Colloquial Spanish of Latin America: The Complete Course for Beginners

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This second edition of the best-selling beginners' course makes learning Latin American Spanish easy and enjoyable. It has been brought right up to date, to include the language of the Internet, e-mail and mobile phones. Written by a native speaker with many years experience of teaching the language, '- 111 oou ..~o\L _:)PANISH L~ LA Ill~ AMEKILA is ideal for students learning on their own or in class. Its step-by-step approach to spoken and written Latin American Spanish assumes no prior knowledge of the language. Features include: • • • • •

a focus on modern, conversational Spanish user-friendly grammar notes a variety of exercises to help you grow in confidence full answer key and grammar summary English-Spanish and Spanish-English word lists

This rewarding course will enable you to enter the world of the peoples and cultures of Latin America. 120 minutes of audio material is available to accompany _o OQUIAL SPANI~n Or LA 111 Ml IERICA. Recorded by native speakers, these complement the book and will help you develop your pronunciation and listening skills. Cover photograph: Maya textile © Jean- Leo Dugast/Panos Pictures

ISBN 978-0-415 -2 3786-4

Routledge Taylor & Francis Group www.routledge.com • Printed in Great Britain

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780415 237864

Colloquial

Spanish of Latin America

The Colloquial Series Series Adviser: Gary King

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Colloquial

Spanish of Latin America Roberto Rodrfguez-Saona Senior Lecturer in Spanish, Trinity and All Saints, College of the University of Leeds

COLLOQUIAL CD-ROMs Multimedia Language Courses Available in: Chinese, French, Portuguese and Spanish

~~ ~~~1!!~~~p LONDON AND NEW YORK

To Hazel, Emma and David First pub Iished 1994 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX 14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Reprinted 1995, 1996, 1998 (twice), 1999,2000 Second edition first published 2002 Reprinted 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,an informa business

© J994, 2002 Roberto Rodriguez-Saona Typeset in Times Ten by Florence Production, Stood leigh, Devon Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

British Librmy Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress JSBNI3 : 978-0-415-23786-4 (book) ISBN 13 : 978-0-415-30049-0 (CDs) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-42694-7 (book and CD course)

Contents

Introduction

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1 Saludos Greetings

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2 Salgo a las seis I leave at six

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3 Reserva en el hotel Reserving a hotel room

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4 lD6nde esta7 Where is it?

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5 El clima y los viajes Weather and travel

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6 De compras Shopping

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7 l Que estas haciendo 7 What are you doing?

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8 l Que ten go que hacer7 What do I have to do?

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9 He perdido ... I have lost .. .

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10 l Que vamos a hacer hoy7 What are we going to do today?

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11 Se dice que ... It is said that . . .

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12 l.Oue hiciste? What did you do?

Introduction

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13 Iran al mercado They will go to the market

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14 Yo estudiaba ... I used to study ...

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15 Espero que puedas I hope you can

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16 Me gustaria ... I would like ...

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17 Si yo tuviera ... If I had ...

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18 Si hubieras enviado ... If you had sent . ..

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19 Ha sido ... It has been ...

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20 Rep a so Review

Grammar summary Key to exercises Dialogue translations Spanish-English glossary English-Spanish glossary Index of language points

215 226 245 276 285 317 327

Spanish in Latin America developed independently of, but at the same time in parallel to, that in Spain. There are lexical and some grammatical differences between the two main varieties of the language, but they share the same basic structure. Within Latin America regional accents have developed due to a number of factors, which include the influence of the language of Southern Spain and the Canaries, the language of the indigenous people of Latin America, African languages brought by the slaves and in recent times, American English. However, by acquiring the basic functions, notions, grammar and vocabulary of Spanish the learner should be able to communicate effectively in situations likely to be encountered as a visitor to one of the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America. The aim of this book is to help you achieve this level of fluency. This book is intended for learners with little or no knowledge of Spanish. The language in the book includes the kind of Spanish used in everyday life by native speakers in Latin America, especially in oral communication. In some Language Points sections an explanation is given regarding the use of an alternative form in Peninsular Spanish, i.e. that used in Spain. In the glossary at the back of the book you will find additional words with different uses in Latin America and in Spain. In each chapter - with the exception of the last one, which is a revision chapter - the language presented to the learner is focused on some specific functions, notions and grammar points. These concepts are explained in the Language Points section which usually appears after a dialogue. At the beginning of each chapter you will find a list of the main objectives expected to be achieved by the learner. The book deals with a number of situations in which you are likely to use Spanish, e.g. using the phone, booking a hotel room, eating in a restaurant, routine at work, etc. There are also a number of functions that will be learned in each chapter, e.g.

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greeting people, apologizing, telling the time, expressing likes and dislikes, describing objects, and others. The Language points are illustrated in examples that follow each explanation. It is essential to read these examples carefully before proceeding to the exercises. It is advisable that you write all answers to the exercises in a notebook to keep a systematic record of your progress. There is a variety of exercises; some require completion of a sentence with a word, others involve rewriting sentences in different words, changing the word order or matching questions with answers, etc. With the exception of open exercises, i.e. those in which there is more than one possible answer, you will find answers to the exercises at the end of the book. It is advisable to consult these answers only after you have provided your own. The glossary at the end of the book lists, in alphabetical order, all the vocabulary introduced throughout the chapters. In some cases it provides a comparison between current terminology in Latin America which is different from that used in everyday Peninsular Spanish. The Grammar section at the end of the book gives a brief description of the main points of the Spanish language. It is not intended to be a comprehensive grammar but a quick, essential reference section. The recorded material for this book is optional, but you are advised to have access to it in order to improve your listening and understanding skills. The author would like to thank Katia Valdeos Ardiles, Carolina Alegre Bellasai, Lena Gazey, Juliet Wood, Penny Levene and Genista Horsley for their help in the preparation of this book.

Pronunciation The following section on pronunciation is intended as a guide, comparing the sounds of Spanish to the closest equivalent in English. You would also find it useful to listen to the recorded material which accompanies this book.

Vowels Vowels in Spanish are clearer than in English, and all are considered of the same quality, that is, they are pronounced whether they are stressed or unstressed. There are five vowels in Spanish:

a e 0

u

similar to the a in 'father', but shorter similar to the first e in 'elephant' similar to the i in 'clean', but shorter similar to the o in 'cot', but shorter similar to the oo in 'boot'

casa elegir mirar moto cuna

Consonants similar to the English b but Jess explosive preceding e or i it is pronounced like the sin 'simple' preceding a, o or u, it is pronounced like the c in 'cat' like the chin 'chair' ch in initial position it is pronounced like d the English d but not aspirated. The tip of the tongue is placed lower than in the production of the English d. When it is not in initial position it is practically imperceptible to English speakers f like the English f g preceding a, o, u, like the gin 'god' preceding e or i, like the h in 'hen' h silent like the h in 'hen' j k like the English k . I like the I in 'live' u like the y in 'young', but a bit stronger; in Argentina and Uruguay it is pronounced like the s in the English word 'vision' m like the English m, but with the lips not firmly closed when it is not in initial position n like the English n ii like then in 'onion' p like the English p but not aspirated q like the unaspirated English k; found only in the groups que and qui in a word r more rolled than in English; in initial position it is trilled twice between vowels it is rolled once b c

baiio, ambos ceder, hacer carga,coro chico, rancho dar, cada

feria, garrafa ganar, gol general, agil hacer, ahora jefe, caja kilo, kaiser libro, papel IJamar, pollo

mar, America nada,pena caiia, nino papa, tapa quince, porque rosa, ramo coro, pero

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w x y z

strongly trilled like the s in 'sample' less aspirated than in English; the tip of the tongue is placed against the back of the upper front teeth the same as the sound b described above like the English w; only found in a few words of foreign origin softer than the English x the same as the sound II described above the same as the sound s described above

carro, perro santa, suero tomar, gato

1 Saludos Greetings

vaca,cueva whisky, Walter exito, sexto mayo, yo zona, zapato By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • • • • •

Use some greetings Use numbers up to 100 Make simple enquiries Use personal pronouns (1, you, etc.) Use some verbs in the present tense indicative (e.g. I live in Mexico)

Dialogue 1

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En Ia agencia de viajes Miguel is trying to find out the travel agent's fax number over the phone. He talks to a member of the staff called Cecilia CECILIA: MIGUEL: CECILIA: MIGUEL: CECILIA: MIGUEL: CECILIA: MIGUEL: CECILIA: CECILIA: MIGUEL: CECILIA: MrGUEL:

Al6, buenos dias. Agencia de Viajes El Sol. Buenos dias, senorita. l,Tienen fax? Si, senor. l,Que numero es? Es el dos, noventa y dos, treinta y cinco, setenta y seis, noventa y ocho (292-357698). l. Y pagina Web? Si, claro. el sol, punto, com (elsol.com) Gracias. De nada. Hello, good morning. El Sol Travel Agent. Good morning. Do you have a fax? Yes, sir. What's the number, please?

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It's 292-357698. What about a Web page? Yes, of course. elsol.com Thank you. That's all right.

Language points

Numeros de telefono When reading aloud telephone or fax numbers it is usual in Spanish to say them in pairs: e.g. 356791, treinta y cinco, sesenta y siete, noventa y uno; 031-705466, cero, treinta y uno, setenta, cincuenta y cuatro, sesenta y seis.

Correa electr6nico Two words are key to understand and/or provide e-mail addresses in Spanish: arroba =@ punto =.(a dot) For example, [email protected] is read out: alberto, arroba, portal, punto, com.

Por favor The use of por favor 'please' in requests is not as common in Spanish as it is in English.

De nada/No hay de que When somebody thanks you, apart from the usual response De nada, you can use the expression No hay de que, although it sounds slightly more formal. Both mean 'You're welcome'.

Numeros As in English, a number precedes the noun it refers to: two tickets dos boletos ten students diez alumnos

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Uno becomes un before a masculine noun and una before a feminine noun (see Chapter 3 for information on masculine and feminine nouns): one dictionary un diccionario one lesson una lecci6n 11 once 1 uno doce 12 2 dos trece 13 tres 3 14 catorce 4 cuatro 15 quince 5 cinco 16 dieciseis 6 seis 17 diecisiete 7 siete 18 dieciocho 8 ocho 19 diecinueve 9 nueve 20 veinte 10 diez

jMas numeros! Note: in Spanish, an exclamation mark is used at the beginning as well as at the end of a sentence. The same rule applies to question marks. 60 sesenta 21 veintiuno 63 sesenta y tres 22 veintidos setenta 70 25 veinticinco setenta y siete 77 treinta 30 80 ochenta 36 treinta y seis 88 ochenta y ocho 40 cuarenta 90 noventa 49 cuarenta y nueve 91 noventa y uno 50 cincuenta 100 cien 52 cincuenta y dos Note: Numbers ending in -uno, such as veintiuno, setenta y uno, become ventioo, setenta y un before a masculine noun. Examples: veintioo estudiantes, setenta y un afios. Exercise 1

Arrange these numbers in order of value and write next to the word or phrase the corresponding figure.

(a) cien (b) noventa y tres (c) uno

(g) quince (h) doce (i) noventa y cuatro

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(d) treinta y cuatro

(e) trece (f) veintisiete Exercise2

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Write the Spanish word for the answer to these operations. (a) 16+9= (b) 17x4=

(c) 91-15 = (d) 39+3=

These are the dates of birth of some people. How old were they on 1st January 2001? Write the Spanish words for the answers. (Note: aiios =years.) _ _ _ aiios Carlos 27/07/1981 _ _ _ aiios Luisa 19/03/1978 _ _ _ aiios Milagros 02/12/1946 _ _ _ aiios Carolina 25/05/1974 _ _ _ aiios Esteban 28/07/1903

In Latin America the most common way of saying goodbye is chao or chan, while in Spain it is adios. Exercise 4

Write in your notebook what you would say to greet somebody in Spanish at these times: (d) 10.00 p.m. (e) 11.30 p.m.

(a) 10.00 a.m. (b) 2.00 p.m. (c) 6.00 a.m.

Language points The infinitive The infinitive is the form of a verb given in a dictionary. It is also the form that you will find in the glossary at the back of this book. According to the ending of the infinitive there are three types of verbs in Spanish:

Language points

Sa/udos l:!l These are the phrases most frequently used to greet somebody: Hello Good morning Good afternoon Good evening; Good night

During the evening/night Buenas noches is used to say 'Hello' or 'Goodbye'. Sometimes in informal spoken language to greet somebody, Buenas replaces the phrases Buenos dias, Buenas tardes, Buenas noches.

verbs ending in -ar verbs ending in -er verbs ending in -ir

Saying goodbye Goodbye (informal) Goodbye (more formal)

also called verbs of the first conjugation also called verbs of the second conjugation also called verbs of the third conjugation

Examples: -ar

comprar trabajar estudiar

to buy to work to study

-er

comer vender comprender

to eat to sell to understand

-ir

vivir escribir subir

to live to write to go up

Despedidas Chao/Chan Adios

See you later (slightly formal) See you (informal)

Hasta luego Nos vemos

(e) 27+17=

Exercise 3

Hola Buenos dias Buenas tardes Buenas noches

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The present tense indicative The present tense indicative is used with actions which are habitual or timeless.

I always go by train. Teresa does not work on Saturdays.

timeless Mi gato come mucho queso. My cat eats a lot of cheese. Martha es peruana. Martha is Peruvian.

Subject pronouns Usually, it is not necessary to use the words for '1', 'you', 'he', etc. to indicate who performs the action. For example, tengo means 'I have'. You do not need to include yo 'I'. Pronouns may be used to emphasize the subject of a verb or to avoid ambiguity. For example: Yo trabajo en Lima, Maria no.

I work in Lima, Maria doesn't.

There are two ways of addressing a second person in Spanish. To for friends, relations, people of the same age group as you, your classmates. Usted for people you do not know, somebody you have just met, somebody much older than you, your superior. Usted is abbreviated as Ud. In the plural ustedes, abbreviated as Uds., is used for both formal and informal situations. (In Spain the abbreviated forms are written V d. and V ds.) yo to us ted ei ella

I you (informal) you (formal) he she

You (pl.) work in Guatemala.

;,Habeis visto a Juan? (Spain) Have you seen Juan? ;,Han visto a Juan? (Latin America)

Examples: habitual Siempre voy en tren. Teresa no trabaja los sabados.

Vosotros trabajms en Guatemala. (Spain) Ustedes trabajan en Guatemala. (Latin America)

nosotros ustedes ellos ellas

we you (formal and informal) they (masculine) they (feminine)

Unlike Peninsular Spanish, Latin American Spanish does not use the vosotros form of a verb for the informal second person plural. Compare these sentences:

What time do you leave? ;,A que bora os vais? (Spain) ;,A que bora se van? (Latin America)

Regular verbs Most Spanish verbs are regular. They follow a certain pattern or rule when changing their endings, depending on which person performs the action. Here are three examples of regular verbs: trabajar, comer and escribir. trabajo trabajas trabaja

I work you work (informal) you work (formal); he/she works

trabajamos trabajan trabajan

we work you work (formal and informal) they work

como comes come

I eat you eat (informal) you eat (formal); he/she eats

comemos co men co men

we eat you eat (formal and informal) they eat

escribo escribes escribe

I write you write (informal) you write (formal); he/she writes

escribimos escriben escriben

we write you write (formal and informal) they write

Irregular verbs Some verbs do not follow the pattern or rule of regular verbs. For that reason they are called irregular. Here is one example: tener.

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ten go tienes tiene

I have you have (informal) you have (formal); he/she/it has

tenemos tienen tienen

we have you have they have

Complete the sentences with the correct form oftener. 1 2 3 4 5

See Chapter 2 for more irregular verbs.

Forming questions Both regular and irregular verbs form questions by adding question marks to affirmative and negative statements. When speaking you sound as if you are asking a question. Unlike English, you do not need an auxiliary word like 'do'. Trabajan mucho. zTrabajan mucho?

They work hard. Do they work hard?

No tienes tiempo. zNo tienes tiempo?

You don't have time. Don't you have time?

As in English, questions can begin with a question word (who, what, etc.) as shown below: que (what) zQue tienes ahi? quien (who) zQuien tiene uno? emil (which) zCuru tienes? como (how) zC6mo es? cuando (when) zCuando es? d6nde (where) zD6nde esta?

Exercise 6

What have you got there? Who has one? Which one have you got? What is it like? When is it? Where is it?

Exercise 5

Yo el asiento 7D y Maria el 7C. (Nosotros) problemas en el hotel. zUstedes un peri6dico? La impresora no papel. clase. Silvia y Luisa

asiento impresora papel clase

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Dialogue l Cambia d61ares? While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: How much money does Amalia want to change? Does she have traveler's checks to change? AMALIA: J A VIER: AMALIA: JAVIER: AMALIA: JAVIER: AMALIA: JAVIER: AMALIA: JAVIER:

Give the Spanish equivalent for these expressions: 1 2 3 4

Arturo has a car. Lupe works in Mexico. The travel agency has a fax. Do you work?

seat printer paper lesson, class

AMALIA: JAVIER: AMALIA: JAVIER: AMALIA: JAVIER: AMALIA: JAVIER:

Buenas tardes. Buenas tardes. i,Oue desea? i. Cambia d6lares? Si, senora. i,Billetes o cheques de viajero? Billetes. i. Cmintos d6lares? Doscientos cuarenta. Un momento, por favor. Aca tiene. Doscientos cuarenta d6lares en moneda nacional. Gracias. A usted. Good afternoon. Good afternoon. Can I help you? Do you change dollars? Yes, madam. Notes or traveler's checks? Notes. How many dollars? Two hundred and forty. One moment, please. Here you are. Two hundred and forty dollars in local currency.

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14 AMALIA: JAVIER:

Thanks. Thank you.

Is Spanish the only language in Latin America? Are any indigenous languages spoken?

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Language points

ldiomas de Latinoamerica

1. Que desea 7

La mayorfa de Ia poblaci6n de Latinoamerica habla castellano. En Brasil hablan portugues y en algunos pafses del Caribe, ingles o frances. Los indfgenas del Peru y Bolivia hablan quechua y aymara.

The polite expression ;.Que desea? 'Can I help you?' is usually used by assistants in shops to greet you as a potential customer.

1. Cuanto 7I 1_Cuantos7 To find out amounts you use ;,cuanto? 'how much' and ;,cuantos? 'how many'- masculine- or ;,cuanta? and ;.cuantas?- feminine. ;. Cuanta plata tienes? ;. Cuantos empleados trabajan aci?

How much money do you have? How many employees work here?

Addressing people Senor is the usual polite expression to address a man, joven if it is a young man, senora for a lady and senorita for a young lady. In the case of children, nino is for a boy and niiia for a girl. In everyday language there are several ways of referring to children, for example: chamaco/chamaca in Mexico; pibe/piba in Argentina; chiquillo/ chiquilla in Peru.

Aca tiene/Aqui tiene Aci tiene/Aqui tiene 'Here you are' is an expression said when you hand over something to another person, e.g. money to the taxi driver, passport to the immigration officer, etc. Aci tienes/Aqui tienes is used when addressing somebody informally.

Reading While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions:

Note: In Paraguay guarani is widely spoken. idiomas mayo ria poblacion habla casteUano portugues ingles frances indigenas

languages quechua majority population speaks aymara Spanish Portuguese English French nahuatl indigenous people

indigenous language spoken in the Andes indigenous language spoken in Peru and Bolivia indigenous language spoken in Mexico and Guatemala

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2 Salgo a las seis I leave at six

the first person singular (the 'I' form), sometimes in several forms. The following are the most commonly used irregular verbs in the present tense. decir to say digo dices dice

decimos dicen dicen

Example: Rosario dice Ia verdad. By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • • • • •

Use some irregular verbs in the present tense Identify and use colors Use numbers over 100 Ask and give information about times Make negative statements using no

Dialogue 1 C'l

Rosario tells the truth.

hacer to do, to make hago haces hace

hacemos hacen hacen

Examples: ;, Que haces los sabados? Quiero hacer una torta.

What do you do on Saturdays? I want to make a cake.

ir to go

lA que hora sales? MARINA: ;,A que hora sales? GABRIEL: Salgo a las seis. A esa hora podemos discutir el plan para mafiana. MARINA: Muy bien. Yo vengo a la cafeteria de abajo a las seis y cuarto. GABRIEL: Muy bien. Hasta mas tarde. MARINA: GABRIEL: MARINA: GABRIEL:

What time do you leave? I leave at six. Then we can discuss our plan for tomorrow. Fine. I'll come to the cafe downstairs at a quarter past six. Fine. See you later.

Language points The present tense indicative of irregular verbs Apart from the verb tener studied in Chapter 1, there are other irregular verbs. The irregularity of these verbs is sometimes only in

voy vas va

vamos van

van

Example: ;, Vas al colegio?

Do you go to school?

salir to leave, to go out salgo sales sale

salimos salen salen

Example: Salgo de casa a las seis.

I leave home at six.

venir to come vengo vienes viene

venimos vienen vienen

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Example: ;,A que bora viene Eduardo? What time is Eduardo coming? Ia una

Negative statements The particle no is always used before a verb to make a negative statement: Gabriela no trabaja. Hugo no babla ingles.

Gabriela doesn't work. Hugo doesn't speak English.

las cuatro y media

Exercise 1

Complete the sentences below with the correct present indicative form of the verb in brackets. 1 Delia (venir) temprano al trabajo. 2 ;,A que bora sales de Ia reunion? (Yo) (salir) a las siete. 3 Victor no (ir) aclases de nocbe. 4 Oscar no (bacer) sus tareas. 5 Nosotros (decir) lo mismo.

las tres y cuarto

las ocbo y veinte

Language points

l,Oue hora es7

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;, Que bora es? is the question to ask the time. Sometimes the plural version ;,Que boras son? is used, especially in spoken Spanish in Latin America. In Spain, only ;, Que bora es? is used.

las doce

diez para las nueve

un cuarto para las doce

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20 Note: in Latin America the expression para is used to indicate minutes 'to the hour'. In Spain, menos is used.

it leaves it arrives

sale

II ega

Examples: Son veinte para las cuatro. (Lat. Am.) It's twenty to four. Son las cuatro menos veinte. (Spain) La cita es a un cuarto para las once. The appointment is at a (Lat. Am.) quarter to eleven. La cita es a las once menos cuarto. (Spain)

lA que hora?

llegada

departure arrival

2m

En Ia tienda While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Does Pablo ask for a particular color of shirt? Does he buy the shirt?

m

;,A que bora ••• ? is the question you ask to find out at what time something takes place. ;,A que bora es el concierto? At what time is the concert? ;,A que bora terminas? At what time do you finish? As in British English, Spanish speakers sometimes use the 24-hour clock for departures and arrivals of trains, flights, etc. 12.05 17.52 23.10 07.15

Dialogue

salida

las doce cero cinco las diecisiete cincuenta y dos las veintitres diez las cero siete quince

Exercise2 Look at the departure and arrival chart below and then ask and answer questions as in the example.

Pablo sees a shirt he likes in a shop in Lima.

PABLO:

Buenas tardes, (.tiene esta camisa para caballero en talla 15? EMPLEADA: Si, tengo en blanco, azul, verde o marr6n. PABLo: (.Cminto cuesta? EMPLEADA: 35 soles. PABLo: jMuy cara! EMPLEADA: Pero . .. muy fina. PABLO: AssiSTANT: PABLO: AssiSTANT: PABLo: AssiSTANT:

Good afternoon, have you got this shirt in size 15? Yes, 1 have it in white, blue, green or brown. How much is it? 35 soles. That's very expensive! But . .. it is very good quality.

Language points

Example: ;,A que bora sale el avion a Miami? Sale a las once. ;,A que bora Uega el avion de La Habana? Llega a las quince cero cinco. Salidas Miami Caracas Lima Quito

11.00 13.45 09.20 06.00

lCuanto cuesta? ;,Cuanto cuesta? is used to find out the price of an item. If it is more than one item, you use ;,Cuanto cuestan?

Llegadas La Habana Madrid Santiago Mexico D.F.

15.05 11.45 11.50 10.20

;,Cuanto cuestan las blusas? How much are the blouses? ;, Cuanto es? is the expression used to find out how much it all adds up to at the end.

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Muy Muy is used to intensify the meaning of the adjective which follows. Here are some examples: muy inteligente muy interesante muy bonitalo muy baratalo

Co/ores

very intelligent very interesting very nice very cheap

white black red blue

Hay un problema verde amarillo

marron

green yellow brown

white blouse green car

Exercise 3

The following products are reduced. What is their new selling price? Give the answers in full, in Spanish.

articulo Camisas Blusas Abrigos Paiiuelos Pantalones Camisetas Exercise4

precio normal $40.00 $35.00 $99.00 $6.00 $48.00 $12.00

descuento

While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Is the problem something to do with the room itself? Can the problem be solved at once? Mr Carter explains to the receptionist at the hotel where he is staying that something is not working

Examples: blusa blanca auto verde

sueter/chompa blusa calzoncillo paiiuelo aretes lapiz labial

Dialogue 3 rfJ

m

blanco negro rojo azul

camisa zapatos corbata medias vestido falda

precio de venta

10% 20% 5% 10% 20% 10%

f!l

Arrange the following words in three groups under the headings Hombres (items usually worn by men), Mujeres (items usually worn by women) and Ambos (items usually worn by either sex).

Disculpe. Hay un problema. El televisor no funciona. REcEPCIONISTA: lOue m1mero de habitaci6n? SR CARTER: Cuarenta y uno. REcEPCIONISTA: Bien. Vamos. (They go in the room, and the receptionist tests the TV.) Un momento, por favor. (He leaves the room and comes back after a few minutes with another TV set.) Aca tiene. Otro televisor. SR CARTER: Aver ... jFunciona! Gracias. REcEPCIONISTA: De nada. MRCARTER: REcEPTIONIST: MR CARTER: REcEPTIONisT:

MRCARTER: REcEPTIONIST:

Excuse me. There is a problem. The TV doesn't work. Which room number is it? Forty-one. Right. Let's go. One moment, please. Here you are. Another TV set. Let me see. It works! Thank you. You're welcome.

25

24 ---------------------------------------------

Exercise 5

Language points

You cannot say no funciona when something goes wrong for all things listed below. But for some, you can. Which ones?

Disculpe Disculpe 'Excuse me' is one way of catching other people's attention (formal). There is also the form disculpa (informal). Disculpe, ;,habla castellano? Excuse me, do you speak Spanish? Disculpa, ;,eres mexicano? Excuse me, are you Mexican?

1 Ia maquina de escribir 2 el pasaporte 3 Ia motocicleta 4 el carro 5 el diccionario

Disculpe/Disculpa also mean I am sorry (apology) The expression por favor, which literally means please, is also frequently used with the meaning of Excuse me in order to catch somebody's attention. For example: Por favor. ;,Hay menu economico? Excuse me. Is there a set menu?

Hay Hay indicates existence or presence. The same word is used in singular or plural, in question or statement. hay hay

there is there are

;,hay? ;.hay?

is there? are there?

Language point

iY mas numeros!

Hay un problema en el hotel. There is a problem at the hotel. ;,Hay clases de castellano? Are there Spanish lessons?

doscientos trescientos cuatrocientos quinientos seiscientos setecientos ochocientos novecientos mil

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000

Examples:

m

BANCO COMERCIAL

2,000 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 1,000,000

dos mil diez mil cincuenta mil cien mil quinientos mil un millon

. Fecha.......•......

Paguese a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Ia suma de _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

No funciona To explain that something is not working, you use the expression no funciona. In the dialogue above, the television doesn't work. Here are more examples: El telefono no funciona. The phone is not working. La maquina no funciona. The machine does not work. *EI computador no funciona. The computer is not working.

* To refer to a computer some Latin American countries use the feminine noun computadora, e.g. Peru, and others prefer the masculine computador, e.g. Mexico.

Exercise 6

You have to pay Viajes El Sol (El Sol Travel Agent) a bill for 245 dollars (d6lares). You are paying by cheque. Rewrite the cheque in your notebook including the amount in words. paguese a Ia suma

payable to the amount, the sum

firma fecha

signature date

26 ----------------------------------------

Reading While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions:

3 Reserva en el hotel Reserving a hotel room

Where does Carmen want to travel to? Does she buy a ticket?

En Ia agencia de viajes

aJ

Carmen tiene un carro amarillo muy bonito. Carmen visita la agencia de viajes El Sol. El viaje a Canada cuesta mucho y ella no tiene suficiente dinero. jQue pena! carro viaje suficiente

car trip enough

dinero que pena

money what a pity

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • • • • •

Reserve a room at a hotel Ask and give information about dates Write a short letter Use definite and indefinite articles Introduce yourself

Dialogue 1

m

Reservando una habitaci6n While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: When is Mr Carter starting his stay at the hotel? How many nights will he be staying? RECEPCIONISTA: jAl6! Buenas tardes. Hotel Excelsior. SR CARTER: Buenas tardes. i,Tiene una habitaci6n libre a partir de maiiana? REcEPCIONISTA: l,lndividual o doble? SR CARTER: Individual. REcEPCIONISTA: i,Para cuantas noches? SR CARTER: Para cinco noches. REcEPCIONISTA: Un momento, por favor. Al6. Si, tenemos una habitaci6n individual libre. 90 d6lares por noche. Esta bien. Mi nombre es Carter. RECEPCIONISTA: Bueno, Sr. Carter. Hasta manana. SR CARTER: Hasta maiiana.

28

--------------------------------------------- 29 REcEPTIONisT: MRCARTER: REcEPTIONIST: MRCARTER: REcEPTIONIST: MRCARTER: REcEPTIONisT:

MRCARTER: REcEPTIONIST: MRCARTER:

Hello. Good afternoon. Hotel Excelsior. Good afternoon. Do you have a room available from tomorrow? Single or double? Single. How many nights? Five nights. Just one moment, please. Hello. Yes, we have one single room free. It is 90 dollars per night. That's all right. My name is Carter. Right, Mr Carter. See you tomorrow. See you tomorrow.

Language points

Ala

Another way of asking a name is zCuai es to nombre? (informal) or zCmil es so nombre? (formal).

Masculine and feminine nouns Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. Usually nouns ending in -o are masculine and those ending in -a are feminine. This rule is for guidance only, since there are exceptions. It is advisable to try to learn the gender as you learn the noun. The glossary at the end of the book will help you. Examples: libro (m.) vuelo (m.) revista {f.) impresora (f.) estudiante ( m. & f.) papel (m.)

book flight magazine printer student paper

When somebody answers the phone, the usual expression is Alo. It is also used when you want to resume a conversation after a brief pause. In Mexico, Bueno is used instead.

The definite article

Me llamo ...

Ell Ia

Me llamo ••• 'I am called . . .' is one way of telling somebody else what your name is.

The words el and Ia correspond to the English 'the'. The definite article el is used before masculine singular nouns and the definite article Ia is used before feminine singular nouns:

Me llamo Esteban. Me llamo Juan Garcia. Another way to introduce yourself is to use Mi nombre es, followed by your name.

Mi nombre es Guillermo. Mi nombre es Jorge Castaneda.

el colegio Ia niiia

The majority of nouns ending in -nte keep the same form for masculine and feminine. el estudiante Ia estudiante

l,C6mo te llamas?

the school the girl

the student (m.) the student {f.)

Nouns ending in a consonant are usually masculine.

You say zComo te llamas? to ask somebody else what his or her name is, addressing that person informally. zComo se llam~? or zComo se llama usted? is the formal question.

'

el actor elcampeon

the actor the champion

30

31

Los/las The definite article los is used before masculine plural nouns and the definite article las is used before feminine plural nouns. There has to be agreement between article and noun in both gender and number. los colegios los libros las mananas las motocicletas

1 centrico

(a)

the schools the books the mornings the motorcycles

Exercise 1

+ •

2 estacionamiento

(b)

~

3 acceso para minusvaiidos

(c)

~

4 servicio medico

(d)

5 television en Ia habitacion

(e)

Which definite article should be before these nouns? 1 2 3 4 5

documentos casa carro alumnos adolescente

6 7 8 9 10

profesor bailarina representante amigos papel

The indefinite article The words un and una correspond to the English 'alan'. Un is used before a masculine noun and una is used before a feminine noun. un libro una pregunta un animal

a book a question an animal

In English the indefinite article appears in a sentence before a noun indicating profession or occupation. In Spanish this is not the case. Elena es secretaria. Jorge es arquitecto.

Elena is a secretary. Jorge is an architect.

Exercise2

Match the symbol with the word or words:

2fe

32

------------------------------------- ----33 desayuno incluido cambio de moneda restaurante telefono en Ia habitacion

6 aire acondicionado

(f)

centrico piscina calefaccion central aire acondicionado caja fuerte individual

7 bar/cafeteria

(g)

Language points

Dias de Ia semana

m

Days of the week 8 calefaccion

(h)

9 cabina Internet

(i)

domingo Junes martes miercoles

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday

jueves viemes sabado

Thursday Friday Saturday

In Spanish it is not necessary to write the days of the week begin-

ning with a capital letter, except at the start of a sentence. El sabado llega mi hermana. My sister arrives on Saturday. Sundays: from 10 to 5. Domingos: de 10 a 5. 10 correo electronico

Exercise 5

Exercise 3

Explain what you plan to do each day based on the page of a diary below. (The abbreviated form of each day in Spanish is given in brackets.)

Write down the facilities mentioned in the previous exercise in order of priority when you choose a hotel. In your opinion, What is most important for a disabled person? What is most important for a business person? What is most important for a family on holiday? Exercise 4

You want to reserve a room in a hotel. You like quiet places. At the moment it is very hot in the city you are going to. You sort out your travel money in advance and you like to have all your meals in nice little cafes and local restaurants. Which of the following facilities are advantages (ventajas) and which are disadvantages (desventajas) in your case? Write them down in two separate lists.

Example: ;, Que piensas hacer ellunes? Mis planes para ellunes ... comprar los boletos de avion y comprar una maleta nueva. Lunes

(Lun)

Comprar los boletos de avion Comprar una maleta nueva

Martes

(Mar)

Leer Ia guia turistica Comprar un mapa

Miercoles

(Mie)

Buscar informacion Navegar en Internet

Jueves

(Jue)

Estudiar el informe Escribir comentarios

35

34 ------------------------------------- -----

Viemes

(Vie)

Preparar documentos Bacer las maletas

Exercise 7

Sabado

(Sab)

Llegar al aeropuerto a las 2.30 Comprar una novela

Say and write in Spanish the date of the following events.

Domingo

(Dom)

Descansar

comprar boleto de avion mal eta nuevo, nueva guia turistica buscar comentarios

to buy flight ticket suitcase new tourist guide to look for comments

i Hasta manana!

informe preparar Uegar novela descansar mapa navegar en Internet

Example:

m

Exercise6

Until/See you tomorrow Until/See you Saturday Until/See you next lesson Until/See you later

Exercise 8

1 What type of room does Mrs Stewart want? 2 Which day of the week will she leave the hotel? TELEFAX Dirigido a: Sr. A. Sanchez HOTEL EXCELSIOR

aJ

How could you say goodbye using basta in the following circumstances? Your next lesson is on Monday. You will see this person this coming Saturday. You will meet again on Sunday. You will see each other on Tuesday. 5 Your next meeting is tomorrow. 1 2 3 4

Meses del aflo

Christmas Your birthday New Year Today 5 Your mother's birthday

1 2 3 4

Answer these questions about the fax below.

Basta, meaning 'until', is used to form expressions of farewell like the following: Basta manana Basta el sabado Basta Ia proxima clase Bastaluego

31 de diciembre

New Year's Eve report to prepare to arrive novel to rest map to surf the Net

Fax No 00 52 74 298765

Estimado seiior: Le ruego reservar una habitaci6n individual con baiio para 5 noches a partir del domingo pr6ximo. Atentamente

m

Months of the year enero febrero marzo abril mayo junio

julio agosto septiembre octubre noviembre diciembre

le ruego

would you please (literally: I beg you) from as de a partir

,

proximo

next

dirigido a

for the attention of

36 ------------------------------------- -----

Language points

Starting a letter In Spanish, a colon appears after the salutation in written correspondence. In English a comma is used. Here are some examples: Estimada senora: Querido Esteban:

Dear Madam, Dear Esteban,

Dear Sir, Distinguido senor: Querido senor Milla: Dear Mr Milia,

(formal, no name used) (informal, first name used) (formal, no name used) (formal, followed by surname)

Ending a letter A straightforward way of finishing a formal _letter in Spanish is by using one of the following expressions: Muy atentamente Le saluda atentamente

Yours faithfully Yours sincerely

If it is a more informal letter, it can be finished with:

Saludos Con carino

Regards Love

Exercise 9

Write a fax to reserve a room at Hotel Embajador. You want a double room for three nights from next Saturday, with bathroom and telephone in the room. The person in charge is Sra Urrutia.

Reading Ecuador While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions: What type of terrain predominates in Ecuador? Which racial groups are in the majority in Ecuador?

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37

La mitad del territorio de Ecuador es zona de selva. Una tercera parte es zona de montafias y el resto lo forman Ia costa y las Islas Galapagos. Los mestizos y los indfgenas forman el ochenta por ciento de Ia poblaci6n (40% cada grupo) y los blancos y negros forman el otro veinte por ciento. La capital es Quito y otra ciudad muy importante es Guayaquil. Quito esta a unos tres mil metros de altura. Guayaquil es un puerto. mitad selva el resto mestizos

half jungle the rest mixed-race people

poblacion otro ciudad puerto

population other, another city port

-----------------------------------------39

4 lD6nde esta7 Where is it7

Here you are. The list of models. A NA: KAREN: Is there a Citroen free for tomorrow? There isn't a Citroen, but we have a Renault. ANA: KAREN: Is it economical? Yes, it's economical and comfortable. ANA: KAREN: Fine. At what time tomorrow? ANA: From half past seven in the morning. Exercise 1 t.C6mo es tu carro?

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • • • •

Enquire about location Describe people and objects Talk about nationality Use the verbs ser and estar (to be)

Dialogue 1

m

Rentar un carro While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Does Karen find the car she wants? Does she want the car for that same day? Karen Stewart wants to rent a car in Mexico City ANA: KAREN: ANA: KAREN: ANA: KAREN: ANA:

l,En que puedo servirle? Quisiera rentar un carro. Aqui tiene Ia lista de modelos. l,Hay un Citroen libre para manana? Citroen no hay, pero tenemos un Renault. l,Es econ6mico? Si, es econ6mico y c6modo. KAREN: Muy bien. l,A que bora maiiana? A partir de las siete y media de Ia manana . .ANA: ANA: How can I help you? KAREN: I would like to hire a car.

Describe your car (or the car you would like to have, if you do not have one at the moment) choosing features from the list below. Start your answer like this: Mi carro es ••.

potente deportivo ecologico nuevo

co modo incomodo grande mediano

potente deportivo ecologico co modo incomodo

powerful sporty ecological, 'green' comfortable uncomfortable

Dialogue

2m

chico anti guo economico grande mediano chico anti guo economico

large medium small old economical

Congreso empresarial Three people attending a business conference introduce themselves to each other at the bar during a break HELEN: Me llama Helen Stewart. Soy consultora de negocios. l,ES usted consultor, tambien? PETER: No, soy representante de ventas. Mi nombre es Peter Harris. LuPE: Yo me llama Lupe Arenas. Soy agente de viajes. HELEN: I'm Helen Stewart. I'm a business consultant. Are you a consultant as well? PETER: No. I'm a sales representative. My name is Peter Harris. LuPE: I'm Lupe Arenas. I'm a travel agent.

41

40 -----------------------------------------3 Managua es una _ __

Language point

5 EI Titicaca es un _ __

Ser One equivalent of 'to be' is ser. The other, estar, is explained later on in this chapter. The difference between the two is not easily learned by an English speaker. Ser is used to explain the nature of people or objects and also to identify them. Ramon es respetuoso. zEres socialists? Bogota es Ia capital de Colombia. Es un libro de castellano.

Ram6n is respectful. Are you a socialist? Bogota is the capital of Colombia. It is a Spanish book.

To describe your occupation or profession you use soy, as in soy consultors 'I am a consultant', soy representante 'I am a representative'. To describe somebody else's occupation or profession you say es, as in Lorena es profesora 'Lorena is a teacher'. For the second person (formal) you also use es, as in zEs usted consultor? 'Are you a consultant?'. In the case of the second person (informal) you use eres. For example: zEres turista? 'Are you a tourist?', Eres estudiante. Yo tambh~n 'You are a student. Me, too'. These are all the forms: soy eres es somos son son

(c) rio (d) escritor (e) politico

4 EI Amazonas es un _ __

In the following short dialogue three people talk about their nationalities

1: Soy inglesa. ;,Usted es ingles tambien? 2: No, soy mexicano. Mi padre es ingles. PERSONA 3: Yo soy nicaragiiense.

PERSONA PERSONA

1: 2: PERSON 3: PERSON PERSON

I am English. Are you English too? No, I am Mexican. My father is English. I am Nicaraguan.

Language point Nationality Soy, es, eres can be used to describe nationality for people. Es can be used for things as well. For example: Pablo es panameiio. Todos somos latinoamericanos. El ron es cubano. EI producto es canadiense.

Pablo is Panamanian. We are all Latin Americans. The rum is Cuban. The product is Canadian.

Some more examples in the plural:

lam you are (informal) You are (formal), he/she/it is we are you are (formal and informal) they are

Exercise2

Marta y yo somos estadounidenses. Manuel y Esteban son salvadoreiios. Los carros son europeos. Ustedes son estudiantes.

Marta and I are Americans. Manuel and Esteban are Salvadorians. The cars are European. You are students.

Exercise 3

Match the unfinished sentence with the correct word in the column on the right. 1 Edward Kennedy es _ __ 2 Gabriel Garcia Marquez es _ __

Soy mexicano

(a) lago (b) capital

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb ser. Examples: (Nosotros) __ estudiantes Somos estudiantes.

43

42 ---------------------------------------------

Mario inteligente Mario es inteligente. 1 2 3 4 5

(Yo) profesor. Elena y Sara amigas. (Nosotros) colombianos. Caracas Ia capital de Venezuela. El Espectador y El Comercio periodicos.

Paises y naciona/idades

m

Here are some useful country names and nationalities:

MR. CARTER: Good morning. I am Mr Carter and . .. Ah, yes. It's a Renault, isn't it? JuLIAN: MRCARTER: Yes. Where do you pick up the car? Opposite, at the garage. Here you are. The keys. JuLIAN: MRCARTER: Excuse me, where is the Renault? The Renault is over there on the right. PAULINA: MR CARTER: Thank you. You're welcome. PAULINA:

Language point Estar

Argentina Bolivia Brasil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Ecuador El Salvador Estados Unidos Guatemala Haiti

argentino boliviano brasileiio canadiense chile no colombiano costarricense cubano ecuatoriano salvadoreiio estadounidense guatemalteco haitiano

Honduras Inglaterra Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Republica Dorninicana Uruguay Venezuela

hondureiio ingles jamaiquino mexicano nicaragiiense panameiio paraguayo peruano puertorriqueiio dominicano

Estar also means 'to be' (see ser, earlier in this chapter, for the other use of 'to be'). Estar is used to describe location or a temporary state. Examples of description of a state with estar:

Esta enfermo. Estoy triste. Estamos seguros de eso.

Examples indicating location with estar:

El carro esta a Ia derecha. Guadalajara esta en Mexico. Atlanta esta en los Estados Unidos. El hotel esta en el centro.

uruguayo venezolano

lD6nde esta el carro 7

He is ill. I am sad. We are sure about that.

The car is on the right. Guadalajara is in Mexico. Atlanta is in the United States. The hotel is in the center of town.

Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of ser or estar.

Mr Carter goes to pick up the car he has hired

SR CARTER: Buenos dias. Soy el Sr Carter y ... JuLIAN: Ah, si. Es un Renault, l, verdad? SR CARTER: Si. j,D6nde se recoge el carro? JuLIAN: Enfrente, en el garaje. Aca tiene las naves. (Mr Carter asks Paulina, the attendant, at the garage) SR CARTER: Disculpe, j,d6nde esta el Renault? PAULINA: El Renault esta alia a Ia derecha. SR CARTER: Gracias. PAULINA: De nada.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

El restaurante en Ia calle principal. estudiante (yo). Maria _ _ _ molesta. en Ia casa de mi hermana (nosotros). Estela y Lucrecia pintoras. Guadalajara en Mexico. El autor dellibro peruano. El banco cerca. _ _ _ vendedores (Nosotros). No _ _ _ en su casa (eUa).

44

45

Preposl·t,·ons of place

enfrente de en

allado de

sobre

46 -------------------- -------------------- -----

------------------ ------------------ ----- 47

abajo de/debajo de

atnis de/detras de

delante de

entre

48 --------------------------------------------Exercise 5

A LA IZQUIERDA

c

ALADERECHA

------------------------------------------ 49

0

:.

