Front Matter Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1, Fiftieth Anniversary Number (1931), pp. i-viii Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259306 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 00:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
[email protected].
The Society of Biblical Literature is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Biblical Literature.
http://www.jstor.org
JOURNAL OF
BIBLICAL LITERATURE VOLUME
L
1931
PART I
FIFTIETH
NUMBER
ANNIVERSARY
HISTORICALNOTE .............................
........................ iv
..................................... OFFICERS OF THE SOC3IETY, I930 ...lYv SOCIETY, I930
v PROGRAMOF THE MEETING, DECEMBER 29th AND 30th, 1930 ...... ix CRT.RRRATIONOF THE ANNIVERSARY............................... ix A. GREETINGS FROM HONORARY AND RETIRED MEMBERS...... x B. GREETINGS FROM FOREIGN SOCIETIES........................ C. GREETINGS FROM AMERICAN SOCIETIESAND INSTITUTIONS xii xii D. REMINISCENCES................................................. OF THE E. MEMOIR ON THE HISTORY NATHANIEL SCHMIDT xiv SOCIETY............................... THE FIRST MEETING OF THE PROCEEDINGSOF SOCIETY, NEW YORK, JUNE 4th, 1880 .............................
xav.......
PROCEEDINGSOF THE SECOND MEETING OF THE SOCIETY, NEW YORK, DECEMBER 3oth, i88o .................................x PROCEEDINGS,DECEMBER 29th AND 30th, 1930 ......................
L Li CONSTITUTIONAND BY-LAWS ....................................... v LIST OF MEMBERS....................................................L LIST OF SUBSCRIBINGLIBRARIESAND INSTITUTIONS.............Lxxvii LIST OF EXCHANGES ................................................ Lxxi
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS Drawer 8, Yale Station,
NEW HAVEN, $
.o00 A YEAR
CONN. SINGLE NUMBERS, $ 1.25
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE PUBLISHED BY THE
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS BOARD OF EDITORS FOR 193I
CARL H. KRAELING,Yale University BENJAMIN W. BACON,Yale University GEORGE DAHL, Yale University Communicationsfor the Editors should be addressedto Journalof Biblical Literature,Drawer8, Yale Station,New Haven, Conn. Articlesappearingin the Journalare regularlylistedin the InterniationlIndex to Periodicals. Memberstwo yearsin arrearsin the paymentof dues will be droppedfrom membershipin the Society.Changesof addressshouldbe broughtto the attention of the RecordingSecretary. The nextmeetingof the Societyof BiblicalLiterature,will be held at NewYork City, on December 28 and 29, 193 .
OFFICERSOF THE SOCIETY FOR 195x President................ Prof.B. S. EASTON,GeneralTheologicalSeminary Vice-President ........... Prof. J. M. P. SMITH, Universityof Chicago RecordingSecretary....... Prof. H. J. CADBURY,BrynMawrCollege CorrespondingSecretary .. Prof. C. H. KRAELING,Yale University Treasurer................ Prof.H. H. TRYON, Union TheologicalSeminary Prof. J. A. BEWER, Union TheologicalSeminary Associatesin Council ...... Prof. M. S. ENSLIN, CrozerTheologicalSeminary Prof. J. J. OBERMANN, Jewish Institute of (termexpires193I) Religion Prof. MOSESBAILEY,WellesleyCollege Associatesin Council...... Prof. GEORGE DAHL, Yale University (termexpiresI932) Prof. H. S. GEHMAN, PrincetonUniversity Prof. H. C. ALLEMAN, GettysburgTheological Seminary Associatesin Council...... Mrs.MARYLYMAN,UnionTheologicalSeminary (termexpiresI935). Prof.D. W. RIDDLE, Universityof Chicago Representativeon the Board the American Pres. W.. J. MOULTON, Bangor Theological of Trusteesof the ' y Schoolsof OrientalResearch Sm Prof. W. F. ALBRIGHT, Johns Hopkins UniverDelegates to the American sity (termexpires 1932) Councilof LearnedSocieties Prof. H. J. CADBURY, BrynMawr College(term expires 1934)
Printedby OffizinHaag-DrugulinAG., Leipzig (Germany), for the Societyof BiblicalLiteratureand Exegesis
JOURNAL OF
BIBLI
CAL
LITERATURE EDITED BY
CARL H. KRAELING BENJAMIN W. BACON
GEORGE DAHL
VOLUME L 1931
PUBLISHED
NEW HAVEN, CONN. BY THE SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS 1931
PRINTED BY OFFIZIN HAAG-DRUGULIN AG., LEIPZIG (GERMANY) FOR THE SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
ii Historical Note .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Officers of the Society, 1930 .................. v Program of the Meeting, December 29th and 30th, 1930 . .. ... ix Celebration of the Anniversary ................. Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Society, New York, June 4th, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . xxiv 1880 . . Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the Society, New York, Decem...... .xxxix ber 30th, 1880 ......... L Proceedings, December 29th and 30th, 1930 ........... Lxi .................. Constitution and By-Laws . Lxiv List of Members ....................... xxvii List of Subscribing Librariesand Institutions .......... Lxxix List of Exchanges ......................
BAcoN,B. W., The Motivation of John 21 15-25 .......... .......... BADI, W. F., Ceramicsand History in Palestine . ..... BERRY, G. R., The Hebrew Word nH . ........ . BRATTON,F. G., Precursorsof Biblical Criticism ..... BUDDE,K., Zum Eingang des Buches Ezechiel . ..........
71 1 207 176 20
.............. CADBURY,H. J., Erastus of Corinth. . CRooK, M. B., Some Cultural Principles in Hebrew Civilisation ... DOBSCHTTZ,E. VON,Zwei- und dreigliedrige Formeln ........
42 .156 117
.. KRAELING,E. G., The Tmmanuel Prophecy ........ LUND, N. W., The Literary Structure of Paul's Hymn to Love ....
277 266
148 . B. S., The First Evangelic Tradition .......... EASTON, 186 FEIGiN,S., Some Cases of Adoption in Israel. ........... GEHMAN,H. S., The Old Ethiopic Version of I. Kings and Its Affinities 81 211 250 304
S. V., The Basis of the Resurrection Faith ....... MCCASLAND, OBERMANN,J., The Sepulchre of the MaccabeanMartyrs ...... ROMANOFF,P., A Third Version of the Flood Narrative .......
242 ............... SELLIN,E., Der Stein des Sacharja . 59 ....... STEPHENS,F. J., The Ancient Significance of S.stth . TORREY,C. C., The Date of the Crucifixion According to the Fourth
Gospel
..
227
......................
TYNG, D., Theodore of Mopsuestia as an Interpreter of the Old Testa-
ment ...
......
................
WILDER,A. N., The Nature of Jewish Eschatology
298 201
.........
Brief Notes:
J. A., A Study in Comparisonof the Texts of Kings MONTGOMERY, and Chronicles ..
. . . . . . .......
......... ROSENBLATT,S., Notes on the Psalter .. F., The Root Kahal in Some Scriptural Passages ZIMMFZRMANN,
Books Received ..................
.....
115
. 308 . . 311
313
THE SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS
TRANSACTIONS AND MEMORABILIA OF THE
FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY MEETING UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY NEW YORK CITY _
DECEMBER
__~~~~~i _
_
1930
_
iv
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
OFFICERS
OF THE SOCIETY 1930
FREDERIC BADi President,Dean WITTT,LAM Professor BURTON S. EASTON Vice-President, Secretary,Professor HENRY J. CADBURY Treasurer,Professor HAROLD H. TRYON
Associates in Council Professor HENRY C. ATIT,F,MAN Professor MOSES BAILEY Professor HENRY S. GEHMAN Mrs. MARY E. LYMAN Professor DONALD W. RIDDLE
Editors of the Journal of Biblical Literature Professor BENJAMIN W. BACON Professor FRANK C. PORTER Professor CARL H. KRAIT.TNG *
Representative on the Board of Trustees of the American Schools of Oriental Research PresidentWARREN J. MOULTON *
Delegates to the American Council of Learned Societies Professor WTIT,TAMF. ALBRIGHT Professor HENRY J. CADBURY
PROGRAM
OF THE MEETING,
DECEMBER 29th AND 3oth, 1930 Monday,December29th, Io.jo A.M.
Business CeramicsandHistoryin Palestine(Presidential Address) W. F. Bade(PacificSchoolof Religion) LightfromArchaeologyon the Religionof Canaan E. A. Leslie (BostonUniversity School of Theology) ReThe Sepulchreof the Maccabean Martyrs:a Judeo-Arabic cension J. J. Obermann(JewishInstituteof Religion) The AscensionFaithof Peter S. J. Case(University of Chicago) 2.00 P.M.
Precursorsof BiblicalCriticism F. G. Bratton(University of Rochester) of Lamentations GeorgeDahl (YaleUniversity) Redating The Logic of the Theoryof TranslationGreek D. W. Riddle(University of Chicago) The YearEponymatein the HebrewMonarchy J. A. Montgomery(University ofPennsylvania) SomeCulturalPrinciplesin HebrewCivilisation:An Analysis MargaretB. Crook(SmithCollege) TheContribution of Adolfvon Harnackto Theologicaland BiG. S. Duncan(American blicalLearning University) The Humanitarian Implicationsof the WisdomLiterature J. D. McCormick(KimballSchoolof Theology)
vi
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
Some Aspects of the Religion of the Book of Proverbs Fleming James (BerkeleyDivinitySchool) The First Evangelic Tradition B. S. Easton (GeneralTheological Seminary) Borrowed Biblical Biographies Simon Cohen (New YorkCity) The Agreement of John with the Synoptists as to the Date of the Crucifixion(i 5 Nisan) C. C. Torrey (Yale University) An Ancient Latin Bible (I587 A.D.) that Found Its Way Into the Corn Belt (by title) W. N. Stearns(Illinois Woman'sCollege) Divine Epithets and Attributes in Hellenistic Jewish Literature (by title) Ralph Marcus (JewishInstituteof Religion) 6.3o P.M. CET,EBRRATION OF THE ANNIVERSARY
Tuesday, December o th, 9.3o A. M.
PALESTINIAN JUDAISM IN THE FIRST CENTURY: A SYMPOSIUM The Main Stream and Undercurrents Louis Ginzberg (JewishTheological Seminary) N. T. Evidence of Various Types and Tendencies F. C. Porter (Yale University) The above brief paperswill be followed by an extensive opportunity for open discussion The Nature of Jewish Eschatology A. N. Wilder (HamiltonCollege) The World-view of Jesus and the First CenturyJewish Worldview E. W. K. Mould (Elmira College) The Growth of Mishnaic Legislation CriticallyConsidered I. J. Peritz (SyracuseUniversity) The Origin and Development of the Figure of Hermes TrismeW. J. Wilson (Libraryof Congress) gistos Business
PROGRAM OF MEETING
Yll vii
2.00 P.M.
OLD TESTAMENT
SECTION
The Supplementat the End of 3 Kings 2 J. A. Montgomery (Universityof Pennsylvania) The Hebrew Word nuaa G. R. Berry (Colgate-Rochester DivinitySchool) The Word 'ah (brother)in the O.T. B.A.Elzas (NewYorkCity) The Seal of Eliakim and the Latest Pre-ExilicHistory of Judah W. F. Albright (JohnsHopkins University) The Ancient Significanceof isith F.J. Stephens(YaleUniversity) The Key Chapterin the Book of Job Kemper Fullerton(OberlinSchoolof Theology) RabbinicExegesis in the Vulgate C. H. Gordon (Universityof Pennsylvania) The Present Status of the SabbathQuestion E. G. Kraeling (UnionTheological Seminary) The MissionaryIdea in the O.T. Seminary) J. A. Bewer (UnionTheological *
NEW TESTAMENT
SECTION
Some Problems in Acts F. J. F. Jackson (UnionTheological Seminary) Some Recent Interpretations of 2 Cor. 5I-Io
F. V. Filson (Presbyterian TheologicalSeminary, Chicago) LiteraryForm in the Fourth Gospel J. Muilenburg (Mt. HolyokeCollege) The LiteraryStructureof Paul's Hymn to Love (by title) N. W. Lund (North Park College) Erastusof Corinth H. J. Cadbury(BrynMawrCollege) The Basis of the ResurrectionFaith S. V. McCasland(GoucherCollege)
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
Viii
The Landevennec (Harkness) Gospels in the NewYork Public C. H. Kraeling (Yale University) Library *A Paleologan Family of N.T. Manuscripts H. R. Willoughby (Universityof Chicago) The Motivation of John 2 15-25 (by title)
B. W. Bacon (Yale University) 8.ooP.M. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FUND FOR BIBLICAL AND ORIENTAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH Report of the American Schools of OrientalResearch W. J. Moulton (BangorTheological Seminary) *Excavationsat Tell Beit Mirsim in 1930 W. F. Albright (JohnsHopkins University) *The
1930
Work at Ain Shems
Elihu Grant (HaverfordCollege) *The Proto-SinaiticInscriptionsof Serabit-el-Khadim R. Butin (CatholicUniversity) *Illustratedwiththestereopticon
Historical Note Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1, Fiftieth Anniversary Number (1931), pp. ii-iii Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259307 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 00:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
[email protected].
The Society of Biblical Literature is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Biblical Literature.
http://www.jstor.org
HISTORICAL NOTE1
HE Societyof BiblicalLiterature andExegesiswasfounded in I880. On January3 a group of scholarsmet by previous
agreementin the studyof Professor PhilipSchaff,42BibleHouse, NewYork.It consistedof ProfessorC. A. Briggs,ProfessorF. Gardiner,ProfessorB. R. Goodwin,Dr. J. I. Mombert,ProfessorPhilipSchaff,ProfessorCharlesShort,ProfessorJamesStrong and Dr. E. A. Washburn.They decidedthat stepsbe takento forma Societyof BiblicalLiterature andExegesisforthepurpose of promotinga thoroughstudyof the Scriptures by the reading and discussionof originalpapers.It was furtherresolvedthat this Societyshouldconsistof thosepresentand,in addition,ProfessorEzraAbbot,ProfessorThomasChase,ProfessorT. I. Conant,ProfessorE. Day,Dr. E. Harwood,ProfessorC. M. Mead, ProfessorA. Oliver, ProfessorGeorgePrentice,and Professor P. H. Steenstra,togetherwith such otherpersonsas would be invited by a committeeappointedfor that purpose.The first meetingof the Societywasheldon Friday,June4th,in the study of Dr. E. A. Washburn,Io3 East 23rdStreet,NewYork.Of the thirty-fivemembersreportedby the committee,twentywerepresent, among them PresidentS. C. Bartlett,ProfessorWillis J. C. Cattell,ChanBeecher,ProfessorFrancisBrown,PresidentW. cellorHowardCrosby,Professor (laterPresident)TimothyDwight, ProfessorSelahMerrill,ProfessorJ. H. Thayer,ProfessorC. H. Toy, andDr. W. H. Ward.A constitutionandby-lawswereadopted, andofficerselected.ProfessorGoodwinbecamethe first 1 Takenfrom the
Dinner. Programof theAnniversary
iii *
HISTORICAL NOTE
.
president.The proceedingsand abstractsof the paperspresented were printedand distributedamong the membersat once in I880. The first volume of the JOURNAL appearedin x882, containing the minutes and papersof the year I881. The Society met semiannually.At its ninth meeting in June, 1884,the constitutionwas revised by inserting a paragraphstating that "the object of the Society shallbe to stimulatethe criticalstudy of the Scripturesby presenting,discussing,andpublishingoriginalpaperson Biblical topics." This has been its work during the last fifty years. The founders of the Society have all passed away. The oldest active member is Professor David G. Lyon, elected in i882.
*
*
*
I*
Celebration of the Anniversary Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1, Fiftieth Anniversary Number (1931), pp. ix-xxiii Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259308 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 00:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
[email protected].
The Society of Biblical Literature is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Biblical Literature.
http://www.jstor.org
CELEBRATION OF THE ANNIVERSARY Monday Evening in the Refectory of the Union Theological Seminary
DINNER at half-pastsix o'clock
AFTER DINNER PresidentWTTTTAMFREDERIC BADE in the Chair
A. GREETINGS FROM HONORARY AND RETIRED MEMBERS Professor A. BERTHOLET, Berlin, Germany Professor K. BUDDE, Marburg,Germany Professor GUSTAV DALMAN, Greifswald, Germany Professor ERNST VON DOBSCHUTZ, Halle, Germany Professor GEORGE F. MOORE, Cambridge,Mass.
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
x
B. GREETINGS
FROM FOREIGN SOCIETIES
TheGreetings of theDeutsche Alttestamentlerschaft
D
ERSocietyof BiblicalLiteratureandExegesisschicktdie
die herzanihremEhrentag deutscheAlttestamentlerschaft zu. Die Societyblickt auf eine bedeutlichstenGliickwuinsche sameund gesegneteWirksamkeit zuriick;sie hat sich in ihrem eine Bestehen hochangeseheneStellungin der fiinfzigjiihrigen ihresLandesunddergesamtentheologischenWelt Wissenschaft erworben.Insbesonderegeh6rtdie Zeitschriftder Society,das zu denwichtigstenInstrumenten Journalof BiblicalLiterature, derbiblischenForschung,undjedervon uns hatviel Anregung und F6rderungdurchsie erhalten. sindgliicklichiiberdie engen Wir deutschenAlttestamentler und wissenschaftlicher Art, die die Beziehungenpersonlicher nordamerikanischen Kollegenund uns verbinden.Wir freuen uns des gegenseitigenreichenAustausches,der zwischenuns und miindlichenVerkehrseit vielenJahren durchliterarischen besteht.Wir schitzen an der biblischenForschungder nordamerikanischen Kollegendie philologischeGriindlichkeit,die des biblischenStoffs,die nichtselten umfassendeBeherrschung bahnbrechende Kiihnheit,die unsereso oft verhandeltenProblemein neueBeleuchtungriickt.WirhabendenEindruck,daB und deutscheArbeitsweise,jede fur sich eigenamerikanische aufs besteergiinztund daBbeideim Zentraleneinig sich artig, sind.
