Courts And Social Transformation in New Democracies: An Institutional Voice for the Poor?

berto Gargarella Pilar Domingo Theunis Roux

Contents List of Contributors Foreword Acknowledgements Introduction Pilar Domingo Part 1

vii xi xv 1

Theory

1 Theories of Democracy, the Judiciary and Social Rights Roberto Gargarella

13

2 Courts and Social Transformation: An Analytical Framework Siri Gloppen

35

3 The Changing Role of Law and Courts in Latin America: From an Obstacle to Social Change to a Tool of Social Equity Javier A. Couso

61

Part 2 Case Studies 4 Social Rights as Middle-Class Entitlements in Hungary: The Role of the Constitutional Court András Sajó 5 The Record of the South African Constitutional Court in Providing an Institutional Voice for the Poor: 1995-2004 Jackie Dugard and Theunis Roux

83

107

6 The Enforcement of Social Rights by the Colombian Constitutional Court: Cases and Debates 127 Rodrigo Uprimny Yepes 7 Courts and Social Transformation in India R. Sudarshan

153

8 Judicial Enforcement of Social Rights: Perspectives from Latin America Christian Courtis

169

vi

Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

9 Brazilian Courts and Social Rights: A Case Study Revisited José Reinaldo de Lima Lopes

185

10 Courts Under Construction in Angola: What Can They Do for the Poor? Elin Skaar and José Octávio Serra Van-Dúnem

213

11 Weak Courts, Rights and Legal Mobilisation in Bolivia Pilar Domingo

233

Courts, Rights and Social Transformation: Concluding Reflections Roberto Gargarella, Pilar Domingo and Theunis Roux

255

Bibliography Index

283 301

PART 1

Courts and Social Transformalion in New Democracies

124

Bilchil2. 'Giving Socio-economic Rights Teeth: The Minimum Core and its Impm1ance', South African Law }oumui, 118 (2002): 484--50 I: David Bilchi� 'Towards a Reasonable Approach to the Minimum Corc: Laying the Foundations for Future Socio-economic Rights Jurisprudence'. SOllth African Journal on Human Rights, 19 (2003): 1-26: Sandra Liebcnbcrg, 'The Interpretation of Socio-economic Rights', in M. Chask.aI on et aI., COflslilUlional Law of SOllth Africa 2nd cdn (Cape Town: Juta, 2004). chap. 33; Danie Brand, 'The f'roceduralisation of South African Socio-economic Rights Jurisprudence, or "What are socio-economic rights for?"', in Henk Botha, Andre van der Wait and Johsn van der Wait (eds), Rights and Democracy in a Transformalive COI1S/iflltioll (Stellenbo ch: Sun Press, 2003), p. 33. 63 1998 (2) SA 363 (CC). This decision is discussed in greater detail in Theunis Roux. 'Legitimating Transformation: Political Resource Allocation in the South African Constitutional Court', in Siri Gloppcn. Roberto Gargarella and Elin Skaar (eds), 62 Ds"id

Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New

Democracies ( L o n d on : Frank Cass, 2004). p. 92 at pp. 98-102. 9(3) of the 1996 Constitution (s 8 of the interim Constitution) prohibits the state from unfairly discriminating against anyone, whether diroctly or indirectly, based on race etc. For an analysis of the Court's reasoning as to what amounts to unfair discrimination see Harksen v. Lane 0 1998 (I) SA 300 (CC). As per section 9(2) of the 1996 Constitution (s 8(3) of the interim Constitution). On a separate, and less constitutionally important. note the Court found that the Council's

64 Section

65

selective recovery of arrears debt in white was not the resuJt of

a

areas

did amount to unfair djscrimination

rational and coherent plan with

a

as

it

discernable and pressing

tran rormation objective, but rather of a situation of confusion and uncertainty that unfairly resulted in white default.ers being singled out for legal action whiJe exempting black defaulters. 66

1999 (2)

SA 83

(CC).

67 Ibid., para. 47.

68

Ibid., para. 42.

69 For

full

a

of this decision.

assessment

see

Roux, 'Legitimating Transformation', pp.

103-105. 70 2002 71

(9)

BCLR 891

(CC).

[bid .. para. 38.

72 Ibid., para.

105.

73 Ihid., paras 8, 36-7.

48-9. 2004 (11) BCLR 1125 (CC). Section 9(2): 'Equality includes

74 Ibi d .. paras 39, 75 76

the full and equal enjoyment of ail rights and freedoms.

To promote the achievement of protect or advance

persons

equality,

or

legislative and other

categories

of persons,

measures

disadvantaged

designed to by

unfair

discrimination may be taken.'

77

Van HL'erden, paras 45-57.

78 2005

(2)

SA

140 (CC).

79 Act 32 of 1944. 80

}afiha,

para. 39.

81 Tbid .. para. 54. 82 In general

on

the importance of this issue to the capacity of courts to funclion

institutional voice for the poor,

see

as

an

C har les R. Epp, The Rights RevolllliolJ: Lawyers.