Juan esta enfrente de Luis (a) Ask and/or answer questions based on the street plan above. Example: ;,Donde esta el bar? El bar esta a Ia izquierda. Continue: ;,Donde esta el hotel?, etc. (b) Look again at the street plan and ask and/or answer questions, as in the following example. ;,Donde esta el bar? El bar esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del hotel. Now continue asking and/or answering questions about the hotel, supermarket, etc. (c) Look once again at the street plan and ask and/or answer questions, as in the following example: ;,Donde esta el bar? El bar esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del hotel, allado de Ia libreria.

Juan esta al /ado de Lucia.

50 --------------------------------------------

Continue asking and answering questions about the hotel, supermarket, etc., giving as much information as possible.

- --------------------------------------- 51 raza

race

ejercito indigena

army

indigenous

Exercise 6 Exercise 7 Complete the sentence on the left with one (or more) expression(s) from the column on the right. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Viajar es La comida latinoamericana es _ _ _ La Ciudad de Mexico es Comer fruta es Los animales domesticos son La politica es Las reuniones de negocios son Los problemas ecologicos son

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

agradable(s) interesante(s) variada(s) saludable(s) grande(s) complicado (/a)(s) necesario (/a)(s) urgente(s)

Language point

Pero As in English, pero ('but') is used to contrast two ideas or statements without contradicting the first one. Hablo frances, pero solo un poco. No tengo auto, pero no me importa.

I speak French, but only a little. I haven't got a car, but I don't mind.

Note: For more on pero, see Chapter 19.

Reading Costa Rica

m

Costa Rica es uno de los paises latinoamericanos con menos poblaci6n. Cuenta con unos tres millones de habitantes. El ochenta por ciento de los habitantes de Costa Rica son de raza blanca y el diecisiete por ciento son mestizos. El resto son de raza negra e indigena. San Jose es su capital. En su zona metropolitana se encuentra medio mill6n de habitantes. Costa Rica es un pais que no tiene ejercito. Es un pais exportador de cafe.

Based on the passage above, say if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false). 1 2 3 4 5

Costa Rica no tiene ejercito. La mayoria de Ia poblacion es de raza mestiza. Es uno de los paises mas poblados. El cafe es un producto importante para su economia. San Jose es su capital.

55

54 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

In the following cases a different expression is needed:

(( hace frio it's cold

~~,

(~

esta Uoviendo lloeve

it's raining it rains

esta nevando nieva

it's snowing it snows

hace viento it's windy

Poco/mucho When you use poco and mocho as adjectives, they agree in number and gender with the noun they refer to. hace sol it's sunny

The four expressions above can be used to describe the usual clim~tic _conditions, e.g. En enero hace calor en Lima (January is hot m Luna.), or to refer to what the weather is like at the time of speaking, e.g. Hoy no hace sol (It's not sunny today.).

Hay pocos estodiantes. Lloeve poco en enero. Tengo poca informacion.

There are few students. It doesn't rain much in January. I have little information.

No hay mochas mojeres en este grupo. Hace mocho calor Tiene mocha soerte.

There aren't many women in this group. It is very hot He is very lucky.

57

56 ------------------------------------- -----

Voy al club semanalmente. Este es un pago mensual. Escribo a esos amigos mensualmente.

Expressions of frequency/habit/routine generally normally

generalmente normalmente Examples:

I go to the club weekly. This is a monthly payment. I write to those friends monthly.

Exercise 1

Normalmente salimos a las siete. Generalmente hace calor en diciembre.

Normally we leave at seven.

siempre nunca

always never

Generally it is hot in December.

Classify the following activities according to their frequency in your life , e.g. diario, mensual, etc. desayuno vacaciones cuenta del teh~fono sueldo 5 compras en el supermercado

1 2 3 4

Examples: Siempre vamos al mercado los sabados. Nunca viajamos al extranjero.

We always go to the market on Saturdays. We never travel abroad.

a veces

sometimes

desayuno vacaciones cuenta del teh!fono sueldo compras supermercado

breakfast holiday telephone bill salary shopping supermarket

Examples: A veces vamos al cine. A veces juego flltbol.

Sometimes we go to the cinema. Sometimes I play football.

These expressions have the same meaning in English, but some are used as an adjective- to indicate the characteristic of a noun- or as an adverb - to indicate the manner in which it is done. daily weekly monthly quarterly six-monthly yearly

Es una publicacion diaria. Se publica diariamente. Es una visita semanal al club.

It is also possible to form expressions of frequency using the word

cada:

Daily, weekly, etc.

diario (/a) semanal mensual trimestral semestral annal

Cad a

diariamente semanalmente mensualmente trimestralmente semestralmente anualmente

It is a daily publication. It is published daily. It is a weekly visit to the club.

cada dia cada semana cada mes cada tres meses cada aiio

each day each week each month every three months every year

Vez/veces These words are used to form expressions of frequency such as 'once', 'twice', etc. una vez dos veces tres veces a veces

once twice three times sometimes

58

59 Por

Dialogue 2

The word por can also express frequency:

A Cancun

Desayuno en el tren dos veces por semana. Limpian las ventanas dos veces por mes.

I have breakfast on the train twice a week. The windows are cleaned twice a month.

Exercise2

Complete the phrases with a suitable expression of frequency.

1 2 3 4 5

Limpio el carro _ __ Escucho Ia radio _ __ Compro leche _ __ Voy a Latinoamerica _ __ Voy de vacaciones _ __

Exercise 3

Complete the phrases with something that you do with the frequency suggested.

1 2 3 4 5

una vez por semana. anualmente. a veces. diariamente. cada domingo.

m

Sr Ruiz wants to make a reservation to fly to Cancun in Mexico the next morning. Unfortunately that flight is full

Quisiera reservar un pasaje para Canclin. i,En que vuelo? Manana por Ia maiiana. Por Ia manana esta completo, pero hay espacio en el vuelo de Ia tarde, a las 14:20. Muy bien. Por la tarde. SR Rmz: EMPLEADA: i,Fumador o no fumador? No fumador. SR Rmz: EMPLEADA: i,Pasillo o v~ntanilla? SR. Rmz: Ventanilla. SR Rmz: EMPLEADA: SR Rmz: EMPLEADA:

MRRmz: AssiSTANT: MRRmz: AssiSTANT: MR Rmz: AssiSTANT: MRRmz: AssisTANT: MRRmz:

I would Like to book a seat to Cancun. When is it for? Tomorrow morning. The one in the morning is full, but there is room on the 14:20 afternoon flight. That's fine. In the afternoon then. Smoking or no smoking? No smoking. Aisle or window? Window.

Exercise 4

Language point

Answer the following survey:

Quisiera

In your own town or city, what happens to the weather in January?

1 2 3 4 5 6

Hace calor Hace frio Hace viento Llueve Nieva Hace sol

si si si si si si

no no no no no no

poco poco poco poco poco poco

mucho mucho mucho mucho mucho mucho

a veces a veces a veces a veces a veces a veces

m

Quisiera is used to express what you would like. It is usually followed by a verb in the infinitive. Quisiera hablar con el Sr I would like to talk to Mr Fuentes. Fuentes. ;, Quisiera hablar con el en Would you like to talk to him in private? privado? Quisiera un boleto para el I would like a ticket for the ten o'clock flight. vuelo de las diez. Quisieramos una habitacion We would like a double room. doble.

60

61 Here are all the forms: quisiera quisieras quisiera

ExerciseS

Exercise 7 quisieramos quisieran quisieran

m

Write out things that are usually done in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening/at night. Write the usual time when most people do it or when you do it. Below there are some suggestions of activities. Example:

Give Spanish equivalents for the following: 1 I would like to buy a newspaper. 2 We would like to visit the museum. 3 We would like two single rooms. 4 I would like a new book. 5 I would like to go to Uruguay.

Language point Parts of the day To explain which part of the day you refer to, these expressions are used: por Ia maiiana/en Ia maiiana por Ia tarde/en Ia tarde por Ia noche/en Ia noche al mediodia a Ia medianoche en Ia madrugada

in the morning in the afternoon in the evening/at night at noon at midnight in the early hours

Note: in Latin America por and en are used with parts of the day. In Spain usually por is the only form used.

POR LA MANANA

tomar un cafe pas ear comprar el periodico ir a trabajar

Dialogue

to have a coffee to go for a walk to buy the newspaper to go to work

ver television escuchar musica volver a casa almorzar

POR LA NOCHE

to watch television to listen to music to return home to have lunch

3m

Miguel wants to go to Emilio's house in Mexico City later the same day. Emilio suggests the Metro (subway) as the quickest way to get there MIGUEL: MIGUEL: EMILIO:

Write the expression indicating the part of the day for each of these times: (a) 10.00 a.m. (b) 2.30 a.m. (c) 7.45 p.m. (d) 2.30 p.m. (e) 11.15 p.m.

POR LA TARDE

Viajar en el metro

EMILIO:

Exercise 6

POR LA TARDE almorzar: 1.30 p.m.

POR LA MANANA desayunar: 7.30 a.m.

MIGUEL: EMILIO:

MIGUEL:

EMILIO: MIGUEL:

i,D6nde esta tu casa, entonces? Esta en Panteones. Aca tienes Ia direcci6n exacta. l. C6mo voy basta alia? Lo mejor es ir en Metro. La estaci6n Revoluci6n esta cerca de aqui. Tomas Ia linea a Cuatro Caminos y te bajas en Panteones. i,Es caro? No, es barato y rapido.

Where is your house, then? It's in Panteones. Here is the exact address. How do I get there?

63

62 EMILIO:

MIGUEL:

EMILio:

The best way is by subway. The Revoluci6n station is nearby. You get on the Cuatro Caminos line and get off at Panteones. Is it expensive? No, it's cheap and fast.

Language point

l,C6mo7

m

This is the question word used to ask the way you do things. ;,Como voy basta alhi? ;, Como funciona esta maquina?

How do I get there? How does this machine work?

In informal speech, ;,Como? is also the expression used when you do not hear what somebody has just said and you want that person to repeat the message.

Mexico

m

Mexico es el pais mas poblado de habla castellana. Su poblaci6n Uega a aproximadamente 100 millones. Su capital tiene mas de 20 millones. Otras dos ciudades importantes son Guadalajara y Monterrey. Mexico es el principal productor de plata en el mundo. Es tambien un importante exportador de petr6leo. Entre los productos agricolas que ofrecen beneficios para el pais estan el algod6n, Ia caiia de azucar, el cafe, el cacao y el garbanzo. El turismo es tambien una importante fuente de divisas. poblado de habla castellana plata

populated Spanishspeaking silver

algodon cacao garbanzo fuente de divisas

cotton cacao chickpea source of foreign exchange

Exercise 9

A: B: A: B:

Mario esta en casa. ;,Como? Digo que Mario esta en casa. Ah, si. Esta enfermo.

Based on the paragraph above, say if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false).

A: B: A: B:

Mario is at home. Pardon? I'm saying that Mario is at home. Oh, yes. He's ill.

1 2 3 4

ExerciseS

m

Match the word in the left column with its opposite on the right. 1 2 3 4 5

Reading

cerca

aca

caro Iento bajar

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

subir barato rapido lejos

alia

Mexico es el pais con mas poblacion de habla casteUana. Monterrey no es una ciudad de Mexico. Mexico no exporta petroleo. El comercio de algodon y caiia de arucar ofrece beneficios al pais. 5 El turismo no aporta beneficios economicos.

------------------- ------------------- -- 65

6 De compras Shopping

Language points El grande/el chico The big one/the small one To avoid the repetition of a noun or noun phrase it is possible to use only the article + the adjective. In these cases in English you would use the adjective+ 'one', as in 'the small one'.

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • • • •

Make comparisons using adjectives Express possibility or impossibility Express likes and dislikes Use radical changing verbs

Dialogue 1

m

;,Le gusta el plato grande o el chico?

Do you like the big plate or the small one?

A: Tengo una camiseta roja y una azul. B: La roja, por favor.

A: I have a red T shirt and a blue one. B: The red one, please.

;, Que modelo busca, el liviano o el pesado?

Which model are you looking for, the light one or the heavy one?

Comprando regales Martha works in a gift shop. A customer wants to buy a present and is comparing two ornaments

CLIE NTE: MARTHA: CLIENTE:

CusTOMER:

MARTHA: CUSTOMER:

MARTHA: CusTOMER:

iCuanto cuesta ese adorno? Doscientos cuarenta el grande y ciento noventa el mas pequeiio. iPuedo ver el grande un momenta? Por supuesto. Puede ver los dos. Los dos son lindos, pero prefiero el grande. iAcepta tarjetas de credito? Si, aceptamos todas las principales tarjetas de credito. How much is that ornament? Two hundred and forty for the big one and one hundred and ninety for the smaller one. Can I have a look at the big one for a moment? Of course. You can have a look at both of them. Both are pretty, but I prefer the big one. Do you take credit cards? Yes, we accept all major credit cards.

Lindo The word lindo/linda is very much used in Latin American Spanish to mean 'pretty, nice, beautiful'. In Peninsular Spanish bonito/bonita is preferred. Tu hija es muy linda. jQue linda casa!

Your daughter is very pretty. What a beautiful house!

Radical changing verbs These are verbs in Spanish which undergo a change of the stem vowel (i.e. the vowel in the part of the verb that remains the same when it is conjugated) when you conjugate them. In these verbs the vowel -e- in the stem becomes -ie-, and the vowel -o- becomes -ue-. The exception is the first person plural.

67

66

-e-- -ie-

empezar (to begin)

preferir (to prefer) prefiero prefieres prefiere

preferimos prefieren prefieren

empiezo empiezas empieza With vowel change -o- - -ue-

pensar (to think) pienso piensas piensa

morir (to die) muero mueres muere

pensamos piensan piensan

-o-- -ue-

encuentro encuentras encuentra

dormimos duermen duermen

encontramos encuentran encuentran

recordar (to remember)

volver (to return) vuelvo vuelves vuelve

morimos mueren mueren

encontrar (to find)

dormir (to sleep) duermo duermes duerme

empezamos empiezan empiezan

recuerdo recuerdas recuerda

volvemos vuelven vuelven

recordamos recuerdan recuerdan

soiiar (con) (to dream (of))

Some other common radical changing verbs are:

sueiio sueiias sueiia

With vowel change -e- - -ie-

soiiamos sueiian sueiian

cerrar (to close) cierro cierras cierra

cerramos cierran cierran

perder (to lose) pierdo pierdes pierde

perdemos pierden pierden

pedir (to ask for) pido pides pide

pedimos piden pi den

Exercise 1

Rewrite the following phrases using the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5

;.A que bora (empezar) Ia reunion? Yo (recordar) Ia visita a Costa Rica. Nosotros siempre (cerrar) a las 7.30. Mochas personas (morir) de cancer. Enrique no (recordar) el problema.

68

69

Language points

2 3 4 5

The comparatives One way of comparing people or objects is by using mas followed by the adjective, as in the examples: mas alto mas caro mas grande

taller, higher more expensive bigger, larger

Language point

The superlative The superlative is formed by adding the definite article before the comparison:

Irregular comparatives Some adjectives do not form their comparatives with mas. They have a special form. Adjective bueno malo mucho poco

El juguete mas caro. El mas flexible de todos los materiales. La pelicula mas interesante del festival.

Comparative good bad a lot of little

Generalmente un televisor es mas caro que un carro. Una computadora es mas inteligente que una persona. Las 6 de Ia manana es mas tarde que las 10 de Ia manana. Un carro es mas pequeno que un cami6n.

mejor peor mas menos

better worse more less

The most expensive toy. The most flexible of all materials. The most interesting film of the festival.

If the adjective is in the plural, the superlative is formed with los or las:

Los juguetes mas atractivos The most attractive toys are Japanese. son japoneses. The most expensive bicycles are in Las bicicletas mas caras this section. estan en esta secci6n.

Mas ... que When expressing comparison you usually use mas + adjective + que: Miami is bigger than Tampa. Miami es mas grande que Tampa. In my opinion, the theater is more En mi opinion el teatro es mas interesante que el cine. interesting than the cinema. Tobacco is more harmful than El tabaco es mas damno coffee. que el cafe.

Exercise2 Say if the following statements are true (verdadero) or false (falso): 1 Londres es mas grande que Nueva York.

Exercise 3 Write an equivalent in Spanish for the following. See the glossary at the back of the book for the new words. 1 2 3 4 5

The most intelligent girl in the group. It is the worst film in the festival. The most functional models are here. I would like the cheapest product. It is the most difficult problem.

71

70 ------------------------------------------

Language points

5 (Yo) No _ _ _ empezar el trabajo hoy. No tengo los matedales.

Poder To ask if something is possible or permissible, the verb poder is used. zPuedo ver el grande? Can I have a look at the big one? zPuedo usar esta Can I use this computer? computadora? zPuedo mandar un mensaje Can I send an E-mail message? por correo electronico?

Notice that you add "no" before the relevant form of poder in order to make a negative statement showing that something is impossible, not advisable or improper. No puedo caminar. Me fracture el tobillo. No puedes entrar ahi es peligroso.

I cannot walk. I've broken my ankle You can't go in there. It's dangerous.

The forms are as follows: can I? or I can can you? or you can (informal) can you? or you can (formal); can he/she? or he/she can can we? or we can can you? or you can (formal and informal) can they? or they can

puedo puedes puede podemos pueden pueden

Notice that this is a radical changing verb. zSe puede? is used to ask if something can be done without referring to a particular subject in the sentence. zSe puede estacionar aca? zSe puede fumar?

Can you park here? Is smoking allowed?

Exercise 4

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of poder. 1 2 3 4

(Yo) No (Nosotros) (Ella) Usted

z

z

asistir a Ia clase manana. ayudar? venir con nosotros? hacerlo.

Saber To indicate ability, as in 'Can you play the piano?', the verb saber is .

~~

zSabes tocar el piano? zSabes nadar? zSabes manejar?

Can you play the piano? Can you swim? Can you drive?

The forms are as follows: se sabes sabe

sabemos saben sa ben

Language point

Ambos/los dos Ambos and los dos are used with the meaning of 'both'. If you refer to a feminine pair, then ambas or las dos is used. Los dos and las dos are preferred in spoken language, ambos and ambas, in written language. Los dos son lindos. Las dos son chilenas. Las dos estudiantes tienen problemas.

Ambos son lindos. Ambas son chilenas. Ambas estudiantes tienen probemas.

Both ... and ... The structure 'both ... and .. .' can be translated by ambos/ambas .•. y •.• or los/las dos ..• y •.. , but also by the structure tanto •.• como •.•. Again, ambos ••• y ••• is preferred in written language. Ambos Julian y Maria aprobaron sus examenes. Los dos, Julian y Maria aprobaron sus examenes. Tanto Julian como Maria aprobaron sus examenes. Both Julian and Maria passed their examinations.

72

--------------------------------------- 73

Dialogue 2 rll La nueva computadora Lucrecia has just bought a new computer

LucREciA: Mira mi nueva computadora. Es mas potente que la anterior. Ahara tambien tengo una impresora de chorro de tinta, escaner, copiadora y fax. Ademas tengo una impresora laser para trabajos de alta calidad. PABLo: i,Tienes impresora laser a color o blanco y negro? LucRECIA: Es a color. No se puede trabajar con graficos en blanco y negro. PABLo: i, Tienes agenda electr6nica? LucRECIA: Si. Presionas este bot6n y se pueden ver todas las citas de esta semana. l,Te gusta mi escritorio? PABLo: Sf, es muy funcional. LucREciA: Ahara es mas facil que antes organizar mi trabajo. LucRECIA: Look at my computer. It's more powerful than the previous one. I have a bubble jet printer, a scanner, a photocopier and a fax. PABLo: Is it a colour printer, or black and white? LucRECIA: It's a colour printer. You can't work with graphics using a black and white printer. PABLo: Does it have an electronic diary? LucRECIA: Yes. You press this button and you can see all the appointments for this week. Do you like my desk? PABLo: Yes. It's very functional. LucRECIA: Now organizing my work is easier than before. Note: presionar and apretar are used in Latin America with the meaning of press (a button or key on a keyboard) In Spain pulsar is preferred.

Language point Me gusta In order to express likes and dislikes you can use gustar or no gustar. For example:

Me gusta Ia camisa azul. I like the blue shirt. Nos gusta caminar. We like walking. A Miguel no Ie gusta el cafe. Miguel doesn't like coffee. It is also possible to use them in questions: ;,Te gusta el hotel? ;,No Ie gusta el regalo a Maria?

Do you like the hotel? Doesn't Maria like the present?

Here are all the forms: me gusta te gusta le gusta

nos gusta les gusta Ies gusta

And here are more examples: Nos gusta montar en bicicleta. ;,Te gusta el chocolate? A Gloria le gusta Ia moda. A ustedes les gusta Ia clase?

We like to ride a bicycle. Do you like chocolate? Gloria likes fashion. Do you like the class?

Nate: Although in these exercises like is used as a translation of gustar, it must be said that the actual meaning is to please, so for example Me gusta Ia camisa azul must be understood as The blue shirt pleases me.

Me gustan If what is liked is plural, then the forms are as follows:

me gustan te gustan Ie gustan

nos gustan les gustan les gustan

Examples: I like Sundays. Me gustan los domingos. My parents don't like holidays A mis padres no les gustan abroad. las vacaciones en el extranjero. You like strawberries! xTe gustan las frutillas! We like documentaries. Nos gustan los documentales. No me gustan las comidas I don't like spicy food. picantes. Frutillas is used in Mexico. Elsewhere fresas is used for strawberries

74

75 ExerciseS

a:1

Complete the phrases stating whether you like or dislike the following: 1 2

3 4

5 6 7

8 9 10

11 12

los animales domesticos. las vacaciones en el extranjero. las ensaladas. visitar museos. escribir cartas. comprar regalos. levantarme temprano. comer chocolate. los niiios. leer novelas. 'chatear' en Internet. viajar en transporte publico.

noticieros peliculas del oeste telenovelas documentales dibujos animados entre vistas

news westerns

programas comicos reportajes concursos soap operas programas documentaries musicales cartoons programas de interviews actualidad

comedy programs reports contests music programs current affairs

Reading Read the information in the advertisement below and answer these questions:

Note: chatear (or chatlear, in Colombia) is the expression used to contact other people on the Internet.

How much discount are you given? What kind of keyboard does the computer have? Can you pay with a credit card? Are these discontinued models?

PROMOCION ESPECIAL

Exercise 6

30% de descuento del precio de lista

The following are types of television programs. Which ones do you like? Which ones don't you like? ME GUSTAN Los noticieros Las peliculas del oeste Las telenovelas Los documentales Los dibujos animados Las entrevistas Los programas c6micos Los reportajes Los concursos Los programas musicales Los talk shows Los programas de actualidad Otros

NO ME GUSTAN

CARACTERISTICAS iULTIMATECNOLOGIA! Disco duro de 2 Gigabytes Memoria de 5iz MB Windows instalado Multimedia Teclado en castellano Monitor de alta resoluci6n y baja radiaci6n Procesador muy veloz Ranuras de expansion Los precios se pueden pagar en moneda nacional o su equivalents en d61ares.

Precios validos unicamente en efectivo o con tarjeta de debito.

precio de lista list price raton ultima tecnologia latest technology pagar disco duro hard disk en efectivo

mouse to pay in cash

76 tarjeta de debito baja radiaci6n

pages keyboard high resolution expansion slots

paginas teclado alta resoluci6n ranuras de expansion

7

debit card low radiation

--0

Ill

VIDEOS REGALOS

n

~

MUSICA

FLORES

JUGUETES •

CHOCOLATES

Con Ia nueva ta~eta lntercard del Banco Porvenir puedes comprar por Internet en cualquler Iugar del mundo. El Banco Porvenlr te brlnda seguridad para comprar c6modamente los productos que deseas. Sa puede obtener una ta~eta lntercard con un dep6s~o mlnimo de 25 d61ares.

Puedes hacer compras segun Ia cantidad de dinero que lengas depositada. Puedes aumentar tu saldo en Ia cuenta en cualquier memento. Puedes consunar tu saldo en Ia paglna web del banco, ulllizando tu contrasena. Puedes retlrar tu dinero en las ventanillas de una sucursal o en el cajero automatico.

~ ~

agr'!9arel carrito

haciendo?

What are you doing?

Windows

COMO COMPRAR EN INTERNET SIN TARJETA DE CREDITO

• • • •

laue estas

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • Refer to actions in progress using the present continuous e.g. (I am working) • Use possessive adjectives (my, your, etc.) • Use demonstrative adjectives and pronouns (this, this one, etc.) • Use exclamations with que+ adjective/noun (e.g. jQue

bonito!)

iracaja

Dialogue 1 D.'l

jOue lindas fotos! enlaces: tarjeta de credito: te brinda: deseas: segun:

links credit card it provides (you) wish according to

agregar: carrito:

add shopping trolley

consultar tu saldo: contraseiia: retirar: sucursal: cajero automatico: ventanilla: caja:

check your balance password,pin number to withdraw branch cash dispensing machine counter cash till

Based on the text above decide if the following statements are either verdadero (true) or falso (false): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Es necesario una tarjeta de credito para comprar en Internet. No hay un dep6sito minirno. Es posible retirar dinero del cajero autom
Ernesto is showing Maritza photographs of his birthday party MARITZA: i Que lindas fotos! i Que estas haciendo en esa foto? ERNESTo: Estoy celebrando mi cumpleaftos. MARITzA: i Yen esta foto? ERNEsro: Julia y yo estamos bailando. Aca todos estan brindando por mi cumpleaftos. MARITZA: Tu estas leyendo un discurso. ERNEsro: Sf, algo chistoso.

From here on you will find the translations of dialogues in an appendix at the back of the book.

------------------------------------------79

78

Language point

El presidente esta explicando los planes del gobierno para el pr6ximo afio. En estos momentos esta tratando sabre el aumento de sueldos para los empleados publicos y privados. Sin duda, todo el pais esta escuchando.

The present continuous tense The present continuous tense is formed by using estar + the gerund form of the verb. The gerund ends in -ando or -iendo (-ando for -ar verbs; -iendo for -er and -ir verbs.) These forms correspond to the English ending '-ing', as in 'eating', 'running', etc. estoy estudiando estas estudiando esta estudiando estamos estudiando estan estudiando estan estudiando

I am studying you are studying (informal) you are studying {formal); he/she is studying we are studying you are studying (formal and informal) they are studying

The present continuous refers to an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. Estoy estudiando para el examen de manana. Estamos jugando a las cartas, zquieres jugar?

Reading

I am studying for tomorrow's exam. We are playing cards, do you want to play?

m

After reading the following extract from a TV report transcript, answer these questions: Who is giving a speech? What is the speaker trying to explain? Are people interested in the message? Rodolfo Arias is a current affairs reporter and is giving a live report by satellite on events in a neighboring country

LocUTOR DE TELEVISION: A continuaci6n un informe de nuestro corresponsal en el extranjero. RoooLFo: El presidente esta hablando a la naci6n en estos momentos. Esta dando un discurso de fin de afio. La radio y Ia televisi6n estan transmitiendo el mensaje.

acontinuacion informe corresponsal en el extranjero lanacion dandoun discurso de fin de aiio

Exercise 1

now follows report foreign correspondent the nation giving a speech

esta explicando proximo esta tratando sobre aumento de sueldos sinduda todo elpais

end of the year

esta escuchando

is explaining next is dealing with wage increase no doubt the whole country is listening

m

Answer each question as in the example: zQue esta haciendo Silvia? (saltar) Esta saltando. 1 zQue esta haciendo Pepe? (estudiar) 2 zQue estan haciendo Julia y Rosana? (escribir) 3 zQue estas haciendo? (trabajar en Ia oficina) 4 zQue estan haciendo ustedes? (arreglar el jardin) 5 zQue estan haciendo las chicas? (practicar el baile) saltar arreglar

to jump to tidy up

eljardin el baile

the garden the dance

Exercise 2

Read the following notice put up by the telephone company on the road. Answer these questions: 1 Is it an apology? If so, what is the expression used? 2 What is the reason for this apology?

Compania de Telefonos S.A. Disculpe Ia molestia. Estamos instalando nuevas lineas.

80 -------------------------------------------disculpe Ia molestia

1/we apologize for the inconvenience

Tus amigos estan esperando. jApurate! Su opinion es muy importante.

to instal lines

instalar line as

-------------------------------------------- 81 Your friends are waiting. Hurry up! Your opinion is very important.

Exercise 3 Exercise 4

Give the equivalent in English for the following sentences: 1 2 3 4 5

Estamos entrevistando para dos puestos de trabajo. El grupo esta incursionando en el mercado intemacional. La recuperacion economica esta empezando. Estoy buscando una altemativa a este producto. Genaro esta trabajando en un nuevo proyecto.

incursionar bus car

to make inroads to look for

puestos de trabajo

jobs

Rewrite the second sentence in each pair, adding at the beginning the correct possessive adjective for the person mentioned or implied in the first sentence. Example: Sandra tiene problemas. Su madre esta enferma. 1 Marina y Lupe estan adentro. _ _ _ amigas tambit~n.

Language point

2 Felipe sabe manejar. _ _ _ carro es nuevo.

Possessive adjectives

3 El producto es bueno. _ _ _ precio es competitivo.

Possessive adjectives appear in front of the noun they refer to and correspond to the English 'my', your', etc. They agree in number with the noun possessed. The possessive adjective for the first person plural ('our') also agrees in gender. Singular my your (informal) your (formal) his/her/its our your their

Plural

mi tu

mis tus

su su nuestro(/a) su su

sus sus nuestros(/as) sus sus

Examples: Mi casa esta cerca. Nuestra clase es a las nueve.

My house is near. Our lesson is at nine.

4 Estoy contento. _ _ _ padre ahora esta bien. 5 Juan tiene una motocicleta. _ _ _ hermano menor tiene una bicicleta.

language point Demonstrative adjectives The demonstrative adjectives 'this' and 'that' are translated by the Spanish este and ese and other forms associated with them (see below). They agree in number and gender with the noun they refer to. Aquel, which also means 'that', is preferred to indicate something that is far away.

82

------------------------------------ ----- 83 Plural

Singular fern. esta esa aquella

masc. este ese aquel

masc. estos esos aquellos

fern. estas esas aquellas

Examples: Este periodico es el mas popular. Esa camisa es cara. Estos amigos viven en Guadalajara. Estas mesas son para el colegio. Esas chicas estudian medicina. Aquel senor es el presidente del club. AqueUos animates son especies en peligro.

This newspaper is the most popular one. That shirt is expensive. These friends live in Guadalajara. These tables are for the school. Those girls study medicine. That gentleman (over there) is the president of the club. Those animals are endangered species.

Exercise 5 Teh~fono celular

m

A salesperson is showing a mobile phone to a potential customer. Vendedor: Este celular* es digital, tiene un disefio moderno y es de prepago para mayor control de su cuenta telef6nica. Puede hablar a todo el pais y tambien bacia y desde el extranjero. En ese folleto se encuentra mas informaci6n. This digital mobile phone has a modern design and it is prepaid so that you have better control over your telephone bill. It covers the whole country and also abroad. This leaflet gives you more information.

• Memoria para 90 numeros • ldentificaci6n de llamadas • Peso de 200 gramos • Hasta 180 minutos de conversaci6n ininterrumpida • De 4 a 8 dfas en stand by • 120 minutos Iibras por 60 dias • Casilla de mensajes • Mensajes por Internet • Discado por voz • Roaming lnternacional

prepago cuenta telefonica bacia foUeto llamada

prepaid telephone bill towards, to leaflet telephone call

peso ininterrumpida libre casilla de mensajes discado por voz

weight uninterrupted free voice mail voice activated dialing

*In some Latin American countries a mobile phone is called telefono movil. 1 If you have a mobile phone, explain or write down in Spanish which features of the phone above are similar to yours. 2 Rearrange the features above in order of importance.

Language points Demonstrative pronouns In spoken Spanish, demonstrative pronouns are identical in form to demonstrative adjectives. In writing, the difference is that the pronouns have an accent. 'This one' and 'that one' correspond to este and ese and their associated forms. Again, aquel and related forms are used for something remote.

84 -------------------- -------------------- ----Plural

Singular rnasc. este ese aquel

fern. esta esa aqueUa

rnasc. estos esos aquellos

fern. estas esas aquellas

Examples: No quiero este periodico, quiero aquel. Quisiera comprar estas. ;, Cuanto cuestan estos? Ese video no me gusta. Prefiero este.

I don't want this newspaper, I want that one. I would like to buy these ones. How much are these? I don't like that video. I prefer this one.

There are also the neuter pronouns esto and eso and aqueUo, as in ;,Que es esto? 'What's this?', Eso es todo 'That's all'.

- ------------------ ----------------- --- 85 Spain, aqui and alii are preferred. In both varieties of Spanish abi is used regularly. Ac8/aqui refers to a place near the speaker. Ahi refers to a place not far from the speaker, perhaps near the hearer. AU3!alli refers to a place far from the speaker. Aca en Ia tienda tenemos una Here in the shop we have a wide amplia variedad de variety of products. productos. ADa en el norte se vive mejor. People live better in the north. Ahi esta. Cerca de Ia puerta. It's there. By the door.

Dialogue

2m

Mas fotos Ernesto and Maritza are looking at more photographs of his birthday party

jOue! The structure que + adjective translates the English 'how + adjective'. iQue Iindo! iQue interesante! iQue caro! 1Que tonta!

How lovely! How interesting! How expensive! How stupid!

The structure que +noun corresponds to the English 'what (a) + noun'. 1Que dia! iQue tiempo! iQue pelicula! 1Que desastre!

What a day! What weather! What a film! What a disaster!

ERNEsTo: En esta foto estoy leyendo las tarjetas de saludos. MARITZA: Mira, aca estas con un plato repleto. ERNEsTo: Y en esta, Rosana esta posando para el fot6grafo. Esta mirando las flores. MARITzA: Esta muy bien. ERNEsTo: Si, esta bien.

Language points Leer --+ leyendo When the verb has -ee- in the infinitive, there is a spelling change in the gerund ('-ing') form. leer (to read) Esta leyendo en Ia biblioteca. He's reading in the library.

Aca/aqui; alia/alii The English 'here' is translated by aca or aqui; 'there' is translated by abi, alia or alii. In Latin America, aca and alia are preferred. In

creer (to believe) Creyendo que era facil de hacer, empezo a pintar el retrato.

Believing that it was easy to do, she started to paint the portrait.

-----------------------------------------87

86

Construir --. constr,uyendo

Exercise 8

When the infinitive ends in -uir, there is also a spelling change. construir (to build) Estan construyendo un They are building a new school. colegio nuevo.

Choose the correct answer from the words in brackets.

disminuir (to go down) El nivel del agua esta disminuyendo.

The water level is going down.

1 (Maribel/Nosotros) esta viendo television. 2 (Asuncion y Genaro/Yo) estan hablando por telefono. 3 (TU/Usted) esta preparando el infonne y (ttilusted) estas preparando los gr3ficos, ;,verdad? 4 (Maritza/Yo) estoy can tan do en esta foto. 5 (La radio/Los periodicos) esta transmitiendo el partido de futbol. el informe los gr&ficos ;.verdad?

Exercise6r:!:J

the report graphics right?

cantando transmitiendo partido

singing broadcasting match

Complete this dialogue, changing the verb in brackets to the continuous form. Ana arrives home from work and finds her son in the kitchen.

ANA:

;,Que estas (hacer)? MARio: Estoy (preparar) un infonne. ANA! Y Tomas, ;,que esta (hacer)? MARio: Esta (escribir) una carta a una amiga. ANA: ;,Donde esta? MARio: En su cuarto. hacer infonne carta cuarto

Conjunctions

to do, to make report letter room, bedroom (note that other words used for bedroom are pieza, alcoba, reclimara, donnitorio)

In Spain usually donnitorio and habitaci6n are used for bedroom.

Exercise 7

The conjunctions y and o correspond to 'and' and 'or' in English and are used in a similar way. When y precedes another word beginning with the sound i, it changes to e, as in Felipe e Ignacio. When o precedes a word beginning with the sound o, it changes to u, as in Aconsejar u orientar es dificil. 'To advise or give guidance is difficult'.

Reading

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of estar. 1 (Yo) hablando por telefono a Bogota. 2 Maria explicando el problema. 3 Dolores y Fernando platicando. 4 El abuelo tomando fotos a los niiios. exprimiendo las naranjas para el jugo. 5 Mi madre explicar platicar tomar fotos

Language point

to explain to talk to take photographs

exprimir jugo

to extract juice

m

While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions: What happens on the Day of the Dead according to popular belief? What do children usually buy?

88

El Dia de Muertos El dos de noviembre en todo Mexico se celebra el Dfa de Muertos, una de las fiestas mas importantes del pafs. Se cree que los muertos vuelven a visitar a su familia y se les ofrece alimentos, frutas y flores. Ademas, se encienden velas y se quema incienso. Por todas partes hay calaveras de 'papier-macbe' y los nifios compran calaveras de dulce para comer. muertos fiesta se cree alimentos frutas ftores

the dead festival it is believed food fruit flowers

se encienden vel as incienso por todas partes calaveras dulce

are lit candles incense everywhere skulls sweet

8 l Que ten go que hacer? What do I have to do 7

By the end of this chapter you will be able to: • Express necessity or obligation using tener que and hay que • Talk about your routines at work and at home • Describe a house • Describe a room • Use con + pronoun/conmlgo, contlgo (with me, with you, etc.)

Dialogue 1

m

Tengo que ir al banco Mark wants to change some traveler's checks

MARK:

Tengo que cambiar cheques de viajero. Necesito mas plata. Vamos a Ia casa de cambio. CARMEN: No. El banco es mejor. MARK: ~Por que? CARMEN: El banco cobra menos comisi6n y paga mas por d6lar. MARK: Entonces, vamos al banco. CARMEN: Tenemos que ir rapido. El banco cierra a las tres. iApurate! Quedan diez minutos.

90

91

Language point

9 utilizar Ia computadora 10 leery contestar el correo electronico

En casa (At home)

Tener que To explain that something has to be done the expression tener que is used. This is the equivalent of the English 'to have to'. Here are all the forms: tengo que tienes que tiene que tenemos que tienen que tienen que

I have to you have to (informal) you have to (formal); he/she has to we have to you have to (formal and informal) they have to

The expression tener que is always followed by a verb in the infinitive. Tengo que cambiar cheques I have to change traveler's checks. de viaje. Tenemos que terminar We have to finish soon. pronto.

1 preparar Ia comida 21impiar 3 pasar Ia aspiradora 4 planchar 5 ayudar a los niiios con sus tareas 6 contestar el telefono 7 atender el jardin 8 hacer reparaciones 9 pagar las cuentas 10 ordenar las recimaras enviar basta tarde pasar Ia aspiradora plan char las cuentas

to send until late to vacuum to iron the bills

ayudar tare as a tender hacer reparaciones ordenar

to help homework to attend to to do repairs to tidy up

Now practise the same sentences again, adding some expressions of frequency/habit/routine. Exercise 1

Which of these things do you do at work and at home? Use the expression tener que to say what you have to do both at home and at work. Then write the phrases down in your notebook. Example: En el trabajo tengo que presentar informes. En el trabajo (At work) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

abrir Ia correspondencia enviar faxes escribir cartas supervisar Ia produccion trabajar basta tarde presentar informes llamar por telefono tratar con el publico

generalmente normalmente a veces siempre nunca

generally normally sometimes always never

Examples: En casa, generalmente tengo que contestar el telefono. En el trabajo siempre escribo cartas.

Reading A professor of Economics is talking about the problems of the nation

'En rni opini6n, el gobierno tiene que rebajar las tasas de interes, el sector privado tiene que invertir mas, los sindicatos tienen que

92

93

moderar sus expectativas, y todos tenemos que trabajar juntos para estimular Ia economia del pais.' gobierno government rebajar to reduce tasas de interes interest rates sector privado private sector invertir to invest

sindicatos moderar expectativas juntos

trade unions to tone down, to moderate expectations together

Exercise2

tiene que discutir precios tiene que ver muestras tiene que probar el producto tiene que estudiar el contrato

Dialogue

People from various sources mentioned in the speech above have commented on the contents of it. Are they in favor (en favor) or against (en contra) what was said in the speech?

the factory to discuss prices

ta fabrics discutir precios

pro bar muestras

to try, to test samples

2m

Tareas de Ia casa

1 Vocero del gobiemo: '; •• las tasas de interes estan bien ••• ' 2 Sociedad de Empresarios: 'Tenemos que invertir mas capital ••. ' 3 Lider sindical: 'Tenemos que luchar por un salario justo.'

While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to this question:

vocero sociedad de empresarios lider sindical

Sra Huertas explains some of the things she has to do at home

spokesperson industrialists' confederation union leader

luchar salario justo

to fight salary fair, just

Does Sra Huertas do housework or does she do a paid job from home? ENTREVISTADOR: SRA HuERTAs:

Exercise 3

Mr Miller has a few things to do during his one-day business visit to a Latin American client. In what order does he have to do things, do you think? Write it down in your notebook. The following expressions may help you to link your sentences:

primero despues luego entonces mas tarde por Ultimo

first afterwards next, then then later lastly

Example: Primero, tiene que preparar el informe. tiene que visitar Ia fabrica

(,Que tareas domesticas tiene que hacer en Ia casa Sra Huertas? Tengo que lavar Ia ropa, tengo que lavar los platos, tengo que limpiar Ia casa, tengo que preparar el desayuno, tengo que llevar a los niiios al colegio ...

Language point Personal

a

After certain verbs, such as conocer (to know), Uevar (to carry), acompaiiar (to accompany), ver (to see), visitar (to visit), it is necessary to use the 'personal' a when the direct object (i.e. the person, animal or thing directly affected by the verb) that follows is a person or the name of a person. You do not need the 'personal' a if the direct object is not a person. ·

94 ------------------------------------- ----Me gusta l'isitar a mi tia. Me gusta l'isitar Chile. Llevo a los nifios al colegio. Llevo mochas cosas al colegio.

I like to visit my aunt. I like to visit Chile. I take the children to school. I take many things to school.

Study the following examples: I have to take my car to work. We have to take Julia to town.

No:-v make similar sentences including other things or people you have to take somewhere, e.g. al colegio (to school), al trabajo (to work), al parque (to the park), etc., either regularly or occasionally.

SOLUCI6N POSIBLE

1 Imagen impedecta. 2 Buen sonido, pero Ia pantalla no esta iluminada. 3 Imagen llul'iosa y ruido.

(a) Hay que regular el contraste. (b) Hay que ajustar Ia antena.

imagen ajustar sonido pantalla antena chequear contraste

TV picture adjust sound screen aerial check contrast

(c) Hay que chequear Ia conexion de Ia antena. (d) Hay que regular el brillo. lluviosa (imagen) snowy (TV picture) (literally, 'rainy') adjust regular noise ruido lines lineas brightness brillo

Exercise 6

Here are the names of well-known daily newspapers from Latin America. Use the map below to match each paper with the country where it is published.

Language point Hay que Another way of expressing that something needs to be done is by using hay que followed by the infinitive. Hay que parar Ia guerra. Hay que comprar por docenas.

PROBLEMA

4 Aparecen lineas horizon· tales.

Exercise4

Tengo que Uevar mi carro al trabajo. Tenemos que llevar a Julia al centro.

--------------------------------------95

The war must be stopped. You have to buy by the dozen.

In this case the expression is more impersonal than tener que since you do not refer to any person in particular. The emphasis is on the need to perform the action. Exercise 5

Match the possible solutions to the problems in the following troubleshooting chart for a television set.

1 Excelsior 2 El Mercurio 3 La Nacion 4 El Comercio 5 El Espectador 6 ABC 7 El Universal 8 Gramma 9 La Prensa lO EI Pais

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

Cuba Argentina Colombia Uruguay Mexico Paraguay Peru Venezuela Bolivia Chile

96

97

Los cuartos de Ia casa

m

MARCARIBE

ff·.

OCEANO PACIFICO

OCEANO ATLANTICO

Once you have finished Exercise 6, explain where each newspaper is published. Example: Excelsior se publica en Mexico

Excelsior is published in Mexico.

You may use se publica it is published, or se lee it is read. You will learn more about similar expressions in Chapter 11.

1 2 3 4

entrada sal a comedor cocina

-

a

5 garaje 6 dormitorio 7 baiio

Al entrar a la casa, en la planta baja a la izquierda esta la sala. A la derecha esta el patio. Mas adentro, a la izquierda esta el comedor y a la derecha esta la cocina. En la planta alta hay dos dormitorios y un baiio. Tambien hay un estudio.

