Ferocactus

Ferocactus John Pilbeam and Derek Bowdery

Contents Preface

2

Acknowledgements

2

Introduction

4

Classification

6

Ferocactus fruits

8

Key to the species

9

Cultivation

12

Map of distribution area

14

Geography and distribution

15

Species as they occur in the southern USA and Mexico (by states)

Checklist of species

17

Species commentary

18

Referred and other superfluous names

106

Field Collection Numbers

111

Bibliography

115

Herbaria

116

Herbaria where Ferocactus have been deposited

First Edition 2005 © British Cactus and Succulent Society, John Pilbeam. Derek Bowdery and photographers.

ISBN, 0 902099 76 0

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic. mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of the Publisher and Copyright owner.f. The copyright of all photolvaphs remains with the credited photographer.

Published and distributed by: The British Cactus and Succulent Society Authors: John Pilbeam and Derek Bowdery De:.ignIProducrion: David Neville and Graham Charles Repro and Printing by: Cast1e Colour, Norwich U.K.

Preface For some years now I have watched the enthusiasm of Derek Bowdery for the genus Ferocactus with wonder and awe at his ski ll in growing these plants. When many of us after a few years would leave their seed-raised plants of this genus in a toe-cramping pot of about 15cm for many years before, maybe, potting them on to at most a 25cm pot, Derek has steadi ly pushed his plants on, watered them well and fed them mightily to produce the sort of plants after about 20 years that we have seen comparably only in the wild, or field grown in nurseries in climates kinder than in the UK. The accolade of a gold medal for a display of the (all but) complete genus of Ferocactus at a Royal Horticultural Society display a few years ago. was matched only by the su nshine which shone down on the plants on the stand, which brought out the colours of the spines wonderfully in celestial approval of his efforts. Many of hi s seed-raised plants have flowered, and the sight of these football or larger sized representatives of a genus that few of us grow to their full potential is one of the best sights in the hobby. Helping him to lift them and transport them to such a display is quite another matter, and one not to dwell on

here, especially as they are liable to show their lack of appreciation of suffering the indignity of being so unnaturally moved about, with severe attacks from their spines, for which they are so aptly named "Fero(cious )cactus". Trave lling with Derek in the wilds of Mexico is an education too with regard to this genu s, with the frequent cry of "STOP" from him as he espied yet another Ferocactus beckoning him from the hillsides, and we would be dragged to them, not protesting too much, to admire the spi nes, the flowers or just the sheer bulk of this wonderful beacon of the cactus world, beaming out from the hills as an indicator of cactus habitats. I am grateful to him for this education, and I am grateful to him too for agreeing 10 co-operate in producing this book on the genus. Long may he cry "STOP" to me, I always will for these beautiful plants.

John Pilbeam

Acknowledgements Our grateful thanks are due to our companion on the various trips we have made, Bill Weightman, although he was onc of the more difficult drivers to make STOP on occasions. He made up for this however by taking somewhat better photographs than at least one of the authors is capable of taking. We must also sing le out for special mention Nigel Taylor, who fOLlnd time to read our efforts and make useful suggestions, as well as bringing his key up to date. In addition he agreed in anticipation of this book to describe the hitherto undescribed subspecies of F fordii, which has long been commonly grown as this spec ies although the original description is of a plant from much further south and rarely seen in cultivation. Thanks are also due to the various other volunteers of photographs, both of plants in captivity, and, perhaps more importantly of plants in the wild, where they reach their full potential in both size, coloration and tlowering capabilities. They include: Robin Alabaster, Erik Anderson, Ted Andersont, Salvador Arias Montes, Sonia Barker-Frickert, Ron Bates, Darl Bickel, Janos Bodor, Jean Bonnefond, Jean-Marc

2

Chalet, Graham Charles, Joe Clements, Mick Cotter, Colin Cutler, Amante Darmanin, Martin Edwards, Charles Glasst, Alan Hart, Paul Hoxey, Gary James, Bert Jonkers, Brian Kemble, Frank Keoghan, David Kirkbright, Martin Kristen & Julia Etter, Fred Lampo, Alfred Lau, Joel Lode, Martin Lowry, Eberhard Lutz, John Miller, Mark Muradian, David Neville, John and Dorothy Pasek, Bill Pluemer, Malcolm Pym, Gordon Rowley, David Ru shforth, Nigel Taylor, A ldo Torrebruno, Robin Walton, Franziska & Richard Wolf, Milan Zachar. Lastly, many thanks to David Neville and Graham Charles for laying out the book in sLlch an attractive way.

Fig. 1 (opposite page): In early August, the spectacular Hower display of F. emoryi subsp. emoryi, west of

Peter's Corner, Arizona, USA

3

Introduction The genus Ferocactus is not as widely grown in cultivation as it might be, and does not often receive the attention from growers that the plants need for best results. In the climates of the kinder States of the USA with the advantage of little danger of frost, many can be grown outdoors, and in these circumstances these plants do well. In the UK they can with advantage be placed outdoors in the summer months, when they will not be so liable to be disfigured with sooty mould, and will develop their spines to best potential. There are a handful of species that are smaller growing than most, which will flower at IScm diameter or Jess, notably F. fordii subsp. borealis, F. viridescens, F. macrodiscus, and F. alamosanus and subsp. reppenhagenii. F. latispinus at this size too will produce buds in cultivation in the UK in late August to early September, but usually needs coddling by removal to a sunny position indoors in the dwelling house with higher temperatures than normally maintained in the glasshouse, else the buds lend to abort with the lower night temperatures and shortening days. Many of the larger growing species will oblige when they get to small football size, and this has proved to be the case in the last few years in Derek's collection in Norfolk, where tlowers have also been forthcoming on F. chrysacanthlls, F. cylindracells (and subsp. eastwoodiae), F. echidlle, F. emoryi (and subsp. rectispinlls), F. giallcescens, F. gracilis (and subsp. coLoratus and subsp. galesii), F. histrix, F. peninsulae (and subsp. santa-maria and subsp. townsendianus), F. pifosus, F. schwarzii and F. wiJlizeni.

British Cactus and Succulent Society. The authors have taken into account Lindsay's doctoral thesis on the genus of 1955, published with additional material by other Ferocactus enthusiasts, including research on the DNA analysis by J. Hugo Cota, when he was working at the Department of Botany, Iowa State University and the Centro de Educacion Ambiental e Investigacion Sierra de Huautla (CEAMISH) at the Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Mexico. We have also been influenced to some extent by the treatment of the genus by Gottfried Unger in his massive book Die grossen Kugelkakleen Nordamerikas, some of whose theories we have some sympathy with. Franziska and Richard Wolf's lovely books Baja CaLifornia und seine Inseln (1999) and Die Ferokakteen der Baja California (2004) have been enlightening too with many habitat photographs taken on the islands around Baja Califomia. most of which they visited. The species of various other genera which have been assigned to this genus are covered in the chapter called 'Referred and other superfluous names', with an indication of the genus to which they arc more generally considered to belong; also in this part of the book are those other Ferocactus names which have been applied to the accepted species of the genus, with their application indicated. So, if you do not find a name you seek in the first part of the book, in the 'Species commentary', look for it in the 'Referred' chapter. If you do not find it there either, it may mean that it is a catalogue name with no validity, has not been validly published, or has been published after the publication date of this book.

They undoubtedly benefit from being potted on every two or three years at least, to encourage them to grow to flowering size that much more quickly, although age has some relevance in this area, and there are underpotted plants in some people's collections which have been virtually dwarfed, producing flowers at what seems an unnarurally small size - but this is not to be advocated for best results. Recommendations for growing them successfully are included in the chapter on cultivation. The species included here are mostly those which are recognized by Nigel Taylor in his review of the genus published in 1984 in Bradfeya, the yearbook of the

4

Fig. 2 (opposite page): The tall columns of F cylindraceus slibsp. leconlei on a steep hillside in eastern Arizona, USA

5

Classification The genu s was set up by Britton and Rose in their classic work The Cactaceae, pub li shed in four volumes between 191 9 and 1923. Ferocactus is covered in volume 3 from page 123 to 147. Of particular interest are three photographs incl ud ing people of the time: figure 143 seems to be of a young boy behind a large clump of F. robustus, which looks suspiciously like the one featured in this book; figure 153b is a photograph of F. rostii (F cylindraceus) taken by E. C. Rost, and including a moustachioed, elderly man, a good foot shofter than the plant, standing questioningly by it with a pick as if to say "You don', realJy mean that you want me to dig this onc out ?". But the best is one taken by Dr. MacDougal in 1903 of a man drinking from his c upped hands liquid obtained from a beheaded Ferocactus, ill ustrating graphica lly the information in the text on the previous page, where the reader is informed that "water is often obtained by travelers in the great deserts of wes tern Mexico and the southwestern United States ... by slicing off the top of a large plant and mashing the pulp". Britton and Rose's definition of the genus is as follows: "Globular to cylind ri c, often large cacti; ribs thick and prominent; spi nes well developed, either straigh t or hooked; areoles usually large, beari ng flowers on ly when young and then only just above the spinecl usters, more or less felted when young; flowers usually large, broadly fu nne l-shaped to campan ulate, usually with a very short tube; stamens numerous, borne o n the throat, short; ovary and flower-tube very scaly; scales naked in their axils; fru it oblong, usually thick-walled and dry, dch iscing by a large basal pore; seeds black, pitted, never tubercul ate; embryo curved. Type spec ies: Echinocactlls wislizeni Engel mann. "The generic name is fro m ferus ~ wild, fierce, and cactus, referring to the very spi ny character of the plants. "We recognize 30 species, heretofore treated under Echinocactus, all from North America . The genus differs from Echinocactus proper in its fruits and flowers ." Thereafter Britton and Rose listed the 30 species in a key, which in view of subsequent changes we have not

6

reproduced here. But the list of species originall y included is of interest, and in alphabetical order (with the cu rrently accepted name in brackets) is as follows:

F acanthodes (F cylindraceus); F alamosanus; F chrysacanthwi; F. covillei (F. emoryi); F. crassihamalus (Sclerocactus); F. diguetii; F. echidne; Fjlavovirens; FJordii; F glaucescens; F. hamatacanthus; F. horridus (F. peninsulae); F. johnsonii (SclerocactIls); F. latispinlls; F. lecontei (F. cylindraeeus subsp. Lecontei); F. macrodisC/ls; F. melocactiformis (F. histrix); F. nobilis (F. recurvus); F. orcuttii (F. viridescens); F. peninsulae; F. pringlei (F. piloSllS); F rectispinu!>' (F emoryi subsp. reetispinus); F. robustus; F. rostii (F. cylindraceus); F. santa-maria (F. peninsu/ae subsp. santa-maria); F. stainesii (F. piloslls); F townsendianus (F pen insulae subsp. townsel/dian us); F. uncinatus (Sclerocactus); F viridescens; F. wisLizeni. The next major work on the gen us was by George Lindsay, a thesis produced in 1955, but unpublished until 1996 when it was printed with some textual and photographi c additions by modern enthusiasts for the genus. The original work formed the basis for Nigel Taylor's review of the genus published in 1984 in Bradleya 2, the yearbook of the British Cactus and Succulent Society. Gottfried Unger published his work on this genus and Echinocactus in 1992 entitled Die grossen Kugelkakteen Nordamerikas, wh ich contains much information by way of reproduced material, as well as some original thought on some of the problem areas in the genus . In its nearly 500 pages it con tains an incredible amount of information, reflecti ng the scope that computers have enabled us to plumb without the slog of the old typewriter days, as well as nearly 300 co lour photographs , many in habitat. The classification we have followed in this book is basically that set out by Nigel Taylor in his review of 1984, fo llowing the preliminal)' study based on the morphology of seeds in the previous year's Bradleya by Taylor and Jonathan Y Clark.

This resulted in the division of the genus into two Sections, each with two groups as fo ll ows: Section Feroca ctus

Section Bisnaga

Ripe frui t yellow, rare ly pink, with a thick fleshy wall but dry inte rior, the seeds generall y escap ing via a pore formed around the base of the fru it as it becomes detached; seeds with a broad hilum -micropylar rim, mostly black, shiny o r du ll , to 3mm long.

Ripe fru it red, pink or purplish, rarely ye llow or whiti sh, interior very juicy and sweet, not dehiscing via a basa l pore but so metimes ruptu ri ng near apex and ex truding seeds in liquid ; seed s with a sharp, narrow hilu m-micropylar rim, brown to black, very glossy, mostly [css than 2 mm lo ng.

Type (as for genus): F. wislizeni (Engelm. ) B. & R. Type: F latispillll.\· (Haw.) B. & R. F ROBUSTUS GROUP F GLAUCESCENS GROUP Sp ines typica ll y numerous (more than 10 per areole) and often differentiated into, or varying between very fine, bri stle- like and SlOut. Seeds with tabular to shall ow o r deeply orchidoid testa-ce ll s, pericl ina l wall s someti mes verrucose. Includes: F. chrysacall1llt1s, F. cylindracells, F. fordii, F. gracilis, F. jolmstoniolltls, F piioSlIS, F. robllstus, F. peninsulae, F. viridescel1s, F wislizeni. F POTfS ll GROUP Sp ines up to 10 per areole, of more or less un iform thick ness. Seeds with tabul ar-concave testa-cell s. Incl udes: F. diguetii, F. emoryi, F. lindsay; *, F. pottsii.

Stems caespitose or so li tary, with up to 20 ribs; spines terete, mo re or less straight. Seeds very smooth with tabular or very Shallowly orchidoid testa-cell s. Includes: F. olamosafllls, F. e(:hidne. F flavovirens, F. glollcescells, F. schwarzii.

F. LAT ISPINUS GROUP Stems sol itary, somet imes very large; central spines often flatt ened dorsi-ventrally, straight or curved, or recurved to hooked at apex. Seeds with tabu larco ncave ('pined ' ) testa-cell s. Includes: F. haemataccllltiJus, F. hamatacanthus, F. histrix, F. fafispillllS, F. macrodiscus, F. recurvus** .

T his book contains five ncw combinations; On page 82: FerocacttlS pel/insulae subsp. santa-maria stat. nov. On page 83 : Ferocactus peninsulae subsp. townsendianus stat. nov. On page 9 1: Ferocacllls recllrvus subsp. greenwoodii stat. nov. On page 103: Ferocatlls wislizelli subsp. herrerae stat. nov. On page 105: Ferocacw s wisJizeni subsp. tiburollensis stat. nov.

• Placed here in 1987 (8 nuJleya 5); previously misplaced •• Regarded by Taylor liS /.: latispifJus subsp. spiralis

7

Ferocactus fruits As indicated in the classification above the fruit forms an easily observed basis for dividing the genus into the two sections.

In the wild ants are often seen busy around the fruits, as well as laking the nectar exuded by the glands

above the areoles of many species, and they seem to be favourite for carrying the seeds off to pastures new,

In Section Ferocactus the ripe fruit is yellow, rarely pink, with a thick tleshy wall but dry interior, the seeds usually escaping through a small hole at the base of the fruit. In the Section Bisnaga the ripe fruit is red, pink or purplish, rarely yellow or whitish, the interior very juicy and sweet, not dehiscing by a basal pore but sometimes rupturing near the apex and extruding seeds in liquid.

8

if not too distant. The sweet liquid jelly exuded by those in the Section Bisnaga we suspect attracts birds or other larger creatures, who likewise then carry off the seeds in the sticky mass either internally or perhaps externally too . The accompanying photographs of some of the fruits show what an attractjve addition they are to the appearance of the plants after their usually sumptuous flower display.

Key to the species This is modified by Nigel Taylor from that in hi s review of the gen us in Bradleya 2, pages 19-20 (1984), taking into account hi s later notes in Brad/eya 5 (1987), pages 95-96, relating to F. lindsay; and F. pitoslls.

1. SIems highly branched , formin g large clusters or mo unds more than 2m diameter; ste ms less than 25cm diameter, w ith 8 to 13(- 15) ribs; spi nes more than 13 per areole; seeds with tabu lar rcsla-cells, not pitted (Mexico, south-cast Puebla to north Oaxaca)

.2

I. Stem so litary or, if clustered, then either stems, ribs, spines or seeds not as above.

. .............. 3

.... F. flavovircns

2. Flowers and fruits red ; stem ribs (1 1-)13(-15)

........... F. robustus

2 . Flowers and fruit s yellow; stem ribs 8

3. Spines 1- 11 per areole, straight or s lightl y c urved , none strong ly flallened above or recurved to hooked at ....... ...... . . . . . .....................A

_

3. Spi nes more than II per areole or at least one strongly flatt e ned and/or recurved to hooked at apex , or stern ribs 13-16 and spiralled

.........................

............

4. Seeds smooth o r with retic ulate marking, but not pitied

. .. 15 ..... 5

......... . . . . ...... 8

4. Seeds pitted .......... .

5. Spines [-6(-8), more or less equal , to 2.5(-5.5)cm lo ng; stems 15-50(-60)cm diame te r

... 6

5. Spines usua ll y more than 7, unequal , the central longer, 3- IOcm ; stems to 25 (-30)cm diameter

... 7

.. F. glaucescens

6. Stem glaucous; seeds very smooth (east Mexico) .....

6. Stcm dark green, seeds with a reticulate patte rn of raised testa-cell marg in s (west Mexico, Sinaloa) . . .... ................. . . .... F. schwarzii 7. Areo les well separated on the ribs, 2-4c m apart; ste ms often clu stered; sti gmas 10- 14 (east Mexico)

........

. .. .. ... F. echidne

7. Areoles about Icm apart or more or less con nuent on the ribs; ste m solitary; st igmas about 7 (west Mexico)

... F. alamosanus 8. Fruit red 10 purple, indehiscent, and/or very juicy and deliquescent; ribs acute; ste m not exceedin g 1.2m hi gh . . . . . . . .

. ................. .9

8. Fruit yellow or dehiscing by a basal pore; ribs obtuse or acute; stem 30cm to 4m high

...............

.. ...... ...... . 11

9. Flowe rs yell ow; seed about 1mm ..

.. F. histrix

9. Flowers red to purplish-pink; seed about 1.8 to 2 mrn

. ....... 10

9

10. Stem globular to cylindric, 30-l20cm high; flower 6-7em long

...F. haematacanthus

to. Stem depressed-globose, disc-shaped, to about lOem high; flower 3-4cm long ...........

........

II. Central spine I per areole, conspicuous 11. Central spines 4 or not distinct from radials; seeds 1.5-2mm .......... .

. ........ F. macrodiscus ............. 12 . ................ 14 ...F. lindsayi

12. Fruit red; seed 1mm, elongate-curved (Michoacan)

12. Fruit yellow; seed 2-3mm, ovoid (north-west Mexico, south-west USA) ........ .

. ... 13

13. Flower to 4.5cm long; stem to 1m high (Mexico, south-west Chihuahua, south-east Sonora, north Sinaloa) .......... ............ .............. . ... F. pottsii 13. Flower 6-7.5cm long; stem to 2.5m high (USA, south Arizona to Mexico, north Sinaloa, mainland Baja California Sur) . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................F. emoryi 14. Stem ribs about 13-20; spines usually red, some more or less flattened or angled, hairlike whitish spines often present; stems often in clumps (central northern Mexico)

.F. pilosus 14. Stem ribs 25-35; spines clear yellow, rarely reddish-brown, terete, all of one type; . ......... F. diguetii stem solitary (islands on west side of Gulf of California) ...... 15. Scales on receptacle-tube and fruit with long narrowly attenuate apices (central north and south Mexico) . . . . . . .. ........ ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . *F. latispinus 15. Scales not

a~

..... 16

above

16. Fruit pinkish-red and indehiscent, and/or very juicy, deliquescent, releasing the seeds in fluid. . . . . . ...... . 16. Fruit yellow or dehiscing by a basal pore when fully ripe. 17. Spines straight or curved but not hooked at apex; flower 3-4cm, short-tubed

. ... 17

. ................ 19 .............. 18

17. At least one spine per areole hooked at apex; flower 6-lOcm, with a long tube

..F. hamatacanthus 18. Plowers purplish-pink to red, tepals with paler margins: seeds to 2mm .. F. macrodiscus

18. Flowers yellow; seeds ahout 1mm

.......... F. histrix

19. Radial spines 7-9 per areole, terete, only slightly thinner than the solitary terete or laterally compressed central ........ .................. ............................ .F. emoryi 19. Radial spines more than 9 or at least some much thinner than the one or more centrals ............ .20

*Includes F. recurvus, regarded by Taylor as F. IOlispinus subsp. spiralis

10

20. Perianth-scgmcnts remaining more or less erect at anthesis; flowers to 2.5crn diameter; stems often clustering, to 3m high; principal spines 6-12, none curved or hooked at apex, often accompanied by very fine hair-like radials (central north Mexico) .................. F. pilosus 20. Perianth-segments spreading; flowers 3 .S-bcrn diameter, stems rarely clustering; spines not as above or centrals and radials intergrading (north-west Mexico and USA) . . .. .. . .. . .. 21 21. Flowers violet-purple to mac (Mexico, west coast of Baja California. Bahia Sebastian Viscaino to ahout 31 N) .......................................................................F. fordii 0

21. Flowers green, yellow, orange or red

........................................... ll

22. Spines clearly differentiated into stout dark coloured centrals plus upper and lower radials, and finer whitish laterally directed radials, or the latter absent, and seeds with tabular testa-cells ..................................................... 23 22. Spines in each areole intergrading in size and colour; seeds with concave testa-cells .......................................... 25 23. Largest of the upward and downward directed central spines equally flattened and similar. curved but not normally hooked at apex, or fruits to 7.5cm long; tlowers red (Mexico, Baja California 28-31" N) .................................... F. gracilis 23. Largest central spine more flattened than the others or otherwise dissimilar, often strongly recurved or hooked; flowers red to yellow; fruits to 6cm long ................... . ............... 24 24. Seeds with tabular, finely verrucose, more or less isodiametric testa-cells, the raised anticlinal walls at the margin of each cell not prominent (south-west USA; .......... . Mexico, Chihuahua, Sonora, north Sinaloa, west Durango)

.F. wislizeni

24. Seeds with tabular to concave, coarsely verrucose testa-cells, the verrucae few and separate, the raised cell margins prominent. or the cells oblong (Mexico, Baja . ........... F. peninsulae California, Baja California Sur, from 29° N to the Cape) .... 25. Flowers greenish; spines to Scm long; seed about 1.5mm (Mexico, north-west Baja California west of Sierra San Pedro, Sierra Martir and Sierra Juarez; USA, California near San Diego) ... F. viridescens 25. Flowers yellow, orange or reddish, or green but with other colours in (he same population; spines to S-17cm long; seeds about 2-3mm . . . . . . . .. 26 26. Central and radial spines more or less equal in number (10), the former mostly porrect, to Scm long, twisted flattened and fairly uniform, or flowers orange to red with 4-5mm wide inner perianth-segments (Mexico, west Baja California, below Punta Abreojos to Isla Cedros) .......... ............. . ...................... F. cbrysacanthus 26. Central spines fewer than radials and 4 of the fonner much larger than the others, to 7-17cm long, or central spines more or less adpressed or not differentiated from radial spines; inner perianth-segments 7-11mm wide (Mexico, east and north-west Baja California, north-west Sonora; south-west USA) ........................................... **F. cylindraceus

"''''Includes f:johnstonianus. regarded by Taylor as probably a disjunct island relation of F. cylindraceu.\·

ii

Cultivation Like all cacti in cultivation Ferocactus need plenty of light, watering in the growing period, repotting (especially in the early years of their growth), protection from frost and excessive wetting in less kind climates, and provision of sufficient nutrients (0 enable growth to be slowly but steadily achieved. The usual precautions against attack from the various pests also need to be taken, although they are themselves well equipped to resist attack from domestic animals, including their owners. What follows is a guide mainly directed to growers in the United Kingdom; readers in other countries will hopefully have developed their own ways of keeping their plants in their particular climatic conditions.

Light Light is, as with most cacti, essential for healthy growth, and in the summer months these plants more than many cacti benefit from being in the open air to maximize the amount of sunlight they receive. Certainly in habitat in the southern USA and Mexico they are sun-seeking, growing out in the open and taking all the sunshine they get with equanimity. In the UK this largely solves the problem of sooty mould forming on the sugary secretion these plants make from glands above the areoles, of which more below. If kept continuously in a glasshouse shading is unnecessary, but air circulation in sunny weather should be maintained to prevent the plant'> scorching through too much heat in confined conditions, especially if they are close to the glass. From early spring onwards it is important that the plants receive the maximum light. To this end the glass should be cleaned and any winter protection by way of plastic should be removed.

growing to swell the plants and let them know that the time has come for growth. Allow the plants to dry out before watering again - the time this takes will depend on the size of pOlS the individual plants are in, varying from a week or two for pots below about lOem in diameter, to as much as a month for larger pots. As the spring gives way to summer watering can be increased, and once danger of night frost is past the plants may be stood outside the glasshouse. Protection will be necessary from slugs and snails, which will relish this exotic change of diet, spines or not. The wool on the areoles, when plants are kept outside, does tend to lose its colour and become greyish and, if there is excessive rain (not uncommon in the UK), nutrients are quickJy leached from the pots. In this case, repouing in the winter following is advised. As summer comes to an end, reduce the frequency of watering, and bring the plants inside the glasshouse as soon as there is danger of fTost. Water should be withheld from large pots (2Ocm or more) from the end of September to give them time to dry off completely before the late autumn, smaller plants can be watered until about the end of October.

Feeding Fertilizers with a high potash content may be used during the growing period at full strength recommended recommended for tomatoes, (any fertilizer chrysanthemums or roses is fine); this will promote good growth of spines as well as the plants, and will encourage flowering. It makes sense to give the fertilizer mixture a day or two after a general watering when the plants' roots are in active growth, so that the maximum uptake of the nutrients is achieved; this secondary fertilizer dosing can then be less in quantity as well as more effective

Watering Compost Watering depends on the individual grower's conditions where the plants are kept, but should broadly follow that recommended for most other cacti. This means none in the cold winter months, to allow the plants to indulge in the rest period for which they are well adapted, and to avoid any inclination to grow when light is at a low level, which will result in soft, uncharacteristic growth and weak spine development, if not their demise from the combination of low temperatures and dampness. One good watering on the first really sunny day in early spring will wake the plants up and get the hair roots

12

The potting medium is a vexed subject, and if the reader has a mixture which suits his plants then the advice is stick to it, and experiment carefully with any changes adopted. A compost based on soil, preferably with a clay-like appearance seems to give good results, with the addition of small particle grit to open the mixture and facilitate drainage; two parts of compost to one of grit seems to be about right.

Repotting Moving the plants on into the next sized pot in the first few years will encourage them to develop quickly. E ven when they are in pots exceeding IScm they wi ll benefit from such repon ing every 2 or 3 years as the soil will have exhausted any nutrients, and the humus content will have broken down and reduced the ability to hold water, to the detriment of the plant. The common sense time to repol seems 10 be, as for most plants, when they are resting in the winter, so that any damage to the roots is given time \0 callus before being in contact with water in the soil. Use a dl)'ish mixture when reponing, and withhold water for at least 2 or 3 weeks afterwards. Topdressing the compost with a layer of grit not only improves the appearance of the polted plant but slows down the transpiration of water from the compost during the growing period as well as preventing mud splashes on the plants when watering, or the fonnation of mosses and algae on the surface. As w ith most very spiny plants, and this certainly appl ies to all species of Ferocacllls, we have found that a thick c ushion of several layers of either crumpled newspaper or. better, bubble polythene on the work surface enables carefu lly laying the plant down sideways on this cushion, and then tipping out the plant sideways from the pot by knocking the pot away with sharp taps on the rim . The root ball can then be grasped 10 lift the plant into position in the new pot, which shou ld have sufficient depth of compost in the bottom already to keep the plant more or less at it.s previous level, followed by carefully and gen tl y tamping fresh compost around the rootball. In Lhis way neither the plant's spi nes are damaged, nor, if you are careful, do you have 10 come into contact with the spines.

Temperature Most species will be happy with a minimum winter temperature of 5°C. but some w il l do better and be less likely to suffer cold damage if IIJ'C can be provided. This particularly seems 10 apply to F. iatispinlls, F. reel/rvlls, F. roblls/lls and F.j1avovi rells. Having said that, there are growers in the UK who provide no heat, drying the plants off at the latest by mid-September, and their plants seem not to suffer at all , but in these circumstances it is advisable to keep the air moving in the glasshouse by means of a fan.

Pests The usual pests of cacti, mealy bug and red spider mite, will attack your Feroeaetlls plants given a chance. A bad infestation of either is best treated w ith a systemic insecticide, thorough ly drenching the plants to ensure

maxi mum effect. But if your collection is relatively cle.m. and only sl ightly affected by an advance party of either pest, then a contact insecticide w ill keep them at bay. Constant inspection fo r early signs of attack is advisable to avert serious damage by these insidious pests. If us ing a ny insecticide do remember that they arc dangerous chemicals. and full precautions to avoid skin contact or inhalation of the vapour from them should be rigorous ly followed. Leave the glasshouse for several hours at least after their use, and wash face a nd hands and any other exposed skin. Predators are fashio nable at present for pest control , but that is all they wi ll do, controllhem, they do not usually eradicate them completely and have the disadvantage of needing for their survival warmer conditions in the winter than usually economically possible to provide.

Sooty mould Most spec ies of FerocaclIIs bear a gland at the top of each areole, which exudes nectar. If the nectar is aJlowed to remain on the plant a mould will fonn, the fruiting parts of which form an unsightly black coaling around the areole. as well as the spi nes and body of the plant, wherever the nectar is present, spoiling the appearance of the plant. Once formed this mould is very difficult to remove. One way of prevention is to spray regularly with water (preferab ly rainwater as this leaves no residue), so that the nectar is constantl y washed away as fast as it is produced. Another method of combating the formation of sooty mould is to encourage sufficient ants, bees. hover-flies or wasps to the g lasshouse. which all love to sup the nectar. Unfortunately this marshall ing of insect help is not very easy to achieve, and there are some disadvantages in introducing the most effective of these, the ants. In the su mmer months the plants can with some advantage be placed outside, so that they are more accessible to these benefic ial insects and subject to occasional waS hing from our inevi table summer showers, but it is left 10 the reader to decide which method could be most effective in his or her situation bearing in mind the rema rks above in the paragraph about watering. Plants placed outside in the UK are subject La scorch unless gradualJy acclimatized to the extra light , and a position g iving some dappled shade for at least part of the day is adv isable. Finally let liS reiterate the advice given at the beginning of this c hapter: if you have found methods of growing your plants which work carry on using them.

13

Map of distribution area

~Bahamas

Haiti

Salvador

I

Key to Shllcs of the U.S.A. I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

California

Nevada Utah Colorado Arizona

New Mexico Texas Oklahoma Key to Mexican states

9.

10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

L 14

Baja California Baja California Sur Sonora

Chihuahua Coahuila Sinaloa Durango Nuevo Leon

Tamaulipas

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 3 1. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 39.

