Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERE...

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CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00311-2 1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.............................................................. 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE ....................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ............................................................ 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE ................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE ................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 63 Chapters on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ........................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE ...................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Associations and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ................................................................................ 83 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 91 CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE DICTIONARY .................................................................. 93 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 123

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to CreutzfeldtJakob disease, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Assessment and Management Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. [p. 15-22]. November 1993. Summary: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a disease often compared with Alzheimer's disease, is discussed with regard to nursing care requirements, etiology, symptoms, and prognosis. CJD is a rare, slowly degenerating, viral disease that attacks the central nervous system, primarily in late middle aged and older people. The disease is associated with familial factors, certain cultural/geographical risk groups, and some surgical procedures and occupations. Diagnosis and assessment procedures for CJD include neurological tests, computed tomography scan, electroencephalogram, and brain biopsy. The time span from onset to death from CJD ranges from 6 to 12 months; and among the symptoms are memory problems, mood swings, sleeping disorders,

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difficulty in walking, loss of sensation, and exaggeration of deep tendon reflexes. Management of care of the CJD patient includes: (1) maintaining appropriate isolation precautions, since this is an infectious disease; (2) providing continual evaluation and assessment of the patient; and (3) providing patient care for potential nursing diagnosis. Prevention of CJD involves: (1) instructing patients, preparing for high-risk procedures, of the risk of acquiring the disease; (2) instructing patients with a familial, cultural, or geographical risk factor to recognize the signs and symptoms to a physician, and not to donate their blood or organs; and (3) providing followup assessment for high-risk patients following identification of or exposure to risk factors. One case report is included. 5 figures, 2 tables, 13 references. •

Association of Apolipoprotein E Alleles With Alzheimer's Disease But Not With Down's Syndrome or Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Source: Alzheimer's Research. 1: 45-48, 1995. Summary: This article describes a study of the association of the various apolipoprotein E (apoE) alleles and genotypes with genotypes with late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) in 51 Israeli Jews and in 51 people without AD. The study also examined the apoE alleles in Israeli Jewish patients with one of the other amyloid-forming diseases, Down syndrome and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). The percentage of participants carrying at least one apoE4 allele was 41.1 percent among the patients, but only 9.8 percent in the group without AD, indicating a strong association between the apoE4 allele and late-onset sporadic AD. No association was found between the apoE4 allele and either Down syndrome or CJD. The data support recent reports suggesting that the apoE4 allele may be an important risk factor for the development of AD, but not for the development of Down syndrome or CJD among the Israeli Jewish population. 3 tables, 35 references. (AA-M).

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Neurophysiologic Visual Impairments Source: Neurology. 51(4): 962-967. October 1998. Summary: This article describes a study that investigated the value of electrophysiologic visual testing for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and reported the retinal pathologic findings in three cases. Early diagnosis of CJD is essential in averting human-to-human transmission. The fatal prognosis of this disease, its transmissibility, and the lack of treatment also make early diagnosis important. Researchers performed visual electrophysiologic examinations in 41 patients with suspected CJD. The disease was diagnosed in 24 patients; the remaining 17, who served as controls, were diagnosed with other neurologic disorders. Data from the flash electroretinogram revealed a significant decrease in the amplitude of the B1 wave and the B/A ratio in the CJD group compared with controls. Flash visual evoked potentials revealed no significant difference in latency, but amplitude was increased in the CJD groups, especially in patients with myoclonus. The visual electrophysiologic abnormalities provide an interesting, noninvasive diagnostic tool in idiopathic CJD. The B1 wave decrease correlates closely with the outer plexiform layer abnormalities observed on neuropathologic examination. 3 figures, 1 table, 23 references. (AA-M).

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) After Blood Product Transfusion from a Donor With CJD Source: Neurology. 50:1872-1873. 1998.

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Summary: This article presents a case report and discussion of a case of CreutzfeldtJakob Disease (CJD) that developed after a patient received an albumin transfusion. Albumin for transfusion is prepared by disposing of the cellular elements of blood and heating it to 60 degrees Celsius for 10 hours. This may not be sufficient to protect against CJD transmission. To date, transmission of CJD by blood products in humans has not been demonstrated. The authors discuss the arguments for and against the fact that the transfusion may have led to development of CJD. 10 references. •

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Transfusion Safety: Tilting at Icebergs? (editorial) Source: Transfusion. 38: 221-223. March 1998. Summary: This editorial discusses transfusion safety and the issues posed by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The authors discuss the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's recommendations for managing potential risk of CJD transmission by blood and blood products; concerns about blood safety; and complications of CJD management related to bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) and its presumed link to new variant CJD in young adults. Medical, economic, political, and scientific paradigms applied to CJD and transfusion are fundamentally incompatible. The authors conclude with the hope of continued willingness to incorporate advances in scientific knowledge into the decision-making process and maintain appropriate balance of public protection and availability of bloodderived therapeutic products. 12 references.

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Akinetic Mutism as a Classification Criterion for the Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 64: 524-528. 1998. Summary: This journal article discusses a study on the classification criteria for diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), particularly the symptoms of akinetic mutism, which is considered to help establish the diagnosis as possible or probable. This study examined 25 patients with CJD and classified their symptoms according to definitions of akinetic mutism and in accordance with features constituting the complete picture of an apallic syndrome. Patients with an apallic syndrome seem alert, but have no visual fixation of objects and no evident activity on consciousness. Patients with akinetic mutism are alert and have preserved visual fixation of objects. Akinetic mutism is anatomically divided into two forms: the mesencephalic form and the frontal form. Data showed that 7 patients were classified as mute and akinetic and assigned to the mesencephalic form; and 13 patients were classified as apallic. The authors conclude that diffuse brain damage underlies akinetic mutism in CJD. While akinetic mutism can be used as a classification criterion for diagnosing CJD, it should be applied very carefully and delimited clearly from the apallic syndrome. 3 tables, 26 references (AAM).

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New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 11: 259-262. 1998. Summary: This journal article discusses an investigation of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) that was first reported in Scotland in 1996. nvCJD is a human prion disorder with characteristic clinical and neuropathological features that result from exposure to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. The authors discuss the clinical features, investigative techniques, genetic analysis, epidemiology, and pathology of the new variant. The authors conclude that the BSE agent is the cause

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nvCJD. Questions remain concerning risk factors, infectious dose, incubation period, routes of exposure, and human-to-human transmission. 26 references. •

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and a New Variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Source: Neurology. 48: 569-571. March 1997. Summary: This journal article discusses the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in the United Kingdom that may be associated with a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The first part briefly reviews the pathologic and epidemiologic features of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, the appearance of BSE in British cattle in 1986, and the British Government's response to the BSE epidemic. The next part discusses the 10 cases of a new variant of CJD identified through a nationwide surveillance program to detect all new cases of spongiform encephalopathy in the British population. The clinical and pathologic features of these new cases are described. The rest of the article examines factors to be considered in assessing the risk of BSE transmission to the human population. The authors conclude that cases of the new variant of CJD, if related to BSE, initially should increase, then reach a plateau, and gradually decline over several years. However, they note that current data may not warrant predictions of a large-scale epidemic. 23 references.

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Mutation of the Prions. Protein Gene at Codon 208 in Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Source: Neurology. 47(5): 1305-1312. November 1996. Summary: This journal article reports the discovery of a new mutation of the prion protein (PrP) gene in patients with pathologically confirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and a negative family history of dementia. Four point mutations and one insertion within the PrP gene have been tightly linked to the development of inherited prion disease. The researchers developed a system that enabled them to screen the entire open reading frame of the PrP gene. DNA sequencing revealed an adenine substitution for guanine at the second position of codon 208, which results in the substitution of histidine for arginine. The same PrP mutation was identified in a healthy younger member of the subject's family, but was not present in more than 200 alleles tested. According to the authors, such findings may indicate that the frequency of inherited prion disease may be higher than is suggested through clinical history alone. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a disese related to Alzheimer's disease. 7 figures, 54 references. (AA-M).

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Is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Transmitted in Blood? Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 3(2): 155-163. April-June 1997. Summary: This journal article reviews current evidence suggesting that CreutzfeldtJakob disease (CJD) may be transmitted through blood. The first section reviews the epidemiology, symptoms, and pathophysiology of CJD, and summarizes reported cases of transmissible CJD. The second part explores the question of whether CJD can be transmitted by blood transfusions, reviewing evidence from animal research and from human case series, case reports, surveillance efforts, case control studies, and cohort studies. In the authors' opinion, sufficient evidence of animal transmission suggests that CJD has the potential to be transmitted through blood. However, human epidemiologic evidence indicates that if blood transmission occurs, it is rare. They conclude that careful surveillance, with followup case control studies, may be the most important means of determining the risk of CJD transmission through blood. 2 tables, 67 references.

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Federally Funded Research on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for CreutzfeldtJakob disease in the PubMed Central database: •

Accumulation of proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrP) is restricted by the expression level of normal PrP in mice inoculated with a mouse-adapted strain of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease agent. by Sakaguchi S, Katamine S, Shigematsu K, Nakatani A, Moriuchi R, Nishida N, Kurokawa K, Nakaoke R, Sato H, Jishage K.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189697

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Characterization of major peptides in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie. by Sklaviadis T, Manuelidis L, Manuelidis EE.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=386456

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by measurement of S100 protein in serum: prospective case-control study. by Otto M, Wiltfang J, Schutz E, Zerr I, Otto A, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Uhr M, Giese A, Weber T, Kretzschmar HA, Poser S.; 1998 Feb 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28459

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Extent of misclassification of death from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in England 197996: retrospective examination of clinical records. by Majeed A, Lehmann P, Kirby L, Knight R, Coleman M.; 2000 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27259

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Growth factor production by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cell lines. by Oleszak EL, Murdoch G, Manuelidis L, Manuelidis EE.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253426

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Heightened Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor [alpha], Interleukin 1[alpha], and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Mice. by Kordek R, Nerurkar VR, Liberski PP, Isaacson S, Yanagihara R, Gajdusek DC.; 1996 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38501

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Heterogeneic Autoantibody Against Neurofilament Protein in the Sera of Animals with Experimental Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Natural Scrapie Infection. by Aoki T, Gibbs CJ Jr, Sotelo J, Gajdusek DC.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347734

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Immortality of cell cultures derived from brains of mice and hamsters infected with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease agent. by Manuelidis EE, Fritch WW, Kim JH, Manuelidis L.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304318

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Immunological analysis of host and agent effects on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie prion proteins. by Bockman JM, Kingsbury DT.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253428

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Long-Term Subclinical Carrier State Precedes Scrapie Replication and Adaptation in a Resistant Species: Analogies to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Humans. by Race R, Raines A, Raymond GJ, Caughey B, Chesebro B.; 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114584

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Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins in Highly Purified Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Preparations. by Sklaviadis T, Akowitz A, Manuelidis EE, Manuelidis L.; 1993 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46792

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Physical properties of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease agent. by Sklaviadis TK, Manuelidis L, Manuelidis EE.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247817

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Risk of acquiring Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from blood transfusions: systematic review of case-control studies. by Wilson K, Code C, Ricketts MN.; 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27418

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Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prion proteins share physical properties and antigenic determinants. by Bendheim PE, Bockman JM, McKinley MP, Kingsbury DT, Prusiner SB.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=397180

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Specific proteins associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie share antigenic and carbohydrate determinants. by Manuelidis L, Valley S, Manuelidis EE.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=397977

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Synthetic Peptides Corresponding to Different Mutated Regions of the Amyloid Gene in Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Show Enhanced in vitro Formation of Morphologically Different Amyloid Fibrils. by Goldfarb LG, Brown P, Haltia M, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Gajdusek DC.; 1993 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46529

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The new variant of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease accounts for no relative increase of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mortality rate in the United Kingdom; this fits ill with the new variant being the consequence of consumption of food infected with the agent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. by Laprevotte I, Henaut A.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=184443

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Transmissible familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with five, seven, and eight extra octapeptide coding repeats in the PRNP gene. by Goldfarb LG, Brown P, McCombie WR, Goldgaber D, Swergold GD, Wills PR, Cervenakova L, Baron H, Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.; 1991 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=53045

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Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from humans to transgenic mice expressing chimeric human-mouse prion protein. by Telling GC, Scott M, Hsiao KK, Foster D, Yang SL, Torchia M, Sidle KC, Collinge J, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB.; 1994 Oct 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=44932

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the Quebec blood supply. by Germain M, Decary F, Chiavetta J, Goldman M.; 2000 Aug 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80375

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A cluster of familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mutations recapitulate conserved residues in Doppel: a case of molecular mimicry? Author(s): Mastrangelo P, Serpell L, Dafforn T, Lesk A, Fraser P, Westaway D. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 December 4; 532(1-2): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12459456

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A French cluster of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a molecular analysis. Author(s): Beaudry P, Parchi P, Peoc'h K, Desbordes P, Dartigues JF, Vital A, Vital C, Capellari S, Gambetti P, Delasnerie-Laupretre N, Mary JY, Laplanche JL. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2002 September; 9(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220376

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A potential cerebrospinal fluid and plasmatic marker for the diagnosis of CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Guillaume E, Zimmermann C, Burkhard PR, Hochstrasser DF, Sanchez JC. Source: Proteomics. 2003 August; 3(8): 1495-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12923775

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A prospective study of CSF markers in 250 patients with possible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Van Everbroeck B, Quoilin S, Boons J, Martin JJ, Cras P. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 September; 74(9): 1210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933920

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A quantitative study of the pathological changes in cortical neurons in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Armstrong RA, Lantos PL, Cairns NJ. Source: Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology. 2003 September; 23(3): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570284

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Abnormal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease following corneal transplantations. Author(s): Rabinstein AA, Whiteman ML, Shebert RT. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2002 April; 59(4): 637-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939901

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Accuracy of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the diagnosis of sporadic CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Demaerel P, Sciot R, Robberecht W, Dom R, Vandermeulen D, Maes F, Wilms G. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 February; 250(2): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574955

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Age and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Bacchetti P. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 December; 9(12): 1611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14720404