Es ist uns ein Verzicht,daBwir keinenVertreterabschicken und warmenFreundschaftskonnen,derunsereGliickwiinsche zum Ausdruck miindlich bringenwiirde.Wirhoffen,daB gefiihle es im niichstenJahreinemderUnsrigenm6glichseinwird,eine zu machenund dabeidie perlangereReisenachNordamerika sonlichenund wissenschaftlichen Beziehungenzu bekriftigen und zu vertiefen. Vorallemwiinschenwir,daBdie Societyof BiblicalLiterature andExegesiseinenerhebenden Festtagerlebe,daBsie nochviele
GREETING FROM FOREIGN SOCIETIES
xi
solche Jubilaen feiern diirfe, daB sie ihren angesehenenNamen innerhalbder theologischen Wissenschaftstets behalte und vermehre, daB es ihr nie an einem tiichtigen Nachwuchs in der amerikanischenGelehrtenweltfehle und daBall ihr Wirken und Planen zur Ehre Gottes und seines Reiches dienen moge. Im Namen und Auftrag der deutschen Alttestamentler griBt Professor D. PAUL VOLZ 4. Dezember 1930 Tiibingen
TheGreetingsof the DeutscheNeutestamentler-Tagung
IE deutscheNeutestamentler-Tagung sprichtderSocietyof BiblicalLiteratureand Exegesis anlisslich der Halbjahrhundert-Feierihres Bestehensmit dem Dank fur die freundlicheEinladung herzliche Gliickwiinscheaus. Es ist wichtig, daBin jedem Lande sich die auf dem gleichen Forschungsgebiet Tatigen zu gemeinsamerArbeit zusammenschlieBen.Es ist noch wichtiger, daB sich diese Vereinigungen iiberalle Grenzenhinausdie Hand reichen.Es ist das Wichtigste, daBalle zu dem einen groBenZiele zusammenwirken, die Wahrheit zu erkennenzur Ehre Gottes. Jedem Volk sind besondereKrafteund Aufgabenzugewiesen, sie miissen einandererginzen. Auch hier gilt, was der Apostel sagt: ,,Es sind mancherleiGaben, aber es ist ein Geist, es sind mancherleiAmter, aberes ist ein Herr,es sind mancherleiKrafte, aber es ist ein Gott, der da wirket alles in allem." Die Society of BiblicalLiteratureand Exegesis hat das besondere Verdienst, frei von dem Streit der theologischen Schulen ein geschichtlichesVerstandnisder Heiligen Schriftgepflegt und ausgebreitetzu haben. Sie hat das Verdienst,durchihre knappen, aus denVortragenbei denJahresversammlungen hervorgegange-
xii
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
nen Aufsatze eine FiiUe wichtiger Einzelfragen aufgerollt und immer wieder unter neue Beleuchtunggestelt zu haben. Sie hat das Verdienst, durch ihre Ausgrabungenunsere Kenntnis nicht nur der Vorgeschichte des Heiligen Landes, sondern auch von dessen Gestaltung zur Zeit Jesu und seiner Jiinger gef6rdert zu haben. Wir dankenihr in Sonderheit,daBsie auch deutsche Gelehrte zur Mitarbeitherangezogenund dabei in ihren Veroffentlichungen auch der deutschen SpracheRaum gegeben hat. Wir hoffen auf weiterenutzbringendeZusammenarbeitundwiinschen der Jubilarin,daBsie auch im kommendenHalbjahrhundertfiihrend auf dem Gebiete unserer Wissenschaft sein und bleiben m6ge. Wir griiBen die Festversammlungund alle, denen es um die Erforschung des Neuen Testamentsheiliger Ernst ist. Im Namen der deutschenNeutestamentler-Vereinigung Der Vorsitzende D. ERNST VON DOBSCHUTZ Professorfur Neues Testament an der UniversitdtHalle-Wittenberg
C. GREETINGS FROMAMERICAN AND INSTITUTIONS
SOCIETIES
Professor JULIUS A. BEWER The Union Theological Seminary Professor E. G. H. KRAFTJING Vice-Presidentof the American Oriental Society Professor MOSES HADAS The ArchaeologicalInstitute of America Mr. MORTIMER GRAVES Assistant Secretaryof the AmericanCouncil of Learned Societies
GREETINGS FROM AMERICAN SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS
xiii
Professor GEORGE A. BARTON Secretaryof the AmericanSchools of OrientalResearch ProfessorJ. M. P. SMITH Editor of the AmericanJournal of Semitic Languages
D. REMINISCENCES ProfessorD. G. LYON HarvardUniversity ProfessorCYRUS ADLER Dropsie College Professor C. C. TORREY Yale University ProfessorG. A. BARTON Universityof Pennsylvania ProfessorH. J. CADBURY Bryn Mawr College
*ts
*
*
E. MEMOIR ON THE HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY THE SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS 1880-1930 NATHANIEL
SCHMIDT
CORNELLUNIVERSITY
T the suggestion of Professor F. Gardiner eight gentlemen
Lmet, January3rd, 1880, in the study of Professor Philip Schaff,42 Bible House, NewYork, and resolved "that steps be taken to form a Society of Biblical Literatureand Exegesis for the purpose of promoting a thorough study of the Scripturesby the readingand discussion of originalpapers."The first meeting of the Society was held on Friday,June 4th, i88o, in NewYork. Of the thirty-fivemembersreportedby the committeein charge, twenty were present. A Constitutionand By-laws were adopted. Curiouslyenough, no mention was made of the purpose of the Society, but it was to meet at least twice a year, and the reason for coming together was well understood. Not until the ninth meeting, in June, 1884,was the Constitutionamendedby inserting a paragraph,stating that "the object of the Society shall be to stimulate the critical study of the Scripturesby presenting, discussing, and publishing original papers on Biblical topics." While there was no referenceto publicationin the original constitution, abstractsof the paperspresentedappearedin the printed reports of the proceedings, distributedamong the members alreadyin i880. Copies of these are now extremelyrare.It is to be regrettedthat they were not incorporatedin theJournal,especially as the first of several hundred papers presented to the Society was a noteworthy example of critical study. Professor Schaff's contribution on "The Pentecostaland the CorinthianGlossolalia" should have been better preserved. At the third meeting, in
MEMOIR ON THE HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY
XV
June 1881, the matter of issuing a volume of transactionsand the whole subjectof printingthe papersin generalwere referred to the Council. The result was the publication of the Journal whose first volume, including the papers and proceedings of 1881, was printed early in I882. Another decision at the same
meeting appearsto have beenof considerableimportance,though the cryptic language of the recordsleaves us largelyin the dark as to its exact nature. "The questions of the admissibility of
papersopposing the conclusionsof papersalreadypresentedand of limiting the length of the discussions were considered for some time, and a general understandingon both subjects was reached."The minutes do not disclose what this understanding was. Yet it may be inferredfrom the fact that Professor Toy's paper"On theBabylonianElementinEzekiel", readinDecember I88o, found a place in the first volume of the Journaltogether with an able defense of the traditionalview by Professor Gardiner in an article"On Ezekiel in relationto the LeviticalLaw" that the principle of audiaturet alterapars was urged. From the declarationon the title-page of the volume that "the Society prints the papers read in full, but is not responsible for the opinions expressedtherein"it is also evident that therewas some concern for the attitude and reputation of the Society. In the light of our consistentpracticewe may, therefore,concludethat, althoughthe understandingwas not divulged, it is likely to have been very wise. The set forms of academic disputation were abandoned,collective responsibilitydisavowed,and the freedom of thought and expressionfully recognized.One of the primary objects of the Society was discussion. Concerningits value there can be no question. In what way it was proposed, in I88I, to limit it we do not know. Laterattemptshave not been altogether satisfactory,and with the growth of the Societythe difficultiesof the problem have been increased. Thus the foundations were laid. Nothing would seem to be more naturalthan for a group of scholars,interestedin the thorough, or critical, study of the Scriptures,to come together for the discussion of Biblical topics and to arrangefor the public-
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ation of their original papers. How far they realizedthe novelty of their undertakingor the peculiarcharactertheirsimple organization inevitably would assume cannot now be ascertained. Many journals,dealing incidentally,and in some cases to a large extent, with Biblical questions had been established. It is only necessaryto recall some of these, such as J. D. Michaelis'OrientalischeundExegetischeBibliothek(I77ff.); J. G. Eichhorn's ReLiteratur(I777ff.); and pertorium fur BiblischeundMorgenlandische his AllgemeineBibliothekder biblischen Literatur(I787ff.); H. E. G. Paulus' Memorabilien (I79I ff.); H. B. C. Henke's MagaKinfir ExegeseundKirchengeschichte (x794ff.); E.ZelReligionsphilosophie, the ler's Theologische QuartalTheologische Jahrbiiher (iS8zff.); schrift,published by the Catholic faculty at Tiibingen (i8 9ff.); J. C. F. Steudel's TubingerZeitschriftfur Theologie(i828 ff.); the StudienundKritiken(i8 8 ff.); H. Ewald'sJahrbicher Theologische der biblischenWissenschaft(I8 5I ff.); the Jahdrbcher fur Deutsche fur Geschichteund Theologie(85 6ff.); Z. Frinkel's Monatsschrift A. des Wissenschaft Judentums(i85 iff.); Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift Theologie (i8 58 ff.); A. Geiger'sJiidischeZeitfur Wissenschaftliche Tijdschrift(i867ff.); the schrift(i86zff.); the Leiden Theologisch TheoRevuedesEtudesJuives(I867ff.); Jahrbicherfiirprotestantische in and katholische Theologie (1878ff.); logie(1875ff.); Zeitschriftfur Sacra 82 Bibliotheca our own country TheBiblicalRepertory ( 5ff.); Quarterly(i87Iff.) and others. Some (i844ff.); The Presbyterian of these were individual enterprisesby distinguished scholars; others were carriedon by one or more theological faculties; and others still representeda denomination,or a particularschool of thought. The ZeitschriftdesDeutschenPalastina-Vereins( 877 f.) and the Proceedings of theSocietyof BiblicalArchaeology(i878ff.) were publishedby speciallyorganizedgroups, but they were only incidentally concerned with biblical interpretation.W. R. Harper's Old andNew TestamentStudent(i88i ff.) was issued by the AmericanPublication Society of Hebrew, and was of a popular Wissencharacter;whileB. Stade'sZeitschrift fir diealttestamentliche such of to was become the same which in year, schaft,appearing incomparableimportance,was at first subsidized by the Deut-
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sche MorgenlandischeGesellschaft, and confined itself to the Old Testament. The distinctive features of our Society have been that it has limited its field to BiblicalLiteratureand Exegesis, has invited to its membershipscholarsengagedin the criticalstudy of the Jewish and ChristianScripturesregardlessof their ecclesiasticalaffiliation or theological opinions, Protestantsand Catholics,Jews and Gentiles, and has published a journalfor the maintenance of which it has made itself responsible,but not for the views expressed by the authors.In this combinationof characteristicsit remainsto this day unique. The Journalappearedannuallyuntil 1905,
from 1906 to 1911 twice a year, from 1912 to 1914 four
times a year, and since then, with the exception of 1915, either quarterlyor semi-annually.A GeneralIndex to Volumes I-XX was published in I901, and to Volumes XXI-XL
in I921,
preparedby Dr. Owen H. Gates. In June, I889, provision was made for the election of honorarymembers "who shall belong to other nationalitiesthan that of the United States of America, and shall be especially distinguished for their attainments as Biblical scholars." This gave to the Society an international character.Many of its honorarymembershave found it possible to give specialtokens of their active interest.None more so than the oldest member of this distinguished group, Professor Karl Budde of Marburg,elected 1898, to whom the Society owes a great debt of gratitude,particularlyfor his unselfish services in connection with the Journalwhile it was printed in Germany. But valued contributionsto the Journalhave also been made by T. K. Cheyne, George Adam Smith, A. H. Sayce, F. C. Burkitt, E. von Dobschiitz, and Gustaf Dalman, as well as by other eminent scholarslike B. D. Eerdmans,W. Caspari,and EduardK6nig. It is worth recording that the cordial relations with these honored fellow-workerswere in no way disturbedby the World War. Anotherparagraphin the revised constitution of I889, retained in the revisions of December
I90I
and December I923, author-
ized the organizationof "sections, consisting of all the members 2
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of the Society residing in a particularlocality,... provided that the numberof memberscomposing each section shall not be less than twelve." No such section has yet been formed. In view of the success of the Western Branchof the AmericanOrientalSociety, a similarexperimenton the part of our Societywould seem to be possible. The Universityof Chicago,which hasso effectively furthered our interests by its Journalof SemiticLanguagesand would undoubtedlywelcome a SecAmericanJournalof Theology, tion in the Middle West. Without any legal restrictionswe seem to have been held to the Atlantic sea-board as firmly as the AmericanOriental Society long was. Our membershipis widely scattered over the continent, and it is not easy to attend meetings, even though they now come only once a year. An annual meeting in Chicagomight help to realizethe hope that found expression in the constitution many years ago. In another respect, however, the Society has been more successful in expandingits activities. On June 3th, I895, Professor J. H. Thayerclosed his presidentialaddresswith "a recommendation that the Society take measurestowards founding an American School of Oriental Studies in Palestine." It was resolved that "the Society cordiallyapprovesthe establishmentof such an institution," that "the memberspledge themselvesto give assistance," and "that twenty-nine persons named be a committee to take all needful measuresto bring such a school into existence and provide for its maintenance."On June 4th, I896, Professor Thayer reported from the committee, giving an outline of the scope and work proposed for the School, and read a copy of the vote passedby the AmericanOrientalSociety,warmlycommending the project. In December, I897, he reported progress, presenting the result of a conferencewiththeCouncilof theArchaeological Institute of America. In December, 900o, the committee presented its final report and was dischargedwith thanks. The School of Oriental Study and Researchin Palestine passed into the hands of the contributinginstitutions and individualsand by them a Board of Managerswas chosen. The School is a child of our Society. Its Directorsand AnnualProfessorshavebeen memo
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bers of the Society, and we have followed its fruitful laborsduring the last thirty yearswith deep paternalinterest. The constitution explicitly states that the papers shall be original. It probablymeans only that they are to be preparedby the membersthemselves. Originalityis a matterofdegree. Although the Society representsno particularschool of thought, it is naturalthat its publicationsshould reflectthe tendenciesof Biblical scholarshipduring the last half century."Die erste kritischeDynastie," as Wellhausenonce called the Tiibingen School, never exerciseda very wide influencein America.By I88o some of its fundamentalpositions had been generally abandoned.It is perhaps permissibleto suggest that some of its solid researcheswere allowed to lapseinto a not altogetherinnocuousdesuetude.New methods of study, a more cautious approachto the problems, a wider integrationin the New Testamentfield shiftedtemporarily the interestto what seemed the vital questionsin the Old Testament field. Here a second critical dynasty had begun to reign, and its domination extended to America. If, in the structure erectedby interpreters,the two Tiibingen pillarsseemed to have fallen, four Pentateuchalcolumns, and presently three Isaianic, rose in impressive solidity. Eminent scholarsin our Society participated in the building and decoration. A reaction, similar to that in the New Testament realm, has obviously set in, marked by a more searchingtextual criticism,an enhancedinterestin the origin and nature of the constituent elements, a disturbanceof the accepted chronology, and a wider orientation. Whither the developmentwill lead is as yet uncertain.But it is importantthat fresh efforts be welcomed and that earlierprocesses and results be both faithfullykept in mind and subjectedto renewedcritical examination. The impulse given by the investigations of the Pentateuchand Isaiah naturallyaffectedthe critical study of the other books of the Old Testament. Questions connected with practicallyall the proto-canonicalwritings have been dealt with in paperspresentedto the Society. Less attention has been bestowed on the deutero-canonicaland apocryphalbooks, though these have not been entirely neglected. The articles published 2*
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in the Journalgive, of course, only a hint of the work done by members and of the trend of American Biblical scholarship. Fresh stimulus to the criticalstudy of the New Testamentwas furnishedby the attemptsof Semitic scholarsto recover the original form of the sayings of Jesus in his own vernacular,the more precise appraisalof the eschatologicalelement, the keener searchfor the original sources, and the observed reflectionin the epistolary literatureof the vocabulary,thought and custom of contemporarymysterycults. It may be mentioned that two symposia were arranged,one on Eschatology, and the other on the Gospel of John, thus in a measurerealizing the hope expressed in the early days that the same subject might be discussed from differentpoints of view. The meetings of the Society have provided its memberswith precious oppurtunities for becoming acquaintedwith one another. It has been a goodly fellowship. With gratitude, we remember our many friends who have departed, but left behind them evidences of their loyal devotion to the Society. The founders have all passed away. One who entered the Society as a youthful member in i888 still recalls very vividly the profound impression made upon him by some of those remarkablemen. Among them were ProfessorD. R. Goodwin, the firstPresident, Professor Frederic Gardiner, his successor, who perhaps more than any one else deserves to be called the father of the Society, Professors Ezra Abbot, Willis J. Beecher, Charles Augustus Briggs, FrancisBrown, George E. Day, Timothy Dwight, later President of Yale University, Philip Schaff,James Strong, Joseph A. Thayer, C. H. Toy, and Dr. William Hayes Ward. Memory loves to linger also on such personalities,prominentin the later activities of the Society, as Professor Isaac Hall, Professor George H. Schodde,ProfessorHenryPreservedSmith,President W. R. Harper,ProfessorE. P. Gould, ProfessorJohnF. Genung, Professor H. G. Mitchell, Rabbi Gustav Gottheil, Rabbi Marcus Jastrow, Dr. J. P. Peters, Professor Hermann V. Hilprecht, Dr. William Cobb, Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., Professor
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E. D. Burton, Professor Paul Haupt, and Professor W. R. Arnold, and many others whose loss has been recorded in our obituaries.
A special tribute of love and gratitude is due to Professor George Foote Moore who still continues to give distinction to Americanscholarship,and who for many yearsenrichedthe Society from the stores of his vast erudition and by his generous services and wise counsels. The oldest memberof the Society is Professor David G. Lyon, the eminent Assyriologist, elected in i882. "Unter Kollegen gibt man keine Komplimente." To attempt to single out, in so large a body, those who have deserved best of the Society, would be a vain, embarrassing,and possibly dangerous enterprise. Your historian, who has carefully gone through the records, written as well as printed, and the files of theJournal,has been greatlyimpressedby the extensive participation of the membersand the intrinsicvalue of the contributions. He is confident that he would have the hearty approval of the entiremembershipif, however, on this occasion,he should mention with gratefulrecognition at least a few men, now approaching the patriarchalstate, whose laborsfor the Society have been especially marked. This group would certainlyinclude Professors Benjamin W. Bacon, George A. Barton, James A. Montgomery, James H. Ropes, FrankC. Porter, and CharlesC. Torrey. But older and younger scholars have, in the last generation, carriedon the work in such a mannerand with such a success that the roster of faithful collaboratorswould be very long. As we celebrate this jubilee, we cannot refrainfrom asking ourselves what this work is likely to be in the coming years,and in what directionsit may be made more efficient.In the realmof science,work is never finished. Sciencecan never take a holiday, resting content with the facts it has disclosed,the methods it has adopted, the theories formulated,the results obtained. There is so much that of necessityis uncertainin our interpretationof the Jewish and ChristianScriptures.We are far from being able to determine what the text of any book was at a particularearly stage of transmission.Only an approximationis possible, to be
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reachedneither by leaning too confidentlyon the relativelybest witness, nor by wandering too far afield in conjecturalemendation. In the case of books preservedto us only in a translation, or even solely in a daughter-version, the difficulties are very great, and too much assuranceas regardsthe original text is apt to lead astray.In the dating of books, or supposed earliersources, we arebecoming increasinglyawareof the tentativenatureof many conclusions that once seemed unquestionable.Vocabulary and style, metricalstructureand literaryspeciesareuseful guides, but not infalliblecriteria.The historicalbackgroundis becoming clearer,but the gaps in our knowledge, to be filledout by imagination, are all the more painfully felt. Fresh discoveries, archeological and documentary,often raise a series of new questions ratherthan answering the old ones. Similaritiesof thought, customs and institutions to those of other regions may indicate import and adoption, but need not necessarilybe due to borrowing. The task that lies before us is immense. There is something peculiarlyvital, fascinating,and challenging in the literaturewe study. In a gracious reply to a message of congratulationssent by the Society to Professor Theodor Noldeke on his seventieth birthday,this great scholarobserved: "Freilichhabe ich nie aufgehort, die besten Erzeugnisse der alten Hebraierzu lieben und habe mich von Zeit zu Zeit immerwieder an ihnen erfreut,wiihrendmich der groBteTheil der orientalischenLitteraturen,denen ich meine Hauptarbeitgewidmet habe, viel weniger erwarmen konnte." The same feeling has more than once been expressed by Orientalists and classical scholars who have found zest and inspirationin our meetings, because of the irresistibleappealof the importantmatterswith which we are dealing. It is possible that the value of our associationmight be enhanced by a further development of the symposia. Without interfering with the free choice of topics, and the presentationof studies in which the membersmay be at any time engaged, arrangements could perhaps be made for the treatment,not only of subjects temporarilyin the foreground, but of relativelyneglected parts of Biblicalliterature,by groups of membersfrom differentstand-
MEMOIR ON THE HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY
XNll xxiii
points. Thus the work as a whole would becomemore systematic andwell balanced.For manyyears,the Societymet semi-annually. By the creationof a Western branch,the way might be prepared for a return to this custom in a somewhat modified form. The unity of the Society and the attendanceat the annual meeting would not necessarilysufferby the establishmentof two large sections, each coming together at some other time of the year, especiallyif the twain could meet, now in one part of the country, now in another. The hospitality so graciously extended by Universities and theological schools in the East during half a century would undoubtedly be matched by those in the West. This would tend to relieve the congestion of papersand provide more ampletime for discussion,while spreadingthe interestand increasingthe membership.Throughoutits history the object of the Society has been to stimulatethe criticalstudy of the Scriptures. How far it has succeeded, posterity will be able to judge better thanwe can. The need of such a study, carriedon with all possible thoroughnessand in a reverentspirit,is as great as ever, and the broad foundation, the steady growth and the present strength of the Society of Biblical Literatureand Exegesis encourage the belief that it will long continue to performa useful service to the investigation of the Bible, the cause of religion, and theology, the science of religion.
Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Society, New York, June 4, 1880 Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1, Fiftieth Anniversary Number (1931), pp. xxiv-xxxviii Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259309 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 00:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST MEETING OF THE SOCIETY NEW YORK, JUNE 4, I88o1
HE Society of Biblical LiteratureandExegesis held its first meeting in New York June 4, i88o, at 2 p.m., in the study of the Rev. E. A. Washburn,D.D. There were present Professors Ezra Abbot, LL.D.; W. Beecher, D.D.; C. A. Briggs, D.D.; Rev. FrancisBrown; President W. C. Cattell, D.D.; President Thomas Chase, LL.D.; Professors George E. Day, D.D., Timothy Dwight, D.D., F. Gardiner, D.D., D. R.Goodwin, D.D., C. M. Mead,D.D., Ph. Schaff, D.D., Charles Short, LL.D., P. H. Steenstra, James Strong, D.D., C. H. Toy, D.D.; Rev. W. H. Ward, D.D., and Rev. E. A. Washburn,D.D. Prof. D. R. Goodwin was chosen temporarychairman,and Prof. F. Gardinertemporarysecretary. The report of a committeeappointedat a meeting of severalof the above gentlemen in New York, Jan. 2, i88o, to prepare a Constitution and By-Laws, and to invite additional members, was read. They reported the acceptanceof membershipby the 1 Prior to I882, when the Journalof BiblicalLiteraturewas first issued, the Proceedingsof the Society, containing summaries of papers read and discussed, were published in pamphlet form. Copies of these pamphlets have virtually disappeared. In accordance with the wish of the Society, expressed at its Fiftieth Anniversary, the Proceedingsof the two meetings, June 4th and December 3oth, i88o, not previously embodied in the Journal, are herewith reproduced from copies preserved in the library of the Divinity School of Harvard University and made accessible through the co-operation of Professor James H. Ropes. The Proceedingsof i88I appeared in the first issue of the Journal, dated 1882.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST MEETING OF THE SOCIETY
XXV
following, a declining on the part of two others, and no reply as yet received from two others: Prof. Ezra Abbot, LL. D ......... 23 Berkeley Street, Cambridge, Mass. Pres't S. C. Bartlett, D.D. .........Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. N. Y. Prof. W. Beecher, D.D............Auburn, Prof. John Binney ............ Middletown, Conn. Union Theological Seminary, NewYork. Prof. C. A. Briggs, D.D. .......... Rev. Francis Brown ............. 9 University Place, NewYork. Rev. J. K. Burr, D.D. ............ Trenton, N. J. Prof. J. H. Buttz, D.D. ........... Madison, N. J. Pres't W. C. Cattell, D.D .........Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. Pres't Thomas Chase, LL. D. ......Haverford College, Delaware Co., Pa. Prof. T. J. Conant, D.D. ........ Brooklyn, N. Y. New Haven, Conn. Prof. George E. Day, D.D ........ Prof. Timothy Dwight, D.D. ......New Haven, Conn. Rev. Henry Ferguson ............. Claremont, N. H. Conn. Prof. F. Gardiner, D.D ............Middletown, Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Prof. D. R. Goodwin, D.D .......3927 Prof. C. D. Hartranft, D.D......... Hartford, Conn. Rev. E. Harwood, D.D ...........New Haven, Conn. N. J. Rev. J. F. McCurdy ..............Princeton, Prof. C. M. Mead, D.D ........... Andover, Mass. Mass. Prof. Selah Merrill, D.D ..........Andover, N. J. Rev. J. Mombert, D.D ...........Passaic, Prof. A. Oliver, Theol. Seminary, 20th St., NewYork. D. .............Episc. Prof. George Prentice, D.D . M......Middletown, Conn. Prof. M. B. Riddle, D.D ..........Hartford, Conn. Bible House, NewYork. Prof. Ph. Schaff, D.D .............42 West 6oth Street, NewYork. Prof. Charles Short, LL. D ........24 Prof. P. H. Steenstra ............. Cambridge, Mass. Prof. James Strong, D.D. ......... Madison, N. J. Prof. J. H. Thayer, D.D. ......... Andover, Mass. of Independent, Rev. W. H. Ward, D.D ..........Office NewYork. Rev. E. A. Washburn, D.D. .......3 East 2Ist Street, NewYork.
The proposedConstitutionandBy-Lawswere read,article by article, amended,and adopted, as follows: CONSTITUTION I. This association shall be called The Society of Biblical Literatureand Exegesis.
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II. It shall consist of such persons interestedin its objects as may be elected by the Society at any regularmeeting on the recommendation of its Council. III. Its officers shall be a President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer,and a Council of nine, of which the above-namedofficers shall be ex officiomembers.They shall be elected annually, and shall hold office until their successors are appointed. IV. of the shall be held as often at least as semiSociety Meetings annually,at such times and places as the Council shall determine. At these meetings the time shall be chiefly devoted to the reading and discussion of original papers on Biblical subjects. BY-LAWS I. The Secretaryshall keep a recordof the proceedings of the
Society, and shall give notice of the meetings to each memberby mail, not less than two weeks before the time of meeting. He shall mention in the notice of such meeting the titles of any papers he may know are to be presented, with the names of the writers.