Zacatecas Nayarit San Luis PotOSI Aguascalientes Jali sco

Guanajuato Queretaro Hidalgo Vemcruz

Colima Michoadn

M6xico Tlaxcala Pucbla Morclos Guerrero

Oaxaca Chiapas Tabasco Yucatan Quintana Roo

Geography and Distribution As well as the more obvious tall , columnar cacti , Feroc(lctlls species throughout the ir di stribution in the southern Uni ted States and in Mexico are often among the most prominent cacti in the wild, and are often indicalOrs of a kindly cactu s habitat, where mher, smalle r ge ne ra might be found. They are mostly found in roc ky terrain, although some do occur al so on the flaL. They are in general not high

alt itude plants, seeming to prefer the lower slopes,

USA

--------

ARIZONA: F. cylindracew; (60-6oom), F. cylil/droceus subsp. eostwoodiae (390-1 , 140m), F. cylindraceus subsp. fecol/tei (300- 1,500m) , F emoryi, F. wislizelli CALIFORNIA : F. cylilldraceus (60-600m), F. cylilu/racelis subsp . lecolltei (300- I ,500m), F. viridescells NEVADA: F. cylilldracells subsp. lecolllei (300- I,500m)

rather than upper reaches of the mountains w here they

occu r, although some are found at quite high altitudes. oftcn as out liers of more abundant occurre nce at lower leve ls. Alfred Lall 's highest recorded altitude for any species is 2, 1OOm - F. piloslIs in Coahuila, closely follow ed by F. alamOSQI111S subs p. reppenhagenii, at 1,500 to 2,OOOm, most other species recorded at altitudes fro m sea level to abou t I,OOOm. Werner Reppenhagen records F. /atispinlls at up to 2,5OOm in Hidalgo and F. recurvus in Pue bla at the same a ltitude. F /atispilltls occu rs also at 2,3OOm in San Lui s Potosf and in Mexico D.E, and at 2,400m in Guanajuato, the same species and F. histrix at up to 2,100m in Queretaro, F. histrix and F. echidlle and F. glallcescens in Hidal go at 1,500 to 1,900m ; also F. histrix in Zacatecas at nearly 2,OOOm. He also records F. robust/IS al2, Ioom in Puebla , F.J1avovirens in Puebla at 1,900m. F. recllrvlls in Oaxaca at 1,600m, F. alamosan lls s ubsp. reppenhagenii al 2,OOOm 10 2,300m in Michoacan and in Co lima at 1,200m, F. piiostls in Durango at 1,700m, and F. macrodiscus at 2,300111 in Oaxaca. Most o the r species occur from almost sea- level to about 1,500m. The maps accompany ing each taxon in the chapter 'Species commentary ' are based on reliable reported locali ties ror these plants and the authors' own observatio ns. They give an approx imate idea of the spread of each taxon, a nd arc by no means precise . (Altitudes arc those li sted by Alfred Lall and Werner Rc ppe nhagen, and recorded by Ni gel Taylor)

NEW MEXICO: F. hamlltllcllntlws, F. wislizelli T EXAS : F. hamatacallthllS, F. hamatacallthus subsp. Sif/llalllS, F. wisJizelli UTAH: F. cylilu/racells subsp. /ecolltei

MEXICO AGUASCALIENTES: F. histrix (2, 100m), F. /mispitws BAJA CALIFORNIA and BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR mainland: f: chrysac{lfItlllls subsp . grandij10rtls ( 1200m), F. cylilldraceus (3 00m) , F. cylil/draceus s ubs p. tortlifispilll/S (600111). F. emoryi su bs p. rectispillllS ( 1- 1,600m), F. fordii ( 1-50m), F. fordii subsp. borealis ( I- 100m) F. gracili.5 (20300m), F. gracilis subsp. c%mttls ( IO- IOOm), F. pel/insulae (I 00-400m), F. pel/insulae subsp. sall1amario ( 1- 10m), F. peniflst/ fo e subsp. townsel/dial/lis ( IOO-450m), F. viridescens (10-400m), F. viridescens subsp . littoralis (800- I ,OOOm ) BAJA C ALIFORNIA is lands: F. chrysacallflllls ( 1-500m), F. chrysacallfllfls s ubs p. grandij10rlls (I-200m ), F. diguetii ( 10-30001), F. fordii (I -10m), F. gracilis subsp. gatesii ( I- 150m). F. jO/lllstonianlls ( I-300m), F. pen insulae s ubsp. towmelldialllls, F. wislizelli sllbsp. tibllronef1Sis (10-200m) CAM PECHE: none recorded CH1APAS: none recorded CHIHUAHUA: F. alamosallllS, F. hamarac{lfllhus (l ,500m), F. poftsii (I, 150-1.200m), F. wislizelli ( 1,000- 1,750m)

15

Roo: none recorded

QUINTANA COAIIIJlLA: F. hamatacanthus (650-1 ,900m), F. hamatacanthus subsp. sinuatus, F. pilosus (1,250-2,lOOm)

F. alamosanus subsp. reppenhagenii (1,200-

COLIMA:

2,OOOm) F. hamatacanthus (I,650m), F. histrix, F.latispinus. F. pilosus (I,700m), F pottsii. F. wislizeni subsp. herrerae (to J,400m)

DURANGO:

F. echidne, F. histrix (2,OOO-2,300m), F. latispinus (I ,800-2,400m), F. macrodiscus subsp. septentrionalis (2,OOO-2,350m) GUANAJUATO:

GUERRERO:

none recorded

F. echidne (1,300-1,700m), f: glaucescens (I,450-2,300m), F. histrix (l,500-2,OOOm), F. latispinus (J,500-2,500m)

SAN LUIS Parosi: F. echidne (l,IOO-l,600m), F. glaucescens (1,600m), F. hamatacanthus (I,550-2,OOOm), F. hamatacanthus. F. histrix (l,SSO-2,300m), F. latispinus (l,550-2,300m), F. macrodiscus subsp. septentrionalis, F. pilosus (1,200-2, I OOm)

F. alamosanus, F. emory; (1-900m), F. pottsii, F. schwarzii (30-300m), F. wislizeni, F. wislizeni subsp. herrerae (30-200m) SINALOA:

SONORA: F. alamosanus (350-1 ,300m), F. cylindraceus (I-200m), F. cylindraceus subsp. Jecontei, F. emoryi (S-300m), F. pot/sii (I,800m), F. wislizeni (40-IOOm), F. wislizeni subsp. herrerae (I 0-650m)

HIDALGO:

JALISCO:

F. histrix (2, 100m), F. latispinus

MEXICO: F.

TABASCO: nonc recorded TAMAULIPAS: F. echidne (500-2,OOOm), F. hamatacanthus (I,300m), F. hamatacanthus subsp. sinuatus (1,200-1 ,300m), F. pilosas

latispinus TLAXCALA:

none recorded

VERACRUZ:

F. haematacanthus (2,OOOm)

MEXICO DF: F. latlspinas (2,300-2,4S0m) MIC'HOACAN: F alamosanus subsp. reppenhagenii (2,OOO~2,300m), F latijpinus, F. lindsayi (250-300m) MORELOS: F. NAYARIT:

latispinus

none recorded

LEON: F. echidne, F. hamatacanthus (SO1,450m), F. hamatacanthus subsp. sinuatus (350384m), F. pi/osas (1,300-1 ,900m)

NUEVO

OAXACA: F. alamosanus subsp. reppenhagenii (l,500m), F. flavovirens, F. latispinus (1,800m), F. macrodiscus (I,700-2,500m), F. recurvus (5002,440m), F. recun'us subsp. greenwoodii (l,400m), F. robuslUS

F. flavovirens (1,600-1 ,900m), F. haematacanthus (l,750m), F. hamatacanthus (2,300m), F. latispinus, F. macrodiscus subsp macrodiscus (?), F. recurvus (1,100-2,500m), F. robustus (1,500-2,1 OOm)

PUEBLA:

QUERETARO: F. echidne (700-1 ,400m), f: glaucescens (I,OOO-I,800m), F. histrix (l,200-2,2S0m), F. latispinus (l,800-2,100m), F. macrodiscus subsp. septentrionalis

16

YUCATAN:

none recorded

ZACATECAS: F. hamatacanthus (2,150m), F. histrix (l,950-2,2S0m), f: iatispinus (2,2S0-2,300m), F. pi/osus (2,400m)

Checklist of species F alamosanus

p19

F. hamatacanthus subsp. sinuatus

p63

F alamosanus subsp. reppenhagenii

p20

F. histrix

p65

F. chrysacanthus

p22

F. johnstonianus

p67

F chrysacanthus subsp. grandiflorus

p24

F. latispinlls

p69

F. cylindraceus

p26

F. lindsayi

p72

F. cylindraceus subsp. eastwoodiae

p30

F. macrodiscus

p75

F. cylindraceus subsp. Lecontei

p32

F. macrodisClis subsp. septentrionalis

p77

F. cyfindraceus subsp. tortulispinus

p34

F peninsuiae

p78

F. diguctii

p36

F peninsuiae

F echidne

p39

F. pen insulae subsp. townsendiallus

p82

F. emoryi

p41

F pilosus

p84

F. emoryi subsp. rectispinus

p43

F. pottsii

p87

F. jlavovirens

p45

F. recurvus

p89

F. fordi;

p47

F. recurvus subsp. greenwoodii

p90

F fordii subsp. borealis

p49

F. robustus

p92

F glaucescens

p51

F. schwarzii

p94

F gracilis

p53

F. viridescens

p96

F. gracilis subsp. coloratus

p55

F viridescens subsp. littoralis

p98

F. gracilis subsp. gatesii

p57

F. wislizeni

plOO

F. hoematacanthus

p59

F wislizeni subsp. herrerae

pl02

F. hamatacanthus

p62

F wislizeni subsp. tiburonensis

p104

subsp. santa-maria

p81

17

~ecies

commentary.__

The descriptions in this chapter take as their starting point Britton & Rose's major four~volume work, The Cactaceae, published, as far as this genus is concerned in 1922 (volume 3), in which the genus was set up, and 1923 (volume 4) which includes amendments and the description of F jolinsfonianlls. Before this, descriptions and references (mainly as Echinocacllls) were sparse, and these two pioneers of the modern printed word on cacti, gathered together in the 1,000 pages of this incredible production all that had been hitherto published, ably amplified with the benefit of the cactus exploration which had been proceeding apace in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. We have also taken account of Backeberg's monumental 6 volume work (over 4,000 pages) Die Cactaceae, as well as Helia Bravo's 3 volume Las Cactaceas de Mexico , now available to students of these and other Mexican plants, and of course Lindsay's recently published (in 1996) doctoral thesis of 1955. Other sources of information include Benson 's Cacti of the United States and Canada (1982); the Cactus and Succulent Journal of America, published since the early 1930s and including many references and detailed accounts of explorations in the

18

field of these plants; Nigel Taylor's papers on this genus published in Bradleya, the yearbook of the British Cactus & Succulent Society, volume I (with Jonathan Clark), 1983, volume 2, 1984, and volume 5, 1987. We have also referred to the invaluable book by Gottfried Unger on the globular cacti of North America, Die grossen Kugelkakteen Nordamerikas, published in 1992, and embracing Echinocactus as well as Femcactus; this book of nearly 500 pages includes a fund of detail by way of descriptions and references, as well as a considerable contribution from the author's wide-ranging studies in the field. Lastly we have included Ted Anderson's thoughts on the acceptance of taxa, as included in his major work, The Cactus Family; these are based on the deliberations of the International Cactaceae Systematics Group of the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study (lOS). Also of interest are the two books by Franziska and Richard Wolf, Baja California und seine Inseln (1999) and Die Ferokakteen der Baja California (2004).

Fig. 4: F emoryi subsp. emoryi staging its stunning flower display during August in the Maricopa Mountains , Arizona, USA

Ferocactus alamosanus This beautiful spec ies (both the type and subsp. reppelJhagellii) grows well in cu ltivation, and flowers when quite small, at abollt 15 to 20cm in diameter, but this could lake 10 to 15 years from seed to achieve as the rate of growth is fairly slow. F. alamosolllts was listed in Taylor's revi sion of 1984 as a variety of F. poltsii, following Unger's reduction in 197 J, but in the latest listing of the CITES Cac/(Iceae Checklist (1999) it is included as a good species, and F. reppenJwgenii is listed as a subspecies hereunder, having previously been so reduced by

Nigel Taylor in 1998. The more southerly occu rring subsp. reppenhagellii bears a marked resemblance to F. alamosa nilS, and its reduction here makes good se nse, ex tending the range of this species considerably.

Ferocactus alamosanus subsp. alamosanus This, the type, is a mllch sma ller growing plant than F. potrsii (w ith which it has previously been coup led), with morc ribs than that species in youth, and it is a much more spiny plant altogether, and with a quite different aspect. It s main feature is the striking, straight, ye ll ow spines sticking out protectively like a sea-urch in, and because of these it is difficult to handle when repouing without damage to the spines or for that maUer yourself. See the advice on reponing these spiny plants in the chapter on cultivation. It wa s described as having a soli tary stem or sometimes clustering, to 30cm or more tall, half to two-thirds as wide, at fi rst with about 13 ribs, later to about 20 narrow, acute ribs. Spination is all yellow, red at the base in youth, radial spines usually about 10, seldom II or only 8 or 9,3 to 4cm long, later to Scm. There is a sing le central spine, porrect or erect, somewhat nattened laterally, to about 6cm long. Flowers are clear lemon yellow, the outer segments green ish-red at the tips. Fruit is bright red. Seed has not been described hithel1o, but we can affirm that it is aboul 1.8mm long, smooth, shiny black.

Fig. 5: F.

alamOS(lIlIlS

subsp.

(lIWnOmlllls,

flowering in

cultivation in the USA Reponed from Ihe Mexican slates of CHIHUAHUA, SONORA, SINALOA; spec ifically from SONORA, high up in the Alamos Mountains, Cieneg ita, Black Canyon at Guirocoba Ranch , east of Alamos, San Pedro, east of Alamos; from SINALOA, EI Saucito and Pitayitas, on the road from Badirahualo to Hidalgo del Parral, CHIHUAHUA; mostly on high vertical rocks, al 350I,300m altitude. Field colleclion numbers referred here are: holot ype, Rose. Standley & Ru ssell 12850 (US 535974); Lindsay without no. (OS); Lau 80, 1202; Reppenhagen 564, 21 09a, 21 12a. Synonyms: Echinocaclus alamosoflus, F pow'ii var. alamosafills

Section Bisnaga; F glaucescens Group

19

References:

FerocacIlis afamosanus (Britton and Rose) Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3: 137Jig.145 (1922); I.e., COn/rib. US. Nat. Herb. 16:23,pi.66 (1913) - as Echillocactus; Unget; Kakt.ll.a.Sllkk. 22(10):187 (1971) - as F: pottsii I'ar. alamosanllS; G. Lyons, Cael. Suee. 1. (US) 40(4): 138·139,jigs. 1,2 (1968); N. P. Taylor, Bradleyo 2:36 (1984) - as F pOllsii var. alalllosmllls; Unger, Die grosse" Kligelkakt. Norc/amer. 254 (1992) - as F. pottsii var. alamosanus; Lindsay, Ferocaclus 123126, 139, 438 (1996) (1955 thesi.', unpublished at the time); Taylor in Hunt (ed.), Cae!. Consensll s Initiatives 6:15 (1998); HUllt (ed.), CITES Cael. Checklist 204 (1999); E. F Anc/erson, The Cactus Family 327 (2001)

Ferocactus alamosa nus subsp. reppenhagenii As already mentioned, th e similarit y between thi s and the type is marked, and Taylor's recent amalgamation of the two forme rly separate species is irrefutable; we just wish we had thought of it first. This subspecies has been said to bear a superfic ial resemblance to Eehinocaclus grltsoll;;, with the central spines pointing upwards instead of downwards , but few e nthu siasts for FerocacfIIs are likely to con fu se the two. It will fl ower at onl y about IOcm in diameter in cultivation, and this will immediately distinguish it from E. gruson ii, if there were any doubt, the latter rarely flowering at less than 60cm. The flowers if pollinated are followed by prominent, attractively coloured fruit , bright red when ripe. It is not yet widespread in culti vation, but seed lings have been available for those who seek out things new, and plants in cu lti vation raised from seed are more and more common ly seen. Flowering as it does at a small size its popularity is assured.

It was desc ribed as SOlitary, depressed-globose , columnar in age, to 80cm tall , 9 to 24cm in diameter, with 12 to 18 ribs. There are 7 to 9 radial spines, somet imes only 6 or up to II, II to 40mm long, ye llow late r grey. There is one ce ntra l spine, somewhat curved al the tip, 2Smm 10 SOmm long. yellow, reddish-brown at the basco Flowers are yellow to orange, 23mm long and wide, with yel low stigmas. Fruit is ovoid, bright to dark red , 15 to 22 mm long, 8 to 17mm in diameter, j ui cy. Seed is 2 to 2.3mm long , reddi sh-brown to black, matt, very smooth. 20

Reported from the Mexi can states of MICHOACAN, COLI MA, and OAXACA, on south-east and sou th-west faci ng slopes; type fro m MICHOACAN, Sabino near Dos Ag uas, south-west of Apatzingan, at 2,300m altitude; also from MICHOACAN, Cerro Laurel, Coaicoman, at 2,OOOm alt itude; from COLIM A, Pueblo Nuevo, Cerro Barrigon, north-west of Ciudad Colima near Rancho Tecwm, at 2,(X)()m; from OAXACA, at Yosundua, at 1,500m alti tude. Field collection numbers referred here are: type, Reppenhagen & Pri ess nit z, without no. (2SS); Lau 765, 1412; Rep. 662, 664, 670a, 720d, 746a. Sy nonym: F reppenhagen ii Section Bisnaga F. glaucescens Group References:

Ferocactus alamosanus subsp. reppenhagenii (G. Unger) N. P. TaylOf; Caet. Cons. Inil. 6:16 (1998); G. Unger, Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 25(3):50·54, (1974); S6l1chez· Mejorad(l, Coct. Sue. Mex. 25(3):66 (1980); N. P. Taylor. Bradleya 2:23 (1984); Unger, Die grossell Kllgelkakt. Norc/alller. 407 (1992); Lindsay, Feroeactus 110, 325, 441 (1996) (1955 thesis, IIfIpublished al the lime); Unger, Kakl. u. a. Sllkk. 50( /!): (207) Karl. 1999119 (1999); £. F: Alldersoll, The Cactas Family 327 (2001)

Fig. 6: F aiamosantlS subsp. reppellhagenii in cultivation in the UK, nowering at about 15cm dia.

Fig. 7 (opposite page): F. alamos(llIus subsp reppenlwgellii in Michoacan , Mexico

21

Ferocactus chrysacanthus - In the CITES Cacraceae Checklist (1999) Nigel Taylor took the bull by the horns and placed the controversial F. fordii var. grandiflorus under this species as a subspecies, which in view of its completely different habit from F.Jordii, principally its much larger growth and orange flowers, also close proximity to F. chrysacanrhlls (albeit with some sea between them), makes good sense. Unger in his book was of the opinion that it was a hybrid between F. fordii and F. chrysacanrhlls, but in a piece on this species in the German Society's journal (February 2000) he noticeably has dropped the 'X', giving it species slatus. We were a little discomfited by photographs in the Wolfs' book showing plants on Isla Natividad, midway between the occurrence of subsp. grandiflorus on the mainland of Baja California and Isla Cedros (the locality of subsp. chrysacanthus) showing distinctly purple flowers, not as Lindsay reported from this island as "red or orange". The Wolfs captioned these as F x grandijlorus, but our feeling was that they seemed to owe more to F.fordii; this seems 10 be backed up by Unger, who repotts F fordii from Isla Natividad. In their 2004 book the Wolfs captioned these plants as F. fordii confirming our opinion. We are content to go along with Taylor's classification as a subspecies, since from a collector's viewpoint these plants are distinctive, and seem to have come

true from seed in cultivation showing no throw-back 10 indicate hybrid origins. There is room for some controlled pollination experiments here to determine the relationships or standing of these taxa, but this would be a very long term project. Comparison of plants from collected seed would perhaps be a little less long term, but neither should be attempted by those whose hair is likely to turn grey within the next 10 years.

Ferocactus chrysacanthus subsp. chrysacanthus The type of Ihis species is a favourite among collectors, with its golden (sometimes reddish) spines thickly entwining round the at first globular, mid-green body. Flowers may be expected on plants only IScm in diameter, at about 10 years old, but it is painfully slow growing. Flower production could take even longer if the plants are not potted on regularly and grown to their full potential. The tlowers are narrow petalled, yellow to orange, and are severely cramped by the dense spination of this species, to the extent of being distorted as they push their way through the heavy armature. Britton & Rose's original description, amplifying Orcutt, was of a globose to cylindric plant, to about 20cm tall "but presumably mueh larger" (the Wolfs illustrate an aged, large, clustering plant in their book), with about 18 dbs, tubercled. Radial spines 4 to many, slender, white. Central spines sometimes as many as 10, Scm long, either red or yellow, curved. Lau reports that the yellow spined plants are found at lower altitudes, plants with either red or yellow spines are found on higher ground. Flowers appearing from near the centre, Scm wide when fully open, inner petals satiny yellow, ouler pinkish-brown. Fruit is yellow, 30mm long, 15tllm wide, thick-walled and dry, with widely spaced small, lunate (crescent shaped) scales. Seed is 1.S to 2mm long, I.Smm wide, matt black. Fig. 9 (opposite page):

Fig. 8: F chrysacanthus subsp. chrysacanthus on Isla Cedros, Baja California, Mexico

22

F chrysacal1!hus subsp. clllysacanthus, yellow-spined, in cultivation in the USA

23

Taylor added to thi s somewhat and described the species as solitary, rarely clustering, to 1m lall, 30cm in di ameter, wilh about 21 ribs, tubercu late; 22 or more spines, about 10 of which are central , curved and twisted, to about Scm long, ye ll ow, rarely red, grey at highe r, moister localities. Flowers (appearing in June in the wild) are 4Smm long, 40mm wide, yellow or orange, the petals with red mid stripes, stigm as pink. Fru it is oblong-cylindric, ye llOW, 30111111 long, lSmm in diameter. Seed is to 2.5 mm long, black. Sonia Barker-Fricker observed that the percentage of red-sp ined plants was very low: 95 per cent of plants in an area of about 100 square metres were yell ow spined, I per cent were red, and 4 per cent reddish ye ll ow. She added that , except for possibly damaged plants, all were sol itary, mature plants mostJ y abou t 15 to 30cm in diameter and to 45clll tall, and plants as small as 10 or 12cm showed ev idence of flow ering. Reported from Mexico, off northern B AJA CALIFORN IA on Isla Cedros and nearby San Beni to islands among coastal scrub near sea level, to SOOm altitude amo ng pines; specifically from Cedros (t he neotype) in an arroyo (dry riverbed) behind a village at the soulh-easl side of the island. Field co llection numbers referred here arc: neoty pe, Lindsay 559 (DS) ; Rose 16091 (US); J. W. Tou rney without no. (US); Rempel 33 1 (A HFH); Lau 0 10. Synonym: Echinocacflls ehrysacanthlls Section Ferocactus F. robustus Group

Fig. II; Red-spined F. Chl )'SaCallIlllIs subsp.

chrysacamlllIs in rod.")' ground on Isla Cedros References:

Ferocaetus ehrysacantl!us (OrclItt) Brilloll & Rose, The Cact. 3:127 (1922); Otwtt, Rev. Caet. 1:56 ( 1899); G. Lilldsay Cact. Sue. Mex. 10(3):79,82, fig.53 (1965); Unger, Die g rossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 206 (1992): S. Barker- Fricker, Th e Cactus File 2(9):/1,15 lVith col. fig. (1996); Lilldsay, Femeaell/s 237, 253,256, 424 (1996) (J955 thesis, ul1published af the time); Cora, Caet. SLICC. J. (US) 62(6):294,295 (1990); Unger, Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 51(2): (30) Kart. 2000/03 (2000); HI/Ilt (ed.), CITES Caet. Checklist 204 ( 1999); F & R. Woif, Baja California u. s.lnseln 216-231 (/999); E. F Anderson, Th e Cae/lls Family 327 (200 I)

Ferocactus chrysacanthus subsp. grandiflorus Lindsay 's original description of thi s taxon (as F fordii var. grandij1orus) was brief and me re ly differentiated it from F. fordi; in it s habit and flowers, the "plants 10 almost in exceptional I m tall spec ime ns: flowers red or orange rather than purple, to 6cm long, with linear-Ian ceo lale inner perianth segments to 4cm long and only 4 to 5mm wide." Some difference !

Fig. 10; F. clirysacollflllls subsp. chrYMIC(mthus, red-spined. in cultivation in the UK, flowerin g at "bout 15cm diu .

24

It is rarely seen in cultivati on, but seed has been offered from time to time, and now that it s position seems 10 have been settled it may be more sought after by growers, as, like the type, it wi ll produce flowers at a comparatively small size, after it has got to about 15 or 20clll in diamet er.

Unger's description along with excellent colour photograph in the German Society's journal is as follows: stem solitary, at most only about 1m tall, and to 25cm in diameter. Spines dense, with up to 7 centrals, the lowest one flattened and hooked, about Scm long and to 5mm wide, the upper central sp ine straight, dagger shaped, porrect and the longest, 5.5cm, the other five spines to 4cm; there are 18 to 21 radial spines, 2.5 to 4cm long, most whitish, bristle-like, the lower 3 to 5 stronger and thick. All the thicker spines at first orange-red, brownish-yellow, later dark brownish -red. Flowers produced in spring (February to April), yellow with red midstripe, 6cm long, 7cm wide, anthers red, (stigma yellow in photograph). Fruit is greenish-red to yellowish-orange, 17 to 20mm in diameter. Seed is brown to black, 2 to 3mm long, 1.5 to 1.7mm wide. Reponed from Mexico, BAJA CALIFORNIA, San Bartolome Bay (the type), the west coast of the peninsula from Punta Eugenia to below Punta Abreojos and Isla Natividad; more recently by Unger from Bahia Tortuga (according to Unger practically identical to San Bartolome Bay) and the hills to the south-east of the bay (this is the area nearest on the mainland to Isla Cedros); at I-200m altitude. Paul Hoxey photographed plants more or less in the centre of this distribution, near the coast between San Hipolito and Bahia Asuncion. Field collection numbers referred he re are: holotype Lindsay 556 as F. fordii var. grand(f1orus) (DS), isotypes (MEXU, SO); Lindsay 559 (OS); Lindsay 555 from San Roque Point (OS, SO); Rose 16188 (US); Rose 16249 (US); Dawson 6444 (AHFH); Lau 1410. Synonyms: F fordii var. grandiflorus; F. grandiflorus; F. x grandiflorus References:

Ferocactus chrysacanrhw; subsp. grandiflorus (G. Lindsay) N. P Taylor, Caet. Cons. Init. 6; 16 (1998); G. Lindsay, Caet. Suce. 1. (US) 27(6);164-165, fig.154 (/955) - as F fordii var. grandiflorus; N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:34 (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kiige1kakt. Nordamer. 242 (/992) - as F. x grandiflorus; Lindsay, Ferocactus 258-260,280 (as F.Jordii vat: grandijlorus) (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); F & R. Waif, Baja California u. s. {nseln 198-205, 232-239 (1999); Hunt (ed.) CITES Caet. Checklist 204 (1999); Unger, Kakt. fl. a. Sukk. 51(2);(29-30) Kart. 2000/03 (2000) - as F. grandiflorus; E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 327 (2001)

Fig. J3: F. chrysacanthus subsp.grandij1orus with a crown of flowers in habitat

25

Ferocactus cylindraceus Seeing this species in habitat for lhe first time is unforgettable, parli cularl y in sOllthern California where there are few columnar cacti: the plants of this species stand out as the most dominant cacti in the land scape, shi nin g with their brilliant red and yellow spines in the sun shine. In culti vat ion plant s will respond well to steady repotting in the first few years, growing strongly, with the poss ibility of flowers once they get to about 20cI11 tall and wide, this laking something like 10 to 15 years. The crowning glory of the flowers on thi s stunningly beautifully sp ined species is well worth the wait and the effort. It has been known for many years as Ferocacf/ls aeanlhodes, and many fanciers of thi s genus clin g on to thi s name, but it has been discredi ted by Nigel Taylo r as not applicable to the commonl y he ld concept of thi s species, the most signifi cant poi nt of his argument to our thinking being that the plant Lemaire described had fmit, thi s on a plant only Il cm high and 15c m broad, and it seems likely that the name as originall y applied was as Tay lor suggests applicable to F. vi ridescel/s.

The spec ies is divided inLO four, possibly five

subspecies, but F. jollllslOllialllls, an island species which Tay lor in his review suggests is "probabl y only a di sjunct, island va ri ety of F. cylindracells" is considered separately herein (see under F. johllstonimms).

As there is often confu sion among Ferocactlls enthusiasts as to which is which of the subspecies occurring in the southern U.S., i. e. s ubsp. cylindracells (the type), subsp. eas/IVoodiae, and subsp. Lecontei, we have included below a tabl e based o n that in which Ly man Benson differentiated them (p.686 of his Cacti o/the United Sl(ltes alld Callada). It must be sa id that the difference between the type and s ubsp. lecontei is particularly difficult to define. and at times they seem 10 overlap in their di stribution as we ll as the ir characters.

Fig. IS (oppo~ile page); A magnificent clump of F. cy/indracells subsp. cylindraceus in the Anza Borrego. California, USA Fig. 14 (below): F. cyliruJraceus subsp. c)'lilldraceus in the Anza Borrego, California. USA

~~~~~~~

26

27

Distinctive spine characters (according to Benson 1982) of the three subspecies of F. cylindraceus occurring in the US are: subsp. cylilldraceus

subsp. easllvoodiae

Spine principal (lower) central

7 .5-I4cm long, curving at the lip to about 900. but nOI recurved. red [occasionally yellow I becoming grey

7.5-S. lcm long, curving slightly. conspicuously yellow or straw yellow

5-7cm long. curving slightly, red (occasionally yellow), becoming grey

Inner radial spines (similar to central s)

6-S, 1-1.5mm diameter

12-14. 5mm diameter nearly straight. rigid

6-8, 1-I.Smm diameter

Outer radial spines

Nearly white, flexible, curving irregularly in and out, 3.8-6.2cm long,

None present

Nearly white, l1exible, curving irregularly in and out. Scm long, O.Smm diameter

Ferocactus cylindraceus subsp. cylmdraceus This was the first Ferocactlls we saw in habitat in the Anza Borrego Desert in 1981, where we were taken by a kindly local cactu s en thu siast. Our combined weight (there were six of us in his car) threatened to short en his accustomed drivable distance into the desert floor. With a total disregard for his sump doing its best to break up the rocks in the dirt track, we got well among the cacti before he gave up and we opcncd thc ovcn like doors of the airconditioned car to step into the heat. The first day in wild desert for any cactus fan is a memorable experience, but for our first day in that desert with our eyes feasting on this, the type of F. cylindraceus, as well as less obv iou s ge ms like Mammillaria telrancisrra, it was one never 10 be forgotten. The Ferocactlls stood like Rumpelsliltskin, inviting our guesses at its name. Little did we realize as we confidently referred to it as F. (lcant/wdes, that like the fairy tale we would later accept that we were not right in thi s assumption. This, the type, predominantly from California, but also found in Arizona and northern Baja California, was described by Nigel Taylor in his review of the genus (lying close to Benson's description), as solitary, rarely branching or only when damaged, eventually cylindric or somewhat barrel-shaped [traditional wooden barrel s it is assumed, in these days of cylindrical metal barrels], 10 3m tall, to 30cm or occasionally up to 40cm in diameter, with 18 to 30 ribs, tuberculate. Spination extremely variable in size, colour and form: with about 15 to 25 radial spines, from tine and hair-like, to stout and intergrad ing with

28

subsp. lecolliei

the central spines; the 4 to 7 central spines round in section or with two or more flattened. straight, curved or twisted, the lowermost the longest , to 170mm, often curved, so metimes hooked at the tip, yellow or red, or both ye llow and red. Flowers (appearing in spring in the wild) are green or yellow. sometimes tinged with red. Fruit is 30 to 40mm long, 1.5 to 2cm in diameter, yellow. Seed is dark brown, 2 to 3mm long. Reported from USA and Mexico, specifically from USA, CALIFORNIA: San Diego County: San Felipe, eastern slopes of California Mountains, from between Julian and the Borrego Valley, Sentenac Canyon, Agua Caliente; Imperial County: Mountain Springs, US highway 80; Riverside County: Kcys Ranch, edge of the Colorado desert. Cottonwood Spring, Indio, Chuchawalla Springs; San Bernadino County: Barstow, Needles, Cedar Canyon, New York Mountains; from ARIZONA: Yuma county: Tyson, Petrified Forest, Yuma, Hidden Valley, Indian Cove, Joshua Tree National Monument ; from Mexico, northern BAJA CALIFORNIA, cast of Sierra Juarez; nOl1h-west SONORA; Colorado desert; at 60 to 600111 altitude.

Fig. 16: F cylilldm('eus subsp. cylilldraceus close-up in flower, varying from yellow to green

Fig. 17: F. cylindraceus subsp. cylindraceus, a basketwork

cylindraceu.~ subsp. cylindraceus, a young plant w1th flowers pushing through the spines

Fig. 18: F..

of tortuous, entangled spines

Field co llection numbers referred here are: type, Parry ( 1849 or 1850) as Eeililiocacilis virideseel/s (vac) ey/i"draeells, wi thout no. (Mo); Rose 12052, 12064

(US): Lindsay 2063, (OS, SO): Wolf 8491 (OS, RSA); Pari sh [63 (Mo); Dubber, Harbison & Higgin s 44. 131

(SO); Gander 5299, (SO); Benson 10365, 4235 (POM); Munz & Johnston 529 1 (OS): Parish 163 (OS); Evermann without no. (CAS); Hall 6013 (UC); Wiggins 8748, 8760 (OS); Rost 327 as F. roslii (US 2296912); Lau 125 1; Rep. 200, 207,,; OJF 1354, 1355; SB 1906; JS 54, 82. Sy nony ms: EehinoeaelUs aeanrhodes, E. cylindraceus, E. hertrichii, £. virideseens rvar.] ey/indraeeus, F. acallthodes (wrongly applied), F. QCOllfJlOdes var. rostii, F. rostii

References:

Ferocactus eylindraeeus (Engelmann) OrCIIII, Cactograplly 5 (1926); Engelmanll, Amer. 1. Sci. ser.2, 14:338 (1852) - as Echinocactus viridescells cylilldraceus; I.e., SYIl . Caer. US. 19 (1856) - as E. cylilldraceus; I.c., Cact. Mex. Bound. pl.30 (1859); BrillOIl & Rose, The Caci. 3: 129,jigs. 134-137, pU5 (1922) - as F acalllllOdes; N. P. Taylor, Caer. Suce. J. (GB) 41(4): 91 (1979); Bellson, Cacti US & Canada 686 et seq., jigs. 719-722, col. pl. 118 (1982); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. J14 (1992) . as F. acanlhodes; Lindsay, Felvcaetus 281-308, 387, 421 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time) . as F. acal/rhodes; £. F. Anderson, The Cactlls Family 327·8 (2001)

Sec tion ferocactus F. robustus Group

29

Ferocactus cylindraceus subsp. eastwoodiae This subspec ies is distinct in having yellow, stiff, more or less straight spines, not the den se. flattened, twisted spination of the type and subsp. tortulispillllS; it also lacks the thinner, suppl ementary radial spines of all other subspecies. Th is last difference from the type and ot her subspecies is the most signifi can t, and immediately iden tifies plants observed in the field or in cu lti vation. It has given the lie to some plants idefllifi ed as this subspecies from Cal iforn ia, where it is not known to occur. The yellow spination is most attractive and makes growing it in cultivation a joy; it will take about 15 years or more to grow to flowering size, at abou t 25cm tall, and 20cm wide. Taylor len it in lim bo in the 1999 CITES Cactaceae Checklist, i.e. as provisionally accepted with the impli catio n that it might resolve under this species either as a synonym or subspecies, bU I in 2002 he amalgamated it here as a subspecies. Anderson (200 I) follows suit and li sts it as a species, adding that it " is close ly related to F. cylilldraceus". From Benson's detailed localiti es il is clear that it occurs only locally in 2 or 3 places (usually on cliffs) in the

eastern part of the range of thi s species, with an isolated occurrence in the south of the distribution. In view of its indi vidua l appearance, spine differences and localized occurrence we are happy to recognize it as a subspec ies here as it is a worth while collector's plant. Benson's description is of a plant with 12 to 14, uniformly sto ut, stiff, radial spines 44 to 56mm long, similar to the central spines and lacki ng the thinner, outer radial spines of other subspecies, and with 4 stronger central spi nes in cnlcifix formatio n, the lowermost central sp ine 75rnm to 80mm, 2.5mm broad, like the others, sligh tl y curved, stiff and bright ye llow. Fruit is ye ll ow. Seed is 2mm long, only Slightl y longer than broad, shiny dark brown to black. Plants pictured by Benson on cliffs look to be a metre to a metre and a hal f ta ll , and about 40 to 50cm in diameter. Reported from the Sonora Desert. From USA, ARIZONA, ncar Superior, Pinal Cou nty, mountains above Qu een Creek, 975m altitude, between Camp Verde and Strawberry, in east Yavapai Co unty; in the west of Pima County, near Bates Well, Grow ler Mountains; the south-east of Pinal County, and the Fig. 19: F. cyfindracells subsp. eastwoodiae with characteristic neal rows of slightly curved, yellow central spines

