Pomona's Harvest: An Illustrated Chronicle of Antiquarian Fruit Literature

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Pomona's Harvest : An Illustrated Chronicle of Antiquarian Fruit Literature Janson, H. Frederic. Timber Press, Inc. 0881923362 9780881923360 9780585344157 English Fruit--History--Sources, Fruit-culture--History--Sources, Horticultural literature--History--Sources, Fruit--Early works to 1800--Bibliography, Fruit-culture--Early works to 1800--Bibliography, Fruit--History--Sources-Bibliography, Fruit-culture--History 1996 SB354.8.J36 1996eb 634 Fruit--History--Sources, Fruit-culture--History--Sources, Horticultural literature--History--Sources, Fruit--Early works to 1800--Bibliography, Fruit-culture--Early works to 1800--Bibliography, Fruit--History--Sources-Bibliography, Fruit-culture--History

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Pomona's Harvest

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Knoop. Anonymous translation. Pomologie. 1771. Engraving.

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Pomona's Harvest An Illustrated Chronicle of Antiquarian Fruit Literature H. Frederic Janson Inter Folia Fructus

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Note: All translations are by the author unless otherwise credited. Endpapers illustrations. Front: "August." Copper engraving from Bradley's The fruit garden display'd. London, 1732. Back: Agricola. Versuch der Universal-Vermehrung. Regensburg, 17101718. Engraving. Copyright © 1996 by Timber Press, Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-88192-336-2 Printed in Singapore TIMBER PRESS, INC. The Haseltine Building 133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450 Portland, Oregon 97204, U.S.A. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Janson, H. Frederic, ,1922 Pomona's harvest: an illustrated chronicle of antiquarian fruit literature / H. Frederic Janson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-88192-336-2 1. FruitHistorySources. 2. Fruit-cultureHistorySources. 3. Horticultural literatureHistorySources. 4. FruitEarly works to 1825Bibliography. 5. Fruit-cultureEarly works to 1825Bibliography. 6. FruitHistorySourcesBibliography. 7. Fruit-cultureHistory SourcesBibliography. I. Title. SB354.8.J36 1996 634dc20 95-11242 CIP

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Contents

Preface Chapter 1. The Sundry Senses of Pomona

7 11

Scope and Rationale of This Guide Chapter 2. Beginnings in Parchment and Papyrus

14

Fruit Texts of Antiquity and Middle Ages Chapter 3. A Bibliographical Pomonal

28

Organizing Fruit Literature Chapter 4. Pomona Reborn

30

Renaissance Printings of Old and New Fruit Texts Chapter 5. Recognition and Accolades

68

Literary Reflections of a Growing Fruit Interest Chapter 6. Pomona's Renaissance Gallery

73

Early Books with Woodcuts of Fruit Chapter 7. Determined Lovers

84

Emergence of Literary Fruit Fanciers Chapter 8. Pomona Prevails over Mars

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Fruit Literature Following the Thirty-Years War Chapter 9. Pomona's French Connection

105

Orchardist-Authors to Louis XIV Chapter 10. Britannia Courts Pomona

124

Fruit Books Generated by Commonwealth and Restoration Chapter 11. Pomona Tutors Europe

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Fruit, a Topic of Connoisseurs, Clerics, and Gardeners Chapter 12. Orchard Records in the New World

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The Jeffersonian Literary Approach to Fruit

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Chapter 13. Pomona's Particular Advocates

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Writings about Unusual and Special Fruit Aspects Chapter 14. Pomona Visits Montreuil

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Fruit Literature of the Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter 15. Peacetime Advances

233

Ushering in Scientific Fruit Literature Chapter 16. Artists Face Pomona

261

Evolution and Masters of Fruit Illustration Chapter 17. Vistas

310

Fruit Books for the Bourgeoisie: Conclusion and Outlook The Literature References

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Bibliography

325

Index

427

Color Plates

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Preface And it certainly redounds more to the honour and satisfaction of a gardener, that he is a preserver and a pruner of all sorts of fruit trees, than it does to the happiness of the greatest general that he has been successful in killing mankind. Benjamin Whitmill, Kalendarium universale . . . , London, 1726 Collector, researcher, orchardist, librarian, gourmetall look for different hubs in a pomological library. There, as in few other fields, important books are not common, and common books are not important. My aim is to acquaint the reader with literary pathways to Pomona's soul. More concretely, his or her curiosity might be aroused to prospect in Pomona's vast stores, holding ideas, cultivars, and practices that might be worth holding onto, rediscovering, or following up. The impact of fruit on our senses, followed by desires to know, grow, and show the various fruits at their best has, for centuries, inspired amateurs and professionals to become authors. But discussing fruit books is, at best, twice removed from the live action of orchard and table. I could not write about fruit books in a detached way without spoiling their spell and that of their subject. My main sources are the fruit books themselves. Many I admired, studied, and scrutinized in my collection or while I had them in temporary custody. I thought it neither possible nor desirable to footnote every crumb of knowledge I picked up during a quarter century of fruit book research while I was tracking down hundreds of fruit cultivars and grafting and growing them for a museum orchard. Other fruit books were befriended in the rarified ambience of North American and European libraries, or through my involvement with the North American Fruit Explorers fellowship (NAFEX), as their first librarian, initial pub-

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lisher, and occasional editor of their quarterly, The North American Pomona, since 1967. This survey focuses on the older European fruit literature in seemingly arbitrary contexts, be they topical, human, or chronological. The text looks at the literary explorers of Pomona's realm. A bibliography details their works and, to the probable delight of pomological searchers and librarians, extracts their contents. Books low in fruit and many herbals are omitted, as are those on single species. In earlier centuries, apples, grapes, and pears were much grown for their fermentation products, triggering a particular literature that I refer to occasionally. For a bibliographie raisonnée of many of these books published before 1600, consult André L. Simon's unequalled Bibliotheca Bacchica, London and Paris, 19271932, which deals with grapes and wine and the pleasures and abominations of inebriety. I owe thanks to many, especially my family: Walda, Roswitha, Astrid, and Arnold, who have brought their talents to this book. Others who helped in sundry ways and who I delight in recognizing are C. Arseneau, L. Boyle, G. Buenemann, W. Burk, S. Coe, G. Cohen, J. Corsaro, H. W. Debor, B. Elliott, S. Emsalem, O. Z. Fadeeva, G. Friedrich, T. V. Lange, P. Lapsansky, I. MacPhail, S. Martini, N. Nemova, J. Parisot, F. Pfaefflin, M. G. Price, Y. Rokugawa, R. Silbereisen, C. Starks, G. Trude, I. and F. Vrugtman, J. A. Warnement, H. Wilburn, M. Wisner, and S. Yates.

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Du Hamel. Traité des arbres fruitiers. 1768. Engraving in 1782 edition.

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Chapter 1 The Sundry Senses of Pomona In its widest sense, Pomology is the study of fruit culture. More specifically, it means intimacy with the kinds, cultivars, and individual characteristics of edible fruits, including nuts. The term is also applied to books that describe and illustrate fruit cultivars, in which sense it become synonymous with Pomona, a work that describes the fruits of a region or country. By further abstraction, it implies a book collection or periodical devoted to fruit. In classic Roman mythology, fruit was deemed to be a gift from the goddess Pomona. The Roman writer Ovid also credits her with inventing bud grafting. While modern debunkers analyze her as an anthropomorphic sublimation of fruit trees, the Romans honored her as a deified country nymph, sister to Flora, who provided flowers, and to Ceres, who provided grain for bread and beer. Most frequently they portrayed Pomona as a young woman holding a pruning hook, a grafting knife, or a cornucopia. At times she was depicted melting in the embrace of her lover Vertumnus, god of the harvest. Her images span the centuries from 100 B.C to Picasso, and her statues link preChristian Padua in Italy to the 20th century Grand Army Plaza in the heart of Manhattan. What favored her over her sisters was the keenly sensual appeal of her gifts: fruit appeals to all human senses, more than flowers or grain or indeed any other natural product. It is sense appeal that is reflected in myth and fable, and it is this synaesthesia each fruit grower promises himself or others and that surfaces time and again in pomological literature and provides timeless human interest. After all, ''fruit" is a modern form of Latin "fruor" meaning "I delight in." "All delight in orchards," proclaimed William Lawson in 1618, "for whereas every other pleasure commonly filles some one of our sences, and that onely, with delight, this makes all our sences swim in pleasure. . . . What can your eye desire to see, your eares to heare, your mouth to taste, or your nose to

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smell, that is not to be had in an orchard, with abundance of variety?" Similarly, in 1652, the Puritan Ralph Austen summarized his praises: "Consider now what has been said for the Pleasure of the Senses . . . what will it be when there is a concurrance and meeting of all together, which may be had in a Garden of Fruit-trees?" He even addressed the sense of hearing: "Yea it is a delight to heare the pleasant tunes, and singing of Birds, which with their variety of notes, make a sweet harmony and concent, and allure the sence." He might have added the pommes sonnantes or cliquettes apples, whose pips rattle when ripe, such as 'Nun's Teat', or 'Hohlbutz', or the now lost 'Crevedella' mentioned in Louis the Pious' Capitulare de villis . . . of 795 A.D. In an early demonstration of the interplay of fruit and senses, a Roman journalist, A.A.T. Macrobius, reasoned in the days of St. Augustine and St. Patrick (Saturnalia, c. 420 A.D., translated by P. V. Davies): If I see from afar an object with the appearance of the fruit called apple, it does not necessarily follow that the object is an apple; it might have been made from some material to resemble an apple. I must therefore call for the advice of a second sense and let smell be the judge. But, if the object had been placed in heap of apples, it could have acquired the smell of an apple, and so at this point I must consult my sense to touch, which enables me to judge by the weight. But there is a risk that this sense too may itself be deceived, should a cunning craftsman have chosen a material equal in weight of an apple's. I must therefore have recourse to my sense of taste, and, if the taste of the object agrees with its appearance, then I have no hesitation in declaring the object an apple. More recently, Edward Bunyard, a champion of holistic pomology, extolled the sense appeal of various fruits. Speaking of apples in Anatomy of Dessert, London, 1929, he added a sixth sense: "the crunch is the thing, a certain joy in crashing through living tissue, a memory of Neanderthal days." What sets pomology apart from botany is human involvement. Carl von Linné, the founder of organized botany, revealed the botanist's contempt for pomology when he wrote, "All our fruit trees are only the result of Man's interference and, therefore, unworthy the attention of even the lowliest botanist" (Philosophia botanica . . . , Stockholm, 1751). Ironically, a few years later Linné sponsored a thesis by Johannes Salberg on the nutritional values of edible fruits, . . . Fructus esculenti . . . , Up-

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sala, 1763. Linné's pupil, the Finnish-born plant explorer and professor of botany, Peter Kalm, in turn sponsored a thesis on the culture of apple trees in Finland, Apple-traens och skoetsel i Finland, Abo, 1769, by John Calonius. During Kalm's earlier trip to North America, his nonbotanical but patriotic interest in apples had emerged. Proudly he wrote to his friend Tessin in 1759 that in Stockholm he had started plantings of American and English fruit varieties with scions brought from abroad.

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Chapter 2 Beginnings in Parchment and Papyrus The ancients were truly enamoured with fruit. Apart from milk and honey, fruit is nature's only pleasure-laden, instant food. Fruit cannot but bring health, comfort, and luck. Neolithicans collected pears, apples, cherries, plums, and walnuts and celebrated them in pantheistic myths in which fruit trees signified a divine origin and presence. The first fig tree grew where Jupiter's thunderbolt struck the Earth. His morganatic daughter Venus planted the first pomegranate. His spouse Juno received the first citron as a wedding gift. Dionysus personifies the grapevine; his sweetheart Carya turned into a walnut tree; Phyllis, another mythical girl, into an almond tree. This sacralization of fruit connects the Semitic Adam with the Teutonic Iduna and the Greek Hesperides with Celtic Avalon. Cuneiform tablets, Egyptian papyri, and the Old Testament abound in references to fruits and their culture. Eden, or Paradise, is a garden of the "goodliest trees loaden with fairest fruit," as John Milton proclaimed in Paradise Lost. Leviticus 19 admonishes that no fruit may be eaten from a tree before its 5th bearing year, and the Talmud renounces intergeneric grafts as unnatural abominations. Almost 4000 years ago in Egypt, the Pharaohs of the 12th dynasty had monkeys trained to harvest the abundance of figs and grapes. In the 7th century B.C., Zoroaster, prophet of the pre-Islamic Iranians, taught that planting fruit trees was a sure way to salvation. Vedic literature, arising near primary and secondary centers of origin of several familiar fruits, includes them in ceremonial domestic songs. That Buddha was essentially a fruitarian is copiously mentioned in his disciples' writings. Approximately 24,000 couplets of the Ramayana, ca. 300 B.C., a Hindu epic, contain references to the tropical Java plum, almondettes, jackfruit, elephant apple, bael-fruit, bushbeechberry, myrobalan, and, more often than any other, the mango. Pompeian murals at the time of Christ show

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glass bowls with apples, pears, and grapes as large as today's. The reverence in which the ancients held fruit is documented by a law proclaimed at Athens in 620 B.C. In one passage it mandates death for fruit thieves, fruit tree molesters, murderers, and temple desecrators. Solon, the Wise, required every bride to eat a quince on her wedding night. Focusing on literary traditions, we find that around 800 B.C., Greece's earliest poet, Homer, sang of fruit in his Odyssaia. Odysseus, the hero, remembered the fruit garden of his youth to his old father (from Alexander Pope's translation, Odyssee. London, 17251726): Twelve pear-trees bowing with their pendent load, And ten, that red with blushing apples glow'd; Full fifty purple figs; and many a row Of various vines. The importance of fruit for health and vitality is symbolized by King Tantalus, whom Odysseus saw tantalized by unreachable "fruit over his head: pears, pomegranates, apples, sweet figs, and juicy olives" [Samuel ('Erewhon') Butler's translation, Odyssee. London, 1900]. Xenophon's fact-based fiction, Cyropaedia, about 390 B.C., relates that Cyrus the Great delighted in grafting fruit trees. Reportedly, fruit-related writings by the Greeks Androtion and Mnestor have probably been lost. About 300 A.D., the Greek bibliophile Athenaios extracted interesting facts from over 1500 old manuscripts under the title Deipnosophistae, i.e., "banquet of the learned." It describes the off-season forcing of grapes, melons, figs, and violets in semisunk conservatories around Athens. The peoples of the Far East have always enjoyed a sensuous relationship with fruit, but its poetic and artistic tradition is beyond the scope of this book. An example is Feng-Li, a Chinese diplomat in the 5th century B.C., who gave up his position when he became consumed by grafting peaches, almonds, persimmons, and pears as a commercial venture. He described his experiments under the nom de plume of Pao Choo Kon in part I, chapter 4, of The precious book of enrichment. Another early Chinese poet, Ch'u Yuan, extolls the seductive virtues of various fruits in the poem "Li Sao," which translates as "Getting into Trouble." Pomological knowledge became more deeply entrenched when classical Greek writers and educators, spearheaded by Democritos, Aristoteles, and, especially, his pupil Theophrastos,

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discussed and codified existing fruit experience and issued directions for growing. Theophrastos inherited the library and fruit garden of Aristoteles in 323 B.C. and became the Greek Father of Pomology. He listed six apples, four pears, three medlars, two hazelnuts, and various other fruits. That cultivated fruits will not come true from seed was better known to him than to many moderns: "The stones of the olive give a wild olive, and the seeds of a sweet pomegranate give a degenerate kind, while the stoneless kind gives a hard sort and often an acid fruit. So also is it with seedlings of pears and apples; pears give a poor sort of wild pears, apples produce an inferior kind which is acid instead of sweet; quince produces wild quince. Almond again raised from seed is inferior in taste and in being hard instead of soft; and this is why men bid us graft." (Enquiry into Plants, 1916, translated by Sir Arthur Hort.) Grafting, budding, pruning, fertilizing, and general tree care were discussed by Theophrastos in straightforward terms. His botanical works, first printed in Latin translation as Theophrasti de historia et de causis plantarum . . . , Turin, 1483, attracted Renaissance scholars and within a century spawned at least four printings in Greek and numerous translations, interpretations, and commentaries. Pomona's debt to Theophrastos is immense and would be greater still had he not died at a reported age of 107, claiming with wry humor that we die just when we are beginning to live. This sentiment is shared by many modern tree fruit breeders who will not taste the fruit of their labors. Epikuros, a Greek philosopher, considered his fruit garden the ideal auditorium for demonstrating to his disciples the elements of enjoyment in munching fruit and the blissful contentment gained thereby. In Greek mythology, a predecessor of Pomona, the goddess Diana, had her temple in a fruit garden near the original Olympic stadium. Later, in Italy in an orchard near Ostia just outside Rome, the fruit-loving Romans encouraged Pomona with a sanctuary, the Pomonal. They even provided her an assistant, Puta, the nymph of fruit tree pruning, i. e. amputation. In their writings on Pomaria, extolling the bucolic joys of orchards, Roman authors contrived the first logical classifications by taste, origin, color, size, and ripening times of different cultivars. The Emperor Diocletian legislated price controls and size standards for apples, pomegranates, peaches, and apricots before he resigned his office to tend his fruit garden. Etymologically, Rome is associated with an ancient fig species, ficus ruminalis, named after a local deity.

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Nature's first fruit inventory taker was the Roman Gaius Plinius Secundus, known as Pliny the Elder. He managed to write Historia mundi, an erudite natural history in 37 books, before his curiosity got him caught in toxic vapors from the erupting Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. His was the first natural history published after the invention of printing, Historiae naturalis libri XXXVII, Venice, 1469. (An excellent modern edition was annotated and translated by M. Guettard as Histoire naturelle de Pline . . . , Paris, 17711782, in 12 volumes.) In Book 15, Pliny deals at length with over 100 fruit types and cultivars, and discerns differences in appearance and taste as results of repeated grafting. He distinguishes 13 simple and two composite fruit tastes and adds, "The scent of fruits is not less admirable in its diversity." Yet this monumental and fascinating work is also often a collection of odd superstitions and speculations. Much credibility was lost by Pliny's claim that he had seen one grafted tree bearing, on different branches, nuts, berries, grapes, figs, pears, pomegranates, apples, pears, and other unnamed fruits. In retrospect, Pliny's pomology is overshadowed by the somewhat more exacting works of four rural activists. The earliest, De re rustica, ca. 160 B.C., by M. P. Cato the Elder, known as Cato the Censor, was the very first prose text in Latin. There, fruit is a commodity to be grown near urban areas. On his own fundus suburbanus, Cato, a farming politician, grew various grapes, figs, pears, four quince cultivars, and other fruits for himself and other affluent gourmets in government and nobility. Brandishing a fresh fig from Carthage, he set off the Third Punic War in 149 B.C. Although the other three texts were all written by land owners for the instruction of slaves, they reflect their very different authors. The most learned was M. T. Varro, Caesar's and Augustus' chief librarian, economist, and naturalist. He wrote Rerum rusticarum libri tres in 36 B.C. as a textbook when "my eightieth year admonishes me to pack my fardel and prepare for the long journey." Fardel means bundle in this anonymous, old-fashioned translation I chanced upon. Varro's Rerum . . . are written in often witty dialogues, always extolling the pleasures derived from the land and boasting that Italy was so fertile and so well covered with fruit trees that it appeared as one immense orchard. Apart from olives, he discusses grapes, pears, quinces, sorbs, and, of course, apples, which were the preferred dinner dessert. Among them he lists the 'Mustea' cultivar, which translates as 'Winesap'. In one of his satires, the Roman poet Horace

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coined the popular saying Ab ovo usque ad mala, meaning that a meal starts with eggs and finishes with apples. J. M. Columella, a Spaniard in Rome and an eloquent experimenter with 15 fruits and many cultivars, first mentions apricots. He was also a stickler for high quality. He authored another De re rustica and its companion work De arboribus about 50 A.D., where he reached the otherwise post-Linnean conclusion that a seedling is a new fruit cultivar "none to be kept for a long time, unless it be approved by experiment." To illustrate this concept, he adapted a verse from Virgil: It serves no end their* numbers to describe, The man that's fond of this laborious task, With equal ease, may learn how many sands, By western winds are tossed in Libyan plains. [*i.e. seedling cultivars] [Both quotes are from the anonymously translated L. Junius Moderatus Columella of husbandry. In twelve books: and his book concerning trees, London, printed for A. Millar, 1745.] Many early fruit-related writings referred to by Pliny, Varro, and Columella have vanished. Finally, there is R. T. AE. Palladius, who learned much from Columella and ended up knowing more about grafting than today's typical horticultural graduate. Palladius grew up in Poitiers, France, where his father, ca. 320 A.D., supplied grain, fruit, and wine to Rome. His De re rustica is the world's first versified gardening, fruit growing, and grafting calendar and was, the inclusion of superstitions notwithstanding, a long-time trusted source of gardening information. He would, for instance, meticulously and correctly describe the technique of patch-grafting and then suggest that with it peaches will grow on willows and plane trees. His treatise was copied frequently and came into print in 1471 at Augsburg in Rei rusticae scriptores. This volume also contains the first printings of Cato, Varro, and Columella. Palladius on husbondrie, London, 1873, is a printing of the earliest known English translation, a manuscript dated ca. 1420. In verse, it discusses propagation methods and understocks for 22 kinds of fruits and nuts, including the less popular jujubes, citrons, pine nuts, and mayhaws. Here is verse 45 of book 12, November:

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This moone in places drie and regions colde The piry wilde is sette ygraffed to be, Citur, and Olyve, eke Pomgarnat to holde The Serve, and Meddleler, and Silique tree, The Molbury, the Chery, and Fig-tree, Almandes, and Juglande in semynaire, As crafte is taught beforne, is to repaire. The fruits mentioned are, in sequence: pear, citron, olive, pomegranate, service, medlar, carob, mulberry, cherry, fig, almond, walnut. Using the grafting methods explained in book 3, February, well-formed year-old seedlings of the above may be propagated in March, for which book 4, verse 98, reads thus: This peres graffe and pomes sweet or soure, As serve or quyns, plumme and mulbyry tree. The IXth Calende of Aprille doon this be. Pistacia is graffed nowe to growe In colde lande, and pynapul seede is sowe. Here the fruits are pear, apple, service, quince, plum, mulberry, pistachio, pine-apple (pignolia). Also in March, for starting a fig tree bearing different colored fruits, Palladius recommends planting twistedtogether cuttings from different cultivars. Fruitfulness can be promoted by mulching with oil lees, wet clay, washedin crustaceans, sea-weed, chopped rue, or lupine hay. The feate of gardening by Maister Jon Gardener, also about 1440, is a freely translated versified manuscript of Palladius' poem, still resting unpublished at Trinity College in Oxford. In France, a 1400 A.D. Latin manuscript of Palladius' De re rustica was translated by Jean Darces and published as Les treze livres des choses rusticques . . . , Paris, 1552. Darces, chaplain to the landed Cardinal de Tournon, addresses his superior in the preface: "Because great benefits can be reaped I wanted to direct my labor [of translating] towards those in your lands who have no knowledge of Latin, but whom I see eager to cultivate gardens and greatly enjoying it." The 14th book, a poem on grafting, was left out in this and other translations. A German version was part of Das Ackerwerk . . . , Strasbourg, 1538. Fruit as medicine was described and critically evaluated by a contemporary of Palladius, the physician Gargilius Martialis. His expertise survives in a 10th century manuscript, De pomis, seu

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de medicina ex pomis, critically published by Angelo Maio, Library Director of the Vatican, as part of Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanis codicibus editorum, Tomus III, Rome, 1831. In it, Martialis targets an assortment of 26 fruits and nuts for their health benefits. He prescribes them to be eaten raw, baked in ashes, cooked in water, steeped in honey, soaked in wine, or made into other fruit simples. Pears, quinces, lemons, cherries, pomegranates, and almonds appear to be the most serviceable. Martialis' treatise was a revolutionary departure from the Greek doctrines adopted by Galen, Emperor Marc Aurel's physician, who contended that eating fruit caused fevers and reduced one's lifespan; if at all, it should be used sparingly in medicine. These teachings were long lived. In The castel of helth, London, 1539, Sir Thomas Elyot rationalizes that early man lived happily on fruit but must have become allergic to it after his diet changed to grains and meat. But he concedes, "Peaches do lesse harme, and do make better iuce in the bodye," and are therefore ideal against thirst. For spiritual health, Saint Augustine, another contemporary of Palladius', recommended following the Christian saints and martyrs, who, he wrote, are like trees laden with fruit. The Fall of Rome had a paralyzing impact on fruit culture. One of the perceived culprits, Theodoric the Great, king of the conquering Ostrogoths, is chronicled to have grafted fruit trees in his gardens at Ravenna in 493 A.D. Elsewhere, his hordes had cut down fruit trees and torn up grape vines. In the Dark Ages that followed, a few pomological lights blinked in various manuscripts on medicine, law, mystic religion, poetry, and philosophy reflecting latent interest and admiration for fruit. One sees that these by no means derived from pomological writers but occurred in a variety of contexts. Often the idea of fruit in Plato's sense found a literary expression that revealed mere cognizance rather than familiarity. Imprinted by Greek philosophers, the Nestorian Christians, or Chaldeans, carried the extraordinariness of fruit into the golden age of Arab learning. Nestorian monks had educated Mohammed on the fringe of the Syrian Desert, where fruit was prodigious and precious to the nomad. This reflects in his Koran, with passages such as "the olive and the date palm and grapes and all kinds of fruit" (Surah 16), and others naming figs and pomegranates. The faithful in paradise will be treated to the divine food: "For them there is a known provision, fruits. And they will be honoured in the Gardens of delight" (Surah 37). Some

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other learned intellects just prior to and during the Dark Ages follow: 360 A.D. While still administrator of Gaul and uncrowned, Emperor Julian commented in his letters on the fruitful region around Paris. To his surprise, the gardeners produced excellent crops on fig trees and grape vines, which in the winter months had been laid down and covered with straw. 400 A.D. Saint Jerome, the founder of monasticism, tells his monks to spend more time grafting and budding fruit trees ''to escape sloth and the devil." This was reaffirmed by Bruno of Cologne, founder of the Carthusian order. 590 A.D. Venantius Fortunatus, a poet at the court of the Frankish King Childebert II, and later Bishop of Poitiers, thanks in his Carmina the historian and bishop Gregor of Tours for sending his apple samples and scion wood. He mentions that the king himself has used some of the scions to graft apple trees in the garden of the courtier Ultragothus. Another of his poems praises Bishop Nicetius' fruit growing efforts: Scrubby hills he has clothed with succulent grapes, Vineyards are greening where thorns only grew, Fruit gardens also stand out here and yonder, The scents of their blossoms are wafting about. 615 A.D. Isidorus Hispalensis, also known as Isidore of Seville, a physician and archbishop, listed the common fruits in his manuscript of an etymological dictionary. Its editio princeps, Etymologiae libri XX, Augsburg, 1472, was so popular as to be reprinted at least seven times before 1500. This manuscript first articulated and spread the concept of signatures, i.e., divine health hints. The proverbial nux a nocendo means "sitting under nut trees is dangerous," because, in Latin, the word for "nut" sounds as if it was derived from the word for "harmful." The step following word association was image association, which concluded, for example, that because a walnut kernel somewhat resembles the human brain, eating walnuts will either cure or cause headaches. 650 A.D. The Koran, codified by Caliph Utman, hails fruit as a sublime gift of Allah. Its 95th Sura opens with the oath, "By the

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fig and the olive . . . " (translated by Marmaduke Pickthall in The Glorious Koran). In a sacred Shiite drama featuring his death, the Prophet Mohammed inhales eternal life thru the scent of an apple an angel had brought him. 795 A.D. Louis the Pious, King of Aquitania, i.e., southern France, issued a decree, Capitulare de villis et curtis . . . , which, in its 70th chapter, specifies 14 kinds of fruits for planting on Crown land. They were apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries, medlars, almonds, chestnuts, quinces, hazelnuts, figs, mulberries, pine nuts, walnuts and sorbs ("sorbarios"). Successively ripening cultivars of the first five must be planted, so that the royal household may also be supplied with dried fruit and fruit butter sweetened with honey. On behalf of his father, Charlemagne, Louis requested year-end production reports on "wine from our own and our lease-holders' vineyards," "tree fruits,'' "major and minor nuts," and "trees grafted to different kinds." Four apple cultivars were named: 'Gozmaringa', 'Geroldinga', 'Crevedella', and 'Sperauca'. 830 A.D. The planting plan of the Benedictine monastery at St. Gallen in northern Switzerland shows that the orchard serves also as cemetery. The monks found their last resting place among apple, pear, medlar, plum, peach, quince, almond, mulberry, and chestnut trees. One monk, Walafrid Strabo, abbot of the neighboring Reichenau monastery, tells in his treatise on gardening, later dubbed Hortulus, of apples so large that a boy can hardly hold one in his hand. 845 A.D. Hrabanus Maurus, abbot at Fulda in Germany and, like Charlemagne, a pupil of the Anglo-Saxon educator Alcuin, pronounces in his encyclopedic work, De universo, that fruits are kin to angels' tears of joy. 850 A.D. Asa, queen of the Vikings, was given apples and hazelnuts in her burial ship covered by the Oseberg Mound in Norway. 855 A.D. Lupus, abbot at Ferrières near Orleans, sent assorted peach cultivars north to Abbot Odo at Corbie in Picardy and discussed planting peach stones in an accompanying letter.

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1060 A.D. The Christian-Arab physician Ibn Botlan, also known as Ellbochasim de Baldach, codified the Arabic Taqwim es-sihha, i.e., tables of health. These tables eventually proliferated in many copied, translated, and illuminated manuscript versions, and some modern printings. The Tacuini . . . discuss and illustrate factors relating to human health, including fruits, verjuice, coitus, herbs, pickled fish, and the like. The famous Cerruti manuscript, drawn and colored in Giovanni de Grassi's studio at Milan about 1380, pictures over 20 different bearing fruit trees. 1060 A.D. Pope Nicolaus II established fruit gardens around the Vatican. 1100 A.D. The monk Giraldo at Braga in Portugal developed fruit-based healing diets for children suffering from winter sicknesses. His miracles earned him sainthood and a bishopric. 1140 A.D. Hildegard von Bingen, in the Rhineland, a Benedictine abbess and clairvoyant, explains in her natural science manuscript, Physica, that "in the fruit trees are hidden certain of God's secrets which only the blessed among men can perceive." Less mystically, this mother of German botany provides descriptions of fruits, some of cultivars, and directions for their culinary and medicinal uses. Her work was first published as Physica S. Hildegardis. Elementorum . . . fructum et herbarum, arborum et arbustorum . . . , Strasbourg, 1533. 1156 A.D. The Persian narrator Nizami Arudi Samarqandi wrote of the region of Herat that it grows "120 different kinds of grapes, each sweeter and more delicious than the other. . . . The Mandarin oranges began to arrive from Sistan and the sweet oranges from Mazandaran." His writings are accessible in English as Four discourses, translated by E. G. Browne in Anthology of Islamic Literature, New York, 1964. 1190 A.D. Ibn al-'Awwâm, an Arab savant during the height of the Moorish culture in Spain, wrote Kitâb al-filâha, printed in a Spanish translation in 1802 at Madrid as Libro de agricultura. In this critical edition, the Arab and Spanish texts face each other. In modern perspective, its Part 1 of two emerges as a progressive and widely knowledgeable fruit growing treatise. Largely un-

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known outside Iberia for six centuries, when finally translated and published it came as pomological surprise. Eventually the Spanish text alone was published as Abu Zacharias cultivo de arboles frutales, Madrid, 1900, as Volume 1 of Biblioteca classica del arboricultor. I felt I owed this amazing work a thorough bibliographical abstract. It dealt so competently with the cultivation of over 40 fruits, some now forgotten. Because of the ban by Mohammed, the work omits any reference to wine or other alcoholic fruit beverages and deals only with table fruit. Contemporary magic, miracle, and misogynic notions pertaining to fruit were considered by Ibn al-'Awwâm but, other than believing in lunar rules, he often reported without endorsing. Describing how to raise a banana plant from a date seed he states, not unlike his Christian near-contemporary Albertus Magnus, that anything is possible if the Almighty wills it but that he himself was unsuccessful. Unfortunately for Ibn al-'Awwâm's reputation, later manuscript copiers usually skip his reservations. Apart from studying in vivo Spain's, especially Andalusia's, fruit growing practices, the writings of Ibn Abî Yawâd and several others, he was acquainted with the Roman agriculturists, especially Columella, who hailed from neighboring Cadiz. Another of his sources was a book on Nabataean, i.e., present day Jordanian, agriculture purportedly written ca. 100 A.D. Its real author, the 9th-century Abu Bakr of Bagdad, had compiled it to give credence to his other writings. This fake not only fooled Ibn al-'Awwâm but later generations of historians, until the French historian and iconoclast Joseph Ernest Renan exposed it around 1860. 1200 A.D. Alexander Neckam (or Necham) suckled at the left breast of his foster mother while the right gave nourishment to Richard the Lion Hearted. Later, as a professor at the University of Paris and then abbot of Cirencester in England, Neckam's research into natural phenomena culminated in a manuscript entitled De naturis rerum libri duo, of which there is a London, 1863, printing. With anecdotal lore he sets forth the fruits recommended for a noble estate, such as medlars, quinces, 'Warden' and 'St. Regula' pears, and is the first to mention peaches growing in England. Soon after, peaches acquired notoriety when King John reportedly died after eating too many of them while drinking ale.

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1220 A.D. Ibn al Baitar from Malaga, the "son of the veterinarian," wrote Djami el moufridat, a collection of materials important in nutrition and medicine. A Latin translation by Andrea Alpago was published at Venice in 1583. He discusses 20 fruits and nuts in detail, and singles out the lemon as his favorite medicine. I include a critical edition in the Bibliography. 1230 A.D. Guillaume de Loris initiated the French poem Le roman de la rose, an amorous allegorical narrative. Added to by others, it finally counted 23,000 verses in which pears, apples, medlars, quinces, peaches, and others are often mentioned. Between 1481 and 1538, 18 editions were printed. An English translation, Romaunt of the rose, came from young Geoffrey Chaucer, himself the son of a vintner. Fruit gardens were the typical stage for many of the romantic intrigues of the Age of Chivalry. 1240 A.D. An archetypal concept of fruit becomes obvious in Bustan, i.e., the fruit garden, a 4100-couplet poem by Sheik Sadi in Persia. Not fruit but common sense and morals are its theme. A rare mentioning of fruit occurs in one of the 160 tales when a glutton on a date palm loses his hold and drops to his death. The author's idea of Bustan is a garden with refreshing fruits of wisdom. 1240 A.D. Albertus Magnus of Cologne, bishop, naturalist, and influential philosopher, agonizes in his De vegetabilibus over whether a fruit tree has a soul. His concept of fructification suggests parthenogenesis: fruit tree blossoms are fertilized by the sheer power of the two sexes innate in a tree and without any transfer of substance between them. Though speculative, it conforms to Albertus' then novel philosophy that the only way to advance knowledge of nature is by searching for nature's hidden principles rather than by relying on the writings of others, however venerable. Discarding the scholastic concept of fruit as a ready-made product of creation, Albertus holds that cultivars developed from wild forms. His morphological analysis of the apple in Book II was not superseded for centuries. His uberrima fides held that nature is all-compassing. He explains in Book V, Chapter 1, that only with God-given skills a person can make grapes grow on an oak tree. This is illustrated in the manuscript sheet of Codex Germanicus 3974 at Munich. The term orange

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(arangus), to describe the bitter orange, was introduced by him. De vegetabilibus was first printed in a perfunctory collection of his works at Venice, 1517. A critical edition . . . de vegetabilibus libri VII . . . was published in 1867 at Berlin. 1255 A.D. Young, erudite Manfred, King of Naples and Sicily, translated a pseudo-Aristotelian dialogue De pomo. . . . It had first appeared in a 10th century encyclopedia, Rasa'il, by a secret society of Moslem purists. In it, Aristoteles keeps death away by holding an apple and inhaling its life-sustaining fragrance. Finally and consciously he drops the apple, thus releasing his soul. It must have been a desirable text; there are still circa 100 manuscripts in various languages. 1260 A.D. Bartholomaeus Anglicus, an English Franciscan teaching at Paris, declared that apples have a merry (hilaris) taste and that they require espaliers to achieve perfection. His manuscript De proprietatibus rerum libri XIX, existing in many manuscript copies and translations, was finally printed at Basel ca. 1470. It dealt with all aspects of natural history; the 17th of 19 books discusses fruit and fruit trees and related matters. 1298 A.D. During his travels and a 17-year stay as councillor to the Great Khan, the Venetian trader Marco Polo delighted in the fruit riches of Near and Far East: dates at Basra, lemons and pomegranates at Ormuz, apricots, almonds, and pistachios on the Amu Darya, lemons, citrons, and sweet oranges in China, coconuts in Sumatra, bananas in the Andaman Islands. In the Far East, his favorites were fragrant yellow pears with melting white flesh, which, he thought, could weigh up to ten pounds each. 1300 A.D. A medieval collection of legends and myths, the Gesta Romanorum tells of a people who subsisted by smelling wild apples. This tale appears later in writings by Gervasius of Tilbury, Jacob of Vitry, Rudolph of Ems, and the spurious Sir John Mandeville. Wynkyn de Worde first printed the Gesta Romanorum ca. 1510. 1340 A.D. Walter de Biblesworth advises the well-bred reader in the contemporary mixture of Anglo-Saxon and French, translating as

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With good reason children clamour to eat apples because they love them. Remove the stalk and the parings and give them a piece! Take out the core and plant the pips outdoors! His Treatise of Walter de Bibelesworth is best found in A volume of vocabularies, Liverpool, 1857, edited by Thomas Wright. Cicero had earlier urged his Roman countrymen to raise new fruit cultivars from seeds saved from one's dessert. Neither the classical ancients nor the emerging Europeans produced the first manuscript specifically on fruit. Li chih p'u, i.e., the book of lychee, or litchi, was written in China in 1059 by Ts'ai Hsiang and is an accomplished monograph on this fruit grown in the Far East since time immemorial. Botany, description of cultivars, culture, pests, use, and preservation are discussed. Another nine treatises on this important fruit were written before 1800. The first manuscript on citrus was written by Han-Yen-Chi in 1178, also in China. Entitled Chu lu, it was translated by M. J. Hagerty, a crop specialist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and published as Monograph on the Oranges of Wen-Chou, Chekiang, Leiden, 1923. Twenty-seven cultivars of sweet, sour, mandarin, and other citrus types are meticulously described and their cultural requirements given.

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Chapter 3 A Bibliographical Pomonal Individual fruits, even cultivars, are mentioned in chronicles and household, monastery, and tithing records of the late Middle Ages. Grapes appear amply in printed sermons and health books. From about 1100 A.D. onward, noble knights, errant or not, had heraldic fruit designs emblazoned on their shields and badges. The Sforzas had the quince, the Frézals had strawberries, the Arenbergs medlar blossoms, the Perussis de Barles a branch with three pears, the Montpausins showed a hazelnut. Indeed, heraldic atlases make an interesting introduction to the esteemed fruits of the late Middle Ages. Nonetheless, these courtly emblems did not yet reflect any widespread interest in growing and tending fruit trees. It took over 50 years after the invention of printing to produce the first book devoted exclusively to fruita book by Antonino Venuto, mentioned below. Concurrently, works of the classical authors whose books contained chapters on fruit were finally printed and reprinted. Many new volumes followed over the centuries, and today's accumulated pomological literature, i.e., separate publications of 32 or more pages, amounts to about 3500 titles plus another 8000 titles that prominently feature fruit in company with other horticultural matters. Pomological articles in periodicals, published since about 1740, exceed one quarter million. These numbers and many multi-topical books account for the modern problems of bibliographical classification and how to structure collections, not yet lucidly solved. Fruit books are now being cataloged by size and/or alphabetically, chronologically, or topically via the Library of Congress, Dewey, or other new, old, or all contrived classification systems. During the French Revolution, even while the guillotine was decimating his family, Aubert Aubert Du Petit Thouars, a young officer, escaped and adventurously ended up on Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. There, and later in Madagascar, he taught himself botany, investigated the flora, especially orchids, published

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reports, and years later returned to Napoleon's France as an esteemed plantsman. The publicly owned, once royal fruit tree nursery, la Pépinière du Roule, near Paris, was put in his charge. A compulsive researcher, he gradually became obsessed with pomology. A pamphlet I found inserted in my copy of his Recueil de Rapports . . . , Paris, 1815, reveals him as an ardent advocate of Pomona as well as Clio, the muse of history. He had analyzed the historic French fruit literature and developed appropriate period headings for a proposed five-volume work, La culture des arbres fruitiers, intitulé le verger français . . . : 1440 to 1640, Age of Learning; 1640 to 1690, Age of Espaliers; 1690 to 1755, Age of Hard Pruning; 1755 to 1805, Age of Montreuil; 1805 onwards, Age of Innovation. Unfortunately, with Napoleon's demise and France's return to monarchy, government funds dried up and the work's publication was delayed and scaled down to one small volume, Le verger français . . . , Paris, 1817. By then, Du Petit-Thouars had returned to his other loves, orchids and botanical polemics. He is faintly remembered by a nowlost apple cultivar named 'Petit Thouars'. His overview, though not binding on us, provides a useful aid to the essential phases of early European fruit culture and its literature. A similar perspective emerges when one focuses on the history of grafting fruit trees, an invention first mentioned in the sacred books of the Chinese about 6000 B.C. Simply put, grafting transforms a wild tree with usually small, inedible fruit into one with tasty, larger fruit. Pomona would be doomed without grafting and similar asexual propagation methods. They were commonly practiced in Mesopotamia and Greece, where Hippocrates started the literature of fruit tree improvement with a treatise on budgrafting about 400 B.C. Monotheistic codices have condemned grafting as interference with the Creator, a concept that lingers still. This would explain why up to the end of the Middle Ages, grafting was considered a secret by the initiated and a miracle by the public; during the Renaissance and the Baroque periods it was exercised as an art form. The Age of Enlightenment saw it as a technique. Finally, in the 19th century it became a science. Yet modern propagators, like the old Romans, often still stick their scions in turnips to prevent them from drying out.

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Chapter 4 Pomona Reborn About a century and a half before the invention of printing, the spirit of the Renaissance manifested itself in Piero de Crescenzi's manuscript, Opus ruralium commodorum, written about 1305. This is the primogenital "making it on the land" manual in Western literature, existing in about 130 manuscripts, 18 incunabula, and many later editions in several languages. A lawyer and senator at Bologna, Crescenzi escaped political intrigues and the plague by settling in the countryside. There his trained and inquisitive mind discovered a new challenge: rural improvement. For 30 years he searched for better and profitable ideas in Italy and France and ameliorated his own estates before, at the age of 70, he started to write up his findings and recommendations. His manuscript extolls the healthy amenities and chores of rural upper class life and details the raising of domestic animals and field crops and the establishment of fruitful and beautiful pleasure gardens. Book 4 of 12 deals with vineyards, grapes, and winemaking. The 5th book contains mini-monographs on fruits and nuts, each from 1 to 5 pages. He further suggests that the fruit garden should be protected against man and beast by a hedge of intertwined plum and quince trees. In the 8th book, dealing with gardening for effect, Crescenzi details the manipulative grafting and training of fruit trees to obtain conversation pieces, such as chimerical or multi-species trees as described by Pliny (Book XVII, Ch. 16) over a millenium earlier. What marks him as a Renaissance man is his joie de vivre in the countryside, going beyond the sober satisfaction displayed by Palladius and his precursors. Nothing indicates that Crescenzi was acquainted with Ibn al-'Awwâm's manuscript, Libro de agricultura, in Arabic with its superior fruit knowledge. The first printings of Crescenzi's manuscripts were incunabula, the editio princeps headed . . . epistola in librum commodorum

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ruralium . . . , Augsburg, 1471. King Charles V of France, surnamed "the Sage," ordered a translation for himself in 1373. In his reign, gardening had not yet "restricted itself to the pleasures of looks and scents or banned those of taste and flavour. Fruit trees, herbs, and vegetables shared with flowers, yews, and lindens the honour of fruit garden [verger] beauty. . . . Hedges, arbours, and standard size fruit trees could be beheld. Dwarfed trees and espaliers were not yet known. At one time Charles V ordered to be planted 100 pear trees, 115 apple trees, 125 cherry trees, and 150 plum trees. These fruits were for the table of the

Crescenzi. Das buech von pflantzung. 1512. Woodcut.

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king and his generals. Lower ranks were served walnuts.'' (Villaret's Histoire de France. Paris, 1767, quoted by A. Leroy). The translation made for Charles V was later published as Le liure des proufitz champestres et ruraulx . . . par maistre Pierre des Crescenses . . . , Paris, 1486. Among several subsequent editions, one is of special pomological interest. Under the title Le bon mesnager . . . , Paris, 1533, it adds a treatise . . . la maniere de enter, planter et nourrir tous les arbres selon le jugement de maistre Gorgole de Corne et autres notables jardiniers. Although there is a first Italian translation, Il libro della agricoltura . . . , Florence, 1478, and the French one above, and even a Polish one, the Latin one, printed at Spires in Germany, entitled Petri de Crescentiis ciuis Bononien. in commodu ruralium cum figuris libri duodecim, Spires, ca. 1493, is the best-illustrated early edition. Supporting the text are 313 rather plain woodcuts, including orchard and vineyard scenes. Not just translated into German but also germanized is New Feldt vnd Ackerbaw . . . , Frankfurt, 1583, sometimes dubbed "Pseudocrescentius." Its compiler, probably the Heidelberg naturalist Georg Meier, a.k.a. Marius, freely integrated and mixed Crescenzi's work with the Maison rustique . . . of Estienne and Liebault and curtailed the citrus content while adding gooseberries and blackberries. My favorite Crescenzi edition is Trattato della agricoltura di Piero de' Crescenzi . . . rivisto Dallo 'Nferigno, academico della Crusca, Bologna, 1784, for its enlightened and enlightening historical and linguistic comments by its editor, Bastiano de' Rossi. A multi-influenced adaptation rather than a translation into Spanish is Gabriel Alonso de Herrera's Obra de agricultura que es de labrança y criança . . . , Alcala (later Madrid), 1513. It incorporates easily recognized passages from his countryman Columella and from Pliny, apart from the influence of the popular concepts and methods of fruit growing by Ibn al-'Awwâm. Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, founder of the Alcala, later Madrid, University, requested this treatise to further the establishment of farms, orchards, and vineyards by his countrymen, who were becoming affluent by the plunder of the Americas. Fruit had always held a modest place in herbal and health treatises, but as the divine curiosity of the Renaissance beheld Nature, it found in Pomona's gifts a new appeal. With a grain of truth, one could overstate that for the next three centuries Pomona would be carried on the shoulders of French noblemen, German patricians, and English clerics with the assistance of English gardeners, French clerics, and German schoolmasters.

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Crescenzi. Trattato della agricoltura. 1784. Title page of vol. 2.

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Venuto. De agricultura opusculum. 1541. Title page. The very first book dealing exclusively with fruits is Antonino Venuto's Notensis de agricultura opusculum, Naples, 1516. In spite of its Latin title it was written in a provincial Italian dialect, recast into buona lingua in later editions. One of them, published at Venice under the title Antonino Venuto d'agricoltura . . . , Venice, n.d., is an early example of misleading book advertising. It promises to teach about field crops, pasturing, vegetable and ornamental gardens, fruit trees, and grapes, but only deals with the last two, just as the original does. Though largely culled

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Venuto. De agricultura opusculum. 1541. Index pages.

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from the ancients and loaded with anthropocentric notions, nearly every fruit has a chapter explaining its cultivation and uses. When one measures the quantity of information Venuto gives on each of 25 fruits by pages, the most popular or important ones are grape, almond, fig, pear, and orange. In the turbulent Middle Ages, fruit had been hard to come by and the medical School of Salerno followed Galen's mandate that fruit was to be associated with herbs and health rather than with the pleasures of the table. In his foursome of health agents, fruit, categorized "cool" and "moist," fought the "hot" and "dry'' fevers. Thus Venuto's compatriot Agostino Gallo could write of the 'Moscatelli' pear, "the physicians prescribe it although it has a very pleasant taste." Gallo characterized the fruit cultivars of his time in the vernacular in Le vinti giornate dell'agricoltvra . . . [20 days of dialogues on rural matters], Venice, 1567, a book whose earlier editions had fewer title days, 10 in 1550, 13 in 1566, and, finally, 20 in its final version of 1567. It became the horticultural bestseller of Renaissance Italy, achieving 28 or more editions within a century. Its fruit sections popularized many of the "secrets" of propagating and fruiting deciduous tree fruits, citrus, and, especially, grapes. François de Belleforest translated it under a promising title, typical of the time, as Secrets de la vraye agricvltvre, et honestes plaisirs . . . diuisez en XX iournees . . . , Paris, 1571. The remarkable Giambattista della Porta, discoverer-researcher of magnetism, also believed in "signatures" and concluded that eating fruits and nuts of long-lived trees would lengthen a person's life. A country-bestseller, his Villae . . . libri XII, was published at Naples in 1584, and contained sections on fruit culture, grafting, grapes, and olives. One section, entitled Pomarium, previously published in 1583 at Naples, gives scholastic, etymological and classical definitions of pomarium [orchard], pomum [edible fruits and nuts], the goddess Pomona, and then devotes almost 200 pages to discussing various tree fruits. Luigi Alamanni, a protegé of the Medicis and political refugee from Florence to Paris, wrote La coltivatione, Paris, 1546. The third song of this poem, in the style of Virgil's Georgics, is dedicated to the reborn Pomona. Known as "Les géorgiques italiennes," it begins We long for the days of Pomona and Bacchus, Who prized our toils with abundant reward . . .

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Alamanni. La coltivazione. 1546. Title page of 1746 edition.

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Soderini. Trattato della coltivazione. Bostichi. E la coltiuazione toscana. 1600. Title page.

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The genesis of the Pflantzbuechlein is known. Much of its contents was based on an evasive medieval manuscript complex, known as Pelzbuch, attributed to one Gottfried (Godfrey) of Franconia. Pelzen, an obsolete German word, and its Middle English counterpart pelten mean "to push" and, specifically, to graft by pushing a scion into a rootstock. Gottfried ran an itinerant tree grafting business. As Magister Pomi, i.e., Master of Fruits, he was an independent artist with paying apprentices eager to learn his secrets. He owned an impyard, i.e., a fruit tree nursery with a scion orchard of assorted cultivars near Bologna and offered his services to the nobility from Calabria to Brabant. For his paying patrons he established two kinds of plantings. The pomarium for the production of cider, perry, and peach wine consisted of either grafted or promising seedling trees. The viridarium was a pleasure garden yielding various kinds and cultivars of table and culinary fruit. It was often interspersed with flowers, but its name is preserved in the French verger, i.e. orchard. (See G. Eis, Gottfrieds Pelzbuch, 1944.) Gottfried's grafting techniques and secrets were taught and practiced, yet only rarely written down. The original Pelzbuch was never printed, but manuscript fragments suggest that it was made up shortly after 1350 from his experience and experiments based on Palladius, Pliny, Albertus Magnus, and oral tradition. In Gottfried's homeland, Franconia, his Pelzbuch fostered a flourishing fruit tree nursery industry with distribution throughout Europe. Only in the 17th century was it eclipsed by the French Carthusians and their innovative dwarfed trees. The Pelzbuch had a great seminal function: chapters, passages, and trademark ideas, translated or quoted verbatim, appear in books in a variety of European languages. As time went on, the competition among printer-publishers out to make quick money resulted in numerous versionsimproved as well as watered down. The Pflantzbuechlein also fills a chapter of Adam Lonitzer's herbal, Kreutterbuch, new zugericht, von allerhand Baeumen . . . Fruechten . . . , Frankfurt, 1557. The earliest printed notion of pomology in the English language appears in a titleless composite work dubbed The customes of London or Arnold's chronicle, first printed at Antwerp, ca. 1502. Its compiler, Richard Arnold, an entrepreneur haberdasher, thought it "good and necessary for every citizen to understand and know" The craft of graffyng and plantinge of trees and altering of frutis as well in colours as in taste. This is how the chapter is headed in The customs of London . . . , London, 1811. It is a version

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of the Pelzbuch possibly via the Tractatus Godfridi super Palladium in the Sloane MS. 686 at the British Museum. One relation is the first gardening book printed in England, though only partially derived from the Pelzbuch, entitled The crafte of graffynge & plantynge of trees, Westminster, ca. 1520. Perhaps not accidentally, its printer, Hans Weineke, also known as Wynkyn de Worde, hailed from the orchard region north of Strassburg. The work is a clever combination of Richard Arnold's The crafte . . . , mentioned above, and Here begynneth the plantynge of trees and vynes . . . , added to Boke of husbandry . . . whiche Mayster Groshede somtyme bysshop of Lyncoln made & translated it out of Frensshe into Englysshe . . . , London, ca. 1510, also printed by Wynkyn. Bishop Grosseteste has never been confirmed as the translator of these writings by Walter of Henley, a prominent agrarian reformer of about 1220 A.D. Only one copy of The crafte of graffynge . . . is known. It is mutilated, but two later editions by William Copland, a son of Wynkyn de Worde's associate Robert Copland, are complete. In it we find Gottfried's teachings imbedded in spurious advice and fantastic notions. We read about grafting to obtain coreless fruit and a dozen similar miraculous tricks before getting some sound advice, such as, "Also it is good for all manner of trees when a bough is cut awaye that ye place that is cut be couered with cleye or some other defensable plaster for the defence of the rayne that it make not the tree to rot." The anonymous author's idea that the russeting of apples or pears indicates a diseased tree is not as far-fetched as it appears. We now know that it is a reaction to allergens in the environment, which transform the clear fruit skin into areas of minute scar tissue. The author's prescription for sprinkling peach trees with goat's milk to force them to bear pomegranates has, alas, not yet been substantiated! Another version of the Pelzbuch was L'art et maniere de semer . . . Lyon, 1543, by Davy Brossard, a French Benedictine monk of the Abbey St. Vincent at Le Mans. He opens his treatise with a rondeau, which I shall condense: "If you like to do grafting as a pleasant pastime and if you can grasp the contents of this, my little book, the knowledge you find will make you and every grafter happy." His essay was also included in a collection of treatises entitled Quatre traictez vtiles et delectables de l'agriculture. Le premier traicte de la maniere de planter. . . . Le second, de la maniere d'enter . . . par Gorgole de Corne Florentin. Le tiers, de la maniere de semer, et faire pepinieres et sauvageaux . . . par f. Davy. Le quart, de l'art d'enter . . . par Nicolas du Mesnil, Paris, 1560.

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This collection is of uneven quality. Brother Davy trusts only his experience and observation, stating, for instance, that dug or torn out root suckers make ideal stocks for grafting fruit trees, whereas Nicolas du Mesnil, mesmerized by Pliny's tales, writes, "If you want to grow grapes on a cherry tree, plant a grape vine close to the cherry tree, fore through the tree with an auger the

The crafte of graffynge. Ca. 1520. Title page.

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The crafte of graffynge. Ca. 1520. Text page.

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Walter of Henley. Boke of husbandry. Ca. 1510. Last text page.

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thickness of the vine, pull the vine through the hole so that at least two or three buds are outside. . . . " Davy Brossard's treatise was "set forth and Englished" and much improved by Leonard Mascall, and perpetuated in often concurrent editions as A booke of the art and maner, howe to plant and graffe all sortes of trees, howe to set stones, and sowe pepines to make wilde trees to graffe on . . . , London, 1569. Mascall, a Renaissance Man, was exuberant in his admiration for nature, exemplified for him in fruit treees: "nothing more deare, more requisite, or more greatly in commendation than Planting and Graffing of fruit." This he practiced at Plumstead (!), his country seat in Sussex. His rhymed foreword to the reader is a heart-warming and progressive endorsement of pomology, and certainly the earliest. It concludes with, Mine author does not write by guess, Practice made him excell. If you will practice as he did, You may find out much more: He has not found out all the truth, That nature has in store. His text later emerges as The country-man's recreation, London, 1640, under the same cover with the offspring of another lineage of the Pelzbuch. This treatise, entitled The expert gardener, had been previously published as The orchard and the garden, London, 1594. None of these names the author, who starts out with the four basic planting requirements known from the Pelzbuch, namely live plant material, fertile soil, proximity to water, and "Fourthly, the air is required, which must be agreable to them . . . for there be some trees that doe prosper in all aires, to wit, apple, and peare, cherry and plum trees. Some will have a cold air, to wit, chestnut-trees; and some a very warm aire, as the palme and pepper trees: therefore they be rare with us." Another version of the Pelzbuch was evidently available even as late as 1717, when the bibliography in Dictionarium rusticum, urbanicum & botanicum, 2nd edition, London, lists The manner of setting trees after Godfrey of Palladium, without date or place. It is a translation from the Sloane MS 686 at the British Museum (Bloomsbury). In the anonymous editor's mind, Gottfried and Palladius were one person. In Germany the Pflantzbuechlein perpetuated itself with ever permutating titles and rearranged contents. Some were eclectic

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Brossard. L'art et maniere. 1552. Introductory page. combinations with editions of the anonymous Lustgaerten vnd Pflantzungen, mit wunnsamer zierd . . . , Strassburg, 1530. This reads like a Reader's Digest of many garden topics. The head of the family is admonished to grow herbs, vegetables, flowers, and fruit trees. He should start true-to-name fruit trees by rooting their hardwood cuttings with a pebble in the split bottom end. To harvest peaches with almond, i.e., sweet, kernels, he could bud a plum stock with united peach and almond bud halves. Apart from Pflantzbuechlein, the terms nutzbar, i.e., useful, and seltzam, i.e., strange, serve as tracers. They appear, for example, in the full title of Pflantzbuechlin der Lustgaerten . . . , Frankfurt, ca. 1551, and 140 years later in that of Neues Pfropff-Pflantz- und Garten-Buechlein . . . , Frankfurt, 1690, with juggled but barely reworded contents.

