Pocket Guide to Flanges, Fittings, and Piping Data, Third Edition

Pocket Guide to Flanges, Fittings, and Piping Data by R. R. Lee

• ISBN: 088415310X • Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books • Pub. Date: November 1999

PREFACE Materials personnel are usually the first to be assigned to a project and the last to close it. Their responsibilities of collecting tables, catalogs, specifications, and materials accounting system forms and supplies commence even before they depart for the jobsite, which could very well be in Mukluk, AI Mukalla, AI Khobar, Belo Horizonte, or just outside of Houston. To have all the required documentation on hand at the jobsite is a real challenge. This handbook is designed to bridge the gap for piping data and materials storage procedures until a more formal specification has been issued by your project manager. It is intended to help train new materials personnel on the project by answering questions they may be afraid to ask. The markings on fittings and pipe are explained in a non-technical language. Pipe schedules are provided to show equal schedules in certain sizes, but different call-outs such as standard and schedule 40. Tables describing the size and length of bolts for flanges and clamps are included, in addition to the size wrench xi

required to fit the nut. An oval ring gasket cross-reference chart is also included. The book is quite useful to drafters, purchasing agents, pipefitters, students, and project managers. The material in the book is believed to be technically correct; neither the author nor Gulf Publishing Company warrant its use. Always consult the applicable specification issued by the project manager at your project.

R. R. Lee Houston, Texas

i.

Xll

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to certain colleagues and business associates for their contributions and support for strong material control programs: J. M. Smith, P. Rajagapolan, and Mohd Kunhi, MIS Dubai, U.A.E.; A.S. Zeidy, Cairo, Egypt; T. W. Acosta, C. L. Davis, McDermott (Saudi Arabia); Joseph Twail, MIS Oman; Edgar H. Von Minden, Jr., Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.; Beatrice Welch, M. D.; J. R. Lee, AMOCO Production Co.; K. D. Callaway, HAH-Kuwait; Delmar and Elmar Boyd, Bechtel (Libya); Kevin Talbot, MIS-Sharjah; Yousef A. AI-Omani, MISCO-Kuwait; and my wife Pat for assistance with the preparation of this book.

Table of Contents Acknowledgments, Page x

Preface, Pages xi-xii

1 - ANSI Flanges, Pages 1-39

2 - ANSI Buttweld Fittings, Pages 41-65

3 - Refinery Pipe, Pages 66-82

4 - API Flanges, Pages 83-103

5 - Stainless Steels, Pages 104-126

6 - Miscellaneous Items, Pages 127-134

7 - Pipeline Pigs, Pages 135-148

8 - Materials Handling Tips, Pages 149-156

Appendix A - Piping Abbreviations, Pages 157-162

Appendix B - Useful Formulas, Pages 163-165

Index, Pages 166-171

About the Author, Page 172

1

ANSI FLANGES A flange is used to join pipe, valves, or a vessel within a system. The common ANSI flanges are shown in Figure 1-1, and special flanges are illustrated and defined later in this chapter. ANSI Standards Pressure ratings for flanges are designed to ANSI standards of 150 Ib, 300 Ib, 400 Ib, 600 Ib, 900 Ib, 1500 Ib, and 2500 lb. The most common terminology used is the pound reference, although the more formal reference is by class, such as Class 150 flange. The ANSI standards require that each flange be stamped with identifying markings as shown in Figure 1-2. The markings include: 1. Manufacturer's trade name. 2. Nominal pipe size--the outside diameter of pipe the flange will match when welded to the pipe. 1

"Im~L~_ZATLOR ~ORGE_A~ Welding Neck Flange

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k Blind Flange Figure 1-1. ANSI flanges. (Courtesyof TaylorForge.)

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3. Primary pressure rating (also known as the flange rating)--150-Ib, 300-1b, etc. 4. Face designation--the machined gasket surface area of the flange (resembles a phonograph record, see Figure 1-3). The flange face is the most important part of the flange. The lhs-in, raised face is

Figure 1-3. Flangeface gasketsurfaces.(Courtesyof TaylorForge.)

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common in 150-1b and 300-1b classes. Heavier ratings are ~/4-in. raised faces. A ring type joint is available in all classes, but more common in the 600-1b and greater classes. Bore (also known as the nominal wall thickness of matching pipe)--the measure of the flange wall thickness, which matches the inside dimension of the pipe being used. Material designation--ASTM specifications that describe the raw materials from which the flange is made, such as ingots, blooms, billets, slabs, or bars. Ring gasket number--used when the flange face is a ring type joint style. Heat number or code--the batch number used by steel forgers to identify a particular batch number of steel forgings and test results. The mill test results are made available to the purchasers of the flanges.

Flange Bores Weldneck and socket weld flanges are drilled (machined) with the wall thickness of the flange having the same dimensions of the matching pipe. The lighter the pipe is, the larger the bore; conversely, the heavier the pipe, the smaller the bore. Other flanges are drilled to match the outside diameter of pipe sizes, and do not have bore markings to indicate a pipe schedule. 6

Types of ANSI Flanges Weldneck Flange This flange, shown in Figures 1-1 and 1-2, is normally used for high-pressure, cold or hot temperatures.

Slip-on and Lap Joint Flanges Figure 1-4 shows these "twin" flanges. Note, however, that a slip-on flange is bored slightly larger than the OD of the matching pipe. The pipe slips into the flange prior to welding both inside and outside to prevent leaks. The lap joint flange has a curved radius at the bore and face to accommodate a lap joint stub end. (Stub ends are described in Chapter 2.) The lap joint flange and stub end assembly are normally used in systems requiring frequent dismantling for inspection.

Threaded Flange This type of flange, shown in Figure 1-5, is used in systems not involving temperature or stresses of any magnitude.

Socket Weld Flange This flange is similar to slip-on flange, except they have a bore and a counter bore. See Figure 1-6. 7

Slip-on Flange

Lap Joint Flange

Figure 1-4. Slip-on and lap joint flanges. (Courtesy of Taylor Forge.)

The counter bore is slightly larger than the OD of the matching pipe, allowing the pipe to be inserted. A restriction is built into the bottom of the bore, which acts as a shoulder for the pipe to rest on, and has the same ID of the matching pipe. The flow is not restricted in any direction. 8

Figure 1-5. Threadedflange. (Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a division of TrinityIndustries.)

Figure 1-6. Socket weld flange. (Courtesyof Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

Reducing Flange The reducing flange is similar in every respect to the full size of the flange from which the reduction is to be made. See Figure 1-7A. 9

A

B

figure1-7.Reducingandblindflanges.(Courtesyof TubeTurnsTechnologies,Inc.) The reducing flange is described in the same manner as a reducer--that is, the large end first, the reduction second. An example would be a 6-in. raised face by 2-in. threaded reducing flange, ANSI 150 Ib rating.

Blind Flange Figure 1-7B shows a blind flange, which has no bore, and is used to close ends of piping systems. A blind flange also permits easy access to a line once it has been sealed. The blind flange is sometimes machined to accept a pipe of the nominal size to which the reduction is being made. The reduction can be either threaded or welded.

Miscellaneous Flanges Long Weldneck Flange This is a special flange used for nozzles on pressure vessels. The hub is always straight, and the hub thickness is greater than the diameter of any piping that may be bolted to the flange. See Figure 1-8. 10

Figure 1-8. Longweldneckflange.(Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a divisionof Trinity Industries.)

Orifice Flange The function of an orifice flange is to meter the flow of liquids and gases through a pipe line. Figure 1-9 shows an orifice flange complete with bolting and jack screws. The jack screws are used to spread the flanges apart in a line to change an orifice plate between the two flanges.

Figure 1-9. Orificeflangewith jackscrews.(Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.) 11

Figure1-10.Cutawayof an orificeflange.(Courtesyof TaylorForge.) As illustrated in Figure 1-10, the orifice flange has drilled and tapped outlets for installing the metering device (recorder).

Materials Control Receiving Flanges It is very important to carefully examine every flange to verify that each conforms to the purchase order specifications. It is equally important to check for damage to the face and beveled end, and inspect the flanges for corrosion. Report any damage or other discrepancies to your supervisor or prepare an over, short, and damage report (OS&D). 12

Applying Commodity Code Numbers When flanges are received, apply your company's commodity identification numbers on flanges and other materials. Apply the numbers in the same area as the manufacturer's stamped flange identification numbers. Always stock the flanges with the numbers facing the same direction for prompt and positive material identification.

Storing Flanges The preferred storage method for flanges is face down on wooden pallets or wooden docks, using dunnage to separate each layer of flanges, as shown in Figure 1-11. (For dunnage, use wooden strips, paneling, cardboard, plywood, etc.) Special care should be extended to the flange facing during storage or shipments to other areas.

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Figure1-11.Diagramof methodfor storingflanges. 13

Accounting Records Good technical descriptions are necessary in any system. The very best source for technical descriptions is your company's computer master. If the computer master is not available, then try to be consistent each time you describe the same materials in the accounting system. A good technical description of the weldneck flange shown in Figure 1-2 would be: What is it? What type facing? What is the pressure rating? What is the bore?

Weldneck Flange. Faced and drilled raised face. ANSI 150 Ib rating. Bore standard weight (.237-inch wall thickness).

It is not necessary when describing flanges and other materials to include the trademark, the ASTM specification, or the heat number unless requested to do so by your supervisor.

Shipping Flanges When flanges are to be shipped to other locations either loose or as an integral part of a fabricated pipe piece, protect the flange face with a flange protector, and the beveled end with an end protector. Flange protectors are very inexpensive compared to replacing even one damaged flange during an offshore 14

Figure1-12.Commercialflangeprotectors.(Courtesyof MarkV, divisionof Phoenix Industries,Inc.) or overseas shipment. Figure 1-12 shows a low-cost, durable protector that can be quickly installed and locked in place by friction lock poly bolts. These protectors protect the entire flange facing from impact damage, and will not deteriorate. The protectors are reusable. A wrap of duct tape around the outer edge of the protector and the flange ring will prevent sand and water from entering the pipe or nozzle areas.

Flange Dimensions Table 1-1 includes the wall thickness schedules and dimensions of ANSI flanges. The table is very useful to engineers, draftsmen, fabricators, purchasing, and materi15

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als control persons. Familiarize yourself with the table and its contents. For an exercise, blank out the markings on a flange, and by using the table as a reference, properly identify the flange as to size, bolt holes, rating, bore, etc. The practice will enrich your skill and self-confidence as a materials person. Table 1-1 also includes pipe schedules that describe the flange bores,as well as fittings. It is necessary at this time for you to become familiar with the following schedule terminology: Light wall Schedule 10 (Sch/10, S/10) Schedule 20 (Sch/20, etc.) Schedule 30 Schedule 40 Standard Weight Schedule 60 Extra Strong (Extra heavy, EH, XH) Schedule 80 Schedule 100 Schedule 120 Schedule 140 Schedule 160 Double Extra Strong (Double extra heavy, XXH, XXS) Many of the schedules are identical in certain sizes, and either description is correct, but be consistent. An example of 6-in. Schedule 40, standard weight, or .23718

in. wall thickness. All three have the same meaning per Table 1-1, in the 6-in. size.

ANSI Flange Bolting Stud Bolts In ANSI piping, stud bolts are stamped with identifying numbers on the ends of bolts and the face of the nuts. A common mark for bolts is B7, and Grade 2H on the nuts. The bolts are often plated with various coatings, some of which are listed below:

Plating

Marking

Cadmium Zinc Chromium Tin Silver

B7 L7 B16 B8 B8M

Stud bolts are shipped from vendors as so many bolts/ nuts per pound. If the purchase order states 100 stud bolts with two heavy hex nuts each, then you may receive 99 or 102 bolts with nuts. To save time, and avoid counting each bolt, verify the total weight as being correct, verify about 25% of the markings per the specification, then store the bolts in the shipping container rather than using valuable warehouse shelving space. 19

Do not grease, spray, or clean bolts without specific instructions from your supervisor. Do not store new bolts with used bolts.

Machine Bolts The machine bolt is commonly used for slip-on and threaded flanges. Only one heavy hex nut is required for a machine bolt. Both the bolt and the nut are identified the same way as for stud bolts.

Measuring Stud Bolts A fast way to measure a stud bolt diameter is by measuring the thickness of the heavy hex nut; for example, a 1/2-in. diameter bolt has a heavy hex nut that is 1/2-in. thick. Measure the length of stud bolts to the nearest 1/4-in. from thread to thread, less the point heights as shown in Figure 1-13.

CI I [ llilliiai lliIiIiIiliII i ]IIOI Point height Stud Bolt With Nuts

Figure 1-13. Methodof measuringstud bolts. (Courtesyof the AmericanPetroleum Institute.) 20

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Figure 1-14. Methodof measuringmachinebolts. (Courtesyof the AmericanPetroleum Institute.)

Measuring Machine Bolts Measure the length of a machine bolt from the underside of the head to the end point. See Figure 1-14. (All bolts are rounded off to the nearest V4-in.). Tables 1-2 through 1-16 describe stud bolt and machine bolt tables for all ANSI flanges previously discussed for raised and flat faced flanges, plus ring type joint flanges (RTJ). The tables also include the size of the wrench required to fit the heavy hex nuts used on each diameter of stud bolts. (Wrench size is calculated as one and one-half times the size of the bolt plus one eighth of an inch). Figure 1-15 shows a dimensional gauge for bolting. Example: 1V2 x 1 = 1~/2 + ~/8 = l S/8-in. wrench for a 1-in. nut. Table 1-17 gives suggested materials for use in different line service temperatures.

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Figure 1-15. Dimensional gauge for bolting. (Courtesy of Lone Star Screw Co. of Houston, Inc.)

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Table 1-2 Alloy Steel Machine Bolts for ANSI 150-1b Raised Face or Flat Face Flanges, Each with One Heavy Hex Nut Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 1/2 % 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5

Number of Machine Bolts Required

Size & Length of Machine Bolts (in.)

Wrench Size for Nut (in.)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8

lhx2 lh x 21/4 lh x 21/4 lh x 21h lh x 21h % x 23/4 %x3 % x 31/4 %x3V4 s18 x 3114 314 X 3114 314x 3112 3/4 X 33/4 %x4 % x 41/4 1 x41h 1 x43/4 1118x 5 1118x 511, 1114x 5314 1114x 6 11/4 X 61/4 1114X 61/4 11/4 x 61/2 11/2 x 7 1112x 7114 1112x 7114 11/2 x 73/4

% % % % 7/8 11/le

8 8

6 8

8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 3O 32 34 36 42

12 12 12 16 16 20 20 20 24 28 28 28 32 32 36

8

11/le lY16 1Vie lY16 11/4 11/4 11/4 1%6 17/16 1% 1% 113/lS 113/16 2 2 2 2 2 23/8 2318 2% 23/8

In a g r e e m e n t w i t h A N S I B. 16.5

23

Table 1-3 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 150-1b Raised Face or Flat Face Flanges, Each with Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) .'/2 314 1 1114 1112 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5

6 8 10 12 14

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 42

Number M Bolts Required

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.)

4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 8 8 8 12

V2x21h V2x2V2 112x 2% l12x2a14 Y2x3 %x3V4 %x3V2 % x 3314 % x 3% sis x 3314 s/4x4 S/4X4 s14 X 4.'h 71s x 4314

12

% x 4314 I x 5"14

12 16 16 20 20 20 24 28 28 28 32 32 36

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

24

1 x 5.'/2 1.'/8 x 6 11/s x 6.'/4 1.'/4 x 6% 1.'/4 x 7 1.'/4 x 71/4 1.'/4 x 71/4 I.'14 X 7.'12 1.'/2 X 8.'14 IV, X 8114 11/2 x 8.'/2 1V2x9

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) % % 71, 1is % lyle 11/16 1Vie ly16 1vie 1114 1114 1114 17/le 1711e 15/8 1% 1-/le 113116 2 2 2 2 2 2% 2% 2% 2%

Table 1-4 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 300-1b Raised Face Flanges, Each with Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 1/2 3/4 1 11/4 111, 2 21/, 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Number of Bolts Required 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24 24 24 28 28 28 28 28 32

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.) 1/2 x 2% %x3 %x31h %x31h 3/4 x 3% %x31h 3hx4 3/4 x 41/4 3h x 41h 314x 41h 314x 4314 314x5 718 x 511, 1 X61/4 11/8 X 6% 11/8 X 7 11/4 X 71/2 .1114x 73/4 1114x 8114 11/2 x 9 11/2 X 91/4 15/8 • 10114 1518x I0a14 1314x 11114 1718x 12114 1718x 12112 2 x 13

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) 7Is 1Vie lV16 1Vie 11/4 11/16 1114 1114 1114 1114 1114 1114 1711e 1% 113118 113116 2 2 2 2% 23/8 2% 29/lS 2314 21S116 215/16 31/3

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

25

Table 1-5 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 400-1b Raised Face Flanges, Each with Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) lh 3/4 1 lV4 11h 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Number of Bolts Required 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24 24

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

26

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.) 1/2 x 31/4 %x31h %x3% %x4 %x41h %x41h 3/4 x 43/4 3/4x5 %x51h 7hx51h 7/8 X 53/4 %x6 I x 6314 11/8 x 71/2 11/4 x 8 11/4 x 81/4 1% x 83/4 1% x 9 11/2 X 93/4 13/4 X 103/4

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) 7/8 1Vie lyre lV16 11/4 1Vie 11/4 11/4 17118 17/le 17/lS 17118 1% 113/m 2 2 23he 23/1, 23/, 23/,,

Table 1-6 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 600-1b Raised Face Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe

Number of Bolts

Size & Length of

Wrench Size for

Size (in.)

Required

Stud Bolts (in.)

Nuts (in.)

lh x 31/4 % x 31/2 % x 33/4 S/ex4 314x41/4 5h x 41/4 % x 43/4 3/4x5 % x 51/2 718 X 5314 1 x61/2 1 x 6% 11/8 x 73/4 11/4 x 81/2 1114X 8314 13/8 x 91/4 11/2 x 10 1518X 103/4 15/8 x 111/2 13/4 x 12114 17/8 x 13 17/8 x 131/2 2 x 14 2 x 14114 21/4 x 15 21/2 x 16

7/a 11/18 11/15 11116 11/4 11/16 11/4 11/4 17/le 17116 15/8 15/8 113116 2 2 23/16 23/8 29/16 29/16 23/4 215/le 215/18 31/8 31/8 31/2 3%

1/2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 36

4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 24 24 24 28 28 28 28 28

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

27

Table 1-7 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 900-1b Raised Face Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe

Number of Bolts

Size & Length of

Wrench Size for

Size (in.)

Required

Stud Bolts (in.)

Nuts (in.)