~~~~~~~~

30

R eferences:

Ferocactus cylindraceus subsp. eastwoodiae (BenSOil ) N. P 'l{rylor, Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 14:16 (2002); L. Bellsoll, Cacti of Arizolla ed.3 23 (1969); Cacti US & COllado 692, figs. 726, 727, col.pl. 1I9,121

(1982); slIppl. 969 (1982) - as F. eastwoodiae; N. ~ Taylo r, Bradleya 2:33 (1984); Lindsay, Ferocactus 290-293 (1996) (1955 thesis, /II/publish ed at the time); H"IIt (ed.), CITES Cae/. Checklist 204 (1999); E. F. Andersoll, The CaCl/IS Family 328 (2001) - as F. eastwoodiae

Fig. 20: F. cylilldracells subsp. eastwoodiae in cult ivation in the UK, flowering at about 20cm dia.

sou th-west of Gila Coun ty, near Winkelm ann, Globe;

at 390- 1, 140m altitude. Field col lection numbers referred here are: the type L. Benson 166 18 (POM 3 1 1.3 12); L. Ben son 9895 (POM , Ariz. , CAS); Eastwood 17479 (CAS); I. G. Reimann (POM); SB 1836. Synonyms: F. acat/thodes var. eastwoodiae, F. cylindraceus var. eastwoodiae, F. eastwoodiae

Fig. 21 : F. cylilldracells subsp. easrll'oodiae

enjoy ing life in the Superstition Mountai ns, Arizona, USA

31

Ferocactus cylindraceus subsp. lecontei This subspecies is more slender than the type, with spines at first yellowish or red and yellow, less flattened and not twisted like the type; Benson pictures a plant in the Mojave desert in Yavapai County, Arizona, about 2m tall and half a metre wide. The description by Benson differentiated Ihis subspecies as follows: a longest central spine 5 to 7cm long (7.5 to 14cm in the type), the apex curving a little, at maturity red [but yeJlow spined [onns have been reported] becoming grey, the inner radials 6 to 8, similar to the centrals 3 to Scm long, the outcr 6 to 12 thinner, flexible, irregularly curving in and out, nearly white. Fruit is yellow. Seed is black, to 2mm long. On a visit to the southern stales of the USA we saw some outstanding plants of this subspecies on a trip out north-west of Phoenix, Arizona, where we had taken my cactus-innocent elder son (who was on a business trip) to show him what he was missing by staying during most of his spare time by the hotel

32

swimming pool admiring the female scenery. To his amazement and consternation for things proper, he watched as we slid beneath a wire fence in order to photograph wonderfully spined plants of this subspecies growing in rocky outcrops. They were about 70 or 80cm tall, and a third of their height in diameter; the glowing red spination was outstanding in its vivid colouring; flowers were distinctly yellow, with a red midstripe. Reported from the USA and Mexico, in the Mojave, Sonora and Colorado deserts at 300 to l500m altitude. From the USA, ARIZONA except the north-east, specifically Pinal County; Bill Williams Fork of Colorado River; south CALIFORNIA; south NEVADA; south-west UTAH; from Mexico, north SONORA, Sonoita; at300-1,500m altitude. Benson's plotting of reported occurrences in the wild (page 687 of his major work) shows a generally more easterly preference for this subspecies, mainly in central Arizona, but meeting with the type in eastern California and in its eastern and southern extremities with subsp. easfwoodiae, which adds to the doubts about these subspecies' taxanomic separation.

lecontei in habitat at

Fig. 23: F. c)'lilldraceas subsp. iecolltei in Clark Mountains. Cali fornia, near the Nevada border

Field colleclion numbers referred here are: leclOIYpe, Bige low (Mo); Mun z & Everett 17454 (RS A); Wiggins 8269, 8358 (DS); G. A. Wilcox without number (US); SB 5 17. Synonyms: Echillocactus /ecolllei, F. aconthodes var. lecomei, F. cyJindraceus var. fecol/tei, F. hertricilii, F. lecolltei. F. x lecol/tei References:

Ferocactus cylilldracells s//bsp. leCOl/lei (Engeimallll) N. P. Toy/or. Cacl. COliS. Illit. 6:16 (/998); Engelmalln, 5)'1/. Cact. Us. 18 ( / 856); Proc. Amer. Aco(/. 3:274 ( 1856); H. Brm'o- Hollis, Cacr. Suc. Mex. 25(3):65 (1980); CllCI. Mex. BOlllld. 1.27 (1859); Britton & Rose. The Cactaceae 3: 129 (1922); G. Lilldsay, CllCI. Slice. 1. (US) 27(6): 169 (1955); L Bel/SOil, Native Cacri of California 198, pl./5.3 & 4 (1969) ; Cocli of AriZOl/o ed. 3 (4 1h printing, 198/) 165-/66, jig.5.2 ( 1969); Caeli US & Clllllld1l687-692, figs. 723-725, col.pl. 117,120 (1982); Ullger, Die grossell Kugefkakt. Nordomer. 225-237 (1992) - as F. X fecontei; Lindsay. Feroc(u:tus 286-289, 293, 306308 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F. Andersol/. The Cactus Family 327-8 (2001) Fig. 25: F. c)'lilldmceas subsp. lecollfe; flowering in the Providence Mountains. California, USA

33

Ferocactus cylindraceus subsp. tortulispinus Although much less tall than other subspecies this is perhaps the most spectacu lar of them all, with long, tortuous, deep red central spines. With little accompanying vegetation of any size they stand out on the hillsides, particularly after a shower of rain, which lights up the red colouring dramatically.

It was described by Gates (as a new species) as solitary, globose to subcylindric, to about 60cm tall , 40cm in diameter, with 20 ribs. Radial spines 3 or 4 on each side of the areolc, 6 to 8 in all, needle-like, spreading greyish-white. Central spines II , stiff, slender, very diverse, ringed, spreading or appressed, dull greyish red with yellow tips , all straight and sharp, except the lower middle one, this slender, elongated to 13cm, more or less hooked and generally pronouncedly LOrtulose. The flowers, fruit and seed were not observed; collected seed is 2mm long, shiny black. Significantly Gates said that in form and size this species "resembles F. acanthodes [i.e. F. cyJindraceus] more than any other of the Lower

34

Californian Ferocacti". Taylor describes it as differing from the type mainly in its geography, but also in its shorter stem, commonly not more than 70cm, but exceptionall y to 2m tall, spines orange-red, or reddish-grey where it grows near to F. gracilis, flowers slightly smaller, clear yellow. Plants seen by the authors included one large, apparently naturally clustering plant, nearly a metre tall, but in general plants of this variety were smaller than other subspecies, often globular, and producing tlowers when only about 25cm tall and wide. We found them in only one location on our various trips to Baja California, growing in a small canyon, outstandingly different from other Ferocactus species we had been seeing, with their splendidly tortuous, red spination and bright yellow flowers. The fruit is yellow. Reported from Mexico, northern BAJA CALIFORNIA, 16km north of Laguna Chapala Seca, 290 39' N, 1140 40' W; canyon south of Mision Calamajue, between El Crucero and Cerro Juan, east to Calamajue and Las Arrastras de Arriola, east margin of Viscaino Desert; at 600m altitude. Fig. 26: F cylindraceus subsp. tortulispillus, south of Catavifia, Baja California, Mexico

Fig. 27: F. cylilldraceus subsp. lorlllfispil/lIs, with flowers having a hard time to emerge

Fig. 28: F. cylindracells subsp. tortll/ispinus, living up to its name with a tangled mass of tortuous spines

Field colleclion numbers referred here are: the type H. E. Gales 161 (OS 207825); Lindsay 2064 (OS, SO); Lau 1217 ; Rep. 269. Synonyms: F. acalllJlOdes subsp./var. torllllispillus, F. cylilldraceus var. /ortulispinus, F. torlulospinus, F. acanthodes var. rortlllospilJl/S References: FerocacllIs

cylindraeells

subsp.

lorlulispillllS

(H. Gores) N. P. Taylor, Cael. COilS. Illil. 6: 16 (1998); H. Gates, Caet. Suee. 1. (US) 4(9):343, with fig.

(1933); H. Bral'o-Ho//is, Caet. SlIe. Mex. 25(3):65 (1980); G. Lindsay, Caet. Suee. J. (US) 27(6): 168-169 (/955); Lindsay, FerocaCfl/S 285-286, 293, 303-305, 422 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); N. P. TaylOl; Bradleya 2:33-4 (1984); E. F. Anderson, Tlte Caetlls Family 327-8 (200 I)

Fig. 29: F. cylindracells subsp. IOrwlispinlls, spaced out red-coated sentries surviving a drought year

35

Ferocactus

d~guetii

The largest growing of all Ferocacllls, this is one species that any enthusiast for the genus would want to see in habitat; and Derek braved the Gulf of California in a fi sh ing boat 10 do just that as a millennium celebration when he found himself with the chance to do so. To stand alongside a Ferocae/us that towers above you at least twice your height is an awe.inspiring experience.

It grows on several islands in the Gulf of California, and is of course difficult to get to, requiring the cooperation of a friendly local fisherman will ing to take you in his boat to one of the islands, and, more important ly, to either wait or pick you up again later. In cultivat ion it is slow growing, and seedlings grown in the UK for some 15 years or so have achieved only 20cm or so in height, and the same in width. It has dist inctivc pa le spines and 11 pale green body co lour, reminiscent of F potlsii, which is in the same group. Smaller growing plants found on Isla Carmen, named Fig. 30 (below): The !lowering head of a massive F. diguetii on Isla Santa Catalina. Gulf of California, Mexico

as va r. carmellellsis by Lind say in 1955, are not recognized as a separate subspecies, si nce that is all they seem to be - smaller growing. It was desc ribed by Britton and Rose, amplifying Weber's description, as usually I to 2m tall , but sometimes up to 4m (on Isla Santa Catalina; see photographs here, and on page 167, fig.156 in the 1955 US journal, and the recent books by Franziska and Richard Wolf, who add a half metre to the height - 80 years' growth!), 60 to 80cm or more in diameter, with numerous, rather thin ribs, sometimes as many as 39. Radial spines 610 8, yellow, subulate, 30 to 40mm long, slightly curved and a little spreading, No central sp ines are mentioned, but were observed on somc young plants in the wi ld, Flowers are red with yellow margins, 30 to 35mm long, stigmas yellow. Taylor's description in his review is of soliLary stem s, to 4m tall, 60 10 80c m in d iameter, with 25 to 35 ribs or more, sinuate in age; spines 4 to 8 (to 10 in you th), yellow or reddish· brown, sl ightly curved, spreading, to 5cm long; flowers red with yellow margins, 30 to 40mm long and wide, stig mas yellow; fruit was not described, except as dry, but from personal observation it is lemon yellow, with lunate (crescent shaped) sca les. Seed is glossy brown, 1.5 to 2mm long. Reported from Mexico, BAJA CALIFORNIA, in the Gulf of Cali fornia on Isla Santa Catalina, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla Dansante, Isla San Diego, Isla Cerralvo, Isla Angel de 1<1 Guarda, and Isla Coronados (pe rha ps ex tinct o n the last mentioned); at 1O·300m altitude. W.A. Fitz Maurice reports seein g a single spec imen on the mainland of BAJA CALIFORNIA near Agua Verde, adjacent to these islands. Fig. 31 (opposile page): An aged F diguetii standing only a hundred metres or so from the shoreline of

Isla Santa Catalina

36

37

Fig. 32: Close-up of the colourful flowers on this young(ish) plant of F. diguetii

Field collection numbers referred here are: neotype Moran 3883 (DS); Lindsay 2204 (as type of F diguetii var. carmenensis) (OS), (isotypes in MEXU, OS); Johnston 4098 (CAS); Johnston 4037 (CAS); Lindsay 518 (OS); Lindsay 525, 2200; Lindsay 2187 (OS, SO); Lindsay 2170 (OS, SO); Moran 3581 (OS); Lao 57. Synonyms: Echinocactus subsp.lvar. carmenensis

diguetii,

F.

Section Ferocactu s F. pottsii group Fig. 33: An inviting landing place with F. diguetii patiently awaiting visitors

38

diguetii

References:

F. diguetii (F. A. C. Weber) Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3:131·132, pI. 11.2,12.3 (1922); FA. C. Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4:99·100, fig.1 (1898); G. Lindsay, Caet. Suec. J. (US) 27(6):167·168, fig.156 (1955); I.e., Caet. Sue. Mex. 10(3): 76·91, figs. 46, 63 (1965); Sanchez·Mejorada, Cact. Sue. Mex. 29(2):48 (1984) . photo.; N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:36·37 (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 274, 280·281 (1992); Lindsay, Ferocactus 315·324, 391 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); F. & R. Wolf, Baja Calif u.s. Insetn 142, 148 (1999); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 328 (2001 )

Ferocactus echidne Thi s is an easy to g row species, and in habitat young plants of only about 12cm in diameter can be found in

flower. To achieve thi s in cultivalion a good sUllny position is needed. although plants seen along the road west of Rio Verde in the Mexican stale of San Lu is POIOS] seemed to seek out positions under low scrub or small trees, but of course the sunshin e that does get to them is the hot, Mex ican kind. Seedlings often c lu ster quite carly in life, at about 3 o r 4 years of age. Lindsay maintained the variation or thi s species which occurs arollnd Ciudad Victoria in Tamaulipas, as a variety, i.c. F. echidne var. victoriel1sis, but the differences are sl ight, and there is considerab le variation throughout its range according to Nigel Tay lor, who maintai ns that such recog niti o n is unnecessary. Dc Candolle's desc riptio n of the species is amplified by Britton and Rose, who described it as depressedglobose, 12.5 cm tall , 18c m in diameter, green , with 13 acute ribs. Radial spin es are rigid , about 7, and about 2cm long, yellow; the single cen tral spine is 3cm long or more, IXmect. Flowers are lemon-yellow. Fru it and seed not described. Taylor furt her amplified the description as foll ows: stem s so litary or clustering,

somctimes forming large clumps (more than a melre across by 30c m tall) , flatt ened-globose to cylindri c, to 35cm tall (but up to 8Ocm), and 20cm (but up 10 3Ocm) in diameter, dull to g rey green, with 13 to 2 1 ribs (thi s last usually auributed to var. vicforie nsi s, as well as the more heav ily clustering plants, which Taylor regards as synonymous with the type; he also has reported a decumbent specimen at least a metre in length , seen in Queretaro). Radial spines 7 to 9, are shorter than the one central spine which is 5 to 100m. Flowers are yellow, rarely red, 20 to 45m lll lo ng, 30 to 35 mm widc. Fru it is globu lar to ovoid, 20mm long, 12 to 15ml1l in diameter, juicy, lig ht green, white, tinged pink or red, or purpli sh, with yellowish, obtuse scales. Seed is I to 1.75mm long, dark red to black. While somewhat reluctantly accepting Taylor 's dismissal of var. vicfOriellsis, we feel bound to adv ise F'erocactlls enthu siasts to seek out the narrow-ribbed variant (one of the distingu ishin g c haracters of var. Fig. 34: F echidlle in cu ltivation in the UK. flowering at no more than about 12cm diu .

39

victoriellsis) occurring commonly around Ciudad Victoria, as well as looking out for the particularly long-spined plants of this ilk (long spines being another of the distinguishing characters of var. victoriensis). Either or both features make a handsome addition to a collection of the genus. We also took the opportunity in autumn 2003 to check out the remote type locality of 1. Purpus's Ferocactus raJaelensis, referred for some time to synonymy with F. echidne. The road to the Minas de San Rafael is not an easy one, and probably not visited that frequently except for those of a hardy disposition. We eventually bumped along the road to the mine which is still being worked, although much of the structure has been raided for its bricks, and there is an air of past desolation about the place. The Ferocactus plants seen in the locality clearly owed much to F. echidne, and were not we thought worth separate consideration in a broad view of the species. Reported from Mexican states of HIDALGO, SAN LUIS POTosi, NUEVO LE6N, QUERETARO, and GUANAJUATO, specifically from HIDALGO, from Puente Tasquilla on the Laredo highway, Barranca de Mezquitlan, Barranca de Venados, Paso Leone, Barranca Xilitla, Gila-Almolon, Xhaja, San Cristobal to Metztitlan, Barranca de Tolontongo, Barranca del Rio Amajaque, Rio Moctezuma, Toliman, Tecozautla, Mezquital, Tasquillo, Metztitlan; from SAN L UIS Parosf, Ciudad Maiz, San Rafael, from the pass by Sauz, Reformita, Arroyo Carrizal, San Rafael Laguna, Buenavista, Las Rusias, La Calzada; from NUEVO LE6N, north-east of Aramberri ; from QUERETARO, north of Vizarron, Rio Jalpan, north of Jalpan, Toliman ncar Bernal,

Fig. 36: F cchidnc at the Minas San Rafael, San Luis PotosI. type locality for the synonymous F rafaelcnsis

Azogues, San Joaquin, Gatos, San Juan Tetla, Maconi; from GUANAJUATO, at San Felipe; at about 300- 1,860m altitude, on basic soils. Field collection numbers referred here are: neotype Bravo 34/22 (DS); Hemandez without no. (MEXU); Dawson 3052 (AHFH); Lindsay 2069 (OS); Lau 1112,1313; Rep. 149,298, 1129a, 1133a, 1139a, 1438,1939, 1951a, 2148d, 2272, 2365; SB 1636; DJF 609,617; CSD 44,298; CZlCH 196,225, 252. Synonyms: Echinocactus echidne, E. victoriensis, F echidne var. victoriensis, F. emoryi var. victoriensis, f: raJoefensis, F rhodanthus? Section Bisnaga F. glaucescen s group References:

Ferocactus echidne (De Candal/e) Britton & Rose, The Cact. 3: 136 (1922); De Condolle, Coil. memo 8:19, plate 11 (1834); Sdnchez-Mejorada Cact. Sue. Mex. 10(3):66, 72, figs. 42a & b, 43a & b (1965 ); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:22 (1984); I.e. 5:95 (1987); Vngel; Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 382-392 (1992); Lindsay, Feroeaetus 101-110, 393 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus FamiLy 328 (2001)

Fig. 35: A lypical clump of F echidnc in the Valle de los Fanlasmas, San Luis PotosI. Mexico

40

Ferocactu5 emory; Nigel Taylor has now reduced F. rectispinus, w hi ch is clearly related to this species and grows on the other side of the Gulf of California, to a subspecies beneath F. emoryi - see below.

Ferocactus emory; subsp. emory; When we first saw this, the type of the species, in Arizona

in 1981 the difference between it and the cooccurring F. wislizeni was difficult to determine. The most obvious di fference is in the more robust radial spines in this species (some are wispy in F. wislizeni). Now, having grown them all for some years the differences are very obvious, which goes to prove that if you grow them, you get to know them!

amplified to report plants occasionally up to 2 .Sm tall, 60cm in diameter, pale to glaucous green, with IS to 30 ribs or more; 7 or 8 (occasionally to 9) radial spines; the single central spine 4 to 10cm long, straight, curved or hooked at the tip, very strong; fruits narrow obovoid to oblong, to SOmm long, 30mm in diameter, with broad, cordate (heart-shaped) scales; seed dark brown or black, rounded, 2mm long, I.Smm wide. Reported from USA, south-west ARIZONA, specifically Pima County: Fedington Canyon, Bates Well, Quiojota Mountains, Papago Wells, Fresnal Canyon, Sells 77km W Tucson, west end of Coyote Mountains, Quitobaquito, Gunsite; Mexico, SONORA (the type of F. covillei from Altar), on the plain near Empalme, and west of Torres, north of Hermosillo, west of Sonoita, and at Guasimas, 4.8km N San Pedro, San Pedro Bay, between Veruga Pass and Poso Cerna, 7.7km N Magdalena, El Alamo near Magdalena,

On a trip to the Organ Pipe National Monument in southern Arizona, in November, this subspecies, which seemed to be the only one present there in quantity, was in fruit, suggesting that they flower there in late summer, as they tend to do in the UK. They will flower in cultivation from about 30cm in diameter. They make for handsome young plants, but seem reluctant to get started into growth in the spring compared with other species. Known often as F coviflei, a name which Taylor has relegated to synonymy, the most full description is by Britton and Rose (albeit as the "new" species F covilfei) as so litary, globular to sho11-cylindric, often to I.Sm tall (Taylor reports seeing specimens 3 metres tall near the Gulf of Californ ia in Sonora), with 22 to 32 rather thin ribs, the large, circular areoles brown-felted, more or less continuous and naked once flowering size is reached. Spines are red or white, radials 5 to 8, subulate, straight or more or less curved backward, 3 to 6cm long, annu late; the solitary central spine is variable, straight or with the tip bent or even strongly hooked, ribbed, terete to strongly flattened or three-angled, 3 to 8cm long. Flowers are red, or red tipped with yellow, or sometimes all yellow, 6 to 7cm long. Fruit is oblong, yellow, SOmm long, thickwalled and dry. Seed is black, 2mm long, matt, with large-rimmed hilum. The description has been

·Fig. 37: F. emoryi subsp. emoryi in habitat in the Maricopa Mountains, Arizona, flowering in August

41

I06km S Magdalena, Guaymas, near Miramar, Nogales/lmuris, Caborca, Santa Ana, Punta de Agua, Sierra del Pajarito, Sierra de Sonoita; north SI NALOA, Topolobampo; in the Gulf of California, on Isla San Pedro Nolasco; at near sea level to 900m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: holotype C. G. Pringle 342 (US) (as F covillei); also as F covilLei the following: Benson without no, (Ariz.); Benson 9895, 9896, 9917 (POM); Blakley & Speck 262 (DES); Harbison without no. (SD) ; Loomis

SF 112, SF 84 (Ariz.); Peebles 14546, 14546A, 14551, SF 160 (Ariz.); Wiggins 6028,8696 (DS); Keck 4115 (DS); Lindsay 2222, 2550, 2551, 2552, 2553 (DS, SD); Kennedy 7115 (CAS); Johnston 4292, 4348 (CAS); Dawson 1009, 1009A (AHFH); M. E. Jones without no. (POM); and as F emoryi: Lau 78; Rep. 20 I, 219a, 224c,

813b; DJF 52.37, 1591, 1624; SB 1297, 1637,1638; JS 43, 79. Synonyms: Echinocactus emoryi, F. covillei Section Ferocactus F. pottsii group Fig. 38: A fruiting plant of F. emoryi subsp. emoryi south of Sells, Arizona in early spring

References:

Fig. 39: Blood-red flowers on a plant of F. emoryi subsp. emoryi in cultivation outdoors in the USA

42

Ferocaclus emoryi (Engelmann) Orcult, Cactography 5 (1926); EngeLmann, Syn. Cact. US 19 ( 1856); Engelmann & Bigelow, Des", Caet. 31, 1'1.3, jig.3 (1856); Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakt. 345-346 (1898); Britton & Rose, The Cacr. 3:132-133, jigs. 138, 139 (1922) as F covillei; L. Benson, Cacti US & Cunada 699-703, jigs. 737-741, col. pl. 123 (1982) - as F covillei; N. P. Taylor. Bradleya 2:37 (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordama 258-267 (1992); Lindsay, Ferocactus /93-201, 209, 389, 423 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time) - as F covillei; E. F Anderson., The Cactus Family 329 (2001)

Ferocactus emoryi subsp. rectispinus Thi s is one of the mos t handsome FelVcactus to grow in c ultivation , wit h it s incredibl y long centra l spines up to 25cm long if given best cond itions for rapid growth, and plenty of light.

simil ar plants in the wild mentioned above, indicates that th is is probably a variable character. It was described as having a stem 1.5m (occas ionally to 2m) tall , 45cm in diameter, with about 21 ribs. The spines are all st raight Ibut see above], the single central 9 to 25cm long , with 7 to 9 radial spines 1.5 to 6cm long, all reddish or blotched red and yell ow. Flowers are yellow (in late summer in the wi ld), 6cm long and wide. Fruit is yellow, globular to ovoid, to 35 mm long, 25mm in diameter, fle shy, covered wi th

When we v is ited the type locality in the 1980 5. in central Baja California on the Gulf of California coast, we found several plants in the area, but almost all had spines with an ill defin ed hook or at least a curve at the end of them. T his has been explained as h ybr idi zat io n o r introgrcssion wit h F. pel/insulae by Taylor, 1984), but we were left in doubt whether this is what we were seei ng. or whether thi s was within the normal variation of this taxon. The onl y examples we found with absol utely straigh t spines were three replanted in front of the reception area of a nearby caravan site. To indi cate the length of their spines, a penknife with both blades ope n (about 15cm long) was not long enough to rcach the fruit at the apex of the plant, withou t severe ri sk of spiking the finge rs. A small seedlin g plant of thi s subspeci es purchased in Tegelberg's nursery in 1981, in 24 years has grow n to 50Cln tall and 25cm in diameter, w ith absolutely straight central spines about 15 10 18cm lo ng, deep red in colour; for the last severa l years it ha s produced clear, deep yellow flowers. But such plant s matching up to the orig in al description arc rare in cu lti vation, and if grown from seed, resu lting plant s are often clearl y thi s species. but seldom prod uce absolute ly straight central spi nes, which with th e evidence of

Fig. 40: F. emory; subsp. recfispillllS. a comparatively young plant nowering in cult ivation in the USA

43

Synonyms: F. emoryi vae. rectispinlls; F. rectispinus References: Ferocactlis emoryi subsp. reclispinus (Engelmann) N. P. Taylor, Cac!. Cons. Init. 6: 16 (1998); Engelmann in Coulter, Contrib. US. Nat. Herb. 3:362 (1896); Britton & Rose. Caet. 3:134 (1922); N. P. Taylor, BradJeya 2:37 (1984); Britton & Rose, 1. New York Bal. Gard. 12:269 (1911); G. Lindsay, Caet. Sue. Mex. 10(3):82.85. fig .57 (1965); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 268-273 (1992); Muller, Kakt.li.a.Sukk. 47(6): 117 (1996); Lindsay. Ferocaetlis 203·209. 411. 439 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F Anderson, The Cactus Family 329 (2001)

Fig. 41: F. emory; subsp. rectispinus flowering in the wild in the north of Baja California Sur

wide, brown, ci liate scales. Seed is black, 2 to 2.50101 long, 1.50101 wide. Reported from Mexico, from the northern part of southern BAJA CALIFORNIA (i.e. just below the halfway mark in the peninsula), from around San Ignacio to south of Loreto, specifically from CanipoJe, Coyote Grande (Cuesta de Coyote) 32km S Mulege, the tip of Concepcion Bay, Nopolo, San Ignacio, Rancho el Coyote, Commondu, San Francisco de 1a Sierra; in volcanic rocks from near sea level to nearly 1,600m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: ho1otype Gabb 12 (Mo); Lindsay 1989 (DS, SD); Wiggins 11.414 (DS. SD); Rose 16671 (CAS); Lau 1405; Rep. 275; S8 1288, 1700; LH 267.

Fig. 42: A crumpled specimen of F. emoryi subsp. reetispillUS in habitat between Mulege and LorefO

44

Ferocactus flavovirens In cultivation this species needs extra warmth in winter where the temperature is liable to fall below 7°C to be sure of not damaging it. A minimum temperature of 10°C is desirable. Seedlings grown in the UK have started to form offsets after about 4 years from seed, and flowers of both red and yellow have been seen on plants in cultivation in North America. However, in the UK, seedlings about 10 years old from seed with about 5 or 6 stems (the biggest about 12cm in djameter) have not obliged with flowers as yet. We saw it growing in rocky gulleys off the road from Oaxaca north to Tehuacan, near the Puebla border, where it grew in clumps of about 30 stems in the shade of sparse trees. While we were being driven along the winding. steep, mountain road with memorial cairns at almost every bend, by a young Mexican who clearly thought it imperative to test the suspension and roadholding capabilities of the car we were in, John glimpsed a clumping Ferocae/us. Aware at that time of only one heavily clumping small-stemmed species he turned to Derek (whose eyes were shut) and said wonderingly "Does F. robustus grow here?" Derek replied that it was probably F. jlavovirens and the

opportunity was immediately and gratefully taken [0 suspend the rapid progress of the car, in order to climb up the steep gulleys to photograph the plants. Known and introduced into cultivation by Rose in 1906, Britton and Rose described this species briefly, based on Scheidweiler's brief account in 1841, as clustering to form great masses, pale green, 30 to 40cm tall, stems 10 to 20cm in diameter, with 13 ribs, rarely 11 or 12, acute and somewhat sinuate, with large, greyish, woolly areoles. Spines are pale brown, becoming grey in age, long and s[Out; radial spines 12 to 20, lower spines similar to centrals, but upper sometimes lighter coloured, bristle-like and sometimes twisted; central spines 4 to 6, much longer than the radials, somewhat unequal, the lower the longer, 50 to 80mm long. Flowers and fruit are not recorded, the flower buds are globular, covered with long, linear overlapping scales, their margins with long ciliate hairs. Fig. 43: F. flavovirens on the road from Oaxaca to

Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico

45

Texcala, south-west of Tehuacan, Santa Ana Zapotitlan, Colonia San Marlin, San Sebastian de la Frontera, Acatepec; from OAXACA , Chazumba, Zapolitlan. Field collection numbers referred here are: neotype Lindsay 2596 (DS) (also at SD); Lindsay 2059 (DS , SD); Lau 1414; Rep. 102,130; FO.70; CZlCH 157. Synonym: Eeliiflocacllls j1avovirefls Section Bisnaga F. glaucescens group References:

Feracaclus flavovirens (Scheidweiler) Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3: 138, .fig. 13.1 (1922) ; Scheidweiler, Allg. Gartenz. 9:50 Fig. 44: A red-flowered F j1avovirens south of Oaxaca city, Oaxaca, (1841); KraiflZ, Die Kakteefl, Lfg. 31-32, C Mexico Ville with jigs. (1965); Krdhenbiihl, Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 34(2):40-41, with figs. Taylor (1987) amplified this description to report that (1983); N. l' Taylor, Bradleya 2:20, habitat fig. p.21 the plants in the wild make clusters of 2m across, the (1984 ); & 5:95 (1987); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. individual stems to 30 or 40cm tall, 20cm in diameter; Nordamer. 397-402 (1992); Lindsay, Feraeactus 87in the field with II to 15 ribs; 12 to 20 radial spines, 90, 110, 395 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the pale brown to grey, long and strong, but the uppermost time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 329 (2001) paler and more slender, bristle-like; the 4 to 6 central spines light brown, much longer than the radials, unequal , 50 to 80mm long. Flowers were likened to those of Echinocactus grusonii, from the covering of the buds with the long, imbricale scales with long ciliate hairs on the margins mentioned by Britton and Rose, but there is some confusion over the colour, (including Taylor) some reporting it to be red, others reporting yellow, about 35mm wide, with narrow petals, 2 to 3mm wide, sligmas yellowish; we have seen both yellow and red flowers - see photographs. Fruit is ellipsoid, 28mm long, 18mm in diameter, red with long, brown, ciliate aristate scales in rows, juicy, the pulp red. Seed is narrowly ovoid, 1mm, black to dark brown. Reported from Mexico, southeast PUEBLA to northern OAXACA, on limestone; from PUEBLA, Tehuacan, road to Zapotitlan de Salinas, 9km from Tehuacan , at 1,600 to 1,900m altitude; San Antonio,

Fig. 45: A Iypical clump of F j1avovirens on Sleep rocky ground in northern Oaxaca,

Mexico

46

Ferocactu5 fordii This is a species commonly seen in cultivation, as it wit! flow er at no more than about Scm in diameter, with slUnning, out of the ordinary. pink to purple flowers. Most p lants in cultivation have originated from much further north , near EI Rosario, than the orig inal locality c ited, 250km further down the coast

at " Lagoon Head" (Morro Santo Domingo), and are referable to the newly described subspeci es borealis. Nigel Taylor in hi s review (1984) expressed the opinion that the plants from the more nort herl y locality are a separate taxon, as yet undescribed, having a much s horter central spine than that

described for the species. Following a meeting of minds with the authors he has now described thi s hitherto nameless but common- in-cultivation taxon , see subsp. borealis below.