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Mascall. A booke of the arte and maner. 1572 edition. Title page.

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The orchard, and the garden. 1594. Title page.

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A so-called ''mythical" Latin edition of the Pflantzbuechlein, entitled De stirpium cultura, Frankfurt, 1548, haunted bibliographies into the 19th century until the bibliographer Pritzel recognized it as the Latin translation of the title and not of the book. Nobility entered fruit book writing when August, Elector of Saxony, produced Kuenstlich Obstgartenbuechlein . . . , 1564. This simple yet exacting fruit growing textbook, by a benevolent sovereign, "one who had done it," as he writes, is mainly for the educated nobility. He concludes with the recipe for a grafting compound useful for all nine types of grafts detailed. Its composition is a familiar one: 10 pounds resin, 10 pounds beeswax, 1 pound turpentine, 5 1/2 ounces unsalted butter. The Johnny Appleseed of his time, August imported, collected and distributed many fruit cultivars. On his rural visits, he carried a hollow walking stick containing a mechanism that released a fruit pip or stone into the ground with every thrust. In 1556 alone, his court nursery sold about 60,000 fruit trees at two pennies (Groschen) each. He also encouraged his subjects to collect apple, cherry, and plum seeds in exchange for grain. The 3rd edition of his booklet, dated 1610, was later reprinted by the pomologist Johann Volkmar Sickler in Volume 17 of his Der teutsche Obstgaertner . . . , Weimar, 1802. In Balthasar Schnurr's Kunst- und Wunder-buechlein . . . , Dantzig, 1636, it also made an unexpected appearance in the company of tricks, twaddle, and magic artifices. Elector August's fruit cultivars and those of regions to the east and north are detailed in Johann Franke's Hortvs Lvsatiae, Bvdissinae, 1594. This meticulous inventory of wild and cultivated plants gives Latin, High German, Sorbian, and colloquial Slavic and German names for 24 pears and 20 apples, among others. A noteworthy German entry into the pomological literature is the illustrated . . . Annotationes . . . historiae stirpium by Valerius Cordus, a young brilliant scholar who died at 29 after being kicked by a horse while travelling near Rome. His work was posthumously published by Conrad Gesner at Strassburg, 1561. In it, 31 apple and 50 pear varieties are so well characterized that the botanist Agnes Arber called Cordus' work "especially distinguished in the excellence of its descriptions" (Herbals. Cambridge, 1912). Of apples, he treasured the 'Borsdorfer' most because of its "full sweet taste, charming odour and noble flavour." We owe to him the now common terms pollen and pericarp, as well as the first government-issued pharmacopeia.

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Domitzer. Pflantzbuechlein. Text page and illustration of 1587 variant.

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Cordus. Annotationes. 1561. Text page.

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Fruit culture advanced under the vigorous reign of Henry VIII during which the first useful British farming treatise appeared, Here begynneth a newe tracte or treatyse moost p[ro]fytable for all husbande men, and very frutefull for all other persones . . . with the subtitle The booke of husbandry, London, 1523. Historians have not yet ascertained which of two Fitzherbert brothers, John or Anthony, is the author. Its focus is on field crops and cattle but, for the sake of rural self-sufficiency, includes the grafting, pruning, and harvesting of fruit trees. "It is necessarie, profitable, and also a pleasure to a husbande to have peeres, wardens, and apples of dyvers sortes. And also cheres, fylberdes, bullas, dampsons, plummes, walnuttes, and suche other. And therefore it is convenyent to lerne howe thou shalt graffe." King Henry's fruiterer, Richard Harris, "fetched out of Fraunce great Store of graftes, especially pippins . . . also out of the Low Countries cherrie grafts and peare grafts, of divers sorts." That's the story told by an anonymous Irishman, signing N. F., in his foreword to the "gentle reader" of The fruiterers secrets, London, 1604. The 28-page booklet deals essentially with harvesting, ripening, quality, storage, and use of fruit. Titles mentioning fruit secrets were a favorite marketing means of Renaissance and Baroque printers imitating popular medical and alchemical treatises. The fruiterers secrets was reprinted with an altered and misleading title page as The husbandsman's fruitful orchard, London, 1608. According to another, earlier source, William Lambard's A perambulation of Kent, London, 1596, "Our honest patriote, Richard Harrys, fruiterer to the King Henrie the 8, planted by his great coste and rare industrie, the sweet cherry, the temperate pipyn and the golden renate.'' Raphael Holinshed, a chronicler, who had reconnoitered the England of his time, sounds pleased and proud: "We have most delicate apples, plummes, peares, walnuts, filberds etc., and those of sundrie sorts, planted within forties yeeres passes . . . so have we no lesse store of strange fruit, as abricotes, almonds, peaches, figges, cornetrees in noble mens orchards." This quote is from the chapter Of gardens and orchards in the Holinshed chronicles, London, 1587. Holinshed also pays homage to the artful workmen who can graft and who create fruits of "artificial mixtures" in colors, flavors, and scents. One would expect a fair number of fruit-related suggestions among the Fiue hundred pointes of good husbandrie . . . , London, 1573, by Thomas Tusser, a scholar possessing common sense and a love of farming, but apart from a listing of 27 fruits and nuts he recommends, we

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N. F. The frviterers secrets. 1604. Title and text page.

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find only a handful of his famous quatrains and couplets dealing with fruit, including Of everie suite [kind] graffe daintie fruite. Graffe good fruite all, or graffe not at all. France became the hotbed of fruit culture and its concomitant literature in the 16th and 17th centuries. "Long did Pomona hold up her sleeve the fragrant Greengage, to finally decide that under François I the moment for a just appreciation had now arrived," writes Bunyard. This also applies to other cultivars. The introducer of the 'Greengage' was Reine Claude, wife of François I. The French royal clan and the French nobility became the leading fruit growers of the period. Their fashionable enterprise soon triggered imitation by France's neighbors, who not only imported scions and trees but translated French authors with or without credit. "From the French," "new," "improved" were favorite claims. A number of early French botanical works list fruit cultivars in the vernacular, notably De natura stirpium libri tres, Paris, 1536. This three-volume plant encyclopedia was compiled by Jean de la Ruelle (Ruel or Ruellius), court physician of François I, who drew heavily on classical writers but updated them, adding many of his own observations. He was the first writer to describe gooseberries and to squash Theophrastus' notion that hazelnuts are produced without flowers. He also launched the cultivar name 'Bon Chretien', probably corrupted from the Greek panchresta, i.e., "quite useful," on a confusing odyssey through the centuries before William Aiton, then Superintendent of Kew Gardens, claimed it also as an epithet for the 'Williams' pear, named 'Bartlett' in North America. Though focusing on grafting, Arnauld Landric reveals an intimate knowledge of fruits and great eagerness to experiment in Aduertissement et maniere d'enter . . . , Bordeaux, 1580. He was a prominent lawyer proud of a walnut grafting technique he developeda challenge even today. He mentions that he has "induced various persons to adopt his method, even the brothers Vergne, one a magistrate, the other the beadle of the Parliament in Bordeaux." The Seminariu * siue plantarium earum arborum . . . , Lyon, 1530, by Charles Estienne, is a truly seminal work. It explains

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how to start fruit tree seedlings and how to ennoble them with grafts of superior varieties. Estienne, a physician and member of a leading family of printers, discusses the most common types of fruits and nuts with learned, anecdotal, and superstitious sidelights. He recommends 16 pear and 11 apple cultivars among other fruits, and describes them all. North of the Alps he was the first to write about the apricot, which had been gaining prominence. Thus, the biographer Didot tells of Dr. Jacques Cotier, who, about 1490, had an apricot tree sculptured in the front door of his country house. He was tired of doctoring crafty, crooked King Louis XI, and his pun shows it: abricotier [apricot tree] apprising of the abri [retreat] of Dr. Cotier. Fused with his De re hortensi libellus, Lyon, 1535, which excluded fruit, and other tracts, the Seminarium . . . became Estienne's improved and comprehensive volume Praedivm rusticvm . . . [the country estate], Paris, 1554. In 1551 he had taken over the family's printing shop from his exiled, heretic brother and, with optimism, had published the Praedivm rusticvm . . . and many other non-controversial books. A cashflow problem sent him into debtor's prison, where he nearly starved for five years. By then his confreres of the Faculty of Medicine had collected 12 gold pieces, couronnes de soleil, to purchase his release in 1562, but he died soon after. An amazingly popular French version, L'agricvltvre et maison rvstiqve . . . , Paris, 1564, was translated by his son-in-law, Jean Liebault. Over 700 pages thick, it somewhat follows but does not copy Crescenzi, and it launched a long international publishing spree of "how-to" books for living in the countryside. Gathered from many sources, the sections on orchards and fruits in these digests were often substantial and always traditional, an accumulation of fact and fancy. "If you desire to have red apples, graft an appletree upon a blacke mulberry-tree," writes Estienne after warning a few pages earlier that "we must not thinke that we may graft all sorts of graftes indifferently upon all sortes of trees, for neither will the oke admit the pear, nor the fig or olive tree. . . ." L'agricvltvre et maison rvstiqve . . . became a Renaissance bestseller with at least 80 editions by the fall of Napoleon, 250 years later. Many were reprints of reprints with little updating. Others, such as Jean-François Bastien's La nouvelle maison rustique . . . , Paris, 1798, were state-of-the-art productions including, of course, the fruit cultivars en vogue at the time. Bastien's revision is embellished with 31 engraved double-spread plates that show various aspects of rural life, even a "jardin anglais."

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Landric. Aduerissement et maniere d'enter. 1580. 1830 facsimile of title page.

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Estienne. Seminarium. 1536. Title page of 1548 edition.

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Another variation, using the original title, was . . . Praedium rusticum, Toulouse, 1706, by the Jesuit Jacob Vanière, which spells out the enlightened farming concepts available to the landed gentry of the Ancien Régime. Refreshingly free from theological infusions and mythological allusions, it continued to be printed for another 100 years and was translated from Latin into French, Italian, Spanish, Hungarian, and twice into German. Vanière is upto-date in contemporary tree physiology, well informed on specific fruits, and encourages experimentation with fruit trees. He gives timeless advice: "Never let your employees prune your trees. They are executioners who will butcher them to pieces. You yourself must learn to handle the pruning knife, and your thankful trees will compensate your labour with superb gifts." Translations of Estienne's work expanded into veritable encyclopedias of country living in the English, German, Dutch, Italian and Scandinavian languages, usually with lengthy, elaborate titles. In Sweden, Peter Brahe the Elder relied on it for his Oeconomia, eller Huuszholdz-Book . . . , written in 1581 and finally published in Wijsingsborg, 1677. In Ravenna, Italy, Marco Bussato used Estienne's book as an inspiration for his Giardino di agricoltvra . . . , Venice, 1592. In a learned style and with the expressed notion, utile e dilettevole (useful and enjoyable), he confesses his devotion to Pomona. Concentrating on orchard and vineyard operations, he discusses and illustrates grafting and pruning at length but, unlike Estienne, treats field crops and animal husbandry only cursorily. The delightful, realistic woodcut illustrations bordered with piccoli ferri flowers, picture horticultural operations, equipment, and rural scenes. All are original with none borrowed as in Estienne's work, although some had appeared earlier in Bussato's Prattica historiata dell'inestare gli arbori, Ravenna, 1578, a grafting manual. The standard German translation of Estienne's work was made by Count Sebitz II, professor of medicine at Strassburg, as Siben Buecher von dem Feld-bau, vnd vollkommener bestellung eynes ordenlichen Meyerhofs oder Landguts . . . von M. Sebizio . . . inn Teutsch gebracht, Strassburg, 1579. The authors were Germanized as Carl Stephanus and Johann Liebhaltus, Dutched as Kaerle Stevens and Jan Liebaut, Italicized as Carolo Stephano, and Anglicized as is seen below. Another German translation, Fuenffzehen Buecher von dem Feldbaw . . . , Frankfurt, 1583, was increased in contents from the seven books of the original

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Estienne and Liebault. L'agricvltvre et maison rvstiqve. 1565. Title page of 1578 edition.

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Bussato. Giardino d'agricoltura. 1592. Woodcut from 1612 edition.

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Bussato. Giardino d'agricoltura. 1592. Engraving from 1781 edition.

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Bussato. Giardino d'agricoltura. 1592. Woodcut.

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French edition to 15, with material from Piero de Crescenzi's work and others added. The Anglicized version from which our quote recommending grafting apple onto mulberry was taken is entitled Maison rustique, or the covntrey farme, compiled in the French tongue by Charles Steuens and John Liebault, doctors of physicke: and translated into English by Richard Svrfleet, practitioner in physicke, London, 1600. The next edition was ''improved" by Gervase Markham, London, 1616, under the title Maison rustique, or, the covntrey farme, adding excerpts from other but similar French, Italian, and Spanish works of the time. One such was . . . le théatre d'agricvltvre . . . , Paris, 1600, by Olivier de Serres, an agronome and one-man rural think-tank. Where Estienne details rural life and routine, de Serres reports on improvements tested on his own estate. In the foreword of his book he wrote, "I am offering an orchard where [the reader] can plant and pamper his trees to make them bear an abundance of good and valuable fruit." In the fruit section he lists, though without description or assessment, 55 pears, 50 apples, and 12 peaches together with other fruits in common use. He was a promoter of growing fruit on what was later known as contre-espaliers, i.e., formal or informal free-standing espaliers, usually in rows. His trials had shown that almost all tree fruits can thus be grown to perfection in any desired two-dimensional configuration. "A smart gentleman has many choices in training espaliers of different fruits in various ways for the adornment of his place," he wrote. Grafting, not unlike falconry, had been an avocation of princes and nobles since the days of Cyrus the Great. De Serres relates, with obvious satisfaction, how the late king, François I, doted on doing his own grafting, and that his courtiers were not long in making it a fashionable pastime. King François had his private Pavillon de Pomone erected at Fontainebleau to contain large frescoes depicting scenes of Pomona with her lover, Vertumnus. De Serres was also responsible for the gold-rush-like atmosphere in Paris that followed his assertion that France could well produce its own silk. Caught up in the fashion of producing silk, all manner of people began raising white mulberry trees to feed the silkworms imported from China. Several better dual-purpose cultivars with tender leaves for the silk-worms and a sweet, tasty fruit grew out of this mania, but silk production stagnated

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Estienne and Liebault. Translated by R. Surflet. Maison rustique. 1606. Title page.

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until de Serres convinced King Henry IV to yield space in his orangeries to the massive rearing of silkworms. Le théatre d'agricvltvre was in print for 200 years. Even during Napoleon's reign, two very different editions were published, a plain, early, and much abridged reprint in four octavo volumes, and de Serres' full, final text, amply annotated and brought up to date, i.e., 1804, in two quartos. An embellished copy of his book, bound in limp vellum, was auctioned by Sotheby's at Monaco in February 1987. It had once belonged to de Serres's sovereign, Henry IV, the ex-Huguenot chicken-in-the-pot king, and fetched 108,000 pounds Sterling for the estate of Marcel Jeanson, a collector of hunting books. Of other rural textbooks, one in particular, La maison champestre et agricvltvre, Paris, 1602, by Elie Vinet and Antoine Mizauld de Molusson, known as the "Divine" physician, is mainly devoted to fruit. The style of its fruit chapters, alternating between plain and elegant, led Du Petit-Thouars to the discovery that long sections were copied nearly intact from books by Davy Brossard and Agostino Gallo. Together with minor borrowings and the author's own contributions, it is the most comprehensive fruit book at the turn of the 17th century. Even poets, self-oriented and world-abstracting, strolled into Pomona's realms. I did not look for the writer of the sonnet I quote. It has no pomological relevance, yet it reflects fruit as Renaissance people valued it. The sonnet was written by either Christopher Plantin, an Antwerp publisher, or by an author of the nearly 1500 books he published between 1555 and 1589. Le bonheur de ce monde Avoir une maison commode, propre & belle, Un jardin tapissé d'espaliers odorans, Des fruits, d'exellent vin, peu de train, peu d'enfants, Posseder seul sans bruit une femme fidèle. ...................................... Conserver l'esprit libre & le jugement fort, Dire son Chapelet en cultivant ses entes, C'est attendre chez soi bien doucement la mort. I may render this as The happiness of this world To own a well-built home, inviting and replete, A garden neatly robed in fragrant espaliers,

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Ripe fruits and noble wines, few troubles and few kids, And call a spouse one's own who's faithful and discrete. ...................................... While keeping open minds, and judgment sound and wise, We say our prayers and watch our grafted scions rise, And filled with patient glee are biding our demise. Antoine de Montchrestien, author of Les tragédies . . . , Rouen, 1601, transposed the apocryphal bathing scene of Susanna, wife of Joachim, into an orchard setting. Là se trouvent encor les fertiles poiriers, Les pruniers de Damas, les palles oliviers, Et mille arbres divers dont les fruits delectables Font le friand dessert des magnifiques tables. I render it thus: There, fruit laden pear trees adorn the fair place, And Damascene plums vie pale olives for grace, A thousand rare fruit trees their branches will bend, With lucious desserts for the banquet's grand end. An outstanding work and the first to give solid, rational advice on how to establish production orchards and largescale cider manufacture is De vino et pomaceo libri duo, Paris, 1588, by Julien Le Paulmier de Grentemesnil. He was a distinguished physician at court with a treatise on French pox (syphilis) to his credit, when his sovereign Charles IX ordered the Massacre of Bartholomew in 1572. Its terror gave him an irregular heartbeat; he turned hypochondriac and retired to Normandy. He later attributed his recovery to drinking cider and became a national cider advocate and production expert. Le Paulmier was born in 1520, when distillation was still a physician's work. With cider brandy first documented in 1553, another of his production interests appears inevitable. The year his book appeared, 1588, was also memorable for the English defeat of the Spanish Armada. One of its galleons, El Calvador, foundered on the Normandy coast and gave its name to the region and to its famous cider brandy, Calvados. Years ago when I first used red-fleshed apples to squeeze cider for the festive season, I thought of it as a novel product. It wasn't: Le Paulmier made and fermented it 400 years earlier. He used

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the 'Escarlate en Costentin' apple, which he described as bloodred, of medium size, with numerous red veins running through its flesh. "This cider," he writes, "is almost transparent, sweet and sharp and so spicy that it tastes like a concoction of sugar and cinnamon." Le Paulmier's book was translated into French by the Chancellor of the University of Caen, Jacques de Cahaignes, as Traité dv vin et dv sidre . . . , Caen, 1589. In its poetic dedication, Pomona dons the author with a crown of fruiting boughs and caresses him with "a thousand kisses." A facsimile edition produced by Emile Travers, Rouen, 18941896, was published in two limited issues, a bibliophilic one of 200 copies, and a still more bibliophilic one of only 59 two-volume sets. The modern publishing practice of selling the same book under different titles has a formidable Renaissance precedent in Pierre de Quiqueran de Beaujeu's De laudibus provinciae libri tres . . . , Paris, 1551. It is in Latin and portrays the Provence, its history, geography, towns, and productions. Its French translation, however, had me fooled, and probably many others, into believing that it was a fruit-growing manual, until I held it in my hands: La novvelle agricvltvre ou instrvction generale pour ensementer toutes sortes d'arbres frvictiers . . . , Tournon, 1616, deals only casually with fruit on 23 of its 640 pages.

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Chapter 5 Recognition and Accolades Following the period extolling fruit as a farming sideline came that of formal, later formalistic, fruit gardening in the Grand Manner. Espaliers were trained in various geometric patterns with an emphasis on dwarfed types. The promoter of formal gardening, Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie, led the way with his Traite du i'ardinage selon les raisons de la natvre et de l'art . . . , Paris, 1638, published posthumously by a nephew. Espaliered fruit trees are literally the sole "outstanding" decorative element of the otherwise rather flat pleasure gardens. They were used to form dense, fruit-clad walls along the "allées," which suddenly opened to vistas of colorful parterres at intersecting avenues and paths. "Espaliers," writes Boyceau, "not only serve as embellishments and ornaments of gardens but are also rewarding and commodious." Although Boyceau provides long lists of fruits, the 100 copper plates are devoted only to stylized landscape designs, and not a single cultivar is shown. Pomologically more remarkable are the directions for creating striking chimera fruits by joining two halves of fruit embryos of different cultivars via micrografting. More sophisticated geometric designs with espaliered fruit trees are described in Claude Mollet's Théatre des plans et iardinages . . . , Paris, 1652, scantily illustrated with four double plates. To prove his competence, Mollet contends that he has established 7000 fruit trees in the king's gardens at Fontaine-Belle-Eau and adds, "This would have been impossible without my knowledge of the stars and planets, and of their influence which govern the U*niverse . . . fruit trees, shrubs, herbs and flowers." The manuscript dates from about 1610, but Mollet died long before it was published by his sons. Later editions, also edited by his sons, reveal their central interest in fruit trees, as is evident in the title Theatre des iardinages . . . pepinieres, planter, elever, enter, greffer et cultiver toutes sortes d'arbres fruitiers, Paris, 1663.

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Claude Mollet's son André, working for Queen Christina of Sweden, made a virtue of necessity by recommending robust ornamentals together with hardy apple trees and whortleberry bushes in his bilingual Le jardin de plaisir; der Lust-Garten, Stockholm, 1651. He was later appointed gardener of St. James by Charles II but died in the 1665 plague before the English version, The garden of pleasure . . . , London, 1670, was finished. Its 39 engraved plates, mostly of garden designs, are of little pomological interest. Modern writers on French Renaissance gardens seem to be preoccupied with designs, parterres, and vistas. Never feasting their eyes on a parade of hundreds of colorful cultivars on shaped trees, as did their admiring predecessors, they neglect the esthetic contributions by fruits and fruit trees. A true collector's prize of the period is a small duodecimo volume of 239 pages, La maniere de cvltiver les arbres frvitiers . . . , Paris, 1652. A modern facsimile, introduced by Professor E. Blanche, was published at Rouen in 1879, limited to 125 copies. Its author, Antoine Le Gendre, Curé d'Henonuille [Henouville] near Rouen, an enlightened cleric, was a friend of the poet Corneille, a fruit gardener for Cardinal Richelieu, and, in his last years, superintendent of the gardens of Louis XIII. Le Gendre, the superb practitioner, put to a merciful death many of the absurd pomological beliefs inherited from earlier times. His quince rootstocks used to dwarf pear trees were the direct progenitors of today's dwarfing rootstocks. He writes, "I was one of the first to use and publicize the helpful invention of grafting on quince." For dwarfing apples he selected the rootstock of the (red) 'Paradise Apple', now assigned the designation EM8. He also warned against the not dissimilar 'Doulçin', now probably designated EM5, which he declared of no use, "n'en vaut rien." His dictum, that one cannot have beautiful fruit trees without being in love with them, has earned him a niche in the hearts of pomologists, and his book one in their libraries. Convinced that an elegant shape was not inconsistent with good fruiting, Le Gendre preferred dwarf espaliers to standards. His affection did not extend to topiarized fruit trees, however, which he called monsters and crimes against nature. John Evelyn, the virtuosic English man of letters, was moved to translate Le Gendre's treatise under the title The manner of ordering fruit trees, London, 1660. He did not append his name to the title page, giving instead all the glory to Le Gendre. The German friends of Pomona were no less impressed, since they translated it at least three times, one by an anonymous transla-

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tor and issued as Le Gendres Baumgaertnerey, Zurich, 1679. Then Gerold Edelbach, a professional translator, produced another version, Der curieuse Pfropff- und Oculir-Meister, so da anweiset, wie eine vollkommene BaumSchule und Pflantz-Garten anzulegen . . . , Frankfurt, 1695, without author. Another translation by

Le Gendre. La maniere de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. 1652. Title page.

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Le Gendre. Translated by J. Evelyn. The manner of ordering fruit trees. 1660. Title page.

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the Hollander Jan Commelijn, Oeffning der vrugtboomen, vertaalt en met aanmerkingen verrijkt door . . . , Amsterdam, 1687, was later translated into German as Le Gendre wohlbestallter Gartenbau . . . , Wolfenbuettel, 1703. An early Le Gendre translation appeared with two translations of Georg Graeflinger's in a collective volume with a long-winded title, beginning Der ueber die zwoelf monaten des jahrs verstaendige Gartenmeister . . . , Leipzig, and Wolfenbuettel, 1666. This title, in shorter form, had earlier headed Graeflinger's translation of Pieter van Aengelen's De verstandige Hovenier . . . , Amsterdam, 1661, a fruit-friendly gardening calendar. Nicolas de Bonnefons' Der franzoesische Gaertner . . . , see below, is the third translation. A modest volume, published under the pseudonym of Aristote, jardinier de Puteaux, Instruction ou l'art de cultiver . . . et greffer les arbres fruitiers . . . , Paris, 1677, has a section entitled Observations sur le livre du Curé d'Henonville. . . . This comments on, naming the pages of, Le Gendre's work in an interpretive manner. That section was dropped with the 1678 edition when book and title added kitchen garden instructions. Until recently, it was speculated that Arnauld d'Andilly, q.v., had authored this book (see below, under Pomona's French Connection).

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Chapter 6 Pomona's Renaissance Gallery Household companions of the rural and horticultural ''how-to" books were the "show-me" books: the illustrated herbals and so-called plant histories. Medieval and early Renaissance manuscripts and printed medical and religious texts presented only stylized and stereotypic images of fruit, even in splendidly illuminated Books of Hours. To an artist still under the influence of the scholastic mentality, the differences between fruit cultivars or specimens of the same cultivar seemed immaterial. A titleless incunabulum, dubbed Hortus sanitatis . . . , Mayence, 1485, by Johann Wonnecke, pioneered pomological book illustration. The ingénue artist attempted with some success to characterize 24 fruit plants, among others, in woodcuts. The first to give pictorial distinction to plants of the same species were Otto Brunfels and his artist Hans Weidlitz in Herbarvm vivae eicones . . . Strassburg, 1530. Soon after, Pier Andrea Mattioli, later chief physician of the Holy Roman Emperor of the First Reich, translated the materia medica of the 1st century army physician Dioscorides into vernacular Italian as Di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo libri cinque . . . , Venice, 1544. An illustrated edition in Latin followed, entitled Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis de medica materia, Venice, 1554. This imposing plant encyclopedia, with 562 woodcut illustrations, included 16 pears, 15 cherries, 10 plums, 10 peaches, and various minor fruits, some decoratively illustrated with small woodcuts. Reluctantly, Mattioli goes along with Dioscorides' arrangement but explains, "Dioscorides groups peaches, apricots, citrus, quinces and apples together because of their similar shape." The medical popularity of his book was assured by Mattioli's Third Reichtype experiments using old and young prisoners to determine the lethal thresholds of various poisonous plants. About 40 years later, Johann Camerarius II, a physician at Nuremberg, reedited and enlarged Mattioli's work as De plantis epitome . . . , Frankfurt, 1586. The for-

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Ortus sanitatis. 1485. Text page with woodcut of medlar.

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Mattioli. I discorsi. 1555, and Mattioli. Ed. Camerarius. De plantis epitome. 1586. Original and later woodcuts.

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mer illustrations of fruit were replaced by far superior woodcuts showing cultivars of various shapes and sizes. Still stylized but more dimensional and realistic than the fruit woodcuts of the Ortus sanitatis are those accompanying a treatise on medicines and foods in Tacuini sanitatis . . . , Strassburg, 1531. This was the first illustrated printing of Ibn Botlan's "tables of health," see above, with the above treatise by Ibn Wafid, his contemporary, added. The very first book to include realistic illustrations of named cultivars, in this case 23 apples, 11 cherries, and 19 pears from the Palatinate region, is the Neuw Kreuterbuch . . . , Frankfurt, 15881591, by Jacob Theodor, a court physician at Heidelberg, better known as Tabernaemontanus, after his birthplace Bergzabern in the Palatinate. These small woodcuts were also published separately under the title Eicones plantarum sev stirpivm . . . , Frankfurt, 1590. Shortly thereafter, the visiting London bookseller-publisher John Norton bought or leased about 1800 of these woodblocks at a Frankfurt Book Fair to illustrate the first edition of John Gerard's The herball or general historie of plantes, London, 1597. The well-travelled Gerard, barber-surgeon in London, was an admirer of all fruits, including tropicals, nuts, and berries. Of apples he writes that they differ in "greatness, forme, colour and taste; some covered with a red skin, others yellowe or greene, varying infinitely according to the soyle and climate; some very great, some little; some are sweete of taste, or something sour." Although he obviously possessed a solid knowledge of fruit cultivars, his principal interest was medicinal plants: "To write of Peares and Apples in particular, woulde require a particular volume . . . myselfe knowe some one, curious in Graffing and Planting of Fruites, who hath in one peece of ground at the point of three score sundrie sorts of Peares, and those exceedingly good . . . which to describe apart, were to send an Owle to Athens, or to number those things that are without number." In 1633, The herball . . . was revised by the botanist-apothecary Thomas Johnson, who repeated this apology, added his own drawing of bananas, but drastically reduced the number of woodblocks of fruit: "A fewe figures shall serve the rest." In the preface, he chides the long-dead Gerard as a dishonest ignoramus. With his botanical works and royalist sympathies, Johnson earned a doctor's degree, the rank of lieutenant colonel, and a hero's early funeral. Gerard and Johnson echo an age-old view that still vaguely

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Ibn Botlan. Tacuini sanitatis. 1531. Woodcut. persists in today's disjunction of medicine and nutrition. Early herbals, even that of progressive William Turner, implied that fruits are too tasty to make effective medicine. An herbalist at heart, Turner first inventoried plants with their synonyms in various languages. He chose those "that Herbaries and Apotecaries use" in Libellus de re herbaria . . . , London, 1538, translated into English as The names of herbes . . . , London, 1548. Turner's master work, A new herball, wherin are conteyned the names of herbes . . . , London, 1551 (Part 1), Cologne, 1562 (Parts 1 and 2), 1568 (Parts 1, 2, 3), was written while Turner, a vociferous Protestant, was exiled in Germany. Its woodcuts show questionable improvement over the crisp originals from an octavo edition of Leonhart Fuchs' herbals, as our juxtaposition shows. The botanical accounts by Turner are factual and undistorted by

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magic. Except for medically prominent ones, fruits are treated cursorily or dismissed by statements such as "the figge tree is so well knowen that it nedith no farther description." By contrast, the author of a competing volume, the renowned apothecary and botanist John Parkinson, considered fruit very

Gerard. The herball. 1597. 1633 edition. Section of woodcut title page.

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much part of an earthly paradise. His Orchard of all sorte of fruit-bearing trees is the third part of Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris, London, 1629, which details the "ordering of the orchard" and describes over 200 fruit cultivars. The title, a pun, means Park in Sun's (Parkinson's) earthly paradise. Parkinson calls special attention to the seedling-scion compatibility problems of grafted stone fruits. Among other solutions, he suggests that red nectarines only succeed when grafted on apricot rootstock, whereas yellow nectarines do best on plum stock. Five of the 61 plum cultivars characterized by Parkinson were recently identified by P. Dodd from pyrenes brought up from the British man-of-war Mary Rose, sunk in 1545. Illustrations of grafting tools, T-budding, and saddle grafting and instructions for other propagation techniques reveal this apothecary as an informed pomologist. As such, he voices his contempt for the practices of contemporary nurserymen: "It is an inherent qualitie almost heredetarie with most of them, to sell any man an ordinary fruit for whatever rare fruit he shall ask for: so little they are to be trusted." A trained apothecary, he concludes each fruit chapter with explanations of the culinary, medicinal, cosmetic, or technical uses. In the meantime, Ulysses Aldrovandi of Bologna, Italy, a virtuoso savant-naturalist, had been filling his private museum with unusual plants and animals for about 50 years. Around 1580, while professor of medicine at the university and director of its botanical garden, he completed an inventory of his collection. It illustrates 59 cultivars of fruit for the first time in their natural size. The printing of the book, unfortunately, dragged on under many an editor for nearly a century before it was published under his Latinized name Aldrovandus as . . . Dendrologiae natvralis . . . libri dvo, Bologna, 1668, and the fruit section only was published as Pomarium curiosum . . . , Frankfurt, 1692. Aldrovandi's work is a triumph of painstaking Renaissance documentation, reminiscent of 19th century academic dissertations. Every imaginable aspect of a fruit is explored: culture, pests, anatomy, characteristics, cultivars, monstrosities, provenance, etymology, use as food, use in medicine and magic, occurrence in mythology, heraldry, biblical and classical writings, and so on. The most eminent pictorial and descriptive work of the period comes from the pen of his and Dalechamp's pupil, Jean Bauhin. The French, German, and Swiss all lay claim to him. Born in Switzerland to Huguenot refugees from France, Jean Bauhin spent 42 years of his life as court physician, botanist, and horticultural consultant in the service of the German Duke of

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Parkinson. Paradisi in sole. 1629. Woodcut. 1. Malus Arantia, the Orenge tree. 2. Malus, the Apple tree. 3. Malum Carbonarium, the Pomewater. 4. Malum Curtipendulum, the golden Pippin. 5. Melapium, the Pearmaine. 6. Malum Regineum, the Queene Apple. 7. Malum primis maturum, the Genneting. 8. Malum Regale, the pound Royall. 9. Malum Kentij ad feruefeendum, the Kentish Codlin. 10. Malum Regineum Spurium, the Bardfield Quining.

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Aldrovandi. Dendrologiae naturalis. 1668. Woodcut.

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Wuerttemberg, Frederick I. Christoph I, the duke's grandfather, had collected and planted 374 fruit cultivars. To better display the apples in the duke's pleasure garden, Bauhin introduced "super dwarf" apples, which he called 'Mala Francerina Ionnina'. He used the strongly dwarfing 'Paradise' crab as interstem, adding to the dwarfing effect by grafting on quince. This use of quince predates Le Gendre's by 50 or so years. In his Historia novi et admirabilis fontis balneique Bollensis in ducatu Wirtembergico . . . , Montbéliard, 1598, and its German version Ein new Badbuch . . . , Stuttgart, 1602, Bauhin extolls the pleasant surroundings and healing waters of Bad Boll, a spa in the lands of Duke Frederic I, his patron. He closes Part 4 with the descriptions and life-size woodcuts of 60 apples, 33 pears, and numerous cultivars of other fruits, nuts, and tropical dainties. The same text and pictures adorn his Historiae plantarum generalis . . . prodromus, Yverdon, 1619, co-authored with his son-in-law, Johann Heinrich Cherler. Bauhin's magnum opus, the three-volume Historia plantarum universalis, Yverdon, 16501651, was printed posthumously, perfunctorily with worn type on poor paper, through a 500-doubloon subsidy arranged by a Berne patrician. It opens with his and Valerius Cordus' descriptions of "the treasures of Pomona and Vertumnus . . . we have researched and are expounding here." Among the 3547 woodcuts are quinces, figs, almonds, apricots, and many other common and not so common fruits. An abridged version edited by Dominique Chabrey as Stirpium icones et sciagraphia . . . , Geneva, 1666, depicts only fruit species, no cultivars. At least one of the four earlier Bauhin titles is desirable in any truly representative pomological library. Jean Bauhin's pomological prominence reemerged in Onomatologia botanica completa . . . , Frankfurt and Leipzig, 17721778. In spite of its mainly botanical stance, it included in the seventh of ten volumes all of Bauhin's fruit cultivar descriptions together with additions by its author, the renowned botanist Johann Friedrich Gmelin. In his younger years Jean Bauhin had contributed to the massive, illustrated two-volume Historia generalis plantarum . . . , Lyon, 15861587, by his preceptor, the learned physician Jean Dalechamps. This, an erudite herbal rather than a descriptive plant inventory, discusses names, character, and uses of a fruit at length, but barely mentions tree and cultivation. The work was published anonymously, through oversight or malice of a younger colleague entrusted by the aging Dalechamps to see

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J. Bauhin. Historia plantarum universalis. 1650. Text page with woodcuts. the manuscript through its printing. A quarter of a century later, this colleague, Jean Desmoulins, published a French translation of the Historia generalis plantarum . . . naming Jean Dalechamps as the late author of the Histoire generale des plantes . . . , Lyon, 1615.

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Chapter 7 Determined Lovers Like other useful arts and like science itself, fruit culture progressed by small steps of detection and invention that, in retrospect, seem inevitable. In classical times the urge to find out about fruits was the domain of philosophers, well removed from that of the slave in an orchard, who conceived of labor-saving devices or shortcuts. These two attitudes fused as the Renaissance evolved and produced not only sober promoters like Bauhin or Le Gendre but also some colorful and endearing suitors of Pomona who made her jump, rather than tiptoe, ahead. Le Lectier, a supplier to the French court, leads the parade of totally committed fruit fanciers. He started collecting cultivars about 1598 and in 1628 published Catalogue des arbres cultivez dans le verger et plan du Sieur Le Lectier . . . , where, among other fruits, he itemized by season 255 of his pear cultivars and offered scions in trade for others not included. A copy of his extremely rare pomological book has survived at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. A reprint, entitled Catalogue des arbres cultivés dans le jardin du Sr. Le Lectier, was published at Orleans in 1728, and again in Leroy's Dictionnaire de pomologie, Paris and Angers, 18671879. Pomona's English herald was William Lawson, the author of A new orchard and garden . . . , London, 1618. It is unique and important as the first English entry of note into pomological literature. By adding ''new" to the title, Lawson sought to distinguish his treatise from an earlier one with the similar-sounding title The orchard, and the garden . . . , the anonymous and "secrets"-ridden rendition of the old Pelzbuch published repeatedly between 1594 and 1602. The title page of Lawson's book bears the two mottos: "Skill and Paines bring fruitful Gaines" and "Nemo sibi Natus" ("no man is an island"). A delightful, down-to-earth guide of only 74 pages meagerly illustrated with primitive woodcuts, it bespeaks the author's infatuation with Pomona.

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Lawson. A new orchard and garden. 1617. Title page of anonymous addition to Part 3, The husband-man's fruitful orchard. 1665 edition.

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What it lacks in cultivar descriptions and science it makes up for in dedication, observation, and experience. A few soupçons of superstition emerge when he suggests grafting roses on the apple tree, their relative, or in his reference to sea monsters landing nearby. With a true Baconian ring, this vicar of Ormsby in Yorkshire shrewdly dismisses classic antiquity and its miracle-prone writers: "I admire and praise Plinie, Aristotle, Vergil, Cicero, and many others for wit and judgement in this kind, and leave them to their times, manner and severall countries," and "whereupon have I, of my meere and sole experience, without respect to any former treatise, gathered these rules." One of these, confirmed by years of observation, is that broader leaves on seedling apple trees indicate finer fruit, still one of the primary selection criteria in modern apple breeding. He strongly recommends grafting on self-grown rather than purchased rootstocks, because it "keeps you in practice, and so from experience is so good, gentlemanly, scholarlike, and profitable a faculty," and because ''every gardener is not trusty to sell you good fruit [trees]." In the second edition of 1623, he added an essay by his friend Simon Harward . . . the art of propagating plants. The latter offers straightforward instructions on the "how" rather than the still controversial "what" of grafting and budding. Appended is a pruned version of The husbandman's fruitful orchard, just 8 of the 28 pages of the 1608 edition mentioned above, under Pomona Reborn. The polymath Gervase Markham included Lawson's book as the 6th part of his best-selling A way to get wealth, printed at least 15 times in London from 1623 to 1695. Before settling down to write poetry and produce rural howto books, Markham, the soldiering scion of a respected family, had made a fortune by importing and breeding the first Arabian horses in England. He had a knack for enthusiastically writing about the same rural topics under a variety of titles, and then re-issuing them under yet another title. In one of his literary escapades he posed as the author of The whole art of husbandry . . . , London, 1631. Actually, this is a re-issue of Fovre bookes of husbandry . . . , London, 1577, itself a translation by Barnaby Googe of Conrad Heresbach's Rei rusticae libri quatuor . . . , Cologne, 1570. Written by a learned Westfalian courtier and country squire, it uses classical dialogue to discuss, among rural topics, the propagation and culture of many kinds of fruit. To Markham, a typical fruit garden, to be fashionable, had

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to consist of a rectangular plot with geometrically arranged trees, a fountain, and in the center "some curious and arteficiall banquetting house would give luster to the orchard." This appears as a European standard design because Adam Puschman, a German poet of the time, reports: "In the center of the fruit garden was a beautiful hall with a marble floor. There were windows all around through which one could admire all the fruits outside" (cited by A. Kaufmann in Der Gartenbau im Mittelalter, Berlin, 1892). In Lawson's mind, on the other hand, an orchard was an almost private shrine to Pomona, an escapist's paradise. In 1927 the Cresset Press re-issued Lawson's book in a limited edition of 650 copies, of which 50 were printed on Arnold hand-made paper and bound in limp vellum. In her preface, Eleanour Sinclair Rohde describes Lawson as the "Izaac Walton of garden writers." An earlier reprint had been published by Robert Persall Smith in Philadelphia, 1858. In 1983, Garland Publishing, New York, issued a facsimile of the original edition. An abridgment with a very useful commentary by E. Bunyard is found in the Journal of pomology, Vol. 1 (1919). Favoring the search for causal relationships rather than repeating the errors of ancient authorities has assured Francis Bacon a lasting place in the history of science. Dismissed from England's highest judicial post for taking bribes from litigants, his versatile mind focused on nature during his imprisonment. Later he established a private "triall" ground at his Solomon's House at Gorhambury to generate "great and marvelous works for the benefit of man." Though speculative scrutiny led him to pursue interests in a variety of natural phenomena, he retained an intense and enduring interest in plants. His fascination with the transformation of a blossom into fruit greatly inspired a host of later pomologists. Many of his experiments, published posthumously in Sylva sylvarum, London, 1627, strike us today as whimsical, but others, such as his quest for manipulating oxygen to control fruit ripening, are recognized as pioneering work. His preference for albino fruits such as white strawberries, golden raspberries, white grapes and currants, and coeur cherries, is puzzling. Was his choice based on organoleptic judgment? Does his delight with dying strawberry leaves for their "most excellent Cordial Smell" again reflect the acuity of his senses? One of his test results proved that smelly manure water was the most, and Malmsey wine the least, beneficial nourishment for fruit trees. Sometimes his curiosity led him astray, for example when he concludes that one species can be changed into

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another or that "fruit-trees watered with warm water will bear fruit without core or stone." Yet, there is no question that Bacon is father and godfather of modern experimental, inductive science. He fell victim to it by catching a fatal cold while stuffing chickens with snow to relate the cooling effect to their shelf life. Daniel Rhagor, a Swiss burgher, is the spiritual counterpart of the Yorkshireman, Lawson. In his book, PflantzGart . . . , Bern, 1639, he writes: "It results from my very own and well tested experience, not from reading the books of others nor from listening to those who have never bent down [to work]." At age 24, Rhagor became a Bern councilman, then city clerk, controller of the city's wine cellars, and a distinguished reeve. His two estates with nursery, orchard, and a ten-acre vineyard let him experiment to his heart's content. One senses his profit-mindedness when he instructs on fruit tree culture, less enthusiastically informs about the kitchen garden, writes a veritable monograph on grapes and wine, and curtly dismisses flowers as unrewarding. His book was an instant best-seller, and the city council of Bern honored him with 40 doubloons and a cask of wine. Posthumous editions of the PflantzGart, however, added ornamental gardening. An exception is Erneuerter rhagorischer Baum- und Obst-Garten, Basel, 1676, a small pocket edition by his sons-in-law Hans Rudolf Bitzius and Daniel von Graffenried, which continues the tradition of dealing only with fruit. Another Swiss publication with substantial fruit content is Johann Kaspar Suter's Monathliche Pflanzungs-Lust . . . , Schaffhausen and Zurich, 1666. This 360-page general gardening calendar does not believe in any fruit secrets or miracles, only in results from treating fruit trees correctly. French-speaking Swiss found an ideal guide in Daniel Tschiffeli's École des jardiniers où l'on apprend à semer des arbres fruitiers . . . , Bern, 1696. In 234 pages of a Socratic dialogue between father and son, the craft of fruit gardening is reasoned out and articulated. A supplement describes common and some regional cultivars, which the author considers superior to many of La Quintinye's selections. A remarkable book in Latin entitled Horticultura appeared in 1631 in war-torn Frankfurt. Peter Lauremberg, its author, was a true polymath who had translated Greek and Latin authors at age 11. In his academic career he taught astronomy at Rostock, philosophy at Montauban, medicine at Montpellier, physics and mathematics at Hamburg, and medicine cum literature again at Rostock. Falling in love with Pomona, he coined the now

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Rhagor. Pflantz-Gart. 1639. Title page of 1650 edition.

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Rhagor. Pflantz-Gart. 1639. Final pages of 1650 edition. wonted term horticultura. Scandinavian writers were the first to take it up but applied it more to ornamentals than to fruit. Thus, the fruit content is meager in Hans Raszmusson Block's Horticultura danica, Copenhagen, 1647, in Avidus Manson's Horticultura . . . , Stockholm, 1654, and in Gustav Lahrmann's De horticultura . . . , Upsala, 1664. Not much more on fruit is found in Johann Christian Huebner's Horticultura . . . , Brieg, 1664, and John Worlidge's Systema horti-culturae . . . , London, 1677. In 1625, Lauremberg, who was an eager collector, counted 329 different fruits and cultivars in his garden, including figs and pistachios, all grafted or shield-budded by himself. Propagation experiments were his passion. He created multi-variety trees, joined peach to cherry, plum to crataegus, apple to pear in order to evaluate the results. A classical scholar, he had not quite freed himself from the scam of the medieval concepts: "Pour ox blood around your young apple trees if you want red apples." His methods are pictured by copper engravings in Horticultura. Only 40 years later, Horticultura furnished much of the contents

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Lauremberg. Horticultura. 1631. Woodcut from 1654 edition.

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of a three-volume gardening compendium in German by W. A. Stromer von Reichenbach. Rhagor's PflantzGart . . . , the Pflantzbuechlein, and several minor publications are also represented there in Die edle GartenWissenschaft, aus Petri Laurembergii Rostochensis horticultura & apparatu plantarum. Zusammen gelesen, mit andern Garten-Autoribus, und edlen Liebhabern derselben, conferiert . . . nebst einem Pfropf- und Pflanzbuechlein, Frankfurt, 16711682. Lauremberg's pomological diary of 16371639 is still waiting for a critical publication. Lauremberg's alma mater, the University of Rostock on the Baltic, nurtured another eminent academic and pomologist, Simon Paulli. As professor of anatomy he discovered why we have an appendix; as a pomologist he introduced apricots to Denmark. As a botanist his research into the plant life of his adopted country culminated in the publication of Flora danica / det er: dansk urtebog, Copenhagen, 1648. Here, for the very first time, the word Flora is used to embrace all plants of a given place, in this case a country, not just flowering plants. Each plant chapter is divided into sections including "names," "description," "planting location or habitat," "virtues and uses.'' Of the 23 fruit species and some of their cultivars that he discusses, 20 are illustrated with full-page woodcuts selected from non-Danish works. It would be unfair not to mention Sir Hugh Platt, a brewer's son, knighted for various practical inventions, who was also an ardent apprentice of Pomona's. He died shortly before his horticultural work Floraes paradise . . . , London, 1608, later changed to The garden of Eden . . . , was published. It became such a popular reference on plants that in 1660 a spurious The second part of the garden of Eden . . . , appeared in London. Over two-thirds of Sir Platt's work deals with the raising and grafting of fruit and other trees, their care and pleasant rewards in a Renaissance Eden. With the acknowledged help of friends, he had created his own at Betnall Green. He perfected root pruning, an effective method of "hasting" the fruiting of young trees. A rather wishful advice of his is to "gather not your pippins til the full moon after Michaelmas; so may you keep them a whole year without shrinking; and so of the grapes, and all other fruit." "But in many places the short estate that men have in their holdings, and the discommoditie they find in stealers do discourage them," is how John Taverner perceived the hesitation to plant fruit trees in Elizabethan times. In Part 2 of his Certaine experiments concerning fish and fruite . . . , London, 1600, he in-

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Paulli. Flora danica. 1648. Woodcut.

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Taverner. Certaine experiments. 1600. Text page.

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structs on raising and grafting fruit tree seedlings and on proven orcharding methods. He surely wrote from experience when he blames wet orchard sites for failures. Also, "The fattest & fruit-fullest ground is not best for fruite, for that the trees growing in such ground will be very subiect to be eaten with cankers, as also the fruite will be much wormeaten." Instead, Taverner recommends a well-drained sandy loam. His whole treatise strikes us as sound, rational, and free of gimmickry or superstition. The plays and poems of William Shakespeare, Lawson's and Platt's illustrious contemporary, contain classic references to at least 30 fruits and cultivars, often with descriptive epithets. A collection of these references would make an interesting pomological document. "Feed him with apricots and dewberries, with purple grapes, green figs and mulberries," says fruit-wise Titania in A midsummer night's dream. In Henry the Fourth, Sir Falstaff is invited by Shallow, a rural justice, with "You shall see my orchard, where, in an arbour, we will eat a last year's pippin of my own graffing." Shakespeare's intimate knowledge of fruits and country squires' pastimes may strengthen the argument that he was indeed the Earl of Oxford in disguise. In his garden of New Place, his house at Stratford-onAvon, the historic Shakespeare planted a black mulberry tree, possibly to make morat, a mulberry wine popular since Saxon times.

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Chapter 8 Pomona Prevails over Mars During the Thirty Years' War, 16181648, publishing and fruit growing stagnated throughout much of Continental Europe. Elector August's book of 1564 was published in a barely revised edition as Neu kuenstlich ObstGartenbuechlein, Frankfurt an der Oder, 1618, a certain Berthold Junghans pretending he was its author. Nonetheless, despite the difficulties, there was much real progress: Michael Knabe, steward of the Franconian estate of the Stieber family, wrote the most comprehensive and advanced European fruit book before Le Gendre, the Hortipomolegium, das ist, ein sehr liebreich vnd auszerlesen Obsgarten-vnd Peltzbuch . . . , Nuremberg, 1620, printed at the expense of his fruit-loving lord. What may appear as verbosity in this evergreen of Baroque pomology is but a means to achieve explicit and objective coverage of the three parts, i.e., planting, propagation, and species characterization, with cultivar descriptions. The last, a curious register, stands out as attaining the fullness of modern descriptive pomology, giving botanical details, physical characteristics including coloration, and organoleptic impact. The uncertainties of the war probably prevented its translation into other languages. Later editions and other more or less competent fruit books appeared after the war, when in many absolutist princedoms and city states fruit growing once again became not only fashionable but also a necessity, for much of the Continent was still starving. Once the rich man's luxury, fruit started to evolve into a common and cherished food. It was at this time that some of my forefathers trekked up the Rhine from Brabant in search of cheap farm sites amidst the devastated orchards and vineyards of the Palatinate. There, as well as in Austria, Hesse, Saxony, Sweden, and other regions, recently passed legislation required all newlyweds to plant or graft a specified number of fruit trees and to maintain them under supervision of the local clergy. Enforced to the end of the 18th century, these laws required a steady sup-

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ply of fruit-growing manuals. This thrust was nothing new. Cortés, while governor of Mexico, had mandated 100 years before that 1000 grapevines be planted for every 100 natives working on an estate. In 1640, Charles I of England ordered everybody in Virginia "having one hundred acres of inheritance" to plant a quarter acre in grafted apple, pear, or other fruit trees. Much pomological knowledge was passed on by a new kind of book evolving from the Maison Rustique. Fruit growing, gardening, husbandry, and agricultural advice was incorporated with hymns and devotions, meal recipes, home remedies for the ills of man and beast, and legal and accounting basics. The publication of these massive Hausvater books was especially popular in Protestant regions. An early example was Oeconomia ruralis et domestica . . . , Wittenberg, 1597, by Johannes Colerus with a German text following the Latin title. In its first part, the fruit garden, he recommends starting a seedling nursery in pots in the basement, followed by the selection of only the most thrifty seedlings for grafting. On his fruit exploration trips, Colerus carried with him a foot-long tin, half filled with water, to keep scions fresh. His fat tome was still printed and selling in 1711. A renowned Hausvater work among the 40 or so typical titles I scrutinized, published between 1600 and 1800, is Johann Christoph Thieme's Haus- Feld- Arzney- Koch- Kunst- und Wunder-Buch, Nuremberg, 1682. Although fruit growing is not mentioned in the title, illustrations of 11 pruning tools indicate the kind of explicit information it contains. Thieme's massive work is also representative of the indiscriminate information gathering of some Hausvater book authors, who aimed for quantity rather than quality. To the sober, professional cultural directions collected from reputable authors, he adds 40 arcana, i.e., secrets, from other sources: recipes for fruits without core or stone, nuts without shells, fruits with secret messages or without prior blossoms, red lemons, and so forth. Discriminating and elaborate is Fr(anz) Ph(ilipp) Florinus' Oeconomus prudens et legalis. Oder, allgemeiner kluger und rechtsverstaendiger Haus-Vatter . . . , Frankfurt, 1702. The "author" is in truth the team of Franz Philipp, Count Palatinate, who paid for, and the Protestant pastor Florinus, court librarian, who researched and wrote the book. Numerous engravings blend Baroque artistic conventions with a utilitarian execution. In Book 4, of nine, grafting, nursery, orchard, vineyard, cultivars, cider, perry, and wines are competently exposed, with anecdotes and

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Tieme. Haus- Feld- Arzney- Koch- Kunst- und Wunderbuch. 1682. Woodcut. the inevitable fruit "magic" added. Most chapters conclude with legal problems, decisions, and references, some longer than the text itself. For example, liability for accidents in fruit gardens; ownership of fruits in the wild, in open orchards, in enclosed gardens; sale and lease of fruit trees with or without the land; punishment for fermenting wine in beer barrels. The label stuck on these books later collectively was taken from Der Hausvater . . . , Hannover, 17641773, a sixvolume treatise on family farming. Its author, Otto von Muenchhausen, was an agricultural universalist who discussed fruit cultivars and their culture in Volume 3. Published separately as a supplement to Volume 5 was an interesting fruit garden calendar, Monathliche Beschaeftigungen fuer einen Baum- und Plantagen-Gaertner . . . , Hannover, 1771. It begins with a bibliography of fruit garden calendars published between 1588 and 1771 in France, Germany, England, Holland, Switzerland, and Austria. Their strengths, fallacies, wishful thinking, and often rigid rules are discussed with some sarcasm. Giving cases in point, he then emphasizes to the

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reader the need to use one's brain to follow, modify, or even disregard the rules Muenchhausen himself gives in this information-crammed calendar. "There are very few manual operations," he concludes, "as well as other works that I have not done repeatedly and scrutinized. I find a special felicity and satisfaction in my hands and mind working together" in the fruit garden. He offered 20 Ducats for the best descriptions of new fruit cultivars, a prize won by one J. G. Jacobi, whose entry was published in Volume 5 of the revised Hausvater edition of 17721774. Muenchhausen ranked as a rural improver and able pomologist but must have been posthumously embarrassed when A. F. A. Diel, see below, called him "the German La Quintinye." A Spanish Knight of Malta, brother Miguel Agustin, authored a Hausvater-type work, so popular it was reprinted for almost two centuries, Libro de los secretos de agricultura, casa de campo, y pastoril . . . , Zaragoza, 1625. There was an earlier version in the Catalan dialect, dated 1617, but the book became popular after the above translation into Castilian, today's Spanish. Agustin headed the priory of the militant Order at Perpignan and managed its estates. His book begins with the rural status of "padre, y madre de familias" before paying tribute to "Carlos Estevan, y Juan Libault, medicos de la ciudad de Paris." Two of the book's five sections deal with fruit in a practical and informed way as well as with an absurd belief in astrology and secrets. He divulges the secret of testing wine: "An apple placed in a tub with wine will show if water was added . . . if it sinks to the bottom the wine is pure and no water was added." The proper planting, grafting, fertilizing, and harvesting are also secrets ordained and revealed by celestial bodies. Thus the planet Saturn rules over quince and medlar, Jupiter over apples and pears, Mercury over hazelnuts, Mars over grapes, Sun over olives and coconuts, Venus over dates, Moon over melons. Another notable work is L'economia del cittadino in villa, Bologna, 1644, by Vincenzo Tanara. The latter, a selfconfessed veteran of life's tribulations and "padre de famiglia," sets out in a low-key style to impart to the "urbanite on a country estate" the knowledge to make country living a success. Straying from Crescenzi, he distinguishes two types of gardens. One is "horto," the kitchen garden with vegetables, culinary herbs, strawberries, melons, and other cucurbits. The other is "giardino,'' the pleasure garden with fruit trees, medicinal herbs, and ornamental plants. Citrus growing is particularly emphasized with detailed cultural instructions and lists of about 90 cultivars of oranges,

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lemons, limes, citrons, and others. The 17 chapters on other fruits and nuts are embellished with woodcuts in the margins illustrating orchard tools and a variety of grafting techniques. Hausvater books were neither the only nor the most competent source of pomological enlightenment following the devastation of central Europe from the Thirty Years' War. A favorite for many years was Johann Royer's . . . Unterricht wie ein feiner Lust-, Obst- und Kuechengarten anzulegen, Halberstadt, 1648. The Huguenot author had easily forsaken France to become court gardener and creator of the castle gardens Hessem at Wolfenbuettel in Brunswick. For his fashionable Baroque topiary he used various types of fruit trees together with ornamental trees to achieve extravagant effects. He had, for example, a doe sculptured in privet, jumping for a single large pear hanging from an adjacent pear tree. His contemporary, the Reverend Jacob Wolfgang Duemler (Duemmler), found pomology through a near-crippling experience. The first night following his arrival at Tübingen as a student, he was attacked, robbed, and left for dead. Accepting his survival as a miracle, Duemler dedicated his life to the spiritual and pomological education of his parishioners. A fruit garden created by his own labor within the fortified walls of mighty Nuremberg became a sightseer's destination and a curiosity spreading his fame. At the end of the war, many urged him to write a fruitgrowing manual or, at least, to update Knabe's Hortipomolegium . . . of 1620. This he brooded over while designing and planting fruit gardens outside the walls for some of his affluent parishioners. Eventually, several volumes of popular funeral homilies from his quill were matched by the even more popular Obsgarten, das ist eine kurze . . . , Nuremberg, 1651, based on Knabe's work. A revised two-part edition, Erneurter und vermehrter Baum- und Obstgarten . . . , Nuremberg, 1658, is much more his own expression of pomology and contains 26 plates, some colored. He pays tribute to Knabe and Royer, the acknowledged experts, in his discussion of fruit garden basics, adding his own experience and an alphabetical listing of fruit cultivars grown in central Franconia. Unfortunately and in spite (or because?) of his profession, he was still under the spell of some absurd though time-honored beliefs. We read the same notions of systemic effectiveness that Wynkyn de Worde had aired 150 years earlier: drilling a hole in a tree, filling it with cinnamon, anise, honey or other flavorings, will change the scent or flavor of the fruit; to color apples red, one must pour fresh warm

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Duemler. Erneurter und vermehrter Baum- und Obstgarten. 1658. Title page of 1664 edition.