% x 41/4 % x 41/2 %x5 7/8x5 1 x51/2 7/s x 53/4 1 x61/4 7/e x 53/4 11/8 x 6% 11/4x 71/2 11/8 x 7% 13/8 x 83/4 13/8 x 91/4 13/8 x 10 11/2 x 103/4 15/8 x 111/4 17/8 x 123/4 2 x 131/2 2,/2 x 171/4

11/4 11/4 17/le 17/16 15/8 17/,6 1% 17/le 113/le 2 113/le 23/le P/le 23/le 23/8 2911e 21s116 311e 3718

1/2 % 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 5 6

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 20 20

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

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Table 1-8 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 1500-1b Raised Face Flanges, Each With Two Heaw Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.)

Number of Bolts Required

1/2 3/4 1 11/4 lV2 2 21/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.) % x 41/4 %x41h %x5 %x5 1x51h %x5% 1 x61/4 11/8 x 7 1114x 7% 11/2 x 9% 1% x 10114 1% x 11112 1% x 13114 2 x 14314 21/4 x 16 21/2 x 17112 2% x 19112 3 x 21112 31/2 x 24V2

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) 11/4 11/4 17/m 17/le 1% 17/le 1% 113116 2 23/8 23/16

29116 21s/16 31/a 31/2 37/8 41/4 4% 5%

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

29

Table 1-9 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 2500-1b Raised Face Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 112 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 6 8 10 12

Number of Bolts Required 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12

In a g r e e m e n t with ANSI B. 16.5

30

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.) %x51h %x51h 7/8 X 53/4 1 x61h 11hx7 1 x71h 11/8 x 8 11hx9 11/2 x 101/2 2 x 13314 2 x 15114 2112x 19112 2% x 21112

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) 1114 1114 I;'115 1518 113115 1518 113115 2 2318 3118 3118 3'18 4114

Table 1-10 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 150.1b Ring Type Joint Flanges With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Each Nominal Pipe Size (in.)

1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Number of Bolts Required 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 20 20

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in,) lhx3V4 lh x 31h lh x 31h % x 33/4 % x 4 sis x 41/4 % x 4114 % x 4114 314X 41h 314x 41h 314x 4314 718x 5114 718x 5114 1 X 5314 1 x6 11/8 x 6V2 11/8 x 63/4 11/4 x 71/2

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) 718 7/8 7/8 l Vie 1Vie 1Vie I~11s 11he 1114 1114 1114 17116 17116 1518 15/8 113h6 113h6 2

Oval Ring Gasket R-Number R-15 R-17 R-19 R-22 R-25 R-29 R-33 R-36 R-40 R-43 R-48 R-52 R-56 R-59 R-64 R-68 R-72 R-76

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

31

Table 1-11 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 300-1b Ring Type Joint Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 1/2 % 1 11/4 11/2 2 2~/2 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Number of Bolts Required

Size & Length of Stud Bolls (in.)

4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24 24

1/2x3 % x 31/2 5/8 x 33/4 % x 33/4 % x 41/4 5/8 x 41/4 314X4314 314X5 314 X 5114 314X 51h 314 x 5112 314 x 5314 718x 6114 1x 7 11/8 x 71/2 l~/s x 7% 11/4 x 81/4 lV4 x 81/2 11/4 x 9 11/2 x 101/4

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

32

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) ;'Is 1Vie 11/le 1~/le 11/4 11/16 1114 1114 1114 1114 1114 1114 1711e 1518 113/le 113/18 2 2 2 2%

Oval Ring Gasket R-Number R-11 R-13 R-16 R-18 R-20 R-23 R-26 R-31 R-34 R-37 R-41 R-45 R-49 R-53 R-57 R-61 R-65 R-69 R-73 R-77

Table 1-12 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 400-1b Ring Type Joint Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal PIN Size (in,) lh % 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Number of Bolts Required 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24 24

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.) lhx3 5/8 x 31/2 5/8 x 33/4 5/8 x 4 %x41h 5/8 x 41/2 314X5 314 X 5114 718 X 5314 7/a X 53/4 718 x 6 718x 6114 I x 7 11/8 x 73/4 1114X 8114 11/4 x 81/2 1% x 9 1% x 91/4 11/2 x 10 1% x 111/4

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) 7/a 1 Vie 1V16 lVls 1114 11/le 1114 1114 17/16 17116 17115 17118 1518 113118 2 2 2-~/16 23hs 2% 2%

Oval Ring Gasket R-Number R-11 R-13 R-16 R-18 R-20 R-23 R-26 R-31 R-34 R-37 R-41 R-45 R-49 R-53 R-57 R-61 R-65 R-69 R-73 R-77

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

33

Table 1-13 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 600-1b Ring Type Joint Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 1/2

3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 26 28 30 36

Number of Bolts Required

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.)

4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 24 24 28 28 28 28

1/2x3 % x 31/2 5/8 x 3314 % x 4 3/4 x41h 5/8 x 41/2 3/4x5 3/4 x 51/4 718 x 5314 % x 6 1 x63h 1x 7 1118 x 7314 11/4 x 8314 11/4 x 9 13/8 x 91/2 1112x 10114 1518x 11 1518x 11314 1718x 13114 1718 x 14 2 x 14112 2 x 14314 21/2 x 16314

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

34

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) % lY16 1Vie lVls 1114 11/le 11/4 11/4 17/le 17116 1518 1% 113/16 2 2 23118 2318 29118 29118 215118 215118 31/8 31/8 37/8

Oval Ring Gasket R-Number R-11 R-13 R-16 R-18 R-20 R-23 R-26 R-31 R-34 R-37 R-41 R-45 R-49 R-53 R-57 R-61 R-65 R-69 R-73 R-77 R-93 R-94 R-95 R-98

Table 1-14 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 900-1b Ring Type Joint Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 1/2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 5 6

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Number of Bolts Required

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.)

4 4 4 4 4 8

314x4114 3/4 x 4V2 % x 5 % X 5 1 X 51/2 % X 5314 I X 6114 7/8 X 6 11/8 X 7 11/4 X 73h 11/8 X 73/4 13/e X 9 1318 X 91/2 1318 X 10114 11/2 x 11114 1518 x 11314 1718 x 13112 2 x 141/4 2112 x 17314

8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 20 20

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) 11/4 11/4 17/lS 17/15 1% 17115 1518 17116 113116 2 113115 23/lS 23116 23116 23/8 28116 215116 31/8 3718

Oval Ring Gasket R-Number R-12 R-14 R-16 R-18 R-20 R-24 R-27 R-31 R-37 R-41 R-45 R-49 R-53 R-57 R-62 R-66 R-70 R-74 R-78

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

35

Table 1-15 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 1500-1b Ring Type Joint Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 1/2 % 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Number of Bolts Required 4 4

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.) 3/, x 41/4 %x41h

4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16

% x 5 7/8 x 5 1 x 51/2 % x 53/4 1 x61/, 11/e x 7 11/4 x 73/4 1~/2 x 9s/4 13/8 x 101/2 15/8 x 12 17/8 x 133/4 2 x 151/, 21/4 x 17 2Y2 x 18Y2 2% x 201/2 3 x 22112 31/2 x 25%

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

36

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.)

Oval Ring Gasket R-Number

11/, 11/4 17/le 17/16 1% 17he 1% 113he 2 2% 23he 2~ 21shs 31/a 31/2 3% 41/4 4%

R-12 R-14 R-16 R-18 R-20 R-24 R-27 R-35 R-39 R-44 R-46 R-50 R-54 R-58 R-63 R-67 R-71 R-75 R-79

5%

Table 1-16 Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 2500.1b Ring Type Joint Flanges, Each With Two Heavy Hex Nuts Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 1/2 3/4 1 11/4 11/:, 2 21/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12

Number of Bolts Required 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12

Size & Length of Stud Bolts (in.) 3/4 x 51/4 %x5V4 7/8 x 53/4 1 x61h lV8 x 71/4 1 x71/2 1118 x 8114 1114 x 9114 1112x 10314 13/4 x 12314 2 x 14112 2 x 16 21/2 x 20112 23/4 x 22112

Wrench Size for Nuts (in.) 11/4 11/4 17h6 1% 1~3/18 1% 113116 2 23/8 23/4 3118 31/8 37/8 41/4

Oval Ring Gasket R-Number R-13 R-16 R-18 R-21 R-23 R-26 R-28 R-32 R-38 R-42 R-47 R-51 R-55 R-60

In a g r e e m e n t with A N S I B. 16.5

37

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2 ANSI BUTTWELD FITTINGS ANSI buttweld fittings are used to change direction or join parts of a piping system. Mastering the names of the various shapes is not too difficult, because the number of shapes is limited. Figure 2-1 shows the identification markings that are required on all fittings. The 90-degree long radius elbow is marked with the size and schedule number, the material grade, and the heat code symbol, also known as the laboratory control number.

Types of Buttweld Fittings Elbows The elbow is the most commonly used fitting, and the long radius elbow is probably the most commonly used elbow. The short radius elbow is used in systems with tight spaces, such as offshore and skid units. Figure 2-2 shows the 90-degree long radius elbow next to a 90-degree short radius elbow. Remember that a 9041

LABORATORY CONTROL NUMBER MATERIAL or TYPE NUMBER WALL THICKNESS NOMINAL PIPE SIZE TUBE TURNS" IDENTIFICATION

Figure 2-1. Identification markings. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.)

degree long radius elbow has a center-to-face dimension of one and one-half times the size of the elbow. The center-to-face dimension of a short radius elbow is the same as the size of the elbow; e.g. a 2-in. short radius elbow has a center-to-face dimension of 2 ins. For other dimensions, see Table 2-1. 42

Figure 2-2.90-degreeelbows,longand short radius. (Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

Figure 2-3. 90-degreereducingelbow, long radius. (Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

Reducing Elbows The 90-degree reducing elbow is used to change direction and reduce the flow in piping systems. See Figure 2-3. 43

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Figure2-4.45-degreeelbow,longradius.(Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a divisionof Trinity Industries.)

45-degree Elbows Figure 2-4 shows a 45-degree long radius elbow. These elbows are used for partial changes in direction of the line. The 45-degree elbows are sometimes trimmed to a lesser degree when required, such as 37 degrees.

180-degree Returns The return is used for direction changes of 180-degrees, thus avoiding the use of two 90-degree elbows. Figure 2-5 depicts a long and short radius 180-degree return.

Tees A tee is a branched connection to the main flow, and can be either straight or reducing, as shown in Figure 46

Figure2-5. 180-degreereturns,longand shortradius.(Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

Figure 2-6. Straightand reducingtees. (Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

2-6. The reducing outlet can be specified on any branch, and Figure 2-7 shows the correct descriptions used for reducing tees and other fittings.

Crosses Straight or reducing crosses are seldom used in systems, except where space requirements dictate it. Figure 2-8 shows a straight cross. Crosses are made in sizes of 12-in. and smaller. 47

How to Read Reducing Fittings Elbows

A

A

90 ~ | l b o w Reducing

9 0 ~ Siroot Elbow Reducing on male end

A IlilllW Hand

A Left Hand

Side Outlet 9 0 ~ Elbow Reducing on twoOut~n

To assist the user in "'reading" reducing fittings, a variety of types most commonly required for piping systems are illustrated on this page. In these illustrations, each opening of the fitting is identified with a letter which indicates the sequence to be followed in reading the size of the fitting. In designating the outlets of reducing fittings, the openings should be read in the order indicated by the sequence of the letters "A", "'B", "C", and "D". On side outlet reducing fittings, the size of the side outlet is named last. Fw exmwdb: A Cross having one end of the run and one outlet reduced isdesignated as:

A

B

C

D

2~ x !~ x 2~ x !~

C

Double Ikrencb Illbew Reducing on both ends of Run

Simply name the largest opening first and then name the other openings in the order indicated, Although all but one of the illustrations are of screwed fittings, the same rules apply to the "'reading" of reducing flanged, welding, solder-joint, and other types of fittings

T r u e "Y"

Service Tee c

A~ I

A

!

B

I

Reducingonmaleendonly (Continued on next page)

48

Tees

Crosses

C

C

@

'

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A

A

Tee With Outk,e reduced

B 9

Tee Wi~ one end of Run reduced

D

I

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teduc~Oon one Outlet only

A

B

Tee With one ond of Rue and Outlet reduced

A

B

A

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Tee ~ head type ~..~. e~ls of Run reduced

D

|

Cress leducin9 on both Outlets

B

B

C

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J

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Ilillkt Nend Left Need Side Ouelet Tees With one end of Ru~ end OutleN reduced

D Cress Reducing on one end of Run end on one Outlet

45 ~ Y- Bend B

C

I'

!

D A 4S ~ Y . | e n d (Lotee~l) Reducing on Outlet c~dy

Cress Reducing on one end of Run and o~ both Outlels

Figure 2-7. How to read reducing fittings. (Courtesy of Crane Co.)

49

Figure2-8.Weldcross.(Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a divisionof TrinityIndustries.)

Reducers Eccentric and concentric reducers, illustrated in Figure 2-9, are used to reduce a line to a smaller size. Very few eccentric reducers are used in piping systems, therefore it is not difficult to tell which is which. The concentric reducer has an inlet and outlet that are on a center line. The eccentric reducer has an off-center outlet, and is flat on one side. The eccentric reducer fits flush against a wall, ceiling, or floor to give greater pipe support to the line.

Figure 2-9. Concentricand eccentricweld reducers.(Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a division of TrinityIndustries.) 5O

Lap Joint Stub Ends The stub end is used in lines requiring quick disconnection. See Figure 2-10. The lap forms a gasket surface that replaces the gasket surface of a flange, and are mated with a lap joint flange. (Refer to Figure 1-4)o Stub ends should not be confused with stub-ins, the latter being one pipe stubbed into another pipe and welded. See Figure 2-11.

Figure 2-10. Lap joint stub end. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

Figure 2-11. A stub-in.

51

Figure2-12.Weldpipecap. (Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a divisionof TrinityIndustries.)

Caps Pipe caps are used to block off the end of a line by welding it to the pipe. Caps should never be stored in a position to trap rain water or sand. See Figure 2-12.

Special Buttweld Fittings Pipe Saddles The saddle, as shown in Figure 2-13, is used to reinforce a junction of pipe or fitting in a line. After a nipple has been welded into a line, the saddle is placed over the outlet, and welded to both the outlet and the line. 52

Figure 2-13. Pipe saddle. (Courtesyof Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

l,,a Figure 2-14. 45-degreelateral. (Courtesyof Hackney,Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

Laterals Figure 2-14 shows a 45-degree lateral. Low-pressure applications are about the only time laterals will be used. 53

Figure 2-15. Scraper bar tee. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.)

Scraper Bar Tee Figure 2-15 shows that bars have been fabricated inside the outlet of a tee. The bars limit the direction a pipeline scraper (or "Pig"), can travel inside a pipeline.

Material Control Protecting Weld Fittings Store weld fittings in a position so that water or sand will not collect inside them. 54

Large diameter fittings can be stored and protected with end covers, either plastic or metal. Fittings 1~/2 ins. and smaller should be stored inside, away from the elements. Fittings can be stacked in layers with or without dunnage. Metal to metal contact will not harm adjacent fittings. In corrosive areas, spray the fittings with a specified preservative to prevent rust. Do not throw or dump the fittings from containers. Permanent damage to a fitting's beveled ends may result. When you are receiving fittings from a vendor or from another area, always check each and every fitting for damage and markings per the purchase order specifications.

Mixed Schedule Fittings It is very common to have fittings of a mixed schedule match different pipe wall thicknesses. When the fittings are machined to a lower pipe schedule, the process is called "taper boring." Two examples would be: 1. One 12-in. 90-degree weld elbow, schedule 60 long radius, taper bore each end to extra strong. 2. A 12-in. by 6-in. concentric reducer, schedule 120, taper bore the 12-in. end to schedule 100, the 6-in. end to schedule 80. 55

When you receive such fittings from vendors, mark each fitting with positive markings for future identification. (The vendor should have already marked the fittings for you). Do not store altered fittings with regular sized fittings. A wrong fitting installed by accident in a system could prove disastrous.

Backing Rings Figure 2-16 shows rings that are sometimes used in piping systems under severe service conditions. One type ring is grooved with knockoff spacer pins.

Figure2-16.Grovetypeweldingringwithknock-offspacerpins.(Courtesyof Tube TurnsTechnologies,Inc.) 56

Figure 2-17. Flat type and ridge type welding rings. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.)

The backup rings are inserted in the adjoining ends of pipes that are to be buttwelded. The rings prevent spatter and metal icicles from forming inside the pipe. The ring becomes a permanent part of the piping system. Figure 2-17 shows two other type backing rings--the flat and ridge types.

Branch Olet Connections There are many reputable manufacturers of Olet fittings used for branch connections. For description and illustration purposes, the Bonney Forge fittings are described here, along with their registered trade names for the fittings.

Interchangeability Table 2-2 shows the interchangeability and size consolidation of the Olet fittings. The correct descriptions of 57

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59

F.s OF HEADER - OF BRANCft GHT OR IEDULE qUFACTURER'S NTIFICATION ,T N T I F I C A T I O N NO ~ERIAL SPEC

BRANCH & HEADER SAME WEIGHT OR SCHEDULE

S C H E D U L E OF HEADER S C H E D U L E OF BRANCH HEAT N U M B E R

BRANCH & HEADER DIFFERENT WEIGHT OR SCHEDULE Figure 2-18. Markings on branch connections. (Courtesy of Bonney Forge.)

60

the Olets are shown in the table, and are suitable for use in your materials accounting system. Notice in Table 2-2, the run size numbers--36-3, 8-3, 12-6, etc. These and the other numbers fit run sizes from the high number down through the low number. The system is further explained in Table 2-2. Figure 2-18 illustrates the identification markings that are required on Olet fittings. Thredolets

This is a fitting that is buttwelded on the run of pipe and has a threaded outlet. It is widely used on all projects. See Figure 2-19. Sockolet

This fitting is exactly the same as the Thredolet except it has a socket weld outlet. See Figure 2-19. Sweepolet |

Resembling a saddle, this fitting is strong enough to support the branch line being buttwelded to it. See Figure 2-19. Sweepolets will not be used too often on your projects. Elbolet |

This fitting is welded to a 90-degree elbow to form an outlet. See Figure 2-19. Elbolets are available with 61

WELDOLET

'

,ti

;,~.

,<

THREDOLET SOCKOLET

ELBOLET

SWEEPOLET

Figure 2-19. Bonney Forge fittings. (Courtesy of Bonney Forge.) 62

threaded, socket weld, and buttweld outlets. Table 2-3 lists the sizes of elbolets and the correct descriptions. Flatolet | This fitting is used on flat surface areas, such as weld caps and heads. Table 2-3 Bonney Forge Elbolets| (Courtesy of Bonney Forge.)