Courts and

Tran�rormalion in New

A<;AO Civil

action) Health

Court

Published

STJ

7

TJSP

15

Total

22

A<;:AO Civil

action) Education

Court

Published

STJ

I

TJSP

11

Total

22

Nature of Social Rights Litigation Until recently, soc ial rights were seldom the subject of litigation. Military rule curtai led the legislative process and interrupted the traditional means of obtaining social benl.'fits, namely through legislation and public policies defined through considerations. court procedures.

some social movements true

of the many

force their way that used court

impoverished. 14 Courts have of military rule cases aod they not have jurisdiction active role in it lack standing to initiate a suit They can, at bl'st, be receptive to such claims. Courts played a very limited role in resisting the military. Only a few j ustictc's of the Supreme Federal Court challenged the regime in its core political abuses: Vitor Nunes Leal. I kl1Tles Lima, Evandro Lins e Silva and Antonio Gont;alves de to create

obstacle..

individual action

litigation is

Oliveira. Ordinary co urts continued to deci de casl.'s in which the

or city level) whatsoever on

government (at

There was no this respect In charge of public groups, for instance number of powerful generous receive accesa to courts (such as contractors). cases, however, was fOlUld liable The fact that the did not represent any challenge to the political abuses of the regime. A large number of courts, judges and lawyers willingly accepted breaches of the constitutional order in the name of national security. Theirs was an ideology of the state

held liable to financial burdens on

\'

Index action 3-4, 26, 38-40, 44, 46, 52-3, 55-6, 64, 92, 94-5, 97, 111, 113, 117, 120, 129-35, 137, 142, 145, 147, 149, 154-5, 159, 161-2, 164, 171, 174-9, 181, 183 class 7, 47, 185-6, 189-90, 192,

196-200-6, 208, 211, 263, 266, 268 activism 4, 6, 8, 57, 129-30, 143-4, 147, 155, 158, 160, 169 judicial 1-2, 7-8, 24, 26-7, 29, 97, 99, 104, 121, 129, 133, 143, 146, 148, 150, 156, 161, 166-7, 233-5, 238, 242-4, 250, 266, 274, 278-80 Africa 215-16, 255-6, 263 African National Congress (ANC) Charter of Human and People’s Rights 218 Allende, Salvador 63, 66 Angola 7, 213-32, 238, 258, 263, 276 Constitution (1991) 213, 218-9, 224, 227-9 courts 213, 215, 220, 223-4, 227-8 NGOs 219, 223 Supreme Court 217, 222, 224-6, 229, 231 Peace Accords 225, 229 Associacão Justica, Paz e Democracia (AJPD) 223 Bakongo 231 Bar Association of Angola (OAA) 222-3, 225, 228-32 Benguela city 224 colonial period under the Portuguese 219 Herero 231 International Bar Association Human Rights Institute 228-31 Judiciary Assistance Institute 230 Land Law 219 Law Faculty at the Agostinho Neto University 225 Lobito 224

Luanda 216, 220-1, 223-4, 228-31 Lunda-Chokwe 231 Mbundu 231 Ministry of Education 222 Movimento para a Libertacão de Angola (MPLA) 215, 217 Nanguela 231 National Assembly 225 Nyaneka 231 Ordem dos Advogados de Angola 225 Ovimbundu 231 Owambo 231 Parliamentary Commission on Human Rights 225 Second Republic (1992) 225 União Nacional para a Indepêndencia Total de Angola (UNITA) 215, 229 United Nations Human Rights Office 229 apartheid see South Africa Argentina 7, 15-6, 20, 22, 65-6, 101-2, 180-1, 183-4, 261, 264-5, 268, 270, 275, 279 amendments (1994) 180, 270 amendments (542/1999, 157/1998, 939/2000 and 1/2001) 181 Argentinean health law courts 174, 182-3, 264, 268 Generation (1837) 15 Laws 23.660 and 23.661 181 Ministerial Resolutions of the Ministry of Health and Social Action, 247/96 181 Presidential Decrees 492/95 and 1615 181 Supreme Court 19, 26, 264, 268, 278-9 Berlin, Isaiah 15 Bhagwati, P.N. 111, 121, 155-7, 161, 166, 267, 278-80

302

Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

Bolivia 7-8, 180, 233-9, 241, 243-54, 263, 270, 272, 275-6 Andean region 239 Beni 250 coca production 248 Congress 236, 240-2, 244-5, 247, 252 Constitution 234 constitutional reforms (1994) 237, 241-2, 246, 248 constitutional text (1967) 237 Constitutional Tribunal (CT) 234-5, 238, 241-2, 246, 250 Defensoría del Pueblo 244, 253 human rights Ombudsman 8, 234-5, 238, 240-7, 250, 252-3, 263, 270 Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria (INRA) 253-4 Land Reform Law (1996) 241, 246, 248, 253 Law of Popular Participation (1994) 248 miners’ union 248 Ministry of Justice 239, 241, 252 Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) 237, 244, 248 Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) 236 National Land Tribunal 254 National Plan on the Prevention and Eradication of Domestic Violence 245 National Revolution (1952) 7, 236 Regulatory law (1998) 242, 244 Sucre 250, 254 Supreme Court 240-2, 244, 250, 252 Bork, Robert 25 Brazil 7, 78-9, 170, 172, 178, 180, 184, 186, 193-6, 198, 201-3, 206, 208, 210, 263, 279 Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) 192 Constitution (1891) 180, 186 Constitution (1946) 186, 208 Constitution (1967) 186 Constitution (1988) 7, 180-1, 186, 196, 208 Consumer’s Defense Code (CDC) 198, 202