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Hesse. Neue Garten-Lust. 1690. Title page of 1703 edition.

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oxblood on the bared roots; grafting a peach scion on a walnut tree and watering it with goats milk will produce peaches with sweet nut kernels. Two other German books of this period are of pomological interest. Dendrographias sive historiae naturalis de arboribus et fructibus . . . , Frankfurt, 1662, by the Silesian physician and naturalist Johannes Jonston, contains a new classification system for apples and pears. Most of its descriptions and illustrations are taken from Bauhin and Ferrari. An extensive fruit cultivar inventory is found in Heinrich Hesse's Neue Garten-Lust, Leipzig, 1690, giving French names, only. Hesse was in charge of gardens of the Prince Bishop of Mainz, and his massive book covers many aspects of gardening, including plant lists, nursery and seedsmen addresses, and greenhouse design. Among the 16th century herbals with perfunctory fruit content, the one started by Rembert Dodoens made more room for fruit in its later editions. The most complete, the last and 13th edition of Cruydt-boeck Remberti Dodonaei, was published Antwerp, 1644, 80 years after the author's last revision. Its title states "again newly revised and improved," possibly with a growing fruit interest in mind. Twenty-nine fruit species and their popular regional cultivars are treated in as many chapters and illustrated with old and new woodcuts.

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Chapter 9 Pomona's French Connection The increasing number of pomological publications and their sundry editions from about 1650 onward, are evidence of the growing affluence and literacy of land owners, clergy, and other rural improvers. When most of the rest of Europe tried hard to grow fruit for food, autocratic France was preoccupied with the techniques and effects of fitting fruit trees into ornamental settings. Louis XIV's fancy for espalier-grown pears and peaches explains the predilection of French writers to dwell on propagation, training, dwarfing, and pruning of fruit trees. L'Art de tailler les arbres fruitiers . . . , published under a single cover with a treatise extolling health from fruits, De l'usage des fruits des arbres . . . , Paris, 1683, exemplifies a popular how-to combination of the time. It was anonymously translated into English as The art of pruning fruit trees . . . set forth the last year by a physician of Rochelle, London, 1685. The author, much by name only, was the physician Nicolas Venette, a health apostle of Pomona, who had excised for it a part of Pierre Morin's Instruction facile. . . . It might well be that Morin, a leading Parisian nurseryman, who himself had borrowed much of the contents from Bonnefons, asked the prominent doctor to help boost their common fruit interest by editing the work and acting as its author. Venette owned four gardens at La Rochelle and was well aware that fruit quality isin modern termspolygenically controlled. He writes of the custom of seeding pear pips: "It seems that nature pleases to give us an infinity of different pear trees which produce new kinds of fruit. Some are delicious to the taste . . . crisp or buttery . . . sweet, sour or astringent. More than before there are vinous ones and others with the scent of ambergris or musk." This learned doctor also wrote a bestseller on the intricacies of another gene pool, marital love. A very popular work, going into many editions, was Le jardinier françois, Paris, 1651, by Nicholas de Bonnefons (or Bonne-

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fond), signing as R. D. C. W. B. D. N., his name and title's initials backward. He was Valet (Walet) de Chambre du Roi, a distinguished and demanding position at the court of the young Sun King. Bonnefons coped with occupational stress by consorting with charming, intelligent ladies and fruit trees. He extolls both for the pleasures they give to all five senses. With

Venette. L'art de tailler les arbres fruitiers. 1683. Title page.

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Venette. L'art de tailler les arbres fruitiers. 1683. Text woodcut. galant analogy, he praises sweet-smelling fruits that spread contentment and the lively assortment of their colors, "the beauty of which cannot be duplicated by the best painters." He elaborates on their flavor and concludes, "One must confess that of all foods only fruits win the prize for the highest satisfaction." He discovers another form of pleasing sound, that of hearing visitors praise the beauty, flavor and variety of the fruits in his garden. Lastly, the sense of "touch finds its pleasure in caressing and peeling them. Some have such a delicate skin that a subtle and gentle hand is needed." The author's work lists, without descriptions, 315 "Names of fruits known about Paris'' and contains some attractive copper engraved plates. Bonnefons' favorite espalier form was the fan, in which from 5 to 15 branches appear to radiate from the top of a low trunk. He recommends leather lashes and cloth strips for tying them to exactly spaced nails in a wall. Their pruning, pinching, and debudding must be studied in depth because "managing these trees requires a very special knowledge which cannot be learned from cabbage growers." A more conventional sequel, Les délices de la campagne . . . , Paris, 1654, also describes culinary fruit varieties and garden produce, as well as their preservation and use. Le jardinier françois, with at least ten editions during the century following its

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Venette. Anonymous translation. The art of pruning fruit-trees. 1685. Title page.

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initial publication, is still not uncommon today. Its Paris, 1737, edition combined shortened versions of both books and appeared in a last printing in 1801. An English translation, The French gardiner, instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit trees . . . , London, 1658, was presented by Philocepos, i.e., a vine lover. His translations of French cultivar names are occasionally hilariously literal, e.g. 'Burnt Cat' (Chat

Bonnefons. Le jardinier françois. 1651. Title page of 1737 edition.

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Grillé), 'Maiden's Flesh' (Chair de Fille), 'Clown of Anjou' (Vilaine d'Anjou). There is also a 'Pimp' (Pute), a name that had not yet acquired today's negative meaning but just meant a seductively dressed person. Another, 'LadiesButtock' (Cuisse Madame), later Anglo-phonetized to 'Kiss Madam' and dubbed 'Milady's Thigh', was bowdlerized in the 19th century and became another member of the 'Jargonelle' group. (In German it became a synonym of four pear cultivars!) Philocepos turned out to be John Evelyn, a name that did not appear in any of the three issues of 1658 but in all five later ones. A notice "To the Reader" explains why Evelyn omitted most of the culinary passages in his translation. Inexplicably, the Hunt Catalogue names Evelyn as the translator (#276) but also states (#412) that he was the first to translate a French gardening book into English in 1693. As Philocepos, he also signed the preface to The English vineyard vindicated . . . , London, 1666, probably a co-production with John Rose, Charles II's head gardener, the author named in the title. After 1669 it is found appended to The French gardiner . . . together with a tract by Philocepos that gives directions concerning . . . making and ordering of wines. There is a German translation of Bonnefons' work entitled Der frantzoesische Gaertner, Hannover, 1665, by Georg Graeflinger (or Greflinger). After a colorful career as soldier-adventurer, the translator settled in Hamburg as a Notarius Publicus and amateur gardener. He does not follow Evelyn's example but rather leaves the cultivar names untranslated in the 12-page appendix Catalogus oder Benahmung aller Fruechte. . . . In later printings, the fruit section was published separately as Der frantzoesische Baum und Stauden Gaertner . . . , Hannover and Minden, 1677. Graeflinger also translated the fruit preservation section of Bonnefons' Les délices . . . as Der frantzoesische Confitirer welcher handelt: von der Manier die Fruechte in ihrer natuerlichen Art zu erhalten, Hamburg, 1665. Another popular text, Instrvctions povr les arbres frvictiers, Paris, 1653, was written by another author who chose to hide behind a fence of initials, M. R. T. P. D. S. M. The publisher claimed to have found the manuscript among the papers of the late Doctor Vautier, the Court Physician. This tale was proved false when a third edition appeared in 1658 that added pomegranates, oranges, pineapples, and olives, fashionable exotic fruit grown in conservatories. The author turned out to be Monseigneur R. Triquel, Prieur de Saint Marc, at Paris. His ideal tree is a dwarf espalier tied to sheep metacarpals set into a wall. He lists only

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the principal pear, peach, and apple cultivars because, as he writes, "one has to distance oneself from two extremes. Some people believe that all those cultivars which are not a hundred years old or older are worthless. Others indiscriminately collect cultivars galore and believe that they become superior beings by having amassed many with bizarre names and which are unknown to others." The planters manual, London, 1675, by Charles Cotton, poet and angling buddy of Izaak Walton, was recently discovered to be a translation of Triquel's book, giving him no credit. The way Cotton presents his translation appears to reflect his own pomological learning process, masquerading as expertise for the reader. The plagiarism gets ludicrous when Cotton, a Cambridge linguist, does not admit to the French original but condemns the lifestyle of the French as "debauched" and proclaims that the English "are already sufficiently Frenchified" and don't need any more. In 1715, The genuine works of Charles Cotton, London, pairs The planters manual with his truly genuine and hilarious travesties of Latin classics. By then, however, Cotton had been dead for about 30 years. A treasury of contemporary fruit books combines the writings of Triquel, Le Gendre, and Bonnefond in a threevolume set, Traitez de jardinage, divisez en trois tomes . . . , Paris, 1684. The cultivar collection craze Triquel refers to even found poetical expression in fashionable alexandrines: Qui enuoye au profond des plus lointains pays Pour cercher des Greffons des Poiriers plus exquis. which I render as: Man searches far and wide through countries barely known For grafts of finer pears that are perchance there grown. This reference to fruit hunting comes from Le second Eden, contained in Les oevvres . . . , Poitiers, 1628, by Jacques and Paul Contant, a father and son duo of apothecary poets. Their 79-page poem on useful plants perceptively deals with temperate and exotic fruits and relates them to contemporary lifestyles, foods, fashions, and health interests. Another author writing as R. P. Dom C. S. E., seems to personify the eager but undiscriminating fruit cultivar hunters Triquel had in mind. His book, Nouvelle instrvction povr con-

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Triquel. Instruction pour les arbres fruitiers. 1653. Title page of 1662 edition.

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noistre les bons frvits . . . , Paris, 1666, lists about 800 cultivar names without description or synonyms, but arranged by ripening periods. The author turned out to be Dom Claude Saint-Etienne, a Bernadin monk. He challenges his contemporary fruit explorers: "Your greatest problem will be to find out where to get grafting scions of all the varieties mentioned herein. . . . I am not going to give you a list of the many locations." Another group of fruits appealed to the French by its exclusivity. Aristocratic dabbling with the outlandish citrus fruits gained momentum and admirers north of the Alps in the wake of the Crusades, but the first cultural instructions were printed in Italy. Giovanni Gioviano Pontano from Naples, a.k.a. Pontanus, a brilliant Renaissance mind, edited Macrobius' Saturnalia (q.v.) and produced, among others, two how-to books not unlike Dr. Venette's mentioned above. One discusses approved sex; the other, De hortis hesperidum, Venice, 1505, deals with citrus culture. For "regions where citrus trees cannot be grown because of the cold," Pontano suggests planting lemons, citrons, and (bitter) oranges in wheel-mounted boxes called "rhaedis" after a traveling carriage used by the Gauls. The trees could be moved to shelters in inclement weather or around banquet tables as a pick-your-own dessert course. This was less involvedbut also less ingeniousthan Leonardo da Vinci's scheme of the same period. He suggests planting citrus trees near the run-off of a natural spring. In winter, a fan operated by the water flow would create a temperate micro-climate around the trees. Blossoming and fruiting of citrus and other flowering plants were recorded in a 1592 garden diary by Agostino del Riccio, Descrizione dei fiori che fioriscono mese per mese in Firenze . . . , only published, Florence, in 1890. The editor, signing as F. P., who obviously determined the modern title, failed to include fruits in it. Various cultivars were cited by the diarist, who also recommended ways to accelerate or retard their ripening. In 1603, Henri IV coined the term "orangeries." The trendy interest in citrus fruits intensified with the introduction of sweet oranges, limes, citrus monstrosities, and their literature from Mediterranean countries. A translation of the citrus section of Agostino Mandirola's Manvale di giardinieri . . . , Macerata, 1649, was adapted by or for Pierre Morin, a Paris nurseryman and landscaper. His Traitté de la culture des orangers, citronniers, grenadiers . . . , Paris, 1674, was followed by a revised edition, Instruction facile pour connoître toutes sortes d'orangers et citronniers . . . , Paris, 1676, and a Nouveau traité des orangers et citronniers

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. . . , Paris, 1690. Morin identified four groups of citrus fruits with, together, 80 cultivars. According to Dr. Venette, this citrus craze was unpatriotic and unnecessary: "I am amazed that in France we go to such lengths to obtain oranges and lemons for our sick when we have these [salubrious] apples." Pierre Morin's citrus books are often found bound in a single volume with Traité de la taille des arbres fruitiers, Paris, 1676, which is mostly copied from Bonnefons and was later adapted by Dr. Venette. The citrus hobby was further exalted by the emerging decorative plate books, and explored in depth by Francis Van Sterbeeck, a Flemish Jesuit, in Citricultra oft regeringhe de uythemsche boomen . . . , Antwerp, 1682, with 16 engraved citrus plates after Ferrari. He was the first to spell out proven, detailed methods for the propagation and culture of citrus trees grown indoors, and their environmental requirements. The author, a modest priest, had earlier lent his research notes of 30 years to Jan Commelijn, who used the information in a citrus Pomona, discussed below. Numerous occasional references to early citrus can be found in the Rev. T. W. Moore's historical appendix to his Treatise and handbook to orange culture, 4th ed., Jacksonville, Florida, 1886. On our pilgrimage to the Holy See of pomology, an anonymous work calls for attention. It is Le jardinier royal . . . , Paris, 1661, presumed to have been authored by either Arnauld d'Andilly, the Abbé Gobelin, or G. Cardinal. De Sercy, a prolific and manipulative publisher of the time, dedicated the book to the ill-fated Fouquet "to contribute to the sweetness of your relaxation and pleasures . . . beautification of your espaliers and upkeep of your fruit trees . . . in your dazzling country seats." The anonymous author, less toadyish, just states that he wants to give the novice instructions not found elsewhere, such as special espaliering techniques and the selection of "cognassier" and not of wild "cognasse" quince as understock for pears. Depth of knowledge, absence of speculation, and an entertaining style find happy confluence here. Arnauld d'Andilly is thought to be the author because he personified the world-wise nobleman turned serious hobbyist. In 1646, at 57, he shed his duties at the French Court of Queen Ann of Austria and devoted his last 30 years to fruit growing and testing at the abbey of Port Royal near Paris, hotbed of anti-Jesuit Jansenism. Many of his remaining letters, in discussing the heretic ideas of predestination, also suggest that he found his true vocation on earth in promoting fruit culture rather than in

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fooling around at Court. In one, taking leave of his sovereign, he wrote "I wish to inform Her Majesty that I intend to grow espaliers at Port Royal and that I hope to have Her eat the fruits." Cardinal Mazarin, non-priest and a suspected lover of the Queen, so treasured Arnauld's pears and peaches he jokingly called them "blessed fruits," alluding to Arnauld's book on the lives of Saints. The poet Jean Baptiste Racine, a Jansenist sympathizer, loved to visit Arnauld and celebrated these occasions in the 7th ode of his La promenade de Port-Royal with "Je viens à vous, arbres fruitiers, poiriers de pompe et de plaisir." The masterpiece and "book of books" of pre-modern pomology was Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers . . . , Paris, 1690, in later editions prefixed Le parfait jardinier. Its author, the "pope" of fruit gardening, Jean de La Quintinye, a lawyer, never saw it. His moribund clerical son prepared it for posthumous publication. This elaborate, but perfunctorily edited, labor of love comes in two massive quarto volumes. In the literary style of the time, it is an impressive presentation of the techniques of fruit tree growing, taming, and display in France. A chapter on vegetables is appended. Though not as carefully organized as might be desirable, his work is not merely that of an instructor but of a scholarly pomologist who is also a senior executive, designer, psychologist, and creator of novel terms such as plumeraie for a plum orchard or pépiniériste for a nurseryman specializing in fruit tree seedlings. He discovered the importance of fruit thinning and emphasized it in teaching his apprentices. Hailed as "Father of the Pruning Art," his famous invention, the "taille à La Quintinye,'' can delay fruit production until an entire tree is covered with equidistant fruiting buds. A favorite saying of his, "Tout le monde coupe, peu de gens taillent," means that cutting away at a tree is popular but few trim it right. Variations on this theme became familiar admonishments by later writers. La Quintinye's sincere tribute to his tutor Le Gendre is both refreshing and touching. La Quintinye, in turn, is eulogized under his frontispiece portrait in a Latin quatrain by the poet V. Santuel. The verse concludes, "Pomona is delighted with such a gardener." The same poet contributes a seven-page Latin poem entitled "Pomona" to the work's preliminary pages. With flowery verbosity it describes how Pomona felt neglected at Versailles through the king's preoccupation with military matters, and how La Quintinye's love restored her to her previous glory at Court. In his dedication to the king, La Quintinye implores His

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La Quintinye. Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers. 1690. Title page of vol. 2.

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Majesty to descend from the august business of state more often to savor the fruits in his 20-acre Garden of Eden: "As for my own inclination, it was always fixed to that sort of gard'ning that was known in the infancy of the World . . . the Culture of Fruit and Kitchen Gardens" (John Evelyn's translation). For 25 years La Quintinye was Louis XIV's Jardinier en Chef, a post created for him by Colbert, the Controller General. During these years he designed and planted outstanding Baroque fruit gardens at Versailles, Sceaux, Blois, Villandry, and elsewhere, all done with a constant sense of rivalry with André Le Nôtre, officially the king's Controller of Buildings, but actually his landscape architect. At Vaux-le-Vicomte, La Quintinye created an orchard extravaganza with a statue of Pomona for the finance minister Fouquet. Louis XIV coveted this garden so greatly that, after jailing Fouquet for insider trading, he seized it for his own. His royal affection for Pomona led him to place in his famous garden as a monumental group of Pomona and Vertumnus, another elegant statue of her and two pedestaled busts. They are still there to be admired. La Quintinye's lifelong loyalty to the King of France was twice demonstrated when he refused handsome offers by Charles II of England to remain in England at the time of visits with his friend John Evelyn. A French knighthood was his reward at the age of 60, only one year before his death. The King, when offering his condolences to the widow, exclaimed, "Madame, you and I have to bear an irreparable loss." He paid royal tribute with a bronze statue in the garden of Versailles portraying a youthful La Quintinye with a twig in one hand, pruning knife in the other. Eleanour Rohde relates that La Quintinye's house in 1899 still served as a meeting place for the Confrères de Saint Fiacre, a gardeners trade association. La Quintinye's creations of edible landscapes, which, to the dismay of the unknighted Le Nôtre earned him the knighthood, have been neglected by gardening purists. As recently as 1987, T. Wengel managed to write a fact-filled The Art of Gardening Through the Ages without mentioning La Quintinye nor the nature of his gardens. Nor did W. H. Adams know or write of him in his monograph The French Garden 15001800, published in 1979. The several English renderings of Le parfait jardinier . . . are discussed in the next chapter. A competent German translation was prepared by F. C. Weber and issued in Hamburg, 1702, as Gruendliche Anweisung . . . with 12 copper plates. Its pruning and tree-training sections were extracted and anonymously trans-

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lated into Italian as Trattato del taglio de gl'alberi fruttiferi . . . della Qvintinye, Bassano, 1697, and also by René Dahuron in an abridged 55-page quarto with some plates as Il giardiniero francese . . . , Venice, 1723. I failed to locate a Dutch translation, listed as Onderwys vor de Freuit. Conforming to his sovereign's preference, parrotted by courtiers and courtesans, La Quintinye essentially concentrated his efforts on the pear, of which he describes and recommends numerous cultivars and multiples of them for planting a 500-tree pear orchard. His first choice for open-centered bush trees is the 'Bon Chrétien d'Hiver', named by Jean Ruel a century earlier. La Quintinye discusses its merits and absence of faults for many pages, giving his reasons for ranking it in first place among pears and his regrets that it is not a Beurre, i.e., a pear with buttery texture. The cultivars in declining rank are discussed in gradually less detail, followed by separate lists of mediocre, poor, bad, and not yet evaluated pears. Other major tree fruit cultivars are discussed in detail but without ranking them. La Quintinye's prestige hinged also on the quality of fruit stored for a year-round supply of the king's table. His 11 commandments for fruit storage buildings incorporate two-foot-thick walls, shaded double windows, entrance air lock, frost-proof floor and ceiling, and even a flap door for rat- and mouse-hunting cats. Temporarily stored fruits must be kept away from "any bad smell: hay and straw, manure, cheese, dirty laundry, kitchen rags . . . and, of course, bedrooms." Inventorying all French fruit cultivars was the ambitious aim of Jan Merlet, author of L'abregé des bons fruits . . . , Paris, 1667. The first two editions were edited by Pierre Morin and published anonymously. Merlet quite adequately characterizes 481 cultivars with another 200 or so synonyms. His assertion that no fruit book previously published described the better and rarer cultivars, was well founded. Just as today, mediocre but prolific cultivars were more widely grown and better known than lower yielding but far more delicious gourmet cultivars. Merlet also delved into the history of fruit gardens and writes that they had been introduced from the "Levant and, particularly, from Persia and Turkey where patriarch, sultan and the highest dignitaries in these empires made large gardens from which they had excellent fruits." By occupation, Merlet was a riding master but by avocation he scouted for fruits and cultivated the best of his finds. La Quintinye made fun of Merlet as a dupe who held the absurd tenet that every peach is the tender

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La Quintinye. Translated by Dahuron. Il giardiniero francese. 1698. Title page.

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Merlet. L'abregé des bons fruits. 1667. Title page of 1690 edition.

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Krottendorff (Crottendorff). Instruction pour les jardins fruitiersUnterricht von Obst-Gaerten. 1700. Bilingual title page.

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Krottendorff (Crottendorff). Instruction pour les jardins fruitiersUnterricht von Obst-Gaerten. 1700. Engraving.

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wife of a pavie, French term for a hard-fleshed clingstone peach. Why, asks La Quintinye, are there hundreds of peaches but he could find only eight pavies? La Quintinye expresses his regrets of being unable to meet these wonderful husbands who probably perished at sea on their voyage from Persia, the homeland of the species. Another frippery, Merlet's rule to prune only during the waning moon, is discarded by La Quintinye as "a form of tyranny." An intriguing bilingual fruit manual popularizing French dwarfed tree practices in Germany is Paul Crottendorff's Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers. . . . Unterricht von Obst-Gaerten . . . , Leipzig, 1700. French and German texts face each other in two columns. Ten engraved plates reflect La Quintinye's pruning system. An engraved frontispiece, drawn in an irrational perspective by the author, displays a contemporary garden of parterres behind a fountain and a gardener kneeling to prune a dwarfed fruit tree. Crottendorff's text is so competent that one feels he may have been indoctrinated by La Quintinye himself.

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Chapter 10 Britannia Courts Pomona Fruit and fruit culture were for some of the prominent English horticulturists of the 17th and 18th centuries only a minor aspect of their total literary, professional, or patriotic undertakings. Among them we find Hugh Platt, Leonard Meager, Richard Weston, Philip Miller, James Meader, Thomas Fairchild, and the evidently popularly named "Johns," viz. Gerard, Parkinson, Ray, Rea, Worlidge, Hill (alias Thomas Hale), Cowell, Locke, Gibson, and Evelyn. Some of their works and those of minor gardening hacks add little muscle but much flabbiness to Pomona's literary body. With the kinship of Pomona to Ceres and Flora, with orchards joining wheat fields and flower gardens, agricultural and garden writers were, and remain today, tempted to venture into fruit gardens even though they lack any intimate, practical experience. As generalists, many will copy, echo, rewrite, paraphrase, and, at best, quote and popularize without really giving Pomona a boost. John Evelyn's translation of Le parfait jardinier by La Quintinye, his dear personal friend, stands out as an exception and as a convincing pomological event. The work was translated with massive though unmentioned assistance from French-trained George London, as The compleat gard'ner, London, 1693, in an expensive folio bound in either one or two volumes. It saw but one edition. Modern pomologists, like those of the time, will be happier with one of the rationalized editions, which "reduced into a proper method that in which the original is too prolix and interwoven that the reader was rather tired than informed." This quote is taken from the advertisement following the title page of the abridged version, The complete gard'ner, London, 1699, which was probably polished and edited by John Evelyn. With ten engraved plates depicting fruit-tree training, it turned into a seven-edition bestseller. George London and Henry Wise, partners in the Brompton Nursery, are shown on the title

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page as secondary authors. Their prominence and that of their nursery had already been boosted by George London's well-published spiriting the Protestant Princess Anne off to safety and out of the reach of her Catholic father and stepmother. During the period of the Commonwealth and Restoration in England, Ralph Austen, nurseryman, appears as University Proctor and Registrary to the Visitors at Oxford. As a member of the revolutionary Parliament, he voted for the first excise duties on cider and perry and then badgered Cromwell to invest the proceeds in a national fruittree planting scheme. Nothing came of this design, but Austen's dedication to the cause of fruit is evident in his A treatise of fruit-trees, Oxford, 1653. It is a charming and original work, typical of the Puritan style of the day, with sound advice dispensed and superstitions identified and condemned. The title on the title page is placed under a vignette of ''Profits" and "Pleasures" shaking hands. The first two editions were published during Cromwell's regime and were dedicated to Samuel Hartlib, who had supported and publicized Austen's cause. These editions include a section on The spirituall use of an orchard, which was dropped when the Puritan wave had ebbed. The latter was republished in 1847 by W. Pamplin in London. Austen's book exerted an unprecedented impact on the general attitude of the English to fruit culture. By systematically marshalling divine commands and human arguments, his highly rational approach led to the identification of ten pairs of specific benefits of fruit growing, five of them profitable, the remaining five pleasurable. Eating one's home-grown fruit while also enjoying an income from the sale of fruit is cast as a profitable pair. Enjoying the prospect of one's fruit garden with its shapely trees, and seeing the "curious" colors of blossoms, foliage, and fruits, is defined as one of the five pleasurable pairs. Austen sought to augment the virtues of such profits and pleasures by pronouncing them God-pleasing and further positing them as a part of the divine design. Austen's instructions and recommendations for orchard work clearly grew out of keenly observed practical experience, straightforward and shorn of any mystery, the best published up to that time. None less than Philip Miller recommends Austen and William Lawson as having "written the best upon this subject, and seem to have had more Experience than any of the Writers I have yet seen." Austen can also lay claim to thoughtfully reviewing earlier

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La Quintinye. Translated by J. Evelyn. The compleat Gard'ner. 1693. Title page.

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La Quintinye. Translated by London and Wise. The complete gard'ner. 1699. Title page of 1710 edition.

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Austen. A treatise of frvit-trees. 1653. Title page.

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works, The countrymans recreation and The countrey farme among them, and vigorously exposing the "errors discovered . . . concerning setting Rose-trees under other Trees to produce coloured fruits, it is one of the most ridiculous conceits . . . may it be imagined that the Trees can see the Red-Roses . . . and so bring forth fruits according to the same colour . . . ?" Curiously, in matters of the nutritional and health-promoting characteristics of fruit, Austen indiscriminately accepts other authors' pronouncements, for example the rhymes of the Schola Salernitana: Plums coole, and loose the belly very kindly: No way offensive, but to health are friendly, or Garlicke, rue, peares, radish, treacle, and nuts: Take these, and then no deadly poyson hurts. The spirituall use of an orchard reflects on the comfort Austen derived from his fruit trees when suffering worldly stress, and he adds: "As I have planted many thousands of Natural Fruit-trees for the good of the Common-Wealth, so also I have taken some Spirituall Cyons, or Grafts. . . . " These he assembled into a manual of 100 similitudes such as this one: "There are but few Ingrafted trees in a Countrie, in comparison of those ungrafted; there are many thousands in the woods and wast grounds of wild trees," and thus concludes "that there are but a few Godly persons in the World, in comparison of the number of the wicked.'' In the 3rd edition of 1665 we find The spirituall use . . . displaced by Observations upon some part of Sr Francis Bacon's natvrall history as it concernes, fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers . . . , a 46-page essay of Austen's that had already been joined to the 2nd edition of 1657 and was then published separately, London, 1658. It is dedicated to the eminent chemist and physicist Robert Boyle, whose research on alcohol formation in cider had just been completed. Austen pays tribute to his work on many frontiers of science and offers him as a model to encourage every "child of idleness," "sloth," and "tennis ball of Temptation" to give up their unsound ways and learn to contribute to the common good. The essay reviews and either confirms or rejects the conclusions Francis Bacon drew from his experiments with rootstocks, grafting, blossom thinning, pest control, terebration, and the like.

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Austen. Observations upon some part of Sr Francis Bacon's natvrall history. 1658. Title page.

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A preface by his friend, the Rev. Robert Sharrock, comments "that they smell more of the garden, than library . . . " referring to Austen's arguments for rational fruit culture. Both cooperated in its promotion: Austen concentrated on fruit tree management, Sharrock on plant propagation. Eventually Sharrock published The history of the propagation and improvement of vegetables, by the concurrence of art and nature . . . , Oxford, 1660. This gives an account of grafting and budding methods including some lesser known and intricate ones, all considered in relation to sap flow, a novel idea in contemporary plant physiology. Austen's Treatise . . . was honored by translations into Latin (Oxford, 1657) and French (Paris, 1665). A 1983 reprint by Garland Publishing is included in the Lawson reprint mentioned above. Austen's pomological testament, published in the year of his death, A dialogue, or familiar discourse, and conference between the husbandman, and fruit-trees . . . , Oxford, 1676, is very scarce. In it the husbandman wonders and questions, and the fruit trees reply and enlighten him about their divine creation and their transcendental meaning for mankind. Samuel Hartlib, half-Prussian, half-English Protestant trader, friend of Milton, promoter of agriculture, and compulsive publisher, included an interesting passage about pears in Samuel Hartlib, his legacy . . . of husbandry . . . , London, 1651: "So that I dare boldly say, there are no less in this Island than 5000 species; some commended for their early ripeness; some for excellent tastes; some for beauty; others for greatness; some for great bearers; others for good Bakers; some for long lasters; others for to make perry." Unfortunately, the writer of these lines remains unknown, because the book is a collection of reports and letters Hartlib fondly collected and edited after soliciting contributions to their printing. A vanity publisher in the modern sense he was not, but even Pomona's cause needs paying backers. Few of over two dozen publications under his name are from his quill. Publishing was only one of his many patriotic efforts. They culminated in a pension from Cromwell and in his own editing of A designe for plentie, by an vniversall planting of fruit-trees . . . , London, 1653. His "designe" calls for statesponsored planting of fruit trees on unused and common lands, supervised by hired "fruiterers" and was meant "for the relief of the poor, the benefit of the rich, and the delight of all." After the Restoration, he fled to Holland, where he died ''in harness." The botanist William Coles, Oxford-trained like Austen, turned to simpling and botanomancy to expound his doctrine

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of the importance of "signatures" in Adam in Eden, or natures paradise, London, 1657. Well acquainted with fruit, he lists more medically used cultivars of quinces and others than Parkinson did. "The Down of Quinces doth in some sort resemble the hair of the Head, the Decoction whereof is very effectual for the restoring of Hair that is fallen of [!] by the French pox [syphilis]. . . . " In his esteem for quinces, he follows Dioscorides, who praised quince wines, and Pliny, who had recommended quince concoctions against bloated spleen, dropsy, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and others. Cambridge University contributed a fruit cataloguer in the person of John Ray, ex-cleric and eminent botanist. In Volume 2 of Historiae plantarum . . . , London, 1688, he characterizes or merely lists many hardy cultivars but also opuntia, guava, jujube, and olive. Sundry tropical fruits are found in the other two volumes. Another Oxonian and member of the noble guild of clerical pomologistswhich would deserve a monograph of its ownwas Francis Drope. His Short and sure guid in the practice of raising and ordering fruit trees was posthumously edited by his brother Edward, Oxford, 1672. Drope, a prebendary at Lincoln Cathedral, like Lawson was a lover of fruit trees, an amateur in the original meaning, who spent "a considerable part of his time" pampering his trees and collecting "his own experience." Beyond giving sheer how-to instructions, Drope wishes his readers to bestow tender love and gentle nurture on young fruit trees to assure their "growth and improvements." Drope's brother had practiced the opposite when he ordered all the trees to be chopped down that were planted by Cromwell's "fanaticks'' at Magdalen College. Less hobbyish and delightfully dynamic are T. Langford's Plain and full instructions to raise all sorts of fruit-trees that prosper in England . . . , London, 1681, which includes in its revised edition of 1696 A catalogue of choice fruits . . . to be had at Brompton Park' Nursery. John Evelyn praised it highly: "I know of nothing extant which exceeds it, so nor do I of any thing which needs to be added to it," he wrote in a prefatory letter. In an "Epistle to the reader," Langford promises to be straightforward and careful not to fall into the rut of other writers, whose directions "are almost lost and smothered among Moral, Mystical, and Philosophical Discourses, Quotations, and sometimes Whimsies, Crochets, and Legendary Tales, so that he that enquires into them finds himself in a Wood before ever he hath raised one

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Drope. A short and sure guid . . . of fruit trees. 1672. Title page.

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Tree." Langford's first name is shrouded in mystery, but his instructions, from raising seedlings to making cider and perry, are explicit and professional. The chapter on producing dwarf fruit trees reflects the state of the art, as he uses interstems and rooted cuttings of slow-growing cultivars. An engraved plate shows his favorite grafting and budding methods. Grafting wax is of no interest to him: "There is nothing better than good Clay mix'd with long Hay." He also claims that experience taught him that hollow fruit trees bear "more excellent fruit" than sound ones. Another noteworthy book of the time, in which the author, a Shropshire nurseryman, writes that he had invented the dwarfing interstem for fruit trees, is John Rea's Flora: seu de florum cultura . . . , London, 1665. It is written entirely in English and is not limited to flowers as the title suggests. An additional engraved title, embellished with three matronly goddesses, reads Flora, Ceres, and Pomona, accompanied on the preceding verso page by their poetic glorification, entitled "The Mind of the Front." The third part of the book "invites you to a Banquet of the best Garden-Fruits our cold Northern Country will afford . . . ," . . . that you may taste and know the best, Pomona bids you to her Feast. Not until 1782 was this part, entitled Pomona, translated into German and anonymously revised and published as Recht gruendliche Anweisung zur wohleingerichteten Baumschule. Aus dem Englischen, Hannover, 1782. Without excess wordage, Rea discusses fruit-growing essentials, also grafting methods, espaliering, debudding, and summer pruning. In his judgment, rootstocks of 'Paradise' and 'Crab' apples, 'Portugal' quince, 'Morello' cherry, and red or white plums will accommodate all garden fruits, including the pears, apricots, and peaches. Cultivars suitable for orchards are merely enumerated. Another list contains cultivars he had obtained from Sir Thomas Hanmer's large fruit plantings. In a poem "To the virtuous Lady Hanmer," Sir Hanmer's young second wife, Rea rhymes And when Autumnal Fruits are come, The Peach, the Apricock, and Plum, Will all rejoice, in hope they may, By you preserv'd, know no decay.

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Her husband's horticultural legacy, a manuscript dated 1659, was facilitated and introduced by Eleanour Sinclair Rohde as The garden book of Sir Thomas Hanmer, London, 1933, in 900 copies. More recently, a reprint edition of 600 copies was commissioned by the Cygnor Sir Clwyd County Council, 1991,

Langford. Plain and full instructions to raise all sorts of fruit-trees. 1681. Title page of 1696 edition.

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Rea. Flora, seu de florum cultura. 1665. Title page to Book 3 of 1676 edition.

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most of them presold by subscription. Floriculture is its main theme, yet several chapters headed "Of Fruite Trees and Orchards" show Hanmer engaged in growing and selecting fruit cultivars. One of the patriotic virtues during the Restoration was the prevention of poverty, a topic well suited to entrepreneurs such as Richard Haines. With pretentious naiveté he dispenses his Aphorisms . . . raising and planting apple-trees, gooseberry-trees . . . , London, 1684, describing how fortunes are easily made by getting unemployed laborers working. One hundred sixty 'Red-streak' and 'Golden Pippin' apples should be planted to the acre with interplantings of gooseberry and currant bushes. This would not only benefit the proprietor, it should also improve the lot of the idle poor and, by putting money in their pockets to buy agricultural products, support the national economy. Haines had earlier obtained a patent for 'Cider Royal' from Charles II. This was a kind of weak apple jack that he planned to franchise for 21 1/2 shillings per year to the proprietors who had been taken in by his planting scheme. Britain had gradually lost its cherished wine regions in southwestern France, first politically, then as a supply source during the frequent wars with France. The scarcity of imported wines and the exorbitant prices charged for those obtainable triggered a line of often vehemently patriotic books on wines from various fruits. A substantial work came from John Worlidge, agricultural experimenter and writer, Vinetum Britannicum: or, a treatise of cider, and other wines and drinks extracted from . . . fruits growing in this kingdom . . . propagating all sorts of vinous fruit trees . . . , London, 1676. This manual is a splendid example of early rational research and technical inventiveness applied to cider and wine making. Included is a comprehensive listing of cultivars and their "natures," i.e., wine-making qualities. Another, reaching at least three editions, was W. Y. Worth's The Britannian magazine: or, a new art of making above twenty sorts of English wines, viz. of apples, pears, peaches, cherries, plums, sloes, damasins, quinces, figgs, gooseberries, currens, blackberries, elderberries . . . more pleasant and agreeable to the English constitution than those of France . . . , London, 1691. When Timothy Nourse, an academic and preacher, was shunned for his brand of religion, he directed his intelligence and interests to country living. Years later he condensed his experiences in Campania foelix. Or, a discourse of the benefits and im-

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provements of husbandry . . . also for the making of cyder and perry . . . , London, 1700. This multi-facetted work recommends in its fruit chapters the seeding of pips of superior apple and pear cultivars. "By this means, doubtless, many new and curious sorts might, with great delight and profit be propagated." Thrifty crab-type seedlings should be grafted to 'Golden Pippin', 'Winter Queening', 'Bodenam Crab', or 'Woodcock', "for these I observe never cankered." Nourse discusses his selection of 13 cider cultivars in depth and reflects on the taste of the cider they produce. How to convert common garden fruits into French-style wine, was a question also asked throughout the 18th century. One answer came from Jonas Moore, who wrote England's interests, or, the gentleman and farmer's friend . . . raising a nursery . . . how to make cider, perry, cherry, curran . . . wines, London, 1721. Another such manual, quite popular judging by its many editions, was William Graham's The art of making wines from fruits, flowers, and herbs, all the native growth of Great Britain, particularly of grapes, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, dewberries, apples, pears, cherries, peaches, apricots, quinces, plums, damascens, figs . . . orange . . . , whose 8th edition was published London, ca. 1733. Cider and perry making practices and cultivars of Herfordshire and Devonshire were explicitly treated by William Ellis, who researched and wrote books for a living. The compleat cyderman . . . , London, 1754, was followed by The complete planter and cyderist . . . , London, 1757. Ellis remained anonymous, copied liberally, and cashed in on an earlier book with the identical title, The compleat planter and cyderist, London, 1685, which, "By a lover of planting," discussed planting fruit trees in 29 chapters but cider making in only one. Later, in the Napoleonic Wars, Richard Worthington extended An invitation to the inhabitants of England to the manufacture of wines from the fruits of their own country, Worcester, 1812. It was followed by Philip Percy Carnell's substantial A treatise on family wine making: calculated for making excellent wines from the various fruits of this united country . . . containing sixty different sorts of wine . . . , London, 1814. Listening to a different mood and motive we hear "Thy Gift, Pomona, . . . to sing . . . my Native Soil invites me" by John Philips, Oxford-trained poet laureate of the orchard. His 72-page poem Cyder, London, 1708, was praised by Philip Miller: "There were many books written on the same subject in prose which do not contain so much truth as that poem" (quoted by

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Ray Desmond in Dictionary of British and Irish botanists and horticulturists, London, 1977). The author, whom his fellow academics called "Pomona's Bard," was a native of Herefordshire. Of the two books, the first informs about cider apples and their cultivation, the second about cider making. They are written in flowery Baroque style and adorned with allusions to historical and mythological people and events. The poem ends with profuse tributes to various English kings, who were or could have been addicted to Herefordshire cider. Over 1500 lines of blank verse dispense information about cultivars in a lyrical package: The 'Pippin' burnisht o'er with Gold, the 'Moile' Of sweetest hony'd taste, the fair 'Permain', Temper'd like comliest Nymph, with red and white. As an Oxford academic, Philips is familiar with the latest philosophical speculation about plant life and ponders the mysteries of hybridization: Some think, the 'Quince' and 'Apple' wou'd combine In happy Union. . . . Search how far Two different Natures may concur to mix In close Embraces, and strange Off-spring bear? Recycling plant matter taken from the orchard but not used must have been a standard practice before the label "organic" was invented: . . . Nor shalt thou now Reject the Apple-Cheese, tho' quite exhaust; Even now it will cherish and improve the Roots Of sickly Plants; new vigour hence conveyed Will yield an Harvest of unusual Growth. Such Profit springs from Husks discreetly used! Philips does frequently call upon Pomona, and one becomes persuaded that she is the particular patroness and genius loci of the British orchard. Sir William Temple was an honored British diplomat of profound education, and the matchmaker of William and Mary. Frustrated with diplomacy, he retired to his estate Moorpark to redesign his and his friends' fruit gardens and to experiment with cultivars he had brought from the Continent. His Upon the

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Philips. Cyder. 1708. Engraved frontispiece of 1727 edition. gardens of Epicurus, found in Part 2 of Miscellanea, London, 1690, is a wide-ranging captivating essay on fruit culture and cultivars, concluding with "Now whoever will be sure to eat good fruit must do it out of a Garden of his own," followed by some out-spoken comments on the mediocrity of commercial fruit. He arranged to have his heart buried in a silver box under a sundial in his fruit garden at Moorpark. A French translation, Essai sur

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les jardins d'Epicure, was published without place or date or translator recorded. The garden encyclopedist Philip Miller praised Sir Temple's delicious apricots in the folio editions of The gardeners dictionary. He does not mention the 'Moorpark' (or 'Temple') cultivar, a favorite for over 200 years and probably named after Sir Temple rather than by him. As curator of the Apothecaries' Garden at Chelsea, Miller was interested in anything ingestible, not just in fruit. From the title page of The gardeners dictionary, published in London, 1731, the word "Vineyard," the only one in large type, jumps out at the reader. Many folios, revised editions, translations, and illustrated versions followed until 1836. The most impressive is the eight-volume French translation, Le grand dictionnaire des jardiniers et des cultivateurs . . . , Paris, 1780?. All had well-informed articles on specific fruits, their botany, cultivars, propagation, and culture. With each, the word "vineyard" on the title page shrank, reflecting the decline of grape culture in Britain. One cannot escape the feeling that Miller is an information guru rather than a practicing pomologist. "We find him retailing their [the ancients'] prejudices with all the éclat of new discoveries or maxims of his own. We find him in many places an assuming dictator, where he ought to have been a modest proposer" is one of John Gibson's contemporary aperçus. Miller's The gardeners kalendar, London, 1732, devotes about a fifth of its space to fruit. John Locke, like his contemporary Sir Temple, was first involved in politics, then retired to his country estate. As a philosopher, he believed that all experience is collected by one's senses, and he demonstrated this in Observations upon the growth and culture of vines and olives . . . the preservation of fruits, London, 1766, written while convalescing at Montpellier in southern France. There he would visualize the vineyards, olive groves, and orchards of the Languedoc as growing in the American Carolinas. Earlier, as a diplomat, he had drawn up the constitution of this colony, and his book, finished in 1679, was to open new vistas of fruit there. In his trained and lucid style, Locke reports on the specific cultural methods used for grapes, olives, pears, peaches, plums, also cataloging promising local cultivars. He submitted the manuscript to his patron, the First Earl of Shaftesbury, but only the Fourth Earl had it published, 87 years later. The Scots gard'ner . . . , Edinburgh, 1683, was Scotland's first gardening manual. The author, John Reid, followed the family

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tradition of gardening for the nobility, but he also educated himself in their libraries. His book is a pleasing mix of practical experience, research, and didactic effort; the first part, especially, shows him as a mathematician and exacting planner of orchards and gardens. The second part and appendix deal with plant culture, including all types of grafting, orcharding, and cider making in a competent though general way. Even before the book was off the press, Reid, aged 28, had left to settle with his young family in New Jersey. At 39 he became Surveyor General there and practiced what he had preached: ''Improve your estates to best advantage, both in Profits and Pleasure." In matters relating to fruit he pays tribute to Evelyn and Langford and recommends their works. One of the colorful British horticultural botanists of the time was Richard Bradley. An ambitious self-starter, he compiled about 20 books himself and, always short of money, leased his by then prominent name to various publishers for use with other books. Sometimes he even collected on books still to be written. Vouched for by influential friends, he was admitted as a Fellow of the Royal Society, the scientific "think tank," then fired for mismanagement of funds for physic garden and hothouse. Next, he captured the just-created Botany Chair at Cambridge but never delivered any lectures because he had them printed as books. His New improvements of planting and gardening, both philosophical and practical, London, 17171718, contains a section, "Of Improving Fruit Trees." In it, Bradley assembled various progressive practices introduced by others, mainly Langford, La Quintinye, and Laurence, such as training, espaliering, companion planting, and forcing trees to fruit out of season. He names some apples for espaliers but then resigns from further suggestions with, "To set down several various Names of Apples, would be a Work almost impossible, seeing how many various Kinds are yearly produced from Kernels in almost every Country . . . [and] have names given them according to the Mind of the Person that rais'd them." A French translation, Nouvelles observations . . . sur le jardinage et l'art de planter, appeared at Paris, 1756, in three volumes. A rather significant section of Bradley's book is "On the generation of plants," with a rudimentary concept of fruit breeding. It shows Bradley in the forefront of scholars by applying to fruit the important discovery of Nehemia Grew that flowering plants reproduce sexually. "We may perhaps alter the Property and Taste of any Fruit," he writes, "by impregnating one with

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Bradley. New improvements of planting and gardening. 1724. Title page of 1730 edition.

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Bradley. New improvements of planting and gardening. 1724. Engraved frontispiece of 1730 edition.

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the Farina [pollen] of another." An engraving illustrates the pollen transfer and he uses "pistil," "uterus," "eggs," "ovaries," and ''stamen" in his explanation of how "the Male Seed . . . by its Magnetick Virtue, draws the Nourishment, with great Force, from the other Parts of the Plant into the Embryo's of the Fruit, and makes them swell." He grapples with the sex life of fruit trees in a 32-page essay, New experiments and observations, relating to the generation of plants . . . with an account of the extraordinary vegetation of peaches, abricots, nectarines, plums, cherries, figs, vines, gooseberries, currans etc. as they were artificially cultivated this spring 1724, London, 1724. In it, Bradley closes in on the genetic facts but just fails to realize that the fruit from a pollinated blossom is only the womb of the new cultivar. In the last year of his life he was asked to resign his professorship, not for lack of formal education as the press reported, but because penury had prevented him from funding a botanical garden for the university as he had promised when appointed. This botanical garden did not materialize until 1841. Bradley's last but unfinished work is The fruit garden display'd. Setting forth the several varieties of fruit ripe in every month . . . their figure, description of colour, taste and history, London, 1732. It is filled with interesting fruit encounters and has four charming fruit plates, sometimes found colored. They resemble Furber's Twelve months of fruit, see below, published in the same year and also showing baskets or epergnes heaped with, and surrounded by, many numbered cultivar specimens. In the fourth London edition of his New improvements . . . , 1724, he unearths a "scarce and valuable tract" entitled Herefordshire orchards, a pattern for all England, by J[ohn] B[eale], Chaplain to Charles II and acknowledged virtuoso of the time. This Bacon-inspired tract had been dedicated to and first published by Hartlib in 1657 but evidently did not have econo-political relevance then. Confirming many of William Lawson's tenets and findings, Beale occasionally smiles critically on his mentor's romantic stance. This doctor of divinity also excells in the knowledge of apple and pear varieties, their uses for perry and cider, and he intimately knows the orchard locations in Herefordshire. Late in life he condensed his ideas "for the better progress" in a series of letters to the Royal Society. Its secretary, Henry Oldenburg, made them public under the title Nurseries, orchards, profitable gardens and vineyards encouraged, the present obstructions removed . . . , London, 1677. An Anthony Lawrence

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also contributed a letter of experience gained from dispersing scions and grafting knowledge in southwestern England. A symposium dealing with "fruit trees in relation to cider" by Beale and eight other ciderists appeared also in one of the book highlights of the time, John Evelyn's Pomona. This part of the famous Sylva, later Silva, appears in editions from 1664 to 1729, all published at London, though never with the title Sylva sylvarum, as the Hunt Catalogue (#411) has it. Only Francis Bacon's above-mentioned work carries this title. Promoting native cider over imported wine was Evelyn's primary and patriotic motive. Yet, his Pomona is also timelessly useful for growing what he calls "palate fruit," i.e., dessert fruit. He describes contemporary market research: the cider taste panel consists of a youngster aged 10, a man of 30, and a senior of 60. For important decisions this panel is doubled or tripled. Another Evelyn work published as part of, or separately from the Sylva, is Kalendarium hortense; or, the gardners almanac . . . , London, 1664. It has ten editions and at least 13 printings, the later ones entitled Gardiners almanack. The "fruits in prime or yet lasting" are listed for each month and mirror the many cultivars in vogue at the time. Early editions of the Kalendarium . . . close with recommendations ''for those who affect to have their fruit out of France." These list about 150 French cultivars and a "catalogue of fruit trees to be had out of the nurseries near the City of London" with about 250 cultivars. Listings in later editions are much reduced. In 1932, a pleasant reminder of Evelyn's pomological homework came to light. His manuscript, Directions for the gardiner at Sayes-Court . . . , edited by Geoffrey Keynes, was co-published in a bibliophilic edition by the Nonesuch Press in 625 copies and by Random House in 175 copies, all numbered. It reads likeand may well bethe prolegomena to his very own work on fruit gardening, with information gathered over 50 years at his own and his brother's estates. Of special interest is a section entitled, "A Catalogue of the best and choicest Fruit-Trees, standards, Dwarfe, or for ye Walls & Espaliere." Many of these, he says, are "named for pomp and variety" and "hardly worth the Curiosity." He also puts down his ideas on "Stocks proper for grafting each sort of Fruite-Trees" and suggests some intriguing "tryals." The last manuscript entry dates from 1700. Among the books for which Bradley wrote a commendatory letter as a preface was one that really did not need it. Kalendarium universale . . . , London, 1726, was written by Benjamin

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Beale. Herefordshire orchards. 1657. Title page of 1730 edition.

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Evelyn. Pomona, or an appendix concerning fruit trees. 1664. Title page from 1678 edition of Sylva.

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Whitmill, Father and Son, both nursery specialists in fruit trees and respected pomological experimenters of the time. Their book, to which this review owes its prolog, gives expert advice on grafting and fruit tree care throughout the year and explains their innovations in forcing stone fruits, raspberries, and, especially, grapes. The authors assure the reader of their ironclad dependability and write that they are not "using the Word 'Experimental' without Truth for its Foundation." Its first of seven editions was anonymous and probably written on behalf of a sodality of nurserymen to stimulate fruit tree sales. The most prominent member of this group was Thomas Fairchild, who imported and propagated exotic plants for a living and grew fruit trees and grape vines as an avocation. In his gardens Bradley found "the greatest collection of fruits that I have yet seen," but Fairchild is only known to have written about fruit briefly in The city gardener, London, 1722. Stranger than fiction was the life of Alexander Blackwell, Scottish academic and rural improver who, after secretly marrying his childhood sweetheart, moved to London and ran, as he said, into undeserved debt. Eventually, and ingeniously, he was sprung from debtor's prison by his devoted wife Elizabeth. Within four years this remarkable woman had designed and engraved 500 color plates of medicinal plants, the famous Curious herbal. Later, in the service of the Duke of Chandos, Blackwell published the first specific work on orchard soil improvement, A new method of improving cold, wet and barren lands . . . cultivating and raising fruit trees in such soils, London, 1741. A few years after, he was executed in Sweden for not confining his revolutionary ideas to soil management. The book was anonymously translated into German as Neues Verfahren, kalte, nasse und unfruchtbare Laendereyen zu verbessern . . . Fruchtbaeume zu erziehen, Muenster, 1774. John Laurence, also signing as Iohn Lawrence, was another cleric who divided his time between pulpit and fruit garden, feeling a calling to both: "A Clergyman, whose chief and most constant business is sitting at his study, most wants relaxation, and some moderate exercise, to preserve Health." He proclaimed himself "The first and almost only writer in this last century who had revived the spirit of gardening." Such self-adoration combined with Laurence's authoritarian notions infuriated Sam Collins, a nurseryman in The Strand. Yet Collins' refutation along traditional lines, Paradise retriev'd . . . the most beautiful, durable, and beneficial method of managing and improving fruit trees

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Whitmill. Kalendarium universale. 1726. Title page of 1747 edition.

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. . . contrary to Mr. Lawrence . . . , London, 1717, mustered only one edition. A subservient dedication to Prince Henry precedes Laurence's The clergy-man's recreation, London, 1714, and sometimes The fruit-garden kalendar, London, 1718. Both reflect the pomological knowledge of the time, interpreted and improved by the author. Included is the advice to "circumcise" barren fruit trees to bring them into bearing, a practice now known as "bark ringing." A third work, The gentleman's recreation, London, 1716, swiped its title from a 1686 treatise by Richard Blome, who discussed such noble pursuits as hunting, hawking, and riding. Laurence's ''gentleman" is first treated to a 12-page lecture on the divine and exalting in fruit gardening: "And as I little doubt that if Angels were confined to these lower Regions, they would seek the Retirement and Pleasure of a Garden, as most agreeable to their heavenly Dispositions." The main body of the book showers him with practical and reasoned hints for healthy trees and better fruit. More often than not, this book is found bound with The lady's recreation, London, 1717, on ornamental plants by a fictitious Charles Evelyn, who also concocted a Calendarium hortense under John Evelyn's name. As Laurence emphatically disowns it, it seems that Curll, a nonchalant publisher, cashed in twice, on an author and on a title. Composite volumes of these four works can be found under the title page Gardening improv'd: containing . . . , London, 1718, then priced at 6 shillings. My 1723 copy has a publishers', i.e., Bernard Lintot's, catalog appended, which offered 254 titles. A facsimile reprint of Gardening improv'd . . . was put on the market by Garland Publishing, New York, in 1982. Reverend Laurence, a known religious controversialist, was also a pomological one, often questioning traditional orchard practices and examining fruit tree behavior with rational curiosity. He gets along well with the alive Richard Bradley but accuses the dead John Evelyn unjustly as having spread the "superstitious error" of planting by the moon. Evelyn, who had translated the three leading French pomologists, Le Gendre, Bonnefons, and La Quintinye, is Laurence's target with his "Reproach to the English Nation, that we suffer so many French Books of Gardening to be obtruded upon us." Laurence's work shows him at his best with original research on tree infertility, planting depths and distances, pruning knife configurations, prevention of frost damage, evaluation of Prunus interstems,

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Laurence. The fruit-garden kalendar. 1718. Title page of 1736 edition.

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Laurence. The gentlemans recreation. 1716. Engraved frontispiece of 1723 edition.

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Laurence. The gentlemans recreation. 1716. Engraved plan in 1723 edition.