DIMENSIONS =NOMINAL ELBOW SIZE INCHES

OUTLET SIZE INCHES

3 0 0 0 = THREADED & SOCKET WELD Std. & XS Butt-Weld C

i/. % 89 3~

36-11/4

361Va 36-11/4

36-11//4 36-2 36.2 36-2 363

ORDER TO SPECIFIC ELBOW SIZES

I

11//4 1% 2 ' 2% :. :.3 =,-:4 '::6 :8 ::= 10 12

i% 1% i% 12~2 2% 27/8 3~/s 4~6 4~6 588

6% 93/8

13~6 17~2 19%

6 0 0 0 = THREADED & SOCKET WELD Sch. 160 & XXS Butt-Weld

E

C

E

1]%2

1 89 11/2 12~2

11%2 11%2 17/8 2% 21/2 2]88 31//4

i]%2 11%2 17/e 21/4 21/2

21~6 31/4 3% 37/e 41~6 61/2 888

21/4

27/8 31/s 4~6

103/8 111/~

63

..j==,,=,.,=~

Socket Weld Reducing Inserts

Socket Weld Steel Weld Couplet

Threaded Steel Weld Couplet

NIPOLET: Plain End or Threaded

LATROLET

Figure 2-20. Bonney Forge Nipolet~, Latrolet~, and couplets; reducing inserts by Henry Vogt Machine Company. (Courtesy of Bonney Forge and Henry Vogt Machine Company.) 64

Storing Olets All threaded sizes of Olets should be stored inside. Fittings 2 ins. and larger with weld ends may be stored outdoors. Small weld fittings should be stored indoors. Cardboard bin boxes are an excellent storage method to separate the smaller Olets inside of warehouse shelving for easy inventory and issue.

Other Olets Some of the other Olet fittings are Nipolets | Latrolets | , couplets, reducing inserts, and etc. See Figure 2-20.

65

3

REFINERY PIPE Standard pipe is widely used in the oil and gas industries, and is manufactured to ASTM standards (ANSI B36.10). Pipe charts, such as the one in Table 3-1, and careful attention to purchase order descriptions when shipping or receiving pipe help achieve accurate results. Therefore, a description of piping definitions and how various types are manufactured follow. Pipe Size In pipe of any given size, the variations in wall thickness do not affect the outside dimension (OD), just the inside dimension (ID). For example, 12-in. nominal pipe has the same OD whether the wall thickness is 0.375 in. or 0.500 in. (Refer to Table 3-1 for wall thickness of pipe). (Text continued on page 70)

66

Table 3-1 Pipe Chart (Courtesy of Tioga Pipe Supply Company)

405 40 80

lOS 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy

049 068 095

307 269 215

1863 2447 3145

40 80

10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy

O65 088 119

410 364 302

3297 4248 5351

40 80

10S 40S Std. 80S Ex Hvy

065 091 126

545 493 423

4235 5676 7388

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy

065 083 109 147 188 294

710 674 622 546 466 252

5383 6710 8510 1088 1 309 1 714

065 083 113 154 219 308

920 884 824 742 614 434

6838 8572 1131 1 474 1 944 2 441

065 109 133 179 250 358

1185 1 097 1 049 957 815 599

8678 1 404 1 679 2172 2 844 3 659

540

675

840 40 80 160

XX Hvy 1 050 40 80 160

5S 10S 40SStd 80S Ex Hvy XX Hvy

1315 40 80 160

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy XX Hvy

(Continued on next page)

67

Table 3-1 continued

1I/4

1 660 40 80 160

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy XX Hvy

11/2

1 900 40 80 160

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy XX Hvy

2

2375 40 80 160

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy XX Hvy

21/2

2875 40 80 160

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy XX Hvy

3

3500 40 80 160

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy XX Hvy

O65 109 140 191 250 382

1 530 1 442 1 380 1 278 1 160 896

1107 1 806 2 273 2 997 3 765 5214

065 109 145 200 281 400

1 770 1 682 1610 1 500 1 338 1 100

1 274 2 085 2718 3631 4 859 6408

065 109 154 218 344 436

2 245 2157 2 067 1 939 1 689 1 503

1 604 2 638 3653 5022 7.462 9029

083 120 203 276 375 552

2709 2 635 2469 2323 2t25 1 771

2475 3531 5 793 7661 1001 13.69

083 120 216 300 438 600

3 334 3 260 3 068 2 900 2 624 2 300

3 029 4 332 7 576 10 25 14.32 18 58

(Continued on next page)

68

Table 3.1 continued

3V2

4

4.000

5 10 40 80

4 500 40 80 120 160

3472 4.973 9109 12.50 22.85

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy XX Hvy

083 120 226 318 636

3.834 3 760 3.548 3.364 2.728

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy

XX Hvy

.083 120 237 337 438 531 674

4.334 4.260 4.026 3.826 3.624 3.438 3152

3.915 5.613 10.79 1498 19.00 22.51 27 54

4V2

5 O0

40 Std 80 Ex Hvy XX Hvy

247 355 710

4.506 4 290 3.580

12.53 17.61 32 43

5

5 563

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy

109 134 258 375 500 625 750

5 345 5.295 5 047 4.813 4.563 4 313 4 063

6.349 7770 14.62 2078 27.04 32.96 38.55

109 .134 280 432 562 .719 864

6.407 6.357 6.065 5.761 5,491 5 189 4.897

7.585 9.289 18.97 28.57 36.39 45.35 53 16

40 80 120 160

XX Hvy 6

6625 40 80 120 160

5S 10S 40S Std 80S Ex Hvy

XX Hvy

(Continued on next page)

69

Table 3.1 continued

7

7625

8

8.625

40 80

20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140

Std Ex Hvy XX Hvy

301 500 875

7023 6.625 5.875

23.57 38.05 6308

5S 10S

109 148 250 277 322 406 .500 .594 .719 812 875 906

8.407 8.329 8125 8.071 7.981 7.813 7.625 7.439 7.189 7.001 6.875 6.813

9.914 13.40 22.36 24.70 28.55 35.64 43.39 50.95 60.71 67.76 72.42 74.69

342 500 .875

8.941 8.625 7.875

33.90 48.72 81.77

134 165 250 307 365 .500 .594 .719 .844 1.000 1.125

10.482 10.420 10.250 10.136 10.020 9.750 9.564 9.314 9.064 8.750 8.500

15.19 18.70 28.04 34.24 40.48 54.74 64.43 77.03 89.29 104.13 115.64

375 500 .875

11.000 10.750 I0.000

45.55 6007 101.63

40S Std. 80S Ex Hvy

XX Hvy 160 9

10

9.625

40 80

5S 10S

10750 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

11

11 750

Std Ex Hvy XX Hvy

40 80

40S Std. 80S Ex. Hvy

Std. Ex Hvy XX Hvy.

(Continued on next page)

70

Table 3-1 continued

12

165 180 250 .330 375 .406 .500 .562 .688 .844 1.000 1 125 1.312

12.420 12.390 12.250 12.090 12.000 11.938 11.750 11.626 11.376 11.064 10.750 10.500 10.126

22.18 24.20 33.38 43.77 49.56 53.52 65.42 73.15 88.63 107.32 125.49 139.67 160.27

60 80 O0 20 40 60

.250 .312 .375 438 .500 .594 .750 .938 .094 .250 .406

13.500 13.376 13.250 13.124 13.000 12.814 12.500 12.126 11.814 11.500 11.188

36.71 45.61 54.57 63.44 72.09 85.05 106.13 130.85 150.9 170.21 189.1

10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

.250 312 375 500 .656 .844 .031 219 .438 .594

15.500 15 376 15.250 15.000 14.688 14.314 13.938 13.564 13 124 12.814

42.05 52.27 62.58 82.77 107.5 136.61 164.82 192.43 223.64 245.25

5S 10S

12.750

40S Std. 40 80S Ex. Hvy. 60 80 100 120 140 160 14

14.000

10 20 30 40

Std. Ex. Hvy.

16

16.000

Std. Ex. Hvy

(Continued on next page)

71

Table 3-1 continued

18

18.000

10 20

Std 30 Ex Hvy 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 20

22

24

20.000

22.000

24.000

10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 10 20 30 60 80 100 120 140 160 10 20

Std Ex Hvy

Std X Hvy

Std. Ex. Hvy

250 312 375 438 500 562 750 938 1156 1.375 1.562 1 781

17.500 17 376 17250 17124 17000 16.876 16.500 16126 15688 15.250 14 876 14 438

47.39 58.94 70.59 82.15 93.45 104.67 138.17 170.92 207.96 244.14 274.22 308.5

250 375 500 594 812 1031 1281 1 500 1 750 1.969

19500 19 250 19000 18 814 18 376 17938 17438 17 000 16 500 16 064

52.73 78.60 104.13 123.11 166.4 208.87 256.1 296.37 341.09 379.17

250 375 500 875 1.125 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.125

21 500 21 250 21 000 20.250 19.750 19.250 18.750 18.250 17.750

58 07 86 61 114 81 197.41 250.81 302.88 353.61 403.0 451.06

250 375 .500

23.500 23.250 23.000

63.41 94.62 125.49

(Continued on next page)

72

Table 3-1 continued

30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 26

26.000 Std X Hvy

28

28 000 Std

30

30 000 20 30

32

Std Ex Hvy

32000 Std 20 30 40

34

34 000 Std 20 30 40

36

36 000 Std Ex Hvy

562 688 969 1.219 1531 1.812 2.062 2.344

22.876 22.626 22.064 21.564 20.938 20.376 19.876 19.314

140.68 171.29 238.35 296.58 367.39 429.39 483.1 542.13

312 375 500

25.376 25.250 25.000

85.60 102.63 136.17

312 .375 500 .625

27 376 27.250 27000 26.750

92.26 110.64 146.85 182.73

312 375 500 625

29.376 29.250 29.000 28.750

98.93 118.65 157.53 196.08

312 375 .500 625 688

31 376 31.250 31.000 30.750 30.624

105.59 126.66 168.21 209.43 230.08

312 .375 500 625 .688

33.376 33.250 33.000 32 750 32 624

112.25 134.67 178.89 222.78 244.77

312 375 500

35.375 35250 35.000

118.92 142.68 189.57

(Continued on next page)

73

Table 3-1 continued

42

42.000 20 30 40

48

48.000

Std X Hvy

.375 500 .625 750

41.250 41.000 40.750 40.500

166.71 221.61 276,18 330.41

Std. X Hvy

.375 500

47.250 47.000

190.74 253.65

Pipe Length Pipe is supplied and referred to as single random, double random, longer than double random, and cut lengths. Single random pipe length is usually 18-22 ft threaded and coupled (T&C), and 18-25 ft plain end (PE). Double random pipe lengths average 38-40 feet. Cut lengths are made to order within • Vs-in. Some pipe is available in about 80-ft lengths. The major manufacturers of pipe offer brochures on their process of manufacturing pipe. The following descriptions are based upon vendor literature and specifications. 74

Seamless Pipe This type of pipe is made by heating billets and advancing them over a piercer point. The pipe then passes through a series of rolls where it is formed to a true round and sized to exact requirements.

Electric Weld Coils or rolls of flat steel are fed to a forming section that transforms the flat strip of steel into a round pipe section. A high-frequency welder heats the edges of the strip to 2,600~ at the fusion point. Pressure rollers then squeeze the heated edges together to form a fusion weld.

Double Submerged Arc Weld Flat plate is used to make large-diameter pipe (20-in.44 in.)in double random lengths. The plate is rolled and pressed into an "O" shape, then welded at the edges both inside and outside. The pipe is then expanded to the final diameter.

Continuous Weld Coiled skelp (skelp is semi-finished coils of steel plate used specifically for making pipe), is fed into a flattener, and welded to the trailing end of a preceding coil, thus forming a continuous strip of skelp. The skelp travels 75

through a furnace where it is heated to 2,600~ and then bent into an oval by form rollers. It then proceeds through a welding stand where the heat in the skelp and pressure exerted by the rolls forms the weld. The pipe is stretched to a desired OD and ID, and cut to lengths. (Couplings if ordered for any size pipe will be hand tight only.)

Pipe Specifications ASTM A-120 Sizes V8-in. to 16-ins., standard weight, extra strong, and double extra strong (Std. Wt., XS, XXS). The specification covers black and hot-dipped galvanized welded and seamless average wall pipe for use in steam, gas, and air lines.

Markings. Rolled, stamped or stenciled on each length of pipe: the brand name, ASTM A-120, and the length of the pipe. In case of bundled pipe, markings will appear on a tag attached to each bundle. Table 3-2 shows a bundling schedule.

ASTM A-53 Sizes V8-in. to 26-ins., standard weight, extra strong, and double extra strong, ANSI schedules 10 through 160 (see Table 3-1 for ANSI pipe schedules). The specification covers seamless and welded black and hot-dipped 76

Table 3-2 Bundling Schedule Nominal Pipe Size (in.) 1/8 1/4 3/8 V2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2

Number pines per Bundle 30 24 18 12 7 5 3 3

Standard Weight Pipe Total length Total weight (fl) (Ibs) 630 151 504 212 378 215 252 214 147 166 105 176 63 144 63 172

Extra Strong Pipe Total length Total weight (ft) (ibs) 630 195 504 272 378 280 252 275 147 216 105 228 63 189 63 229

galvanized average wall pipe for conveying oil, water, gas, and petroleum products.

Markings. Rolled, stamped or stenciled with brand name, kind, schedule, length of pipe, and type of steel used. In case of bundles, markings will appear on a bundle tag. ASTM A-106

Sizes 1/8 to 26-ins., ANSI schedules to 160. The specification covers seamless carbon steel average wall pipe for high-temperature service.

Markings. Rolled, stamped or stenciled with brand name, type such as ASTM A-IO6A, A-IO6B, A-106C (the A, B, C, indicate tensile strengths and yield point designations), the test pressure, and length of pipe. In case of bundles, the markings will appear on a bundle tag. 77

API-5L Sizes 1/8-in. to 48-ins., standard weight through double extra strong. The specification covers welded and seamless pipe suitable for use in conveying oil, water, and gas.

Markings. Paint stenciled with brand name, the API monogram, size, grade, steel process, type of steel, length, and weight per foot on pipe 4-ins. and larger. In case of bundles, the markings will be on the bundle tag. Couplings, if ordered, will be hand tight.

Storing Pipe Step 1--Pipe Racks Figure 3-1 shows a pipe rack made by using 12 x 12in. timbers. The rack has been assigned a number for materials accounting purposes. Do not store pipe directly on the ground. If rack materials are not available, then use the pipe itself by preparing a rack from the pipe with a few boards under each end.

Step 2--Layers Form the first layer of pipe with one end straight, and other joints straight across the rack. Secure the stack by nailing wooden blocks to the sills, against the side of the pipe on the inside edges (see Figure 3-1). 78

~+L

!

,,..__, .----+, ....

I

,,

24" .375" WT API 5LX-B

I

24" 375~' WT

|1 r-j

U_

_r!m"~'~_, API 5LX-B

_.,,

,,l--'.;-l~ -._~_-..- .___.--+ -

".

~RACK8 ~

,,+-,,

~

--~+_..~--

T

/ 6 JTS. 186 FT.

P.O. 60-3801

1

6JTS.

P.O. 60-3801

,86~r

~

!

I

. 186 F T .

.,, -~...-

f.~l ._~

~ _,~.,.~

l~_.~-,,~ 7 ...-

_

/

_ = _ _ + _ + +__+_+. . . . . . . . . . Figure 3-1. Schematic of rack for storing pipe.

79

Step 3--Measure Tally each joint of pipe in the layer. Use a paint stick or suitable marker to mark each joint according to length, size, schedule, and purchase order item number. Total the footage on the layer of pipe, and then mark the total footage and number of joints on the outside pipe for future inventory purposes. Apply color codes to pipe at this time if applicable.

Step 4--Dunnage Apply sufficient dunnage of the same thickness across the pipe with wooden blocks nailed to one side. Stack the next layer of pipe directly over the first layer with the straight ends in line with each other. Then follow steps 2, 3, and 4. Continue to follow the steps until the rack is considered full by the supervisor.

Rules for Storing Pipe 1. Do not mix pipe sizes and schedules on the same pipe rack. 2. Keep the pipe storage area clean to prevent accidents. 3. Do not crowd the storage areas. Leave room for large trucks and cranes. 4. Make a physical count of the pipe on a weekly or monthly basis to verify your materials accounting records as correct.

80

5. Always measure pipe within tenths of an inch. Measure the entire length of pipes, including couplings and threads. Calculations to Use

If the outside diameter (OD) and the wall thickness of a pipe (t) are known, then you may calculate the weight per foot with the following equation: Weight per foot = 10.68 x ( O D - t )

x t

Example: What is the weight per foot of a 3-in. pipe with a .216-in. wall thickness and an OD of 3.500 ins.? Using the equation, Weight per foot = 10.68 x (3.500 - .216) x .216 = 7.58 Ibs/ft Another method to determine weight per foot of pipe where the outside diameter and wall thickness are known is called the Baiamonte plate method. It is based on a square foot of plate 1 inch thick weighing 40.833 Ibs, and uses the following equation:

Wei0 t 0er ,oot =

2

t) x T r x t

Example: What is the weight per foot of an 8-in. pipe with a wall thickness of .322 in.? Table 3-1 81

shows that an 8-in. pipe has an OD of 8.625 ins. So, using the equation,

/

Weight per foot = 40.833 x 1 8 . 6 2 5 - ,322 12 x 3.1416 x t = 28.58 Ibs/ft

82

4

APi FLANGES The difference between API and ANSI flanges is the material from which they are fabricated and the higher working pressure at which API flanges may be operated. API flanges are manufactured primarily for use with oil industry high-strength tubular goods. The API 6A and ANSI B. 16.5 flanges are similar dimensionally (see Table 4-1), but they cannot be interconnected without affecting the overall working pressure rating. Another difference is the through-bore nominal size designation, such as 113116and 21116, for 6B flanges in place of old nominal sizes, such as 1V2-inch, and 2-inch, for consistency with 6BX flange size designations. (See Tables 4-2 and 4-3.) Some API flanges with casing or tubing threads have hub lengths greater than required for ANSI flanges. The new bore size designations for API flanges or clamp type connectors, will take several years to become a routine part of the materials vocabulary. Therefore, for reference, Tables 4-2 and 4-3 contain a complete 83

Table 4-1 API vs. ANSI Flange Dimensions Flange Type Weldneck Blind, Threaded, & Integral

Old API Nominal size (in.)