2. The Treasurershall have chargeof the funds of the Society, and shall make full reportthereof at the meeting for the election of officers. His investments, deposits, and paymentsshall be under the superintendenceof the Council. 3. Each corporate member shall pay into the treasury of the Society, on his admission,the sum of five dollars, and there shall be an annualassessmentof three dollars, payableat the meeting for the election of officers; but a donation at any one time of fifty dollarsshall exempt from obligation to make either of these payments. 4. The Council, in nominatingnew members,shall be expected, on presenting their names, to indicate some published essay
OFTHESOCIETY XXVi OFTHEFIRSTMEETING PROCEEDINGS
or treatiseon subjectswithin the range of the object of the Society, on the ground of which their nominationis made. 5. Twelve members shall form a quorum for the transaction of business. After the adoption of the Constitution and By-Laws it was Voted,that a committee of three be appointed, to which the Secretarybe added, to nominate officers. The following committeewas appointedby nomination:Drs. Short, Strong, and Mead. The committee reportedthe following names of officers,who were thereupon elected: Rev. D. R. Goodwin, D.D .........President. Rev. JamesStrong,D.D........... Vice-President. Rev. F. Gardiner,D.D. ........... Secretary. Rev. C. A. Briggs, D.D . .......... Treasurer. Prof. E. Abbot, LL. D. ...........I Prof. George E. Day, D.D ......... Prof. George E. Day, D.D... Additional membersof the Council Prof. TimothyDwight, D.D. ...... Prof. CharlesShort,LL. D.........
The Society, being now duly organized,proceededto the reading and discussion of papers. The firstpaperwas by Prof. Ph. Schaff,D.D., on the glossolalia of the New Testament, of which the following is an abstract: THE PENTECOSTALAND THE CORINTHIAN GLOSSOLALIA The GLOSSOLALIA,or Gift of Tongues, appearsfirst in active exerciseon the birthdayof the ChristianChurch,as recordedin the second chapterof the Acts. A new religionwas inauguratedby a new tongue as of fire. The same gift is mentionedin two other passagesof the Acts, namely:Ch. 10 46, and 19 6, in the concludingsection of Mark(of disputedgenuineness),and is fully described by Paul in the twelfth and fourteenthchaptersof the First Epistle to the Corinthians.Therecan be no doubt as to the existenceof that gift in the apostolicage, and if we had only eitherthe accountof Pentecost,or only the accountof Paul,we would not hesitateto decide as to its nature;but the difficultyis in harmonizing the two. (i) The terms employed for the strange tongues are "new tongues" (Kaival
yAXjaat,Mark I6 17, where Christpromisesthe gift), "othertongues," differing from the vernacular(erepaLyX. Acts 2 4, and nowhereelse), "kinds"or "diver-
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I Cor. I2 28), or simply "tongues" (yXcooa&, sides of tongues" (yevr/ yXwoa-o&v, I Cor. 14 22), and in the singular "tongue" (yAXirra, verses 2, x3, 19, 27, in which passages the E. V. inserts the interpolation "unknowntongue"). To speak in tongues is called yXwaoraLsor yXro-av XaXeelv(Acts 2 4, Io 46, 9 6; I Cor. 14 2, 4, x3, I4, I9, 27). Paul uses also the phrase to "pray with the tongue" (Irpoo-evXeo-OaL ,yXw'ar), as equivalent to "praying and singing with the spirit" (nrpooelvXeavOaL and /a'dXXevr irvevaLarTL, and adXXELtv and as distinct from ?rpoevtXEv-Oal r( vol, I Cor. 14 14, '5). The plural and the term "diversities" of tongues, as well as the distinction between tongues of "angels" and tongues of "men" (i Cor. 13 I), points to different manifestations (speaking, praying, singing), according to the individuality, education, and mood of the speaker; but not to various foreign languages, which are excluded by Paul's description. The term tongue has been differently explained: (a) Wieseler (and Van Hengel): the organ of speech, used as a passive instrument; speaking with the tongue alone,inarticulately, and in a low whisper. (b) Bleek: rare, provincial, archaic, poetic words, or glosses (whence our "glossary"). But this technical meaning of yX&ioaraoccurs only in classical writers (as Aristotle, Plutarch, etc.), and among grammarians, not in Hellenistic Greek, and as -yX6oaa the interpretation does not suit the singular yXcacra, yXcacrr Xa,XEiv, could only mean a single gloss. (c) Most commentators: language or dialect (8LdXeKTo0,comp. Acts I I9; 2 6, 8; 2X 40; 26 I4). This is the correct view. It does not necessarily mean one of the known languages of the earth, but may mean a peculiar handling of the vernacular dialect of the speaker, or a new spiritual language never known before, a language of immediate inspiration in a state of ecstasy. The "tongues" were individual varieties of this language. (2) The glossolalia in the Corinthianchurch, with which that at Caesarea in Acts IO 46, and at Ephesus I9 6, is evidently identical, we know very well from the description of Paul. It occurred in the first glow of enthusiasm after conversion, and continued for some time. It was not a speaking in foreign languages, which would have been entirely useless in a devotional meeting of converts, but a speaking in a language differing from all known languages. It had nothing to do with the spreadof the Gospel, although it may, with other devotional acts, have become a means of conversion to susceptible unbelievers, if such were present. It was an act of self-devotion,an act of thanksgiving, praying and singing, within the Christian congregation, by individuals who were wholly absorbed in communion with God, and gave utterance to their rapturous feelings in broken, abrupt, rhapsodic, unintelligible words. It was emotional rather than intellectual, the language of the excited imagination, not of cool reflection. It was the language of the spirit (7rvfvJa), or of ecstasy, as distinct from the language of the understanding (vovs). We might almost illustrate the difference by a comparison of the style of the Apocalypse, which was conceived ev vrvevuari (Apoc. I IO), with that of the Gospel of John, which was written v vol. The speaker in tongues was in a state of spiritual in-
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST MEETING OF THE SOCIETY
xxix
toxication, if we may use this term, analogous to the poetic "frenzy" described by Shakespeare and Goethe. His tongue was a lyre on which the Divine Spirit played celestical tunes. He was unconscious, or only half-conscious, and scarcely knew whether he was "in the body or out of the body." No one could understand this unpremeditated religious rhapsody unless he was in a similar trance. To an unbelieving outsider it sounded like a barbarous tongue, like the uncertain sound of a trumpet, like the raving of a maniac (i Cor. 14 23), or the incoherent talk of a drunken man (Acts 2 13, I5). "He that speaketh in a tongue, speaketh not to men,but to God; for no one understandeth; and in the spirit he speaketh mysteries; but he that prophesieth speaketh untomenedification, and encouragement, and comfort. He that speaketh in a tongue edifieth himself; but he that prophesieth edifieth the church" (i Cor. 4 2-4; comp. 26-33). The Corinthians evidently overrated the glossolalia, as a showy display of divine power; but it was more ornamental than useful, and vanished away with the bridal season of the church. It is a mark of the great wisdom of Paul that he who was himself a master in the glossolalia (i Cor. 14 18), assigned to it a subordinate and transient position, restrained its exercise, demanded an interpretation of it, and gave the preference to the gifts of permanent usefulness in which God displays his goodness and love for the general good. Speaking with tongues is good, but prophesying and teaching in intelligible speech for the edification of the congregation is better, and love to God and men in active exercise is best of all. (3) The Pentecostalglossolalia cannot have been essentiallydifferent from the Corinthian: it was likewise an ecstatic act of worship, of thanksgiving and praise for the great deeds of God in Christ, a dialogue of the soul with God. It was the purest and the highest utterance of the jubilant enthusiasm of the new-born church of Christ in the possession of the Holy Spirit. It began before the spectators arrived (comp. vers. 4 and 6), and was followed by a missionary discourse of Peter in plain, ordinary language. Luke mentions the same gift twice again (chs. io and 19) evidently as an act of devotion, and not of teaching. Nevertheless, according to the evident meaning of Luke's narrative, the Pentecostal glossolalia differed from the Corinthian not only by its intensity, but also by coming home to the hearers then present in their ownvernaculardialects,without the medium of a human interpreter. Hence the term "different" tongues, which Paul does not use, nor Luke in any other passage; hence the astonishment of the foreigners at hearing each his own peculiar idiom from the lips of those unlettered Galilaeans. It is this heteroglossolalia, as I may term it, which causes the chief difficulty. I will give the various views which either deny, or shift, or intensify, or try to explain this foreign element. (a) The rationalistic interpretation cuts the Gordian knot by denying the miracle, as a mistake of the narrator or of the early Christian tradition. Even Meyer surrenders the heteroglossolalia, as far as it differs from the Corinthian glossolalia, as an unhistorical tradition which originated in a mistake, because he considers the sudden communication of the facility of speaking foreign languages as "logic-
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ally impossible, and psychologically and morally inconceivable" (Cor. on Acts 2 4, 4th ed.). But Luke, the companion of Paul, must have been familiar with the glossolalia in the apostolic churches, and in the two other passages where he mentions it he evidently means the same phenomenon as that described by Paul. (b) The heteroglossolalia was a mistake of the hearers (a Hdrwunder),who in the state of extraordinary excitement and profound sympathy imaginedthat they heard their own language from the disciples; while Luke simply narrates their impression without correcting it. This view is found in Gregory of Nyssa (who mentions it without adopting it), Pseudo-Cyprian, the venerable Bede, Erasmus, Schneckenburger and others. If the Pentecostal language was the Hellenistic dialect, it could, with its composite character, its Hebraisms and Latinisms, the more easily produce such an effect when spoken by persons stirred in the inmost depths of their hearts and lifted out of themselves. St. Xavier is said to have made himself understood by the Hindoos without knowing their language, and St. Bernard, St. Anthony of Padua, St. Vincent Ferrer were able, by the spiritual power of their eloquence, to kindle the enthusiasm and sway the passions of multitudes who were ignorant of their language. Olshausen and Baumlein call to aid the phenomena of magnetism and somnambulism, by which people are brought into mysterious rapport. (c) The glossolalia was speaking in archaic, poetic glosses, with an admixture of foreign words. This view, learnedly defended by Bleek (I829), and adopted with modifications by Baur (1838), has already been mentioned above as inconsistent with Hellenistic usage, and the natural meaning of Luke. (d) The mystical explanation regards the Pentecostal Gift of Tongues in some way as a counterpart of the Confusion of Tongues, either as a temporary restoration of the original language of Paradise, or as a prophetic anticipation of the language of heaven in which all languages are united. This theory, which is more deep than cear, turns the heteroglossolalia into a homoglossolalia, and puts the miracle into the language itself and its temporary restoration or anticipation. (e) The Pentecostal glossolalia was a permanentendowment of the apostles with a miraculous knowledge of all those foreignlanguages in which they were to preach the gospel. As they were sent to preach to all nations, they were gifted with the tongues of all nations. This theory was first clearly brought out by the fathers in the fourth and fifth centuries, long after the gift of tongues had disappeared, and was held by most of the older divines, though with different modifications, but is now abandoned by nearly all Protestant commentators except Bishop Wordsworth, who defends it with patristic quotations. Chrysostom supposed that each disciple was assigned the particular language which he needed for his evangelistic work (Hom. on Acts 2). Augustine went much further, saying (De Civ. dei, XVIII. c. 49): "Every oneof them spoke in the tongues of all nations; thus signifying that the unity of the catholic church would embrace all nations, and would in like manner speak in all tongues." Some confined the number of languages to the number of foreign nations and countries mentioned by Luke (Chrysostom), others
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extended it to 70 or 72 (Augustine and Epiphanius), or 75, after the number of the sons of Noah (Gen. ch. Io), or even to 120 (Pacianus), after the number of the disciples present. Baronius mentions these opinions in Annal. ad. ann. 34, vol. I. 197. The feast of languages in the Roman Propaganda perpetuates this theory, but turs the moral miracle of spiritual enthusiasm into a mechanical miracle of acquired learning in unknown tongues. Were all the speakers to speak at once, as on the day of Pentecost, it would be a more than Babylonian confusion of tongues. Such a stupendous miracle as is here supposed might be justified by the farreaching importance of that creative epoch, but it is without a parallel and surrounded by insuperable difficulties. The theory ignores the fact that the glossolalia began before the spectators arrived, that is, before there was any necessity of using foreign languages. It isolates the Pentecostal glossolalia and brings Luke into conflict with Paul and with himself; for in all other cases the gift of tongues appears, as already remarked, not as a missionary agency, but as an exercise of devotion. It implies that all the one hundred disciples present, including the women-for a tongue as of fire "sat upon each of them"-were called to be traveling evangelists. A miracle of that kind was superfluous (a Luxuswunder);for since the conquest of Alexander the Great the Greek language was so generally understood throughout the Roman empire that the apostles scarcely needed any other-unless it was Latin and their native Aramaean-for evangelistic purposes; and the Greek was used in fact by all the writers of the New Testament, even by James of Jerusalem, and in a way which shows that they had learnt it like other people, by early training and practice. Moreover, there is no trace of such a miraculous knowledge, nor any such use of it after Pentecost. On the contrary, we must infer that Paul did not understand the Lycaonian dialect (Acts 14 11-14), and we lear from early ecclesiastical tradition that Peter used Mark as an interpreter (?p/1AvfeVr or Eplqvevrfs, interpres,according to Papias, Irenaeus, and Tertullian). God does not supersede by miracle the learning of foreign languages and other kinds of knowledge which can be attained by the ordinary use of our mental faculties and opportunities. (f) It was a temporaryspeaking in foreign languages confined to the day of Pentecost and passing away with the flame-like tongues. The exception was justified by the object, namely, to attest the divine mission of the apostles and to foreshadow the universalness of the gospel. This view is taken by most modem commentators who accept the account of Luke, as Olshausen (who combines with it the theory b), Baumgarten, Thiersch, Rossteuscher, Lechler, Hackett, Gloag, Plumptre (in his Corn.on Acts), and myself (in H. Ap. Ch.), and accords best with the plain sense of the narrative. But it likewise makes an essential distinction between the Pentecostal and theCorinthianglossolalia, which is extremely improbable. A temporary endowment with the knowledge of foreign languages unknown before is as great, if not a greater miracle than a permanent endowment, and was just as superfluous at that time in Jerusalem as afterwards at Corinth; for the missionary sermon of Peter, which was in one language only, was intelligible to all. (g) The Pentecostal glossolalia was essentially the same as the Corinthian
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glossolalia, namely, an act of worship, and not of teaching; with only a slight difference in the medium of interpretation: it was at once internally interpreted and applied by the Holy Spirit himself to those hearers who believed and were converted, to each in his own vernacular dialect; while in Corinth the interpretation was made either by the speakers in tongues, or by one endowed with the charisma of interpretation. As I can find no authority for this interpretation (not even in Neander) I suggest it with some diffidence, but not without good reasons. Its advantages over all other explanations are: I. It avoids the insuperable difficulties which seem to surround the assumption of a miraculous outfit with the gift of speaking foreign languages either permanently or transiently. 2. It harmonizes not only Luke with Paul, but also Luke with Luke; for in Acts io and 19 the glossolalia has obviously no connection with foreign languages. 3. The Holy Spirit was certainly at work among the hearers as well as the speakers, and brought about the conversion of three thousand on that memorable day. If he applied and made effective the sermons of Peter, why not also the preceding doxologies and benedictions. 4. Peter makes no allusion to foreign languages, nor does the prophecy of Joel which he quotes. 5. This view best explains the opposite effect upon the spectators. They did by no means all understand the miracle, but the mockers, like those at Corinth, thought the disciples were out of their right mind and talked, not intelligible words in their native dialects, but unintelligible nonsense. The speaking in a foreign language could not have been a proof of drunkenness. It may be objected to this view that it implies a mistake on the part of the hearers who traced the use of their mother-tongues directly to the speakers; but it must be remembered that it was the same Spirit who inspired the tongues of the speakers and the hearts of the susceptible hearers and raised both above the ordinary level of consciousness. Whichever view we take of this peculiar feature of the Pentecostal glossolalia, in this diversified application to the cosmopolitan multitude of spectators, it was a symbolical anticipation and prophetic announcement of the universalness of the Christian religion, which was to be proclaimed in all the languages of the earth and to unite all nations in one kingdom of Christ. The humility and love of the church united what the pride of Babel had 'scattered, and in this sense the Pentecostal gift of tongues was the counterpart of the confusion of tongues.
The subject was then discussed until 6: 20P.M., when the Society took a recess until 8. On re-assembling at 8 a paper was read by the Rev. E. A. Washburn, D.D., on the cdXaclv aL'wov,.. Zw0ivaI'vLov of Matt. 25 46.1 1 Owing to the continued ill health of the author the appearance of this paper will be postponed till the next issue.
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The subjectwas discussed until ol/2 P.M. Voted,that the Secretarybe requestedto print for the use of the membersthe proceedingsof this meeting, with the Constitution and By-Laws adopted, and an abstractof the papers read. Adjournedto 9 A.M. on Saturday. The Society re-assembledat 9 A.M. on Saturday.A paperwas readpreparedby the lateRev.RobertHutcheson,of Washington, Iowa, on the syntaxof '1!with especialreferenceto its bearing on Gal. 3 6. The etymology and the collective use of this term and its Greek equivalent nrepliaare sufficientlyfamiliar,but its syntaxhas been little studied. It is used very earlyin an individualsense (Gen. 4 25). Essentiallythe sameargumentas in Gal. 3 I6 is used by St. Peter in Acts 3 24-26, quoting Gen. 22 17, I8. To the latter passagereferenceis also made in Ps. 72 17. There must be some principle,well knownat the time, which enabledthese severalHebrews,in certaincases,to take yyt in an individualratherthan a collectivesense. Of this usage otherinstances will be given furtheron. The constructionof the word with nouns, adjectives,and verbs, shows nothing to our purpose;the peculiarityis in the constructionwith the pronoun.The Hebrew idiom requires that a plural pronounshouldbe used to representit in its collectivesense, and a singularpronounfor it in its individualsense. This rule is absolute
and uniform,and may be illustratedby the English word sheepand its pronouns in Isa. 53 6, 7.
It is unnecessaryto give instancesof its pluraluse. A single crucialexample maysuffice.In Jer. 3oI0, Jacob,Israel,servant,and seed areused identically,and the samethings are predicatedof them all, and all the pronounsrelatingto them (more thanthirtyin the entireconnection)are in the singular,except the one representingY't as distinguishedfrom all its adjuncts,and this is plural.Jer. 46 27 follows the same construction.Other instancesof the pluralpronoun with the y)l are Gen. I5 13; 17 7--9; Ex. 30 2I; Lev. 21 17; 2 Ki 17 20; 2 Chr. 20,7, 9; Neh. 9 2; Ps. Io6 27; Isa. 6i 9; Jer. 23 8; 33 26; Ezek. 20 5-12. They embrace forty-eight pronouns in the plural. In fourcases (Deut. I 8; 4 37; Io I5; Isa. 41 8)
collective
the word is used collectively,and the pronounis in the singular;but they form no exceptionto the rule, sincein these cases"thee"does not referto "seed"as its properantecedent,but to the peoplethenliving who arethe subjectof the address. Thereareno othercasesin whichthe wordas a collectiveoccurswith the pronoun. Examplesof the wordwith the singularpronounareless numerous,but equally decisive,embracingtwenty-threepronouns.In I Sam.i ii, thewordis clearlyused in anindividualsense,andall the pronounsrelatingto it arein the singular.So also in 2 Sam. 7 12--5. In both cases the LXX translate by arepfa
and all the ancient
versionsuse the singularpronounthroughout.The applicationof thelatterpassage 3
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typically to Christ does not interfere with the grammar. x Chr. 17 11-14 is another, somewhat varied, record of the same transaction and observes the same syntax. Gen. 3 15: It again has the singular pronoun, the LXX has irept~aand all the ancient versions (except the later Targums) interpret individually. It was so understood evidently by Eve (Gen. 4 '), and its individual interpretation is assured by later revelation. Ezek. 17 13 is not strictly to be cited as an instance, since the expression there is "of the seed of the kingdom" instead of simply "seed." Nevertheless the reference is to the individual Zedekiah, and the pronouns in the Hebrew, as in the ancient versions, are in the singular. Only one exception can be alleged to this rule, Isa. 48 19. But here the text may fairly be considered doubtful. The LXX changes the pronoun his to thy, introducing a different antecedent and making the passage more homogeneous. Similarly the Targ. Jonathan. This would entirely remove the exception. Even as the text stands, however, the pronoun may well go back to vs. 15 for its antecedent and thus form no exception to the rule. Of the two remaining passages, one is immediately involved in the apostolic argument, and the second is dependent on the first. Gen. 22 i7 contains first a promise to all the posterity of Abraham, and then, by the construction, a selection of one in whom "all the nations of the earth shall be blessed." The reference of y. here to an individual accords with the promise of Gen. 3 15, which Abraham must have understood as now renewed to his own descendant. The LXX omits the pronoun, and all the ancient versions understood the word collectively; but in the application of the promise in Ps. 72 17 (where 3Yt does not occur) they all understand it individually, and it is so interpreted by St. Peter in Acts 3 25, 26. The remaining passage, Gen. 24 60, depends upon this. Rebecca is blessed by her Aramite friends, and the pronoun referring to her seed is singular (not plural as in the A. V.). The ancient versions, as well as the modern, except Luther, have missed the Messianic sense of the passage; but in the original the singular pronoun in the mouths of these relatives of Abraham seems a reminiscence of the promise to him, and a prayer that it may be fulfilled through the wife of his son. St. Paul, therefore, in quoting (Gal. 3 16) the promise to Abraham, with its singular pronoun, was justified by the syntax in giving it an individual application; the grammatical sense, even independently of any theological tradition, afforded a sound basis for his argument.
After some discussion the next paper was read by Prof. W. Beecher, D.D., on the use of the Hebrew tenses inPs. 1096- 9, of
which the following is a brief abstract: USE OF THE HEBREW TENSES IN PS. o09 6--i This passage includes all of the Psalm that can fairly be called imprecatory. In verse 20 there is no reason for supplying the copula in the imperative, and after this verse the verbs, imprecatively translated, are simply indeterminate.