Courts 170, 185, 192-4, 207 environmental and consumer law 172 Federal Court of Appeals 203 High Court of Justice 7, 187 see Superior Tribunal de Justiça judiciary 7, 186, 194-6 Julgados do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo 188 Minas Gerais 198 National Data Bank of the Judicial Power 187 National Education Guidelines Act 198 Official Gazette 208 Porto Alegre 184, 203 Public Health System 197 see Sistema Únificado de Saúde Regional Courts of Appeal 187 Revista de Jurisprudência do STJ e Tribunais Federais 188 São Paulo State Court of Justice 7, 187-9, 196-8, 203 see Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo Sistema Únificado de Saúde (SUS) 197 Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) 187-90, 196-9, 208, 210 Supreme Federal Court 187-8, 190 see Supremo Tribunal Federal Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) 187, 210 Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo (TJSP) 187-8 capability 3, 37, 43-4, 51-3, 55-6, 138, 157, 174, 206-7, 215, 262, 264 capitalism 58, 86, 93 20 change 20, 36, 38, 41, 55, 28, 41, 55, 68, 76-7, 89, 133, 138, 141, 143, 153, 163, 169, 178-9, 184 social 7, 35-6, 41, 61-4, 74, 142-3, 210, 233, 237, 247, 249-250, 255, 274, 279, 281 Chandrachud, Chief Justice 167 Chile 63, 65-6, 73, 75-9, 170, 176, 251, 254, 261, 264 Constitution (1925)

Index Supreme Court 181-3 citizenship 1, 4, 7-8, 62, 76-7, 91, 115, 139, 207, 233, 237, 244-5, 247-9, 254, 271, 277 Colombia 6-7, 79, 127-30, 133, 135-6, 138, 140, 142-3, 147-50, 170, 172, 178, 180, 207, 242, 254. 263-4, 267, 270, 272-3, 278 Colombian Constitutional Court (CCC) 5, 121, 127-32, 1367, 139-42, 144-5, 150, 182, 261, 266, 270, 272-3, 278 Colombian social rights law 172 Congress 130-1, 136, 141 Constituent Assembly 128, 130, 148 Constitution (1991) 128-32, 134, 140-2, 144-5, 147-8, 150, 170, 180-1 court 264 Democratic Alliance–April Nineteen Movement (AD-M19) 130, 148 National Salvation Movement 130 Patriotic Union 148 Social Security Institute (ISS) 134 Supreme Court of Justice 128 U’wa community 263 Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 67, 100-1, 170, 172, 181, 183 communism 19, 77, 86, 102, 256 community 2, 20-2, 39-41, 45, 47, 51-2, 64-5, 73, 79, 91, 114, 145-6, 151, 160, 202, 237-9, 241, 247-8, 263, 267, 272, 274 compliance 3, 37, 43-4, 53-7, 112, 155, 161, 171, 175, 177, 183, 1925, 207, 214, 218, 244-5, 250, 253, 261, 266, 270, 272 conservative 4, 13, 24-6, 35, 64, 77, 130, 138, 141, 145, 148, 277-8 constitution 13, 17, 20-6, 28-9, 62, 64, 68, 76, 79, 85, 87-9, 91, 93-6, 120, 128-32, 134, 140-2, 1445, 147, 150. 153-5, 158, 160-1, 164-8, 169-70, 173-5, 187, 193, 196, 198-9, 203-5, 20910, 214, 218-9, 224, 228-9, 256, 261, 263, 274, 276, 278, 281 communist constitutions 86, 88

303 post-colonial constitutions 15 corruption 45-6, 48, 109, 128, 217, 222, 227, 229-230, 236, 240, 254, 263 Costa Rica 178, 180 constitutional court 267 court 1-9, 18-20, 24-6, 28, 35-52, 54-9, 61, 66, 68, 71-4, 83-5, 88-9, 92-3, 95-7, 107-125, 127-37, 139, 142-6, 148-51, 153-68, 170-1, 173-84, 213-8, 220-9, 231, 233-5, 238-40, 252-4, 256-8, 261-3, 266-70, 272-4, 276, 278-82 capacity 5, 107, 116, 125, 138 constitutional 5, 83-4, 92-4, 107124, 127-32, 135-7, 13945, 150, 171, 178 control 119, 268 European or Inter-American Courts of Human Rights 173 High Court 109-10, 117-8, 121, 129, 155, 160, 163-4, 187 national 6, 169 post-communist constitutional 90, 95-7 pro-poor action 3-5, 110, 116, 264, 271-3, 275, 278 responsiveness 3, 37, 43-4, 49-51, 53, 57, 171, 174-5, 179, 262 role of 1-2, 5-6, 9, 44, 85, 121, 163, 271-2 Courtis, Christian 6, 75, 148, 169, 181-2, 184, 210, 269-70 Couso, Javier A. 2, 4, 61, 234, 250, 255, 266, 271-2, 280 crisis 77, 86, 90, 97-8, 114, 129, 132-3, 136-7, 142, 146, 236, 250-1 Critical Legal Studies Movement 76 culture 43, 54-5, 86, 98, 129, 132, 141, 170, 218, 245-6, 250, 272 legal 49-50, 52, 172, 180, 214, 220, 223, 238, 244-5, 274, 278 Czech Republic 103 Constitutional Court 93 Czechoslovak Charter 94 Government Regulation, No. 15/1994 Sb. 93