Pressure Class Rating ANSI API

Nominal Size Range (in.) ANSI API

600 900 1500

2000 3000 5000

1/2-24 1/2-24 1/2-24

113/16to 11 113/16to 11 113116to 11

11hto 10 11h to 10 11/2 to 10

600 900 1500

2000 3000 5000

V2-24 1/2-24 1/2-24

113/16to 211/4 113/16to 20% 113/16to 11

11hto 20 11/2 to 20 11/2to 10

Table 4-2 API Bore Sizes and Matching Tubular Goods Sizes for 2,000, 3,000 and 5,000-1b psi Flanges or 5,000 Ib psi Clamp Type Connectors New API Bore Sizes for Flanges and Hubs 113/le 21/le 29118 31/8 41116 71116 9 11 13% 135/8

Old Nominal Flange Size (in.) 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 6 8 10 12 135/8

163/4

16

163/4

163/4 20 20

211/4

20314

84

Line Pipe Nominal Size (in.) 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 6 8 10 12 -16 --

20 20

Tubing Outside Diamater (in.) 1.660 & 1.900 1.600 thru 2% 27/8 31/2 4 & 41/2

Casing Outside Diameter (in.)

41/2 41/2 thru 7 75/8 & 85/8 95/8 & 103/4 11314& 13318 113/4 & 13318 16 16 20 20

Table 4-3 API Bore Sizes and Matching TubularGoodsSizes for 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 Ib psi Flanges and 10,000 lb. psi Clamp Type Connectors New API Bore Sizes for Flanges and Hubs (in.) 111/16 1ls/16 21116 2~h6 31116 4V16 71/16

9 11 13% 163/4 183/4 211/4

"lTubing Outside

Diameter (in.) 1.900 2.063 23/8 2~/8 31/2 4 & 41/2

Casing Outside Diameter (in.)

41/2 4V2 through 7 7% & 8% 8% & 9% 10314& 11314 16 18516 20

list of the new bore size designations, the old nominal size designations, and the matching tubular goods sizes for use with API flanges or clamp type connectors. Bore diameter of API flanges should be the same inside diameter as the pipe to be used. API flanges are marked with the API monogram (a registered trademark), size, pressure rating, ring gasket size, bore, manufacturer, and a heat number. Some API flanges are marked with the manufacturers' part or assembly numbers. Consult their individual catalogs for respective part numbers and descriptions. 85

Figure 4-1. API threaded flange. (Courtesy of National Supply Company.)

Figure 4-2. API Type 6BX weldneck flange. (Courtesy of National Supply Company.) 86

API Type 6B and 6BX Flanges 2,000-20,000 psi Maximum Working Pressures Figure 4-1 illustrates a threaded flange. Threaded flanges do not have a bore schedule, but do have a description of the type of thread, such as casing, tubing, or line pipe. The flange illustrated was made by National Supply Company, and will service 15,000 lb. WOG pressure. Figure 4-2 shows a weld neck flange manufactured by the same company, which will service 15,000 Ibs. WOG pressure. This type flange does have a bore schedule. Tables 4-4 through 4-13, indicate the size range, bolt requirements, wrench size for the bolts, and the ring gasket number required for API type 6B and 6BX flanges. (Text continued on page 88)

Table 4.4 API Type 6B Flangesfor 2000 psi MaximumWorkingPressure Nominal Size and

Bore of Flange (in.) 113/lS 2V16 29118 31/8 41/16 51/8 71/16 9 11 13518 16314 17314 211/4

Old Nominal Size of Flange(in.)

Number of Bolts

Size and Lengthof Bolts (in.)

11/2 2 21/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 18 20

4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 24

3/4 x 41/4 5/8 x 4V2 3/4 x 5 3/4 x 51/4 7/8 X 6 1 X 63/4 1X 7 11/8 X 8 11/4 X 83/4 11/4 X 9 lV2 X 10114 15/8 X 11 15/8 x 113/4

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 11/4 11/16 11/4 11/4 17/16 1% 1% 113118 2 2 2% 29/le 29/16

Ring Number n or RX 20 23 26 31 37 41 45 49 53 57 65 69 73

87

Table 4-5 API Type 6B Flanges for 3000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) 113116 2 V16 29116 31/8 4 ~/16 51/8 7 Y16 9 11 13% 16314 17314 20314

Old Nominal Size of Flange (in.)

Number of Bolts

Size and Length of Bolts (in.)

1112 2 21/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 18 20

4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20

1 x 51/2 % x 6 1 x 61/2 % x 6 11/6 x 7 11/,, x 73/,, 11/6 x 8 13/8 x 9 13/8 x 91h 13/8 x 101/4 1% x 11314 17/6 X 13314 2 x 14112

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 1% 17/16 1% 17/16 113116 2 113116 23/16 23/16 23/16 29116 216/16 31/6

Ring Number R or RX 20 24 27 31 37 41 45 49 53 57 66 70 74

Table 4-6 API Type 6B Flanges for 5,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) 113/16 21/16 29/16 31/8 4V16 51/8 7V16 9 11

88

Old Nominal Size of Flange (in.)

Number of Bolts

Size and Length of Bolts (in.)

11/2 2 21/2 3 4 5 6 8 10

4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12

1 x 51/2 7/8 x 6 1 x 61/2 11/6 x 71/4 11/4 x 8 11/2 X 10 13/6 X 103/4 1% X 12 1% X 133/4

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 1% 17/16 15/6 113/16 2 23/6 23/16 29/16 216/16

Ring Number R or RX 20 24 27 35 39 44 46 50 54

Table 4-7 API Type 6BX Weldneck Flanges for 10,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) 111/16

113/16 21/16 29/16 31/16 41/16 51/6 71116 9 11 13516 16314

Number of Bolts 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 24

Size and Length of Bolts (in.) 3/4 x 5 3/4 x 5 3/4 x 51/4 % x 6 1 x 63/4 11/6 x 8 11/6 x 83/4 11/2 x 11114 11/2 x 13 13/4 x 15 17/6 x 171/4 17/o x 171/2

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 11/4 11/4 11/4 17/16 16/6 113/16 113/16 23/6 23/6 23/4 215/16 215/16

Ring Number

Weight of Flange (ibs)

BX-150 BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-169 BX-156 BX-157 BX-158 BX-159 BX-162

22 24 38 38 52 66 120 340 550 810 970 1400

Table 4-8 API Type 6BX Weldneck Flanges for 15,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) 111/16

113/16 21116 29/16 31/16 41116 7V16

Number of Bolts

8 8 8 8 8 8 16

Size and Length of Bolts (in.)

3/4 x 51/4 7/6 x 51/2 7/6 x 6 1 x 63/4 11/6 x 71/2 13/6 x 91/4 11/2 x 123/4

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 11/,, 17116 17116 15/6 113/16 23116 23/6

Ring Number

Weight of Flange (Ibs)

BX-150 BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156

22 28 34 34 64 154 440

89

Table 4-9 API Type 6BX Weldne9 Flanges for 20,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) 113/16 21/16 29/16 31/16 41/16 71116

Number of Bolts 8 8 8

Size and Length of Bolts (in.) 1 x 71/2 11/8 x 81/4 1V4 x 91/4

8

13/8 x 10

8 16

2 x 171/2

13/4 X 121/4

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 15/8 113/16 2 23116 23/4 31/6

Ring Number BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156

Weight of Flange (ibs) 35 52 65 140 270 620

Table 4.10 API Type 6BX Integral Flanges for 5,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) 135/8 163/4 183/4 211/4

90

Number of Bolts 16 16 20 24

Size and Length of Bolts (in.) lS/6 x 121/2 1% x 141/2 2 x 17V2 2 x 183/4

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 29/16 215/16 31/8 31/8

Ring Number

BX-160 BX-162 BX-163 BX-165

Table 4-11 API Type 6BX Integral Flanges for 10,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) 111/16

113/16 21/16 29116 31/16 41/16 51/8 71/18 9 11 13518 16314 18314 21114

Number of Bolts

Size and Length of Bolts (in.)

8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 24 24 24

3/4x5 3/4x5 3/4 x 51/4 % x 6 1 x 63/4 11/6 x 8 11/8 x 83/4 1V2 x 111/4 11/2 x 13 1314 x 15 1716 x 17114 17/8 x 17112 2114 x 22112 21/2 X 241/2

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 11/4 11/4 11/4 17/16 15/8 113/16 113/16 23/8 23/6 2314 215116 215116 3V2 3718

Ring Number BX-150 BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-169 BX-156 BX-157 BX-158 BX-159 BX-162 BX-164 BX-166

Table 4.12 API Type 6BX Integral Flanges for 15,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) 111/16 113/16 21/16 29/16 31/16 41/16 7V16 9 11

Number of Bolts

Size and Length of Bolts (in.)

8 8 8 8 8 8 16 16 20

3/4 x 51/4 7/8 x 51/2 7/8 x 6 1 x63/4 11/6 x 71/2 13/8 x 91/4 11/2 x 12314 17/8 x 153/4 2 x 191/4

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 11/4 17/16 17/16 1% 113/16 23116 23/8 215/16 31/8

Ring Number BX-150 BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156 BX-157 BX-158

91

Table 4-13 API Type 6BX Integral Flangesfor 20,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size and Bore of Range (in.) 113/16 21/lS 29/la 31he 41he 71/16

Number of Bolts 8 8

Size and Length of Bolts (in.) 1 x71h 11/8 x 81/,

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.) 1% 1"he

8 8 8

11/4x91/, 13/8 x 10 13/, x 121/4

2 23/le

16

2 x 171/2

23/, 31/8

Ring Number BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156

Table 4-14 Recommended6BX Flange Bolt Torque Bolt Size 3/, .10 UNC 718 -9 UNC 1 -8 UNC 11/a-8 UN 13h -8 UN 11h -8 UN 1% -8 UN 13/, -8 UN 17/8-8 UN 2 -8 UN

Torque (ft-I#) 200 325 475 600 1200 1400 1700 2040 3220 3850

Table 4-14 is the recommended bolt torque requirements and wrench size required on API type 6BX flanges. Figure 4-3 shows a Type 6BX weld neck flange with a transition piece. The transition piece, when ordered, is applied by the manufacturer due to the difficulty of field welding and heat treating at the jobsite. The API monogram will not appear on the transition piece. Lengths of transition pieces will vary. 92

-<

~ § 1/32 m o x "qP'-" ~ - O

x45

,_1

+O

J= - i / a "

-4

',/.'"

Figure 4-3. API Type6BX weldneckflangewith translationpiece. (Courtesyof AmericanPetroleumInstitute.) Weights of some API flanges and clamp type connectors appear in the tables for use as shipping weights only and are not a part of the API specifications.

Bolting and Ring Gaskets for API Flanges API type 6B flanges require an R or RX ring gasket. API type 6BX flanges require a BX ring gasket. R and RX ring gaskets are interchangeable with each other. BX gaskets are not interchangeable with R and RX ring gaskets. (See Tables 4-20 and 4-21 .) 93

API TYPE 6B FLANGE NO STANDOFF

!

API TYPE 6BX FLANGE

POINT HEIGHT

STUD BOLT WITH NUTS Figure 4-4. API flange standoff difference and bolt lengths. (Courtesy of American Petroleum Institute.)

94

Bolt lengths have been calculated to accommodate the standoff difference shown in Figure 4-4 for 6B and 6BX flanges. Also illustrated in Figure 4-4, are the point heights for stud bolts. Point heights are not included in the calculations for stud bolt lengths. The lengths for point heights in inches are as follows: Bolt Diameter

Maximum Point Height

1/2 to 7/s-in. 7/8 to 1VB 1118 to 15/8 1% to 1718 17/8 to 21/4

Vs-in. 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8

Dual Completion Flanges Figure 4-5 shows a typical 5,000-1b psi-working-pressure segmented flange used for dual completions. Table 4-15 shows the bolt requirements, API ring gasket number, and the wrench size required for the bolts.

Multiple Completion Flanges Figure 4-6 shows two details of a typical 5,000-1b psiworking-pressure segmented flange used for triple or quadruple completions. Table 4-16 lists the cap screw requirements, the API ring gasket number, and the hex wrench size for the cap screws. 95

/

i

f \

t

)

I

|"M" HOLES -

~,/~,

. ~...__:

j

//--F

R

--7~,,--:c-7

_

,\

.,,(/' Figure 4-5. 5,000-psi maximum working pressure API segmented flange for dual completions. (Courtesy of American Petroleum Institute.)

Table 4-15 5,000 psi Maximunl Working Pressure Segmented Flanges for Dual Completions Nominal Size (in.) 13/8 113/18 21/16 29hs 31/8 41he 41/16 x 41/4

96

Old Nominal Size (in.) 11/4 13/4 2 21/2 3 4 4 x 41/4

Number of Bolts

Size and Lengthof Bolts (in.)

Wrench Size for Bolts (in.)

Ring Number

5 5 5 5 5 6 6

1/2 X 41/2 % x 53/4 3/4 x 6 1 x 71/4 1 x 73/4 11/8 x 81/4 11/8 x 81/4

7/8 11/18 11/4 1% 1% 113he 113he

RX-201 RX-205 RX-20 RX-210 RX-25 RX-215 RX-215

IS

s

DETAIL

I

DETAIL

2

Figure 4-6. 5,000-psi maximum working pressure API segmented flanges for triple and quadruple completions. (Courtesy of American Petroleum Institute.)

Table 4-16 5,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Segmented Flanges for Triple and Quadruple Completions Old Size and Hex Wrench Nominal Detail Nominal Number of Lengthof Size for Ring Size (in.) Number Size (in.) Cap Screws Cap Screws (in.) Cap Screws (in.) Number 113/16 2V16 29116 31/8 4V16 4Y16 x 411,

2 1

13/, 2

5 4

2

21/2

5

2 2 2

3 4 4 x 41/4

6 6 6

%-11NCX 23/, %-9NC x 31/4 1-8UNCx 31/2 7/8-9NC x 31/2 1-8UNCx 4 1-8UNCx 4

1/2 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/, 3/4

RX-205 RX-20 RX-210 RX-25 RX-215 RX-215

97

/ Figure 4-7. Hubs used with API clamp type connectors. (Courtesy of American Petroleum Institute.)

I

Figure 4-8. API clamp type connectors for use on hubs. (Courtesy of American Petroleum Institute.) 98

API Hubs and Clamps

Figures 4-7 and 4-8 show hubs and clamp type connectors used by some wellhead manufacturers for 5,000 and 10,000 Ib psi pressure ratings. Hubs are designed by nominal size and bores. Clamps are designated by clamp numbers, 1A through 15A. Clamp numbers 9A through 15A require a spherical washer. The nuts for clamps 1A through 8A have a spherical facing. RX type ring gaskets are used on clamp connectors. Tables 4-17 and 4-18 show the nominal hub size, hub OD, clamp number, clamp weight, RX gasket number, the bolt size and length, spherical washer size, and the Table 4-17 API Clamp Type Connectors Integral Hubs and Clamps 5000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size (in.) 2Vie 29116 31/8 41/le 51/8 7V16 9 11 13318 16314

OD of Hub (in.) 5.500 6.750 7.500 9.250 11.500 13.625 16.000 18.500 20.625 25.625

Clamp Ring Clamp Weight Number Number (Ib$) RX-23 RX-24 RX-27 RX-35 RX-39 RX-45 RX-49 RX-53 RX-57 RX-65

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10A

35 45 100 56 67 111 160 242 225 345

Nut Size for Clamp (in.) 7h-9UNC-2B 1-8UNC-2B 1lh-8UN-2B 11/4-8UN-2B 1%-8UN-2B 1%-8UN-2B 2-8UN-2B 21h-8UN-2B 2%-8UN-2B 31h-8UN-2B

Wrench Size for Nut (in.) 17he 1% 113/16 2 23/lS 29116 3118 3% 41/le 5

Washer OD (in.) m

m

m

E

4.06* 5.00

* Clamp sizes 1A through 8A require the use of spherical face nuts. Clamp sizes 9A and 10A require the use of spherical washers and standard nuts.

99

Table 4-18 API Clamp Type Connectors Integral Hubs and Clamps 10,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Nominal Size (in.)

OD of Hub (in.)

113/le 2Y16 2gh6 3V16 4V16 7Y16 9 11 136/6 16314 18314 211/4

5.500 6.750 7.500 9.250 11.500 16.000 18.500 20.625 22.468 28.000 31.250 34.000

Clamp Ring Clamp Weight Number Number (ibs) RX-20 RX-23 RX-24 RX-27 RX-35 RX-45 RX-49 RX-53 RX-57 RX-65 RX-69 RX-73

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 7A 8A 11A 12A 13A 14A 15A

28 35 45 1O0 56 111 160 274 215 593 366 850

Nut Size for Clamp (in.)

Wrench Size for Washer Nut (in.) OD (in.)

%-9UNC-2B 1-8UNC-2B 11/6-8UN-2B 11/,-8UN-2B 13h-8UN-2B 2-8UN-2B 2V2-8UN-2B 2%-8UN-2B 31/4-8UN-2B 3716-8UN-2B 41h,-8UN-2B 4%-SUN-2B

17/lS 1% 1mh6 2 23116 31/6 37/a 41/4 5 516116 67/a 71/4

-------4.25" 5.00 5.94 6.88 7.25

* Clamp sizes 1A through 8A require the use of spherical face nuts. Clamp sizes 9A and 15A require the use of spherical washers and standard nuts.

Table 4-19 Recommended Bolt Torque for Clamp Type Connectors Bolt Size

Bolt Tension (Ibs)

Makeup Torque (ft Ibs)

7/8 -9UNC 1 -8UNC 11/8 -8UN 11/4 -8UN 13/8 -8UN 1% -8UN 2 -8UN 21/2 -8UN 2% -8UN 23/4 -8UN 31/4 -8UN 37/8 -8UN 41/2 -8UN 43/4 -8UN

16,760 22040 29 120 37 160 46200 67200 1O6000 171600 190400 210,400 299.600 433200 591 200 660000

195 292 428 600 815 1382 2645 5287 6182 7099 11,685 20,236 32,078 37,745

100

wrench size required to fit the nut. Table 4-19 is the recommended bolt torque for clamp type connectors. API Ring Gaskets API ring gaskets type R, RX, and BX are used for flanges and clamp type connectors. The R and RX gaskets are interchangeable and will fit ANSI flanges where applicable (Standard B-16.20, and API 6A). Uses for the different ring gaskets are shown in Figure 4-9. Types RX and BX provide a pressure energized seal but are not interchangeable. It is not recommended to reuse BX150 through BX160 ring gaskets. Types:

OVAL and OCTAGONAL. Designed for API Ring Joint Gaskets, these match standard and special grooves. K & W produces a wide selection of customdesigned and standard gaskets in these styles.