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Our passage is divided, by the style of its verbs, into three sections. The first section, verses 6--, contains nine verbs in the imperfect and two in the perfect, with seven conversive following an imperative. The nine are all indeterminate except tibhyeh,in verse 7, which is distinctly declarative. In the second section, verses 12-15, the verbs are jussives. In the third section, verses 16--9, the verbs of the first three verses are either perfects or imperfects, with vav conversive, while verse I9 begins with a jussive. The presumption is that this grouping of the verbs was designed, and not accidental. It is therefore against a jussive translation of the verbs which, in the Hebrew, have been thus carefully made declarative or indeterminate; and particularly against the breaking up of the first and third of these sections into pairs of disconnected imprecations. It is easy to translate in accordance with this presumption, if we consider the first section as a conditional sentence, having for its protasis either the whole or the first half of verse 6. This use of the imperative is not at all infrequent, either in Hebrew or in English. "If thou put a wicked man in office over any one, And thus a Satan (instead of a protector) stand upon his right hand;When that one is put upon trial he will come out wicked, And his prayer (not his alleged offences, merely) will become sin; Few will his days be, His office another will take; Orphans his sons will be, And his wife a widow; And his sons will wander, wander, and be beggars, And will seek, from their desolate homes; A creditor will set a trap for all which belongs to him, And strangers will plunder his earnings." Then follow the imprecations in verses I2--5, and then: "Because he was not mindful to do mercy, And pursued a man poor and needy, And humiliated of heart, to put to death; And loved cursing, and it entered him, And delighted not in blessing, and it was far from him; And put on cursing as his garment, And it entered as the water within him, And as the oil into his bones;Let it be to him as clothing which he will wear, And for a belt which he will continually gird." The first section describes the evils brought upon any one by a bad ruler. The second imprecates similar evils upon such a ruler himself. The third calls attention to the law of self-retribution in the case, attributing the divine judgment imprecated 3*
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upon him to his own malignant, persistent choice. The presumption with which we started becomes pretty decided proof, when we thus find the logical divisions of the meaning coinciding with the transitions in the style of the verbs. This view makes the imprecations of the Psalm more terrible, by diminishing their number; but it entirely clears the Psalm from the charge that its author loves to repeat over and over his harsh prayers against his enemy, and gloats over the evil which he imprecates.
This paper was also discussed by most of the members present. The next paperwas by Prof. F. Gardiner,D.D., on Xprjtar-orat
in Acts
I I 26.
ON THE XpplariLat .. Xpraraovs
OF ACTS
II 26
This name, equivalent to "followers of the Messiah," could not have been given by the Jews, the form of expression implies that it was not assumed by the disciples themselves (Suidas being erroneously quoted for this view), and hence it has been often wrongly supposed to have been given by their enemies. The adoption of the name marks an important epoch in the growth of the church, when it began to be more distinctly separated from Judaism, and embraced large numbers of Gentile converts. It involves a recognition by the world of Christ as the source and centre of the new religion. If we look at the grammatical form alone, XpwIparila may be considered as under the same regimen with the preceding 8sddati, so that they have the same subject. This construction is favored by the particle re, and would lead to the translation that the apostles "taught much people and called the disciples Christians first at Antioch." The objection to this view is that XprlpaaTiCo seems to beto class of in active a neuter sense. It is the verbs assume the voice which long used often enough with the accusative of Xo'yor(or its relative), but this rather completes the sense of the verb itself. Josephus (Ant. Io 1, 3; I 8, 4) uses it with a personal object in the dative, and once (ib. 5. I, 14) with an infinitive. Basil (Hom. in Ps. 7 I) uses it transitively in a passage quite parallel in construction to Acts II 26, and as synonymous with 0vo/ad'co. This construction, however, may be left as doubtful. The point of interest is in the connection in which the word is always used in Hellenistic Greek. The later common sense in classical Greek is to take and bear a name or title, and this text is generally explained accordingly. But in the Scriptures and Josephus it never occurs except in connection with some divine communication. It is used ten times in the LXX. (I Ki. I8 27; Job 40 3 (Eng. 8) Jer. 32 x6 (Eng. 25 30) bis; 33 (Eng. 26) 2 bis; 36 (Eng. 29) 23; 37 (Eng. 30) 2; 43 (Eng. 36) and cAXdX)o,but the Alexandrine 2, 4, when the Vatican text substitutes AaXdXloa still shows the usage of the word. In all these places the fact of a divine communication is made plain, either by the nominative or by the context; but the point is that, occuring so often, it never occurs in any other sense. In the New
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Testament it is used nine times, six of them being in the passive, and in these six our translators have supplied "of God," except in Lk. 2 26, where the text itself has VurTr. Irrevparos r. dy. The passages are Matt. 2 I2, 22; Lk. 2 26; Acts IO 22; I1 26; Rom. 7 3; Heb. 8 5; II 7; 12 25-all referring to divine communications. The only passage which may be thought doubtful is Rom, 7 3, where it is said of the woman who marries another while her husband is yet living, ,Ao&XaX2s XPTparTaletshall bear the name adulteress. But in quoforo? The word may seem here to revert to its later classical usage of "bearing a name." But the Apostle is declaring the divine law in the matter, and as no such consequence was attached to the act in those days by either human law or human opinion, and it would seem that the writer must have had in mind the association of the word to which he was accustomed in the LXX, and have meant, "she shall bear with God the name adulteress." In Heb. 12 25 Xprli.arslovTa is used of Moses speaking by divine command, but the word here has to do duty also for the next clause of a direct divine communication. The noun XpqlartA6fLs, occurs in 2 Mace. 2 4; II i7; Rom. I 4. In all of them it means a divine communication, although otherwise translated in 2 Mace. 1I 17. No other derivative words are used in the Scriptures. In the simplicity of the early days of the faith it was customary to refer all things directly to the divine guidance, and when this fact is taken in connection with the universal association of the word in Scripture, it seems clear that the writer, in Acts 11 26, meant to say that the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch by a divine direction. This inference would be made certain if the construction can be admitted by which xpita7-rtaaLis put in the same regimen with Mdasat; but it has its own probability independently of that construction.
After a short discussion, the last paper was read by the Rev. F. Brown, on Cyrusthe Great,in the Bible and in the cuneiform inscriptions. The following is an abstractof this paper: The Scriptural passages referring to Cyrus may be grouped as follows: (i), The edicts of Ezra, I and 6; (2), The prophecies of Isaiah and Jeremiah; (3), The allusions in Daniel. Of cuneiform inscriptions concerned with Cyrus there were, until the summer of I879, only two, and these brief and comparatively unimportant. But within a year, two long inscriptions, a clay cylinder and a tablet, have come into the possession of the British Museum, and been translated respectively by Sir H. Rawlinson and Mr. T. G. Pinches. These give us material for comparison, and being contemporary documents, carry great weight. Several points may be noted: (I), The edict, Ezra 6 3-5 (probably more accurately reproduced than that in Ezra I), is confirmed by the cylinder, which shows the care of Cyrus in restoring and maintaining the worship of the conquered Babylonians and others. When the edict, Ezra i 2-4, represents him as using the name of Jehovah, as Supreme God, such usage is shown to be not impossible, even for a Persian, because on the cylinder he speaks of Merodach in the same way, while this fact
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JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
proves that no more religious significance can be attached to the employment of the name in one case than in the other. (2), The prophecies show how the Jews looked toward Cyrus as a deliverer. The same hope appears on the cylinder as that of priests or worshippers of the Babylonian religion, whose particular gods had been neglected by the Babylonish king Nabonidus. While, further, it does not appear that Cyrus really gave his hearty assent to the claims of Jehovah, yet the prophecies of Babylon's fall were realized, and though the idol-worship was not abolished (as the inscriptions prove), yet the gods of Babylon were shown up in their impotence to protect the oppressors of Israel. (3), On the tablet, there is mention of Nabonidus' son, as holding high military office; confirming what other documents had already reported of Bel-sar-usur (the Belshazzar of Daniel), though his name is not given in the new inscription. On the other hand, no room is given on the tablet for" Darius the Mede," although the details of Babylon's capture, and the first acts of Cyrus as conqueror, are found at some length.
The discussion of this paper was somewhat limited by time. The Council reported that the next meeting would be on Thursday, December 3oth. at Io A.M., in the same place. The minutes of the meeting were read and accepted. At 1:30 P.M. the Society adjourned. FREDERIC GARDINER, Secretary. NOTE.-The following papers were not read for want of time, and by vote are first in order for the next meeting: On On On On On An On
aVcOB in Jo. 3 3. yEvvfYO,?j the construction of Tit. 2 I3. discoveries in Palestine. the use of the English Article: a study in Revision. Rom. 9 5. Exegesis of Gen. 2 5, with reference to ch. i. the connection between Phil. 2 12, 13.
Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the Society, New York, December 30, 1880 Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1, Fiftieth Anniversary Number (1931), pp. xxxix-xlix Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259310 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 00:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND MEETING OF THE SOCIETY NEW YORK,
THE
DECEMBER 30, i88o
andExegesisheldits secSocietyof BiblicalLiterature
ond meeting in NewYork, December3oth, i88o, at ioA.M. in the study of the Rev. E. A. Washburn,D.D., I03 EastTwentyfirst Street. There were present during the meeting: Willis J. Beecher, D.D.; C. A. Briggs, D.D.; Rev. F. Brown; Howard Crosby, LL. D.; George E. Day, D.D.; Rev. H. Ferguson; F. Gardiner, D.D.; D. R. Goodwin, D.D.; Prof. C. M. Mead; CharlesShort, LL. D.; W. H. Ward, D.D., besides the Rev. E. A. Washburn, D.D., confined by illness in another room. At the opening of the meeting, in the absenceof the President and Vice-President,detainedby the storm, Dr. Shortwas chosen Chairman pro tern.
Letters, expressing regret for their absence, were read from Drs. Dwight and Conant,and a paperwas presentedsent by Dr. Toy. Dr. Washburnalso sent his regrets at being unable to be present in the room. The Secretarymentioned,as errorsin the printedreportof the proceedings of the last meeting, the omission of the name of Prof. C. H. Toy, D.D., of Cambridge,Mass., from the list of members,and that of Rev. E. A. Washburn,D.D., from the list of the Council. The Council,at differenttimesduringthemeeting,recommended the following persons for election as members,together with one other who subsequentlydeclinedon accountof the distance
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JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
of his residence.In each case the Councilmentionedthe published w orks on the groundof which the recommendationwasbased: Rev. Marvin R. Vincent, D.D
.....
37 East 35th St., NewYork.
Prof. H. G. T. Mitchell,Ph.D. .... Middletown,Conn. of S. S. Times,Philadelphia. Prof. IsaacH. Hall, Ph.D. .........Office Rev. T. W. Chambers,D.D ....... 70 West 36th St., NewYork. Prof. E. P. Gould, D.D ............ Newton Theol. Sem., Newton, Mass. { Theol. Sem. of Ref'd Dutch Church,New Prof.John De Witt, D.D. ........ Prof. ThomasH. Rich ............Bates College,Lewiston,Me. Prof. Henry R. Weston, D.D .......Crozer Seminary,Chester,Penn. Prof. John A. Paine,Ph.D. ........Tarrytown, N. Y. Prof. ElijahR. Craven,D.D ........Newark, N.Y. (N. J. ? ed.)
And they were unanimouslyelected. (They have since signified their acceptance.) The first paper was read by Prof. Charles Short, LL. D., of ColumbiaCollege, NewYork, "On the use of the Article: a study in the revision of King James' version of the Bible," of which the following is an abstract: The principalobject of this paperwas to show the freedom in the use of the Articlein Greekandin English.Prof. Shortconfinedhimselfmostlyto one usage, when, namely, the nouns are coordinate,being connectedby Kxaor and.Some scholars,takinga strictlylogicalview of the matter,imaginethatthe Articlemust be repeatedif the nouns denote differentindividuals;and that it must be used only once if the nouns denote the sameindividual.Prof. Shortadducedfrom the First and Second Books of the Anabasisof Xenophon thirteencases of its omission with the second or furtherword or words, when differentindividualswere denoted, and twenty-twocases of such omissionfrom the Greek of St. Matt. He adducedten cases of such omissionin the authorizedversion of St. Matt. against Beza'sGreek text (sm. 4?. I604); three casesin which the A. V. insertedthe Article and repeatedit againstBeza's text; and four cases in which, againstBeza's text, the A. V. insertedit, but did not repeatit, though differentindividualswere designated. This freedomin the use of the articleproceeded,Prof. Short believed, partly from economy and partlybecause the nounsformedone idea, (as rovs dpXtepeis Kral ypaupparaTs, regarded as one body, St. Matt. 2 4; so, rovrs rpanlyorvs ica Xoxayovs, Xen. Anab. I, 7, 2). The first principle, economy, is so strong that the
Article is not repeatedeven when the ideas are opposed to each other: as, Tro psiSbvorsKai kXdrrovos,Plat. Euthyph. 7, C.; and in rotv itolv iKa aceXPvv Kal aorpa, Phaed. II, C., the Article is not repeated, but in a single form does
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND MEETING OF THE SOCIETY
xLi
duty for two numbersand the threegenders.This explanationof its omissionin such case is confirmedby the use of the demonstrativepronoun,which is only a strongerformof the Article,andis a longerword. This pronounis not repeated in a single instancein the Greekof St. Matt., and only once in the A. V. of that Gospel, in 13 54, whereit seems to have been repeatedmerelybecausethe nouns were of differentnumbers. This same freedomin the use of the Article in English was illustratedfrom casesdrawnfroma definiteandequalportionof Hooker,Bacon,Taylor,Barrow, Addison, and Burke. Caseswere also adducedof its not being repeatedeven with a double convpv nective, re-xal and both-and;as, r7vT e Kpov vapIUv Kici Xcpav, Anab. 2, 5, I, and 2, 4, I9; it scares both the faculties and affections,Feltham's Resolves, p. 229
(Pickering'sed.), andp. 230. Prof. Short spoke of the analogoususe of the IndefiniteEnglish Article, an or a, this also being now and then employedonly once, even when two or more individualsor objectsare denoted:as, a distasteandrepugnance, Barrow,iv., p. 23, andhurry,Addison, Spectator,vol. i., p. 35, (Tonson's (Oxforded.); a trepidation ed.); and of the rareuse in the opposite directionboth of theand an, that is, of theirrepetitionwith an attributewhen only one individualor objectis denoted; as, this is thefirst andthemost maundement,St. Matt. 22 38,Wycliffe; and so Tyndale, the Genevan, and the Rheims versions; the Holy One and theJust, Acts 3 14; the shortestand the safest course,Feltham, p. 270; a raveningand a roaringlion, Ps. 22 I3; he was a good man and a just, St. Luke 23 50; a happyand a gloriouseternity,Taylor,
Burke,Am. Taxation, Holy Living, p. 8 (Eden'sed.); a happyandaliberalcondition, p.
120
(Payne's ed.).
This paper was discussed until I 2: 15 P.M. During the discussion the President arrived and took the chair.
The second paperwas readby Prof. George E. Day, D.D., on the connection of thought between Phil. 212and 13,of which the following is an abstract: The question was presentedand discussed,whether the Apostle, in saying, v. 13, "forit is God that worketh in you both to will and to work in virtue of his benevolentpurpose,"assignsa groundof encouragement to believersin working out their own salvation,as manyhold, or does he presenta reason for themanner or stateof mindin which they should prosecutethis work, "with fear and trembling?" The latterview was maintainedon the groundof the emphaticposition of the clauserendered"fearand trembling,"as a simpleinspectionof the passage shows,
(fod'ov perTa
Kai rppoUv
v avr&v ar7oplav 7TJr
KarepydCeate. The mean-
ing of this emphaticclausewas then examined,and shown to be: "withthereverencewhichbefitsa servant."The reasonfor this state of mind, in laboringafter a completesalvation,is thatnone less thanGod, by his Spiritandin the accomplish-
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JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
ment of his benevolent purpose, is a co-worker for the same end. As servants of the Lord in such a work, undertaken by him in the execution of his gracious purpose, should not believers engage in this work with fear and trembling ? The true connection and meaning, then, of the whole passage would be thus expressed: "Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, work out (not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence) your own salvation with fear and trembling; for (as a reason for this profound reverence) it is God, who, in virtue of his good pleasure, is working in you both to will and to work."
This paper was discussed until i P.M. The Council appointed New Haven as the place for the next meeting, and the afternoonof Thursday,June 2d, as the time for its beginning. Voted,That the membersof the Society living in New Haven be a committee to arrangethe place and hour of the meeting. The Society took a recess until 2 P.M. On reassembling,the next paperwas readby Prof. C.M. Mead, on Gen. 2 5 as relatedto Gen. I, of which the following is an abstract: Most of the apparent discrepancies between the two narratives of the creation are easily reconciled by taking into consideration the different points of view from which the creation is narrated in the two accounts. But in 2 5 there is a statement which, as usually understood, cannot so easily be reconciled with the first chapter. Here (according to the correct rendering) it is said: "Now there was yet no shrub of the field in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet grown: for Jehovah God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was no man to till the ground." The difficulty lies in the apparent assertion that the reasons for the absence of vegetation in that pristine period were (I) that there had been no rain, and (2) that there was no man to cultivate the soil. If, therefore, there could be no vegetation without man, then, of course, the creation of man must have preceded that of vegetation,-quite contrary to the statement of Ch. i. The ordinary modes of reconciling these accounts are quite unsatisfactory: I. Murphy's somewhat confused conception is as follows: "Plant and herb here comprise the whole vegetable world." "But it is not stated that young trees were not in existence, but merely that plants of thefield were not yet in the land. Of the herbs it is only said that they had not yet sent forth a bud or blade." "The original trees were confined to a centre of vegetation, from which it was intended that they should spread in the course of nature." "The herbage seems to have been more widely diffused than the trees. Hence it is not said that they were not in the land, as it is said of field trees." But all this explains nothing. So far as the explanation rests on the assumption that Y'. means only that part of the earth known to the writer, the herbage
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XLiii
being understood to have been diffused beyond that limit, nothing is gained; for if man was needed in the known region, in order to the growth of vegetation, he must have been equally needed in the unknown. And Murphy's notion that the plants were first created and inserted into the ground, and then waited for rain and man before they struck root, while also useless as a solution of the difficulty, is rather too childish for minute consideration. 2. Delitzsch assumes that the vegetation spoken of in the second chapter was a different one from that of the first. Shrub and herb he understands, like Murphy, as including all vegetation; but he supposes that demoniacal agencies had been at work in connection with the original six days' work, and that the vegetation and animals then produced had to be all swept away, and an entirely new animal world created in connection with the creation of man. Not to urge the utter absence of any intimation of such a demoniacal interference, and its inconsistency with the term "good" applied to each part of the creative work, it is sufficient to say that it, after all, does not explain the thing to be explained. If rain and man were needed for the existence and growth of the second set of plants, they must have been equally needed for the first. 3. The more common explanation, found e.g. in the commentaries of Keil, Lange, and Bishop Brown (Speaker's), is that "shrub of the field" and "herb of the field" are specific, denoting a kind of vegetation not created on the third day. The theory is that these were species designed particularly for man's use. But this theory is not much more tenable than the others. The objections to it are: (i) Such a limitation of the meaning of the phrases in question is entirely without warrant. No positive evidence of any such distinction as is here made has been or can be adduced. H1tVdoes sometimes denote cultivated soil; but it also (as Gen. 25 27) denotes the wide country as opposed to the city or village; moreover, in this narrative, n't.. is clearly used where rl. is used in the other (as in the phrase rti..fl n'). (2) This theory assumes that no rain was needed for vegetation in general, but was needed for this kind of vegetation. This borders on the absurd. (3) This theory is positively contradicted by the narratives themselves. Ch. I describes the production of herbs and fruit trees (ver. 12), and assigns to man (ver. 29) these same herbs and fruits as his food. When, therefore, Bishop Browne says that "the historian evidently means that no cultivated land and no vegetables fit for the use of man were yet in existence on the earth," it seems to be necessary to assume that the food assigned to Adam and Eve, while yet unfallen, was not fit for their use; whereas, "the herb of the field," which Adam was told to eat after his fall (3 18), was a superiorkind of vegetation, specially adapted, it would seem, forfallen man! The true solution of the difficulty is very simple: The statement, "and there was no man," etc., should not be regarded as a part 1 Add,
promote? (ed.).
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JOURNALOF BIBLICALLITERATURE
of the reason assigned for the absence of vegetation, but rather as an independent statement, coordinate with the first clause of the verse. In printing, let a period precede it. Grammatically, this is not only possible, but even more natural than the ordinary way of making the force of 3. extend to the end of the verse. This explanation at once removes the chief difficulty. The two things affirmed are (i) that there was no vegetation, and (2) that there was no man. More positive reasons for this view are the following: (a) It avoids the unnatural assumption, involved in the other theories, that this verse gives such exclusive prominence to vegetation.Man appears, in the common view, to be regarded by the author only as a condition of the growth of plants. (b) It is a priori improbable, or even inconceivable, that any one should say or imply that human cultivation could have been essential to the original growth of vegetation, whereas it is so evident to every one that it is not essential to vegetation now. (c) The common view makes the author of the second narrative contradict himself. If man's labor was essential to vegetation, how could it be said (ver. 9) that God caused the trees of the garden to grow, before man had been put into it ? Should it be urged that the phrase "to till the ground" implies that the whole clause is meant as a reason for the absence of vegetation, it is sufficient to reply that this narrative does throughout represent man's business to be that of a cultivator of the soil, and that, therefore, this expression here is consistent with the rest. But this is quite different from making the cultivation essential to the existence of vegetation.
