One Step over the Line: Toward a History of Women in the North American Wests

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#FLG<M;LAGFQQOBB

Section One

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The essay s i n t h i s s e c t i o n B=>GMB?RG@>LMA:MABL

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Section Two

Ä   Å

Sylvia Va n K i r k :G=-NL:GKFBM:@> PAHL>>LL:RL:II>:KBG

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:?:KFDGHPG:L):DE:G=L 1BMAMA>BKA;<:G=-,HLL?:FBER MHHD K:;E> IKB=> IKHOB=>= : FHK> :F>G:;E>?:FBER ;NM>O>GA>K>MA>RPHNE=A:O>MH =>:EPBMAMA>K:GMLMA:MP>K>;>@BGGBG@MHI>KMAKHN@A MABLLHMR#GMA> L MA>RHNG@>K,HLL=:N@AM>KL ':KRF>EB::G= EHK: P>K>?>:MNK>=:MMA>;:EEL@BO>G;RMA>H?–<>KLH?MA>KBMBLA(:OR ;NM MA>R =B= GHM A:O> : ?:MA>K MH F:M ?HK MA>F :L MA>BK 'bMBL FIHK:KB>L =B= < H;L>KO>K MA> ,HLL>L P>K> O>KR –G>EHHDBG@@BKEL ;NMMA>RA:=:@K>:M=>:EH?#G=B:G;EHH=BGMA>F:G= P>K> LNIIHL>= MH ;> HGER HG MA> >=@> H? LHMRŽ #M A>EI>=F:MM>KLFNBKMPHRHNG@>LM;KHMA>KLP>K>:ELH@>MMBG@ :K>INM:MBHG?HK;>BG@PBE=:G=LI>G=MAKB?MRHNG@F>G:;HNMMHPG#M BLI>KA:ILBG=B<:MBO>H?MA>NGL>MME>=IKHLI><MLH?MA>?:FBER:MMA>MBF> MA:MBGMA>RHNG@>LM=:N@AM>K EHK: PAHP:LMA>GHGER>B@AM>>G F:=>:GBEE CN=@>=F:MKMA:GA>KL>E?">P:L: ;K:LAF>KB<:G?KHGMB>KLF:GG:F>=*:NE%"N;;L PAHP:L?HK:MBF> <MHK H? QM>GLBO> MK:=> MB>LPBMAG:MBO>I>HIE>MA:MA>P:L=N;;>=:PABM>#G=B:GŽ "HP>O>K EHK:LI:E>=BGKPB=HP>= FHMA>K PAHBGA>KFB=  LLN<=MHMA>:MM>GMBHGLH?:RHNG@LNBMHK ?KHF:LM>KG:G:=:8HG>&NG PAHFLA>F:KKB>= BG.A>G>PLM>I?:MA>KP:LLHHG:MH==LPBMAMA>?:FBER >LI>
.J9FK:GJ<=J 9EADQAFL@=*9;A•;(GJL@1=KL

E>Q:G=>K MA>>E=>LMLHG:MAHF> :LBM;><:F>:II:K>GMMA:M)KB>G P:LBGM>GMHG=>?K:N=BG@MA>F.A>LNEM>=BGFN
:;E> IN;EBEE:L =BLMK>LL K>LNEM>= BG A>K M>FIHK:KBER KNGGBG@ :P:R PA>K>NIHG)KB>GLMHHI>=MHOBLHN@AMMH M:KGBLAA>KK">IN;EB<ER=>GHNG<>=A>K:L:=KNGD>GLJN:PŽ BGMA>0B<MHKB:9ADQ@JGFA;D=BGIKBE =><E:KBG@MA:MA>PHNE=GHM I:R:GR=>;MLLA>FB@AMBGP=:RLE:M>K MA>RHNG@>LMLHG 1BEEB:F =>GHNG<>=)KB>G O>KR:<MLBG<>ABLF:KKB:@>A:L;>>G MHMKRMH@>M>O>KRMABG@?KHFFRFHMA>K :G=MNKGNLMA>GHNM H?MA>AHNL>1BEERHN=HF>:G=FRFHMA>KMA>LBFIE>CNLMB<>MHIN;