BX and RX. Designed for extreme pressure service to 15,000 psi required in today's oilfield drilling and production, these gaskets are pressure-actuated (the higher the contained pressure, the tighter the seal). The BX can be used only in API 6 BX flanges. The RX is interchangeable with standard octagonal rings in API 6B flanges. COMBINATION. Designed for ring joints in which the mating flanges have different ring groove diameters.

Figure4-9. Typesof API ringgasketsas manufacturedby K&W,Inc.(Courtesyof K&W, Inc., a StandcoCompany.) 101

Table 4-20 Oval and OctagonalRing Gasket InterchangeTablefor API Type 6B Flanges with Old Nominal Pipe Sizes Old Nominal Flange Size

1 11/4 lV2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

720 960 2,000 3,000 Ibs Ring No. R RX R-16 R-18 R-20 RX-20 R-23 RX-23 R-26 RX-26 R-31 RX-31 R-34 RX-34 R-37 RX-37 R-41 RX-41 R-45 RX-45 R-49 RX-49 R-53 RX-53 R-57 RX-57 R-61 RX-61 R-65 RX-65 R-69 RX-69 R-73 RX-73

Old Nominal Flange Size (in.)

5,000 Ibs

1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 10

Ring No. R RX R-16 R-18 R-20 RX-20 R-24 RX-24 R-27 RX-27 R-35 RX-35 R-37 RX-37 R-39 RX-39 R-44 RX-44 R-46 RX-46 R-50 RX-50 R-54 RX-54

Old Nominal Flange Size (in.)

1 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 3V2 5 10

2,900 Ibs Ring No. R RX *R-82 RX-82 R-84 RX-84 R-85 RX-85 R-86 RX-86 R-87 RX-87 R-88 RX-88 R-89 RX-89 R-90 RX-90 R-91 RX-91

*Octagonal is standard in R-80 through R-99.

Gasket Markings API ring gaskets are marked with the API monogram, the R-number, and type of steel as follows:

102

Material

Marking

Soft Iron Type 304 SS Type 316 SS

D (Cadmium plated) $304 $316

Table 4.21 BX Gasketsfor API Type 6BX WeldneckFlanges Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Flange Flange Flange Flange Bore for Bore for Bore for Bore for 5000(Ibs) BX-No. lO,O00(Ibs) BX-No. 15,O00(Ibs) BX-No. 20,O00(Ibs) BX-No. 13s/8 163/4 183/4 211/4

BX-160 BX-162 BX-163 BX-165

111/16 113/16 21/le 29/16 31he 4V18 51/8 71/le 9 11 13% 163/4 183/4 211/4

BX-150 BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-169 BX-156 BX-157 BX-158 BX-159 BX-162 BX-164 BX-166

111116 1~3/le 21118 29hs 31/ls 41/16 71/le

BX-150 BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156

113116 2V16 29hs 3Yls 41/16 71/le

BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156

Care of Ring Gaskets Store ring gaskets on a flat surface, with cardboard or heavy paper as dunnage to separate each gasket for surface protection. Do not hang ring gaskets on pegs or nails. Do not store gaskets on their edges. Never ship ring gaskets loose or in sacks. Instead, protect the gaskets during shipment by wrapping each one in paper, foil, or in boxes in order to prevent damage to the gasket surface.

103

5

STAINLESS STEELS Stainless steels offer a good resistance to certain types of corrosion, and provide acceptable solutions for use in high temperature and sub-zero conditions.

Dimensions and Markings

Fittings made from nickle, aluminum, copper, molybdenum or titanium are the same as the carbon steel fittings described in Chapter 2. However, wall thickness and weights are different for stainless schedules 5S, 10S, 40S, and 80S on sizes of 12 ins. and smaller, which are made in accordance to B36.19. See Table 5-1 for the complete dimensions of stainless steel pipe fittings.

104

Table 5-1 Dimensions for Stainless Steel Weld Fittings (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) NOM. IPE IPIZE

90" ELBOWS OUTSIDE LonE Radius Short Radius OlAMETEP (O.D.) Center to Centerto

Face (A)

Face (A)

'/2

.840

11/,

;/4

1.050

11/o

. . . . . .

1

1.315

11/,

11/4 I'/2 2 721/2 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14

1.660

17/0 21/4 3 " 3~/, 41/2 5V, 6 711, 9 12 15 1~ 21 24 27 30 36

16

18 20 24 NOM. PiPE

SIZE

OUTSIO[ OlAMETEP

(O.0.)

'/2

840

%

1.050

I

1 I/4 l'/z 2 ..

21/2

3 ..

1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4500 5563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16000 18000 20 000 24.000

1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500

3 I/z

4.000

4 5

4.500 5.563

"6

6.625

8 10 " 12 14 16 18

8.625 10.750 " 12.750 14.000 16.000 18.000

,,

20

2O 000

'24

24.000

.

.

STRAIGHT TEES Center to End (C)

1 IVe IV: 17/I 21/'4 2VZ 3 3~ 3~ 4V8 47/8 56/~ 7 81/z 10 11 12 131/, 15 17

45" ELBOWS Line Radius

Centerto | Face (B) lad)us (A)

180" RETURNS Lol I BINlilN a

Center to Center(0)

Back to Face (K)

1 Y,

%

1 V,

3

~',

IV,

2V,

i,~',

I

7/m

IVz

3

2~.

11/4 1112 2 2V, 3 31/, 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

1 1~/. ,,, 13/. 1% 2 21/, ... 21/2 3Vs 3u ,,, 5 61/4 7V:, 8:)A ]0 111/4 121/, 15

17/o 2~,~ 3 3u 41/z 51/, 6 71/, 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 36

.

.

.

.

CAPS

5

6 61/z 7 8 9 lOV2

';'Use length E-] where wall thickness is greater than for Schedule 80S.

6

7 71/:, 8 9 10 12

13/8 I'~{, .. 2 2VZ 27/8 3.% 4Ve 5 5V2 6~', 7~', 81/2 10%

23/4 3V4 - 4~. 5~, 61/4 7V4 EV4 10%, 12~% 16~', 203/I 24~ 28 32 36 40 48

I

STRAIGHT CROSSES

STUB ENOS

Len kRb-I"~" (E)' - Lap ([) Diameter (G)

1 ...... I ...... IVz 11/2 1VZ 11/2 1Z/2 11/2 iYz 13/, ll/zl 2 2 21/z 21/2 3 21/2 3 3 31/2 31/2 4 4 5

3~ 4'/2 6 71/z 9 101/z 12 15 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 72

(Long) Length(F)

(Short) Len|th (F)

3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 b 6 8 8 8

2 2 2 2 2 21/2 21/2 21/z 3 3 3 31/z 4

12:~

10

5

1'5 16V4 18V, 21 23 271/4

10 12 12 12 12 I2

6 6 6 6 6 6

Center to End (C) ..... .....

II/2

*

17/a 21/4 21/2 3 3~ 33~ 41/1 47/0 5r'A 7 81/z 10 11 12 13 l/:, 15 17

(Continued on next page)

105

Table 5-1 continued

NOM. PIPE SIZE

Concentr|c & Eccentr,c Length (H)

x 3/8 3/4X x

....

17/. 17/8 17/S

2|/2 21/~, 2V:, 2V2

21/4 21/4

3 3 3 3

2V2 21/2 2V2 21/:,

21/4 21/4 21./4 21/4 ]3~ 2 21/, 23/8

2V:, x 1 x11/4 x 11/~, x2

3V2 31/2 31/~, 3V2

3 3 3 3

2V4 2Vz 2s/. 23~

3

31/2 3V2

33/, 33/. 33/8 3~

2s/8 2)/S 3 3V(

x] xll/4 2

X 3/4

xl Xll/4

xlV~,

[

~o T--~,

c

"

or

xl xlV~, x2 x 21/~,

~

31/2 31/2

REDUCERS

D,-ff, ; -

Iv8 ]l/s ]1/2 11/2 11/2

17/s 17/s 17/8

x]

_7

2 2

2 2 2

1:2

11/2x 1'2 X 3/4

OD.-

] !

11/4 X I'2 ~, x 3/4

T _~,~---~O. D . - ~

f

l I/2 I L/2

2 2 2

A --------

.....

Ce~er to End of Outlet (M)

] !

x 3/8 x 1/2 x 3A

l

T--

3/8

Center to End of Run (C)

11/8 ll/s 11/2 11/2 11/2

T

NOM. PIPE SIZE

T

,--T"

Concentric & Eccentric Lenl[th (H)

REDUCING :UTLET TEES Center to End of Outlet (M)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3% 390 33A 41/8 49'8 41/e 41/e 4Vs

31/4

5 5 5 5 5

47/s 47/s 47/I 47/s 47/8

41/s 41/4 43/11 41/2 4s/s

4

x2 x2V2 x3 x 11/z x2 x21/z x3 x31/z x2 x21/2 x3 x 31/2 x4

5

21/, 21/4

Center to End of Run (C)

31/2 x I//4

4

106

REDUCING OUTLET TEES *

REDUCERS

T

3V2 3~s 33/8 31/z 3 90 37/s 4

.....

(Continued on next page)

Table 5.1 continued REDUCERS

T

..........

0

-~

Center te E H ef Rue (C)

Center te [ M ef Outlet (M)

x2V2 x3 x3'/2 x4 x5

5V~. 5V2 51/:, 51/2 51/2

5s/8 5% 5s/. 5% 5r,/8

4u 47/e 5 51/s 53/s

x3 x3Vz x4 x5 x6

6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7

6 6 61/8 63/e 6s/8

x4 x5

7 ?

8Vz 8V2 81/2

71/4 7V2 7u

8V2

8

l

~

---~ O.D. r---

....

c ---4.----- c

-~

lr O.D. ----J

T

T

o.D -t- ~ - - 1 - ~

t ,

~

REDUCING OUTLET TEES *

Cencentric & Eccentric Len|th (H)

NOM. PiPE SIZE

REDUCERS NOM. PIPE SIZE

12x 5 x 6 x 8 xlO 14x 6 x 8 xlO x12 16x 6 x 8 x 10 x]2 x 14 18x 8 xlO x12 x]4 x 16 20x 8 xlO x ]2 x]4 x 16 x 18 24x 10 x 12 x 14 x16 x18 x 20

Concentric & Eccentric LenDth (H) 8 8 8 8

]3 13 13 13 ]4 ]4 ]4 14 14 15 15 15 15 ]S 2O 2O 2O 20 2O 2O 2O 2O 20 20 20 2O

REDUCING OUTLET TEES* Center to End of Run (C)

10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13V2 131/2 131/2 131/' 131/2 15 15 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 17 17

Center to End of Outlet (M)

8t/2 8~s 9 91/2 9H 9 90 10V. 10sA 103/8 1090 llV. llY. 12 11% 121/. 12s/k 13 13 12% 131/s 13s/. 14 14 141/2 151/a 15s/8 16 16 161/2 17

*Use same dimensmons for reductng outlet crosses. All dmlenslons are in inches and conform to ASA B]6.9 and MSS SP-43, where applicable.

107

Figure5-1. Standardmarkingsfor stainlesssteelfittings. (Courtesyof Flowline Corp.)

Markings of Fittings Figure 5-1 illustrates a stainless steel 90-degree weld elbow long radius with standard markings: 7071 4" Sch. 40S Flowline .237" Wall WP304L

(heat or batch number) (size and pipe schedule) (trademark of the manufacturer) (wall thickness of S/40S pipe) (ASTM specification design)

Types of Stainless Steel There are over forty types of stainless steels. Three basic types account for half of the stainless steel used. These are the 300 and 400 series of stainless. 108

The most likely types of stainless steel used in ANSI systems will be 304, 304L, 316, and 316L. The "L" designation is for a low-carbon content in the steel. Screwed fittings are usually 304 or 316 stainless. Valves are usually 316 stainless. Pipe and flanges may be any of the above types. Stainless steel stud bolts are not common. Carbon steel lap joint flanges are used with stainless steel stub ends when feasible to limit the use of the higher priced stainless flanges. See Table 5-3 for dimensions of stub ends.

Stainless Steel Fittings Figures 5-2 through 5-5 show the most commonly used weld fittings. Identification markings are identical to the requirements for carbon steel flanges, i.e., trademark, type of material, size, pressure rating, and bore. Descriptions are the same as for carbon steel flanges.

Storage of Stainless Flanges The same methods described in Chapter 2 for storing or shipping carbon steel flanges applies as well for storing stainless steel flanges. However, it is preferable to store stainless flanges indoors if possible to protect the flange face and gasket surface. It is not necessary to lubricate the face of any stainless steel flange. (Text continued on page 110)

109

" '*"" ~

J

~!

ji,~

ill

f ~.~.__ 90 ~ ELBOWS

.

~ ~ " ~ "

'

DIUS 90 ~ ELBOWS

, '

~

? ----=,~ ===~__~ REDUCING 90 ~ ELBOWS

~...

~.,,.=_,~------~

LONGRADIUS

45 ~ ELBOWS

Figure 5-2. Stainless steel elbows. (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) 110

' /

k

STRAIGHT TEES

REDUCINGOUTLETTEES

r~

STRAIGHT CROSSES

,~

i,

i/

!!

REDUCING OUTLETCROSSES

Figure 5-3. Stainless steel tees and crosses. (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) 111

180~ TURNS

CAPS

ECCENTRIC REDUCERS

CONCENTRIC REDUCERS Figure 5-4. Stainless steel returns, caps, and reducers. (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) 112

fi,L,

STUB ENDS--MSS SHORTLENGTHS

i

STUB ENDS--ANSI LONGLENGTHS TYPE C STUB ENDS

Figure 5-5. Stainless steel stub ends and flange. (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) 113

Stainless Steel Pipe The common schedules of stainless steel pipe are 5S, 10S, 40S, and 80S. Table 5-2 is a complete chart of stainless steel pipe schedules and other important data. Stainless pipe is commonly referred to and described by size, schedule, and the wall thickness. Weight per foot is seldom mentioned. Example: 8-in. S/10S .109" WT. 8-in. S/40S .322" WT. 1-in. S/80S .179" WT. Care of Stainless Steel Pipe Extra care of stainless steel pipe during the entire cycle of receipt, storage, fabrication, and shipment is a requirement that cannot be over emphasized. Stainless pipe has a finished surface and thin walls. Pipe should be stored indoors, if possible, and on carpet-covered pipe racks. The pipe should be stored by type, size and schedule. Suitable dunnage should be used between each layer of pipes. Nylon slings, not chains or cable slings, should be used to handle the pipe. A special protective harness is available for use when shipping stainless pipe for protection from damage, which can be caused by chains and binders. Stainless pipe should never be dropped or bumped against other joints, cr~x~continued on page 118) 114

Table 5-2 Dimensions for Stainless Steel Pipe (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) .

.

.

.

JI p~-,,

i!

%

[ '~

I;

v,,~

.

.

.

!

.

.

.

I

uumu

|

675

-I

'

'

'

"

~

I

:

.'

-TBo(~--

l

~"

I

"

-

./ . . . .

-

I

-

t.9oo r

n-~----T-~. 3--7~) [ ~ ~ . . / ~ m c m i w ; ~ ! ; . ] ,

oooj

3 500

l

4

4.500

w

6 625

. . . .

,.~

,

"

;~ "

~

,

L 20

I 2oooo I k . ~ : . l i ~ . ~ : i J i ~ Z ~ : ~ .

~

~

l

-

~ ~ ~ 20 000 I

! )~

"

I

-- "-:

t-

--

I

~~]~ 8

375

];~

-

I

~q' ~..]} :,1,

~-"~~-

L_ zs.ooo I

IL.!*

-

? . ' . ~ . ~

!~s

II ~,

I

' ......

.

.

.

.

~

=

.

t

,F-~o--~I-~ 9 1t~~. il 12 { 12 750 !i~. : M ~ ',! ~,~ j ~4ooo ! ! ~ :

r ZO

....

~ ..... F-

- - ~ I 9 250 '

J

' I

25o

i3~oo I ~s ~oo~

i,

?so

l~ soo

25o

~o ll,,,,,~m::~~~ J lFt-,lllllLl~:F~~!::l

~2a 19 000

~g ti ,~ t ~).~7~ 1 . t. . ~. . ~ 500

.*v

(Continued on next page)

Table

o+,.

,.-+., rim

o~,.w

i +-

~

""

~ 88

1.315 ].660 !.900 2.375 2.875

1 89 --2

~.~

3soo

3 89 4 ' 5 al

4000 4.500 ~963

6.625 8.625 10.750

ii

: 10 li

iz.7so

14

14 000

zl

i6.ooo

"-ii

'

'ipl

Oilmlltlr

l;izo

I I

.269 .364

I

.493

~

w..

7

~.+e,,

:

7

...

I ] t f /

I 049 1.380 1 610 2.--~ 7---2.469

.

;t6 i 3.o68 .226 J 3 548 .237 l 4.026 .2~8 i 5o47 280 I 6.065 .322 1 7 981 . .365 . . I . 10.020 . . ,4o6 I ]] 938 .438 I 13 124 ~oo i zsooo ~-6~---l--T~-s~-

.,593 ,,, 687

I ,.s,de

+

.0% .119

I I

i

.]47

J__+__:.~

J

7,813 -~75o is 626

.962

.593

12.814 ] 4.688

6s6

.

I 18 814 ! ~.~,~

Wall

+ Thick.

.406 -~00

.

.

.

wail

O,am. I[ Think.

~/+ll

~

~

'Yl

18376 22 064

......

~-z-

II z 89

1

I

II z I l l _ ~ 4 1 / s I

I

II iO II IZ

I

;'l~ .... l

.179 l .]91 I .200+ 2.375 [ ] - - 2 i 8 - - ~ - - T ; w 2.~7S Ii .276 i 3.+oo II .~oo i i ~ ,318|

s.~+ll

i0,750l I 12.750 !! 1,1 I ]4.000 !i I I J 16.~ IFTz ....... ~ ]8:ooo II 2o ! 20.000

.432

I

. 7 ~

....

.957 il +.2;8 ii i.500 II

.... , 2 323 ~! . 2.900 +t . 3.364 ,~ ,

O,am.

il ! II IIi

J

,

.+, .

T .... I . . . . . . . . .

9 l I 9 I ~,---~ ..... . I I . !

5,761 '~

,993 i s+,564 ill 687 I 11 376 ! 1750 1 121500 1]_ .843 ! 14.314 r,--~s~-i-~:~--tl-i j 1+031 i 17.938 ~.~s 1 ~964

~

~ " : , 1

~

i Ins,de l]

J

+~il .i. ~I .302 ++ , . ~ ....

-

T~.s-~

812

~o~

,

.

II

'

R ~

_

.133 .140 .145 .154 .203

20.000 2,~.~

I

II

.ore .....

s<...,'o I+

I.s,~

ms .088

~8.ooo-

i 20 i -

continued

,<..o,,o., ..... w..]