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and more. Some of his conclusions later became dogma, for instance the precept to shorten tree roots to six inches before planting. He was the first to demonstrate that a plant virus can be transmitted by grafting. Highly original was his definition of "recreation": "Less violent than the sports of the field, and more so than fishing." Based on an old pencil notation in a copy at the Bodleian Library of the anonymous Paradice regain'd: or, the art of gardening, London, 1728, a 59-page poem could be attributed to Laurence. In an earlier poem with the same main title, the poet John Milton, a layman, expanded biblical texts. Now, the clergyman Laurence counters with gardening advice and mundane frolicking: And when the fruits have pass'd their Infancy, Their crimson Cheeks diffuse a Fragrancy. For Heat concocts the Juice, and does consume The watry Parts, and gives to Taste, Perfume. If this poem is indeed by Laurence, it was his last work and a fitting swan song. The controversial The lady's recreation emerged much later in a German translation by Th. Arnold as Vergnuegen und Nutzen der Gaertnerei . . . , Leipzig, 1756, with the same fictitious Evelyn as author. Another original who questioned pomological traditions, especially those of La Quintinye, was Stephen Switzer. Apart from getting ahead in the world, he wanted to "do his own thing." A solid training under London & Wise, selfstudy, practice, and curiosity had given him a wide knowledge of garden arts, the seed business, landscape architecture, writing skills, and, above all, matters pomological. Noteworthy are his designs for tropical fruit houses and his Addison-inspired layouts of fruit gardens, which largely abandon the old espalier walls. Switzer was awed by the "magnificence" of French garden design and coined the term "La Grand Manier" [sic]. Nevertheless, he violently opposed French-style topiary and the Natural School's attempts to ban fruit trees from the landscape. To counter them he designed variations on Austen's theme of profits and pleasures, i.e., integrating ornamental and fruit gardens in a farm ambience, which he called La Ferme Ornée. Jefferson's Monticello, a version of it, could well have used the fruit-emphasizing designs of Switzer's Ichnographia rustica . . . , London, 1718, or, more likely still, of its enlarged edition of 1742.

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"His rather vigorous inferiority complex" (Fussell, 1947), prompted by Switzer's immigrant origins, made him subservient as well as abrasive. In order to give his quite competently written The practical fruit gardener . . . , London, 1724, authenticity he added (and paid for?) "Revised and recommended by the Revd. Mr. Laurence and Mr. Bradley" on the title page. Both would heartily share his enthusiasm when he wrote "indeed a well contriv'd FruitGarden is an Epitome of Paradise itself, where the Mind of Man is in its highest raptures." Neither, however, saw a need to revise Switzer's pomological chauvinism when he wrote that the French "will scarce allow us here in England, to have any fruit that is valuable, but what comes from them . . . yet such is the arrogance of those people, that when they can but once get Possession of any Fruit and put one of their cramp names on it, it is immediately their own; and so like a Crow, they strut with Feathers borrowed out of other People's Caps.'' Fancy fruit growing methods were the specialty of John Cowell, veteran nursery operator at Hoxton. He described them in The curious and profitable gardener, London, 1730. Later editions add the words "fruit and flower" to the title. With fancy plants and innovative manipulation, he catered to the craving for novelty of the affluent who liked to grow their own bananas or fancied to pick cherries from their own trees in autumn. He pledged that his treatment of espaliers was "rendering them more Ornamental and Profitable than is commonly practis'd." Later, in The modern English fruit-gardener . . . , London, 1785, Ralph Preston explains the best methods for the planting and training of fruit walls, espaliers, and standards. This updating and rationalizing of Cowell's book of 1730 includes more advanced ways and means of "forcing early fruits in hot-walls, peach-houses, vineries." No fancy French fruits for Richard Weston, thread-hosier, horticultural and botanical writer, and bibliographer at Leicester and, later, London. The gardener's and planter's calendar, London, 1773, recommends growing timber, vegetables, and fruit, in this order, for best returns. A rural realist, he believes in robust apple and pear cultivars because "the curious fruits which require the assistance of walls are more for luxury and the elegance of desert [!] than for real use." Just in case some extravagant reader should aspire to cultivate them, however, he also gives growing instructions and recommends cultivars of apricots, figs, nectarines, and French pears. Later editions of the . . .

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Switzer. The practical fruit-gardener. 1724. Title page of 1763 edition.

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Switzer. The practical fruit-gardener. 1724. Engraved plan in 1763 edition.

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calendar . . . were shrunk from 336 to 86 pages and its fruit content in proportion as The gardener's pocket calendar . . . , London, 1779. A plain, low-priced book, it went into five editions because, as Weston writes in its preface, "a gardener's calendar is become almost as necessary, in every family, as an almanac." Still different were the objectives of a John Kennedy (not the notorious botanist with 21 children), a Yorkshire estate gardener and perfectionist. A treatise on planting, pruning, and on the management of fruit-trees . . . , London, 1777, aims at clean, sound, and well-groomed fruit borders and gardens. He used and publicized an "infallible" spray mixture against "the blight," compounded of rain water, lime-sulphur, and either tobacco dust or an infusion of tobacco leaves. This treatise was also published as part of the 2nd edition of his two-volume general work A treatise upon planting, gardening, and the management of the hot-house . . . , London, 1777. Fruit trees for a money-raising scheme were the inspiration of the Rev. William Hanbury. Trained in theology and botany, he propagated large quantities of fruit trees and other plants for his congregation to sell or at least buy for themselves. The proceeds of this annual event paid for an organ, three bells, and an extension and facelift of his church. His massive, well-illustrated two-volume work, A complete body of planting and gardening . . . started to be published in weekly numbers in 1769 and was completely issued in London, 1773. Many fruits and cultivars are covered, but it is cumbersome to read and has been criticized as inelegant, obscure, and best read by an already wellinformed reader.

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Chapter 11 Pomona Tutors Europe At the turn of the 18th century, French pomologists were very sure of their prestige and maintained it for almost another century. They sailed with the general philosophical wind as it shifted toward a mechanistic outlook on Nature. Godfathered by Descartes and Newton, the new concepts that extended to Pomona's realm claimed that a fruit tree was nothing but an intricate production machine. Maintenance manuals, deriving from La Quintinye's and, later, Abbé Schabol's principles, have been published ever since. Their authors also had to contend with quite a different influence, however, that of contemporary garden purists. As fruit fanciers, they had to argue, often unsuccessfully, with the landscaping esthetes whose idea of progress was to bowdlerize the estates of the nobility by banning base fruit trees. Why should one be constantly reminded of the Adam and Eve scandal? Cute dwarf cordons, elegant arcures, graceful palmettes and candelabras, and espaliers pregnant with fruit ended up behind the walls of the kitchen garden, where before long they were considered fixtures. In Curiositez de la nature et de l'art . . . , Paris, 1709, L'Abbé De Vallemont rationalizes this trend: "The kitchen garden must also be a fruit garden, else its walls were nude and useless. Also, one must benefit from the walls by growing espaliers which are great as ornamentals and bring marvellous returns." Only a quarter of this book deals with fruit but sifts and combines the essentials from Le Gendre, La Quintinye, and Dom Gentil into a concise, practical manual. Pleasant to peruse and featuring some not so common fruit-garden topics is Angran de Rueneuve's Observations sur l'agriculture et le jardinage . . . , Paris, 1712. In the two-subject title, "agriculture" refers to plantings for cider, perry, grape and peach wine, that is, the conventional pomarium. "Jardinage" covers the fruit garden proper, with trained trees for table fruit

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and few, if any, ornamental plants. The two-volume work includes garden history, recreational values of fruit gardens, citrus culture, recognition of promising seedlings, and many useful tips for the pomological perfectionist. To give color to shaded fruit, he advises removing surrounding leaves and moistening

Vallemont. Anonymous translation. Wohl bewaehrte Garten-Geheimnuesse. 1738. Title page.

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its exposed side on sunny days between 10:30 A.M. and 2 P.M., three times a week throughout August. Gardening for high nobility requires diplomacy on top of pomological competence. This is a message in Traité des jardins, Paris, 1722, by Le Sieur Saussay. His lord, Louis Henry, Duc de Bourbon, a money-grabbing politician and guardian of the fledgling king, was, according to history, entirely controlled by his mistress, the fruit-doting Marquise de Prie. She might ask for strawberries at Christmas and for peaches at Easter. Prompted by such demands, Saussay includes a chapter on how to please and get along with one's boss in Part 1 of his instructions on fruit tree propagation, culture, out-of-season forcing, and cultivar selection and recognition. Part 2 offers his expertise in building and operating orangeries, planting pleasure groves, and employing ornamental plants. A new view of fruit trees, almost callous in its botanical rationality, was adopted by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, court botanist of Louis XIV. In his plant inventory, Institutiones rei herbariae, Paris, 1700, he contrives Latin names and epithets for almost 200 well-known fruit cultivars. No fruit gardener other than Du Hamel has ever used them. Even modern codes of horticultural nomenclature do not call for definition of cultivars in Latin. Not a believer in the sex life of fruit trees, he delighted nonetheless in its results, such as the delicious 'Bon Chrétien d'Été pears he found in a market at Tiflis in Transcaucasian Georgia (Relation d'un voyage du Levant, Paris, 1727). Soon after, Carl von Linné, the great botanist, drove fruits out of botany's paradise and earned the wrath of enraged pomologists. One of these, Antoine Poiteau, comments in his edition of Traité des arbres fruitiers (mentioned below) that according to Linné all plants with thistles, thorns, and burrs are the work of God but delicious pears, juicy peaches, honied chasselas grapes, and sweet-scented roses are monsters created by man. Neither did Linné endear himself to some by his stamen-based classification system of flowering plants. It would, for instance, group cherries with cacti and make "a parlour game for any young lady who could count up to twelve," as Wilfrid Blunt put it in The art of botanical illustration. In 1736 at a conservatory near Harlem, he succeeded in getting a banana plant to blossom and to fruit and was much admired. This triumph brought about Linné's only pomological writing, a 46-page illustrated monograph on the banana and the first such. Since William Lawson's time, many an author had prefaced

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his book with a gratitudinal dedication to loosen support for his pomological efforts. Now such pleas for patronage became more subservient than ever, thinly disguised as dedications to the VIPs with power and wealth. English and German fruit book writers retained this practice well into the 19th century.

Saussay. Traité des jardins. 1722. Title page of 1732 edition.

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Yet it seems no coincidence that deeply fruit-possessed pomological minds, men of the cloth or not, abstained from payola for Pomona and patriotism. Convinced of their mission, Squire Merlet and De La Riviere & Du Moulin abstained, but their contemporary de La Chataigneraye outdid La Quintinye in fulsome servitudinal phrases to get his La connoissance parfaite des arbres fruitiers . . . , Paris, 1692, accepted by that supreme orchardist Louis XIV. Yet this precious and competent little work was its own best recommendation. John Gibson and Thomas Hitt abstained, but Richard Bradley, John Laurence, and Stephen Switzer could not resist the temptation of toadyism. Switzer even crossed political party lines to gain patronage for his The practical kitchen gardiner, London, 1727. Among the progressive works of the time, other than the emerging exotic plate books, are René Dahuron's Traité de la taille des arbres & de la maniere de les bien elever, published in exile at Celle, 1692, its revised edition Nouveau traité de la taille des arbres fruitiers . . . , Paris, 1696, and its German versions Tractat vom nuetzlichen BaumBeschneiden . . . , Weimar and Celle, 1719, Bewaehrte Garten-Geheimnuesse; . . . und einem Anhang von der rechten Baum-Zucht . . . , Nuremberg, 1743, and . . . Vollstaendiger Garten-Bau; . . . vom Baumbeschneiden; und der rechten Baum-Zucht . . . , Weimar, 1757, all with sundry printings. Dahuron's focus is on dwarf trees, pruning systems, and French cultivars. To him pruning is a rare art, "everybody can cut up pieces of cloth but few have the skill to make them into a suit that fits." The author characterized his book as fruits of the lessons of the illustrious Monsieur de La Quintinye, whose pupil he had been until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes drove him, a Protestant, abroad. At Linden near Hanover, he designed elaborate palace and fruit gardens for the notorious Countess von Platen, concubine of the father of George I of England. Later, he spent over 40 years increasing and converting much of the king of Prussia's garden at Charlottenburg from a formal Le Nôtre type into a reportedly charming, all-fruit-and-salad paradise à la Quintinye. "Manger des salades à la Dahuron" became a byword of the Huguenot refugees settled in the vicinity. A survey after Dahuron's death found that Frederic II had over 5000 running feet of orangeries and sheltered fruit walls. In an ode on "the proper use of one's fortunes," the spirited Prussian king's rhymes in Ode vom rechten Gebrauch der Gluecksgueter, addressed to his sister Wilhelmine, I render as:

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From thousand rural joys I've almost swooned, Erecting arbours, have espaliers pruned, Read La Quintinye, thank his teachings sound, Which turn my garden green in meager ground. . . . Dahuron's Nouveau traité . . . was unfortunately supplemented by Charles de Sercy, its more sales- than science-

La Chataigneraye. La connoissance parfaite des arbres fruitiers. 1692. Title page.

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minded publisher. Adding a collection of absurdities from the past and magic tricks, he obviously catered to the less educated. This is perpetuated in some of the German translations. In Wohlbewaehrtes Garten-Buch . . . , Lucern and Strassburg, 1758, Dahuron's work is sandwiched between spurious arcana authored by a fictitious Isidor Anthophilus, a name meaning ''lover

De la Riviers & Du Moulins. Methode pour bien cultiver les arbres a fruit. 1737. Title page of 1738 edition.

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of flowers" but also a genus of fruit-tree pests in its feminine form. The bishopry of Liège, sovereign since the Middle Ages, had its own fruit garden advisor in Jardinier liègeois . . . , Liège, 1694. Its author was probably a clerical pomologist rather than a nurseryman, as he lists and recommends a number of local nurseries. The spirit of pomological enlightenment was also articulated by François Bonelle in Le jardinier d'Artois, ou les éléments de la culture des jardins potagers et fruitiers, Arras, 1766. In the foreword he writes about food gardening "Its rules have no boundaries; the more things you discover the more things you find that need discovering. In this field something new happens every day and you may chance upon the most unexpected phenomena." Bonelle advises on fruit and kitchen gardens in the Artois, a fertile region snatched from the Netherlands by Louis XIV. Another influential work is Méthode pour bien cultiver les arbres à fruit, a co-production by de La Rivière & Du Moulin, two skilled amateurs writing for the love of fruit and, perhaps, a little fame. The book published at Utrecht in 1737 excels with lucid step-by-step instructions, a veritable assembly manual for the fruit garden, including a list of parts. One of Louis XIV's 13 public prosecutors in Paris, M. Robert, reflects on his own extracurricular addiction to pears in Observations sur la manière de cultiver les arbres fruitiers, Paris, 1718. He pays tribute to his pomological predecessors, but his legal mind was evidently not satisfied with their how-to instructions. In fruit culture, knowing why should always precede what and how, a principle he admirably follows through in his book. A retired chief food steward at the French Court, Pelletier de Frépillon conceived what he considered the ultimate in espalier forms, "thus expressing artistic perfection through geometric forms." His methods for exactly shaping espaliers is explained and illustrated in Essai sur la taille des arbres fruitiers . . . , Paris, 1773. French growers of fruit for cider and perry found a competent manual in L'art de cultiver les pommiers, les poiriers, et de faire les cidres . . . , Paris, 1765, by the Norman Marquis de Chambray. His book closes, "Those who would like scions of apples and of pears may send a properly stamped letter to Monsieur le Marquis de Chambray . . . he grows the better cultivars of both and will be only too pleased to contribute to the progress of agriculture." Of course, the absolutist regime of the time required a royal censor to check whether the Marquis was expressing po-

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Bonnelle. Le jardinier d'Artois. 1766. Text page.

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litically suspect ideas together with his cider. "I have not detected anything that should prevent the printing," the censor concluded. Thus, the original copyright protection granted by the French king (Estienne's L'agricvltvre et maison rvstiqve . . . , Lyon, 1578, was given it for 9 years) turned, in 200 years, into censorship and became a longwinded permission process. A posthumous edition, L'art de faire le bon cidre, avec la manière de cultiver les pommiers et poiriers . . . , Paris, an XI [1803], added a translation of the British pomologist W. Forsyth's treatise on his miracle tree cure, discussed below. Another, more comprehensive work on fruit wines, written by a school librarian and hobby ciderist, Louis Dubois, is Du pommier, du poirier et du cormier, considérés dans leur histoire, leur physiologie, et les divers usages de leurs fruits, de leurs cidres . . . , Paris, 1804. Much uncommon information can be gleaned from the book of a veritable cider gourmet, Pierre-Antoine Renault, who dedicated it to ". . . the palates of those men and women who reject the water dispensed by nature as well as the wine produced by their fellow citizens in order to find sublime fulfilment and enjoyment in their own cider . . . delicate and salubrious." His Notice sur la nature et la culture du pommier, la qualité des pommes . . . , Paris, 1817, discusses the raw material rather than the manufacturing. Other cider and perry manuals by De Boutteville & Hauchecorne (1815) and Odolant-Desnos (1821) are too technical to fit into our survey. A seemingly useful guide to the fruit cultivars of the period, Le fruitier de la France, ou description des fruits à noyau et à pépin . . . , Paris, 1719, by Le Maître, Curé de Joinville, was aborted after the first gathering. Some compensation is a 1782 combined edition of Merlet's and Saint-Etienne's books entitled Traité de la connoissance des bons fruits . . . , published at Paris, which makes a handy cross-reference to cultivars. Only the title pages differ from earlier, separate editions. A regional survey was prepared by Jean-Baptiste, Baron de Sécondat, a naturalist of the Bordeaux region, as Les arbres fruitiers de la Guyenne, Bordeaux, about 1775. The author was a son of Montesquieu, but thought that his father's illustrious name should not be used by less gifted offspring. The final reprise of La Quintinye was rendered in Traité des jardins, ou le nouveau De La Quintinye, . . . par M. L. B***, i.e., Louis R. Le Berryais, a country priest, Paris, 1775. To these two volumes on fruit and kitchen gardens were added a third on flowers in 1785 and a fourth on citrus and ornamentals in 1788.

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Chambray. L'art de cultiver les pommiers, les poiriers. 1765. Title page.

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The last was also published separately as Traité de l'orangerie, Caen & Paris, 1788. The first printing of a condensed version appeared in 1793 as Abrégé du traité des jardins: ou, petit De La Quintinye, at Paris. During that time Le Berryais was hiding in the Norman countryside from the cleric-hunting revolutionaries, and busy preparing a never-published treatise, Petite Pomone française. Traité des jardins . . . is a state-of-the-art document developed from La Quintinye but without the verbosity "of this great Master, in order to save the public a labourious study." Le Berryais had worked with Du Hamel Du Monceau, hunting down fruit cultivars and furnishing descriptions and drawings. Only cultivars of which he had first-hand experience were included in his 292 descriptions, impeccable with one exception. Cultivar misidentification being an ever present hazard in pomology, Le Berryais mistook the 'Reinette du Canada' for the 'Calville blanc d'hiver' and had, possibly, supplied earlier the wrong drawing of the latter for Du Hamel du Monceau's Traité des arbres fruitiers . . . , see below. He publicized one of the world's finest pears, the 'Bonne Louise d'Avranches', which had been found in a garden of his parish. It was named after Madame Louise de Longueval, the owner's wife. The 'Louise Bonne' pear, however, which the Hunt Catalogue (#648) and S. Raphael's Oak Spring Pomona, Upperville, Virginia, 1990, ascribe to him, is an old cultivar known to Merlet. "Like any other artist, one must know one's subject to be successful," wrote Le Berryais in his foreword. This idea of the fruit gardener as an artsy type did not exactly enthuse Monsieur De La Bretonnerie, who practiced and taught his brand of exact science in the two volumes of L'école du jardin fruitier, Paris, 1784. It is a superbly explicit work by a learned practitioner who, unfortunately, thought that his were the ultimate methods. With caustic wit he attacked any dissenter, especially the open-minded and good-hearted Le Berryais. Poiteau and Turpin, q.v., were to detect the Achilles heel of De La Bretonnerie and fired back: "Whatever is good about La Bretonnerie's instructions for citrus culture, he lifted from La Quintinye; whatever is bad comes from La Bretonnerie himself." The Maison rustique type book has always been popular with landed French readers, realists and dreamers alike, more so when its emphasis shifted from necessary work to profitable enjoyment. Even Liger's mediocre rehash, see below, went to ten editions. Much superior is Monsieur De Chanvalon's Manuel

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des champs, ou recueil choisi, instructif et amusant . . . , Paris, 1765. It brings Estienne and Liebault right up to date and outdoes them in fancy fruit content. In spite of such textbooks, Claude-François de Calonne had a hard time settling in the countryside to grow fruit and make a living. Twenty years later he used a lively dialogue to tell about the early pitfalls, his mistakes, losses, exploitation by the locals, and his embarrassments in Essais d'agriculture . . . des pépinières, des arbres étrangers, des arbres fruitiers, sur la vigne . . . , Paris, 1778. In his Encyclopedia of Gardening (see below), J. C. Loudon writes, "The Dutch and Flemings are eminent as fruit gardeners but . . . better operators than authors." The perception that Dutch authors are not measuring up to their pomological achievements is erroneous. Some important and truly seminal fruit books were published but never translated into English. The probable reasons were the estrangement between the two countries following their three wars, and the Navigation Act, which barred Dutch ships from British ports. D. H. Cause's and J. Commelijn's pomological tomes are discussed below with other heavily illustrated Pomonas. A fusion of French with Dutch practices in grafting and fruit culture occupies only a minor part of a beautifully illustrated gardening book for country estates, Het vermakelyck landt-leven . . . , Amsterdam, 1669. One of its five parts, entitled Den verstandigen hovenier, by the physician Petrus Nylandt, gives instructions to "all those who want to grow beautiful fruit and derive great profits from it." Most of the work was promptly republished in a condensed bilingual edition under the name of Jan van der Groen, Nylandt's co-author, as Le jardinier hollandois. . . . Der niederlaendische Gaertner . . . , Amsterdam, 16691670. A French-only edition followed as Le jardinier du PaysBas . . . , Bruxelles, 1672. Published anonymously but recognized as the work of Jan Du Vivie is De nieuwe, en naauwkeurige Neederlandse hovenier . . . , Leiden, 1713, with 14 engraved plates. The authorship could be dubious because Du Vivie was also publisher and bookseller of this anonymous treatise. But the fruit-loving and knowing thoughts he expresses in dedication, foreword, and introductory poem suggest his deep involvement. His book covers fruit gardens from seedling selection to fruit storage. Its 1716 edition adds new information on pest control; its 1735 edition catches up on developments in espaliering. A popular work by Henrik van Oosten, De Neederlandsen hof, beplant met bloemen, ooft en orangerijen, Leyden, 1703, reads like

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the horticultural condensation of a Hausvater book. Nearly half of its 66 terse topical chapters deal with deciduous fruits and citrus. In its French edition, Le jardin de Hollande, Leiden, 1714, and its English edition, The Dutch gardener, London, 1703, it was so "improved" by reducing the fruit content and adding flowers and greenhouse plants, that these editions are now only of marginal pomological interest. In a German edition, Der niederlaendische Garten, bepflanzet mit Blumen, Obst und Orangerien, Hannover, 1706, the fruit-tree section barely occupies onequarter of the book. Van Oosten's other work, often bound with the first, is a real fruit lover's vademecum, Register van alle de soorten der voornaamste vrugten, Leiden, 1703. Here the author, signing as "Entenier," i.e., grafter, explains in his foreword "The printer has, on my request, left blank areas after each kind of fruit, such as apples, pears, etc., so that the lovers of fruit, if so inclined, may add any new or less known delectable cultivars." He lists 177 apples, 114 pears, and lesser numbers of grapes, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, gooseberries, currants, and medlars. An even more comprehensive cultivar inventory by the nurseryman Kaspar Eydler of Haarlem appeared in 1713 as Register van peeren, appelen . . . , followed by Du Vivie's Register van alle soorten van peeren en appelen . . . , Leiden, 1717, meant as a companion to the second edition of his . . . hovenier. . . . Its title page is adorned with a medallion showing Pomona throning in a fruit-flaunting land and cityscape. Most of the over 850 cultivars, including stone fruits and minor fruits, are, as Du Vivie points out, available from Henrik van Oosten, the nurseryman whose De Neederlandsen hof . . . Du Vivie had published in 1703 with its own Register. . . . Another nurseryman, Jan Goethals, coordinated La Quintinye's, the traditional Dutch, and his own pruning techniques in De snoeikonst der oft of vrucht-boomen . . . , 2nd ed. Leiden, 1734. His advocacy of gentle pruning, bud selection, and low-force bending makes him a forerunner of Gibson and Abbé Schabol. The classic device of dialogue is employed by the anonymous author of Qweek-School vor Liefhebbers . . . , Leiden, 1727, a complete course in pomology. The Dutch propensity for plant selection becomes obvious in four chapters detailing the criteria of graft-worthy seedlings. A Leiden merchant, Pieter de La Court van der Voort, became an enthusiastic and informed follower of Pomona. No hardy fruit species escaped his cultivation and experimentation;

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Du Vivie. Register van alle soorten van peeren en appelen. 1717. Title page.

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Du Vivie. De nieuwe en naauwkeurige Neederlandse hovenier. 1713. Engraved plan.

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neither could pineapples, figs, oranges, lemons, and other exotic ones. La Court described the development of a country estate dedicated to fruit in Byzondere aenmerkingen over het aenleggen van pragtige en gemeene landhuizen, lusthoven, plantagien . . . met keurige vrugt-boomen en laeningen te beplanten . . . ananas-vrugten, citroen-, limoen-, oranje-boomen . . . , Leiden, 1737. An Amsterdam, 1763, edition adds peach-house designs, vegetables, and flowers. La Court's work excels in the quality and quantity of cultivar descriptions, many acutely perceptive, as in this characterization of the old 'Melocoton' peach, described as a ''painted whore, because it is nicely and attractively coloured, remains hard as an apple, has no taste and yet gives one the eye hanging around; in September, still immature, it is rotten inside." This and other outspoken passages were expurgated in two of the book's translations, a French one, Les agrémens de la campagne . . . , Leiden and Amsterdam, 1750, and a German one, Anmuthigkeiten des Landlebens . . . , Goettingen and Leipzig, 1751. It appears that Dutch fruit nurseries did not believe in fancy catalogs but published plain price lists of 8 pages or so and expected buyers to find fruit descriptions elsewhere. Prominent were J. G. Cornille at Ghent, E. H. Krelage at Haarlem, and H. & D. Lunteren at Utrecht. In fruit-loving Sweden, apples and hazelnuts had already served as food in the Middle Stone Age, and Hus-fader books were valued since the first translations from Estienne and Liebault. There the nurseryman Johan Ahlich wrote a two-volume work on gardening, Den svenske lust-, oerte och traedgarden . . . , Stockholm, 1722. Its chapters on fruit were the most comprehensive so far published in Sweden. Cultivar recommendations and occasional information started to crop up in nursery catalogs, academic proceedings, popular journals, and even Linné's botanical travel books. Many of these sources were listed in the bibliography of the next important Swedish book on fruit culture, Anmarkningar vid svenska traedgardsskoetseln, Stockholm, 1768, by M. Lissander. Other popular fruit books are Then raetta swenska traedgards-praxis . . . , Westeras, 1754, by Johan Lundberg, which discusses orchard practices rather than cultivars, and Peter Johan (Jonas) Bergius' specific work on orchards, Tal om frukt-traegardar, Stockholm, 1780. The latter proved very popular and was even translated into German as Von Obstgaerten . . . by O. G. Groening, Leipzig, 1794. Rather than following German and French pomologists as his prede-

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cessors did, Bergius voices the climatic and seasonal limitations of Sweden, emphasizing proper site selection, preparation, and proven hardy cultivars. Peaches and apricots "are not suitable for the garden of plain folk but should be left as toys of the rich who can spend time and money on experiments."

La Court. Byzondere Aenmerkingen. 1737. Title page.

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In Norway, an early fruit-growing upsurge triggered by the vegetarian Cistercian monks was undermined by the Reformation, as the first Norwegian gardening book proves. Christian Gartner's Horticultura, Copenhagen, 1694, deals only marginally with fruit. The first pomological work is Christian Teilman's Anviisning til norske frugttraeskoler . . . , Christiania (Oslo) and Copenhagen, 1797. It really sent Norway on its way to become the world's most northerly fruit-growing country, growing apples, pears, plums, and cherries at the latitude of Alaska. Teilman was a Lutheran prelate who had studied fruit growing in Holland before starting his own nursery as a sideline to pulpitry. For 26 years before writing his book, he propagated hardy fruit cultivars bought or traded abroad, among them the first 'Bergamot' pears, selling his trees to fjord farmers and his brethren of the cloth. Fruit culture along the politically shifting southern shores of the Baltic Sea finally received a boost when Georg Holyk, a refugee Protestant cleric from Catholic Bohemia, settled in Riga in Livonia. Shunned by the Lutheran establishment, he took up gardening. "As I cannot work here in the Lord's vineyard I have turned to earthly fruit, kitchen, and flower gardens." Eventually, "by the grace of God," he writes, he developed into a fruit-tree grafting wizard. He must have spent every penny earned on horticultural and botanical books. His collection included, among others, the classic agricultural authors of antiquity, the Italian Ferrari, Malpighi, and Tanara; the French Le Court, Serres, and Rapin; the English Bacon and Digby; the Polish Tylkovsky; the German Elsholtz and Royer; and the Dutch Sweert. Holyk is credited with several innovative and improved grafting techniques, among them "triangulation," now called "inlay graft,'' a vast improvement over the crude common cleft graft and the surest method of uniting stocks of different calipers. Research and "experimentirte observationes hortenses" resulted in a grafting and growing handbook especially popular in northern Germany and along the Baltic, Vereinigter liff- und auslaendischer Garten-Bau . . . , Riga, 1684, and in Verneurtes und vermehrtes dreyfaches Garten-Buechlein . . . , Wittenberg, 1693, embracing all types of gardening. As Neu-vermehrtes vierfaches Garten-Buechlein . . . , Frankfurt, 1707, the latter became a popular general gardening work but retained the original emphasis on fruit through many reprints. In Bohemia, the rural gentry were literally pledged a fruit paradise in Adelicher Schau-Platz oder Paradeis, das ist ein Unter-

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richt von der Baumgaertnerey . . . , Prague, 1701, by Johann Georg Kubata. Not only would the country squire turn into a master fruit gardener able to give sensible instructions to "lackeys and gardeners," he could also show off with pomological stunts. One of them calls for gum from gummosis-affected trees to be collected, kneaded until warm, and used to glue paper cutouts such as initials or symbols on immature apples or pears. The area underneath would remain pale at ripening time when the fruit gains colour. Eventually, wax forming in the skin allows easy removal of the paper by hand or wind. Although their fruit information is usually sound, German books of the Baroque period and for decades afterwards often try to outdo each other with hedonistic, long-winded and Latin titles. Their academic model was, apart from Lauremberg's Horticultura, Johannes Sperling's . . . carpologia physica posthuma, opusculum utile ac jucundum . . . , Wittenberg, 1668. This descriptive survey of known fruits has its own "curious" logic as we find citrus, tomato, quince, and peach in one; grape, fig, cherry, and olive in another catagory. It is written in Latin with cultivar names in German. Johann Georg Mueller's Compendium triplicis horticulturae, published under changing titles from 1675 to 1794, is referred to in a special context, below. Another representative German book of the period is the anonymous Parnassus hortensis, oder vollkommene GartenSchul . . . , Magdeburg, 1714. Its first part discusses the culture of citrus fruits and other tropicals, including the cactus fruit opuntia. Its second part, subtitled Horticultura . . . , instructs the budding orchardist. The author points out that he writes from his own experience and that the success of all work depends on its synchronization with certain moon phases. Another massive gardening book with a long-winded title was authored by J. B. Pictorius as Der im Blumen- Kuchen- Artzney- und Baum-Garten gruendlich-informirte Gaertner . . . , Nuremberg, 1714. The second of its two parts deals exhaustively with fruits and fruit growing but is obviously compiled from other, mostly older, sources. Pomona's earliest champion in Russia, proper, was Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov. He rose from a landed but impoverished family of officers to become a Westernized promoter of rural progress, enlightened manager of crown estates, and, eventually, prosperous owner of orchards at Dvoreninova, his estate about 200 kilometers south of Moscow. His unconventional lifestyle is illustrated by his consuming love for his mother-in-

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law (who had arranged his dull marriage), his fondness for English-style early-morning tea brewed from cowslip leaves, and by his growing and popularizing of tomatoes. During the last decades of his 95 years, he wrote his Life and Adventures in 29 volumes. Earlier, while sorting out Mother Russia's natural resources on behalf of the Germanborn Czarina, the cataloging and testing of fruits held his special interest. Bolotov popularized his findings in his own paper, translating as Village Folk, or brought them to the attention of the educated community in agricultural journals and Moscow papers. Many articles were later condensed by A. K. Grell under a heading meaning "Materials for a Russian Pomology" and published in Zhurnal Sadovostva (Journal of Horticulture), Moscow, 18611863, and in Russkoe Sadovostvo (Russian Horticulture), Moscow, 1884. Bolotov's pomological masterwork is Izobrazheniya i opisaniya rznykh porod yablok i grush . . . (portraits and descriptions of different apple and pear cultivars growing at Dvoreninova and in various gardens of the region). It exists only in a series of neatly written and illustrated manuscript notebooks dating from 1796 to 1801 and covering about 600 apples and 31 pears. A selection was reportedly published by Kirshbaum, Moscow, 1900, under the same title. His biography in Russian by A. P. Berdyshev, Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov, Moscow, 1988, contains many cultivar descriptions, fruit lists, and illustrations. Among cultivars thoroughly described are the well-known 'Anis', 'Antonovka', and 'Aport' apples and a foundling he named 'Bolotovka'. The Baltic region also benefited from a more didactic work, J. H. Zigra's Der Baumgaertner, oder ausfuehrliche Anweisung zur Obstbaumzucht, Riga, 1803. It was published in German in Livonia, now Latvia, then part of Russia. Latvian and Russian translations followed later that year. With a second edition, the title changed to Der nordische Baumgaertner . . . , Riga, 1820, after Zigra had imported and tested hardy North American fruit cultivars. In Switzerland, the Societé Economique de Berne published a translation of the fruit section of Miller's Gardeners dictionary with some added German texts: Pflanzung, Erziehung und Wartung der Fruchtbaeume aus Hrn. Ph. Millers grossem englischen Gaertner-Lexico[n], Bern, 1764, which also received a French translation Traité des arbres fruitiers, Berne, 1766, published in two volumes, with an abridged version in 1784. In Austria, Matthias Roessler published the unillustrated Pomona Bohemica, Prague, 1795, actually his nursery catalog with

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tables giving synonyms and fruit characteristics. A much enlarged edition was later published as Sistematisches Verzeichnis aller . . . kultivierten Obstsorten . . . , Prague, 1798. Writing briefly and clearly in Der wienerische Baum- und Obstgaertner, Vienna, 1798, an anonymous Austrian "friend of gardening" manages to condense solid knowledge and characterizations of many cultivars into just over 200 pages, even including a work calendar, in telegram style.

Bolotov. Izobrazheniya. 1797. Handwritten title page.

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Bolotov. Izobrazheniya. 1797. Drawings.

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Experience and satisfaction gathered in his family fruit garden prompted Johann Bogsch, a school teacher at Pressburg (now Bratislava) to write Kurze und auf Erfahrung gegruendete Anleitung, nuetzliche Obstbaeume . . . , Vienna, 1793. An anonymously translated Hungarian version followed, Hazi kertesz az az: hasznos es tapasztalasokkal . . . , Posonyban [now Bratislava] & Pest, 1796. Included are a monthly garden calendar, a makeand-plant-your-own-tree section, and particulars on the fruits the author recommends for this, then Hungarian, region. Invited to colonize in the Balkans, French and German settlers brought along their fruit-growing expertise. Their orchards were stocked with trees from their own nurserymen and with cultivars from their homelands. Pierre de Carro's Catalogue d'arbres fruitiers . . . à Kirchnoff en Bessarabie, Kirchnoff, 1824, served the settlement region of what is now Kishinev in Moldavia. Another catalog, Pomona des k. k. deutsch-banatischen Regiments, Jabutka, 1817, printed in French and German, served the settlers in southeastern Hungary. In Sicily, Filippo Nicosia, Barone di S. Giaime e del Pozzo, assembled and extolled the pleasure of a fruitful orchard in Il podere fruttifero e dilettevole, Palermo, 1735. Fruit gardening in Northern Italy was treated by Monsignore Caspero Cerati of Parma in Della maniera di coltivare gli alberi fruttiferi, Florence, 1769. The Italian national central library at Florence lost its copy in the 1966 floods, and has not yet replaced it. I still hope to locate a copy elsewhere. Though not as thick as the German and French ones, Italy's jungle of fruit nomenclature was nicely cleared by C. de Gasperi with Pomona in rilievo per assoziazione, no place, ca. 1800. It listed 367 cultivars with their local and foreign synonyms and provided reliable names for the great Pomona Italiana . . . , discussed below. Well-made fruit artifacts of wax, plaster, paper maché, or other material are more convincing than any cultivar painting. They were a popular pomological teaching aid in 19th century North America and Europe, now elevated to museum pieces. The Greeks and Romans already practiced the casting of wax figures in plaster molds. With these, as well as Macrobius' imitation apple, mentioned above, and Antonio Piccioli's collection of plaster fruits, the artisan-fruiterer strives for a realism only attainable in three dimensions. Piccioli's Pomona toscana . . . , Florence, 1820, is a descriptive guide to fruit cultivars popular in Tuscany, of which he has seen 150 plaster replicas.

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Chapter 12 Orchard Records in the New World Wild tree fruits, berries, and nuts were critical nutrient sources in the diet of North America's original inhabitants. Baron Lahontan in New voyages to North America, London, 1703, tells of the Hurons picking wild grapes, plums, cherries, cranberries, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, blueberries and preserving crab apples in maple syrup. "These berries [blueberries]," he writes, "serve for several uses, after they are dry'd in the Sun or in an Oven; for then they make confits of 'em or put 'em into pyes or infuse 'em in Brandy." U. P. Hedrick mentions that the explorer Cartier saw Iroquois women drying plums of the Prunus nigra species along the St. Lawrence in 1534. Peaches were introduced by the Spanish, apples and pears by the French and English, but it was the Jesuit missionaries who started seedling orchards and taught basic fruit culture to the indigenous people. They all adapted well and flourished in the Colony's virgin soils. Thus, it was natural that fruits would be prominent in writings about the New World by explorers, politicians, and settlement agents, but no native fruit book emerged until 1817. At first, rigid restrictions on printing prevented the development of a native fruit literature in colonial times. What scanty instructions for fruit growing appeared later can be found in books that, by virtue of carrying "husbandry" or "husbandman" in their title, were permitted to be printed or reprinted. To abide by royal laws decreeing fruit plantings, the landed owner would have to find a resource person or buy instructive fruit books from abroad. Colonial records, memoranda, and scattered incidental references from and on New England, Long Island, and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies confirm that these laws were, literally, quite fruitful. They often concurred with the colonists' longings for familiar or improved fruits. In an interesting re-

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port, Leah and Rachel; or the two fruitful sisters, Virginia and Maryland, London, 1656, John Hammond comments, "The country is full of gallant orchards, and the fruit generally more luscious and delightful than here [i.e., England]. Witness the peach and quince. The latter may be eaten raw savourily . . . and of both most excellent and comfortable drinks are made." Two Dutch travellers, Jasper Dankaerts and Peter Sluyter, raved about the various peach and apple cultivars they found, among them 'Double Paradise', in their Journal of a voyage to New York, London, 16791680. The then "Proprietor of Pensylvania" [sic, on his bookplate] admired and advertised the fruit bounty of his 30 million acres: "Peaches of three kinds and in such quantity that they let them fall to the ground. There are also pears and apples in abundance, cherries and apricots, some black and others red, prunes and quinces" (quoted in R. M. M. Hunt's William Penn/Horticulturist, Pittsburg, 1953). In a 1683 letter to the Free Society of Traders at London he further explains, "The Fruits that I find in the Woods, are the White and Black Mulberry, Chestnut, Wallnut, Plumbs, Strawberries, Cranberries, Hurtleberries, and Grapes of divers Sorts. The Great Red Grape (now Ripe) called by Ignorance, The Fox-Grape, (because of the Relish it hath with unskilful Palates) is in it self an Extraordinary Grape, and by Art, doubtless, may be Cultivated to an Excellent Wine. . . . Here are also Peaches, and very Good, and in Great Quantities, not an Indian Plantation without them . . . they make a Pleasant Drink, and I think not inferior to any Peach you have in England, except the True Newington" (from A collection of the works of William Penn, Vol. 2, London, 1726). Other glowing sources are found in Peach yellows, Washington, D.C., 1888, by the USDA researcher Erwin F. Smith, and in U. P. Hedrick's A History of Horticulture in America to 1860, New York, 1950. The utilization of fruits, apples in particular, was quaintly narrated in Sketches of Eighteenth Century America: More Letters from an American Farmer, New Haven, 1925. Their author, Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, had no pomological ambitions; he was an adventurous and highly literate country gentleman from France. After exploring the then French Midwest and fighting the British in Canada, he married and homesteaded in New England. He writes of "having planted in the fall a new apple orchard of five acres consisting of three hundred and fifty-eight trees. . . . Perhaps you want to know what it is we want to

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do with so many apples. It is not for cider [to sell], God knows! Situated as we are it would not quit cost to transport it even twenty miles. Many a barrel have I sold at the press for a half dollar." He goes on to explain that cider is made for family use, that the apples are used to feed pigs, the best are dried and used year round. "My wife's and my supper half of the year consists of apple pie and milk. The dried peaches and plums, as being more delicate, are kept for holiday frolics." Cider is also concentrated to syrup, added to apple butter, frozen to make apple jack, and distilled to brandy, as are also peaches. Advertisements for fruit trees in Baltimore, Boston, and Philadelphia newspapers offered many unfamiliar cultivars, described only in imported fruit books. British authors such as Miller, Hitt, and Switzer were highly regarded by prospering and competing nurserymen such as Thomas Young on Long Island, who, in 1768, offered no less than 27,123 apple trees of many cultivars. A 1771 broadside advertised about 180, mostly European, fruit cultivars for sale by their propagator, William Prince of Flushing, New York. From 1791 to 1868, this nursery published ever larger catalogs; the one of 1841 offered about 1250 cultivars. Approximately 24 fruit tree catalogs were published, not counting wholesale and small-fruit catalogs. The work of four Prince generations on fruit introduction, testing, and publicity culminated in several horticultural treatises. The Treatise on fruit and ornamental trees and plants, cultivated at the Linnaean Botanic Garden . . . , New York, 1820, and its sequel, A short treatise on horticulture . . . , 1828, were mainly written by William Prince to acquaint his clientele with the characteristics of cultivars "recently come into notice." Apart from one specializing in grapes, the most useful publication is The pomological manual, or, a treatise on fruits: containing descriptions of a great number of the most valuable varieties for the orchard and garden, New York, 1831. The author, William Robert Prince, "aided by William Prince," his father, carefully described from life about 750 fruit cultivars other than apples and grapes, adding observations and references from other authors. The principles of fruit amelioration, breeding, and propagation contained in George Lindley's A guide to the orchard . . . , see below, impressed Prince enough to quote them verbatim for eight pages. A volume on apples and minor fruits was announced but never materialized because Prince became permanently infected with rose fever. A nearly complete collection of Prince

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Nursery catalogs, etc. is kept at the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland. George Washington was an ardent promoter of Pomona's arts. From 1760 onward, he started thousands of fruit-tree seedlings, grafted them with missionary zeal, planted orchards, and made espaliers, cider, and peach brandy. Many pomological tidbits can be found in the four volumes of his Diaries, Boston and New York, 1925, edited by J. C. Fitzgerald. A 400-tree mixed orchard accounted for one of Thomas Jefferson's rural interests. His garden diary and relevant correspondence were finally assembled and annotated by E. M. Betts as Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book 17661824, Philadelphia, 1944. In over 700 pages, dozens of fruit cultivars and nuts are mentioned, orders and receipts of trees recorded, and numerous plantings at Monticello and other estates listed. Occasionally a personal involvement with fruit comes through, such as his reference to the pomologist André Thouin as "my dear old friend" or when sending special scions to his granddaughter Ellen Randolph Coolidge: "They are called the 'Taliaferro' apple, being from a seedling tree, discovered by a gentleman of that name near Williamsburg, and yield unquestionably the finest cyder we have ever known, and more like wine than any liquor I have ever tasted which was not wine." In a letter to John Adlum, retired general and grape experimenter, Jefferson pronounces the latter's native wine "as good as the best Burgundy." Appealing to Adlum's "patriotic dispositions," Jefferson asks for "a few cuttings of the same vine. I am so convinced that our first success will be from a native grape, that I would try no other." In the decades before the turn of the 19th century, fruit topics in print other than imported would also be found sporadically in publications of emerging agricultural and learned societies, and in, mostly regional, garden calendars, periodicals, and almanacs. An example of scientific speculation mixed with fruit interest is Rev. Peter Whitney's An account of a singular apple-tree, producing fruit of opposite qualities. . . . It was published on pp. 386387 of the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume 1, Boston, 1785. Whitney reports on an apple found in his late father's seedling orchard. This apple, later named 'Sweet & Sour', appears in most 19th century fruit books but is now evasive or extinct. Another cleric with an affinity for fruit was the Rev. Timothy

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Dwight. On his Travels in New England and New York, New Haven, 1821, he tasted and listed 20 apple cultivars, some of them never heard of since. As a hobby pomologist, he bitterly bemoaned the widespread ignorance of grafting, pruning, and pest control. This neglect, or rather, nonnecessity, is easily explained: apples, pears and peaches were commonly grown from seed for cider, perry, peach wine and their distillates, the common beverages of rich and poor alike. Sufficient clean fruit could usually be found for family use. Only the well-off would have grafted trees of table cultivars and had the means to care for them. The earliest American work with a comprehensive fruit content is Bernard M'Mahon's The American gardener's calendar; adapted to the climates and seasons of the United States, Philadelphia, 1806, with 11 editions until 1857. About one-fifth of its 648 pages deal with fruit, cider, and wine. The author, a political refugee from Ireland, started a garden center in Philadelphia and ten years after his arrival published the Calendar ''from an experience which I have had, of nearly thirty years in Practical Gardening." He writes with authority and gives sound advice with a didactic smile. "For an ox, fed only through a wren's quill, could not long exist" he comments to drive home the need to prune fruit trees at planting time. Unlike J. B. Bordley, mentioned below, he washed his hands of Forsyth's Plaister. Espalier pruning, pineapple stoving, fruit forcing, and, above all, his fruit cultivar assortment indicate a European training. In his list of about 450 cultivars, we find that gooseberries account for one-quarter, a reflection on the British gooseberry craze that really took off at the time. Occasionally his ideas soar beyond the practical and proven when he rationalizes his speculations, blaming "ill tasting fruit" on "perspiration from the trees and the exhalation from the earth mixed with it." He also claims that tap roots ". . . are apt to draw a crude fluid which the organs of the more delicate fruit trees cannot convert into such balsamic juices as to produce fine fruit." M'Mahon's Calendar was the trusted gardening bible in North America for half a century. For a horticultural universalist, his pomological expertise was outstanding: "I would suggest the idea of grafting some of the best European kinds [grapes], on our most vigorous native vines" was probably his most astute suggestion, considering that the ravages of the phylloxera louse were known but their cause was not. No wonder President Jefferson sought his advice for his gardens.

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Well-meant and crammed with quoted opinions is The American orchardist, Boston, 1821, by James Thacher, M.D., a New England luminary in medicine, military history, and demonology. The book accumulates a lot of pomological matter centering around, but not exclusive of, apples, supported by numerous quotes of and referrals to "authorities." Their fallacies are adopted and dogmatized as only proselytes can: ". . . the Baldwin apple is a new variety produced from the seed. This, the original stock, may continue to live a hundred years. A scion taken from it when ten years old, may live ninety years; another, taken ten years after may enjoy a duration of eighty years; and so progressively." Likewise, Thacher picked up and passed on the misconceptions that pollen from ordinary cultivars transmits flavor deterioration to superior cultivars. The pest control measures he collected are usually labor intensive but some can be put to good use today. In the description of 78 apples, 42 pears, and 26 peaches, Thacher closely follows and credits Coxe's A view . . . of fruit trees . . . , discussed below with "Artists Face Pomona." He also refers to Dr. Mease's entries in The domestic encyclopedia, Philadelphia, 1802, an adapted translation from the German. Quoting authorities at length, about onefifth of the book is on cider making. There was in New England, like earlier in the Old one, a patriotic ambition to replace imported wines with "improved" home-made cider. The new product Thacher hailed as "Pomona Wine" and, judging by its recipe, it tasted like a delicious blend of Madeira Malmsey and French Calvados. A marginal pomologist but a forceful social reformer was William Cobbett, a Britisher with an affinity for North America. After his second visit to the New World he edited an American edition of William Forsyth's fruit book, detailed below. Returned to England from his third stay in 1819, he put together The American gardener, London, 1821, then rewrote it marginally as The English gardener, London, 1829. About a quarter of the work deals with fruit, passionately and seemingly authoritatively but occasionally also confusedly. Thus he would recommend plum seedlings as pear rootstocks. John Claudius Loudon, the horticultural guru of the time, thus sums up The American gardener: "Though the author shows great ignorance . . . he has contrived by his style, by many shrewd remarks, and by curious and bold assertions, sometimes at variance with facts, to make an interesting book, from which it may be gathered, that horticulture in America is but in its infancy. . . . " One of these shrewd

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Thacher. The American orchardist. 1822. Title page of 1825 edition.

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remarks pokes fun at the orthodox British pomologist who will not graft until the sap flows: "He has never seen an American Negro-man sitting by a hot six-plate stove, grafting apple-trees in the month of January, and then putting them away in his cave, to be brought out and planted in April!" Operating a nursery for a few years at Kensington was a rare, nonliterary venture of his, propagating and selling North American ornamental and fruit trees, among them the 'Newton Pippin', 'Rhode Island Greening' and three dozen other apple cultivars. A work published under Cobbett's name as American orchardist and cottage economy . . . , New York, 1824, is no more than J. Thacher's The American orchardist . . . combined in one volume with W. Cobbett's Cottage economy . . . , a work without fruit content. Uncultivated forest trees and shrubs with more or less palatable fruit were part of various early botanical surveys. One, Arbustrum americanum: the American grove . . . , Philadelphia, 1785, was made by Humphry Marshall, a Quaker with varied interests, one of them a commercial botanic garden. His book used the Linnean classification system but the plants were arranged in alphabetical order to make it double as a sales tool. Marshall's descriptive targets are trees and shrubs of the forest. Notes on edible fruits are sparse, rarely offering more than the occasional "agreable taste." Exceptional is his comment on the American persimmon, his "date plum," of which he distinguishes two types. "A full grown tree will often yield two bushels or more of fruit, which upon distillation will afford as many gallons of spirits, allowed to be equal in taste and flavour to West India rum." Other wild fruits mentioned are paw-paw, blackberry, dewberry, raspberry, American chestnut, cranberry, low bush blueberry, currant, gooseberry, hazelnut, crabapple, native grape species, hickory, black walnut, pecan, red mulberry, chickasaw plum, and a "large yellow plumb . . . with a sweet succulent pulp." Consult the Bibliography for French and German translations. More scholarly, superbly illustrated in color, but also considering wild fruits only on the fringe of its botanical quest is François-André Michaux' Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale . . . , Paris, 18101813. At the age of 15, its future author had accompanied his widowed father on a botanizing tour to North America in 1785. There father André Michaux was prospecting for tree species useful in the ship-building plans of the French king's navy. Later his son François-André did likewise, commissioned by bellicose Napoleon. One

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of his reports was the Histoire . . . above, soon after translated as The North American sylva, or a description of the forest trees, of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia . . . , Paris, 18171819. While scrutinizing the forests for navally useful trees, he tried the wild fruits and nuts such as the paw-paw ("of an insipid taste"), the American chestnut ("smaller and sweeter than the wild chestnut of Europe and are sold at 3 dollars a bushel in the markets of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore"), the wild sweet crabapple (leaves make "an agreable tea"), the pecan ("more delicately flavoured than those [walnuts] of Europe"). Michaux also assesses black walnut, butternut, hickory nut, persimmon, red and white mulberry, and serviceberry, but, in the end, he focuses only on timber species when he writes in his preface to the English version: "I have endeavoured, also, to impress on American farmers the advantage of preserving and multiplying some species and of destroying others . . . and in no country is selection more necessary than in North America.''

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Chapter 13 Pomona's Particular Advocates Certain fruit books do not really fit on a shelf with prosaic how-to texts. Unusual are the culinary treatises that employ fruits to crown the menu. A most delightful one, Mattia Giegher's Li tre trattati . . . , Padua, 1639, illustrates the elegant serving of apples, pears, oranges, nuts, peaches, and other fruits that have been fancily peeled, whittled, sculptured, and decorated. Giegher, a Bavarian, was professor of eloquence at the University of Padua and his book the crowning of 30 years of also teaching etiquette and catering. Sir Hugh Platt, mentioned above, contributed Delightes for ladies . . . , London, 1602. Probably the first English household recipe and still book, it is quite scarce now because few copies of its 13 editions by 1654 survived the constant handling. It offers about 75 recipes using fruit, such as salads, con- and preserves, candied treats and beverages, among them such culinary fruit specialties as "quidini," "orengeadoes," and ''leach." The 1618 and 1644 posthumous editions of Rembert Dodoens' above-mentioned Crvydt-Boeck . . . were enriched in their fruit content by other "plant describers," notably Carolus Clusius. "Cierbet [sherbet] of the Turks is imbibed instead of wine. They make it by various methods from figs, plums, pears, peaches, grapes, and honey. In hot weather they add some snow or ice." Another observation ranks cider made from wild apples above that from garden apples and that above perry. Unfortunately, Dodoens' contempt of black currants was not revised. In a more health-oriented, practical vein, the anonymous popularizing A book of fruits and flowers. Shewing the nature and use of them, either for meat or medicine, London, 1653, is a motley 48-page tract with 11 text engravings and many digressions. The correlation of food and health was researched by the Baroque yet enlightened mind of Johann Sigismund Elsholtz or Elssholtz in Diaeteticon . . . , Coelln an der Spree, 1682. It is a 476-page treatise on food and drink, with many fruits evaluated

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for their nutritional and medicinal impacts and many cultivars characterized. A wealth of references ranging from Plato to his own works in related fields reflect his professorship and his position as "Botanicus, Praefectus Hortorum und Hoff-Medicus" at the court of the elector, later king of Prussia. As a physician, he pioneered intravenous injection techniques, as a chemist he gave the element phosphorus its name, as a horticulturist he wrote Vom GartenBaw: oder Unterricht von der Gaertnerey . . . , Coelln an der Spree [Berlin], 1666. This is an all-round garden-

Platt. Delightes for ladies. 1609. Text page.

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A book of fruits and flowers. 1653. Title page.

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ing textbook with solid, explicit instructions for vineyards and orchards in which more dwarfs should be planted. Elsholtz' fruit knowledge is amazing. Descriptions and lists of apple, peach, pear (ca. 800), plum, and other cultivars of German and French provenance are followed by evaluations and cultural instructions for various tree forms.

A book of fruits and flowers. 1653. Engraving.

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Elsholtz. Diaeteticon. 1682. Engraving.

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Elsholtz. Vom Garten-Baw. 1666. Title page of 1715 edition.

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In an appendix to the Diaeteticon . . . , translated from the French culinary works of Pierre de la Varenne, numerous fruity recipes and extravaganzas are given. More French fruit cuisine is displayed in Nouvelle instruction pour les confitures, les liqueurs, et les fruits . . . avec la manière de bien ordonner un fruit . . . , Paris, 1692. Its probable author is the celebrity chef M. Massialot, whose ragout recipes were famous under the Ancien Régime. He discusses almost every type of fruit and its suitability for being eaten by itself raw, in salads, and as desserts cooked in wine or cider. Various methods of preparation and artistic presentation are explained together with recipes for fruit liqueurs, confitures, and drying. The dean of the faculty of medicine at Paris, Pierre Jean-Baptiste Chomel, doted on fruit, herbalized much, and was consulting physician to the aged King Louis XIV. His two-volume treatise, Abregé de l'histoire des plantes usuelles . . . , Paris, 1712, examined and cross-referenced the salutary qualities of plants, including those of 28 fruits and nuts. With Dr. Venette earlier, Dr. Chomel believed that "a temperate country, such as ours, provides for its inhabitants kinder and more appropriate fruits than . . . Africa . . . India . . . Brazil, and Peru can." Among the exceptions we find lemons and limes as scurvy fighters, which, by the way, were not adopted by the scurvy-ridden British Navy until 1795. This author should not be confused with Noel Chomel, author of Dictionnaire oeconomique . . . , Lyon and Paris, 1709. The latter is a well-illustrated Maison rustique type work with too many diverse topics to be pomologically interesting. Its English version was one of the books to which Richard Bradley gave his name and recommendation. Johannes Salberg's rather cursory Latin thesis on food plants, mentioned above, and the prodding of a pharmacist friend motivated Charles Bryant of Norwich to work on a detailed, authoritative work for English gardeners, cooks, and gourmets. He thought it "unlearned . . . for people in a high station of life, to converse about their fruits . . . under the barbarous names they may have heard them called by. . . . " The fruit chapters in his Flora diaetetica: or, history of esculent plants, both domestic and foreign . . . , London, 1783, describe many species and some cultivars often at length and comment on their taste. All are classified as either berries, stone fruit, apples, or nuts according to the definitions of Linné. Thus we find, for instance, persimmon, opuntia, and haws under berries, melons and carambola under apples.