This paper was discussed until 3:45 P.M. The next paper,on the generalinterpretationof Ezek. 40-48, by the Prof. C. H. Toy, in the absence of the author, was read by Dr. H. Crosby. The following is an abstract: The fullest description in the Old Testament of the restored and perfected Israelitish state is that given in the last section of the book of the Prophet Ezekiel, chs. 40-48. While the other prophets, before and after him, have only scattered and general expressions of deliverance and blessing, he draws his picture of the new civil and religious polity at length, with minute details and with an approach to completeness in his filling-in. Here we have, then, a statement of what a part, at least, of the exiles in Babylon looked forward to for the coming restoration of Israel,-of special interest because it belongs to that formative period of Babylonian-Jewish culture, out of which afterwards came Ezra, Nehemiah, and the Soferim. If we put the second part of Isaiah in the exile, (say B. C. 540, about thirty years later than Ezekiel's prophecy), we may see in it a statement of other views, with the same general religious ideas, certainly, but conceived in a different spirit. A comparison of these two prophecies might yield va uable results for the history of the exile period. I shall not now attempt this, but will go on to consider
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XLV
the earlier, and, without undertaking the criticism of the various theories of interpretation, will examine the prophet's words in the hope of getting from them a clearer notion of what he, and others with him at that time, expected for re-established Israel. I. On its face, the prophecy is literal: it relates to a real temple and state expected or hoped for by the prophet. This is the natural conclusion from the minute and exact statements of the dimensions of the temple and its territory, the prescriptions relating to offerings, and to the character, prerogatives and functions of priests and prince; the plain and full geographical directions for the division of the land among the tribes, and the way in which the religious history of the people is treated,-prescriptions, directions and exhortations that in no wise differ from what we find in Exodus, Leviticus, Joshua, and the Prophets. The measurements in chs. 40-42 are so minute that it would be hard to imagine their use unless a literal building was intended. Most of these are connected with the accommodation of the priests and the handling of the offerings,-ch. 40, the north gate, with its eight sacrificial tables; 41, the side-chambers of the temple; 42, the priests' chambers,-which is perfectly natural if the priest Ezekiel was planning a literal building. The description of the sacrificial ceremonial in 43, the rules for the conduct of the priests in 44 (as specific as those in Lev. 2i, 22), the laws relating to the prince, the measurements of territory, the rules for the opening of the templegate, etc., in 45, 46, and, finally, the division of the land among the tribes, in 47, 48, seem quite incomprehensible unless the prophet had in mind an actual state and temple. Add to this that the tone of the writing is throughout one of absolute matter-of-fact and legislative; not for a moment does it rise to imaginative fervor, nor is there in it anything to suggest a figurative character for the description. A deep religious sentiment pervades the whole, but this would properly belong to the conception of a real temple which was to be the religious centre of Israel. Such is the impression that the general character of the section makes on us; is there anything in the description to set it aside ? II. Let us examine several points that may seem to stamp the picture as an ideal one: i. The fact that it is put in the form of a vision may be supposed to deprive it of literalness. A vision it undoubtedly is; but let us see whether in the other Old Testament visions the figurative and the literal are not clearly distinguished from each other. Take the visional passages in Amos, Isaiah, and Zechariah, and those in Ezek. 1-39; in every case we shall find that while the vision presents a certain form, there is added a word of exhortation or explanation by which the practical meaning of the visional form is clearly set forth. We may, therefore, always expect to find the key appended to the vision; and certainly, if a direct, literal discourse is added, we may confidently look to it to give the literal meaning. Such discourses we find in one section in 43 o1, In and 44 5-9, wherein, instead of any indication that the vision is symbolical, instead of the enforcement of moral-religious truth, or reference to a coming historical event, as elsewhere, we have merely the com-
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JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
mand to carry into effect all the particulars. The word is: "Show the house to the house of Israel, and let them measure the pattern." "Son of man, mark well... all that I say to thee concerning all the ordinances of the house." Similar is the exhortation to the prince, 45, and the direction concerning the partition of the land among the tribes, 47 2I; we look in vain, even in the description of the river, 47, for any hint of symbolism. The natural inference is, that the detail is the essence, that the meaning is simply the literal temple and state. And this is the less surprising since in Exodus the tabernacle is constructed literally after the pattern shown Moses in the mount (Ex. 25 40). 2. The epithet "very high," applied to the temple-hill in 40 2, may seem to be an idealizing of the whole picture, since, in fact, Moriah was not so high as some of the neighboring hills. It is quite possible that this epithet belongs to the ideal setting of the vision, as the cherubim do; but in that case, it does not interfere with the principle of interpretation explained above; we are still bound to take the signification from the prophet's discourses of application. Still, there is no difficulty in understanding this adjective literally. Jerusalem is viewed in the Old Testament as a lofty place, and to the prophet, dwelling in the flat country of Babylonia, it might well seem a "very high" mountain. The supposition that a supernatural elevation of the hill (comp. Mic. 4 I) is spoken of seems not probable.
3. The dimensions of the temple-area may appear to be literally impossible, and thus designedly idealizing. The whole oblation is a square of 25,000 of a certain unnamed unit, and the sanctuary a square of 500 of the same (45 i-6, 47 8-20). If the unit be the cubit of 2i inches, there is no difficulty; if (as seems to be the case) it is the reed, of six cubits, or Io1/2 feet, then the oblation is 5o miles and the sanctuary one mile square. But there is no difficulty even with these figures. The whole land of Israel, according to Ezekiel (47 I5-20), is about 230 miles long from north to south, by about Ioo broad from east to west. Taking out the square of 50 miles for the oblation, there remains a territory of I8o by ioo miles, giving to each tribe I,5oo square miles. As to the sanctuary, it is objected that Moriah is very much less than a mile square; but there is no need to restrict it to Moriah. Ezekiel reconstructs the whole land, and while the temple itself might have stood on the summit of Moriah, the sanctuary or sacred area might easily have stretched over to the neighboring hills. Further, this large assignment of land to the temple accords precisely with Ezekiel's obvious plan, which is to make the temple the centre of the whole Israelitish national life. 4. The feature in the description that most naturally seems to be figurative is the healing stream, ch. 47 I-12. It is to be noted, however, at the outset, that it stands between two quite literal paragraphs, and that not a word is said in the text of a purely figurative meaning for it. Symbolical it may be, and literal also. There are two distinct questions to be considered: is the river supernatural? and is it literal? As to the first, supposing such a river to exist, there is nothing certainly preternatural in its accompaniments. It is not surprising that it should contain fish, or that evergreen trees with edible fruit and medicinal leaves should grow on its
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XLVii
banks. The purifying effect on the Dead Sea is more doubtful; but such an effect might easily be conceived by the prophet to follow the entrance of a large body of fresh water into the Sea, as appears to be indicated by the fact that the marshes are left salt. The river manifestly follows the course of the Kidron, and the only point in its history that is not clear is its issuing from under the temple; as to which, we do not know exactly where Ezekiel located the temple, and we are still unacquainted with the water supply of that region. But, even if the prophet intended the stream to be supernatural, it does not follow that he did not mean it literally. In various prophetic passages (as Isa. I, Joel 3 I-5, 4 15, i6, Zech. 14 4-II) there are indications of the expectation of great physical changes in the Messianic time; and in two of these is mention of streams flowing from the temple, as if the topographical situation made such a suggestion natural. To sum up: there seems to be nothing in these facts to set aside the natural impression made by the vision. Ezekiel looked for a precise repetition of the old form of religion, only enlarged and better organized. Of anything else than the national religion, with the temple as the centre, he says nothing; he here looks neither to remote times nor to other nations, but simply to a firmly established Jewish national life. The temple meant for him righteousness, and his outlook does not reach further. The explanation of this fact I shall not attempt to give here. Some general objections to this interpretation may be mentioned. I. Ezekiel's temple ritual, it may be said, agrees neither with that of Deuteronomy, nor with that of Leviticus; and, if taken literally, would suppose in the prophet a singular modification of a divinely-established order of worship. This objection falls away if we suppose the ritual to be the result of a historical development; and, in any case, the supposition that Ezekiel's picture is symbolical does not remove the difficulty, since the prophet sets up as his standard of perfection something different from that of the Pentateuchal books. 2. The fact that his plan was not adopted by the returned exiles may be supposed to show that he and they did not look on it as literal. But the failure to adopt it is sufficiently explained by the circumstances of the return (very different from what Ezekiel describes),which made it impossible. 3. This appears to ascribe to the prophet a false prediction. Such a designation of the vision is, however, altogether out of place. His faith in the God of Israel led him to anticipate a prosperous future for the people, and this he (like all the prophets) thought of under the conditions of his own time. The merely outward in his picture was not accomplished; but the spiritual-religious idea has been fulfilled. 4. It may be felt that the literal interpretation is objectionable, because it leaves the vision barren of Christian thought,-it turns out to be nothing but the unrealized draft of a Jewish civil-religious constitution. But, in truth, there is the same spiritual thought here that is found in all the prophecies. Ezekiel's vision is an embodiment of the idea of God's indwelling in the midst of his people, which has its highest realization in the person and life of Jesus of Nazareth.
This paper was discussed until 5 P.M.
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Voted,That the Secretarybe requested to print, for the use of the members,an abstractof the proceedings of this meeting and of the papers read, together with a list of the members of the Society. Voted,That Dr. Gardinerbe requestedto expressto Dr. Washburn the thanks of the Society for his hospitality, and its great regret at his sickness. After the reading and approval of the rough minutes of the meeting, the Society adjourned. FREDERIC GARDINER Secretary
The following papers were not read, and stand over to the
next meeting: By Prof. E. Abbot, LL. D.-On the constructionof Tit. 2 13. By Prof. TimothyDwight, D.D.-On Rom. 9 5. By Prof. Selah Merrill,D.D.-On discoveriesin Palestine. By Prof. T. J. Conant,D.D.-On the interpretationof Isa. 2I. By PresidentS. C. Bartlett,D.D.-On the interpretationof Gen. 49 o. By Prof. C. M. Mead.-On the interpretationof Ex. 33 7--. By ChancellorHowardCrosby,LL. D.-An exegesisof the referenceto the potter and the clay in Rom. 9 2I.
LIST OF MEMBERS Prof. EzraAbbot, LL. D. ......... 3 BerkeleySt., Cambridge,Mass. PresidentS. C. Bartlett,D.D. ......Dartmouth College,Hanover,N. H. Prof. Willis J. Beecher,D.D. ......Auburn, N. Y. Prof. John Binney ................ Middletown,Conn. Union Theol. Seminary,NewYork. Prof. C. A. Briggs, D.D. .......... Prof. FrancisBrown ..............9 UniversityPlace, NewYork. Rev. J. K. Burr,D.D. .......... Trenton,N. J. Prof. J. H Buttz, D.D. ........... Madison,N. J. PresidentW. C. Cattell,D.D. ...... LafayetteCollege,Easton, Penn. Rev. T. W. Chambers,D.D. .......70 West 36th St., NewYork. PresidentThomasChase,LL. D. ...Haverford Col., DelawareCo., Penn. Prof. T. J. Conant,D.D. ......... Brooklyn,N. Y. Chan'rHowardCrosby,LL. D. ..... 6 East I9th St., NewYork. Rev. ElijahR. Craven,D.D ....... Newark,N. J.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND MEETING OF THE SOCIETY
XLiX
New Haven, Conn. Prof. George E. Day, D.D ........ Sem. of Ref'd Dutch Church,New Prof. John De Witt, D.D. .........Theol. Brunswick,N. J. Prof. TimothyDwight, D.D. ...... New Haven, Conn. Rev. HenryFerguson............ Claremont,N. H. Prof.F. Gardiner,D.D........... Middletown,Conn. Prof.D. R. Goodwin, D.D. ....... 3927Locust St., Philadelphia Prof. E. P. Gould, D.D............ Newton Theol. Sem., Newton, Mass. Prof. Isaac H. Hall, Ph. D. .......
Office of S. S. Times, Philadelphia.
Prof. C. D. Hartranft,D.D ........ Hartford,Conn., (Box 524). Rev. E. Harwood,D.D ............New Haven, Conn. Prov't C. P. Krauth,LL. D. ....... Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia. Prof. C. M. Mead ............... Andover,Mass. Prof. SelahMerrill,D.D ..........Andover, Mass. Prof.H. G. T. Mitchell,Ph. D......Middletown, Conn. Rev. J. J. Mombert,D.D. ........ Passaic,N. J. Prof.A. Oliver,D.D ............. Epis. Theol. Sem., 20th St., NewYork. Prof. John A. Paine,Ph. D. .......Tarrytown, N. Y. Prof. George Prentice,D.D. .......Middletown, Conn. Prof.ThomasH. Rich ............Bates College,Lewiston,Me. Prof.M. B. Riddle,D.D ..........Hartford, Conn. Prof. P. Schaff,D.D ...............42 Bible House, NewYork. Prof. CharlesShort,LL. D ........ 24 West 6oth St., NewYork. Prof. P. H. Steenstra.............. Cambridge,Mass. Prof. JamesStrong,D.D. .........Madison, N. J. Prof. J. H. Thayer,D.D. ......... Andover,Mass. Prof. C. H. Toy, D.D. ........... Cambridge,Mass. Rev. MarvinR. Vincent,D.D. .....37 East 35th St., NewYork. Rev. W. H. Ward,D.D. ..........Office of Independent, NewYork. Rev. E. A. Washbum,D.D.1 ...... 103 East 2ist St., NewYork. Prof. HenryR. Weston, D.D .......Crozer Theol. Sem., Chester,Penn. 1 Deceasedsince the
meeting.
4
Proceedings, December 29th and 30th, 1930 Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1, Fiftieth Anniversary Number (1931), pp. l-lix Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259311 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 00:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
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PROCEEDINGS DECEMBER
29th AND 3oth, I930
sixty-sixth meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis was called to order by the President, Dean W. F. Bade, at I0: 30 A.M. on December z9th, I930, at the Union Theological Seminary in NewYork City. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The report of the Corresponding Secretary, Professor B. W. Bacon, was presented on his behalf by Professor C. H. Kraeling, who has acted for him throughout the year. The report was accepted, and following its suggestion the following minute was adopted:
THE
Voted that the Society of BiblicalLiteraturerequest the AmericanOriental Society through its librarian,Mr. Andrew Keogh, to act as the custodianof a permanentfile of the Journalof BiblicalLiteratureconsistingof one bound copy of each of the forty-ninevolumes publishedto date and such bound copies of volumes subsequentlyto be publishedas shall be depositedwith the librarianof the SterlingMemorialLibrary.
The report of the Treasurer was presented by Professor H. H. Tryon. To audit the same, Professors George Dahl and S. V. McCasland were appointed by the Chair as an Auditing Committee. The report of the Recording Secretary was read, accepted, and ordered placed on file. To prepare a memorial minute concerning our deceased honorary member, Professor Adolfvon Harnack, Professors Bewer and Batten were appointed. For the committee appointed last year to consider a suggestion on a Hellenistic Greek Lexicon, the Chairman, Professor W. H.
Li
PROCEEDINGS FOR DECEMBER 1930
P. Hatch sent a written report to the effect that the Committee did not agreethat this projectshould be encouragedat this time. The report was acceptedand the Committeereleased. On behalf of the committee appointedto arrangefor the celebrationthis year of the Fiftieth Anniversaryof the founding of the Society, Professor J. A. Montgomery made a verbal report explainingbriefly some of the plans which had been made. Professor J. A. Bewer reportedfor the Committeeof Local Arrangements for this Meeting. The following changedwording of ArticleIII of the Constitution, having been in due orderproposed last yearand sent to the membersof the Society through the printing of the proceedings of last year'smeeting, was on vote unanimouslyadopted: "The officers of the Society shall be a President, a Vice-President, a Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secretary and a Treasurer, who with nine others shall be united in a Council. These shall be elected annually by the Society, with the exception of the Corresponding Secretary who shall be elected annually by the Council, and of the nine members of the Council three of whom shall be elected each year for a term of three years. Additional members of the Council shall be the President of the Society for the preceding year and the Presidents of the Sections hereinafter provided for."
To serve as a Nominating Committee, the Chair appointed ProfessorsDougherty, Hussey and Butin. It was decided that the Council should be called to meet at 5 P.M. the same afternoon in Room 203.
The Societythen proceededto the considerationof the following papers: Ceramics and History in Palestine (Presidential Address) W. F. Bade E. A. Leslie Light from Archaeology on the Religion of Canaan The Sepulchre of the Maccabean Martyrs: A Judeo-Arabic Recension J. J. Obermann The Ascension Faith of Peter S. J. Case
MONDAY AFTERNOON, December 29. The Society reconvened about 2:1O. The following paperswere read and discussed until adjournment at about 5:30 P.M.: Precursors of Biblical Criticism
F. G. Bratton 4*
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George Dahl Redating of Lamentations B. S. Easton The First Evangelic Tradition Some Cultural Principles in Hebrew Civilisation: an Analysis Margaret B. Crook The Contribution of Adolf von Harack to Theological and Biblical Learning G. S. Duncan J. D. McCormick The Humanitarian Implications of the Wisdom Literature
MONDAY EVENING, December 29. At 6:30 P.M. the So-
ciety convened for dinner in the Refectory of the Union Theological Seminaryand for celebrationof the Fiftieth Anniversary. Letters of congratulationfrom various Societies and individuals were read and responses were made orally as follows: For the American Society of Church History ...... Professor W. W. Rockwell Professor Julius A. Bewer For the Union Theological Seminary ............ Professor E. G. H. Kraeling For the American Oriental Society .............. Moses Hadas For the Archaeological Institute of America........Professor For the American Council of Learned Societies .... Mr. Mortimer Graves For the American Schools of Oriental Research ... Professor George A. Barton For the British Society of Old Testament Study ... Professor J. M. P. Smith Harald Ingholt For European Scholars in General ...............Dr.
An accountof the history of the Societywas readby Professor Nathaniel Schmidt. This was followed by sundry reminiscences from Professor D. G. Lyon, President Cyrus Adler, Professor C. C. Torrey, and Professor H. J. Cadbury. (For a detailed record of these proceedings, see pp. ix-xxiii.) TUESDAY MORNING, December 30. The Society convened at 9:3 o A.M. to hear a Symposiumon PalestinianJudaismin the First Century,which had been arrangedunder direction of Professor F. C. Porter. The Symposiumwas introduced by two papers: The Main Stream and Undercurrents N.T. Evidence of Various Types and Tendencies
Louis Ginzberg F. C. Porter
Following these there was considerablediscussion in which Professors B. S. Easton, F. J. F. Jackson, M. L. Margolis, I. J. Peritz, K. Fullerton, L. Finkelstein, and C. H. Kraeling took part.
*
PROCEEDINGS FOR DECEMBER I930
*
Ltll Liii
The two following paperswere also read: The Nature of Jewish Eschatology A. N. Wilder The World-view of Jesus and the First Century Jewish World-view E. W. K. Mould
The Society then turned to some matters of business. The Committee on Memorials presented the following paper concerning the late ProfessorAdolf von Harnack,which was adopted by a rising vote and copies of it were orderedto be sent to the familyof the deceasedandto the Universitytowhich he belonged: "The Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis mourns the loss of its honorary member, Professor Adolf von Harnack, who died on June 0o, I930, in his eightieth year. He was the most celebrated theologian of his time; a scholar with an enormous range of accurate knowledge; an investigator of finely trained observation, combination, and judgment, of rare historical insight and imagination, and gifted with great power of lucid exposition and description. In his special field of Church history he was unrivalled. His monumental works of "The History of Dogma," "The History of Ancient Christian Literature," "The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries," and "Marcion" are landmarks in historiography. Hundreds of monographs, essays, and articles, many of them of great significance for New Testament and Biblical learning, came from his indefatigable pen. Some were for a wider circle of readers, as e. g. his famous lectures on "Das Wesen des Christentums." Professor Harnack was a master teacher who trained many pupils, some of whom became great scholars and teachers, though none as great as he himself. He stimulated, guided, and inspired his students as he trained them in historical method. Severe with himself, he was exacting with his pupils. It was a distinction to be accepted as a full member of his historical seminar. His range of interest extended far beyond the field of theology and history. He wrote the "History of the Prussian Academy of Science"; he projected and organized in a masterly fashion the great Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for research in the natural sciences and became its president and guiding spirit. He reorganized the Prussian State Library at Berlin, became chief librarian besides carrying on the work of his professorship and his research, and influenced bibliothecaric science in Germany profoundly. He was deeply interested in public life; whatever touched the life of the nation, society, and church moved him too. He was one of the founders of the Evangelical Social Congress. With all his might he was ready to work for the renewal of the Church. Unfortunately, the great theologian and historian of the Ritschlian school was too liberal for the conservatives who did not know the deep piety and ardent devotion of this rare man. Too late the church saw her terrible mistake in exclud-
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ing this brilliantmindandChristianspiritfromactive participationin ecclesiastical affairs. One of the reallygreathas passedon. We know that this Societyhonoreditself when it made him an honorarymemberin I904; we feel our loss, andat the same time rejoicethat he belongs to us still."
In accordancewith the proposal made last year, it was voted that the limitation of the Constitution providing that only two honorary members could be elected in one year be suspended this year on account of the Fiftieth Anniversary.The Council made an oral report of its proceedings through the Recording Secretary.In accordancewith its suggestions, it was voted to elect the following honorarymembers: Palestine Pere L. P. HuguesVincent........................Jerusalem, ProfessorAdolf Deissmann....................... Berlin,Germany ProfessorStanleyA. Cook ........................Cambridge, England CanonBurnetH. Streeter........................Oxford, England ProfessorErnst Sellin ...........................Berlin, Germany ProfessorErnst Lohmeyer........................Breslau, Germany ProfessorMartinDibelius ........................Heidelberg, Germany
A list of forty (40) persons nominatedby membersof the Society for election into membershipand approvedby the Council was read, and the persons named were elected members of the Society. It was reported that the Council had elected Professor C. H. Kraeling as Editor of the Journalfor I93I and ProfessorsB. W. Bacon and George Dahl as Associates on the Editorial Board. The Councilproposed that the next meeting should be held in NewYork on December 28th and 29th, 193i. This proposal was approved by the Society. The Nominating Committee submitted the names of officers to serve for next year, and their report was accepted and the officers named elected. They are as follows: ProfessorB. S. Easton.............President VicePresident ProfessorJ. M. P. Smith .......... Treasurer ProfessorH. H. Tryon ............ ProfessorH. J. Cadbury........... Secretary Recording
PROCEEDINGS FOR DECEMBER I930
Professor Julius Bewer............ Professor M. S. Enslin ............
LV
Associates in Council(term expires 193 )
ProfessorJ. J. Obermann.......... Professor George Dahl ........... Professor H. S. Gehman .......... Professor Moses Bailey............ Mrs. Mary E. Lyman ............. Professor D. W. Riddle ............ Professor H. C. Alleman...........
PresidentW. J. Moulton ...........{(f
>Associates in Council(term expires 1932)
Associates in Council(termexpires I933)
ontheBoardof Trusteesof the Representative AmericanSchoolsof OrientalResearch
The plan adopted this year of circulatingin advance of the meeting abstractsof the papers to be presentedwas discussed, and it was voted it should be continued. The Auditing Committeemade report,which, with the report of the Treasurer,was acceptedand orderedplaced on file. The following votes of thanks were recorded: "This Society records its sense of gratitude to the Union Theological Seminary for its gracious hospitality on this its Fiftieth Anniversary, and begs to convey to the President and Corporation of the Seminary its warm thanks for their gracious kindness." "This Society offers its compliments to the Management of the Refectory of the Union Theological Seminary and expresses its grateful appreciation of the service rendered at the Annual Dinner, which largely contributed to the comfort and happiness of the occasion."