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An atypical form of sporadic panencephalopathic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Japan. Author(s): Yamamoto S, Furukawa H, Kitamoto T, Takamaru Y, Morita N, Yasuda M, Okada Y, Sawa H, Nagashima K. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2003 February; 29(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581342

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Anaesthesia for patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A practical guide. Author(s): Farling P, Smith G. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 July; 58(7): 627-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12790810

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Analysis of the geographical distribution of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France between 1992 and 1998. Author(s): D'Aignaux JH, Cousens SN, Delasnerie-Laupretre N, Brandel JP, Salomon D, Laplanche JL, Hauw JJ, Alperovitch A. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 April; 31(2): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11980824

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Analysis of unusual accumulation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases in Orava and Liptov regions (northern Slovak focus) 1983-2000. Author(s): Mad'ar R, Maslenova D, Ranostajova K, Straka S, Baska T. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2003 March; 11(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690798

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Ancestral origins and worldwide distribution of the PRNP 200K mutation causing familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Lee HS, Sambuughin N, Cervenakova L, Chapman J, Pocchiari M, Litvak S, Qi HY, Budka H, del Ser T, Furukawa H, Brown P, Gajdusek DC, Long JC, Korczyn AD, Goldfarb LG. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999 April; 64(4): 1063-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090891

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Anticonvulsants for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? Author(s): Floel A, Reilmann R, Frese A, Ludemann P. Source: Lancet. 2003 January 18; 361(9353): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12547547

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Apolipoprotein E and other cerebrospinal fluid proteins differentiate ante mortem variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from ante mortem sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Choe LH, Green A, Knight RS, Thompson EJ, Lee KH. Source: Electrophoresis. 2002 July; 23(14): 2242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12210228

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Association of an 11-12 kDa protease-resistant prion protein fragment with subtypes of dura graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other prion diseases. Author(s): Satoh K, Muramoto T, Tanaka T, Kitamoto N, Ironside JW, Nagashima K, Yamada M, Sato T, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2003 October; 84(Pt 10): 2885-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13679624

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Astrocytes accumulate 4-hydroxynonenal adducts in murine scrapie and human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Andreoletti O, Levavasseur E, Uro-Coste E, Tabouret G, Sarradin P, Delisle MB, Berthon P, Salvayre R, Schelcher F, Negre-Salvayre A. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 2002 December; 11(3): 386-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12586548

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Asymmetric neuroimaging in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a ruse. Author(s): Bavis J, Reynolds P, Tegeler C, Clark P. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2003 October; 13(4): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569834

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Autopsy-proven Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a patient with a negative 14-3-3 assay and nonspecific EEG and MRI. Author(s): Donahue JE, Hanna PA, Hariharan S. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2004 February; 24(6): 411-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14767688

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Basis of phenotypic variability in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Tranchant C, Geranton L, Guiraud-Chaumeil C, Mohr M, Warter JM. Source: Neurology. 1999 April 12; 52(6): 1244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10214751

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Beta-amyloid peptides in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Smirnov A, Bibl M, Cepek L, Steinacker P, Mollenhauer B, Buerger K, Hampel H, Paul S, Neumann M, Maler M, Zerr I, Kornhuber J, Kretzschmar HA, Poser S, Otto M. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 August; 54(2): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891683

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Biochemical and conformational variability of human prion strains in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Aucouturier P, Kascsak RJ, Frangione B, Wisniewski T. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1999 October 15; 274(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10530513

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Biopsy diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by western blot: a case report. Author(s): Castellani RJ, Parchi P, Madoff L, Gambetti P, McKeever P. Source: Human Pathology. 1997 May; 28(5): 623-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9158712

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Blood infectivity and the prospects for a diagnostic screening test in CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Brown P, Cervenakova L, Diringer H. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2001 January; 137(1): 5-13. Review. Erratum In: J Lab Clin Med 2001 April; 137(4): 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150018

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and early onset variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Weissmann C, Aguzzi A. Source: Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 1997 October; 7(5): 695-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9384548

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and its relationship to the new variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. An account of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, its cause, the clinical signs and epidemiology including the transmissibility of prion diseases with special reference to the relationship between bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Bradley R. Source: Contrib Microbiol. 2001; 7: 105-44. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923930

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Almond JW. Source: British Medical Bulletin. 1998; 54(3): 749-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10326298

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: an overview. Author(s): Patterson WJ, Painter MJ. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 January; 2(1): 5-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10462888

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Riemann H. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001; 7(3 Suppl): 605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11485685

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Brown P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 April 7; 322(7290): 841-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11290640

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a risk analysis. Author(s): Liberski PP. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2000; 38(4): 143-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693716

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: implications for Australia. Author(s): Goldwater PN. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 August 6; 175(3): 154-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11548083

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Brain biopsy and patients with atypical presentations of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Whittle IR, Will RG, Ironside JW. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997 October; 63(4): 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343145

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Brain biopsy in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: evolution of pathological changes by prion protein immunohistochemistry. Author(s): Mahadevan A, Shankar SK, Yasha TC, Santosh V, Sarkar C, Desai AP, Satishchandra P. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2002 August; 28(4): 314-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12175344

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Brain in human nutrition and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk (vCJD): detection of brain in retail liver sausages using cholesterol and neuron specific enolase (NSE) as markers. Author(s): Lucker E, Horlacher S, Eigenbrodt E. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86 Suppl 1: S115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520429

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Brain magnetic resonance diffusion abnormalities in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Bahn MM, Kido DK, Lin W, Pearlman AL. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1997 November; 54(11): 1411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9362991

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Brain monoamine abnormalities in the two types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Nyberg P, Almay BG, Carlsson A, Masters C, Winblad B. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1982 July; 66(1): 16-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6180593

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Brain SPECT with 123I-IMP for the early diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Matsuda M, Tabata K, Hattori T, Miki J, Ikeda S. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001 January 15; 183(1): 5-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11166787

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BSE and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: never say never. Author(s): Budka H, Dormont D, Kretzschmar H, Pocchiari M, van Duijn C. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2002 June; 103(6): 627-8. Epub 2002 April 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12012095

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Cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 protein: variability of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, laboratory standards, and quantitation. Author(s): Aksamit AJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 June; 60(6): 803-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810481

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Challenging the clinical utility of the 14-3-3 protein for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Geschwind MD, Martindale J, Miller D, DeArmond SJ, Uyehara-Lock J, Gaskin D, Kramer JH, Barbaro NM, Miller BL. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 June; 60(6): 813-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810484

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Chorea as a presenting feature of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): McKee D, Talbot P. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2003 July; 18(7): 837-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12815669

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Clinical features of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Will RG, Ward HJ. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2004; 284: 121-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15148990

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Commentary: Predicting the unpredictable: the future incidence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ghani AC. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 October; 32(5): 792-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14559751

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Comparison of the neuropathological characteristics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in mice. Author(s): Brown DA, Bruce ME, Fraser JR. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2003 June; 29(3): 262-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787323

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and eye surgery--new disease, old disease. Author(s): Tullo A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 April; 29(4): 629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686214

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and inclusion body myositis: abundant disease-associated prion protein in muscle. Author(s): Kovacs GG, Lindeck-Pozza E, Chimelli L, Araujo AQ, Gabbai AA, Strobel T, Glatzel M, Aguzzi A, Budka H. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2004 January; 55(1): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705121

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and non-convulsive status epilepticus: a clinical and electroencephalographic follow-up study. Author(s): Fernandez-Torre JL, Solar DM, Astudillo A, Cereceda R, Acebes A, Calatayud MT. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2004 February; 115(2): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744571

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with high titer of antithyroid autoantibodies: case report and literature review. Author(s): Cossu G, Melis M, Molari A, Pinna L, Ferrigno P, Melis G, Zonza F, Spissu A. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 October; 24(3): 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14598057

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease following corneal transplantation. Author(s): Hammersmith KM, Cohen EJ, Rapuano CJ, Laibson PR. Source: Cornea. 2004 May; 23(4): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15097140

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Ireland: epidemiological aspects 1980-2002. Author(s): Horan G, Keohane C, Molloy S, Howley R, Harney M, Heffernan J, McGuigan C, Hutchinson M, Brett F, Farrell M. Source: European Neurology. 2004; 51(3): 132-7. Epub 2004 February 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14988606

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in United Kingdom patients treated with human pituitary growth hormone. Author(s): Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Adlard P, Jones ME, Preece MA. Source: Neurology. 2003 September 23; 61(6): 783-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504321

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease not related to a common venue--New Jersey, 1995-2004. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2004 May 14; 53(18): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15138401

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting as progressive supranuclear palsy. Author(s): Josephs KA, Tsuboi Y, Dickson DW. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2004 May; 11(5): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15142229

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with a novel extra-repeat insertional mutation in the PRNP gene. Author(s): Pietrini V, Puoti G, Limido L, Rossi G, Di Fede G, Giaccone G, Mangieri M, Tedeschi F, Bondavalli A, Mancia D, Bugiani O, Tagliavini F. Source: Neurology. 2003 November 11; 61(9): 1288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610142

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with florid plaques after cadaveric dura mater graft. Author(s): Mochizuki Y, Mizutani T, Tajiri N, Oinuma T, Nemoto N, Kakimi S, Kitamoto T. Source: Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology. 2003 June; 23(2): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777102

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: two case studies. Author(s): Rentz CA. Source: Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2003 May-June; 18(3): 171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811992

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease--identifying prions and carriers. Author(s): Belkin NL. Source: Aorn Journal. 2003 August; 78(2): 204-8, 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940422

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CSF lactate dehydrogenase activity in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease exceeds that in other dementias. Author(s): Schmidt H, Otto M, Niedmann P, Cepek L, Schroter A, Kretzschmar HA, Poser S. Source: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2004; 17(3): 204-6. Epub 2004 January 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14739545

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Deaths from variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Author(s): Andrews NJ, Farrington CP, Ward HJ, Cousens SN, Smith PG, Molesworth AM, Knight RS, Ironside JW, Will RG. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 1; 361(9359): 751-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620741

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Decrement of N20 amplitude of the median nerve somatosensory evoked potential in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Author(s): Shiga Y, Seki H, Onuma A, Shimizu H, Itoyama Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2001 November; 18(6): 576-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11779972

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Detection of pathologic prion protein in the olfactory epithelium in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Zanusso G, Ferrari S, Cardone F, Zampieri P, Gelati M, Fiorini M, Farinazzo A, Gardiman M, Cavallaro T, Bentivoglio M, Righetti PG, Pocchiari M, Rizzuto N, Monaco S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 20; 348(8): 711-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12594315

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Diagnosing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with the pulvinar sign: MR imaging findings in 86 neuropathologically confirmed cases. Author(s): Collie DA, Summers DM, Sellar RJ, Ironside JW, Cooper S, Zeidler M, Knight R, Will RG. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 September; 24(8): 1560-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13679271

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Diagnosis and prevention of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Irani DN, Johnson RT. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 2003; 54: 305-19. Epub 2001 December 03. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12525677

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Diagnostic challenges in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: case report. Author(s): Tanwani LK, Furman CD, Ritchie CS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 August; 96(8): 832-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14515932

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Diagnostic problems during late course in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Mollenhauer B, Serafin S, Zerr I, Steinhoff BJ, Otto M, Scherer M, SchulzSchaeffer WJ, Poser S. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 May; 250(5): 629-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814120

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Differences in the density and spatial distribution of florid and diffuse plaques in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Author(s): Armstrong RA, Lantos PL, Ironside JW, Cairns NJ. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 2003 September-October; 22(5): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531544

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Different binding pattern of antibodies to prion protein on lymphocytes from patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ratzka P, Dohlinger S, Cepek L, Steinacker P, Arlt S, Jacobi C, Schroter A, Wiltfang J, Prange H, Kretzschmar HA, Poser S, Otto M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 May 29; 343(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749990

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Differential diagnosis of 201 possible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Author(s): Van Everbroeck B, Dobbeleir I, De Waele M, De Deyn P, Martin JJ, Cras P. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2004 March; 251(3): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15015009

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Differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases with special emphasis on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Otto M, Wiltfang J. Source: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 2003; 21(3-4): 191-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530581

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Diffusion-weighted MRI in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a better diagnostic marker than CSF protein 14-3-3? Author(s): Mendez OE, Shang J, Jungreis CA, Kaufer DI. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2003 April; 13(2): 147-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12722497

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Diffusion-weighted sequence on MRI for the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Pereira E. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2002 December; 60(4): 906-8. Epub 2003 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563377

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Discrepancies in the clinical utility of the 14-3-3 protein for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Sanchez-Valle R, Graus F, Saiz A. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 April; 61(4): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15096415

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Disease latency in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease via dural grafting: a case report. Author(s): Lang CJ, Heckmann JG, Querner V, Neundorfer B, Kornhuber J, Buchfelder M, Kretzschmar HA. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(11): 1013-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380713

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Distinct neuropsychological characteristics in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Snowden JS, Mann DM, Neary D. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 December; 73(6): 68694. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438471

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Distinctive cerebellar immunoreactivity for the prion protein in familial (E200K) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Jarius C, Kovacs GG, Belay G, Hainfellner JA, Mitrova E, Budka H. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2003 May; 105(5): 449-54. Epub 2003 January 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12677444

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Distribution of infectivity in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Sivakumaran M. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 2; 359(9308): 801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888628

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Distribution of the M129V polymorphism of the prion protein gene in a Turkish population suggests a high risk for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Erginel-Unaltuna N, Peoc'h K, Komurcu E, Acuner TT, Issever H, Laplanche JL. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2001 December; 9(12): 965-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11840201

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Does the neuropathology of human patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease reflect haematogenous spread of the disease? Author(s): Armstrong RA, Cairns NJ, Ironside JW, Lantos PL. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 September 4; 348(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893420

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Early cognitive decline in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with human growth hormone treatment. Author(s): Cordery RJ, Hall M, Cipolotti L, Al-Sarraj S, O'Donovan DG, Davidson L, Adlard P, Rossor MN. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 October; 74(10): 14126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570836

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Early destruction of the extracellular matrix around parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Belichenko PV, Miklossy J, Belser B, Budka H, Celio MR. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 1999 August; 6(4): 269-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448054