-------------------------------------~

98 Note: in Latin America entrar a is usually the preferred form, while in Spain entrar en predominates. al entrar planta baja

as you go in downstairs

planta alta mas adentro

upstairs further inside

Iado de Ia cama esta el ropero. A Ia derecha esta mi estereo. Tambien a Ia derecha hay estantes para libros. En los estantes tengo mi camara fotografica y fotos. Cerca de Ia puerta estan mis zapatos y zapatillas. La ventana es grande y da al jardin. chico comodo cam a

Exercise 7

Based on the description above, now try to describe your own house. You can start by saying: Vivo en una casa 'I live in a house' or Vivo en un departamento 'I live in a flat/apartment' and then describe the layout, i.e. AI entrar a Ia casa/al departamento ••• 'As you go into the house/flat ... '. Note: In Spain people use the word piso for a flat/apartment. Apartamento is also used when it is for short holiday stays.

Reading

Mi cuarto

Mi cuarto es chico, pero c6modo. A Ia izquierda esta mi cama. AI

estantes ventana

shelves window

Note: Spanish speakers in Latin America prefer the word chico/ chica to mean 'small'. In Spain pequeiio/pequeiia is preferred. Now try to describe in Spanish your own room and some of the things there are in it: ;. Como es tu cuarto? ;. Que tienes en tu cuarto?

Dialogue 3

r:!l

small comfortable bed

What's your room like? What do you have in your room?

r:!l

Hablando por telefono Ana Maria and Adela are talking on the phone ANA MARfA: i,Adela? l,que estas haciendo? Estoy escuchando mis 'compact discs'. i,Ouieres escuchar musica conmigo? ANA MARiA: Bueno. ADELA: Ven a mi casa, entonces. ANA MARiA: Si, voy ahorita. ADELA:

As well as 'compact discs ' people also use the letters CD. Example: Estoy escuchando mis COs. (pronounced 'mis ce des')

I am listening to my CDs.

101

100 --------------------------------------------

m

Language points

Reading

Ahorita

Here is a message from a charity collecting donations for Christmas. While reading the text, see if you can find answers to these questions:

This word is used to indicate that something will be done straight away, without delay. In Spain the equivalent expression is enseguida.

Conmigo/contigo The special forms conmigo and contigo are used for 'witq me' and 'with you'. For other persons con+ pronoun is used. conmigo contigo con el con ella con nosotros con ustedes con ellos con elias

with me with you (singular) with him with her with us with you (plural) with them with them (if all are female)

Examples: Ven conmigo. ;, Quieres ir a comer con ellos?

Come with me. Do you want to go out for a meal with them?

Note: if you want to refer to a mixed group of people, the masculine plural form is used.

Exercise 8

Give the Spanish equivalent for the following phrases. 1 2 3 4 5

I want to go with you. Sra Rosas lives in a small house with them (two daughters). Come with me. They want a meeting with you. He always arrives with them (all male).

What are they collecting for? How can you make a donation? CONTAMOS CONTIGO Esta Navidad con Ia ayuda de todos vamos a lograr sonrisas. Como siempre, esperamos contar contigo. Toda ayuda sera bienvenida: ropa, medicinas, juguetes. Llama al teletono 49 - 4949 de 8 de Ia manana a 6 de Ia tarde para ofrecer tu donativo. Navidad vamos a lograr sonrisa como siempre esperamos

Christmas we are going to get smile as always we hope

contar bienvenida juguetes ofrecer donativo

to count on welcome toys offer donation

103

9 He perdido

• • •

I have lost ...

Language points

l,Oue pasa7 This question is used to find out what the matter is with somebody. It is similar to 'What's happening? /What's the matter?'

The present perfect tense By the end of this chapter you will be able to: • Refer to recent events using the present perfect tense {e.g. I have finished, we have eaten, etc.) • Use the present perfect continuous tense {e.g. I have been working) • Give a basic physical description of objects and materials • Use por and para

The present perfect tense is formed by the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb of the sentence. Example: He perdido mi maletin. The forms of haber are: he has

Dialogue 1 I'll He perdido mi pasaporte JAIME: CATHERINE:

JAIME: CATHERINE:

JAIME: CATHERINE:

lOue pasa? He perdido mi pasaporte. lD6nde? lC6mo? No se. No estoy segura. Quizas en el mercado. Hay que ir a la comisaria y luego al consulado. Si. Necesito un duplicado.

I have lost my briefcase.

ha hemos han han

I have you have (informal) you have (formal); he/she has we have you have (plural) they have

Note: when the meaning of 'to have' is 'to possess', then you must use tener and not haber, i.e. tengo (I have), tienes (you have), etc., as in Tengo una camara digital.

I have a digital camera.

You form the past participle of a verb by replacing the infinitive ending -ar by the ending -ado, and the endings -er and -ir by -ido. trabajar comer vhir

trabajado comido vivido

The most common irregular past participles are: abrir (to open) decir (to say) escribir (to write)

abierto dicho escrito

105

104 ------------------------------------- -----

hacer (to do, to make) morir (to die) poner (to put) romper (to break) ver (to see) volver (to return)

hecho muerto puesto roto vis to vuelto

The present perfect is used to indicate that an event has happened in a period of time in the past but which includes the present or whose effects still bear on the present. He perdido mi pasaporte. Hemos terminado. ;,No ha llegado?

I have lost my passport. We have finished. Hasn't he/she arrived?

The present perfect continuous This tense is used to indicate that an action has been in progress over a period of time and continues to be in progress at the time of speaking. It is formed by using haber plus the past participle plus the gerund (e.g. escribiendo 'writing', viajando 'traveling'). Examples: Hemos estado trabajando We have been working on this todo el dia en este asunto. matter all day. ;,Has estado estudiando Have you been studying all the to do el tiempo? time?

Desde

is similar to the English structure 'for' + period of time. Examples: Trabajo aci desde hace dos I have been working here for two years. aiios. ;,Desde hace cuanto tiempo How long have you been in Santiago? que estas en Santiago? I have been studying at the univerEstudio en Ia universidad sity for two months. desde hace dos meses. Exercise 1

Translate the following into Spanish: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I have finished my work. I have been writing this letter for two hours. Elena and I have written a letter to the newspaper. Roger has been in Cali for a week. Carlos Fuentes has published a new book. You have lived in Paraguay for a long time. The bank has opened a new branch. We haven't seen Lorena since this morning. They have arrived. Haven't you finished?

Exercise 2

Here are two things you may have done today. Continue the list with other things you have completed during the day - on your own or with somebody else. He escrito una carta. Mi madre y yo hemos preparado el desayuno.

The word desde is the equivalent of 'since'. He estado trabajando desde I have been working since half past seven. las siete y media. Hemos estado preparando el We have been preparing the conference since January. congreso desde enero. The following structure in Spanish: desde + hace + period of time

Dialogue 2 al En Ia comisarfa While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions:

107

106 ------------------------------------- -----

Why is Mark at the police station? Would you carry the same things in your briefcase if you visited a Latin American country?

Por is also used in the following idiomatic expressions: por ahora por el momento por otra parte por si acaso por ejemplo por fin

Mark has lost his briefcase and is reporting the loss at a police station

PoudA: MAruc

PoudA: MARK: PoudA: MARK:

PoudA: MAruc

Buenas tardes. He perdido mi male tin con docurnentos personales. Su nombre, por favor. Mark Williams. (,Que hay en su maletin? Un momento, por favor. He escrito una lista. Aca esta: mi pasaporte, boleto de avi6n, cheques de viajero, una guia de Latinoamerica, una lista de hoteles y una agenda. Voy a apuntar los detalles. Quisiera una copia del informe policial. Es para el seguro. Sf, por supuesto.

Language point

Por/para Por usually indicates the source of the action ('because of, by, through'). Para usually expresses destination or purpose ('to, in order to'). These two prepositions can often be confusing to English speakers because both may also translate the English preposition 'for '. Fue elegida por su experiencia. She was elected for her experience. Answer by fax. Contestar por fax. Por Maria acepto Ia invitacion. Because of Maria he accepted the invitation. Este regalo es para ti. This present is for you. ;. Que estas haciendo? Estoy What are you doing? I'm looking mirando por Ia ventana. through the window. Empuje Ia palanca para Push the lever to open the door. abrir Ia puerta. ;.Para que quieres esto? Para What do you want this for? To fix it. arreglarlo.

for the time being for the moment on the other hand just in case for example at last

Exercise 3

Complete these sentences choosing por or para. Susana. 1 Este libro es un regalo que no has terminado tu comida? 2 ;. Ia reunion. 3 Estoy preparando Ia agenda Ia tienda? (on your way to) 4 ;.Vas esta puerta. 5 Hay que salir Exercise 4

These are features you might find in a Latin American publication. Write down those which also belong to the journal/magazine that you usually read. Are there any others you can name? • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Edicion actualizada Direcciones utiles de Internet Informes An8lisis de encuestas Cartas de lectores Entrevistas Disposiciones legales Reportajes Reseiias de publicaciones 450 paginas 53 cuadros estadisticos 90 graficos Glosario tecnico Terminologia en castellano, frances e ingles Mapas y fotos Temas: sociedad, nutricion, pobreza, mujer, sector informal, pequeiia y mediana empresa.

109

108 actualizada cuadro estadistico grafico temas sociedad util, utiles informes encuestas lectores

up to date chart graphics topics, themes, subjects society useful reports surveys readers

nutricion nutrition poverty pobreza sector informal the 'informal' sector (of the economy) empresa firm, company direcciones addresses entre vistas interviews reportajes report (special feature) reviews reseiias publications publicaciones

Reading D.'l While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Why are there so many street vendors in Latin America? How do they announce the goods they sell?

Dialogue 3 D.'l

l Por que estas triste? Mark has not yet recovered his briefcase

i,Por que esHis triste? MARK: Porque he perdido mi maletin con mi agenda. DELIA: i. Cuando? MARK: El otro dia. He ido a la comisarfa, pero no han encontrado el maletfn. DELIA: i,Por que no te compras otra agenda? MARK: Ya tengo una nueva. Pero he perdido nombres y direcciones con contactos importantes. D E LIA:

Language point l,Por que?/porque

Vendedores ambulantes Los vendedores ambulantes, hombres, mujeres y niiios, Henan las calles de las principales ciudades latinoamericanas. Ofrecen todo tipo de productos, alimentos, artfculos de tocador importados, verduras, bebidas gaseosas, etc. El desempleo y la pobreza obligan a muchos a trabajar horas y horas voceando sus productos. Son parte del sector informal de la economia. vendedores ambulantes llenan articulos de tocador

street sellers fill toiletries

verduras bebidas gaseosas voceando desempleo pobreza

vegetables soft drinks shouting unemployment poverty

Are there any street sellers in your city/town/village? What do they sell? Can you think of the names of some of their products in Spanish?

;,Por que?, the equivalent of 'why?', is written as two words. Porque, the equivalent of 'because', is one word. ;,Por que no ha venido Sofia? Porque esta enferma.

Why hasn't Sofia come? Because she is ill.

Exercise 5

Below is a list of possible presents. Which one would you choose for ... un enamorado/una enamorada tu niiio o niiia tu abuela un amigo tu oficina ;,y para ti?

a boyfriend/girlfriend your child your grandmother a friend your office and for you?

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110

Caja fuerte de acero. Con sistema electr6nico. Muy segura.

Juegos de construcci6n en phistico s6lido transparente y calido.

Carpeta para guardar facturas o apuntes. Hecha de phistico. Muy uti!. Poleras/Polos de algod6n. De moda.

Silla plegable. El asiento es de lona y cuero. Para conciertos al aire libre. Es c6moda.

Sortija de plata. Elegante.

Llavero de oro. Atractivo.

Abrigos de lana. Gruesos.

112

wood metal cardboard glass fiber glass plastic fabric

madera metal carton fibra de vidrio vidrio plastico tela

Reading

hacer hoy?

What are we going to do today?

By the end of this chapter you should be able to:

m

While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions: When did Europeans arrive in Latin America? What does Latin America buy from industrialized countries? Does your own country produce or import one or more of these products?

Desde Ia llegada de los europeos en el siglo XVI, America Latina ha exportado materias primas y ha importado productos manufacturados de los paises industrializados. Algunas de las principales materias primas que exporta Latinoamerica son petr6leo, cafe, azucar de cafia, algod6n, cobre. since the arrival century raw materials countries some

• • • •

Explain what you intend to do using lr a Order a meal and/or a drink Use subject relative clauses (e.g. the music that I like) Use expressions of agreement (e.g. according to)

Dialogue 1

m

En Lima

Latinoamerica exporta

desde Ia llegada siglo materias primas paises algunas

laue vamos a

10

Algunos otros materiales:

petroleo cafe azucar de caiia algodon cobre

oil coffee cane sugar cotton copper

While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: What are the tourists going to visit? Are they going to do anything in the afternoon?

A group of tourists are visiting Lima. The travel agent is talking to them about their itinerary for the day TuRISTA: 6Que vamos a hacer hoy? Primero, vamos a visitar el Museo Arqueol6gico. Aparte GufA:

de Ia exposici6n van a ver un video de diez minutos y luego vamos a almorzar en un restaurante criollo. En Ia tarde vamos a recorrer las iglesias antiguas de Ia capital y a comprar recuerdos. El guia va a explicar ...

115

114

Language point

pasear

i r a + infinitive

malecon nadar mar mirar tiendas

One way of expressing the future is by using the present tense of the verb ir (to go) followed by a plus the infinitive expressing the intended action. This is similar to the English structure 'to be going to + infinitive' Vamos a visitar el museo. Elena va a viajar a Mexico.

We are going to visit the museum. Elena is going to travel to Mexico.

Here are all the forms of the verb ir + a: voya vas a va a vamos a van a van a

I am going to you are going to (informal) you are going to (formal); he/she/it is going to we are going to you are going to they are going to

Exercise2

1 Voy a visitar el Museo de Ia Inquisicion. 2 Voy a pasear por el malecon. 3 Voy a nadar en el mar. 4 Voy a mirar tiendas. 5 Voy a tomar helados. 6 Voy a cambiar plata. And this is what a local person has to say about each activity. Can you match the comment with the corresponding sentence above? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

En el mercado paralelo pagan mas. Es muy romantico. Esta cerca de Ia catedral. El de frambuesa es muy rico. Yo prefiero Ia piscina. Hay un centro comercial muy cerca.

tomar helados mercado paralelo frambuesa piscina cambiar plata

to have ice cream free rate currency market raspberry swimming pool change money

m

laue vas a hacer? This is a list of possible activities for the week ahead. Look at the example and practise similar questions and answers for each day. Use y tambien 'and also' to link both sentences. Example:

z

Que vas a hacer ellunes? El Junes voy a telefonear a casa y tambien voy a preparar Ia reunion. LUNES

telefonear a casa preparar Ia reunion

MARTES

asistir a Ia reunion comer en un restaurante centrico

Exercise 1 This is what a tourist intends to do one day while visiting Lima:

to walk about, to go for a stroll promenade to swim sea window shopping

MIERCOLES estudiar el reglamento escribir cartas JUEVES

probar el equipo nuevo entrevistar a posible jefe de ventas

VIERNES

recoger Ia nueva impresora laser comprar 'compact discs'

SABADO

descansar

DOMINGO

descansar

asistir reglamento equipo entrevistar

to attend regulations equipment to interview

jefe de ventas recoger impresora descansar

head of sales to pick up printer to rest

117

116 Some more useful connectors: en primer Iugar luego mas adelante finalmente

first , in the first place then later finally, lastly

Exercise 3

Say what you are going to do at the weekend. Use events from the list below. Here is an example: A: ;,Adonde vas a ir el viemes?

o: Voy air a Ia Exposicion de Juguetes. A: ;,Donde es?

o: En el Museo Antropologico. A: ;,A que bora? o: A las cinco de Ia tarde.

Gufa de Fin de Semana

VIERNES P.M. Exposici6n. Ganadores del Concurso de Pintores J6venes. 5.00 Auditorio Municipal. 5.00 Exposici6n. Juguetes de otra epoca. Museo Antropol6gico. Sala Especial 1. El grupo Arena interpreta los temas de su nuevo compact. 8.00 Restaurante Bartolo. Playa Las Piedritas. 9.00 La cantante Tania ofrece una noche de rock en el teatro La Primavera. Cerca de Ia Catedral. SABADO P.M. Exposici6n fotografica. 'Paisajes y personas'. En blanco y 4.00 negro y en color. Entrada gratis. Instituto de Cultura. 7.00 Ballet Nacional. Danzas folkl6ricas y modernas. Palacio de Ia Musica. Teatro Marsano. Obra c6mica. 'Las Brujas'. Decima semana 8.00 en cartelera. BarEl Autentico. Jazz basta las 2 de Ia madrugada. 9.30

DOMINGO A.M. Competencia automovilistica. En Ia Via Expresa. 9.00 10.00 Exposici6n de monedas antiguas. Banco Central. Final del Campeonato de V6ley. Estadio Nacional. 2.00 fin de semana ganado res concurso juguetes otra epoca sal a interpreta ofrece cantante paisajes

Exercise4

weekend winners competition toys bygone era hall sings gives singer landscapes

entrada obra comica en cartelera madrugada monedas antiguas campeonato estadio

admission, ticket comedy on at the theater or cinema early hours of the morning old coins championship stadium

m

RESTAURANTE 'TERRENAL'

Direcci6n: Telefono: Tarjetas: Horario:

Lisina 844

343-9983

Reservas: Nivel de Precios: tarjeta horario

Visa y Diners Lunes a Sabado a partir del mediodfa Recomendables DeS/ .10 (menus especiales) aS/ .25

card opening hours

nivel de precios a partir de

price range from, as from

Based on the information above, say which of the following statements are possible and which are not. Use the words Si es posible 'It is possible' or No es posible 'It is not possible' for your answers. 1 2 3 4 5

Voy a pagar con tarjeta Visa. Vamos a almorzar el domingo. Vamos a almorzar a las 11.30 de Ia maiiana. Voy a pedir el menu mas barato de diez pesos. Vas a reservar una mesa por telefono.

119

118

Language point

The relative pronoun que Que is the relative pronoun normally used to link two phrases in one sentence. In English it can be 'that', 'which' or 'who': Los jovenes que prefieren on Young people who prefer a quiet ambiente tranquilo. atmosphere. El restaurante que esta en Ia The restaurant which is on the esquina. corner. The dish that I like. El plato que me gusta.

Dialogue

2m

En el restaurante After reading the dialogue below and looking at the menu, answer the following questions: Do the customers both choose the same? What would you choose?

Ensaladas (Salads)

A escoger del bar de las ensaladas (To choose from the salad bar)

Broqueta de pollo Broqueta de came Panqueques de espinaca Milanesas

(Chicken brochettes) (Meat brochette} (Spinach pancakes) (Escalope)

Ensalada de fi:uta con helado

(Fruit salad and ice cream)

Lomo con salsa de berenjenas Lenguado con jenjibre 'Hojas' de pollo con champifiones Parrillada

(BeefSteak in aubergine sauce) (Sole with ginger) (Chicken with mushrooms) (Grilled meats}

Ensalada de fi:utas Torta de chocolate

(Fruit salad) (Chocolate cake)

A couple are choosing something to eat from the menu below at a restaurant in Buenos Aires

Mozo: CLIENTE:

Mozo: CLIENTE:

(To the waiter) i,Que es lenguado? i,Carne? i,Pescado? i, Verdura? Es pescado. Es muy agradable. Para mi un lomo. Para mi esposo, lenguado con jenjibre. i,Para heber? Vino blanco, por favor.

Language point

Para mi To indicate for whom something is intended, such as a meal at a restaurant or a drink at a bar, the usual expression is para followed by the object of the order. Here are all the forms: para mi para ti para usted para el para eUa

forme for you (informal) for you (formal) for him for her

121

120

para nosotros para ustedes para ellos para elias

for us for you (formal and informal) for them (all masculine or mixed group) for them (all feminine)

Examples: La chica es para Mariana. Estos regalos son para ustedes.

17 puntos

Maritimo, Costanera Norte. Reservas al 788-0409. Pescados y mariscos. Broqueta de pez espada con tagliatelle. Todos los dias al mediodia y par la noche. $30 a $40 por persona.

14 puntos

Sabor, Pelliza 319. Reservas al 726-5341. Cocina europea. Martes a domingo por la noche. $30 a $50 por persona.

The small one is for Mariana. These presents are for you.

Exercise 5

Reading

Decide if the following statements are true (verdadero) or false (falso).

In each issue a weekly magazine recommends some restaurants following the International Classification System, giving points for cooking, service, decoration, etc. Read this week's results and then answer the questions in Exercise 5:

1 2 3 4 5

El Jardin esta en Ia calle Ugarteche. El Jardin abre solo por las tardes. El Grill es on restaurante promedio. El Maritimo se especializa en pescados. El Sabor es on restaurante malo.

CLASIFICACI6N 0-10 puntos 11-15 puntos 16-20 puntos 21-25 puntos 26-30 puntos

Malo/Regular Promedio Bueno Muy bueno Excelente

Segun el sistema de clasificaci6n internacional, se otorgan puntos por cada aspecto del restaurante: cocina, servicio, decorado, etc. Esta semana recomendamos

24 puntas

18 puntos

Language point

Segun This word means 'according to', as in SegU.n el gobiemo, Ia inftaci6n esta bajo control. 'According to the government, inflation is under control.' Other expressions with similar meaning are: de acuerdo con conforme a de conformidad con

El Jardin, Calle Ugarteche 315. Reservas al802-1555. Cocina argentina moderna y de nipida preparaci6n 'fast-food'. Broquetas de langostinos y champifiones. Todos los dias desde las 12 del mediodia hasta las 4 de la madrugada. De $10 a $30 por persona.

Conforme a and de conformidad con are used in a more formal or legal context.

The Grill, Calle Reconquista 1875. Reservas al 312-2477. Cocina inglesa y portefia. Lunes a viernes mediodfa y noche. $20 a $40 por persona.

De acuerdo con las normas. According to the rules. De conformidad con Ia ley According to current legislation. actual.

123

122

Readings

COMIDA DIETETICA Y NATURAL

While reading the advertisement below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Is the advertisement offering travel abroad? What does the Gran Hotel offer, and what is required from you?

* EL GRAN HOTEL * PRESENT A

NOCHE CUBANA NOCHE BRASILENA NOCHE PERUANA NOCHEPARAGUAYA NOCHE ME]ICANA * viaje imaginacion ambiente baile

travel imagination atmosphere dance

Nosotros ofrecemos el ambiente, la musica, el baile, la comida adecuada. Usted aporta su grata presencia. comida aporta grata presencia

low-fat pasties isotonic drinks low-fat bread pudding

Elaboramos menus dieteticos para bajar y/o mantenerse en el peso deseado.

food contribute pleasant presence

vegetable pie low-fat sweet pie 'healthy' snacks

Tarta de verduras Tarta dulce dietetica Bocaditos dieteticos Empanadas dieteticas Jugos y licuados energeticos Budrn dietetico Bizcochuelo de zanahoria Pan de salvado Pan de queso

Cada fin de semana viaje con su imaginaci6n a otros paises.

While reading the list of food and drinks from a health food shop, see if you can find answers to these questions: Can you ask them to deliver or do you have to collect? How many dishes a day are recommended? tarta de verduras tarta dulce dietetica bocaditos dieteticos empanadas dieteticas jugos y licuados energeticos budin dietetico

Dos platos diarios: uno de carbohidrato y otro de protefnas.

Reparto a domicilio.

Note: health food shops usually announce their products as dieteticos .

Exercise 6 bizcochuelo de zanahoria pan de salvado pan de queso elaboramos bajar de peso mantener el peso deseado reparto a domicilio

carrot cake bran bread cheese bread we make to loose weight to maintain a certain weight that you want home delivery

•Note : The usual spelling is Mexico and Mexicana/o; but occasionally you find the alternative spelling using a ' j ' instead of an ' x '.

Match the food/drink on the left with the country on the right where it is a typical dish/drink. The glossary at the back of the book might help.

1 2 3 4 5

chipa guacamole carapulcra tinto mate

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Peru Colombia Paraguay Mexico Argentina

Exercise 7

You have just ordered sole as the main course. Which of these two wines goes well with it?

124 --------------------------------------------

VINOS

11 Se dice que

Naturaleza Blanca

Clasico

buen color aroma debil alga dulce ligero agradable

aroma tradicional neutro frutal cuerpo media

Buena combinacion con jamon, melon o con frutas en general.

Adecuado para acompafiar a mariscos o pescados asados.

• • •

It is said that ...

By the end of this chapter you should be able to:

Reading Ill While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions: What's the atmosphere like in this restaurant? What are the restaurant's special attractions?

El restaurante 'La Plata'

• Make impersonal statements using se • Understand basic travel and leisure information • Use some expressions of comparison with tan .•• como (as ... as) • Make comparisons using mas de (more than) and menos de (less than) followed by numbers or quantities

Dialogue 1 Ill

El restaurante 'La Plata' esta situado en Ia zona del sur de Ia Plaza de Mayo en Buenos Aires, donde hay un ambiente romantico y melancolico. Los restaurantes tienen un aire de antiguos, aunque muchos son edificios nuevas. La zona es concurrida par adultos y tambien par jovenes que prefieren un ambiente tranquilo. Esta parte de Buenos Aires es diferente del norte o del oeste. El restaurante 'La Plata' esta en un inmenso local decorado con pinturas modemas. Se utiliza un proyector de video laser para mostrar video clips sabre una amplia pared. esta situado zona ambiente tiene un aire de antiguo edificio

is located area atmosphere has an air of old building

jovenes tranquilo norte

well attended, busy (of a place but not a person) young people quiet north

sur este oeste inmenso local

south east west huge premises

pinturas se utiliza mostrar amplia pared

paintings it is used to show large wall

concurrido

Turismo en Mar Del Plata While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Is tourism on the increase? What has been done to attract more tourists? The mayor of Mar del Plata is being interviewed about tourism in his town

ENTREVISTADOR: Este afio el turismo muestra un incremento del 30 par ciento. ;,Como se lagro esto? ALCALDE: Se trabaja para el crecirniento. Anualmente se destina 25 par ciento de los recursos a obras publicas. Se ha reducido el personal (en 35 par ciento ). Se mejora continuamente Ia limpieza de plazas, paseos y calles. Hay que atraer al turista.

127

126 ENTREVISTADOR: l.Oue otros planes hay? Se van a construir atracciones deportivas y culturales. El turismo esta relacionado con el deporte y Ia cultura.

Exercise 1

ALCALDE:

Language point

Give the equivalent in Spanish using the impersonal se. 1 2 3 4 5

It opens early. Cars are made here. Computers repaired. A report is prepared daily. It is said that he is very ill.

Exercise2

Impersonal se Se with a third person verb usually has an impersonal meaning. In English, the usual equivalent is a sentence in the passive voice. (See also Chapter 19.)

Read the following information about holidays and then complete the chart given below.

Examples: DELUJO

Se dice que tiene cancer.

It is said that he/she has cancer. Se iniciara en 1999. It will be started in 1999. Se van a construir veinte casas. Twenty houses are going to be built. The price has been increased. Se ba aumentado el precio. Se babla espafiol. Spanish spoken. The band 'Los Gitanos' will perEl grupo musical 'Los Gitanos' se presenta en form in various stadia in the next few weeks. distintos estadios en las proximas semanas. Las canciones de Daniela se Daniela's songs are inspired by inspiran en su trabajo de her work as a teacher. maestra.

Con una computadora: se puede procesar textos se puede bacer una base de datos se puede emplear una hoja de c81culo se puede bacer graficos

With a computer, you can do word processing you can create a database you can use a spreadsheet you can create graphics

Hotel Amsterdam 7 noches en Hotel de Primera Categoria con desayuno, piscina. Precio incluye pasaje aereo y asistencia mecli c~ dur.mte la estadia.

$495.00

ESPECIAL

Hotel Central 5 noches, con desayuno. Incluye pasaje aereo. Entrada al casino. Asistencia medica durante la estadia.

$435.00

129

128

ALOJAMIENTO INDEPENDIENTE 7 noches en apartamentos de dos ambientes con kitchenette. Auto compacto con kilometraje ilimitado. El precio incluye el pasaje aereo y Ia asistencia medica durante toda Ia estadia.

$680.00

Based on the information about holidays above, complete the following: Hotel

N° de naches

desayuno

piscina

pasaje incluido

asistencia medica incluida

Amsterdam Central Apartamento

Reading Read the following information about a weekly publication called Pasatiempo, devoted to outdoor activities, then answer the following questions: What are the main features of the magazine? What are the activities covered? Which of the activities mentioned do you like?

Pasatiempo Una publicaci6n semanal completa y actualizada para planificar su fin de semana. Informaci6n indispensable: lugares paseos

hojas de ruta tarifas

medias de transporte itinerarios pron6stico del tiempo

atracciones cam pings hoteles

La revista para los que gustan del descanso. Para disfrutar del tiempo libre en contacto con Ia naturaleza y el aire puro. Actividades que incluimos: turismo salidas cortas campamentismo pesca buceo

montaiiismo fauna bicicleta de montana todo terreno aventuras

Exercise 3

Match each present to the most suitable recipient:

1 billetera para hombre 2 cartera en negro y marron 3 garrafa de vidrio para vino 4 reloj despertador 5 mochila colegial 6 malla entera de baiio 71apicero 8 adorno de porcelana 9 un ramo de flores 10 un CO/stereo personal (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

esposo esposa enamorado enamorada una joven de 15 aiios una abuela tu mejor amigo tu pareja tu mejor amiga

billetera cartera garrafa

wallet purse carafe

maUa entera de baiio lapicero

one-piece swimsuit ball-point pen

131

130 reloj despertador mochila colegial enamorada abuela mejor amigo

watch/clock alarm clock rucksack school (adjective) girlfriend grandmother best friend

adomo esposo esposa enamorado unajoven pareja

ornament husband wife boyfriend a young lady partner

Suggest other suitable presents for the people mentioned above.

Dialogue 2

l:D

the middle. The adjective describes the nature of the equality. Here are some examples: La bicicleta es tan necesaria como el aire puro. Yo tengo 49 aiios. Tu tienes 20. Yo no soy tan joven como to. El otro libro no es tan interesante como este.

A bicycle is as necessary as fresh air. I am 49 years old. You are 20. I

am not as young as you are. The other book is not as interesting as this one.

Exercise4

Una bici

Express the following comparisons as in the example, using the clue in brackets.

While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions:

Example:

When does the child want the bike? Why is it a good time to buy one now? Papi, quiero una bici. Una bicicleta de montana. Huo: PADRE: Tienes que esperar basta Ia Navidad. Ademas, las bicicletas de montana son mas caras que las bicicletas tradicionales. Pero ahora estan de oferta basta el sabado. Huo: PADRE: Montar bicicleta puede ser peligroso. Si, pero voy a usar un casco protector. He visto uno Hno: amarillo que me gusta. No es tan grande como un casco para ir en moto. Although the correct phase is 'montar bicicleta', many people say 'montar en bicicleta' in casual speech.

Language point Tan ... como When you compare in terms of equality you use the expression tan ... como. It translates as 'as . . . as', often with an adjective in

El mapa cuesta 20 pesos. Ellibro cuesta 250 pesos. (caro) El mapa no es tan caro como ellibro.

1 Carlos vive a dos horas de aqui. Graciela vive a cinco horas de a qui. (cerca) 2 Carolina mide 1.78m y so hermano Jose tambien mide 1.78m (alto/a) 3 La rosa es una Oor muy linda. El clavel tambien es una Oor muy linda. (lindalo) 4 Mi televisor es de 14". El televisor de mi novia es de 17". (grande) 5 Esta impresora produce 4 paginas por minuto. La otra impresora produce 8 paginas por minuto. (rapida) Exercise 5

Read the following advertisement offering prizes, then match the prizes 1 to 5 with their use (a) to (e). (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

para escuchar musica en diversas formas para ver programas para pasear para preparar Ia comida para grabar musica

133

132 ------------- ------------- ------------- ----BICI REINA Con Ia compra de una Bici Reina recibes un termo de regalo. En el termo hay un cup6n para un sorteo de grandes premios.

PREMIOS PARA LOS COMPRADORES : 1 Un ciclomotor 50 cc.

2 3 4 5

Un televisor a color de 14". Un equipo de sonido. Una cocina de 4 hornallas. Una radiograbadora stereo.

adelgazar sabor to do porcion antes de comidas grasas azucares ganar en vase

fonnulario reUenar datos sorteo concurso

to slim flavor, taste all portion, serving before meals fats sugars to win packet, container

sin obligacion compra

form to fill in information, data draw, raffle contest, competition without obligation purchase

Note: the phrase Concurso sin obligaci6n de compra is the equivalent of the English 'No purchase necessary'.

Fecha del sorteo: 22 de diciembre

Language point

Mas de/menos de

Reading While reading the advertisement below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Can you win a prize if you buy this product? How do you enter the draw?

The expressions mas de and menos de ('more than' and 'less than') are used to establish comparison before numbers or quantities. Hay mas de 10 sabores. Tiene menos de 2 calorias. Hay mas de 100 personas. Hay menos de 50 dolares en Ia cuenta.

There are more than 10 flavors. It has less than 2 calories. There are more than 100 people. There is less than 50 dollars in the account.

ADELGAZAR CON 'GELA SLIM' Mas sabor y mas color Gela Slim es un 'postre' que adelgaza. Es una gelatina deliciosa con todo su color y sabor. S61o 1.8 calorfas en cada porci6n de 100 gramos. Consumir media hora antes de las co midas. Gela Slim absorbe grasas y azucares. Me nos de 2 calorfas. Mas de 10 sa bores para escoger. Es posible ganar un autom6vil 0 km. En cada envase de Gela Slim hay un formulario. Rellenar los espacios con sus datos y a participar en el sorteo. (Concurso sin obligaci6n de compra.)

Exercise 6

Complete with mas de or menos de: 1 Tienen 23 empleados. Tienen de veinte empleados. 2 Hay 1,050 asistentes. Hay mil asistentes. 3 Cuesta $64.99 por semana. Cuesta sesenta y cinco do lares. 4 Ha viajado 32,045 km. en ese carro. Ha viajado treinta y cinco mil km. 5 Normalmente asisten 107 diputados. Normalmente asisten _ _ _ de cien diputados.

135

134

m

Exercise 7

ExerciseS

Read the following advertisements:

Read the following invitation:

INSTITUTO INTERNACIONAL Turno diumo y noctumo Ingles Procesamiento de textos Computaci6n Mecanica de autom6viles Jr C6rdoba 911 FUNDACI6N LEXIS Cursos par correspondencia Manualidades en 10 lecciones Pintura sabre madera en 12 lecciones Contabilidad basica en 15 lecciones Precio de cada lecci6n $20 Pagar al cartero Solicite informaci6n al 825 3257 INSTITUTO DE DEPORTES N atatorio climatizado Clases individuales y grupales de nataci6n Bebes - Niiios - Adultos Jr Zepita 765 Say if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false) based on the three advertisements above.

1 Para estudiar ingh~s se puede ir al Instituto de Deportes. 2 Es posible estudiar ingles por correspondencia en Ia Fundacion Lexis. 3 Manualidades por correspondencia se estudia en diez lecciones. 4 El curso de contabilidad basica cuesta $300. 5 Cuando se estudia por correspondencia en Fundacion Lexis se paga directamente en Ia oficina principal. 6 Procesamiento de textos es un curso que ofrece el Instituto Internacional. 7 Solo se puede estudiar de dia en el lnstituto lnternacional. 8 Pintura sobre madera Ileva mas tiempo que manualidades. 9 Un niiio de seis meses puede empezar a nadar en el Instituto de Deportes. 10 Se puede aprender mecinica de automoviles por correspondencia.

CLUB DE TENIS Se invita a los socios a una reuni6n el miercoles 3 de diciembre a partir de las 19.30 horas, a fin de conformar Ia subcomisi6n de tenis del club. Based on the information above, say if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false).

1 Members and non-members are invited. 2 3 4 5

The meeting is on a Friday. The meeting starts at 7.30 p.m. The purpose of the meeting is to form a subcommittee. The meeeting is at the beginning of the year.

a fin de

as from, beginning from in order to

Reading

m

a partir de

reunion subcomision

meeting sub-committee

While reading the passage below see if you can answer this question. Is there African and Spanish influence in Cuban music? Cuba

Cuba es la mayor de las islas antillanas. Esta situada en el Mar Caribe. Tiene una problaci6n aproximada de dace rnillones de habitantes, de los cuales mas de dos millones viven en La Habana, la capital. Dos productos cubanos conocidos por todo el mundo son el ron y los puros. El azucar y el turismo son las dos actividades econ6rnicas principales de su economia. El son es el origen de Ia musica actual conocida como salsa. El son es una manifestaci6n de Ia fusi6n entre la herencia musical africana y la hispanica. Ia mayor ron puros fusion africana hispamca

the largest rum cigars fusion, merge African Hispanic

137

12 lOue hiciste? What did you do 7

Language points

The past tense or preterite The past tense, or preterite, is used to express an action in the past already complete at the time of speaking.

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • Use the past tense with regular verbs • Use the past tense with irregular verbs • Use a range of expressions for past time reference

Ayer comimos en un Yesterday we went to a restaurant for a meal. restaurante. AI fin terminamos el proyecto. At last we finished the project. Vivimos en Quito durante We lived in Quito for two years. dos aiios.

Regular verbs

Reading Below are some news headlines from a newspaper.

The past tense of regular verbs, i.e. those which follow a certain pattern or rule, is formed using endings which vary according to the person. -ar verbs: terminar (to finish)

LOS TITUL ARES • • •

e •

Ayer Jleg6 a Lima el nuevo embajador de Ia Republi.ca de Chile. El d6lar subi6 cliez centimos en el mercado de camb10s. Empatamos en futbol, ganamos en v6ley. . Anoche tennin6la PrimeraJomada de Educadores Lannoamericanos. Volvi6la cantante Tania Libertad.

THE HEADLINES • • • •

The new ambassador from Chile arrived in Lima yesterday. The dollar rose ten cents in the currency market. We drew in football and won in volleyball. The first conference of Latin American teachers came to an end last night. • The singer Tania Libertad is back. Note: it is not unusual to find headlines written in the past tense in Latin American newspapers.

termine terminaste termino terminamos terminaron terminaron

I finished

you finished (informal) you finished (formal); he/she/it finished we finished you finished they finished

Note that the form for the first person plural is the same as the present tense. The context of the sentence, or the addition of a reference to the time when the action took place, usually avoids any confusion. -er verbs: comer comi comiste comio -ir verbs: vivir

vi vi viviste viviO

comimos comieron comieron vivimos vivieron vivieron

138

139

Dialogue 1

Quehacer Barranco

I:D

El fin de semana Carola tells Elsa about her weekend in Lima CAROLA:

ELSA:

Hola, cuentame de tu fin de semana. El viernes por Ia noche cornimos en un restaurante tipico. Bailamos 'land6' y luego regresamos al departamento. El sabado por Ia manana compramos varias cosas en el centro, luego compramos comida para llevar y almorzamos en el departamento. Por Ia tarde vimos una pelicula en un cine de estreno y luego vimos Ia obra No me toquen ese vals en un teatrito de Ia A venida Brasil. Muy linda Ia obra. 1,Y el domingo? El domingo, descansamos.

Language points Expressions of time in the past Here are some useful expressions for specific reference to time in the past.

Exercise 1 Give an account in Spanish of your (or somebody else's) weekend in Lima, based on the information below. Say the sentences in the preterite, and in the order that you find most suitable. Omit some and/or add others if you wish. Useful connectors: despues luego mas tarde

pintura Forum asistir quena llamar cebiche coctel

current affairs publication in Peru district of Lima where many cultural events take place and where many restaurants which offer live shows are located painting well-known art gallery in Lima to attend (a lesson, a meeting, etc.) traditional Andean musical instrument to call popular dish made with raw fish marinated in lemon cocktail

afterwards then later

Comprar Ia revista Quehacer. Ver una obra de teatro en Barranco. Visitar una exposici6n de pintura en Ia galeria Forum. Asistir a Ia clase de quena. Llamar por telefono a un amigo/una amiga. Bailar en Ia discoteca. Practicar aerobicos en el gimnasio. Comer un cebiche. Preparar unos cocteles.

ayer anteayer anoche Ia semana pasada ellunes pasado el viernes pasado el mes pasado

yesterday the day before yesterday last night last week last Monday last Friday last month

As you can see, pasado/a can be used to form a number of expressions in the past. It is not the literal translation of 'last' (ultimo). Ultimo is used to indicate that something or somebody is the last of a series; that there are no more, as in: Esta es Ia Ultima funci6n. 'This is the last show'.

Hace Hace is used to indicate how long ago something happened.

141

140 --------------------------------------------

Examples:

CoLLAR:

;,Cuando Uego? Hace dos dias. When did she arrive? Two days ago. Termino Ia universidad hace He finished college a year ago. un aiio.

P E RIODISTA:

CoLLAR: PERIODISTA:

CoLLAR:

Exercise2

Desde los diez aiios tuve que trabajar. Primero en una farmacia y luego como ayudante de imprenta. Luego tuve mi propia oficina de diseiio grafico. (, C6mo nace su trabajo de pin tor? Estudie en Ia Escuela de Bellas Artes. Poco a poco participe en muestras individuales y colectivas. (,Que premio importante ha obtenido? Recientemente gane el Premio Martel de Artes Plasticas.

Match the phrases 1 to 5 with the phrases (a) to (e). 1 2 3 4 5

Lei un cuento ... Vimos una linda pintura modernista •.. Visitamos tres iglesias ... Anoche ... Rellenamos el formulario •..

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Reading De visita en ciudad de Mexico

•.• en Ia galeria Forum. .•• para renovar el pasaporte. .•• en el centro de Ia capital. •.• soiie contigo. ••• en Ia biblioteca.

cuento renovar

short story to renew

Dialogue 2

sonar

to dream (of)

m

Ayer empezamos nuestra visita de la ciudad de Mexico. Primero partimos del Z6calo y fuimos a! Palacio de Bellas Artes que esta construido de marmol. Luego estuvimos en el Museo Antropol6gico y mas tarde en el Museo de Arte Modemo. De ahi, fuimos a! Bosque de Chapultepec, que esta muy cerca del Museo de Arte Modemo. Yo compre artesania de Oaxaca en un mercado local. Los tapetes son lindos. La senora Chavez va muy seguido a ese mercado. Dice que alii venden mas barato. empezamos partimos mlirmol artesania

we started we set off marble handicraft

tapetes lindos muy seguido barato

tapestries pretty very often cheap

l D6nde naci6? Here is an interview with a young painter from Paraguay PERIODISTA:

CoLLAR: PERIODISTA:

CoLLAR:

P E RIODISTA:

i,D6nde naci6? Naci en ltaugua Guazu en 1964. (,D6nde pas6 sus primeros afi.os? Pase mis primeros aiios con mi abuela materna. Aprendi guarani como primera lengua. Luego me adapte al castellano. (, Tuvo una infancia feliz?

Language points Irregular verbs in the past Irregular verbs do not follow the rules which apply to the majority of verbs. Their stems or their endings differ from those of regular verbs. Compare these verbs in the past:

142 ------------------------~------------------

escribir (regular)

ir (irregular)

escribi escribiste escribio

fui fuiste foe

escribimos escribieron escribieron

fuimos fueron fuerou

143

9 (Nosotros)(ver) mariachis y otros conjuntos,musicales. 10 Maria (escribir) dos cartas muy largas a sus hermanos. Exercise 4

As you see, the stem in the past forms of ir has changed. comer (regular) comi comiste comio

comimos comieron comieron

hacer (irregular) hice hiciste hizo

hicimos hicieron hicieron

Other frequently used irregular verbs in the past are: ser fui fuiste foe

venir fuimos fuisteis fueron

tener tuve tuviste tuvo

vinimos vinisteis vinieron

estar tuvimos tuvieron tuvieron

saber supe supiste supo

vine viniste vino

estuve estuviste estuvo

estuvimos estuvieron estuvieron

dar supimos supieron supieron

di diste clio

dimos die ron die ron

Somebody attended a short training course for two weeks. Say in Spanish what this person did during that time based on the information below. Consult the glossary at the end of the book if necessary. You can start your sentences like this: En Ia primera semana .•. En Ia segunda semana ••.

The first week ... The second week ...

Semana 1 Estudiar el sistema operativo. Escribir texto y formulas. Imprimir Ia hoja de cilculo. Diseiiar pantallas. Alimentar datos. Semana2 Analizar economia empresarial. Preparar estrategias financieras. Aplicar estadisticas y probabilidades. Desarrollar metodos de valuacion de proyectos.

Exercise 5 Exercise3

Replace the infinitives with the correct past form. 1 La semana pasada (ir)(yo) al Museo de Arte Moderno.