304

Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

democracy 2-3, 5, 13, 18-25, 27-8, 46, 57-8, 61, 64, 71, 73, 76-7, 85, 91, 123-5, 127, 140, 147-8, 150, 162, 165, 169, 214, 223, 229, 237, 240, 251, 254, 261, 271-2, 277, 280, 282 contemporary Western democracies 21 deliberative 3-4, 8 13, 27, 150, 265 democracies 1-2, 4, 17, 19, 57, 61, 67, 87, 95, 104, 120, 124, 228, 239, 249, 256, 275, 279 electoral 62, 65, 236 majoritarian 15, 140 participative 21, 23, 27, 148, 160 pluralist 13-14, 17, 19, 21, 27 theories of Democracy 13, 19, 26-7, 29, 84-5, 104, 127, 214, 228, 261 democratisation 8, 136, 249, 279 development 1, 2, 4, 8, 17-8, 35-6, 38-9, 52, 55, 57-8, 62, 65, 68, 70, 72, 104, 108, 113, 116, 121-2, 127, 130, 138, 147, 149-50, 158, 1623, 169-73, 178-80, 182, 184, 188, 194-5, 202, 210, 214-6, 228-30, 233, 235, 241, 245, 2501, 254-6, 268-72, 275, 280 dialogue 3-4, 29, 52, 73, 266, 278 dictatorship 65-6 discrimination 70, 99, 114-8, 124, 144, 160, 169-70, 184, 191, 194, 2134, 230, 258 Domingo, Pilar 1, 8, 133, 251, 255 Dugard, Jackie 5, 107, 256, 278 Ecuador 180 education 7, 38, 45, 49, 61, 66-7, 69-71, 86, 93-4, 117, 122, 132, 134, 147, 158, 169-71, 176, 179-82, 185, 187-90, 192-3, 197-200-6, 217-9, 221-2, 225-6, 262, 264, 273 election 23, 91, 145, 155, 164, 216, 229, 237, 248, 251 elite 5, 22, 29, 52, 62, 97-9, 154, 216, 227, 236-7, 247, 276 El Salvador 176, 178, 180, 183 employment 61, 66, 69-70, 72, 98, 154, 163, 230

enforcement 6, 8, 13, 68, 74, 83-5, 95, 97, 110, 113, 119, 123, 127-8, 131-2, 137-9, 141, 143-4, 155-6, 158, 169-71, 173, 174, 176-7, 179-80, 187, 193, 214, 218, 250, 255-61, 268, 270, 279 England 19 British Constitution 277 entitlement 83-4, 88-9, 91, 97, 138, 154, 159, 163, 170, 173, 234, 237, 240, 251, 270, 272 equality 22, 28, 39, 65, 91, 93-5, 103-4, 117-8, 124, 128, 132-5, 140, 150, 164, 178, 206, 270 Europe 255 Central 96, 255 Eastern 2, 61-2, 83, 89, 96-7, 255 Eastern European constitutional courts 278 European Community 91 European Union 84, 183, 231-2 exclusion 4, 61, 111, 115, 118, 174, 235, 238, 248 France 22, 24 Constitutions (1791) 22 French administrative law 177 French Constitutional Council 103 French Declaration of the Rights of Man 62 French doctrine of constitutional objectives Jacobin Constitution (1793) 22 Revolution 22, 24, 63 Gargarella, Roberto 2-4, 124, 214, 228, 233, 255, 261, 277, 279 Germany 96 centralised German model German constitutional jurisprudence Bundesverfassungsgerichtsh of 96 German courts 92 German understanding 94 Gloppen, Siri 2-3, 7-8, 35, 120, 124, 154, 157, 161, 163, 166-7, 171, 173, 206-7, 215, 219, 223, 226, 228, 232-3, 244, 249-50, 256, 262, 271, 274, 279

Index group 1, 4, 9, 14-5, 22-3, 26, 46-7, 56-7, 61-2, 65-6, 68, 70, 72-4, 83, 107, 111, 116, 118, 120, 122, 128, 130-2, 153-4, 169, 174, 176-7, 179, 219, 223, 231, 235, 237-41, 244, 246-7, 255, 262, 266-7, 274-5 disadvantaged 3-6, 8, 28, 87, 89, 93, 117, 155-7, 161, 163, 166, 233, 240, 263, 267-8, 272, 275 poor and socially marginalized 28, 35-6, 39-43, 46-8, 50, 52, 84, 86-7, 91, 134-5, 138, 143, 145, 148, 155, 185, 214-5, 217, 220, 226 habeas corpus 65, 155, 242 Hamilton, Alexander 13-4, 18, 20, 277 health 7, 18, 21, 38, 41, 62, 66, 69-71, 87, 89-90, 93, 95, 113, 123, 1325, 140, 144-7, 149, 151, 158, 171-3, 177-87, 189-91, 196-7, 200, 202, 206, 209, 218-9, 2256, 243-4 HIV/AIDS 114, 177, 181-2, 243 Honduras Constitution 170, 180 housing 62, 66, 69-70, 84-5, 94-6, 98, 100, 103-5, 113-4, 118, 132, 135-7, 147, 169-71, 173-4, 176, 179-82, 194, 225-6, 270 human rights 1, 4, 40, 42, 65-8, 70, 72, 74, 91, 101, 121-4, 129, 156-7, 161, 163, 165, 169-70, 173, 175, 178, 184, 216, 221, 225, 227-32, 234-5, 238, 240-6, 253, 263, 270, 272-3, 279-80 Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 68-72, 86, 218 Human Rights Index (2003) 216 Human Rights Watch 66, 229 international humans rights law 62, 68, 73-4 Hungary 5, 83, 86, 89-91, 94, 96-100, 103, 255, 258, 263, 278-9 Amendment, the (1989) 85-7 Budapest 86, 105