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Editorial: Development of Australia's response to bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Brooke FJ. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2001 August; 25(3): 99-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11596725

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EDRF transcripts and diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Sjogren M. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 30; 357(9274): 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445093

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Electron microsocopy of brain amyloid plaques from a patient with new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Fournier JG, Kopp N, Streichenberger N, Escaig-Haye F, Langeveld J, Brown P. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2000 June; 99(6): 637-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10867797

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Elevation of neuron-specific enolase in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of early stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Kohira I, Tsuji T, Ishizu H, Takao Y, Wake A, Abe K, Kuroda S. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 December; 102(6): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11125754

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Emerging patterns of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Mao-Draayer Y, Braff SP, Nagle KJ, Pendlebury W, Penar PL, Shapiro RE. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 April; 23(4): 550-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950643

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Epidemiologic features of 65 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients with a history of cadaveric dura mater transplantation in Japan. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Yanagawa H, Kitamoto T, Sato T. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2000 August; 125(1): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057978

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Epidemiological studies on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Poland. Author(s): Kulczycki J, Tojkowska W, Niedzielska K. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2001; 39(3): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770128

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Epilepsia partialis continua in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Lee K, Haight E, Olejniczak P. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 December; 102(6): 398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11125757

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European surveillance on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a case-control study for medical risk factors. Author(s): Zerr I, Brandel JP, Masullo C, Wientjens D, de Silva R, Zeidler M, Granieri E, Sampaolo S, van Duijn C, Delasnerie-Laupretre N, Will R, Poser S. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2000 July; 53(7): 747-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10941953

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Examination of the human prion protein-like gene doppel for genetic susceptibility to sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Mead S, Beck J, Dickinson A, Fisher EM, Collinge J. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2000 August 25; 290(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10936691

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Experimental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related diseases to rodents. Author(s): Tateishi J, Kitamoto T, Hoque MZ, Furukawa H. Source: Neurology. 1996 February; 46(2): 532-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8614527

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Expression of nestin in Purkinje cells in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Mizuno Y, Takeuchi T, Takatama M, Okamoto K. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 December 4; 352(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625035

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Expression of proteins linked to exocytosis and neurotransmission in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ferrer I, Rivera R, Blanco R, Marti E. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 1999 April; 6(2): 92-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343324

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Extent of misclassification of death from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in England 197996: retrospective examination of clinical records. Author(s): Majeed A, Lehmann P, Kirby L, Knight R, Coleman M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 January 15; 320(7228): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10634732

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Extraneural pathologic prion protein in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Glatzel M, Abela E, Maissen M, Aguzzi A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 November 6; 349(19): 1812-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14602879

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Extreme loss of neurons in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Tabaka J, Nowacki P, Stankiewicz J, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2003; 41(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862396

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Exuberant cellular reaction of the optic nerves in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Liberski PP, Sikorska B, Bratosiewicz-Wasik J, Walis A, Brown P, Brown D. Source: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2003; 63(4): 309-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15053254

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Eye banking and screening for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Kennedy RH, Hogan RN, Brown P, Holland E, Johnson RT, Stark W, Sugar J. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 May; 119(5): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346399

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Factors determining the pattern of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) epidemic in the UK. Author(s): Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM. Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. 2003 April 7; 270(1516): 689-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713742

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Failure of immunocompetitive capillary electrophoresis assay to detect diseasespecific prion protein in buffy coat from humans and chimpanzees with CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Cervenakova L, Brown P, Soukharev S, Yakovleva O, Diringer H, Saenko EL, Drohan WN. Source: Electrophoresis. 2003 March; 24(5): 853-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627447

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Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with a point mutation at codon 210 of the prion protein gene. Author(s): Huang N, Marie SK, Kok F, Nitrini R. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2001 December; 59(4): 932-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11733840

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Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a patient carrying both a presenilin 1 missense substitution and a prion protein gene insertion. Author(s): Dermaut B, Cruts M, Backhovens H, Lubke U, Van Everbroeck B, Sciot R, Dom R, Martin JJ, Van Broeckhoven C, Cras P. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2000 May; 247(5): 364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10896268

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Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Chile. Author(s): Galvez S, Cartier L, Monari M, Araya G. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1983 April; 59(1): 139-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6343559

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Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease initially presenting with alien hand syndrome. Author(s): Oberndorfer S, Urbanits S, Lahrmann H, Jarius C, Albrecht G, Grisold W. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 May; 249(5): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021958

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Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with a novel 120-bp insertion in the prion protein gene. Author(s): Skworc KH, Windl O, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Giese A, Bergk J, Nagele A, Vieregge P, Zerr I, Poser S, Kretzschmar HA. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1999 November; 46(5): 693-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10970246

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Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with D178N-129M mutation of PRNP presenting as cerebellar ataxia without insomnia. Author(s): Taniwaki Y, Hara H, Doh-Ura K, Murakami I, Tashiro H, Yamasaki T, Shigeto H, Arakawa K, Araki E, Yamada T, Iwaki T, Kira J. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 March; 68(3): 388. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10787305

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Fatal familial insomnia and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a tale of two diseases with the same genetic mutation. Author(s): Gambetti P. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1996; 207: 19-25. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8575203

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Fatal insomnia in a case of familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with the codon 200(Lys) mutation. Author(s): Chapman J, Arlazoroff A, Goldfarb LG, Cervenakova L, Neufeld MY, Werber E, Herbert M, Brown P, Gajdusek DC, Korczyn AD. Source: Neurology. 1996 March; 46(3): 758-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8618678

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Fibreoptic equipment and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Farling P, Popat M, Cooper S. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 July; 58(7): 716-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12790824

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First case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Canada. Author(s): Jansen GH, Voll CL, Robinson CA, Gervais R, Sutcliffe T, Bergeron C, Coulthart MB, Giulivi A. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2003 July 1; 29(13): 117-20. English, French. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2003 August 1; 29(15): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12861661

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First hundred cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: retrospective case note review of early psychiatric and neurological features. Author(s): Spencer MD, Knight RS, Will RG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 22; 324(7352): 1479-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12077031

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FLAIR MRI in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Zeidler M, Collie DA, Macleod MA, Sellar RJ, Knight R. Source: Neurology. 2001 January 23; 56(2): 282. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11160981

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FLAIR MRI in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Vrancken AF, Frijns CJ, Ramos LM. Source: Neurology. 2000 July 12; 55(1): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10891930

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Focal dystonia as the presenting sign in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Hellmann MA, Melamed E. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 September; 17(5): 1097-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360570

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Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus of the ballooned neurons in patients with corticobasal degeneration and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Sakurai A, Okamoto K, Fujita Y, Nakazato Y, Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Gonatas NK. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2000 September; 100(3): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10965796

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Functional preservation of benzodiazepine receptors of the primary somatosensory cortex in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a pharmacologic-evoked potential study. Author(s): Aguglia U, Oliveri RL, Gambardella A, Talerico G, Zappia M, De Sarro GB, Quattrone A. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1996 February; 19(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8867522

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Further studies of blood infectivity in an experimental model of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, with an explanation of why blood components do not transmit Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Author(s): Brown P, Cervenakova L, McShane LM, Barber P, Rubenstein R, Drohan WN. Source: Transfusion. 1999 November-December; 39(11-12): 1169-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604242

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Future uncertain for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Bonn D. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2002 September; 1(5): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12849414

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Ganglioside alterations in guinea pig brains at end stages of experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Yu RK, Manuelidis EE. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1978 January; 35(1): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=342675

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Ganglioside alterations in the central and peripheral nervous systems of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ohtani Y, Tamai Y, Ohnuki Y, Miura S. Source: Neurodegeneration : a Journal for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neuroprotection, and Neuroregeneration. 1996 December; 5(4): 331-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9117545

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Gene influences on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Will RG. Source: Lancet. 1994 November 12; 344(8933): 1310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7968022

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Generalized convulsive status epilepticus in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Neufeld MY, Talianski-Aronov A, Soffer D, Korczyn AD. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 2003 September; 12(6): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12915087

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Genetic analysis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related disorders. Author(s): Goldfarb LG, Brown P, Cervenakova L, Gajdusek DC. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1994 March 29; 343(1306): 379-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8041803

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Genetic and environmental factors determining the development of CreutzfeldtJakob disease in Libyan Jews. Author(s): Chapman J, Korczyn AD. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 1991; 10(5-6): 228-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1798423

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Genetic basis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United Kingdom: a systematic analysis of predisposing mutations and allelic variation in the PRNP gene. Author(s): Windl O, Dempster M, Estibeiro JP, Lathe R, de Silva R, Esmonde T, Will R, Springbett A, Campbell TA, Sidle KC, Palmer MS, Collinge J. Source: Human Genetics. 1996 September; 98(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8707291

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Genetic control of scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in mice. Author(s): Kingsbury DT, Kasper KC, Stites DP, Watson JD, Hogan RN, Prusiner SB. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1983 July; 131(1): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6408182

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Genetic epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Europe. Author(s): EUROCJD Group. Source: Revue Neurologique. 2001 July; 157(6-7): 633-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11458182

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Genetic predisposition to iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Collinge J, Palmer MS, Dryden AJ. Source: Lancet. 1991 June 15; 337(8755): 1441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1675319

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Genetic susceptibility to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Partanen J. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 8; 361(9356): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583940

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Genetics and biochemistry of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Libyan Jews. Author(s): Gabizon R, Halimi M, Meiner Z. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1994; 48(8-9): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7858176

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Genotype at codon 129 and susceptibility to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Deslys JP, Jaegly A, d'Aignaux JH, Mouthon F, de Villemeur TB, Dormont D. Source: Lancet. 1998 April 25; 351(9111): 1251. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9643750

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Geographical distribution of cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in England and Wales 1970-84. Author(s): Cousens SN, Harries-Jones R, Knight R, Will RG, Smith PG, Matthews WB. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1990 June; 53(6): 459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2199610

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Geographical distribution of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in France. Author(s): Kulldorff M. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 April; 31(2): 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11980825

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Geographical distribution of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Great Britain, 19942000. Author(s): Cousens S, Smith PG, Ward H, Everington D, Knight RS, Zeidler M, Stewart G, Smith-Bathgate EA, Macleod MA, Mackenzie J, Will RG. Source: Lancet. 2001 March 31; 357(9261): 1002-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11293592

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GluR2/3, NMDAepsilon1 and GABAA receptors in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ferrer I, Puig B. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2003 October; 106(4): 311-8. Epub 2003 June 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835949

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Glycoconjugate changes in a brain biopsy from a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Federico A, Nardini M, Volante F, Rocchi R, Tosi P, Cintorino M, Luzi P. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1978 August; 33(4): 296-303. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=369303

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Gross regional cerebral hypofunction with normal CT scan in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Hunter R, Gordon A, McLuskie R, Wyper D, Patterson J, Christie JE, Fink G, Goodwin GM. Source: Lancet. 1989 January 28; 1(8631): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2563115

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Half of physicians are unaware of surveillance system for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Franks A, Schweiger M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 May 25; 312(7042): 1358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8646059

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Handling of surgical instruments in a presymptomatic familial carrier of CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Fishman M, Fort GG, Mikolich DJ. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2002 August; 30(5): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12163865

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Has the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease epidemic hit its peak? Author(s): Love R. Source: Lancet. 2001 October 27; 358(9291): 1432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11705496

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Hashimoto's encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Seipelt M, Zerr I, Nau R, Mollenhauer B, Kropp S, Steinhoff BJ, WilhelmGossling C, Bamberg C, Janzen RW, Berlit P, Manz F, Felgenhauer K, Poser S. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 February; 66(2): 1726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10071095

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Hashimoto's encephalopathy mimicking Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: brain biopsy findings. Author(s): Doherty CP, Schlossmacher M, Torres N, Bromfield E, Samuels MA, Folkerth R. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 November; 73(5): 601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12397166

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Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: diffusion-weighted MRI and PET characteristics. Author(s): Tsuji Y, Kanamori H, Murakami G, Yokode M, Mezaki T, Doh-ura K, Taniguchi K, Matsubayashi K, Fukuyama H, Kita T, Tanaka M. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2004 January; 14(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14748211

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Heightened expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 alpha, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in mice. Author(s): Kordek R, Nerurkar VR, Liberski PP, Isaacson S, Yanagihara R, Gajdusek DC. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996 September 3; 93(18): 9754-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8790403

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Heightened intrathecal release of proinflammatory cytokines in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Sharief MK, Green A, Dick JP, Gawler J, Thompson EJ. Source: Neurology. 1999 April 12; 52(6): 1289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10214763

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Hemisensory deficit in a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Kothbauer-Margreiter I, Baumgartner RW, Bassetti C, Mathis J. Source: European Neurology. 1996; 36(2): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8654480

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Hereditary Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and fatal familial insomnia. Author(s): Gambetti P, Parchi P, Chen SG. Source: Clin Lab Med. 2003 March; 23(1): 43-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12733424

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Heterogeneic autoantibody against neurofilament protein in the sera of animals with experimental kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and natural scrapie infection. Author(s): Aoki T, Gibbs CJ Jr, Sotelo J, Gajdusek DC. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1982 October; 38(1): 316-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6815090

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High incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in rural Calabria, Italy. Author(s): D'Alessandro M, Petraroli R, Ladogana A, Pocchiari M. Source: Lancet. 1998 December 19-26; 352(9145): 1989-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9872257

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High signal of the striatum in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: sequential change on T2-weighted MRI. Author(s): Uemura A, O'uchi T, Sakamoto T, Yashiro N. Source: Neuroradiology. 2002 April; 44(4): 314-8. Epub 2002 February 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914807

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HLA in French patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Laplanche JL, Lepage V, Peoc'h K, Delasnerie-Laupretre N, Charron D. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 8; 361(9356): 531-2. Erratum In: Lancet. 2003 April 19; 361(9366): 1394. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583973

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How is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease acquired? Author(s): Alter M. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 2000 March-April; 19(2): 55-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10686529

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How to improve the clinical diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Poser S, Mollenhauer B, Kraubeta A, Zerr I, Steinhoff BJ, Schroeter A, Finkenstaedt M, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Kretzschmar HA, Felgenhauer K. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1999 December; 122 ( Pt 12): 2345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10581227