2 3 4 5

(Nosotros)(ver) obras de Frida Kahlo. Ayer Julian y Carmela (visitar) Guadalajara por primera vez. (Yo)(comprar) dos libros en Ia libreria del Sotano. ;.(Tu)(visitar) el Salon de Ia Informatica en el Hotel Maria Isabel- Sheraton? 6 ;.Cuando (Ud.)(Uegar) a Ciudad de Mexico? 7 (Yo)(aprender) el castellano en Ia escuela secundaria. 8 Anoche (nosotros)(estar) en el restaurante Santa Anita.

Change these sentences to the preterite using the information in brackets. Example: Compro una revista de deportes. (ayer) Ayer compre una revista de deportes.

1 Escucho un programa de radio. (anoche) 2 Marcelo y Estela diseiian ropa para una firma extranjera. (el aiio pasado) 3 Carlos imita a Elvis Presley en Ia tele. (el sabado pasado) 4 La revista Decoraci6n sale los viernes. (ayer)

145

144 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --

El servicio medico es criticado siempre. (ayer) Siempre gana las carreras. (el sabado pasado) Pochita entrena todos los domingos. (ayer y anteayer) Leonardo come en casa. (anoche) El jefe organiza una reunion de ejecutivos cada semana. (el viernes pasado) 10 Steven vuelve los Junes. (hace dos horas)

5 6 7 8 9

Reading

m

13 Iran al mercado They will go to the market

By the end of this chapter you should be able to:

While reading the passage below about working hours in Paraguay, see if you can find answers to these questions: Are working hours in Uruguay the same as in your own country? Do banks open on Saturdays in Uruguay?

• Express ideas using the future tense (I will) • Use specific time reference in the future • Use irregular verbs in the future tense

Horarios de trabajo

Reading fn

Los horarios promedio para la actividad comercial son de 9.00 de la manana a 7.00 de la noche, de Junes a viernes y de 8.30 de Ia manana a 12.30 de Ia tarde los sabados. Los servicios esenciales publicos y privados se mantienen sin interrupcion todo el dia. Las oficinas publicas, los bancos e industrias no trabajan sabado ni domingo. La mayor parte abre de 12.00 a 5.00 de la tarde y algunos solo cierran a las siete de Ia noche. Las oficinas privadas y la industria abren desde las 9.00 de Ia manana basta las 5.00 de Ia tarde.

While reading the following newspaper article, see if you can find answers to these questions:

horarios promedio

opening hours average

Ia mayor parte algunos

most some

Have the price increases taken effect already? What is the highest increase expected in domestic bills?

Tarifas de electricidad aumentaran entre el 5% y 10% El incremento se efectivizara en julio. La proxima semana se publicaran las tarifas que cobraran a los usuarios. Las tarifas electricas se incrementaran entre 5% y 10% a partir del primero de julio. Asf lo manifesto el Presidente de Ia Comision de Tarifas Electricas. Las tarifas de los consumos industriales y comerciales experimentaran un incremento promedio de 10%. El incremento maximo de las tarifas de consumo domestico sera de 5%. Con estos aumentos las tarifas comerciales e industriales estaran muy cerca de las tarifas objetivo.

Electricity prices to go up between 5% and 10% The increase will be implemented in July. The new prices to be charged to the users will be published next week.

147

146 ------------------------------------------

Electricity prices will be increased between 5% and 10% from 1 July, said the Chairman of the Electricity Price Regulation Committee. Prices for industrial and commercial consumption will go up by an average of 10%. The maximum increase in domestic electricity prices will be 5%. After this adjustment, prices for commercial and industrial consumption will be very near the target price.

Voy a empezar un curso de casteUano.

I am going to start a Spanish course.

Exercise 1

Change these sentences to the future tense. See page 238 for a list of irregular verbs in the future. Example: Voy a ir al centro en Ia manana. Ire al centro en Ia manana.

Language points

The future tense To form the future of regular verbs you add the same endings to the infinitive of all -ar, -er or -ir verbs. trabajar

comer

vivir

trabajare trabajaras trabajara trabajaremos trabajarao trabajarao

comere comeras comera comeremos come ran comerao

vivire viviras vivira viviremos vivirao viviran

Examples: La empresa ampliara sus actividades. El gobierno aplicara las medidas necesarias.

The firm will expand its activities. The government will take the necessary action.

The future tense is used mainly in written language. In conversation the future tense is less common than its equivalent in English. Spanish speakers tend to prefer the 'ir + a + verb' structure (see Chapter 10) to express ideas in the future. El Presidente viajara a The President will travel to Europa. Europe. El nuevo entrenador del The new team manager will equipo Uegara esta noche. arrive tonight. Manana vamos a ir a Ia playa. We are going to go to the beach tomorrow.

1 2 3 4 5

6 7

8 9 10

Vamos a comer juntos. Marcelo va a preparar Ia comida manana. Esteban y yo vamos a escribir el informe. Vamos a esperar basta que Uegue Ia nueva computadora. Van a abrir a las 9.30, en vez de las 10.00. To vas a venir manana temprano, ;,no? Se van a Uevar todo. Elena va a empezar a trabajar ellunes. La reunion va a ser en mi despacho. Voy a dejar a mi hija en Ia escuela.

El pr6ximo/la proxima When expressing ideas in the future, such phrases as Ia proxima semana, el proximo domingo, etc., may be useful. Generally speaking, proximo/proxima means 'next', as in 'next week'. el proximo Junes Ia proxima semana el proximo mes el proximo verano las proximas vacaciones el proximo ano

E//unes que viene Another way to express a specific moment in the future is by using the phrase que viene (literally 'the one which is coming').

149

148 ------------------------------------------

Language point

ellunes que viene Ia semana que viene el mes que viene el verano que viene las vacaciones que vienen el aiio que viene

Dentro de

Expressions with que viene have the same meaning as and are interchangeable with those using el proximona proxima, especially in spoken Spanish. There is a tendency in Spanish to prefer expressions of time at the beginning of a sentence rather than at the end, although both are correct. Example: Manana iremos al centro.

Dentro de dos dias se clausurara Ia Feria. El grupo rockero Uegara dentro de tres semanas.

The Fair will close in two days' time. The rock band will arrive in three weeks' time.

Exercise4

We will go to town tomorrow.

Exercise2

Translate these sentences into Spanish: 1 2 3 4 5

To explain when something will be completed, Spanish uses the expression dentro de followed by the period of time.

Ann and I will go to the travel agent's next Tuesday. I will travel to Guatemala and Nicaragua next year. We will discuss prices at our next meeting. The company will grow in the next few years. New prices for gas will be announced next week.

This is somebody's plan of activities for next week. Say what he or she will do each day and explain each action using the future tense. Then do it again using the 'ir + a + verb' pattern. The glossary at the back of the book will help you with new vocabulary. Example: Ellunes estara en una reunion de diez a once. La pr6xima semana en el trabajo LUNES

Estar en Ia reuni6n (10 -11) Ir a la feria de informatica Comprar nuevo equipo

Exercise 3

MARTES

Visitar Ia tienda de repuestos

Rewrite these sentences using the alternative way of expressing time.

MIERCOLES

Enviar fax a las sucursales Informar sobre cambios en el horario

Example:

JUEVES

Terminar el informe anual

VIERNES

Empezar las negociaciones con nuevo socio

El proximo aiio visitaremos Cuba. El aiio que viene visitaremos Cuba. 1 2 3 4 5

La proxima semana saldremos de paseo al campo. El proximo Iones firmaremos el contrato. El proximo semestre sera decisivo para Ia empresa. El proximo mes terminamos el proyecto. La proxima entrevista sera con el Director.

Say what your main activities at work or at home will be next week. Again, use the future tense. Write them down in your notebook. You might start like this: Ellunes ire a Ia oficina a las ocbo.

151

150 -------------------------------------Exercise 5

m

Dialogue 1

Read the following paragraph and then answer the questions below.

lOue haras? AI mercado

Ana y Maria iran al mercado a las ocho de Ia manana el sabado. Compraran frutas y verduras. A eso de las nueve, se reuniran con Javier en Ia cafeteria El Sol para tomar un refresco o un cafe. Luego a las diez y media estaran en casa de Cecilia, una arniga de los tres. Los cuatro arnigos saldran para el centro de Ia ciudad a las doce. Almorzaran en un restaurante centrico y luego asistiran a una exposici6n de pintura en un parque situado en el Norte de Ia ciudad. Quizas compraran uno o dos cuadros y mas tarde tomaran helados con un grupo de tres arnigos de Ia universidad. Are the following verdadero (true) or falso (false)? 1 2 3 4 5

Ana y Maria iran al mercado el sabado a las ocho. Mas tarde tomaran on cafe o refresco. No iran al centro de Ia ciudad. A sus amigos no les gustan los helados. Quizas compraran cuadros en una exposicion de pinturas.

Carmen and Santiago are making plans for the afternoon

CARMEN:

l,Que vas a hacer esta tarde? l,lras al centro o vendras a Ia universidad? SANTIAGo: Ire a Ia universidad y pondremos el toque final al trabajo que estamos preparando. Los otros estudiantes de nuestro grupo querran saber c6mo va el proyecto. Tendremos una reuni6n a las siete en Ia cafeteria. l. Que te parece? CARMEN: Esta bien. l,Que haras despues de Ia reuni6n? SANTIAGO: RaUl, Silvia y yo saldremos al cine. l. Quieres ir tambien? CARMEN: Si, claro.

Language point Irregular verbs in the future These are verbs which do not follow the standard rule or pattern of formation of verbs in the future. vi vir vivire viviras vivira

salir viviremos viviran viviran

saldre saldras saldra

saldremos saldran saldran

Notice how the irregular verb salir undergoes changes in the stem as it is conjugated. Here are the most common irregular verbs in the future: hacer

decir dire diras dira

diremos diran diran

hare haras hara

haremos haran haran

153

152

poner

poder podre podras podra

podremos podran podran querremos querran querran

sabre sabras sabra

sabremos sabran sabran

venir

tener tendre tendras tendra

pondremos pondran pondran

tendremos tendran tendran

vendre vendras vendra

Complete the sentences with the future tense of the verb in brackets. Use the glossary at the back of the book to check the meaning of any new words. Los visitantes (venir) a Ia reunion el proximo sabado. La charla (empezar) a las diez de Ia manana. Nosotros (regresar) allocal del sindicato a Ia una. Leonor (poner) el anuncio en el periodico. Ellos (establecer) nuevas normas de calidad para el producto. EI 23 de abril se (celebrar) el Dia del Idioma. Pronto (aparecer) un nuevo libro del mismo autor. La Galena de Arte (presentar) una exposicion de arte colonial. Un especialista en el tema (hablar) a los asistentes. Dentro de cinco minutos nosotros (ver) un video sobre el histo· rial de Ia empresa.

Exercise 7

Match the phrases in 1 to 5 with (a) to (e). 1 2 3 4 5

Voy a llegar tarde a Ia reunion. Estaremos en el centro manana. Ayer compramos un nuevo juego de muebles. Se ha dislocado el brazo. Hace frio.

Reading trJ El Dia de Ia Tierra

vendremos vendran vendran

Exercise 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Hay que lie varia al hospital. Ponte una chaqueta. No hay problema. Se ha postergado para manana. ;,Es de roble o caoba? Yo tambien. Tengo que hacer compras.

saber

querer querre querras querra

pondre pondras pondra

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

El 22 de abril se celebrani el Dia de Ia Tierra. La municipalidad entregani distinciones a los pioneros de Ia conservaci6n local. El acto tendra Iugar el viernes 22 a las 8.00 de Ia noche en el auditorio municipal. El sabado 23 habra un gran concierto en el auditorio del Parque Central en el cual tomaran parte varios grupos musicales que interpretaran temas ecologistas. El concierto se llevara a cabo a partir de las 6.00 de Ia tarde. Este evento durara aproximadamente tres horas. entregar pioneros conservacion el acto tener Iugar

to give, to deliver pioneers conservation the event to take place

tomar parte llevar a cabo temas durar

to take part to take place, to carry out themes to last

Exercise 8

Answer the following questions stating whether each statement is verdadero (true) or falso (false) based on the reading passage above. 1 2 3 4 5

El Dia de Ia Tierra no se celebra. Los pioneros de Ia conservacion recibiran distinciones. Habra un concierto en el Parque Central. El concierto terminara a las seis de Ia tarde. El concierto incluye temas ecologistas.

155

14 Yo estudiaba

Language points

• • •

I used to study . . .

The imperfect indicative tense The imperfect tense is used to indicate a habitual or repeated action in the past. It is the equivalent of verbs with 'used to' or 'was' in English.

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • Use the imperfect tense (e.g. I used to study) • Use the imperfect continuous tense (e.g. I was studying) • Use negative words

Dialogue 1

m

Yo estudiaba por Ia neche Ram6n is telling Julia about his time at college

En esa epoca, yo estudiaba en Ia universidad. Era una casona antigua donde habia patios y balcones. Las clases se daban desde las cuatro de Ia tarde basta las diez de Ia noche. Muchos de los estudiantes trabajaban y par eso el horario era conveniente. 1,Era diffcil estudiar y trabajar? Si. Llegabamos a clases media dormidos. Estabamos cansados por el trabajo durante el dia. A veces perdiamos Ia primera bora de clase y s6lo asistiamos a partir de Ia segunda bora. JULIA: 1,C6mo hacian para estar al dia? RAMoN: Los fines de semana nos reuniamos en grupos y tratabamos de ponemos al dia en todos los cursos.

Los fines de semana nos We used to gather in groups at reuniamos en grupos. the weekends. ibamos a Ia playa todos los We used to go to the beach every domingos durante el verano. Sunday during the summer. It is also used to describe characteristics in the past when such characteristics continued to exist for a period of time. In the preterite actions are finite.

La gata se llamaba Magdalena. The cat used to be called/was (imperfect) called Magdalena. Tomas Uamo a su gata. Tomas called for his cat. (preterite) More examples with the imperfect: La casa estaba muy cerca del centro. Todo costaba menos en aquellos dias.

The house was very near the center of town. Everything cost less in those days.

Regular verbs have their forms in the imperfect indicative as follows: comprar

vender

vi vir

compraba comprabas compraba comprabamos compraban compraban

vendia vendias vendia vendiamos vendian vendian

vivia vivias vivia viviamos vivian vivian

There are only three verbs which are irregular in the imperfect indicative:

157

156 ir

ser

ver

iba ibas iba ibamos iban iban

era eras era eramos eran eran

vela veias vela velamos veian velan

Examples: Entonces iba al colegio a pie. Then I used to go to school on foot. Eramos veintitres en Ia clase. We used to be twenty-three in our class. Antes vela mocha television. She used to watch television a lot.

estaba trabajando estabas trabajando estaba trabajando

Exercise 1

Complete the sentences with either the preterite or the imperfect of the verb in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6

The imperfect continuous tense Example: Estaba estudiando.

estabamos trabajando estaban trabajando estaban trabajando

7 8 9 10

Estela antes (trabajar) los sabados. Ahora ya no. Cuando era nina (ir) al cine con so mama. Ayer (llegar) el nuevo director de Ia empresa. Este periodico (costar) on dolar basta el aiio pasado. El sabado pasado (Damar) a mi hermana que vive en Panama. Ana y Julio (ir) al mercado a comprar y (volver) hace una bora. Foe a Ia tienda y (comprar) frutas exoticas. Antes no (tener) aire acondicionado. Ahora lo han instalado. La casa (tener) cuatro habitaciones. Luego Ia ampliaron. Anoche ( volver) Estela.

I was studying.

This tense in Spanish is very similar in use to its English equivalent. In Latin America it is very common. In Spain however, there is a tendency to use the imperfect indicative instead (estudiaba). The imperfect continuous is used to refer to an action already in progress in the past when something else happened, interrupting the first action. Estaba escuchando musica I was listening to music when the cuando sono el timbre. bell rang. El cartero Uego cuando estaba The postman arrived when I was tomando desayuno. having breakfast. Estabamos preparando el al· We were making lunch when muerzo cuando se apago there was a power cut. Ia luz. In the imperfect continuous you use the verb estar in the imperfect indicative together with the continuous form of the main verb.

Exercise2

Give the English equivalent for these sentences. 1 2 3 4 5

Iris trabajaba en una agencia de viajes. Nosotros estudiabamos porIa noche. Estabamos mirando Ia television cuando Uego Rosana. Todos los domingos venia a visitar a sus abuelos. Las computadoras estaban a disposicion de los estudiantes.

Exercise 3

Give the Spanish equivalent for these sentences. 1 2 3 4 5

What were you doing when the telephone rang? The airplane was landing when we heard the explosion. He used to travel a lot. Food was cheap in those days. The office used to be on the second floor.

159

158 Exercise4

Below is information from an old leaflet used to promote a private school ten years ago. Read it and then answer the questions that follow. Colegio San Antonio A venida de Ia Montana 2759 Tel. 782-9981

idiomas dirigido orientacion olimpiadas estudiantiles

viajes estudiantiles

1 2

languages planned, directed guidance, counselling school sports festival including many or all of the games which are part of the Olympics school trips

Gimnasio cubierto 4 canchas de tenis 2 piletas de natacion

Habia The imperfect of hay (there is/there are) is habia and only the singular form exists. There were two tennis courts. Habia dos canchas de tenis. Habia una pista de atletismo. There was an athletics track.

Dialogue 2 r:%1 Nadie tenfa carro Ramon continues to talk about his university days Ju uA:

campo de deportes estadio pista atletismo gimnasio cubierto cancba pileta natacion

zComo se Uamaba el Colegio? zDonde estaba el Colegio? zQue facilidades tenia para aprender idiomas?

3 4 zQue viajes hacian? 5 zAconsejaban a los alumnos? 6 zQue deportes practicaban?

zEI campo de deportes era grande? zOfrecia solo primaria y secundaria? zCuantas canchas de tenis habia? zHabia pista de atletismo?

Language point

Primaria Secundaria Bachillerato Intemacional Laboratorio de Idiomas Educacion personalizada Estudio dirigido Orientacion personal Olimpiadas estudiantiles Viajes ~studiantiles a Brasil, EE. UU, Canada, Inglaterra y Espana y Japon. Campo de deportes propio (50 hectareas) Estadio Pista de Atletismo

7 8 9 10

sports field stadium track athletics indoor gymnasium court swimming pool swimming

j,C6mo iban ala universidad?

RAM6N: Era dificil llegar al campus. En mi grupo nadie tenia

carro. Ninguno de nosotros tenia suficiente dinero para comprar ni siquiera un auto chico usado. Todos teniamos que ir en 6mnibus que se demoraba casi una bora para recorrer diez kil6metros. Nada me molestaba mas que viajar parado una bora. Aunque tenia veinte afios, ya tenia artritis reumatoide.

language points Negative words As in English, negative words, e.g. nada (nothing), nadie (nobody), ni (nor), may precede a verb. Nadie tenia dinero. Ninguno queria viajar en omnibUs.

Nobody had money. No one wanted to travel by bus.

161

160 ------------------------------------- -----

Nada parecia apropiado.

Nothing seemed suitable.

When the negative word appears after the verb, there must be another negative word before the verb. Nunca venia nadie a Ia tienda. Nobody would ever come to the shop. No habla ni ingles ni frances. She speaks neither English nor French.

Exercise 5

Give the English equivalent for the following: 1 2 3 4 5

Nadie tiene nada. Nunca compra ningun regalo. Estela no come ni came ni huevos. Nadie aprende un idioma en un dia. Aqui no mas esta el museo.

The most frequently used negative words are: nada nadie ninguno/ninguna ni nunca

nothing nobody no one nor never

Exercise 6

Compare the two results of a survey on the use of the Internet and report as in the example below. Three phases will be particularly useful: Sigue igualit remains the same, Ha subido It's gone up and Ha bajado It's gone down. · Ejemplo:

No mas In Latin American Spanish this expression is more frequently used than in Spain, with the meaning of 'just', 'only' or 'no more'. In Spain nada mas is preferred. Cincuenta gramos no mas. (Latin America) Cincuenta gramos nada mas. (Spain)

Just fifty grams.

Una no mas. (Latin America) Only one. Una nada mas. (Spain) The expression no mas also has other meanings peculiar to Latin American Spanish: to encourage others to do something Sirvete no mas. Escnbeme no mas. Yo te contesto enseguida.

Do help yourself. Do write to me. I'll answer straight away.

to convey the idea of 'very recently' or 'very near' Llego ayer no mas. Aquino mas voy. Voy a Ia tienda no mas.

He only arrived yesterday. I am not going very far. I'm just going to the shop.

En al aiio 2000 el 9% de los usuarios utilizaba Internet para leer noticias. Ahora, el 9% de los usuarios utiliza Internet para leer noticias. Sigue igual. Afto 2000

Ahora

LEER NOTICIAS

9%

9%

HACER COMPRAS EN GENERAL

7%

6%

BAJAR MUSICA

4%

7%

ENTRETENIMIENTO

21%

17.5%

p

BUSCAR INFORMACION

30%

27%

~

COMPRAR I VENDER EN SUBASTAS

3%

6%

~

MAN DAR I RECIBIR e-mail

19%

23%

4%

2%

Uso del Internet

I~

.-n ~-

~

ORGANIZAR VIAJES

162

@

HACER NEGOCIOS

2.5%

4%

~

OTROS USOS

0.5%

0.5%

hacer compras bajar musica entretenimiento subasta

I hope you can

do shopping download music entertainment auction

Reading a:!

By the end of this chapter you should be able to:

While reading the following passage, see if you can find answers to these questions: In which present day countries did the Maya civilization flourish? What were their main interests?

Los Mayas Los antiguos Mayas ocupaban Ia peninsula de Yucatan al sur de Mexico y Ia mayor parte de lo que hoy es Guatemala. Los Mayas empezaron a construir su civilizaci6n en el siglo V antes de Cristo. Los mayas se dedicaban a Ia arquitectura, escultura, pintura, escritura jeroglffica, matematicas y astronomia. antiguos se dedicaban a escritura jeroglffica astronomia

15 Espero que puedas

old were devoted to hieroglyphic writing astronomy

El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico© James Folan.

• Use the present subjunctive with regular verbs • Use the present subjunctive with irregular verbs • Use expressions related to health (e.g. I've got a headache)

Dialogue 1 a:! Estey buscando a alguien que me oriente Tania hopes to find somebody to help her with her project TANIA:

Estoy buscando a alguien que me oriente sabre el proyecto de consultoria. No creo que tengas que buscar mas. Yo conozco a una persona con mucha experiencia en el asunto. Es Iris Vidal, Directora de una firma de Consultoria y Asesoramiento de Empresas. i,Me puedes dar su numero de telefono? Claro. Aca lo tengo en mi agenda.

165

164

Language points The present subjunctive The subjunctive is a mood which denotes attitude and is mainly used in sentences expressing wish, hope or doubt. It is used to indicate actions which are only hypothetical or a possibility in the future, at the moment of speaking. Espero que puedas venir a Ia fiesta. Quisiera que ayudes a Isabel. Rosa me ha pedido que vaya a Ia oficina. Su papa lo ha convencido para que vaya a Quito.

I hope you can make it to the party. I would like you to help Isabel. Rose has asked me to go to the office. His dad has persuaded him to go to Quito.

dar decir estar haber hacer ir oir poder poner querer saber salir ser tener traer valer

de,des, de,demos, den, den diga, digas, diga, digamos, digan, digan este, estes, este, estemos, esten, esten haya, hayas,haya, hayamos,hayan,hayan haga,hagas, haga,hagamos, hagan,hagan vaya,vayas,vaya, vayamos,vayan, vayan oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oigan, oigan pueda, puedas,pueda, podamos,puedan, puedan ponga,pongas,ponga, pongamos,pongan,pongan quiera, quieras, quiera, querramos, quieran, quieran sepa,sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan, sepan salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgan, salgan sea,seas,sea, seamos,sean,sean tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengan, tengan traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigan, traigan valga, valgas, valga, valgamos, valgan, valgan

The present subjunctive of regular verbs is formed as follows: trabajar

comer

vi vir

Use of the subjunctive

trabaje trabajes trabaje trabajemos trabajen trabajen

coma comas coma comamos co man co man

viva vi vas viva vivamos vi van vivan

A first use of the subjunctive is after verbs indicating the exercise of some kind of influence (persuasion, recommendation, etc.). Commonly used verbs in this context are querer (to want) aconsejar (to advise), recomendar (to recommend), sugerir (to suggest).

Examples: No quiero que trabaje. Quizas trabajemos el sabado. Es importante que comamos frutas y verduras. No creo que coman en casa esta noche. Le han recomendado que viva en el campo. No creo que tengan una casa tan grande.

I don't want her to work. We may go to work on Saturday. It is important for us to eat fruit and vegetables. I don't think they will eat at home tonight. They have recommended that he should live in the countryside. I don't believe that they own such a big house.

The most commonly used irregular verbs in the present subjunctive are:

Quiero que termines pronto. Recomiendo que salgan por Ia puerta lateral. La senora dice que vuelva manana. Sugerimos que viajen durante Ia noche.

Dialogue 2

I want you to finish soon. I recommend that you leave through the side door. The lady says that you should come back tomorrow. We suggest that you travel overnight.

al

Ouiza tenga el numero Lola and Mirtha are talking about a mutual friend LOLA :

Es una pena que Jose no este en su casa.

167

166 Sf. Yo creo que es necesario que le llamemos. Quiza tenga el numero en mi cartera. A ver ... Si aca esta. No creo que se sorprenda cuando escuche mi voz. Pero nunca se sabe. MIRTHA: i Cuando hablaste con el por ultima vez? LoLA: Hace tres o cuatro dias. Sara y yo estabamos en el centro y el se acerc6. MmTHA: i Cuando volvera por aca? LoLA: No creo que sea esta semana. MIRTHA:

After ique! or iojala! (expressions of hope or wish):

LOLA:

iQue te vaya bien! iQue te diviertas! 1ojala no necesite una operaci6n! iOjala este en casa!

Have a good time! Enjoy it! Let's hope he doesn't need an operation. Let's hope she is at home.

Exercise 1 Give English equivalents for these sentences.

Language point More uses of the subjunctive After expressions which indicate judgement or emotion: Es necesario que vengas a Ia oficina. iQue pena que Carlos no este! ;,Note fastidia que te hable de esemodo? Es mejor que no salgas. Esta lloviendo mucho.

It is necessary that you come to the office. What a shame Carlos is not in! Are you not bothered that he talks to you like that? It's better if you don't go out. It's raining heavily.

After expressions which indicate probability, possibility or doubt: Es posible que traiga Ia It is possible that he will bring the maqueta esta noche. scale model tonight. Dudo que compre mas de una I doubt whether she will buy docena. more than a dozen. No creemos que salga bien. We don't think it will work out well. When the person or object is not specified, and you use words like alguien (somebody), algo (something), etc. Estoy buscando a alguien que I am looking for somebody to me oriente en este asunto. give me some guidance in this matter. Quiero algo que me alivie I want something to relieve the el dolor. pain.

1 No creo que termine todo. 2 Que interesante que incluya esto en su libro. 3 Es probable que salga esta noche. 4 Quiero que vayas al medico. 5 Te pido que continues en tu puesto. 6 No les parece que ofrezca posibilidades. 7 Nos molesta que no llegue temprano. 8 Es importante que comamos verduras y frutas. 9 Dudamos que escriba desde Ecuador. 10 Lamento que usted no pueda venir a Ia reunion.

Exercise 2 Give Spanish equivalents for these sentences. Use the subjunctive in your answers. 1 2 3 4 5

It is necessary that you eat less. It's interesting that she answers in Spanish. I am looking for something that will help everybody. We advise you to do it. They ask you to answer promptly.

169

168 ------------------------------------- ----Exercise 4

Language point Another use of the subjunctive

Explain that you would like to see the following features in your new car. Make use of the subjunctive in your sentences. Example:

The subjunctive is always used after these expressions: antes que para que con tal que (or con tal de que) a menos que

before in order that provided that unless

Examples: We will finish before your friend Terminaremos antes que arrives. venga tu amiga. Aqui esta el dinero para que Here is the money so that you buy the presents. compres los regalos. Puedes Uevarte ellibro, con You can take the book, provided tal que lo devuelvas manana. you return it tomorrow. A menos que diga donde esta, Unless she says where it is, we will not find it. no lo encontraremos.

Tener levantacristales electricos. Quiero que tenga levantacristales electricos. 1 Tener capacidad para cinco pasajeros. 2 Ser economico con el combustible.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ser de tamano mediano. lncluir cierre electronico de puertas. Contar con motor de 1,300 o 1,400 centimetros cubicos. Venir con caja de cambios de cinco velocidades. Ser de un precio razonable. Funcionar con gasolina sin plomo. Ofrecer fiabilidad. Estar entre los Iideres del mercado.

Exercise 5

Match each of the expressions 1 to 10 with one of the responses (a) to G). Exercise 3

Complete the sentences with the correct form, choosing from the ones given in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Carlos (vendraJvenga) el viernes a Ia casa. Espero que Linda (vendra/venga) manana. Quiero que (prepare/prepara) este informe para ellunes. Esteban (trajo/traiga) Ia nueva computadora ayer. Le recomiendo que no (compraraJcompre) el tamano grande. jQue pena que Marcelo (estuvo/este) ocupado manana! Dudamos que (encontraraJencuentre) al encargado. Puedes comer dulces con tal de que no (es/sea) en exceso. Creo que me (escucharaJescuche) cuando (hablalhable) con el. El proximo domingo (empezar8n/empiecen) las clases.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Tiene hambre Ia nina. No arranca el coche. Necesitamos una secretaria mas para manana. Casi se ha terminado el dinero en efectivo. Tenemos que pagar Ia cuenta del telefono. No saben adonde ira comer. t: Vendra Carlos hoy? Le duele Ia muela. t: Que dice del informe? t:Puede Uevarse Ia guia telefonica? No creo que venga. Que coma algo en el comedor. Dile al encargado que saque dinero de Ia cuenta corriente. Siempre que Ia devuelva pronto. Que Uamen al mecinico. Dile que haga una cita con el dentista. Recomiendales el restaurante tipico de Ia esquina.

171

170 --------------------------------------- ----(h) Espera que no tengas que volver a escribirlo. (i) Pide a Ia secretaria que pague manana. (j) Es posible que contraten a otra esta tarde.

Language point

Exercise 6

This verb in Latin America has the meaning of 'to hurry up', while in Spain it is mainly used to mean 'to worry'.

Choose the correct alternative for each sentence. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Espero que (tienes/tengas) plata. Yo no tengo. No creo que (seales) autentico. Este carro (tiene/tenga) cuatro puertas. Milagros (dice/diga) que qui ere hablar contigo. Dodo que (preparar:i/prepare) un informe. Puedes llevarte ellibro con tal que lo (devolveras/ devuelvas ). Juan Carlos (lleguenlegara) manana. jOjala (traenltraigan) una muestra! No esperamos que nos (ayudanlayuden). Manana (sea/sera) Ia reunion.

Dialogue 3

m

jOue te diviertas! While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find the answer to this question: Has Genaro actually forgotten something? Genaro is about to leave for the airport. Luisa is seeing him off, trying to make sure he hasn't forgotten anything. GENARo: Bueno. Me voy. Tengo que llegar al aeropuerto en veinte minutos. LuisA: Sf apurate. Note olvides de nada. GENARo: Todo esta en la maleta. LuisA: jQue te vaya bien! jQue te diviertasl GENARo: Gracias. Vuelvo el domingo.

Apurarse

jAptirate! jVan a cerrar Ia tienda! No te apures. Hay tiempo.

Dialogue 4

Hurry up! The shop is going to close! Don't rush. There's time.

m

Me duele Ia cabeza While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find the answer to this question: What will Olga do if she can't get rid of her headache? Elisa realizes that Olga is not feeling well EusA: OLGA: ELisA: OLGA: EusA: OLGA: ELisA: OLGA: ELisA: OLGA:

~Que te pasa? No me siento bien. Me duele mucho la cabeza. Toma una pastilla para calmar el dolor. Ya tome una y no me pasa. Creo que voy a acostarme. Sf. Te hara bien. Si no me pasa, consultare al medico manana. A visame, y te acompaiio. Gracias. Te llamare manana a las diez. Chau. Chau.

Language point Me due/e To explain that you have some kind of pain you use the expression Me duele followed by the part of the body that hurts.

L

172

173

_s..- -Ia garganta (throat )

,___

Ia cal>eza (head) _ _ el ofdo

Is the airport near the center of town? What are the main destinations of the national airline?

(ear) Ia muela (tooth) Ia mano (hand) ell>razo (arm)

Ia espalda (l>ack)

el est6mago (stomach)

el pie (f oot )

Ia plema (leg)

Me duele Ia cabeza Ia muela el oido Ia pierna el brazo el pie Ia mano Ia espalda el estomago Ia garganta It is possible to use Tengo dolor de instead of Me duele. In this case

you do not use the article el or Ia. Tengo dolor de cabeza. Tengo dolor de muela.

Reading

m

While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions:

El transporte aereo en Uruguay El aeropuerto intemacional de Carrasco se encuentra ubicado a 17 km de Montevideo. En este aeropuerto operan las lineas aereas internacionales y hay un servicio diario de puente aereo con Argentina. Un taxi del aeropuerto al centro de Montevideo cuesta aproximadamente veinte d6lares. La linea aerea nacional controlada por el estado se llama PLUNA. Vuela a Europa y a pafses cercanos al Uruguay, especialmente a Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Paraguay. ubicado puente aereo cercano

located shuttle service nearby

175

16 Me gustaria

TRANSEUNTE 3:

• • •

I would like ...

Reading

Si, claro. Necesitamos transporte rapido. Hace aiios habia tranvias. Eran una gran cosa.

m

While reading the passage below see if you can answer the question: Why do people access the Internet?

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • Use the conditional tense (e.g. I would go, etc.) • Use ordinal numbers (first, second, etc.) • Use the imperative (i.e. the command form)

Dialogue 1

m

iOue le gustarfa? While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Do all the people interviewed agree? Are there any advantages in having a tram service? Some people are being asked about their views on a local issue

ENTREVISTADOR: ;,Le gustaria tener un servicio de tranvias por a qui? TRANSEUNTE 1: No. Seria una perdida de dinero publico y destruiria el ambiente de Ia calle principal que data de tiempos coloniales. ENTREVISTADOR: ;,Estaria de acuerdo con un servicio de tranvias por aqui? TRANSEUNTE 2: Si. Primero, porque seria mas rapido que los 6mnibus y segundo porque es mas limpio. Menos contaminante. Pero supongo que costaria mas, ;,no? ENTREVISTADOR: ;,Le pareceria bien tener un servicio de tranvias por aqui, por la calle principal?

Internet Internet es una red mundial de computadoras para intercambiar informaci6n. Cuando una persona se conecta a la red, puede entrar en contacto con cualquier otra computadora conectada a la red en cualquier parte del planeta. A traves de Internet es posible enviar correo electr6nico, hacer compras, consultar informaci6n, leer peri6dicos, escuchar estaciones de radio, organizar viajes, preparar trabajos academicos, realizar operaciones bancarias, entrar en grupos de chat y otras actividades mas. red se conecta enviar cualquier a traves operaciones bancarias

network is linked to send any by means of bank transactions

Language points The conditional tense The conditional tense (in English 'I would go', etc.) is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive: -ia, -ias, -ia, -iamos, ian. The same endings are used with the three conjugations. trabajar

comer

vivir

trabajaria trabajarias trabajaria trabajariamos trabajarian trabajarian

comeria comerias comeria comeriamos comerian comerian

viviria vivirias viviria viviriamos vivirian viviriao

177

176 ------------------------------------- -----

Examples: Caroline dijo que estaria en Caroline said that she would be at su casa. home. zD6nde te gustaria vivir? Where would you like to live? zlrias al cine con Julian? Would you go to the cinema with Julian?

Irregular verbs in the conditional tense Some verbs are irregular. Although the endings present no irregularities in the conditional, the stem of the verb shows variations. Here are the main irregular verbs:

noveno decimo

fourth fifth

cuarto quinto

Primero to decimo are used in everyday speech. When preceding nouns there must be agreement in gender and number. After decimo, there is a tendency to use the cardinal numbers (once 'eleven', doce 'twelve', etc.) It is the first time she has done Es Ia primera vez que lo that. hace. El cuarto concursante de hoy. The fourth contestant today. Los europeos Uegaron en el The Europeans arrived in the sixteenth century. siglo XVI (dieciseis ).

Note that primero and tercero become primer and tercer when they precede a noun.

decir

haber

hacer

diria dirias diria diriamos dirian dirian

habria habrias habria habriamos habrian habrian

haria harias haria harlamos harlan harlan

Exercise

poder

poner

querer

laue programas te gustarfa ver?

podria podrias podria podrlamos podrian podrian

pondria pondrias pondrla pondriamos pondrian pondrian

querria querrias querria queniamos querrian querrian

salir

tener

venir

saldrla saldrias saldria saldriamos saldrian saldrlan

tendria tendrias tendria tendriamos tendrian tendrian

vendria vendrias vendria vendriamos vendrian vendrian

first second third

Vive en un departamento del primer piso. Gane el tercer premio.

She lives in an apartment on the first floor. I won the third prize.

1m

Say what kind of programs you might like to watch on TV. Use the expression Me gustaria ver •.•. Choose from the list below. Write the sentences down in your notebook. Programas de television informativos noticiarios culturales telenovelas pelfculas concursos policiales documentales

c6micos infantiles musicales femeninos deportivos reportajes talk shows No veo televisi6n

Exercise2

Ordinal numbers primero segundo tercero

ninth tenth

sexto septimo octavo

sixth seventh eighth

Match the situations in the column on the left with the possible course of action you would take from the list on the right.

178

179 1 Un incendio (a) 2 El teh~fono no funciona (b) 3 No comprendo una palabra (c) 4 El carro no arranca (d) 5 Tienes hambre (e) 6 Tienes sed (f) 7 Alguien esta enfermo (g)

8 La impresora no imprime bien 9 La mesa esta sucia 10 Hace frio en Ia casa

Dialogue

Llamaria a un medico Encenderia Ia calefaccion Cambiaria el cartucho Tomaria una bebida refrescante La limpiaria Llamaria a los bomberos Me comunicaria con Ia compaiiia telefonica (h) Comprobaria Ia bateria (i) La buscaria en el diccionario (j) Comeria algo

2m

Ponga Ia cebolla a macerar Adela is explaining how to prepare a typical dish ADELA:

MARIANA: ADELA:

Exprima los 4 limones y ponga la cebolla a macerar en este jugo luego de picarla. Sancoche y luego pele las papas. j,Se forma una masa? Si. Machuque las papas y forme una masa con la papa machucada, la cebolla y el jugo de lim6n. Afiada aceite si es necesario. Coloque la masa en un molde y decore con mitades de huevo duro, aceitunas y queso.

Language point

Examples: Prepara Ia camioneta. Vamos a salir. Come toda tu comida. Sube al carro.

Have the van ready. We are going out. Eat your meal up. Get in the car.

There are some irregular verbs. The most frequently used irregular verbs in the imperative for the second person informal (tu) are: decir estar hacer ir oir

salir ser tener venir

di esta haz ve oye

sal se ten ven

The imperative for the second person singular formal (usted) is the same as the present subjunctive for usted, el or ella. preparar comer subir

prepare coma suba

Examples: Have the report ready for tomorPrepare el informe para manana. row. Coma antes de ir al examen Eat before going to the medical examination. medico. Go up to the fourth floor. Suba al cuarto piso. The imperative for the second person plural (ustedes) is the same as the present subjunctive for ustedes, ellos or elias.

The imperative The imperative form is used to give commands, orders or instructions. Prepare un informe para manana. (us ted) Toma estas pastillas. (tti)

pre para come sube

preparar comer subir

Prepare a report for tomorrow. Take these tablets.

The imperative for the second person singular informal (tti) is the same as the form for the third person singular in the present indicative, in the case of regular verbs.

preparar comer subir

pre paren co man suban

Examples: Preparen todo enseguida. Coman despacio. Suban por Ia escalera, no por el ascensor.

Have everything ready straight away. Eat slowly. Go up the stairs, not the lift.

181

180

Negative commands

Exercise 3

These are formed using the negative particle no before the imperative. The negative imperative in the informal singular uses the present subjunctive.

Change these commands to the negative.

Affirmative pre para come sube

Negative no prepares no comas no subas

Examples: No prepares nada. No comas antes de acostarte. No subas al despacbo basta las diez.

Don't prepare anything. Don't eat before going to bed. Don't go to the office until ten.

The negative imperative in the formal singular also uses the subjunctive. Affirmative prepare coma suba

Negative no prepare no coma no suba

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

V engan a Ia fiesta. Llama a to novia. Compra cigarrillos. Abra Ia ventana. Copien el documento en diskette. Pide diez cuadernos. Ven con to novio. Tome fotos. Prepare el plato que le recomende. Instala Ia antena.

Exercise 4

Change the following sentences to the imperative form.

Ustedes deben venir manana. Vengan manana.

Don't prepare a long presentation. Don't eat sweet things. Don't go up in the elevator.

The negative imperative in the plural is the same as the affirmative, but preceded by no.

no preparen no coman nosuban Examples: No preparen las cuentas basta maiiana. No coman muy tarde. No suban al tren cuando este en movimiento.

Compren revistas. No compren revistas.

Examples:

Examples: No prepare una presentacion larga. No coma dulces. No suba por el ascensor.

Example:

Do not prepare the accounts until tomorrow. Do not eat too late. Do not board the train while it is moving.

Tienes que decir emil es el problema. Di emil es el problema.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tienes que bajar al primer piso. Usted debe ser mas eficiente. Tienes que tomar esto. Ustedes deben revisar este contrato. Debes regresar pronto. Tienes que comer mas proteinas. Usted debe enviar el paquete por via aerea. Tiene que ir el proximo domingo. Tienes que hacer lo que dice esta senorita. Ustedes deben vender Ia maquina.

182

Reading While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions:

17 Si yo tuviera If I had

o

o

• • •

o

Does Colombia have a strategic location? Which racial group is in the majority in Colombia?

Colombia Colombia tiene costas en el Oceano Pacifico y en el Oceano Atlcintico. Su situaci6n geogratica es muy estrategica. Ademas esta cerca del Canal de Panama. Como el resto de America Latina, su poblaci6n crece aceleradamente. La mitad de Ia poblaci6n es mestiza, alrededor del 20 ciento es blanca, otro 20 por ciento esta formado por mulatos y zambos y el resto por gente de raza negra e india. estrategica como el resto crece aceleradamente mitad mestiza mulatos zambos

strategic like the rest, like the others grows fast half Spanish and indigenous mixed-blood race people who have one white and one black parent people who have one black and one Indian parent

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • Use the imperfect subjunctive • Use open conditional sentences (e.g. If I arrive early) • Use remote/hypothetical conditional sentences (e.g. If I had a car)

Dialogue 1

m

Si yo tuviera un ingreso extra After reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Would both people do the same things with the extra money? What would you do? Two people are talking about hypothetical plans

GENARo: Si tuviera un ingreso extra, compraria algo para Ia cas a. ALAN: i,Que comprarias? GENARo: Compraria una nueva aspiradora, porque Ia que tenemos ya es muy antigua, y tambien un escritorio para los chicos. ALAN: i,Pagarias a credito? GENARo: Si. Hay buenas ofertas para pagar en 24 meses sin intereses.

l-

184

185

language point The imperfect subjunctive Similar to the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive indicates actions which are hypothetical, but also remote possibilities at the time of speaking. Compared to the present subjunctive, the action is less likely to take place. The imperfect subjunctive is used for sentences expressing hopes or wishes which are unlikely to happen. (Another use, in hypothetical conditional sentences, is explained later in this chapter.) Ojalallame.

I hope he rings. (And he probably

Ojala llamase.

will.) I wish he would ring. (But he probably won't.)

The. imperfect subjunctive has two alternative conjugations, which are mterchangeable.

The most common irregular verbs used in the imperfect subjunctive are: dar decir estar haber hacer ir oir poder poner querer

Examples of regular verbs: saber

trabajar trabajara trabajaras trabajara trabajaramos trabajaran trabajaran

trabajase trabajases trabajase trabajasemos trabajasen trabajasen

comer comiera comieras comiera comieramos comieran comieran

comiese comieses comiese comiesemos comiesen comiesen

vi vir vi vi era vi vi eras vi vi era vivieramos

viviesen viviesen

vivieran vivieran

salir ser tener traer valer venir ver

diera,dieras, diera,dieramos,dieran,dieran dijera, dijeras, dijera, dijeramos, dijeran, dijeran estuvieramos, estuviera, estuvieras, estuviera, estuvieran, estuvieran hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubieramos, hubieran, hubieran hiciera, hicieras, hiciera, hicieramos, hicieran, hicieran fuera,fueras,fuera,fueramos,fueran,fueran oyera,oyeras,oyera,oyeramos,oyeran,oyeran pudiera, pudieras, pudiera, pudieramos, pudieran, pudieran pusiera, pusieras, pusiera, pusieramos, pusieran, pusieran qwsaera, quisieras, quisiera, quisieramos, quisieran, quisieran supiera, supieras, supiera, supieramos, supieran, supieran saliera, salieras, saliera, salieramos, salieran, salieran fuera,fueras,fuera,fueramos,fueran,fueran tuviera, tuvieras, tuviera, tuvieramos, tuvieran, tuvieran trajera, trajeras, trajera, trajeramos, trajeran, trajeran valiera, valieras,valiera, valieramos,valieran,valieran viniera, vinieras, viniera, vinieramos, vinieran, vinieran viera, vieras, viera, vieramos, vieran, vieran

Note: yo/ustedlel/ella share the same verb form, e.g. viera, and ustedes/ellos/ellas share the same verb form, e.g. vieran.