EBLAMABL :LLNF>GM:L)KB>GA:LF:=>BL<:E=MHBGCNK> ;HMAA>K:G=FRL>E?Ž1A>GMA>?:FBERMA>G;>@:GIKH<>>=BG@L:@:BGLM )KB>GMHIKHO>MA:MA>P:L:<MN:EER:;B@:FBLM A>:II:K>GMER=>L>KM>= NIBLE:G= PA>K>A><:F>MH:GNGMBF>ER>G=:?>PR>:KLE:M>K#L:;>EE: JNBM>MA:GD?NEERPB=HP>=:@:BG K>:LLNF>=A>KLM:MNL:LMA>PB=HPH? A:KE>L ,HLL .A> HGER IHKMK:BM H? #L:;>EE: ,HLL P:L EBD>ER M:D>G BG 0B<MHKB::MMABLMBF>#MLAHPLA>KBGA>KPB=HPLP>>=L: A>K=B@GBMR ;NM :ELHMA>L:=G>LLK>LNEMBG@?KHFLHF:GR=B?–L <:G;>K>:=BGMABL IB<MNK>->> B@NK> >KM:BGER ?:FBERMK:@>=R=E=>LMLHG$HAG PAHA:=:LLNF>= E>:=>KLABIH?MA>?:FBER P:LHGER?HKMRPA>GA>=B>=BG?>PR>:KL E:M>K :?M>KGNF>KHNL;KNLA>LPBMAMA>E:P MA>MPHRHNG@>LMLHGL K:GK>=H?KH;;BG@:ABG>L>F:G:G=L>GM>G<>= ?HK–O>R>:KL:MA:K=E:;HNK.ABLA:KLA?:M>:KHNL>=IN;EB<LRFI:MAR :G=:PB=>ER LNIIHKM>=I>MBMBHGMHMA>@HO>KGHK:LD>=?HKMA>BKK>E>:L> <E:BFBG@MA:MMA>BKA>:EMAP:LLN??>KBG@-BK$:F>LHN@E:LM>LMB–>=MA:M A> A:= DGHPG MA>BKFHLM K>LI><M:;E> I:K>GMLŽ :G= MA:M MA>L> RHNG@ F>GP>K>GHMMA>;E:RP>K>F:=>HNMMH;> ?M>KL>KOBG@ :;HNMMPHR>:KL MA>,HLL;HRLP>K>K>E>:L>=HGBK;:G

BLAF>GM?KHFMA>@HG>;:;HK=>KMH MA>*N@>M-HNG=:K>:

>?B@NK> #K9:=DD9,GKK 5*=JEAKKAGF>JGEJALAK@GDME:A9,=;GJ
 6

s y l v i a v a n k i r k

#L:;>EE:,HLLFNLMA:O>LN??>K>=K:;E>:G@NBLAHO>KMA>L>>O>GML ;NMLA>=H>L:II>:KMHA:O>?HNG=LHF>LHE:<>BGK>EB@BHG.A>G@EB<:G <E>K@RF:G =P:K= KB=@> NL>= MH F:D> K>@NE:K OBLBML MH 'KL ,HLL MH K>:= :G= IK:R PBMA A>K :G= PA>G KB=@> ;KHD> PBMA MA> G@EB<:G ANKANKEE:,HLLP:L:FHG@ MA>BGBMB:EI>PAHE=>KL RMA>>:KER L MA>0B<MHKB:,HLL>LA:=A:=MH L>EEH??:@HH==>:EH?MA>BKIKHI>KMR.A>K>F:BGBG@LHG E>Q:G=>K :II:K

>GMER L>MME>= =HPG :G= F:KKB>= BG  ;NM A> P:L GHM P>EE H?? ;>BG@ >FIEHR>=:L:E:;HNK>KHGMA>G>B@A;HNKBG@*>F;>KMHG>LM:M>PA>GA> =B>=LN==>GERH?:A>:KM:MM:RHNG@>LM=:N@A

M>K EHK: :G=MA>PB=HP>==:N@AM>KL BG E:PK>F:BG>=BG0B<MHKB:.A> ,HLL?:FBEREHLMMA>K>LMH?BMLIKHI>KMR :G=#L:;>EE:,HLL>G=>=A>K=:RL BG:EBMME>HGMA>@KHNG=LH?MA>GMH?MA>-BLM>KLH?-:BGM GG PA>K>LA>=B>=BG:MMA>:@>H?L>O>GMR >B@AM EHK: P:L MA> HGER MH IKHOB=> –G:G MH A>K FHMA>KBGA>KE:LMR>:KL :LLA>A:=@HG>HGMHF:D>:GNGNLN:E<:K>>K ?HKA>KL>E?EMAHN@ALA>A:=A:=:LHGBG EHK:A:=;>>GLH;:=ER MK>:M>=;RA>KANL;:G=MA:M;RMA>RA:=;>>G=BOHK<>= :G= EHK: EBD> A>K FHMA>K K>:LLNF>= MA> ?:FBER G:F> H? ,HLL #GM>K>LMBG@ER >GHN@A LA>:ELH=A>KLHGLG:F> @BOBG@ABFMA>G:F>H?A>K ?:MA>KBGLM>:=H?A>KANL;:G=L#G EHK:,HLLP:L:IIHBGM>=F:MKHG H?MA>0B<MHKB:C:BE IKBF:KBERMHEHHD:?M>KL>O>K:E?>F:E>F>GM:EI:MB>GML PAH P>K> MA>G AHNL>= MA>K> -A> MA>G ;><:F> MA> F:MKHG H? MA> *KHOBGG>=–KLMBG0B<MHKB::G=P:LMA>GFHO>= MH (>P 1>LMFBGLM>K BG  &BOBG@ JN:KM>KL ?HK A>KL>E? :G= A>K LHG P>K>IKHOB=>=:MMA>BGLMBMNMBHG :G=:EMAHN@ALA>E:=IKH?>LLBHG:E MK:BGBG@ LA>NEMBF:M>ERPHGK:;E>K>LI><M?HKA>KANF:G>:G= >?–GM F:G:@>F>GM H? MA> PHF>GL P:K= (HG>MA>E>LL :L : G:MBO> PHF:GPBMA:LHGMHK:BL>HGA>KHPG LA>A:=MH–@AMMHF:BGM:BGA>K K>INM:MBHG:G=A>KIHLBMBHG1ABE>LMBEEBG0B<MHKB: :G>PER :KKBO>=LNI>K