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A type of book not worth pomological attention because it lacks competence appears to have started with a Greek text known as Geoponica. It had been compiled by Cassianus Bassus around 600 A.D. and was edited around 950 A. D. on orders of Emperor Constantine VII, a great promoter of arts and sciences. The first printing as . . . de agricultura libri viginta . . . , Venice, 1538, was followed by editions and translations up into the 19th century. In pomological perspective, it is a major source of abstruse notions that infiltrated and persisted in popular fruit literature. There are other books not worth their keep, represented by Louis Liger's Culture parfaite des jardins fruitiers et potagers, Paris, 1714. It is jejune plagiarism dripping with ignorance. The author started as florist, with English translations to his credit. Then he discovered the rewards of authorship and compiled several "new" books of the Maison rustique type, shallowly mixing Estienne, Olivier de Serres, and Bonnefond with contemporary culinary recipes. One such compilation, Oeconomie générale de la campagne, ou, nouvelle maison rustique, Paris, 1700, differs from Le nouveau théatre d'agriculture et ménage des champs, Paris, 1713, merely in the arrangement of its contents. Later it becomes La nouvelle maison rustique, ou, economie générale de tous les biens de campagne, Paris, 1775, in a 10th edition. Of its over 1800 pages, about 100 are on fruit and fruit growing and another 100 on grapes, wine and cider making. Statements such as "quince is just another name of the pear" prompted André Leroy to say that Liger talks about fruit trees as a blind man talks about colors, and Du Petit Thouars called him "a miserable compiler." The bibliophilic prospector might hit on The rape of Pomona, 3rd ed., London, 1773, by an anonymous "waiter at Hockrell." This is a political lampoon spiked with obscene innuendos, all unrelated to fruit. Another find, Pomona, Taschenbuch fuer die Jugend, Berlin, 1820, shows an elaborately engraved fruit-decorated title but is a periodical for the religious edification of German Jewish children. Similarly, Adolph und Ekbert, oder der Tugend Sieg, Ulm, 1819, is a tale for adolescents, promoting fruit culture to build morals and keep the devil at bay. As urbanization and enlightenment edged out feudalism all over Europe, legal questions arose where fruit trees extended over and dropped their fruit across a neighboring fence. In the walled city of Nuremberg it became the subject of H. Hildebrand's Dissertatio iurdica de fructibus in alienum praedium propendentibus . . . , Altdorf and Nuremberg, 1764. It argues common,

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potential as well as improbable cases, many complicated by social or family dependencies. Sooner or later, any human endeavour will be seized upon and dissected by historians. Pomology is no exception, but, luckily, most of the works originate with dual personalities, i.e., from men well informed in practical matters but also academically curious about the origin and development of fruits and fruit culture. The earliest such history, one of French fruit culture, was compiled by Pierre J. B. Le Grand D'Aussy, entitled Des fruits. It is a substantial treatise one would hardly expect among others under the title of Histoire de la vie privée des François . . . , Paris, 1782. A superb though anonymous German translation was issued as Versuch einer Geschichte des Obstbaues in Frankreich . . . , Frankfurt, 1800. This is a proud and well-researched work that traces every fruit grown in France, including its popularity and cultivars, and also important cultural methods from the days of the Gauls onward. Much differently and thoroughly structured is Friedrich K. L. Sickler's Allgemeine Geschichte der Obstkultur . . . , Frankfurt, 1802. The author grew up and worked in his famous pomologist father's, J. V. Sickler's, fruity environment. Later, as professor of history and fruit hobbyist, he regaled his father with his book. To the regret of pomologists, it ends with the age of Emperor Constantine, about 350 A.D., although the author's foreword projected a complete history of fruit culture from "Paradise" to 1800. The author planned to research and describe (1) cultivars known in antiquity; (2) regions and nations practicing fruit culture; (3) the transition of cultivars from their country of origin to later and present areas of cultivation; (4) meritorious nations, groups, and individuals; (5) pomological discoveries and inventions. Why this work remained unfinished is a mystery; both father and son, although scathed by the Napoleonic Wars, lived for at least another 20 years. Constantin von Schoenebeck included a general historical review of fruit culture in Vollstaendige Anleitung zur Vermehrung und Pflege der Obstbaeume . . . , Cologne, 1806. This work of 740 pages was considered an advanced manual for nurserymen specializing in fruit trees. He warned against taking grafting scions from less than perfectly healthy and vigorous trees. Latent diseases, he wrote, would otherwise be perpetuated through every subsequent grafting. One of the first books popularizing fruit growing from the pulpit was Neue Garten-Lust . . . , Ulm, 1698, subsequently in-

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creased to Neuvermehrte Garten-Lust, das ist . . . wie ein schoener Obst-Garten gepflanzet . . . , Constantz, 1710, by Lucian Montif, a travelling Capucin preacher and "good fruit" missionary. A Catholic counterpart to Austen, but more pragmatic, he preaches the God-pleasing nature of fruit growing, gives advice in plain language and some afterthoughts on kitchen and flower gardens. The learned Hortorum libri IV . . . , Paris, 1665, was written by a French Jesuit René Rapin, or Renatus Rapinus. It was hailed by John Evelyn as "that incomparable poem of Rapinus." Originally published in Latin in 1661, it went through various editions and was translated into French, German, Italian, and twice into English. Rapin, a talented poet, historian, and literary critic, wrote the Hortorum as "divertissement" in praise of his gardening hobby. He was bitterly attacked as a priest, because the poem is permeated with pagan fables and notions. The last of the four poems, entitled "Pomarium," deals in elegant ease with pruning, grafting, rootstocks, methods of espaliering, and the history of different kinds of fruit. This is his motto (Gardiner translation): You whose whole Heart is on the Country set, Charmed with the Pleasures of a sweet Retreat; If fairest Fruit of your own Growth you prize The golden Store must by your Labour rise. One of the English translations by the eighteen-year-old John Evelyn the Younger is entitled Of Gardens, London, 1672. To the chagrin of his famous father, who had published portions of it in Sylva, it did not sell. Compared to a competing professional translation, the reasons became obvious: Another sort from old Aurentia came To Which that City does impart its name. (John Evelyn, Jr.) One charming Stock from old Aurantia came, And keeps its Birth recorded in its Name. (James Gardiner) James Gardiner, a Cambridge scholar, called his preferred translation Rapin of gardens, London, 1706, and further refined it in 1718. Its fourth book, "The Orchard," has a frontispiece showing a buxom Pomona in a harvest scene and begins:

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Unfinished were the work, ungrateful I, Shouldst thou, Pomona, unregarded lie; Thou crownest the various Seasons of the Year. In a dedicatory poem, Gardiner's academic friend John Jackson touts, Pomona loaded with her plenty comes, Her pears, her apples, peaches, and her plumbs.

Rapin. Hortorum libri IV. 1665. Title page of 1780 edition.

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A critical modern edition by I. T. McDonald has the Latin text face Gardiner's translation. It was published by the Holy Cross College, Worcester, Massachusetts, as Renati Rapini . . . hortorum libri IV in 1932, in 500 copies ''Dedicated to the Classical Association of New England."

Rapin. Translated by Gardiner. Rapin of gardens. 1706. Frontispiece to Part 4 of 1718 edition.

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The pomological bel-esprit will also enjoy the fruit section of L'agriculture, poème, Paris, 17741782, by Pierre Fulcrand de Rosset. Modern findings are elegantly expressed, for instance, that peach, apricot, and plum can all be successfully grafted on almond. He rejects the fantastic grafts such as lemon on mulberry, still emerging in reprinted treatises. "They are not miracles," he writes, "but dead monsters." Another oddball shelf-fellow is Le jardinier solitaire, Paris, 1704, by François Gentil, a Carthusian lay brother also known as Le Frère François or Dom Gentil. The first editions were anonymous; later, posthumous ones were not. Messrs. London & Wise grabbed it and, without giving Gentil credit, had it translated and published by J. Tonson as the first part of a composite book, The retir'd gard'ner, London, 1706. It must have been a hot publishing item because Benjamin Tooke, a competing publisher, had the same composite work translated anonymously, albeit giving Gentil's name and the truer title, Le jardinier solitaire or Carthusian Gard'ner, also London, 1706. This translation is far more congenial and livelier. The text is a continuous dialogue between an experienced fruit gardener and an interested greenhorn. A third version in English was published anonymously in Ireland as The compleat practical fruit and kitchen gardener . . . by Francis Gentil, gardener, Dublin, 1766. John Dixon Hunt recently edited and annotated London & Wise's The Retir'd Gard'ner, republished in facsimile by Garland Publishing, New York, 1982. The first translation into German appeared as Le jardinier solitaire, oder nuetzliche Unterredungen . . . , similar to two English translations under one cover with Louis Liger's treatise on floriculture. The common title, printed in black and red, begins anonymously with Historischer und verstaendiger Blumen-Gaertner . . . , Leipzig, 1715. Another translation was the fruit section of F. Baumgaertner's Gedoppelte Gartenkunst . . . , Leipzig, 1742, and still another as Der wohlunterrichtende Gaertner . . . , anonymously published at Bayreuth, 1771, with a 7th edition, Leipzig, 1813. Not a few European popular gardening books adopted Gentil's question-and-answer format. "I am using the form of a dialog because it is straightforward and least embarrassing to those who seek instruction," says Gentil in the preface. For over 30 years, he had been the pomologist of the Carthusian Fathers and in charge of the world's largest fruit-tree nursery just outside Paris, with annual sales of around 40,000 trees in dwarfs and standards. Brother Alexis de Vitri had started it in 1650 on

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80 acres to supply the various chapters of his vegetarian order. For many years, the Carthusians published a Catalogue des arbres à fruits les plus excellents, les plus rares, et les plus éstimés, qui se cultivent dans les pépinières des Révérends Pères Chartreux de Paris. The complete publishing dates have not yet been established. Sometimes it appears as an appendix, for example to Gentil's 1737 edition. There were several of these catalogs issued in German, published at Vienna in 1752, and continued as Verzeichnis

(Gentil). Le jardinier solitaire. 1704. Title page of 1767 edition.

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der vornehmsten, raresten, und beliebtesten Fruchtbaeume, Vienna, 1774, still a valued reference to original French cultivar names and descriptions. The editor thought it best to give a phonetic transcription into German rather than to add to the rampant synonym confusion. He writes, "the fruit lovers grow excellent fruit but don't know what cultivars they grow." A massive catalog was also translated and published in the Journal fuer die Gartenkunst [later Gaertnerei], Stuttgart, 1785, by its editor, Pastor

Révérends Peres Chartreux. Catalogue des arbres a fruits. 1728. Title page of 1775 edition.

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J. A. Kluepffel. Later, a fervent advocate of Pomona's, Jules de Liron d'Airoles, retired from the French forestry service to sort out fruit cultivars, republished the 1775 edition as Catalogue des arbres à fruits cultivés dans les pépinières des R. P. Chartreux de Paris, Nantes, 1862. Like Brother François Gentil, Brother Paul Rieger spent his extracurricular monastic life in Pomona's service. For half a century he learned, taught, and, no doubt, preached fruit culture. A Johnny Appleseed type, he disseminated old and originated new cultivars throughout Bavaria and helped establish farm orchards. Like Brother Gentil's book, Le jardinier solitaire, Brother Paul's Katechismus der Baumgaertnerei, Passau, 1804, uses catechizing, i.e., oral teaching, in the form of a question-and-answer dialogue. The commercial success of the Carthusian nursery spawned competitors, who published interesting catalogs. Two monks, Father Nolin and Father Blavet, operated nurseries at Paris, one of them at St. Marcel, their monastery. Their anonymous Essai sur l'agriculture moderne . . . , Paris, 1755, does not include field crops as one would expect, but discusses ornamentals and, especially, tree and bush fruits. The authors consider both important components of "bosquets," i.e., artistically designed pleasure groves. The appended Catalogue des fruits deplores the hard to unravel nomenclature "chaos" and concludes that taste and fashion differ just as much in matters of fruit as in other matters. The 300 or so cultivar descriptions are accompanied by advice on rootstocks, planting, training, and protection. In mid-century, a major competitor of the Carthusians was the nurseryman Chaillou who, like Merlet, concentrated on high-class cultivars. His Catalogue, ou l'abrégé des fruits les plus nouveaux, les plus rares et les plus éstimés, Vitry-sur-Seine, 1755, advocates old and new superior cultivars and individual service rather than the mass producing and merchandising of the Carthusian monks, who would often propagate indiscriminately to maintain their lead with the largest assortment of cultivars. Another rival was Le Normand, successor of La Quintinye and orchard director of Louis XV, who published in the Mercure de France a 40-page Catalogue des meilleurs fruits . . . , Paris, August 1735. Quality conscious as a supplier to the royal table, he repeats over and over again that mediocre cultivars must not be tolerated. Exceptions are the "pavies," our clingstone peaches, commonly called male peaches, which "can be carried in one's pocket without being squashed, which pleases the ladies very much." Later, the original proprietor of the Vilmorin nurseries,

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M. Andrieux, competed with the Carthusians through his Catalogue raisonné des meilleurs sortes d'arbres fruitiers, Paris, 1777. A fruit-tree catalog of 152 printed pages with interleaved blanks, double that of the Carthusians' 82 pages, was put out by Franz Johann Baumann in Alsace. As much a collector as a nurseryman, he evaluated cultivars in Catalogue des arbres fruitiers les plus recherchés et les plus estimés . . . , Colmar, 1788, including all their name authorities and a short bibliography. The once popular 'Reinette Baumann' was neither originated nor named by Baumann but by Jean Baptiste Van Mons, a Belgian pharmacist, professor of chemistry and fruit breeding "Titan," as Hedrick called him. Van Mons had introduced many North American apples to Europe, including the cultivar Ben Davis, and propagated them and numerous pears in his Pépinières de la Fidélité near Brussels. Early publications of his are Essai pomologique . . . avec la description de diverses varietés de pommes et de poires, Brussels, 1819, and the intriguing Catalogue descriptif abrégé, contenant une partie des arbres fruitiers qui, depuis 1798, jusqu'en 1823 ont formé la collection de J. B. Van Mons, Leuven, 1823. Van Mons was sick in bed when he compiled it and asked the reader's indulgence with the cursory arrangement. His later fruit-breeding theories, adverse to those of Knight, are beyond the scope of this review. However, his advice is timeless: "If you bravely persevere at raising seedlings you will end up with better fruit than mine." Its unsuspected emphasis on "bravely" is still very much current: the recent North American breeding effort for scab-resistant apples took 617,000 apple seedlings and yielded nine acceptable cultivars. "Enlightened amateurs, intelligent practitioners" are the targets of another nurseryman authoring a cleverly disguised book on his offerings. J. J. Fillassier's two-volume Dictionnaire du jardinier françois, Paris, 1791, reflects more his solid pomological knowledge than familiarity with other areas of gardening interests. A proper catalog, Tableau général . . . , had been published earlier, in 1784. The most venerable evergreen among French books dealing with fruit and other gardening is Le bon-jardinier, almanach contenant une idée générale des quatre sortes de jardins . . . by Pons-Auguste Alleitz. First published at Paris in 1754, it has since been updated and enlarged by a succession of editors and is still in print as an all-round gardening manual. The dwarfing of fruit trees for ornamental use or economy of space had been initiated and pursued by Le Gendre as part of his

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landscaping work. A fuller treatment was given by Jean Laurent as "J. L., Notaire de Laon et Jardinier de Puteaux," in the Abrégé pour les arbres nains et autres, Paris, 1675. Its flattering dedication to La Quintinye reads, "There is no accomplished noble garden in existence where you had not been consulted," to which La Quintinye humbly replied "I expect, dear sir, that you will find evidence of my ignorance, eventually." Laurent's specialties were espaliered currants, dwarf apples on paradise stocks, and dwarf pears on 'Portugal' quince stocks. Another professional work was Wohl-fundirter Zwerg-Baum, oder, courieuser Unterricht wie die ZwergBaeume . . . , Frankfurt, 1702, reprinted and retitled by various publishers. Its author, George Liegelsteiner, claimed "I have for several years exercised my profession in the world famous royal gardens at Versailles . . . where I specifically learned about and practiced the training and pruning of dwarf trees." He easily then found a position as court gardener of the episcopal gardens at Salzburg in Austria, and notwithstanding his ample use of French terms and cultivar names, his book became a pomological bestseller. He remarks that everybody is pleased about the "new and unheard of" method of getting perfect fruits in a short time from dwarfed trees. Attractive to both the palate and the eye, they soon became a garden fashion all over Europe. Writers with more or less experience would give instructions and praise their almost miraculous virtues, until at the end of the 18th century a realistic enthusiasm took hold. One of its exponents, superb in theory and practice, is the Austro-Hungarian nurseryman Johannes Leibitzer with his Praktisches Handbuch der Zwergbaumzucht und Obstorangerie . . . , Leutschau, 1804. For many years he "studied the best treatises, observed causes and results and, unlike indoor speculators and philosophers, used my very own bones to work spade and pruning knife." He also wrote on grape culture and wine making, but most of his other notable works on fruit are beyond the period considered here. Naturally, conventional, standard-size trees for extensive cultivation also had outspoken advocates as, for instance, Johann Georg Mueller. His work became more popular with each title change, from all Latin to all German. First it was Compendium triplicis horticulturae . . . , Stuttgart, 1675; then Deliciae hortenses with a second part, Deliciarum hortensium . . . wie eine Baum-Schule aufzurichten . . . , Stuttgart, 1676; and, finally, Vollstaendiges Gartenbuch . . . , Stuttgart, from its 9th edition, 1717, on-

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wards. Mueller delves into the practical nitty-gritty of fruit culture without getting lost in cultivar descriptions. He can be quite outspoken: "When your trees bear so heavily that the branches may break under the load, you either put supports under them or overcome greed with courage and break out a third of the fruits."

Liegelsteiner. Wohl-fundirter Zwerg-Baum. 1702. Title page of 1716 edition.

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The perennial question of whether growing the earlier bearing but shorter lived dwarfed types is better business than growing the tardier fruiting but much longer lived standards was addressed by Christian Reichart. A professor of agricultural economics, rural educator, and author of Von der Baumzucht . . . , Erfurt, 1753, he helped his Latindrenched students down from Academia into the reality of applied science in nursery and orchard. As for the above question, he favored standards as more remunerative but would no doubt have chosen one of the modern compromises, had they been available. Reichart's pomological precepts together with those of La Quintinye and of Philip Miller were combined in Der deutsche Baumgaertner . . . , Schleusingen, 1764. The editor, one Johann Georg Dauling, wisely refrained from adding to the masters apart from pointing out their frequent unanimity and interpreting the intricate fruit-tree planting decree of 1724 by Duke Carl of Hesse. Its 23 chapters conclude the book. This pioneering document ordered municipalities to plant along their roads named varieties of apples, pears, plums, and cherries raised in new communal nurseries. An earlier decree already had required newlyweds or newcomers to plant and maintain four fruit trees. Another staunch supporter of standards was M. Thierriat, in his Observations sur la culture des arbres à haute tige, Angers, 1752. A councillor to King Louis XV, he proposed extensive orchard culture to increase national cider production. Fruit gardening is like parenting in his mind because "planting a tree is just not sufficient. You must know how to bring it up, guide it, train it, feed it, facilitate its growth, prevent and remedy its weaknesses and infirmities. . . . " Very specific directions for both tree formats came from Johann Christian Erwin Schmid's . . . Erziehung . . . der hochstaemmigen sowohl, als Zwerg-Fruchtbaeume, Mannheim, 1776. Its four editions and Calvel's text of 1805, see below, served until the Augustinian prebendary Joseph Schmidberger produced Leichtfasslicher Unterricht von der Erziehung der Zwergbaeume, Linz, 1821. The title implies that dwarf tree culture is easy to grasp, yet an analytical mind is needed to sort out this terse accumulation of facts. The author presents everything positive he could find out about dwarf trees and their history, adding his own experiences. Four later pomological works are beyond our time frame. The 'Schmidberger Reinette', named in his honor by the pomologist Liegel, is a red apple, which Leroy extolled as "sugary, deliciously sprightly and aromatic."

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Another way to maximize fruit quality was devised by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, a Swiss of Huguenot descent who had settled in London to teach mathematics and astronomy. His anonymous Fruit-walls improved, by inclining them to the horizon . . . whereby they may receive more sun shine, and heat, than ordinary

Schmidberger. Leichtfasslicher Unterricht von der Erziehung der Zwergbaeume. 1821. Title page.

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. . . , London, 1699, was ''a mixture of Gardening and Geometry." The Royal Society, of which he was a member, approved of his theoretically documented contribution, but pomological practitioners did not. One of them, Stephen Switzer, reported that at Bevoir Castle "those Walls after all their Expense, were useless till assisted by artificial Heat." Fatio's book is awkward to locate. It may be cataloged under different entries, because, as G. E. Fussell described his search for it, "the ways of cataloguers are mysterious." A French version, published in the Journal economique, Paris, March, 1755, was entitled Sur l'exposition des espaliers. Still another quality-enhancing method was described, patented, and offered as a franchise by the Rev. Philip Le Brocq. He wrote that "trees stoop to conquer" in his A description, with notes, of certain methods of planting, training, and managing all kinds of fruit-trees, vines . . . , London, 1786. This system involves planting in wide, shallow ditches, training close to the ground (one of Bacon's ideas), and protecting the plantings with either glass above or by low walls running from East and West toward North, where they meet. This method, he claims "will not only be ultimately the best but the cheapest." Little wonder, it was essentially a practice of the frugal Dutch. Originally, moveable containers allowed winter protection of citrus and fig trees and provided instant, often ready-toeat scenery in gardens and backdrops for the lifestyle of the affluent. Later, an emerging bourgeoisie became enamored with home-grown fruit but could not always afford orchards, hot houses, or hired help. Growing deciduous dwarfed trees in tubs and pots became an avocation catered to in book form by A. F. A. Diel's Ueber die Anlegung einer Obstorangerie in Scherben, Frankfurt, 1796. It proved popular, and the feedback the author received allowed him to almost double the pages of the 3rd edition of 1804 and to issue a well-illustrated edition in 1805. Growing and fruiting a large selection of fruit species in pots "and any other vessel of your choice" was Herbert Rudolf Diecker's indoor hobby, set forth in Der Obstgaertner im Zimmer, Passau, 1826. This pleasantly written treatise of 348 pages even discusses pot culture of cane fruits, grapes, black mulberries, cornelian cherries, in addition to familiar tropical and temperate fruits. His description of a visit to Schmidberger's potted fruit arboretum of 250 cultivars is interspersed with personal glimpses. Propagating fruit trees on their own roots from cuttings was a specialty of the nurseryman J. M. Schwimmer in horticultur-

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ally advanced and blessed Thuringia. With Baroque verbosity, he described his methods in the first part of Deliciae physico-hortenses, oder, physikalische Garten-Lust, Erfurt, 1701. Separating the valuable from the inconsequential in his work makes for strenuous reading. Schwimmer's propagation techniques were further developed for the mass production of fruit and other trees by piece-root grafting in Georg Andreas Agricola's . . . Versuch einer UniversalVermehrung aller Baeume . . . , a folio in three parts, Regensburg, 17101718. Last published in 1784, its 35 plates served as the principal illustrated fruit-tree propagation manual for many decades. Its reputation soon reached England, where Richard Bradley had it translated under the title A philosophical treatise of husbandry and gardening . . . , London, 1721. When out of print, it was reprinted as The experimental husbandman and gardener . . . , London, 1726, with 22 plates. An anonymous French translation with only three folding plates appeared under the boisterous title L'agriculture parfaite, ou nouvelle découverte . . . , Amsterdam, 1720. Agricola's claim to the universality of his method found a severe critic in the nurseryman Friedrich Kueffner. His Neuerfundene Bau-Kunst zu lebendigen Baum-Gebaeuden . . . , Hof, 1716, treats fruit-tree propagation as a building project. This somewhat verbose two-volume work is unique in its mechanistic approach. Tree mansions of various sizes and styles are achieved by erecting building scions on rootstock foundations with grafting as mortar. Stripping the bombast and didactics from such publications was the purpose of the "new" in A new method of propagating fruit trees . . . , London, 1759, ostensibly by the estate gardener Thomas Barnes. It is now known that he more or less fronted for John Hill, an able and ambitious but quarrelsome botanist and prolific author whose tainted name had become unpopular with publishers. The book explains the techniques for rooting shoots, leaves, and root cuttings, with the emphasis on callus promotion and the sealing of cut and exposed tissue. Hill is also credited with the authorship of two other works "from the original papers of Thomas Hale," A compleat body of husbandry . . . , London, 1756, and Eden: or a compleat body of gardening . . . , London, [1756]1757. The fruit content of the former, dealing in field crops, extends only to cider apple orchards and cider making. It also prints a contribution by George Turner, a vicar in Cornwall, entitled English liquors best suited to English constitutions: or, an essay on cyder. His 24 directives, amply interspersed with quotes from J. Philips' Cyder, inform on the

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Agricola. Versuch einer Universal-Vermehrung. 17101718. Engraving.

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types of cider and their nutritional, antiscorbutic, and invigorating qualities. With patriotic feeling, he denounces the French merchants who ship grape brandy over to England as bad as English apothecaries who sell arsenic. Hale's other folio is probably the most comprehensive gardening calendar ever. All aspects, including botany and lengthy species and cultivar descriptions, are featured week by week throughout the year under the headings "Flora," the main one, "Seminary," "Pomona," "Chloris." This is from Pomona's second week of September: The principal Plumb for this Time is the Fotheringay. It is naturally dusted over with a fine Blue Powder. There is a deep Furrow on the Side and the Flesh is white. It parts freely from the Stone and is very sweet. Those who dislike Sweetness in Plumbs, are not fond of it for this Reason; and many admire it. This cultivar, originally 'Foderingham', as John Rea called it in 1665, had also been grown and much promoted by Sir William Temple as 'Sheen' and was still described by Hedrick in 1911. A fertile objectivity was practiced by Monsieur Cabanis, Père, a friend of Duhamel's in Essai sur les principes de la greffe . . . , with several editions but only one dated, Liège, 1782. A parallel to Arnauld Landric, who flourished 200 years earlier, recommends itself. Both were parliamentary lawyers, both were connected with Bordeaux, both had grafting for an avocation, both wrote about their experiments, both despised the miracle grafts and tricks perpetuated from the Middle Ages. An extra effort of Cabanis' went into perfecting layering; he maintains that all fruit trees, even peaches, can be successfully layered with proper etiolation. About earlier grafting concepts he wrote, "To deny everything is absurd, to agree with everything is silly" and that only reproducible experiments can establish whether two fruit plants are graft-compatible. Similarly, a wide knowledge and sound instructions in grafting make one of the numerous British gardening calendars of the time stand out. It is James Garton's The practical gardener, and gentleman's directory, for every month in the year . . . , London, 1769, a volume of over 300 pages. These and others served until André Thouin crowned his literary life with Monographie des greffes . . . , Paris, 1821. Almost every one of the 125 grafting methods detailed is named after its true or perceived inventor or another worthy plantsperson. They range from Xenophon to Noisette, Palladius to Thomas Jefferson, Malpighi to Forsyth, Ferrari to Kueffner, providing

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Hitt. A treatise of fruit-trees. 1755. Title page of 1757 edition.

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(Gibson). The fruit-gardener. 1768. Title page.

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a veritable Who's who of applied botany. One procedure, the "Greffe Pomone," produces extra large fruits by early fruitlet fusion; another, the "Greffe de Pan," is the flute graft, after the mythological inventor of the instrument. André Thouin was the son of Louis XV's head gardener and stepped into his father's shoes at the age of 17 after Buffon and de Jussieu had vouched for his horticultural excellence. After the Revolution, he emerged as director of the Jardin des Plantes, later followed by a professorship. For his pomological feats, see below. After his death the 'Winter Nelis' pear was renamed '(Bergamot) Thouin' by Decaisne and by Bivort, but the name never stuck. The British gardener Thomas Hitt dedicated his life to fruit and crowned it with A treatise of fruit-trees, London, 1755. It includes a well-annotated "Catalogue of fruits." He can best be characterized as an orchard trouble-shooter, who was in demand at various seats of the nobility to remedy orchard neglect, to brainwash ignorant garden hands, or to initiate new plantings. His delights were fruit-walls with a hundred or more cultivars. For training them, he followed the entrenched French practice of the time, called by Du Petit Thouars the Age of Hard Pruning. In the foreword, Hitt confesses that his aim was education rather than art and that he was "apprehensive this treatise will meet the fate of many others; that is, of being despised by some readers." John Gibson, M.D., a pomological researcher by avocation, was just such a reader. In his unsigned work The fruitgardener, London, 1768, he laments about Hitt: "but his method does too much violence to Nature." Gibson was a Scot of classical, botanical, and medical learning and at one time presided over the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of the University of Glasgow. His devotion to Pomona is such that he says of flowering trees and shrubs commonly used in the adornment of country seats, "Yet none of them can compare in beauty with an apple tree." Did he just echo Joseph Addison's earlier statement in the Spectator? "I . . . cannot but fancy that an orchard in flower looks infinitely more delightful than all the little labyrinths of the most finished parterre." After giving meticulous directions for the propagation and training of dwarf fruit trees, Gibson continues, "They are trained with little trouble, no expense; they look more handsome, bear better, and the fruit are generally more earlier than on espaliers." As a surgeon, Gibson abhorred any mutilation and believed, with Rousseau, that only pruning methods clearly derived form Nature are truly progressive.

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Chapter 14 Pomona Visits Montreuil Gibson was shown to be right by a kindred soul on the Continent. Abbé Roger Schabol is the central figure in what Du Petit Thouars called the Age of Montreuil, the pomological facet of the Age of Enlightenment. Schabol supervised a teacher's college in the Archdiocese of Paris, which, just as the French Court, received an annual tribute of unusually large, succulent peaches from the community of Montreuil, then a farming suburb of Paris. The enterprising Abbé tried in vain to produce such peaches in the garden of his country house at Sarcelles, five miles from Paris. His Carthusian friends, Brother François (Gentil), and his successor as pomologist, Brother Philippe, were of no help. Schabol, who had created a model fruit garden, then probed and studied the Montreuil peach culture for 28 years before he had all the particulars. He found that the mainly illiterate gardeners of Montreuil treated their cherry, apricot, and, especially peach trees rather unconventionally, or, as he put it, "Simple village folk have discovered what the greatest scientists never dreamed of, in spite of their scrutiny of natural phenomena." Only much later it was recognized that their empirical methods of training and pruning were utterly sound. Investigating more, Schabol found that many years before, a certain René Girardot, a retired musketeer, had settled near Montreuil and gradually perfected an integrated peach management system. With intensive care, peach trees would easily reach 60 years of age and, in favorable seasons, bear several hundred fruits. Eventually these methods became a secret knowledge guarded by 12 jealous, vain clans sharing in the profitable monopoly of producing every year up to 100,000 perfect peach specimens. The methods, ideally producing a Vshaped trunk dotted with fans and fans of fans to cover a wall, had been passed from father to son for about six generations. Nothing seems to have been written down. Fierce dogs guarded the enclosed fruit walls to

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prevent spying and theft of fruit or bud wood. Off and on, envious neighbors started rumors of sorcerers at work, but the peach-enamored Sun King wanted no court case. Rapin, who had a good inkling of Montreuil's secrets, used his power of verse to set the record straight in the Fourth Book of Hortorum libri IV. He portrayed the successful grower (Gardiner translation): His strange Increase the Neighbourhood alarms, And Envy blackens him with magick Charms. The Charge was mov'd in Court, the Judges sate, And heard the Pris'ner in Arrest of Fate: He reaching from the Bar the shining Blade, Of his old pruning Knife, his Hook and Spade, Worn bright with use, "Behold my magic Spells, By these I force my Fruit, by these my Crop excels." His Sun-burnt Arms he stretch'd out to the Crowd, And his rude Spouse and homely Daughter show'd, Each an Accomplice in the guiltless Feat, Harden'd with Labour, and imbroun'd with Sweat. Eventually, La Quintinye found out that the messengers Louis XIV sent to Colbert's country seat at Montreuil were also to procure baskets of these extraordinary peaches. At the time, say in 1675, La Quintinye was no longer the hard-working foreman with a pruning knife but a fashionable courtier dragging a rapier and attending court functions. One of these was the opening night of Pomone, Paris, 1671, commissioned by Louis XIV and illustrious as the first real French opera. In a pastoral setting, the romance of Pomona and Vertumnus unfolds in the libretto and to the music of Abbé Pierre Perrin and Robert Cambert, co-directors of the Royal Academy of Music. Returning to peaches and La Quintinye, it appears that concerned about his fame, he dreaded the thought of the King requesting the production of such peaches at Versailles. Investigators sent out by La Quintinye reported that a young man in Montreuil, Nicolas Pépin, impatiently awaiting his father's retirement, was willing to become an apprentice at the Versailles fruit garden. Nicolas was hired, but when he discovered that he was not to learn but to teach the secrets of his clan he quit, leaving La Quintinye with the rudimentary knowledge of V-fan training that found its way into the Instructions. . . . Abbé Schabol hit the pomological luminaries of the day with

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Perrin and Cambert. Pomone. 1671. Title page.

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his findings in an article Observations sur les villages de Montreuil . . . in the February 1755 issue of Journal economique. A vivid account of his own pomological conversion from what he calls ''a slave of routine" to an openminded fruit explorer, is found in the foreword to Dictionnaire pour la théorie et la pratique . . . , Paris, 1767. Logically, he wants every fruit lover to propagate her or his own trees and not bother with the often uncertain trees from nurserymen. His critics are silenced with "You believe you know a lot but, really, you know nothing: go and visit these clodhoppers of Montreuil, and you will agree you are quite ignorant." Now that he had mastered the art of the Montreuil growers, he was able to grow their special cultivars 'Belle de Vitry' and 'Galande' to perfection. To their dismay, he outshined them in front of the king, who found the royal initials and coat of arms emblazoned on the peaches from Abbé Schabol. While still on the tree, these peaches had been wrapped in oiled paper on which the designs were drawn, then cut out to be colored by the sun, a kind of natural anthocyanin trademarking popular in Japan. After his death, two further works were edited by Antoine Nicholas Dezallier d'Argenville, La théorie du jardinage, Paris, 1771, and La pratique du jardinage . . . , Paris, 1772, which reprints the Observations . . . under Discours. . . . By then, Dezallier Jr. had abandoned his father's, Antoine Joseph Dezallier's, opinion that "ornamental gardens contribute more to the honor of their owners than the world's most splendid fruit gardens can" (La théorie et la pratique du jardinage, Paris, 1709). Others, landscapists rather than horticulturists, still insist that only ornamental gardens can be honorific to owner or designer, that they must be imposing rather than tickle the visitors' senses. The Oxford Guide to Gardens, New York, 1986, still clings to this theory, although its fruit-shirking blinkers are sophistically masked. Of modern "edible landscaping" books, most are misnomers, yet one, Fred Hagy's The practical garden of Eden, Woodstock, 1990, recreates that ultimate charm that Sir William Temple had described in 1690: "And the most exquisite Delights of Sense are pursued, in the Contrivance and Plantation of Gardens; which, with Fruit, Flowers, Shades, Fountains, and the Musick of Birds . . . seem to furnish all the Pleasures of the several Senses, and with . . . the most Natural Perfections." One wonders whether A. N. Dezallier knew the French edition of Temple's Upon the gardens of Epirus . . . when editing Abbé Schabol's works. A handy little manual of the Montreuil growing system, con-

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Schabol. La pratique du jardinage. 1772. Text page of 1782 edition.

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densed from the works of Abbé Schabol, is Eléments du jardinage utile, ou manière de cultiver avec succés . . . , Paris, 1786, compiler unknown. Translated into German and well illustrated, Schabol's works appeared as Ruediger Schabol theoretische und practische Abhandlung von dem Gartenbau, Frankfurt, 1775, in three volumes. Following Abbé Schabol's disclosures, a compulsive Alsatian fruit gardener, Baron Charles de Butret, promised himself to find out whether La Quintinye's famous "fan" or the Montreuil V-training produces better and more fruit. He renounced his title in favor of a younger brother, walked behind the whitewashed fruit walls of Montreuil, and worked for years in the Pépin peachery mentioned above as a plain workman. His masterly grasp of the Montreuil growing system is demonstrated in Traité de la taille raisonnée des arbres fruitiers, Paris, 1793, which proved to be so desirable that 16 or more editions were published in the next 39 years. The pomologist J. V. Sickler translated it into German as Gruendlicher Unterricht vom Schnitt der Fruchtbaeume . . . , Weimar, 1797. As a special secret of Montreuil to obtain fancy fruit, Butret discloses the practice of cutting off a major part of each leaf blade near a fruit but never the whole leaf. The ripeness of peaches may only be determined by one's experienced eyes, never by finger pressure. At the outbreak of the French Revolution, Butret returned to his native Alsace and was growing 2500 peach espaliers Montreuil-style on over 10,000 feet of wall. When he was revealed, treacherously, as a nobleman in disguise, revolutionary hordes destroyed his plantings in 1793. He fled France and eventually became superintendent of the Palatine gardens at Schwetzingen near Heidelberg. These he reportedly transformed into the most fruit-laden pleasure gardens of the time. In 1803, Jean Mozard of Montreuil, who had also apprenticed with Pierre Pépin, before taking over his own family's peach plantings, entered a public contest. It offered a prize for the best treatise on fruit culture. Mozard's Principespratiques sur l'éducation, la culture, la taille et l'ébourgeonnement des arbres fruitiers . . . did not win because it revealed the cultural aspects of Montreuil peach growers rather than instructing also on the culture of other fruits. Only much later was it published in a condensed form on pages 231 to 268 of the Annales de l'agriculture française, Paris, 1814. Sir Joseph Banks drew the English public's attention to the Montreuil peaches when he wrote in the appendix of the Horti-

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cultural Society's Transactions of 1812: "It is there [at Montreuil] alone, where the true management of this delicious fruit can be studied and attained." Jean Jacques Rousseau's interest in fruit was marginal and tendential, not unlike that of a later naturalist, Henry Thoreau, who raved about wild fruits. In the seventh of his Lettres élémentaires sur la botanique, Geneva, 1782, Rousseau teaches basic pomology to a lady friend through her six-year-old daughter and then gives his lessons the final touch: the true nature of fruits can only be discovered in the woods and not in orchards. His friend and fellow reformer, Jacques Henri Bernardin de Saint Pierre, found himself fired from the French army for openly contrasting the corruptness of society and the goodness of Nature. This goodness he also admires in Pomona's disciples, "who have introduced useful plants into their country, the fruits of which are to this day so delightful. The names of these public benefactors are chiefly unknown, whilst their benefits pass from generation to generation; whereas those of the destroyers of the human race are handed down to us on every page . . . (quoted 1831 in The companion for the orchard by Henry Phillips). At the end of the Age of Montreuil, which more or less coincides with the end of the 18th century, the best methods of fruit growing had essentially been thrashed out and hundreds of cultivars had been recognized and inventoried. French pomological publishing stagnated during the Revolution but flourished later under Napoleon. The guillotine stopped noble and clerical shepherds from chasing Pomona's priestesses through Arcadian fruit groves. In the middle of the September 1792 blood baths, however, the Directorium awarded a prize of 2000 libres to the Paris nurseryman A. Tatin for divulging a secret fruit-tree spray. Royal and Revolutionary Committees had tested it at length for effectiveness and environmental innocuity and recommended a reward for the inventor. The spray was concocted of rain water, black soap, flower of sulphur, crushed mushroom of undisclosed species, with an optional dose of Nux vomica adding the fatal punch. Tested on 17 named insect pests of fruits and vegetables, it proved an effective organic pesticide. Tatin later published a two-volume work Principes raisonnés et pratiques de la culture des arbres fruitiers . . . , Paris, 4th edition, [1819], based on three earlier nursery catalogs. It includes the manufacturing process for the spray concentrate with exact metric quantities of the components. "The friend of gardeners" was how Charles Poinsot described

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himself and his sizeable work L'ami des jardiniers . . . , Paris and Genève, 1803. Through his nonconformist stance, he added useful details to propagation, pruning, and training practices. These, he writes, he would not have discovered as a blind follower of Du Hamel, La Quintinye, or Forsyth. "It is vain self-deception to feel well informed by reading fruit books. One must also for many years plant, prune, and become a friend and helper of the trees." After the Carthusian Fathers had been expropriated and sent to the guillotine, records were discovered showing that since 1675 alone they had sold over four million fruit trees. The king's head gardener André Thouin, the "Cyrano" of pomology and the first to graft tomato on potato, had become a member of the Revolutionary Commune at Paris but ventured out to retrieve two trees of each fruit cultivar for the common good. Maybe it was his idea to start a Republican collection in a section of the Jardin du Roi, renamed Le Jardin Fruitier du Muséum by a 1793 decree. Very likely the director of the Jardin du Roi, M. Bosc, triggered this idea in Thouin and set aside planting space. Thouin was helped by Christophe Hervy, who, in 46 years, had made the Carthusians' nursery a financial success while building up an arboretum of all of Du Hamel Du Monceau's, q.v., fruit cultivars. He came out of hiding with a handful of his helpers that had not defected to be of service to the son of his late friend, Thouin, Sr. They managed to rescue about 18,000 more trees than needed for the new museum orchard. On higher orders, the trees were taken to a park at Sceaux to be sold to retailers and peddlers, but most were stolen or rotted away. Curiously, in the early 1800s, the ruins and devastated lands of the Carthusians were rehabilitated into a people-owned nursery operation. Soon after the rescue, Hervy was murdered with a glass of poisoned wine, reportedly by a "friend." He had loved Pomona more than Marianne. In pre-revolutionary days, the story goes, lay brother Hervy had trained arched cordons called "arcures" in his nursery by tying a stone to the tip of each leader. When in windy nights the stones clashed and the monks complained that they could not sleep, Hervy was heard to say: "Let them pray, then.'' A nephew of Abbé Schabol, Hervy wrote a heartfelt dedication to the latter's posthumous works, signing as Christophe de la Villehervé, which probably was his pre-clerical name. His son Michel-Christophe Hervy, eventually professor of pomology

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and in charge of the Museum orchard, published its inventory in Catalogue méthodique et classique de tous les arbres, arbustes fruitiers et des vignes . . . établie près de Luxembourg, Paris, 1809. Like his father, he was a fruitbreeding royalist at heart and, in 1815, celebrated the demise of Napoleon by naming his best apricot seedling 'Royal'. It and its probable offspring 'Blenheim' or 'Shipley" have now emerged as California's leading apricots. Hervy's catalog lists about 860 cultivars, including those of pine nuts, blackberries, perry pears, and persimmons. Father Hervy's training of "arcures" was achieved without stones by M. Fanon and described in Des arbres à fruits . . . , Paris, 1807. Thouin's signed inventory manuscript dated 1792 is reverently kept at the library of the Societé Nationale d'Horticulture de France as the first pomological document of the Republic. It was never printed but an account, Notice historique sur la pépinière nationale des Chartreux . . . , was published by Etienne Calvel, Paris, 1804. This eloquent priest, turned revolutionary and reformer, had never touched a fruit tree when Citizen Chaptal, his patron and Agriculture Minister, asked him to edit a weekly, Feuille du cultivateur, to promote fruit culture. "Probably never before," he editorializes, "were so many fruit gardens planted in France as in 1801 and 1802 and never with less success." The slogan was "Fruit trees for all," and Calvel was paid by the Ministry of the Interior to write three manuals, Manuel pratique des plantations . . . , Paris, 1804, Traité complet sur les pépinières . . . and Des arbres fruitiers pyramidaux . . . , both Paris, 1805. He had consulted Schabol's and other literature, interviewed Hervy, Jr. and other nurserymen, and paid special attention to what garden and orchard laborers had to say. All three books excel but only as how-to manuals. The Manuel . . . and Des arbres . . . had several editions each and a translation into German, but, in the spirit of then-prevailing political correctness, he had underpinned his books with pseudoscientific ideology, just like Lysenko did following the Russian Revolution. Of one of his tenets, Du Petit Thouars wrote that it was an imaginary law. Soon Calvel found himself a target of ridicule and practical jokes, even more so when his cultivar descriptions were found lacking in pomological substance. He also practiced the "arrogance" that had already enraged Switzer. By translating or renaming cultivars received from abroad, he discovered new French ones. Propagated and publicized, they became maddening surprises for their buyers abroad. But not many years later, Calvel shows himself an able and informed fruit gardener in Recherches et expériences sur les moyens

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pratiques d'accélérer la fructification . . . , Paris, 1811. More willing than destined to become a second Schabol, he added useful tricks to Pomona's modus operandi. His efforts also revealed the interesting fact that "Voltaire, I believe, was the first in France to give the pear tree in his garden a pyramidal or conical form. At least he claims so. It is true that nowhere before him did one see such beautiful pyramidal tree alleys in France." Indeed, Voltaire had recognized the pyramid shape as Mother Nature's design and glorified it thus: L'heureux cultivateur de presents de Pomone, Des Filles du Printemps, des trésors de l'Automne, Son docile terrain répond à sa culture, Ministre industrieux des lois de la Nature. . . . This is my interpretive translation: The happy husbandman who grows Pomona's gifts Of springtime maiden blooms, of autumn's golden stores, His fertile soil promotes congenially her growth While he with eager hands gives form to Nature's laws. A more practical approach was taken by Antoine Cadet de Vaux, president of the Seine et Oise Département and a promoter of agriculture in all its forms. He authored treatises on wine from grapes, sugar from beets, and starch from potatoes, but fruit culture was his avocation. His motto, "be kind to the trees," led to a popular appeal to replace the two-thousand-year-old crude pruning knife and pruning hook with the cleaner-cutting secateur and also to a treatise, De la restauration et du gouvernement des arbres à fruits mutilés et dégradés . . . , Paris, 1807. To prove his conviction that arching rather than cutting is the optimal training method, he offered to the experiment station of the Institut National four orchard blocks, each with 400 newly planted trees on different rootstocks. It was to test the recommendations outlined in his Mémoires sur quelques inconvénients de la taille des arbres à fruits . . . , Paris, 1806. Napoleon's successful consolidation of France triggered practical, popular, and also some science-oriented fruit literature, apart from spectacular Pomonas. The fruit-growing interest was also catered to by Lénor Lemoine with a private fruit-growers school in Paris called L'Athénée des Arts. Two textbooks, each of ten lessons, were published as Cours de culture des arbres . . . , Paris, 1801, and Manuel du pépinieriste . . . ,

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Lelieur. La Pomone française. 1816. Title page of 1842 edition.

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Paris, 1805. There is some topical overlapping but, with little modification, both would still make excellent learning aids today. No less remarkable is the consumer-friendly marketing approach of his catalog whereby he and his father invite the public to first taste and view the fruits in their exhibition orchard and to order trees afterward. Their Catalogue des arbres fruitiers was published at Paris ca. 1805. One of Du Petit Thouars' polemic targets was Jean Baptiste le Comte Lelieur. Threatened by the guillotine, he had emigrated to, and married in, the United States. Later he repatriated to become Napoleon's administrator of parks and gardens, bringing back with him American fruit cultivars, especially huge apples. One, 'Gloria Mundi', was renamed 'Belle Joséphine' in honor of the Empress; another, probably 'Pennock', became 'Montalivet' after a Napoleonic politician, and afterwards 'Gros-Papa'. On his return, Lelieur had found the famous fruit garden at Versailles ravaged by neglect, pests, and diseases. In a systematic approach, he divided the problems into "curables" and "incurables." Although viral diseases and genetic weaknesses were not explained for another century, Lelieur found that many of his "incurables" had been healthy understocks before they were grafted. After several years of research, he shocked the nurserymen around Paris in a Mémoire sur les maladies des arbres fruitiers, Paris, 1811, with the finding that 19/20 of all grafted nursery stock was diseased. Nurserymen promptly organized a populist protest action against the former nobleman about to deprive them of their livelihood. Disaster was averted by some sane nurserymen who had collaborated in his research. Fired after Napoleon's demise, Lelieur published La Pomone française . . . , Paris, 1816, then spent 25 years revising and enlarging it. The first edition dealt only with grapes and peaches; the second, of 1842, embraces other tree and berry fruits and includes 17 intriguingly lithographed folding plates, mostly on training and espaliering. Plate 17 unfolds to ca. 110 cm and, held vertically, portrays a dormant dwarf pear cordon in situ with minute detail. Fruit nomenclature hardly interested Lelieur, who rather investigated tree physiology and afflictions. Among other interesting findings, he discovered that mildew susceptibility is hereditary in certain peach tree strains. In the preface to his 2nd edition, Lelieur heartily endorses Pomona's works as "beneficial to all classes, making leisure enjoyable, and providing healthy relaxation for hard-working people."

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Chapter 15 Peacetime Advances Outside France, English and German publishing flourished. Prominent German pomologists were often attached to princely courts. Friedrich Zacharias Salzmann was the fruit gardener of King Frederick II of Prussia, when he published his Pomologie; oder, Frucht-Lehre . . . , Potsdam, 1774, with ca. 300 brief cultivar descriptions, rising to 589 in a second edition in 1792. The book was duly criticized by Salzmann's German peers as the work by one who knows the what and how of fruit culture but not the why. One of his prominent critics was Christian Cajus Lorenz Hirschfeld, an all-around horticulturist, a counselor to mentally eclipsed King Christian VII of Denmark, and professor of fine arts at Kiel. He theorized brilliantly on landscape architecture and practiced pomology. The nursery he founded in 1784 at Duesterbrook near Kiel spawned today's nursery industry in the region. His Handbuch der Fruchtbaumzucht, Braunschweig, 17881789, and its Danish version, Haandbog om Frugttraers Opelskning . . . , Copenhagen, 1790, in two volumes, translated by Landmaaler Svendsen, became favorite orcharding manuals. Hirschfeld first publicized and described the 'Gravenstein', an apple raised from a pip brought from Italy and grown at the castle of Gravenstein, a ducal seat in southern Denmark. Hirschfeld counseled the progressive Danish Crown Prince Frederick, who abolished serfdom and inundated his people with fruit trees from the royal nursery. The Handprotecol over Frugttrae-Sorterne . . . i den Kongelige Frugttrae-Planteskoele, Odense, 1795, testifies to the abundance of cultivars as well as to benevolent autocracy. It had started in 1770 when Christian Frantz Schmidt, then master gardener of the royal gardens at Frederiksburg, sounded off that Denmark should stop importing its fruit trees from Franconia or France and grow her own. Christian VII promptly put him in charge of a royal fruit-tree nursery, which distributed its first trees in 1779. When Schmidt was fired as an ap-

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pointee of a scatter-brained sovereign, he went on his own and grafted 25,000 apple, 6000 pear, 3000 cherry, 2000 plum, and various other trees. Their cultivars and his advice he published as Forslag til nogle Forbedringer i Haugeog Traefrugtdyrkningen, Copenhagen, 1793. His and Hirschfeld's work had been facilitated by the Rev. Samuel David Ludwig Henne's treatise on how to operate a large nursery, Anweisung wie man eine Baumschule von Obstbaeumen im Grossen anlegen und gehoerig unterhalten solle . . . , Halle, 1769. In it he also refers to his own nursery catalog of ca. 4000 apple, pear, and cherry trees, each in 16 cultivars and, except for cherries, as dwarfs, pyramids, and standards. For his own use Pastor Henne segregated 'Paradise' and 'Doucin' seedlings for apples, quince seedlings for pears, and 'Mazzard' rather than 'Sour Cherry' seedlings for cherries. This 388-page work combines competence with a conversational approach including jocular quotes in the Low Saxon dialect and was in print for 99 years. Three of the engraved folding plates are signed "A. Henne." An anonymous suitor of Pomona, feeling frustrated with the ever-expanding jungle of cultivar names, authored Nachricht und Beschreibung von verschiedenen Obstsorten . . . , Pfoerten, 1773 (Part 1), Friedrichstadt, 1774 (Part 2). It is of much wider than regional interest. The author, probably a diplomat, had sojourned all over Europe, adored La Quintinye, and names him as his primary authority. The blame for the nomenclature chaos of cultivar names belongs to unscrupulous nurserymen, especially in France, who, as he writes, are forever giving new attractive names to older or imported cultivars. Now, 200 years later, this chauvinistic marketing practice is still alive, as 'Crispin', 'Krimstarson', 'Gelber Koestlicher', and 'Primered', among others, testify. When a certain Johann Caspar Schiller, with fervent love of fruit trees, searched for a publisher for the manuscript he had written, his son Friedrich, Germany's illustrious poet and dramatist, found him one. The book is Die Baumzucht im Grossen; aus Zwanzigjaehrigen Erfahrungen im Kleinen . . . , Neustrelitz, 1795. It was preceded by the anonymous Gedanken ueber die Baumzucht im Grossen . . . , Leipzig, 1793, a plea to the 120 or so sovereign German states and statelets to recognize the benefits of fruit-tree plantings along roads. Somewhat changed, it became the preface of Die Baumzucht. . . . With typical social consciousness, he advocated growing of named robust, standard

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fruit trees in the countryside and especially along the roads. He addresses the "squirarchy" with missionary fervor: As your country seats and gardens are out-of-bounds to ordinary folk, why don't you make up for it by planting thousands of fruit trees along our roads for which our grand-children will bless you?" To turn his vision into reality he gave up his officer status and developed a large fruit-tree nursery on the ducal estate Solitude near Stuttgart. At a time when capital punishment was a common prerogative of absolutist and revolutionary rulers alike, Schiller wrote: "I have only one head and I love it as much as the emperor of China loves his. But I wager this my head that within 10 years I can produce 1/2 million of fruit trees ready for planting out . . . unless there are humanly uncontrollable handicaps such as earthquakes, military invasions. . . ." When arthritis struck and immobilized him, he had himself carried to his beloved nursery to supervise the work in the 80,000-tree establishment. There, in 1796, a French revolutionary band surprised him and, his workmen having fled, robbed the helpless Schiller of money, snuff box, handkerchief, and pants, causing his death soon after. A long-overlooked legacy of his was a portfolio with water colors of ca. 200 fruit cultivars by his daughter Christophine. They follow Knoop, see below, in style and arrangement and exceed him in detailed and nuanced coloring. The accompanying cultivar descriptions, copied from Knoop, have been augmented by Schiller's marginal notes. Their first-ever printing graces a 200-year jubilee edition of Die Baumzucht im Grossen . . . , Stuttgart, 1993. The originals are now exhibited in a museum dedicated to his famous son at Marbach in Swabia. Friedrich, by the way, remarked once that his best poetic inspirations were triggered by the smell of apples. Was his "Ode to Joy" among them, the theme of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony? Father Schiller's nursery and cultivar collection were the nucleus of Germany's first horticultural college in nearby Hohenheim. Wilhelm Walker, its first director, discussed Die Obstsorten in der Obstbaumschule . . . der Lehranstalt zu Hohenheim, Tuebingen, 1822, with a supplement in 1830. A quarter-century later, the dreams of Schiller Sr. had become the reality he had visualized: "Many travelling foreigners would fancy to see and sojourn in a country where one might travel for miles in pleasant shade and enjoy the sights and tastes of beautiful tree fruits." John Claudius Loudon, the British horticultural guru of the time, relates on p. 698 of his Arboretum et fruticetum . . . , London, 1838, that in 1828 "we travelled for sev-

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eral days through almost one continuous avenue of cherry trees, from Strasburg by a circuitous route to Munich." Environmentalists in Minnesota have intiated research on similar plantings of hardy pear trees in that state. An enthusiastic letter writer, the Lutheran pastor Johann Heinrich Pratje published 20 pomological epistles in his local weekly. They were prompted by a cash prize offered by the regional agricultural society in 1770 for the best newly planted orchard. The good pastor felt that his parishioners needed know-how to compete and that he had plenty of it to offer. Typically, the letters are lessons for what we may call a 20-week short course, later appearing in book form as Anleitung zur Anlegung, Wartung und Erhaltung eines Obstgartens, aus eigenen Bemerkungen und Briefen, Goettingen, 1782. They cover all aspects of fruit growing with care and without overdoing it, as this quote shows: "As far as cultivars are concerned I have included only those which I know well and which are excellent for eating raw or cooked." A methodical approach to Pomona was first brought to fruition by Heinrich Ludwig Manger, building and garden superintendent for the Queen of Prussia. His Vollstaendige Anleitung zu einer systematischen Pomology, Leipzig, 17801783, a folio in two volumes, attempts to classify apples and pears by their approximation to geometrical shapes and by their possible relation to cultivars described by Pliny. His desire to do a good job for the queen persuaded him to attempt this work because "the uncertainty of the many names of cultivars and their sports is causing an almost incurable ignorance and confusion. A systematic classification of cultivars is needed to achieve a modicum of enlightenment and order." Pomona's literary promoters invariably face the dilemma of deciding which fruit cultivars to recommend. For the nurseryman Georg Friedrich Moeller, the best 75 pears and 22 apples he describes in Beschreibung der besten Arten von Kernobst . . . , Berlin, 1759, were the ones he offered for sale. La Quintinye solved the problem by distinguishing 30 ranks of goodness in pears and added lists of mediocre, indifferent, and outright nasty (méchant) ones. Other authors decided on the most "recommended," "noble," or "worthy" cultivars arbitrarily, upholding the jocular saying de gustibus non est disputandibus. A. F. A. Diel wanted no part in prejudging the public's taste. With lifelong dedication, he tried to register all known pome fruit cultivars in Versuch einer systematischen Beschreibung in

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Pratje. Anleitung zur Anlegung, Wartung und Erhaltung eines Obstgartens. 1782. Title page.

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Manger. Vollstaendige Anleitung zu einer systematischen Pomologie. 1783. Engraving.