Dialogue

2m

Si quieres ... viviese vivieses viviese viviesemos

Two friends are making arrangements to meet

ALBERTO: EMILIA:

Si vienes esta tarde, salimos al cine juntos. Bueno, ya que insistes.

186

187

ALBERTO: EMILIA:

ALBERTO:

EMILIA:

t,A que hora vienes? Nose. Depende. Quizas vaya en el auto o quizas vaya a pie. Como vives tan cerca. Si vienes en el auto llegas rapido y podemos ir a la primera funci6n. Si quieres, luego podemos ir a tamar alga. Me parece bien. Voy en el auto.

Language points Open conditional sentences In an open conditional sentence (e.g. If I go ... ) you use the present indicative. Condition si + present indicative

Conclusion present indicative

Examples: Si vienes temprano, vamos al cine. Si mandas el formulario, recibes on cupon a vuelta de correo.

Dialogue 3

I'll

Si tuviera Ia plata JosE Lms: Si tuviera la plata, compraria la computadora que queremos. MARCELo: No importa. Mi papa dijo que es posible que la compremos a plazas. JosE Lms: Pero mi mama dudaba que mi papa pudiera pagar las cuotas mensuales ya que esta pagando tambien el carra. MARcELo: Si tuvieramos la oportunidad de trabajar este verano durante las vacaciones, podriamos ayudar a pagar cada mes. JosE Lms: Vamos a hablar con Antonio. MARCELo: Si, vamos.

Language point If you come early, we can go to the

cinema. If you send the form, you get a

voucher by return of post.

Como In the appropriate context the word como means 'since'/'because', as in these examples: Como vives cerca, voy a pie. Since you live nearby I'll walk. Como no tienes los boletos, Since you don't have the tickets, no podemos entrar. we can't go in. Como pasaste los examenes, Since you passed your exams, te compramos una bici. we'll buy you a bike.

Remote/Hypothetical conditional sentences In a remote/hypothetical conditional sentence (e.g. If I had the money I would buy it.) you use the imperfect subjunctive for the condition and a conditional tense in the conclusion. When you use this type of conditional sentence the conclusion is hypothetical, since the condition expressed by the imperfect subjunctive is contrary to fact or unlikely to be fulfilled. (The imperfect subjunctive is discussed earlier in this chapter and the conditional tense appears in Chapter 16.) Condition si + imperfect subjunctive

Conclusion conditional tense

Examples: Si tuviera on diccionario, buscaria Ia palabra. Si fueran puntuales, no causarian problemas. Si Ia tienda estuviera en el

If I had a dictionary, I would look

the word up. If they turned up on time, they

would not cause problems. If the shop was in the town center,

189

188 --------------------------------------- -----

centro, iria ahorita. Si vendiesemos mas, podriamos ampliar Ia gama.

I would go right now. the range.

Compare the following examples of two types of conditional sentences: Si tengo tiempo, te escribo.

diversion otra no precisa/no responde viajes

If we sold more, we could extend

If I have time, I'll write to you. (I

think it is likely that I will have the time.) Si tuviera tiempo, te If I had time, I would write to you. escribiria. (But I don't have the time.) Si eres socio te dejan entrar. If you are a member, they let you in. (There is a possibility that you will become one.) Si fueras socio, te dejarian If you were a member, they would entrar. let you in. (But you are not and probably will never become one.)

Exercise 2

Write an English equivalent for the following sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Exercise 1

Si usted tuviera un ingreso extra a partir de este mes, ;,a que lo destinaria? If you had extra income as from this month, what would you use it for? Answer the survey question above, putting yourself in the position of (a), (b) and (c) below: (a) If you were unemployed. (b) If you and your partner had a secure job. (c) If you were leaving secondary school.

entertainment other don't know travel

Si pudiera, viajaria mas. Si Marcelo fuese mejor organizado, tendria optimos resultados. Como vienes en auto llegaras antes que Alberto. Si escribes un cheque deletrea bien el nombre. Si me dieran Ia oportunidad, trabajaria en Uruguay. Visitaria Ia capital si tuviera mas tiempo, pero solo estare dos dias por aqui. Lo traeria en diskette, si fuera compatible. Si las cifras indicasen lo contrario, tendriamos que hacer una investigation. Si Ia novela fuera mas corta, tendria mas exito. Si sabes Ia respuesta, ;,por que no Ia dices?

Exercise 3

Write a Spanish equivalent for the following sentences: 1 2 3 4 5

If there is a problem, I will send you a fax.

I do not think Helen will go to work tomorrow. Would you go back if you had the chance to do so? Since you only have one, take these other two. If he rings, we will give him the details.

Start your answers using:

Exercise4

Si tuviera un ingreso extra lo destinaria a •••

Match the phrases in the first group (1 to 5) with those in the second group ((a) to (e)).

If I had extra income I would use it for ...

ahorros alimentacion articulos para el hogar ropalcalzado inversion estudios

savings food household goods clothes/footwear investment studies

1 2 3 4 5

;,Quisieras ir al teatro manana? ;,Irias a Ia inauguration de Ia nueva tienda? ;,Volverias a este Iugar? En ese caso, Estela repetiria el mismo error. Norma esperaria basta que lleguen los pedidos.

191

190 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(a) Solo de vacaciones. (b) Si me invitan, si iria. (c) No puedo, voy air a hacer unas compras urgentes

(d) Si, para ver los detalles de Ia factura. (e) Si. Es dificil corregirla.

Dialogue 4

Examples: •

m

Dialogue 5

Si pudiera Si pudiera, yo lo comprara inmediatamente. Serfa una decisi6n apresurada. Si fueras tu, posiblemente hicieras Io mismo. Tienes raz6n.

language points The subjunctiv e used instead of the conditiona l ~requently in spoken Spanish the -ra form of the subjunctive is used

~stead of the conditional. This makes the sentence sound more

info~al and therefor~ is used by ~ative speakers in colloquial, ~anuhar languag~. While the followmg example is not grammat-

Ically correct, th1s type of language is often heard in everyday usage. Si pudiera, lo comprara inmediatameote.

If I could, I would buy it immedi-

ately.

Tener raz6n This expression is used to indicate that somebody is right or to accept somebody's argument. tengo razoo tieoesrazoo tiene razon

I think there are nine, Yes, you're

right. Miguel, you're always right.

m

Si tuviera mas tiempo

Enrique wishes he could buy something

ENRIQUE: RosARio: ENRIQUE: RosARio:

Creo que son nueve, como dices tu. Si, tienes razon. Miguel, tU siempre tienes razon.

tenemos razoo tieneo razon tieneo razon

Elena and Jorge are discussing business plans ELENA: Si yo tuviera mas tiempo prepararia Ia base de datos que necesitamos. Creo que tendremos que pedir ayuda a alguna firma de consultorfa. JoRGE: Estoy de acuerdo. No podemos seguir adelante sin tener toda nuestra informaci6n bien organizada antes de discutir nuestros planes de expansi6n. ELENA: El aiio pasado cuando tuvimos problemas de producci6n vinieron dos consultores de una firma internacional a orientamos y lo hicieron muy bien. Creo que podriamos ponernos en contacto con ellos nuevamente. JoRGE: Sf. Tenian un enfoque muy profesional y abordaron el problema con gran eficiencia. Vamos a ponemos en contacto con ellos otra vez. ELENA: Aqui tengo el telefono. Voy a llamarlos. Exercise 5

Translate the following sentences into Spanish: 1 If we had more personnel we could achieve better results. 2 We need to ask a consultancy for help. 3 Our company would expand into foreign markets if we had a better export policy. 4 Their approach is not very professional. 5 I think it is not a very good idea. Exercise 6

Read the following advertisements:

, .,. 192 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

193

Based on the information above, indicate if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false) 1 Si quisiera comprar lentes de contacto los encontraria en 6ptica Universitaria. 2 En Ia tienda Universo se podrian comprar muebles de caoba. 3 Si comprara los lentes de contacto descartables, estos serian europeos. 4 Los domingos a las seis de Ia tarde seria posible comprar modo· los para estanteria en Ia tienda universo. 5 La tienda Todatalla no vende ropa de cuero. 6 Si quisiera pagar con tarjeta de credito, Ia aceptarian en Ia tien· da Todatalla. 7 La tienda Universo es un distribuidor. 8 Solamente se puede pagar al contado en Todatalla. 9 Si quisiera visitar Ia 6ptica Universitaria y Ia tienda Universo iria a Ia misma calle. 10 Los modulos de Universo son en blanco y negro.

TODATAL LA lmportador directo de Europa Sacones Pantalones Vestidos Ropa de cuero Tarjetas Planes hasta 6 pagos Sabados abierto hasta las 19 horas Av. C6rdoba 321

UNIVERS O

M6dulos multifunci6n para estanteria . En roble y nogal. En blanco y negro.

Reading

Lunes a sabados: 9 a 17 horas Domingos: 15 a 19.30 horas

m

Read the following passage and answer these questions:

Venta directa de fabrica. Av. Mendoza 177

Where is Honduras? Are there four well defined seasons during the year?

OPTICA UNIVERSITARIA Lentes de Contacto Descartables 12 pares lmportados USA $140 Blandos color importados $150

I

Entrega inmediata

BELIZE

GUATEMALA

Calle San Marcelo 3522 Tel 931 3992 ELSALVAD OR

1

HONDURAS

NICARAGUA

194

Honduras Honduras esta situada en America Central. Tiene 112,000 kil6metros cuadrados y limita con tres paises: Guatemala, Nicaragua y El Salvador. Practicamente s6lo hay dos estaciones durante el afio: Ia epoca de lluvias y Ia estaci6n seca. La epoca de lluvias es de junio a octubre. Durante esta epoca del aiio las temperaturas van de 1s·c en las zonas altas a 3o·c en las zonas bajas. Las temperaturas son mas altas en Ia epoca seca, que va de noviembre a mayo. cuadrados limita con estaciones

square has borders with seasons

epoca del aiio epoca de lluvias

18 Si hubieras enviado ... If you had sent ...

time of the year rainy season By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • • • • •

Use Use Use Use Use

the pluperfect subjunctive. (e.g. If I had known) the conditional perfect (e.g. I would have come) expressions of concession (although, despite, etc.) demaslado +noun (e.g too many problems) demaslado +adjective (e.g. too long, too expensive)

Dialogue 1

m

Si hubieras enviado Ia carta Juan and Marie/a talk about things that should have been done JuAN:

MARIELA:

JuAN: MARIELA:

Si hubieras enviado Ia carta, habrias obtenido Ia informaci6n necesaria. Asi no habrias tenido que volver otra vez esta manana con todos los documentos. Lo que pas6 fue que no tenia Ia direcci6n exacta. Si tu me hubieras dado los datos completos, entonces habrfa podido enviar Ia carta. jPero faltaba el nombre de Ia calle! En fin, ya no importa. Disculpame. Si hubiera notado que faltaba algo, te habria enviado un fax o te habria llamado por telefono. Esta bien. Todo esta resuelto ahora.

196

------------------------------------- ----- 197

Conditional sentences of the third type

Language points The conditional perfect tense The verb haber in the conditional tense (habria, habrias, etc.) together with the past participle of the main verb are used to form the conditional perfect tense which is mainly used together with the pluperfect subjunctive in conditional sentences of the third type. Here are the forms of trabajar in the conditional perfect. habria trabajado habrias trabajado habria trabajado habriamos trabajado habria trabajado habrian trabajado

The pluperfect subjunctive is used together with the conditional perfect tense to form conditional sentences which refer to conditions that cannot be fulfilled at the time of speaking or conditions which are contrary to fact. Condition si + pluperfect subjunctive

Examples: If I had brought the map, we would Si hubiera traido el mapa, have found the route. habriamos encontrado Ia rota. Many people would have died in Mochas personas habrian the explosion if it had not hapmuerto en Ia explosion si pened on a Sunday. no hubiese ocurrido un domingo. If we had had a video camera, we Si hubieramos tenido una would have recorded the party. cimara de video, habriamos grabado durante Ia fiesta.

I would have worked

you would have worked (informal) you would have worked (formal); he/she would have worked we would have worked you would have worked they would have worked

The pluperfect subjunctive To form the pluperfect subjunctive, you use the imperfect subjunctive of haber together with the past participle of the main verb. Here are the forms of comprar in the pluperfect subjunctive: hubiera comprado hubieras comprado hubiera comprado hubieramos comprado hubieran comprado hubieran comprado

I would have bought you would have bought (informal) you would have bought (formal); he/she would have bought we would have bought you would have bought they would have bought

As in the case of the imperfect subjunctive, it is possible to use the alternative form -se. They are interchangeable. hubiese comprado hubieses comprado hubiese comprado

hubiesemos comprado hubiesen comprado hubiesen comprado

Conclusion conditional perfect

Exercise 1

Change the sentences below as in the example. Example: No visite Colombia. (tiempo) Si hubiera tenido tiempo habria visitado Colombia. 1 2 3 4 5

No termine Ia pintura. (tiempo) No fuimos al teatro. (entradas) No compraste el regalo. (suficiente dinero) Ustedes no vinieron a Ia fiesta. (invitacion) No prepare el informe. (datos necesarios)

• 199

198

Dialogue

2m

Yo que

tu

TERESA:

Yo que tu no aceptaria esas condiciones. No tengo alternativa. Necesito el prestamo. Si yo fuera una persona con un trabajo estable, entonces podria ir al banco a solicitar un prestamo. Tienes raz6n. Cuando consigas un trabajo a tiempo completo tendras mayor seguridad econ6mica. Ojala que sea pronto.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j )

Deberiamos haber comido en casa. No deberias haber comido tanto. Deberias haber comprado uno mas moderno. Una talla mas grande habria sido mejor. Ojala tuvieramos mas sillas. Ojala hubiera traido mi agenda. Por lo menos te podria haber dado su telefono. Deberia haber comprado una revista especializada. Si. Nos habria ayudado mucho. Deberiamos haber traido mas pilas. Si hubieras traido dos me podrias prestar uno.

3m

Language point

Dialogue

Yo que tti/usted

Aunque los graficos son buenos

Although 'If I were you' can be translated as Si yo fuera tll!usted a ~ore colloquial form is preferred in everyday speech, Yo q~e tll!usted. The same applies to a third person, e.g. Yo que Esteban 'If I was Esteban'. Yo que usted no vendria mas a este Iugar. Yo que tu lo mandaria por via aerea.

If I were you I would not come back to this place. If I were you I would send it by air mail.

Exercise2

Match each statement in the group 1 to 10 with a suitable one from the group (a) to (j).

1 Me duele el est6mago. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

No funciona Ia linterna. He traido un libro para leer durante el viaje. La chaqueta le queda chica. El modelo es anticuado. No habia nada de comer. 1Cuanta gente! Ojala estuviera Rosana con nosotros. Este peri6dico no tiene mocha informacion. No encuentro Ia direcci6n de mi tia Maria.

Sr Sosa and Sr Mendez are discussing the graphics to appear in an advertisement

SR MENDEz: l Que le parece Ia publicidad que se ha preparado para el producto? Aunque los graficos en el anuncio publicitario son SR SosA: muy buenos, creo que el texto es demasiado largo. Hay que recortarlo. SR MENDEZ: Quiza es largo, pero asi recortaramos el texto, habria que incluir suficiente informaci6n sobre las especificaciones tecnicas del producto. Es un punto muy importante para atraer a los posibles compradores. Es ahi donde tenemos ventajas sobre nuestros competidores. Pienso que es cuesti6n de opini6n. Para mi, Ia imagen SR SosA: dice mas que las palabras. Quisiera que estudiases Ia posibilidad de recortar el texto, digamos en un quince a veinte por ciento. SR MENDEz: Bueno, a pesar de que ya pas6 el plazo para entregar el texto al Departamento de Publicidad de Ia revista, voy a averiguar si podemos hacer algunos cambios.

201

200 ----------------------------------------A pesar de que no hay subsidios In spite of the fact that there aren't state subsidies or ino incentivos del estado, se ha centives, it has been possible logrado superar Ia falta de to overcome the lack of inversion en el sector de Ia investment in the construcconstruccion. tion sector. A pesar de que no puede uti· In spite of the fact that she can't use her right arm, she lizar so brazo derecho, logro managed to rescue the girl. rescatar a Ia nina.

Demasiado When demasiado is used as an adjective, meaning 'too much/many', it agrees in number and gender. Hay demasiadas fallas en esta There are too many faults in this machine. maquina. We have too many problems to Tenemos demasiados solve. problemas que resolver.

Language points Aunque

When demasiado is used as an adverb meaning 'too/too much', it remains the same in all cases.

This expression of concession is used in a similar way to its English equivalent 'although'. In Spanish it can be followed by a verb in the indicative or in the subjunctive. Generally speaking they are interchangeable. .

El texto es demasiado largo. Los vehiculos todo-terreno son demasiado caros. La cotizacion del dolar es demasiado baja. Las excavaciones son demasiado profundas.

Aunque los graficos son buenos, Although the graphics are good, hay demasiado texto. there is too much text. Aunque los graficos sean buenos, hay demasiado texto. Aunque el producto es bueno, Although the product is good, so presentacion es deficiente. its presentation is poor. Aunque el producto sea bueno, so presentacion es deficiente.

The excavations are too deep.

Exercise 3

Join the two phrases using aunque as in the example. Example: Iremos esta tarde. El museo esta lejos. Aunque el museo esta lejos, iremos esta tarde.

A pesar de que This is another expression of concession which is also similar in use to its English equivalent 'despite the fact that'.

The text is too long. All-terrain vehicles are too expensive. The dollar exchange is too low.

or Aunque el museo este lejos, iremos esta tarde.

203

202 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - No compramos las camisas. Estaban rebajadas. Aunque estaban rebajadas, no compramos las camisas. or Aunque estuvieran rebajadas, no compramos las camisas. 1 2 3 4

5 6 7

8 9 10

Manejo el auto. No tenia licencia de conducir. Pago al contado. Tenia tarjetas de credito. Compro en una tiendecita. El supermercado esta cerca. Le regalo una locion para despues de afeitarse. No se afeita. No contesto. Recibio su carta. Organize) una reunion para Ia manana siguiente. Llegaba de madrugada. Noes compatible con las demas de Ia oficina. La computadora es nueva. No le gusta Ia comida picante. Es latinoamericano. No tiene sistema computarizado. Es el archivo mas grande del pais. No bajo de peso. Estuvo a dieta todo el aiio pasado.

Exercise 4 Give Spanish equivalents for the following: There are too many students in this room. Everything is too hot. The temperature is too cold for this time of year. It is too high. She cannot reach. 5 I put too many coins in the machine. It doesn't work.

1 2 3 4

Exercise 5 Give English equivalents for the following: 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10

l

A pesar de que no tenia dinero, pidio comida cara. Terminamos a pesar de que las condiciones eran negativas. A pesar de sus quejas no recibe ayuda. Visita a sus nietos muy seguido a pesar de tener muchos aiios. A pesar de las oportunidades que tuvo, nunca triunfo. A pesar de tener on gran reparto, Ia pelicula no es buena. A pesar de sus problemas de salud, sigue jugando futbol. No sale a pesar de que el medico se lo aconsejo. A pesar de Ia Uuvia, caminaron toda Ia tarde. A pesar de tener on sueldo muy alto, siempre pide prestamos.

Dialogue 4 f!l Suponiendo que Suponiendo que no lleguen, j,que hacemos? MARiA: Nada. Hay que esperar y luego ya veremos. Yo crefa que tu querias resolver las casas nipido. Me JuAN: parecfa que no ibas a esperar. MARfA: Cambie de opini6n. Asf lleguen tarde, seria mejor a que no lleguen. J U AN:

Ju AN:

Language points

Suponiendo que . Supposing ... This expression of concession is always followed by the subjunctive. Suponiendo que este armado, Supposing he is . armed, what action will the police take? ;.que medidas tomara Ia policia? That is supposing he was able to Eso es suponiendo que pudiera asistir a Ia reunion. attend the meeting.

Asi Even if Apart from its usual use (the equivalent of 'so', 'thus' in English), in Latin American Spanish asi can be used as an alternative to aunque. Asi lo castiguen, seguira creyendo en sus ideales. No ira, asi lo amenacen.

Even if he is punished, he will continue to believe in his ideals. He will not go, even if he is threatened.

Exercise 6 Give the English equivalent for these phrases.

204

1 2 3 4 5

No respondera a las preguntas, asi lo torturen. Esperara a su hijo, asi Uegue muy tarde. Iremos, asi llueva toda Ia noche. Te avisariamos, asi fuera muy tarde. En mi caso te habria telefoneado, asi hubiera sido domingo.

Reading

19 Ha sido

• • •

It has been ...

m

While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Is the lack of water going to affect Latin America in the same way as the industrialized countries? Which sector of the economy is going to suffer most?

Falta de agua En un futuro cercano sera mayor la falta de agua en Latinoamerica. Aunque en Europa y en el resto de los pafses industrializados el agua disponible por habitante se reducira en los pr6xirnos aiios, en Latinoamerica esta reducci6n sera mas pronunciada. Las sociedades actuales deben detener el derroche existente y la mala utilizaci6n de este elemento vital, de lo contrario habra repercusiones para los distintos sectores econ6micos, especialmente para la agricultura. Ia falta disponible se reducira pronunciada

lack available will be reduced marked

sociedades derroche de lo contrario

societies waste otherwise

By the end of this chapter you should be able to: • Use the passive voice (e.g. It has been returned) • Use the impersonal se in place of the passive voice • Distinguish between pero and sino

Dialogue 1 rll Han sido entrevistados While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find the answer to this question: Do Laura and Eduardo know exactly what happened? Laura and Eduardo are in their office talking about something in the news

LAURA: l,Que sabes del asunto? EDUARDo: S6lo lo que dice el peri6dico. Escucha. Han sido entregados dos de los tres expedientes que se perdieron de Ia oficina. Los directores han sido entrevistados por la policfa. Los documentos han sido devueltos esta maiiana. Nose sabe quien los devolvi6. LAuRA: Es un misterio. Vamos a preguntar a tu hermano. Quizas el tenga mas noticias. EDUARDO: Sf, vamos.

206

----------------------------------------- 207

Language point The passive voice The verb ser is used with the past participle to form the passive voice. There is agreement in number and gender with the subject of the verb ser. The passive voice is used to put the emphasis on the action taking place rather than on the subject performing the action (as in the active voice). Los expedientes han sido The dossiers have been returned. devueltos. Los trabajadores son The workers are transported in llevados en vehiculos de Ia company vehicles. empresa. The following are examples of the passive voice in various tenses. Present

Imperfect

soy llevado eres llevado es llevado somos llevados son llevados son llevados

era llevado eras llevado era llevado eramos llevados eran llevados eran llevados

El dinero es llevado al banco The money is taken to the bank in en cantidades peqneiias. small amounts. Ese dia los tres eran llevados That day the three of them were a Ia comisaria. being taken to the police station. Preterite

Future

fui llevado fuiste llevado fue llevado fuimos llevados fueron llevados fueron Uevados

sere llevado seras Uevado sera llevado seremos llevados seran llevados seran llevados

El ataud fue llevado por sus amigos mas intimos. Todos seremos llevados a Ia sala dos.

The coffin was carried by his closest friends. We will all be taken to room two.

Conditional

Present perfect

seria llevado serias llevado seria llevado seriamos llevados serian llevados serian llevados

he sido llevado bas sido llevado ba sido llevado hemos sido llevados han sido llevados han sido llevados

El cuadro seria llevado al museo si se garantizara Ia seguridad del transporte. Los acusados han sido llevados al tribunal.

The painting would be taken to the museum if safe transport could be guaranteed. The accused have been taken to the court.

Pluperfect

Future perfect

habia sido llevado habias sido llevado habia sido llevado habiamos sido llevados habian sido llevados habian sido llevados

habre sido llevado habras sido llevado habra sido llevado habremos sido llevados habran sido llevados habran sido llevados

Para entonces los articulos By then the stolen goods had already been taken to another robados ya habian sido country. llevados a otro pais. At the beginning of the next cenA principios del proximo tury the samples will have been siglo las muestras habran sido llevadas a otro planeta taken to another planet in a en un laboratorio espacial. space laboratory. Conditional perfect

habria sido llevado habrias sido llevado habria sido Uevado habriamos sido llevados habrian sido llevados habrian sido llevados Nosotros no habriamos sido We wouldn't have been taken in llevados en ese helic6ptero that helicopter if the authorities si las autoridades hubieran had insisted on carrying out more insistido en realizar mas tests. pruebas. The passive construction in continuous tenses, e.g. estoy siendo llevado, is not very common.

---------------------------------------209

208 Exercise 1

Se sabe que no funciona. Se espera que compren nuestros productos. Se decla que no tenia Ia informacion. Finalmente se ha establecido por que lo hicieron. Creo que se ha decidido que no asistiran al Congreso.

Change the sentences to the passive voice. Example: El alcalde inauguro Ia feria. La feria foe inaugurada por el alcalde. Destruyeron Ia muii.eca. La muii.eca foe destruida. 1 Construyeron Ia nueva autopista. 2 La municipalidad aplico Ia multa. 3 El gobierno aprobo el presupuesto. 4 La tienda rebajo los precios. 5 Terminaron Ia obra. 6 La casa editorial habria publicado Ia obra. 7 Los llevarian a todos a Ia comisaria. 8 El juez habra interrogado a todos. 9 Nos han engaii.ado. 10 Un gran nWnero de personas leeria ellibro.

Dialogue 2

a:l

Se sabe Juan is explaining the virtues of a new material in the product he sells Se sabe que este material dura afios sin perder color. (,Que se tiene que hacer para mantenerlo limpio? S6lo se necesita pasar un trapo humedo para limpiarlo y JuAN: ya esta. Au ciA: (,Nose necesita tambien utilizar un limpiador abrasivo? JUAN: No es necesario. Un trapo humedo es suficiente. ALICIA: Lo probare. JUAN:

Au ciA:

Exercise2 Give a Spanish equivalent for the following sentences. 1 It has been decided that you will represent the company at the fair. 2 It is said that the competitors are demoralized. 3 It is explained in the leaflet. 4 It was accepted in the end. 5 It has been repeated for the third time. 6 It is known that this product affects the skin. 7 It is sent by post. 8 It is offered to members of the organization. 9 They are given in advance. 10 They will be returned the next day. Exercise 3 Give an English equivalent for the following sentences. 1 2 3 4

5

Language point The impersonal se Se is used in spoken Spanish to replace the passive construction learned above, which is mainly used in written language.

It is known that it doesn't work. It is expected that they will buy our products. It was said that she did not have the information. Finally it has been established why they did it. I think it has been decided that they will not attend the conference.

6 7

8 9 10

Se piensa que no habra aumento de sueldos. Se sabe que no llegaran basta maii.ana. Creo que ahora se entiende Ia idea. Se ha terminado Ia sesion. Primero, el producto se coloca en el interior de Ia maquina. Se acordo durante Ia Ultima reunion. Se simplificarian tramites de exportadores para pagar impuestos. El prestamo no se invertira en obras publicas. Se introducira un nuevo sistema de clasificacion. La proxima semana se publicaran los nuevos precios del gas industrial.

210 --------------------------------------- -----

Language point

The passive with the subject performing the action

------------------------------------- ----- 211

Dialogue

3m

La puerta estaba abierta Cuando llegue la puerta ya estaba abierta. Yo llegue unos momentos antes cuando un empleado estaba abriendo la puerta. CARLOS: l,Compraste algo? SANDRA: Si la ropa estaba bien rebajada. Compre una blusa para mi hermana y dos para mi. CARLos: Estaba convencido de que encontraria algo para Celia, pero al final no compre nada para ella. CARLOS:

SANDRA:

Although the passive construction and the impersonal se are interchangeable in the cases introduced above, only the passive construction can be used when the subject who performs the action is mentioned. La noticia foe revelada a Ia The news was revealed to the press prensa por el presidente de by the president of the committee. Ia comision. The biggest investment was made La mayor inversion foe realizada por el sector de by the construction sector. Ia construccion.

Language point

Estaba abierta

Exercise 4

Change the sentences from the active to the passive construction. Examples: El Rector clausuro el ano academico. El aiio academico foe clausurado por el Rector. Los alumnos han organizado Ia reunion de manana. La reunion de manana ha sido organizada por los alumnos. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

La Directora inaugurola exposicion sobre comercio exterior. Los comerciantes del centro publicaran una nueva revista. El distribuidor reemplazara Ia maquina. El Ministerio de Transportes reconstruira mas de cien kilo· metros de Ia carretera al Norte. La Compaiiia de Telefonos introducira una nueva gama de productos. El Ministerio del Interior ha distribuido Ia nueva tarjeta de identificacion. La policia detuvo al delincuente. Las empresas extranjeras entregaron el donativo. El dueiio de Ia tienda dono una computadora. Los hinchas Uevaron en hombros al entrenador.

When you use the passive with estar you usually refer to a state which is the result of an action; the agent of the action (i.e the person who performs the action) is usually not included: e.g. La puerta estaba abierta 'The door was open'. When you use the passive with ser, you describe the action itself and you can add the agent: La puerta foe abierta (por el vigilante) 'The door was opened (by the guard)'. Exercise 5

Give an English equivalent for the following phrases. Ellibro estaba destinado a ser un exito. Ellibro foe destinado al mercado exterior. Julian estaba castigado porno terminar sus deberes. Julian foe castigado por su madre. Este material es procesado en una maquina muy modema. El alimento ya estaba procesado. Los soldados eran instruidos cada manana. Las ftores eran cortadas cuidadosamente por las mujeres que trabajaban alii. 9 Las ftores estaban cortadas. 10 La capital foe atacada por tropas extranjeras. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

212

------------------------------------------ 213 4 We do not want a single, but a return ticket. 5 He has gone to Mexico, but I do not know when he will be back.

Dialogue 4 r%J Es cara, pero es buena Cecilia and Rosa are discussing the washing instructions on a label CECILIA:

RosA:

CECILIA:

RosA:

CECILIA:

Esta blusa es cara, pero el material es bueno. Es un material muy durable, pero tambien delicado. Cuando se ensucie no lo pongas en Ia lavadora sino lavalo a mano. i,Por que? Aca dice en Ia etiqueta: 'Lavarse a mano'. Lo que pasa es que si no lo lavas a mano puede perder su forma o color en Ia lavadora. Muy bien. Habra que lavarlo a mano.

Language point

Language point

Sino This expression - written as two words - must not be confused with the one discussed above. In this case the meaning is 'if not', as in the following examples: Debes pagar Ia cuenta de Ia You must pay the electricity bill, if not you will be cut off. luz, si no te Ia cortan. Tiene que cuidarse, si no se You have to look after yourself, if not you'll fall ill. va a enfermar.

Reading

Pero/sino

m

Argentina

The two words pero and sino mean 'but' in English. It is important to understand the difference in Spanish. Sabe nadar, pero nova a Ia She can swim, but she doesn't go to pisdna muy seguido. the swimming pool very often. No quiere nadar, sino bucear. He doesn't want to swim, he wants to dive.

PARAGUAY 0

5uSo!udo•DeJwluy

0

S.ho

0 Cot
.Rou•lo

Pero is used to contrast the first statement but it does not contradict it. Sino, however, contradicts the first statement. Here are some more examples: Quisiera ir a Ia fiesta, pero no puedo. No pedi vino tinto, sino blanco.

I would like to go to the party, but I can't. I did not order red wine, but white.

Exercise 6

Give a Spanish equivalent for the following phrases: 1 I do not want cheese, but ham. 2 She doesn't have a house now, but perhaps next year she will. 3 They do not have a cat, but a dog.

ARGENTINA

URUGUAY

214 --------------------------------------- ----Argentina cuenta con una poblaci6n de mas de 30 millones de habitantes. Es uno de los paises con el mas alto ingreso por habitante en Latinoamerica. El indice de alfabetismo (94%) es el mas alto de America Latina. El pais esta situado en Ia zona templada, pero es posible hallar todo tipo de climas, desde el tropical en el norte, basta el muy frio en las zonas altas andinas, en Ia Patagonia y en Ia Tierra del Fuego. La mayoria de Ia poblaci6n argentina vive en las ciudades y casi Ia mitad del total de Ia poblaci6n vive en Ia Provincia de Buenos Aires. ingreso income indice de alfabetismo literacy rate

20 Repaso Review

Ia mayoria most of, the majority

Dialogue 1

m

Exercise 7

Fui al cine

Based on the reading passage above, say if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false).

Sara and Pablo are talking about what they like to do

1 2 3 4 5

Argentina es uno de los paises mas pobres de America Latina. Tiene el mayor nUmero de alfabetos en America Latina. Solo hay clima templado en su territorio. La mayoria de Ia poblacion es rural. Casi on cincuenta por ciento de Ia poblacion vive en Ia Provincia de Buenos Aires.

SARA: i..Oue hiciste ayer? PABLo: Fui al cine a ver una pelicula francesa. Luego compre una revista para leer en el tren mientras volvia a casa. SARA: i.,De que se trata Ia revista? PABLo: Trata de asuntos de actualidad. SARA: i.,ES interesante? PABLO: Si. La compro todas las semanas. i.. Tu lees mientras viajas? SARA: Sf, pero prefiero escuchar la radio. PABLO: i..Oue programas te gustan? SARA: Me gusta un programa periodistico que se llama 'Primera Plana', otro que se llama 'Competencia' yes de deportes. Tambien escucho el programa 'De noche' que es cultural, educativo y de servicio. El programa que mas me gusta es 'Los 40 mejores'. PABLO: i..Oue tipo de programa es? SARA: Es de musica del momento. PABLO: Sf, claro. Yo a veces lo escucho.

Exercise 1 Change these sentences to the preterite using the information in brackets. Example: Compro una revista de deportes. ( ayer) Ayer compre una revista de deportes.

216

------------------------------------------ 217

1 Veo on programa de television. (anoche) 2 Marcelo y Estela diseiian interiores para una firma conocida. (el ano pasado) 3 Cecilia imita a varios personajes en Ia tele. (el sabado pasado) 4 La telenovela 'Adoracion' se transmite los viernes. (ayer) 5 El servicio de limpieza es criticado siempre. (ayer) 6 Siempre pierde las carreras. (el sabado pasado) 7 Pochitajuega todos los domingos. (ayer y anteayer) 8 Leonardo no come en asa. (anoche) 9 Ellider sindical organiza una reunion de trabajadores todos los meses. (el viemes pasado) 10 Steven viaja los Junes. (hace dos horas) Exercise2

Match the phrases 1 to 10 with the phrases (a) to G).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j )

El Codigo Alimentario establece .•. En Ia foto de grupo •.• Lajueza ••• Un coche-bomba ••• Parecen iguales, .•• Lo que necesitan los estudiantes •.. El multimillonario pag6 .•• Hay on automovil •.• La comida que prepar6 Karina ..• Ha bajado •.. cuatro kilos. denunci6 al ministro. pero no lo son. que hay tres clases de agua para el consumo humano. fue deliciosa. explot6 en el museo. como primer premio. aparece junto a sus companeros de escuela. para sus trabajos de investigacion. muchos millones de dolares por el cuadro del pintor holandes.

Dialogue

2m

LVas a ir al teatro? While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to these questions: Do both want to go to the same place? Why does Estela refuse German's invitation to go to the movies? Estela and German are talking about going to the theater or movies

EsTELA: GERMAN: EsTELA: GERMAN: EsTELA: GERMAN: EsTELA: GERMAN: EsTELA: GERMAN-: EsTELA:

j,Vas air al teatro? No. No me gusta Ia obra. Creo que ire al cine. Pero tu dijiste que querias ir al teatro. No dije cuando. Hoy no puedo. Quizas el pr6ximo fin de semana. Quizas yo no pueda el pr6ximo fin de semana. 1,Por que no vasal cine conmigo? 1,Esta noche? Si. Esta noche. Es una pelicula francesa. Creo que no. Va a venir Irene y creo que ella tambien quiere ir al teatro. Iremos juntas. Bueno. Nos vemos luego. Chao.

Exercise 3

Match the phrases in 1 to 5 with the phrases (a) to (e).

1 2 3 4 5

Voy a llegar tarde a Ia reunion. Estaremos en el centro manana. Ayer compramos un nuevo juego de muebles. Se ha dislocado el brazo. Hace frio.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Hay que lie varia al hospital. Ponte una chaqueta. No hay problema. Se ha postergado para manana. zEs de roble o caoba? Yo tambien. Tengo que hacer compras.

218 ------------------- ------------------- ----

------------------ ------------------ ---219 Ademas, rni acceso a Internet por este portal es gratuito. Yo, en cambio, pago unos 15 d6lares a1 mes por el servicio. Exercise 5

Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets.

Exercise 4

Give Spanish equivalents for the following sentences: 1 2 3 4 5

I wish you had not brought that book. Let's hope Sharon has brought the same one. If I were you I would send the money tomorrow. If I were Sharon I would go there tonight. If only I had enough time to visit all the museums and exhibitions in this city.

Dialogue 3

r:rl

l Que software tienes? Irkne is asking Fernando about the software he has in his computer. Do they both have to pay to access the Internet?

(.Que software tienes? IRENE: procesador de texto, hoja de calculo, graficos, Tengo FERNANDO: rnicroedici6n, base de datos, paquete de presentaci6n. Si hago click aqui, hay un enlace directo a rni correo electr6nico. Por este atajo llego a la pagina web para mandar tarjetas virtuales. 0 sea, ya tienes Internet. IRENE: FERNANDo: Ahora si tengo porque hay tarifa plana de telefono.

1 Es posible que (vendraJvenga) manana. 2 Le ban recomendado que (viva/vive) en el campo. 3 ;,Le (guste/gustaria) ir ai cine esta nocbe o preferiria (quedarse/ quedara) en casa? 4 Es importante que (coma/comeria) fruta. 5 Me parece que no (tiene/tenga) plata para comprar el belado. 6 EI televisor (no funciona/no funcione). 7 No creo que (coman/comen) en un restaurante de mariscos porque son vegetarianos. 8 Ojala (llega/llegue) pronto. 9 Si (viene/venga) dale este dinero. 10 El medico le ha recomendado que (viajar8/viaje) ai campo. Exercise 6

Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1 Si (estaba/estuviera) en CancD.n (estaria/estare) en Ia playa y no en Ia cocina preparando Ia comida. 2 Manana (estaremos/estuvieramos) en Rio de Janeiro. Parece un sueiio. 3 Ojala (haya traido/trajo) el programa de actividades. 4 Caroline (trajo/trajese) el manual ayer, pero no se donde lo dejo. 5 Si Ia tienda (estuvo/estuviese) en el centro iriamos a pie en vez de ir en carro. 6 Quisiera (ser/fuese) diplomatico para conocer varios paises. 7 Quisiera que (ser/fuese) sabado, no Iones entonces no tendria que ir a trabajar. 8 Le dije que no podia continuar con el trabajo, a menos que (comiera/comera) algo primero. 9 Esteban no (saldraJsaliera) ai extranjero este mes porque tiene mucbo que bacer en Ia empresa. Quizas (saliera/salga) el mes

221

220 --------------------------------------- ----que viene. 10 Si (podria/pudiera) te visitaria.

6 Terminaran el edificio fines de mes. 7 Faltan muchos dias el fin aiio. 8 No estaba sobre Ia mesa sino de esta. 9 He trabajado dos dias seguidos y necesito un descanso. 10 Estare con ustedes verano.

Exercise 7

Choose the phrase in the group (a) to (j) that best completes the sentence started in the group 1 to 10.

1 Ralph tiene un sueter ••• 2 La revista dedica •.. 3 Muchos padres invierten •.. 4 La decada del 90 ••• 5 El secretario se llama ..• 6 Los colegios no dicen ••• 7 El proximo mes .•. 8 Yo ..• es todo. 9 Estas son las obras ••. 10 Hay mocha preocupacion •••

Rearrange the following words in three groups under the headings fruta (fruit), viajes (travelling) and colores (colors). bicicleta manzana ciclomotor verde frutilla

1 ;,Adonde vas tan apurada? 2 ;, Quien es esa persona que te dio Ia llave? 3 ;,Como piensas ira Ia universidad esta tarde? 4 ;,Note parece que ya es demasiado tarde para ir al teatro? 5 ;. Cuando llegan tus padres?

(a) Creo que Marcelo va a llevarme en su auto; de lo contrario ire

Complete the sentence with a preposition from the list, if it ic; necessary.

1 2 3 4 5

para de abajo de/debajo de

Se casaron _ _ _ el mes pasado. Hoy estamos a 21 septiembre. Voy a Ia escuela Ia manana. Caracas, 22 enero 1994. La tienda abre las diez las siete.

negro amarillo sandia carro rojo

Match each of the questions 1 to 5 with the most suitable reply (a) to (e).

Exercise 8

a hast a

azul barco platano vuelo piiia

Exercise 10

(a) ••• tiempo y dinero en Ia educacion de sus hijos. (b) •.. de teatro mas vistas este aiio. ( c) •.. tejido de lana de alpaca. (d) •.. sus paginas al automovilismo. (e) ..• Antonio Suarez. ( f) ••• por el medio ambiente. (g) ... creo que saldremos de vacaciones. (h) .•. creo que eso ( i) ••• cuando empezara el aiio escolar. (j) ••• fue Ia Ultima de este siglo.

desde por

Exercise 9

en durante

en el metro. (b) La Sra Taboada. Ella es Ia dueiia del hotel. Es un negocio de familia. (c) Hay dos posibilidades: una es a fines de este mes. Otra, a mediados del proximo. (d) Esta noche Ia funcion empieza media bora mas tarde que de costumbre, asi que llegaremos a tiempo. (e) AI colegio a recoger a los chicos.

Reading Read the following text from an advertisement for a private ambulance service.

222 --------------------------------------- ----MEDIC-MOVIL Medic es un serVIclO de atenci6n medica especializada. Sus unidades m6viles cuentan con equipos de atenci6n y resucitaci6n que operan en toda la capital. Si usted o uno de sus trabajadores sufre una emergencia medica, llame a nuestro telefono y de inmediato un operador u operadora con conocimientos medicos se pondni en comunicaci6n por radio a la unidad m6vil mas cercana al Iugar donde se encuentre el paciente. Si esta interesado llamenos por telefono y nuestro representante lo visitara a la brevedad posible para darle mayor informaci6n. Informes:442255 Exercise 11

Based on the reading text above, say if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false). 1 Medic es un servicio de ambulancias que opera en todo el pais. 2 El servicio es solo para ejecutivos. 3 Los operadores se comunican por radio con las unidades moviles. 4 Los operadores tratan de ubicar Ia unidad movil mas cercana ai paciente. 5 Para mayor informacion hay que ir personalmente a Medicmovil. Exercise 12

Complete the sentences with the correct form of ser or estar. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

en Ia calle Emancipacion. abogado (yo). molesta. La nina (ustedes) en Ia casa de mi hermana? ;, obreras. Estela y Lucrecia en Ecuador. Guayaquil en Colombia. El autor dellibro El banco _ _ _ cerrado. representantes sino distribuidores (nosotros). No en su despacho (ella). No El taller

------------------------------------- ----223 Exercise 13

Change these commands to the negative. Example: Compren frutillas. No compren frutillas. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Vayan a Ia reunion. Llama por telefono a tu jefe. Trata de vender tu carro. A bra el archivo para ver. Copien el documento en diskette. Pide diez cuadernos. Ven con tu novio. Tome fotos. Prepare el plato que le recomende. lnstala Ia antena.

Exercise 14

Rewrite these sentences in the imperative. Follow the examples. Examples: Ustedes deben venir manana. Vengan manana. Tienes que decir emil es el problema. Di cu81 es el problema. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ustedes deben comprar una nueva maquina. Tienes que oir lo que dice este senor. Tiene que venir el proximo sabado. Usted debe mandar el paquete por correo. Debes escribir pronto. Tienes que comer menos grasas. Ustedes deben estudiar este contrato. Tienes que hacer esto. Usted debe ser mas paciente. Tienes que subir ai tercer piso.