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How to limit the spread of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Dormont D. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1996 August; 17(8): 521-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8875297

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Human dura mater and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Munoz Guerra MF. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2001 May; 59(5): 595. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11326393

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Human growth hormone-related iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: search for a genetic susceptibility by analysis of the PRNP coding region. Author(s): Jaegly A, Boussin F, Deslys JP, Dormont D. Source: Genomics. 1995 May 20; 27(2): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7558015

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Hypothalamic-mediated model for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: relation to hemispheric chemical dominance. Author(s): Kurup RK, Kurup PA. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 July; 113(7): 971-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881189

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Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease at the millennium. Author(s): Hamad A, Hamad A, Sokrab TE, Momeni S. Source: Neurology. 2001 April 10; 56(7): 987. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11294952

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Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease following human growth hormone therapy: case report. Author(s): Caboclo LO, Huang N, Lepski GA, Livramento JA, Buchpiguel CA, Porto CS, Nitrini R. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2002 June; 60(2-B): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131950

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Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease subsequent to dural graft: persisting risk after 1987. Author(s): Boutoleau C, Guillon B, Martinez F, Vercelletto M, Faure A, Feve JR. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 September; 10(5): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940833

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Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Casalone C, Zanusso G, Acutis P, Ferrari S, Capucci L, Tagliavini F, Monaco S, Caramelli M. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004 March 2; 101(9): 3065-70. Epub 2004 February 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970340

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Identification of novel proteinase K-resistant C-terminal fragments of PrP in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Zou WQ, Capellari S, Parchi P, Sy MS, Gambetti P, Chen SG. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 October 17; 278(42): 40429-36. Epub 2003 August 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917418

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Impairment of the peripheral nervous system in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Niewiadomska M, Kulczycki J, Wochnik-Dyjas D, Szpak GM, Rakowicz M, Lojkowska W, Niedzielska K, Inglot E, Wieclawska M, Glazowski C, TarnowskaDziduszko E. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2002 September; 59(9): 1430-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12223030

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Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Switzerland. Author(s): Glatzel M, Rogivue C, Ghani A, Streffer JR, Amsler L, Aguzzi A. Source: Lancet. 2002 July 13; 360(9327): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126826

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Increase of neuron-specific enolase in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Kropp S, Zerr I, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Riedemann C, Bodemer M, Laske C, Kretzschmar HA, Poser S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1999 February 12; 261(1-2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10081943

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Increased CSF levels of prostaglandin E(2) in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Minghetti L, Cardone F, Greco A, Puopolo M, Levi G, Green AJ, Knight R, Pocchiari M. Source: Neurology. 2002 January 8; 58(1): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11781418

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Increased detection of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid in Sporadic CreutzfeldtJakob Disease during the disease course. Author(s): Giraud P, Biacabe AG, Chazot G, Later R, Joyeux O, Moene Y, Perret-Liaudet A. Source: European Neurology. 2002; 48(4): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422071

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Increased incidence of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease on the island of Crete associated with a high rate of PRNP 129-methionine homozygosity in the local population. Author(s): Plaitakis A, Viskadouraki AK, Tzagournissakis M, Zaganas I, VergheseNikolakaki S, Karagiorgis V, Panagiotides I, Kilindireas C, Patsouris E, Haberler C, Budka H, Sklaviadis T. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2001 August; 50(2): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11506406

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Increased lipid peroxidation in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Arlt S, Kontush A, Zerr I, Buhmann C, Jacobi C, Schroter A, Poser S, Beisiegel U. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 2002 July; 10(2): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127153

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Increasing mortality from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in England and Wales since 1979: ascertainment bias from increase in post-mortems? Author(s): Aylin P, Rooney C, Drever F, Coleman M. Source: Popul Trends. 1996 Autumn; (85): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8895949

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Infectivity and host responses in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Manuelidis L, Fritch W. Source: Virology. 1996 February 1; 216(1): 46-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8615006

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Influence of the prion protein and the apolipoprotein E genotype on the CreutzfeldtJakob Disease phenotype. Author(s): Van Everbroeck B, Croes EA, Pals P, Dermaut B, Jansen G, van Duijn CM, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C, Martin JJ, Cras P. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 November 2; 313(1-2): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11684342

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Informing a recipient of blood from a donor who developed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: the characteristics of information that warrant its disclosure. Author(s): Steinberg D. Source: J Clin Ethics. 2001 Summer; 12(2): 134-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11642064

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Insert mutation in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Kenney K, Brown P, Little B. Source: Neurology. 1995 July; 45(7): 1428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7677893

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Insomnia associated with thalamic involvement in E200K Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Taratuto AL, Piccardo P, Reich EG, Chen SG, Sevlever G, Schultz M, Luzzi AA, Rugiero M, Abecasis G, Endelman M, Garcia AM, Capellari S, Xie Z, Lugaresi E, Gambetti P, Dlouhy SR, Ghetti B. Source: Neurology. 2002 February 12; 58(3): 362-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11839833

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Irregular presence of abnormal prion protein in appendix in variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Joiner S, Linehan J, Brandner S, Wadsworth JD, Collinge J. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 November; 73(5): 597-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12397162

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Is variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in young children misdiagnosed as Alpers' syndrome? An analysis of a national surveillance study. Author(s): te Water Naude J, Verity CM, Will RG, Devereux G, Stellitano L. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 June; 75(6): 910-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15146014

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Japanese Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients exhibiting high incidence of the E200K PRNP mutation and located in the basin of a river. Author(s): Miyakawa T, Inoue K, Iseki E, Kawanishi C, Sugiyama N, Onishi H, Yamada Y, Suzuki K, Iwabuchi K, Kosaka K. Source: Neurological Research. 1998 December; 20(8): 684-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9864731

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Japanese family with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with codon 200 point mutation of the prion protein gene. Author(s): Inoue I, Kitamoto T, Doh-ura K, Shii H, Goto I, Tateishi J. Source: Neurology. 1994 February; 44(2): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7906019

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Kuru plaques in the brain of two cases with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A common origin for the two diseases? Author(s): Zarranz JJ, Rivera Pomar JM, Salisachs P. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1979 October; 43(2): 291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=390101

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Laboratory diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ironside JW, Head MW, Bell JE, McCardle L, Will RG. Source: Histopathology. 2000 July; 37(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10931212

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Lack of effect of thymus and spleen on the incubation period of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in mice. Author(s): Mohri S, Handa S, Tateishi J. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1987 April; 68 ( Pt 4): 1187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3553423

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Laminar distribution of the pathological changes in the cerebral cortex in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Author(s): Armstrong RA, Cairns NJ, Ironside JW, Lantos PL. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2002; 40(4): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572772

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Lateralized and focal clinical, EEG, and FLAIR MRI abnormalities in CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Cambier DM, Kantarci K, Worrell GA, Westmoreland BF, Aksamit AJ. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 September; 114(9): 1724-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948802

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Latrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with florid plaques. Author(s): Kretzschmar HA, Sethi S, Foldvari Z, Windl O, Querner V, Zerr I, Poser S. Source: Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 2003 July; 13(3): 245-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946015

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Leptomeningeal melanoma and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Author(s): King A, Ryan P, Puranik A, Doey L, Barnes P. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 1999 August; 25(4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10476052

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Levetiracetam control of myoclonus in a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Imperiale D, Bortolotto S, Cucatto A, Schiffer P, Cassano D, Buffa C. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 49(3): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12646771

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Lingering doubts about spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Narang HK. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2001 July; 226(7): 640-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444100

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Lithostathine quadruple-helical filaments form proteinase K-resistant deposits in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Laurine E, Gregoire C, Fandrich M, Engemann S, Marchal S, Thion L, Mohr M, Monsarrat B, Michel B, Dobson CM, Wanker E, Erard M, Verdier JM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 December 19; 278(51): 51770-8. Epub 2003 September 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13129929

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Liver in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Iwasaki Y, Kinoshita M. Source: Neurology. 1993 February; 43(2): 457. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8437728

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Lymphocytes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Tanaka M, Tanaka K, Miyatake T. Source: Neurology. 1993 October; 43(10): 2155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8413996

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Lyodura use and the risk of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Australia. Author(s): Brooke FJ, Boyd A, Klug GM, Masters CL, Collins SJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2004 February 16; 180(4): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14960140

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Mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease--is there a link? Author(s): Rist CE, Nielsen JO. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996; 28(3): 231-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863351

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Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted images in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: case report. Author(s): Parazzini C, Mammi S, Comola M, Scotti G. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 January; 45(1): 50-2. Epub 2002 November 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12525955

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Magnetic resonance spectroscopic abnormalities in sporadic and variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Pandya HG, Coley SC, Wilkinson ID, Griffiths PD. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2003 February; 58(2): 148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623045

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MHC typing in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Pepys MB, Bybee A, Booth DR, Bishop MT, Will RG, Little AM, Prokupek B, Madrigal JA. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 8; 361(9356): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583949

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Mimicry of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: importance of the pulvinar sign. Author(s): Rossetti AO, Bogousslavsky J, Glatzel M, Aguzzi A. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 March; 61(3): 445-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023826

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Modelling the epidemic of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK based on age characteristics: updated, detailed analysis. Author(s): Boelle PY, Thomas G, Valleron AJ, Cesbron JY, Will R. Source: Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 2003 June; 12(3): 221-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828243

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Molecular classification of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Hill AF, Joiner S, Wadsworth JD, Sidle KC, Bell JE, Budka H, Ironside JW, Collinge J. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 June; 126(Pt 6): 1333-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12764055

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Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States. Author(s): Belay ED, Maddox RA, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB. Source: Neurology. 2003 January 28; 60(2): 176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12557850

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Mortality trend from sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in Italy, 1993-2000. Author(s): Puopolo M, Ladogana A, Almonti S, Daude N, Bevivino S, Petraroli R, Poleggi A, Quanguo L, Pocchiari M. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2003 May; 56(5): 494-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812825

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MR spectroscopic pulvinar sign in a case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Galanaud D, Dormont D, Grabli D, Charles P, Hauw JJ, Lubetzki C, Brandel JP, Marsault C, Cozzone PJ. Source: Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. 2002 December; 29(4): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12538948

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MRI evidence of cerebellar and hippocampal involvement in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Poon MA, Stuckey S, Storey E. Source: Neuroradiology. 2001 September; 43(9): 746-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11594424

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MRI of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: asymmetric high signal intensity of the basal ganglia. Author(s): Yoon SS, Chan S, Chin S, Lee K, Goodman RR. Source: Neurology. 1995 October; 45(10): 1932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7477998

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MRI of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: imaging features and recommended MRI protocol. Author(s): Collie DA, Sellar RJ, Zeidler M, Colchester AC, Knight R, Will RG. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2001 September; 56(9): 726-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11585394

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Multitracer study with positron emission tomography in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Engler H, Lundberg PO, Ekbom K, Nennesmo I, Nilsson A, Bergstrom M, Tsukada H, Hartvig P, Langstrom B. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2003 January; 30(1): 85-95. Epub 2002 October 26. Erratum In: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003 Jan; 30(1): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483414

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Mutation of the PRNP gene at codon 211 in familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ladogana A, Almonti S, Petraroli R, Giaccaglini E, Ciarmatori C, Liu QG, Bevivino S, Squitieri F, Pocchiari M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 October 1; 103(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568919

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Neuropathological diagnostic criteria for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and other human spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases). Author(s): Budka H, Aguzzi A, Brown P, Brucher JM, Bugiani O, Gullotta F, Haltia M, Hauw JJ, Ironside JW, Jellinger K, et al. Source: Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 1995 October; 5(4): 459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8974629

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Neuropathology and molecular biology of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ironside JW, Head MW. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2004; 284: 133-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15148991

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Neuropathology of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ironside JW, Head MW, McCardle L, Knight R. Source: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2002; 62(3): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12416395

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Neuropathology of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ironside JW. Source: Comptes Rendus De L'academie Des Sciences. Serie Iii, Sciences De La Vie. 2002 January; 325(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862618

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Neuropsychological features of rapidly progressive dementia in a patient with an atypical presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Author(s): Pachalska M, Kurzbauer H, MacQueen BD, Forminska-Kapuscik M, HermanSucharska I. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 November-December; 7(6): 1307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11687748

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Neurosurgery in a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after pituitary derived growth hormone therapy in childhood. Author(s): Holmes SJ, Ironside JW, Shalet SM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 March; 60(3): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8609514

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New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with loss of taste and smell. Author(s): Reuber M, Al-Din AS, Baborie A, Chakrabarty A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 September; 71(3): 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11534516

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New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: the epidemic that never was. Author(s): Venters GA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 13; 323(7317): 858-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11597973

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Novel approaches in diagnosis and therapy of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Muller WE, Laplanche JL, Ushijima H, Schroder HC. Source: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2000 July 31; 116(2-3): 193-218. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10996019

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Nursing patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease at home. Author(s): Barnett F. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2002 September; 7(9): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12362140

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Objective quantification of prion protein in spinal cords of cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Sutherland K, Goodbrand IA, Bell JE, Ironside JW. Source: Analytical Cellular Pathology : the Journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology. 1996 January; 10(1): 25-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8789267

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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Clinical and morphological report. Author(s): Jamrozik Z, Przybylowski T, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Rafalowska J. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 1997; 35(3): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9595849

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Occupational risk factors for the sporadic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Cocco PL, Caperna A, Vinci F. Source: Med Lav. 2003 July-August; 94(4): 353-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14526494

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Occupational risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ridley RM, Baker HF. Source: Lancet. 1993 March 6; 341(8845): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8094877

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Old drugs to treat new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Love R. Source: Lancet. 2001 August 18; 358(9281): 563. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520533

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Ophthalmic surgery and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): S-Juan P, Ward HJ, De Silva R, Knight RS, Will RG. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 April; 88(4): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15031150

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Organ distribution of prion proteins in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ramasamy I, Law M, Collins S, Brooke F. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 3(4): 214-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679264

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Organophosphate exposure and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Churchill D, Churchill DJ, Will RG. Source: Lancet. 1999 April 24; 353(9162): 1410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10227226