Fig. 46: F fordii subsp. fordii on the way to Bahia

Tortugas. near Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California, Mexico. surrounded by foreign invaders, Mesembryamhemll1n crysrallillum

Ferocactu5 fordii subsp. fordii Thi s was described by Brinon and Rose as g lobose to shortcy lindric, greyish-green, to 12c m in diameter, with usually 2 1 ribs; radial spines about 15, whitish, needl e-l ike, widely spreadi ng; ce ntral spines number us ually 4, one f1ane ned, porrect, longer than the others, to 4cm long (to 7cm according to Taylor), curved or hooked at the tip, the other centrals slIbulate, somewhat angled ; flowers are rose coloured, 35 to 40mm long, stigmas g reeni sh-yellow to whitish. Fru it is ovoid, pink to greenish-yellow. Seed is more or less round in outline, 2mm in diameter, mall black. Pl ants we found bet ween Rosarito and Guerrero Negro, in flat, sandy soil , certainly had a much longer hoo ked centra l spine than those of subsp. borealis we had seen much further north, and were sign ificantly

47

presented any undue prob lems, except that it seems unwilling to flower at such a precocious age as the beuer known subsp. borealis, and seed has proved hard to come by. Reported as expounded above, from Mexico, northern Baja California, on the west coast, 'Lagoon Head' (Morro Santo Domingo), and near the coast as far north as Punta Blanca at near sea-level to 50m altitude, in tlat, sandy areas. Field collection number referred here is only the type, Orcutt (US 1821079). Synonym: Echinocactus fordii Section Ferocactus F. robustus group Fig. 47: F. fordii subsp. fordii south-east of Guerrero Negro, Baja California, Mexico

showing no sign or flower, although those of subsp. borealis we had seen a few days before were in full flower at this time, in the spring. Plants rrom even further south, near the Laguna Aguna 0' Jo de Liebre showed even more robust spine development. These were beautifully pictured in the article in Caclus & Co. (2002), ref. below. This comparatively unknown subspecies may prove more difficult to grow in cultivation than its more northerly brother because of its more harsh habitat, but our limited experience of growing it has not

48

References: Ferocactus fordii (Orcutt) Britton & Rose, The Cacr. 3:126, jig.J32 (1922) (jig .132 is a monochrome reproduction of plate J1 of Schumann, Bliihende Kakt. 1 (1903)); Orcutt, Rev. Cact. 1:56 (1899); & 2:81 (1900); C. Lindsay, Caet. Suce. J. (US) 27(6):164-/65 (/955); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:34 (1984); Liudsay, Ferocactus 257, 426 (/996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactlls Family 329 (2001); J. Etter & M. Kristen, Cactus & Co. 6(1):2023 (2002). Fig. 48: F. fordii subsp. fordii at Punta Canoas, Baja California, Mexico

Ferocactus fordii subsp. borealis Named for its more northerly

occurrence, this subspecies is by far the more commonly seen in cultivation. As indicated above Nigel Taylor has only recently

described this subspecies, so long languishing in our care without a proper name. Since the publication in which the description is not widely circulated it is repeated in full here.

"In Bradleya 2:34 (1984) I commented that the northern disjunct variant of Ferocactus fordii might require a name. II remains much better known in cultivation than the southern 'type' variant. Subsequently the late Charles Glass indicated 10 me thaI he too believed it was worthy of description and probably a threatened taxon, whose naming would increase its chances of being conserved in the wild. More recently, John Pilbeam and Derek Bowdery have written a soon-to-be-published account of the genus for the benefit of amateur growers and John has encouraged the following diagnosis to be published

herewith:

Ferocactus Jordii subsp. borealis N. P. Taylor subspecies nova a subsp. fordii spinis centralibus infimibus brevioribus (usque 4cm nec 7cm) minusque prominentibus et floribus coloratis saturatioribus differt. Holotypus: Mexico, Baja California Norte, Bahia San QuinLin, 1984, D. J. Ferguson 8 (seed), initially cultivated by S. Brack, Mesa Garden Nursery (USA), then cultivated (ex seed from controlled pollination of above) by D. Bowdery, July 2002 (Kin spirit)." We saw and delighted in this subspecies on our first visit to Baja California, and sought it out eagerly on subsequent trips. After seeing the similarly low growing F viridescens as our first Ferocaclus in this wonderful peninsula, with greenish-yellow flowers the rich pink flowers of this subspecies were a colourful surprise, and the cameras clicked as we saw plant after plant in flower, none larger than about 18cm (7 inches) in diameter, and a little shOJ1er than wide, except for the odd one or two which had found a little shade and were globular.

Fig. 49: F fordii subsp. borealis, a rare three-headed clump south of San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico

49

Reported from northern BAJA CALIFORNIA, west coast, between San Antonio del Mar and El Rosario, 30 to 31° N, and on Isla San Martin, EI Socorro, Santo Oomingo Lagoon, N of Santa Maria Lagoons , San Simon hill and about 16km E San Quintin Bay, San Quintin, Cabo Colonel; on coastal sand dunes and fial, grassy areas from near sea-level to 100m altitude.

Fig. 50: Ffordii subsp. borealis, flowering in cultivation in the UK, type plant now pickled in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew The new central spines (usually 4) add to the colouring, being glowing red, fad ing to brown and then grey as they age; the lower, stronger of the central spines is fiercely hooked, and as Nigel Taylor describes it above, is shorter than that in the type, up to 4cm lon g, never 7cm as in the type. The radial sp ines are thin and flexible, with a few wispy bristlelike spines as well, more in older plants. Flowers vary from rich pink to almost purple pink, more deeply co loured than in the type.

50

Field collection numbers referred here are: holotype OJF8 (seed collection) , initially cultivated by Steven Brack, Mesa Garden, New Mexico, USA; then cultivated from seed from controlled pollination of above by Derek Bowdery, Jul y 2002 (K, in spirit); Dawson without no., from Isla San Martin (A HFH ); Lindsay 560 (OS); Lindsay 2032, along the coast from EI Rosario to Socorro, I mile south of Socorro beach (OS, SD); Purpus without no. Santo Domingo Lagoon, March 1898 (UC); c. F. Harbison without no., just north of Santa Maria Lagoons, near San Quintin, Sept. 8, 1955 (DS, SD); E. F. Harbison, without no., hills of San Simon and about 10 miles east of San Quintin Bay, Sept. 1955; Lau 1463; SB 1244; DJF 7, 8. Reference:

Ferocactus fordii subsp. borealis N. P Taylor Cactus Comensus Initiatives 14: /6 (2002) Fig. 51: F fordii subsp. borealis about 20cm dia., north of EI Rosario, Baja California, Mexico

Ferocactus glaucescens_ One of the most commonly grown Ferocactus species, this one will flower at no more than 15cm in diameter, given a favourable, sunny position. The glaucous blue body makes it a favourite with enthusiasts for this genus, the yellow spines contrasting wonderfully with the stem-colouring, and the unusual, white fruits are unique in the genus, also contrasting well with the blue body. In cultivation plants will cluster and make very handsome, large clumps, 60cm or more in diameter, rarely more than about 30cm tall. Plants we saw in the Mexican state of Queretaro, growing with Thelocactus hastifer, were in great slabs of rock in cracks, barely making large football size and solitary. It was described by Britton and Rose as globular, 20 to 40cm in diameter, or a little higher than broad, glaucous, with I I to 15 ribs, somewhat flattened, acute; areoles oblong, yellowish, woolly when young; radial spines 6, nearly equal, rigid, slightly spreading, straight, 25 to 30mm long, pale yellow at first, blackish when old, more or less banded; central spine solitary, similar 10 radials; flowers yellow, 2cm long, perhaps wider fully expanded, stigmas cream coloured. Taylor added that the plants were solitary or clustering, globular to cylindric, to 45cm, or

sometimes to 70cm tall, and to 50cm, sometimes 60cm in diameter, usually glaucous, with 11 to 34, sometimes to 44, ribs. There are 4 to 7, sometimes 8 radial spines more or less equal in length, to 25mm, sometimes to 35mm long, yellow; one similar central spine, sometimes not present. Flowers are yellow, 20 to 45mm long, 25 to 35mm wide, with cream coloured stigmas. Fruit is globular or egg shaped, 15 to 25mm long, 20mm in diameter, whitish or yellowish tinged red, with yellowish, ciliate scales, juicy. Seed is dark reddish-brown to black, very smooth, shiny, 1.5 to 1.8mm long. Reported from the Mexican states of HIDALGO, QUERETARO and SAN LUIS POTosi; specifically from HIDALGO, Canon de Venado near Metztitlan, San Cristobal to Metztitlan, Zimapan, Tlatepeche and Tolantongo, Xhaja, JacaJa; from QUERETARO, Villa Hermosa, west of Jalpan, Bucareli; from SAN LUIS POTosi, Arroyo Carrizal, Las Rusias, Sierra de Alvarez, on the road from Zimapan to Tamazunchale, Fig. 52: F. glaucescens, a large clump in cultivation in Pierre Batigne's care in south-west France

51

Fig. 53: F glaucescens flowering in cuhivation in the UK at about 20cm dia.

and east of the town of San Luis Potosi; on limestone, 1,000 to 2,300m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: neotype Lindsay 26 I I (DS)(also at SD); Lindsay 2063 (DS); Schwarz without no. (DS); Lau 1240; Rep. 50, 299,353, 10011, II44d, 1145b, 1708a, J907b; CZlCH 249. Synonyms: Bisnaga Echinocactus pfeifferi

glaueeseens,

Section Bisnaga F. glaucescens group References:

Ferocaetus glauceseens (De Candolle) Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3: 137 (1922); De Candolle, Mem. Mus. Hi!}'!.

Nat. Paris 17:115 (1828/9); ScinchezMejorada, Caet. Sue. Mex. 10(3):66, 72, figs. 38, 42d, 43d (1965); Bracamontes, Cae!. Sue. Mex. 23(2):42 (1978); C. Unger, Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 29(8): 187 (1978); N. P. Taylar, Bradleya 2:23 (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 373-381

(1992); Lindsay, Femcactus 95-99, 110, 399, 427 (/996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 330

(200/)

Fig. 54: F glaucescens, an unusually large clump in habitat near Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico

52

Ferocactus gracilis The red spination and slender stems of this species make it one of the most beautiful to co me across in the wild in Baja Cal ifornia, especia ll y in the area around Catav ifi a, where it grows among huge boulders. sometimes being naturally bonsaied by growing oul of cracks in the rock. In cultivation it will produce its glowing, red nowers when it has grown to about 20cm tall and 12cm o r so wide, afte r about 10 years if it is potted on regul arly in the early years, and grow n on as fast as local conditions will allow. Grow ing this and other spec ies oul of doors in the summer will enhance the spin e development , increase the chance of flow ering. keep the nectar down (by means of ant aClivity or occasional showers of rain) so as to lessen the chance of it being a lodg ing house for sooty mould. With its comparative ly n0l1hern occ urrence in the Baja Cal iforn ia peninsula, it is su rpri sing that thi s colourful, intensely red-spined spec ies was not described until 1933, and the quest ion that springs to mind is whal did earlier explorers think it was, a form maybe of F. peninsuiae, anti cipating Unger's current opinion that it is a variety of that species? We are happy 10 go with others, endorsed by the 1999 CITES Cactaceae Checklist, and regard it as a good species.

Ferocactus gracilis subsp. gracilis Thi s, the type, was described by Gates as usually solitary, g lobose to cy lindri c, 10 3 m tall (most common ly about half this heigh t), 30cm in diameter, with 24 ribs, prominently tuberculate; areoles narrowly e lliptic, 15mm long. There are 10 radial spines usua ll y 5 on each side of the areo le, at first parallel, later more s preading, needl e-li ke, whi tish becom ing dark grey in age, 25 10 40mm long; central sp ines 7 to 13, variab le, subu late except for the upper middle one, which is ascending and flattened on both sides, and the lower middle o ne, which is rounded below, slightly concave above, more or less convolute and occasionally hooked o n younger plants, all ribbed, sharp, dull dark red with paler tips on some, all becom ing black in age, as well as appressed and interl ocki ng. Flowers were described as straw-yellow wi th maroon stri pe down the outer su rface cent re of Fig. 55: The wonderfully coloured Spill3tion of F gracilis subsp. gracili.~, south of Calavina, Baja California

53

each pelal (bill on opening the impress ion is of distinctly red llowers in our experience), fruit oblong, yellow, seed black, shining. Taylor adds that stems arc solitary unless damaged, bur we have seen aged speci mens still growing at the apex, but clustering from around the base, stems with 16 to 24 ribs, somewhat tuberculate; the 8 to 12 radial sp ines are slender, whitish, with in addition 9 to 12 stouter upper and lower radial spi nes; there are two central spines, red with yellow tips, the largest to 7cm, Ilaltc ned, pointing downwards and more or less curved at the tip, with one upwardly directed central spine also flattened. Flowers appear in the su mmer, 40mm long, 35 mm wide. Fruit is ob long to cylindric, 40 to 4511l1ll long, 25mm in diameter, yellow, sometimes tinged reddish, with sclerous (hard) scales. Seed is 1.75 to 2.25mm, 1.10 to 1.35mm wide, sh iny black. Reported from Mexico, central to northern BAJA CALIFORNIA, frolll the Sierra San Miguel (Arroyo Socorro) to the vicinity or Jaraguay, south of Cat avina, just inland frolll EI Rosario to below Punta Prieta, Viscaino Desert on grani tebased subst rate, Mision San Fernando, Cardonal; at 20-300m altitude.

Fig. 56 (right): F. gracilis subsp. gracilis, a family group south ofCmaviiia, Baja California

Fig. 57: A stunning and unu sual large clump of

the normally solitarystemmed F. gracilis subsp. gracilis

54

Field collection numbers referred here are: holol Ype Gales 22 (OS); Lindsay 1846 (OS, SO); Lau 1216; Rep. 257,267; S8 1280, 1281. Synonym: F pel/insulae var. gracilis Section Ferocactus F. robustus group References: FerocaclltS gracilis H Gales, ellc/. Succ. 1. (US) 4(8):323-324, with jig. (1933); Lindsay, Caet. Sue. Mex. /O(3):76-91,jig.6/ (/965); N.PTaylor, Bradleya 2:30 (1984): Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakl. Nordamer. 193-197 (1992) - as F pelliflsuiae var. gracilis; LindsCIY, Ferocac/lts 239-252,280,401,428430 (1996) (1955 litesis, unpublished 01 the time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 330 (2001)

Ferocactus gracilis subsp. c%ratus This subspecies, like the type, is noted for its wonderful red spi nes, which after a shower of rain positively glow in their brightness. The central spines are much stronger and broader than the type, and flattened , and this is the most obvious difference from the type of the spec ies, although intennediates can be found when travelling from north to sOllth in its range. Gates got the name "coloralus" from the native "colorado" (red) lIsed 10 distinguiSh this plant from others in the area by the colour of its spines; Ihis local name would have applied equally of course to the type of the species. It was described by Gates (as a species) in 1933, as sol itary, globose to sub-cylindric, to I m tall (much shorter than the type), 30cm in diameter, with 13 ribs on young plants, increasing to 20 on mature specimens. Radial spines 10- [4, bristle-like, or the lowermost on each side occasionally like the smaller of the central spines, spreading and slightly curled, dull white. Central spines 9 or so metimes apparently II when the two previously mentioned radial spines become well developed. stiff, robust, spreading. ribbed, bright brownish-red, all straight and sharp except the middle lower one, which is flattened to lcm wide and becoming Scm long. more or less concave above, frequently bifid (divided in two) to the base, porrect or Slightly deflected. the tips recurved and hooked. The upper middle spi ne is also flattened bUI straight. Flowers straw-yell ow with a reddish-purpl e

Fig. 58: The slim colu mn of F gracilis subsp. c%rallls in habitat near San Ysidro, Baja Calirornia

stripe down the external surface of each perianth segment. Fruit not seen by Gates. This subspec ies is considered by Taylor distinct from the type in its separate occurrence and its earlier flowering. In his review Taylor describes it as having a generally stouter ste m, to 2m tall , the spination very variable, but often exposing more of the stem than the type. The radial spi nes range from twisted and hairlike 10 stiffly need le-like, often fewer than the type or not present. Central spines are very broad or narrow, the lowermost slightl y to strongl y curved at the tip, someti mes reduced to 5 or even 3. Flowers (in spring) 50mm long and wide, red or with the margins of the petals yellow. Fruit is yellow. Seed is 2mm long. matt black.

55

Reported from Mexico, in the south of the northern part of the BAJA CALIFORNIA peninsula, from about El Crucero (south of Laguna ChapaJa) to the vicinity of El Arco (28 0 N), west to the coast at Miller's Landing; Vizcaino Desert in sand or on granite; Santa Rosalillita, and El Tomatil, 8km N of Mesquital , Rancho Tabalon; at 10-1 OOm altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: holotype Gates 160 (OS 207823) (as F. eoloratus); Gates 43 (OS 207824) - as F. viscainensis; Lindsay 2013 (OS); Lindsay 2003, 2008, 2013 (OS, SO); Lindsay DEG83 (DES); Harbison without no. (SO); Lau 56, 1555; SEI2S3; PP 168.

56

Fig. 59: The top of a ,superbly-spined ~Iant of ,F. gra~'ilis . subsp. coloratllS near Punta Pneta, Baja Cahfoffi13 tlowering in early spring

Synonyms: F. coloratus, F gracilis var. coloratus, F. pen insulae vaL coloratus, F peninsulae subsp./var. viscainensis, F viscainel1sis References: Ferocactus gracilis subsp. coloratus (H. Gates) N. P. Taylor, Cactaceae Consensus Initiatives 6: 16 (1998); H. Cates, Caet. Succ. J. (US) 4(9):344, with fig. (1933); C. Lindsay, Caet. Suce. J. (US) 27(6):169 (1955); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:30 (1984); Unger, Die grosserl Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 202 (1992) - as F. pen insulae var. coloratlls; Lindsay, Ferocactus 240241, 245-248, 280, 431 (/996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 330 (2001)

Ferocactus gracilis subsp. gatesii Plants grown fro m seed sow n in 198 1 are very si milar in appearance to F. gracilis, and Nigel Taylor's recent placing

as a subspecies here makes good sense.

Thi s di sjunct island subspecies is worthy of detailed consideration by the collector, being, as many of the is land dwellers are, different e nough from the collector's point of view to warrant it s inclu sio n in a collect ion, w hatever its status. Unfortunate ly it is not often seen co mmercially because of its rcmote occurrence on s mall Baja Ca lifornia islands in the Gulf of California near Bahia de los Angeles, not the most accessi bl e or hospilabJe of islands. and with no guarantee of course for those who do tind the ir way there, of finding ripe fru it and seed of thi s species at that time. Alfred Lau vis ited Isla Ventana in the early 19705, and seed he collected at that lime is probably the source of moS( larger plants in cu lti vation loday. He reported that the island is nearly totally infertile with littl e vegetation , the cacti there (this species and Mammillaria insularis) grow ing in shall ow va lleys

betwee n rolling hill s, in minera l soil. Paul Hoxey also visited the island more recent.ly and describes how it is mostl y su rrou nded by steep cliffs unsuitable fo r landing, but there is a sma ll bay favou red by loca l anglers as a resting point, with a gent ly sloping beach. From there a path led up into the hill s, where there were loose granite rocks with sparse vegetation ; it is as A lfred Luu indi cated a very dry, nearl y barren place. T he plants of thi s Ferocactus grew among the loose rocks, and there were plants of all ages from small seedlings no more than 2cm across to large, aged plants nearly 1.5111 tall , the base of the latter losing thei r spines and di sco louring. Plants in flower inc luded so me at only about 12cm in diameter (excluding the spines). As well as the cncourag ing evidence of regeneration, it was the most numerou s of the larger plants on the island, which included an Agave. a Bllrsera growing low to the grou nd with swo lle n ste ms, a few Pachycereus pringlei, a FOflC/llieria, two different species of Opumia and Mammillaria dioica and M. insularis. There were man y Ferocactlls in abundant flower and with ripening seed pods, with no evidence of predation ev ident.

Fig. 60: F. gradli~' subsp. gate.sii in cultivation in the UK flowering at only 15cm diu.

57

It was described as solitary, globose to short-cylindric, to 1.5m tall, 30cm in diameter, with 30 to 32 acute ribs. There are about 16 radial spines, those at the sides thin, twisted and bristle-like, the two or three at the top and at the bottom of the areole, stronger and ribbed, similar to the usually 4 central spines, pink, yellow or brownish-yellow, ageing to grey, flattened and ribbed, to 70mm long, 3mm wide, the lower the longest, curved at the tip, but not hooked. Flowers are large, to 60mm long and wide, red, the inner petals with yellow margins, stigmas yellow. Fruit too is large, elongate, to 75mm long, 25mm in diameter, yellow. Seed is black, to 2.5mm long, 1.75mm wide.

References:

Ferocae/us gracilis subJp. gatesii (C. Lindsay) N. P Taylor, Caetaeeae Consenslls Initiatives 6:16 (1998); G. Lindsay, Caet. Suec. 1. (US) 27(5):150.151, jigs. 146, 147 (1955); N. P. Taylor, Bradleyo 2:30 (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugeikakl. Nordamer. 238 (/992) . as F X gatesii; H. Milller, Kakt.u.a.Sukk.47(JJ): Kart 21 (1996); Lindsay, Feroeaetus 249·252, 397 (/996) (/955 thesis, unpublished at 'he time) - as F. gatesii; E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 330 (2001)

Reported from Mexico, BAJA CALIFORNIA, in the Gulf of California, on Isla Ventana, a small islet in the Isla Smith group, on the north side of the entrance to Bahia de los Angeles, 280 59.5' N, 1130 32.5' W, and known only from islands and islets in this bay; at I-150m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: the type, Moran 4103 (DS); Lindsay 2240 (DS, SD); Lau 24. Synonyms: F. gatesii, F. x gatesii

58

Fig. 61: F. gracilia subsp. gatesii leaning towards the sea on Isla Venlana, part of the Smith group of islands in the Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico

Ferocactu5 haematacanthu5 This is a slow growing species in cultivation, and seldom seen. A more or less globular plant at least 20 years old in Derek's collection has reached only about 25cm in diameter, and has yet to oblige with flowers, but the areoles have started to coalesce and form a continuous woolly rib, and hopefully will flower within the next few years; in recent years during the spring buds have formed but aborted. The stems are a most attractive, pale, apple green, contrasting well wilh the blood-red spines, which have a continuous, scimitar-like curve. Coming from southern Mexico, in Puebla, a higher temperature than for most Ferocactus species is probably required to ensure the plants do not suffer. Plants seen in the wild in March/April, in grassland, had dark reddish-purple buds, promising flowers within a few weeks, but not unfortunately while we were able to see them, and we are indebted to Salvador Arias Montes for his photo of this species taken at a more propitious time. Britton and Rose admitted that they did not know this species, and in view of its southerly occurrence in

Puebla, this is not surprising. They repeated Weber's description of 1896, who described this species as simple, sometimes perhaps proliferous, short-cylindric, 50cm tall, 30cm in diameter, with 12 to 20 ribs, stout, light green. Spines are all straight, reddish with yellowish tips, the radials 6, the centrals 4, 3 to 6cm long. Flowers are funnelform, 6cm long, purple; scales of ovary round, whitemargined. Fruit is ovoid, 30mm long, deep purple. Charles Glass, who took us to see this species in the wild a few years ago, published a more detailed description of it in his last publication, which is worth repealing, as it was based on detailed observation in the field. He pictures a rare cluster of about 6 stems, looking to be about a metre tall, and describes the species as up to 1.2m tall, 38cm in diameter, ribs 13 to 27, prominent pale green, 4 to Scm taU and with confluenllubercles on older specimens. Radial spines 6, needle-like, flexible, the 2 upper blood red the tips white, 25 to 35nun long, those at the side white, 22 to 35mm long, the two lower red with white tips, 20 to 29mm long. Central spines 4, subulate, ribbed, slightly flattened, erect, rigid, in cross formation, blood red with yellowish tips, the lowest the longest, 4 to 7cm long. Flowers are funnelform, opening widely, 7cm long and wide, rosy purple, filaments and anthers yellow, stigma lobes intensely yellow. in habitat were all solitary, no more than about 50 or 60cm tall and two-thirds as wide, with prominent, narrow ribs, the spines yellow tipped, and with dark reddish-purple flower buds. The plants we saw with him were all solitary, no more than about 50 or 60cm tall and two-thirds as wide, growing among grasses. Reported from the Mexican states of PUEI3LA and around their border: on the road between Tehuacan and Cumbres de Acultzingo, Esperanza, Barranca de Acultzingo, and Barranca de Maltrata, Puerto del Aire W of Acultzingo, Azumbilla to Morelos Canada; from VERACRUZ, at Maltrata, very near the border with PUEBLA; at 1,750-2,500111 altitude. VERACRUZ

Fig. 62: An aged F. haematacanthus in the PueblaJ

Veracruz border area, west of Orizaba, Mexico

59

Synonyms: Bisnaga haematacantha, Echinocactus eleetracanthus [var.J Iwemaraeantltus, E. haematacanthus Section Bisnaga F. iatispinus group References:

Fig. 63: The promising purple buds on a mature 50cm diameter top of F. haematacanthus in habitat

Field collection numbers referred here are: Purpus 5358, 5497 (UC); neotype Sanchez-Mejorada 10786 (MEXU); Lau 1054; Rep. 1350a.

60

Feroeaetus haematacantllUs (SaLm-Dyek) H. Bravo-Hollis ex Backeberg & F. Klluth. Kaktus-ABC 352 (1935 flubl. 1936); SalmDyck, Caet. Hart. Dyek. 1849:/50 (1850); Manville ex F. A. C. Weber in Bois, Diet. Hart. 1:466 (J 896); Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3: 147 (1922); Sdnchez-Mejorada, Caet. Sue. Mex. 9(2):41 (1964); & 11(2):3140,51-52, lVith figs. (1966): Krahenbuhl, Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 31( 1): 14-16 lVithfigs. (1980); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:24 (1984; Lindsay, Feroeaetus 329, 432 (1996) (1955 titesis, unpublished al the lime); Glass, ldent. Guide Threatened Cacti Mexico 1:FElHA, pages unnumbered (1998, puhl. 1997); Salvador Arias Montes, Caetu~' & Co. 4(1):20-29 (2000); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family330-331 (2001)

Fig. 64: The superb dark purple flowers of F. /wcmatacallfhus in habitat at Morelos Canada, Puebla, worth striving for in cultivation.

Fig. 65: A youngish plant of F haemawmmhus with a solitary fruit and showing the continuous felting on the ribs. on Cerro La Carreta, Puebla, Mexico Fig. 66: F. haematac(lnthus, a rare ancient clump of this little-known species in habitat

61

Ferocactu5 hamatacanthu5 This species has been known in cultivation for many years as Hamatocactus hamatacanthus, or by those who insist on shortening the names or giving nicknames to their plants, as "Ham squared". But the placing by Britton and Rose, over 70 years ago is more in keeping with the current trend towards amalgamation of genera, and it was tirmly returned here by Nigel Taylor in his review of 1984, recently endorsed in the CITES Cae/oceae Checklist (1999). We are bound to point out that unlike all other species this one does not have clearly formed ribs, and many enthusiasts have hung doggedly on to the more familiar name Hamatocactus. Hamatocactus setispinus, the other species in the now discredited genus HamatocacllIS has been referred to the genus Thelocactus.

F hamatacanthus is divided into two subspecies, which intergrade:

Ferocactus hamatacanthus subsp. hamatacanthus The type was described as so litary, rarely clustering in the wild ror in cultivation-I, hemispheric to cylindric, the stem to 60cm tall, 30cm in diameter, [mid to brownish-green], with 12 to 17, rounded, strongly tuberculate ribs. There are S to 20 radial spines, 15 to 40mm (rarely to SOmm) long, with 4 to 8 central spines, to SOmm long (or exceptionally up to 165mm is reported), round or somewhat flattened in section, recurved to hooked at the tip, stiff, sometimes twisted. Flowers are large in comparison with other species, and for a comparatively small plant, to about 7cm long and nearly lOcm in diameter, yellow with yellow stigmas. They can be produced on plants no more than about 10cm in diameter, but a sunny situation is needed for this. As mentioned above a fundamental difference from other species is that even in maturity this species is tuberculate rather than ribbed. Taylor's report in his review of the flower being "often red in the throat" was based on Weniger's description, but was doubted by him (Taylor) in a later issue of Bradieya, and this is endorsed by the authors who have never seen a flower of this Fig. 67: F. hamatacanthlls subsp. hamatacamhlls (formerly "HAM l "), with angler's spines awailing the unwary trouser-leg in San Luis PotOSI, Mexico

62

species (correctly identified that is) with red in the throat. Fruit is ovoid to oblong, to 50mm long, to 25mm in diameter, pinkishred, the interior juicy, often bursting near the apex and exuding sweet fluid. Seed is black, to 1.6mm. In the wild this is often a scruffy looking plant with a tangle of long, greyish spines, straw yellow in youth, and hooked at the tip, waiting like a patient angler to snare your unwary ankle. In cultivation it rarely makes a handsome plant, and is seldom seen doing its best to warrant the space it needs to grow to maturity, the owner often giv ing up before it reaches anything like its potential size. Reported from USA and Mexico; specifically from USA: south-east NEW MEXICO; west and south TEXAS, including specifically Pecos County and C rockett County; from Mexico, west of Sierra Madre Oriental, mostly in Chihuahuan desert, widespread from the states of CHIHUAHUA in the south; DURANGO in the east; SAN LUIS POTosi and ZACATECAS; reported also extensively from the states COAHU ILA, NUEVO LE6N, TAMAULIPAS and PUEBLA; at IO-2 ,150m altitude.

Fig. 68: F IIQIn(l/(lC(llIfhus subsp. hamatacamhus, nowering in cultivation in Austria

Field co ll ection numbers referred here arc: L. & R. L. Benson 15507 (POM); D. S. & H. S. Correl 30894 (LL); Rep.

377a, 420, 451, 459, 469, 548, 1080b, 1083c, II 92a, 1202c, 15 37, 1678a, 1845, 2164c, 2270b, 2283a, 2296c, 2303d, 233 1b, 2335b, 2336b, 2352c; GL 150; SB 393, 1096; CZlC H 011 ; CSD 239.

Sy nonyms: Bisnaga I/Omaracanllw, Ecliinocacltls hamatacantlllls, £. /oflgihamatlls, £. longihamatus var. erassispimls, F. /wmaracanlJlIIs var. crassispintls, HamalO -cacrus hamatacanlllus Section Bisnaga F. tati spi nu s grou p.

References: Ferocactlls hamatacanthus (MuehJenpJordt) BriuOfI & Rose, The Caet. 3: 144, pl.16.1 (1922); Muehlellpfordt, Allg. Gartel/, . 14:371 (1846); L Bel/son, Cacti US & COllado 706, 708, 950, figs. 746, 747, col.pl.124 (1982); N. P Tayla.; Bradleya 2:27 (1984): Ullger, Die grossell Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 345 ( 1992); Lindsay, Ferocae/Ils 332 (1996) (1955 thesis, IlI1fJubli!ihed al tlte lime); Hunl (ed.), CITES Cae!. Checklist 205 (1999); E. F. Anderson, Th e Cacllls FeU/lily 331 (2001)

F. hamatacanthus subsp. sinuatus Also known under the name Hamarocactlts sinuatus thi s has been a popular plant for coll ec tors for as long as we can remember, grow ing easily from seed, and reaching flowering size within a few years, as earl y as 3 or 4 years from seed, unlike the much slower-growing type. The flowers are showy and large, bri ght ye ll ow, and are perhaps the best feature of a comparative ly weak-spined plant in thi s genus. With the type, it presents so mewhat of an anoma ly, hav ing a distinctl y different appearance from the majority of Ferocacllls, and many growers have continued, and will continue we are su re, to label them Fig. 69: F. hamatac(mll/lls su bsp.

simla/tiS

nowering well in

the USA

63

with the now discredited generic name Hamatocaetus. Whatever you call it this is a worthwhile plant to grow, and will reward you at an earlier age than most in this genus with bloom. It was described as having a stem to 30cm tall , to 20cm in diameter, mature when smaller, with 13 narrow, more acute and well-defined ribs than in the type. There are 8 to 12 radial spi nes, some of which are markedly flattened , varying in length from I to nearly 6cm long, red to purple with yellowish lips or all yellowish, all grey in age. There are 4 central spines, the upper three arc 3 to 6.Scm long, straight, yellowish with red banding, the lowermost strongly flattened, strongly hooked and more or less hendy, S to gem long, reddi sh, later all grey. Flowers are yellow, about 6 to 7 .Scm long and wide or wider, stigmas yellow. Fruit is elongated-globose, to 2Smm long and to about ISmm wide, dark greenish to dark brownishred, juicy. Seed is up to I mm, shiny black.