225

224 -------------------- -------------------- ----

Reading

m

Read the information about Maribel Hernandez and then fill in the form which follows. Maribel Hernandez tiene 39 afios. Esta separada de su esposo. Es profesora en una escuela primaria en las afueras de Quito. Maribel tiene dos hijos que se Haman Alberto y Estela. Alberto tiene 11 afios y Estela tiene 8 afios. Viven en un departamento en la calle Iglesias 341- C. El departamento tiene dos dormitorios. Uno es de Maribel, los nifios comparten el otro. Alberto y Estela ayudan a su mami en las tareas de la casa. Nombre: Edad: Estado civil:

HORIZONTAL 1 Primer nivel de educaci6n. 6 Aplicaci6n de las ciencias practicas o mecanicas en Ia industria y el comercio. 8 Pais latinoamericano. 9 Uno diferente. Uno mas.

Ocupaci6n: N11 de hijos: Nombre de los hijos: Edad de los hijos: Domicilio:

Exercise 15

Based on the passage above, say if the following statements are verdadero (true) orfalso (false). 1 2 3 4 5

Estela no tiene hermanos. Los niiios no ayudan a Maribel en las tareas de Ia casa. Estela es menor que Alberto. Viven en Ia capital ecuatoriana. Tienen un departamento de dos dormitorios.

VERTICAL 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fruta. Lo contrario de activo. Lo contrario de bajo. Hay muchos en las calles, carreteras y autopistas. Pais latinoamericano de Ia zona andina. Normalmente hay mucha en el centro de una ciudad.

227

Grammar summary

papel

color ciudad When there is a deviation from these rules an acute accent is written on the vowel of the stressed syllable.

aca latOn pacifico

The Spanish alphabet a b c ch d e f g h j k I

u m

a be (alta, grande) ce che de e efe ge hache i (latina) jot a ka ele elle erne

n ii

Word order ene efie

0

0

p q r s t u v

pe cu erre ese te u ve (corta, chica) ve doble equis y griega zeta

w X

y

z

Word order (position of the subject in relation to the object of a sentence) is not as rigid in Spanish as it is in English. The most common patterns are: subject + verb + object Mariela vendi6 Ia casa. object + verb + subject La casa Ia vendi6 Mariela. object + subject + verb La casa Mariela Ia vendi6. In most cases adjectives are placed after the noun they qualify. In negative sentences no always precedes the verb.

Nouns and gender Stress and written accent If the word ends in a vowel, -n or -s the stress is on the penultimate

syllable, i.e. the syllable before the last one. trabajo escnbes delegado Cannen If the word ends in a consonant, except -n or -s, the stress is on the final syllable.

Nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine. Not only people and animals are included in this classification, but things as well.

masc. hombre man gato male cat sol sun

fem. mujer gata luna

woman female cat moon

Generally speaking, the ending of a noun tells you whether it is masculine or feminine. The following are the most common endings. Masculine: -o, -1, -r, -y; e.g. alumno, papel, actor, rey.

228 -------------------- -------------------- ----

------------------ ------------------ --- 229

Feminine: -a, -ion, -dad, -tad, -tud, -itis; e.g. alumna, cancion, ciudad, libertad, altitud, artritis.

Articles

Usually when the masculine ends in -o, you form the feminine by changing it to -a.

The definite article

alumno

alumna

Usually when the masculine ends in a consonant, you form the feminine by adding -a. vendedor

vendedora

Some nouns are both masculine and feminine but with a difference in meaning, as in the following examples: el capital the capital (money)

Ia capital the capital (city)

el policia the police officer

Ia policia the police

sing. pl.

rnasc. el los

When a noun ends in an unstressed vowel or a stressed -e, an -s is added

the the

The definite article agrees in gender and number with the noun it precedes. el carro Ia casa

the car the house

los carros las casas

the cars the houses

Note: if the definite article precedes a singular feminine noun which starts with a stressed a- or ba-, then el is used instead of Ia. elagua el baba

Plural of nouns

fern. Ia las

the water the broad bean

The indefinite article

Examples: nifia

cafe

nifias cafes

When a noun ends in a consonant, -y or a stressed vowel (except -e), -es is added Examples: pared cuy rubi

paredes cuyes rubies

Note: There are exceptions to this third case (stressed vowel, other than -e). The most common exceptions are: mama-mamas; papa-papas Nouns ending in -z change the -z to-e, before adding -es

The neuter article The neuter article lo never precedes a noun. Its main use is to form abstract nouns. In this case it is followed by an adjective or a past participle. lo interesante lo dicbo

Examples: luz cruz

fern. rnasc. un una a/an pl. unos unas some . . The indefinite article agrees in gender and number w1th the noun 1t precedes. a jack una gata a cat un gato unas Iibras some pounds unos libros some books sing.

luces cruces

what is interesting what has been said

231

230

Adjectives

estos esos aquellos

pl.

Almost all adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun or pronoun they refer to. When the adjective ends in -o the feminine is usually formed by changing the final letter to -a. distribuidor exclusivo moda exclusiva

sole distributor exclusive fashion

Adjectives ending in a consonant usually add -a. activador frances

activadora francesa

activating French

Although the usual position of the adjective in a sentence is after the noun, it can appear before it. una casa nueva

una nueva casa

a new house

When an adjective ends in a vowel you add -s to form the plural, unless the final vowel is stressed, in which case you add -es. When it ends in a consonant you add -es. un medico peruano medicos peruanos

a Peruvian doctor Peruvian doctors

una palabra guarani dos palabras guaranies

a Guarani word two Guarani words

una solucion facil soluciones faciles

an easy solution easy solutions

Possessive adjectives Possessive adjectives agree in number with the noun which they precede. Only nuestro (our) has a feminine form, nuestra, which agrees in number and gender with the noun. my your (sing.) his, her, its, your (formal) our (masc.) our (fern.) your (pl.) their

mi tu su nuestro nuestra su su

These adjectives agree in number and in gender with the noun and usually precede it. fem. esta esa aquella

mi cuademo de ejercicios su diccionario bilingiie

my exercise book her bilingual dictionary

If the noun possessed is in the plural you add an -s to the possessive

adjective. Mis amigos no han llegado. My friends haven't arrived. Nuestras empresas firmaron Our companies signed the contract. el contrato.

Personal pronouns These pronouns are used far less than their equivalents in English. Sometimes they are used for emphasis or to avoid confusion.

Demonstrativ e adjectives

sing.

these those those (distant)

Examples:

Plural of adjectives

masc. este ese aquel

estas esas aquellas

this that that (distant)

yo

tU usted ei ella

Singular I

you (informal) you (formal) he she

Plural

nosotros nosotras ustedes ellos elias

we (masc.) we (fern.) you they (masc.) they (fern.)

233

232 ------------------------------------ -----

Adverbs

Examples:

These are usually formed by adding the ending -mente to the feminine adjective. Note that adjectives ending in -e have the same form in the masculine and the feminine. lentamente sinceramente urgentemente

Iento sincero urgente

slowly sincerely urgently

When an adverb appears with a verb in the same sentence, it usually follows the verb. It can precede the verb for emphasis. Se dirigieron a Ia escuela lentamente. Lentamente pasaron uno por uno.

They made their way to school slowly. They slowly went past one by one.

to buy to work to study

-er

comer vender comprender

to eat to sell to understand

-ir

vi vir escribir subir

to live to write to go up

The present tense indicative

Examples:

These link parts of a sentence and usually express manner, time or place: to, at in, on, at of, from from towards for, by, through for

ante bajo delante de detnis de encima entre sobre

before under in front of behind over between on

Verbs

Siempre voy en tren. Martha es peruana.

The infinitive is the form of a verb given in a dictionary. It is also the form that you will find in the glossary of this book. According to the ending of the infinitive there are three types of verbs in Spanish: also called verbs of the first conjugation also called verbs of the second conjugation also called verbs of the third conjugation

I always go by train. Martha is Peruvian.

Here are three examples of regular verbs in the present tense indicative: trabajar (to work), comer (to eat) and escribir (to write). I work you work (informal) you work (formal); he/she works we work you work (formal and informal) they work

trabajo trabajas trabaja trabajamos trabajan trabajan como comes come

The infinitive

verbs ending in -ar verbs ending in -er verbs ending in -ir

comprar trabajar estudiar

The present tense indicative is used with actions which are habitual or timeless.

Prepositions

a en de desde bacia por para

-ar

comemos co men co men

escribo escribes escribe

escribimos escriben escriben

Irregular verbs Some verbs do not follow the pattern or rule of regular verbs. For that reason they are called irregular. Here is one example: tener. tengo tienes

I have you have (informal)

234

------------------------------------- ----235 tiene tenemos tienen tienen

you have (formal); he/she/it has we have you have they have

Forming questions Both regular and irregular verbs form questions by adding question marks to affirmative and negative statements. When speaking you sound as if you are asking a question. Unlike English, you do not need an auxiliary word like 'do'. Trabajan mucho. zTrabajan mucho?

They work hard. Do they work hard?

No tienes tiempo. zNo tienes tiempo?

You do not have time. Don't you have time?

Radical changing verbs

verbs; -iendo for -er and -ir verbs.) The forms correspond to the English ending '-ing', as in 'eating', 'running', etc. I am studying you are studying ( informal) you are studying (formal); he/she is studying we are studying you are studying (formal and informal) they are studying

estoy estudiando estas estudiando esta estudiando estamos estudiando estan estudiando estan estudiando

The present continuous refers to an action which is in progress at the time of speaking.

The present perfect tense The present perfect tense is formed by the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb of the sentence. Example: He perdido mi maletin.

These are verbs in Spanish which undergo a change of the stem vowel (i.e. the vowel in the part of the verb that remains the same when it is conjugated) when you conjugate them. In these verbs the vowel -e- in the stem becomes -ie-, and the vowel -o- becomes -ue-. The exception is the first person plural. Examples: -e-- -iepreferir prefiero prefieres prefiere preferimos prefieren prefieren

-o-- -uedormir duermo duermes duerme dormimos duermen duermen

The present continuous tense The present continuous tense is formed by using estar + the gerund form of the verb. The gerund ends in -ando or -iendo (-ando for -ar

I have lost my briefcase.

The forms of haber are: he has ha hemos han han

I have

you have (informal) you have (formal); he/she has we have you have (plural) they have

You form the past participle of a verb by replacing the infinitive ending -ar by the ending -ado, and the endings -er and -ir by -ido. trabajar comer vivir

trabajado comido vivido

The most common irregular past participles are: abrir (to open) decir (to say) escribir (to write) hacer (to do, to make) morir (to die)

abierto dicho escrito hecho muerto

236 ---------------------------------- ---poner (to put) romper (to break) ver (to see) volver (to return)

puesto roto visto vuelto

!he pre~ent per~ect ~s used to indicate that an event has happened m a penod of time m the past but which includes the present or whose effects still bear on the present.

The present perfect continuous This tense is used to indicate that an action has been in progress over a period of time and continues to be in progress at the time of speaking. It is formed by using haber plus the past participle plus the gerund, i.e. the verb showing action in progress, (e.g. escribiendo 'writing', viajando 'traveling'. Example:

-------------------------------------- ---237

The past tense or preterite The past tense, or preterite, is used to express an action in the past already complete at the time of speaking. Example: Ayer comimos en un restaurante.

Yesterday we went to a restaurant for a meal.

The past tense of regular verbs is formed as follows: -ar verbs: terminar (to finish) termine terminaste termino terminamos terminaron terminaron

I finished you finished (informal) you finished (formal); he/she/it finished we finished you finished they finished

-er verbs: comer

Hemos estado trabajando We have been working on this todo el dia en este asunto. matter all day.

i r a + infinitive One way of expressing the future is by using the present tense of the ~erb ir (to go) followed by a plus the infinitive expressing the mtended action. This is similar to the English structure 'to be going to+ infinitive'.

comimos comieron comieron

comi comiste comio -ir verbs: vivir

vivimos vivieron vivieron

vi vi viviste vivi6

Here are some examples of irregular verbs in the past:

Example:

hacer

ir

tener

dar

Vamos a visitar el museo. We are going to visit the museum. Here are all the forms of the verb ir + a:

hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron hicieron

fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron fueron

tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron tuvieron

di diste dio dimos dieron die ron

voy a vas a va a vamosa van a van a

I am going to you are going to (informal) you are going to (formal) he/she/it is going to we are going to you are going to they are going to

239

238 -----------------------------------------Regular verbs have their forms in the imperfect indicative as follows:

The future tense To form the future of regular verbs you add the same endings to the infinitive of all -ar, -er or -ir verbs. trabajar

comer

vi vir

trabajare trabajaras trabajara trabajaremos trabajaran trabajaran

co mere comeras comera comeremos co merlin co merlin

vivire viviras vivira viviremos viviran viviran

The future tense is used mainly in written language. In conversation the future tense is less common than its equivalent in English. Spanish speakers tend to prefer the 'ir + a + verb' structure to express ideas in the future. Here are some irregular verbs in the future: decir

hacer

salir

venir

dire diras dira diremos diran diran

hare haras hara haremos baran baran

saldre saldras saldre saldremos saldran saldran

vendre vendras vendra vendremos vendran vendran

The imperfect indicative tense The imperfect tense is used to indicate a habitual or repeated action in the past. It is the equivalent of verbs with 'used to' or 'was' in English. Example: Los fines de semana nos reuniamos en grupos.

We used to gather in groups at the weekends.

It is also used to describe characteristics in the past when such

characteristics continued to exist for a period of time. Example: La gata se llamaba Magdalena.

The cat used to be called/was called Magdalena.

comprar

vender

vi vir

compraba comprabas compraba comprabamos compraban compraban

vendia vendias vendia vendiamos vendian vendian

vivia vivias vivia viviamos vivian vivian

There are only three verbs which are irregular in the imperfect indicative: ir

ser

ver

iba ibas iba ibamos iban iban

era · eras era eramos eran eran

vela veias vela veiamos veian veian

Theimperfectcontinuoustense This tense is used to refer to an action already in progress in the past when something else happened, interrupting the first action. Example: Estaba escuchando musica cuando sono el timbre.

I was listening to music when the bell rang.

In the imperfect continuous you use the verb estar in the imperfect indicative together with the continuous form of the main verb. trabajar estaba trabajando estabas trabajando estaba trabajando estabamos trabajando

I was working you were working (informal) you were working (formal); he/she was working we were working

240 ------------------------------------- -----

estaban trabajando

you were working (formal and informal) they were working

estaban trabajando

The present subjunctive The subjunctive is a verb form used in Spanish to express attitude, such as wishing, hoping, doubting, etc., and to indicate actions which are only hypothetical or a possibility in the future, at the moment of speaking. It is little used in English. Examples: I hope you can make it to the Espero que puedas venir party. a Ia fiesta. Quisiera que ayudes a Isabel. I would like you to help Isabel. The present subjunctive of regular verbs is formed as follows: trabajar

comer

vivir

trabaje trabajes trabaje trabajemos trabajen trabajen

coma comas coma comamos coman co man

viva vi vas viva vivamos vivan vi van

--------------------------------------- ----- 241

Here is a list of the main irregular verbs in the conditional tense: decir

haber

hacer

diria dirias diria diriamos dirian dirian

habria habrias habria habriamos habrian habrian

haria harias haria hariamos harlan harlan

poder

poner

querer

podria podrias podria podriamos podrian podrian

pondria pondrias pondria pondriamos pondrian pondrian

querria querrias querria querriamos querrian querrian

salir

tener

venir

saldria saldrias saldria saldriamos saldrian saldrian

tendria tendrias tendria tendriamos tendrian tendrian

vendria vendrias vendria vendriamos vendrian vendrian

The imperative The conditional tense The conditional tense (in English 'I would go', etc.) is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive: -Ia, -las, -Ia, -iamos, -ian. The same endings are used with the three conjugations. trabajar

comer

vivir

trabajaria trabajarias trabajaria trabajariamos trabajarian trabajarian

comeria comerias comeria comeriamos comerian comerian

viviria vivirias vivi ria viviriamos vivirian vivirian

The imperative form is used to give commands, orders or instructions. Examples: Prepare on informe para manana. (usted) Toma estas pastillas. (tu)

Prepare a report for tomorrow. Take these tablets.

The imperative for the second person singular informal (tu) is the same as the form for the third person singular in the present indicative, in the case of regular verbs. preparar comer subir

prepara come sube

243

242

L

The most frequently used irregular verbs in the imperative for the second person informal (tU) are: decir estar hacer ir oir

di esta haz ve oye

salir ser tener venir

sal se ten ven

The imperative for the second person singular formal (usted) is the same as the present subjunctive for usted, el or ella. preparar comer subir

prepare coma suba

The imperative for the second person plural (ustedes) is the same as the present subjunctive for ustedes, ellos or elias. preparar comer subir

preparen co man suban

The conditional perfect tense The verb haber in the conditional tense (habria, Jtabrias, etc.) together with the past participle of the main verb are used to form the conditional perfect tense. Here are the forms of trabajar in the conditional perfect: habria trabajado habrias trabajado habria trabajado habriamos trabajado habrian trabajado habrian trabajado

The pluperfect subjunctive To form the pluperfect subjunctive, you use the imperfect subjunctive of haber together with the past participle of the verb. Here are the forms of comprar in the pluperfect subjunctive:

The imperfect subjunctive

hubiera comprado hubieras comprado hubiera comprado

The imperfect subjunctive indicates actions which are hypothetical and also remote possibilities at the time of speaking. Compared to the present subjunctive, the action is less likely to take place. One use of the imperfect subjunctive is for sentences expressing hope. Another is in hypothetical conditional sentences.

hubieramos comprado hubieran comprado hubieran comprado

Ojala llamase. The imperfect subjunctive has two alternative conjugations, which are interchangeable. Here is an example of a regular verb, trabajar, in the two forms of the imperfect subjunctive: trabajara trabajaras trabajara trabajaramos trabajaran trabajaran

trabajase trabajases trabajase trabajasemos trabajasen trabajasen

I would have worked you would have worked (informal) you would have worked (formal); he/she would have worked we would have worked you would have worked they would have worked

I would have bought you would have bought (informal) you would have bought (formal); he/she would have bought we would have bought you would have bought they would have bought

As in the case of the imperfect subjunctive, it is possible to use the alternative form -se. They are interchangeable.

The passive voice The verb ser is used with the past participle to form the passive voice. There is agreement in number and gender with the subject of the verb ser. The passive voice is used to put the emphasis on the action taking place rather than on the subject performing the action (as in sentences in the active voice).

-------------------------------------------- 245

244

The impersonal se

Example: Los expedientes han sido devueltos.

The dossiers have been returned.

The following are examples of the passive voice in various tenses. Present soy llevado eres llevado es llevado somos llevados son llevados son Uevados

Imperfect era llevado eras llevado era llevado eramos llevados eran Uevados eran llevados

Preterite fui llevado fuiste Uevado foe Uevado fuimos llevados fueron Uevados fueron llevados

Future sere Uevado seras llevado sera Uevado seremos llevados seran llevados seran llevados

Conditional seria llevado serias llevado seria llevado seriamos llevados serian Uevados serian llevados

Present perfect he sido llevado has sido Uevado ha sido llevado hemos sido Uevados han sido Uevados han sido Uevados

Pluperfect habia sido llevado habias sido Uevado habia sido Uevado habiamos sido llevados habian sido Uevados habian sido llevados

Future perfect habre sido Uevado habras sido Uevado habra sido llevado habremos sido llevados habran sido llevados habran sido llevados

Conditional perfect habria sido llevado habrias sido llevado habria sido llevado habriamos sido Uevados habrian sido Uevados habrian sido llevados

Se is used in spoken Spanish to replace the passive construction learned above, which is mainly used in written language. Examples: Se sabe que no funciona. Se espera que compren nuestros productos.

It is known that it doesn't work. It is expected that they will buy our products.

I ~' 247

Key to exercises

Exercise 4 (a) Buenos elias (b) Buenas tardes (c) Buenos elias

(d) Buenas noches (e) Buenas noches

Exercise 5 I

Please note that with open-ended exercises, answers will not always appear in the Key.

1 2 3 4

Arturo tiene carro/auto. Lope trabaja en Mejico/Mexico. La agenda de viaje tiene fax. ;,Trabajas? ;,Trabaja (ud.)?

Exercise 6 1 tengo ••. tiene 2 tenemos 3 tienen

Chapter 1

4 tiene 5 tienen

Exercise 1 (c) U) (h) (e) (g) (f)

1 7 12 13 15 27

(d) (k) (1) (b) (i) (a)

Chapter 2

34 62 79 93 94 100

Exercise 1 1 viene 2 Salgo 3 va

Exercise2

Exercise2 (a) 25 (b) 68 (c) 76

veinticinco sesenta y ocbo setenta y seis

Exercise 3 Carlos veinte aiios Luisa veintitres aftos Milagros cincuenta y cinco aiios Carolina veintisiete Esteban noventa y ocho aiios

4 bace 5 decimos

(d) 13 (e) 44

trece cuarenta y cuatro

;,A que bora sale el avion a Caracas? Sale a las trece cuarenta y cinco. ;,A que bora sale el avion a Lima? Sale a las nueve veinte. ;.A que bora sale el avion a Quito? Sale a las seis (horas). ;,A que bora Uega el avion de Madrid? Llega a las once cuarenta y cinco. ;,A que bora Uega el avion de Santiago? Llega a las once cincuenta. ;,A que bora Uega el avion de Mexico D.F.? Llega a las diez veinte.

248

--------------------------------------- ----- 249 Exercise 3 Camisas Blusas Abrigos Paiiuelos Pantalones Camisetas

Exercise 2 1 (j) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (a) 5 (f)

treinta y seis veintiocho noventa y cuatro, cinco cinco, cuarenta treinta y ocho, cuarenta diez, ochenta

6 (i) 7 (e) 8 (g) 9 (h) 10 (c)

Exercise 4 Exercise 4 Hombres

Mujeres

Ambos

corbata calzoncillo

medias lapiz labial aretes blusa falda vestido

zapatos sueter paiiuelo camisa

VENTAJAS

DESVENTAJAS

piscina aire acondicionado caja fuerte individual

centrico desayuno induido calefaccion central cambio de moneda restaurante telefono en Ia habitacion

Exercise 5 Exercise 5 Mi plan para el martes es leer una guia turistica y comprar un mapa. Mi plan para el miercoles es buscar informacion y navegar en Internet. Mi plan para el jueves es estudiar el informe y escribir comentarios. Mi plan para el viemes es preparar documentos y hacer las maletas. Mi plan para el sabado el llegar al aeropuerto a las 2.30 y comprar una novela. Mi plan para el domingo es descansar.

1 3 4

Exercise 6 Paguese a Viajes El Sol Ia suma de doscientos cuarenta y cinco dolares.

Exercise 6

Chapter 3 Exercise 1 1 2 3 4 5

los Ia el los ellla

6 7 8 9 10

el Ia ellla los el

1 2 3 4 5

Hasta ellunes Hasta el sabado Hasta el domingo Hasta el martes Hasta maiiana

Exercise 7 1 25 de diciembre 3 1 de enero

250

251 Exercise 8

zD6nde esta Ia comisaria? La comisaria esta a Ia izquierda.

1 individual con baiio 2 el viemes

zD6nde esta el cine? El cine esta a Ia izquierda.

Exercise 9

zD6nde esta el hotel? El hotel esta a Ia derecha.

TELEFAX Dirigido a Seiiora Urrutia Hotel Embajador

zDonde esta el banco? El banco esta a Ia derecha.

Estimada seiiora: Le ruego res~rvar una habitaci6n doble con baiio y telefono para 3 noches a partir del sabado pr6ximo. Atentamente

Chapter 4

4 (c)

5 (a)

1 soy

4 es

2 son 3 somos

5 son

Exercise 4

Exercise 5 (a) zD6nde esta Ia libreria? La libreria esta a Ia izquierda.

zDonde esta Ia comisaria? La comisaria esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del supermercado. zDonde esta el cine? El cine esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente de Ia panaderia.

Exercise 3

1 esta 2 soy 3 esta 4 Estamos 5 son

zD6nde esta Ia panaderia? La panaderia esta a Ia derecha. (b) zDonde esta Ia libreria? La libreria esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del banco.

Exercise2 1 (e) 2 (d) 3 (b)

zD6nde esta el supermercado? El supermercado esta a Ia derecha.

6 esta 7 es 8 esta 9 Somos 10 esta

zDonde esta el hotel? El hotel esta a Ia derecha, enfrente del bar. zDonde esta el banco? El banco esta a Ia derecha, enfrente de Ia libreria. zDonde esta el supermercado? El supermercado esta a Ia derecha, enfrente de Ia comisaria. zDonde esta Ia panaderia? La panaderia esta a Ia derecha, enfrente del cine. (c) zDonde esta Ia libreria? La libreria esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del banco, allado del bar/allado de Ia comisaria.

zDonde esta Ia comisaria? La comisaria esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del supermercado, a1 lado de Ia librerialdel cine.

253

252 -------------------------------------------;.Donde esta el cine? El cine esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente de Ia panaderia, allado de Ia comisaria. ;.Donde esta el hotel? El hotel esta a Ia derecha, enfrente del bar, allado del banco. ;.Donde esta el banco? El banco esta a Ia derecha, enfrente de Ia libreria, al lado del hoteUdel supermercado. ;.Donde esta el supermercado? El supermercado esta a Ia derecha, enfrente de Ia cornisaria, al lado del banco/de Ia panaderia. ;.Donde esta Ia panaderia? La panaderia esta a Ia derecha, enfrente del cine, allado del supermercado.

Exercise 6 1 (b) 2 (c)

3 (b), (e) 4 (d)

v

2 F 3F

5 (a) 6 (f), (g) 7 (h) 8 (f), (h)

4 5

v

v

Chapter 5 Exercise 1

Exercise 3 (Answers may vary according to individual choice or circumstances.) 1 2 3 4 5

Hago las compras Voy de vacaciones Limpio las ventanas Desayuno Voy a Ia iglesia

1 2 3 4 5

Quisiera comprar on periodico. Quisieramos visitar el museo. Quisieramos dos habitaciones individuales. Quisiera on libro nuevo. Quisiera ir a Uruguay.

Exercise 6 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Por/en Ia maiiana En Ia madrugada Por/en Ia noche Enlpor Ia tarde Enlpor Ia noche

Exercise 7

(Answers may vary according to individual choice or circumstances.) 1 diario 2 annal 3 trimestral

una vez por semana. todos los dias. tres veces por semana. dos veces por aiio. una o dos veces por aiio.

Exercise 5

Exercise 7 1

1 2 3 4 5

4 mensual 5 semanal

Exercise2 (Answers may vary according to individual choice or circumstances.)

(Answers may vary according to individual choice or circumstances.)

POR LA MANANA PORLATARDE despertarse: 7.00 a.m. trabajar: 2.00 p.m. jugar al tenis: 4.00 p.m. desayunar: 7.45 conversar/platicar: 5.30 p.m. vestirse: 8.15

PORLANOCHE cenar: 9.00 p.m. rnirar Ia tete: 22.00 acostarse: 23.45

254

---------------------------------------- ----255 Exercise 8 1 lejos 2 ana 3 barato

Exercise 7 4 rapido 5 subir

Exercise 9 1 v 2F 3 F

4 mueren 5 recuerda

Exercise2

4 F 5 v

La chica mas inteligente en eUdel grupo. Es Ia peor pelicula del festival. Los modelos mas funcionales estan aclilaqui. Me gustaria el producto mas barato. Es el problema mas dificil.

Exercise 4 1 puedo 2 Podemos 3 Puede

Esta estudiando. Estan escribiendo. Estoy trabajando en la oficina. Estamos arreglando el jardin. Estan practicando el baile.

Exercise2 1 The telephone company apologizes for the inconvenience. 2 They are installing new telephone lines.

Exercise 3

Exercise 3 1 2 3 4 5

Exercise 1 1 2 3 4 5

Exercise 1

1 F 2 F 3 F

4 v 5 F

Chapter 7

v

4 5 F

Chapter 6

1 empieza 2 recuerdo 3 cerramos

1F 2V 3V

1 2 3 4 5

We are interviewing candidates for two positions. The group is making inroads into the international market. The economic recovery is beginning. I am looking for an alternative to this product. Genaro is working on a new project.

Exercise 4 1 Sus 2 Su 3 Su

Exercise 6 4 puede 5 puedo

A: haciendo M: preparando A: haciendo M: escribiendo

4 Mi 5 Su

257

256 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Exercise 7 1 Estoy 2 esta 3 estan

Exercise 3

4 esta 5 esta

Exercise 8 1 Maribel 2 Asuncion y Genaro 3 Usted ••• t6

4 Yo 5 La radio

Chapter 8 Exercise 1 (Answers may vary according to individual choice.) 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

En el trabajo tengo que abrir Ia correspondencia. En el trabajo tengo que enviar faxes. En el trabajo tengo que escribir cartas. En el trabajo tengo que supervisar Ia produccion. En el trabajo tengo que trabajar basta tarde. En el trabajo tengo que presentar infonnes. En el trabajo tengo que Damar por telefono. En el trabajo tengo que tratar con el publico. En el trabajo tengo que utilizar Ia computadora. En casa tengo que preparar Ia comida. En casa tengo que limpiar. En casa tengo que pasar Ia aspiradora. En casa tengo que planchar. En casa tengo que ayudar a los niiios con sus tareas. En casa tengo que contestar el telefono. En casa tengo que atender el jardin. En casa tengo que hacer reparaciones.

Exercise2 1 en contra 2 en favor 3 en contra

(Answers may vary according to individual choice.) Primero tiene que preparar un infonne, despues tiene que visitar Ia fabrica. Entonces tiene que ver muestras y probar el producto. Mas tarde tiene que discutir precios. Por Ultimo tiene que estudiar el contrato.

Exercise 5 1 (b) 2 (d)

3 (c) 4 (a)

Exercise 6 1 2 3 4

(e) U) (b) (g)

5 (c) 6 (f)

9 (i) 10 (d)

7 (h) 8 (a)

Exercise 8 1 2 3 4

Quiero ir contigo. La Sra Rosas vive en una casitalcasa chica con ellas. Ven conmigo. Quieren una reunion contigo. 5 Siempre llega con ellos.

Chapter 9 Exercise 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

He terminado mi trabajo. He estado escribiendo esta carta desde hace 2 horas. Elena y yo hemos escrito una carta al periodico. Roger esta en Cali desde hace una semana. Carlos Fuentes ba publicado un libro nuevo/otro libro. Haslha vivido en Paraguay desde hace mucho tiempo. El banco ha abierto una sucursal nueva. No hemos visto a Lorena desde esta manana. Han Uegado. ;.No has/ha terminado?

259

258 ---------------------------------------Exercise 3 1 para 2 Por 3 para

Exercise 6 4 por

5 por

Clasico

Exercise 1 4 {f)

5 {d) 6 (a)

Exercise2 El martes voy a asistir a Ia reunion y tambien voy a comer en un restaurante centrico. El miercoles voy a estudiar el reglamento y tambien voy a escribir cartas. El jueves voy a probar el equipo nuevo y tambien voy a entrevistar a1 posible jefe de ventas. El viernes voy a recoger Ia nueva impresora laser y tambien voy a compar 'compact discs'. El sabado voy a descansar. El domingo tambien voy a descansar.

Exercise 4 1 2 3 4 5

Si es posible. No es posible. No es posible. Si es posible. Si es posible.

Chapter 11 Exercise 1 1 2 3 4

Se abre temprano. Se fabrican carros aqui. Se arreglan computadoras. Se prepara un informe cada dia. 5 Se dice que esta muy enfermo.

Exercise2 N° denoches desayuno piscina pasaje asistencia medica Hotel sf sf sf sf 7 Amsterdam sf sf no sf 5 Central sf sf no no 7 Apartamento

Exercise 4 1 2 3 4

Graciela no vive tan cerca como Carlos. Carolina es tan alta como Jose. La rosa es tan linda como el clave). Mi televisor no es tan grande como el (televisor) de mi novia. 5 Esta impresora no es tan rapida como Ia otra (impresora).

Exercise 5 1 v 2F 3 F

4 {b) 5 (e)

Exercise 7

Chapter 10

1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (e)

1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (a)

4

v

Exercise 5

5 F 1 (c) 2 {b) 3 (a)

4 {d) 5 (e)

260

261 Exercise 6 1 mas de 2 mas de 3 menos de

4 Compre 5 Visitaste 4 menos de 5 mas de

Exercise 7 1 F 2F 3V 4V 5 F

6 v 7 F 8 9 v lOF

v

Exercise 8 1 F 2F 3V

4

v

5 F

Chapter 12 Exercise 1

9 Vimos 10 Escribi6

Exercise 4 En Ia primera semana estudi6 el sistema operativo. Escribi6 texto y f6rmulas.lmprimi61a hoja de trabajo, diseii6 pantallas y aliment6 datos. En Ia segunda semana analiz6 economia empresarial y prepar6 estrategias financieras. Entonces, aplic6 estadisticas y probabilidades. Por fin, desarrollo metodos de valuacion de proyectos.

Exercise 5 1 Anoche escuche un programa de radio. 2 El aiio pasado Marcelo y Estela diseiiaron ropa para una firma extranjera. 3 El sabado pasado Carlos imit6 a Elvis Presley en Ia tele. 4 Ayer sali6 Ia revista 'Decoraci6n'. 5 Ayer fue criticado el servicio medico. 6 El sabado pasado gano las carreras. 7 Ayer y anteayer entren6 Pochita. 8 Anoche Leonardo comio en casa. 9 El viernes pasado el jefe organiz6 una reunion de ejecutivos. 10 Dace dos horas (que) volvi6 Steven.

(Other answers are possible depending on what you 'chose to do'.) Compre Ia revista Quehacer y despues visite Ia exposicion de pintura en Ia galeria Forum. Luego llame por telefono a una amiga y mas tarde bailamos en Ia discoteca.

Exercise2 1 (e) 2 (a) 3 (c)

4 (d)

5 (b)

Exercise 3 1 fui 2 Vimos 3 visitaron

6 lleg6 7 Aprendi 8 estuvimos

Chapter 13 Exercise 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Comeremos juntos. Marcelo preparara Ia comida maiiana. Esteban y yo escribiremos el informe. Esperaremos basta que llegue Ia nueva computadora. Abriran a las 9.30 en vez de las 10.00. Vendras maiiana temprano, ;.no? Se llevaran todo. Elena empezara a trabajar ellunes. La reunion sera en mi despacho. Dejare a mi hija en Ia escuela.

263

262 Exercise2

Exercise 7

1 Ann y yo iremos a Ia agencia de viajes el martes proximo/que viene.

1 (c) 2 (e) 3 (d)

2 Viajare a Guatemala y Nicaragua el aiio que viene/proximo. 3 Discutiremos precios en nuestra proxima reunion. 4 La compaiiia crecera en los proximos aiios. 5 Se anonciaran nuevos precios para el gas Ia semana que viene.

Exercise 3 La semana que viene saldremos de paseo al campo. El Iones que viene firmaremos el contrato. El semestre que viene sera decisivo para Ia empresa. El mes que viene terminamos el proyecto. 5 La entrevista que viene sera con el Director.

5 (b)

Exercise 8 1 F 2V

1 2 3 4

4 (a)

4 F

5

v

3V

Chapter 14 Exercise 1

Exercise4 El Iones irlilva a ir a Ia feria de informatica. Comprarli/va a comprar un nuevo equipo. El martes visitarli/va a visitar Ia tienda de repuestos. El miercoles enviarlilva a enviar fax a las sucursales. Informarlilva a informar sobre cambios en el horario. El jueves terminarlilva a terminar el informe anual. El viemes empezarlilva a empezar las negociaciones con el nuevo socio.

Exercise 5 1v 2V

4 F

5

v

3 F

vendran empezara regresaremos pondra estableceran

trabajaba iba llego costaba 5 name

fueron ••• volvieron com pro tenia tenia 10 volvio 6 7 8 9

Exercise2 1 2 3 4

Iris was working/worked/used to work in a travel agency. We used to study in the evening. We were watching television when Rosana arrived. Every Sunday he used to come and visit his grandparents. 5 The computers were available to the students.

Exercise 3

Exercise 6 1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4

6 7 8 9

celebrara aparecera presentara hablara 10 veremos

1 2 3 4 5

·Que estabas haciendo cuando sono el telefono? I ., El avion estaba aterrizando cuando oimos Ia exp os1on. Viajaba mucho. La comida era barata en esos elias. La oficina estaba en Ia segunda planta.

(,

L

264

-------- -------- -------- -------- -------2 65 Exercise4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Se IJamaba Colegio San Antonio. Estaba en Avenida de Ia Montana 2759. Tenia un laboratorio de idiomas. Hacian viajes estudiantiles a Brasil, EE. UU, Canada, Inglaterra, Espana y Jap6n. Aconsejaban a los alumnos con orientaci6n personal. Practicaban atletismo, tenis y nataci6n. Si, era grande. Ofrecia tambh~n bachiUerato intemacional. Habia 4 canchas. Si, habia pista de atletismo.

Exercise 5 1 2 3 4 5

Nobody has anything. He/she never buys any presents. Estela does not eat meat or eggs. Nobody learns a language in one day. The museum is very near.

Exercise 6 1 2 3 4 5

Sigue igual Ha bajado Ha subido Ha bajado Ha bajado

6 Ha subido 7 Ha subido 8 Ha bajado 9 Ha subido 10 Sigue igual

Chapter 15 Exercise 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I do not believe he will finish everything. How interesting that he is including this in his book. It is probable that he is going out tonight. I want you to go to the doctor. I am asking you to continue in your job. It does not seem to them that it offers possibilities. It annoys us that she does not arrive early.

8 It is important that we eat vegetables and fruit. 9 We doubt that she will write from Ecuador. 10 I am sorry that you cannot come to the meeting.

Exercise2 1 2 3 4 5

Es necesario que comas menos. Es interesante que responda en espaiiol. Busco algo que ayude a todos. (Te) aconsejamos que lo hagas. Piden que contestes pronto.

Exercise 3 1 2 3 4 5

vendra venga prepare trajo compre

6 7 8 9 10

este encuentre sea escuchara ••• hable empezaran

Exercise 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Quiero que tenga capacidad para cinco pasajeros. Quiero que sea econ6mico con el combustible. Quiero que sea de tamaiio mediano. Quiero que incluya cierre electr6nico de puertas. Quiero que cuente con motor de 1300 o 1400 centimetros cubicos. Quiero que venga con caja de cambios de cinco velocidades. Quiero que sea de un precio razonable. Quiero que funcione con gasolina sin plomo. Quiero que ofrezca fiabilidad. Quiero que este entre los Iideres del mercado.

Exercise 5 1 (b) 2 (e) 3U) 4 (c) 5 (i)

6 (g) 7 (a) 8 (f) 9 (h) 10 (d)

266

267 Exercise 6 1 2 3 4 5

tengas sea tiene dice prepare

9 Haz lo que dice esta senorita. 10 Vendan Ia maquina.

6 7 8 9 10

devuelvas llegara traigan ayuden sera

Chapter 16 Exercise2 1 2 3 4 5

(f) (g) (i) (h) (j)

6 7 8 9 10

(d) (a) (c) (e) (b)

Exercise 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

No vengan a Ia fiesta. No Dames a tu novia. No compres cigarillos. No abras Ia ventana. No copien el documento en diskette. No pidas diez cuademos. No vengas con tu novio. No tomes fotos. No prepare el plato que le recomende. No instales Ia antena.

Exercise 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Baja al primer piso. Sea mas eficiente. Toma esto. Revisen este contrato. Regresa pronto. Come mas proteinas. Envie el paquete por via aerea. Vaya el proximo domingo.

Chapter 17 Exercise2 1 2 3 4 5 6

If I could I would travel more. If Marcelo was better organized, he would have better results.

Since you are coming by car, you will arrive before Alberto. If you are writing a check, spell the name correctly. If they gave me the opportunity, I would work in Uruguay. I would visit the capital if I had more time, but I will only be here for

two days. 7 I would bring it on floppy disk, if it was compatible. 8 If the figures indicated the opposite, we would have to carry out an investigation. If the novel was shorter, I would have more success. 9 If you know the answer, why don't you say it? 10

Exercise 3 1 2 3 4 5

Si hay un problema te envio un fax. No creo que Helen vaya al trabajo/a trabajar manana. Si tuviese Ia oportunidad, ;.volverialregresaria? Como tiene/tienes s61o uno, lleveselllevate estos otros dos. Si llama, le damos los detalles.

Exercise 4 1 (b), (c) 2 (c), (b) 3 (a)

4 (e) 5 (d)

Exercise 5 1 Si tuvieramos/tuviesemos mas personal podriamos obtener mejores resultados. 2 Necesitamos pedir ayuda a una consultoria. 3 Nuestra empresa se extenderia mercados extranjeros si tuvieramos/ tuviesemos una mejor politica de exportacion.

269

268 4 Su enfoque no es muy profesional. 5 Creo/Pienso que no es muy buena idea.

9 Aunque es el archivo mas grande del pais, no tiene sistema computarizado. 10 Aunque estuvo a dieta todo el aiio pasado, no baj6 de peso.

Exercise 6 Exercise4 1

v

2F 3F 4V

5F

6

v

7 F 8 F 9 F 10

v

1 2 3 4 5

Hay demasiados estudiantes en esta sala/aula/habitaci6n. Todo es demasiado caliente. La temperatura es demasiado fria para esta epoca del aiio. Esta demasiado alto. No puede alcanzar. Pose demasiadas monedas en Ia maquina. No funciona.

Chapter 18

Exercise 5

Exercise 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5

Si hubiera tenido tiempo habria terminado Ia pintura. Si hubieramos tenido las entradas habriamos ido al teatro. Si hubieras tenido suficiente dinero habrias comprado el regalo. Si hubieran tenido una invitaci6n habrian venido a Ia fiesta. Si hubiera tenido los datos necesarios habria preparado el informe.

Exercise 2 1 2 3 4 5

(b) (i) (j) (d) (c)

6 (a) 7 (e) 8 (h) 9 (g) 10 (f)

Exercise 3 1 2 3 4 5 6

Aunque no tenia licencia de conducir, manej6 el auto. Aunque tenia tarjetas de credito, pag6 al contado. Aunque el supermercado esta cerca, compro en una tiendecita. Aunque no se afeita, le regal6 una loci6n para despues de afeitarse. Aunque recibi6 su carta, no contest6. Aunque llegaba de madrugada, organiz6 una reunion para Ia manana siguiente. 7 Aunque Ia computadora es nueva, no es compatible con las demas de Ia oficina. 8 Aunque es latinoamericano, no le gusta Ia comida picante.

Even though he did not have any money, he ordered expensive food. We finished, even though the conditions were negative. In spite of his complaints, he is not receiving help. He visits his grandchildren very often, in spite of being very old. In spite of the opportunities that he had, he never triumphed/succeeded. In spite of having a great cast, this film is not good. In spite of problems with his health, he carries on playing football. He does not go out, even though the doctor advised it. In spite of the rain, they walked all afternoon. In spite of having a very high salary, he always asks for loans.

Exercise 6 1 2 3 4 5

He will not answer the questions, even if he is tortured. She will wait for her son, even if he arrives very late. We will go, even if it rains all night. We would tell you, even if it is very late. In my case, I would have rung you, even if it had been Sunday.

Chapter 19 Exercise 1 1 2 3 4

La nueva autopista fue construida. La multa fue aplicada por Ia municipalidad. El presupuesto fue aprobado por el gobiemo. Los precios fueron rebajados por Ia tienda.

271

270 ------------------ ------------------ ----5 La obra fue terminada. 6 La obra habria sido publicada por Ia casa editorial. 7 Todos serian llevados a Ia comisaria. 8 Todos habran sido interrogados por el juez. 9 Demos sido engaiiados. 10 Ellibro seria leido por un gran n6mero de personas.

6 La nueva tarjeta de identificacion ha sido distribuida por el Ministerio del Interior. 7 El delincuente fue detenido por Ia policia. 8 El donativo fue entregado por las empresas extranjeras. 9 Una computadora fue donada por el dueiio de Ia tienda. 10 El entrenador fue llevado en hombros por los hinchas.

Exercise 2

Exercise 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Se ha decidido que representaras a Ia empress en Ia feria. Se dice que los competidores estan desmoralizados. Se explica en el folleto. AI final se acepto. Se ha repetido por tercera vez. Se sabe que el producto afecta Ia piel. Se manda/envia por correo. Se ofrece a los socios de Ia organizacion. Se dan por adelantado. Se devolveran el proximo dialal dia siguiente.

The book was destined to be a success. The book was destined for the external market. Julian was punished for not finishing his homework. Julian was punished by his mother. This material is processed on a very modern machine. The food was already processed. The soldiers were instructed every morning. The flowers were cut carefully by the women working there. The flowers were cut. The capital was attacked by foreign troops.