The Secretarywas instructedto send a letter of appreciative reply to Professor George F. Moore for the letter which he had written to the Society on this occasion. The suggestion that some of the papersand letters presented at the AnniversaryDinner should be published in the Journal was referredwith approvalto the Editors for their consideration in consultationwith the Recording Secretaryand the Chairman of the Committeeon the Fiftieth Anniversary. TUESDAY AFTERNOON, December3o. The Societydivided into two sections for the considerationof papers.In the Old Testament Section, which adjournedabout 5 P.M., the following paperswere read and discussed:
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Some Aspectsof the Religion of the Book of Proverbs Fleming James Simon Cohen BorrowedBiblicalBiographies A Studyin Comparisonof the Texts of Kings and Chronicles J.A. Montgomery G. R. Berry The HebrewWord nuah B. A. Elzas The Word 'ah (brother)in the O.T. The Seal of Eliakimand the latest Pre-ExilicHistoryof Judah W. F. Albright F. J. Stephens The Ancient Significanceof sisith The Key Chapterin the Book of Job KemperFullerton C. H. Gordon Legal Termsof O.T. Hebrew
In the New Testament Section, presided over by the Vice President,ProfessorB. S. Easton, the following paperswere read and discussed prior to adjournmentabout 5:45 P.M.: I. J. Peritz The Growth of MishnicLegislationCriticallyConsidered F. J. F. Jackson Some Problemsin Acts The Agreementof John with the Synoptistsas to the Date of Crucifixion(I 5 NiC. C. Torrey san) The OriginandDevelopmentof the Figureof HermesTrismegistusW. J.Wilson Some Recent Interpretations of 2 Cor. 5 I-io
LiteraryForm in the FourthGospel Erastusof Corinth The Basis of the ResurrectionFaith *A PaleologanFamilyof N.T. Manuscripts
F. V. Filson
JamesMuilenburg H. J. Cadbury S. V. McCasland B. R. Willoughby
The following papersalso were presentedby title only. It was impossible to include them for oral presentation either on account of the absence of the authors or for lack of time: The Motivation of John 2I 15-25
B. W. Bacon
J. A. Bewer The MissionaryIdea in the O.T. The Landevennec(Harkness)Gospels in the NewYork PublicLibrary C. H. Kraeling N. W. Lund The LiteraryStructureof Paul'sHymn to Love Divine Epithetsand Attributesin HellenisticJewish Literature RalphMarcus M. L. Margolis A v for a ..-An Inner Double Leaf Lost J. A. Montgomery The Supplementat the End of 3 Kingdoms2 D. W. Riddle The Logic of the Theoryof TranslationGreek A. R. Siebens Was Jezebelthe Motherof Ahab'sChildren? An AncientLatinBible (1587A.D.) that Found Its Way Into the CornBelt W. N. Steams Theodoreof Mopsuestiaas an Interpreterof the O.T. Dudley Tyng * Illustratedwith the stereopticon.
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PROCEEDINGS FOR DECEMBER 1930
TUESDAY EVENING, December30. This Session was held as an annualmeeting of the Fund for Biblical and Oriental ArchaeologicalResearchwith the folowing program: Report of the American Schools of Oriental Research *Excavations at Tell Beit Mirsim in I930 *The I930 Work at Ain Shems *The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions of Serabit-el-Khadim
W. J. Moulton W. F. Albright Elihu Grant R. Butin
HENRY J. CADBURY, Recording Secretary. REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY The active membersof our roll at present appearto number 448, which is an increase of six over the number reported last year. This includes thirty-threepersons who were elected last year, and who subsequentlyqualifiedfor membership. The deathsof the following active membershave been reported during the year: Rev. Lester Bradner, died Sept. 21, 1929, a member since 1903; Miss Helen M. Doremus, died Oct. 29, I93o, elected last year; Mr. Raffaele Tramontano, died Nov. 29, 1930, a member since 1924. Also Professor R. W. Rogers, for many years formerly (1888 to 1924) a member of the Society, died Dec. 12, I930.
With BiblicalScholarsthroughoutthe world, we sharethe loss of ProfessorAdolf von Harnackof Berlin. He was made an honorary member of our Society in 1904.
Your Secretaryrecordsamong his other activities for the past year his instructive experienceof attending a three-daysession of the AmericanCouncil of LearnedSocieties in NewYork last January.One day was a conference for Secretariesof the constituent Societies.The other two dayswere occupiedby the business meetings of the Council to which Professor Albright and the undersignedwere the delegates on your behalf. December 26, 1930.
Respectfullysubmitted, HENRY J. CADBURY, Recording Secretary. * Illustratedwith the stereopticon.
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REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY As requested by the Society at its last meeting, the Board of Editors has published the Journalin four individualpartsduring the past year. The advantagesof this method of publication are evident, but the difficulties inherent in the increase of handling and editoriallaborswith a consequentincreaseof editorial,printing and mailing expenses need to be noted. Above all the new method of publication makes it imperativethat membersof the Society co-operate with the Board of Editors by putting their MS in shape for printing prior to their communication to the Society at its annual meeting. This is importantbecause it will help the editors to meet the need for copy for Part One of each volume which under the existing plan must go to press on January i, and because it will aid in restoring balance to the different numbers at present unbalancedbecause the longer contributions, putting in their appearancelater in the year, tend to crowd the later issues with a few long articles,while making the early issues a collection of only brief communications. In view of the fact that the expenses connectedwith the Journal continually amount to some $ 450 more than the normal income from dues and sales, the Board of Editors requests the Society's approval of a systematic attempt to enlist the interest of non-subscribingLibrariesand Institutions in the purchaseof the Journalby sending samplecopies properlyadvertisedbeforehand to important centers here and abroad.An increase of subscriptions from this source should lead also to the disposal of back files still in stock. In additionthe Boardof Editors requeststhe Societyto authorize negotiations such as may lead to the preservationin the Sterling MemorialLibraryof a bound permanentfile of the past issues of the Journal, and of such furthervolumes as may appearin the future. The purpose of this request is to achieve a clear distinction between the permanentfiles of the Society, at present consisting supposedly of five copies of each number kept with the surplus stock in the stock-roomsof the Yale Press, and the stock
PROCEEDINGS FOR DECEMBER I930
LiX
on hand, and to guard against the recurrenceof the situation which arose last yearwhen Volume XLVIII, PartsI and II was completely disposed of, due to errorsin clericalhandling, leaving the Society without a single copy of this part of its publications. It is suggested that the Society apply to the American OrientalSociety to act as custodian of the permanentbound file to be deposited in the Sterling MemorialLibrary, thus permitting the file to be kept in the room which houses the libraryof the AmericanOrientalSociety. If the Society so desiresa motion such as the following might be entertained: Moved that the Society of Biblical Literaturerequest the AmericanOrientalSociety,throughits Librarian,Mr. Andrew Keogh, to act as custodian of a permanentfile of the Journal of Biblical Literature,consisting of one bound copy of each of the 49 volumes published to date, and such bound copies of volumes subsequentlyto be publishedas shallbe deposited with the Librarianof the Sterling MemorialLibrary. Signed: BENJAMIN W. BACON per C. H. KRAELING.
Constitution and By-Laws Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1, Fiftieth Anniversary Number (1931), pp. lxi-lxiii Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259312 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 00:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
[email protected].
The Society of Biblical Literature is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Biblical Literature.
http://www.jstor.org
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE
SOCIETY OF BIBLICALLITERATUREAND EXEGESIS (As Amended Dec. 28, 190o, Dec. 28, 1923 and Dec. 29, 1930)
CONSTITUTION I This associationshall be called "The Societyof BiblicalLiteratureand Exegesis." II The objectof the Societyshallbe to stimulatethe criticalstudyof the Scriptures by presenting,discussing,and publishingoriginalpaperson Biblicaltopics. III The officersof the Societyshallbe a President,a Vice-President,a Recording Secretary,a CorrespondingSecretaryanda Treasurer,who with nine othersshall be united in a Council.These shall be elected annuallyby the Society,with the exceptionof the CorrespondingSecretarywho shall be elected annuallyby the Council,and of the nine membersof the Councilthreeof whom shall be elected each year for a term of three years.Additionalmembersof the Councilshall be the Presidentof the Society for the precedingyear and the Presidentsof the Sectionshereinafterprovidedfor. IV Membersshall be elected by the Society upon the recommendationof the Council.They may be of two classes,active and honorary.Honorarymembers shallbelong to other nationalitiesthanthat of the United Statesof America,and shall be especiallydistinguishedfor their attainmentsas Biblicalscholars.The numberof honorarymemberschosen at the firstelectionshallbe not more than ten; in any succeedingyearnot more thantwo. V
The Societyshallmeetat leastonce a year,at suchtimeandplaceas the Council maydetermine.On the firstdayof the annualmeetingthe President,or someother memberappointedby the Councilfor the purpose,shalldeliveran addressto the Society.
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VI Sections, consisting of all the members of the Society residing in a particular locality, may be organized, with the consent of the Council for the object stated in Article II, provided that the number of members composing any Section shall not be less than twelve. Each Section shall annually choose for itself a President, whose duty it shall be to preside over its meeting, and to take care that such papers and notes read before it as the Section may judge to be of sufficient value are transmitted promptly to the Corresponding Secretary of the Society. The Sections shall meet as often as they shall severally determine, provided that their meetings do not interfere with the meetings of the Society. VII This constitution may be amended by a vote of the Society, on recommendation of the Council, such amendment having been proposed at a previous meeting, and notice of the same having been sent to the members of the Society.
BY-LAWS I It shall be the duty of the President, or, in his absence, of the Vice-President, to preside at all the meetings of the Society; but, in the absence of both these officers, the Society may choose a presiding officer from the members present. II It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to notify the members, at least two weeks in advance, of each meeting, transmitting to them at the same time the list of papers to be presented at the meeting; to keep a record of the proceedings of such meetings; to preserve an accurate roll of the members; to make an annual report of the condition of the Society; to distribute its publications, and to do such other like things as the Council may request. III It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to conduct the correspondence of the Society, and in particular, to use his best efforts for the securing of suitable papers and notes to be presented to the Society at each meeting; to prepare a list of such papers, and to place it in the hands of the Recording Secretary for transmission to the members; to receive all papers and notes that shall have been presented, and lay them before the Publishing Committee. IV It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to take charge of all the funds of the Society, and to invest or disburse them under the direction of the Council, rendering an account of all his transactions to the Society at each annual meeting.
CONSTITUTIONAND BY-LAWS
LXiii
V It shall be the duty of the Council to propose candidates for membership of the Society; to elect the Corresponding Secretary and the additional members of the Publishing Committee; to fix the times and places for meetings, and generally to supervise the interests of the Society. VI It shall be the duty of the Publishing Committee to publish the proceedings of the Society, and also to select, edit, and publish, as far as the funds of the Society will justify, such papers and notes from among those laid before them, as shall in their judgment be fitted to promote Biblical science. VII Each member shall annually pay a tax of three dollars. The donation at one time, by a single person, of fifty dollars shall exempt the donor from all further payments, and no payments shall be required of honorary members. VIII Each member shall be entitled to receive, without additional charge one copy of each publication of the Society after his election; in addition to which, if he be a contributor to the Journal, he shall receive twenty-five copies of any article or articles he mav have contributed.
IX Five members of the Council, of whom not less than three shall have been elected directly by the Society, shall constitute a quorum thereof. Twelve members of the Society shall constitute a quorum thereof for the transaction of business, but a smaller number may continue in session for the purpose of hearing and discussing papers presented.
The following resolution, supplementary to the By-Laws, with reference to the price at which members may procure extra copies of the Journal, was adopted June I3th, 1884. Resolved:That the Secretary be authorized to furnish to members, for thepurpose ofpresentation,additional copies of any volume of the Journal, to the number of ten, at the rate of $ i a copy, but that the price to persons not members be the amount of the annual assessment.
Back Matter Source: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1, Fiftieth Anniversary Number (1931), pp. lx-lxxx Published by: The Society of Biblical Literature Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3259313 . Accessed: 16/08/2011 00:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
[email protected].
The Society of Biblical Literature is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Biblical Literature.
http://www.jstor.org
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
LX
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS TREASURER'S REPORT OF 1930 $ 3389.82
Balance forward .................................
RECEIPTS Dues and arrears ...........................
$ I266.00 .
Reprints .................................. Yale University Press ........................ Postage refund ..............................
Interest ....................................
2I.90 757.41 9.32
I60.59
Exchange ...................................
.25 2225.47 $ 5615.29
EXPENDITURES ...
Printing and postage ..................... Clerical work ...............................
8.25
12.20
Secretary'sexpenses ........................ Editorialexpenses ...........................
80.92
136.86
Printing Journal ............................
2431.20
Dues-AmericanCouncilof LearnedSocieties.... Exchange................................... Returned check .............................
25.00 7.96 3.00
2805.39 BALANCE ON HAND DECEMBER 29, 1930
New First NationalBank, Meadville,Pa ....... Corn ExchangeBankTrust Company,NewYork
2583.28 222.62
City.....................................
Checkon handfor deposit....................
4.00 2809.90 $ 5615.29
The above reportcoveringtransactionsto date, is respectfullysubmitted. December 29, 1930
HAROLD H. TRYON,Treasurer. Auditedand found correct
GEORGE DAHL, S. V. McCASLAND, AuditingCommittee. December 29, 1930
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY1 HONORARY MEMBERS Prof. A. Bertholet,D. Theol., PreuBlenallee 36, Charlottenburg 9, Berlin,Germany, Prof. K. Budde,D. D., Marburg,Germany. Prof. F. C. Burkitt,M. A., D. D., Cambridge,England. Prof. GustavDalman,Theol. D., Greifswald,Germany. Prof. Ernst von Dobschutz,D. D., Halle, Germany. Prof. HermannGunkel,D. Theol., Halle, Germany. Prof. A. Jiilicher,D. D., Marburg,Germany. Prof. MarieJosephLagrange,Jerusalem(careof M. Gabalda,go Rue Bonaparte, Paris). Prof. A, H. Sayce,D, D., Oxford,England. Sir G. A. Smith,D. D., Aberdeen,Scotland. ACTIVE MEMBERS2 (693) '22 Rev. G. Abbott-Smith,D. D., D. C. L., 3475 UniversitySt., Montreal, Canada. (593) '20 Prof. ArthurAdams,Ph. D., TrinityCollege,Hartford,Conn. (242) '92 Pres. CyrusAdler, Ph. D., 204I North BroadSt., Phila., Pa. (731) '22 Rev. Abel Ahlquist, 19 BassettSt., New Britain,Conn. (969) '3o Rev. W. H. C. Ainley, Rockport,Tex. (576) '17 Prof. Wm. Foxwell Albright,Ph. D., John Hopkins University,Baltimore, Md. (466) 'iI Prof. HerbertC. Alleman,D. D., Gettysburg,Pa. (415) '07 Prof. FredereckL. Anderson,D. D., Newton Centre,Mass. (934) '29 MissMaryE. Andrews,A. M., B. D., 5757WoodlawnAve.,Chicago,Ill. (711) '22 Rev. Prof. S. Angus, Ph. D., St. Andrew'sCollege, Sydney,Australia. (901) '28 Rev. Otto J. Baab,Ph. D., Illinois WesleyanUniversity,Bloomington, Ill.
(I84) '88 Prof. B. W. Bacon,D. D., 244 EdwardsSt., New Haven, Conn. (373) '04 Dean Wm. FredericBade,Ph. D., D. D., Litt. D., PacificSchoolof Religion, Berkeley,Cal. 1 This list has been corrected up to Dec. 26, 1930. Members are requested to notify the Recording Secretary, H. J. Cadbury, Bryn Mawr, Pa., of any change of address. The two numbers prefixed to the name of each member indicate the order and date of his accession to membership in the Society.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY
LXV
(926) '29 Prof. John William Bailey, Ph. D., 2606 Dwight Way, Berkeley, Calif. (690) '22 Prof. Moses Bailey,Ph. D., 17 TappanRoad,Wellesley,Mass.
(722) '22 Prof. J. F. Balzer,M. A., CarletonCollege,Northfield,Minn. (825) '26 Albert E. Barnett, 1032 i8th Ave. S., Nashville, Tenn.
(210) '9i Prof. GeorgeA. Barton,Ph. D., N. E. Cor. 43rdand SpruceSts., Philadelphia,Pa. (927) '29 Prof. Salo Baron, Columbia University, New York City.
(2II) '9i Prof. L. W. Batten,Ph. D., 6 ChelseaSq., N. Y. City. (902) '28 Prof. H. M. Battenhouse,Albion College,Albion, Mich. (56I) 'i6 Prof.JohnW. Beardslee,Jr., Ph. D., D. D., TheologicalSeminary,New Brunswick,N. J. (828) '26 Prof.Dwight M. Beck, S. T. B., SyracuseUniversity,Syracuse,N. Y. (694) '22 Prof.Irwin R. Beiler,AlleghenyCollege,Meadville,Pa. (970) '30 Prof. A. D. Beittel, Ph. D., Earlham College, Richmond, Ind.
(829) '26 Miss MarionJ. Benedict,Ph. D., SweetbriarCollege,Sweetbriar,Va. (718) '22 Rev. C. A. Benjamin,Ph. D., Somerton,Philadelphia,Pa. (568) 'I6 Rev. C. TheodoreBenze, LutheranSeminary,Mt. Airy, Pa. (830) '26 Rev. J. BuchananBernardin,Th. D., 251 W. 8oth St., New York City. Divinity School, Ro(326) '99 Prof. George R. Berry,D. D., Colgate-Rochester chester,N. Y. (318) '98 Prof. JuliusA. Bewer,Ph. D., D. D., Union Theol. Sem., N. Y. City. (6i8) '2I Pres. JamesA. Blaisdell,ClaremontColleges,Claremont,Calif. (843) '26 F. D. Bone, Box 17, McMurryCollege,Abilene, Texas. (928) '29 Prof. OsborneBooth, B. A., B. D., Bethany,W. Va. (971) '30 Rev. GuidoBossard,A. M., D. D., PresbyterianTheo. Sem.,Dubuque, Iowa. (986) '30 The Rev. Floyd E. Bosshardt,457 S. BakerSt., Winona,Minnesota. (972) '30 Prof. J. S. Boughton,Ph. D., GettysburgCollege,Gettysburg,Pa. (795) '25 Prof. ClarenceBouma,A. M., Th. D., CalvinCollege, GrandRapids, Mich. Boone M. Bowen, ScarrittCollege,Nashville,Tenn. Rev. (887) '27 (423) 'o8 Prof. Clayton R. Bowen, Th. D., 5707 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, Ill. (929) '29 Rev. Wm. M. Bradner, B. D., i Joy St., Boston, Mass.
(903) '28 Prof.HarvieBranscomb,Duke University,Durham,N. C. (930) '29 Fred G. Bratton, Ph. D., Brighton Sta., R. D. i, Rochester, New York.
(931) '29 RabbiBaruchBraunstein,Apt. 9 F, 395RiversideDrive,NewYorkCity. (311) '97 Miss Emilie Grace Briggs, Hotel Holley, 36 Washington Sq. West,
New York City. (831) '26 Rev. MitchellBronk,D. D., 1701ChestnutSt., Philadelphia,Pa. (569) 'I6 Mrs.BeatriceA. Brooks,Ph. D., 5 LeightonRoad,Wellesley,Mass. (870) '27 Prof. W. Rolfe Brown, 12 Arnold Ave., Northampton, Mass.
(719) '22 Prof. WalterE. Bundy,Ph. D., De PauwUniversity,Greencastle,Ind. 5
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(586) 'i 8 Prof. Ernest Ward Burch, Ph. D., Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, Ill. (973) '3o A. L. Burgreen, 230 Portsea St., New Haven, Conn. (747) '23 Prof. Millar Burrows, B. D., Ph. D., American University, Beirut, Syria. (554) 'i5 Prof. R. Butin, S. M., Catholic University, Washington, D. C. (950) '29 Rev. Frank E. Butler, 20 Everett Av., Providence, R. I. (689) 'i8 Prof. Moses Buttenwieser, Ph. D., 252 Loraine Ave., Clifton, Cincinnati, 0. (859) '26 Evelyn Oliver Byhouwer, P. C. Hooftplein o0, Rotterdam, Holland. (471) 'ii Prof. Henry J. Cadbury, Ph. D., Bryn Mawr, Pa. (904) '28 Prof. J. Y. Campbell, 2I60 Taylor Hall, New Haven, Conn. (631) '21 Rev. James T. Carlyon, S. T. M., D. D., Iliff School of Theology, Denver, Col. (784) '24 Prof. L. L. Carpenter, B. A., Th. D., 5 0 S. Johnson St., Gaffney, S. C. (974) '3o Rev. Wesley M. Carr, Th. D., O Granbery, Juiz de Fora, Minas Geraes, Brazil. (821) '25 Prof. J. F. B. Carruthers, Occidental College, Los Angeles, Calif. (95 I) '29 Miss Mabel R. Carter, Hollins College, Hollins, Va. (392) 'o6 Prof. Shirley J. Case, Ph. D., Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. (964) '29 M. L. Cassady, Barnes Hall, Ithaca, N. Y. (933) '29 Prof. Thomas Phelps Chalker, B. A., B. D., Alabama College, Montevallo, Ala. (222) '91 Rev. James L. Cheney, Ph. D., I845 Roxford Road, E. Cleveland, Ohio. (987) '30 Prof. John R. Cheney, Ph. D., Canal Fulton, Ohio. (595) '20 Prof. Edward Chiera, Ph. D., Oriental Museum, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. (896) (998) (975) (369) (932)
'27 '30 '30 '03 '29 '30 'I4 '2o '22
(998) (523) (606) (686) (935) '29 (889) '27 (662) '22 (6I5) '21 (582) 'i8
(936) '29 (937) '29 (390) 'o6
Rev. Elmer B. Christie, B. D., 212 Fourth St., Hoquiam Wash. Rev. Ben H. Christner, 2838 77 Court, Elmwood Park, Ill. Rev. Felix L. Cirlot, Nashotah House, Nashotah, Wis. Prof. Calvin M. Clark, Bangor Theol. Sem., Bangor, Me. Rev. G. A. Clarke, 276 Ryerson St., Brooklyn, N. Rev. Ben H. Christner, 2168 S. Milwaukee Ave., Denver, Colo. C. P. Coffin, 2304 Park Place, Evanston, Ill. Rabbi Simon Cohen, Temple Emanu-el, I E. 65th St., N.Y. City. Rabbi Simon R. Cohen, 17 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y. Prof. Samuel S. Cohon, A. B., Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, O. Harry Comins, x6o5 Fulton Avenue, NewYork City. David C. Cook, Elgin, Ill. Rev. Francis T. Cooke, 31 Maple St., Bristol, Conn. Rev. George S. Cooke, University Club, Urbana, Ill. Miss Virginia Corwin, Smith College, Northampton, Mass. Prof. Clarence T. Craig, Ph. D., D. D., Oberlin, Ohio. Rev. Wm. M. Crane, Ph. D., Richmond, Mass.
Lxvii
OF THE SOCIETY MEMBERS
(296) '96 Prof. HarlanCreelman,Ph. D., 118 North St., Auburn,N.Y. (796) '25 Rev. MargaretB. Crook, 30 WashingtonAve., Northampton,Mass. (759) '24 Prof. EarleB. Cross,Ph. D., 136 HarvardSt., Rochester,N.Y. (905) '28 Rev. Frank Monroe Crouch, 65 W. i88th St., New York City.