BGM>G=>GMA:=LN@@>LM>=MA:MLA>P:LBEE LNBM>=MHMA>CH;;><:NL>LA> P:L:GBFFHK:E#G=B:G ŽBGLN;HK=BG:M> :G=MHH?HG=H??K:M>KGBSBG@

>?B@NK>  DGJ9,GKK 5*=JEAKKAGF>JGEJALAK@GDME:A9,=;GJ
6

s y l v i a v a n k i r k

 s y l v i a v a n k i r k

PBMA A:E? ;K>>=L .A> LNI>KBGM>G=>GM AHP>O>K EBMME> NG=>KLMHH= MA> F:D> NI H? 0B<MHKB:L LHMR :M MA> MBF> EHK: ,HLL A:= BG—N>GMB:E ?KB>G=L:G=K>MHKM>=MA:MMA>A:E? ;K>>=LH?PAHFA>LIHD>P>K>BG?:<M E:=B>LH? MA> AB@A>LM K>LI><M:;BEBMR FHLM H? MA>F FHOBG@ BG MA> ;>LM LHMR H?0B<MHKB:Ž -A> PHG MA> ;:MME> PBMA MA> LNI>KBGM>G=>GM :G= K>F:BG>=BGA>KIHLBMBHGP>EEBGMHMA> LLMREBLAIHKMK:BMH? EHK: ,HLL M:D>G BG MA>  L <:IMNK>L A>K HPG LMK>G@MA H? K :G= 0B<MHKB:G K>LI><M:;BEBMR ->> B@NK>  -A> =B>= BG  :M MA> :@> H? –?MR –O> :FBERLIHG=>G<>BGMA>G>QM@>G>K:MBHGK>O>:ELMA:MMA>K>P:L K:;E>MK:O>EEBG@;>MP>>G;K:GLH?MA>?:FBER ;: ;HK=>K BG MA> >GLNBG@ =><:=>L &BMME> BL DGHPG H? MA> HMA>K MPH ,HLL =:N@AM>KL >Q<>IM PAHF MA>R F:KKB>= :MA>KBG> A:= G>O>K MH0B<MHKB: A:OBG@F:KKB>=:PABM>L>MME>K ">GKR'NKK:R :G=L>M

MEBG@BG*B>K<>HNGMKRBG1:LABG@MHG-M:M>.A>K>F:BGBG@=:N@AM>K ':KR F>EB: A:= :<MN:EER F:KKB>= A>K ;KHMA>K BG E:P A:KE>L 1K>G :?M>KA>KLBLM>K=B>=BG0B<MHKB:BG :G=LA>MANL;><:F>LM>IFHMA>K MH A>K ?HNK GB><>L .ABL ;K:G ?:FBER K>MNKG>= MH 1:LABG@MHG -M:M> :L=B=A:KE>L,HLL$K:G=ABL?:FBER(>BMA>KH?MA>L>;K:GLH? MA>?:FBERA:=IKHLI>K>=BG0B<MHKB:#GLMN=RBG@MA>LHGLH?>EBM>?NK

MK:=> ?:FBEB>L BG MR BM :II>:KL MA:M K: : =B??>K>GMB:EBFI:<MHG@>G=>KKHE>LLI>LNKIENLH?F:E> BFFB@K:GMLMHMA>>FLMA:MLHGLA:=@K>:M=B?–
BG@ :G > ?HK MA>FL>EO>L :G= F:BGM:BGBG@ MA> ?:FBERL LM:MNL<EN>MHMA>?:FBERL:LIBK:MBHGL:G=MA>BK>FIA:LBLHG-MAGBOB=>GMBGMABLK>F:KD:;E>?:FBERIHKMK:BMH?A:KE>L$K:G= ABL ?:FBER PABG =NKBG@ MA>BK MBF> BG 0B<MHKB: ->> B@NK> #MBL<>KM:BGERBKHGB< MA>G MA:MNIHGK>MNKGBG@MH1:LABG@MHG-M:M> BMP:LMH;>MA>PB?>L#G=B:GA>KBM:@>MA:MIKHOB=>=:E:G=;:L>.AKHN@A :MA>KBG>.HF: MA>?:FBERP:LL>MME>=HG:AHF>LM>:=HGMA>(BLJN:EER #G=B:G,>L>KO:MBHGBG.A>K> A:KE>L$K:G=:MA>KBG> PAHNEMBF:M>ER