Reported from USA and Mexico; specifically from USA: south -east TEXAS, east of Devil's River, in San Patricio County; and southwards into Mexico in the north-east, on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental: from COAHU ILA at Nueva Rosita; from TAMAuLiPAs, in Ciudad Victoria near Santa Engracia, Jaumavc, San Vicen te, Calles; from NUEVO LE6N. III brush lands at low e levat ions, Linares, Presa ROdriguez Gomez, Rayones, EI Mirador, E of Monterrey, Huasteca Canyon near Monterrey, Puerto de la Boca, Cerro de la Silla near Cade reyta, Jimenez near Monterrey: at 3S0 to 1,300m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: Wright without no. (Mo); R. O. Albert 51.1 (POM); Rep. 382, 390, 400, I 294a; SB 282, 319; GL 152, 153. Synonyms: Bisl1aga hamataeantJw var. sinuata, Echil10cactus longihamatus sinuatus, E. sefispilltts sinllatlls, E. Sil1l1atlls, F. hamatoeactus var. s;lluatus, Hamato cactus .\'inuatlls

Fig. 70: F Iwmatacantll//S subsp. simwtlls

nowering early in life in the UK if as well as in the USA

not

64

References:

Ferocactus hamatacalllltus subsp. sinuatus (A Dietrich) N. P. Taylor, Caet. Cons. Init. 5:13 (1998); A. Dietrich, Allg. Gartenz. 19:345 (1851) - as Eehinoeaetus; L. Benson. Cael. Suce. 1. (US) 41(3):128 (1969); B,-iIlOIl & Rose, 3:144-146, ftg.152 (1922); O'-CIIII, Cactography 1-5 (1926); Vllger, Kak/.ll.o.Sukk. 31(10):289-291, lVi/hftgs. (1980); Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 360 (1992); Lindsay. Ferocactus 332 (1996) (1955 thesis. unpublished at the time); E. F. Anderson. The Cactus Family 331 (2001)

Ferocactus histrix This is a very widespread species, invariably solitary, but not making the height of some of its more weighty relations, often remaining globular, only in age becoming shortly cylindrical. The curving spines on young plants make it a most attractive species to grow from a small plant, and in cultivation it will grow quickly into an impress ive globular plant, sometimes doubling the number of ribs in a growing season. Even when a sizable plant has been achieved the yellow spines make it a most attractive add ition to a collection. It will flower at about 25cm in diameter in cultivation, the yellow flowers add ing to the lustre of the yellow spines. Il is in some danger from the custom of making a sweetmeat from the flesh of the plant by soaking chopped up pieces of it in a sugar solution. Charles Glass was concerned at the depredation of wild plants for this purpose, and had ideas about teaching the Mexican perpetrators of this practice how to grow and cultivate plants from seed for this purpose. Given their slowness of growth to make any size which would be useful for this purpose, and a natural impatience for results, this scheme was unlikely ever to have succeeded. Fig, 71: A huge ball-shaped F. hislI"ix, 60-70cm wide near La Florida, high in the Sierra Gorda, Guanajuato, Mexico

Although the name Echinome/oeaeri/onni:,' is older than £. histrix, Taylor dismisses it as of uncertain app lication, and takes E. histrix, described within a year or so of E. melocaeti/ormis as representing a surer application to the taxon in question.

cactus

Britton and Rose described this species (favouring the name F. melomeli/ormis) as simple, cylindric, 50 to 60cm in diameter, bluish-green; ribs about 24, areoles 2 to 3cm apart. Spines are usually 10 to 12, a little curved, yellow, becoming brown, of which 6 to 8 are slender¥subulate, 2 to 3cm long , more or less spreading; 3 or 4 spines are more central, but usually only one definitely so, much stouter and longer, 4 to 6cm long, porrect or ascending, annulate. Flowers are 25mm to 35mm long, bright yellow, sometimes reddish outside, stigmas green. Fruit is short-oblong, about 20mm long. Seed is I mm long, brown. Taylor amplified this description a little: stems depressed-globose to short-cylindric, to IIOcm tall, 80cm in diameter (but often less than 60cm tall or in diameter), with 20 to 40 or more ribs, the areoles almost merged. There are 6 to 9 radial spines, and I to 4 central spines, the uppermost 23 to 35mm long, the lowermost to 90mm, standing out from the body, and often a little downcurving. Flowers arc yellow, 20 to 35mm long and wide. Fruit is 20 to 30mm, juicy, sometimes bursting at apex and releasing seeds in fluid. Seed is up to 1mm long, dark brown. Reported from a wide area in the Mexican states of DURANGO, ZACATECAS, AGUASCALIENTES, JALISCO, SAN Luts POTosi, GUANAJUATO, QUER[TARO, HlDALGO; specifically from DURANGO in the south-

65

Fig. 72: Three massive globes of F hisrrix after ra in in the mountai ns of San Lu is Potosi. Mex ico

eas t; from ZACATECAS, Troncoso, La Cie nega, Ojoca lientes, Pinos, La Hu iguerra, Monte Escobedo/E I Sa ito, Huejuquill a, La Blanca; fro m AauAscA Ll ENTES, La Pun ta, San Gil; from eaSlern JALISCO, 37km W Ojuelos, La Paz; from SAN LUIS POTOSt, Bocas, Mex quiti ccharcas, Escalarias, Zaragoza de Sol is, Labor Vieja, Arroyo Carrizal E of San Lu is PotOSI, Huacuma, Pedro Mon toya (San C iro), Ciudad Hidalgo, Ojo Ca lie nte, Ahual ulco, La Presa, Verba Buena, Sierra Alvarez, Tinaja, Arroyo Pila, Leoncilo, Jasos, Porve nir, Buena Vista/San Rafae l; fro m GUANAJUATO, San Luis de la Paz, Villa Victoria, San Feli pe, Puerta Caroza, La Posta, AlOtoniico, Calera, Tierra Bla nca, Barranca Cedros nea r Sa n Jose Iturbide, Carboneras near Pozos, San Diego, Trancas near San Lui s de la Paz, Organitos/Canada Moreno; from QUERETARO, Vizarro, E Cadereyta, rnou ntajns around Colon, Villa Hermosa, Higuerras, Higueri llas to San Pablo pass near Bernal, Toliman near Bernal, Bucareli , Amoles at Rio Moc tczuma, Queretaro, Rio San Juan; frorn HIDALGO, near Vizarron, at 1200 to 2600m altitude, Barranca de Venados, San Cristoba l 10 Metztitlan, Cardona l, Gilo, Agua Blanca, Ixmiq uilpan/ Portezue lo, Toliman, Tecozautla, Mezq uilai, Taqu ill o, Metzti tlan, Rincon; at 1,2002,600m altitude, on non-calcareous soils. The neotype c ited by Li ndsay is a water-colour plate by Heyland on whi ch A. P. de Cando lie wrote the determination of th is species (as Eehi,/Ocaellis hisfrix) in the general collecti on of the Herbier Delessert , Conservato ire et Jard in Botaniques, Geneva, Sw itzerl and; the holotypc seems not to have been preserved. Nigel Tay lor in 1984 promoted thi s same water colour plate by designat ing it as the lectotype fo r thi s species; lectotype has precedence over a neotype. Fie ld collection numbers referred here are: Lindsay 2031,2576 (OS, SO); Orcutt 1924 1581 (OS); Purpus 5358,5497 (UC); Lau 14 15; Rep. 25, 38, 297, 300, 345,974, 1736b, 1737b, 1757a, 18 16c, 1823a, 1825b, I 878b, 195 I b, 2007a, 2020c, 2030, 2033a, 2038b,

66

204l b, 2045, 2054b, 2127d, 213 1a, 2 140, 2254a, 2258a, 2270c, 2352b, 2355a; OJ F 603; SB 1877; CZlC H 25 1; CS O 290, 309. Sy nonyms: Bisnaga hislrix, Echi,locaellls hislrix, F. eleetracamlws Hort., F meloeacli/ormis, F. hyslrix in error Section Bisnaga F. latispinus group References: Feroeaeflls hislrix (De Candoile) G. Lindsay, Cael. SLIce. J. (US) 27(6):171-173, fig.159 (1955); De Cando/le, Mem. Mus. Hisr. Nat. Paris 17:115 (1829); De Cando/le, Prodr. 3:462 (J828); Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3: 138 (1922) - as F. meloeaefl!ormis; Sanchez-Mejorada, Cael. Sue. Mex. 10(3):66, 72, figs.36, 37, 42e, 43e (1965); Cas·tillo Sallehez, Caet. SLle. Mex. 28(1):3-12 (1983); UI/gec Die grossel/ Kugelkakt. No rdamer. 3 17 (1992); Lindsay, Feroeaetus 1/5-122, 139, 405, 433 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); £. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 33J-2 (2001)

Ferocactus johns tonian us OUf experience of this island species in cultivation is

limited lO 10 year old seedlings, with spine colours varying from yellow to red in youth. In their short life so far they have reached about 15cm tall and about IOcm in diameter. Nor have we visited this species in habitat - yet. We are therefore particularly indebted to Mark Muradian for pictures of authentic plants in

cultivation in the USA, grown to flowering size. Seed is seldom offered because of its remote, island occurrence, but Lall collected seed there in 1979, and there are resulting seedlings in enthusiasts' collections, which must be getting to a good size now. But seed from Mark Muradian's plants has been offered by the US Society in recent years.. It should

nol be missed when offered, as this is really the only means of obtaining plants of this rare species, short of intrepid visits to the remole paris of Isla Angel de la Guarda with a permit to collect seeds, always assuming that you pick the right time to find plants in fruit, and the natural predators of the seeds have not beaten you to it. Many fruits we have seen on Ferocactus species have been raided by ants for the sweetness inside the fruit, and neat holes at the bottom of the fruit have maybe allowed the seed to escape. Nigel Taylor once famously described these holes as "pith pores" to the delight of a US convention audience. It was considered in his 1984 review by Nigel Taylor to be "probably only a disjunct, island variety of F. cylindraceus." But he nevertheless provisionally maintained it in the CITES Cactaceae Checklist (1999); in personal communication he has said that he believes the relationship to be between F. wislizeni subsp. tiburonensis, via F. johnstonianus to F cylilldracells. Unger, who prefers the name F. acanthodes to F. cylindrace LIS, regards it as a variety of that species, viz. F. acanthodes var. johnstonianus. Anderson lists it as a species, adding that it "may be merely a population of F. cyfindraceus; morphologically it connects F. cylindracclls with F. wislizcni". With its island isolation, some distance from plants of F. cyfindraceus, we are happy to regard it as a good species. It is a worthwhile plant to grow, whatever you call it, with stunning, bright yellow mature spination its most attractive feature.

Fig. 73: F. joimstoniallus in cultivation in the open in California, USA, from which seed has recently been made available to the US Society

It was erected by Britton and Rose, who described it as simple, shortcylindric, to 60cm tall , to 35cl11 in diameter, with 24 10 31 ribs, having undulate margins; areoles elliptic, rather closely set. There are 20 or more subulate spines, very much

67

alike, none hooked , sli ghtly spreading, more or less curving olltwards, to 7cl11 long, yellow to brownishyellow. ribbed. Flowers including ovary are Scm long , ye ll ow ish, or with outer petals tinged red, stigmas Oesh coloured. Fruit is 25mm in diameter, yellow. Seed is shiny black, 2 to 2.5mm long, 1.5mm wide. Taylor adds to the above description only that the spines number 22 to 25. Reported fro m Mex ico, BAJA CALIFORN IA, in the Gulf of California , on Isla Ange l de la Guarda, in a wash behind a lagoon on the east side of Ihe island . Lau reported that the main locutio n of plants on the island was from hi gh in the mountains, near the highest peak on south facing slopes of rock (see picture below); at I-300m alt itude. Field co llection numbers referred here are: holotype 1. M. Johnston 3394 (US), 3395 (US, CAS); Lindsay 539 (DS, SD); Lau 12 14. Synonym: F. acal/fllOdes var. jO},IIstolliallus Section Ferocactus F. robustus group

Fig. 74: F. jolmslOfliaflllx close-up in flower. a symphony in yellow

91, jig. 47(1965); Lau, Cael. Slice. 1. (US) 53(5);22/223, jig.,. 2-4 (1981); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:34 (1984); Unger, Die grossel/ Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 132 (1992) - as F. acafllhodes ,'ar.jolmstoniallltS; Lilldsay, FerocaclL/s 309-3 13, 324, 434 (1996) (1955 Iilesis, ulljJllblixhed at the time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 332 (2001)

References: Ferocacf/ls jOJlIlstOI/;WIIIS Britton & Rose, Th e Caet.

4:287 (1923); G. Lilldsay, Cael. Sue. Mex. 10(3):76-

68

Fig. 75: The steep, high slopes where F. joJlIlsfonilllllls is found on the Isla Angel de la Guarda in Ihe Gulf of California, Mex ico

Ferocactus iatispinus This is a wonderfully spined species to grow in cullivation, with the broadest, flat spines seen in any species. It needs maximum light to bring out the best in spine development, and to encourage flowering which will occur once it gets to about IOem in diameter. It is not a large-growing species, and usually stays shorter than broad. It is popular with commercial growers in the Canary Islands, and beautiful plants are often seen for sale in Europe commercially emanating from there, where clearly the growing conditions favour the best development of spines and tlowering capabi lities. It seems to be difficult to keep grow ing well in

cultivation, and frequent repotting is recommended in the early years. A further difficulty arises in the UK with its late production of flower buds, which often do not develop as the days shorten and the temperature drops at night. If this occurs it is advisable, in order to encourage the flowers to open, to raise the temperature in the glasshouse to about 15°C, or perhaps more economically to bring the plant into the dwelling house and keep it in the sunniest spot.

Taylor rejects the name F. recurvus as of imprecise application, preferring the name F. latispinus subsp. spiralis for plants of this relationship occurring in Oaxaca, with a somewhat different aspect and flowers. Unger recognizes F reCllrvus as a good spec ies, and places F. latispinus beneath it, i.e. as F. recurvlls var. latispinusl We regard them as sufticiently different to maintain as separate species, see f~ recurvlIs on p. 89. In the wild F. iatispinlls is frequently found half hidden by surrounding grasses and other vegetation, waiting like a mantrap for the unwary foot to try out the thickness of its bootsole. II was described as depressed-globose or flattened, to 30cm tall, 40cm in diameter, with about 21 ribs in maturity, body green to yellowish-green. There arc 9 to 15 radial spines, varying from fine, white needlelike spines to dark yellowish or reddish brown, about Fig. 76: F. /a{ispinus in glorious flower in cultivation in the USA

69

plants, 4cm long and wide, stigmas yellow. Fruit is ovoid, purplish-red, to 2Smm long, 18mm in diameter, juicy, covered with densely overlapping, acute, hard scales. Seed is 1.5 to 1.8mm, I mm wide, dark brown to black, shiny.

Fig. 77: F. latispinus ready to spike the unwary foot in the wilds of San Luis Potosi, Mexico

2.5cm long. There are 4 central spines dark reddishbrown or amber coloured, the upper three ascending, to 4cm long, straight, flattened, the lowermost descending, to SOmm long and noticeably much wider, 9mm, curved to hooked at the tip , strongly ribbed. Flowers are purpli sh-pink on red-brown spined plants or whitish-yellow on amber-spined

70

Reported widespread in the Mexican states of DURANGO, ZACATECAS, SAN LUIS Paros!, state of MEXICO, MEXICO OF (Distrito Federal), MICHOACA N, MORELOS , QUERETARO, HIDALGO, GUANAJUATO, JALISCO; specifically from DURANGO, Partido de Nombre de Dios; from ZACATECAS, Troncoso, Ojo Caliente, Alamo, Pinos, Zacatecas to Saltillo; from SAN LUIS POTosi, E of San Luis POtOSI, Salinas, Jasos, Soldad, Arriaga, N of San Luis PotOSI, Leoneilo, Zaragoza de Solils, Ahualulco, Porvenir; slate of MEXICO, Teotihuacan, Tulpetlac, Santa Catarina to Tezcoco; from MEXICO OF, Indio Verde, Cerro Zacoalco; from MICHOACA N, Mesa Central; from MORBLOS, at Cuautla; from QUERETARO, Del Ciervo a San Juan Alta Mirano, San Juan del Oro, E Cadereyta, Colon, Tequisquiapan, La Canada, San Juan del Rio, Vizarron, Higuerillas to San Pablo to the pass at Bernal, Toliman near Bernal, San Antonio, Queretaro, Saucillo; from HIDALGO, Nand E of Pachuca, Fig. 78: F latispinus hiding in the shubbcry near Cerro Bernal, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Ixmiquilpan, Tula, Santa Matilda, Cardonal, Los Arcos, EI Manzana, Tecpatepec to Tulancingo, Xhaja, Ixmiquilpan to Portezuelo s; from GUANAJUAro, Dolores Hidalgo, Villa Victoria, Puerta Carosa, San Felipe, La Posta near San Miguel Allende, Organitos to Canada Moreno, Carboneras, Pozos, Atotonilco, Calera, Trancas and San Luis de la Paz, San Diego, San Luis de la Paz; from JALISCO, La Paz, Cuarenta; in grassy plains and rocky hillsides at 1,500-2,500m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: neotype

Lindsay 2583 (DS); Lindsay 2034,2035 (DS); Lindsay 2581, 2593, 2594 (DS, SD); Pringle 3270 (UC, MEXU); Altamirano 1730 (MEXU); Orcutt 2660 (DS); Dawson 3084 (AHFH); Matuda 19436 (UC); Lau 1406; Rep. 7, 17,26,39,47,64,77, 139, 141,344,609, 609a, 801, 906a, 1001g, 1096a, 1171a, I 252b, I 260a, I 397b, 1411a, 1463a, 1625c, I 678b, 1736a" 1816b, 1878a, 1967a, 1980a, 1983a, 2020b, 2034b, 2127c, 2139, 2258b, 2266a, 2270a; F0.52, 71; SB 548, 549, 1584, 1639; CZlCH 226; LH 296.

References : Ferocactus latispinlls (Haworth) Britton & Rose, The

Cact. 3:143 (1922); HalVarth, Phil. Mag. 63:41 (1824); H Bravo-Hollis, Coer de Mex. fig. 226 (1937); Glass, Cael. Suee 1. (US) 40(4):161, fig. 5 (1968); Krahenbuhl, Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 34(7)162-163 (1983); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:26IVilhfig. (1984); & 5:96 (1987); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 302 (1992) - as F. recurvus var. latispinus; Lindsay, Ferocactus 149-155, 191, 435 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 332 (200 I)

Synonyms: Bisnaga comigera, B. recurva subsp. latispina, Cactus iatispillu'<;, Echinocacllls cornigerlls, F latispinus vaL fiavispinus, F recurvus vaL latispinus Section Bisnaga F. latispinus group

71

Ferocactus

Iind~ay(

This is a species seldom seen in cultivation, since seed is not often offered. This is not surprising in view of its occurrence in one of the morc remote parts of a remote state of Mexico, Michoacun. When it is offered, the opportunity to grow this rare species should be seized, as it is a lovely, attractively-spined, bluish-green bodied addition to a collection of this genus. It will not take low temperatures, which threaten its survival in the UK in cultivation, at least JO"e should be maintained for safety. Plants seen in cultivation in the Canle Botanic Garden, in San Miguel Allende, Guanajuato, had bright, buttercup yellow flowers on stems only about 25cm tall. Seedlings raised in Derek's collection in Norfolk, where winters arc not kind, got to about IOcm in diameter in 6 years before a bad winter demolished them. We visited the southern part of the stale of Michoacan in the autumn of 2003 to see this rare species for ourselves. When we got to the turnoff for the Canyon of Infiernillo the road had a barrier indicating that we should not proceed further. After a few enquiries from local people at the junction we learned that a bridge had collapsed, but that it was safe to proceed for about 20km. So we drove around the bamer and proceeded with caution, looking out apprehensively for bridges, collapsed or otherwise. We saw a few small plants on

the journey down into the canyon, in near-inaccessible places on the sides of the deep cut road, but gave them a miss until such time as we were maybe forced to turn back. But after a little more than 20km we came to a new bridge across the old road we were travelling upon, clearly part of a new, more sophisticated road, as yet incomplete. On the left side of the road on a steep hillside beside the new bridge we spotted a good sized colony of this Femcaelus some way up. The patiently waiting plants, in full flower in celebration of our visit, were reached after a steep climb on treacherously loose rock. There were several hundred plants from small seedlings to flowering plants no morc than about 15cm in diameter, and mature plants to about 80cm or more, a few with one or two offsets around the base. Since Ferocactus are not the most desirable to the human predators who collect wild plants, and because of their size (it would not take many to fill a suitcase), it is hoped that the area remains as rich in the abundance of this species as the photographs show. A report of a visit to this species in the wild by Nigel Taylor appeared in Bradleya 5, wherein he says that he was "immediately impressed by its resemblance to the species of section Ferocactlls F. pottsii Group, especially F. emoryi and F. pottsii, and having located a plant in fruit this relationship was confirmed: they the fruits are have a dry interior and basal pore. bright red, whereas yellow is more common in section Ferocactus, but it is interesting to note that Glass and Foster describe the fruits of F. pottsii var. alamosanus [now considered by Taylor as a good species] as red also. Where I observed it F. lindsayi inhabits bare rocky cliffs". In endorsement of the hostile locality Niall McCarten after a visit there wrote about it in the US journal of 1973 under the title 'A Visit to the Valley of Little Hell', i.e. a literal translation of the name Infiernillo. Since he was there at the height of the summer he confirmed that the name was appropriate. Fig. 81 (opposite page): F lindsayi, mother and children on the steep rocky slopes in habitat Fig. 80 (left): A group of F lindsayi near the remote Presa de lnfiernillo, Michoacan, Mexico

72

73

It was described as globose to short~cylindric, stems to 60cm tall, 40cm in diameter, glaucous green, with 13 to 18 ribs. There are 5 or 6 radial spines, 25 to 30mm long, and one central spine, 45mm long, straight, not flattened. Flowers are yellow, SOmm long, 34mm wide, with yellow stigmas. Fruit is ovoid, about ISmm long, bright red, with dry interior and basal pore. Seed is distinctive, to I mm, elongate, curved, dark brown to black, tiny compared to other Ferocactus species and boomerang-shaped.

Reported from the Mexican state of MICHOACAN, basin of Rio BaJsas, south-east of Apatzingan, at InfierniIJo; road from Uruapan to Infiernillo, Presa de Inficrnillo, Cuenca del Balsas, Paso de Chivo; a( 250300m altitude. Field collection number referred here is: H. BravoHollis 391 (MEXU).

Section Feroeactus F pottsii group References: Ferocacrus iindsayi H. Bravo, Cact. Sue. Mex. 11(1):9-12, with figs. (1966); McCarten, Cact. Succ. i. (US) 45(3): 104, figs. 3, 4 (1973); SdnchezMejorada, Caet. Suc. Mex. 25(3):66 (1980); N P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:24 (1984); & 5:95 with fig. of fruits (1987); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt.

74

Fig. 82: F. lindsayi showing off its buttercup-yellow flowers, brighter than most other yellows in the genus

Nordamer. 282 (1992); Lindsay, Ferocactus 327 (1996) (/955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F Anderson, The Cactus Family 332-3 (2001) Fig. 83: Several mature, flowering plants of F lindsayi, (he largest about a metre tall in their harsh habitat

Ferocactus macrodiscus This is a species to tum any grower of cacti on to this genus, Oowering at on ly about IDem in diameter, and at full size only about 10cl11 lall , and up to 30cm or so in diameter. It is indeed the first that attracted Derek to this genus, espec ially when it un expec tedly flowered at a small size. It is similar in appearance to the well -known "horse-crippler", Echillocactus (syn. Homalocephala) texellsis. but can be distinguished by the areoles which sit in a depression 011 the ribs and the flowers which have no ci li ate margin to the petals, and are darker coloured. Taylor splits this species into two subspec ies, the second unnamed at the time he wrote his review of the genus in 1984, but subsequently named by Jorge Meyran as var. seplelllriol1aJis, and elevated recently by Taylor to subspecies, see page 77.

Fig. 84: F. macmdiscils subsp. macmdisclls, at home in the Sierra Juarez, east of Oaxaca city. Oaxaca, southern Mexico

Ferocactus macrodiscus subsp. macrodiscus This, the type, is that most co mmonly seen in cultivation, and is widely grown as it is sma ll growing and obliges with flower early in life. We nearly trod on plants we saw in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, so obscured were they in their habitat, growing almost nush with the ground and partly hidden among grasses. Those in nower were the easiest to spot, and fortunately we were there in early spring, the ri ght time for blooming. when many were warning off our heavy boots with their startling, bright pink nowers. The unopened buds are reticulated and reminiscent of snake scales. It was described as solitary, wi th the stem deep seated (orten flush with the ground in the wild), to IDem tall, 3010 40cm in diameter, blue-green, with 13 to 35 ribs, the areolcs in deep notches. There are 6 to 8 radial

75

Fig. 85: F. macrodisclls subsp. macrodiscus, showing its eary flowering capabilities at about 12cm diameter in cultivation in (he UK

References:

spines, yellowish or red, about 20 to 300101 long, mostly recurving back to the stem, with 4 central spines, to 35mm long, forming an upright cross. Flowers are purplish-pink with white margins 10 the petals, 30 to 40mm long and wide, with yellow stigmas. Fruit is more or less globular, magenta red, 40mm long, 30mm in diameter, juicy, covered with fleshy ovate-deltoid scales with white, hyaline margins. Seed is up to 2mm long, 1.5mm wide, dark brown or black.

Ferocactus macrodisclls (c. Martius) Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3: /39 (/922); Mortius, Nov. Act. Nat. cur. /6:34/, pl. 26 (1832) - as £chirwcactus; Glirke & Vaupel, Bliihende Kakl. 3: pI. 134 (1912); R. Meyer, Monatsschl: Kokteenk. 24:150, with jigs. (1914); Backeberg & Knuth, KakllIs-ABC 352 (1935, publ. 1936); Ryntanji, Col. Photo Album Cacti & Suec. 29(1965); Meyran, eact. Sue, Mex. 11(4):92, fig. 49 (1966); Class & Fosler, Cael. Succ. J. (US) 44(3),'96, fig. 168 (1972); C. Unger, Kakl.u.a.Sukk. 29(3):65-66, figs . I, 2, 5 (1978); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:25 with fig. (1984); & 5:95-96 (1987); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 333 (1992); Lindsay, Feroeaelus 131-139, 407 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F. Anderson, The Caelus Family 333 (2001)

Reported from Mexico, OAXACA, north and central parts, and "probably PUEBLA"; specifically from OAXACA, San Juan de Teposcolula, between Milia and Oaxaca, near Mitla by Ayutla, near Tejupan, Tomellin Pass, Coixtlahuaca, Montc Alban near Oaxaca, San Pedro Nodon Palo Solo in the Tomellin Canyon, between Tejuapan and Suchixllahuaca, between Nochixllan and Telixlahuaca; in open pinel oak woodland in grasses, at 1,700 to 2,500m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: neotype Lindsay 2607 (DS); Schwarz without no. (DS) (and see subspecies below); Lau 1122; Rep. 950, 1337a, 1355d, 1644a; F0.53; CZlCH 145. Synonyms: Bisllaga mocrodisca, Echinoeaetus macrodiseus, F. maerodiscus var. multiflorus, F macrodiscus var. oaxaeensis Section Bisnaga F. latispinus group Fig. 86: The superb flowers of F. macrodiscus subsp. macrodiscus in cultivation in the USA

76

Ferocactus macrodiscus subsp. septentrionalis This more northerly occurring subspecies is some distance removed from the type. The differences, apart from the discrete loca lity, are the yellowish-green body colour (bluish-green in the type), the large size of the areo les, 12 to 25mm long (5 to 8mm in the Iype), the spines strong, st raight or scarcely curving at the tip of the lower central spine (recurving to the stem in the type, and reddish or yellowish), and the whi tish petals, with the centra l stripe yellowish-brown to rosepurple in colour (red-purp le in the type). Apart from these detailed differences, the plants are distinctive in cultivation because of the much wider ribs (more apparent in young plants) and stronger sp in ation; they also seem to need to be larger than the type before flowers may be expected in cult ivation. It is as yet not frequently encountered in cultivation. It was described as sol itary, flat-g lobose, 20 to 30em in diameter, 8 to IOem ta ll. the body yellowi sh-green, with 20 to 34 ribs, prominently tubercled. There are usually 6. but sometimes 8 or 9 radial sp ines, II to 30mm lo ng, straight or sli ghtl y curved, yell owish or yellowish-brown, later grey or yellowish, the tip darker. There are 4 central spi nes, 23 to 50111111 long, brownish-yellow, straight or sli ghtly cu rved, in an

upright cross. Flowers (produced in March in the wild) are white with yellow ish-brown to rose-purple midstripe. stigma reddi sh-brown, yellowish below, to brown at the tips. Fruit is globose to pear-shaped, red, 38mm long. 24 to 2811l1l1 in diameter, juicy. Seed is 1.5mm long, dark brow n. Reported from the Mexican states of GUANAJUKro and Q UERETARO, also from SAN LUIS Paros! by Galeotti in the early 191h century, and by Lindsay in his thesis; s pecifically from GUANAJUATO, Mesa de Jesus, municipio de San Lui s de la Paz, at 2090m altitude (the Iype), between San Luis de la Paz and Xichu (QUERETARO). E of San Luis de la Paz, La Posta , Pozos, Canada de Moreno; from QUERETARO, at Xichu; from SAN LUIS POTOSI; at 2,000 to 2,350m. Field co llection numbers referred here are: G. A. Navarro without no. (MEXU); Schwarz without no. (OS) - as F. macrodiscLts from Guanajuato, Hills of Alejon, San Miguel de Al lende; Meyran 4669,29131; Rep. I 378a, 1602a, 1966, 1998; SB 1610. Synonyms: Bisnaga macrodisca subsp. septelltriol/alis, F. macrodisclIs var. septelltrionaiis References:

Ferocactus macrodhcus subsp. septelltriollalis (Meyrdn) N. ~ Taylor, Caet. Cons. III it. 5:13 (1998); Meyron, Caet. Sue. Mex. 32(3):51-54. with figs. (1987); Mey,.61l, Caet. SlIe. Mex. 11(4):91, jig. 48 (1966); Glass & Foster. Caet. Slice. J. (US) 44(3):96, jig. 169 (1972); G. Unger, Kakt.lI.a.Sllkk. 29(3):65-66,jigs. 3,4 (1978); N. ~ Taylor, Bradleya 2:25 (1984) - as all unnamed variety; Unger, Die grosse1/ Kugelkakt. 340 (1992); Lindsay, Nordamer. Feroeaetlls 132-133, 136 (loU'erjig.), 139 (1996) (1955 thesis, ull-published al the time). as "a distinct form" (of F. macrodisclIs).

Fig. 87: F. m(lcrodiscus subsp. Jepfentrionalis Gust look at those spi nes!) at tho Charco del lngenio. Guanajuato, about 25em in diameter, rarely seen in cultivation

77

Ferocactus peninsulae This is a striking plant to grow, with strong, curving, ruby red (intensely so when wetted) spi nation.

limbo. since they are desirable collectors' plants, clearl y distinctive and geographica ll y separate , and recogni ze them as subspecies of F. peninsulae:

tapering towards the apex from the base, most o fte n no more than 70cm lall, and to SOem in diameter, but sometimes up to 2.5m wll, dark blue-green, w ith 12 to 20 acute ribs, w ith deep grooves between. There are 6 to 13 slender, straight radial spines, whit ish, 2-3cm long, w ith 7 to 9 stronger, straight, darker lower radial and central spines. with one cenlral spine Oattened, directed downwards a nd hooked at the tip, to about 70mm long (or up to 150mm when young). Flowers (prod uced in the wild in summer and autumn) arc yellow, wi th broad orange to red midslripes to the petals, 50 to 60mm long and wide, stigmas yellow. Fruit is more or less globu lar, to 30 to 35111111 in diameter, 20 to 25mm wide, yellow, with yellow, Oeshy scales. Seed is about 2mm, 1.5mm wide, reddish-brown, dark brown or black.

Ferocactus peninsulae subsp. peninsulae

Nigel Tay lor reports SOme mingling of genes with F. gracilis subsp. c%raws where they overlap in central

This species. widespread in Baja Ca lifornia and dominating the east si de of the peninsula from about the middle and most of the sOllthern half, was divided by Taylor in his 1984 review of the genus into three varieties including the type, but in the recently published CITES Caetacene Checklist ( 1999) he lists the two other species which he referred hereunder (F. sallta-maria and F. townsel/dial/lis) as provisionally

accepted, not as subspec ies hereunder, implying a change of heart. We are happy lO take them oul of

Thi s w ill flower in cultivation at about 20crn tall, the flowers yellow with red rnidstripes to the petals. It will grow rapidly if regularly potted on, and if g iven good sunny conditi ons will give of its best in the impress ive, strong spination for which it is noted.

It was described as solitary, clu b-s haped, ovoid or

Baja Ca lifornia. The earlier flowering, red spination and more narrow columnar habit of the latter distinguish the two. but Taylor is clearly of the opinion that hybrids occur. Reported from Mexico, central and east BAJA from Bahia de los A ngeles and W of San Borja, S to Bahia Concepcion and perhaps fUilhe r, Vizcai no and CentmJ Gulf Deserts, specifica ll y from near Mulege (the Iype), NW of San Ignacio, and in the Sierra de la Giganta, near Loreto, and Cerro Colorado, N of Santa Rosal ia, EI Progreso, Llano la Laguna, Cerro Las Veneeas, Pozo Aleman, Santa Rosalia, Mision San Borja, SE of Ciudad COllstitucion , San Frae isqu ito Bay. Guadelupe Point and Coyote Point by Concepcion Bay, W of San Luis Gonzaga; usuaJl y in rocky places. 100400m altitude. CALIFORN IA,

Field collection numbers referrred here arc: the type cited by Engelm ann as M.

