64, 71, 98, 100-103, 286, 289, 292, 314, 384, 386, 391, 410, 411, n68, nl79 Shaw, Bernard, p6, p7, 35 Signifies, pp8-12, p21, 323, 402, 431, n36, n39, n48 Sitwell, Edith, p7 Smith, Whately W., p28, p29, p38, p41, n5, n90, nl52 Stallybrass, W. S., p28, p29, p39, p40, nl67 Stockard, Charles R., 231 Strachey, Lytton, p7 Swift, Stephen, pl3, pl4 Symbolism, 33, 96, 101, 103, 123, 126, 158, 286, 398 Termites, 234b Time, 54 Today & Tomorrow, p28, p30, n85 Tooke, H o m e , 111, 147, 206 Translation, 91, 131 see also translation work of CKO Trevelyan, G. M., p6 Trinity College, p27 Trollope, Anthony, 95 Universal Language, 8,9, 19, 129, 206, 399, 410, 413, 414 Urbanity, 225 Vaihinger, Hans, 59, 111, 251 Value theory, 221 Van de Perre, A., 213

Verbs, 58, 91, 136, 267, 271, 389, 390, 419 Vinton, Warren Jay, p40, p44, n7, nl59 Vision, 47 Vitalism, 236, 248 von Hartmann, E., 226 War, 32, 36, 38, 44, 213, 234b, 433 causes of, 1, 13, 315, 401 War Savings Committee, pl7 Warburg, Fredric, p28, p31, 450 Warden, J. C., 127 Watson, J. B., 52, 121, 320 387, 397 Welby, Victoria Lady, pp8-12, p21, pp45-46, 323, 402, 431, n38, n42, n49-52, nl78 West, Michael, 81, 86, 356 Wexburg, Erwin, 224 Wheeler, W. M., 121 Whyte, L. L., 230 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, p7, p22, p37 Tractatus Loqico-Philosophicus of, p38, 247, 278, 281, 291, 302, 405a, 418, 421, 425-427, 430, 435, n57, n58, nl47 Wodehouse, Marion Helen, n51 Women, emancipation of, 1, 433 Women's prerogative, 97 Wood, James, p25, p27, p54 n224 Woolf, Virginia, p7 Word-magic, p5, p7, pll, p23, p25, p43, p45, 33, 51, 66, 73, 83, 91, 96, 111, 122, 144, 292, 359, nl82 Wright, Peter, nl48 Zen masters, 122 Zuckerman, Solly, iv, 7