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Deutschland vorhandener Kernobstsorten, Frankfurt, 17991819. This ambitious inventory was issued in 21 small volumes, followed by Volumes 2227, Stuttgart, 18211832, and a General-register . . . , Braunschweig, 1834, compiled by H. Meyer. In the preface to Volume 19, which dealt with the pears Van Mons was just introducing, Diel, a physician, hydrotherapist, and counselor to the Duke of Nassau, paraphrased his work as ''this temple to the much revered and unfathomable Goddess Pomona." Any chronicler of Pomona's progress will cherish it as a superb resource. A single variety is meticulously described on up to 8 pages and its synonymy is discussed historically and bibliographically, often with curious sidelights. One unexpected idea is that (virus?) diseased cultivars can be cleaned up by grafting on six or seven seedlings, consecutively. Eventually, Diel felt the public's need of a handy, condensed version of his multivolume work and produced Systematisches Verzeichnis der vorzueglichsten in Deutschland vorhandenen Obstsorten, Frankfurt, 1818. In this he also includes the stone fruits. Together with two appendices authored by his son in 1829 and 1833, it gives thumbnail sketches of about 1200 fruit cultivars. The leading German pomologist of the time was probably the country parson and nursery operator J. L. Christ, whose Der Baumgaertner auf dem Dorfe, Frankfurt, 1792, did much to stimulate rural fruit growing. His 923-page Handbuch ueber die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre, Frankfurt, 1797, was actually the 3rd edition of Von Pflanzung und Wartung der nuetzlichsten Obstbaeume . . . , Frankfurt, 1789. Together with his encyclopedic dictionary Pomologisches theoretisch-practisches Handwoerterbuch . . . , Leipzig, 1802, it achieved wonders in providing ideas and methods for converting marginal acreages into home orchards. The latter book had four separate dedication sheets to noble fruit patrons in Hesse, Hungary, Lithuania, and Franconia. A Dutch translation by J. F. Serrurier, Fruitkundig Woordenboek, Amsterdam, 18051806, has an appendix headed "All that is worth knowing from the book by W. Forsyth, published [sic] by the British Government." It includes the 13 engraved plates of the original. Christ's magnum opus, Vollstaendige Pomologie . . . , is mentioned below with the plate works. His fellow cleric, Johann Volkmar Sickler at Klein-Fahnern in Thuringia, also felt the call to preach the gospel according to Pomona. He started the first fruit magazine, a monthly, Der teutsche Obstgaertner . . . , Weimar, 17941804, which merged into the Allgemeines deutsches Garten-Magazin, 18041811 and

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Christ. Handbuch ueber die Obstbaumzucht. 1797. Title page of 1802 edition.

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18151824. In 1825, a new editor changed the title and scope to Neues allgemeines deutsches Garten-Magazin, 18251828, with progressively less fruit content in text and illustrations. Der teutsche Obstgaertner also became available as a trade edition of 22 bound volumes, each with the engraved portrait of a pomological personality and 18 folding plates of hand-colored, faithful fruit engravings. Many of these plates were colored by the artist Christiane Vulpius during the 18 years she lived with the poet J. W. von Goethe before marrying him. Each volume, about 400 pages, is packed with fruit descriptions, current and historical notes, questions and answers, and bibliography. Each title page carries an engraved medallion depicting Pomona grafting a young tree, encircled by the words "In Hope of the Future," and is faced by the engraved portrait of a pomological personality such as Abbé Schabol, Marcus Porcius Cato, or J. L. Christ. Sickler had a missionary's faith in Pomona, although he twice witnessed Mars raping her. First, in 1806, Napoleon's soldiers on their way to Prussia bivouacked in his museum orchard and carried away about 8000 grafted fruit trees for corduroys and fuel. Then, in the winter of 1814, when his replanted orchard had just recovered, Russian Cossacks in pursuit of Napoleon repeated the outrage. Sickler planted his third orchard at the age of 75 but did not live to enjoy its fruit. Many of the replacement trees came from his brother in Pomona, Georg Heinrich von Carlowitz, director of the royal Saxonian court nursery at Dresden. His famous work, a history of grape culture, is beyond our scope but not his Verzeichnis der Obst-Sorten in der systematischen Obstbaumschule . . . , Dresden, 1819. J. H. Ph. Wrede's Pomologisches Handbuch, Hannover, 1803, collects extracts of the first 12 volumes of J. V. Sickler's work, without the plates. Der teutsche Fruchtgarten, Weimar, 18161829, assembles the fruit articles of the Garten-Magazin in eight volumes with 400 plain or colored plates and 144256 pages of text. Two collections of plates without text are known to exist as Abbildungen aller Obstsorten, one drawn from the Obstgaertner, the other from the Garten-Magazin, published at Weimar without dates. A down-to-earth university professor, Johann Christian Gotthardt at Erfurt authored a leading comprehensive pomological textbook. It combines in systematic detail fruit-tree raising, culture, cultivar recognition, and fruit utilization. In the foreword to Vollstaendiger Unterricht in der Erziehung und Behandlung der Obstbaeume . . . , Erfurt, 1798, he denounces the deception prac-

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ticed by illustrating artists and authors for whom only ideal fruit specimens exist and who do not represent the much more variable, average-quality fruit. For the Lusatian country squire Karl Heinrich von Heinecke, acquiring scions of as many different fruit cultivars as possible and grafting them himself was a lifelong consuming avocation. His notes and a description of his collection were finally published in two volumes by J. F. B[enade] as Nachricht und Beschreibung einer vollstaendigen Sammlung von Obstsorten . . . , Sorau and Leipzig, 1803. There are many outstanding British pomologists to be pedestaled, among them Abercrombie, the communicator; Forsyth, the king's gardener; Knight, the trail blazer into the 19th century; Harrison, the espalier expert; and Bliss, the instructor. The "prolific Abercrombie" as Edward Bunyard called him, and the only writer in the author team of "Mawe and Abercrombie," had a real knack for pleasant, plain, and plausible horticultural writing. Even Oliver Goldsmith said he could not improve on it. Thomas Mawe, a gardener of reputation in charge of the Duke of Leeds' estates, was paid 20 pounds sterling for lending his name as principal author of Abercrombie's first book Every man his own gardener. Being a new and much more complete gardener's kalendar . . . by Mr. Mawe . . . and other gardeners, London, 1767. A compendious and elaborate work, it had ca. 30 editions during the next 81 years. Fruit gardening is only one of nine monthly topics but was substantial enough for an anonymous extract and translation as Traité abrégé de la culture des arbres fruitiers . . . , Neuchatel, 1784. The full 7th edition was also translated into German as Praktische Anweisung zur Gartenkunst fuer alle Monate des Jahres . . . , Leipzig, 1779. Abercrombie's more specific The British fruit-gardener; and art of pruning . . . , London, 1779, gives succinct species and cultivar characterizations. It makes useful reading even today. With love and sciolist dedication, it was translated into German by F. H. H. Lueder as Vollstaendige Anleitung zur Erziehung & Wartung . . . Obst- und Fruchtbaeume . . . , Luebeck, 1781. With another pomological gem, The complete wall-tree pruner . . . , Abercrombie could teach a greenhorn how to look after wall fruits and espaliers; he adds his own selection of cultivars ''of the best fruits, with their time of ripening." For the pomological section of his Garden vade mecum . . . , London, 1789, Abercrombie uses the title The fruit garden displayed, which, originally, was applied by Bradley to his unfinished swan song in 1732 and is still around as

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the title of a Royal Horticultural Society publication. John Abercrombie's least-known book, The hot-house gardener . . . , London, 1789, is remarkable for five fine-colored fruit plates. Cheap copies were issued with plates in red ink, which, by now, has become pale brown. The translation into German as Der Treib-

Abercrombie. The British fruit-gardener. 1779. Title page.

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hausgaertner . . . , Vienna, 1792, was by J. Fr. v. L., which probably stood for Joseph Friedrich von Lamsdorf, known for a book on forcing asparagus. Abercrombie's book discusses the "general culture of the pine-apple, and methods of forcing early grapes, peaches, nectarines . . . melons and early strawberries." Later, much was borrowed from this volume by the gardener and hot-house architect Edward Weeks for The forcer's assistant; a treatise . . . on forcing . . . melons, pines, . . . grape, cherry, and peach . . . , Chipping Norton, 1814. Not unlike Bradley, Abercrombie never reached any prosperity. Fathering and educating 16 daughters, fiddling at the many resulting social affairs, and looking after a sizable garden, all in addition to his literary work, kept him awfully busy. In matters pomological, he eagerly kept up to date. Among the many new cultivars he publicized, we even see the 'Spitzenburg' apple from North America. At one time he had accepted a position as garden superintendent of the Empress of Russia but, as his obituary in 1806 stated, "the sight of the Ocean inspired him with terror which he could not overcome." Not quite as many, but highly regarded, books were written by Walter Nicol, son of a Scotch nurseryman. He had studied, designed, and implemented gardens in England before returning to Edinburgh as a surveyor, garden consultant, and author. Pomologically most relevant of his books is The Scotch forcing gardener, Edinburgh, 1797. In its third edition, the "Scotch" was dropped and the title changed to The forcing, fruit, and kitchen gardener, Edinburgh, 1802. For his hands-on services designing, planting, and pruning fruit and other gardens he charged "one guinea per day; with travelling charges on horseback, or by stage coach." The identity of the "old experienced gardener" who compiled Fruit-tables; exhibiting in columns an accurate description of the size, colour, shape . . . of . . . peaches, nectarines, plums and pears . . . , London, 1783, is unknown. Sam Fullmer, gardener at Chelsea, author of The young gardener's best companion . . . of the kitchen and fruit garden . . . , London, 1781, is known to be an "old experienced gardener." Both works were not only selfpublished, but the proximity of time and place and the didactic stance also support this surmise. William Forsyth, George III's gardener at Kensington and St. James, was an outstanding pomologist and one of the seven founders of the Horticultural Society of London. As a young Scotchman, he had been apprenticed to Philip Miller and

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groomed to take over the Chelsea Apothecaries Garden, which he then managed for 17 years with distinction. He amply deserved the honor of having two flowering shrubs named after him, one later renamed 'Decumaria'. In his first publication, Observations on the diseases, defects and injuries in all kinds of fruit and forest trees, London, 1791, he introduced lime sulphur to combat peach mildew. Translations into Danish, German, and French are given in the bibliography. Forsyth's fame as an author came with A treatise on the culture and management of fruit-trees, London, 1802, probably the most popular and most enduring fruit book ever in the English language. It instructed on all aspects of growing fruit in formal gardens, kitchen gardens, and orchards, and highlighted the taille à la Forsyth, the perfected pruning and training of the French Palmette with, as it turned out, just minuscule changes from Le Gendre's method. It sold over ten thousand copies, not counting American editions or German and French translations, each not exactly uncritical. After the author's death in 1804 the publishers eventually edited the text so as to play down the "plaister" scandal discussed below. Others of Forsyth's writings, still in folio manuscripts, are preserved at the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew waiting to be edited and published. They deal with fruit and forest trees, fruit culture, cultivars, diseases, and cures and include four volumes of correspondence in English and French. An American edition, A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. . . . To which are added, an introduction and notes . . . to the climates and seasons of the United States of America, Philadelphia, 1802, was put out by William Cobbett, the English publicist mentioned above. He had returned to England in 1800. When, in 1802, Forsyth's book came out, Cobbett instantly started to edit it for American readers. The dedication "To the King" was replaced by an "Introduction, addressed to Mr. James Paul, Senior, of Bustleton, in Pennsylvania." "During the many happy days which I passed at your hospitable mansion, my observation was occasionally directed to the state of your orchards, and your method of cultivation. . . ." Cobbett writes to introduce to his friend not only Forsyth's far superior methods but also the "indubitable" efficacy of the latter's "plaister.'' In his zeal, Cobbett often butchers rather than modifies the text to conform with his own, often theoretical, perspectives from across the Atlantic. Thus, where Forsyth discusses the protection of stone fruits from birds Cobbett must have believed that American birds don't lust after fruit. He also skips Forsyth's

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Forsyth. Observations on the diseases, defects, and injuries. 1791. Title page and text page.

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instructions for espalier trees, seeing neither need nor utilitarian or artistic interest in them in America. A condensed version, An epitome of Mr. Forsyth's treatise . . . by an American farmer, Philadelphia, 1803, was compiled by a real fruit man rather than also by Cobbett as uncritical bibliogra-

Forsyth. A treatise on the culture and management of fruit-trees. 1802. Title page.

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Forsyth. Edited by Cobbett. A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. 1802. Title page.

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phies and antiquarian booksellers still claim. The likely author was John Beale Bordley, friend of Washington's, a lawyer and educated farmer with his own 1600-acre agricultural experimental station on Chesapeake Bay. He adds various notes of a purely American nature and discusses ways to make cherry brandy, complains about widespread orchard neglect, describes the designs of burglar-proof houses, and eulogizes Forsyth's famous "plaister." In his declining years, Forsyth acquired some negative prominence when he conned the British Government into paying him 1500 pounds sterling for a tree rejuvenation ointment. This "Forsyth's Plaister," unlike Tatin's insecticidal "liquide," was as useless as it was harmless, consisting of manure, lime, sand, wood ashes, and urine. The recipe was not even genuine but borrowed from earlier, primitive authors. A pomological scandal erupted because, according to the press, the 12 members of Parliament who had been sent out to inspect miraculously healed trees were duped by Forsyth and thus offered to public ridicule. Forsyth did not live to receive a further promised payment. Sundry editions of his treatise are still flooding the antiquarian book market. Containing over 300 cultivar descriptions, it is a must in a pomological library. We have translations into German, Ueber die Kultur und Behandlung der Obstbaeume . . . , Berlin, 1804, by H. A. Meinecke copiously annotated by J. L. Christ, and into French, Traité de la culture des arbres fruitiers, Paris, 1803, by J. P. Pictet-Mallet of Geneva. Although PictetMallet believed in Forsyth's "plaister," his translation is in many respects more accurate, succinct, and less repetitive than the original. On 31 pages of small-print commentary, he scientifically challenges and corrects some of Forsyth's statements claiming, for example, that the Montreuil and Forsyth pruning systems achieve the same end results, i.e., lasting fruit buds on lower limbs. The English edition of 1802 announces another French translation by Abbé Joffrin, but I failed to find it published. The originator of some of Forsyth's notions and, like him, a pomological contributor to Hunter's Georgical essays, York, 18031804, was Thomas Skip Doyot Bucknall. An avid researcher of the economic effect of fruit-tree pruning methods, his The orchardist, or, a system of close pruning and medication, for establishing the science of orcharding . . . , London, 1797, is a collection of essays and testimonials describing his methods. The "medication" in the title refers to his mixture of corrosive sublimate, gin, and vegetable tar. The first, mercuric chloride, is an

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(Bordley.) Notes on fruits and American gardening. In An epitome of Mr. Forsyth's treatise. 1804. Title page of appendix.

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Forsyth. Translated by Pictet-Mallet. Traité de la culture des arbres fruitiers. 1803. Title page of 1805 edition.

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embalming fluid and mold inhibitor, the second a bactericide and solvent, the last an antiseptic wound sealant. This mixture would be much more effective in healing tree wounds than the salve of his friend Forsyth. When the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia offered $60 in prizes for a peach canker remedy, Bucknall sent his book with the recipe "across the Atlantic ocean; and think myself happy, if the principles . . . improve the culture of the American fruits. . . ." As M.P. for Kent, with holdings of cherry and apple orchards, he and his constituents benefited from his experiments. Forsyth was bitterly criticized by Thomas Andrew Knight in the second edition of the latter's A Treatise on the culture of the apple and pear, and on the manufacture of cider and perry, Ludlow, 1797. Still heavier polemic artillery was deployed in his Some doubts relative to the efficacy of Mr. Forsyth's plaister . . . , London, 1802. Two passages addressed to Dr. Anderson, a bolsterer of Forsyth, merit quoting; they are priceless: "I suspect that Mr. Forsyth . . . cut off the old branches when he could not cure them; and that young shoots which will retain their health and vigour for three or four years . . . are now ready to be shown, to promote the sale of Mr. Forsyth's book." The other, equally biting: "Does Mr. Anderson, as a philosopher, think that man, with the aid of a little lime, cowdung, and wood-ashes, is capable of rendering that immortal, which the great God of nature evidently intended to die?" Knight, later president of the Horticultural Society of London for 27 years, became a trailblazer, and his little book is a landmark in pomological history. It has puzzled and aggravated generations of pomologists by postulating a limited life span for all fruit cultivars. This is also one of the causes of Knight's altercations with the well-meaning Forsyth, spurring Knight's proselytes, e.g. Thacher, to pseudo-scientific excesses. It also launched that most adventurous of all pomological disciplines, fruit breeding. In order to replace supposedly moribund cultivars with young, healthy ones, Knight, later helped by his daughter Frances, was the first to cross breed selected parents. Unfortunately, neither this work nor his fascinating experiments in plant tropism and graft incompatibility were published in book formonly in scattered articles on plant physiology in the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions, 1810, and, on pomology, in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. These are now difficult to find. In its volume of 1812, Knight demonstrates his fruit-breeding knowledge in an essay, Observations on the

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Bucknall. The orchardist. 1797. Title page.

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Knight. A treatise on the culture of the apple & pear. 1797. Title page of 1802 edition.

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method of producing new and early fruits, originally read in 1806. More specific articles followed in this volume on the breeding of apples, peaches, pears, and potatoes. In the fifth volume, 1823, he deals with plums and nectarines, and discloses that the theory of the ''decay" of cultivars was a philosophical legacy from his father. In true epigone fashion, Knight's concept was quantified by the fruit-book writing American demonologist James Thatcher, mentioned above, who started to calculate the probable extinction dates of apple cultivars. Modern pomology sees the "decay" as asexually transmitted but not necessarily fatal viral infections, unrelated to any time frame. An additional explanation was advanced by F. J. Dochnahl a generation after Knight in Die Lebensdauer . . . der Gewaechse, Berlin 1856. He thinks that the popular 'Golden Pippin', Knight's favorite evidence, was merely perceived to decline compared to tastier and larger cultivars such as 'Ribston Pippin', 'King of the Pippins', 'Newton Pippin', emerging in the last half of the 18th century. After Knight's death, George Bentham and John Lindley published a modest Selection from the physiological and horticultural papers, London, 1841, which includes Knight's biography written by his daughter. His famous Pomona Herefordiensis is discussed in the next chapter. Under T. A. Knight's presidency, the Horticultural Society of London published most of its Transactions . . . , London, 18051848, in two series of together ten massive quarto volumes. Volumes 1 and 2 were reprinted three times, starting with 500 copies and reaching 2500, as did later volumes, a convincing record of pomological interest and progression. Our bibliography gives a thorough sampling. Most contributions and illustrations dealt with fruit, from half-page letters from inventors of pesticide sprays to short treatises on other aspects by members, staff, or correspondents abroad. One such, Some account of the edible fruits of Sierra Leone, Volume 5, 1824, had been compiled by Joseph Sabine, the Society secretary, who contributed competently and profusely. "To him belongs much of the credit and most of the blame for the rise and fall of the fortunes of the Society during the next 14 years" (Fletcher, H. R., 1969. The Story of the Royal Horticultural Society. 68). A budding pomologist and, eventually, guiding luminary of the Society, John Lindley appears in the same Volume 5 with the lecture that in 1822 had led to his hiring as an assistant secretary. It was A sketch of the principal tropical fruits which are likely to be worth cultivating in England for the dessert. Although Lindley

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apologizes that he derived "the whole of his knowledge from the information of others," he takes great care to especially characterize the eating qualities and taste appeals of the fruits described. As a professor of botany, Lindley would later publish The pomological magazine, discussed below with its color plates. Patriotic concern about many marginal orchards prompted William Salisbury to spell out the causes of the evil in Hints addressed to proprietors of orchards, and to growers of fruit in general . . . , London, 1816. A friend of Knight's, he had "purchased for the sake of propagation, the stock of new fruit trees raised by Mr. Knight," tested them in his botanic garden, and discussed them in his book. He pioneered scientific fruit-pest recognition. The life cycles of the "American Blight" [Wooly Apple Aphid], the "Gipsey Moth,'' and eight other pests were detailed and illustrated on two engraved plates. Decrepit trees, ignorance about fruit pests, and the misconception that fruit trees do not need fertilizing were his main targets. As for the last mentioned, I cannot do better than to quote him: "Many useful manures may be obtained, such as the refuse of sugar-bakers, soap-makers, etc. etc., bullock's blood, hair, and the scraping of seal skins, bone dust, and the refuse of the manufacturers of cart grease. The neighbourhood . . . affords a large variety of these precious things." A curious idea for growing better berry fruits was proffered by Thomas Haynes in A treatise on the improved culture of the strawberry, raspberry, and gooseberry . . . , London, 1814. It was meant "for the use of Families, the amusement of the Amateur, Connaisseur, and other private persons wishing to excell in the size and flavour of these fruits. . . . " Reasoning that the natural home of these fruits are the open woods, he recommended growing them amid tall-growing, gentle-shade-providing Jerusalem artichokes. Considering the latter's invasiveness, one wonders whether the fruit plants could survive! Charles Harrison, gardener of an estate in Yorkshire, acted as his own publisher of A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees, London, 1823. His interest is in espaliers as trellised fruit, tree borders, and wall trees. In a detached manner but in superb detail, he discusses their culture and training, with closeup text illustrations. For each fruit and espalier type, Harrison methodically explains summer and winter pruning for up to nine years from planting. Trained forms for fig, gooseberry and current, and grape vines are included; cultivars are not. Apart from his probably not unfounded belief in the pesticidal properties

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of urine, Harrison's tree-friendly approach, physiological understanding, and soil-mulching concepts appear very modern. Harrison did purchase his trees and, for years, judged them by their buds' ability to form an ideal espalier. The interests of George Bliss, his ally in Pomona's service, are quite different. Bliss focuses on quality and efficiency of fruit

Salisbury. Hints addressed to proprietors of orchards. 1816. Title page.

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production in the open air and in the glasshouse. His The fruit grower's instructor, being a practical treatise on the cultivation and treatment of fruit trees . . . , London, 1825, recommends many cultivars and practices successful with him. As innovator, he wants the fruit grower to forget "hereditary customs . . . by which advantages may accidentally follow. Yet the sticklers, almost worshippers of these will attack the experienced man. . . ." After grafting and managing "tens of thousands of apple and other trees," he does not need to quote from other men's books to sanction his own, although he has studied them. "The directions for the management of the apple are excellent, as far as they go," was the balanced comment of the Gardeners' chronicle. Bliss, the all-round fruit man, also details construction, operation, and cultivars for stove and greenhouse growing and forcing. A Yorkshire clothier, Joseph Hayward became so fascinated with fruit that he packed up and moved south into Kent. He settled at Plumstead, where, 300 years earlier, another true amateur, Leonard Mascall, had tended his fruit garden. Hayward developed his own growing methods and discussed them in The science of horticulture . . . with a commentary on the works of Bradley, Hitt, Miller, Forsyth, Knight . . . , London, 1818. His progressive stance combined recent discoveries in chemistry and plant physiology with the proven methods of Hitt, Forsyth, and Knight. The book was dedicated to the Horticultural Society of London, which, it appears, burned by the Forsyth scandal, repeatedly refused to take notice of his work or plantings. Its secretary, John Turner, soon to be fired for embezzlement, wrote Hayward "I am ordered to hold no further communication with you on the subject." Thus slighted, he gave the Society a strong piece of his mind in the foreword to the 1824 edition. He dealt with the ForsythKnight controversy by stating that "both deal a little too much in extremes" and recommended his own "antiseptic" compound. This, a mixture of soot and a slow-drying oil, is similar to some modern pruning paints. Claiming that his was the largest fruit cultivar collection ever, the nurseryman Leonard Phillips, Jr., offered for two shillings his Catalogue of fruit. . . trees . . . , London, 1814. He invited the public to inspect his variety orchard before buying young trees. To discourage clandestine taking of fruit of cuttings, he warned in the pseudo-legalese of the time, "Every Person therefore that enters these Grounds is subject for Gathering or Touching the Fruit or Trees or for Walking upon any part of the Grounds than the Paths which are marked out, or for Walking upon these

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Hayward. The science of horticulture. 1818. Title page of 1824 edition.

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Paths in Contrary Direction to which is appointed out, to pay to the Proprietor the Sum of One Hundred Pounds to be by him paid to the National Fund at Lloyd's." Like all cultivar collectors, Phillips eventually found himself swamped with confusing synonyms and different cultivars sharing the same name. For a fresh start, he renamed every cultivar in his collection after an illustrious personality and discussed this in Transactions in the fruit tree nursery at Vauxhall, London, 1815. The new names expired with him but his efforts spurred Robert Thompson to begin a vigorous nomenclature cleanup on behalf of the Horticultural Society of London, q.v.

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Chapter 16 Artists Face Pomona Many of the works considered in this chapter have traditionally been grouped as Pomonas. They are glamorous manifestations of the Fruit Goddess between the covers of the illustrated book. The pictorial glory of many of these works is much greater than their influence on fruit knowledge and lore. Robert Hogg, a passionate 19th century pomologist and coauthor of the Herefordshire Pomona, London, 18761885, wrote that the Pomonas "are all of such a class, as from their great cost to be regarded more as works of art, than of general utility" (The apple, London, 1859). Still less regretfully they are referred to as "characteristics of the mode, now gone by both in France and England, of publishing for the few" (J. C. Loudon. Arboretum et fruticetum Britannicum. 1844, p. 189). Salisbury's plain volume of Hints addressed to proprietors of orchards . . . , see above, benefited mankind more than the gorgeous fruit pictures of Brookshaw, his contemporary and countryman, could. Some of these works of art are merely collections of perfunctorily captioned but outstanding color plates. Others, often more enticing to the pomologist, may be line or stipple engravings, plain or colored, imbedded in pages of descriptive or rambling text. Color plates of fruit found amid the plates of great flower and botanical books of the era may be hidden treaures of pomological relevance. Here is a discretionary list of illustrious works with too little fruit content to class them as Pomonas: Allgemeines teutsches [Later: Neues allgemeines] Garten-Magazin. Weimar, 18041828. Bessa, P. Fleurs et fruits, gravés & coloriés. . . . Paris, 1808. Bonelli, P. Hortus romanus. Rome, 17721793. Buchoz, P. Les dons merveilleux et diversement coloriés de la nature dans le règne végétal. Paris, [17791783]. Chazal, Antoine. Flore pittoresque, ou recueil de fruits et de fleurs. Paris, 1825.

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Dunstal, J. A booke of flowers, fruicts, beastes, birds and flies. London, [1660]. Hodson, R., and Dougall, I. The cabinet of the arts. London, 1805. Jaume Saint-Hilaire, J. H. La Flore et la Pomone françaises. Paris, 18281833. Knorr, G. W. Thesaurus rei herbariae. Nuernberg, 1750[1772]. McIntosh, C. Flora and Pomona . . . , London, 1829[1832]. Miller, John. An illustration of the sexual systems of Linnaeus. London, 17771779. Munting, A. Waare oeffening der planten. Amsterdam, 1672. Passe, C. van de, The Younger: Hortus floridus. . . . Utrecht, 1614. Prévost, J. L. Collection des fleurs et des fruits. Paris, 1805. Redouté, P. J. Choix des plus belles fleurs . . . beaux fruits. Paris, 1827. Seringe, N.-C. Flore et Pomone lyonaises. Lyon, 1847. Targioni-Tozzetti, A. Raccolta di fiori frutti e agrumi. Firenze, [1822]1825[1830]. Trew, C. J. Plantae selectae . . . , Nuernberg, 17501773. Also editions in Dutch, English, and French. Vincent, H. A. Elements of flower and fruit painting. London, 1814. Vincent, H. A. Etudes de fleurs et de fruits. Paris [ca. 1820]. Vincent, H. A. Studies of fruit and flowers. London, 1814. Weinmann, J. W. Phytanthoza iconographia. Regensburg, 17351746. Inversely, the title Pomona, characterizing a large, richly appointed and illustrated work, was later given to less glamorous, scientific-type publications, sometimes mere cultivar inventories, in a smaller format. As mostly regional surveys, they are valuable contributions in their own right, not at all competing with tomes of artistic fruit plates. In this group we find: Du Mortier, B.-C. Pomone tournaisienne. Paris/Leipzig/Tournay, 1869. Escribano y Perez, J. M. Pomona de la Provincia de Murcia. Madrid, 1884. [In Higueira] Lelieur, Comte De. La Pomone française. Paris, 1816. 2nd ed., 1842. Piccioli, A. Pomona toscana. Firenze, 1820. Roessler, Matth. Pomona bohemica. Prag, 1795. Scigliano, A. Pomona etnae. Gioenia, 1834. Van Houtte, Louis. Pomona. Gand, 1873.

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In Renaissance times, those unwilling or unable to read a thousand words could "get the picture" from illustrated natural history books. Wide ranging in their coverage, these are the precursors of Pomonas, as well as of pictorial bestiaries and floras. A famous one, apparently surviving only in three copies, is La clef des champs, pour trouver plusieurs animaux, tant bestes qu'oyseaux, auec plusieurs fleurs et fruitz, London 1586. The French artist Jacques Le Moyne De Morgues traveled in Florida and elsewhere before settling in England to publish his illustrations. As a Huguenot, he feared religious persecution in his homeland. La clef . . . , is a thin quarto album with 96 colored woodcuts, two per page. The 20 fruit depictions are distinctly individual in the slightly stylized manner of the woodcut technique but more realistic than the cuts in contemporary herbals. In 1856 the Victoria and Albert Museum at London bought, for 10 pounds sterling, an interesting 16th century folio volume. It happened to contain 39 sheets of anonymous water colors, which, in 1922, were identified as works of the same Jacques Le Moyne. This volume and a folio album of 25 paintings, emerging through Sotheby's and now at the British Museum, contain the original models for La clef. . . . They are of such convincing realism that eulogy-shy Wilfrid Blunt confesses in The art of botanical illustration, "Many of the fruit paintings are particularly successful." Some show several aspects, cross sections and foliage, anticipating the expository style of later artists. Three paintings at the British Museum, viz. of apples, quinces, and figs, range with Redouté, Hooker, and Poiteau in their convincing artistry. The earliest Pomona, had it been printed, would be the Ashmore Ms. 1461 at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, dubbed Tradescant's orchard book. Drawn and watercolored some time before 1615 by an otherwise unknown Alexander Marshall, it was a guide to John Tradescant the Elder's fruit cultivar garden at Hadfield. More than a gardener, Tradescant traveled all over Europe and North Africa in search of rare and unknown fruits and ornamental plants. Once he voyaged to Barbary on a British privateer and brought back the little 'Muscat' or 'White Algiers' apricot. Plums were his favorite fruit; anosmia, a loss of the sense of smell, made him appreciate their prodigious range of colors, shapes, sizes, and textures. The manuscript portrays 23 plum cultivars. The 44 remaining pictorial leaves are shared by 12 other fruits and nuts. Only recently has this manuscript been color photographed for the first time in its entirety, at my request and,

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Le Moyne. La clef des champs. 1586. Title page.

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alas, expense. Its publication as a Pomona is still awaiting its Maecenas. Tradescant's printed garden inventory Plantarum in horto . . . , 1634, includes 168 fruit cultivars without illustrations. John Evelyn visited Tradescant's orchard cum vineyard in 1642 and pronounced it "of the most considerable rarity." Another printed inventory, this one of 60 plant illustrations in a private library, is Anselm Boethius de Boodt's Florum, herbarum ac fructum selectiorum icones . . . , Frankfurt, 1609. A posthumous reprint was issued in 1640 at Bruges, the city of its provenance. Selection and description were of plants whose

Le Moyne. La clef des champs. 1586. Colored woodcut.

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''qualities had not been recognized so far," including 14 of fruits. European soldiers, missionaries, naturalists, and traders returned from their travels abroad with tales, descriptions, and sketches of exotic fruits. These can be found in the works of F. Hernandez, G. Marcgrave, C. Plumier, M. S. Merian, M. Catesby, G. E. Rumpf, J. Sibthorp, M. E. Descourtilz, and J. M. de C. Vellozo, among others. It appears that the only work of this type where fruits are not overcrowded by other interesting plants, wild beasts, birds, insects, natives, or artifacts is Michael Boym's Flora sinensis, fructus floresque . . . , Vienna, 1656. An eager Jesuit, Father Boym had volunteered to reconnoitre and proselytize in China. After ten years he returned to the West as an ambassador of the Empress of China and the Dauphin, both of whom he had converted after the Emperor's suicide. He edited his notes and drawings in the above, a thin volume which describes 14 species of fruits, three of spices, and six of animals. The colored copper plates present trees and their fruits plainly and explicitly and are captioned in Latin and Chinese. Once the book was off the press, Boym went back to China. One wonders whether any copies have survived there. It may seem strange that the first three printed pomological plate works focus on citrus fruits and show interest in others only if they are also exotics. In Italy, where citrus fruits, called agrumi, were at home and highly valued in medicine, the printing of the floridly illustrated books emerged in the late Renaissance. During that time, competition for status among the affluent forced lifestyles that included generous and liberal patronage of artistic, curious, and scientific pursuits such as collecting and portraying natural objects. The fashionable citrus cult offered itself conveniently. A pomological culmination of such endeavors is the massive folio of 494 pages and 101 plates engraved in copper, entitled Hesperides, sive de malorvm avreorvm cvltvra et vsv libri IV, Rome, 1646. The author, Giovanni Battista Ferrari, a Jesuit of patrician parentage, was professor of oriental languages at the University of Rome and a horticulturist by avocation. He commissioned graphic artists, such as the Dutch landscape painter Abraham Bloemaert's son Cornelius, to design and engrave the plates. (In our context, father Bloemart is remarkable for his paintings of Pomona in the nude while, in the same picture, camouflaging Vertumnus' most manly feature.) Out of the 101 Hesperides engravings, 80 show citrus species and cultivars. Each fruit is in natural size, whole and halved, with foliage and, occasionally,

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blossoms. The execution, arrangement, mythological vignettes, and floating ribbon labeling are superbly baroque. Some of the cultivars of lemons, sweet and bitter oranges, limes, and venerable citrons are still commonly grown in Europe. Whether his 'Aurantium maximum' is an early grapefruit cultivar remains open. A colored, though mediocre, copy of his work sold for about 8000 and a plain copy for 3000 pounds sterling in 1988 and 1987, respectively. Ferrari's work became exemplary for the emerging northern votarists of Pomona Hesperidensis. Later pomologists such as Knoop and Poiteau praise his monumental work for its completeness and exactitude. The botanist Albrecht von Haller called it "Splendidum opus," and modern art students may analyze it as an esoteric example of baroque art. Pomologically, however, it seems to have been neglected. The German biographer L. Koch (1934), dealing with Ferrari's life and other literary productions, mistakes the Hesperides . . . for a book on quince culture. It is not plagiarism that puts "Hesperides" as lure in the titles of all three of the early plate works. The botanical researcher P. J. Amoreux later traced the concept in Dissertation sur les pommes d'or des Hespérides, Montpellier, 1809. In classical mythology, four goddesses guard a hoard of golden apples in a garden near the sinking sun. During the crusades, the Genoese brought citrus fruits from the East. The golden apples of the Hesperides became oranges during the Renaissance when the Tamil word for "fragrant" merged with the Latin word for "gold." The garden of the Hesperides was a popular literary concept of the time, promising escape from "the strange disease of modern life," as the English lyricist Herrick explains in one of the 1200 poems of his Hesperides, published two years after Ferrari's. The lure of an exotic fruit idyll is also paraphrased by the rustic Scotch poet James Thomson in his Seasons, 1730: Bear me, Pomona, to thy citron grove, To where the lemon and the piercing lime, With the deep orange, glowing through the green, Their lighter glories blend. Lay me reclined Beneath the spreading tamarind, that shakes, Fanned by the breeze, its fever-cooling fruit. Soon after Ferrari's, another plate work with Hesperides in its title was published far north of the citrus region. We met its author, Jan Commelijn, an affluent Dutch "drug dealer" and bot-

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Ferrari. Hesperides. 1646. Engraving.

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anist by avocation, earlier, as a translator of Le Gendre's book. The culture of oranges and lemons in glass-fronted lean-tos had been a prestigious hobby of the French, already discussed by Estienne and Liebault. Citrus-fruit growing fast became fashionable in the flourishing Netherlands, then recently liberated from the Roman-German Emperor and the tulpenwoede. Commelijn grew citrus fruit in greenhouses on his country estate Zuyderhout near Haarlem. He combined Ferrari's insights and instructions with his own experience in Nederlantze Hesperides, dat is oeffening en gebruik van de limoen- en oranje-boomen, Amsterdam, 1676, where his name is spelled Commelyn. The 27 copper-engraved plates in a folio of only 47 pages are by the renowned fruit painter Cornelius Kicka drastic reduction in pages and plates compared to Ferrari's mighty tome. Commelijn stresses the practical, avoiding historical, mythological, and other incidental matters. Nor does he discuss minor or local citrus cultivars, although he had assembled a much larger model collection destined for the Medicijn-Hoff, a kind of botanic garden at Amsterdam. His heirs, however, had different ideas and dispersed his plant treasures by auction in 1692. Commelijn's book gives the impression of a massive volume, since it is usually found under the same cover with Hendrick Cause's De koninglycke hovenier . . . , Amsterdam, 1676. This general gardening book has the same publisher, year, format, paper, and illustrating artist. Fruit has only moderate coverage, and only 5 of 32 engraved plates portray fruit cultivars. An English edition of Commelijn's work was prepared by an anonymous G. V. N. and published as The Belgick, or Netherlandish Hesperides, London, 1683, in a modest octavo format and without illustrations. The most baroque highlight in pomological plate works is probably Johann Christoph Volkamer's Nuernbergische Hesperides, Nuremberg, 1708, a folio with 115 copper engraved plates, usually uncolored. Because of its two-fold pictorial appeal, it sold so fast that another, improved issue with 117 plates was published later in 1708. In 1713 a Latin translation by Erhard Reusch, Hesperidum norumbergensium, with 119 plates, was published, followed by a Continuation der nuernbergischen Hesperidum . . . , 1714, with from 132 to 135 plates. A third volume was started, but never completed after Volkamer died at the age of 76. An educated merchant and local promoter of garden culture, he finally became director of the botanical garden of the city. He was not the scion of the patrician Volckamer clan, as the

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Commelyn. Nederlantze Hesperides. 1676. Title page.

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Cause. De koninglycke hovenier. 1676. Engraving.

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bibliographer Nissen states, but the son and grandson of botany-oriented physicians from Thuringia who taught at their own college in Nuremberg. Johann Christoph collected and cultivated a great many citrus species, cultivars, and monstrosities. Some he nurtured from seed or cuttings obtained through his

Commelyn. Translated by G. V. N. The Belgick, or Netherlandish Hesperides. 1683. Title page.

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multinational business connections. Among other lucrative enterprises, he owned mulberry orchards with a silk factory in Italy. Already in the previous century, he had started to prepare meticulous drawings of the citrus fruits harvested in a conservatory at the Gostenhof, his city garden. Obviously, he enjoyed growing and drawing other exotic fruits and plants also, because, in both volumes, the last of five parts is devoted to pineapples, dates, figs, cacti, arbutus, and flowers from his brother's garden. All fruit portraits appear large in the upper part of the plate, seemingly floating over panoramas, gardens, or buildings. In the first volume, these views are of gardens of Nuremberg and vicinity; in the second they are mainly from Ferrari's, his mentor's, homeland. Most are done by commissioned artists. While the plates show the Baroque at its best, the nearly 500 pages of text reflect some negative traits by their pompous verbosity and frequent digressions into other interests of Volkamer's. The diversity of citrus fruits and of their often curious shapes, hardly known today, clearly fascinated an abbot at Padua, Paolo Bartolomeo Clarici. In Istoria e coltura delle piante . . . con un copioso trattato sugli agrumi, Venice, 1726, he writes of them, "built like melons, sculptured like breasts, stretched like cucumbers, compact like plums, or like chestnuts or like pears or in a hundred other strange shapes which are called monstrous. . . ." Two unpublished manuscripts of the early 1700s nudge us to visit Pomona in oils. Their author is the Italian botanopomologist Pier Antonio Micheli, director of the botanical garden at Florence. All over Italy, even north of the Alps, he had been scouting for interesting fruits and other plants for the table and garden of his patron. In one multivolume manuscript, Enumeratio quarundam plantarum sibi per Italiam, et Germaniam observatorum . . . , n.d., he pictured in watercolor sketches numerous citrus, figs, apples, pears, cherries, plums, and grapes. The other manuscript is a report on the prodigious variety of fruits, many imported, served day by day to Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Toscana, a health and fruit buff. It is headed Lista di tutte le frutte che giorno per giorno dentro all'anno sono poste alla mensa . . . , n.d. Both relate to 27 large oil paintings in which the court painter Bartolomeo Bimbi immortalized 116 citrus, 102 figs, 264 pears, 111 apples, 75 plums, 75 grapes, 66 cherries, 36 peaches, and 9 apricots. They are unobtrusively numbered and more or less artistically arranged against various backgrounds. Cherries, for instance, are depicted in 34 cultivar clusters that spill from a fruit

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Volkamer. Nuernbergische Hesperides. 1708. Engraving.

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Volkamer. Nuernbergische Hesperides. 1708. Engraving.

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basket in a garden landscape setting, entitled Natura morta di ciliegie in un paesaggio. Cultivar names are usually found on a scroll or placard near the bottom of the paintings; some cultivars appear on different paintings. Twentyfive of the 27 paintings are kept, more or less accessibly, at Florence. Their admirer will find it less frustrating to view the excellent copies in oil at the Instituto Botanico of the University of Florence, which also keeps the Micheli manuscripts. A first pomological inventory of Bimbi's paintings was taken by Marco Lastri. In Volume 5 of his Corso di agricoltura . . . , Florence, 17801784, he identifies and describes over 600 cultivars. More scholarly was one compiled by the director of the botanical garden of Pisa University, Ottaviano Targoni Tozzetti, in Volume 1 of his Dizionario botanico italiano . . . , Florence, 1809. There, under Linnean species headings, he groups the vernacular Toscan cultivar names from Micheli's manuscripts with their French equivalents according to Du Hamel. Sicily was praised as a fruit paradise of the time and, fittingly, gave birth to a major booster of Italian pomology, the Franciscan physician and botanist Francesco Cupani. He studied under Italy's prolific plant collector Paolo (later, Silvio) Boccone and was then put in charge of a Sicilian prince's private botanical garden at Misilmeri near Palermo. He published its inventory as Hortus Catholicus, Naples 16961697. ''Catholicus" was his employer's family name. Extending his field, he collected and cultivated plants growing in Sicily, among them over 400 cultivars of 18 kinds of fruits and nuts. He illustrated 188 of them in his posthumously published three-volume folio plate work Panphyton siculum . . . , Palermo, 1713. The title and the 654 engraved plates show that it dealt with all the wild and cultivated plants of Sicily, not only with its fruits. The work is in the nature of a pictorial inventory, with several often unrelated subjects on the same plate. A pear cultivar shares plate No. 25 with garlic and delphinium. On plate No. 132, two apples and a cherry crowd a dandelion. When Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, then a budding naturalist did not receive answer fast enough from President Jefferson about a possible job as botanist-explorer, he took off to Sicily. Clerking for the American Consul at Palermo, he found time to scout for and export unusual plants, do some writing, and, by necessity, publish his articles. A journal begun by him, Specchio delle scienze, Palermo, 1814, carries in its first issue this blurb:

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The famous Panphyton Siculum of Cupani is a work of such rarity that only four copies exist in all Sicily and Europe. The originator of the present reprint has spared no expense to have exact reproductions made from the copy in the public library of the Reverend Jesuit Fathers at Palermo which contains over 650 plates. He commissioned the engraving of 120 selected plates in order to provide for the recognition of this most precious work. Rafinesque's reprint is a folio entitled Cento venti tavole del panphyton siculum di Cupani . . . dal Sig. C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Palermo, 1812, and it seems to be lost, if ever completed. About a year after the announcement, Rafinesque left Sicily with its "fruitful soil, delightful climate, excellent productions, perfidious men, deceitful women" and embarked for the States. Ship-wrecked off the Rhode Island coast, he waded on land, girded with his money belt but leaving his literary and other property to the waters, a kick-off to his illustrious career as a naturalist. A colorful 18th century precursor of our fruit nursery catalogs begs to be counted with the Pomonas. It was the brainchild of Robert Furber, nurseryman in Kensington and supplier to the aristocracy, including Queen Caroline. After a similar venture with flowers, he commissioned Peter Casteels, a genre painter from Antwerp, to do 12 oil paintings showing the fruits in season or available in each month. These were then engraved, printed on large folio sheets, colored by hand, and assembled like calendars but without title or text. The set is untitled but generally known as The twelve months of fruit, London, 1732. Some sets were privately bound, such as the one at the Victoria and Albert Museum. On each monthly sheet, a different fancy china or basketry epergne is heaped with, and surrounded by, a multitude of distinct types and cultivars of fruits, all executed with fidelity. The lavish illustrations would be pomologically irrelevant, were not all specimens corresponding to a Bimbi-style listing underneath giving also the recommended training and exposure of each tree in code. Thus the line "9 Carnation SDEN" means that number 9 is a cherry cultivar named 'Carnation', which succeeds as a standard or dwarf tree, can be trained as an espalier, and prefers a location on a wall with northern exposure. In picturesque arrangement, interspersed with faithfully drawn foliage, we find altogether 364 cultivars of common and some uncommon fruits, several lasting through two or three months. Of distinguished cultivars, just to name

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some survivors, we meet the 'Court Pendu', 'White Winter Calville', 'Leather Coat', and 'Holland Pippin' apples; several types of 'Bézis' and the 'Swan Egg' pears; the 'Gross Minion' ('Mignonne'), 'Royal George', and 'Teton de Venus' peaches; and the 'Blue Perdrigon' ('Précoce de Tours'), 'Drap d'Or', and 'Royal Dolphin' ('Dauphin') plums. Only a fruit votary whose palate has experienced the titillating flavor and savor of these treasures from the past, uneconomically as they are said to produce today, can fully appreciate Casteel's and similar fruit portraits. To others, they are just pretty pictures whose decorative appeal has indeed triggered various reprints. Recently one was produced by the Notting-ham Court Press in a limited edition of 500 with plate marks and only the hand-coloring falling short of the gentle patina of the original. Popular in art shops are modern reprints on which just the name of a month has been replaced by that of a season, making a questionable but decorative set of four. Evidently, Furber got some feedback on the absence of an explanatory text and therefore soon after produced A short introduction to gardening; or, a guide to gentlemen and ladies . . . being several useful catalogues of fruits and flowers, London, 1733. In the fruit part of this guide we find an interesting glossary of fruit-tasting terms relating to flavor, aroma, and texture. Some of them, such as "vinous," "sharp," "mealy," or "musky" have been retained by modern pomology and given specific organoleptic meanings. Furber's later nursery catalogs are plainly printed brochures. Batty Langley could well have been a live model for Hogarth's series of how an industrious apprentice gets famous and rich. Raised in Twickenham (where Pope experimented with a fruit-free picturesque garden), this son of a plain gardener built an impressive business in the theory and practice of Gothic land-scape architecture and ran his own academy of architectural drawing. He signed his books on landscape architecture and applied geometry as "Hortulanus et Architectus." Some thought him overbearing, but his labor of love, Pomona: or, the fruit garden illustrated, London, 1729, testifies to a deep infatuation with the Fruit Goddess. Designing garden temples may have been his business, but growing, knowing, and cherishing fruit was his avocation. The ". . . above Three Hundred Drawings of the several Fruits, Curiously Engraven on Seventy-nine large Folio Plates" owe their uniqueness to his talent for depicting the type while catching the informality of the individual fruit specimen. As an experienced pomologist cum artist, he dates all drawings,

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showing the developing stages of blossoms and later of the ripening fruits. This significant innovation is still disregarded today by many pomological illustrators. The drawings that had been engraved by others, probably his students, can be recognized by minor simplistic idiosyncrasies, whereas his own witness the refinements of a master with flair. A few neatly rather than artistically hand-colored copies are known. Langley did not want to produce a mere picture book. A year before its publication, he issued an engraved flyer with exacting Proposals for publishing by subscription Pomona or an accurate and complete system of the best fruits. It contained affidavits by Switzer and others who approved of the drawings of this "most Curious, Useful & Advantagious Work, Capable both of Instructing & diverting." The 150-page text will be a manual to help "Cities, Lordships, Estates etc." give proper orchard instructions. His love makes him apprehensive about fruit trees being "committed into the Hands of their Executioner [ignorant pruners]. Of these Pretenders we have great Numbers annually imported from the Northern Parts . . . Had they but Modesty enough to be well instructed by our English Gardeners. . . . " Langley's text is appended with A curious account of the most valuable cyder-fruits of Devonshire by Hugh Stafford, who in praise of certain ciders writes, "I have seen Bourdeaux and even Burgundy stand melancholy and neglected before them." Stafford's major work, A treatise of cider making, London, 1755, presents the state of the art with clear illustrations. The emphasis of an earlier book by Langley, New principles of gardening . . . , London, 1728, is on the how-to of growing fruit and lists fewer cultivars than his Pomona . . . , with all 28 plates on layout and culture. A gardener's son from Hesse, Johann Hermann Knoop developed into the founder of descriptive pomology. As gardener to a dowager princess at Leeuwarden in Frisia, and a zealous autodidact, he could eventually proudly call himself "Hortulanus (in tempore), Mathematicus et Scientarum Amator." It took him 25 years "in the service of the worshippers of Pomona," as he writes in the preface, to describe and illustrate the apples and pears "esteemed in Lower and Upper Germany, France, England and elsewhere." His thin folio work, Pomologia, dat is beschryvingen en afbeeldingen . . . , Leeuwarden, was not published until 1758. Each of the 20 plates contains several hand-colored engravings of cultivars. In 1763, his Fructologia . . . , Leeuwarden, followed, dealing with stone fruits, grapes, and some minor fruits on 19 colored plates. Engravings and coloring are plainly

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Langley. Pomona. 1729. Title page.

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Langley. Pomona. 1729. Partial engraving.

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Langley. Pomona. 1729. Partial engraving.

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utilitarian, without depth or artistic aspirations. In the foreword, Knoop stresses that the purpose of his book is to foster cultivar recognition and, ultimately, the choice of better cultivars. This is important, he believes, because his own work and its apples and pears deserve to be admired by all savants and amateurs just as much as the Hesperides of Ferrari, Commelijn and Volkamer and their citrus fruits. "Sometimes they [apples and pears] would be in higher esteem if they were scarcer. Lemons are useful and health promoting but apples and pears are not less so. They can be eaten raw, will please the palate, and invigorate the heart." There exist editions in Dutch, French, and German, but no German translation of Fructologia . . . is known. Both works are usually found bound together. In the German edition, Pomologia . . . is paired with a posthumous work of similar intent authored by J. C. Zinck, a clerical dignitary at the Court of Sachsen-Meiningen. Taking advantage of Knoop's well-known name, the publisher attached Zinck's work, labeling it Volume 2. Volume 1 is entitled Pomologia . . . uebersetzt von D. Georg Leonhart Huth, Nuremberg, 1760, and Volume 2 Pomologia . . . zweyter Theil, Nuremberg, 1766. Only one of the latter's 24 color plates shows stone fruits; all others illustrate apples and pears in an orgy of coloration. Often minor fruit characteristics are detractingly overemphasized. The originals were watercolors by the court painter J. Ch. Saenger, engaged by Zinck to do portraits of fruit instead of nobility. This second volume, also published separately under Zinck's name as Pomarium Pictum, date and place unknown, is apparently rather rare. Some cultivars appear in both works. Although the descriptive texts are quite complementary to each other, the illustrations have often little in common. It is difficult to judge whether Knoop's omission or Zinck's exaggeration of details gives a truer picture, particularly when one knows the phenotypic spectrum of a cultivar first hand. One would probably choose Knoop's work in its French edition, Pomologie . . . par Jean Herman Knoop, Amsterdam, 1771, co-bound with Fructologie . . . , Amsterdam, 1771, with much more natural hand coloring of the plates. The spelling "Pomonologie," given as title by the Hunt Catalog #620, although not inconceivable as a variant, does not appear in my own or other copies I have seen. Though rather scarce and overshadowed by his illustrated fruit books, Knoop's three-volume Beknopte huishoudelyke hovenier, Harlingen & Amsterdam, 1762, shows him to be an all-round gardening expert. His fruitgrowing instructions and

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Knoop. Edited by Zinck. Pomologia. 1766. Title page of Part 2.

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Knoop. (Anonymous translation). Fructologie. 1771. Title page.

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extensive cultivar listings are followed by discussions of vegetables, ornamentals, and, in great depth, pharmacopoeial plants. A botanic relevance of Knoop's work was demonstrated by the French botanist Michel Adanson, author of Familles des plantes, Paris, 1763, and a scientific antagonist of Linné's. For his file of plant illustrations he cut out the colored fruit figures from Knoop's Fructologie. . . . His 391 manuscript pages on fruit trees and individual fruits can be viewed at Hunt Botanical Library at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania together with his copy of the Carthusians' fruit-tree catalog. With sound logic, Prince Bishop Franz Ludwig, the secular ruler of Wuerzburg in Franconia vigorously promoted fruit growing. Within six years of his accession, he had schoolchildren plant stones and pips and raise 628,338 seedlings. In 1770, his predecessor, Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim, had hired the horticulturist Johann Prokop Mayer from Bohemia to design his court gardens in the latest French style. This Mayer, versed in horticulture as well as German, Czech, French, and Latin, proved his literary talent first in a German translation of Varro's De re rustica, Bayreuth, 1774. As assistant to Alex Braun, Louis XV's fruit gardener at Choisy, he had specialized in pineapples. People-oriented Franz Ludwig decided to establish a pomological arboretum in his otherwise French-styled court gardens. For years, Mayer collected cultivars and helpful fruit books to create the fruit paradise expected of him. Then, with massive assistance in text and art work from two dedicated fruit fanciers, Albrecht Jakob Penzel, a cleric from Krakovia, and Johannes Gilson, a local court counselor, he produced the elaborate, charming inventory and growing guide Pomona franconica . . . , Nuremberg, 17761801. It came in three quarto volumes with title page, preface, and text in German and French, and included two admirable bibliographies: Bibliothèque du jardinier fruitier of books printed in Latin, French, and English, and Buechersammlung ueber die Obstgaertnerei of books in German. The publisher Winterschmidt also produced the superb etched plates. Volumes 1 (1776) and 2 (1779), with altogether 99 colored and 11 plain plates, describe stone fruits, medlars, and espalier training. In 1987, the two volumes brought 9350 pounds at a Sotheby auction. The much scarcer Volume 3, with 154 color plates of pears and apples, was published in 1801 in text and plate parts just before Mayer's paying patron was stripped of his secular sovereignty. These green etchings, strongly colored and nuanced by hand, show the whole fruit(s),

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a cross section, a foliage spray, and/or blossoms in the typical decorative style of the time. Mayer gives an authority for all fruit names. One chapter of the text is devoted to seedlings raised in North America from European apples. Like many of us he had experienced the ultimate futility of a branched 5-in-1 type of fruit tree, recommending instead a single oblique cordon with

Mayer. Pomona franconica. 1776. Title page of Part 1.