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Otolaryngological manifestations of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Bigelow DC, Eisen MD, Yen DM, Saull SC, Solomon D, Schmidt DE. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1998 June; 124(6): 707-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9639484

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Overexpressed protein disulfide isomerase in brains of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Yoo BC, Krapfenbauer K, Cairns N, Belay G, Bajo M, Lubec G. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 December 16; 334(3): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12453628

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Pathologic prion protein spreading in the peripheral nervous system of a patient with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Favereaux A, Quadrio I, Vital C, Perret-Liaudet A, Anne O, Laplanche JL, Petry KG, Vital A. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 May; 61(5): 747-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15148153

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Pathological changes in the primary visual cortex (area V1) in sporadic CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Armstrong RA. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2003 April; 80(4): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12692486

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Peripheral tissue involvement in sporadic, iatrogenic, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: an immunohistochemical, quantitative, and biochemical study. Author(s): Head MW, Ritchie D, Smith N, McLoughlin V, Nailon W, Samad S, Masson S, Bishop M, McCardle L, Ironside JW. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2004 January; 164(1): 143-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695328

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Possible link between bovine spongiform encephalopathy and sporadic CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Hill AF. Source: Aust Vet J. 2003 May; 81(5): 275-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084037

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Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion. Author(s): Llewelyn CA, Hewitt PE, Knight RS, Amar K, Cousens S, Mackenzie J, Will RG. Source: Lancet. 2004 February 7; 363(9407): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962520

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Potential transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after low-risk surgery. Author(s): Cooper E, Blamey S. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 November; 55(3): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572493

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Potential treatments and treatment strategies in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Macleod MA. Source: Idrugs. 2003 April; 6(4): 345-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12789605

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Predicting incidence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from UK dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy for the 1940 to 1969 and post-1969 birth cohorts. Author(s): Cooper JD, Bird SM. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 October; 32(5): 784-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14559750

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Prion deposition in olfactory biopsy of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Tabaton M, Monaco S, Cordone MP, Colucci M, Giaccone G, Tagliavini F, Zanusso G. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2004 February; 55(2): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755736

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Prion protein accumulation involving the peripheral nervous system in a sporadic case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Favereaux A, Quadrio I, Perret-Liaudet A, Vital C, Ouallet JC, Brochet B, Biacabe AG, Petry KG, Kopp N, Vital A. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2003 December; 29(6): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14636167

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Qualifications to the report of a new case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the recipient of a corneal transplant. Author(s): Hogan RN, Cavanagh HD, Brown P. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 February; 60(2): 293-4; Author Reply 294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580724

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Quantification of the vacuolation (spongiform change) and prion protein deposition in 11 patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Armstrong RA, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2001 December; 102(6): 591-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11761719

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Quantification of vacuolation ("spongiform change"), surviving neurones and prion protein deposition in eleven cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Armstrong RA, Cairns NJ, Ironside JW, Lantos PL. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2002 April; 28(2): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972799

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Quantitation of 14-3-3 and neuron-specific enolase proteins in CSF in CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Aksamit AJ Jr, Preissner CM, Homburger HA. Source: Neurology. 2001 August 28; 57(4): 728-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11524493

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Quantitative analysis of MRI signal intensity in new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Coulthard A, Hall K, English PT, Ince PG, Burn DJ, Bates D. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1999 August; 72(860): 742-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10624339

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Quantitative cerebral blood flow imaging in a patient with the Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Mathews D, Unwin DH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 September; 26(9): 770-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11507295

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Quantitative study of spongiform change in putamen of 24 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Truchot L, Bencsik A, Perret-Liaudet A, Biacabe AG, Richard M, Ironside J, Kopp N, Streichenberger N. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2004 March; 63(3): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055443

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Quinacrine-induced cytolytic hepatitis in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Scoazec JY, Krolak-Salmon P, Casez O, Besson G, Thobois S, Kopp N, PerretLiaudet A, Streichenberger N. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 April; 53(4): 546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666126

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Rapid echoplanar diffusion imaging in a case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; where speed is of the essence. Author(s): Waldman AD, Jarman P, Merry RT. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 45(8): 528-31. Epub 2003 July 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879327

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Rapidly progressive form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease without dementia: a case report. Author(s): Marciani MG, Bernardi G, Sancesario G, Gigli GL, Maschio M, Palmieri G, Schiaroli S. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1996 February; 84(1-4): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8707472

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Reactive microglia in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Muhleisen H, Gehrmann J, Meyermann R. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 1995 December; 21(6): 505-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8745240

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Research on familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (FCJD) resulting in presymptomatic testing: implications for the Human Genome Project. Author(s): Ulm JE, Vnencak-Jones CL, Bosque P. Source: Journal of Genetic Counseling. 1993 March; 2(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11659811

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Results of quinacrine administration to patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Nakajima M, Yamada T, Kusuhara T, Furukawa H, Takahashi M, Yamauchi A, Kataoka Y. Source: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2004; 17(3): 158-63. Epub 2004 January 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14739538

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Risk assessment for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Struthers JK, Weinbren MJ, Lockwood J, Glancy S, O'Connell NH. Source: Lancet. 2002 September 28; 360(9338): 1026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383699

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Risk of transmission of agents associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Author(s): Honig JF, Merten HA, Heinemann DE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 April; 103(4): 1324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10088529

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Risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Tysnes OB. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 September;260(8):410-1. Epub 2003 April 29. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720005

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Risks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States. Author(s): Johnson RT. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002 March; 2(2): 97-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11898487

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Role of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease for safety of treatment with blood components: screening of lymphatic tissue is a potential tool for risk assessment. Author(s): Sachse C, Groschup MH, Warzok R, Greinacher A. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2003 January; 70(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631254

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Screening for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Hilton DA, Ironside JW. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 June; 74(6): 828-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12754373

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Short-term projections for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease onsets. Author(s): Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM. Source: Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 2003 June; 12(3): 191-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828241

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Spatial correlation between the vacuolation, prion protein, deposition and surviving neurons in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Author(s): Armstrong RA, Lantos PL, Ironside JW, Cairns NJ. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2003 November; 110(11): 1303-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628194

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Spatial patterns of the pathological changes in the cerebellar cortex in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Author(s): Armstrong RA, Cairns NJ. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2003; 41(4): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977247

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Spatial patterns of the vacuolation in subcortical white matter in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Author(s): Armstrong RA, Lantos PL, Cairns NJ. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 2002 November-December; 21(6): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12489678

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Specificity of lymphoreticular accumulation of prion protein for variant CreutzfeldtJakob disease. Author(s): Hilton DA, Sutak J, Smith ME, Penney M, Conyers L, Edwards P, McCardle L, Ritchie D, Head MW, Wiley CA, Ironside JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2004 March; 57(3): 300-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14990604

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Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mimicking variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Martindale J, Geschwind MD, De Armond S, Young G, Dillon WP, Henry R, Uyehara-Lock JH, Gaskin DA, Miller BL. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 May; 60(5): 767-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756143

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Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with MM1-type prion protein and plaques. Author(s): Ishida C, Kakishima A, Okino S, Furukawa Y, Kano M, Oda Y, Nakanishi I, Makifuchi T, Kitamoto T, Yamada M. Source: Neurology. 2003 February 11; 60(3): 514-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578942

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Standards for the assay of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease specimens. Author(s): Minor P, Newham J, Jones N, Bergeron C, Gregori L, Asher D, van Engelenburg F, Stroebel T, Vey M, Barnard G, Head M; WHO Working Group on International Reference Materials for the Diagnosis and Study of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2004 June; 85(Pt 6): 1777-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15166463

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Synaptic pathology and cell death in the cerebellum in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ferrer I. Source: Cerebellum (London, England). 2002 July; 1(3): 213-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879983

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Testing for carriers of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Belkin NL. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 October; 55(2): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14529644

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The biology and epidemiology of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Will RG. Source: Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg. 2003; 158(5-6): 250-6; Discussion 256-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025265

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The epidemiology of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Smith PG, Cousens SN, d' Huillard Aignaux JN, Ward HJ, Will RG. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2004; 284: 161-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15148992

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The fundamentals of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Fontenot AB. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2003 December; 35(6): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14713099

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The neuropsychological profile associated with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Kapur N, Abbott P, Lowman A, Will RG. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 December; 126(Pt 12): 2693-702. Epub 2003 August 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937072

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The new variant of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease accounts for no relative increase of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mortality rate in the United Kingdom; this fits ill with the new variant being the consequence of consumption of food infected with the agent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Author(s): Laprevotte I, Henaut A. Source: Bmc Public Health [electronic Resource]. 2003 August 06; 3(1): 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901737

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The pulvinar sign in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Summers DM, Collie DA, Zeidler M, Will RG. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 March; 61(3): 446-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023827

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The reporting of theoretical health risks by the media: Canadian newspaper reporting of potential blood transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Wilson K, Code C, Dornan C, Ahmad N, Hebert P, Graham I. Source: Bmc Public Health [electronic Resource]. 2004 January 05; 4(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706119

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The spectrum of safety: variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Ironside JW. Source: Semin Hematol. 2003 July; 40(3 Suppl 3): 16-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690064

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The sympathetic nervous system is involved in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Haik S, Faucheux BA, Sazdovitch V, Privat N, Kemeny JL, Perret-Liaudet A, Hauw JJ. Source: Nature Medicine. 2003 September; 9(9): 1121-3. Epub 2003 August 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937415

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Ultrastructural analysis of the florid plaque in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Liberski PP, Ironside J, McCardle L, Sherring A. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2000; 38(4): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693720

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Ultrastructural findings in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in guinea pigs. Author(s): Kim JH, Manuelidis EE. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 1983 January; 42(1): 29-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6337235

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Ultrastructural pathology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and fatal familial insomnia. Author(s): Liberski PP, Giraud P, Kopp N. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2000; 38(4): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693721

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Unaltered apoptotic behaviour of mononuclear cells from patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ratzka P, Schroter A, Cepek L, Henkel K, Wiltfang J, Kretzschmar HA, Prange H, Poser S, Otto M. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 August; 248(8): 690-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11569898

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Unexamined assumptions in explorations of upper limit for cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Bacchetti P. Source: Lancet. 2001 January 6; 357(9249): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197358

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Universal leucodepletion to reduce the risk of transmission of new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Sivakumaran M. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2000 July; 110(1): 234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10991551

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Update on variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ironside JW. Source: Amyloid : the International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Investigation : the Official Journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis. 2000 June; 7(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10842719

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Update: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with cadaveric dura mater grafts--Japan, 1979-2003. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2003 December 5; 52(48): 117981. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14654766

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Use of 14-3-3 and other brain-specific proteins in CSF in the diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Green AJ, Thompson EJ, Stewart GE, Zeidler M, McKenzie JM, MacLeod MA, Ironside JW, Will RG, Knight RS. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 June; 70(6): 744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11385008

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Use of 14-3-3 in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Green AJ. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 2002 August; 30(4): 382-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196099

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and its transmission by blood. Author(s): Ironside JW, Head MW. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 July; 1(7): 1479-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871283

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the acquired and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Author(s): Beisel CE, Morens DM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 March 1; 38(5): 697-704. Epub 2004 February 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986255

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the potential for its accidental transmission following surgery with contaminated instruments: the risk of transmission in Australia. Author(s): Ramasamy I, Law M, Collins S, Brooke F. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2003; 41(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862389

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ironside JW. Source: Veterinary Research Communications. 2003 September; 27 Suppl 1: 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535362

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Croes EA, van Duijn CM. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(6): 473-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908711

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Ward HJ, Head MW, Will RG, Ironside JW. Source: Clin Lab Med. 2003 March; 23(1): 87-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12733426

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Variant Creutzfeldt-jakob disease: between lymphoid organs and brain. Author(s): Glatzel M, Giger O, Seeger H, Aguzzi A. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 2004 February; 12(2): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15040321

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: need for mental health and palliative care team collaboration. Author(s): de Vries K, Sque M, Bryan K, Abu-Saad H. Source: International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2003 December; 9(12): 512-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14765007

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: pathology, epidemiology, and public health implications. Author(s): Trevitt CR, Singh PN. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 651S656S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12936961

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Variation at the ADAM10 gene locus is not associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Plamont MA, Chasseigneaux S, Delasnerie-Laupretre N, Beaudry P, Peoc'h K, Laplanche JL. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 June 26; 344(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12782344

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Wernicke encephalopathy-like symptoms as an early manifestation of CreutzfeldtJakob disease in a chronic alcoholic. Author(s): Nagashima T, Okawa M, Kitamoto T, Takahashi H, Ishihara Y, Ozaki Y, Nagashima K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1999 March 1; 163(2): 192-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10371084

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When did bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) start? Implications on the prediction of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) epidemic. Author(s): Cohen CH, Valleron AJ. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 June; 28(3): 526-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10405860

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White matter lesions in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A short review. Author(s): Masullo C, Macchi G, Pocchiari M. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1992 December; 13(9 Suppl 14): 27-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1345738

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Why a new standard to prevent Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Holland PV. Source: Transfusion. 1988 July-August; 28(4): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3291208

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CHAPTER

2.