305 Hungarian Constitutional Court (HCC) 83-5, 88-92, 94, 96-7, 267, 278-9 ratchet effect 89 Hungarian Constitution (1949) 85, 255 late communist Kadar regime 96 northeastern provinces of 86 inclusion 35-9, 43-4, 86, 88, 99, 153, 188, 207, 237, 256 India 2, 6, 57, 84, 111, 153-67, 228, 263, 273, 275-6, 278-80 Agra 163, 280 Anganwadi Centres (AWCS) 159 Bonded Labour Liberation 156 castes 153-4, 160, 165 Congress 155, 164 Constituent Assembly 153 Constitution (1950) 153-5, 158, 1601, 164-8, 278 courts 92, 153-68, 261, 264, 278 Criminal Law Amendment Act 162 Dalits 153-4, 160, 163 Gandhi, Indira 155, 164 High Courts 154-5, 160, 163 Allahabad 155, 164 Andhra Pradesh 155 Bombay 155, 160 Delhi 154-5, 160, 163 Gujarat 160 Haryana 160 Himachal Pradesh 160 Karnataka, 155, 160 Kerala 160 Madhya Pradesh 155, 160 Madras 155, 160, 163 Patna 160 Punjab 155, 160 Rajasthan 155, 160 Hindu 153, 165, 167 independence (1947) 153 Jayaprakash Narayan 164 Law Commission 162 Law Faculty of Delhi University 162 Muslim 165 New Delhi 154, 156 parliament 154, 162, 164-6 Penal Code (1860) 162 Penderel Moon 154

306

Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

People' s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) 167 Pinotti, Judge Public Interest Litigation (PIL) 1557, 163, 166-7 Punjab Cycle Riksha, the 158 Punjab National Bank 158 Rajya Sabha 164 Regulation of Rikshaws Act (1975) 158 Sikh 165 Supreme Court 6, 35, 92, 95, 97, 104, 112, 122, 154-8, 160, 162-8, 267-9, 276, 278 inequality 1-2, 24, 37-8, 40, 58, 67, 73, 99, 147, 153, 213-4, 233, 235, 238, 269, 275 inflation 88, 100, 135-6, 199, 236 Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) 239 Internally Displaced Person (IDP) 228 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 68, 71-2, 169, 213, 218 International Labour Organization (ILO) 129, 133, 249 International Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) 47, 61, 656, 74, 78, 179, 219, 222-3, 168, 272, 275 judges 1-4, 8, 13, 17-8, 20-1, 23-29, 367, 39-40, 43, 47, 50-3, 55, 57, 59, 64, 84, 108-9, 111, 117, 11920, 127, 129-30, 133, 136-9, 141, 145, 147-8, 150, 154-8, 160-1, 163-4, 166-7, 169, 171-2, 174-7, 179, 186-8, 191-3, 195-6, 204-5, 208-10, 213-5, 217-8, 221-8, 240, 244, 255-62, 264, 268-70, 276-8, 280 judgment 37, 40-2, 44, 52-6, 59, 108-9, 112-4, 118-9, 136, 154, 161, 164, 175, 177 judiciary 6, 13, 16-8, 21, 23-4, 26-8, 367, 40 47-8, 50, 61, 63, 68, 73, 111, 119, 124, 129, 138, 147, 154-8, 160-3, 165, 167, 171, 175, 178-9, 186, 194-6, 213,

217, 224-5, 227, 230, 252, 2556, 259, 263-4, 274, 277-9, 281 jurisprudence 5, 36, 39-40, 52, 56, 83-5, 87, 96, 107, 111-3, 116, 118, 123-4, 131, 148, 155-6, 161, 170, 172, 228, 230, 242-3, 250, 253, 278, 280 jurisprudential resources 51-2, 226 justice 5, 36, 46-8, 84, 96, 107, 109, 111, 119, 122, 128-30, 134, 138, 141, 147, 153-4, 156-7, 160-2, 166-7, 233-4, 241, 248 distributive 25, 111, 209, 185, 191, 194,-5, 204-5, 209, 211 social 2, 62-4, 74, 85, 90, 128, 130, 141, 149-50, 205, 237, 268 Korean Supreme Court 92 Langa, Justice Pius 264, 279 language 62, 76, 85-6, 147, 166, 170-1, 173, 189, 210, 220, 223, 234, 237, 240-1, 256-7, 270-2 Latin America 2, 4, 15, 20, 22, 61-6, 68, 71-4, 169, 172, 180, 229, 236, 238, 251, 255-6, 263, 268, 270, 272, 278-80, 282 law 1, 3, 8, 15, 17-8, 20-1, 24-6, 35, 3840, 42, 47-8, 50-3, 56, 58-9, 61-5, 68-9, 71-4, 85, 88-91, 107-8, 110-1, 115-6, 120-2, 124-5, 129, 131-6, 138-9, 1412, 148, 150, 154-8, 161-5, 16975, 177-8, 181-4, 188-9, 1914, 196, 201-2, 205, 207-10, 216-9, 221-2, 224-5, 227, 22932, 233, 235. 237-8, 251-4, 241-2, 244-6, 248, 250-4, 255, 258-9, 262-4, 267, 270-2, 2747, 279-81 lawyers 7, 25, 48, 58, 63, 72-3, 76, 109, 119, 121, 125, 141, 154, 157, 161, 166-7, 172, 179, 188, 191, 196, 199, 201-5, 207-9, 221-5, 228, 231, 239, 242-3, 255, 258, 262, 267, 278-9 legislation 7, 13, 23, 25, 28, 37, 43, 47, 55-6, 62-3, 75-6, 78, 85, 88, 90, 92, 97, 107, 111, 113-4, 116, 120, 129, 131, 135-6,