.~m

~

5-2

I

,

, Wall

'L Thick. II

.... ,,

i

N

....

i ........

Ins,de ',

Omm. + .... "

' i

-T+;-!

.... tl i . . . . ;. . . II .... " .... ,, iJ . . . . . . . .-~'--T.-+; . . . . . . . . . .;;+ 9 II . . . . . .,. 1,1 . . . . . . --I~- . . . . . .

,,

II

.562

19,3 .843 :4 t / I 1 C il l 000 3' ll2'I I I 11093 ~3L I 13.938 iI 1.218 ~-Tis~iii~-11--i:3-sr---i~so--I ii 1 8L t 17.438 II 1.500 t t i a t ,,,,I 20938 ii11 1.812 il ill

]

N

][ ...... i

.~J

~

{ ] l ] i +

5.501 I 9,0 10.750 li.8t4 13.564

I I I |

i7.000 i 20,3761

(Continued on next page)

Table 5-2 continued Nominal P~pe Size ...... .... i / |

SCHEDULE 140

Outside Diameter

....

.....

I

Walt Inside Thick. . . . . . . Diam. .

i40s _

1.050 1 315

9

1.900

. .~____~

1.660

189

L

.

~

.

.

.

.

.

.187 218 250 250

.466 .614 .815 ].160 1.338 -689 2125 2.624 ,~:. 3438 4.313 5.189 6.8]3 85~

....- -

2875 il

....

3

3.500 U

....

4o0o j[ 4,~-~ 5.563 6,625

.28]

.

~

z,/, 3,/,

DOUBLE X STRONG

Inside Wail Diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . Thick. 9 ..

.....Inside .... Diam.

.540 ,675

I 1

SCHEDULE 160 Wall Thick.

....

8,6z5

S]2

10,750 12,750 14.00(3 16,000 18000 20.000 2r ............

1.000 1.]25 1250 1.438 1.552

.._

.--I - T ~ I - ~ - - T - - - ] .... i] .375 | .... il .438 | ..,,. jl ~,,.,,. / l .531 J 625 / .718 700i .906 8.750 ~-~125

]o.5oo

~.3]2

~!.~

!4o6

lO.]26 ]!.].

t3.124 ]4.876

1.593 ].78]

"12.814 ]4.438

~75o

~ ]6.~

2.062

[

All dimensions are in ;nches. Dtmensmns for Standard Wetght. Extra Strong, Double Extra Stron$, Schedules 10, 20. 30, 40. 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 are in conformance wtth A,S A. B36 ]0, Dimensions for Schedules 5S, 10S. 4OS. and BO~ a r e m conformance with A,S,A B36,19.

]9.876

!.~s

~ 2.343 . . . .

--

294 1:308 358 ,382 .400 ,436 . . . . . . ,552 .600 ,,:,:_ ~(~74 .750 ,864 .875

,252 .434 .5~ .896

],lO0 11503 ].771 2,300 .... ~:3i]52 4.063 4,897 6.875

"

16o64

19.314

...............

(A} Proposed ~vall thickhess ~or Schedules 5S anO lOS. (8~ Wall thicknesses for Schedu|es 40.40S. ant; Standard Weight are identical through 10" seze. (C) Wall thicknesses for Schedules 80, 80S, and Extra Strong are ~denttcal throuitl 8" s=ze. (I) Th=ckness a(~rees wtth that for Standard We=iht Pipe ~A,S,A, B36 I0"~; not included In Schedule 40S (2) Thickness agrees with that ~or Extra Stron8 Ptpe (AS,A, B36 10); not Included in Schedule SOS,

117

~=

Table 5-3 Dimensions of Stainless Steel Stub Ends (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.)

SCHEDULE5S Featherweight RADIUS . . . . . . . OUTSIDE LAP THICKNESS stainless DIAMETER DIAMETER Steel (O.D.) (G) Approx. Wt. in Pounds* WALL LAP Lone Short A B (T) (t) Shert Lenlth LENGTH

(F)

NOM. PIPE SIZE

1/2 %

.840 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000

1 1 V,, 1 i/~ 2 2 '/~ 3 3 V2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

1% 111/~6 2 21/2 2 7/s 3% 4 '/s 5 51/2 63A6 7s/~6 8 I/2 10% 123/; 15 161/, 181h 21 23 25 !/~ 27 V,,

3 2 3 4

,/. ,/~ m

.m

4 6

I/. lh2 JI6S 1/8 1/32 .tit6 2 3/~6 1/32 ....~ .... 2 !/4 1In ,Ore 2112 s/~6 V32 m

6 6

2 I/2 21/2

6

4

2 2

,Og5

J~ .1W. s/;6 1/32 - 1 ~ 3 . . . . . J30 %

i/32 Jm3

.Lt4

3

7/i, 1/32

8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12

3 31/~ 4 5 6 6 6 6

T/16 1/2 I/2 1/2 1/2 1/, 1/2 1/2

12 12

6 6

1/2 1/16 !/2 I/~6 . . . . . . . .

1/16 .tOg .168 1/1~ 109 .175 1/16 ~ ..... 1 8 7 ..... 1/16 .134 .221 1/16 _ J N ....... ~ _ ~ 1/i6 , I , ~ i .249 1/16 , , ~ .249 t/~6 ~ .2~

.12 .14 .18 .28 .33 .49 .67 .91 1.18 1.37 1.89 3.45 5.34 8.35 13.34 14.00 17.50 25.25

30.75 34.50

(Continued on next page)

TYPE

FLaWUN~

-[-~, ,

,-

G

~_"[3

oo ' A

.- s,,,,,,D ,,,,c,

118

"A" STUB ENDS MADE IN CONFORMANCE WITH A.S.A. B16.9 AND M.S.S. SP.-43 WHERE APPLICABLE EXCEPT THICKNESS OF CERTAINLAPS HAS BEEN INCREASED

Table 5-3 continued

I DIAMETER OUTSIDE LAP ~OM. IPE DliIMETER SiZE

(O.D.)

~

LEI TH

SCHEDULE10S LiEht I.P.S. RADIUS

(G)

Lenl Short A I B

THICKNESS

stli;:e? s

i WALL I LAP (1") ! (t)

Approx. Wt. in Pounds* Short LenIth

*/~ 1~/~ 1'/~

llh 2 2V~ 3 31h

14 16 18 20 22 24

1.660

1"/,6

'/81 '/37

2V2 2 7.

3/"1 '/- ~

1.900 2.375 2.875 3.5O0

3% 4 V8 5

4.000

51/2

4.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000

63/~6 7sh6 8 Vz

10% 123A 15 16'h 18'h 21 23 251/, 271/,

1 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 6

F L G W U I V s TYPE " B " STUB ENDS --.~ r ~"1 i~i!i

9

1

V, I V3= i .tin ..t a,~.| ~/~61V. 1 .ml s/.lV. %1 1/32 ,120 | .z6[ ! i .|20 ] ~ ] 7. I V32 ~.]20 ~l ....- ~ ] 3 '/"I'/" ,]34 I .18t ! 3'/2 'hi '/1, : .134 | . ~ ] v,l v,, ~1148 ]~ ~ ]

4 2 6 272 6 2V~ 6 2 V2

m

":

~

1

'/~I '/1~ ass I ~ ! ,/211/,, : . . ~ I ~ i l

'/21 '/,~ i ; ~ - ~ ' ] -~il)"]

'/21'/":

J~}

.~I]l- l

'/211/,6 _,l;Mm_:| i J , : ]

'h I 'l,, ] 1 ~

| ,.U~:]

'/21'/'' ~ A l m i J l j

'hI'/.

i ~_|i

"~_.J

.48 .5s .96

1.34 1.72 1.99 2.26 4.25 6.73 10.31

14.39 16.75 20.00 21.50 28.25 31.00 39.75

(Continued on next page)

MADE IN CONFORMANCE WITH A.S.A.B16.9 AND M.S.S. SP.-43 WHEREAPPLICABLE EXCEPTTHICKNESS OF CERTAINLAPS HAS BEEN INCREASED

119

Table 5-3 continued

NOM. PiPE SIZE 1/2 3/4 1 ]' 11, 11/2 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 6 8 l0 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

SCHEDULE40S StandardI.P.S. LENGTH , . Stainless Steel Aluminum OUTSIDE LAP (F) RADIUS THICKNESS Approx. Wt. Approx. Wt.: DIAMETER DIAMETER in Pounds* in Pounds (O.D.) (G) Len| Short A B ' W(~L iI L(~)P LonlE Lenl[th Short 9 Lenlth Lonl[ Len~h .840 ]..050 ]..3].5 ]..660 ]..900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 ].2.750 14.000 16.000 ],8.000 20.000 22.000 24.000

]' % 1"/14 2 2112 2~ 3% 4 I/a 5 5 I/~ 63/14 7s/~6 8 I/2 ].0% 12 3/~ 15 161/~ 181/2 21 23 25 I/, 27 i,~

3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 l0 l0 ].2 ].2 ].2 ].2 12 12

2 2 2 2 2 21/2 21/2 21/2 3 3 3 3 I/2 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1/s ~ 1/o 3/~6 1/,, s,~6 s~6 % % x/16 x/16 lh I/2 1/2 1/~ 1/2 1/~ 1/2 1/2 1/2 l/z

1/32 1/32 1/32 1132 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/3~ 1/32 1/32 1/16 1/16 1A6 1/16 1A6 1/i6 1/i6 IA6 1/16 1A6 i/16

TYPE " C "

o ~ 1 ,AC~

120

.32 .45 .65 1.00 ]..20 2.25 3.4]. 4.67 5.58 6.70 10.75 ].6.].8 25.50 40.00 47.00 60.00 69.75 80.50 9]..25 99.75 ],13.25 STUB ENDS

.Ao g,,own, IN NOMINALPIPE SIZES1/2" THROUGH12"-O SHORT NN LOTYELESN(A) G ETE HS

.24 .36 .37 .62 .75 1.29 1.71 2.46 3.30 4.06 4.64 9.06 15.98 23.13 30.48 35.00 41.75 48.00 54.50 59.50 67.50

.1 ]' .).6 .23 .35 .42 .79 1.80 1.65 1.97 2.37 3.79 5.71 8.].5 ]4.].2 ].6.59 2]...].2 24.50 28.25 32.00 35.00 39.75

Table 5-3 continued

SCHEDULE80S Extra HeavyI.P.S. NOM. PiPE SIZE

OUTSIDE LAP DIAMETER DIAMETER (O.D.) (G)

LENGTH RADIUS (F) Leng Short A

'/2 3/, 1

11/4 1 '/2 _ 2 1/2

~

3'/2 4 8 10 12 '" 14 16 18 20 22 24

.840 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000

1% 3 11'/,+ 3 2 4 2112 4 2 7/a 4 3% 6 4 I/o 6 5 6 5'/2 6 62/% 6 7sA+ 8 8'/2 8 10% 8 12 3/; 10 15 ,10 16 V4 12 18 V= 12 21 12 23 12 25114 12 27'/4 12

2 2 2 2 2 2'/2 2 !/2 21/2 3 3 3 31/2 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

B

THICKNESS WALL (T)

i/+ '/32 ,147 1/s 1/22 .|54 1/o 1/32 ,l~.. 311+ 1132 'I91 '/4 '/32 ~ s/~+ 1/32 .218 s/~+ '/32 .276 % '/32 300 % 1/32 .318 7'I+ 1/32 337 71+ I/i+ 375 1/= '/!+ .432 1/= 1/,+ .500 .... I/= 1/,+ .500 11= 7,+ .500 11= 7,+ . ~ 1/= '/i+ .$OOm I/= VI+ .~ 11= 111+ i ~ 11= 111+ .51)1~ !/2 1/1+ .$01~

~

1

LAP (t)

Stainless Steel Approx. wt. in Pounds* Long

.187 .187 .187 .I91 .200 .218 .276 .300 .318 337 .375 .432 .~ .500 .500 i~" .500 .5~. .500 .500 .500 ..

.38 .51 .87 1.35 1.54 3.10 4.64 6.36 7.70 9.37 16.50 22.56 34.50 54.00 64.50 82.00 96.50 108.50 119.50 128.25 148.00

Length

Aluminnm Approx. Wt. in Pounds

Long Length

.13 .18 .31 .48 .54 1.09 1.64 2.25 2.72 3.31 5.82 7.96 ]2.18 19.06 22.77 28.75 33.80 38.00 42.00 45.00 52.00

121

Cut-offs at fabrications shops should be re-marked if necessary with the standard markings, and then returned to stock for future issue.

Marking Stainless Pipe Stainless steel pipe and fittings should never be painted because they do not require a protective coating. In addition, identification would be more difficult. Be sure all stainless steel items are marked with good identification code numbers. Leave any vendor markings on stainless pipe for future identification purposes. Mark your company codes with stencil ink that includes the type, size, schedule, and purchase order item number on each joint. (The stencil ink is available in aerosol cans). You may also use good quality bar code markings. Place codes inside each end of each joint of pipe. To further ensure the correct identification of stainless steels, a color code scheme is used. A suggested color code appears in Table 5-4. Stencil inks are used to apply the color code in designs of your choice such as lines, dots, triangles, etc.

Identification Tests If a stainless item is not identified for some reason, besides a laboratory test, craftsmen can perform certain tests at jobsites. 122

Table 5-4 Color Code Chart Type of steel -21 degree F to -50 degree F Carbon Steel Special Carbon Steel (Project stated as special) 31/2% Nickle Type 304 Stainless Steel Type 304L StainlessSteel Type 316 StainlessSteel Type 316L StainlessSteel Type 309 StainlessSteel Type 310 Stainless Steel Carpenter 20 Stainless Steel Carbon-lh% Molybdenum 1% Chrome-~h%Molybdenum 11/4%Chrome-lh% Molybdenum 21/4%Chrome-l% Molybdenum 5% Chrome-V2%Molybdenum 9% Chrome-l% Molybdenum AF-22-65 Duplex AF-22-100 Duplex AF-22-130 Duplex MW CR-13

Stencil Ink Colors Yellow Red White Red Yellow Blue Green Red & Yellow Red & Blue Black Red & White Yellow & White Green & White Green & Yellow Orange Orange & Yellow Blue & Yellow Red & Yellow Black & Yellow Blue & Orange

Magnet Tests The 300 series of stainless steels are non-magnetic in most cases to a hand magnet. The 400 series of stainless steels are magnetic. Chemical Tests Saturated copper sulphate solution deposits metallic copper on non-stainless steel in about five minutes. On stainless steels there will not be a deposit. (To apply the copper sulphate solution for the test, clean a small area 123

of the steel with emory cloth, then apply a few drops of the solution to the abraded area.) Other Tests

How to distinguish 302 and 304 from 316 and 317 stainless steels is described in Table 5-5 along with other types of tests. Figure 5-6 illustrates a tool called the WT Alloy Separator. | When the probe is touched to any metal, the probe creates an instant thermocouple voltage that is unique for each metal containing sufficient differences in chemistry or crystalline structure. It is manufactured by Technicorp of Wayne, N.J.

Figure5-6. Electronicmetaltester.(Courtesyof Technicorp-Wayne,NewJersey.) 124

Table 5-5 Identification Tests for Stainless Steels (Courtesy of Uddeholm Steel Corp.) AISI TYPE

GROUP

302

i MAGNET i TEST ii

Austenitic 9

303

Austenitic

303Se

Austenitic

304

Austenitic

~

u. ... o a ~'esc ~ 9 o *',. o" ~m-~ ~ =o : r m tn

317'

Austenitic

321

Austenitic

347

Austenitic

410

Martensitic

Long white with few forks

"~

414

. Martensitic.

Long white with few forks

~ ~"

416

Martensitic m . Martensitic

Long white with few forks

=r

Martensitic

Long white-red with burst

o ~c m

.Z

Long white with few forks

C~

< 9

Long white-red with burst

420

3 lo r :)

m

'431

"! Martensitic "_ _ 440, A, B, C Martensitic 9

~

Short, reddish, with few forks Short, reddish, with " few forks Short. reddish, with few forks Short, reddish, with few forks Full red without many forks Full red without many forks Full red without many forks i Short. reddish, with few forks

Austenitic Austenitic

416,Se

O

HARDNESS TEST

308 309 310 316

,I

1430 i430F

9

. Ferritic

9

~ ~ O~

SPARK TEST

.

Long white with few forks

Ferritic

430FSe

Ferritic

446

Ferritic

"~ ccm~c,~" 10 6: t n t - ~ o" ~3~3

Full red without many forks

(Continued on

~-~o~ q.. next page)

125

Table 5-5 continued

AISI TYPE

SULFURIC ACID TEST

302

Austenitic

Strong attack. Dark surface, Green crystals

303

Austenitic

303Se

Austenitic

Fairly rapid reaction Pale blue-green solution Spoiled egg odor. heavy black smudge Garlic odor

Strong attack. Dark surface. Green crystals

Fast attack Gas formation

Slow attack, Tan surface turns brown 'Slower attack, Tan surface turns brown

Very slow attack compared to 302, 304, 321 and 347

304

126

HYDROCHLORIC ACID TEST

GROUP

3O8 309 310 316

Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic Austenitic

317'

AustenitiC

321

Austenitic

347

Austenitic

410

Martensitic

414

Martensitic

Fast attack Gas formation Fast attack Gas formation More vigorous reaction than 302 Darker green solution

416

Martensitic

Spoiled egg odor

416Se

Martensitic

Garlic odor

420

Martensitic

431

Martensitic

440. A, B. C 430

Martensitic . Ferritic

430F

Ferritic

Spoiled egg odor

430FSe

Ferritic

Garlic odor

446

Ferritic

6

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS There are small items such as screwed fittings, gaskets, pipe nipples, and plugs that are necessary on every project. The materials described in this chapter are merely to acquaint the new materials person of their existence, and so are not shown with dimensions and tables. Malleable iron fittings, either black or galvanized, are the low-pressure fittings sold at the hardware store, and used accordingly. Figure 6-1 shows a 150-1b bronze to iron ground joint union. This type fitting is available from l/s-in, through 4-in. in 150, 250, and 300-1b ratings.

Figure 6-1. Malleableiron union. (Courtesyof Jaqua-McKee,Inc.) 127

Elbow

48' EIINw

Cram

Tee

S~oet EIImw

lateral

Figure 6-2. Forgedsteelfittings.(Courtesyof Jaqua-McKee,Inc.)