NUTRITION DISEASE

AND

CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or a synonym): •

14-3-3 protein cerebrospinal fluid detection in human growth hormone-treated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Author(s): Centre National de Reference de la MCJ iatrogene, H pital de la Salpetriere, INSERM U360, Paris, France. Source: Brandel, J P Peoc'h, K Beaudry, P Welaratne, A Bottos, C Agid, Y Laplanche, J L Ann-Neurol. 2001 February; 49(2): 257-60 0364-5134

•

A nationwide cohort study on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among human growth hormone recipients. Author(s): Pharmaco-epidemiology Unit, Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Wientjens, D P Rikken, B Wit, J M Hofman, A Stricker, B H Neuroepidemiology. 2000 Jul-August; 19(4): 201-5 0251-5350

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A new case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with human growth hormone therapy in New Zealand. Author(s): Auckland Hospital, New Zealand. Source: Croxson, M Brown, P Synek, B Harrington, M G Frith, R Clover, G Wilson, J Gajdusek, D C Neurology. 1988 July; 38(7): 1128-30 0028-3878

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A statistical model to identify the contaminated lots implicated in iatrogenic transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among French human growth hormone recipients. Author(s): Unite de Recherches Epidemiologiques en Neurologie et Psychopathologie, INSERM U360, Paris, France. Source: Huillard d'Aignaux, J Alperovitch, A Maccario, J Am-J-Epidemiol. 1998 March 15; 147(6): 597-604 0002-9262

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Abnormal proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease following administration of human pituitary growth hormone. Author(s): Servico de Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Source: Macario, M E Moura Neto, V Vaisman, M Araujo, H M Buescu, A Cordeiro, J G Chagas, C Braz-J-Med-Biol-Res. 1992; 25(11): 1127-30 0100-879X

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Alterations in brain gangliosides and other lipids of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Source: Ando, S Toyoda, Y Nagai, Y Ikuta, F Jpn-J-Exp-Med. 1984 December; 54(6): 22934 0021-5031

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Case-control study of risk factors of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Europe during 199395. European Union (EU) Collaborative Study Group of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Author(s): Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Source: van Duijn, C M Delasnerie Laupretre, N Masullo, C Zerr, I de Silva, R Wientjens, D P Brandel, J P Weber, T Bonavita, V Zeidler, M Alperovitch, A Poser, S Granieri, E Hofman, A Will, R G Lancet. 1998 April 11; 351(9109): 1081-5 0140-6736

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Encephalopathy resembling Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease following oral, prescribed doses of bismuth nitrate. Author(s): Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Munchen, Germany. Source: Von Bose, M J Zaudig, M Br-J-Psychiatry. 1991 February; 158278-80 0007-1250

Nutrition

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Mortality, neoplasia, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in patients treated with human pituitary growth hormone in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Department of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health, London. Source: Buchanan, C R Preece, M A Milner, R D BMJ. 1991 April 6; 302(6780): 824-8 09598138

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Neurophysiological follow-up in two children with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after human growth hormone treatment. Author(s): Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Clinique de l'Enfant, Hopital ArmandTrousseau, Paris, France. Source: Richard, P Renault, F Ostre, C Auzoux Cheve, M Electroencephalogr-ClinNeurophysiol. 1994 August; 91(2): 100-7 0013-4694

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Preclinical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease discovered at autopsy in a human growth hormone recipient. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY. Source: New, M I Brown, P Temeck, J W Owens, C Hedley Whyte, E T Richardson, E P Neurology. 1988 July; 38(7): 1133-4 0028-3878

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Predictability of the UK variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease epidemic. Author(s): London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. [email protected] Source: d'Aignaux, J N Cousens, S N Smith, P G Science. 2001 November 23; 294(5547): 1729-31 0036-8075

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The decline and fall of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with human growth hormone therapy. Author(s): NINCDS, Bethesda, MD 20892. Source: Brown, P Neurology. 1988 July; 38(7): 1135-7 0028-3878

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CREUTZFELDTJAKOB DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: •

A case-control study of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Japan: transplantation of cadaveric dura mater was a risk factor. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Oki I, Tanihara S, Ojima T, Yanagawa H, Kitamoto T, Sato T. Source: J Epidemiol. 2000 November; 10(6): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11210109

•

A mystery disease. Author(s): Stephen H. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1999 May 5-11; 13(33): 12-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10427167

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•

A novel replicating agent isolated from the human intestinal tract having characteristics shared with Creutzfeldt-Jakob and related agents. Author(s): Burdon DW. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1989 June; 29(2): 145-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2659797

•

Atypical case of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in a young adult. Author(s): Kozubski W, Wender M, Szczech J, Lenart-Jankowska D, Liberski PP. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 1998; 36(4): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10079605

•

Control of infection in acupuncture. Author(s): Walsh B. Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2001 December; 19(2): 109-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11829157

•

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a lifelong vegetarian. Author(s): Matthews WB, Will RG. Source: Lancet. 1981 October 24; 2(8252): 937. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6117718

•

Fact vs. folklore: dealing with CJD. Author(s): Uehling M. Source: Cap Today. 2001 March; 15(3): 1, 36-40, 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11317563

•

Getting the message across. Author(s): Galloway S. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1996 July 3; 10(41): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8718228

•

High-dose exposure to systemic phosmet insecticide modifies the phosphatidylinositol anchor on the prion protein: the origins of new variant transmissible spongiform encephalopathies? Author(s): Purdey M. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1998 February; 50(2): 91-111. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9572563

•

Life sciences update: environmental pollution; further fears on “new variant CJD”; attacking “superbugs”. Author(s): Rowbury R.

Alternative Medicine 61

Source: Sci Prog. 1997; 80 ( Pt 4): 281-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9449196 •

New mad cow hideout: the medicine chest. Author(s): Wadman M. Source: Fortune. 2001 February 19; 143(4): 42, 44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11272266

•

Observations on the psychopharmacology of the aged. Author(s): Eisdorfer C. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1975 February; 23(2): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=237957

•

Reusable acupuncture needles are a potential risk for transmitting Prion disease. Author(s): Rosted P, Jorgensen VK. Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2001 June; 19(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11471595

•

Schism and heresy in the development of orthodox medicine: the threat to medical hegemony. Author(s): Jones RK. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2004 February; 58(4): 703-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672587

•

Sensory evoked potentials in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Aguglia U, Farnarier G, Regis H, Oliveri RL, Quattrone A. Source: European Neurology. 1990; 30(3): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192888

•

The use of antioxidants in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: a case report. Author(s): Drisko JA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 February; 21(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11838883

•

TNF-alpha induced over-expression of GFAP is associated with MAPKs. Author(s): Zhang L, Zhao W, Li B, Alkon DL, Barker JL, Chang YH, Wu M, Rubinow DR. Source: Neuroreport. 2000 February 7; 11(2): 409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10674496

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: •

Language of the Elderly: A Clinical Perspective Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1994. 295 p. Contact: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 4284 41st Street, San Diego, CA 92105-1197. (800) 521-8545. ISBN: 1565932544. Summary: This book discusses changes in language functioning in older people, distinguishing between those caused by healthy aging and those caused by disease processes. The book is intended for practitioners and students at undergraduate and graduate levels. Some of the information is specific to the United Kingdom, but many of the principles may be globally applicable. One part of the book focuses on language and healthy aging, including: age-related changes that can affect language and communication; difficulties in differentiating between healthy and pathological aging; changes in language processing in older people; the grammatical structure of

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conversational language in healthy older people; complex sentence production and language errors and repairs in older people; and language performance profiles of the healthy older population. Another part discusses language pathology in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, including Pick's disease, vascular dementias, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, the AIDS related complex, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The discussion of Alzheimer's disease focuses on the specific types of language difficulties seen in this disorder and changes found at different stages of disease progression. The book also describes speech and language services for older people in the United Kingdom, speech and language therapy interventions for older people, and future directions in health care service delivery and research. 525 references.

Chapters on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: •

Origins Source: in Fraser, M. Dementia: its Nature and Management. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons Limited. 1987. p. 1-37. Contact: Available from John Wiley and Sons Ltd. One Wiley Drive, Somerset, NJ 088751212. (800) 225-5945; (908) 469-4400. PRICE: $52.95. ISBN: 0471915483. Summary: Dementia is defined as acquired brain disease which is both diffuse and chronic. The most common morphological type in adults of all ages is that known as senile dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD). Possible risk factors or causes of dementia are summarized and discussed. Specific attention is given to: inheritance patterns, including similarities between morphological changes of AD and those in the brains of Down's syndrome patients; potential risks from infective agents, including CreutzfeldtJakob disease, the rare brain disease known as Kuru, and Scrapie; the concept of autoimmunity, including the role of brain-reactive antibodies, amyloid, and humoral antibodies; environmental toxins, such as aluminum; and psychological factors. Epidemiological information concerning prevalence and demographic factors also is presented.

•

Other Dementias and Mental Disorders Due to General Medical Conditions Source: in Sadavoy, J.; et al., eds. Comprehensive Review of Geriatric Psychiatry-II. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 1996. p. 497-528. Contact: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 1400 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. (202) 682-6262; FAX (202) 789-2648. PRICE: $95.00 plus $7.50 shipping. Internet access: http://www.appi.org. ISBN: 0880487232. Summary: This chapter discusses forms of dementia other than Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. The first half of the chapter discusses forms of dementia considered

Books

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in the differential diagnosis of progressive cognitive impairment. The second part of the chapter describes the secondary mental disorders referred to as 'organic mental disorders' in the 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, III, Revised' (DSM). The author explains that the term 'organic' was deleted from the DSM IV; thus, experts should specify the actual physical disorder or responsible substance. The dementias discussed include: focal cortical dementias (Pick's disease and others); subcortical dementias (Huntington's disease, dementia in Parkinson's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy); normal pressure hydrocephalus; dementias caused by an infectious disease (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and HIV encephalopathy); dementia associated with metabolic disorders; dementia after head injury; dementia associated with toxic substances; dementia associated with brain tumors; mental disorders due to general medical conditions; amnestic disorders; mood disorders due to a general medical condition; anxiety disorders due to a general medical condition; psychotic disorders due to a general medical condition, with delusions; psychotic disorders due to a general medical condition, with hallucinations; and personality changes due to a general medical condition. 4 tables, 94 references. •

Memory Impairment and Dementing Illnesses Source: in Beck, J.C., ed. Geriatrics Review Syllabus: A Core Curriculum in Geriatric Medicine. Book I: Syllabus and Questions, 1989-1990 Program. New York, NY: American Geriatrics Society. 1989. p. 67-74. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0962439703. Summary: This textbook chapter summarizes and discusses the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, types, and treatment of dementia. It is pointed out that, among older people, the prevalence of primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type may be as high as 15-30 percent among persons aged 80 years or older. Potential risk factors for dementia include a family history, familial Down's syndrome, and (possibly) hematologic malignancy. The most common dementia type affecting older adults is primary dementia of the Alzheimer type. Differential diagnosis is required, and diagnosis is supported by progressive deterioration of specific cognitive functions, impaired activities of daily living, and a family history of similar disorders. Other types of dementia are discussed including multi-infarct dementia, dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, alcoholic amnestic syndrome, subcortical dementia, dementia caused by Pick's disease, dementia due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, dementia caused by normal pressure hydrocephalus, and a psychiatric disorder causing pseudodementia. Information also is presented on recommended laboratory tests for evaluating the dementia syndrome. Finally, a number of therapies for the clinical management of dementia are elaborated. These include milieu therapy, pharmacologic therapy, family support, and family counseling.

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CHAPTER 5.

MULTIMEDIA DISEASE

ON

CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB

Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: •

Aging Brain Source: Sacramento, CA: Department of Aging. 1987. (videocassette, 6 handouts and 6 page training manual.). Contact: California Department of Aging, Training and Education Section. 1600 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 322-3110. PRICE: $10.00. Summary: This tape contains seven training segments designed for administrators and staff working in residential facilities for the aged. It reviews commonly held beliefs about aging that may negatively influence the care given to aging residents and how these myths developed. According to the tape, many believe that aged people are naturally "senile". Aged people can either accept this belief and act accordingly, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy in which they relinquish their independence to those caring for them, or they can rebel against their caregivers. Several studies related to aging are

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reviewed that suggest that there are only minor differences between the mental capacities of the young and aged. Treatable diseases that can affect the aged person's mental abilities are described including drug overdoses, malnutrition, dehydration, blood clots, brain tumors, depression, alcoholism, liver failure, kidney failure, drastic environmental changes, thyroid problems, heart failure, infections, diabetes, constipation, and emphysema. Organic brain syndromes, incurable diseases that affect mental capability, also are reviewed, including multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Korsakoff's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Specific attention is given to changes in the brain that occur as the disease progresses, the symptoms, and possible risk factors and causes of the disease. Contact points for the Alzheimer's Association are provided for further information. •

Fatal Protein: Equinox 1993 Series Source: Indianapolis, IN: University of Indiana, Department of Neurology. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: University of Indiana, Department of Neurology. Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46203-5111. (317) 274-2291; FAX: (317) 278-3930. Summary: This videotape features interviews with researchers and family members of people with prion diseases such as kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). It provides information about the etiology of kuru, GSS, and CJD; current research being done; and theories about how prion proteins originate and multiply in cells. Also discussed are prion diseases that strike animals such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (otherwise known as mad cow disease) and scrapie; and the spread of prion diseases from animal to animal, animal to human, and human to human. The videotape concludes with a discussion of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is not a prion disease, and the theory that AD may result from a dysfunctional protein.

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APPENDICES

71

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4601 51 226 9 18 4905

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease”:

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Guides on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/creutzfeldtjakobdisease.html

•

Other guides Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Blood Transfusion and Donation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodtransfusionanddonation.html Brain Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html Degenerative Nerve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/degenerativenervediseases.html Dementia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dementia.html Genetic Brain Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html Leukodystrophies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leukodystrophies.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the following was listed: •

From the National Institutes of Health Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/cjd.htm

•

Latest News Mad Cow-like Diseases Linked by Bacteria Source: 06/25/2004, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18588 .html New AIDS Test May Be More Sensitive, U.S. Group Says Source: 06/15/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18397 .html

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Possible Mad Cow Case in U.S. Source: 06/26/2004, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18587 .html Statement on Texas Cow with Central Nervous System Symptoms Source: 05/04/2004, Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/new01061.html •

Law and Policy Agencies Work to Corral Mad Cow Disease Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2004/304_cow.html

•

Organizations Dept. of Agriculture http://www.usda.gov/ Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/ National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/

•

Research NIAID Research on Prion Diseases Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/priondis.htm NIAID Researchers Identify New Drugs to Treat “Mad Cow”-Like Disease in Mice Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2000/niaid-24.htm Prion Proteins Source: Society for Neuroscience http://apu.sfn.org/content/Publications/BrainBriefings/prion_protein.html Study of Growth Hormone Treatment and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Underscores Need for Prevention of Adrenal Crises Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/apr2004/nichd-07.htm

•

Statistics Annual Incidence Rate of BSE in Countries that Have Reported Cases Source: Office International des Epizooties http://www.oie.int/eng/info/en_esbincidence.htm

Disease

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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Fact Sheet (An Overview of the Dementias) Source: Chicago, IL: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, Inc. 1990. [2 p.]. Contact: Alzheimer's Association. 919 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611-1676. (800) 272-3900; (312) 335-8700; (312) 335-8882 (TDD); FAX (312) 335-1110. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Dementia is the loss of intellectual functions of sufficient severity to interfere with a person's daily functioning. It is not a disease in itself, but rather a group of symptoms which may accompany certain diseases or physical conditions. The cause and rate of progression of dementias vary. Some of the more well-known diseases that produce dementia include Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Parkinson's disease. Other conditions which may cause or mimic dementia include depression, brain tumors, nutritional deficiencies, head injuries, hydrocephalus, infections (AIDS, meningitis, syphilis), drug reactions, and thyroid problems. It is imperative that all persons experiencing memory deficits or confusion undergo a thorough diagnostic workup. This requires examination by a physician experienced in the diagnosis of dementing disorders and detailed laboratory testing. The examination should include a reevaluation of all medications. This process will help the patient obtain treatment for reversible conditions, aid the patient and family in planning future care, and provide important medical information for future generations. This fact sheet is also available in Spanish (AZDC01469).