Index 148, 166, 173, 177, 185, 1902, 194, 198-200, 205, 209, 214, 217-9, 227, 230, 232, 259, 262, 277 legislature 3, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22-3, 29, 92-3, 154, 162, 166, 172, 175, 179, 261, 274 legitimacy 6, 26, 39, 46, 54-5, 67-9, 72, 76, 90, 129-30, 138-40, 145, 235, 247, 250, 256, 259, 264, 266, 268, 273, 276 liberalism 16, 64-5, 69, 71, 276 market liberalism 93 liberty 15, 17-8, 20, 25, 65, 148, 157-8 liberties 19-20, 67, 75, 147 civil and political liberties 2, 153, 158, 166, 243 liberty of contract 19 Lopes, José Reinaldo de Lima 209, 210 majority 14-15, 18, 20, 22, 62, 67, 86, 91, 96-7, 111-2, 116, 118, 138, 143, 163-5, 187, 198, 201, 209, 213, 216, 219-21, 223-5, 229, 236, 244, 247, 252 Mandela, Nelson 279 Marshall, Justice 13, 18, 20 marxist thought 63-4, 77 Mexico 75, 79, 181, 170, 172, 176, 1801, 183-4, 250, 264, 268, 275 Constitution (1814) 22 Constitution (1917) Revolution (1910) 76 Mill, John Stuart 15-6 minority 26, 67, 128, 132, 160, 165, 169, 199, 279 mobilisation 35, 38, 44-6, 48-9, 56, 62, 130, 138-9, 142, 202, 234-5, 248-50, 275 legal 1, 3, 6, 8, 74, 233-5, 237-9, 241-2, 246, 249, 263, 270-4, 278 movement 2, 68-9, 76, 78, 130, 132, 136-7, 141-2, 145-6, 148, 151, 156, 161 social 7, 8, 61, 76, 127, 129-32, 1412, 145-6, 151, 185-6, 18990, 202, 234, 237, 246, 250, 272, 275-6, 281

307 participation 2, 17, 19, 21, 27-29, 38, 69, 128-9, 138, 147, 149, 166, 1867, 200, 237, 242, 248, 268 see progressive Pathak, Justice 166 pension 38, 85-6, 88, 90, 97, 117, 135, 159, 178, 184, 191, 202, 243, 253 Perón, Juan Domingo 76 Peru 23, 77, 178, 180, 184 Constitution (1933) Social and National Guarantees Peruvian Tejada Sendero Luminoso 77 Pinochet, General 66 pluralism 17, 19, 47-8, 231 legal 7-8, 142, 234-5, 239, 241, 245, 247-8, 250, 254, 263, 272 pluralist 20-3, 26-7, 128, 141 see conservative Poland 65, 89-90, 278 Pension Act (1990) 100, 102 Polish Constitution (1952) 90, 100 Polish Constitution (1997) 94 Polish courts 89, 100 Polish pension 98 Polish Tribunal 88-90, 99-100, 102, 104 Solidarity 100 policy 3, 5, 20, 24, 35, 37-9, 42-3, 52, 55-7, 61, 71-2, 74, 78, 83-4, 90, 107, 110, 113-9, 124, 132, 134, 137, 153-4, 158, 165-6, 170, 174, 176, 180, 186-7, 190-2, 194, 196-7, 200, 202-7, 236, 244, 266, 270, 272, 280-1 economic 4, 65, 68, 127, 130-1, 13540, 276 neo-liberal 130 welfare 83-4, 87, 91 poor 5-7, 35-6, 40, 44-8, 51-2, 55, 57-8, 63, 69, 71, 77, 85, 91, 97, 107114, 116, 118-120, 125, 154-7, 161, 163, 165, 185-6, 200, 206, 213-7, 219-24, 226-8, 230-2, 233, 235, 256, 267, 276 pro-poor 3, 6-9, 36-8, 40, 110, 113, 118, 260, 268, 270, 275, 278 action 3-4, 26, 38-40, 44, 46, 523, 55-6, 64, 92, 94-5, 97,

308

Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

111, 113, 117, 120, 12935, 137, 142, 145, 147, 149, 154-5, 159, 161-2, 164, 171, 174-9, 181, 183, 270, 276 court action 3-4, 8, 110, 116, 120, 264, 270-3, 275, 278-9 judicial activism 1, 8, 234-5, 274 decisions, 274 legal 4, 6, 110 action 3 mobilisation 235 legislation 107, 116 litigation 8, 119, 238, 247 norm changes 5 rights 113, 247 rulings 6, 8, 264 poverty 4, 6, 7, 35-6, 61, 67, 71-3, 84, 86, 95, 123, 147, 154, 214, 216, 219, 225, 229, 235-6, 246, 251, 253, 269, 275, 279 privatization 77, 104 progressive 6, 24, 26, 61-9, 71-4, 77, 101, 128-33, 138, 141, 143-7, 151, 170, 174, 194, 234, 237-8, 243-5, 249-50, 255, 262, 270-1 see participation property 16-19-20, 77, 88, 90-1, 102, 118, 147, 171-2, 176-7, 179-80, 185, 189, 191, 193-4, 200, 205, 208-9, 219, 248, 254, 258, 261, 269-70 race 2, 38, 116, 124, 214, 233, 264, 273 reason 7-8, 14-8, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 77, 96-7, 100, 112-3, 119-20, 127, 137, 140, 142-3, 147, 167, 173, 179, 193, 195, 206, 214-6, 220, 225, 227-8, 238, 255-8, 260-1, 267, 274 reasoning 36, 121, 124, 157, 209 legal 5, 192, 194, 202-3, 204-5, 211 recurso de amparo constitucional 177-8, 183, 242, 267 see tutela reform 2, 5, 28, 35-6, 61, 63, 65, 77, 79, 97, 104-5, 150, 158, 167