Gabb II (Mo); Johnston 3453, 3454, 4 162,4 163,4 190 (CAS); Rose 16746, Fig. 89 (opposite page): I~ penillsulae subsp. peninsulae, north or S
Fig, 88 (left): F pel/insulae subsp. pel/illSulae wi th fiery nowers in culliv
-

78

79

holotype of F. horridus (US); Lindsay 5 15, 1979, 1996,2242 (DS, SD); Moran 3942, 4118 (DS, SD); Wiggins 5718 (DS); Lau 15; Rep. 735; S8 1285, 1481,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688; DJF 30. Synonyms: EchinocaClllS peninsulae, F. horridus (not as applied erroneously horticulturally - see F. wislizeni subsp. herrerae) Section Ferocactus F. robustus group References:

Ferocacllls peninsulae (F. A. C. Weber) Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3: 133, fig. 140 (1922); F. A. C. Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 1:320 (1895). & 4:101 (plate), 102-103 (1898); Engelmann in 1. Coulter, Contrib. Us. Nar. Herb. 3:361 (1896); Rowley et ai, Caet. Suce. J. (GB) 41:JJ2 (col.pl. D. R. Hunt) (1979); Unger, Die grossen Kugeikakl. Nordamer. 177

(1992); Muller, Kakt.u.. a.Sukk. 47(6):117 (1996); Lindsay, Ferocactus 21/-237, 409, 436 (/996; thesis 1955, unpublished at the rime); Hunt (ed.), CITES

Caet. Checklist 205 (1999); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 333-4 (2001)

Fig. 91 (below): F. pef/insulae subsp. peninsulae in a

rocky area north of Santa Rosalia, with "Boojums" for company

80

Ferocactus peninsulae subsp. santa-maria Nigel Taylor regarded this as a variety of F. penillsulae in 1984, but in the most recent

CITES Cac/aceae Checklist

commonly globose, th e ribs thick, sometim es conspicuously tuberculate, the areoles and spines often much larger, the central spi nes to Ilcm and/or much stouter, its restricted locality, larger fruits and seeds, and its spring !lowering. If this and subsp. towtlselldiallus were to be regarded as separate spec ies. this would get our first vote for such a move.

(J 999) it is regarded as a

provi sion ally

accepted

spec ies (i.c. 1101 accepted as a

species nor as a subspecies for sure). Anderson (2001) lists it as a species, adding that it "is closely related to F pel/insulae". We here regard it as a subspecies of F. pel/insulae, which it resembles in many respects, although it is a much smaller grow ing plant. It is a good subspecies to grow since, as indicated above, if space is limited it is genera lly a smallergrowing plant, reaching about the s ize of a soccer football in maturity, and will flower when it is about 12cm in diameter. It has the attractive strong spination associated with this spec ies. It does not see m LO be common in collections. but seed is regularly offered and the opportunity to grow this comparati vely small-growing plant with flowers also promised at a modest s ize shou ld not be missed. It was distinguished by Taylor from subsp. towllsendial1us on the basi s of it s smaller size,

It was first discovered by Dr. Rose in 1921 visiting Isla Magdalena, and he found only small specimens in the area of Santa Maria Bay. He published it as a new species a year later in the third volume of his major work in tandem with Britton. Subsequent expeditions to this is land by Howard Gatcs and Willam Taylor Marshall, and Lindsay ill 1937 found only F. (pen insulae subsp.) towl/sendial/us. But in 1952 Lindsay found four plants growing on the rocky headland at the Santa Maria Bay, the largest was about 75cm tall. He compared it to F. townsel/dial/US, describing it as a variety of that spec ies, with morphologically similar flowers, but coloured yellow in stead of red or orange, with more globular than conical stems, and with similar spination; the straight sp ines mentioned in Britton and Rose's description were not regarded by Lindsay as very significant s ince they were "not particularly obvious in the holotype Fig. 92: F. pel/insulae subsp . .\allw-maria. a typically small soccer football-sized plant in full fruit on the mainland of the peninsula near to San Carlos on (he coast, Baja California Sur

81

References: N. ~ Taylor, Bradleya 2:30 (1984); Lindsay, Caer. Suee.l. (US) 27(6):170, Ill, fig. 158 (/955) - as F. townsendiallus var. santa-maria; E. F Anderson, Salvador Arias Montes, N. P. Taylor, Threatened Cacti of Mexico 49, pI. /2 (/994); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 189 (1992); Lindsay, Feraeact"s 224-226, 233-237, 415, 443, 444 (/996) (1955 thesis, unpubLished at the time); Hunt (ed.), CITES CaC/aeeae Checklist 205 (/999); E F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 334-5 (2001)

Ferocactus peninsulae subsp. townsendianus

Fig. 93: F. pen insulae subsp. santa-maria flowering at only about 20cm diameter in cullivat ion in lhe UK

specimen or those which r collected, and specimens of F townselldianus from near Cape San Lucas with

straight or barely curved central spines are not unusual." It was described as commonly globose, often much smaller than the other subspecies, with thick ribs, sometimes conspicuously tuberculate, the areoles and spines much larger, and the central spines to llcm long, and/or much stouter. Flowers are ye llow or orange, produced in the spring in the wild. Fruit is to 50mm long, 40mm in diameter, yellow. Seed is 2mrn long, matt black.

Reported from Mexico, west coast of BAJA CALIFORNIA, on Isla Magdalena by Santa Maria Bay, and the west edge of Llano de la Magda lena near San Carlos; at near sea-level to 10m, in flat, sandy areas. Field collection numbers refered here are: holotype (as F santa-maria) Rose 16279 (US); Lindsay 2160 (OS, SD); N. P. Taylor 64 (K); Lau 1554; SB 1237; DJF 44.37. Synonyms: F peninsulae var. santa-maria, F santamaria, F tow!lsendiallus var. santa-maria

Ferocactus peninsulae subsp. santa-maria stat. nov. Basionym: F santa-maria Britton & Rose, The Caetaeeae 3:131 (/922);

82

This is another smaller growing subspecies than Lhe type (but not as small as subsp. santa-maria), distinguished by its long spination, the central spines up to twice as long as the type , and coloured dark brown, the underlying red colouring showing only if wetted. Although there is said to be some overlapping between this subspecies and the type, in general this is the dominant subspecies in the southern part of Baja California occurring widely in the southern area from just south of the Bahia de Concepcion all the way to the southern tip. It is common in cu ltivation and often one of the most

popularly raised from seed commercially, as it has an attractive appearance as a young plant, and the area where it occurs is more accessible from the frequently visited cape area than the central eastern part of the peninsula where the lype occurs, and so to seed co llection. It was regarded by Nigel Taylor in 1984 as a variety of F pen insulae, although it is provisionally accepted as

a species (i.e neither regarded as a good species nor a subspecies for sure) in the most recent CITES Caetaeeae Checklist (1999). But Anderson (200 I) listed it as a species, adding that "it is closely related to F. penillsulae". We here regard it as a subspecies of F. pen insulae, which it closely resembles in many respects. It was described as smaller than the type, very rarely to 1m tall, globose, con ical or occasionally cylindric, variab le in shape and size, with about 13 to 16 ribs, stems about 25cm in diameter, up to 75cm tall in age. The spines are similar to the type, but more variable,

with 0 to 16 slender, whitish radial spines, the central spines sometimes straight or the central and lower radial spines reduced to only 5. Fruit is almost globular, about 25mm long, 20mm wide, yellow. Seed is 1.2 to 2mm long, matt black. Reported from Mexico, south BAJA CALIFORNIA, from Cabo San Lucas at the tip of the peninsula to about 26° N, Isla San Jose, Isla Santa Margarita, Isla Magdalena, La Paz, Triunfo, Fraile Bay, Cabo San Lucas, between Queretaro and Pozo Grande, Boca de las Animas, San Gregorio, San Jose del Cabo, San Bartolo, Buena Vista; at IOO-450m altitude, usually in rocky areas or hillsides. Fig. 94: F peninsulae subsp. townsendianus with colourful open flowers and umpteen buds in cultivation in the USA

Field collection numbers referred here are: holotype Rose 16570 (US); Johnston 3935, 4084 (CAS); Lindsay 1919, 1968, 2248 (OS, SO); Lindsay OBG 275 (DES); Jones 27061 (POM); Remple 318 (AHFH); Wiggins 5711 (OS); Brandegee without no. (two specimens) (UC); Taylor quotes his collection number N. P. Taylor 59, from mountains to the south-west of San Javier; Lau 1421; Rep. 289, 589,593, 723h, 723m, 2199a; OJF 27.37,37.37; SB 1286; PP ISO, 151, ISlA, ISS, 165; JP 8511254. Synonym: F. peninslilae F. townsendianus

var.

Rererences: N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:28 (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugdkakt. Nordamer. 184, 443, 444 (1992); Lindsay, Feroeactus 223-224, 237, 415 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); Hunt (ed.) CITES Cactaceae Checklist 205 (/999); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 335 (2001)

lownsendianus,

Ferocactw; peninsulae subsp. townsendianus stat. nov. Basionym F. lownsendianus Britton & Rose, The Caet. 3:J27, jig. 133 (1922);

Fig. 95: A young flowering plant of F peninsulae subsp. towllsendianus, the same localilY as the plant to the right

Fig.96: A superb, heavily-spined F. peninsulae subsp. towlIselldiallus, north of La Paz on the coast road to San Juan de la Costa, Baja California Sur, Mexico

83

Ferocactus pi_ l o_s_u_s_ _ __ This is a beautifully coloured species, the white hairlike radial spines contrasting wonderfully with the stunningly bright red central spines, and when the yellow and red flowers appear the whole plant appears as if on fire. Plants grown in the Canary Islands under ideal conditions for strong spine development are

Fruit is ovoid, yellow, 30 to 40mm long, covered with rounded scales, fleshy and acid, mark.eted for use in the same way as for lemons. Seed is about 1.75mm long, dark brown.

frequently seen offered in Europe some 25cm or so tall and wide; these may flower at this size given good sunny conditions in cultivation. It is one of the biggest in the genus, making quite large individual stems, but notable for the massive clumps it forms in the wild, 3m or more across. It was described as solitary or clustering, with stems 10 3m tall, 50cm in diameter, with 13 to 20 ribs. There are numerous whitish, radial bristles, although these are sometimes absent. There are 6 to 12 main central spines, to 50mm long, strong, usually red (but plants with yellow spination occur in some populations of this species), more or less straight. Flowers are yellow to red, cup shaped, 40mm long, 25mm wide, petals remaining more or less erecl, stigmas yellow.

84

It should be mentioned here that the name preferred by Unger is F. piiiferus, and he quotes the description of it as such according to Lemaire ex Ehrenberg in 1848, which predates the first val id description of it as Echinocactus piiosus by two years. But Taylor rejects th is name as inadequately typified, and points out that Unger has not provided a neotype, "an essential prerequisite for the certain application of names based only on descriptions". In the light of this, and the fact that it is the more widely used name, F pilosus is Fig. 98 (opposite page): F fJilosus, a majestic clump standing proud waiting to be photographed - again! Fig. 97 (below): F pi/oms, a clustering, glowing red-spined plant of this favoured species at Nui'iez, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

85

122lb, I 242d, 1271, 179Ia, 2158c, 2276a, 2279a, 2331a, 2335a, 2349b; OJF 620, 627, 758.37; S8 819, 1618,1619; LH 345; CSO 88,110; CZJCH 115. Synonyms: Echinocactus pilijerlls, E. pilOSllS, E. pilosus [var.] pringlei, E. pilosus [var.J stainesii, F. pilifcrus, F. pilifcrus var. jlavispinlls, F. pili/crus var. stainesii, F pilosus (var.) stainesii, F. pringlei, F. stainesii, F. stainesii var. haematacanthus (sensu Backeberg), F. staines;i var. pilm'us, F. stainesii var. pringlei Section Ferocactus F. robustus group References:

Ferocactus

Fig. 99: The unusual cup-shaped nowers of F. pilOSllS, in culLivation in the USA

favoured here. This name also has precedence over F. stainesii, which is sometimes used as an alternative name under this species, but which was not validated as such until 1922. F. stainesii is also sometimes applied (quite incorrectly) to variants of F. piiosus lacking hair-like radial spines; compare Britton & Rose's description of F. stainesii as differing from F. pilosus in having more distant ribs, the areoles more widely separated, the spines duller coloured, more numerous, somewhat curved, two of them decidedly flattened, and the hairs white!

pilosus

(Galeotti

ex

Salm-Dyck)

Werdermann in Fedde's, Rep. Spec. Nov., SonderBeih. C. Lfg. 18, pI. 72 (1933); Galeolli ex Salm-Dyek, Coet. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 148 (1850); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:35 (1984); I.e. 5:96 (1987); Unger, Die as F. gros''''en Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 162 (1992) pili/erus; Lindsay, Ferocactus 157-167, 191, 437 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); E. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 334 (200 I )

Reported from the Mexican states of SAN LUIS Parasi, ZACATECAS, DURANGO, NUEVO LE6N, COAHUILA and TAMAULIPAS in the Chihuahuan desert; specifically from SAN LUIS POTosi, E of San Luis Potosi Guadalcazar crossing, Huizache, Bonita, Zaragoza de Solis, La Jolla, Ciudad Maiz, Matehuala, Catorce; from ZACATECAS, Concepcion del Oro, Cedros; from DURANGO, Cerro Viznaga near San Bartolo; from NUEVO LE6N, Ascencion, Aramberri, Escondido, San Roberto, between Saltillo and Nuncio; from COAHUILA, on the road from Saltillo near Nuncio, and Viesca, and Parras, Ramos Arispe, Cameros, Saltillo, Sierra de Parras, Jimulco; from TAMAULIPAS, Lano de los Azua; usually in flat, sandy soil, at 1,200-2,400m altitude. To say the least it is a widespread species. Field collection numbers referred here are: neotype Lindsay 2588 (OS); Lindsay 2043, 2614 (OS, SO); Pringle without no. (UC), Pringle 154 (US); Purpus without no. (UC); Lau 1419, 1420; Rep. 379, 696a,

86

Fig. 100: An unusually coloured, yellow-spined F. pifosus among its red-spined brethren

Ferocactus pottsii

--------

Like a huge, blue-grey melon wi th spines, this is a good-looking, large-growing species with fat, wide, prominent ribs. The spinal ion is unusual in being comparatively unferocious, and the plants have more body apparent than most Femcactlls species. In the UK in cu ltivation it takes a long time to bloom, and seems to need to be about 25 or 30cm in diameter before it will achieve Ihis, but is worth the wait for the beautiful, clear yellow, large flowers wi th contrasting red stamens. The open, relatively unprotected body of thi s plant is prone to damage from nearby more spi ny species, and care is needed when placing it in a collection of Ferocactus species. or when transporting it to shows. Lindsay described it in J 942 as a variety of F. alam-

OS{IIIUS (var. plarygollus), but thi s is nowadays regarded as a redescription of this species. Neverth e less Lindsay's description is far more detailed than older accounts, and is quoted here.

He described it as solitary, to I m tall, 40cm in diameter (Taylor says 50cm), but usually much smaller, globular to short-cy lindric, with usually 13 ribs, sometimes more in very large plants (Taylor says up to 25) broad and obtuse. There are 3 to usuall y 8 radial spi nes, to 25 to 45mm long, sl ight ly flattened. Fig. 101: F pOllsi; with its lypicaJ unferocacllts-tike. sparse spinm ion, bedded out al the Ruth Bancroft Garden. WatnUl Creek, California. USA

87

The single central spine is up to 75mm long, stmight. Flowers are light greenish-yellow, 45mm long, 35mm wide, stigmas yellow. Fruit is ovoid, yellow, to 40mm long, 30mm in diameter, with broad scales. Seed is dark brown to black, to 3mm long, 2mm broad. Reported from the Mexican states of SONORA CHIHUAHUA, SINALOA, and DURANGO, specificall; from SONORA, G uirocoba, E of Alamos, o n the western slopes of the Sierra Tarahumara, Sierra Alamos, Taymuco, Sierra CaneJa near San Bernardo; from C HIH UA HUA, Villa Hurnada, at I ,200m alti tude, La Bufa/Rio Batopi las; from SINALOA, in arid subtropica l thorn forest or higher in the pine belt, San Bernardo, Sierra Canela; from DURANGO in the east· at I , 150-I ,800m alt itude. ' Field collection numbers referred here are: the type Bool & Lindsay without no. (OS, the synonymous F. alamosallus var. platygol1us); Lau 1257; Rep. 534, 1589. Synonyms: Echinocaclus pow'ii, F. alamosanlls var. Fig. 102: F. pottsii wi th very ed ible- looking fruit in cultivation in the USA

88

platygollus, F. guirocobensis nom. nud. Section Ferocactus F. potlsii group References:

Ferocaelus pow'ii (Salm-Dyck) Baekeberg, Die Caer 5:2738, fig.2600 (196/); Salm-Dyek, AI/g. Garte,,,. 18:395 (1850); Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakt. 327-328, jig.57 (1898); G. Lindsay, Cael. Suee. J. (US)14( 101I):139,wilh figs. (1942) - as F. alamasanus var. platygolllls; Schwarz ex Backeberg, Die Caclaceae 5:2743 (1961) - as F guirocobensis (mentioned as a catalogue name); Unger. Kakf.ll.a.Sukk. 22(10): 184187, jigs. 1-4 (1971); Glass & Fosler, Cael. Suee. J. (US) 56(2):62-63, Jigs.5,7 (1984); N. P. Taylor, Bradfeya 2:36 (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkllkt. Nordamer. 248 (1992); Lindsay, Ferocaelus 124-125, 127-129, 139 (1996) (/955 Ihesis, /II/published at Ihe linle) - as F alamosanus var. platygollus; E. F. Anderson, The Cactll~' Family 334 (2001)

Ferocactus recurvus Taylor in his paper on the genus abandoned this taxon for lack of typification, rejecting Lindsay's neotypification, and regarded it as subsidiary to F. lalispinus, adopting the later Iypitied name for it as F. latispinus var. ~pjralis, recently modified to F. latispinus subsp. spiralis. But this view has not gained ground in the subsequent 20 years, and most other authorities on the genus, and collectors too, have followed Lindsay and maintained it as F. recurvus. Unger goes one step further and maintains it as a species and reduces F. lalispinus beneath it. Having seen thi s species and F. latispinus extensively in the wild, we think that there are sufficient differences in body shape, spination, flower and separate geography to follow the mainstream of thinking, and it is here regarded as a good species separate from F. latispinus. In addition, we have recognized Charlie Glass's var. greemvoodii as a subspecies, see below. To be fair to Nigel Taylor, who was good enough to read through our text with some tolerance, he commented on the above conclusion that "to be consistent, you (i.e. we) should raise most of the subspecies recognized in this book to rank as species!" Tempting as this was we have not followed his advice.

Fig. 103: F.

recurliUS

south~west

subsp. recurliUS in harsh conditions, of Oaxaca city, Oaxaca, southern Mexico

Ferocactus recurvus subsp. recurvus In cultivation F. recurvus is a handsomely spined plant from an early age, but with nothing like the breadth of spine seen in F. iatispinlls, and it makes from the early days a more elongated~globular, altogether taller~growing plant than that species. Plants we saw in habitat were taller than broad, to about 30cm tall , and about 25cm wide, often growing in bare, sandy soil, among small trees giving little shade, in what seemed to be very dry conditions. At the time we were there, in early spring there were flowers as well as ripe fruits. It was described as globose or flat~gJobose (this at higher elevations in Oaxaca, at about 2,440m), to short-cylindric almost columnar at lower elevations in the valley of Tehuacan (about l,400m), to 40cm lall (but up to 1m), and 35cm in diameter, with 13 to 16 ribs, often spiralled. There are 5 to 7 radial spines, uniformly stout, and four central spines, the lowermost to 60mm long, 7mm wide, somewhat flattened but not so broad as in F iatispinus, and fluted or grooved lengthwise. Flowers (in winter or early spring in habitat) are 50mm long, 25mm wide, whitish with pink to purplish midstripes or bases to the petals. Fruit is cylindric, purple (Lindsay also mentions yellow, but such has not been seen by the authors), 50 to 80mm long, 20mm in diameter, juicy, covered with spirally arranged, ciliate, hard, triangular scales. Seed is about 1.25mm long, O.6mm wide, dark brown 10 black, shiny. Reported from the Mexican states of PUEBLA and OAXACA, at 500 to 2,440m altitude; specifically from PuEBLA, Zapotitlan de Salinas near Tehuacan, Tecomavaca, Colonia San Marlin, Coxcallan, La Collina, Tehuitzingo, La Canada, Tehuixtla, Esperanza, El EI Papayo, Riego/Tehuacan, Acatlan, Mesquitepec, Tecocoyuca, Xuchiapa near Izucar de Matamoros, Santa Ana Zapolitlan; from OAXACA, high in the Sierra Mixteca, Nand S of Huajuapan, S of Tlacalula, near

89

Tehuantepec, San Jose Lachiguiri, Teotitlan, Mitla, Matatlan, Cuicatlan, Totoiapan, Tamazulapan, Tecomavaca, Chazumba, Nieves, Rio Salado, San Martin, Tomellin, Sierra Mixteca, Tilapa, Barranca !xcatJan; in flat, sandy areas at lower levels, but also found in the mountains, at 1,400-2,5 00m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: neotype Lindsay 2060 (OS); Lindsay 2597, 2600, 2606, 2609 (OS), 2608 (OS, SO); Lau 1408; Rep. 110, 131, 153, 163a, 167, 321, 834a, 851, 858a, 898a, 924b, 927b, 957e, 1043a, 1321c, 1342a, 1462a, 1656a, 1677a; FO.68, 138; SB 547; CZlCH 153, 162, 175.

Fig. 104: The srrong protective spination of F. recurvus subsp. which even goats cannot get past.

Synonyms: Bisnaga recurva, Cactus nobilis, C. reeurvtls, £ehinoeaetus ~piralis, F latiwinus subsp. spiraiis, F lati~pinus var. spiralis, F. nobilis, F. reeurvus var. spiralis Section Bisnaga F. latispinus group References:

Ferocaetus recurvtts (Miller) /to, Caet. 105 (1952);

Miller, Card. Dict. ed.8 (1768); Britton & Rose, The Cae!. 141 ·3( 1922) - as F. nobilis; Glass, Caet. Suce. J. (US) 40(4): 161,.lig. 5 (centre) (1968); N. P. Taylor, BradJeya 2: 26 (1984) - as F. latispinus var. spiralis; & 5:96 (1987); Lindsay, Foveae/us 141-148, 191, 440 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 294 (1992); E. F Anderson, The Cactus Family 332 (2001) - as F. latispinus sllbsp. spiralis

Ferocactus recurvus subsp. greenwoodii

Fig. lOS: F. recurvus subsp. rccurl'us with its unusuallycoloured flowers on display

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Taylor does not acknowledge this taxon in the CITES Cactaeeae Checklist (1999), although he endorsed it as a good variety in his 1984 review, albeit as a variety of F. latispinus. Having been taken to the type locality by its finder, Charlie Glass, and listened to his enthusiasm for its distinct appearance, we are happy to regognize it here as a subspecies. Inspired by the earlier glimpse of this subspecies in the company of Charlie Glass, we visited the area in the autumn of 2003 , so that we could see it, hopefully in flower, which it had not been on our previous spring visit. We found that it is widespread on the road from Oaxaca to Nejapa de Madero, as well as in the surrounding countryside, as we came across it again when we visited the remote village of San Jose Lachiguiri , the type locality of Orlegoeaelus macdollgallii. To

our surprise we also found it planted in the forecourt of a petrol stalion, whe re a local lad to ld us enthusiastica ll y that it was a popul ar plant in the area as it was used in the production of cactus candy. The larger plants were cored, the soft interior flesh cubed and soaked in sugar to form a tasty sweetmeat. Fortunately there seemed to be a large enough population to withstand this local predation, helped perhaps a little by the preference for mature plants, whi ch wou ld enable some regeneration to have taken place before they were culled for the loca ls' sweet tooth. As hoped for, the plants were in tlower, and we were enlightened as to the mystery of the flower colour, described as "straw yellow", unlike the pale pink flo wers of the lype. Mary McLenahan, who accompan ied us to this si te, was asked how she would describe the co lour of the flowers, and her reply was accurate and apposite: pale, glassy yell ow; the throat of the flowers by the way is like the type, deep pinkish-purple. I am sure that Charlie wou ld have approved of Ihi s description.

immature, as seed co llected in recent years is 1.5mm long, sh iny black. Reported from the Mexican state of OAXACA, Nejapa vall ey, Highway 190, KM637; sOllth-east OAXACA, in the TOlolapan and Nejapa valleys, over about 3Skm ; between Tehuantepec and Oaxaca city on limestone soi l in semi -shade in hill y country; east of Mitla; at about 1,400m altitude. Field co llect ion numbers referred here are: the type, Glass 817-3 (POM); isOlypes (MEXU, CAS); SB 1853. Synonyms: F lafispirws var. greemvoodii, F recun'flS var. greemvoodii

FerocaclllS recurvus subsp. greenwood;i stal. nov. Basioflym: F. recurvus var. greemvoodii C. Glass, Cae!. Suee. J. (US) 40(4):160, jig.\". 1-4,5(upper) (1968),

References: N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:27 (1984) - as F latispinlls var. greemvoodii; Innes & Giass, lIIustr. Enc),cl. Cacti

120, with fig. (1991); Ungel; Die gros.~ell Kllgelkakt. It was described as subglobose, to IOcm tall, 16cm in Nordamer. 299 (1992); Lindsay, Ferocactlls 433 diameter, with 13 ribs, green and aCllte, but broad at (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the rime); E. F base. Spines rounded, of more or less equal thickness, Andersoll, The CaclIIs Family 332 (2001) amber 10 ashy red, one central, 4cm long, curved down at the tip , wine-red when young, lip yellow, descending, occas ionally flattened laterally; 3 subcentrals, 2.5 to 3cm long, straight, reddishyellow, standin g above the 4 or 5 radia ls (with occas ional large, persistent, subu late, gland-spines) 1.5 to 2.5cm long, suberec!, spread ing, translucent yellow, the lower flushed red. Flowers are straw-yel low, 6cm long, 3cm wide, campanulate, st igmaJobes yell ow. Fru it is globose, to 25mm long and in diameter, greenish to bronzed, covered with yellow and brown, spirally arranged scales. Seed was described as very small, reddish-brown, Fig. 106: F. reCllrVI4S subsp. greellwoodi; showing ilS pale yellow flowers in the autumn, near wh ich may have been the village of San Jose Lachiguiri, southern Oaxaca, Mexico 91

j

"

Ferocactus robustus To see the huge clumps of this species growing in the wild in calcareous areas on the flat ground is an amazing sight. It is one thing to read that clumps can reach I m tall and 5m across, but this does not prepare you sufficiently for the initial sight of such monsters with hundreds of stems ~ it is overwhelming. The large clump pictured is in the Mexican state of Puebla, at Tecamachalco, where we were taken by Charlie Glass, principally to see Mammillaria peClinijera, the laller flush with the ground in limestone, where it was finding life above ground difficult. But not so the Ferocacrus, which looked as if they could survive any amount of aridity with their massive bulk. As if taking sustenance from its protective presence there was the odd Mammillaria mystax growing amid the many stems of the largest of the Ferocactus. In cultivation a little extra warmth is necessary in winter to stop brown marks developing on the rib apices, and it is a species which has a nasty habit of developing brown marks around the base of the stems; the best treatment to combat this seemingly natural habit is to try to keep ahead of the marking by potting the plants on fairly frequently and growing them fast;

92

it will start to cluster when barely 8 cm or so in diameter. Plants are not easily flowered in the UK, and a plant grown for 20 years in cultivation, with many heads and a diameter of about 40cm has not yet obliged, but hopefully there will be some reader of these lines who will inform us otherwise. It was described (with our additional comments in brackets) as clustering, forming huge mounds to 1m tall, and to Sm in diameter, (the visible palt of the stems more or less globose, to about lOcm in diameter, green), with about 8 acute ribs. Therc arc 10 to 14 radial spines (thin and bristle-like, white), and 4 to 7 much stronger central spines, straight or a little curved, angled or flattened (reddish-brown). Flowers are yellow, (with some of the outer petals reddish), 30 to 40mm long and wide, stigmas red. Fruit is yellow, 20 to 30mm long, 20mm in diameter, with broad, widely separated, fleshy scales. Seed is I.Smm, black. Fig. 107: F. robustus, close-up of a huge clump of hundreds of stems, each only about 100m diameter, near Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico

Reported from the Mexican state of PUEBLA. specifically from Tlacotepec, Tehuacan, Tecamachalco, Clca loapan, Zapotitlan de Salinas; on level areas in limestone, at J ,500~2,1 OOm altitude. Field collection numbers referred here

are: neo.ype, Lindsay 2058 (OS); Lau 1417; Rep. 93, 109; FO.69; CZlCH 128. Synonym: E{;hillocactus robllstus Section Ferocactus F. robust us group References:

FerocaclUs robllsltis (Pfeiffer) IJrittoli & Rose. The Caelaceae 3: 135, jig.143

( 1922); Pfeiffer, E"IIff1. Cael. 61 (1837); & Nov. Ael. Nat. Cllr. 19( J):pl. 16, fig.3 (1839); Krai1lz. Die Kakteell Lfg.30. C VIlle, with jigs. (1965); Kriihenbiihl,

Fig. 108: F.

robllStllS,

like a huge sleeping hedgehog in southern Puebla

Kakl.lI.a.Sllkk. 33(8):170, 171 (1982); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:27 with fig. (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordalf/er. 90 (1992): Lindsay, Ferocact/ls 91-94, 110, 413 (1996) (1955 Ihesis, lI"published 01 the time); E. F. Andersoll, 11,e Cactus Family 334

(200 1)

Fig. 109: Bill Weightman. John Pilbeam and Derek Bowdery in IOtal disbelief at ''The biggest FerocaclIIs in the world" as Gracie Fields might have sung.

93

Ferocactus schwarzii This is a species which resembles Echinocactus grusonij when young, particularly in its strongly tubercled appearance, but with less prominent spines. After about four years the ribs start to develop and it takes on the acutely ribbed character and dark green colouring of the mature plant. The intense dark green coloration of the body and the sharply ridged ribs with continuous yellow fclt in youth make this an extremely attractive species to grow at all stages. Flowers can be expected on plants of about 12cm in diameter in cultivation in the UK, and these add to its charm. It was described enthusiastically by Lindsay in honour of Fritz Schwarz, who had discovered it in the mountains of the Mexican state of Sinaloa, and

brought it back to grow in his garden in San Luis Potosi. By the time Lindsay got to him Schwarz had already distributed it widely under the name F. schwarzii, and Lindsay saw no reason to confuse the issue by changing this name in his formal description in the US journal. He pictured the plant Schwarz had collected, which was of considerable size and showing early flower buds; he also pictured a younger plant showing clearly an attractive feature of this species, the almost continuous fell down the ridge of the ribs. Lindsay described it as solitary, globose, broadly elliptical or obovoid, to 80cm tall, 50cm in diameter, deep green, with 13 to L9 acute ribs, rounded when young, areoles more or less running together. There are 1 to 4 spines, more radial than central, sometimes none or up to 5, more numerous in youth,S to 55mm long. Flowers are yellow, 50mm long, 40mm wide, with yellow stigmas. Fruit is 15mm long, I2mm in diameter, purplish, juicy. Seed is black and shiny, 1.50101 long, 101m wide. Reported from the Mexican state of SINALOA, in the northern and central pal1s, between Rancho del Padre and Sinaloa, Bacuberito, Cerro Rio Colorado near Cofradia 48krn E of Culiacan; at 30-200m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: hoiotype, Schwarz without no.(Dudley Herbarium no. 371145, DS); Brandegee without no. (UC); Lau

620 Section Bisnaga F. giallcescens group

Fig. 1 to: F. schlvarzii in full flower, bedded out in the Ruth Bancroft Garden, Walnut Creek, California, USA

94

References:

FerocacfUs schll'arzii C. Lindsay, Cacl. Slice. 1. (US) 27(3):70· 72, lVilil figs. (1955); Krainz, Die Kakteen, Lfg. 33, C Ville (1966); N. P. Taylor, BradleYll 2:23 wilh fig. (1984): Unger, Die grosse1i Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 403 (1992); Lindsay, Femeaelus 1//·//4, 139. 442 ( 1996) (1955 Illesis, UI/' published at The time); E. F. Allderson, The Cacttls Family 335 (2001)

95

Ferocactus viridescens This species is one of those that anyone can find room for, obligingly small-grow ing, and flowering in the UK at an early stage of its growth, at abOU15 years old from seed and about IDem in diameter; even fully grown it is a comparative ly small plant for the genus. Although variable in fl ower co lour from yellowishgreen to green, it adds a rare hue to the collection, but some plants produce nowers coloured a rather washed-oul yellowish green, and the morc attractive intense shades of green should be looked out for, unless you have a superstition about thi s colour.