Exercise 3

Exercise 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5

It is thought that there will not be an increase in salaries. It is known that they will not arrive until tomorrow.

I believe that the idea is understood now. The session has finished. First, the product is placed inside the machine. It was agreed upon during the last meeting. Procedures for paying export taxes could/would be simplified. The loan will not be invested in public services. A new system of classification will be introduced. The new prices of industrial gas will be published next week.

No quiero queso, sino quiero jamon. No tiene una casa ahora, pero quizas tenga una el aiio proximo. No tienen (un) gato, sino (un) perro. No queremos un boleto de ida, sino uno de ida y vuelta. Ha ido a Mexico, pero no se cuando vuelve.

Exercise 7 1 F 2V

4 F 5

v

3 F

Exercise 4 1 2 3 4

La exposicion sobre comercio exterior fue inaugurada por Ia Directors. Una nueva revista sera publicada por los comerciantes del centro. La maquina sera reemplazada por el distribuidor. Mas de cleo kilometros de Ia carretera ai norte seran reconstruidos por el Ministerio de Transportes. 5 Una nueva gama de productos sera introducida por Ia Compaiiia de Telefonos.

Chapter 20 Exercise 1 1 Anoche vi un programa de television. 2 El aiio pasado Marcelo y Estela diseiiaron interiores para una firma conocida.

------------------------~---------------- 273

272 3 El sabado pasado Cecilia imit6 a varios peronajes en Ia tele. 4 Ayer se transmitiola telenovela 'Adoracion'. 5 Ayer criticaron al servicio de limpieza. 6 El sabado pasado perdi6 las carreras. 7 Ayer y anteayer jug6 Pochita. 8 Anoche Leonardo no comi6 en casa. 9 El viernes pasado el lider sindical organiz6 una reunion de trabajadores. 10 Hace dos horas (que) viaj6 Steven.

Exercise2 1 2 3 4

(d) (h) (b) (f)

5 (c)

6 7 8 9 10

Exercise 6 1 2 3 4 5

estuviera ••• estaria estaremos haya traido trajo estuviese

(g) (e) (a)

Exercise 8

Exercise 3

1 -

2 de 1 (c) 2 (e) 3 (d)

4 (a) 5 (b)

Ojala no hubieraslhubieses traido ese libro. Ojala Sharon haya traido el mismo. y 0 que ru, mandaria el dine rolla plata manana. Yo que Sharon, iria alia esta noche. Ojala tuviera/tuviese tiempo para visitar todos los museos y exposiciones en esta ciudad.

(i) (g) (h) (b) (f)

6 7 8 9 10

a para ••• de abajo deldebajo de durante en

3 enlpor 4 de •.. de 5 desde .•• basta

FRUTA manzana frutilla platano pifia sandia

VIAJES bicicleta ciclomotor barco vuelo carro

COLO RES verde azul negro amarillo rojo

Exercise 10

ExerciseS 1 venga 2 viva 3 gustaria ••• quedarse 4 coma 5 tiene

6 7 8 9 10

Exercise9

Exercise 4 1 2 3 4 5

ser fuese comiera saldra••.• salga pudiera

Exercise 7 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (a) 40) 5 (e)

(i) G)

6 7 8 9 10

6 no funciona 7 coman 8 Uegue 9 viene 10 viaje

1 (e) 2 (b) 3 (a)

4 (d) 5 (c)

275

274 Exercise 15

Exercise 11 1F 2F 3V

4

v

5 F

CRUCIGRAMA

Exercise 12 1 esta 2 Soy 3 esta 4 estan 5 son

6 esta 7 esta 8 esta 9 somos 10 esta

Exercise 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

No vayan a Ia reunion. No Dames por teh!fono a tu jefe. No trates de vender tu carro. No abra el archivo para ver. No copien el documento en diskette. No pida diez cuademos. No vengas con tu novio. No tome fotos. No prepare el plato que le recomende. No instales Ia antena.

Exercise 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Compren una nueva maquina. Oye lo que dice este seiior. Venga el proximo sabado. Mande el paquete por correo. Escribe pronto. Come menos grasas. Estudien este contrato. Haz esto. Sea mas paciente. Sube ai tercer piso.

1F 2F 3 V

4 F 5 v

277

Dialogue translations

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

Dialogue 1

Dialogue 1

MARITZA: Nice photographs! What are you doing in that photograph? ERNESTO: I'm celelxating my birthday. MARITZA: And in this one? ERNESTo: Julia and I are dancing. Here everybody is making a toast. MARITZA: You're reading a speech. ERNESTO: Yes, something funny.

MAruc I have to change some traveler's checks. I need some more money. Let's go to the Bureau de Change. CARMEN: The bank would be better. MARK: Why? CARMEN: The bank charges less commission and pays more per dollar. MARK: Then Jet's go to the bank. CARMEN: We have to rush. The bank closes at three. Hurry up! We've got ten minutes.

Dialogue 2 ERNESTo: In this photo I'm reading my cards. MARITZA: Look, here you are with a huge serving on your plate. ERNESTo: And in this one Rosana is posing for the photographer. She's looking at the flowers. MARITZA: She looks great. ERNESTo: Yes, she does.

Dialogue 2 INTERVIEWER: What sort of housework do you have to do, Mrs Huertas? MRs HuERTAs: I have to do the washing, I have to do the washing up, I have to clean the house, I have to prepare breakfast, I have to take the children to school ...

Dialogue 3 ANA MARfA: Adela? What are you doing? ADELA: I am listening to my compact discs. Shall we listen to music together? ANA MARiA: Alright. ADELA: Come round, then. ANA MARfA: Yes, I'll come round straight away.

Lesson 9 Dialogue 1 JAIME: What's the matter? CATHER1NE: I've lost my passport. JAIME: Where? How? CATHERINE: I don't know. I'm not sure. Perhaps in the market. JAIME: We must go to the police station and then to the consulate. CATHERINE: Yes. I need a replacement.

Dialogue 2 PoLICEMAN: Good afternoon. MARK: I've lost my briefcase with all my documents in it. PoLICEMAN: Your name, please. MARK: Mark Williams. POLICEMAN: What is in the briefcase? MARK: Just a moment, please. I've made a list. Here it is. My passport, flight ticket, traveler's checks, a guide to Latin America, a Jist of hotels and a diary. PoLICEMAN: I'll write down the details.

MARK: I would like a copy of the police report. It's for the insurance. PoLICEMAN: Yes, of course.

Dialogue 3 DELIA: Why are you sad? MARK: Because I've lost my briefcase with my diary in it. DELIA: When? MARK: The other day. I've been to the police station, but they haven't found the briefcase. DELIA: Why don't you buy another diary? MARK: I've got a new one. But I've lost the names and addresses of important contacts.

Lesson 10 Dialogue 1 TouRIST: What are we going to do today? GUIDE: First, we are going to visit the Archaeological Museum. Apart from the exhibition, you are going to watch a ten-minute video and then we are going to have lunch in a typical restaurant. In the afternoon we are going to go round the old churches in the capital and we are going to buy souvenirs. The guide is going to explain ...

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278

Dialogue 2 CusTOMER: What is 'lenguado'? Meat? Fish? Vegetable? WAITER: It's fish. It's very nice. CusTOMER: A steak for me. For my husband, sole with ginger. WAlTER: Something to drink? CusTOMER: White wine, please.

SoN: Yes, but I'm going to wear a helmet. I've seen a yellow one I like. It's not as big as the one you need to go on a motorbike. Note: Bici is short for bicycle.

Lesson 12 Dialogue 1

Lesson 11 Dialogue 1 INTERVIEWER: This year tourism has shown an increase of 30 per cent. How was this achieved? MAYOR: We are working for growth. We allocate 25 per cent of resources to public works annually. Staff have been reduced by 35 per cent. Cleanliness is improved continuously in squares, promenades and streets. We have to attract tourists. INTERVIEWER: What other plans are there? MAvoR: Sport and cultural venues will be built. Tourism is linked to sport and culture.

Dialogue 2 SoN: Dad, I want a bike. A mountain bike. FATHER: You'll have to wait until Christmas. Besides, mountain bikes are more expensive than ordinary bicycles. SoN: But they are on special offer until Saturday. FATHER: Riding a bike can be dangerous.

CAROLA: Hello! Tell me about your weekend. ELSA: On Friday evening we had a meal in a typical restaurant. We danced 'land6' and then we went back to the apartment. On Saturday morning we went to town and bought a few things. Later we bought some take-away food and had lunch in the apartment. In the afternoon we saw a film at the cinema and then we saw the play Don't Play That Waltz in a little theater on Avenida Brasil. A beautiful play. CAROLA: And on Sunday? ELSA: On Sunday, we had a rest. Note: Lando is a type of AfroPeruvian music.

Dialogue 2 JoURNAUST. Where were you born? CoLLAR: I was born in ltaugua Guazu in 1964. JouRNALIST: Where did you spend the first years of your life? CoLLAR: I was with my maternal grandmother. I learned Guarani ·as my first language. Later I got used to speaking Spanish. JouRNALisT: Did you have a hapPY childhood?

CoLLAR: I had to work from the age of ten. First in a cheinist's and then as an apprentice in a printing workshop. After that I had my own graphic design studio. JouRNALIST: How did your work as a painter start? CoLLAR: I studied in the School of Fine Arts. Gradually I took part in individual and group exhibitions. JouRNALIST: Have you won any awards? CoLLAR: I recently won the Martel Prize for the Arts.

Lesson 13 Dialogue 1 CARMEN: What are you going to do this afternoon? Will you go to the town center or will you come to the university? SANTIAGO: I'll go to the university and we'll put the finishing touches to the work we are preparing. The other students in our group will want to know how this project is coining on. We'll have a meeting at seven in the cafeteria. What do you think? CARMEN: Fine. What are you going to do after the meeting? SANTIAGo: Raul, Silvia and I will go to the cinema. Do you want to go, too? CARMEN: Yes, of course.

Lesson 14 Dialogue 1 RAM6N: At that time, I was studying at the university. It was an old mansion with courtyards and balconies. The lessons were from four in the afternoon until ten at night. Many of the students worked, so the evening lessons were convenient. JuuA: Was it difficult to study and work? RAM6N: Yes. We used to arrive at the university half asleep. We were tired due to our work during the day. Sometimes we would Iniss the first hour and would only start to attend from the second lesson. JuLIA: How did you manage to keep up to date? RAM6N: We used to gather in groups at weekends and try to catch up with work on our course.

Dialogue 2 JULIA: How did you travel to the university? RAM6N: It was difficult to reach the campus. In my group nobody had a car. None of us had enough money to afford even a small used car. We all had to go by bus, which used to take one hour to cover ten kilometers. Nothing was more irritating for me than having to travel standing for one hour. Although I was 20, I already had rheumatoid arthritis.

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280

Lesson 15 Dialogue 1 TANIA: I'm looking for somebody who can give me some guidance regarding the Consultancy project. LAuRA: I don't think you need to look any further. I know a person with a lot of experience in this matter. It's Iris Vidal, head of a Business Consultancy and Advice Bureau. TANIA: Could you give me her telephone number? LAuRA: Sure. I have it here in my diary.

Dialogue 2 LOLA: It's a shame that Jose is not at home. MIRTHA: Yes. I think we need to give him a ring. LoLA: Perhaps I have his number in my handbag. Let's see . . . Yes. Here it is. I don't think he will be surprised to hear my voice. But you never know. MIRTHA: When did you talk to him last? LoLA: Three or four days ago. Sara and I were in the town center and he came up to us. MIRTHA: When will he be back? LoLA: I don't think it will be this week.

Dialogue 3 GENARo: Well. I'm off. I have to be at the airport in twenty minutes. LursA: Yes, hurry up. Don't forget anything. GENARo: Everything is in the suitcase. LuisA: I hope everything goes well! Have a good time! GENARo: Thanks. I'll be back on Sunday.

Dialogue 4 ELisA: What's the matter? OLGA: I don't feel well. I've got a bad headache. ELisA: Take a tablet to relieve the pain. OLGA: I've already taken one and the pain is still there. I think I'll go to bed. ELisA: Yes. It'll do you good. OLGA: If the pain doesn't go, I'll go to the doctor tomorrow. EusA: Let me know and I'll go with you. OLGA: Thanks. I'll give you a ring tomorrow at ten. ELisA: Bye. OLGA: Bye.

PASSER-BY 1: No. It would be a waste of public money and it would destroy the atmosphere of the main street which goes back to the colonial days. lNTERVrEWER: Would you support a tram service around here? PAsSER-BY 2: Yes. First, because it would be faster than buses and second, because it would be cleaner. Less pollution. Mind you, I guess it would be dearer. INTERVIEWER: Would you say that it is a good idea to have a tram service running here, along the main street? PASSER-BY 3: Yes, of course. We need fast transport. Years ago we used to have trams. It was great.

Dialogue 2 ADELA: Squeeze the four lemons and after chopping the onions marinate them in this juice. Boil the potatoes and then peel them. MARIANA: Do you mash them? ADELA: Yes, mash the potatoes, onions and lemon juice. Add oil if necessary. Put the mixture in a mould and garnish with boiled eggs, olives and cheese.

Lesson 16

Lesson 17

Dialogue 1

Dialogue 1

INrnRVrEWER: Would you like a tram service around here?

GENARo: If I had some extra income, I would buy something for the house. ALAN: What would you buy? GENARo: I would buy a new vacuum cleaner, because the one we have is very old, and also a writing

desk for the kids. ALAN: Would you buy on credit? GENARO: Yes. There are good offers on 24-month interest-free credit.

Dialogue 2 ALBERTo: If you come this afternoon, we can go to the cinema. EMILIA: All right. Since you insist. ALBERTo: What time are you coming? EMILIA: I don't know. It depends. Perhaps I'll come by car or perhaps I'll walk. Since you live so close. ALBERTo: If you come by car you'll be here soon and we can go to the first show. If you want, we can go and have a drink afterwards. EMILIA: That's fine. I'll come by car.

Dialogue 3 JosE. Lurs: If I had the money, I would buy the computer we want. MARcELo: Never mind. Dad says that perhaps we might pay for it in instalments. JosE. Lurs: But mum didn't think my dad could afford the monthly payments since he also has to pay for the car. MARCELO: If we had the chance to work this summer during the holidays, we could help with the monthly payments. JosE. Lurs: Let's have a word with Antonio. MARCELo: Yes, let's.

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283

Dialogue 4 ENRIQUE: If I could I would buy it immediately. RosARio: It would be a rushed decision. ENRIQUE: If it was you, you would possibly do the same. RosARio: You're right.

Dialogue 5 ELENA: If I had more time, I would prepare the database we need. I think we will have to ask for help from a consultancy. JoRGE: I agree. We cannot carry on without having all our information properly organized before discussing our expansion plans. ELENA: Last year when we had production problems two consultants from an international firm came to give us guidance and they did it very well. I think we could contact them again. JoRGE: Yes, they had a very professional approach and dealt with the problem very efficiently. Let's contact them again. ELENA: I've got their telephone number here. I'll give them a ring.

Lesson 18 Dialogue 1 JuAN: If you had sent the letter, you would have had the necessary information. Then you wouldn't have had to come back this morning with all the documents.

MARIELA: What happened was that I did not have the full address. If you had given me all the information, then I would have been able to send the letter. But the name of the street was missing! Anyway, it doesn't matter now. JuAN: I'm sorry. If I had noticed that something was missing, I would have sent you a fax or would have given you a ring. MARIELA: It's all right. It's all sorted out now.

MR SosA: I believe it is a matter of opinion. For me, the picture is worth more than the words. I would like you to consider the possibility of shortening the text, let's say by 15 to 20 per cent. MR MENDEz: All right, despite the fact that the deadline for submission of material to the advertising department of the magazine has passed, I'll find out if we can make some changes.

Dialogue 2 JuAN: It is known that this material lasts for years without fading. ALICIA: What is needed to keep it clean? JuAN: You only need to wipe it clean with a damp cloth and that's it. ALiciA: Don't you also need to use an abrasive cleaner? JuAN: It's not necessary. A damp cloth is enough. ALICIA: I'll try it.

Dialogue 4 Dialogue 2

Dialogue 3 JuAN: Supposing they don't arrive, what shall we do? MARIA: Nothing. We have to wait and then we will see. JuAN: I thought you wanted to solve things quickly. I thought you were not going to wait. MARIA: I changed my mind. JuAN: Even if they arrive late, it would be better than not arriving at all.

Lesson 19

CARLos: When I arrived the door was already open. SANDRA: I arrived a few moments earlier when a shop assistant was opening the door. CARLOs: Did you buy anything? SANDRA: Yes, clothes were reduced. I bought a blouse for my sister and two for me. CARLos: I was sure I would find something for Celia, but in the end I didn't buy anything for her.

Dialogue 3

Dialogue 1

Dialogue 4

MR MENDEz: What do you think about the publicity for the product? MR SoSA: Although the graphics are very good, I think the text is too long. It has to be shortened. MR MENDEz: It may be long, but even if we shorten the text, we would have to include enough information on the technical specifications of the product. It is a very important point to attract potential customers. It is here that we have an edge over our competitors.

LAURA: What do you know about this matter? EDUARDo: Only what is in the newspaper. Listen. Two of the three dossiers which went missing have been returned. The directors have been interviewed by the police. The documents have been returned this morning. It is not known who handed them back. LAuRA: It's a mystery. Let's go and ask your brother. He may have more news. EDUARDO: Yes, Jet's go.

CEciLIA: This is an expensive blouse, but the material is good. RosA: It is a durable material, but it is a delicate fabric as well. When it gets dirty don't put it in the washing machine, but wash it by hand. CECILIA: Why? RosA: It says here on the label, 'Hand Wash'. If you don't wash it by hand, what happens is ~hat it may Jose its shape or fade m the washing machine. CECILIA: All right. It will have to be washed by hand.

SIMON: If I were you I would not accept those conditions. TERESA: I have no choice. I need the loan. If I was somebody with a steady job I would be able to go to the bank to ask for a loan. SIMON: You're right. When you get a full-time job you will have more financial security. TERESA: I do hope it is soon.

2M ----------------- ----------------- ----

Lesson 20 Dialogue 1 SARA: What did you do yesterday? PABLo: I went to the movies to see a French film. Then I bought a magazine to read on the train on the way home. SARA: What kind of magazine is it? PABLO: It deals with current affairs. SARA: Is it interesting? PABLo: Yes. I buy it every week. Do you read while you travel? SARA: Yes. But I prefer to listen to the radio. PABLo: What programs do you like? SARA: I like a news program called 'Primera Plana', another called 'Competencia' which is about sport. I also listen to the program 'De noche'. It is cultural, educational and serves the community. The program I like most is 'Los 40 mejores'. PABLo: What kind of program is it? SARA: It plays the latest music. PABLo: That's right. I sometimes listen to it as well.

Dialogue 2 EsTELA: Are you going to go to the theater? GERMAN: No. I don't like the play. I think I'll go to the movies.

EsTELA: But you said you wanted to go to the theater. GERMAN: I didn't say when. I can't today. Perhaps next week. EsTELA: I may not be able to go next weekend. GERMAN: Why don't you come to the movies with me? EsTELA: Tonight? GERMA.N: Yes, tonight. It's a French film.

EsTELA: I don't think so. Irene is corning and I think she also wants to go to the theater. We'll go together. GERMAN: All right. See you later. EsTELA: Bye.

Dialogue 3 IRENE: What software have you got? FERNANDo: I have a word processor, spreadsheet, graphics, desktop publishing, database, presentation software. If I click here, there is a direct link to my e-mail. Using this shortcut I can go to a web page which sends virtual greeting cards. IRENE: So, you are now connected to Internet. FERNANDo: I am now, because there is a flat payment plan for the telephone line. Besides, my Internet provider gives me free access.

Spanish-E nglish glossary Abbreviations (adj.) (Ar.) (aux.) (Bo.) (Ch.) (Col.) (conj.) (Ec.) (f.) (for.) (inf.) (m.) (Mex.) (Pe.) (pl.) (prep.) (pron.) (sing.) (Sp.) (Uru.)

adjective Argentina auxiliary Bolivia Chile Colombia conjunction Ecuador feminine noun formal informal masculine noun Mexico Peru plural preposition pronoun singular equivalent in Spain Uruguay

a a continuaci6n a fin de a menos que a partir de a pesar de a pie a tiempo completo a tiempo parcial

to; at now follows in order to unless from, as from despite on foot full-time part-time

sometimes a veces by return of post a vuelta de correo under abajo de (Sp. debajo de) open abierto abrasive abrasivo coat abrigo (m.) April abril (m.) to open abrir grandmother abuela (f.) grandfather abuelo (m.) abuelos (m. pl.) grandparents here aca (Sp. aqw') to finish acabar academic academico access acceso (m.) oil aceite (m.) olive aceituna (f.) aceleradamente fast acceptable aceptable to accept aceptar about acerca de to get near acercarse steel acero (m.) to go with acompaiiar to advise aconsejar to agree acordar to remember acordarse to go to bed acostarse activity actividad (f.) act; ceremony; acto (m.) event

286

287 actor (m.) actriz (f.) actual actualidad (f.) actualizado actualizar actualmente acuerdo (m.) acusado (m.) adelgazar ademas adentro (Sp. dentro) adios (for.) (Sp. for. and inf.) adjuntar adolescente (m., f.) adonde,adonde adomo (m.) aerobicos (m. pl.) aeropuerto (m.) afectar afeitarse Africa (f.) afueras (f. pl.) agarrar (Sp. coger) agencia de viajes (f.) agenda (f.) agosto (m.) agradable agradecer aghregar agregar (Sp. aiiadir) agua (f.) aguacate (m.) aguaitar (Sp. acechar, mirar)

actor actress present, current current affairs updated to update at present agreement accused,defendant to slim besides inside goodbye

to enclose teenager where (to) ornament aerobics airport to affect to shave Africa outskirts to take travel agent diary August pleasant to thank add to add water avocado to watch

ahi there ahora now abo rita straight away (Sp. enseguida) ahorros (m. pl.) savings aire (m.) air aire air conditioning acondicionado (m.) ajustar to adjust al aire libre in the open air al contrario on the contrary al dia up to date al final in the end allado de next to alberca (m.) swimming pool alcalde (m.) mayor alcanzar to reach alegre cheerful, glad alfabeto (m.) alphabet, literate algo something algodon (m.) cotton alguien somebody alguno some; someone alimentacion (f.) feeding alimentar to feed alimento (m.) food aliviar to relieve almorzar to have lunch alo (Sp. digame) hello (answering the phone) alta resolucion high resolution (f.) alternativa (f.) alternative alto tall, high altura (f.) height alumno (m.) pupil alia there alli there amar to love amarillo yellow amarrar (Sp. atar) to tie, to tie up ambiente (m.) atmosphere

ambos amenazar America (f.) America Central (f.) America Latina (f.) americano amigo (m.) amp liar am plio analfabeto (m.) analizar an dar andele, andale (Mex.) (Sp. venga) angosto (Sp. estrecho) animal (m.) animal domestico (m.) anoche anteayer

both to threaten the Americas Central America Latin America Latin American; American friend to extend ample, large illiterate to analyze to walk come on!

narrow animal pet

last night the day before yesterday aerial antena (f.) glasses, anteojos (m.) spectacles (Sp. gafas) antepasado (m.) ancestor previous anterior before antes old-fashioned anticuado old antiguo antojitos (m. pl.) snacks (Sp. tapas) yearly anual to announce anunciar advertisement anuncio (m.) year aiio (m.) Aiio Nuevo (m.) New Year to blow out; to apagar turn off

apartado de correos (m.) a parte aparte de apellido (m.) aplicar aportar apoyar apoyo (m.) aprender aprendizaje (m.) aprobar apropiado

PObox

apart apart from surname to apply to afford to support support to learn learning to approve appropriate, suitable apuntes (m. pl.) notes apurado (m. pl.) rushed (Sp. apresurado) to hurry up apurarse (Sp. darse prisa) aquel, aquellos that, those aquel, aquellos that one, those ones aquella, aquellas that, those aquella, aquellas that one, those ones here aqui tree arbol (m.) archive(s) archivo ( m.) earrings aretes (m. pl.) (Sp. pendientes) Argentina Argentina (f.) Argentinian argentino smell aroma (f.) arquitecto (m.) architect arquitectura (f.) architecture to start up arran car to tidy up arreglar rice arroz (m.) art arte (m.) handicraft artesania (f.) article articulo (m.) toiletries articulos de tocador (m. pl.)

289

288 articulos para household goods el hogar (m. pl.) artificial artificial, manmade asado roasted ascensor (m.) lift asi even if; so, thus asiento (m.) seat asistencia medical medica (f.) assistance asistir to be present, to attend aspiradora (f.) vacuum cleaner astronomia (f.) astronomy asunto (m.) matter atacar to attack ataque (m.) attack atatid (m.) coffin atender to attend to atentamente sincerely (end of letter) atento attentive aterrizar to land atletismo (m.) athletics atracci6n (f.) attraction atractivo attractive a traer to attract atras de behind (Sp. detras de) auditorio (m.) auditorium aula (f.) classroom aumentar to increase aumento (m.) increase aunque although ausencia (f.) absence Australia (f.) Australia australiano australian auU!ntico authentic auto, autom6vil car, motorcar (m.) autopista (f.) motorway autor (m.) author autoridad (f.) authority

autorizar aventura (f.) averiguar avi6n (m.) avisar ayer aymara (m.)

to authorize adventure to find out aeroplane to warn, to advise yesterday indigenous language spoken in Peru and Bolivia ayuda (f.) assistance, help ayudante (m., f.) assistant, helper ayudar to help azafata (f.) air hostess azafate (m.) tray (Sp. bandeja) azticar (f.) sugar (Sp. m.) azul blue azul marino navy blue bachillerato baccalaureate, internacional school-leaving (m.) examination bailar to dance bailarina (f.) ballerina baile (m.) dance bajar to go down bajar de peso to lose weight bajo short (height) balc6n (m.) balcony banco (m.) bank bandera (f.) flag banqueta (f.) pavement (Mex.) (Sp. acera) bafio (m.) bath; bathroom; (Sp. servicio, toilet aseo = toilet) bar (m.) bar barato cheap barba (f.) beard barco (m.) ship

neighborhood; residential area base base (f.) base de datos (f.) database basic basico fairly bastante battery (for a car) bateria (f.) to drink beber drink bebida (f.) bebida gaseosa soft drink (f.) benefit beneficio (m.) aubergine berenjena (f.) library biblioteca (f.) bicycle bicicleta (f.) well bien welcome bienvenida (f.) (to be) bienvenido welcome moustache bigote (m.) bilingual bilingiie banknote billete (m.) wallet billetera (f.) bizcochuelo (m.) cake white blanco black and negro y blanco white soft blando blouse blusa (f.) snacks bocaditos (m. pl.) ticket office boleteria (f.) (Sp. taquilla) ticket boleto (m.) (Sp. billete) boleto de avi6n air ticket (m.) Bolivia Bolivia (f.) Bolivian boliviano bag bolsa (f.) bolsa de dormir sleeping bag (f.) (Sp. saco de dormir)

barrio (m.)

firefighter nice to throw away bottle Brazil Brazilian arm brightness to drink a toast to British britanico brochette broqueta (f.) to dive bucear diving buceo (m.) bread pudding budin (m.) good buen short for buenos buenas dias good evening; buenas noches good night good afternoon buenas tardes good bueno good morning buenos dias to look for buscar postbox buz6n (m.) gentleman caballero (m.) caballeros (m. pl.) gentlemen (sign on toilets) bead cabeza (f.) cacao cacao (m.) each; every cada coffee cafe (m.) cafe cafeteria (f.) box caja (f.) caja de cambios gear box (f.) safe caja fuerte (f.) cashier cajero (m.) cash dispensing cajero automatico (m.) machine naked calato (Sp. desnudo) skull calavera (f.)

bombero (m.) bonito botar (Sp. tirar) botella (f.) Brasil (m.) brasilefio brazo (m.) brillo (m.) brindar

290

291 calefacci6n (f.) calefacci6n central (f.) calentar calidad (f.) calido caliente calor (m.) caloria (f.) calzado (m.) calz6n (m.) calzoncillo (m.)

heating central heating

to warm up quality hot (climate) hot heat calorie footwear knickers men's underpants calle (f.) street calle principal (f.) main street cama (f.) bed c:imara (f.) camera cambiar to change, to exchange cambio (m.) change; exchange caminar to walk camino (m.) way, road cami6n (m.) lorry cami6n (m.) bus (Mex.) (Sp. autobUs) camioneta (f.) light van; station wagon camisa (f.) shirt camiseta (f.) vest, T-shirt campamentismo camping (m.) campe6n (m.) champion campeonato (m.) championship campesino (m.) peasant camping (m.) campsite campo (m.) field campo de sports field deportes (m.) canadiense Canadian cancer (m.) cancer

cancba (f.) canci6n (f.) canillita (Sp. vendedor de peri6dicos) cansado cantante (m., f.) can tar cantidad (f.) cantina (f.) (Sp. tabema) caiia de azticar (f.) caoba (f.) capacidad (f.) capital (m., f.)

sports court or field song news-vendor

tired singer to sing quantity bar sugar cane

mahogany capacity capital (m. == sum of money) (f. ==city) capitalista capitalist capitulo (m.) chapter cara (f.) face caracteristica (f.) characteristic carapulcra (f.) Peruvian dish made with dried potatoes cargo (m.) position Gob) cariiio (m.) affection came (f.) meat carniceria (f.) butcher's caro expensive carpeta (f.) desk (Sp. pupitre) carrera (f.) career; run; race; avenue (Col.) carretera (f.) road carro (Sp. cocbe) car carta (f.) letter cartelera (f.) list of cinemas and theaters cartera (f.) purse, handbag, wallet

cartero (m.) carton (m.) casa (f.) casa editorial (f.) casado casarse casi casilla de mensajes (f.) casona (f.) cassette (m.) castellano (Sp. espaiiol) castigado castigar castigo (m.) catedral (f.) categoria (f.) cat61ico causar cebicbe (m.)

celebraci6n (f.) celebrar celular (m.) cena (f.) cenar

centigrado (m.) centrico centro (m.) Centroamerica (f.) centro comercial (m.) cerca cercano cerdo (m.) cerebro (m.)

postman, mailman cardboard house, home publishing house married to get married almost voice mail large old house cassette Spanish (language) punished to punish punishment cathedral category catholic to cause dish made with raw fish marinated in lemon celebration to celebrate mobile phone evening meal, supper to have an evening meal, to have supper centigrade central center Central America shopping center near nearby pig brain

cerrado cerrar cerveza (f.) cbequear cbiquito ciclomotor (m.) cielo (m.) ciencia (f.) cierre (m.) cierto cifra (f.) cigarrillo (m.) cine, cinema (m.) cine de estreno (m.)

closed to close beer to check small moped sky, heaven science locking device certain figure cigarette cinema cinema which shows new films tape, ribbon cinta (f.) circulo (m.) circle cita (f.) date ciudad (f.) city ciudadano (m.) citizen lesson, class clase (f.) clasificaci6n (f.) classification to bring to a clausurar close carnation clavel (m.) client, customer cliente (m.) climate clima (m.) air-conditioned climatizado private hospital clinica (f.) club club (m.) to charge cobrar (money) copper cobre (m.) kitchen cocina (f.) cocktail coctel (m.) cocbe-bomba (m.) car bomb to take (in Ar., coger Mex., Uru. it has sexual connotations) school colegio (m.)

292

293 colgar

to hang up (phone) colo car to place colocarse to place oneself Colombia (f.) Colombia colombiano (m.) Colombian colonia (f.) residential (Ch., Mex.) suburb (Sp. barrio, urbanizacion) colonia proletaria shanty town (f.) (Mex.) (Sp. chabolas) color (m.) color combinacion (f.) combination combustible (m.) fuel comedor (m.) dining room comentario (m.) comment comenzar to start, to begin comer to eat comercial commercial comerciante trader, (m., f.) shopkeeper comercio (m.) commerce comico comic( a!) comida (f.) meal comisaria (f.) police station comision (f.) committee, commission como how comodo comfortable como siempre as always compaiiero (m.) classmate, workmate compaiiia (f.) company comparacion (f.) comparison compatible compatible competencia (f.) competititon competidor (m.) competitor competitivo competitive completo complete, comprehensive

complicado complicated compra (f.); purchase; compras (f. pl.) shopping comprar to buy comprender to understand comprobar to check compromiso (m.) commitment computador (m.) , computer computadora (f.) (Sp. ordenador) comunicacion communication (f.) comunista communist con with con tal que provided that concejo (m.) council concierto (m.) concert concurrido well attended, busy concursante contestant (m., f.) concurso (m.) contest, competition condicion (f.) condition conducir to drive conferencia (f.) conference confianza (f.) confidence confirmacion (f.) confirmation confirmar to confirm confundir to confuse congreso (m.) congress, conference conmigo with me contraste (m.) contrast conocer to know conseguir to obtain consejo (m.) advice conservacion (f.) conservation conservar to preserve construccion (f.) construction construir to build

consul (m., f.) consulado (m.) consul tar consultor (m.) consultoria (f.) consumidor (m.) consumir consumo (m.) contabilidad (f.) contacto (m.) contador (m.) (Sp. contable) contaminacion (f.) contaminante contar contar con contento

consul consulate to consult consultant consultancy consumer to consume consumption accountancy contact accountant

contamination, pollution polluting to count; to tell to have contented, happy to answer contestar with you contigo to continue continuar against contra opposite contrario contrast contraste (m.) contract contrato (m.) to convince con veneer agreement convenio (m.) heart corazon (m.) tie corbata (f.) to correct corregir post office correo (m.) to run correr correspondence; correspondencia post (f.) correspondent corresponsal (m., f.) cut; court corte (f.) short corto thing cosa (f.) coast costa (f.) Costa Rica Costa Rica (f.)

costar costarricense, costariqueiio costo (m.) (Sp. coste) costumbre (f.) crecer credito (m.) creer criollo (m.) criticar cruzar cuaderno (m.)

to cost Costa Rican cost custom to grow credit to believe creole to criticize to cross exercise book, notebook block (of houses)

cuadra (f.) (Sp. manzana) square cuadrado frame, painting, cuadro (m.) chart statistics chart cuadro estadistico (m.) which emil any cualquier any, anyone, cualquiera whichever cmindo, cuando when how much cuanto, cuanta cuantos, cuantas how many fourth ; bedroom cuarto (m.) Cuba Cuba (f.) Cuban cubano (m.) cubiertos (m. pl.) cutlery spoon cuchara (f.) spoonful cucharada (f.) teaspoon cucharita (f.) check cuenta (f.) cuenta corriente current account (f.) short story cuento leather cuero (m.) care; be careful! cuidado (m.) cuidadosamente carefully

295

294 cuidar cultivar cultivo ( m.) cultural cumpleaiios (m.) cuota mensual (f.) cupon (m.) curso (m.) champiiion (m.) chancho (m.) (Sp. cerdo) chao, chau (inf.) chaqueta (f.) charla (f.) che (Ar., Uru.) (Sp. oiga, oye) cheque (m.) (Sp. talon) cheque de viaje/viajero (m.) chequeas chica (f.) chicano (m.)

to look after to cultivate cultivation cultural birthday monthly payment coupon, voucher course mushroom pig, pork bye jacket talk hey! check traveler's check

to check girl Mexican working in the USA chico (m.); (adj.) boy; small (Sp. pequeiio) chiquito small Chile (m.) Chile chileno Chilean chipa (f.) Paraguayan dish made with com chiste (m.) joke chistoso funny chocolate (m.) chocolate chompa (f.) (Pe.) jumper; sweater; (Sp. jersey) cardigan dama (f.) lady damas (f. pl.) ladies (sign on toilets) danza (f.) dance

daiiino dar datos (m. pl.) de de acuerdo de lo contrario de nada Debajo debajo deber (m.) deberes (m. pl.) debil decada (f.) decidir decimo (m.) decir decision (f.) decisivo declarar decorar dedicarse defecto (m.) defender dejar delante de deletrear delgado delicado delicioso delincuente (m., f.) demasiado democracia (f.) democratico demorar (Sp. tardar) denunciar dentro de depender deporte (m.) deportivo

harmful to give information, data of; from; than agreed! , I agree! otherwise you're welcome underneath duty homework weak decade to decide tenth to say decision decisive to declare to decorate to devote oneself to defect to defend to leave in front of to spell thin delicate delicious delinquent, criminal too much/many; too democracy democratic to take (time) to denounce inside to depend sport sporty

derecha derecho (m.) derechos humanos (m. pl.) derroche (m.) desacuerdo (m.) desaparecer desarrollar desastre (m.) desayunar desayuno (m.) descansar descanso (m.) descartable descolgar

descuento ( m.) desde desear desempleo (m.) (Sp. paro) desgraciadamente desilusion (f.) desilusionado desmoralizado despacio despacho (m.) despedida (f.) despedirse despertador (m.) despertarse despues destinar

right law; right human rights

waste (of money) disagreement to disappear to develop disaster to have breakfast breakfast to rest rest disposable to take the phone off the hook discount from; since to want, to wish unemployment unfortunately disappointment disappointed demoralized slowly office farewell to say goodbye alarm clock to wake up afterwards to destine, to assign to destroy disadvantage to undress

destruir desventaja (f.) desvestir (Sp. desnudar) detail detalle (m.)

behind detras de to give back devolver day dia (m.) dialogue dialogo (m.) daily diario, diariamente cartoons dibujos animados (m. pl.) diccionario (m.) dictionary December diciembre (m.) dictatorship dictadura (f.) healthy (food) dietetico difference diferencia (f.) different diferente difficult dificil difficulty dificultad (f.) money dinero (m.) deputy (in m.) ( diputado Parliament) address; direction (f.) direction directed planned, dirigido (music) record disco (m.) disco compacto compact disc (m.) disco duro ( m.) hard disk discoteque discoteca (f.) to excuse disculpar to apologize disculparse speech discurso (m.) discussion discusion (f.) to discuss discutir design diseiio (m.) diskette, data diskette (m.) disk to dislocate dislocar to reduce, to go disminuir down available disponible distinction distincion (f.) distinguished distinguido different distinto

296

297 distribuidor ( m.) Distrito Federal (m.) diurno diversion (f.) diverso divertido

distributor Federal District (Mex.) daytime (adj.) entertainment diverse entertaining, funny divertirse to have a good time divisa (f.) foreign currency divorciado divorced divorcio (m.) divorce doblar to turn doble double docena (f.) dozen doctor (m.) doctor documental (m.) documentary documento (m.) document dolar (m.) dollar doler to hurt dolor (m.) pain domicilio (m.) address domingo (m.) Sunday dominicano Dominican donativo (m.) donation donde;donde where dormido asleep dormir to sleep dormitorio (m.) bedroom dudar to doubt dueiio (m.) owner dulce (m.; adj.) sweet duplicado (m.) duplicate durable durable duracion (f.) duration durante during durar to last duro hard e and (only before words beginning with i-)

ecologico economia (f.) economico ecuador (m.) Ecuador (m.) ecuatoriano edad (f.) edicion (f.) edificio (m.) educaci6n (f.) educativo efectivizar efectivo (m.) ejecutivo (m.) ejercito (m.) el; el el otro dia El Salvador (m.) elaborar eleccion (f.) electo (Sp. elegido) electricidad (f.) electrico electronico elegante elegido elegir ella eUas ellos embajada (f.) embajador (m.) embarcar embarque (m.) emigrar empanada (f.) empatar empezar empleado (m.) empresa (f.)

ecological, 'green' economy economical equator Ecuador Ecuadorean age edition building education educational to implement cash executive army the (m. sing.); he the other day El Salvador to make election elected electricity electric electronic elegant elected to elect she they (f.) they (m.) embassy ambassador to board boarding to emigrate pasty to draw to start employee firm, company

empresario (m.) empujar en enamorado (m.); enamorada (f.) encantado encargado (m.) en cartelera

encender encima encontrar encuesta (f.) enero (m.) enfermera (f.) enfermo enfrente de engaiiar engaiio (m.) en peligro ensalada (f.) enseguida enseiiar entender entonces entomo (m.) entrada (f.) entrar entre entrega (f.) entregado entre gar entrenador (m.)

entrenar entretener

businessman to push in, on, at boyfriend; girlfriend pleased to meet you person in charge on at the theater or at the cinema to light, to turn on over to find survey January nurse ill opposite to deceive deception endangered salad straight away to show; to teach to understand then environment admission ticket; entrance to enter between, among delivery handed over to give, to deliver coach, manager (of a sports team) to train to entertain

entrevista (f.) entrevistar envase en vez de enviar epoca de Uuvias (f.) epoca del aiio (f.) equipaje (m.) equipo (m.) equivalente equivocarse error (m.) esa, esas esa, esas escalera (f.) escaso escoces Escocia (f.) escoger esconder escribir escrito escritor (m.) escritorio (m.) escritura jeroglifica (f.) escucbar escuela (f.) ese, esos ese, esos espacio (m.) espalda (f.) Espaiia (f.) espaiiol (m.) especial especializada especie (f.)

interview to interview packet, container instead of to send rainy season time of the year luggage team equivalent to be mistaken mistake, error that, those (f.) that one, those ones (f.) stairs, ladder scarce Scottish Scotland to choose to hide to write written writer desk hieroglyphic writing to listen school (primary) that, those (m.) that one, those ones (m.) space back (part of the body) Spain Spanish (person and language) special specialized species

299

298 especificaciones (f. pl.) espectador (m.) esperar espinaca (f.) esposo (m.); esposa (f.) esqui (m.) esquina (f.) esta, estas esta, estas

specification spectator to wait spinach husband; wife

ski comer this, these (f.) this one, these ones (f.) establecer to establish estacion (f.) station, season estacionamiento car parking (m.) estacionar to park estadia (f.) stay (Sp. estancia) estadio (m.) stadium estadistica (f.) statistics estado (m.) state estado civil (m.) marital status Estados Unidos United States (m. pl.) estadounidense from the United States estampilla (f.) stamp (postage) (Sp. sello) estante (m.) shelf estanteria (f.) shelving estar to be estatura (f.) height (of a person) estatuto (m.) statute este east este, estos this, these (m.) este, estos this one, these ones (m.) estereo stereo estilo (m.) style estimado dear (in a letter) estomago (m.) stomach

estrategia (f.) strategy estrategica strategic estudiante (m., f.) student estudiar to study estudios (m. pl.) studies etiqueta (f.) label Europa (f.) Europe europeo (m.) European evento (m.) event evitar to avoid exacto exact examen (m.) exam examinar to examine excelente excellent exceso (m.) excess exclusivo exclusive excursion (f.) excursion exigir to demand exito (m.) success expansion (f.) expansion expectativa (f.) expectation (Sp. expectacion) expediente (m.) dossier, process experiencia (f.) experience experime ntar to experiment, to experience explicacion (f.) explanation explicar to explain explosion (f.) explosion explotar to exploit exportacion (f.) export exportado r (m.) exporter exportar to export exposicion (f.) exhibition expresar to express exprimir to extract extranjero (m.) foreign, foreigner; abroad extraiiar (Sp. to miss (to feel ecbar de the absence of) menos)

factory fabrica (f.) to manufacture fabricar easy racil facsimile facsimil (m.) invoice factura (f.) skirt falda (f.) false falso lack falta (f.) to lack faltar failure, fault faUa (f.) (Sp. fallo) family familia (f.) familiares (m. pl.) relatives famous famoso chemist's farmacia (f.) fauna fauna (f.) favor favor (m.) February febrero (m.) date fecha (f.) congratulations felicitaciones (f. pl.) (Sp. eohorabu ena) to congratulate felicitar happy feliz feminine; women's femenino fair feria (f.) festival festival (m.) reliability fiabilidad (f.) fiber fibra (f.) fibra de vidrio (f.) glass fiber fever fiebre (f.) party, festival fiesta (f.) end fin (m.) weekend fin de semana (m.) end final (m.) finally, lastly finalmente financial financiero fine (quality) fino signature firma (f.) to sign firmar flexible flexible

ftor (f.) folklorico (m.) foUeto (m.) fondo (m.) formar formula (f.) formulario (m.) Forum fosforo (m.) (Sp. ceriUa) foto(grafia) (f.) fracasar fracaso (m.) frambuesa (f.) frances Francia (f.) frazada (f.) (Sp. manta) frecuente freir frio frito frontera (f.) fruta (f.) frutal fruteria (f.) frutilla (f.) (Sp. fresa) fuente (f.) fuente de divisas (f.) fuerte fumador (m.) fumar funcion (f.)

flower folk leaflet bottom to form formula form well-known art gallery in Lima match photo(gra ph) to fail failure raspberry French France blanket frequent to fry cold fried border, frontier fruit fruity fruit shop strawberry

source source of foreign exchange strong smoker to smoke show(ina cinema, theater) functiona l funcional to work funcionar funcionario (m.) official football fUtbol (m.)