constitutional 24, 131, 216, 234, 237, 240-2, 244, 246, 248, 266 electoral institutional judicial law state 4,8, 148 regime 19, 22, 36, 61, 64-6, 73, 75-6, 78, 80, 96, 100, 139 military regimes 64-5, 67, 74, 77-8 representation 61, 109-11, 118, 121, 129, 160, 176, 179, 186, 201 repression 64-5, 78 resistance 6, 93, 138, 142-3, 260-1 review 39, 47, 83-5, 88, 92-3, 96, 108, 113, 115-6, 119, 131, 135, 13940, 162 judicial 18, 23, 28, 92, 128-9, 148, 150, 164, 166, 173-5, 177-8, 184, 186, 244, 272, 277, 279, 281 revolution 63-5, 76, 125, 128, 142, 153, 164, 166, 192, 236-7, 249, 251, 271-2, 278-80 rights 2-6, 8, 13-4, 16, 18-21, 23-5, 27-9, 36, 39-41, 61-2, 65-78, 84-97, 109, 111-8, 121-5, 127-36, 13843, 145, 147-50, 153-8, 161, 163-7, 169-80, 186, 189-94, 196-8, 199-200-2, 204-6, 213-4, 216, 218-9, 221-2, 226-7, 22935, 238-51, 253-9, 261-4, 267, 270-81 children 117, 169, 172, 201, 246 civil and political 13, 16, 24, 40, 659, 71-2, 75-6, 91, 115, 128, 132, 140, 173, 185, 189, 214, 225, 229, 237, 243, 247, 250, 256-60, 270, 276 classical 171 freedom from censorship 171 individual 14, 16, 19, 29, 62, 65, 8896, 139, 185, 189, 191, 202, 205, 256 private 15 property 3, 20, 26, 28, 77, 88, 90-1, 171-2, 176, 180, 185, 194, 258, 261, 270 security 14, 70, 96

Index constitutional 88, 93, 95, 113, 128, 134, 149, 173, 177, 219, 269, 281 indigenous 169, 234, 245, 248-50 judiciary 20 labour 132, 147, 149, 178, 218, 225, 230, 243 language 147, 170, 189, 270 revolution 1, 2, 4, 248, 271, 278-9 social 2-3, 5, 7-8, 13, 16-7, 20-1, 237, 29, 35-40, 76, 83-9, 91-7, 107, 113-6, 118-9, 123, 12732, 134, 137-41, 143, 146-9, 163, 169-80, 185-7, 189201, 203, 205-7, 210, 213-5, 217-9, 222, 224, 226-8, 25564, 266-71, 274-80 socio-economic 2-9, 66-9, 71-4, 79, 87, 124, 163, 163, 169-70, 172, 213-4, 217-22, 224-8, 234, 237-8, 240, 242, 24950, 252, 263, 269-73, 277 to education 93-4, 147, 169-71, 179, 186, 193, 198-201, 210, 226, 273 to food 159, 171, 173, 179 to freedom of expression 243 to healthcare 87, 89, 93, 113, 121, 133-5, 144-7, 151, 169-74, 177, 179, 186, 193, 196-7, 200, 226, 243 to housing 94, 96, 113, 118, 135, 147, 169-71, 173-4, 176, 179-82, 225-6 to legal representation 109-10, 118, 121 to social security 89-90, 113, 115, 169-70, 178 to the situation of vulnerable groups or minorities 169, 239, 245 to work 181 women 169, 245 workers 133, 150, 169-70, 189, 2467 Roux, Theunis 5, 57-8, 107, 124-5, 2556, 278-9 Russia 99-100 case of Gulag victims 100 Russian Constitutional Court 120 Russian Revolution

309 Soviet Union 65 Sajó, András 5, 75, 83, 99, 101-2, 105, 150, 255, 258, 267, 279, 281 Scalia, Justice 25 security 70, 89, 95-6, 120, 180, 191, 210, 218, 228, 251-2 social security 61, 66, 69, 70-2, 86-7, 90, 94-6, 113, 115, 134, 16970, 178, 182, 184 social security system 90, 115, 134, 140, 170, 184 Skaar, Elin 7, 57-8, 124, 213, 229, 238, 258, 263, 279 Slovenia 99 society 1-2, 5, 14, 20-3, 27-8, 35-42, 467, 55-6, 58, 69, 75-7, 86, 90-1, 94-5, 97, 119, 122, 128-9, 131, 138-9, 141-2, 148, 150, 153, 157, 160-2, 166, 170, 173, 185, 191, 194-5, 200-2, 206, 213-4, 232-4, 237-9, 243-5, 247-9, 2756 multi-ethnic 235, 239, 248 pluri-cultural 239, 248 South Africa 2, 57, 75, 84, 103, 108-9, 115-6, 119-124, 216, 256, 263, 269-70, 272-3, 275-80 apartheid 5, 57, 79, 116-7, 120, 264, 276 socio-economic legacy 5, 116, 120 Appellate Division of the Supreme Court 108 Cape High Court 117-8 Constitution (1993) 108 Constitution (1996) 101, 103, 109, 256, 269, 277 Constitutional Court 35, 103, 107-8, 110, 112, 261, 264, 266, 269, 277-9 Criminal Procedure Act 51 (1977) 111, 121 Legal Aid Board 123 Parliament 117 Pretoria City 116 Council 116 High Court 116 Port Elizabeth Municipality 113-5, 123-4