Ferocactus viridescens subsp. viridescens This, the type, was described

as so litary or occasionally clustering, to 30cm tall (but often lower growing), and to 30cm in diameter, but some populations inland have been reported with much largergrowing specimens, lO J.3m

tall , 40em in diameter.

were grow in g in sandy areas among grasses and with in a stone's throw of the Pacific coast. Reported from USA, CALIFORNIA, near San Diego, Escondido, Torrey Pines, Mi ss ion Hill s, Oray, between Otay and San Ysidro, Coons Ranch , Cabrillo National Monument at Point Loma; from Mexico, BAJA CALIFORNIA, from the US border southwards to near San Quintin; on rocky hillsides or sandy flat areas with grass, near the coast and in chaparraJ inland, at IO-400m altitude. Field coll ection numbers rderred here are: holotype

Nuttall without no. (BM); Lindsay 2616 (OS, SO), 2173 as F: orcllttii (OS, SO); Peebles S. F. 305 (A ri z.); Parish 375 (OS); Brandegee without no. (UC) : Setehell without no. (UC); Orcutt 29t (Mo). 64 1 without no.(?) as EchinocaclIIs orcLlttii (Mo); Snyder without no. (SO); Schott without no. (Mo); Pringle

14359 (Mo); Abrams 3395 (OS, Mo, POM); Cohen

(We

have never seen these larger plants either in the wild or in cul ti vation, and wondered if there is some confusion with subsp. lirroralis, which is larger and much more spiny; Nigel Taylor however is of the opinion that these larger plants could be a connection to F. gracilis.) Stems are depressed-globose to cylindric. wi lh 13 to 25 ribs (occas iona ll y up 10 30), obtuse and somewhat tuberculate (especially in you ng plants), mid green. There are about 8 to 15 (to 19) radial spines, some slender, bristle-like, others stronger and intergrading with the central spines. There are 4 (to 9) central spines, somewhat curved but nO( hooked, the largest upper and lower flattened, to 5mm wide, yellowish or reddish, ageing 10 grey. Flowers are greenish , sometimes with a darker, reddish midstripe, appearing in the wi ld in spring, lO 50mm long, 60mm wide, stigmas yellow. Fruit is 35mm long, 25mm in diameter, at first green or reddish, ripen ing lO light yellow, with scattered, lunate (crescent shaped), fl es hy sca les, wh ich become transparent. Seed is black. to 1.5mm long, Imm wide. Plants we saw in northern Baja California, near Ihe coast not far south of the US border, were quite lowgrowing, no more than about IOcm higb and up to about 25cm in diameter. They were usually solitary, but the occasion al clustering plant was see n. They

96

Fig. 113: Close-up of the colourful nowers and spines of F. viridescens subsp. viridescens in cultivation in the USA

463 (POM); Benson 4281 (POM), 14366 (POM 278127); Rush without no. (AHFH); Wiggins 3245 (OS); Gander 489 as F. orcuttii (SO); Wiggins & Gillespie 3910 as F orclIttii (DS, POM, CAS, Mo, MEXU); Dawson 5129, 5 140 (AHFH); Lau 1402; Rep. 232, 239, 247; DJF 4.37; SB 1238 (may be subsp. littoralis); JS 80; RP 99. Synonyms: Echinocacfus orew!ii, E. viridescens, F

cali/omicus, F orcutt;i, F viridescens subsp.lvar. orcutt;i Section Ferocactus F. robustlls group References:

Ferocaclus viridescens (Torrey & A. Gray) Britton & Rose, The Caer. 3:140, pl.14.1,fig.148 (1922); Torrey & A. Gray, Fl. N. Ama 1:554 (1840); Lindsay, Coer. SlIe. Mex. 10(3):76-91, fig.50 (1965); L. Benson, Caeti US & COllado 703-705,figs.742-745 (1982); N.. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:30-31, wirhfig. (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 97 (1992); Lindsay, Fig. 115: F. viridescens subsp viride.\·cens growing near the Pacific shoreline south of Maneadero, Baja California

Fig. 114: Well-spined plant of F. viridescells subsp. viridescens in flower in the UK at no more than 15cm dia.

Ferocactlls 265-280 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time); Glass, Identification Guide Threatened Cacti Mexico J:FElVI rmnwnbered pages (1998, pub/. 1997); £. F. Anderson, The Cactus Family 335-6

(2001)

97

Ferocactus viridescens subsp. Iittoralis Taylor does not acknowledge this taxon in CITES Cactaceae Checklist (1999), but its distinctive appearance, with a quite different habit from the type, and its separate recognition by other authorities (including Ted Anderson, 2001), lead us to retain it as it is an attractive, if rarely seen collectors' plant. It is not often offered, and should be seized on if seen in commercial listings, either as plant or seed. It is distinguished by its typically taller size, higher rib count and higher number of central spines, more dense spinal ion than the type and more golden hue. It presents no more difficulty than the type, and is comparatively hardy. It was collected as long ago as the early 1930s by a veteran of the peninsula, Howard Gates, who listed it in his 1934 catalogue using this name (as a variety), although the name was not then formally published.

98

It has a stem to 30cm tall, lScm in diameter, solitary or rarely branched at the base, with about 21 to 34 ribs. There are 15 to 24 radial spines, needle-like to bristle-like, yellowish to white. Central spines number 7 to 9, yellowish or pinkish, round in section or slightly flattened, ribbed, usually slightly recurved, 20 to 40mm long, about 1.5mm wide, the four principal spines in the shape of an upright cross, with 3 to 5 additional spines above. Flowers are about 30mm long, 25mm wide, greenish-yellow, with reddish outer petals, yellow inner perals, stigmas red or yellow. Fruit is globular, about 15mm in diameter, shiny red or yellow, with broad scales. Seed is black, 1.5mm long, I mm wide. Reported from Mexico, BAJA CALIFORNIA - the type: collected in 1960 on the seacoast bluffs at Puerto Santo Tomas, near 31 0 33' N, 1160 41' W, by Reid Moran, another veteran of the peninsula. Also reported in distribution from the coastal zone of northern BAJA CALIFORNIA from north of Ensenada to Mision Santo Domingo; specifically at Punta Salsipuedes, Punta Banda, Puerto Santo Tomas, Punta Fig. 116: F viridescens subsp.littoralis at Puerto Santo Tomas, Baja California, Mexico

Ca lavaras, 3.7 miles south of San Isidro Erendira, 9.5 miles south of the same village, and 1.3 miles west of Mision Santo Domingo, also from near the Hidalgo Observatory, San Carlos Hot Springs. San Quintin, Cardonal near San Jorge, Rosario; at 800-1,000m altitude on rocky bluffs. Field collection numbers referred here are: the type, R. Moran 8277(SD), isOlypeS MEXU, CAS, DS, UC, US; Lindsay 1843,2071 (both as F viridescens) (OS, SD); Dawson 5140 (AHFH); Lau 1253. Synonym: F. viridescens var. littoralis Section Fcrocactus F robustus group References: Ferocactus viridescens subsp. littoralis (Lindsay) F. & R. Wolf, Die Ferokakteen der 8aja California 207·208 (2004); C. Lindsay, Caet. Succ. J. (US) 36(/):8-/0, with figs. (/964); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:3/ (/984); Unger, Die grossell Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 111 (1992); Lindsay, Ferocactus 269-270, 277, 280 (/996) (/955 thesis, unpublished at the time); Glass, Identification Guide Threarened Cacti Mexico 1:FElVI var. litoralis Fig. 118: Ferocactus viridescens subsp. littoralis, golden balls of spines glow ing in the Mexican sun, north of Ensenada, Baja California

Fig. 117: Ferocactus viridescens subsp. littoralis at the type locality near Punta Santo Tomas, Baja California, Mexko (sic!), unnumbered pages (1998, publ. 1997); Hunt (ed.), CITES Cacl. Checklist 205 (/999); E F Anderson, The Cactus Family 335-6 (2001)

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Ferocactus wislizeni This species is one of the most commonly seen offered commercially as a young seedling, with the seed of the type often present in mixed packets of seed. It grows quickly into a very spiny plant and will oblige with flowers at about 20c01 tall and wide, exceptiona ll y a little earlier at about l4cm in diameter. The flower

colour varies somewhat in its ralio of red to yellow, and is almost flame-like in its brightness. It is divided into three subspecies as follows:

Ferocactus wislizeni subsp. wislizeni Ferocactus wislizeni subsp.

wislizelli (not as often seen "wislizenii"), the type, with nonnally a solitary stem, is barrel-shaped to columnar, tapering towards the top, to 1.6m (rarely to 3m) tall, 80cm in diameter, with 20 to 30 ribs. There are about 12 to 20 radial spines, bristle-like to needle-like, whitish.

Cenrral

Fig. 119: F. wislizelli subsp. wislizeni, close-up of nowering stem in cultivalion in the USA

spines number 4 (occasionally to 8), the lowermost to lOcm long, flattened, hooked or straight, the three uppermost more or less round in section. Flowers (mainly in summer in the wild) ye llow-orange to red, 50 to 75mm long, 45 to 60mm wide, stigmas yellow. Fruit is narrow ovoid, to 50mm long, 30mm in diameter, yell ow, having fleshy scales with ciliate margins. Seed is 10 2.25 to 2.5rnm long, 1.75mm wide, reddish-brown to almost black. In the w ild it is common in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, and across the Mexican border in Sonora and Chihuahua, where plants up to 2m or more tall and 60cm o r more w ide stand like statues disdainful of awestruck, much younger cactus lovers who have come to pay their respects. It is the most massive species of this genu s in the USA, and it invariably stopped us in our tracks when we encountered it, Fig. 120: F. wislizelli subsp. wislizeni. a middle-aged plant a melre or so tall replete with fruits between Nogales and Pena Blanca Lake. Arizona, USA

100

demanding the sort of respect thai is so seldom these days afforded to the extremely elderly. Repol1ed in the USA, from TEXAS, NEW MEX ICO and ARIZONA; and in Mexico, from CHIHUAHUA and SONORA; specifically in the USA, from TEXAS, EI Paso; from NEW MEXICO, Paso del Norte, Organ Mountains west Mesa, Mesilla Park, Rincon, Flotidas; from ARIZONA, Stoval, Tucson, Florida Canyon, Fresnal nort h in the 8aboquivari Mountains, Redington Pass Santa Catalina Mou ntains, Coyote Moun tai ns, Gila Bend, Camp Bowie, Benson, Dudleyv ille, Florence, Sacato n, Cool idge Dam, Guthrie; in Mexico, from CHIHUAHUA. Guzman See; from SONORA, Hermos illo, Tetas de Cabra/San Carlos Bay; at 40-1,750m a lt itude, often in nat, sandy areas.

References:

Ferocaef/ls wislizelli (Erlgelmann) Britton & Rose, The Cael. 3:127-128, pl.1 & 12.2, fig.13la (1922); Engelmann in Wislizenlls, Men!. Tour North. Mex. 96, in a(/llot. (1848); & Cael. Mex. Bound. pJ.26, 26 (1859); Nase, Kakl.u.a.Sukk. 25(10):236-7 (1974); L. Berlson, Cacti US & Canada 693-698, figs. 728-736, eol.pl.l22 (1982); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:34-35 (/984); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 139-155 (1992); U"dsay, Feroeaclus 169-191, 209, 417, 444 (1996) (1955 Ihesis, unpublished at Ihe lime); E. F. Andersoll, The Cactus Family 336 (2001)

Fie ld collection numbers referred here are: Wislizenus "cactus No.6" (Mo); Lindsay 2025 (OS, SO), Lindsay 2554 (OS, SO); Wiggins 8642, 8725 (OS); Palmer 72, 73 (Mo); Cutler 1072 (Mo); Benson 9848, 9976, 9988 (POM), 16637 (POM 31 1316); Benson 9745 (POM, AR IZ); Rothrock 492 (Mo); Trelease without no. (Mo); Toumey without no. (US, UC); Graham 7-26- 1 (UC); Leding S. F. 8 (Ar iz.); Or. Bigelow No. 12 (Mo); Wooton & Standley 3204 (Ariz.); Standley 565 (Mo); Jones w ithout no. (POM), Jones without no. (CAS, UC, POM, Ariz.); Mulford 1038 (Mo); Lt. Kribber without no. (Mo); Pringle 6875 (US, MO, POM, MEXU); Dawson without no. (AHFH); Lau 1404; Rep. 568, 571, I 554a, 2115b; SB 50, 228, 1828; OJF 1387, 1390, 1635; AG 30. Syno nyms: Eehillocactlls wislizeni, F arizollicus, F falconeri, F. pitoelliceus, F wislizeni vaL albispirltts, F. wislizeni var. pllOellieeus Section FerocaclUs F. robustus group

F ig. 121:

f: wislizeni subsp. wil·/ize1li. a yellow-flowered specimen growing near the Pima Mine, Arizona, USA 101

The first of the following two subspecies, subsp. herrerae, is often seen in cultivation labelled quite erroneously F. horridus, but the second, subsp. tiburonensis, is seldom seen, no doubt because of its isolated island occurrence. Both represent signif. icantly different looking plants from the lype, and are geographically separate. Although Taylor does not elevate them to subspecies he provisionally accepts them in the CITES Cactaceae Checklist (1999). As they are distinctive collectors' plants worth seeking out, and because of their separate geographical occurrence we are happy to place them hereunder as subspecies.

Ferocactus wislizeni subsp. herrerae This subspecies as indicated above is sometimes also pictured in books and seen in cultivation under the misnomer F. horridus, a name properly applied to a form of F. pen insulae, originally collected on the other side of the Gulf of California from subsp. herrerae, at San Francisquito Bay in Baja California, with noticeably long central spines, to 12cm long!

Fig. 122: F. wislizeni subsp. wislizeni, a red· flowered

example also growing near the Pima Mine, Arizona The masquerader is clearly subspecies herrerae, with dark brown to black central spines, about 6 to 8cm long, and usually hooked in youth. Although there are minor differences it seems that there is, as Dr. Ortega originally suggested, only one taxon involved, representing different stages in the growth of this subspecies, the centrals hooked in youth and straight(ish) when older. As Lindsay reports in his thesis the spines vary with the age of the plant: young seedlings about 6cm in diameter have one, reddish hooked central spine with 8 radiating, straight, radial spines, all of which are comparatively heavy, and there are no bristles; specimens between 25 and 50crn tall have 6 grey, ribbed central spines, the principal one to Fig. 123: F. wislizeni subsp. herrerae

enjoying life in fruit and flower on the Sonora/Sinaloa border, Mexico 102

10em long, flatte ned and curved or hooked at the tip, and a series of twisted white bristles; in specimens over SOcm tall the main central spine is straight, not flattened, and the radial brislles are few or often lacking altogether. In 1984 Nigel Taylor listed this taxon as a variety of F. wislizeni, but in the latest CITES Cactaeeae Checklist ( 1999) it is regarded as a provisionally accepted species (i.e. neither accepted as a good spec ies nor a subspec ies for sure). Anderson (2001) li sts it as a spec ies. adding that it " is closely related to F. wislizelli". We regard it here as a subspecies of F. w;sl;zell; because of its close resemblance to that species, and think it distinct enough to be regarded as a worthwhile co llector's plant.

San Bias, Guamuchil; west DURANGO, coasta l pla ins and western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental; from SONORA, Guaymas, Obregon, El Peon, Potam near Yaqu i Valley, 23km W of Alamos, 82km S of Navojoa, Ciudad Obregon, Guasimas, EI Peon near Guasimas, N of Vicam, Agiabampo; near sea level to 1,400m altitude on coastal plains and on hillsides. Field collection numbers referred here are: the type, J. G. Ortega without no. (MEXU); Schwarz 229 (OS); Brandegee without no. (UC); Jones 22967 POM); Lindsay 22 19, 2556, 2557, 2560, 2562, 2563 (some as F. wisiizeni) (DS, SD); Rep. 207b, 740a, 744a, 745a, 2 106, 2 11 8b; 58 1867. Synonyms: F. Jierrerae, F. horridtls Hoft. (misapplied)

Ferocactus wislizeni subsp. herrerae stat. nov. In cultivation subsp. herrerae is a handsome plant, making a large, robust, bri gh t gree n stem, with contrasting dark brown to black spi nes (very short spined plants are sometimes seen). It was described as globular at fi rst later cylindric and

sometimes with notably spi rall ing ribs, 2m tall , 4Scm in diameter, with 13 ribs (far fewe r than the type), at first squat, later more prominent. There are 8 strong radial spi nes, at fi rst reddish, later greyish white, about 3cm long. There is one centra l spine, straight and not flattened in maturity, in youth often curved at the lip, and sometimes hooked, about 3cm long; there are also 8 outer thi n, wispy bristles, to 3cm long, sometimes not present on older plants. Flowers are funnel shaped, to 7cm wide, yellOW, with broad red midslripe. Fruit is 4 to 6cm long, 2.5 to 3cm wide, greenish-ye ll ow, fl eshy. Seed is 2 to 2.2S mm long, I .S mm w ide, black or dark brown, rather angular.

Basionym: F. herrerae 1. G Onega, Mexico Forestal 5:53, 55, figs. 1-4 (1927) References: N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:34 (1984); Rauh, Kakt. Stand. Berueeks. Morph. System. pl. 79.3 (1979); Lindsay, Ferowetus 187-191, 403 (1996) (/955 thesis, unpublished at the time); Hirao, Colour Encycl. Cacli 10, figs. 26, 27 (1979); SolO, Cactus Handbook 99100, figs. 873, 874 (1996); Hunt (ed.), CITES Caet. Checklist 205 (/999); E. F. Anderson, The Cnellls FamiLy 331 (2001)

Fig. 124: F. wislizelli subsp. herrerae, with shortish spines in cu hivation in (he UK

Repo rted from Mexico, the coastal plains of the state of SINALOA, so uth-weste rn SONORA, and the mountains of western DURANGO; specifically from SINALOA, a band of about IOkm along the coas t from Mazallan to Ahome, and rocky hills and fl ats not far from the hi ghway, Topolobampo, Peri cos, Sianori, Em palm e, Guasimas and Hermosi llo, A ngo s t ura/G uamuch i I , Bacuberito, El Fuerte, Los Moch is, between Mazatlan and Los Mochis, Pe ri cos, Altata,

103

Ferocactus wislizeni subsp. tiburonensis

Lindsay reports it from the south-east and south -west of the island, but does not report further on its distribution there.

Seed has been available commercially in rece nt years of this island subspecies, and plants raised have a different aspect from the type and

subsp. herrerae. Its individual appearance. long iso lated occurrence, and Lindsay's clear ex po si tion of th e differences when he described it, encourage liS to recogni ze il as a subspecies. Isla Tiburon, where it occurs, is off the coast of So nora, a lillie above the centre of the Gulf of California, at about latitude 29° N. It is a large island, but not frequently visited;

Nigel Taylor listed it as a variety of F. wislizcfli in 1984, but in the 1999 CITES Cacfaceae Checklist it is regarded as provisionally acce pted (i. e. neither accepted as a spec ies nor a subspecies for sure). Anderson (2001) li sts it as a species, but adds that it " is closely related to F. wislizeni". As for subsp. herrerae above, we regard it here as a subspecies of F. wislizeni because of its cl ose resemblance to that species, but think it distinct enough to be regarded as a worthwhile collector's plant Alfred Lau (in letters) reported it rare in habi tat, but no problem to find. The Seri Indians will apparently take you to the island, but they tell an alanning story of a European who wan ted to spend 10 days on the island, but who took insufficient water. When they returned to pick him up, they found a picked~c1ean skeleton with a farewell letter to hi s wife between his fin gers. He had presumably succumbed to dehydration because of the heal and lack of sufficient water. But maybe (and hopefully) the story is apocryphal, as a warning of the dangers of visiting such remote uninh abited places not properly prepared. Lau suggested that a few c hopped up Ferocacllls plants cou ld maybe have saved his life had he been know ledgab le about cactus. This subspecies was described as having a sol itary stem, globose to colu mnar, to 1m tall , 35cm in diameter, with about 2 1 ribs. The spines are not clearly differentiated, the 4 more centrally placed, stronger, straight or sometimes twisted, the lowermost sometimes flattened. subulate, ribbed, and to 90mm long; those more radia l resembling the centrals, not as heavy but never bristlelike. Flowers are funnelfonn, inner peta ls yellow, the outer peta ls yellow or reddish, appearing in earl y spring in the wild (unlike the type, which normally blooms in mid or late summer), 6cm long, 5cm wide, slamens ye llow to red, stigmas with about 20 lobes, yellow. Fruit is fleshy, yellow, 2 to 3cm long and in diameter when dried. Seed is Fig. 125: F wislil.('lIi subsp. riburollellsis, a metre or so tall on the Isla Tiburon in the Gulf of California off Ihe coast of Sonora. Mexico

104

large, 2.5m m long, 1.75mm wide, black. Lindsay emphasized the differences from the type particu larly in its spring flowerin g, the colour of the flowers and the character of the spines.

Ferocactlls wislizeni sllbsp. tiblirOllellsis stat. nov. Basiol/ym: F. wislizeni var. tiburonensis C. Lindsay, Cael. Slice. J. (US) 27(6):166-167.fig.155 (1955)

Refere nces: Reported from Mexico, B AJA CALIFORNIA, in the Gulf of Ca liforn ia, on Ti buron Island in the south ; at 10200m altitude. Field collection numbers referred here are: the type, Lindsay 2229 (DS), from Ensenada Perro on the south-east corner of Tiburon Island; a monochrome photograph of it in habi tat appeared with the orig in al description. Other coll ections from this locality were made in 192 1 by Dr. 1. M. Johnston, a botani st on the Californ ia Academy of Sciences expedition to that island in that year, no.4270 (CAS) from the south-east corner, and no.425 1 (CAS) from 3 mil es N of Willard 's Point; the former of these two, accord ing to Li ndsay, was a particularly heavily armed plant with coarse, tortuous, strongly-ribbed spines lip to 9cm lon g, a nd it provided material from whi ch the descri ption of the fru it and seed was made; also coJlec'c
N. P. Taylor. Bradleya 2:35 (1984): Lindsay, Femeaellls /75-177, 185-186, 209 (1996) (1955 thesis, Ill/published at the time); E. F Anderson, The Caelus Family 335 (2001)

Synonym: F. tiburollensis, F. x tiburollellsis

Fig. 126: F. wislizeni subsp. tiburone1lsis, young plant in cultivation in the UK, grapefruit-sized, with distinctive spination even at this age.

105

Referred and other superfluous names F. acanthodes Britton & Rose, Cact. 3:129, figs . 134137,p1.l5 (1922); N. P. Taylor, Caet. Suee. J. (GB) 41 (4): 91 (1979); Lindsay, Feroeaetus 281, 290-308 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time) .. Although Taylor has referred this species to F. cylindraceus, there is a swell of opinion which favours the retention of this morc common, long used epithet, not least by Gottfried Unger in his recent work, who uses it in preference to F. cylindraceus. As indicated in the main text we regard Taylor's argument as soundly based and therefore prefcr the use of F. cylindraceus - see under that name. Nigel Taylor has commented in personal communication that the epithet 'acanthodes' "can only be retained in its popular sense if 'conserved' with a new type, but the use of 'cylindraceus' over the past 10 years or more, makes this unlikely to succeed." var. eastwoodiae L. Benson, Cacti of Arizona ed.3:23 (1969) Referred to F. cylindraceus subsp. eastwoodiae.

F. arizonicus (Kunze) Orcutt, Caclography (1922);

Kunze, Monatssehr. Kakteenk. 19:149 (1909); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:34 (1984). Referred to F. wislizeni. F. bicolor (Galeotti ex pfeiffer) N. P. Taylor, Caet.

Suee. J. (GB) 41(2):30 (1979); CITES Caetaceae

Checklist 58 (1999) Referred to The[ocaclus. var. bolaensis (Runge) N. P. Taylor, I.c. Referred to Thelocactus.

var.jlavidispinus (Backeberg) N. P. Taylor, I.c. Referred to Thelocactus. var. schwarzii (Backeberg) N. P. Taylor, I.c. Referred to Thelocactus. F. californicus (Labouret) Y. Ito, Cacti 103 (1952); N.

P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:31 (1984)

Referred to F. viridescens. var. Lecontei (Engelmann) Lindsay, Caet. Suce. 1.

(US) 27(6): 169 (1955); Engelmann, Proe. Amer. Acad. 3:274 (1856) Referred to F. cylindraceus subsp. Lecontei. var. tortulospinus (Gates) Lindsay, Cact. Succ. 1. (US) 27(6)168 (1955); Gates, Cael. Suec. J. (US) 4(9):343 (1933) Referred to F. cylindraceus subsp. tortulispinus. "rostii form" (syn. F. rostii Britton & Rose), N. P. Taylor, Brad1eya 2:33 (1984); Lindsay, Ferocactus

290,310 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time). Referred to F. cylindraceus.

F. coloratus Gates, Caet. Suec. J. (US) 4(9):344

(1933); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:30 (1984) Referred to F. gracilis subsp. coloratus.

F. coptonogonus (Lemaire) N . P. Taylor, Cact. Succ. J. (GB) 42(4):108 (1980); CITES Cactaceae Checklist 58(1999) Referred to Stenocactus .

[F.] Echillocactus cornigerus De Candolle, (1828) Referred to F. latispinus. F. covillei B ritton & Rose, Cac!. 3: 132-3, figs.

138,139 (1922); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:37 (1984);

F. alnmosanus var. plntygonus Lindsay, Cact. Succ.

Lindsay, Feroeaetus

J. (US) 14(10-11):139 (1942)

unpublished at the time).

Referred to F. pottsii.

106

193 (1996) (1955 thesis,

Referred to F. emoryi.

F. crassihamatus (Weber) Britton & Rose, The Cact. 144 (1922); Weber in Bois, Diet. Hort. 468 (1896); CITES Caetaeeae Checklist 58 (1999)

Referred to Sclerocactus crassihamatus.

uncinatus

F. gatesii Lindsay Cact. Suce. J. (US) 27(5): 150 ( 1955).

Referred to F. graCilis subsp. gatesii.

subsp.

R crispatus (De Cando lIe) N. P. Taylor, Cact. Succ. 1. (GB) 42(4):108 (1980); CITES Cactaeeae Checklist 58 (1999) Referred to Stenocactus. F. diguetii var. carmenensis G. Lindsay, Cact. Succ. 1. (US) 27(6):167-168,fig.156(left) (1955); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:37 (1984); Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 280-1 ; Lindsay, Ferocactus 317 (1996) (1955 thesis, unpublished at the time).

This variety was described by Lindsay as having stems never more than 1m tall, 40cm in diameter, and usually much smaller, often more globular than flattened when young, spines and flowers similar to the type, but more heavily spined. Seedlings grown in cultivation are darker spined, more of a red-brown colouring, just as slow growing as the type. It is not recognized by Taylor as a subspecies, and seems to be just a smaller growing fonn of the species.

F. X gatesii (Lindsay) Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 238 (1992). Referred to F. gracilis subsp. gatesii. F. glaucus (K. Schumann) N. P. Taylor, Cact. Succ. 1. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Cuetaceae Checklist 59 (1999)

Referred to Sclerocactus. F. grandiflorus (Lindsay) Unger, Kakt. u. a. Sukk. 51(2): (29-30) Kart. 2000103 (2000).

Referred to F. chrysacanthus subsp. grandiflorus. F. guirocobensis F. Schwarz, nom. nud.; Hirao, Colour Eneyc!. Cacti fig.46 (1979); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:36 (1984).

Referred to F. pottsii. F. hamatacanthus var. crassispinus (Engelmann) L.

Benson, Cact. Suce. 1. (US) 46(2):80 (1974); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:27 (1984) Referred to F. hamatacanthus.

Referred to F. diguetii. F. eastwoodiae (L. Benson) L. Benson, Cact. US & Canada 969 (1982); Cacti Arizona ed. 3:26 (1969); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:33 (1984).

F. hasn'fer (Werdennann & Boedeker) N. P. Taylor, Cact. Suce. 1. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Cactaceae Checklist 59 (1999).

Referred to Thelocactus.

Referred to F. cyZindraceus subsp. eastwoodiae. F. echidne var. victoriensis (Rose) Lindsay, Cact. Suee. 1. (US) 27(6):168 tig.159 (upper right) (1955); Rose, Contrib. US. Nat. Herb. 12:291 (1909);

Referred to synonymy with F. echidne. F. electracanthus Lemaire, Cact. Aliq. Nov. 24 (1838); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2: 24 (1984).

As applied horticulturally referred to F. histrix.. F. falconeri Orcutt, West Amer. Sci. 12:162 (1902); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:34 (1984).

Referred to F. wislizeni.

F.fordii var. grandijlorus, G. Lindsay, Cact. Succ. 1. (US) 27(6):164-165,fig.154 (1955). Referred to F. chrysacanthus subsp. grandiflorus.

R herrerae Ortega, Mexico Forestal 5:53,55, figs. 1 to 4 (1927); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:34 (1984). Referred to F. wislizeni subsp. herrerae. F. hertrichii Weinberg, Desert 1:40 (1929)

Referred to F cylindraceus subsp. lecontei. F. heterochromus (F. A. C. Weber) N. P. Taylor, Cact. Suee. 1. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Caetaceae Checklist 59 (1999).

Referred to Thelocactus. F. horridus Britton & Rose, Caet. 3: 128 (1922); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:28 (1984).

Referred to F. pen insulae: "a form with long central spines". This name in cultivation is often misapplied to plants of F. wislizeni subsp. herrerae.

107

F.jolmsollii (Parry) Britton & Rose, The Cact. 3:141 ( 1922); Parry in Enge lmann, Bot. J(jn gs's Surv. I 17 ( 187 1); CITES Cactaeeae Checklist 59 ( 1999)

F. m esa-verdae (Boissev. & C. Davidson) N. P. Taylor, Caet. Suee. J. (GB ) 4 1(4):90 ( 1979); CITES Cactaceae Checklis[ 59 ( 1999) Referred 10 Sclerocactwi .

Referred 10 ScJerocac/Us. f~ latispilllls var. j1avispillllS (F. A. C. Weber) Ito. Cacti \05 ( 1952)

Regarded as just a colou r variat ion of the type wi th yellow spines, and whitish-yel low flowers. var. greenwoodii (c. Glass) N. P. Taylor, BradJ eya 2:27 ( 1984) Referred to F. recllrvus subsp. greemvoodii. var. spiralis (Karwi nsky ex Pfe iffer) N. P. Tay lor, Bradl eya 2:26 (1 984) Referred to F. recurVIlS. subsp. spiralis (Karwi nskj ex Preiffer) N. P. Taylor, Cactus Consensus Initiatives, 5: 13 (1998)

F. lIobilis (L.) Bri tton & Rose, Caet. 3: 14 1-3 (1922);

N. P. Taylor. Bradleya 2:26 ( 1984) Referred to F. recurvllS.

F. orcuttii (Engelmann) Britton & Rose, Cae!. 3: 134 ( 1922); Engelm ann apud OrclItt, West Amer. Sci. 2:46 (1886); N. P. Tay lor, Brad leya 2:3 1 ( 1984); CITES Cactaceas Checkl ist 59 ( 1999); CITES C(l(;1aceae Checklist 59 (1999) Referred to F. viridescells.

F. parvifloflls (Clover & Jotter) N. P. Taylor. Cae!. Suee. J. (G B) 4 1(4):90 ( 1979); CITES Caeroceae Checklist 59 ( 1999) Referred to SclerocaCltts.

Referred to /.: recurvlIS.

F. lecontei (Engel mann) Britton & Rose, The Cact. 3: 129 ( 1922)

F. penillsulae var. colora/lis Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 202 ( 1992) Referred to F. gracilis subsp. colorallls.

Referred to F. cylindraceus subs p. lecontei.

F. lellcacall/hlls (Zueearin i) N. P. Taylor, Caet. Suee. J. (GB) 4 1(4):90 (1979); CITES Cac/(fceae Checklist 59 (1999) Referred to Thelocacllls. f~ macrodisclls var. 1Il1i1/iflorus (Meyer) Baekebe rg & Knuth 352 ( 1935 pub I. 1936)

Referred to the type. var. oaxacellsis Ryutanji, Co lour Photo Album Cacti & Slice. Band I: 29 ( 1965) Referred to the type.

F. lIlathssolJii (8 erge ex K. Schumann) N. P. Tay lor, Caet. Suee. (GB) 4 1(4):91 ( 1979); CITES CaC/(fceae Checklist 59 ( 1999) Referred to Sclerocac / lls crassihamatlls.

lI11cillatus

subs p.

F. melocactijormis (sensu De Candolle) Brilton & Rose. Caet. 3: 138 ( 1922); N. P. Tay lor, Bradleya 2:24 ( 1984); CITES Caetaeeae Checklist 59 ( 1999) Referred to F. histrix.

108

I·: p ellillsulae var. gracilis Un ge r, Die grosse n Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 193- 197 (1992)

Referred to F. gracilis. R pellillsulae va r. viscainellsis (Gates) Li ndsay, Caet. Suee. J. (US) 27(6): 169 ( 1955); Gates, Caet. Suee. J . (US) 4(8):324 ( 1933); Li ndsay, Ferceaetus, 2 14-2 15. 2 19-222. 237. 43 6 ( 1996)(1955 th es is unpublished at the time); N. P. Tay lor, 8radleya 2:30 (1984); Unger, Diegrossen Kugelkak!. Nordamer. 198 (1992); H. Muller. Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 48(9): Kart.l7 ( 1997); CITES Caetaceae Checklist 60 ( 1999) Unger mai ntains th is taxon, which Taylor refers to synonymy with F. graCilis subsp. colora/us, this last named regarded by Unger also as a variety of F. peninsulae. Tay lor'S view is foll owed here in . II comes from near Mesq ui tal, in the area of southern Baja Ca liforn ia known as the Vizca ino Desert, where little grows withollt di ffi culty. Referred to F. gracilis subsp. colora/lis.

F. pllOelliceu s (Kun ze) Orcutl, Cactog raphy 6 ( 1926); Kunze, Torreya 13:75 ( 19 13): N. P. Tay lor. Bradleya 2:34 (1984) Referred to F. wislizelli.

F. phyllacanthus (Dietrich & Otto) N. P. Taylor, Caet. Succ. J. (GB) 42(4): 108 (1980); CITES Cactaeeae Checklist 59 (1999) Referred to Stenocactus.

F. piliferus (Lemaire ex Ehrenberg) Unger, Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 37(2):45 (1986); CITES Caetaceae Checklist 59 (1999) As applied commercially referred to F. pifo.';us.

fa.j1avispinus (Hort. ex Schelle) Unger.l.c.

F. recurvus var. spiralis (Karwinski ex Pfeiffer) K. Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakt. 34!S (1898); Karwinski ex Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 60 (1837); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:26 (1984); Glass & Innes, IIIus!r. Encycl. Cacti 120 with fig. (1991) Referred to F. recurvus.

f:

reppenhagenii Unger, Kakt.u.a.Sukk 25(3)50-54 (1974); N. P Taylor, Cact. Cons. Init. 6:16 (1998). Referred to F. alamosanus subsp. reppenhagenii.