 @9JD=K,GKK $JOAL@@AK>9EADQ 5*=JEAKKAGF>JGEJALAK@GDME:A9,=;GJ
6

.J9FK:GJ<=J 9EADQAFL@=*9;A•;(GJL@1=KL

A:= >E>O>G G EBO>= NGEBD> F:GR H? ABL LB;EBG@L MH : O>G>K:;E> HE=:@>A:KE>L=B>=BG :G=ABLPB?>BG.ABLE:G= MHH P:LEHLM ;NM=>L<>G=:GMLH?MABL?:FBERMH=:R:K>IKHN=H?MA>BKF>F;>KLABIBG MA> (BLJN:EER #G=B:G ;:G= #M BL LB@GB–<:GM MH H;L>KO> A>K> MA:M A:= A:KE>L,HLL$KF:KKB>=::G:=B:G:;HKB@BG:EPHF:G LA>PHNE=A:O> EHLMA>K#G=B:GLM:MNL :LPHNE=A>KG/G=>KMA>:G:=B:G#G=B:G <M :GR#G=B:GPHF:GPAHF:KKB>=:PABM>F:GHKGHG LM:MNL#G=B:G P:LGHEHG@>KE>@:EERK>=:G#G=B:G:G=MANLEHLMMA>KB@AMMHEBO> HGK>L>KO>E:G=L .ABL;KB>?HO>KOB>PH?MA>A:KE>L,HLL?:FBERAB@AEB@AMLMA>?:L
:MBG@ =RG:FBM>>GMA <>GMNKR ?:FBER BG MA> >F>K@BG@ *:LM.A>L>EBO>LP>K>GHMHGER=;RMA>BKFBQ>= :G<>LMKR ;NM;RMA>BKMK:GL;HK=>K>QI>KB>G<>

 

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SECTION THREE

…Å…Å Å

The “gre at m a n ” a ppr o a c h MHABLMHKRA:LE:K@>ER?:EE>G

HNM H? ?:OHNK :FHG@ ABLMHKB:GL .A> :LLNFIMBHG MA:M HG> IHP>K?NE F:GLEB?>E? >QIE:BGD>R>K:L:G=>O>GMLP:LK>=:L MHHEBFBM>= :G=MA>:LLNFIMBHGMA:MEHG> IHP>K?NEBG=BOB=N:ELF:=> ABLMHKR;RMA>FL>EO>LA:L;>>G=?HKB@GHKBG@MA>P:RLMA:MABL

MHKR BL F:=> BG EH<:E :G= =:BER QML .A> :KMB<E>L BG MABL L><MBHG <MBO>;BH@K:IAB>LH?PHF>GBGMAK>>=B??>K>GMMBF>L:G=IE:<>L :K> : K>?K>LABG@ K>FBG=>K H? MA> IHP>K?NE BGLB@AML MA:M <:G ;> @:BG>= ;R ;KBG@BG@BG=BOB=N:EEBO>LBGMH?HIHP>KH?MA>L>>LL:RLEB>LI:KMERBGMA>?:<MMA:MMA>R=HGHM:MM>FIM :@K>:MPHF:GŽ:IIKH:K MA>R>Q:FBG>LMHKB>L:G=EBO>LMA:M K>O>:ELHF>MABG@FHK>@>G>K:E:;HNMPHF>GL>QI>KB>G<>LBGMA>BKI:K

MBLML :G=:;HNMABLMHKB>LMA:MMAHNL:G=LH?BGM>K>LMBG@ :G=BEENFBG:MBG@BG=BOB=N:ELMHKB>L.A>L>BG=BOB=N:ELMHKB>L LH>:LRMH EHL>BGMA>LP>>IBG@G:KK:MBO>LMA>1>LMBGOBM>L <:G:ELHK> LA:I>MAHL> G:KK:MBO>LBGLF:EE;NM M>EEMA>FMHK>—><MMA>BK=B?

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h e l e n r a p t i s

Section Five


Å

Everyon e w h o c r o s s e s :;HK=>KBL:MK:GL@K>LLHKH?HG>

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Borderla n d s s t u d i es A:O>MK:=BMBHG:EER?H=HGMA>

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Section Six

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The artic le s BGMABLL><MBHGKH?NGF:KD>=;HNG=

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Section Seven

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