(819) '25 A. J. Culler,B. D., Ph. D., 2422WoodmereDrive, ClevelandHeights, Ohio. (498) ' 3 Prof. D. E. Culley,Ph. D., 57 BelvidereSt., Crafton,Pittsburgh,Pa. (573) 'i6 Prof. CharlesGordonCumming,Bangor,Me. (832) '26 A. BruceCurry,Ph. D., Union Theol. Seminary,Broadwayat 2zothSt., N.Y. City. MurielStreibertCurtis,B. D., Wellesley,Mass, Prof. (739) '23 (401) '07 Prof. ElizabethCzarnomska,SweetBriarCollege, Sweet Briar,Va. ' (499) 3 Prof. Geo. Dahl, Ph. D., 2102Yale Station,New Haven, Conn. (797) '25 Prof. H. E. Dana, Th. D., SeminaryHill, Texas. (645) '2i Miss ClaraW. Davidson,Pleasantville,VenangoCo., Pa. (526) '15 Prof. Israel Davidson, 53I W. 123 St., N.Y. City. (451) 'Io Prof. RichardDavidson,Ph. D., 75 Queen'sPark,Toronto, Can. (705) '22 M. E. Davis, Th. M., D. D., Box 526, Brownwood, Tex.
(906) '28 (500) '13 (458) 'io (633) '2i
Rev. EdwardDay, DuncanField Library,SanAntonio, Tex. Prof. FrankLeightonDay, Ashland,Va. Prof. ThomasF. Day, 1648 S. A. Ave., SanAnselmo,Calif. Prof. John Pitt Deane, M. A., Beloit College,Beloit, Wis.
(524) 'I4 Dean Irwin Hoch DeLong, Ph. D., 523 West James St., Lancaster, Pa. (121)
'84 Prof. F. B. Denio, D. D., 347 HammondSt., Bangor,Me.
(817) '25 Prof. W. B. Denny, I43 Seventh Ave., North, Troy, N.Y.
(723) '22 Prof. H. T. De Wolfe, D. D., AcadiaUniv., Wolfville, N. S., Canada. (619) '2i Rev. Prof. Charles Allen Dinsmore, io Old Hartford Turnpike, New
Haven, Conn. (417) '07 Prof. Winfred N. Donovan, Newton Centre, Mass. (596) '20 Prof. R. P. Dougherty, 319 Willow St., New Haven, Conn. (823) '26 Prof. C. C. Douglas, Ph. D., 902 W. 37th St., Los Angeles, Calif. (833) '26 Rev. Prof. John Dow, M. A., 75 Queen'sPark,Toronto, Can.
(634) '22 Rev. Benj.R. Downer, Th. D., 1043LaurelAve., KansasCity, Kansas. (664) '22 Rev. George H. Driver, 229 Eliot St., Milton, Mass.
(872) '27 Rev. Anson M. DuBois, M. A., Th. M., 80 River St., Arlington,Mass. (620) '2I Prof. William Haskell DuBose, University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. (760) '24 Prof. George S. Duncan, 2900 Seventh St., N. E., Washington, D. C.
(938) '29 Prof. MarionH. Dunsmore,Ph. D., KalamazooCollege, Kalamazoo, Mich. (382) '05 Prof. E. Olive Dutcher,WellesleyCollege,Wellesley,Mass. (402) '07 Prof. Burton S. Easton, Ph. D., 4 Chelsea Sq., New York City.
(844) '26 Rev. Louise Eby, B. D., i6o ClaremontAve., New York City, N.Y. 5*
*
.
Lxviii I;V1~1
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
(898) '27 Rev. FrankL. Edwards,B. D., Union CongregationalChurch,Tuckahoe, New York. (888) '27 Dean G. D. Edwards,A. M., Columbia,Mo. (364) 'o3 Pres.F. C. Eiselen, GarrettBibl. Inst., Evanston,Ill. (673) '22 IsraelEitan, 5176WoodlawnAvenue, Pittsburgh,Pa. (967) '29 Virgil L. Elliot, B. A., 301 OrchardSt., New Haven, Conn. (612) '2i Rev. Barett A. Elzas,A. B., M. D., LL. D., 42 W. 72ndSt., NewYork. (76i) '24 RabbiH. G. Enelow, D. D., 521 Fifth Ave., N.Y. City. (403) '07 Prof. Henry Englander, 904 Lexington Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. (745) '23 Prof. Morton Scott Enslin, Th. D., 4 SeminaryAve., Chester,Pa.
(263) '94 Pres.Milton G. Evans, D. D., CrozerTheol. Sem., Chester,Pa. (799) '25 Prof.H. R. Fairdough,Ph. D., Litt. D., 1005BryantSt., PaloAlto,Calif. (800) '25 David E. Faust, B. D., Catawba College, Salisbury, N. C.
(753) '23 S. Feigin, 1424Mellon Street,Pittsburgh,Pa. (939) '29 RabbiAbrahamJ. Feldmann,145 BallardDrive, West Hartford,Ct. (735) '23 Pres.CarlA. Felt, The Peking Theol. Sem., Peking, China. (862) '26 Floyd V. Filson, 2330 N. Halsted St., Chicago, Ill. (762) '24 Rabbi Louis Finkelstein, 531 W. I23rd St., N.Y. City. (873) '27 Prof. ElmerE. Flack,Th.D., 503E. McCreightAve., Springfield,Ohio. (763) '24 Rev. John W. Flight, Ph. D., HaverfordCollege,Haverford,Pa.
(578) '17 Rev. RobertB. B. Foote, East Norwalk,Conn. (874) '27 Bliss Forbush,ParkAve. and LaurensSt., Baltimore,Md. (629) '2I
Rev. Donald F. Forrester, B. D., Ph. D., 175 Ninth Ave., N.Y. City.
(441) 'o8 Dean H. E. W. Fosbroke,GeneralTheologicalSeminary,NinthAve. & 20th St., New York City.
(587) 'i8 RabbiSolomon Foster, B. A., go TreacySt., Newark,N. J. (875) '27 Prof.WilliamM. Fouts, Th. D., NorthernBaptistTheol. Sem., 3040W. WashingtonBlvd., Chicago,Il. (298) '96 Prof. Henry T. Fowler, Ph. D., Brown Univ., Providence,R. I. (814) '25 Rabbi Leon Fram, CongregationBeth El, Woodward at Gladstone, Detroit, Mich. Prof. JamesE. Frame,Union Theol. Sem., N.Y. City. (312) '97 (671) '22 RabbiSamuelFredman,6046 WashingtonAve., Philadelphia,Pa. (752) '23 W. W. Freeman,Th. M., StateTeachersCollege, Commerce,Texas. (541) '15 Prof. Leslie E. Fuller,Ph. D., GarrettBibl. Inst., Evanston,Ill. (366) 'o3 Prof. KemperFullerton,OberlinTheol. Sem., Oberlin,O. (764) '24 Prof. FrankGavin, Th. D., GeneralTheol. Sem., N.Y. City. (989) '30 Prof. Fred D. Gealy, AoyamaGakuin,Tokyo, Japan. (765) '24 Henry S. Gehman,Ph. D., S. T. D., PrincetonUniv., Princeton,N.J. (889) '27 Miss Katy Boyd George, WellesleyCollege,Wellesley,Mass. (750) '23 Rev. RalphWilliamGeorge, S. T. B., 48 Flint St., Somerville,Mass. (xo02) '30 Prof. Benj. A. Gessner, Baldwin City, Kans.
(876) '27 Prof. W. C. Gibbs, B. D., College of the Bible, Lexington,Ky.
MEMBERS
OF THE SOCIETY
Lxix
(198) '89 Prof. George W. Gilmore, 354 FourthAve., N.Y. City. (965) '29 MacLeanGilmour,28i EvansonSt., Winnipeg,Canada. (766) '24 Prof. Louis Ginzberg, Ph. D., Apt. 82, 508 W. II4th St., N.Y. City. (907) '28 Miss Beatrice L. Goff, A. B., 69 Stratford Road., Melrose, Mass.
RabbiIsraelGoldstein,M. A., 233 W. 83rdSt., New York City. Rev. E. R. Goodenough,D. Phil., Woodbridge,New Haven, Conn. Prof.EdgarJ. Goodspeed,Ph. D., Univ. of Chicago,Chicago,Ill. Prof.Alex. R. Gordon,Litt. D., UnitedTheologicalCollege,Montreal, Can. (940) '29 Dr. CyrusH. Gordon,M. A., 6026 CarpenterSt., Philadelphia,Pa. (867) '27 Dr. Hirsch L. Gordon, Ph. D., L. H. D., 146 ManhattanAve., Jersey City, N. J.
(866) '27 (794) '24 (340) 'oo (447) '09
(162) '86 Prof. R. J. H. Gottheil, Ph. D., Columbia Univ., N.Y. City.
(635) '2I Prof.WilliamC. Graham,S. T. M., FacultyExchange,Univ. of Chicago Chicago,Ill. Elihu Grant,Ph. D., Haverford,Pa. Prof. (384) '05 (621) '2I Dean Frederick C. Grant, S. T. D., 600 Haven St., Evanston, Ill. (678) '22 Rev. Oscar F. Green, P. O. Box 322, alo Alto, Calif.
(877) '27 Rev. CasparR. Gregory,AuburnTheol. Seminary,Auburn,N.Y. (988) '30 Mr. Ross J. Griffith,395 TempleStreet,New Haven, Conn. (941) '29 William A. Haggerty, Ph. D., Arlington Hotel, Washington, D. C. (646) '2 Rev. FrankH. Hallock,D. D., 600 Haven St., Evanston,Ill. (1003) '30 Rev. Edw. R. Hardy, Jr., I75 Ninth Av., New York City.
(923) '28 Prof. E. E. Harkness,B. D., Ph. D., CrozerSeminary,Chester,Pa. (728) '22 Victor E. Harlow, M. A., Oklahoma City, Okla. ( 19) '84 Prof. J. R. Harris, Litt. D., 21o Bristol Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham,
(385) '05 (834) '26 (668) '22 (648) '21
England. Prof. W. H. P. Hatch, St. John's Rd., Cambridge,Mass. Rev. R. S. Haupert,MoravianCollegeand Seminary,Bethlehem,Pa. Prof. CharlesA. Hawley,Ph. D., Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City,Iowa. Prof. Howell M. Haydn,B. D., 1832RosemontRoad, East Cleveland, Ohio.
(322) '98 Rev. HenryH. Haynes,Ph. D., DerryVillage, N. H. (960) '29 Prof. George PercyHedley, PacificSchool of Religion, Berkeley,Calif. (503) '13 Prof. Charles B. Hedrick, 599 Whitney Ave., New Haven, Conn. (I24) '84 Rev. C. R. Hemphill, D. D., 109 E. Broadway, Louisville, Ky. (577) '17 Prof. Ralph K. Hickok, Western College, Oxford, Ohio.
(890) '27 (454) 'io (434) 'o8 (659) '2I
Prof. J. H. Hicks, A. B., B. D., 3548McFarlinAve., Dallas,Tex. Prof. W. BancroftHill, VassarCollege,Poughkeepsie,N.Y. Prof. Wm. J. Hinke, Ph. D., 156 North St., Auburn,N.Y. Rev. Chas.T. Hock, 222 LibertySt., Bloomfield,N. J. Rev. Ernest G. Hoff, Ph. D., 22 S. State St., Elgin, Ill.
(802) '25 (999) '3o Rabbi I. B. Hoffman, 134 Court St., Ithaca, N.Y.
I,XX
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
(563) 'i6 Rev. Louis H. Holden, Ph. D., DD.,., Theol. Sem., New Brunswick, N.J. (836) '26 Miss Louise P. Holden, 284 WilderSt., Lowell, Mass. '3o Mr. George W. Hollister,B. D., I 5oN. SanduskySt., Delaware,Ohio. (99ggo) (427) 'o8 Rev. Ivan L. Holt, 5o68 WashingtonBlvd., St. Louis, Mo. (539) 'I5 Prof. Lynn H. Hough, CentralM. E. Church,Detroit, Mich. (942) '25 Prof. J. HowardHowson, M. A., B. D., VassarCollege,Poughkeepsie, N.Y. (304) '96 Rt. Rev. HiramR. Hulse, S. T. D., i5th and 8th Sts., Havana,Cuba. (439) 'o8 Prof. MaryI. Hussey, MorganRoad, South Hadley,Mass. (452) 'Io Prof. Henry Hyvemat, Catholic University, Washington, D. C.
(858) '26 Dean Clyo Jackson,St. Stephen'sCollege,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada. (559) 'i6 Prof. F. J. FoakesJackson,Union Theol. Sem., N.Y. City. (679) '22 Prof. FlemingJames,BerkeleyDivinity School, New Haven, Conn. (891) '27 Dr. George Jeshurun, I366 55th St., Brooklyn, N.Y.
(386) '05 Prof. JamesR. Jewett, Ph. D., 44 FrancisAve., Cambridge,Mass. (485) '12 Miss HarrietE. Johnson, c/o Messrs.BaringBros. & Co,, Ltd., 8 Bishopsgate,London, E. C. 2, England. WilliamH. Johnson,Ph. D., D. D., LincolnUniversity,Pa. '2I Pres. (636) Leo Jung, Ph. D., 131 W. 86th St., N.Y. City. Rabbi (962) '29 (Iooo) '30 C. Kaplan, 85o 8Ist St., Brooklyn, N.Y. (865) '27 Prof. M. M. Kaplan,I W. 89th St., New York City. (878) '27 Rev. FrancisL. Keenan,D. D., St. John's Seminary,Brighton,Mass. (I 5 ) '86 Prof. M. L. Kellner,D. D., 3 ConcordAve., Cambridge,Mass. (592) '20 Rev. Edwin H. Kellogg, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, N.Y. (660) '22 Prof. Fred T. Kelly, 20I9 Monroe St., Madison, Wis.
(725) '22 Prof. AlexanderP. Kelso, B. Sc., SouthwesternPresb.Univ., Memphis, Tenn. (338) 'oo Pres.JamesA. Kelso, Ph. D., 725 Ridge Ave., Pittsburgh,Pa. (438) 'o8 Prof. Eliza H. Kendrick,Ph. D., WellesleyCollege,Wellesley,Mass. (649) '2i Rev. PacaKennedy,D. D., TheologicalSeminary,Alexandria,Va. (892) '27 Rev. Robert 0. Kevin, 4221 Osage Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. (895) '27 Carl H. King, ioi Columbia Ave., Lynchburg, Va. (908) '28 Prof. G. B. King, Wesley College, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. (852) '26 Prof. Edward H. Knight, D. D., 71 Tremont St., Hartford, Conn.
(544) 'I5 Prof. Carl S. Knopf, Universityof SouthernCalifornia,Los Angeles, Calif. (460) 'io Rev. Raymond C. Knox, Columbia Univ., N.Y. City. (909) '28 Dr. George Alexander Kohut, 1185 Park Ave., New York City. (767) '24 Prof. CarlH. Kraeling,2165 Yale Sta., New Haven, Conn.
(518) '14 Rev. Emil G. H. Kraeling,53I E. I8th St., Brooklyn,N.Y. (952) '29 Prof. Howard T. Kuist, Ph. D., 235 East 49th St., N.Y. City.
(879) '27 RobertM. Kurtz,M. A., 8 E. WesterveltAve., Tenafly,N. J.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY
(473) 'x
Lxxi
Rev. M. G. Kyle, D. D., Xenia Theol. Seminary,St. Louis, Mo.
(59I) 'i4 Prof. Elbert C. Lane, Hartford Theol. Sem., Hartford, Conn.
(880) '27 Prof. FrankG. Lankard,Drew University,MadisonNew Jersey. (91o) '28 Paul F. Laubenstein, S. T. M., 730 Williams St., New London, Conn.
(743) '23 Prof. DarwinAshley Leavitt,B. D., 641 ChurchSt., Beloit, Wis. (665) '21 Prof. ElmerA. Leslie, 228 MasonTerrace,Brookline,Mass. (769) '24 RabbiLeon Liebreich,M. A., 640 W. StateSt., Trenton,N. J. (953) '29 Rev. S. A. Livingstone, M. A., 190 Summit Ave., Providence, R. I. (622) '2i Miss Grace Lockton, I07 W. 3rd St., Frederick, Md. (372) '04 Prof. Lindsay B. Longacre, 2273 S. Fillmore St., Denver, Colo.
(674) '22 Mrs.MaryB. Longyear,60 LeicesterTer., Brookline,Mass. (845) '26 Rev. ArnoldE. Look, Ph. D., Y. M. C. A. College, Springfield,Mass. (991) '30 Mrs.FlorenceB. Lovell, VassarCollege,Poughkeepsie,New York. (944) '29 Rev. John Lowe, Trinity College, Toronto 5, Canada. (715) '22 Prof. William J. Lowstuter, 72 Mt. Vernon St., Boston, Mass. (720) '22 Prof. Nils W. Lund, Th. M., North Park College, Forest & Kedzie
Aves., Chicago,Illinois. (590) 'i8 Mrs. Eugene W. Lyman, Union Theol. Sem., Broadway at I20th, N.Y.
City. (7I) '82 Prof. D. G. Lyon, 12 Scott St., Cambridge, Mass. (324) '26 Prof. W. VernonLytle, Ph. D., 298 ShermanAve., New Haven,Conn.
(847) '26 (721) '22 (954) '29 (536) 'I5 (881) '27 (319) '98 (300) '96 (977) '30 (424) 'o8 (637) '21 (804) '25
Prof. S. V. McCasland,Ph. D., GoucherCollege,Baltimore,Md. Prof. W. H. McClellan,S. J., WoodstockCollege,Woodstock,Md. Rev. John Dale McCormick,A. M., D. D., 91 CourtSt., Newark,N.J. Prof. C. C. McCown,Ph. D., D. D., AmericanSchool of OrientalResearch,Jerusalem,Palestine. Rev. WalterT. McCree,M. A., Streetsville,Ontario,Canada. Prof. John E. McFadyen,TrinityCollege,Glasgow, Scotland. Prof.ArthurC. McGiffert,D. D., 22 GreenoughPlace,Newport,R.I. Prof. George H. C. Macgregor,M. A., B. D., D. Litt., HartfordTheo. Sem., Hartford,Conn. Prof. J. GreshamMachen,206 S. ThirteenthSt., Philadelphia,Pa. Rev. EdwardMack,D. D., 4 WestwoodAvenue, Richmond,Va. Rev. John V. Madison,B. D., M. A., 6x5 Ave. C, Fort Dodge, Iowa.
(742) '23 Prof. J. R. Mantey, Th. D., 3034 W. Wash. Blvd., Chicago, Ill.
(837) '26 RalphMarcus,Ph. D., 684 RiversideDrive, New York City. (68I) '22 RabbiElias Margolis,Ph. D., i6 Glen Ave., Mt. Vernon,N.Y. (56) 'I 3 Prof. MaxL. Margolis,Ph. D., Dropsie College,BroadandYork Sts., Philadelphia,Pa. Earl B. Marlatt,9 Willow St., Boston, Mass. Prof. (968)'29 (853) '26 John Martin,Esq., North Adams,Mass. (545) 'I5 Prof. Alexander Marx, Ph. D., 531 W. I23d St., N.Y. City. '28 Rev. Thomas B. Mather, Th. D., 419 E. Capital, Jefferson City, Mo.
(9II)
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
LXXii
(86o) ',6 Prof. Takuo Matsumoto,Aoyama Gakuin Theol. Seminary,Tokyo, Japan. (770) '24 Charles D. Matthews, III Edgewood Ave., New Haven, Ct.
(617) '2I Prof. I. G. Matthews,CrozerTheol. Sem., Chester,Pa. (846) '26 Prof. JosephB. Matthews,S. T. M., 383BibleHouse,AstorPlace,N.Y, City. Rev. John A. Maynard,Ph. D., D. D., 22 E. 6oth St., NewYork City. (546) 'x5 ' 8 Prof. Th6ophileJ. Meek, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada. (584) (882) '27 John H. Meengs, Th. D., 3258 Riverview, No. Park, Grand Rapids, Mich. (771) '24 Rev. Samuel A. B. Mercer, Ph. D., D. D., Grafton, Mass.
(6oi) '20 Rev. HenryH. Meyer,D. D., Ph. D., 20 BeaconSt., Boston, Mass. (978) '30 Prof. NathanielMicklem,Queen's University,Kingston, Ontario,Canada. Allen J. Miller,B. A., 2197Yale Sta., New Haven, Conn. (961) '29 (639) '22 Prof. RussellB. Miller,Ph. D., Ohio WesleyanUniv., Delaware,Ohio. (585) '15 Mrs. Ruth RichardsMiller, Ph. D., 50 ChetwyndRoad, West Somerville, Mass. (475) 'II Prof. Conrad H. Moehlmann, 333 Rockingham St., Rochester, N.Y. (921) '28 Prof. JamesMoffat,D. D., Union TheologicalSeminary,Broadwayat 20th St., New York City.
(838) '26 Rev. G. GardnerMonks, B. D., Lenox School, Lenox, Mass. (236) '92 Prof. J. A. Montgomery,Ph. D., 6806 Greene St., Germantown,Philadelphia,Pa. (912) '28 Lewis C. Moon, MorganCollege, Baltimore,Md. (979) '3o Ellen W. Moore, Universityof Michigan,Ann Arbor, Mich. (566) 'x6 Pres.JulianMorgenstem,Ph. D., 8 Burton Woods Lane, Avondale, Cincinnati,Ohio, (992)
'30
Rev. H. T. Morris, Th. D., Holyoke, Colorado.
(698) '22 Prof. ElmerW. K. Mould, 503 Fitch St., Elmira,N.Y. (33 ) '99 Pres.WarrenJ. Moulton,Ph. D., BangorTheol. Sem., Bangor,Me. (772) '24 Prof. James Muilenberg, Mt. Holyoke College, S. Hadley, Mass.
(868) '27 W. H. Murray,6o Fifth Ave., New York City. (627) '21 Prof. ThomasKinlochNelson, M. A., D. D., Theol. Sem., Alexandria, Va. Wm. M. Nesbit, Ph. D., Watertown, Conn. Rev. 'I3 (508) (924) '28 Mrs. Robert W. New, Richl, Oberbayem, Germany.