Referred to F. pilosus.

F. rhodanthus F. Schwarz. nom. Dud.?; Hirao, Encycl.

var. stainesii (Salm-Dyck) Unger, Lc.

Cacti figAI (1979); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:22 (1984).

Referred to F. pilosus.

F. polyancistrus (Engelmann & Bigelow) N. P. Taylor.

Taylor refers this taxon with a question mark regarding its application to F. echidne. Plants grown in cultivation under this name. from commercial seed, have differently coloured flowers from that species, with both red and yellow appearing on the same plant; neither do they have the clustering habit of F. echidne, but otherwise they are similar.

Cact. Succ. J. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Caetaceae Checklist 59 (1999).

F. TOstii Britton & Rose, Cact. 3:146-147, tig.153b

F. pilosus (val'.) staines;; Salm-Dyck, Cacl. Hort. Dyck. 1849, 149 (1850); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:35 (1984) Referred to F. pilosus.

Referred to Sclerocactus. F. potts;; var. alamosanus (Britton & Rose) G. Unger, Kakt.u.a.Sukk. 22(10):187 (1971); Britton & Rose, Con!rib. US. Nat. Herb. 16:239,pI.66 (1913).

Referred to F. aiamosanlls.

(1922); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:33 (1984); CITES Caetaeeae Checklist 59 (1999). Referred to F. cylirulraceus. F. sail/a-maria Britton & Rose. Cact. 3: 131 (1922);

N. P. Taylor. Bradleya 2:30 (1984). Referred to F. peninsulae subsp. santa-maria.

F. pringlei (Coulter) Britton & Rose. Cact.

3:125 (1922); Coulter, Contr. US Nat. Herb. Washington, 3: 365 (1896); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:35 (1984); CITES Cactaceae Checklist 59 (1999). Referred to F. pilosus.

F.pubispinus (Engelmann) N. P. Taylor, Cact. Suce. J. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Caetaceae Checklist 59 (1999). Referred to Sclerocactus. F. rafaelensis (J. Purpus) Borg, Cacti 233,236 (1937);

J. Purpus, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 22:163 (1912); Lc. 23:tig. opp. p.34 (1913); N. P Taylor, Bradleya 2:22 (1984).

Referred to F. echidne.

F. rectispinus (Engelmann) Britton & Rose, The Cact. 134 (1922); N. P. Taylor, Cact. Cons. Init. 6: 16 (1998). Referred to F. emof)'i subsp. rectispinlls.

F. scheeri (Salm-Dyck) N. P. Taylor, Cact. Suee. 1.

(GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Caetaeeae Checklist 59 (1999). Referred to Sclerocactus.

F. setispinus (Engelmann) L. Benson, Cact. Succ. J. (US) 41(3):128 (1969); CITES Caetaceae Checklist 59 (1999). Referred to Thelocactus.

F. spinosior (Engelmann) N. P. Taylor, Cact. Succ. 1. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979). Referred to Sclerocactus.

F. stainesii (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose. Caet. 3: 124 (1922); Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849: 149 (1850); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:35 (1984); CITES Cact(Jceae Checklist 59 (1999). Referred to F piloslIs.

109

var. haematacanthus (Salm~Dyck) Backeberg, Die Cae!. 5:2700 (1961); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:35 (1984)

F. virideseens var. oreuttii (Engelmann ex Orcutt) Unger, Die grossen Kugelkakt. Nordamer. 105 (1992)

In the sense that Backeberg uses thi s name Taylor refers it to F. piloslts.

A variant of the species from Palm Valley, Baja California. with larger stem, to 1.3m tall, cylindrical, the upper and lower central spines thinner.

var. pilosus (Galeotti) Baekeberg, Die Cact. 5:2792 (1961)

Referred to F. viridescens.

Referred to F. pilosus. var. pringlei (Coulter) Backeberg, Die Cact. 5:2701 (1961).

F. viscainensis H. Gates, Caet. Suee. 1. (US) 4(8):3245, with figs. (1933); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:30 (1984); CITES Caetaceae Checklist 60 (1999).

Referred to F gracilis subsp. coioratus. Referred to F pilosus. F. tobuschii (W. T. Marshall) N. P. Taylor, Caet. Suee. J. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Caetaeeae Checklist

59 (1999). Referred to Sclerocacrus brevihamatus subsp. tobuschii.

F. whipplei (Engle mann & Bigelow) N. P. Taylor, Cac!. Suec. J. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Cactaceae Checklist 59 (1999).

Referred to Sclerocactus. F. wislizen; var. albispinus (Tourney) Y [to. Cacti 105

( 1952)

F. torlu/ospinus H. Gates, Cact. Succ. J. (US) 4:343 with fig. (1933); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:33~34 (1984); CITES Caetaeeae Checklist 59 (1999). Referred to F cylindraceus subsp. tortufispinus.

Referred to F. wislizeni. var. phoeniceus (Kunze) Y. Ito, Cacti 105 (1952); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:34 (1984). Referred to F. wisiizeni.

F. townsendianus Britton & Rose, Caee 3:127, fig. 133 (1922); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:28~29 (1984). Referred to F pef/insulae subsp. townsendianus.

var. tiburonensis G. Lindsay, Cact. Succ. J. (US) (1955)

27(6):166~167,fig.155

Referred to F wislizeni subsp. tiburonensis. var. santa-maria (Britton & Rose) Lindsay, Caet. Succ. J. (US) 27(6):170 (1955). Referred to F peninsufae subsp. santa-maria.

F. wrightiae (L Benson) N. P. Taylor, Caet. Suec. J. (GB) 41(4):90 (1979); CITES Caetaceae Checklist 60

(1999).

F. uncinatus (Galeotti) Britton & Rose. The Cact. 3: 146 (1922); Galeoni in Pfeiffer, Abbild. Beschr. :ac!. 2:p1.l8 (1848); CITES Caetaeeae Checklist 60 1999)

Referred to Sclerocactus.

Referred to Sclerocactus. var. wrightii (Engelmann) N. P. Taylor, Caet. Suce. J. (GB) 41(2):31 (1979); I.e. 41(4):99 ( 1979) Referred to Sclerocactus.

vaupelianus (Werdennann) N. P. Taylor, Cact. >ucc. J. (GB) 42(4):108 (1980); CITES Caetaceae :heeklist 59 (1999).

r<:

Referred to Stenocactus. vietoriensis (Rose) Baekeberg. Die Caet. 5:2728 1961); N. P. Taylor, Bradleya 2:22 (1984).

r<:

Referred to F echidne.

1/0

Fig. 127: Nearly the END: Derek getting up close with F. robustus

Field Collection Numbers Dave Ferguson (DJF) 4.37

1402

viridesccns

BeN, L.as l>almas BeN, Snn Quintin Bay

1404

wislizeni

BeN, El Socorro BCS, P unta Candeleros

1405 1406

emoryi subsp. rectispinlls lalispinus

Res, SE of Ciudad Conslilucion BCS, C.lbo San Lucas

1408

1414

reeurvus a lamosanus subsp, reppenhagenii flavovirens

14 15

histrix

14 17 1419

robustus (stainesii) pilosus

1420

(stainesii var pringlei) pilosus

142 1

penins ulae subsp. townsendianus cchidne (victoriensis)

8 27.37

viridesce ns fordi i subsp. borealis fordi i subsp. borealis peninsu lae sub~ p .

30

peninsulac

37.37

pcni nsulae subsp.

44.37 52.37

peninsulac subsp. santa-maria BCS, San Carlos emoryi Sonora, Sonoita Queretaro. San Luis de la hislrix

7

townsendianus

lownsendianu~

603

p" 609

echidne 617 f..'Chi dne 620 pJlosus 627 pilosus 758.37 pilosus 1354 cyl indraccus 1355 cytindraceus wislizeni 1387 wislizeni 1390 159 1 cmoryi 1624 crnoryi 1635 wislizcni

San Luis POtoSI, La Calzada Nuevo Lc6n, NE Arambcrri Nuevo Le6n, W Aramberri Nuevo Le6n, W of Galcana Zlcalecas, Cedros Arizona, SW o f Congress Nevada, Searchlight New Mexico, Cooks Range New Mexico, West Po trillos Sonora, N of Hermosillo Arizona, W of Sells Arizona, W of Sun City

1412

1422 1463 1554 1555

chrysacanthus

15

peninsu lae

24 56

graci lis subsp. gatesii pcninsul ae

57

di guetii

78

emoryi

80

a lamosan us

620

schwarzii

765 1054 1112

alamosanus subsp. reppenhagenii haematacanthus (rafaelensis) echidne

1122

rn acrodiscus

1202 1214

alamosanus jOhnstonian us

1216

gracilis

12 17 1240

cylindraceus subsp, tortulispinus glaucescens

125 1

cylindraceus

1253

viridescens subsp. littoral is

1257

pottsii

1313

(mfaclensis) echidne

BCN, Isla Cedros, Punta Norte, 1·2oom BCN, San Borja, 200-400m BCN. Isla Ventana , 0·150m BC, Vizcaino Descrt, lOO-150m BCS, Isla Monscrrat, 50-300m Sinaloa, lbpolobampo, I-50 (.2oo)m Sonora, Guirocoba. Alamos, 350-500m Sinaloa. Ra ncho del Padre, 180-300m Michoacan, Cerro Laurel. Coa1coman. 2,DOOm Vcmcruz. Maltrata, 2.000m San Luis Potosi, San Rafae l, 1.5oo· 16oom Oaxaca, Mitla. near Ayu tla, I ,800m Sonora. 'n.ymuco, 450m BCN, Isla Angel de la G uarda,0-300m BCN, Mision San Fernando. 300m BCN, Laguna Chapala , 600m Queretaro, Visla Hennosa, 1,8oom BCN. road from Mexicali, ncar Tecate, 300m BCN, Hida lgo Observatory, 800- I.OOOm Sonora, Sierra Canela, San Bernardo, 1,800m Queretaro, Rio Ja lpan, I,DOOm

Puebla, San Antonio Texcala, 1,60010 Queretaro, Vizarron, 1,2oom Puebla, Tehuacan, 1,500m Nuevo LOOn. Aramberri, 1,400m Coahuila. road from Saltillo near Nuncio, 2, 100m DCS, Isla San Jose, O·200m

Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victori a, 500-1 ,600m rordi i subsp, borealis BCN. San Quintin, 0- 100m pcninsulae subsp, santa-maria BCS. San Carlos Bay, O-IOm BCN. Santa Rosali lli!a. gracilis subsp, coloratus 10- l oom

Alfred Lau (Lau) 10

BCN, Ensenada shore. San Pedro, 50-200m Chihuahua, Laguna Santa Maria. I.OOOm BCS, Nopolo, loo-3OOm Guanajuato, San Luis de la Paz, 1,8OOm Oaxaca. Tecomavaca, 500m Oaxaca, Yosundua, 1,500m

Felipe Otero (FO) 52

53

68 69 70 71 138

latispinu!> macrodiscus recurvus robustus flavov irc ns latispinus reeurvus

Hidalgo, Pachuca Oaxaca, Coixllahuaca High in Sierra Mixlcca Puebla, Cacaloapan Puebla, Zapotitla n Puebla, Tecamachnlco Puebla, Coxcatlan

Werner Reppenhagen (Repp) 25

lalispinus lalispinus histrix

26

latispinus

38 39

47

hislrix latispinus latispinus

so

glaucescens

64

latispinus

Hidalgo, Pachuca, 2.500m Hidalgo, Pachuca, 2,500m Queretaro, Cadereyta, 2,OOOm Queretaro, Cadcreyta. 2,OOOm Queretaro, Colon, 2,000111 Queretaro, Colon, 2,000111 San Luis PotOSI, Jasos, 1,550m San Luis Potosi, Las Rus ias, 1,600m San Luis Potosi. Soledad,

77

latispinus

San Luis Potos£, Arriaga.

93

robustus

102 109

fl avovirens robustus

110

recurv us

130

flavovirens

131

reeurvus

139

latispinus

7 17

1.600111 2,300111 Puebla, T laeolepec ne,lf Tehuacan, 2, I oom Puebla, Tehuacan, 1,900m Puebla, Zapotitlan de Salinas, 1,800m Pucbla, Zapotitlan de Salinas, 1,8oom Puebla, Zapotitlan de Salinas, 1,800m Pucbla, Zapotit lan de Salinas, 1,800m Mexico State, Indio Verde, 2,300111

III

141

I'fidalgo, San! Matilda,

latispinus

2,320rn

153

recurvu~

Hidalgo. Los Vcnados, 1,600m Pucbta, Coxcatlan, 1,200m

163a

recurvus rccurvus

Oaxaca, TeOlilian. I,OOOrn Oaxaca. Mitla. 1,700m

670a

201 2073

cyl indraceus emoryi cylindraceus

Sonora. Mira mar. j·200m Sononl, Miramar. 5-200m

6900

Sonora, Guaymas. 0-lOm

207b

wislizeni subsp. herrerae

(assumed) Sonora, Guaymas. 0- 1Om

219a

emoryi emoryi viridesccns viridesccns

149

167

200

echidne

(as.~urned)

224< 232 239 247

viridcsccns

257 267

gracilis

269

cylindraccus subsp.

Sonora, Empalme. 1O-80m Sonora, Altar. 300m BeN. Ensc nada. 30m BeN, San Quintin - San Simon, I-10m (assumed ) BeN, EI Rosario. O-lOm (ass umed ) BCN , Cardonal, 20m BeN. San Jorgc BeN, N of Punta Prieta

gmcilis

tonulispinus gracilis subsp.. coJoratus

270 275 289

emoryi subs p. rectispinus

297

histrix

298

echidnc

299

glaucescens

pcninsulae subsp.

BCN, S of Punta Prieta BCS. San Ignacio BCS, San Bartolo, 450m

townsendianus

300 321

hiSlrix

344

recurvus latispinus

345 353 359

histrix gla uccsccns echidnc (vicloriensis)

377a

hamataca nlhus

379

pilosus

381

echidnc (vicloricnsis)

382

hamatacanthus subsp.

387

cc hidne (victoriens is)

390

hamatacanthus subsp.

400 420

hamatacanthus subsp. hnmatacanthus

451

hamatacanlhus

459

hamat
469

hamatacanthus

534

pollsii

548

hamatacanthus

564

alamosanus wis li zcni wislizeni

568 571

589 593

pcninsulae subsp. townse ndianus pen insulae subsp. townse ndianusdel

601

, po

609

latispinus

112

Ii idalgo, Barranca de Venados,I,7oom Hidalgo, Barranca dc Vcnados. 1,700m Hidalgo, Metztitlan, 1,5OOm Hidalgo, Metztitlan, 1.5OOm Oaxaca, Matatlan. 1,600m Hidalgo, CardonaL 2,OOOm Hidalgo, Cardonal, 2.000m Hidalgo, Zimapan, 1,9OOm San Luis Potosi, Ciudad Maiz, I ,200m Tamaulipas. Jaimes. L300m Tamaulipas. Llano de los Awa T::m mulipas, Jaumave. I ,200m si nualus TalTh1ulipas, Jaumave, 1,2oom Tanlllulipas, San Vicente near Jaumave. 1,300m sin umu5 Tamaulipas, San Vicente nca r Jaumave, 1300m sinualus Nuevo Lc6n, Linares, 384m Coahuila, Paso Guadelupc, 1,100m Coa hui la, San Lorenzo near Parras, 1,500m Coahuila, EI Cannen. I .OOOm Coahuila, San Vicente, 1,000111 Chihuahua, Villa Humada, 1.200m Durango, Cuencame. 1,650m Sonora. Guirocoba Sonora, Navajoo. 40m Sonora, C iudad Obregon, 70m Baja Clllifornia S, Buena Vist:!,IOOm Bajll C alifornia S, San Josc C1IOO, 100m Baja California, San Domingo Queretaro. Vizarron,

664

n Od 123h 123 m

729a

latispinus alamosanus sub~p. rcppenhagenii alamosa nus subsp. reppenhagcnii alamosanus subs p. rcppenhageni i pi losus alamosanus subsp . reppenhagenii pcninsulae subsp. townscndianus pen insulae subsp. townscndianus gracilis

2,ooom Qucretaro. Colon. 2.IOOm Michoacan, Cerro Laurel, 2,OOOm Michoacan, Dos Aguas, 2 ,300m Colima. Cerro Barrigon,

I ,300m Dur,mgo, Ccrro Visnaga. 1.700m Michoacan, Dos Aguas, 2,300m BCS. Sun 81111010. 450m BCS. Buena Vista, 100m BCS, Villa Constitucion, 80m

735 740a

pcninsulae wislizeni subsp. hcrrerae

744a 745a 740. 801

wislizeni subsp. herrcrac wislizeni subsp. hcrrerae alamosanu s subs]). reppenh:! gc nii latispinus

813b 834a 851 858a 898a 906a

emoryi rccurvus recurvus recurvus recurvus latispinus

924b 927b

rccurvus rccurvus

950 957e 974

macrodisc us recurvus histrill

lOOlg

iatispinus

lOO li

glaucescens

i024b

echidne (victoriensis)

1043a 1080b 1083e 1096a

rccurvus hammacanlhus hammacanthus latispinus

11 29a

echidnc (vic toriensis)

113301

cchidne

1139a

echidne

1144d

glauccscens

I 145b

glauccscens

1171a

latispinus

1192a

hamalacanthus

1202c 1221b

hamalacanlhus pilosus

1242d

pilosus

1252b

latispinus

1260a

ialispinus

BCS. Santa Rosalia, 200m Sinaloa, Angostum/Guamuchil,30m Sinaloa, Bacuberito, 200m Sinaloa, EI Fucrte, 60m Micho,.c,m, Dos Aguas, 2,300m Gunnajuato, Puerta Caroza, 2,4OOm Sonora. Santa Ana Puebla, La Collina, l.I00m Pucbla, Tc huixtla, 1,2oom Oaxaca, Huajuapan. I ,800m Oaxaca, Cuicatlan. 650m Hid1llgo. Hacienda los Arcos, 2,5OOm Puebla. Esperanza, 2,500m Puebla, EI Ri cgoffchuacan, 1,700m Oaxaca, Tejupan, 2,300m Puebla. Acatlan, 1,300m Zacatccas, La CicncgalJaIp..'l. 1,950m Hidalgo, Portezuelo, 1.8oom Hidalgo. Portezuelo. I ,800m Tamaulipas. Palmillas, I,ooom Pucbla, EI P3p3yO, 1,4oom Nuevo Le6n. Mirador, 50m Coahuila, Parras, 1,600m Hidalgo. TecpatepecJ Tulanc ingo. 1.5OOm San Luis Potos(, Arroyo Carrizal, I ,200m San Luis Potosi, San Rafael Laguna.I, 150m Queretaro , Jalp..lm, 7oo-l.ooom Queretaro, W of Jalpan, I.ooom QUCrCt:lfO. W of Jalpan, I ,300m Hidalgo, MEX-45, km79,

2,OOOIll Co.lhuila. San Antonio near Sacramento, 650m Coahuila. Viesca, 1,250m Zacatecas, Concepcion del Oro,2,4oom San Luis Potosf. Charcas,

2.IOOm Zaclltccas, Trancoso, 2,300m Oaxaca, Nicvcs/Tlacotepec,

1271 1294a 1321c 1337a

1,800m San Luis Potosi, Ciudad Maiz, J ,200m hamatacanthu~ suhsp. sinuatus Nuevo Le6n, Presa Rodriguez Gomez, 350m recurvu,~ Puebla, El Papaya, 1,300m Oaxaca, Tomellin Pass, macrodi~cus 2,200m Oaxaca, Mitla, 2,050m recurvus Puehla, Puerto del Aire, haematacanthus

1342a 1350a 1,750m 1355d macrodiscus 1,900m 1378a macrodiscus subsp. septentrionalis 1397b latispinus 1411a

latispinus

1432h

echidne (victoriensis)

1438

cchidne

1462a

recurvus

1463a

latispinus

1537 1554a

harnatacanthus wislizeni

1589

pottsii

1602a

1939

echidnc

1951a

echidne

1951b

histrix

1966

macrodiscus subsp. septenlrionalis

1967a I 980a

latispinu~

Oaxaca, E of Tejupan,

1983a

latispinu~

Guanajuato, La Posta, 2350m Queretaro, San Juan del Rio, 1.800m San Luis Potosi, Rancho Moreno, 1,650m Tamauilipas, Barranca near La Reja, 850-1,200m San Luis Potosi, pas~ above Sauz, I, 100m Pucbla, Tecocoyuca, 1,500m Mexico state, Santa Catarinaffezcoco,2,450m Chihuahua, Cayanc, I,sOOm Chihuahua, FloresfRio Santa Clara, 1,750m Chihuahua, La Bufa/Rio Batopila, ]J50m

1998 2007a

macrodiscus subsp. seplentrionalis histrix

2020b

latispinus

2020c

hi~trix

2030

histrix

2033a

histrix

2034b

latispinus

2038b

histrix

2041b

histrix

2045

histrix

2054b

histrix

2068c

echidne (victoriensis)

2106

wislizeni

2109a

alamosanus

2112a

alamusanus

2115b 2118b 2127c

wislizeni wislizeni subsp. herrcrae latispinus

2127d

hi~trix

2131 a

histrix

2139

latispinus

2140

histrix

2148d

echidne

2158c

pilosu~

2160a 2164c 2195 2199a 2254a

echidne (victoriensis) hamatacanthus gracilis subsp. coloratus peninsulae subsp. townsendianus histTix

2258a

histrix

2258b

latispinus

2266a

latispinus

2270a

latispinus

pilosus

1625c

macrodiscus subsp. septentrionalis latispinus

1644a

macrodiscus

1656a

ret:urvus

1677a 1678a

recurvus harnatacanthus

1678b

latispinus

1708a 1736a

giaucescens latispinus

1736b

hi~trix

1737b

histrix

1757a

histrix

1791a

pilosus

1800a

echidnc (vicloriensis)

1816b 1816c 1823a

latispinus histrix histrix

1825b

bi~tTix

1845

hamalacanthus

1868

cchidne (viclOriensis)

1878a

lati~pinus

1878b

histrix

1907b

glaucescens

Guanajuato, La Posta, 2,350m Hidalgo, Santa Catarina/ Pachuca, 2,500m Oaxaca, Tomellin Pass, 2,100m Oaxaca, Tamazulapan, 2,000m Pucbla, Xuchiapa, 1,400m Puebla, Guadclupe Enriquez,2,300m Puebla, Guadelupe Enriquez, 2,300m Hidalgo, Trancas, 2,300m Zacatecas, Cerro el Moro, 2,250m Zacatecas, Cerro el Moro, 2,250m Agua~calientcs, San Gil, 2, 100m Jalisco, Huechuquilla, 2, 100m Nuevo LeOn, Arambcrri, I,3OOm Nucvo Le6n, Zaragoza, 1,7oom Queretaro, Colon, 2, 100m Queretaro, Colon, 2, 100m Queretaro, S of Los Trigos, 2,250m Queretaro, Carboneras, 2,250m San Luis Potosi, MEX-49 junction San Agustin, 1,950m Tamaulipas, Tula-Ocampo pass,I,7oom San Luis Potosi, Villa Arriaga, 2,300m San Luis Potosi, Villa Arriaga, 2,300m Hidalgo, Metztitian, 1,450m

latispinus

~ubsp.

herrerae

Hidalgo, between Gila and Almolon, 1,500m Hidalgo, Barranca ahove Gila. I,MOm Hidalgo, Barranca above Gilo, 1,650m Guanajuato, Pozos, 2,300m Guanajuato, Pozos, 2,300m Guanajuato, Dolores Hidalgo, 2,Ooom Guanajuato, San Diego, 2,350m Guanajuato, Canada de Morcno, 2,300m Guanajua!o, Doctor Mora, 2,300m Guanajuato, E of San Luis de la PaL, 2,150m Guanajuato, E of San Luis de la Paz, 2,150m San Luis Potosf, Labor del Rio, 1,700m San Luis Potosi, Organitos, 1,750m San Luis Potosi, Ordena, 1,750m Guanajuato, Rincon Tierra Blanca, 2,OjOm Guanajuato, Capulin, 2,150m Guanajuato, El Puerto, 2,250m Guanajuato, Labor de Gamboa, 2,300m Tamaulipas, San VicenleJPalmillas, 2,OOOm Sonura, S of Obregon, 6S0m Sonora, San Bernardo, 450m Sonora, NW of San Bernardo, 1,3OOm Sonora, Navajo, 100m Sonora, EI Peon, 60m Guanajualo, Trancas, 2,050m Guanajualo, Trancas, 2,050m Guanajuato, EI Vergel, 2,150m San Luis Potosi, Ojo Caliente/EI Taro, 1.900m San Luis Potosf, Oin Calicnte/EI Taro, 1,900m Hidalgo. Barranca Xilitla/Gilo, 1,300m San Luis Potosi, Guadalcazar crossing, 1,600m Tamaulipas, Tula, 1,500m Coahuila, MuraUa, I ,350m BCN, Chametla, 10m BCS, San Jose del Cabo, 100m Guanajuato, Arroyo del Tejon, 2,ooOm Guanajuato, Rancho Puertecito. 2,200m Guanajuato, Rancho Puerleci!o, 2,200m San Luis Potosi, Villa de Reyes, 1,850m San Luis Potosf, Lconcito, 1,550m

113

San Luis Polosi, Leoncito, 1.550m San Luis POlosi, Leoncito, 1,550m San Luis Potosi, Villa Juarez, 1,200m Nuevo Le6n, Escondida, 1,300m Nuevo Le6n, Escondida, 1,550m Nuevo Le6n, Zaragoza, 1.660m Nuevo Le6n, between Rayones and Galeana. 1,450m Coahuila. Viesca, Sierra Zavaleta, 1,2oom Zacatecas, Saucito, 2, 150m Coahuila, W of Viesca. 1,250m Coahuila, W of Viesca, 1,250m Coahuila, E of Parras, 1,9QOm Coahuila, E of Parras, 1,900m Coahuila, General Cepeda. 1,8oom Nuevo Leon, San Roberto, 1,9OOm San Luis PotOSI, N of Salinas,2,OOOm San Luis Potosi, N of Salinas,2,OOOm San Luis PotosI, Yoliatl, N of Salinas, 2,000111 Queretaro, Pena Miller, 1,400m

2270b

hamalacunlhus

2270c

hislrix

2272

echidne

2276a

pilosus

2279a

pilosus

2281a

echidne (vicloriensis)

2283u

humalacanthus

2296c

hamalacanthus

2303d 2331a

hamalacanthus pilosus

2331b

hamatacanthus

2335a

pilosus

2335b

hamatacanthus

2336b

hamatacanthus

2349b

pilosus

2352b

histrix

2352c

hamatacanthus

2355a

histrix

2365

echidne

50 228 282 319 369 393 517 547 548 549 819 1096 1237 1238

1288 1297 1480 1481

wislizcni wislizeni hamatacanthus subsp. sinualUs hamatacanthus subsp. Sllluatus histrix: hamatacanthus cylindraceus subsp. eastwoodii recurvus latispinus latispiflus pilosus hamatacanthus peninsulae subsp santa-maria viridescens (subsp. Jittoralis ?) fordii subsp. borealis gracilis gracilis gracilis subsp. coloratus gracilis subsp. coloratus peninsulae peninsulae subsp. townsendianus emoryi subsp. rectispinus emoryi gracilis subsp. coloratus peninsulae

1584

latispinus

1610 1618 1619 1636 1637

macrodiscus subsp. septentrionalis pilosus Nuevo Le6n, Aramberri pilosus Coahuila, Ramos Arispe echidne Queretaro, Vizarron emoryi Sonora, Guasimas

Steven 8rack (58)

1244 1280 1281 1282 1283 1285 1286

New Mexico, Sierra County New Mexico, Luna County Tamaulipas. Jaumave Coahuila, Nueva Rosita Zacatecas, La Blanca Texas, Crockett County Arizona. Pinal County Oaxaca, Totulapan San Luis Potosi, Salinas Morelos, Cuautla San Luis Potosi, Hui zache Coahuila. Los Imagines BCS. San Carlos BCN, Maneadaro BCN, San Quintin BCN, EI Rosario BCN, Mision San Fernando BCN, Sama RosalilJita BCN, Laguna Chapala DCS. NW of San Ignacio BCS. Ligui BCS. Bahia Concepcion Sonora, W of Sonoita BCN, EI Tornat il BCS, Sierra de Ja Giganta, Loreto Queretaro, San Luis de la

p"

114

1638 1639 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1700 1828 1836 1853 1867 1877

cmoryi latispinlls peninsulae peninsulae peninsulae peninsulae peninsulae emoryi subsp. rectispinus wislizcni cylindraceus subsp. eastwoodii recurvus subsp. greenwoodii wislizeni subsp. herrerae histrix

1906

cylindraccus

Sonora. Hermosillo Queretaro, Bernal BCN, EI Progreso BCS, Llano la Laguna BCS, Cerro Colorado BCN, Cerro Las Venecas BCN, Pozo Aleman BCS, Cerro Colorado Arizona. N of Tucson Arizona. Winkelman Oaxaca, E of Mitla Sonora, Las Guasimas Zacatecas, General Panfilo Nalera Arizona, Queen Valley

Bibliography

~~----------------------------

Books, Bulletins, Periodicals and Contributors refelTed to in the main lex t: Allgemeine" Gartenzeitung ( 184 J, 1846, 1850, 185 1): A. Dietrich, Muehlenpfordt, Sal m-Dyck, Scheidwei ler American Journal of Science ( 1852): Engelmann Baja California und seine lnsel" ( 1999): F & R. Wolf Bliihende Kakteen uDd andere Sukkulcnte Pflanzen (1903; 191 2): tJurke &- Va"upel; ::,chi..lInann

Botany, King 's Survey ( 1871): Parry in Engelmann Bradleya 2 (1984), 5 (1987): N. P. Taylor Bulletin Museum d'Histoire Naturalis Paris (1895, 1898): F. A. C. Weber (Die) Cactace.e 5 (1961): C. Backeberg (The) Cact.ceae vols. 3 & 4 (1922 & 1923): Brilto n & Rose Cactaceae Consensus Initiatives ( 1998. 2(02): N. P. Taylor Cactaceae of the Mexican Boundary Survey (1859): Engelmann Cactaceas y Suculcntas Mexicanas ( 1937, 1964, 1965, 1966,1978, 1980 ,1983, 1984, 1987): Bracamon tes, H. Bravo-Hollis, J. Meyran, Castillo Sanchez. S
in Bois Ferocactus ( 1996) (1955 thesis, unpubl ished at the time): G. Lindsay (Die) Ferokakteen der Baja California (2004) F. & R. Wolf Flora of North America (1840): J. Torrey & A. Gray \;r'3ro~ner ' s iller: eo.b'\. (ioS'J:' r:1v1: (ld;!r Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen ( 1898): Sch umann (Die) grossen Kugelkakteen Nordamcrikas ( 1992): G. Unger Illustrated Encyclopedia or Cacti (1991): C. lnnes & c. Glass (Die) Kakteen ( 1965): Krainz Kakteen an ihrcn Standorten ( 1979): Rauh Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten ( 1969,197 1, 1974, 1978 , 1980, 1982, 1983, 1996, 1999, 20(0): Benson, KrahenbUhl , MUli er, Nase, Unger Kaktus·ABC ( 1935 publ. 1936): C. Backeberg & F. Knuth Memoir of a Tour of Northern Mexico in J846-47 (1848): Engelmann in Wislizenus Memoires Museum d ' Histoire Naturalis Paris ( 1828/9): De Cando lle Mexico Forestal ( 1927): I. G. Ortega Monalsschrift fiir K.kteenkunde ( 1909, 19 12, 19 13,19 14): Kunze, R. Meyer, I . PU~)uS Natil'e Cacti of California ( 1969): L. Benson J. New York Bot. Gard. (191 1): Britton & Rose Nova Acta Physico Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino Ca rolinae Naturae Curiosorum ( 1832, 1839): Martius, Pfeiffer Philosophical Magazine ( 1824): Haworth Proceedings of American Academy of Arts & Science ( 1856): Enge lmann Prodromous Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (1828): De Cando lie Repertorium Specierum Novarum Rcgni Vegetabilis ( 1933): Werdermann in Fedde's Review of Cactaceae of the United States ( 1899, 19(0): Orcutt Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory of the United States and Adjacent Regions ( 1856): Engelmann Threatened Cacti of Mexico ( 1994): E. F. Anderson, Salvador Ari as Montes, N. P. Taylor West American Scientist ( 1902): Orcutt

115

Herbaria Herbaria where Ferocactus have been deposited Abbreviation

Full title and locality of herbarium

V.AriZ/Ariz. AHFH

University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA Allan Hancock Foundation Herbarium, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. California, USA

CAS

DES OS K MofMBG

MEXU POM

California Academy of Science, San Francisco, USA Desert Botanical Garden. Phoenix. Arizona. USA Dudley Herbarium . Stanford University, California. USA

Royal Bot<.lnic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, UK Missouri Botanic Garden, San Louis, USA Universidad Aulonoma de Mexico, In stituto Bioiogia, Mexico D.E, Mexico Pomona College. Claremont, Cal ifornia, USA

RSA

Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California. USA

SO UC

San Diego NalUral History Museum, San Diego, California. USA University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, California, USA United States National Herbarium , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , USA Stfladtische Sukkulentensammlung, Zurich, Sw itzerland

US

zss

116