300

301 futuro (m.) galeria (f.) Gales (m.) gales gama (f.) ganador (m.) ganar garaje (m.) garantia (f.) garantizar garbanzo (m.) garganta (f.) garrafa (f.) gas (m.) gasolina (f.) gasolina sin plomo (f.) gas tar

future gallery Wales Welsh range winner to win garage guarantee to guarantee chickpea throat carafe gas (fuel) gas lead-free gas

to spend (money) gasto (m.) expense gato (m.) cat general ( m.) general generalmente generally gente (f.) people geografia (f.) geography gimnasio (m.) gymnasium gimnasio cubierto indoor (m.) gymnasium gobierno (m.) government gordo fat grabar to record on tape gracias thanks, thank you grado (m.) degree grafico (m.) graphic grande big, large grasa (f.) fat gratis free gripe (f.) influenza, cold grueso thick grupal in groups

grupo (m.) guacamole (m.)

group typical Mexican sauce or dip guarani (m.) language spoken in Paraguay guardar to keep Guatemala (f.) Guatemala guatemalteco Guatemalan guerra (f.) war guia turistica (f.) tourist guide gus tar to like haber to have (aux.) habitacion (f.) room habitante (m.) inhabitant habla castellana Spanish speaking (f.) hablar to speak hace ago hacer; hace (frio/ to do, to make; viento/etc.) it's (cold/ windy/etc.) bacia towards haDar to find hambre (f.); hunger; to be tener hambre hungry basta until basta luego see you later hay there is/are hecho (m.) fact helado (m.) ice cream helicoptero (m.) helicopter hermano (m.); brother; sister hermana (f.) hervir to boil hielo (m.) ice hijo (m.), hija (f.) son; daughter hijos (m. pl.) children hincha (m.) football fan hispanica Hispanic historia (f.) history historial (rn.) record, history hoja (f.) sheet

hoja de cliiculo (f.) hoja de ruta (f.) bola hombre (m.) bombro (m.) Honduras (f.) hondureiio bora (f.) borario (m.) bornalla, bornilla (f.) hospital (m.) hospitalidad (f.) hotel (m.) hoy huevo (m.) bumano hWnedo ida (f.)

spreadsheet

route plan hello man shoulder Honduras Honduran hour opening hours burner (in a cooker) hospital hospitality hotel today egg human wet, damp single (trip, journey) return (trip, ida y vuelta (f.) journey) ideal ideal identificacion (f.) identification language idioma (m.) church iglesia (f.) equal, the igual same equality igualdad (f.) ilegal ilegal illuminated, lit iluminado picture (TV) imagen (f.) to prevent impedir imperfect imperfecto importacion (f.) import importador (m.) importer important importante to import importar impossible imposible printing works imprenta (f.) printer impresora (f.)

dot matrix printer to print tax opening, inauguration to inaugurate inaugurar fire incendio (m.) incentive incentivo (m.) incense incienso (m.) included incluido uncomfortable incomodo inconvenient inconveniente incredible increible incremento (m.) increase to make inroads incursionar to indicate indicar literacy rate indice de alfabetismo indigena (m., f.) indigenous person individual individual industry industria (f.) industrial industrial infancy infancia (f.) children's infantil inferior inferior inflation inflacion (f.) informacion (f.) information to inform informar informatica (f.) computing informativo (m.) news program report informe (m.) engineer ingeniero (m.) England Inglaterra (f.) English ingles income ingreso (m.) to begin iniciar initiative iniciativa (f.) immediate iomediato huge iomenso

impresora matricial (f.) imprimir impuesto (m.) inauguracion (f.)

303

302 inmigracion (f.) immigration inmigrante (m., f.)immigrant inmigrar immigrate inocente innocent insistir to insist inspirar to inspire instalar to install instruir to instruct instrumento ( m.) instrument inteligente intelligent intentar to attempt interes (m.) interest interesado interested interesante interesting intemacional international intemo internal interpretar to sing; to interpret interprete singer; (m. , f.) interpreter interrogar to interrogate interrumpir to interrupt interrupcion (f.) interruption inversion (f.) investment invertir to invest investigaci6n (f.) investigation, research inviemo (m.) winter invitacion (f.) invitation invitado (m.) guest ir to go ir de compras to go shopping Irlanda (f.) Ireland iriandes Irish isla (f.) island itinerario (m.) itinerary izquierda (f.) left jab6n (m.) soap Jamaica (f.) Jamaica jamaiquino Jamaican jamas never jam6n (m.) ham

Jap6n (m.) japones jardin (m.) jefe (m.) jefe de ventas (m.) jenjibre (m.) joven juego (m.) juego de muebles (m.) jueves (m.) juez (m.) jugar

Japan Japanese garden boss, head head of sales ginger young game suite of furniture

Thursday judge to play (a game or sport) jugo (m.) juice juguete (m.) toy julio (m.) July junio (m.) June junto a next to juntos together justo fair, just juventud (f.) youth kilo (m.) kilo kilometro (m.) kilometer Ia, las the (f. sing., f. pl.) laboratorio de language idiomas (m.) laboratory lado (m.) side lago (m.) lake lagrima (f.) tear lamentablemente regrettably lamentar to regret lana (f.) wool langostino (m.) prawn lapicero (m.), ball-point pen lapicera (f.) lapiz labial (m.) lipstick largo long laser (f.) laser lastima (f.) pity

lateral lateral Latin America Latinoamerica (f.) latinoamericano Latin American washing machine lavadora (f.) to wash lavar lavar en seco (Sp. to dry clean limpiar en seco) would you le ruego please lesson lecci6n (f.) reading lectura (f.) milk leche (f.) lettuce Iechuga (f.) to read leer legal legal to legalize legalizar far lejos tongue lengua (f.) sole lenguado (m.) glasses, lentes (m. pl.) spectacles lentes de contacto contact lenses (m. pl.) (Sp.lentillas) slow Iento sign letrero (m.) levantacristales electric window winder (car) electrico (m.) to lift levantar to get up levantarse law ley (f.) freedom libertad (f.) freedom of libertad de expresion expresi6n (f.) libertad de prensa freedom of the press (f.) pound libra (f.) pound sterling libra esterlina (f.) free libre bookshop libreria (f.)

book libro (m.) driving licence licencia de conducir (f.) licuado energetico isotonic drink (m.) leader lider (m.) lider sindical (m.) union leader light ligero to have borders limitar con with lemon limon (m.) to clean limpiar cleanliness limpieza (f.) Iindo (Sp. bonito, pretty majo) line linea (f.) airline linea aerea (f.) torch lintema (f.) list lista (f.) ready lis to literature literatura (f.) light liviano telephone call Hamada (f.) it lo premises local (m.) lotion locion (f.) mad loco to achieve lograr beefsteak lomo (m.) canvas lona (f.) London Londres (m.) length longitud (f.) the (m. pl.) los I'm sorry lo siento to fight luchar then, later luego place Iugar (m.) moon luna (f.) Monday Junes (m.) light luz (f.) telephone call llamada (f.) to call II amar

305

304 llamarse Uave (f.) llavero (m.) llegada (f.) llegar llenar lie no llevar a cabo

to be called key key-ring arrival to arrive to fill full to take place, to carry out II over to rain lluvia (f.) rain lluviosa (imagen) snowy (TV picture) lluvioso rainy macerar to marinate machucar to mash (food) madera (f.) wood madre (f.) mother madrugada (f.) early hours of the morning mal badly malecon (m.) promenade maleta (f.) suitcase maletin (m.) briefcase malo bad; poor malla entera de one-piece baiio (f.) swimsuit man dar to send zmande? pardon? (Sp. zcomo?) manejar to drive manera (f.) manner, way mano (f.) hand mantener to maintain manualidades handicraft (f. pl.) manzana (f.) apple manana (f.); (m.) morning; tomorrow mapa (m.) map maquina (f.) machine maquinaria (f.) machinery

maquina de escribir (m.) mar (m.) marca (f.) marido (m.) marisco (m.) marmol (m.) marron martes (m.) marzo (m.) mas mas adelante mas adentro mas tarde matar mate (m.)

typewriter

sea brand, make husband seafood marble brown Tuesday March more later further inside later to kill infusion drunk mainly in Argentina materia prima (f.) raw material material (m.) material mliximo maximum mayo (m.) May mayor elder; more mayoria (f.) majority mec&nica (f.) mechanics mec&nico (m.) mechanic mediano medium medianocbe (f.) midnight medias (f. pl.) socks, stockings medicina (f.) medicine medico (m.) doctor medida (f.) measurement, measure medio half a medio ambiente environment (m.) mediodia (m.) midday medios de means of transporte transport (m. pl.) medir to measure mejor better; best

mejorar melon (m.) memoria (f.) men or menos mensaje (m.) mensual mentira (f.) menu (m.) mercado (m.) mercado de cambios (m.) mercado paralelo ( m.) mes (m.) mesa (f.) mestizo (m.)

metal (m.) metro (m.) mexicano, mejicano Mexico, Mejico (m.) mezcla (f.) mi, mis mi miedo (m.) mientras miercoles (m.) mil milanesa (f.) militar millon (m.) mineral (m.) mineria (f.)

to improve melon memory younger; less less message monthly lie menu market currency market free rate currency market month table person who has one Spanish and one indigenous parent metal subway; meter Mexican Mexico mixture my me (pron. after prep.) fear while Wednesday thousand escalope military million mineral mining

minimum ministry minister handicapped person minute minuto (m.) to look mirar to go window mirar tiendas shopping mass (religion) misa (f.) same mismo half mitad (f.) rucksack mochila (f.) fashion moda (f.) modales (m. pl.) manners model modelo (m.) to moderate moderar modem moderno manner, way modo (m.) module, unit modulo (m.) to annoy, to molestar bother trouble, molestia (f.) inconvenience annoyed, molesto bothered moment momento (m.) coin; currency moneda (f.) monitor monitor (m.) mountain montana (f.) montaiiismo (m.) mountaineering mountainous montaiioso to ride montar monumento (m.) monument to die morir to show mostrar motocicleta (f.) motorbike much mucho many muchos muebles (m. pl.) furniture tooth muela (f.) death muerte (f.)

minimo ministerio (m.) ministro (m.) minusvalido (m.)

307

306 muerto muestra (f.) mujer (f.) mulato (m.)

dead sample woman; wife mulatto (person with one white and one black parent) multa (f.) fine mundo (m.) world municipalidad (f.) citynocal council (Sp. ayuntamiento) muiieco (m.) doll museo (m.) museum musica (f.) music musical musical muy very nacer to be born nacimiento (m.) birth naci6n (f.) nation nacional national nacionalidad (f.) nationality nada nothing nadar to swim nadie nobody naranja (f.) orange natacion (f.) swimming natatorio (m.) swimming pool (Ch., Ar. piscina) natural natural navegar en to surf the Net Internet Navidad (f.) Christmas necesario necessary necesidad (f.) need, necessity necesitar to need negar to deny negativo (m.) negative negociacion (f.) negotiation negociar to negotiate negocio (m.) business

negro nervioso neutro (m.) nevar ni Nicaragua (f.) nicaragiiense niebla (f.) nieto (m.); nieta (f.) ninguno niiio (m.); niiia (f.) niiios (m. pl.) ni siquiera nivel (m.) nivel de precios no nocturno

black nervous neutral to snow nor Nicaragua Nicaraguan fog grandson; granddaughter no one boy; girl

children not even level price range (m.) no, not nocturnal, in the evening noche (f.) night no fumador (m.) non-smoker nogal (m.) walnut tree no hay de que you're welcome no importa it doesn't matter no mas no more (Sp. nada mas) nombre (m.) name no precisalno don't know (in a responde survey) norma de quality standards calidad (f.) normal normal normalmente normally norte (m.) north norteamericano North American; American nosotros we nos vemos see you (inf.) nota (f.) note; grade, mark

no tar noticia (f.) noticiero, noticiario (m.) novela (f.) noveno noviembre (m.) novio (m.); novia (f.) nube (f.) nublado nuestro/a, nuestro/as Nueva York (f.) nuevamente nuevo nfunero (m.) nunca nutricion (f.)

to notice news item news bulletin novel ninth November fiance; fiancee cloud cloudy our

New York again new number never nutrition or 0 target objetivo (m.) object objeto (m.) obligation obligacion (f.) to force, to obligar oblige obligatory, obligatorio compulsory obra comica (f.) comedy obra de teatro (f.) play (theater) public works obras publicas (f. pl.) manual worker obrero (m.) to obtain obtener Australasia Oceania (f.) ocean oceano (m.) Oceano Atlantico Atlantic Ocean (m.) Oceano Pacifico Pacific Ocean (m.) eighth octavo October octubre (m.) occupation ocupacfon (f.)

ocupado ocupar ocurrir oeste (m.) oferta (f.) oficina (f.) ofrecer to oido (m.) oir ojala ojo (m.) ola (f.) olimpiadas estudiantiles (f. pl.) olvidar omnibus (m.) operacion (f.) opinar

busy to occupy to occur west reduced merchandise office offer hearing, inner ear to hear if only eye wave (in the sea) school sports festival

to forget bus operation to give an opinion opinion opinion (f.) oportunidad (f.) opportunity optimum optimo to tidy up ordenar ear oreja (f.) organizacion (f.) organization to organize organizar orientacion (f.) guidance, counselling gold oro (m.) orchestra orquesta (f.) autumn otoiio (m.) bygone era otra epoca (f.) another, other otro paciente (m., f.) patient father; parents padre (m.); padres (m. pl.) to pay pagar Pagina Web (f.) web page page pagina (f.)

309

308 pago (m.) paguese a pals (m.) paisaje (m.) palabra (f.) palanca (f.) pan (m.) panaderia (f.) Panama (m.) panameiio panqueque (m.) pantalon, (m.) pantalones (m. pl.) pantalla (f.) paiiuelo (m.) papa (f.) (Sp. patata) papel (m.) paquete (m.) par (m.) para

payment payable to country landscape word lever bread bread shop Panama Panamanian pancake pants, (trousers)

screen handkerchief potato paper parcel pair for; to; in order to to take away stop (bus) stop (bus)

para llevar parada (f.) paradero (m.) (Col., Ec., Pe., Bo., Ch.) parado standing (Sp. de pie) Paraguay (m.) Paraguay paraguayo Paraguayan parar to stop pararse (Sp. to stand up ponerse de pie) parecer to seem parecerse to resemble, to look alike pared (f.) wall pareja (f.) partner parientes (m. pl.) relations parque (m.) park

parrillada (f.) • parte (f.) participacion (f.) participar particular partido (m.) pasado pasaje (f.) pasajero (m.) pasaporte (m.) pasar pasarla aspiradora pasar las vacaciones pasatiempo (m.) pasear paseo (m.) pasillo (m.) paso (m.) paso a paso pastel (m.) pasteleria (f.) pastilla (f.) patio (m.) patria (f.) paz (f.) pecho (m.) pedido (m.) pedir pelar pelfcula (f.) pelicula del oeste (f.) peligro (m.) pelirrojo pelo (m.) peluqueria (f.) pensar

grilled meats part participation to take part private; particular match; party (political) past; last fare passenger passport to pass to vacuum to spend your holiday pastime to go for a walk walk, stroll aisle, corridor step step by step pie, cake cake shop tablet yard, courtyard fatherland peace breast, chest order to order (goods); to ask for to peel movie western danger red-haired hair hairdresser's to think

pension (f.) peor pequeiio pera (f.) perder perderse jperdont (m.) perdonar perfecto periodico (m.) periodista (m., f.) periodo (m.) permiso (m.) permitir pero perro (m.) perseguir

pension; boarding house worse little; small pear to Jose to get lost sorry! to forgive perfect newspaper journalist

period permission to allow but dog to pursue, to chase person (f.) persona character personaje (m.) (theater, novel, etc.) personnel, staff personal (m.) personalidad (f.) personality Peru Peru Peruvian peruano heavy pesado fishing pesca (f.) fish pescado (m.) weight peso (m.) oil; petroleum petroleo (m.) piano piano (m.) hot (spicy) picante to chop (food) pi car foot pie (m.) skin piel (f.) leg piema (f.) battery pila (f.) pool swimming pileta (f.) paint to pin tar

pintor (m.) pintura (f.) piiia (f.) pionero (m.) piscina (f.) pista (f.) plan (m.) plan char planta (f.) planta alta (f.) planta baja (f.) plastico (m.) plata (f.) (Sp. dinero) platano (m.) platicar plato (m.) playa (f.) plaza (f.) plegable poblacion (f.) poblado pobre pobreza (f.) poco; pocos poco a poco poder poesia (f.) poeta (m.); poetisa (f.) policia (f., m., f.)

policial politica (f.) polo (m.) (Ch., Ar., Uru. polera) polio (m.) poner popular

painter painting; paint pineapple pioneer swimming pool track plan to iron plant; floor level (in a building) upstairs downstairs plastic money banana to talk plate beach square folding population populated poor poverty little/few little by little can poetry poet police; policeman; policewoman police (adj .) politics; policy T-shirt

chicken to put popular

311

310 por por ahora por ciento (Sp. por cien) porcion (f.) por correo por ejemplo por el momento

for; by; because of for the time being per cent

portion, serving by post for example for the time being por favor please at last por fin por otra parte on the other hand why por que just in case por si acaso of course por supuesto por todas partes everywhere lastly por Ultimo porque because portugues Portuguese posibilidad (f.) possibility posible possible postal (f.) postcard postergar to postpone (Sp. aplazar) postre (m.) dessert potente powerful practicar to practise price precio (m.) preferir to prefer pregunta (f.) question preguntar to ask a question premio (m.) prize prensa (f.) press to worry preocuparse preparar to prepare presentar to present; to introduce presidente (m.) president presionar to press preso (m.) prisoner

prestamo (m.) prestar presupuesto (m.) previo primaria (f.)

loan to lend budget prior, previous primary (education) primavera (f.) spring (season) primer/o first principal principal principio (m.) beginning private privado probabilidad (f.) probability probable probable probar to try, to test problem problema (m.) procesamiento word processing de texto (m.) to process pro cesar proceso (m.) process to try procurar produccion (f.) production producir to produce producto (m.) product teacher profesor (m.) profundo deep programas de current affairs actualidad prohibicion (f.) ban, prohibition prohibir to ban, to prohibit promedio average promesa (f.) promise prometer to promise pronostico del weather forecast tiempo (m.) pronto soon pronunciacion (f.) pronunciation pronunciado marked pronunciar to pronounce propiedad (f.) property propietario (m.) proprietor, owner

own to propose protestant province next project publication to publish advertising, publicity public; audience publico (m.) town, village; pueblo (m.) people (of a nation) bridge (m.) puente puente aereo (m.) shuttle service door puerta (f.) position (job); puesto (m.) stall (market) job puesto de trabajo (m.) cigar puro (m.) pure puro that; than que what que what's happen;.que pasa? ing, what's the matter? what a pity! jque penal next que viene indigenous quechua (m.) language spoken in the Andean countries to stay; to be que dar left complaint queja (f.) to complain quejarse to burn quemar traditional quena (f.) Andean

propio proponer protestante provincia (f.) proximo proyecto (m.) publicacion (f.) publicar publicidad (f.)

musical instrument querer to want querido dear (e.g. to start a letter) queso (m.) cheese who quien; quien fifth quinto to take away qui tar perhaps quiz&, quizas radio radio (m.) slot ranura (f.) fast rapido while rato (m.) mouse raton (m.) lightning rayo (m.) race raza (f.) reason razon (f.) reasonable razonable reality realidad (f.) to carry out realizar reduced rebajado to reduce rebajar reception recepcion (f.) receptionist (f.) recepcionista recession recesion (f.) receipt; receta (f.) prescription receive to recibir receipt recibo (m.) to pick up recoger recomendacion recommendation (f.) to recommend recomendar to recognize reconocer to rebuild, to reconstruir reconstruct to remember recordar to go through, to recorrer travel to cut back, to recortar trim

313

312 recreativo rector (m.) recuerdo (m.) recuperacion (f.) recuperar red (f.) reducir reemplazar refresco (m.) regalar

leisure vice-chancellor souvenir recovery to recover network to reduce to replace refreshing drink to give (present), to give away regalo (m.) gift, present region (f.) region reglamento (m.) regulation regresar to return regular regular; not too bad regular to adjust reir to laugh religion (f.) religion reloj (m.) watch; clock reloj despertador alarm clock (m.) rellenar to fill in remedio (m.) remedy remuneracion (f.) remuneration renovar to renew rentar to rent renunciar to resign reparacion (f.) repair reparar to repair reparto (m.) delivery repetir to repeat representante representative (m.) Republica Dominican Dominicana Republic (f.) repuesto (m.) spare part requisito (m.) requirement rescatar to rescue reservacion (f.) reservation

reservar residente (m.) resolver respetar respeto (m.) responder respuesta (f.) restauracion (f.) restaurante (m.) restaurar resto (m.) resultado ( m.) retirar retrato (m.) reunion (f.) revelado (m.) revelar

revista (f.) revolucion (f.) rezar rico rio (m.) riqueza (f.) rizado robar roble (m.) robo (m.) rojo romantico romper ron (m.) ropa (f.) ropero (m.) rosa (f.) ruido (m.) rural ruta (f.) sabado (m.)

reserve resident to solve to respect respect to reply reply restoration restaurant to restore rest, remainder result to withdraw portrait meeting development (photographs) to reveal; to develop (a film) magazine revolution to pray tasty, delicious river wealth curly to steal; to rob oak robbery, burglary red romantic to break rum clothing wardrobe rose noise rural route Saturday

saber sabor (m.) sacar sala (f.) salario (m.) salida (f.) salir salsa (f.) saltar salud (f.) saludable saludar saludo (m.); saludos salvado (m.) salvadoreno sandia (f.) satisfecho se puede seccion (f.) seco secretario (m.), secretaria (f.) sector (m.) sector informal (m.)

to know flavor, taste to take out living room; hall wage departure to leave; to go out sauce to jump health; cheers! healthy to greet greeting; regards (at the end of a letter) bran Salvadorian watermelon satisfied one can section dry secretary

sector the 'informal' sector (of the economy) secondary secundaria (f.) (education) thirst sed (f.) frequently seguido (Sp. frecuentemente) to carry on seguir according to seglin second segundo safety seguridad (f.) insurance seguro (m.) jungle selva (f.) week semana (f.) Semana Santa (f.) Easter

semanal semestral semestre (m.) senador (m.) sentarse sentimiento (m.) sentir senor

weekly six-monthly semester senator to sit down feeling to feel gentleman, mister lady, Mrs young lady, miss separated to be service to serve session September

senora senorita separado ser servicio (m.) servir sesion (f.) setiembre, septiembre (m.) setimo, septimo seventh if si yes si always siempre century siglo (m.) to mean signifi.car silence silencio (m.) chair silla (f.) to simplify simplifi.car without sin trade union sindicato ( m.) no doubt sin duda but sino system sistema (m.) site, place sitio (m.) situation, situacion (f.) location to locate situar on, over; sobre (prep.); envelope (m.) socialist socialists society sociedad (f.) member; partner' socio (m.) soldier soldado (m.)

314

315 soledad (f.) solicitar solidaridad (f.) solido solo solo solucion (f.) somos son sonido (m.) sonrisa (f.) soii.ar sorpresa (f.) sorteo (m.) sortija (f.) Sr Sra Srta so, sus suave subcomision subir subsidio (m.) sucesor (m.) sucio sucursal (m.) Sudamerica (f.) sueldo (m.) suelto sueter (m.) suficiente soma (f.) supermercado (m.) supervisar suponer sur suyo

loneliness to request, to apply for solidarity solid alone only solution we are you are (for. and inf.); they are sound smile to dream surprise draw, raffle ring Mr Mrs Miss your (for. sing. and pl.); his; her soft subcommittee to go up subsidy successor dirty branch South America salary loose sweater enough amount, sum supermarket to supervise to suppose south yours (for. sing. and pl); his; hers;

tabaco (m.) talla (f.) tamaii.o (m.) tambien tampoco tan .•• como tapete (m.) tarde (f.) tarea (f.) tarifa (f.) tarjeta (f.) tarjeta de debito (f.) tarta (f.) taza (f.) te (m.) teatro (m.) teclado (m.) tecnica (f.) tecnico (m.) tecnologia (f.) tela (f.) telefonear telefono (m.) telefono movil (m.) telenovela (f.) television (f.) Televisor (m.) tema (m.)

tobacco size (clothes) size also neither as ... as tapestry afternoon; late homework tariff card debit card pie cup tea theater keyboard tecnique technician technology fabric to phone telephone mobile phone

soap opera television TV set topic, theme, subject temperatura (f.) temperature templado warm temprano early tener to have tener hambre to be hungry tener Iugar to take place tener razon to be right tener sed to be thirsty tener on aire de to have an air of tenis (m.) tennis terminar to end, to finish

termo (m.) terrible territorio (m.) terrorismo (m.) texto (m.) ti tia (f.) tiempo (m.) tienda (f.) tierra (m.) timbre (m.) timon (m.) (Sp. volante) (Ch., Ar. manurio) tinto (m.)

tio (m.) tipo (m.) titular (m.) to car

todavia todo todo-terreno todos tolerancia (f.) to mar tomate (m.) tonto (m.) torments (f.) torta (f.) (Sp. tarta) tortilla (f.)

torturar trabajador (m.) trabajar

flask terrible territory terrorism text you (pron. after prep.) aunt time; weather shop earth; soil bell steering wheel

red wine; black coffee (Col.) uncle type headline to play (a musical instrument) still; yet all; whole; every all-terrain all; everybody tolerance to take; to eat; to drink tomato silly, stupid storm cake omelette; maize pancake (Mex.) to torture worker to work

trabajo (m.) work traduccion (f.) translation traer to bring tramites (m. pl.) paperwork, red tape tranquilo quiet transeunte (m.) passer-by to broadcast transmitir transporte (m.) transport tranvia (m.) tram cloth trapo (m.) tratar conlsobre deal with train tren (m.) tribe tribu (f.) court tribunal (m.) quarterly trim estral sad triste to succeed triunfar troop tropa (f.) to stumble tropezar tropical tropical your (inf.) to, tus you (inf.) tu tourism turismo (m.) tourist turista (m., f.) turn turno (m.) or (only before u words beginning with o-) to locate ubicar (Sp. localizar, situar) last; latest Ultimo a; one un, uno, una unique; single tinico unit unidad (f.) universidad (f.) university urgent urgente Uruguay Uruguay (m.) Uruguayan uruguayo used usado to use usar you (for.) usted

316 you {for. and ustedes (Sp. vosotros = inf.) inf.) usuario (m.) user util, utiles useful utilizar to use vacaciones holidays {f. pl.) valer to be worth valid vwido value valor (m.) let's go! vamos variada varied varios (pl.) several vaso (m.) glass, tumbler vecino (m.) neighbor vela (f.) candle velocidad {f.) speed vendedor ( m.) seller; salesman vendedor street seller ambulante (m.) vender to sell venezolano Venezuelan Venezuela (f.) Venezuela venir to come venta (f.) sale ventaja {f.) advantage ventana (f.) window ventanilla {f.) counter ventanilla (f.) window (at a bank) ver to see; to watch verano (m.) summer truth; right verdad {f.) verdadero true verde green verduleria {f.) vegetable shop verdura (f.) vegetable vereda (f.) pavement (Sp. acera)

vespertino vestido (m.) vestirse vez {f.) viaje (m.) viajero (m.) vida {f.) video (m.) vidrio (m.) viento (m.) viernes (m.) vino (m.) visa {f.) (Sp. visado) visita (f.) visitar viuda {f.) viudo (m.) vivienda {f.) vi vir vocear vocero (m.) volar volver VOZ (f.) vuelo (m.) vuelta {f.) y ya yo zambo (m.)

zapatilla (f.) zapato (m.) zona {f.)

in the afternoon dress; clothing to get dressed time, occasion trip traveler life video glass wind Friday wine visa visit to visit widow widower housing to live to shout spokesperson to fly to return voice flight return and already I person with one black and one Indian parent sports shoe; trainer shoe zone, area

English-Spanish glossary

a able to, to be abroad add address advise, to airplane afternoon afterwards against age ago agreed, I agree aim air air-conditioned air ticket all alone already also always among ancestor and animal another answer, to any anyone

un,uno,una poder extranjero agregar direcci6n (f.) avisar avi6n (m.) tarde (f.) desput!s contra edad {f.) hace de acuerdo fin (m.) aire (m.) climatizado boleto de avi6n (m.) todo solo ya tambien siempre entre antepasado (m.) y animal (m.) otro contestar cualquier cualquiera

apologize, to apple area arm arrival article artificial as at back (part of the body) bad badly ball-point pen bank banknote bar bath; bathroom be, to beach beard because of bed bedroom beer begin, to behind better best

disculparse manzana (f.) zona {f.) brazo (m.) II egad a (f.) articulo (m.) artificial como en espalda {f.) malo mal lapicero (m.); Iapicera (f.) banco (m.) billete (m.) bar (m.) baiio (m.) ser; estar playa (f.) barba {f.) por cama {f.) cuarto (m.) cerveza (f.) comenzar atras de (Sp. detras de) mejor eVIa/lo mejor

318

319 between big bill birthday blouse blow out, to blue book bookshop bottle box boy branch bread breakfast breast bridge bring, to British brother brown building burglary bus

businessman but buy, to by cafe call, to car

car parking cash

entre grande cuenta (f.) cumpleaiios (m.) blusa (f.) apagar

cash dispensing machine cat cathedral Central America

azul

center chair change, to chapter cheap cheers! cheese chemist's check

libro (m.) libreria (f.) boteUa (f.) caja (f.) chico (m.); niiio (m.) sucursal (m.) pan (m.) desayuno (m.) pecho (m.) puente (m.) traer britanico hermano (m.) marr6n edificio (m.) robo (m.) omnibus (m.), cami6n (m.) (Mex.) (Sp. autobus) empresario (m.) pero comprar por cafeteria (f.) Damar auto (m.), automovil (m.), carro (m.) (Sp. coche) estacionamiento (m.) efectivo (m.)

check, to chest children church cigar cinema city classroom clean, to climate clock close, to closed clothing coast coffee cold (illness) cold (temperature) color come, to comfortable comment commerce

cajero autonuitico (m.) gato (m.) catedral (f.) Centroamerica (f.) centro (m.) silla (f.) cambiar capitulo (m.) barato salud queso (m.) farmacia (f.) cheque (m.) (Sp. talon) chequear pecho (m.) hijos (m. pl.); niiios (m. pl.) iglesia (f.) puro (m.) cine, cinema (m.) ciudad (f.) aula (f.) limpiar clima (m.) reloj (m.) cerrar cerrado vestido (m.) costa (f.) cafe (m.) gripe (f.) frio color (m.) venir comodo comentario (m.) comercio (m.)

commercial company computer

condition confuse, to consulate contact contented continue, to contract contrast cost cost, to counter country court current affairs dance, to date date (appointment) daughter day day before yesterday, the dear (in a letter) debit card December decision declare, to deliver, to departure dessert dictionary die, to

comercial compaiiia (f.); empresa (f.) computador (m.), computadora (f.) (Sp. ordenador) condicion (f.) confundir consulado (m.) contacto (m.) contento continuar contrato (m.) contraste (m.) costo (m.) (Sp. coste) costar ventanilla (f.) pais (m.) tribunal (m.) programas de actualidad bailar fecha (f.) cita (f.) hija (f.) dia (m.) anteayer estimado tarjeta de debito (f.) diciembre (m.) decision (f.) declarar entre gar salida (f.) postre (m.) diccionario (m.) morir

difference difficult dining room direction dirty discussion do, to doctor document dog dollar door down, to go dress drink (a) drink, to drive, to each early east easy eat, to electricity embassy end end, to England English enough enter, to error Europe European even if every exchange, to exit expect, to expensive

diferencia (f.) dificil comedor (m.) direccion (f.) sucio discusion (f.) hacer medico (m.); doctor (m.) documento (m.) perro (m.) dolar (m.) puerta (f.) bajar vestido (m.) bebida (f.) beber; tomar conducir; manejar cada temprano este racit comer; tomar electricidad (f.) embajada (f.) fin (m.) terminar Inglaterra (f.) ingles suficiente entrar error (m.) Europa (f.) europeo (m.) asi cada; todo cambiar salida (f.) esperar caro

321

320 export, to exporter eye face fair family far fare fast father February fever film find, to fine finish, to fire (accidental) firm

exportar exportador (m.) ojo (m.) cara (f.) justo familia (f.) lejos pasaje (f.) rapido padre (m.) febrero ( m.) fiebre (f.) pelicula (f.) encontrar multa (f.) terminar incendio (m.) firma (f.); empresa (f.) first primer/o fish pescado (m.) flight vuelo (m.) food alimento (m.) foot pie (m.) for para; por foreign, foreigner extranjero (m.) forget, to olvidar form formulario (m.) free libre Friday viemes (m.) from desde; de fruit fruta (f.) fuel combustible (m.) functional funcional gentleman senor gentlemen (sign caballeros on toilets) (m. pl.) get up, to levantarse girl chica (f.); nina (f.) give, to dar; entregar go, to ir

go up, to subir good afternoon buenas tardes good evening, buenas noches good night good morning buenos dias goodbye (inf.) chao, chau granddaughter nieta (f.) grandson nieto (m.) green verde hair pelo (m.) ham jamon (m.) hand mano (f.) handbag cartera (f.) handicraft artesania (f.) handkerchief panuelo (m.) happy contento have, to tener he el head cabeza (f.) health salud (f.) hear, to oir hearing, inner ear oido (m.) heart corazon (m.) heat calor (m.) heating calefaccion (f.) height (of a estatura (f.) person) hello (answering alo (Sp. digame) the phone) hello bola help, to ayudar here aca,aqui high alto Hispanic hispanica holidays vacaciones (f. pl.) home casa (f.) hope, to esperar hospital hospital (m.) hot caliente hotel hotel (f.) hour bora (f.)

house how how many how much hunger hungry, to be husband I identification if ill import, to important in in front of in order to industry influenza information innocent insurance interesting international interview invest, to investigation investment invoice Ireland Irish it's cold/windy/ hot, etc. January July June just key kilo kilometer kitchen ladder

casa (f.) como cmintos, culintas cuanto, cuanta hambre (f.) tener hambre esposo (m.); marido (f.) yo identificacion (f.) si enfermo importar importante en delante de para industria (f.) gripe (f.) informacion (f.) inocente seguro (m.) interesante intemacional entrevista (f.) invertir investigacion (f.) inversion (f.) factura (f.) Irlanda (f.) irlandes hace frio/viento/ calor, etc. enero (m.) julio (m.) junio (m.) justo llave (f.) kilo (m.) kilometro (m.) cocina (f.) escalera (f.)

ladies (sign on toilets) language large last night late later Latin America Latin American leaflet Jearn, to left leg less lesson, class Jetter lift light light, to like, to listen, to little little by little live, to London long look, to lorry luggage lunch, to have make, to man man-made many map March market married mass (religion) material matter

damas (f. pl.) idioma (m.) grande anoche tarde luego Latinoamerica (f.) latinoamericano folleto (m.) aprender izquierda piema (f.) menos clase (f.) carta (f.) ascensor (m.) luz (f.) encender gus tar escuchar pequeno poco a poco vi vir Londres (m.) largo mirar camion (m.) equipaje (m.) almorzar hacer hombre (m.) artificial muchos mapa (f.) marzo (m.) mercado (m.) casado misa (f.) material (m.) asunto (m.)

323

322 matter, it doesn't meal meat medium meeting menu meter midday midnight milk million minute miss mistake Miss mobile phone

moment Monday money

month more morning mother motorbike mountain mustache movies Mr Mrs much museum music my name navy blue near necessary

no importa comida (f.) carne (f.) mediano reunion (f.) menu (m.) metro (m.) mediodia (m.) medianoche (f.) leche (f.) millon (m.) minuto (m.) senorita error (m.) Srta celular (m.); telefono movil (m.) momento (m.) lunes (m.) dinero (m.); plata (f.) (Sp. dinero) mes (m.) mas manana (f.) madre (f.) motocicleta (f.) montana (f.) bigote (m.) cine Sr Sra mucho museo (m.) mlisica (f.) mi,mis nombre (m.) azul marino cerca necesario

neither (conj.) network never new news item newspaper next next to

tampoco red (f.) nunca nuevo noticia (f.) periodico (m.) proximo junto a; allado de bonito nice no no no one ninguno no, not no nobody nadie noise ruido (m.) non-smoker no fumador (m.) normal normal normally normalmente north norte North American, norteamericano American November noviembre (m.) now ahora number numero (m.) nurse enfermera (f.) occasion vez (f.), ocasion (f.) occupation ocupacion (f.) October octubre (m.) of de office oficina (f.) on en one un, uno,una only solo, solamente opposite enfrente de or 0 orange naranja (f.) other otro over encima pain dolor (m.) partner pareja (f.)

pants

pantalon (m.) pantalones (m. pl.) papel (m.) tramite (m.) paquete (m.) padres (m.) estacionar pareja (f.) pasajero (m.) pasaporte (m.) empanada (f.) pagar lapiz (m.) gente (f.) pueblo (m.)

paper paperwork parcel parents park, to partner passenger passport pasty pay, to pencil people people (of a nation) persona (f.) person person in charge encargado (m.) gasolina (f.) petrol Iugar (m.) place colo car place, to favor por please encantado pleased to meet you police, policeman, policia (f., m., f.) policewoman comisaria (f.) police station poor (in money) pobre; poor (in quality) malo posible possible correo (m.) post office postal (f.) postcard papa (f.) (Sp. potato patata) pobreza (f.) poverty preferir prefer, to precio (m.) price probable probable problema (m.) problem producto (m.) product publicacion (f.) publication

purse put, to question quiet rain raspberry read, to red tape refreshing drink relieve, to repair, to repeat, to reply reply, to report research reservation reserve restaurant return (trip, journey) return, to right robbery room rum rushed sad salad Saturday say, to school sea season seat second see, to see you later sell, to

cartera (f.) poner pregunta (f.) tranquilo lluvia (f.) frambuesa (f.) leer trlimite (m.) refresco (m.) aliviar reparar repetir respuesta (f.) responder informe (m.) investigacion (f.) reservacion (f.) reservar restaurante (m.) ida y vuelta (f.) volver derecha; verdad (f.) robo (m.) habitacion (f.) ron (m.) apurado (Sp. apresurado) triste ensalada (f.) sabado (m.) decir colegio (m.) mar (m.) estacion (f.) asiento (m.) segundo ver basta luego vender

325

324 send, to September seventh she shirt shoe short (length) short (height) shoulder shuttle service side sign, to signature silver since (as) since (time) single (trip, journey) sister size size (clothes) skin skirt sleep, to slow slowly small small so, thus soap sock some somebody someone something son soon sorry!

man dar setiembre, septiembre (m.) setimo, septimo ella camisa (f.) zapato (m.) corto bajo hombro (m.) puente aereo (m.) lado (m.) firmar firma (f.) plata (f.) como desde ida (f.) hermana (f.) tamaiio (m.) taUa (fm.) piel (f.) falda (f.) dormir Iento despacio chiquito pequeiio; chico; chiquito asi jab6n (m.) media (f.) alguien alguien alguno algo hijo (m.) pronto jperd6n!; lo siento

sort south Spanish (language) speak, to spend, to (money) spring (season) square stairs start, to station stay stocking stomach stop, to street strong student study, to subway sugar suite of furniture suitcase surf the Net, to summer Sunday supermarket surname sweater swim, to swimming pool T-shirt table take, to

tipo (m.) sur (m.) casteUano (Sp. espaiiol) hablar gastar primavera (f.) plaza (f.) escalera (f.) comenzar; empezar estaci6n (f.) estadia (f.) (Sp. estancia) media (f.) est6mago (m.) parar caUe (f.) fuerte estudiante (m., f.) estudiar metro azucar (m.) juego de muebles (m.) maleta (f.) navegar en Internet verano (m.) domingo (m.) supermercado (m.) apellido (m.) sueter (m.) nadar natatorio (m.); piscina (f.) camiseta (f.) mesa (f.) to mar

tall tax tea teacher telegram telephone telephone call television temperature than thanks, thank you that (m.) that (f.) that one (m.) that one (f.) the

then then (later) there there is/are these (m.) these ones (m.) they thing thirst thirsty, to be this (m.) this one (m.) those(m.) those (f.) those ones (m.) those ones (f.) thousand throat Thursday ticket tie

alto impuesto (m.) te (m.) profesor (m.) telegrams (m.) telefono (m.) llamada (f.) television (f.) temperatura (f.) que gracias aquel, ese aqueUa, esa aquel, ese aqueUa, esa el (m. sing.), Ia (f. sing.), las (f. pl.), los (m. pl.) entonces luego alhi; ahi; alii hay estos estos ellos (m.), elias (f.) cosa (f.) sed (f.) tener sed este este aquel, ese aquellas, esas aquellos, esos aquellas, esas mil garganta (f.) jueves (m.) boleto (m.) corbata (f.)

tidy up, to time time (occasion) tired to tobacco today toilet tomorrow tongue too much/many; too tooth tourist town train traveler's check

trip trousers

truth Tuesday turn off, to turn on, to type uncomfortable underground underneath understand, to United States (m. pi.) (North) American until urgent useful vegetable very

ordenar tiempo (m.) vez (f.) cansado para tabaco (m.) hoy baiio (m.) (Sp. servico, aseo) maiiana (m.) lengua (f.) demasiado muela (f.) turista (m., f.) pueblo (m.) tren (m.) cheque de viaje/viajero (m.) viaje (m.) pantal6n (m.), pantalones (m. pi.) verdad (f.) martes (m.) apagar encender tipo (m.) inc6modo metro (m.) debajo comprender Estados Unidos estadounidense basta urgente util, utiles verdura (f.) muy

326 vest village visit, to voice mail

camiseta (f.) pueblo (m.) visitar casilla de mensajes (f.) wait, to esperar Wales Gales (m.) walk, to caminar; andar walk, to go for a pasear wallet billetera (f.); cartera (f.) want, to querer warm templado warn, to avisar wash, to lavar watch reloj (m.) watch, to ver water agua (f.) we nosotros weather tiempo (m.) weather forecast pronostico del tiempo (m.) web page Pagina Web (f.) Wednesday miercoles (m.) week semana (f.) weekend fin de semana (m.) weight peso (m.) welcome bienvenido well bien Welsh gales west oeste (m.) what? ;,que? what's happen;,que pasa? ing?, what's the matter? when?; wheD ;,cuando?; cuando where?; where ;,donde?; donde

which?; which whichever white who?; who whole wife wind window (at a bank) wine winter with withdraw, to with me with you without woman wool word work, to worth, to be wr~te , to year yellow yes yesterday you

young young lady your you're welcome (in response to gracias) zone

;,cuai?; cuai cualquiera blanco ;,quien?; quien to do esposa (f.); mujer (f.) viento (m.) ventanilla (f.) vino (m.) inviemo (m.) con retirar conmigo contigo sin mujer (f.) lana (f.) palabra (f.) trabajar valer escribir aiio (m.) amarillo

si ayer tU (inf.), usted (for.), ustedes (for. and inf. pl.) (Sp. vosotros = inf.) joven senorita (f.) tu, tus (inf.): su (for.) de nada

zona (f.)

Index of langua ge points The numbers refer to the lessons in the book.

a pesar de que (18) ;,a que bora? (2) aca!aqui; alia/alii (7) aci tiene/aqui tiene (1) addressing people (1) ahorita (8) a1o (3) ambos (6) apurarse (15) asi (18) aunque (18) both (6) both . .. and (6) cada (5) colores (2) como (since) (17) como (5) ;,como te llamas?/;,como se llama (usted)? (3) comparatives (6) conditional (16) conditional perfect (18) conditional sentences (17, 18) conjunctions (7) conmigo/contigo (8) construir -+ construyendo (7) cuanto/cuantos (1) ;,cuanto cuesta? (2) ;,cuanto es? (2) de nadalno hay de que (1) definite article (3) demasiado (18) demonstrative adjectives (7)

demonstrative pronouns (7) dentro de (13) desde (9) despedidas (1) elias de Ia semana (3) directions (4) disculpe (2) ending a letter (3) estar (4) expressions of frequency (5) expressions of time in the past (12) future (13) habia (14) hace (12) hace (calor, frio, viento, sol) (5) 1hasta manana! (3) hay (2) hay que (8) imperative (16) imperfect indicative (14) imperfect continuous (14) imperfect subjunctive (17) impersonal se (11, 19) indefinite article (3) infinitive (1) ira + infinitive (10) irregular comparatives (6) irregular verbs in the conditional (16) irregular verbs in the future (13) irregular verbs in the imperative (16)