Figure 6-2 shows the most commonly used fittings in ANSI systems, the forged steel screwed (and socketweld) fittings. These fittings are used for steam, water, oil, gas, and air. They are available in 2,000, 3,000 and 6,000-1b classes, in many types of alloys including stainless steels. Figure 6-3 shows additional forged steel fittings. Store fittings by size and rating. Pipe nipples are stocked in various lengths in black or galvanized pipe, and in schedules to match the pipe being used. They are also made to the length required for fit-up by pipefitters using pipe machines. Figure 6-4 depicts typical pipe nipples. One of the nipples is referred 128

Coupling

Hex. HeadBushinll

Half Couplinll

Rush Bushin|

Reducer

Round HeadPlug

Cap

SquareHeadPlug

Flex.HeadPlull

Figure 6-3. Forged steel fittings. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.)

t~I' ~f~=! ' I ,~,~ttl,ll,titttl All Thread Nipple

Nipple Threaded Both Ends

Figure 6-4. Pipe nipples. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.)

129

to as an all-thread or close nipple by the craftsmen. Other nipples are described in size by the nipple's length. A shoulder nipple is an all-thread nipple with a small unthreaded section in the center of the nipple forming a shoulder. Some nipples have a thread on one end only. Some used with socketweld fittings do not have any threads. Store nipples by type, size, and length. Swage nipples are used to reduce pipe sizes. Swages are available in combinations from Vs-in. to about 8-in., but larger in special cases. Figure 6-5 shows a typical swage nipple threaded on both ends. Swages may have almost any combination of ends such as bevel large end, thread small end, grooved, and bevel both ends. Another type of cross-over fitting is the sub-tubing nippie as shown in Figure 6-6. Sub-tubing nipples are used to change from an API tubing thread to a line pipe thread. The longer variations of this nipple are called

Figure 6-5. SwageNipples.(Courtesyof Jaqua-McKee,Inc.) 130

Figure 6-6. Sub-tubingnipple,pup- Figure6-7. Bullplugs. (Courtesyof joints. (Courtesyof Jaqua-McKee,Inc.) Jaqua-McKee,Inc.)

pup-joints. Pup-joints are in even-numbered lengths from 2-ft through 16-ft, and are used to complete a string of pipe in given length without cutting and threading. Pupjoints are usually API threads on both ends. Bu//p/ugs, see Figure 6-7, are used to close ends of lines or strings of tubing in oil wells. They are akin to the smaller hex head or round pipe plugs, but are not the same. Bull plugs are available in sizes from ~/8-in. through 8-in., and can have threaded, plain, beveled, or grooved ends. Bull plugs are often drilled and tapped, and a valve and nipple added for an outlet. There are female threaded plugs available, but they are not common. 131

Figure 6-8. Hammerunions. (Courtesyof Jaqua-McKee,Inc.)

I i

Spiral Wound Red Rubber,Asbestos Figure 6-9. TypicalANSIgaskets. (Courtesyof Jaqua-McKee,Inc.)

Figure 6-8 shows the wing or hammer union. These rugged unions are used most commonly in oil field hookups and temporary lines. They are available in sizes from 1-in. through 12-in., from 1,000 psi to 15,000 psi. 132

Gaskets require proper storage methods for protection. Do not store gaskets on nails or pegs. Store by type, size, and rating on a flat surface. Never issue gaskets that will be placed in a sack with the fittings and bolts. Figure 6-9 illustrates some of the common ANSI system gaskets. Flange insulation sets are used between systems, such as an offshore pipeline connection to the production facilities. The set consists of a flange gasket, either full faced or raised face, sleeves, and washers for the bolts. Store the insulation kits in the same vendor box as they were shipped in. Do not mix or mingle the various sets. Figure 6-10 is a flange insulation kit or set. Corrosive areas sometimes mandate the use of a protector of the flange stand-off area to protect the gasket area between the flanges. These protectors are available

Figure 6-10. Flangeinsulationsets. (Courtesyof Jaqua-McKee,Inc.) 133

9

~

,..~

!

Figure 6-11.Processflangeprotectors.(Courtesyof RodunDevelopmentCorp., Houston,Texas.)

in various shapes and models. Figure 6-11 shows a protector called Flexi-seal. | (Rodun Development Corp., Houston, Texas). This protector features a center Vshaped section that forms its primary seal. Flexible ribs on each side provide secondary sealing. It is secured in place by a stainless steel band and latched with a steel T-bolt. Store miscellaneous items by size and rating, and if necessary, apply a tag for future identification. 134

7

I

PIPELINE PIGS Pipelines require cleaning, and products require separation when being transported through the same line simultaneously; pipeline pigs are used to make cleaning and separation possible. The slang word "pig" means scraper, ball, sphere, or other apparati used in pipelines. Figure 7-1 illustrates a Polly-Cast | pig made from polyester urethane. Pigs such as the Polly-Cast | can be used in gas, crude oil, salt water, refined product, and LPG lines. They are also available with steel bristles on the wear surface, which increases the life of the urethane pig. Spherical balls or pigs (Figure 7-2) have been used for many years. They are available in solid material in sizes 1 "through 12" and inflatable from 4" through 56". Pigs are inflated with a displacement pump capable of 250 psi or 1,724 kPa (Figure 7-3). This type of pig is often used in automated piping systems, meter proving, product separation, hydrostatic testing, and cleaning. Most are made from Neoprene, Nitrile, Polyurethane, or Viton. 135

I

|

! I

T

~

~

mt.vuR :THANE FOAM CORE

STANDARD LENGTH POLLY-CAST | Available as Plain or Steel Belted (Steel Belted shown above)

I

|

I 1

9

EXTENDED LENGTH POLLY.CAST | Available as Plain or Steel Belted (Plain shown above)

Figure 7-1.Polly-Castpig.(Courtesyof KnappPollyPig,Inc.)

Without pigging, product buildup, sediment, and slime in pipelines increases and flow capacity decreases. Eventually, the pipeline might even need to be replaced entirely. The cost of the power needed to move the products also increases dramatically as buildup increases. Without pigs for product separation, separate pipelines would be required for different fluids. Pigs are a routine part of pipeline operations. 136

Figure 7-2. Spherical pipeline pigs. (Courtesy of LTV Energy Products Company.)

Figure 7-3. Pressure pump. (Courtesy of LTV Energy Products Company.) 137

Pigs are placed into lines by means of a launcher and a receiver, as shown in Figures 7-4a and b. They are moved down the line by means of pressure. Both the launcher and the receiver have bolted, swinging doors to install or remove the pigs. In the case of very large diameter pigs, a rail hoist is part of both units. Pigs are usually ~/8" larger than the inside diameter of the pipeline for a good tight fit. At intersections of pipelines, Scraper Bar Tees (Figure 215) are used to keep the pig in line. The pig moves right through bends and turns until it reaches the receiver. Near the end of its trip and at checkpoints on the way, the pig passes over a device known as a "pig signal," and raises

h i',

,,

i~ L----. ~....: /~--~. ~ ~,.~

~i-; .-.:

Figure ?-4A. Pipeline pig launcher. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.) 138

Figure 7-4B. Pipeline pig closures. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.)

either a flag notice on a manual system or an indicating light on a panel board. (See Figure 7-5). Pigs are tracked in lines by a radioactive isotope which gives off a radio signal and can be monitored from the air, ground, or a satellite tracked by an electronic transmitter. The most common pig is the polyurethane style used for pigging lines up to 60 inches. These pigs are used for product or crude oil pipelines, chemical process piping, water systems, offshore condensate removal, and many other variations of pigging. 139

Figure 7-5. Automatedclosures.(Courtesyof TubeTurnsTechnologies,Inc.)

A noninflatable Polly-Sphere pig (Figure 7-6) has a high-density polyurethane foam core and a hard but flexible outer cover. This type of sphere offers the advantage of not deflating and the pressures inside the sphere and in the line are equalized by small holes drilled in the pig. It can be used for low pressure lines as well. Bullet-shaped pigs are made of durable foam. A special exterior surface made from plastic, in a spiral or 140

ex,ble but hard polyurethane outer sphere

The KnolDp Polly-Spt'~re COnSistsof 0 horcI yet flextble polyurethone outer sphere with o high density pOlyuretr~one l o o m core A ser,es of holes drilled

through the Outer .~ oliow l::~ssure eq~ tK~nbetween hne I and It~t of tt~e Sl~ core. 11~usno inflot required

Fioure 7-6. Polly-Spherepig. (Courtesyof KnappPollyPig, Inc.)

criss-cross design imparts greater cleaning power, strength, and wearability. The nose is completely covered to insure proper sealing. For extra-tough cleaning jobs, a coat of silicon carbide or abrasives can be added. Flame-hardened steel wires are bonded to the polyurethane body of the pig (Figure 7-7) for use on long runs. The bristles are mounted at the specific angle that makes them self-sharpening. A simpler pig, the foam Sweege Pig, is made of extremely soft foam and is designed for temporary sweeping of lines to eliminate things such as oxides which cause red water. They are propelled by normal water pressure. A Polly-Pig of this type is shown in Figure 7-8. 141

Havelina Polly Pig

Super Havelina Polly Pig

Coated Super Havelina Polly Pig

Figure 7-7. Bullet-shapedpigs. (Courtesy of Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.)

Inexpensive Foam S w e e g e Pigs are now a v a i l a b l e to temporarily remove oxide that cause red water. The standard Sweege Foam Pig StyleV-B, is an inexpensive, expendable Knapp Polly-Pig s of extremely soft foam designed specifically for temporary sweeping of a line to eliminate oxides that cause red water. The are easily inserted into water mains by hand, require no special devices, no line shut offs, and are propelled by normal water pressure. ,

,

Figure 7-8. Foamsweege pig. (Courtesy of Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.)

142

The diameter of Polly-Pigs is usually one and a half times the length. As a rule, ~/8" is added to the pig body size for coating. Some pigs with diameters less than 6" have mesh for internal reinforcement. Some are equipped with a rope on one or both ends for ease in handling and pulling. Dished ends add to the effective fluid removal while pointed ends are used for bi-directional changes. The ends may be either shorter or longer for extreme valves or launches. They also come in either soft or hard for variations in density (Figure 7-9), which is measured in pounds per cubic foot. Some styles of Polly-Pigs made by Knapp are described in Figure 7-10. They are color-coded by type of cover for identification and some are criss-crossed.

S,ngle SID,rOICOOt~ng IDottern allows greater flexlbd~,h,'O! the p,g for runn,ng t~ght bends "T s." valves 0."~31vOnohons ~nO~lOe I .D

Double sD=ral coating po~ern Drov=des greater number Of cleonmng edges and makes the pig more res:stont tO teonng Th~sde's~gn ~sintended for longer runs where less flexibility is reclutred

Sdtcon corbtde ~mpregnoted coohng ~sovodoble ~nboth s,ngle and double spiral patterns Th=scoottr~:j =sadvisable when removing mill scale, weld slog. calcite or carbonate depos,ts, rust. or other hord or abrasive delaOslts.

Figure7-9. Coatedpollypigs.(Courtesyof KnappPollyPig, Inc.) 143

Urethane Scraper Cup specifications from 3" through 56" are described in Table 7-1. It is important to note that cups up to 14" are molded without a center hole, so you must specify the hole size required when ordering. The approximate pressures and flows required for polly pigging are shown in Table 7-2. (Text continued on page 148) STYLE

TYPE $BD (Scarlet

DENSITY

Heavy Drying Up to 200 MI

SCC (Scarlet criss-cross)

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Heavy Wiping Up to 200 MI

SCC-WB (Scarlet criss-cross wire brush) SCC-$C (Scarlet criss-cross silicon carbide)

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Hjeavy Scraping p to 200 MI

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Heavy Scraping Up To 200 MI

SBD-T (Turning)

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Heaviest Drying Up To 300 MI

SCC-T (Turning)

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Heaviest Wiping Up To 300 MI

SCC-WB-T (Turning)

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Heaviest Scraping Up To 300 MI

SCC-SC-T (Turning)

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Heaviest Scraping Up To 300 MI

RBS (Red bare

5 LBS./CU. FT.

Regular Drying Up To 10 MI

5 LBS./CU. FT.

Regular Wiping Up To 10 MI

bare durafoam)

lid

FUNCTION

8 LBS./CU. FT.

squeegee) RCC (Red crisscross)

RCC-WB (Red criss- 5 LBS./CU. FT. cross wire brush)

Regular Scraping Up To 10 MI

Figure 7-10. Pollypig styles.(Courtesyof KnappPollyPig, Inc.) 144

STYLE

TYPE

DENSITY

FUNCTION ,,

m

! m

CID

RCC-SC (Red crias- 5 LBS.ICU. FT. cross silicon carbide)

,_

,

Regular Scraping Up To 10 MI

RBS-T Fuming)

5 LBS./CU. FT.

Longer Drying Up To 25 MI

RCC-T (Turning)

5 LBS.ICU. FT.

Longer Wiping Up To 25 MI

RCC-WB-T (Turning)

5 LBS.ICU. FT.

Longer Scraping Up To 25 MI

RCC-SC-T (Turning)

5 t.BS./CU. FT.

Longer Scraping Up To 25 MI

YBS (Yellow bare swab)

2 LBS./CU. FT.

Ught Orang

YCC (Yellow criss-cross) u (Yellow criss-cross silicon carbide)

2 LBS.ICU. FT.

Y ~S- ~ (Bullet)

2 LBS./CU. FT.

Ught Drying Up To 1 MI

vCC-T (Turning)

2 LBS./CU. FT.

Light Drying Up To 3 MI

vCC.SC-T (Turning)

2 I.BS./CU. FT.

Light Drying Up To 3 MI

UNICAST

2o u~s.~cu.~.

GRAY HARD SCALE

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Industrial Scraping Up To 300 MI

MAXI.BRUSH (UGHT WiRE)

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Maximum Scraping Up To 300 MI

MAXI-BRUSH

8 LBS./CU. FT.

Maximum Scraping Up To 300 MI

Up To I MI

2 LBS./CU. FT.

Ught Drying Up To I MI Light Drying Up To I MI-

,

(HEAVYWIRE)

cleening Up To 2000 MI

,,

145

Table 7-1 Urethane Scraper Cups STANDARD NOM. PIPE

SIZE

A B =.,,,,,, ,,,,.,,- ,=.,. ,, , , ~

C ~. . . . .

& STEEL

D s..... ~

BELTED

POLLY.CUP

|

E F G H(~ K~ =. . . . , , ~ =..... , , ~ =.... ,,,,.,,,, =..... , H O L E S

APPX. WT. LBS.

3"

3.19

"

1.13

"

.50

2.25

2.75

*

~

4'"

4.25

~

1.38

"

.50

3.07

3.38

~

"

.3 .4

6"

6.13

*

1.75

~

.50

4.25

5.25

"

~

1.3

8'"

8.25

~

2.00

"

.75

6.13

7.25

"

*

2.6

10"

10.50

*

2.25

*

.88

8.13

8.75

*

*

4.8

12"

12.22

"

2.25

1.63

.88

12.07

11.50

~

*

7.3

14"

14.25

*

2.50

1.88

.88

13.00

11.63

"

~

8.7

16"

16.00

8.75

2.75

2.25

1.00

15.25

13.88

11.00

8

9.9

18"

18.00

10.88

3.00

2.38

1.00

17.25

16.00

12.75

8

12.2

20"

20.25

10.88

3.50

2.63

1.25

19.00

17.25

13.50

12

18.6

22"

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

24.4

24"'

24.25

14.13

4.00

2.88

1.50

23.25

21.63

16.50

14

29.8

26"

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

34.8

28"

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

51.0

30"

30.25

16.13

4.38

3.00

1.88

29.50

26.25

19.50

16

57.5

32"

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

74.0

34"'

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

77.0

36"

36.25

22.13

4.38

3.00

1.88

35.88

33.25

25.00

22

80.8

40"

40.25

22.13

5.00

3.25

2.00

38.50

35.75

26.00

24

100.0

42"'

42.25

24.13

5.50

3.38

2.00

T

t

t

24

105.0

48" 56"

48.25 5E25

32.13

s

3.50

2.00

4EO0

44.50

36.00

24

144.0

|

I

,

i

|

111 ' (Courtesy Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.)

}

|

2]

_l

1I

l i |

146

1

PLAIN POLL Y-CUPP'

,

"~|

~LLi

= N ~.X

,<

~

0

S

~

~0

N

~

cO

S

~

0

N

~

'~0

S

~

~

~0

~ ~

0,I

~

~

~

oo

~

~

~

'~1"

~

~

~

~--

8

~

~

0

i'~

~ ~

I~

8

~

N

~

~'

S

~

~"

N

~

'~"

~

~

I~

~

I~

~

~

r~

~

u

~

~

~

~

~EEEEEEEEeEEEEEEeEE~

~

~ ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ ~ o ~

~

Z

Z

ONNN~NbNN~NbNN~b~b

(Text continued from page 144)

Pigs should be stored indoors where possible, on their ends and sorted by size and style. Staples, pins, or other sharp objects should not be used to attach tags or bar codes. An easily removable self-adhesive bar code tag is recommended instead.

148

8

MATERIALS HANDLING TIPS Tallying Pipes The lengths of pipes received must be verified by tallying or measuring each joint. It requires up to three persons to handle and read the tape, and the third person to record the measurements on a tally sheet. See Figure 8-1. Step 1. Attach a bar code description to the tally sheet, and write a brief description of the pipe on the sheet. Step 2. Place 1-in. thick boards across the center of the stack of pipe to prevent the tape from falling between the joints and breaking. If the third helper is present, have that person hold the tape in the center of the joints. If the tape sticks between the joints, either pry apart or lift the nearest joint to the tape. A typical tape is shown in Figure 8-2, the magnified version of an engineer's steel tape divided into ten units to the foot, and is read as a decimal, as if it were dollars and cents.

149

Order or Transfer No. Project Number

Pipe Tally

Date

Ship To

Ship From

Via (Truck--Barge---Boat)

Description Condition

Measurements made with

[] Decimal tape

[] Meters-Centimeters Tape

[] Tenths

Joint Feet Tenths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths No.

or

or

or

or

or

or

or

or

or

or

or

or

Meters Cent Meters Cent Meters Cent Meters Cent Meters Cent Meters Cent 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

....

14

15

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL Feet]Meters

Remarks

Total Footage I

Figure 8-1. Pipe tally sheet. 150

TOTAL Hndths/Cent

Figure 8-2. Engineer'stapeand boardfor preventingit fromfallingbetweenpipe. Step 3. One helper holds the heel of the tape (see Figure 8-3) to the end of a joint. The second helper holds the tape on top of the joint about the center. The third helper stretches the tape tightly to the other end of the joint for the reading, calls it out to the recorder, and then places a chalk mark on each joint as it is tallied. As each layer of pipe is tallied, a physical count of the joints is made, and the numbers verified with those recorded on the tally sheet. Each joint could be numbered with a paint stick just inside the ends for future reference. (See Figure 8-4.) Individual bar code descriptions can also be applied inside each joint. It will not be necessary to re-tally joints on future moves. Step 4. Pipe stored on pipe racks should be marked with job number, purchase order number, size, schedule/wall thickness, and the actual length. (See Figure 8-5.) The outer edge of each layer of pipe should indicate total footage, number of joints in the layer, total footage in the layer, length of the joint, size-weight per foot, schedule, and the pipe rack number for location purposes. 151

Measure to the outer edge of the joint and then call out the reading to the recorder.