•

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Source: Danbury, CT: National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. 2003. 15 p. Contact: National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD). P. O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968. (203) 744-0100; (800) 999-6673; TDD (203) 797-9590. E-mail:

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[email protected]. Website: www.rarediseases.org. PRICE: Free for 1st copy, $7.50 per each additional copy. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Organization for Rare Disorders presents comprehensive information on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). It lists the various synonyms for this very rare degenerative brain disorder, which is characterized by a sudden onset of progressive neurological and neuromuscular symptoms. Symptoms may include signs of confusion, depression, forgetfulness, sleeping difficulties, and behavioral changes. CJD may also include loss of cognitive abilities and distinct personality changes. A variant form of CJD has been reported in the United Kingdom and other European countries, that might be associated with consumption of beef from cows with a related infectious brain disorder known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or "Mad Cow Disease." The fact sheet also discusses related disorders such as human prion disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and general progressive neurological disorders. The general discussion covers symptoms, causes, the affected population, standard therapies, diagnosis, and investigational therapies with contact information for the investigators. A test has been developed for the disgnosis of CJD from samples of cerebrospinal fluid, and contact information is included for physicians interested in ordering the CJD immunoassay test. Additional contacts and additional resources are listed. 25 references. •

Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Fact Sheet Source: Chicago, IL: Alzheimer's Association. 1999. 2 p. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association. 919 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL 60611-1676. (800) 272-3900, (312) 335- 8700; FAX: (312) 335-1110. Internet: http://www.alz.org. PRICE: Free. Item number: ED226Z. Summary: This fact sheet provides an overview of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. First, it presents general information about dementia, including its effects on mental functioning, diseases that may cause or mimic dementia, and the importance of early diagnosis. Then, it provides more specific information about some of the common forms of dementia including AD, multi-infarct dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Pick's disease, and Lewy body dementia.

•

Related Disorders Source: Fairfax, VA: Alzheimer's Association. Northern Virginia Chapter. 2 p. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association. Northern Virginia Chapter. Yorktown 50 Building, Suite 401, 8316 Arlington Boulevard, Fairfax, VA 22031. (703) 207-7044 or (703) 207-7047 (FAX). PRICE: Free. Summary: This factsheet provides brief descriptions of ten disorders that have similar symptoms to Alzheimer's disease: multi-infarct dementia; multiple sclerosis; Parkinson's disease; Huntington's disease; Pick's disease; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; normal pressure hydrocephalus; Binswanger's disease; Wilson's disease; and depression. The symptoms of these disorders, and when known, causes and treatment, are explained. Next to Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia in aging is multi-infarct dementia, or blood vessel disease in the brain, which accounts for 12-20 percent of dementia in the elderly. Another 16-20 percent of persons with dementia have both infarct and Alzheimer's disease.

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Overview of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Source: Alzheimer's Association. 919 Michigan Avenue, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 606111676. (800)272-3900; TDD (312)335-8882. Internet access: http://www.alz.org. PRICE: Free. Order Number ED205Z. Summary: This pamphlet distributed by the Alzheimer's Association provides a comprehensive overview of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It covers several AD-related topics, including causes, familial risk, age of onset, diagnosis, treatment, differences between AD and normal age-related memory difficulties, memory loss as a natural part of aging, and other dementia-causing conditions. These conditions include CreutzfeldtJakob disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, Pick's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, Huntington's disease, and depression. A list of services and resource materials available through the Alzheimer's Association is provided. 1 figure, 1 table, illustration. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

FSIS Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Information Page Summary: Browse this page for information and resources about Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) -- including references to other federal and non-federal agencies, fact Source: Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6186 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

Patient Resources

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: •

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Foundation, Inc Telephone: (330) 665-5590 Toll-free: (800) 659-1991 Fax: (330) 668-2474 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.cjdfoundation.org/contact.html Background: The Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Foundation, Inc., a national voluntary not-for-profit organization, is dedicated to promoting research into CJD, increasing awareness of the disorder, and reaching out to families with loved ones affected by CJD. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is an extremely rare degenerative brain disorder (i.e., spongiform encephalopathy) characterized by the sudden onset of rapidly progressive neurological and neuromuscular symptoms. Such symptoms, which may include lack of coordination, muscle weakness, impairment of vision, dementia, repeated shock-like muscle spasms (myoclonus), coma, and susceptibility to repeated respiratory infections, may result in life-threatening complications less than a year after the disorder becomes apparent. Established in 1993, the CJD Foundation collects and disseminates information on CJD, provides referrals, and offers general information on other human prion diseases such as Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease, Kuru, and Fatal Familial Insomnia as well as suspected prion disorders in animals (such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, also known as 'Mad Cow Disease,' scrapie, etc.). The CJD Foundation also has a web site on the Internet that provides understandable information on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease; enables family members of affected individuals to exchange information, support, and resources; and provides a bibliographic listing of additional references on prion disorders including government, scientific, and medical publications.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “CreutzfeldtJakob disease” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akinetic Mutism: Lack of the faculty of speech. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH]

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Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the

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oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH]

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Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived

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constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH]

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Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH]

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Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2.

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Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.

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Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Transplantation: Partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or

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involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU]

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Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electroretinogram: The electrical effect recorded from the surface of the eyeball and originated by a pulse of light. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH]

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Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangliosides: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]

Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Geniculate Bodies: Part of the diencephalon inferior to the caudal end of the dorsal thalamus. Includes the lateral geniculate body which relays visual impulses from the optic tract to the calcarine cortex, and the medial geniculate body which relays auditory impulses from the lateral lemniscus to the auditory cortex. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH]

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Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Human growth hormone: A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which promotes growth of the whole body by stimulating protein synthesis. The human gene has already been cloned and successfully expressed in bacteria. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the

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result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH]

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Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Investigative Techniques: Investigative techniques used in pre-clinical and clinical research, epidemiology, chemistry, immunology, genetics, etc. They do not include techniques specifically applied to diagnosis; therapeutics; anesthesia and analgesia, surgery, operative, and dentistry. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition,

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and use of short sentences. [NIH] Language Development Disorders: Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with deafness; brain diseases; mental disorders; or environmental factors. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Language Therapy: Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells.

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These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macroglia: A type of neuroglia composed of astrocytes. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mange: Sarcoptic infestation of human skin, particularly a contagious skin disease caused by invasion of the epidermis with Sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called

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leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Milieu Therapy: A treatment program based on manipulation of the patient's environment by the medical staff. The patient does not participate in planning the treatment regimen. [NIH]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU]

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Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the

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retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH]

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Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU]

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Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU]

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Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]

Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pulvinar: Large mass of nuclei forming the most caudal portion of the thalamus and overhanging the geniculate bodies and the dorsolateral surface of the midbrain. It is divided into four parts: the lateral, medial, inferior, and oral pulvinar nuclei. [NIH] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Quinacrine: N(4)-(6-Chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine. An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Residential Facilities: Long-term care facilities which provide supervision and assistance in activities of daily living with medical and nursing services when required. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the

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retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scrapie: A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called prions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral

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upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatosensory Cortex: Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH]

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Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

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(Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of

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urine. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

123

INDEX A Abdomen, 93, 109, 118, 119 Acceptor, 93, 109, 113 Activities of Daily Living, 65, 93, 116 Adaptability, 93, 98 Adenine, 6, 93 Agar, 93, 114 Age of Onset, 82, 93, 97 Airway, 93, 118 Akinetic Mutism, 5, 93 Albumin, 5, 93, 114 Algorithms, 93, 97 Alleles, 4, 6, 93, 106 Alternative medicine, 93 Aluminum, 64, 93 Amino Acid Sequence, 94 Amino Acids, 94, 99, 113, 115 Amnestic, 65, 94 Amygdala, 94, 96, 119 Amyloid, 4, 9, 13, 22, 51, 64, 94 Anal, 94, 104 Anatomical, 94, 99, 107, 111, 117 Anesthesia, 93, 94, 108 Anions, 93, 94 Anthelmintic, 94, 116 Antibacterial, 94, 118 Antibiotic, 94, 118 Antibodies, 20, 64, 94, 95, 107, 114 Antibody, 94, 100, 101, 106, 107 Anticoagulant, 94, 115 Antigen, 94, 100, 106, 107, 111 Antioxidants, 61, 94 Anuria, 95, 108 Anxiety, 65, 95 Anxiety Disorders, 65, 95 Aphasia, 94, 95 Apnea, 95 Arachidonic Acid, 95, 115 Arginine, 6, 95 Arterial, 95, 98, 115 Arteries, 95, 97 Arterioles, 95, 97 Assay, 13, 25, 49, 95, 107 Astrocytes, 12, 95, 110, 111 Ataxia, 26, 95, 106, 119 Atrophy, 95, 112 Atypical, 11, 15, 41, 60, 95 Autoantibodies, 17, 95

Autoantigens, 95 Autoimmune disease, 96, 111 Autoimmunity, 64, 96 Autonomic Nervous System, 96, 113, 119 Autopsy, 13, 57, 96 Autosuggestion, 96, 106 Axons, 96, 108, 113, 117 B Bacteria, 78, 94, 96, 103, 104, 106, 111, 118, 121 Basal Ganglia, 40, 95, 96, 97, 116 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 95, 96 Base, 93, 96, 108, 114 Basement Membrane, 96, 104 Beta-pleated, 94, 96 Bewilderment, 96, 101 Bile, 96, 106, 109 Bilirubin, 93, 96 Biochemical, 13, 44, 52, 93, 96, 108 Biological Transport, 96, 102 Biopsy, 3, 13, 15, 30, 31, 45, 96 Biotechnology, 7, 9, 73, 96 Bismuth, 56, 97 Bladder, 97, 107, 111 Blood transfusion, 6, 9, 44, 97 Blood vessel, 81, 97, 99, 108, 110, 120, 121 Blot, 13, 97 Bone Marrow, 97, 109 Brachial, 97, 110 Brachial Plexus, 97, 110 Brain Neoplasms, 97, 106, 119 Brain Stem, 97, 98 C Capillary, 25, 97, 121 Carbohydrate, 9, 97 Carbon Dioxide, 97, 104 Carotene, 97, 116 Case report, 4, 5, 6, 13, 17, 19, 21, 22, 33, 39, 46, 61, 98 Case series, 6, 98 Case-Control Studies, 9, 98 Caudal, 98, 105, 114, 116 Cell Death, 49, 98 Cell membrane, 96, 98, 104 Central Nervous System, 3, 79, 96, 97, 98, 104, 105, 106, 111, 113 Central Nervous System Infections, 98, 105, 106

124

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Cerebellar, 21, 26, 40, 48, 95, 98, 116, 120 Cerebellum, 49, 97, 98, 116 Cerebral, 30, 37, 46, 95, 96, 97, 98, 106, 112, 113, 119 Cerebral Cortex, 37, 95, 98 Cerebral Infarction, 98, 106 Cerebrospinal, 10, 12, 13, 16, 22, 24, 35, 56, 81, 98, 106 Cerebrospinal fluid, 10, 12, 13, 16, 22, 24, 35, 56, 81, 98, 106 Cerebrum, 98, 119 Cervical, 97, 99, 110 Character, 99, 101 Chin, 40, 99, 111 Chloroquine, 99, 116 Cholesterol, 15, 96, 99 Chromatin, 99, 110 Chronic, 37, 53, 64, 99, 102, 107, 108, 109, 119 Chronic Disease, 99, 109 CIS, 99, 117 Clear cell carcinoma, 99, 102 Clinical trial, 7, 73, 99, 115 Cloning, 97, 99, 107 Codon, 6, 25, 26, 29, 36, 40, 99 Coenzyme, 99, 108 Cofactor, 99, 115, 120 Cohort Studies, 6, 99 Collapse, 99, 118 Colloidal, 93, 100, 103 Complement, 100, 114 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 62, 100 Complementary medicine, 59, 100 Computational Biology, 73, 100 Computed tomography, 3, 100, 101 Computerized axial tomography, 100, 101 Computerized tomography, 100 Cones, 101, 117 Confusion, 80, 81, 101, 102, 120 Connective Tissue, 97, 101, 104, 109, 119 Consciousness, 5, 101, 102, 118 Constipation, 68, 101 Contraindications, ii, 101 Contralateral, 101, 111, 112, 116 Convulsive, 17, 28, 101 Coordination, 83, 98, 101, 111 Cornea, 17, 101 Corneal Transplantation, 11, 17, 101 Cortex, 48, 101, 105, 116 Cortical, 10, 65, 101, 117, 119 Cortisol, 93, 101