(806) '25 Prof. HerbertL. Newman,B. D., 2 West Court,Waterville,Maine. (608) '20 RabbiLouis I. Newman, 7 W. 83d St., New York City. (966) '26 Miss Helen R. H. Nichol, The MastersSchool, Dobbs Ferry,N.Y. (820) '24 Prof. JulianObermann,417 W. II4th St., New York City, N.Y. (476) 'ii Miss Ellen S. Ogden, Ph. D., Resthaven,R. F. D., Milford,Mass. (572) 'i6 Prof. AlbertT. Olmstead,Ph. D., Univ. of Chicago,Chicago,Ill.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY
(773) '24 Prof.ErnestW. Parsons,ColgateRochesterDivinitySchool,Rochester, N.Y. (757) '23 Mrs. KatherineS. H. Paton, S. T. B., 359 Fern St., West Hartford, Conn. (240) '92 Prof. L. B. Paton,Ph. D., 359 Fern St., West Hartford,Conn. (323) '98 Prof.IsmarJ. Peritz,Ph. D., Syracuse,N.Y. (623) '2i Prof. Alfred MorrisPerry,Ph. D., BangorTheol. Seminary,Bangor, Maine. (6i ) '21 Prof.RobertH. Pfeiffer,S. M. T., Ph. D., 57FrancisAve., Cambridge, Mass. Rev. '23 (748) ZeBamey B. Phillips D. D., 2224 R. St., N. W., Washington, D.C. (980)
'30
Rev. P. Hewison Pollock, 417 Penn Ave. So., Minneapolis, Minn.
Prof.FrankK. Pool, FurmanUniv., Greenville,S. C. Prof.WilliamPopper,Ph. D., Univ. of California,Berkeley,Cal. Prof.F. C. Porter,D. D., 266 BradleySt., New Haven, Conn. Prof. ThomasPorter,Ph. D., S.T.D., RuaPadreVieira x268, Campinas, Brazil. (98I) '30 RandleH. Powley, A. B., Corell University,Ithaca,N.Y.
(958) '29 (378) '05 (254) '93 (532) 'I5
(509)
'i3
(556) 'i6 (176) '87 (597) '20 (775) '24
Prof. Waldo S. Pratt, 86 Gillett St., Hartford, Conn.
Rev. SartellPrentice,D. D., 17 E. Iith St., New York City. Prof. Ira M. Price,Ph. D., Univ. of Chicago,Ill. Prof. Alex. C. Purdy,Ph. D., HartfordTheol. Sem., Hartford,Conn. C. E. Purinton,13 Avon Place,West Hempstead,N.Y.
(701) '22 Prof. Herbert R. Purinton, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine.
(653) '2I Prof. CharlesLynn Pyatt,Collegeof the Bible, Lexington,Kentucky. (883) '27 Prof. ChesterWarrenQuimby,DickinsonCollege,Carlisle,Pa. (913) '28 Prof HarryRanston,RichmondHouse, Trinity College, Auckland, New Zealand. (557) 'x6 Pres. John H. Raven,D. D., TheologicalSeminary,New Brunswick, N.J. (361) '03 Pres.HerryL. Reed, AuburnTheol. Sem., Auburn,N.Y. (914) '28 MaxI. Reich, 624 CrownSt., Morrisville,Pa. (848) '26 Prof. NathanielReich, P. 0. Box 337, Philadelphia,Pa. (533) 'I5 JosephReider,Ph. D., Dropsie College,Philadelphia,Pa. (982) '30 Rev. H. N. Renfrew, B. A., S. T. M., I75 Ninth Ave., N.Y. City.
(776) '24 Rev. HilaryG. Richardson,A. B., B. D., 147 N. Broadway,Yonkers, N.Y. (777) '24 DonaldW. Riddle,FacultyExchange,Univ. of Chicago,Chicago,Ill. (5Io) 'i3 Prof. FrankH. Ridgley,Ph. D., LincolnUniv., ChesterCo., Penna. (993) '30 Rev. MartinRist, Th. D., 5804MarylandAve., Chicago,Illinois. (100I)'30 Mr. Gale Ritz, Oberlin,Ohio. (815) '25 CorwinC. Roach,Gambier,Ohio.
Lxxiv
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
(455) 'Io Prof. A. T. Robertson, D. D., Southern Bap. Theol. Sem., Louisville, Ky. (884) '27 Rev. J. B. Robertson, B. D., First Christian Church, Mexico, Mo. (389) 'o6 Prof. Benj. W. Robinson, Chicago Theological Seminary, Chicago, Ill. (826) '26 Miss Dorothy B. Robinson, B. D., Mt. Holyoke College, S. Hadley, Mass. Geo. L. Robinson, Ph. D., 2312 N. Halsted St., Chicago, Ill. Prof. (284) '95 (285) '95 Prof. James H. Ropes, D. D., 3 Follen St., Cambridge, Mass. (687) '22 Rabbi William Rosenau, 1515 Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md. (897) '27 H. H. Rowley, B. D., Sherwood, Llanishen, Cardiff, Wales. (387) 'o5 Dean Elbert Russell, Ph. D., Duke University, Durham, N. C. (983) '3o Rev. J. J. Russell, 32 Dodge St., Beverly, Mass. (456) 'io Prof. J. R. Sampey, LL. D., Southern Bap. Theol. Sem., Louisville, Ky. (187) '88 Rev. F. K. Sanders, Ph. D., Rockport, Mass. (511) 'I3 Prof. H. A. Sanders, Ph. D., Porta S. Pancrazio, Roma, Italy. (780) '24 Rev. J. Foster Savidge, S. T. M., Church of the Holy Communion, Norwood, N. J. (190) '88 Prof. Nathaniel Schmidt, Ph. D., Corell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. (708) '22 Prof. F. W. Schneider, D. D., 1504 Moringside College, Sioux City, Iowa. (994) '50 Prof. Paul Schubert, Ph. D., Redfield College, Redfield, South Dakota. (457) 'io Rev. Samuel Schulmann, D. D., 27 West 72nd St., N.Y. City. (955) '29 Prof. Paul J. Schwab, B. D., Ph. D., 21 Martha St., Waxahachie, Texas. (463) '10 Prof. E. F. Scott, Union Theological Seminary, Broadway at I2oth St., N.Y. City. (956) '29 Prof. Stanley Scott, Ph. D., Pennsylvania College for Women, Pittsburgh, Pa. '26 Prof. William Scott, Randolph-Macon College, Lynchburg, Va. (856) (807) '25 Keith C. Seele, 648 Milwaukee Ave., Elkhart, Ind. Reiterstown Road, Baltimore, Md. (520) 'I4 Prof. Wm. G. Seiple, 3oo000 (699) '22 Prof. Arthur G. Sellen, Ph. D., Washburn College, Topeka, Kans. (676) '22 Prof. Ovid R. Sellers, Ph. D., 846 Chalmers Place, Chicago, Ill. (408) '07 Prof. Charles N. Shepard, Gen. Theol. Sem., Chelsea Sq., N.Y. City. (808) '25 A. R. Siebens, 355Church St., Bowling Green, Ohio. (683) '22 Mr. Benjamin Silkiner, ioI W. I I 3 thSt., New York City. (984) '30 Rev. C. A. Simpson, 175 Ninth Ave., N.Y. City. (337) 'oo Prof. Charles F. Sitterly, D. D., Drew Theol. Sem., Madison, N. J. (849) '26 Dr. S. L. Skoss, Dropsic College, Broad and York Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. (946) '29 Rev. David K. Sloatman, B. A., B. D., 75 Fourth St., NewHaven, Conn. (841) '26 Prof. W. Aiken Smart, D. D., Emory University, Ga. (786) '24 Rev. H. Framer Smith, M. A., B. D., 913 Washington St., Evanston, Ill. (409) '07 Prof. John M. P. Smith, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. (548) 'i5 Miss Louise P. Smith, Wellesley College, Wellesley 8i, Mass.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY
(603) '20 (580) 'I7 (787) '24 (863) '26 (995) '30 (328) '99 (738) '23
LXXV
Prof. Robert Seneca Smith, 2158 Yale St., New Haven, Conn. Rev. J. Edward Snyder, 12649 S. Western Ave., Blue Island, Ill. Ephraim A. Speiser, Ph. D., University of Penns., Philadelphia, Pa. Prof. R. T. Stamm, 123 Springs Ave., Gettysburg, Pa. Mr. Joshua Starr, Ph. B., I3 Nathan Davis Place, NewYork City, N.Y. Prof. Wallace N. Steams, Ph. D., Jacksonville, Ill. Rev. Ferris J. Stephens, Ph. D.,Yale Babylonian Collection, NewHaven, Conn.
(567) 'i6 (716) '22 (915) '28 (886) '27 (916) '28 (917) '28 (918) '28
Prof. Paul R. Stevick, Ozark Wesleyan College, Carthage, Mo. Prof. Harris B. Stewart, 15 Seminary St., Auburn, N.Y. William B. Stimson, 1920 Panama St., Philadelphia, Pa. Edward C. Stone, 40 Allen Place, Hartford, Conn. Miss Pearle F. Stone, 5845 Drexel Ave., Chicago, Ill. Rev, Ronald J. Tamblyn, B. D., 21I Hendrix St., Greensboro, N. C. George S. Tarry, B. S., Randolph Macon College, Ashland, Va. (894) '27 Rev. Charles L. Taylor, Jr., Th. M., 6 Phillips Place, Cambridge, Mass. (810) '25 Prof. W. R. Taylor, Ph. D., University College, Toronto, Ont., Canada. (919) '28 Prof. Chaim Tchernowitz, Ph. D., 640 West 139th St., NewYork City, N.Y. (851) '26 Rabbi Sidney S. Tedesche, Ph. D., 17 E. Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y. (691) '22
Rev. Patrick J. Temple, S. T. D., Our Lady of the Rosary, 7 State St., New York City.
Rev. Roderick Terry, D. D., Newport, R. I. Rev. Charles S. Thayer, Ph. D., 4 Gillette St., Hartford, Conn. Prof. David E. Thomas, Ph. D., 804 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Mo. Rev. M. H. Throop, St. John's Univ., Shanghai, China. Rev. Edward K. Thurlow, S. T. M., Sheffield, Mass. Prof. C. C. Torrey, D. D., i9I Bishop St., New Haven, Conn. Prof. Daniel Curtis Troxel, College of the Bible, Lexington, Kentucky. Prof. Harold H. Tryon, 3041 Broadway., N.Y. City. Rev. Morris H. Turk, Ph. D., D. D., 17 West St., Portland, Maine. Rev. Dudley Tyng, Barrington, R. I. Prof. J. Milton Vance, 930 N. Bever St., Wooster, O. Rev. Selby Frame Vance, D. D., LL. D., 237 Hilands Ave., Ben Avon, Pittsburgh, Pa. Rev. Prof. A. A. Vaschalde, Ph. D., Catholic. Univ., Washington, D. C. (549) '15 (663) '22 Prof. E. E. Voigt, Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, Ill. (713) '22 Rev. R. B. Wallace, D. D., 833 E. Rittenhouse St., Philadelphia, Pa. (957) '29 Donald C. Ward, B. A., B. D., New Salem, Pa. (791) '24 Prof. 0. W. Warmingham, 72 Mt. Vernon St., Boston, Mass. (521) '14 Prof. LeRoy Waterman, I835 Vinewood Bvd., Ann Arbor, Mich. (949) '29 Prof. Paul C. Warren, 207 W. Io7th St., N.Y. City.
(I I) '84 (342) 'oo (813) '25 (859) '29 (695) '22 (257) '93 (996) '30 (480) 'Ii (920) '28 (948) '29 (492) '12 (706) '22
Lxxvi
JOURNALOF BIBLICALLITERATURE
(812) '25 Prof.OrvilleE. Watson,D. D., BexleyHall, KenyonCollege,Gambier, Ohio. (657) '21 Prof. W. G. Watson,B. D., 40 FrancklynSt., Halifax,N. S. Canada. (643) '21 Dean ThomasWearing,Ph. D., 263 CanterburyRoad, Rochester,N.Y. (658) '2x Rev. J. H. Webster,D. D., 5738ClemensAvenue, St. Louis, Mo. (667) '22 Prof.GordonB. Wellman,Th. D., 17MidlandRoad,Wellesley8x Mass. (689) '22 Pres. W. W. White, Ph.D., D. D., 2355East 49th Street, New York, New York. (445) '09 Prof. EdwardA. Wicher,D. D., San FranciscoTheol. Sem., San Anselmo, Cal. (726) '22 Rev. Dean RockwellWickes,AmericanBoardMission,Lintsing,Sung. China. (535) 'I5 Prof. LauraH. Wild, Mt. Holyoke College, S. Hadley,Mass. (997) '30 Mr.Amos Niven Wilder,B. A., B. D., HamiltonCollege,Clinton,N.Y. (684) '22 Prof. ClydeE. Wildman,72 Mt. Vernon St., Boston, Mass. (696) '22 Chas.B. Williams,Ph. D., D. D., Union Univ., Jackson,Tenn. (900) '27 Prof. Edward 0. Williams, B. Th., A. M., 340 W. 55th St., N.Y. City.
(275) '95 Rev. Leighton Williams, Marlborough, N.Y. (790) '24 H. R. Willoughby, 139 Goodspeed Hall, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
(985) '3o W. J. Wilson, Th. D., Study9, Libraryof Congress,Washington,D. C. (788) '24 Pres. S. S. Wise, Ph. D., LL. D., JewishInstituteof Religion,W. 68th St., N.Y. City. (672) '22 Rev. J. E. Wishart,D. D., San FranciscoTheol. Sem., San Anselmo, Calif. Prof. H. A. Wolfson, 85 PrescottSt., Cambridge,Mass. (782) '24 (630) '21 Rev. ClintonT. Wood, M. A., 912 North Bever St., Wooster, Ohio. (272) '94 Prof. Irving F. Wood, 457 N. Seventh St., Claremont, Calif. (497) '12 Prof. W. C. Wood, Ph. D., Collegeof the Pacific,Stockton,Calif. (644) '21 Prof. WilliamH. Wood, DartmouthCollege,Hanover,N. H.
(842) '26 Rev. Prof.Edw. StrongWorcester,D. D., Theol. Seminary,New Brunswick, N. J, (697) '22 Pres.WilliamL. Worcester,5 BryantSt., Cambridge,Mass. (625) '21 Prof. M. J. Wyngarden,Ph. D., c/o CalvinCollegeLibrary,GrandRapids, Mich. (412) '07 Rev. RoydenK. Yerkes,Ph. D., D. D.,42nd&LocustSts., Philadelphia, Pa. (538) '15 Prof. HarryC. York, Ph. D., 602 W. WashingtonAve., Elmira,N.Y. (6Io) '20 Prof. Solomon Zeitlin, Ph. D., Dropsie College,Broadand York Sts., Philadelphia,Pa.
LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS
Lxxvii
LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH SUBSCRIBEFOR THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY io Rue de L'Elysee(8). Paris, France. AmericanSchool of OrientalResearch........... Jerusalem,Palestine. AmherstCollegeLibrary..................... Amherst,Mass. AndoverHarvardTheologicalLibrary.......... Cambridge,Mass. AuburnTheologicalSeminary ................. Abum, N. Y. .................. Me. Seminary Theological Bangor, Bangor Beloit CollegeLibrary ........................ Beloit, Wisconsin. Berkeley,Calif. BerkeleyBaptistDivinity School ............... BodleianLibrary............................. Oxford,England. Boston UniversityLibrary..................... Boston, Mass. Bowdoin CollegeLibrary ..................... Brunswick,Me. Brown UniversityLibrary ..................... Providence,R. I. ...................... . Mawr BrynMawr,Pa. College Bryn BucknellLibrary............................. Chester,Pa. ButlerCollegeLibrary........................ Indianapolis,Ind. CarnegieFree Libraryof Allegheny, Federaland Ohio Sts. N. S. ........................... Pittsburgh,Pa. Pittsburgh,Pa. CarnegieLibrary............................. Rochester,N.Y. Colgate-Rochester Divinity School.............. ColumbiaTheologicalSeminary................ Decatur,Ga. N.Y. City. ColumbiaUniversityLibrary .................. Boston, Mass. CongregationalLibrary ....................... CornellUniversityLibrary .................... Ithaca,N.Y. Montreal,Canada. Divinity Hall, 740 UniversitySt. ............... Divinity School Library,42nd & Locust Streets .. Philadelphia,Pa. DoshishaTheologicalSchool................... Kyto, Japan. Drew TheologicalSeminaryLibrary............ Madison,N.J. Duke UniversityLibrary...................... Durham,N. C. WebsterGroves, Mo. Eden TheologicalSeminaryLibrary............. Georgia. EmoryUniversityLibrary..................... Enoch PrattFree Library ..................... Baltimore,Md. Free Library................................. Philadelphia,Pa. New Brunswick,N.J. Gardnerand Sage Library..................... GarrettBiblicalInstituteLibrary................ Evanston,Ill. N.Y. City. GeneralTheologicalSeminary................. Gettysburg,Pa. GettysburgTheologicalSeminary............... GoucherCollegeLibrary...................... Baltimore,Md. HaverfordCollegeLibrarry.................... Haverford,Pa. HiramCollegeLibrary........................ Hiram,Ohio. AmericanLibraryin Paris .....................
*
*
LXxviii I;ILUVlll
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
Decatur,Ill. JamesMillikenUniversity ............... West 68th St., N.Y. City. Jewish Instituteof Religion.................... Manchester,England. John RylandsLibrary........................ Baltimore,Md. Johns Hopkins UniversityLibrary.............. Library,InternationalY. M. C. A. College ....... Springfield,Mass. Libraryof Congress........................... Washington,D. C. Libreriade Augustin Bosch, 5 Ronda de la Universidad .................................. Barcelona,Spain. MainLibrary,8th and GrandeAve ............. Milwaukee,Wis. Mills College,Calif. MargaretCarnegieLibrary..................... South Hadley,Mass. Mount Holyoke CollegeLibrary................ Mt. St. Mary'sSeminary....................... Norwood, Ohio. Chicago,Ill. NewberryLibrary............................ Newton Centre39, Mass. Newton Theol. InstitutionLibrary ............. NorthwesternUniversityLibrary............. Evanston,Ill. OberlinCollegeLibrary....................... Oberlin,Ohio. Ohio StateUniversityLibrary ................. Columbus,Ohio. PacificSchool of Religion ..................... Berkeley,Cal. PacificUnitarianSchool, Dana and Allston Way. Berkeley,Calif. PittsburghTheological Seminary,6I6 W. North .... ...... . Pittsburgh,Pa. Ave... ....................... PrincetonTheologicalSeminaryLibrary ......... Princeton,N. J. PublicLibrary............................... Boston, Mass. Public Library,197 MontagueSt. .............. Brooklyn,N.Y. PublicLibrary............................... Chicago,Il. PublicLibrary............................... Cleveland,Ohio. GrandRapids,Mich. Public Library............................... PublicLibrary............................... JerseyCity, N.J. . Los Angeles, Calif. PublicLibrary............................. .. New York, N.Y. PublicLibrary............................ St. Louis, Mo. PublicLibrary............................... PublicLibraryof Victoria ..................... Melbourne,Australia. Queen'sUniversity ........................... Kingston, Ontario,Can. RochesterTheologicalSeminaryLibrary......... Rochester,N.Y. San FranciscoTheologicalSeminaryLibrary..... SanAnselmo, Calif. ScarrittCollegefor ChristianWorkersLibrary.... Nashville,Tenn. Shantung,China. ShantungChristianUniv. Tsinan ............... SmithCollege Library ........................ Northampton,Mass. StateLibrary ................................ Albany,N.Y. StateLibrary ................................ Concord,N. H. StateLibrary ................................ Lansing,Mich. StateLibrary ................................ Sacramento,Cal. St. Mary'sMissionLibrary .................... Techny,Ill.
LIST OF EXCHANGES
Sun Yatsen Library ........................... Syracuse University Library .................... Theological School in Harvard University ....... Union College of B. C. Library ................. Union Theological Seminary Library ........... University Library ........................... University of California ....................... . University of Dubuque ....................... University of Illinois ......................... University of Michigan Library ................ University of Minnesota Library ................ University of Pennsylvania Library.............. University of Southern California .............. University of Wisconsin Library ................ Vail Memorial Library, Lincoln University ....... Vassar College Library .................... ... Wellesley College Library...................... Wesleyan University Library ................... Western State Teacher's College ............... Western Theological Seminary, Ridge Ave ....... Dr. Williams' Library ......................... John Gordon Wright Library .................. Zion Research Foundation Library .............
Lxxix Tungshan, China. Syracuse, N.Y. Cambridge, Mass. Vancouver, B. C. N.Y. City. Cambridge, England. Berkeley, Calif. Dubuque, Iowa. Urbana, Ill. Ann Arbor, Mich. Minneapolis, Minn. Philadelphia, Pa. Los Angeles, Calif. Madison, Wis. Lincoln University P. O., Pa. Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Wellesley, Mass. Middletown, Conn. Kalamazoo, Mich. Pittsburgh, Pa. London, W. C., I, England. Cambridge, Mass. Brookline, Mass.
LIST OF EXCHANGES (To be sent to Journal of Biblical Literature, Drawer 8, Yale Station, New Haven, Connecticut, and ultimately to go to the American School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.) Anglican Theological Review .................. Archiv fur Orientforschung.................... Biblica ......................................
Biblioteca Vaticana ........................... Biblische Zeitschrift Ferd. Schoningh Verlag..... Canadian Journa of Religious Thought .......... Crozer Quarterly .............................
Orrington Avenue, Evanston, Illinois. Babelsberger Str. 48, BerlinWilmersdorf. Istituto Biblico Pontifico, Piazza Pilotta 35, Roma I., Italy. Vaticano, Rome, Italy. Paderbom. 73 Queens Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Chester, Pennsylvania. 245
LXXX
JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE
ExpositoryTimes ........................... Edinburgh,Scotland. Jewish QuarterlyReview ...................... Philadelphia,Pa. Journalof Religion, Univ. of ChicagoLibrarian.. Periodical Divison Harper M 22, Chicago, Illinois.
Journalof TheologicalStudies ................. Kalich .....................................
London, England. Hus TheologicalFaculty,Prague I, Klementinum,Czecho-Slovakia. Haarlem,Holland. Berlin C 2, SchloB,Portal 3.
Nieuw TheologischTijdschrift................. Notgemeinschaftder deutschenWissenschaft..... Proceedingsof the AmericanAcademyfor Jewish Research.................................. Philadelphia,Pa. Review and Expositor......................... Louisville,Kentucky. Revue BibliqueInternationale ................ 90 Rue Bonaparte,Paris, France. Revue d'Histoireet de PhilosophieReligieuses... CareProf.Menegoz,Palaisde l'Universite,Strasbourg, France. Theologie der Gegenwart...................... Leipzig,Germany. .................. TheologischeLiteraturzeitung Leipzig,Germany. ............. Studien und Kritiken Gotha, Germany. Theologische Germany. TheologischesLiteraturblatt...................Leipzig, Zeitschriftffir die alttestamentlicheWissenschaft.G6ttingen,Nikolausberger Weg 53, Germany. Zeitschriftfiir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft.Berlin-Wilmersdorf,Berliner StraBe65.