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cultivars topping each other. Regarding Philip Miller's patriotic theory of an exclusive native excellence of cultivars, Mayer is outspoken: ''Miller believes that good pippins degenerate outside their land of birth; he is mistaken, we eat just as good ones in Paris as they do in London. It is only a matter of giving a tree the right soil." Of three name-related plate booksPomona britanica, Pomona britannica, and Pomologia britannicathe first had a promising but aborted start, the second was a triumph, and the last, though a solid achievement, would not be known under this title until published as a reprint in 1841. Pomona britanica; or fruit garden displayed . . . , London, 1788, was the ambitious undertaking of two prominent London nurserymen. Abraham & William Driver attempted to publish a pomological periodical. They engaged the renowned botanical illustrator J. Sowerby to prepare colored fruit plates, and they incorporated in their Pomona the beginnings of a botanical-pomological lexicon. I found no explanation of why, after 16 pages and 9 color plates, the project was dropped for good. At Sotheby's Plesch Auction in 1975, the next Pomona, hailed as "the most striking and gorgeous fruit book published anywhere," brought 2800 pounds compared to its original price of forty guineas! In 1987, Sotheby's pronounced it "the finest English book on fruit" and auctioned it off for 68,000 pounds at the De Belder auction. This Pomona britannica, London, 18041812, by George Brookshaw, a 45 cm by 58 cm atlas folio, is the heaviest Pomona ever. It weighs ca. 25 lbs. The plates, by Brookshaw's Paris-trained brother Richard, were masterfully designed and executed in aquatint. Some are hand-finished stipple engravings. Light-colored fruits strikingly contrast with dark background and vice versa. The author had discovered the total of 256 cultivars pictured around London and in the Royal Gardens at Kensington and Hampton Court. The 90 plates are numbered 193, but three plates designated for pineapples were never published. A "popular," i.e., cheaper edition of the Pomona britannica, London, 18161817, was issued in two volumes with this prefatory explanation: It is the primary object of the present work to excite in Gentlemen themselves a predominant turn and ardour . . . for this elegant, entertaining and highly important subject . . . , to direct and superintend their own gardeners or labourers, in-

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stead of being . . . the sport of their ignorant pretensions. . . . It is the Fruit-garden only . . . that is hung, after the fall of the blossoms, with a rich harvest of rainbow hues, and gives us, as Agricola exclaimed, amid the artificial walks of Versailles, a foretaste of Paradise. The format is reduced to quarto and the number of color plates to 60. The plates are pleasing, on white background, new and different. To the orchardist, their execution is more realistic than that of the ornate first edition. With the exception of grapes and melons, each plate depicts several cultivars. This utilitarian edition was offered in the antiquarian trade for 8000 pounds in January 1988. A warning is in order regarding Brookshaw's last work, The horticultural repository . . . , London, 1823, published posthumously in two volumes. The cultivar descriptions are simplistic, and the 103 fruit plates are plainly primitive and often drastically colored, a testimony to the artist's poor health during his last years. It also seems that the publisher had rounded up some of Brookshaw's discarded plates, and then had the nerve to call this production "a suitable monument of his [Brookshaw's] genius and talent" in an anonymous preface. An East German reprint of the original 18041812 Pomona Britannica with 20 color plates in reduced size was published at Leipzig, 1975. A well-connected nurseryman in Vienna, Johann Kraft, took a marketing hint from Furber. For the elaborate Abbildungen von 576 Obstgattungen, Vienna, 17871796 in 20 fascicles, he engaged "the ablest artists for several years to produce the illustrations presented herewith as they [i.e., the fruits] grow in the author's gardens and can be purchased there." The popular response was such that what started as a yearly updated fancy nursery catalog developed into a national codex, in a consolidated edition fittingly entitled Pomona austriaca, Vienna, 17921796. Each of the two volumes contain 100 copper-engraved plates colored by hand, with captions in German and from Plate 111 onward also in French. Only 45 and 46 pages of descriptive text are included. There was a trade edition in quarto and a de luxe edition in folio. Printed on the best Van Gelder paper of the time, the latter's title page was embellished with a border of fruit in watercolor. These editions were priced at 90 and 120 Austrian gold dollars, respectively. A quarto issue in French, Pomona austriaca ou arbres fruitiers d'Autriche, Vienna, 1797, had the same 200 plates, all with second captions in French. The

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plates depict major kinds and cultivars of fruit other than apples, peaches, and grapes grown in the German-Austrian Empire and the Balkans, with foliage, blossoms, and the occasional cross section. In the text, Kraft follows his mentor Du Hamel Du Monceau but runs into problems of nomenclature with cultivars from the Carthusian nurseries at Paris. He also comments on their shoddy tree production, arrogance, and avarice. A quasi sequel to the Pomona austriaca appeared after Kraft's death as Abbildung von 51 Pfirsich-Gattungen . . . , Vienna, 1821. Author, artist, and publisher of the 49 superb color plates was Franz De Paula Antoine, court gardener of the Austrian Emperor with a reputation for doting on fruits, especially peaches. Whereto does an 18th century Inspector General in charge of the French navy's ordnance escape from the pressures of his job? Like Lawson's "gods of the earth," like Boileau, Emperor Joseph II, and many others, myself included, he seeks recreation at Pomona's many-sided bosom. He collects, grows, thinks, and, above all, savors and enjoys fruit. Peaches, he believes, are the most tasteworthy fruit, especially the 'Brugnon violet musqué', a clingstone nectarine, known and praised from Le Lectier via Parkinson, Rapin, Knoop, Forsyth, Downing to Bunyard, who knows it as 'Red Roman'. An early hint to Du Hamel's fruit infatuation was an essay, Recherches sur les causes de la multiplication des espèces de fruits, Paris, 1728. In it, experimental proof that grafting will not change the genetic makeup of a cultivar accompanies his own exacting drawing of the internal structure of a graft union. A two-part brochure followed, entitled Anatomie de la poire, Paris, 17301731. Unbounded energy, a farming background, and scientific training as a lawyer and a botanist enabled Du Hamel to describe cultivars accurately and to coach his hired artists, Claude Aubriet and Madeleine Basseporte, to channel their talents into pomologically correct illustrations. "His characterization [of cultivars] is masterly and meticulously derived from nature," writes Diehl in the introduction to his own pear systematics. Eventually Du Hamel realized that his time and funds were insufficient to finish the ambitious work. Twenty years, a few books, and many articles on other subjects later, he showed the manuscript and artwork to a kindred pomological soul. The 20 years younger Abbé Le Berriays convinced his polymath friend, Henry Louis Du Hamel Du Monceau, finally to publish, and he promised his and other friends' help, artistic and otherwise. The outcome was Traité des arbres fruitiers . . . , Paris, 1768, in two

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Kraft. Pomona austriaca. 17921796. Colored engraving.

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Du Hamel. Recherches sur les causes. 1728. Engraving.

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quarto volumes with 180 engraved plates. Numerous cultivars of 16 fruit species are first characterized in Latin, then thoroughly described in French. Many are illustrated in foliage, fruit, blossom, and seed. An engraved fruit-laden frontispiece carries the title "Pomona gallica." One of several hand-colored sets, prepared for J. F. Bignon, librarian to Louis XV, sold for 6500 pounds at Sotheby's Plesch auction in 1975. Two further printings appeared in the year of Du Hamel's death, 1782, in three volumes with the same number of plates: an authorized one at Paris and a pirated one at Brussels. Their contents are identical to the 1768 edition, though format and plate components are scaled down. Du Hamel's dedication was admirable. In 1765, to describe just one cultivar, he rode 60 kilometers and back to view the original tree and fruits of the 'Bézi de Chaumontel' pear, which Merlet had seen and declared a novelty in 1675. His many interests are characterized by the pronouncement, "Wherever you look around in the world, there is nothing that does not merit your attention." His extracurricular interest in fruit was determined by his palate, which caused him to frown upon La Quintinye's recommendations of good-looking cultivars with undistinguished eating quality. He raves about fruits as dessert, their "scent, freshness, flavor and aromatic deliciousness." A follower of Pomona will delight perusing again and again the pioneering preface of his work, which, typically, carries no dedication. A German edition with 180 re-engraved plates appeared in its first volume as Abhandlungen von den Obstbaeumen . . . , Nuremberg, 1775. Volumes 2 and 3 and later the complete set carried the title Pomona gallica, Nuremberg, 17821783, translated by C. C. Oelhafen von Schöllenbach. About 150 ravishing color-printed fruit plates by P. J. Redouté and P. Bessa were extracted later from the first two volumes of a posthumous new edition of Du Hamel's work on trees and shrubs entitled Traité des arbres et arbustes que l'on cultive en France, Paris, 18011819. When published, they filled two folios entitled Traité des arbres fruitiers, revue et augmenté de plus de moitié . . . par MM. Mirbel, Poiret et Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Paris, no date. That work was followed by the same text with 145 color plates entitled Nouveau traité des arbres fruitiers . . . , Paris, 1816. This, reprinted in 1850 as Nouveau traité des arbres fruitiers . . . nouvelle édition, cost 50 Francs uncolored, 100 Francs colored, and 150 Francs colored in a large paper issue bound in vellum. A citrus selection of 80 pages from the 18011819 edition of

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Du Hamel. Traité des arbres fruitiers. 1768. Title page of 1782 edition.

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Du Hamel. Traité des arbres fruitiers. 1768. Engraving from 1782 edition.

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the Traité . . . was published as Traité du citronier, Paris, 1816. It numbers 21 stipple-engraved and somewhat stereotype color-printed plates after Bessa, with a learned and entertaining rather than citrological text by Etienne Michel. For this, Michel used a taxonomic arrangement devised by a real citrus specialist, the pharmacist and naturalist Joseph Antoine Risso at Nice. Together with the botanical artist Pierre Antoine Poiteau, Risso produced a masterly citrus Pomona, Histoire naturelle des orangers, Paris, 18181820. It deals with most citrus species known at the time and almost 200 of their cultivars, their history, botanical details, synonyms, and cultivation under different climatic and environmental conditions. As pharmacist, he also indicated the use of their products in medicine and food. This work was issued in 19 folio fascicles together with 109 stipple-engraved, color-printed plates finished by hand in the distinct Poiteau manner. The famous pomologist Antoine du Breuil revised and augmented the work as Histoire et culture des orangers . . . , Paris, 1872, in which the 110 color plates are still attractive but without class. The only translation, partial and not illustrated, came from Lady Reid, wife of the Governor of Malta, as Extracts translated from the natural history of orange trees by A. Risso, Malta, 1853. Still later, Du Hamel's name (de-nobleized to Duhamel) and most of the original text were given to a magnificent color-plate work, Traité des arbres fruitiers. Nouvelle édition, Paris, [1807]1835, in six folio volumes. A varying majority of the stipple-engraved plates, from 329 to 420 per set, are printed in color and finished by hand. Each plate shows one or more specimens, a cross section, foliage, and blossoms. This work was illustrated by Pierre Antoine Poiteau and P. J. F. Turpin, who had, while serving France in Haiti in 1794, discovered their common interest in botany. The educated Poiteau taught his friend grammar and Latin, and poor but gifted Turpin reciprocated with drawing lessons. Poiteau, no less a scientific researcher than a pomological illustrator, later elaborated the taxonomic importance of peach leaf glands. A Monsieur Desprez, judge and fruit hobbyist at Alençon, had drawn his attention to their different shapes in 1810. Volume 1 of the Traité . . . contains a dedication to the "Venerable professor A. Thouin . . . as his pupils and respectful admirers. . . . May the learned professor find here the fruits of his lessons." Thouin, as related above, had saved many of the por-

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trayed and described cultivars before revolutionary hordes destroyed the Carthusian nurseries. The elaborate work was financed indirectly by the French government, which subscribed to a large number of sets as gifts for visiting dignitaries. It also included a "Bibliothèque pomologique" listing, with commentary on 21 works and their authors. Later, in 1846, the 80-year-old Poiteau re-issued the work for 600 Francs as Pomologie française, Paris, in four volumes with identical plates, from which, however, the name of his late friend Turpin had been deleted. This was Poiteau's way to get even, because "Turpin was the dominant force," as Wilfrid Blunt characterized the relationship. Any issue of the Traité . . . is a great descriptive resource in a pomological library. Du Hamel was a brilliant and exacting representative of the Age of Montreuil and did his best to overcome the pomological Ancien Régime into which he counted Linné's artificial botanical system. The question of whether any colored sets are still around that have been neither institutionalized nor butchered for their plates, was answered by Sotheby's. In 1987 they auctioned off a Turpin & Poiteau set for 55,000 Pounds. To fruit lovers with artistic ambition, Peter Henderson presented Pomona, being a selection of choice fruit, the whole carefully drawn from nature . . . , London, 1808. Known mainly as a society and genre painter, he had just finished his illustrations for Thornton's Temple of Flora, when, as he explains in the preface, he started to give "observations on colouring fruit." The small folio of fruit plates are drawn and engraved by himself. Eight of them are attractive, typifying fruit portraits, and two are somewhat coarse examples of fruit groupings. Obviously, he was not pomologically interested, but as an artist he wanted to cater to "a fashionable recreation" of the upper classes. Its anonymous German edition with the title Pomona, eine Sammlung nach der Natur gezeichneter und gemalter Fruechte, Leipzig, 1810, indicates on its title page that it was a First Part. No further parts are known. The production and marketing of hand-colored engraved fruit plates with brief explanatory text appended, was also tried by the 48-year-old spinster Margaretha Barbara Dietzsch of Nuremberg. After a first fascicle with six plates, Fruchtstuecke, sowohl die Bluethe als die Frucht . . . , [1784] publication stopped. She pioneered colored fruit portraits against a dark background, a technique later used by Brookshaw. It seems that her design and engraving skills were better remunerated by working for J. C. Trew, an author of distinguished botanical plate books.

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Thomas Andrew Knight, father of practical fruit breeding, also was the originator of our most realistic Pomona. He received financial backing from the Herefordshire Agricultural Society, which he had helped to found. The work was announced in 1808: Pomona herefordiensis; being a descriptive account of the Old Cider Fruits of Herefordshire, which have been long esteemed the best of their kind. To these will be added some new Fruits of superior merit, which have sprung up under the encouragement of the Society; and also those few varieties of the Pear which produce Perry of remarkable excellence. Accompanied by highly finished coloured Engravings. Published under the Patronage of the Agricultural Society of Herefordshire. Nos. I and II. Price Eight Shillings each. This work will consist of not less than eight, or more than ten Numbers, one of which will be published every two months, containing three plates. The descriptive part is conducted by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. and the Plates are executed by Mr. W. Hooker, from Drawings by a Lady of the County of Hereford which have obtained the approbation of the Society. In 1811, the complete work was published as Pomona herefordiensis: containing coloured engravings of the old cider and perry fruits of Herefordshire . . . , London, in quarto format. It has a preface and 37 pages of text, which describe 30 handsomely naturalistic plates done in line engraving, stipple, and aquatint by William Hooker, all handcolored. The ''lady" artist of 27 drawings was Miss Elizabeth Mathews, daughter of the mayor of Hereford. "The remaining three, the Stead's Kernel, the Old Pearmain, and the Friar, were the work of a very young and inferior artist of my own family . . . and whatever may have been defective in the drawings, has not been transferred by Mr. Hooker to the plates," writes Knight in the preface. He refers to someone variously described as "Miss Knight," "Frances Knight (Née Felton)" or "Knight's daughter Frances, afterwards Mrs. Acton." The true-to-nature illustrations show scabby fruit, larvae-ravaged foliage, and Wooly Aphid-clad twigs to a degree not previously dared in an expensive plate work. That cider and perry cultivars were depicted rather than table fruits does explain this suppression of the time-honored compulsion of always showing Pomona's gifts at their most enticing. England's most celebrated pomological illustrator, William

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Hooker, F. L. S., was an accomplished pupil of Franz Bauer, the botanical painting wizard whom Sir Joseph Banks had financially chained to Kew Gardens in 1788. Hooker's namesake, William J. Hooker, later director of Kew, was no relation. When the Horticultural Society of London looked for an artist to embellish their prestigious Transactions . . . , q.v., Hooker impressed its Drawings Committee with a previous work, Paradisus londinensis . . . , and received the appointment. For over 20 years, he loyally contributed many flower and 158 superb fruit plates to the Society's Transactions . . . Later, when the Society was near bankruptcy in 1859, the originals were on sale for pennies. Hooker's success as illustrator of Knight's Pomona herefordiensis . . . triggered his Pomona londinensis . . . the most esteemed fruits cultivated in British gardens, Vol. 1, London, 1818. Now, daringly, Hooker was his own publisher, author, delineator, engraver, colorist, pomological expert, and sales manager. "Mr. Hooker, I believe, knows apples better than any of us," said R. A. Salisbury, secretary of the Society, at one of its meetings. Hooker honestly acknowledges the textual assistance of the president and members of the Society, to whom he dedicated the work. Specimens for portrayal came from many sources: Hampton Court, Covent Garden Market, and the gardens of London notables such as Sir J. Banks, W. Wilmot, W. T. Aiton, and J. Kirke. The work was published in a small imperial quarto trade edition and in a deluxe atlas quarto and remained, in spite of Hooker's hopes, the one and only volume. Each of the 49 fine-grained aquatint or stipple-engraved plates depicts one specimen with foliage and, occasionally, blossom and cross section. They are all more esthetically acceptable, though less realistic, because the fruits were pictured as if they had been grown in a pest-free environment, quite unlike those shown in his earlier Pomona herefordiensis. Each plate is accompanied by a leaf of descriptive letterpress. The accurate descriptions demonstrate that Hooker perceived each cultivar with all possible senses and that he was also familiar with its history. He selected only 13 applies, eight pears, seven plums, five peaches, and even fewer of the nine other fruit species, because he wanted "to select from, rather than add to, our already too extensive assortment of fruits those which possess distinguished merit," as he writes in the preface. In 1989, The Royal Horticultural Society, London, published a selection in quarto of 96 color plates, entitled Hooker's finest fruits. Professor W. T. Stearn, who introduced it, pronounced Wil-

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liam Hooker's artwork "equal or even superior to paintings of fruit by the great Pierre-Joseph Redouté." A pleasant way to everyday appreciation of Hooker's fruit cultivars is a delightful dinner set entitled "Pomona" recently produced by the Portmeiron Potteries in England. Like John Laurence mentioned above, Johann Ludwig Christ was a man of the cloth, "spending the off hours of my higher calling by contributing to the common weal" in promoting fruit knowledge and culture. Judging by the 15 works of research or instructions that he published between 1789 and 1814, he enjoyed many off hours. His crowning work and swan song was Vollstaendige Pomologie, Frankfurt, 18091813, in two octavo volumes. The neatly hand-colored engravings of fruit cultivars, some life-size and others reduced, form an appendix to the many pages of systematics and descriptions. Yet, at 18 pear portraits per octavo page, trueness and usefulness are often accidental. His friend Diehl did not hold back in 1816: "Nobody will be able to identify a single fruit variety from them. Without enlargement they are pretty toy pictures, magnified they are monstrous pomological charades." The Library of Congress copy has 50 out of 51 plates, of which 47 are colored. With the words "we must have the diversity and perfection of Pomona's gift in front of our eyes in order to give them access to our senses and to judge and classify them," Christ had announced his work in the earlier Handbuch. . . . He added, "I am consumed by this delicate as well as laborious hobby of mine and dare to jump into its confusing whirlpool past which many honourable pomologists are and have been sailing at a safe distance." This jump, to sort out the nomenclature of fruit cultivars on 1200 pages, is his lasting contribution, and a century of editions up to Christ-Lucas Gartenbuch, 24th edition, 1930, are his memorial. A monumental Pomona was authored by the Genoese Giorgio Conte Gallesio, who mobilized over 40 designers and engravers during a period of some 20 years to illustrate his Pomona italiana . . . , Pisa, 18171839. This two- to fourvolume elephant folio ideally contains 170 hand-finished aquatint plates. Each usually shows a whole fruit amidst its artistically arranged foliage, and a cross-section. The 160-plate copy purchased by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society cost 90 pounds in 1927. An opaque contour coloration prevents the elsewhere common "coloring-book effect" by avoiding any harsh lines, resulting in a unique and delightful realism. The discrepancy between the

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Christ. Vollstaendige Pomologie. 1812. Engraving.

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hands of highly competent and those of more amateurish artists is readily discernible, however. As Bunyard noted: "Some [plates] are of high merit and many are extremely bad" (Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 37/1). Citrus fruits were not included. Gallesio had already dealt with them in Traité du citrus, Paris, 1811, whose anonymous translation as Orange culture, Jacksonville, Florida, 1876, may have played a part in ushering in Florida's orange-grove industry. Pomona italiana . . . was published in fascicles of descriptive text with four plates each. To the antiquarian's confusion, plates are neither numbered nor indexed, and many occur in any sequence or count. Gallesio explains that whenever perfect blossoms or fruits became available, they were handed to the artists and that ready artwork was printed without delay. Due to Gallesio's death, the work was never completed and may be encountered unbound or bound, in any number of fascicles or volumes. This lawyer, career diplomat, and lyricist, ennobled only in 1828, found his highest calling in the scholarly service of Pomona. His arboretum of fruit trees was particularly outstanding in cultivars of peaches, grapes, and figs, although all deciduous and semitropical fruits of the time were represented. While T. A. Knight popularized the practical aspects of fruit breeding, Gallesio not only practiced it soon after but also, through analyzing his cross-breeding experiments, became the first to arrive at the general concept of genetic dominance and recessiveness. While in Paris as a diplomat and guest at Napoleon's second wedding, Gallesio presented his findings to the Institut de France but was ridiculed and rejected by most of the scientific revolutionary establishment. They could not grasp his truly revolutionary and later corroborated stipulation of four citrus prototypes that give rise to hundreds of genetic combinations we call cultivars. Agostino Mandirola had suspected this foursome in 1649, but Gallesio elaborated a valid taxonomy. His documentary Teoria della riproduzione vegetale, Vienna, 1813, and its German translation Theorie der vegetabilischen Reproduczion, Vienna, 1814, was praised by Darwin and inspired Mendel. Its French original is part of his citrus treatise. The first native North American Pomona is without question William Coxe's A view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider, Philadelphia, 1817, in octavo with 200 remarkable life-size wood engravings. It fits the definition of Pomona admirably, describing and picturing the various types and cultivars of fruits of a region. Although officially a

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"gentleman of leisure," Coxe spent a lifetime collecting, growing, and testing fruit cultivars and acting as Pomona's public relations man in the United States. He wrote many articles on fruit and popularized Knight's ideas. At the time of his death, he was working on a second edition of his book and had commissioned his three artistically gifted daughters to paint fruit portraits from which color plates would be made. Some of these portraits equal the best European fruit pictures and are superior to the vividly colored types such as Knoop's. One, a watercolor of the native 'Seckel' pear, was sent to the Horticultural Society of London by Coxe's friend Dr. David Hosack and published in its Transactions . . . of 1820. The color portraits are now in the possession of the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, except for 12 of apples, which found their way into the Lindley Library of the Royal Horticultural Society, London. A facsimile of the 1817 work was published by Pomona Books in 1976. Coxe's work was not the first to portray American fruits. This honor belongs to Lydia Byam for A collection of fruits from the West Indies, drawn and coloured from nature . . . , London, 1800. A folio without text, it contains nine hand-colored aquatint plates made while the artist resided with her younger brother, William Gunthorpe, Governor of Antigua. This is probably the rarest Pomona. The similarity of two French mini-Pomonas presenting themselves as fruit baskets ends with their titles. One is the anonymous Le Panier de fruits, Paris, 1807, the other, La corbeille de fruits, Paris, 1818, by Charles Malo. His little volume with 12 finely hand-colored stipple engravings by Pancrace Bessa, is a jewel in duodecimo. It strives to create interest in the delectability, variety, history, and lore of fruit in a friendly text interspersed with fruit-centered poetry. In the uninhibited spirit of the time, fruit could also be interpreted as in this charming sample: Lucile, séduisant lutin, Et la plus charmante des brunes, Au verger, avec son cousin, Descendit pour chercher des Prunes. Tard elle revint au logis, Sans en pouvoir montrer aucunes; Elle rapporta bien des fruits, Mais ces fruits n'étaient pas des Prunes.

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Color Plates

Coxe. A view of the cultivation of fruit trees. 1817. Engraving.

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Plate 1 Hand-colored plate from Furber's Twelve months of fruit. London, 1732.

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Plate 2 Hand-colored plate from Knoop's Pomologia, Vol. 2. Nuremberg, 1766.

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Plate 3 Hand-colored plate from Knoop's Pomologie. Amsterdam, 1771.

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Plate 4 Hand-colored plate from Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. London. 1824.

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Plate 5 Hand-colored plate from Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. London, 1824.

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Plate 6 Hand-colored plate from Langley's Pomona. London, 1729.

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Plate 7 Hand-colored plate from Collection des fleurs et des fruits by Jean Louis Prévost. (From Flower and fruit prints of the 18th and early 19th centuries by Gordon Dunthorne. Washington, D.C., 1938.)

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Plate 8 Hand-colored plates from Sickler's Der teutsche Obstgaertner. Weimar, 17941804.

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Byam. A collection of fruits. 1800. Title page.

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My learned friend Jean Parisot explained that ''fruits" was also an upper-class French colloquialism for human semen. Le panier . . . , although double the format and number of plates, offers less pomological enchantment and depth. L. F. Jauffret, the suspected author, filled the many pages between perfunctory fruit chapters with irrelevant, mostly moralizing matter and fables. The stipple-engraved plates are printed in stereotype colors, occasionally finished by hand. A redeeming feature is the artistic designs of the plates by Jean Gabriel Prêtre, like Bessa a disciple of Spaendonk's, and by Prêtre's daughter Joséphine. The second edition of 1819 is identical except for less exacting coloring. A Swiss lady artist, Luise Roemer, née Schwyzer, adorned another fruit basket, Vruchtmandje voor de jeugd . . . , Amsterdam, 1809, with 18 delicately stippled engravings colored by hand. Her prominent husband Johann Jakob Roemer, professor of botany at Zurich, supplied text and authorship. This and a companion volume, Bloemkorfje . . . [flower basket], was intended to open the eyes of youth to the wonders of nature manifested in fruits and flowers. An English work that most assuredly belongs to the classic Pomonas but appeared slightly beyond our time frame is The pomological magazine, London, 18281830. Its author-editor, John Lindley, was professor of botany and eventually full secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society. Robert Thompson, the Society's pomologist, contributed the raw text and Mrs. Augusta I. Withers and Charles Curtis the 152 superb color plates. The publisher Bohn produced a reprint as Pomologia Britannica, Londowithout loss of quality or charm. It was recently priced at ca. $10,000. Mrs. Withers was the leading lady of fruit painting and the tutor of the aspiring daughters of some fruit nurserymen. The pomological magazine was published "in the hope of protecting the public . . . a nurseryman not possessing a variety is no proof that it is undeserving . . . although it may be an evidence of his own want of enterprise." For reasons beyond Lindley's control, publication of The pomological magazine was suspended indefinitely before many important cultivars had been presented. This was somewhat remedied by George Lindley, John's father, a nurseryman who had been working on "a complete account of the fruit trees" for nearly 40 years. A guide to the orchard and kitchen garden, London, 1831, is a 600page work with exact information on hundreds of cultivars but without illustrations.

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(Jauffret). Le panier de fruits. 1807. Title page of 1819 edition.

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Noisette. Le jardin fruitier. 1821. Title page of volume 3.

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An American edition, A guide to the orchard and fruit garden, was published in New York in 1833. Michael Floy, a founder of the New York Horticultural Society, adapted it and also added a listing of American fruits to a new edition in 1846. A subtle witness to the vanishing of affluent patrons during the social transition after Napoleon is Le jardin fruitier, Paris, 1821, by Louis Claude Noisette, whose 1805 nursery catalog had invited his clients to taste the fruits first. The 90 attractive multiple fruit plates copied mostly from Du Hamel's Traité . . . reflect an Imperial afterglow no less than a tight budget: the issue with uncolored engraved plates cost 37.30 Francs, compared to 180 Francs for the one with hand coloring. Its second "considerably augmented" edition in two volumes, Paris, 1839, reduced from quarto to octavo, contains 216 plates printed in stereotype colors and finished by hand. The fading away of the large picture Pomonas, however, was compensated by better researched and rationally formulated texts, heralding pomology as a science.

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Chapter 17 Vistas The last half of the 18th and the dawn of the 19th century saw an unprecedented upswing of pomological publishing in Europe. In German-speaking countries alone, over 120 distinct pomological books were issued between 1750 and 1800. Simple tracts aimed at peasants recently liberated from serfdom or illiteracy were published in all major European languages, some of them of dubious value, still mixing fact with fiction. A good example and a true collector's item is Die Vollkommene Gaertnerschule, Vienna, 1798, in which the anonymous author advocates pouring fresh oxen blood over the bared roots of apple trees to make the fruit turn red, and dipping pear scions in pike blood before grafting in order to obtain red pears. This advice is straight out of Domitzer's 1529 Pflantzbuechlein. More ludicrous still is Natuerlicher Geheimnisse entdeckte Grufft . . . , seventh edition, Leipzig, 1752, started by the Royal British and Brunswick counsellor C. L. Bilderbeck, then improved and edited by a certain D. C. P. v. G. It contains a medley of plant magic, alchemy, and religion credited to Paracelsus, Francis Bacon, John Ray, Kenelm Digby, and others. It instructs, for instance, to urinate against a fruit tree to make its fruit turn red of shame or how to make any plant resurrect after it has been burnt to ashes. The repeated printing of Francis Bacon's often prophetic and progressive but sometimes speculative books also catered to a gullible, undiscriminating readership when, for example, he writes in Sylva sylvarum: "It is reported that in the Low Countries they will graft an apple-cion upon the stock of a colewort and it will bear a great flaggy apple, the kernell of which, if it be set, will be a colewort and not an apple." Another misconception to which he lent authority is the idea that if the same scion is grafted repeatedly on different stocks, "it will yeeld afterward, when it beareth, the greater fruit." Enlightened pomologists gradually turned such old-timers into objects of ridicule. Better researched

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factual books began to take their places. In France, an advanced work, Traité raisonné des arbres fruitiers, Bordeaux, 1810, gives an exacting review of 387 cultivars flourishing in southwestern France. The author, ToussaintYves Catros, a nurseryman and civic pillar at Bordeaux, took great care to collect and assign the many synonyms he met with during 30 years of observations and frequent travels to other regions of France. To pomology he contributed an important observation on the temperature-dependency of fruit color. His observation that some cultivars attain good red color only in the north but stay pale in the south has only recently been explained as the retention of pigment-forming carbohydrates, triggered by lower temperatures. Some exacting, influential works were written in Austria by Georg Liegel, a practicing doctor of pharmacology and a member of 12 fruit-promoting societies from Vienna to Berlin, Prague, and Brunswick. His Anweisung, mit welchen Sorten verschiedene Obstbaum-Anlagen besetzt werden . . . , Salzburg, 1822, rearranges earlier classification systems with scientific logic. It tersely characterizes several hundred tree and cane fruit cultivars, including 23 North American apples. His Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntnis der vorzueglichsten Sorten des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen-, und Beerenobstes, Vienna, 1825, expanded coverage to about 1000 cultivars. With Die pomologische Kunstsprache systematisch bearbeitet . . . , Passau, 1826, Liegel gave pomology a modern tool, a glossary of exacting terms that were admired, adopted, and often translated. Later, beyond this book's scope, Liegel found great satisfaction in researching stone fruits, cherries among them, which he praises, "Among Pomona's gifts the cherry is the most beautiful, the best, and also the first every year." Other significant works of the dawning new era gave historical perspectives and interesting lore, acknowledged as such. A recognized leader was Henry Phillips' Pomarium britannicum, London, 1820, later updated and much augmented as The companion for the orchard, London, 1831. He calls himself "compiler," impartially presenting T. A. Knight, who believes in a limited lifespan of cultivars, as well as Wm. Speechly, a grape and pineapple specialist, who does not. After meeting a strawberry collector with about 400 cultivars, Phillips decided "to treat on each species of fruit generally; for to have descended into varieties, would have filled volumes with names alone." His work went through six editions, and the Literary gazette characterized its appeal thus: ''It is one of those popular works which,

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combining in a happy degree the pleasing with the instructive, teach us science as an amusement, and promote information and improvement by lively anecdote and curious story. For extent of information, utility and most of the other good qualities which can be desired in a production of its kind, it is well deserving the warmest eulogy." Worth looking into for pomological information are some universal encyclopedias arising from the 18th century search for, and surge of, knowledge. Their arrangement by topical monographs rather than by short subject explanations, as in earlier dictionaries, often resulted in books within a book. Ephraim Chambers developed this publishing specialty with Cyclopedia, or an universal dictionary of arts and sciences, London, 1728, in eventually four volumes, but his effort was soon dwarfed by J. Zedler's Grosses vollstaendiges Universal-Lexicon, Halle & Leipzig, 17321754, in 68 volumes. Both give good accounts of fruits and fruit growing. For the emancipation champion of the time, however, the Encyclopédie . . . by Diderot and D'Alembert, Pomona is not enough of a firebrand or technical wizard to be recognized in print. This was remedied by Abbé Rozier, an ecclesiastic land administrator and farm advisor. He had already retired to a fruit garden in the Languedoc when he discovered this gap in the Eycyclopédie and realized that enlightenment and emancipation ought to be extended to the rural population. After years of research, he authored Cours complet d'agriculture . . . ou dictionnaire universel d'agriculture, Paris, 17811801 in ten volumes. He did not live to see them all in print; a firebomb killed him at the bloody siege of Lyon by the Revolutionaries. A two-volume supplement appeared in 1805 before A. Thouin, A. P. de Candolle, et al. committeed an ideologically and scientifically updated 13-volume edition in 1809. Apart from fruit character, culture, and season, Abbé Rozier's minimonographs report on production trends. He found, for instance, more cider apple and perry pear cultivars in cultivation than table or culinary cultivars of each. No less than 76 grafting methods are evaluated on 36 pages; the best are illustrated on two engraved folded plates. A revised and enlarged Chalmers, edited by Abraham Rees, became known as Rees' cyclopedia. It had been issued in parts from 1803 onward and had grown to 39 text and six engraved-plate volumes with excellent fruit content when it was finally completed in 1820. The largest encyclopedia of all is Oekonomisch-technologische Encyclopaedie, oder allgemeines System der Staats-,

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Phillips. Pomarium britannicum. 1821. Title page.

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Stadt-, Haus- und Landwirtschaft und der Kunstgeschichte by J. G. Kruenitz, Berlin, 17731841, in 242 volumes. Its 83rd volume, Berlin, 1801, dedicates 320 pages to "Malus" alone, with detailed descriptions and bibliographic references of 239 apple cultivars. Carefully engraved illustrations show 20 popular apples in life size. Other fruits are treated with similar toughness. The domestic encyclopedia, first published at Philadelphia in 1802, increased in size as its popularity grew. It had been originally authored by A. F. M. Willich in German and gained prominence in its translation into North American English by James Mease, MD. Individual fruits are discussed in sections from one to nine pages long. These articles are compiled from leading German publications combined with material Dr. Mease gleaned from British and North American sources.

Kruenitz. Encyklopaedie. 1801. Engraving.

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A superior fruit book of at least 400 pages could be retrieved and assembled from John Claudius Loudon's An encyclopedia of gardening, London, 1822. It contains mini-monographs on all aspects of fruit growing, and cultivar characters of 214 apples, 115 pears, and other fruits, including "exotic fruits little known." At about 80 lines per octavo page, mostly set in pearl, reading gets to be cumbersome, but as a pomological reference Loudon's Encyclopedia . . . in good condition is well worth a seemingly stiff price. Civic conscience and fruit enthusiasm emanate from Obstkoerbe mit den koestlichen neuen Birnen, Aepfeln, Kirschen, Pflaumen, Pfirsichen und Aprikosen . . . , Berlin & Leipzig, 1822, by von Reichenbach. A rural administrator, he not only acquaints his readers with over 300 of the best newer cultivars but offers scions and buds free to all. Exact information and market suitability became important in the 19th century. Quite outspoken in its quality assessments, A catalogue of fruits cultivated in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London at Chiswick, London, 1826, was largely the work of Robert Thompson, who updated it until 1853. It enumerates and briefly characterizes 3825 distinct cultivars and about 1000 "of less certain authority." Remarks such as "worthless" or "more curious than useful" are common, and hundreds of "fruits of an inferior kind'' are so marked. With the 2nd edition of 1831, probably to accommodate a growing amateur interest, the classification by Latin genera is replaced by common names such as "gooseberries" or "currants" in places of "ribes." The emerging inquisitive middle classes of the early 19th century were also served with reliable monographs on individual fruit species or special growing techniques, and later with multivolume systematic works. Pseudoscientific pomology was rejected or disregarded and ideas were framed with the help of botany and other growing sciences. It was in Pomona's garden that Linné's claim of the immutability of the species was led ad absurdum by a groping evolutionist, George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. This friend of Du Hamel's and director of the Jardin du Roi found that the better fruit cultivars of his time were sports of sports, and so on, of those grown in earlier times, resembling them by name more than by taste and appearance. The proliferation of such progressive insights, the fading of class distinction, novel market demands, and the enrichment of pomology by other disciplines more and more appeared in Pomona's literature. A work, typical for facilitating this de-

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Unknown artist. Pomona and Vertumnus. Ca. 1860. Engraving. velopment, is A. Sageret's Pomologie physiologique, ou traité du perfectionnement de la fructification, Paris, 1830. Indeed, fruit perfection, whatever its means to early searchers or modern researchers, is Pomona's timeless promise as she invites us to her trysting place: Here each gift Pomona's hand bestows, In cultured garden, free uncultured rows The flavour sweeter and the hue more fair, Than ever fostered by the hand of care. L. V. De Camoens, Os Lusiadas, 1572, translated by W. J. Mickle.

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Statue of Pomona in the garden of Versailles. Drawing by Astrid Janson.

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The Literature

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Introduction "Give me books, fruit, French wine, and fine weather . . . " John Keats, Letters, 1819. The sources for this review are the fruit books themselves. Many were admiringly scrutinized and studied in my own collection. Others were searched and researched in faraway places. Titles followed by an asterisk (*) either evaded my scrutiny or proved of only peripheral pomological relevance. Bibliographic data are of the edition listed first, generally the editio princeps, unless a later one is stated. Other editions may vary. Non-pomological titles referred to and providing background to the text have been omitted. To provide a modicum of consistency in using capitals in quoted titles and to conform to some modern bibliographical practices, many capitals have been lowercased unless orthographically mandatory in a given language. On the other hand, all accents in the French language are shown as they occur in the original title, reflecting their inconsistent adaption process from the Pléiade to the Directoire, thus precluding meaningful standardization. German umlauts, expressed as late as 1800 by three methods, have been standardized to an "e" following the vowel to be umlauted. The abstracts of contents should be a welcome feature of the Bibliography. Their detailing is in relation to the perceived pomological significance of a text or to its length. I thought it neither desirable nor even possible to footnote meticulously every crumb of references picked up in my fruit book quest over the last quarter century. Yet I am probably more deeply indebted than I think to many secondary sources and, especially, to those listed in the References. In the text, places of publication may be spelled the English way, where it differs from the original retained in the bibliography, e.g. Vienna vs. Wien or Vindobona.

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References Blunt, W. 1950. The art of botanical illustration. London. Bunyard, E. A. 1916. A guide to the literature of pomology. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 42:414449. London. Burchardt, T. H. O. 1806. Pomologische Bibliothek, oder alphabetisches Verzeichnis der pomologischen Schriften. Ed. J. Buettner. Coburg. Dochnahl, F. J. 1861. Bibliotheca hortensis. Nuernberg. Dunthorne, G. 1938. Flower and fruit prints of the 18th and early 19th centuries. Washington, D.C. Fussell, G. E. 1947. The old English farming books from Fitzherbert to Tull 1523 to 1730. London. . 1950. More old English farming books from Tull to the Board of Agriculture. London. Hedrick, U. P. 1950. A history of horticulture in America. New York. Republished With an addendum of books published from 18611920 by Elisabeth Woodburn. 1988. Portland. Henrey, B. 1975. British botanical and horticultural literature before 1800. London. Leroy, A. 18671879. Dictionnaire de pomologie. Paris and Angers. Martini, S. 1988. Geschichte der Pomologie in Europa. Berne. Mayer, J. P. 1776. Bibliothèque du jardinier-fruitier. Pomona Franconica. Vol. 1. Nuernberg. Molon, G. 1926. Bibliografia orticola. Milan. Musset, V. D. De. 1810. Bibliographie agronomique. Paris. Nissen, C. 1966. Die botanische Buchillustration. Stuttgart. Pritzel, G. A. 18711877. Thesaurus literaturae botanicae. Leipzig. Quinby, J., and A. Stevenson. 19581961. Catalogue of botanical books in the collection of Rachel McMasters Miller Hunt. Pittsburgh. Rehder, A. 19111918. The Bradley bibliography. Cambridge, Mass. Rohde, E. S. 1924. The old English gardening books. London. Stafleu, F. A., and R. S. Cowan. 19761988. Taxonomic literature. Utrecht. Thiérion, M. 1843. Revue bibliographique des principaux ouvrages français, ou il est traité de la taille des arbres fruitiers. Troyes. Welkerling, E. M. L. 1958. La bibliografia pomologica europea en los siglos XVII, XVIII y XIX. Idia (April). Buenos Aires.

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Bibliography Abercrombie, J. The British fruit gardener: and art of pruning: comprising the most approved methods of planting and raising every useful fruit-tree and fruit-bearing-shrub, wether for walls, espaliers, standards, half-standards, or dwarfs. . . . London, 1779; Dublin, 1781. 1781 ed.: 12mo (16 X 10 cm) pp. [II], IV, [V-VI], 275. Contents: Culture and cultivars of fruits and nuts (25 chs.). Grafting and budding (1 ch.). Orchard layout and planting (2 chs.). Suitable wall-fruit (1 ch.). . The complete wall-tree pruner; or principles of pruning and training all sorts of wall fruit trees, and espaliers. . . . Also, a complete register of all the different species and respective varieties of the best fruits, with their time of ripening. . . . London, [1783]. 12mo pp. V, [III], 224. Contents: Loosely structured pruning instructions for halfstandard, standard, and high-standard wall trees and espaliers. Details regarding species, bearing habits, and ages. Remedial pruning for damaged, bare, or deformed trees. [Abercrombie, J.] Mawe, T. Every man his own gardener. Being a new and much more complete gardener's kalendar. . . . By Mr. Mawe, gardener to his Grace the Duke of Leeds, and other gardeners. London, 1767. Ca. 30 editions up to 1848. With Abercrombie's name following Mawe's from the 7th ed., 1776. Dublin, 1798 ed.: 12mo pp. [IV], 626, [19]. Engraved frontis. Contents: Information-crammed all-around monthly gardening calendar. Monthly fruit garden sections include raising seedlings, grafting, nursery practices, layout, planting, pest and bird control, pruning, harvesting, storage. Appendix lists ca. 200 cultivars of tree and cane fruits and strawberries. . The garden vademecum, or compendium of general gardening. . . . London, 1789. 18mo (13 X 8 cm) pp. VI, [VI], 585, [11]. Engraved frontis. Contents: General gardening guide with fruit section (pp. 199325) entitled The fruit garden displayed, describing the different sorts of fruit trees, with their respective species and varieties of fruit, methods of propagation, planting and general culture. . The hot-house gardener on the general culture of the pine-apple, and methods of forcing early grapes, peaches, nectarines, and other choice fruit. . . . London, 1789. 8vo pp. XVIII, 238, [2]. 5 engraved pls., plain or colored. Contents: Sections on pineapple culture and stove management, forcing grapes, peaches, nectarines, melons, and strawberries.

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[Abercrombie, J.] Reich, G. C. Neuer und vollstaendiger Gartenkalender, oder gruendliche und auf Erfahrung gestuetzte Anweisung, was jeder. . . . Nuernberg, 17981802. 8vo. 3 vols. Contents: German translation of J. Abercrombie's Every man his own gardener . . . , edited for German conditions by Gottfried Christian Reich. [Abercrombie, J.] Praktische Anweisung zur Gartenkunst fuer alle Monate des Jahres . . . , Leipzig, 1779. 8vo pp. [VIII], 535. Contents: German translation of the 7th edition of Every man his own gardener . . . , by Thomas Mawe, John Abercrombie, "and other gardeners." . Traité abrégé de la culture des arbres fruitiers. . . . Traduit de l'anglois des jardiniers Mawe, d'Abercrombie, etc. Neuchatel, 1784; Liège, 1788. 12mo pp. [III], IVXXIV, 299. Contents: Condensed French translation of the fruit section of the 1779 ed. of J. Abercrombie's Every man his own gardener. . Der Treibhausgaertner, ueber die Kultur der Ananasse, Weintrauben, Pfirsiche, Nektarinen. . . . Wien, 1792. 4to pp. 180. 5 engraved pls. Contents: German translation of J. Abercrombie's The hot-house gardener. . Vollstaendige Anleitung zur Erziehung & Wartung aller in Deutschland in freier Luft zu ziehenden Obst- und Fruchtbaeume und Fruchtstraeucher. Aus dem Englischen von F. H. H. Lueder. Luebeck, 1781; Leipzig, 1813. 8 vo pp. [II], III-XXIV, 360. Contents: German translation of J. Abercrombie's The British fruit gardener. L'abrégé des bon fruits. . . . See Merlet, J. Adlum, J. A memoir on the c ultivation of the vine in America, and the best mode of making wine. Washington, D.C., 1823, 1828; Hopewell, New Jersey, 1972. 12mo [III], 45, [67], 8142. Contents: Grape propagation by seed (1 ch.). Table grapes (1 ch.). Grafting grapes (1 ch.). Planting and managing vineyards (2 chs.). Wine making (4 chs.). Appendix of correspondence and testimonials. Catalog of the author's grape cultivars. [Aengelen, P. van (Engel, P. V.)] Der ueber die zwoelf monaten des jahrs verstaendige gartenmeister, so da lehret und unterweiset. . . . Anfangs in hollaendischer sprache beschrieben von P. v. Engeln. . . . Deme noch beygefueget etliche regeln eines Capucinergaertners, mit vermehrung eines curieusen tractaetlein, von pflantzung fruchttragender baeume durch den Hn. le Gendre. . . . Aus dem hollaendischen von J. Commelin. . . . Leipzig and Wolfenbuettel, 1666, 1671; Hannover and Wolfenbuettel, 1695, 1703. Revised eds. Leipzig, 1734, 1751, 1754, 1763, 1772, 1795. Probably others. 1734 ed.: 8vo pp. [X], 494, [8]. Contents: Part 1. German translation of P. van Aengelen's De verstandige hovenier. . . . Parts 2 and 3. German translation of N. de Bonnefons' Le jardinier françois . . . and Les délices de la campagne. . . . Part 4. German translation of the Dutch translation of Le Gendre's La maniere de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. [Aengelen, P. van (Engel, P. V.)] De verstandige hovenier over de twaelf maenden van't jaer; onderwijsende on bogaerden . . . boomen, kruyden, vruchten en zaden. . . . Amsterdam, 1661. 8vo pp. [II], 30, [8]. Contents: Monthly garden calendar. Propagating and planting instruc-

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tions for fruit trees. Descriptions of fruits, herbs, and flowers with their use in health and sickness. Les agréments de la campagne. . . . See La Court van der Voort, P. de. Agricola, G. A. L'agriculture parfaite, ou nouvelle découverte, touchant la culture et la multiplication des arbres. . . . Amsterdam, 1720, 1752. 4to pp. [VIII], 261, [2]; [IV], 146, 8. 3 engraved pls., folded. 2 vols. Contents: French translation of G. A. Agricola's Neu- und nie erhoerter. . . . . The artificial gardiner: being a discovery of a new invention . . . whereby gardens may be stock'd with variety of plants and fruit-trees . . . how to produce flowers and fruits in the midst of winter. . . . London, 1717. 12mo pp. [XII], 36. Contents: English translation of Part 1 of G. A. Agricola's Neu- und nie erhoerter doch in der Natur. . . . . The experimental husbandman and gardener: containing a new method of improving estates and gardens. . . . Translated from the original . . . by R. Bradley. London, 1726. 4to (28 X 22 cm) pp. [XXIV], 314, [4]. 31 [recte 22] engraved pls. Contents: Re-issue of A philosophical treatise. . . . under a new title with 14 pages added. . Neu- und nie erhoerter doch in der Natur und Vernunfft wohl-begruendeter Versuch der Universal-Vermehrung aller Baeume. . . . Regensburg, 17101718, 1746. As Versuch einer allgemeinen Vermehrung aller Baeume. . . . Frankfurt, 1752; Regensburg, 1754, 1772, 1784. Folio pp. XLIII, 184; XXXVI, 82, [16]. Mezzotint portrait. 2 engraved frontis., 5 text engravings. 35 engraved pls. Contents: Nature of plant seeds and embryos (6 chs.). Natural and artificial plant propagation methods (3 chs.). Theory and practices of mass propagation of fruit and other trees by piece-root grafting (4 chs.). Their detailed application in the fruit-tree nursery (10 chs.). . Nieuwe en ongehoorde dog in de natuur welgegronde queek-konst van boomen, heesters en bloemgewassen. . . . Amsterdam, 1719, 1724. 1724 ed.: 4to pp. [VII], 208; [VI], 92, [10]. 2 engraved frontis., 39 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Dutch translation of G. A. Agricola's Neu- und nie erhoerter. . . . . A philosophical treatise of husbandry and gardening: being a new method of cultivating and increasing all sorts of trees. . . . Translated from the High-Dutch . . . by Richard Bradley. London, 1721. 4to (28 X 22 cm) pp. [XXIV], 300, [4]. 34 engravings numbered 131 on 22 pls. Contents: English translation of G. A. Agricola's Neu- und nie erhoerter. . . . L'agricoltura e casa de villa. . . . See Estienne, C. Agustin, Fray M. Libro de los secretos de agricultura, casa de campo, y pastoril: traducito de lengua catalana en castellano. . . . Zaragoza, [1625], 1646, 1703; Barcelona, 1722, 1749, 1762; Madrid, [1781], 1791. 1762 ed.: 8vo (20 cm X 15 cm), pp. [XVI], 508. 14 woodcuts. Original in Catalan dialect. Zaragoza, 1617.* Contents: Book 1. Status and responsibilities of father and mother in rural family life. Use of astrology. Weather forecasting. Household management. Food preparation. Fruit preserves. Culture of vegetables and herbs. Home remedies (12 chs.).

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Book 2. Each ch. headed "Secrets." Fruits for an enclosed garden and their virtues: citrus fruits, coconut, pomegranate, sweet and sour cherries, plum, almond, peach, apricot, apple, quince, pear, fig (1 ch.). Openrange fruits: olive, walnut, mulberry, chestnut, carob (1 ch.). Planting, transplanting, pruning, training, diseases, harvesting, storing (3 chs.). Propagation methods (1 ch.). Animal fruit pests (1 ch.). Best fruit garden sites (1 ch.). Grains (4 chs.). Book 3. Grape culture and wine making (4 chs.). Olive and nut oils (3 chs.). Distillation processes and products (6 chs.). General farming rules (1 ch.). Books 4 and 5. Animal husbandry, fishing, hunting. Appendix. Glossary of fruits and others in 6 languages. Astrological zodiac with text. Ahlich, J. Den svenske lust-, oerte och traedgarden, beprydd med blomster, koekskrydor och oerter samt fruktbaerande traen. Stockholm, 1722, 1744. 8vo pp. [XXII], 192. Engraved pls. 2 vols.* Alamanni, L. La coltivatione. Al christianissimo re Francesco Primo. Parigi, 1546, 1548; Florenza, 1590; Padova, 1718. Bicentennial ed., Bologna, 1746. Others. 4to ff. [II], 154, [2]. Contents: Poem on rural pursuits in 6 books. Book 3. 849 lines in blank verse on fruit growing and wine making. Albertus Magnus [Albert, Graf von Bollstaedt]. Tabula tractatum parvorum naturalium Alberti Magni . . . de vegetabilibus et plantis. . . . Venetiis, 1517; Patavii, 1519. In Opera, quae hactenus haberi potuerunt. . . . Vol. V. Lugduni, 1651, Paris, 18901899. As Alberti Magni . . . de vegetabilibus libri VII, historiae naturalis pars XVIII. Berolini, 1867. 1867 ed.: 8vo pp. LII, 752. 2 engraved pls. Contents: Book 7. Part 1. General plant culture (8 chs.). Propagation methods (2 chs.). Orchard management (1 ch.). Part 2. Fruit species, their specific requirements and multiplication (1 ch.). Vineyard management (1 ch.). Aldrovandus, U. . . . Dendrologiae natvralis scilicet arborvm historiae libri dvo. Sylva glandaria, acinosumq. Pomarium. . . . Bononiae, 1668; Francofurti, 1671, 1690. Folio in sixes pp. [VIII], 660, [52]. Engraved title. 219 woodcuts including 50 full-page. Contents: Book 2. Pomarium. All major fruits and nuts with characteristics, cultivars, synonyms, culture, use in food and medicine, known monstrosities, occurrence in classical, mystical, emblematic, and moral writings. . Pomarium curiosum ex mille ducentis autoribus collectum. . . . Francofurti, 1692. Folio. pp. 480. Text woodcuts. Contents: Separate printing of Book 2 of U. Aldrovandi's Dendrologiae natvralis. . . . Alleitz, P.-A. Le bon-jardinier, almanach contenant une idée générale des quatre sortes de jardins. . . . Paris, 1754. Continued to the present. 1806 ed.: 12 mo pp. [II], XIII, XIV-LXVIII, 752. Contents: Almanac calendar. Glossary of horticultural terms. 4 parts discussing in detail fruit cultivation and cultivars, vegetables, ornamentals, orangerie, and tropical plants. Amoreux, P.-J. Dissertation sur les pommes d'or des Hespérides in Oeuvres diverses. Montpellier, 1809. 8vo pp. [III], 4-32. Contents: Unstructured

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treatise. Discounts Olivier de Serres' assertion that the quince is the golden apple of the Hesperides. Collects linguistic, mythological, literary, historical, botanical evidence supporting the orange, instead, in this role. Andrieux, M. Catalogue raisonné des meilleurs sortes d'arbres fruitiers. Paris, 1777. As Catalogue des plantes, arbres, arbrisseaux, et arbustes. . . . Paris, 1778. 1778 ed.: 8vo pp. [IV], 12. Contents: Part 3. Fruit trees. Brief cultivar characterizations of apricots (9), almonds (3), azarole, cherries (21), quince, barberry, figs (30), raspberries (3), currants (5), gooseberry, mulberries (3), medlars (2), peaches (33), pears (88), apples (23), plums (25), grapes (10). Anmuthigkeiten des Landlebens. . . . See La Court van der Voort, P. de. Annalen der Obstkunde, herausgegeben von der Altenburger Pomologischen Gesellschaft. Leipzig, 18211827. 8vo pp. [VIII], 278; [IV], 140; [IV], 153. 7 colored engraved pls. 2 vols. in 3 parts. Contents: Pomological society proceedings with articles and observations by members on fruit growing and cultivars in Saxony and Thuringia. Anthophilus. See Dahuron, R. Antoine, F. de Paula. Abbildung von 51 Pfirsich-Gattungen nach der Natur. Wien, 1821. Folio pp. [20]. Col. engraved title. 49 col. engraved pls. Contents: Descriptions and illustrations of 51 peach cultivars to complement J. Kraft's Pomona austriaca. Aristote [pseud.]. Instruction ou l'art de cultiver toutes sortes de fleurs avec des instructions pour cultiver et greffer les arbres fruitiers; par Aristote, jardinier de Puteaux. Paris, 1677. 8vo pp. [VIII], 56 [recte 64], [2]. Contents: Pp. 4356 entitled Observations sur le livre du Curé d'Henonville, par Aristote, jardinier de Puteaux with comments on passages in Le Gendre's book. Followed by Instructions pour cultiver et greffer. . . . Transplanting fruit trees (1 ch.). Grafting pears on seedling or quince (1 ch.). Grafting other fruits (2 chs.). Special soils for fruit trees (1 ch.). Debudding (1 ch.). . Instruction pour le jardin potager avec l'art de cultiver les fleurs, & pour cultiver et greffer les arbres fruitiers. . . . Paris, 1678, 1698. 1678 ed.: 8vo (14 X 8 cm) pp. [II], 89, [3]. Contents: Introduction on general gardening matters (22 pp.). Monthly work calendar divided in fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Arnold, R. The craft of graffyng and plantinge of trees and altering of frutis as well in colours as in taste contained in The customs of London . . . , London, 1811. Anonymous earlier editions at Antwerp, (1502); Southwark, (1521); no place, 1563, 1565. 1811 ed.: 4to pp. 164170. Contents: 20 unnumbered paragraphs on planting and manipulating fruit trees. Mentions apple, pear, almonds, walnut, cherry, peach, quince, prune, medlar. Special effects. 1 paragraph on grafting. The art of pruning fruit-trees. . . . And a tract of the use of the fruits. . . . See Venette, N. Arthaud, F. Le grand potager, ou, la maniere de semer, planter et enter arbres fruitiers. Paris, 1690.*

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August, Elector of Saxony. Kuenstlich Obstgartenbuechlein Churfuerst Augusti zu Sachsen. Wie Obstbaeume zu pflanzen vnd zu ziehen sein. n.p., 1564, 1571; Coelln, 1619; Magdeburg, 1620, 1636. 1620 ed. as reprinted in J. V. Sickler's Der teutsche Obstgaertner 17:246266, 381402 q.v. Contents: Fruit and nut species (1 ch.). Propagation from seeds, roots, suckers, cuttings (1 ch.). Grafting methods and seasons, compatibility of various stocks and scions (3 chs.). Nursery practice, transplanting, soil management, irrigation, tree care (4 chs.). Selection criteria for orchard sites (1 ch.). Appendices: Monthly orchard work calendar. Uncommon propagation methods. Recipes for grafting compounds. Austen, R. De arborum fructiferarum cultura. . . . Oxoniae, 1652, 1657. 4to. Contents: Latin translation of R. Austen's A treatise of fruit-trees. . A dialogue, or familiar discourse, and conference betweene the husbandman, and fruit-trees; in his nurseries, orchards, and gardens. . . . Oxford, 1676. 8vo pp. [XXXII], 87, [1]. Contents: 25 dialogs on the divine ordering of fruit trees and their growth from seed to bearing. . Observations upon some part of Sr Francis Bacon's natvrall history as it concernes, fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers. . . . Oxford, 1658, 1665. 4to (18 X 14 cm) pp. [VIII], 46, [2]. Contents: Approval, doubt, or constructive criticism of some of Bacon's fruit-related experiments. . The spiritual use of an orchard, or garden of fruit-trees. . . . The second impression with the addition of many similitudes. Oxford, [1653], 1657; London, 1847. 4to (18 X 14 cm) pp. [XX], 208. Contents: Discussion of 100 activities of a fruit grower and their place in the divine order of things. . Traité des arbres fruitiers et maniere de les enter et de les cultiver. . . . Paris, 1665. 12mo. Contents: French translation of R. Austen's A treatise of fruit-trees. . . . . A treatise of fruit-trees, shewing the manner of grafting, setting, pruning, and ordering of them in all respects, according to new and easy rules of experience. . . . With the alimentall, and physicall use of fruits. Togeather with the spiritual vse of an orchard. . . . Oxford, 1653, 1657, 1658, 1665. 1657 ed.: 4to (18 X 14 cm) pp. [XXIV], 140; [XX], 208. 1 engraved and 2 letter press titles. 2 vols. in 1. Contents: Vol. 1. Unstructured, on fruit garden pleasures and profits, grafting and budding, tree care and pests, popular misconceptions, soil and site, cider, vineyards. Vol. 2. 100 observations expounding the similarity of pomological and Scriptural rules.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Bacon, F. Sylva sylvarum: or a naturall historie. In ten centuries. . . . Published after the author's death, by William Rawley doctor of diuinity, late his lordship's chaplaine. London, 1627, 1628. Various later editions and translations. 1628 ed.: 4to in sixes (32 X 21 cm) pp. [XIV], 258, 8. Engraved frontis., Additional engraved title. Contents: 10 parts [=cen-

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turies], each with 100 observations. Centuries 5 and 6 with observations on fruit trees and fruits. Bandel, A. Die Obstbaumpflanzung, eines der einfachsten und sichersten Mittel zur Minderung des Kriegselends. Augsburg, 1808. 8vo.* Contents: Treatise recommending the planting of fruit trees to lessen the miseries caused by the [Napoleonic] wars. Barnes, T. A new method of propagating fruit-trees and flowering shrubs. . . . London, 1759 [2 eds.], 1762. 1762 ed. also part of Botanical tracts, by Dr. Hill . . . , London, 1762. 1762 ed.: 8vo pp. [II], 42. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Rationale of fruit-tree propagation (1 ch.). Rooting single bud cuttings (1 ch.). Dressing the ends of cuttings (1 ch.). Rooting leaves (1 ch.). Propagation by root cuttings (1 ch.). Rooting large branches (1 ch.). Promoting root suckering (1 ch.). Barpo, G. B. Delitie e i frutti dell'agricoltura e della villa, libri tre. . . . Venetia, 1633 [1632]. 4to pp. [XVI], 268. Contents: Book 1. The country estate. Animal husbandry, apiculture. Book 2. Religious attitudes to fruit and vegetable gardening (1 ch.). Grape culture and cultivars (2 chs.). Wine making (2 chs.). Raising, planting out fruit trees (2 chs.). Grafting (1 ch.). Discussion of pears, apples, arbutus, figs, peaches, almonds, cherries, walnuts, plums, cornel cherry, medlars, mulberries, quinces (5 chs.). Vegetables, flowers, fieldcrops. Bastien, J.-F. La nouvelle maison rustique, ou economie générale de tous les biens de la campagne. . . . Paris, 1798. 4to pp. [IV], VXVI, 152, 145152, 161549, 560561, 552664, 667857, 856889; [IV], VVI, 352, 399899; [IV], VXII, 1006. 60 engraved pls., some folded. 3 vols. Contents: Revised, updated edition of C. Estienne's L'agriculture et maison rustique. . . . Fruit chapters enlarged to discuss modern cultivars. Bauhin, J. Ein new badbuch vnd historische beschreibung. . . . Stutgarten, 1602. (Book 4 on fruit) 8vo pp. 56252. 102 text woodcuts of fruit cultivars. Contents: German translation of J. Bauhin's Historia novis et admirabilis. . . . [Bauhin, J.] Gmelin, J. F. Onomatologia botanica completa, oder vollstaendiges botanisches Woerterbuch. Frankfurt und Leipzig, 17721778. 8vo. 10 vols. Contents: Vol. 7 containing all fruit cultivar descriptions from J. Bauhin's Historia plantarum universalis. . . . with Gmelin's comments. Bauhin, J. Historia novi et admirabilis fontis balneique Bollensis in ducatu Wirtembergico . . . liber quartus. Montisbeligardi, 1598. 4to pp. [V], 222, [6], [20]. 99 text woodcuts. Contents: Pp. 55210 on fruits growing in the Bad Boll region of Wurttemberg. Illustrated descriptions of 60 apple, 35 pear and sundry other cultivars. Bauhin, J., and J. H. Cherler. Historia plantarum universalis, nova, et absolutissima cum consensu et dissensu circa eas. . . . Quam recensuit et auxit Dominicus Chabraeus. . . . Ebroduni, 16501651. Folio in sixes pp. [VIII], 601, [1], 440, 9; [VIII], 1074, [12]; [VI], 212, 882, [2], 18. 3 engraved frontis., numerous text woodcuts. 3 vols. Contents: Books 1 and 2. Temperate fruits and nuts, their general characteristics and cul-

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ture, cultivar descriptions, provenance, ripening, and gustatory details. Baumann, F. J. Catalogue des arbres fruitiers les plus recherchés et les plus estimés qu'on peut cultiver dans notre climat, avec leur description et celle de leurs fruits. Colmar, 1788, 1816. 12mo pp. [VIII], 152. Contents: Cultivar descriptions of peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, pears, apples (pp. 1138). Directions and recommendations for growing fruit (pp. 139152). Beale, J. Herefordshire orchards, a pattern for all England. Written in an epistolary address to Samuel Hartlib Esq; by J. B. London, 1657, 1724; Dublin, 1724. Further printings in R. Bradley, New improvements of planting . . . , q.v. 8vo pp. [II], 62. Contents: Eulogy on Hereford orchards, soils, cider and perry cultivars. Critical discussion of W. Lawson's pomological concepts, grafting, and nuts. Postscript on recommended cider apple cultivars. Beaunier, S. Guide des propriétaires et des jardiniers pour le choix, la plantation et la culture des arbres . . . planter et tailler les arbres fruitiers . . . , Paris, 1821. 8vo.* The Belgick, or Netherlandish Hesperides. . . . See Commelijn, J. Bergius, P. J. Tal om frukt-traegaerdar. . . . Stockholm, 1780, 1786. 8vo pp. [III], 4118. Contents: Extended text of a lecture given February 9, 1780. Unstructured. Importance of matching sites and fruit cultivars. Description of fruits and cultivars with geographical, historical references and their potential in Sweden. Fruits listed: apricots, peaches, almonds, apples, pears, quinces, grapes, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, barberries, mulberies, chestnuts. . Von Obstgaerten und deren Befoerderung in Schweden. Aus dem Schwedischen von O.G. Groening. Leipzig, 1794. 8vo pp. [II], [13], 4118. Contents: German translation of P. J. Bergius' Tal om frukt-traegaerdar. . . . Beschreibung der Obstsorten in der Central-Obstbaumschule am . . . Musterhofe zu Graetz. Herausgegeben von der k. k. Landwirthschaftsgesellschaft in Steyermark. Graetz, 18271829. 8vo pp. [VII], VIXII, 192, [2]; [V], IVVIII, 9144, [2]. 2 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. Description, discussion, synonyms and literature references of 697 apple cultivars. Vol. 2. The same for 602 pear cultivars. Classification according to Diel's system. Biblesworth, W. de. The treatise of Walter de Biblesworth in A volume of vocabularies, edited by Th. Wright. [Liverpool], 1857.* [Bilderbeck, C. L.] Natuerlicher Geheimnisse entdeckte Grufft oder: . . . bewaehrte Kuenste die Landgueter merklich zu verbessern . . . herausgegeben von D. C. P. v. G. [Dr. Christoph Pachhelbel von Gehaag]. Leipzig, 1752. 7th ed. 8vo pp. [XIV], 428, [20]. Engraved frontis. Contents: Part 1. Increasing agricultural production without fertilizing. Rehabilitating frozen grapevines. Part 2. Practical and mystical propagation methods. Growing miracle fruits. parts 36. Plant culture using salts, terebration, and palingenesis. Part 7. Miracle and rational cures for fruittree diseases and pests. Recommended companion plantings. Part 8. Alchemy of mineral and metallic trees.