310

Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies

Social Assistance Act 59 (1992) 113 South African Human Rights Commission 112, 114 Supreme Court of Appeal 108 Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) 113-5, 123 Transvaal Provincial Division of the High Court 109 stability 14-5, 17, 19, 21, 144, 215, 236 state 3-4, 6, 16-9, 21, 25, 38, 46, 51-2, 54-5, 62-3, 65, 68, 71, 73, 85-97, 109-11, 113-7, 119-21, 124, 128-30, 132, 134-42, 147-50, 153-5, 159, 164-7, 170, 172-5, 177-80, 182-3, 185-7, 190, 1934, 196-8, 200, 202-6, 209-11, 213, 215-8, 222-3, 225-30, 2347, 239, 242-6, 249-50, 252-5, 258, 260, 262, 269-71, 273, 2767, 281 Story, Justice 18 strategies 1, 3, 5-8, 36-7, 46-7, 49-50, 53, 57, 61, 74, 78, 110, 120, 130, 132-3, 135-7, 141-3, 145-7, 150, 156, 161, 179, 181, 206, 217, 223, 229, 234-5, 237, 244, 248, 255, 263, 271, 276 legal mobilisation 1, 6-8, 233, 242, 263, 270-2, 274 struggle 65-6, 76, 79, 141-2, 146, 228, 231, 272-4, 276-7, 280 class 132, 248 marginalized people's 35 political 8-9, 132, 142, 146, 234, 272 social 3-4, 8, 132, 142, 147, 195, 234, 272 Sudarshan, R. 6, 103, 153, 167, 228 transformation 20, 36-4, 48, 50, 52-6, 58-9, 61-3, 68, 71-4, 108, 110, 118, 120, 122, 124, 137, 148, 279 performance 36-9, 41-4, 46, 48, 512, 55-8 social 1, 3-4, 6-9, 35-44, 48, 50, 567, 118, 141-2, 146-7, 153-5, 157, 163, 165, 214-5, 220, 227-8, 233-4, 238-9, 241, 247-51, 253-6, 263, 270, 272, 274-8

tribunal 18, 20, 46, 51, 89, 100, 139, 264, 272 constitutional 8, 102, 137-8, 140, 143, 148-50, 234-5, 238, 241-2, 246, 250 tutela 129, 131-5, 140, 148-50, 177-8, 181, 183-4, 242, 267 see recurso de amparo constitucional o de protección tyranny 22-3, 75 United Nations 65, 68, 70-2, 229-31 General Assembly 101 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 100, 181, 183, 276 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child 172 UN Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights UN Human Development Report 230, 271 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 230, 251, 271 United Nations World Convenant on Human Rights 67, 86 United States 14, 20, 24, 27, 61, 69-71, 75-6, 78, 83, 94, 175, 191-2, 195, 251, 268, 277 American Founding Fathers 14-5 Congress 17 Constitution 14-5, 17-8, 20, 24-6, 62 republican language (1787) constitutional law 62, 68, 72, 74-6, 175 courts 187, 192, 196 Economic Bill of Rights’ 70 Fourteenth Amendment 17 liberty of contract 17-8 New Deal 20, 25, 69-70, 72, 194-5 rebellion of Shays 24 Supreme Court 17-9, 24, 26, 207, 268 Warren Court 24-5 Unity of Constant Acquisitive Power (UPAC) 136, 144-6 Uprimny Yepes, Rodrigo 5-6, 121, 127, 148, 182, 242 Uruguay 76, 78-9

Index Van-Dúnem, José Octávio Serra 7, 213, 230, 238, 258, 263 victims 7, 45, 48, 66, 91, 100, 140, 1623, 171, 176, 179, 281 violence 5, 14, 22, 24, 77, 128, 130, 133, 148, 243, 245, 252, 266, 273 voice 3, 6-7, 36-7, 43-52, 57, 101, 11920, 161, 171, 176, 179, 206-7, 217, 220, 226-8, 220, 226, 232, 234-5, 237-40, 245-6, 250, 2623 institutional 5, 107, 116, 120, 125, 165, 217, 227-8

311 voicing 42-3, 45 vote 14, 79, 91, 130, 163, 241-2, 252, 257, 277-8 Warren, Earl 24 women 19, 40, 76, 78, 104, 108, 122, 159-60, 162-3, 169, 206, 231, 245, 272-3 workers 19-20, 65, 76, 98, 132-3, 135, 147, 150, 156, 169-70, 173, 184, 189, 200, 206, 211, 218, 246, 248

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Thomas Pogge. ProfessoMl Researm �Iow, Cent or ApplJ Ph osoph� and Publl( Etll lts. Australia. The Australian Natlona Un! rstty. Au li . Cha rles Sturt U nIVerSity, Australia and Onlv rs(ty 0 Me boum . AUstralia

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