Cranial, 98, 101, 105, 108, 112, 113 Craniocerebral Trauma, 96, 101, 105, 106, 119 Criterion, 5, 101 Cyclic, 101, 115 Cytokines, 31, 101, 111 Cytoplasm, 98, 101, 110 D Degenerative, 65, 78, 81, 83, 101, 105 Dehydration, 68, 102 Delusions, 65, 102 Dementia, 6, 18, 41, 46, 47, 64, 65, 68, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 102 Dendrites, 102, 112 DES, 79, 102 Diagnostic procedure, 102 Diffusion, 11, 15, 20, 22, 31, 39, 46, 96, 102 Digestion, 96, 102, 109, 119 Dilation, 102, 106 Direct, iii, 102, 105, 116 Discrete, 102, 119 Disease Progression, 64, 102 Disorientation, 101, 102 Dominance, 33, 102 Dopamine, 102, 111 Dura mater, 18, 23, 33, 51, 59, 102, 110, 113 Dyes, 94, 102 Dystonia, 27, 102 E Electrolytes, 96, 103, 108 Electrophoresis, 12, 25, 103 Electroretinogram, 4, 103 Emphysema, 68, 103 Emulsion, 103, 104 Encephalitis, 31, 103 Encephalitis, Viral, 103 Encephalopathy, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 19, 22, 27, 31, 34, 38, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 65, 68, 81, 82, 83, 103 Endemic, 103, 118 Endotoxin, 103, 120 Environmental Health, 72, 74, 103 Enzymatic, 97, 100, 103, 106, 116 Enzyme, 99, 103, 108, 111, 114, 115, 119, 121 Epidemic, 6, 24, 30, 39, 42, 53, 57, 103, 118 Epidemiological, 17, 23, 64, 103 Epithelial, 96, 103, 106 Epithelial Cells, 103, 106 Epithelium, 19, 96, 103 Evacuation, 101, 103 Excrete, 95, 103, 108

125

Exocytosis, 24, 104 Extracellular, 22, 94, 95, 101, 104 Extracellular Matrix, 22, 101, 104 Extracellular Space, 104 Extremity, 97, 104, 110 F Family Planning, 73, 104 Fat, 95, 97, 104, 109, 111 Fatigue, 104, 105 Fatty acids, 93, 104, 115 Feces, 101, 104 Fixation, 5, 104 Forearm, 104, 110 Fossa, 98, 104 Fovea, 104 G Ganglia, 96, 104, 112, 113, 119 Gangliosides, 56, 104 Gas, 97, 102, 104, 106, 112 Gastrin, 104, 106 Gene, 6, 9, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, 36, 40, 53, 93, 97, 102, 105, 106, 107 Genetics, 12, 21, 28, 29, 40, 102, 105, 108 Geniculate Bodies, 105, 116 Genotype, 29, 35, 105, 113 Giardiasis, 105, 116 Gland, 105, 109, 117, 119, 120 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, 8, 31, 105 Globus Pallidus, 96, 105, 116 Glycoprotein, 105, 120 Goats, 105, 117 Governing Board, 105, 114 Graft, 12, 18, 33, 105 Grafting, 21, 105 Growth factors, 105, 111 Guanine, 6, 105 H Headache, 105, 106 Heart failure, 68, 105 Hemodialysis, 105, 108 Hepatic, 93, 105 Hepatitis, 46, 105 Hepatocytes, 105, 106 Heredity, 105, 106 Heterozygotes, 102, 106 Histamine, 106 Histidine, 6, 106 Homologous, 93, 106 Homozygotes, 102, 106 Hormone, 17, 41, 56, 57, 79, 101, 102, 104, 106, 120 Hormone therapy, 41, 106

Human growth hormone, 22, 33, 56, 57, 106 Humoral, 64, 106 Humour, 106 Hydrocephalus, 65, 80, 81, 82, 106, 108 Hydrogen, 93, 96, 97, 106, 109, 111, 113 Hydrogen Peroxide, 106, 109 I Iatrogenic, 29, 33, 38, 44, 56, 106 Idiopathic, 4, 107 Immune system, 96, 107, 111, 121 Immunoassay, 81, 107 Immunohistochemistry, 15, 107 Immunologic, 107 Immunology, 28, 107, 108 Impairment, 34, 65, 83, 95, 96, 107, 109, 111 In vitro, 9, 107 In vivo, 107 Incontinence, 106, 107 Incubation, 6, 37, 107 Incubation period, 6, 37, 107 Infection, 8, 23, 30, 32, 33, 44, 49, 60, 103, 105, 107, 109, 119, 121 Inflammation, 93, 103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 113, 114 Infusion, 107, 120 Innervation, 97, 107, 110 Insertional, 18, 107 Insomnia, 26, 32, 36, 51, 83, 107 Insulator, 107, 111 Interneurons, 22, 108 Intestinal, 60, 97, 108 Intestines, 104, 108 Intracellular, 107, 108, 115 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 106, 108, 119 Intracranial Hypertension, 105, 106, 108 Intrathecal, 31, 108 Invasive, 108, 110 Investigative Techniques, 5, 108 Ischemia, 95, 104, 108 K Kb, 72, 108 Kidney Failure, 68, 108 Kidney Failure, Acute, 108 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 108 L Lactate Dehydrogenase, 18, 108 Language Development, 108, 109 Language Development Disorders, 109 Language Disorders, 109 Language Therapy, 64, 109

126

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Latency, 4, 21, 109 Latent, 109, 114 Lethargy, 106, 109 Leucocyte, 109 Leukaemia, 37, 109 Lipid, 35, 109, 111 Lipid Peroxidation, 35, 109 Liver, 15, 38, 68, 93, 95, 96, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109 Lobe, 94, 98, 106, 109 Localization, 107, 109 Localized, 104, 107, 109, 114 Locomotor, 109, 117 Lymph, 99, 106, 109 Lymph node, 99, 109 Lymphatic, 47, 107, 109, 118, 120 Lymphatic system, 109, 118, 120 Lymphocytes, 20, 38, 94, 109, 110, 118, 120, 121 Lymphocytic, 37, 110 Lymphoid, 53, 94, 109, 110 M Macroglia, 110, 111 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 11, 110 Malignancy, 65, 110 Malignant, 97, 110, 116 Malnutrition, 68, 93, 95, 110 Mange, 110, 114 Medial, 105, 110, 112, 116 Median Nerve, 19, 110 Medical Staff, 110, 111 MEDLINE, 73, 110 Medullary, 110, 116 Melanocytes, 110 Melanoma, 37, 110 Membrane, 95, 98, 100, 104, 110, 113, 116 Memory, 3, 65, 80, 82, 102, 110 Meninges, 98, 101, 102, 110 Meningitis, 80, 110 Mental, iv, 7, 53, 64, 65, 68, 72, 74, 81, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 120 Mental Disorders, 64, 65, 109, 111, 115 Mental Health, iv, 7, 53, 72, 74, 111, 116 Mesencephalic, 5, 111, 116 Metabolic disorder, 65, 111 Microbiology, 53, 60, 95, 111 Microglia, 46, 95, 111 Milieu Therapy, 65, 111 Molecular, 10, 34, 39, 40, 41, 73, 75, 97, 100, 111, 120

Molecule, 94, 96, 99, 100, 107, 111, 113, 114, 121 Monoamine, 15, 111 Mononuclear, 51, 111, 120 Mood Disorders, 65, 111 Morphological, 42, 64, 110, 111 Multiple sclerosis, 81, 111 Mutism, 5, 111 Myelin, 111 Myoclonus, 4, 38, 83, 111 Myositis, 17, 111 N Neoplasia, 57, 112 Neostriatum, 112, 116 Nervous System, 96, 98, 112, 113, 117, 119 Neural, 48, 94, 106, 111, 112 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 20, 96, 112 Neurologic, 4, 106, 112 Neuromuscular, 81, 83, 112 Neurons, 10, 24, 27, 48, 102, 104, 108, 112, 119 Nitrogen, 104, 108, 112 Nuclear, 40, 46, 96, 112, 117, 119 Nuclei, 94, 110, 112, 113, 116 Nucleic acid, 112, 114 Nucleus, 96, 99, 101, 105, 110, 111, 112, 116, 119 Nursing Care, 3, 112 O Occipital Lobe, 112, 121 Oculomotor, 111, 112 Oliguria, 108, 112 Ophthalmology, 24, 43, 104, 112 Opsin, 112, 117 Optic Chiasm, 112, 113 Optic Nerve, 24, 112, 113, 116, 117 Osmotic, 93, 113 Oxidation, 93, 95, 109, 113 P Pachymeningitis, 110, 113 Palliative, 53, 113, 119 Palsy, 18, 65, 113 Paralysis, 111, 113 Parietal, 113, 118 Parietal Lobe, 113, 118 Pathogen, 107, 113 Pathologic, 4, 6, 19, 24, 43, 96, 113, 116 Pathophysiology, 6, 113 Patient Education, 80, 86, 88, 91, 113 Peptide, 113, 115 Peripheral Nervous System, 28, 34, 43, 45, 112, 113

127

Perivascular, 111, 113 Phagocytosis, 111, 113 Phallic, 104, 113 Pharmacologic, 27, 65, 94, 113, 120 Phenotype, 35, 113 Phosmet, 60, 114 Physiologic, 111, 114, 115, 116, 120 Pigment, 96, 110, 114 Plants, 97, 114, 120 Plaque, 50, 114 Plasma, 35, 93, 94, 98, 108, 114 Plasma cells, 94, 114 Plasma protein, 93, 114 Pneumonia, 101, 114 Point Mutation, 6, 25, 36, 114 Polymorphism, 21, 114 Posterior, 94, 95, 98, 112, 114, 118 Practice Guidelines, 74, 114 Predisposition, 29, 114 Prevalence, 64, 65, 114 Progression, 80, 114 Progressive, 18, 41, 46, 65, 81, 83, 102, 108, 112, 114 Projection, 108, 113, 115, 116 Prospective study, 10, 115 Prostaglandin, 34, 115 Prostaglandins A, 115 Protease, 12, 115 Protein C, 56, 93, 94, 99, 115 Protein S, 43, 97, 106, 115 Proteins, 8, 9, 12, 24, 43, 45, 51, 56, 68, 79, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 120 Protocol, 40, 115 Pruritus, 115, 117 Psychiatric, 26, 64, 65, 111, 115 Psychiatry, 5, 10, 15, 21, 22, 26, 29, 31, 36, 41, 47, 51, 56, 64, 104, 115 Psychic, 111, 115, 117 Psychopharmacology, 61, 116 Public Health, 11, 14, 50, 53, 74, 116 Public Policy, 73, 116 Publishing, 7, 63, 116 Pulmonary, 108, 116 Pulmonary Edema, 108, 116 Pulse, 103, 116 Pulvinar, 19, 39, 40, 50, 116 Putamen, 46, 96, 112, 116 Q Quinacrine, 46, 47, 116 R Red Nucleus, 95, 116

Refer, 1, 100, 104, 108, 109, 116 Refraction, 116, 118 Regimen, 111, 116 Residential Facilities, 67, 116 Resorption, 106, 116 Retina, 101, 112, 113, 116, 117 Retinal, 4, 112, 113, 116, 117 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 113, 117 Retinol, 116, 117 Retrospective, 8, 24, 26, 117 Rhodopsin, 112, 117 Risk factor, 4, 6, 23, 42, 56, 59, 64, 65, 68, 115, 117 Risk patient, 4, 117 Rods, 117 S Sclerosis, 111, 117 Scrapie, 7, 8, 9, 12, 28, 32, 64, 68, 83, 117 Screening, 13, 24, 47, 99, 117 Secretion, 106, 111, 117 Seizures, 117, 118 Self Care, 93, 117 Senile, 64, 67, 117 Sequencing, 6, 117 Serologic, 107, 117 Serum, 8, 22, 93, 100, 108, 117, 120 Shock, 83, 111, 117 Side effect, 118, 120 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 118 Skeleton, 115, 118 Sleep apnea, 42, 118 Small intestine, 105, 106, 108, 118, 121 Somatic, 106, 113, 118 Somatosensory Cortex, 27, 118 Spasm, 101, 111, 118 Specialist, 84, 102, 118 Species, 8, 118, 120 Spectroscopic, 39, 40, 118 Spectrum, 50, 111, 118 Spinal cord, 42, 95, 97, 98, 99, 102, 108, 110, 112, 113, 118, 119 Spinal Nerves, 113, 118 Spirochete, 118, 119 Spleen, 37, 109, 118 Status Epilepticus, 17, 28, 118 Stimulus, 107, 109, 119 Stomach, 104, 106, 108, 118, 119 Stress, 96, 101, 114, 119 Striatum, 32, 105, 112, 119 Subacute, 56, 107, 119 Subclinical, 8, 107, 117, 119 Surgical Instruments, 30, 119

128

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Sympathetic Nervous System, 50, 96, 119 Syphilis, 80, 119 Systemic, 60, 99, 107, 108, 119 T Telencephalon, 96, 98, 119 Tendon, 4, 119 Terminator, 99, 119 Thalamic, 36, 95, 119 Thalamic Diseases, 95, 119 Thalamus, 97, 105, 116, 119 Therapeutics, 108, 119 Thoracic, 97, 110, 119, 121 Thrombin, 115, 119, 120 Thrombomodulin, 115, 120 Thrombosis, 52, 115, 120 Thymus, 37, 109, 120 Thyroid, 68, 80, 120 Thyroxine, 93, 120 Tissue, 44, 47, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120 Tomography, 40, 120 Tonicity, 102, 120 Toxic, iv, 65, 120 Toxicology, 74, 120 Toxins, 64, 94, 103, 107, 120 Trachea, 120 Transfection, 97, 120 Transfusion, 4, 5, 27, 54, 78, 120 Transplantation, 23, 59, 108, 120 Tremor, 111, 120 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 8, 31, 120

U Uremia, 108, 120 Urinary, 106, 107, 112, 120 V Vaccine, 115, 121 Vagina, 102, 121 Vascular, 64, 107, 121 Vector, 107, 121 Veins, 97, 121 Venereal, 119, 121 Venous, 98, 115, 121 Ventricles, 98, 106, 121 Ventricular, 106, 121 Venules, 97, 121 Vertebrae, 118, 121 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 121 Villi, 106, 121 Viral, 3, 103, 121 Virus, 98, 114, 121 Visual Cortex, 44, 121 Vitro, 121 W White blood cell, 94, 109, 110, 114, 121 Windpipe, 120, 121 X X-ray, 100, 112, 121 Y Yeasts, 113, 121 Z Zymogen, 115, 121

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