PLAIN END PIPE

Example "40.50" It is not necessary to call out feet and inches.

HEEL against the end of the joint. , i 9 I.,

.II. ,. I.,

.2i.,.

I. ,. 31"

LEATHER STRAPS

Figure 8-3. Tape and method for measuring pipe joint.

Paint stick mark as joint #37.

Figure 8-4. Each joint should be numbered just inside the ends.

152

1

2

1. Purchase order number 2. Total joints per layer 3. Total footage per layer

3

4

5

6

4. Length of this joint 5. Size, weight, schedule 6. Pipe rack number

Figure8-5. Identificationof pipestoredon racks. Step 5. Threaded and coupled line pipe is tallied in overall lengths, including the coupling and the threads. This rule also applies to oilwell tubing, casing and drill pipes in storage. It is not necessary to remove pipe thread protectors during a pipe tally at the warehouse or dockside (see Figure 8-6). Step 6. When issuing pipe, always send an extra amount, never less than requested. Record the length and joint number on the tally sheet, and verify accuracy. Do not store mixed pipe schedules or types on the same rack.

I

i t

Figure8-6. Measureentire lengthof threadedand coupledpipe. 153

Marking Fabricated Pipe Spools When the same pipe, flanges, and fittings that you may have issued from the warehouse return from welding fabrication for storage, a special piece mark is applied to mark these spool pieces for later erection into process flow lines. Following Figure 8-7 shows a typical spool piece marking procedure. Digital camera photos are helpful to locate these pieces later for issue to the piping group. Weatherproof bar coding markers should be used during storage to identify.

Warehouse Layout Tips Very few fancy warehouses may exist at construction sites. Most are along a road side, out of the way of the project, with minimal shelter. However, you must consider several factors when planning the initial layout of a warehouse or outside storage area: 1. Similarity of materials: Store like items together when practicable. 2. Popularity: Save steps by storing fast-moving stock nearest the major work area. 3. Size and weight: Keep heavy items low for safety purposes; store lightweight stackable items on top of bins. Gaskets should be stored flat, not on pegs or stuffed into bins or sacks.

154

Vendor Data Invariably vendor data will arrive at a warehouse with materials despite all efforts to have it shipped as a separate item on the purchase order. Vendor data is to projects what the instructions, parts lists, and safety warnings are to any appliance or tool you buy at a hardware store. Project vendor data will later be assembled into project binders of operating instructions by the project manager group. This data and data such as material test certificates on pipe flanges and fittings are very important, and should not be discarded or filed away, but delivered to the project manager.

Storing Materials Inside/Outside Threaded and socketweld items and all fittings under 12-in. are always warehoused. Other fittings, 12-in. and larger, may be stored outside, but never directly on the ground. Decking or docks may be anything from a pallet, skid, a sheet of plywood, or heavy timbers, so long as the material is off the ground. Pipe should be stacked on runners made from other pipe or what is available. Long pipe should have a center runner. Try not to store pipe in a triangular nesting, because space can be saved by stacking straight up with the aid of cleated dunnage between the tiers. Always consider safety as the most important factor in storage of materials.

156

APPENDIX A

PIPING ABBREVIATIONS API

ASA

Asb ANSI

ASME

ASTM

American Petroleum Institute American Standards Association Asbestos (gaskets) American National Standards Institute, Inc. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers The American Society for Testing and Materials

AWWA

BE BW BBE Bbl Bdr Bfy Bid BLE BIk BOE BOM BOP

American Water Works Association Beveled end Buttweld Bevel both ends Barrel Bleed ring Butterfly (valve) Blind (flange) Bevel large end Black (pipe) Bevel one end Bill of materials Bottom of pipe 157

Brz BSE CI Cm CS

Cu CW Chk Cpl CSC Csg CSO Csw CWO CWP Conc DI D&T D&W

DES Dia. Dim. 158

Bronze (valve) Bevel small end Cast iron Centimeter Cast Steel, carbon steel, cap screw Cubic Chain wheel Check (valve) Coupling Car seal closed Casing Car seal open Concentric swage Chain wheel operator Cold water pressure Concentric Ductile iron Drill & Tap Doped & Wrapped (pipe) Double extra strong Diameter Dimension

Ditto DSAW

Dwg # Ea. El Ecc Ell Eol ERW

Esw EUE Ex. hvy Ex. stg Exp jt Elec F&D FE FF F/F FS Ft

Do not use this term. Double submerged Arc Welded (pipe) Drawing Number Each Elevation (on drawing) Eccentric Elbow Elbolet~ Electric Resistance Weld (pipe) Eccentric Swage External upset ends Extra heavy Extra strong Expansion joint Electrical Faced and drilled (flange) Flanged ends/ Flow element Flat/Full face Face of flange Forged steel Feet/Foot

FW FAB FAS Fem Fig Fig. FOB FSD FSU Flex

Flgd GG GJ Gal GIb Gsk Galv HN Hdr Hex

Hvy ID IPS

Field weld/ Firewater Fabricate/Fabricator Free along side Female (ends) Figure (number) Flange Free on board Flat side down Flat side up Flexitallic (gasket brand name) Flanged Gauge glass Ground joint (union) Gallon Globe (valve) Gasket Galvanized Heat number Header Six-sided head, bolt, plug, etc. Heavy Inside diameter Iron pipe size

ISO IUE IS&Y IBBM

Insl Jt (s) JW Jkscr Lb (s), #

Lg LJ LP LR LLC LOL Latl Lin Ft M MI

Mk

Isometric (drawing) Internal upset ends Inside screw & yoke (valve) Iron body bronze mounted (valve) Insulation Jt. (Joints) Jacket water Jack screw Pound (s) #symbol for pounds Length, long, level gauge Lap joint (flange) Line pipe Long radius Liquid level controller Latrolet~ Lateral Linear feet Meter/one thousand Malleable iron Mark (spool piece) 159

MM M&F Max

Mfg Min

Misc

MRR MSS

MTO

NC No or # NU Nip NPS NPT

160

Millimeter Male & Female (ends) Maximum (a warehouse stocking level) Manufacturer Minimum (a warehouse stocking level) Miscellaneous (schedules of pipe) Materials receiving report Manufacturers Standards Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry Material Takeoff (from drawings) Normally closed Number Non-upset (ends) Nipple (pipe) Nominal pipe size Nominal pipe thread

OD Oz Orf OS&D

OS&Y Pc

PE PI

PO # Pr PS PW PBE Pdl

PLE Pit POE PSE

Outside diameter Ounce Orifice Over short & damage (report) Outside screw & yoke (valve) Piece (mark for spool pieces) Plain ends Pressure indicator (valves & gauge assembly) Purchase order or number Pair of items Pipe support Potable water Plain both ends Paddle (a blind plate between flanges) Plain large end Plate (steel) Plain one end Plain small end

psi PVF PSV

Press psig

Qty RF RR RS Rad Red RPM RTE Rtg RTJ Rdcr Rec'd Req'd Reqn SC

Pounds per square inch Pipe, valves and fittings Pressure safety (relief) valve Pressure Pounds-force square inch, gauge Quantity Raised face Red rubber (gasket type) Rising stem (valve) Radius Reducer Revolutions per minute Reducing tee Rating Ring type joint (flange facing) Reducer Received (materials) Required (materials) Requisition Sample connection

SE SO Sq SR SS SW S/40

Sch Sdl SOL SRL Std

Stl Stm Sub

Screwed ends Slip-on (flange) Square feet, yards, etc. Short radius, stress relieve Stainless steel Socket weld Schedule 40 (of pipe or fittings) Schedule (of pipe or fittings) Saddle (pipe) Sockolet~ Short radius ell Standard (a pipe or fitting schedule) Steel Steam Short length of pipe or rod

Swg

Swage nipple

SWP

Safe working pressure Skillet blind (plate between flanges)

Skt Bid

161

Spl Sht

Scrd Smls Spec bid

TI TW T&C T&G

Tbg Thk TLE TOE

162

Spool sheet (from isometric drawing) Screwed (ends) Seamless Spectacle blind (plate between flanges) Temperature indicator Thermometer well Threaded & coupled Tongue & groove (flange facing) Tubing Thick Thread large end Thread one end

TOL TSE Typ

Thr'd Un Va Vac Vol Wd WE WI WN WP WT WOL XR XS XXS Yd

Thredolet| Thread small end Typical (repeat the same item) Threaded Union Valve Vacuum Volume Width/Wide Weld end Wrought iron Weldneck (flange) Working pressure Wall thickness/weight Weldolet ~ X-ray (at pipe welds) Extra strong Double extra strong Yard

r

APPENDIX B

USEFUL FORMULAS For freight:

Cubic Feet = 2000 pounds 2240 pounds 40 cubic feet Metric ton

= = = =

H e i g h t (in.) x W i d t h Length (in.) + 1,728 Short ton Long ton Measurement ton 1.1 tons

(in.) x

For concrete: Length (ft) x Width (ft) x Height (ft) + 27 = Cubic yards Miscellaneous Factors: 12 inches 2.54 centimeters 144 inches 10.764 square feet 3feet 9 square feet 3.2808 feet 1728 inches

= = = = = = = =

1-foot 1 inch 1 square foot 1 square meter 1yard 1 square yard 1 meter 1 cubic foot

163

27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard 0.62137 miles - 1 kilometer 1 mile = 63,360 inches, 5,280 feet, 1760 yards 1 acre = 43,560 square feet 16ounces = 1pound 0.45359 kilograms = 1 pound C o n v e r t i n g English and Metric Units.

Reading and Converting English and Metric Units English: (Inches are equally divided into 16 parts of 1/16") 1/16" 1Is" 1/4" ~ 1 / 2 " ~1"

= 0.625" = 2/16" = 2/8" = 2-/4" =2/2"

= 0.125" = 0.25" = 4/8" = 8h6" =4/4" =8/8"

= =

0.5" 1.0"

Example: 6" + 1/4" 4" l h 6 " = 6 " + "hs" + l h 8 " = 65/16"

L Metric" (Centimeters are equally divided into ten parts of 1 millimeter) 164

lcm

=lOmm

=

lmm

= 0.1cm

= O.O01m

.01m

Example: 14cm + 4 m m = 14.4cm = 144m English to Metric C o n v e r s i o n s : 1' 1"

V2" 1/4" ~/8"

= 30.48cm = 2.54cm = 12.7mm = 6.35mm =3.175mm

~h6" = 1 . 5 8 8 m m Metric to English C o n v e r s i o n s : 1 cm 0.5cm lmm

0.39" = 0.195" = 0.039"

=

Courtesy of Abby Dawkins, West Hartford, CT.

165

INDEX Abbreviations, piping, 149-154 API materials API and ANSI compared, 83-84 API monogram, 85, 92, 101-102 assembly part number, 85 bore and tubular sizes, 83-85 calculations bolt lengths for 6B and 6BX flanges, 94-95 bolt point heights, 94-95 clamp-type connectors, 84-85, 98-101 bolt torque, 100 clamp numbers, 99-100 clamp weights, 99-100 hubs, 98-99

166

nut sizes, 99-100 spherical facing, 99 spherical washer, 99, 100 wrench sizes, 99-100 dual completion flanges, 5,000-1b psi, 95-96 integral 6BX 5,000-1b psi, 90 10,000-1b psi, 91 15,000-1b psi, 91 20,000-1b psi, 92 multiple completion flanges 5,000-1b psi, 95-97 ring gaskets for API flanges care of, 103 interchange, 93, 101-102 markings, 102 types of gaskets combination, 101

oval and octagonal, 101-102 R, RX, BX, 99, 101-102 transition piece, 92-93 tubular goods sizes, 83-85, 87, 131 type 6B flanges 2,000-1b psi, 87, 93-95 3,000-1b psi, 87, 89, 91,103 5,000-1b psi, 88, 93-95 type 6BX flanges 10,000-1b psi, 89, 91,103 15,000-1b psi, 87, 89, 91,103 20,000-1b psi, 97, 90, 92, 103 integral, 90-92 weldneck, 86-87, 89, 93 Bar codes identifying pigs, 148 identifying pipes, 122 Bolts ANSI, 19 circle, 16-17 hole size, 16-18 machine, 23 markings, 19 plating, 19 polylock, 15 storing bolts, 19

stud with nuts, 24-26 wrench sizes, 24-26 Buttweld fittings ANSI, 41 backing rings, 56-57 caps, 44-52 control heat number 41-42 crosses, 47, 49-50 dimensions of fittings, 42, 44-45 elbows 37 o, 46 45 ~ 44, 46 90 ~ long radius, 41-42, 44 double branch, 48 mixed schedules, 5 reducing, 43-44 side outlet, 48 street, 48 laterals, 49, 53 pipe saddle, 52-53 reducers concentric, 50, 55 eccentric, 45, 50 returns, 44, 46-47 stub ends, 7, 44, 51 Buttweld fittings (continued) stub-in, 51 taper boring, 55 tees barred, 54

167

reducing, 47-49 service, 48 side outlet, 49 true wye, 48 types of fittings, 41, 55 Color codes and markings, 80, 122-123 Docks and pallets, 13 Duct tape, 15 Dunnage, 13, 78-80, 114 Fabricated pipe spools, 154 Flange protectors, 14-15, 124 Flanges, refinery type ANSI, 1, 83-84 blind, 3, 10 bore markings, 4, 6, 16-17 care of face, 5, 14 counter bore, 7-8 damage to, 14-15 descriptions, 14 dimensions, 15-17 flange bores, 6-18 flanges by ratings 150-2,500-1b raised face, 16-17, 23-30 150-2,500-1b ring type, 31-37

168

heat code or batch number, 4,6,14 hub thickness, 10 identifying markings, 1,4, 14 insulation sets, 133 jack screws, 11 lap joint, 2, 7-8 long weldneck, 10-11 miscellaneous flanges, 10-12 orifice, 11-12 oval ring gaskets, 31-37 raised face, 4-6, 14, 16-17 ratings, 1, 4, 14, 16-17 raw materials used, 6 reducing, 9 reducing slip-on, 3 ring-type joint, 6 shipping, 14, 109 shoulder, 8 slip-on, 2, 7-8, 16-17 socket weld, 3, 6-7 storing flanges, 13 trademarks, 4, 14 threaded, 2, 7, 16-17 threaded reducing, 10 twin flanges, 7 weldneck, 2, 4, 6-7, 14, 16-17 Formulas, 163-165 concrete conversions, 163

English to metric conversions, 164-165 factors, miscellaneous, 163-164 freight conversions, 163 Gasket storage, 155 Gauge, dimensional for bolting, 22 Gaskets for raised or flat-faced flanges asbestos, 132 red rubber, 132 spiral wound, 132 storage of, 133 Line service temperatures materials for use in, 38-39 Material control bar codes, 122 bin boxes, 65 commodity codes, 13 over, short, damage, 12 purchase orders, 80 receiving materials, 1, 80 Materials handling, 149ff Metering device, 11-12 Olet branch connections couplets, 64-65

dimensions, 58-59, 63 elbolets, 61-63 flatolets, 63 interchange charts, 57-58 inventory of, 59 latrolets, 64-65 nipolets, 64-65 reducing inserts, 64-65 run sizes, 58-59 sockolets, 58-59, 61-62 storage of, 65 thredolets, 58-60, 62 weldolets, 58-60, 62 Pigs bullet-shaped, 142 definition of, 135 displacement pump for, 135, 137 Foam Sweege Pig, 141,142 launcher, 138 Polly Sphere | (see Pigs, spherical) Polly-Cast | 135, 137 polly-cups, 146 Pigs (continued) polyurethane style (pollypigs), 139, 143, 144-145

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pressures required for pollypigging, 147 rail hoists for, 138 Scraper Bar Tees, 54, 138 scrapers, 54, 138 signal, 138 spherical, 135, 137, 141 storing, 148 Pipe, standard carbon steels bundling schedule, 76-77 calculations, weight per foot, 81-82 dimensions, 66-74 markings, 76-80 manufacturing process continuous weld, 75-76 double submerged arc weld, 75 electric weld, 75 seamless, 75 matching thickness, 6 measuring (tally) pipe, 8-81,149 nominal size, wall, 1,4, 6 outside diameter, 1,81 pipe piece (fabricated), 14 racks for pipe, 78-80, 114, 151 random pipe lengths, 74, 149 schedules, 16-18, 66-74 specifications for pipe API 5L, 78

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ASTM A-53, 76 ASTM A-106, 77 ASTM A-120, 76 spools, marking, 153 storage of pipe, 78-80 tallying, 149 Piping abbreviations, 157-162 Pressure vessels, 1, 10 Protecting fittings, 54-55 Screwed and socketweld fittings bushings flush, 129 hex head, 129 caps, 129 classes of, 129 couplings full, 129 half, 129 reducing, 129 elbows 45 ~ 128 90 ~ 128 street, 128 lateral, 128 malleable iron, 127 pipe nipples all-thread, 129-130 close, 129 shoulder nipple, 130 storage of nipples, 130

plugs bull, 131 female bull, 131 hex head, 131 round head, 129 square head, 129 swage nipple, 130 tubing nipples pup joint, 131 sub-tubing, 130 unions ground joint, 127 hammer or wing, 132 Spools, marking, 153 Stainless steel caps, 105-106, 112 care of pipe, 114 crosses, 105-107, 111 elbows 45 ~ 105-106, 110 90~ radius, 105-106, 108, 110 reducing, 110 flanges, 19, 113 marking, 108-109, 122-123

pipe schedules, 114-117 reducers concentric, 106-107, 112 eccentric, 106-107, 112 returns, 105-112 stub ends, 105, 107, 109, 113, 118-119 tees reducing, 106-107, 111 straight, 105-107, 111 test procedures alloy separator, 124 chemical, 123-124 identification, 122-123 magnet, 123 other tests, 124-125 Storage, 156 Tallying pipes, 149 Vendor data, 155 Wall thickness, 6ff Warehouse layout tips, 155

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR R. R. Lee is the vice-president/owner of Lee's Material Services, Inc. in Houston, Texas, which received the prestigious Presidential "E" Award for excellence in export. Mr. Lee's 35 years' experience includes serving as material takeoff section leader with McDermott Engineering, purchasing agent, material/inventory control supervisor, and specialist/manager with Brown & Root International, Texaco, and Oasis Oil Company of Libya.

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