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[Blackwell, A.] Neues Verfahren, kalte, nasse und unfruchtbare Laendereien zu verbessern, nebst Anweisung auf denselben Fruchtbaeume zu erziehen. Aus dem Englischen. Muenster, 1774, 1775. Contents: German translation of A. Blackwell's A new method of improving cold, wet, and barren lands . . . fruit trees in such soils. . . . Blackwell, A. A new method of improving cold, wet, and barren lands . . . to which is added, the method of cultivating and raising fruit trees in such soils. . . . London, 1741. 8vo pp. [VIII], XV, [I], 121, [7]. 8 engraved pls. Contents: Drainage systems for different soils (4 chs.). Burning and disposal of ground-covering vegetation (3 chs.). Planting quinces in moist lands (1 ch.). Composting, cultivation, draining into fish ponds (3 chs.). Soil preparation and planting of apricots, peaches, plums, grapes, morello cherries, white currants, interstemmed apples and pears; use of hills (2 chs.). Bliss, G. The fruit grower's instructor, being a practical treatise on the cultivation and treatment of fruit trees. . . . Full instructions for forcing . . . also instructions for hothouse building. London, 1825. 8vo pp. [III], IVXXIV, 312. Contents: Part 1. Fruit-tree propagation and training (20 chs.). Apple culture and description of apple cultivars (56 chs.). Culture and cultivars of other fruits (30 chs.). Part 2. Pineapple culture and cultivars (24 chs.). Forcing fruit in conservatories (18 chs.). Culture of melons, strawberries, and raspberries under glass (28 chs.). Bogsch, J. Kurze und auf Erfahrung gegruendete Anleitung, nuetzliche Obstbaeume und unentbehrliche Kuechengewaechse fuer buergerliche Haushaltungen zu erziehen. Wien, 1793, 1794. 1794 ed.: 8vo pp. [VIII], 120. Contents: Part 1. Calendar of monthly fruit-garden activities (1 ch.). Propagating fruit trees (10 chs.). Nursery operation (2 chs.). Planting and managing a fruit garden near one's home (5 chs.). Part 2. Selection, cultivars, and cultural requirements of apples, pears, apricots, elderberries, chestnuts, cherries, mulberries, plums, peaches, quinces, walnuts (11 chs.). Fruit preservation (1 ch.). Parts 35. Kitchen gardening. [Bogsch, J.] Hazi kertesz az az: hasznos es tapasztalasokkal eroesittetett oktatas, mint kellessek haznos Gyuemoeltsoes. . . . Posonyban [Bratislava] and Pest, 1796. 8vo pp. [V], 6148, [6], [4]. Engraved frontis. Contents: Anonymous Hungarian translation of J. Bogsch's Kurze und auf Erfahrung gegruendete Anleitung. . . . Bolotov, A. T. Izobrazheniya i opisaniya rznykh porod yablok i grush . . . [Portraits and descriptions of different apple and pear cultivars]. 17961801. Manuscript notebooks. Condensed in Andrei Timofeewich Bolotov, Moscow, 1988, by A. P. Berdyshev.* [Bolotov, A. T.] [Materials for a Russian pomology], ed. by A. K. Grell in Zhurnal Sadovostva, Moscow, 18671863, and in Russkoe Sadovostvo, Moscow, 1884.* Bonardo, G. M. Le richezze dell'agricoltura. . . . Venetia, 1584, 1593, 1596, 1640. 1640 ed.: 8vo ff. 74, [4]. Woodcut frontis. Contents: Part 1. Fieldcrops. Part 2. Establishing a fruit garden (12 chs.). Cultivation of

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figs, chestnuts, cherries, peaches, pomegranates (6 chs.). Grafting, budding, dwarfing (28 chs.). Fruit-tree manipulation for special effects (13 chs.). Parts 3, 4, 5. Vineyards, grape cultivars, wine and vinegar (59 chs.). Parts 6, 7. Animal husbandry. Le bon-jardinier, almanach. . . . See Alleitz, P.-A. Bonnefons, N. de. See also Aengelen, P. van. . Der frantzoesische Baum- und Staudengaertner. . . . Hannover und Minden, 1677. 32mo pp. [II], 84. Contents: German by G. Graeflinger, translation of Part 1 of N. de Bonnefons' Le jardinier françois, a treatise on fruit gardening. Includes a catalog of fruits grown around Paris with cultivar listings of 302 pears, 89 apples, 73 plums, 37 peaches, 13 cherries, 90 figs, 5 pomegranates, 8 citrus fruits. . Der frantzoesische Confitirer. . . . [Hamburg], 1665. 8vo pp. 94. Contents: German translation by G. Graeflinger of N. de Bonnefons Les délices de la campagne. . Der frantzoesische Gaertner. . . . Hannover, 1665. 12mo. Contents: German translation by G. Graeflinger of Nicolas de Bonnefons' Le jardinier françois. . The French gardiner, instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit trees, and herbs for the garden . . . first written by R. D. C. D. W. B. D. N. and now transplanted into English by Philocepos. London, 1658 [3 issues]. Subsequent eds. replace ''Philocepos" with "John Evelyn" and add Where-unto is annexed the English vineyard vindicated by John Rose . . . with a tract of the making and ordering of wines in France. 1669, 1672, 1675, 1691. 12mo pp. [X], 294, [16]. Engraved frontis., 3 engraved pls. Contents: English translation of N. de Bonnefons' Le jardinier françois. . . . . Les délices de la campagne, suite du jardinier françois. Ou est enseigné à préparer pour l'usage de la vie, tout ce qui croîst sur la terre & dans les eaux. Dedié aux dames ménagères. Paris, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1661, 1662, 1665 [2 eds.], 1673, 1679, 1684, 1712, 1715, 1741; Amsterdam, 1655, 1662. 12mo pp. [IV], 321. 3 engraved pls. Contents: Part 2 of 3 on culinary uses and preservation of fruits by drying, bottling in brine, sugar syrup, cider, wine, vinegar or by making into sugar confectionery. . Le jardinier françois. . . . Paris, 1651, 1653, 1654, 1656, 1665, 1666. Other editions at Paris, Rouen, Lyon, Amsterdam, Yverdon, Troyes. 20th ed., Paris, 1755: 12mo pp. [XVI], 387, [5]. Additional engraved title. 3 engraved pls. Contents: Part 1. Sites and soils for fruit gardens. Grafting and budding. Espalier training. Pest control. Description of fruits with listing of pear cultivars. Part 2. Culture of melons, vegetables, and herbs. Part 3. Uses and preservation of fruits by drying, pickling in alcohol and syrup, candying, preparing fruit confectionery. Bonnelle, F. C. Le jardinier d'Artois, ou les éléments de la culture des jardins potagers et fruitiers. Arras, 1766. 8vo pp. [VI], IIIX, 288, [I], IIVIII. Contents: Preface on garden history. Establishing and furnishing a garden (9 chs.). Part 1. Vegetable gardening with monthly work calendar (74 chs.). Part 2. Fruit gardening. Establishing a seedling nurs-

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ery (5 chs.). Grafting and budding (6 chs.). Site selection (2 chs.). Transplanting (3 chs.). Pruning and training fruit trees and grape vines (11 chs.). Definition of fruit quality (2 chs.). Bush fruits (4 chs.). Stone fruits and cultivars (8 chs.). Pear cultivars (2 chs.). Apple cultivars (2 chs.). Grape cultivars (2 chs.). Conservatory culture of citrus fruits (12 chs.). Boodt, A. B. de. Florum, herbarum ac fructuum selectiorum icones. . . . Francofurti, 1609; Brugis, 1640. Oblong 4to pp. [VIII], 119, [1]. 31 engraved pls. Contents: Descriptions and illustrations of 14 fruit species, apart from flowers and medicinal plants. A book of fruits and flowers. Shewing the nature and use of them, either for meat or medicine. As also: to preserve, conserve, candy, and in wedges, or dry them. London, 1653, 1656; Prospect, NY, 1984. 4to (14 X 18.5 cm) pp. [II], 48. 11 text engravings. Contents: Collection of recipes using fruit or flowers in preserves, confectionery, and medicinal preparations. Bosc, M. See Mozard, J. Boyceau De La Barauderie, J. Traite du i'ardinage selon les raisons de la natvre et de l'art. . . . Paris, 1638, 1640. Folio pp. [II], 87. Engraved frontis., 55 engraved pls. (parterre designs), some folded. As Traité du jardinage, qui enseigne les ouvrages . . . la maniere de faire des pépinieres, greffer, enter. . . . Paris, 1688, 1698, 1706, 1707, 1771. 8vo pp. [IV], 152, [3]. Contents: Part 1. Generalities on gardening including soils, climate, site, personality of a gardener (13 chs.). Part 2. Raising fruit tree seedlings, methods of grafting them (5 chs.). Transplanting, pruning, pest control (5 chs.). Planting fruit tree groves (1 ch.). Part 3. Artistic garden designs, parterres, embellishments, training and management of espaliers and formal trees of apricots, peaches, pears, figs; discussion of suitable rootstocks (16 chs.). Boym, M. Flora sinensis, frvctvs floresqve hvmillime porrigens . . . , Viennae, Austriae, 1656. Folio pp. [XXII], [52 or 54]. 23 engraved col. pls. As Flora Sinensis, ou traité des fleurs, des fruits, des plantes et des animaux particuliers à la Chine in Jean Thevenot's Relations de divers voyages curieux . . . , Paris, 1663. Contents: Latin descriptions of Chinese fruits, each with color plate showing tree, fruit, and cross section. Captions inside plate in Chinese script with phonetic transcript in Latin. Botanical name where known. Fruits described: papaya, Ficus indica and Ficus sinica, cashew, lichee, "giam-bo," pineapple, mango, "pi-pa," guava, "po-lo-mie," ''su-pim," "yata," "du-liam," and a no-name fruit. Some non-fruit plants, spices, animals. Bradley, R. The fruit garden display'd. Setting forth the several varieties of fruit ripe in every month of the year; collected from the most celebrated gardens of Europe. With their figure, description of colour, taste and history; . . . for the month of June . . . July . . . August. London, 1732. 4to pp. [VIII], 16; [VIII], 1732; [IV], 3368. 4 engraved pls., plain or colored. 3 parts. Contents: Description and discussion of the fruit cultivars illustrated viz. 26 for June, 26 for July, 28 and 29 for August. . New experiments and observations. . . . Together with an account of the

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extraordinary vegetation of peaches, abricots, nectarines, plums, cherries, figs, vines, gooseberries, currans, etc as they were artificially cultivated this Spring 1724. London, 1724. 8vo pp. 32. Contents: Similarity of the reproductive mechanisms of animals and plants. Report on forcing peaches, nectarines, vines, apricots, plums, cherries, and figs, proving that their eating quality will not suffer from forcing. . New improvements of planting and gardening, both philosophical and practical. London, 17171718 [4 parts], 1718, 1719, 1724 [. . . to which is added, that scarce and valuable tract intitled Herefordshire orchards], 1726, 1731, 1739; Dublin, 1720. 1731 ed.: 8vo pp. [XVI], 608, [23]. Titles to 5 parts. Engraved frontis., 13 engraved pls., mostly folded. Text engravings. Contents: Parts 1 and 2. Soils, timber trees, flowers. Part 3. Fruit and nut trees, culture, cultivars, harvesting (4 chs.). Fruit-tree diseases (1 ch.). Part 4. Exotic fruits (4 chs.). Vegetables. Addenda. Monthly garden calendar. Description and plan for conservatory. Herefordshire orchards, a pattern for all England. Written in an epistolary address to Samuel Hartlib, Esq; by J. B. [John Beale]. Brief observations on chaddock orange, tropical fruits, grafting technique, mushrooms, coffee tree. . Nouvelles observations physiques et pratiques sur le jardinage et l'art de planter. Ouvrage traduit de l'anglois . . . , Paris, 1756. 8vo. 3 vols. Contents: French translation of Bradley's New improvements of planting and gardening. . . . Brahe, P. [the Elder]. Oeconomia, eller Huuszholdz-Book, foer ungt Adelsfolck, skrifwin 1581. Wijsingsborg, 1677; Stockholm, 1920, 1971. 4to pp. 127.* Contents: Swedish translation and adaptation of C. Estienne's and J. Liebault's L'agriculture et maison rustique, 1565. Branche, P. Le jardinier de grande expérience . . . pour traiter toutes sortes d'arbres fruitiers touchant leur taille . . . avec beaucoup de remarques sur la maturité des fruits. Cologne, 1692. 8vo.* Brookshaw, G. The horticultural repository, containing delineations of the best varieties of the different species of English fruits. London, [1820] 1823. 8vo (24 X 15 cm) pp. [V], VIVII, [VIIIXII], 96; [II], 97199, [1]. 104 stipple or line engraved colored pls., some folded carrying 2 plate numbers. 2 vols. Contents: Preface started by Brookshaw, finished by publisher. Cultivar descriptions to almost every plate, of apples (31), apricots (5), cherries (17), hazelnuts (4), currants (3), figs (6), gooseberries (11), grapes (10), melons (5), nectarines (10), peaches (21), pears (37), pineapple (2), plums (32), raspberries (2), strawberries (7). . Pomona britannica; or a collection of the most esteemed fruits at present cultivated in Great Britain. . . . London, [1816] 1817. 4to (33 X 27 cm) pp. [V], VIXII, [XIIIXVI], [64]; [II], [63]. 60 line- or stipple-engraved pls., color printed, hand finished. 2 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. 30 pls. showing cultivars of strawberry, raspberry, currant, gooseberry, cherry, plum, apricot, peach. Vol. 2. 30 pls. showing cultivars of nectarine, grapes, melon, fig, nuts, pear, apple.

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. Pomona britannica, or, a collection of the most esteemed fruits at present cultivated in this country; together with the blossoms and leaves of such as are necessary to distinguish the various sorts from each other. . . . London, [1804] 1812. Folio (58 X 46 cm) pp. [VI], 5, [180]. 90 aquatint or stipple-engraved pls., printed in color and hand finished. Contents: 90 pls., alternating with caption leaves, show 256 cultivars. Pls. numbered 193 but pls. 39, 42, 46 never published. Plate distribution: 3 strawberries, 1 raspberries, 1 currants, 1 gooseberries, 7 cherries, 8 plums, 2 apricots, 15 peaches, 5 pineapples, 17 grapes, 9 melons, 1 nuts, 2 figs, 11 pears, 7 apples. . Pomona britannica; or a collection of the most esteemed fruits. . . . A selection of 20 superb coloured facsimiles of the best plates. Text in English and commentary by Walter Becker in German. Leipzig, 1975. Folio (52 X 39 cm) pp. [8]. 20 full-page colored illustrations, loose in box. Brossard, Pater D. L'art et maniere de semer. . . . Lyon, 1543; Paris, 1552, 1560, 1562, 1571, 1572. As L'art et science d'agriculture, de semer et de planter pepins. . . . Lyon, 1608. 1543 edition: 8vo ff. [40]. Contents: Raising seedlings of apples, pears, plums, quinces (1 ch.). Grafting selected seedlings (1 ch.). Raising seedlings and trees of stone fruits (1 ch.). Rooting fruit-tree cuttings (1 ch.). 4 methods of grafting (1 ch.). Transplanting good fruit trees (1 ch.). Cultivation and repair of mature trees (1 ch.). Brossard, Pater D., et al. Quatre traictez vtiles et delectables de l'agriculture. Le premier, traicte de la maniere de planter, arracher, labourer, semer & emonder les arbres sauuages. . . . Le second, de la maniere d'enter . . . par Gorgole de Corne Florentin. Le tiers, de la maniere de semer, & faire pepinieres . . . par F. Dany [!] [Brossard] religieux de l'abbaye S. Vincent pres du Mans. Le quart, de l'art d'enter, planter et cultiver . . . par Nicolas du Mesnil. Nouuellement veuz & corrigez. . . . Paris, 1560. 8vo. Treatise by Brossard ff. 82116 verso. Contents: Establishing nurseries of apple, pear, plum, and sorb seedlings (1 ch.). Establishing and managing nurseries of grafted trees (1 ch.). Starting nut-tree seedlings (1 ch.). Methods of rooting fruit-tree cuttings (1 ch.). Grafting, transplanting, managing, and protecting fruit trees (3 chs.). Brossard, Pater D. See Mascall, L. Brunfels, O. Herbarvm vivae eicones ad naturae imitationem, svmma cvm diligentia & artificio. . . . Argentorati, 1530, 1532, 1536, 1539, 1540. Supplement Novi herbarii tomus II, 1532, and Novi herbarii tomus III, 1536. Contents: A herbal without references to fruit other than strawberries. Included here for its advanced illustration technique. Bryant, Ch. Flora diaetetica: or, history of esculent plants, both domestic and foreign. . . . London, 1783. 8vo pp. [V], VIXVI, 379, [13]. Contents: Preface and glossary. Edible roots, shoots, stalks, leaves, flowers (4 chs.). Berries. 25 species of native berries; 41 species of foreign berries, incl. grape and citrus cultivars (1 ch.). Stone fruit. 9 species of European stone fruits with cultivars; 13 species of tropical stone fruits (1

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ch.). Apples. 10 species and cultivars of cucurbits; 7 species of pome and pome-like tree fruits; 60 pear cultivars, 38 apple cultivars (1 ch.). Legumes, grains (2 chs.). Nuts. 13 species and subspecies (1 ch.). Fungi (1 ch.). Appendix. Okra, Ginkgo nut, and bread-fruit. Bryant, K. Verzeichniss der zur Nahrung dienenden einheimischen und auslaendischen Pflanzen. Aus dem Englischen. Leipzig, 17851786. 8vo. 2 vols.* Contents: German translation of Charles Bryants's Flora diaetetica. . . . Bucknall, T. S. D. The orchardist: or, a system of close pruning and medication, for establishing the science of orcharding. . . . London, 1797, 1805. 8vo pp. [IV], 122, [1]. [Extracted from Transactions of the Society for the Promotion of Arts. . . .] Contents: Prize-winning essays on pruning and orchard maintenance. Correspondence and testimonials regarding prize. Appendix on root pruning. Bussato, M. Giardino di agricoltvra di Marco Bussato da Ravenna, nel qvale, con bellissimo ordine, si tratta di tutto qvello, che s'appartiene a sapere a un perfetto giardiniero. . . . Venetia, 1592, 1593, 1599, 1612; others to 1781. First in part as Prattica istoriata dell'inestare gli arborri. Ravenna, 1578. 1593 ed.: 4to ff. [IV], 71, [8]. 18 full-page woodcuts. Contents: Raising fruit tree seedlings, grafting and budding, planting out, pruning and training, special care for tender fruits (108 brief chs.). Calendar of monthly fruit garden chores. Butret, C. Gruendlicher Unterricht vom Schnitte der Fruchtbaeume. . . . Weimar, 1797. 8vo. Contents: German translation of Butret's Taille raisonnée des arbres fruitiers. Butret (Butré), Ch. de. Traité de la taille raisonnée des arbres fruitiers. . . . Paris, 1793 [1st ed.], 1821 [16th ed.]; Lyon, 1832 [New ed.] with added treatises by M. Hervy Observations sur la greffe des différentes espèces d'arbres fruitiers, pp. 6266, and by Docteur Trolliet De la plantation des arbres fruitiers, pp. 7995. 1832 ed.: 18mo, pp. [XVI], 95, [4]. 4 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Peach-tree pruning and disbudding (2 chs.). Peach-tree maintenance (2 chs.). Peach cultivars at Montreuil (1 ch.). Fruit walls at Montreuil (1 ch.). Pruning fruit trees other than peach (1 ch.). Essay by M. Hervy on grafting different fruit species. Appendix on cultivars recommended for a model fruit garden. Essay by Dr. Trolliet on the best planting methods for fruit trees. Byam, L. A collection of fruits from the West Indies, drawn and coloured from Nature, and, with permission, most humbly dedicated to the Princess Elizabeth. [London], 1800. Folio pp. [10]. 9 aquatint pls. Contents: Introduction. Colored pls. of roselle, cashew nut, passion fruit, sea grape, rose apple, mountain strawberry, avocado, date, cerasée. Byzondere anmerkingen over het aenlegen. . . . See La Court van der Voort, P. de.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> C., J. [Colerus, J.]. 'T ontdekte-voordeel, van alle wereldsche dingen; afgedeelt volgens de wetten der natuur, en natuurlijke saken. . . . Amsterdam, 1669.

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4to.* Contents: Adaptation of J. Colerus' Oeconomia ruralis . . . in Dutch with additions. Cabanis, M., Père. Essai sur les principes de la greffe. . . . Liège, 1782. Earlier issues lack date. 12mo pp. [II], IIIVII, 8188. Contents: General grafting rules (1 ch.). 9 grafting techniques explained (1 ch.). Physiology of grafting (1 ch.). Grafting compatibility of fruit-tree species (1 ch.). Cadet de Vaux [Devaux], A.-A. De la restauration et du gouvernement des arbres à fruits mutilés et dégradés. . . . Paris, 1807. 8vo pp. [II], 364. Engraved pls. Contents: Damnation of hard-pruning practices as butchery; gives practical, theoretical, and philosophical arguments. Detailed instructions for remedial measures for overpruned or otherwise damaged trees. . Mémoires sur quelques inconvénients de la taille des arbres à fruits et nouvelle méthode . . . pour assurer la fructification. In Journal d'économie rurale et domestique. Paris, January 1806, pp. 148. 8vo engraved pls. Contents: Unstructured treatise. Apples on seedling, 'Doucin', and 'Paradise' rootstocks. Improved pruning and training methods. Encouraging and bending vertical branches to form fans, baskets, arcures, and espaliers. Calonne, C.-F. de. Essais d'agriculture, en forme d'entretiens, sur la nature et la progression des pépinières. . . . Par un cultivateur à Vitry-sur-Seine. Paris, 1778, 1779 [2 issues]. 12mo pp. [II], XII, 439. Contents: Wild and introduced fruits and other trees of the Vitry region (7 chs.). Culture of cherries, plums, apricots (1 ch.). Culture of peaches and mulberries (1 ch.). Culture of pears, apples, nuts (1 ch.). Grape culture (2 chs.). Agriculture (4 chs.). Calvel, E. Abhandlung ueber die Erziehung, Pflege und Schnitt der Obstbaeume am Spalier und als Pyramiden . . . mit Zusaetzen und Anmerkungen von J. V. Sickler. Prag, 1803, 1805, 1812. 16mo pp. [III], 219. 4 engraved pls., folded. Contents: German translation and condensation of E. Calvel's Manuel pratique des plantations. . . . and Manuel de l'amateur des arbres . . . pyramideaux. . . . . Des arbres fruitiers pyramidaux, vulgairement appelés quenouilles. . . . Paris, 1802, 1805. As Manuel de l'amateur des arbres fruitiers pyramidaux. . . . Paris, 1828. 1828 ed.: 8vo pp. [VI], [7], 8120. 1 engraved pl., folded. Contents: Purpose of treatise (1 ch.). Selection and training of seedling trees suitable for pyramids (3 chs.). Training of pyramids (1 ch.). Growing pyramids in quantity (1 ch.). Rehabilitation of damaged pyramids (1 ch.). . Historische Nachricht ueber die National-Baumschule des Carthauses bei Luxemburg in Paris in Der Teutsche Obstgaertner, Volume 22, 1804, pp. 165184, 211225. Contents: German translation of E. Calvel's Notice historique sur la pépinière nationale des Chartreux. . . . . Manuel pratique des plantations, rédigé d'après les principes les plus clairs . . . le choix des arbres, la manière de les déplanter, et de les transplanter et de les entretenir. . . . Paris, 1804, 1825. 8vo pp. [IV], [I]X, 108. 1 en-

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graved pl., folded. Contents: Introduction by M. Chaptal, Minister in charge of Agriculture. Soil types suitable for orchards and soil preparation (3 chs.). Rootstock scion relationships (1 ch.). Selection of fruit trees for orchard, garden, and park (1 ch.). Training of nursery trees and planting out (3 chs.). Tree maintenance (1 ch.). Trainability of fruit species as pyramids, other than peach and almond (1 ch.). Fruit-tree pyramids as "allées" and in orchards (1 ch.). Listings of suitable cultivars. . Notice historique sur la pépinière nationale des Chartreux, au Luxembourg, établie et dirigée sous les ordres du C. Chaptal, Ministre de l'Intérieur. Paris, 1804. 8vo pp. [IV], 57, [2]. Contents: Lively contemporary account of the fate of the Carthusian fruit-tree nurseries near Paris and the personalities and politics involved. . Praktisches Handbuch fuer Baumpflanzungen . . . uebersetzt von Heinrich Bruehl. Mainz, 1804. 8vo. [VIII], 127. Engraved pl., folded. Contents: German translation of E. Calvel's Manuel pratique des plantations. . . . Calvel, [E.] Recherches et expériences sur les moyens pratiques d'accélérer la fructification des arbres, principalement du poirier et du pommier greffés sur franc. . . . Paris, 1811. 8vo pp. [V], 56. 1 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Unstructured essay on promoting early fruiting of standard pears and apples. Fanon's method compared with the author's improvement of it, both based on redirection of sap. Calvel, E. Traité complet sur les pépinières tant pour les arbres fruitiers. . . . Paris, An XI [1803], An XII [1804], 1805, 1831. 12mo pp. [VI], 374. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Benefits of a fruit-tree nursery (2 chs.). Site, layout, soil preparation (2 chs.). Raising seedlings (1 ch.). Encyclopedic dictionary of fruit plants (1 ch.). Planting out seedlings (2 chs.). Pest control (1 ch.). Pruning, training, tree care (5 chs.). Grafting techniques (1 ch.). Lists of cultivars worth propagating (1 ch.). Handling and planting grafted trees (4 chs.). . Trattato completo delle piantonaie con istruzioni sopra i terreni. . . . Firenze, 1813, 1883. 8vo pp. 224; 264; 240. 3 vols. Contents: Italian translations of E. Calvel's Manuel pratique. . . . and Traité complet. . . . Capitulare de villis vel curtis. . . . See Louis the Pious. [Carlowitz, G. H. von]. Verzeichnisz der Obst-Sorten in der systematischen Obstbaumschule im koenigl. saechs. grossen Garten bei Dresden. Dresden, 1819. 8vo pp. [IV], 124. Contents: Fruit nursery sales catalog arranged in columns indicating cultivar characteristics of 228 apples, 135 pears, 4 quinces, 2 medlars, 94 cherries, 47 plums, 54 peaches, 13 apricots, also various nuts and minor fruits. All cultivars with references to the works of Knoop, Diel, Du Hamel, Mayer, and others. Cultivar listings in German, English, French, and Dutch. Carro, Pierre de. Catalogue d'arbres fruitiers et autres arbustes et arbrisseaux composant la pépinière . . . formeé à Kirchnoff en Bessarabie. Kirchnoff, now Kishinev, 1824]. 8vo.*

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A catalogue of the fruits cultivated in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London at Chiswick. London, 1826, 1831, 1842. Supplement 1853. 1831 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], IVV, [12], 3165, (166). Contents: Tables alphabetically arranged by type of fruit. Each table columned for cultivar name and synonyms, form, color, season, quality, remarks, and special characteristics. Catros, T.-Y. Traité raisonné des arbres fruitiers. Bordeaux, 1810. 12mo pp. [II], 583. Contents: Cultivation of tree fruits and table grapes (6 chs.). Description of cultivars including synonyms, ripening times, eating qualities, utilization. Many regional cultivars of southwestern France. Cause, D. H. De koningklycke hovenier, aanwyzende de middelen om boomen, bloemen en kruyden te zaayen, planten, aen queecken en voort teelen. Amsterdam, 1676. 4to pp. [IV], 224. Engraved title. 32 engraved pls. Contents: Individual chapters on apples, pears, quinces, citrus, pomegranates, figs, mulberries, cherries, plums, walnuts, almonds, peaches, apricots, medlars, chestnuts, olives. Other chapters on ornamental plants. Cerati, Monsignore G. Della maniera di coltivare gli alberi fruttiferi. Firenze, 1769. 4to.* Chabrey, D. Stirpium icones et sciagraphia . . . quae de plantarum natura, natalibus, synonymis, usu et virtutibus scitu necessaria sunt, Genevae, 1666. As Omnium stirpium sciagraphia et icones, quibus plantarum et radicum tum in hortis cultarum. . . . Coloniae Allobrogum [Geneva], 1677. Folio pp. [X], 659, [26]. Additional engraved title. Text woodcuts, 6 per page. Contents: Abridged version of J. Bauhin's Historia plantarum universalis with fewer fruit illustrations. Chaillou, M. Catalogue, ou l'abrégé des fruits les plus nouveaux, les plus rares et les plus éstimés. Vitry-sur-Seine, 1755. 12mo.* Chambray, Marquis de. L'art de cultiver les pommiers, les poiriers, et de faire les cidres. . . . Paris, 1765, 1781, 1782, 1890 [Reprint]. As L'art de faire le bon cidre, avec la manière de cultiver les pommiers et poiriers selon l'usage de la Normandie . . . précédé de l'essai sur les principes de la greffe, par Cabanis; on y a joint la composition pour guérir les maladies des arbres par M. Forsith. Paris, an XI [1803]. 1765 ed.: 8vo pp. [IV], 66, [1]. Contents: Origin and importance of cider (Preface). Raising apple seedlings in Normandy (1 ch.). Grafting and planting out (2 chs.). Cider apple cultivars (1 ch.). Harvesting (1 ch.). Pressings and fermentation (2 chs.). Culture of perry pears, perry making, and listing of 10 perry pear cultivars (1 ch.). Champier, S. Hortus gallicus, pro Gallis in Gallia scriptus . . . Symphoriano Campegio Equite. . . . Lugduni, 1533, 1543. 1543 ed.: 8vo pp. [VIII], 68. Contents: 7 books on medical botany. Book 6 on fruits. Comments on characteristics and uses of apple, citrus species, pomegranate, quince, peach. Listing, only, of cherry, jujube, mulberry, medlar, sorb, pear, date, grape, pincolis. Eulogy on the many kinds of fruits and the numerous orchards of France.

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Chanvalon, de. Manuel des champs, ou recueil choisi, instructif et amusant de tout ce qui est le plus nécessaire et le plus utile pour vivre à la campagne avec aisance et agrément. Paris, 1764, 1765. Others to 1786. 12mo pp. [II], IIIXXII, [XXIIIXXXIV], 588. Contents: General gardening and rural buildings (2 chs.). Kitchen gardens including herbaceous fruits (1 ch.). Establishing, managing a fruit garden; grafting; important fruit cultivars (1 ch.). Vineyards and grapes (1 ch.). General farming (2 chs.). Chartreux, les Pères. Catalogue des arbres à fruit les plus excellents, les plus rares, et les plus éstimés, qui se cultivent dans les pépinières des Révérends Pères Chartreux de Paris. Paris, 1728, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1752, 1767, 1768, 1774, 1775, 1786. Other issues likely. As Catalogue des arbres à fruits cultivés dans les pépinières des R. P. Chartreux de Paris, 1775. Publié par M. Jules De Liron D'Airoles, avec un avertissement et une notice historique. Nantes, 1862. Contents: Brief history of the Carthusian nursery. Facsimile reprint of the 1775 catalog. Species and cultivar descriptions of peaches (41), almonds (4), apricots (10), plums (38), cherries (13), pears (102), apples (42), medlars (2), table grapes (13), figs (3). [Chartreux, les Pères] Verzeichnis der vornehmsten, raresten, und beliebtesten Fruchtbaeume, welche in den Baumgaerten der Patern Karthaeuser zu Paris gezogen werden. Wien, 1774, 1775, 1785 in Journal fuer die Gartenkunst [later Gaertnerei] (Stuttgart), 1788, 1799, 1802, 1803, 1824. Contents: Sales catalog of the nurseries operated by Carthusian monks at Paris. Selective German issue after the French issue of 1767. Cultivar descriptions of 40 peaches, 4 almonds, 10 apricots, 39 plums, 14 cherries, 100 pears, 39 apples, 5 sorbs, 2 medlars, 15 grapes, 3 figs, 13 minor fruits. Chomel, J. B. Abrégé de l'histoire des plantes usuelles; dans lequel on donne leurs noms differnes [sic], tant françois que latins; la maniere de s'en servir, la dose, & les principales compositions. . . . Paris, 1712, 1715, 1730, 1738, 1761, 1782, 1803. As Plantes usuelles indigènes et exotiques. . . . Paris, 1809, ed. by J. R. J. Dubuisson, 1715 ed.: 12mo pp. [X], XIXL VIII, [34], 350; [II], 347 [sic]830, [17]. 2 vols. Contents: Introduction on constituents and medicinal use of plants. 50-title bibliography. Medicinally useful plants, including 28 species of temperate and tropical fruits, their uses and preparations described and grouped under 21 headings according to their effect. Christ, J. L. Der Baumgaertner auf dem Dorfe. Frankfurt, 1792. 8vo pp. [XVI], 372, [24], [3]. Contents: Fruit garden soils and sites, nursery and orchard operations, cultivar recommendations, fruit utilization (5 chs.). Addendum describing further cultivars. . Handbuch ueber die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre. Frankfurt, 1797, 1802, 1804; Wien, 1817. Supplement, Frankfurt, 1802. 1802 ed.: 8vo pp. [III], IVXXXVI, 923. Engraved frontis. 5 engraved pls., folded. 1 table, folded. Contents: Part 1. Grafting and other propagation methods, training and care of nursery trees (8 chs.). Part 2. Espaliers and

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trained dwarfed trees (5 chs.). Part 3. Fruit utilization, cider, perry (3 chs.). Part 4. 433 pages of cultivar descriptions (22 chs.). Catalog of the author's fruit-tree nursery. Christ, J. C. [recte J. L.]. Pomologisches theoretisch-praktisches Handwoerterbuch oder alphabetisches Verzeichnis aller noetigen Kenntnisse sowohl zur Obstkultur, Pflanzung, Veredlung, Erziehung, Pflege und Behandlung aller Arten Obstbaeume. . . . Leipzig, 1802. Dutch ed. Fruitkundig woordenboek. . . . Leipzig, 18051806 in 2 vols. 1802 ed.: 4to pp. [XII], 431, [1]. 5 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Encyclopedic dictionary of pomological terms and fruit cultivars with synonyms in German and other languages. Christ, J. L. Vollstaendige Pomologie und zugleich systematisch richtig und ausfuehrlich beschreibendes Verzeichnis der vornehmsten Sorten des Kernund Steinobstes, Schalen- und Beerenobstes . . . mit ausgemahlten Kupfern der Obstsorten, theils in Miniatur- und theils in Naturgroesse. Frankfurt, 18091813. 8vo pp. [XI], XIIXL VIII, [6], 7688; [IX], IVVI, [5], 6458. Colored engraved title, 50 colored engraved pls., 3 engraved pls. 2 vols. Contents: Pomological glossary. Cultivar descriptions of 290 apples, 191 pears, 4 quinces, 2 medlars, 2 sorbs, 12 ornamental fruits, 46 peaches, 16 apricots, 57 plums, 84 cherries, 9 almonds, 6 chestnuts, 6 walnuts, 12 hazels, 40 grapes, 2 mulberries, 10 currants, 101 gooseberries, 25 figs, 8 raspberries, 13 strawberries, 13 minor fruits. Essay on the sugar maple. . Von Pflanzung und Wartung der nuetzlichsten Obstbaeume und ihrer besonders in Kronberg gezogenen Arten und Sorten. . . . Frankfurt, 1789, 17911792. 8vo pp. [III], IVXVI, 498, XVIIXXVIUII, 499500; [III], IVXVI, 311, [1]. 2 engraved pls., folded. 2 vols. Contents: Raising and grafting fruit-tree seedlings (2 chs.). Fruit-garden design (1 ch.). Cultivation and cultivar descriptions of apples, pears, quinces, medlars, cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, chestnuts, currants, gooseberries (14 chs.). Use of fruits (1 ch.). Pest control (1 ch.). Calendar of monthly fruit-garden chores. Addendum to Vol. 1. Clarici, P. B. Istoria e coltura delle piante . . . con un copioso trattato sugli agrumi. . . . Venezia, 1726. 4to pp. [XXXIV], 761, [2]. 2 engraved pls. Contents: Bibliography and glossary for combined fruit and ornamental garden. Part 1. Gardening work, gardeners (13 chs.). Part 2. Grafting and other propagation methods, ornamental gardening (13 chs.). Part 3. Description of garden plants including ornamental fruits: chestnuts, figs, elder, double flowering peach, plum, and pomegranate. Part 4. Treatise on citrus fruits. Myth of the Hesperides (1 ch.). Soil and climate requirements (3 chs.). Winter protection (2 chs.). Propagation (1 ch.). Planting, pruning, training (6 chs.). Culture and cultivar listings of citrons (60), lemons (125), oranges (101). Cobbett, W. The American gardener; or, a treatise on the situation, soil, fencing, and laying-out of gardens . . . propagation and cultivation of the several

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sorts of vegetables, herbs, fruits and flowers. London, 1821; Baltimore and Frederick, 1823, 1827; New York, 1835, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1846, 1856, undated but later edition(s) by Orange Judd & Co.; Concord, NH, 1842; Boston, 1842; Claremont, NH, n.d. [between 1841 and 1858]. With minor changes as The English gardener, London, 1829. 1846 ed.: 12mo pp. [II], 34, [3]230. 4 full-page text engravings. Contents: 391 paragraphs continuously numbered through 6 chapters. Generalities, layout, fencing (Nos. 1123). Vegetables, herbs (Nos. 124272). Fruit topics: Propagation (Nos. 273282). Cultivation (Nos. 291299). Apples, apricots, barberries, chestnuts, cranberries, currants, figs, filberts, gooseberries, grapes, huckleberries, medlars, melons, mulberries, nectarines, peaches, pears, plums, quinces, raspberries, strawberries, black and Persian walnuts, hickories (Nos. 300325). Ornamentals (Nos. 326391). . American orchardist and cottage economy; containing information relative to the brewing of beer, making bread, keeping of cows, pigs, bees . . . other matters deemed useful in the conducting of the affairs of a laborer's family. . . . First American from the first London edition. New York, 1824. 8vo.* Contents: W. Cobbett's Cottage economy. . . . combined with J. Thacher's The American orchardist. . . . under a common title. Colerus, J. Oeconomia ruralis et domestica, darinn das gants Ampt aller trewer Haus-Vaetter, Hauss-Muetter bestaendiges und allgemeines Hauss-Buch vom Hausshalten, Wein- Acker- Gaerten Blumen und Feld-Bau begriffen. . . . Wittenberg, 1597, 1604, 1609; Mainz, 1645, 1651; Frankfurt, 1665, 1672, 1680, 1695; Leipzig, 1711. 1672 ed.: folio pp. [IV], 128, [12], 720, [135], 358, [10], 59 [3]. Text engravings. Contents: Book 6. Fruit gardening, pruning, grafting, manipulating fruit trees for unusual effects (chs. 435). Book 7. Vineyards, grape culture, wine and vinegar making, wine-based herbal drinks and medicines (chs. 156). Coles, W. Adam in Eden: or, natures paradise. The history of plants, fruits, herbs and flowers . . . also their several signatures, anatomical appropriations, and particular physical vertues. . . . London, 1657 [2 issues]. Folio (27 X 18 cm) pp. [XX], 629 [recte 591], [25]. Contents: Herbalist handbook based on "signatures." 347 plants, including most fruit species and some cultivars grouped by their medicinal effect on body parts, e.g. "For the brain." Collins, S. Paradise retriev'd: plainly and fully demonstrating the most beautiful, durable, and beneficial method of managing and improving fruit-trees against walls, or in hedges, contrary to Mr. Lawrence. . . . London, 1717. 8vo pp. [II], V, [V], 106. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Wall fruit trees (5 chs.). Planting, training, winter protection of peaches and apricots (5 chs.). Growing standards of cherries, plums, and pears (1 ch.). Training wall fruit trees (6 chs.). Training hedges of pears, plums, and filberts (3 chs.). Quince culture (1 ch.). Fig culture (1 ch.). Grape culture (2 chs.). Best fruit cultivars other than apples (1 ch.). J. Laurence's errors (1 ch.). Melon culture (13 chs.).

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Columella, L. J. M. [Ca. 50 A.D.] . . . of husbandry. In twelve books: and his book concerning trees. Translated into English. . . . London, 1745. 4to pp. [III], IVXIV, [XVXXVIII], 600, [8]. Contents: Books 3, 4, 5. Culture and cultivars of grapes, olives, pome fruits; grafting and other propagation methods. Book 10. Versified eulogy on gardens with fruits and flowers. Book 12. Preserving, drying, pickling fruit, making wine and vinegar. Book Concerning Trees. Orchard and vineyard practices, pest control, planting instructions for figs, walnuts, pomegranates, pears, apples, and fancy grafting practices (27 chs.). [Commelijn, J.] The Belgick, or Netherlandish Hesperides. That is. The management ordering and use of the limon and orange trees, fitted to the nature and climate of the Netherlands. . . . Made English by G. V. N. London, 1683. 8vo pp. [X], 194, [4]. Contents: English translation of J. Commelijn's Nederlantze Hesperides. . . . Commelyn, J. Nederlantze Hesperides, dat is oeffening en gebruik van de limoen- en oranje-boomen; gestelt na den aardt, en climaat der Nederlanden. . . . , Amsterdam, 1676, 1684. Included as Nederlantschen. . . . in Den sorgvuldigen hovenier ende de oprechte practycke. . . . , Ghent, 1895. Folio pp. [VI], 47, [3]. Engraved frontis., 26 engraved pls. Contents: Myth of the Hesperides and rationale of this book (4 chs.). Description, cultivars, history, and use of citrons (1 ch.), lemons (10 chs.), oranges (12 chs.). Planting, maintenance, propagation, and protection of citrus trees (16 chs.). Commelijn, J. Oeffning der vrugtboomen, vertaalt en met aanmerkingen verrickt door. . . . Amsterdam, 1687. Translated into German as Le Gendre wohlbestallter Gartenbau. . . . Hannover and Wolfenbuettel, 1703, 1763. Contents: Dutch translation of Le Gendre's La maniere de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. . . . The compleat planter and cyderist: or, choice collections and observations for the propagating all manner of fruittrees . . . the making and ordering of cyder, and other English-wines. . . . London, 1685, 1690 with The art of pruning and lopping fruit trees. 1690 ed.: 8vo pp. [XVI], 256, [8]; [VIII], 104, [8]. Text engravings. Contents: Fruittree propagation and pruning (5 chs.). Fruit garden site and layout (2 chs.). Planting dwarf trees (1 ch.). Grapes, figs, walnuts, chestnuts, filberts, quinces, mulberries, medlars, cane fruits, peaches and nectarines, apricots, strawberries, plums, cherries, pears, apples (16 chs.). Pest control (1 ch.). Harvesting, cider production (1 ch.). Legal aspects of fruit-tree vandalism (1 ch.). Calendar of monthly chores (1 ch.). Addenda. Pruning objectives in February, May, June, July (5 chs.). Glossary of fruit growing (1 ch.). Fruits as health food (1 ch.). Aperitif fruits viz. figs, peaches and nectarines, plums, apricots, mulberries, tart cherries (1 ch.). Digestive fruits, viz. pears, apples, grafted quinces, medlars, service berries (1 ch.). Dual purpose fruits, viz. grapes, sweet oranges, Spanish pomegranates, red and white currants. Contant, J. and P. Les oevvres de Jacqves et Pavl Contant pere et fils maistres

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apoticaires de la ville de Poictiers. . . . Poitiers, 1628. 4to in sixes pp. [VIII], 259, [8], 79, [5], 90, [10], 59, [1]. Contents: 5 treatises. The second entitled Le second Eden, a versified treatise on garden plants with profuse historical and contemporary allusions. All common fruits and nuts are characterized in from 6 to 12 lines. Cordus, V. Valerii Cordi Simesusii annotationes in Pedacii Dioscorides Anazarbei de medica materia libros V . . . historiae stirpium lib. IIII posthumi. . . . Argentorati, 1561. 4to in sixes ff. [VIII], 301, [1], [7]. Text woodcuts. Reprinted in Konrad Gesner's Opera botanica . . . , Norimbergae, 17511771. Contents: Part 1. Medically useful fruits (Book 1). Part 2. History of plants. Extensive cultivar descriptions of German apples and pears. Essays on other fruits, wild plants, and fossils. Appendix on German ornamental and medical garden plants by Conrad Gessner (Books 3 and 4). Cotton, C. See Triquel, R. Cowell, J. The curious and profitable gardener. . . . London, 1730. As The curious fruit and flower gardener. . . . London, 1732. As The compleat fruit and flower gardener. . . . London, 1733. 1732 ed.: 4to pp. [IV], 126 [recte 134]; [II], 67, [1]. Colored engraved pl. Contents: Suitable garden soils (1 ch.). Tropical fruits (1 ch.). Flowers (1 ch.). Various fruit species trained as espaliers, half standards, and standards (1 ch.). Appendix on ornamental plants. Coxe, W. A view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries, cultivated in the Middle States of America. . . . Philadelphia, 1817; Rockton, 1976. 4to (20 X 13 cm) pp. [III], IV, 253, [15]. 77 engraved pls. Contents: U.S. fruit climate (1 ch.). Fruit-tree propagation and nursery management (7 chs.). Orchard establishment and chores (5 chs.). Cider apple cultivation (3 chs.). Perry pears (1 ch.). Cider, perry, and brandy processing and equipment (4 chs.). Vinegar (1 ch.). Cultivar descriptions and wood engravings of 133 apples, 65 pears, 1 quince, 38 peaches, 18 plums, 6 apricots, 5 nectarines, 15 cherries (8 chs.). 1976 facsimile ed. with added biography and bibliography of W. Coxe, by H. F. Janson. The crafte of graffynge & plantynge of trees. [Westminster, ca. 1520]. 4to pp. [I], [7]. Woodcut title. Black letter. As The craft of graffing and planting of trees. London, [1563?]. As Here begynneth the boke of the arte or crafte of graffynge and plantyng of trees. London, [1565?] 4to pp. [I], [15]. Woodcut title. Black letter. Contents: Unstructured collection of correct and incorrect advice on grafting and fruit culture. Specific references to apple, pear, almond, walnut, cherry, peach, quince, prune, mydlay [medlar], grape. Crescenzi, P. de. Le liure des proufitz champestres et ruraulx . . . par maistre Pierre des Crescenses bourgeoys de Bouloongne . . . , Paris, 1486; Lyon, 1530. Various undated Paris editions, some illustrated. As Le bon mesnager: au present volume des prouffits champestres et ruraulx est traite . . . et

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on y a ajoute la maniere de enter, planter et nourrir tous les arbres selon le jugement de maistre Gorgole de Corne, et autres notables jardiniers. Paris, 1533. Folio.* Contents: Printed version of a French manuscript translation dating ca. 1373, of Crescenzi's Opus ruralium commodorum. 1533 edition with an added treatise on grafting, planting, and fertilizing fruit trees by Gorgole de Corne and others. . New Feldt vnd Ackerbaw, darinnen deutlich begriffen, wie man auss rechtem Grund der Natur. . . . Demnach was massen allerley lust vnd fruechtgaerten, von fremder, als gemein bekannter art Obsbaeumen zupflantzen. . . . Weinwachs zu zeugen . . . durch den hochgelehrten Herrn, Petrum de Crescentijs beschrieben. . . . Frankfurt, 1583. Folio pp. [XII], 566 [recte 568], 12. Woodcut portrait. Woodcut pl., folded. Text woodcuts. Contents: German translation of Piero de Crescenzi's Opus ruralium commodorum incorporating material from C. Estienne's and J. Liebault's L'agriculture et maison rustique. Known as ''Pseudocrescentius." Of fruit and nut interest: Monthly calendar (Book 1). Vineyards and wine making (Book 5). Fruit gardens, layout, culture, propagation, description of fruit and nut trees, fruit brambles, other woody plants (Book 8). Apiculture, honey, fruit preservation (Book 10). . Petri de Crescentijs ciuis bononiensis epistola in librum commodorum ruralium. [Augsburg], 1471; [Louvain], 1474. As Opus ruralium commodorum. . . . Argentine, 1486; [Spires], ca. 1493. Various later editions with modified titles in Latin, French, Italian, German, Polish. Contents: See Crescenzi's Trattato della agricoltura. . . . . Trattato della agricoltura di Piero de' Crescenzi traslatato nella favella fiorentina, rivisto Dallo 'Nferigno academico della Crusca. Bologna, 1784. 4to pp. [VIII], 392; [II], 408, XL, 12. 1 text engraving. 2 vols. Contents: Book 1. Farm layout and water supply (13 chs.). Book 2. General cultural principles and practices, including plant propagation (29 chs.). Book 3. Field crops (24 chs.). Book 4. Vineyards, grape cultivars, wine making (47 chs.). Book 5. Fruit culture, harvest, and storage (29 chs.). Book 6. Vegetable and herbs (133 chs.). Book 7. Meadows and forests (5 chs.). Book 8. Pleasure gardening, with training and shaping fruit trees and vines (8 chs.). Books 9 and 10. Domestic and wild animals. Book 11. Essentials of Books 110. Book 12. Monthly farm and garden chores. Appendix. Explanation of obsolete terms used in original printings. Cupani, F. Hortus Catholicus. Naples, 1696. Supplement, Naples, 1696. 2nd supplement Naples, 1697. 4to pp. [XXVIII], 237; 238262. [2]; [II], 395, [5]. Contents: Encyclopedic inventory of wild and cultivated plants on the estate of prince Guiseppe Del Bosco Catholico near Palermo. Latin descriptions and common Italian names of 21 apricots, 22 plums, 26 apples, 78 pears, 5 quinces, 43 citrus, 16 peaches, 10 pomegranates, 47 grapes. . Panphyton siculum sive historia naturalis de animalibus, stirpibus et fossilibus, quae in Sicilia vel in circuitu ejus inveniuntur. . . . Panormi, 1713.

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Folio pp. [II], 168, each with 13 engraved plants. Issues vary in format. Contents: Illustrations only, including some of fruits. Der curieuse Pfropff- und Oculir-Meister, so da anweiset, wie eine vollkommene Baum-Schule und Pflantz-Garten anzulegen . . . anfangs beschrieben in franssoesischer, anietzo aber in unserer deutschen Mutter-Sprache uebersitzet. . . . Frankfurt, 1695; Hannover, 1698; Hannover and Wolfenbuettel, 1702, 1707, 1719. 1702 ed.: 12mo pp. [XXII], 216, 158, [7]. Additional engraved title Curieuser Pflantzgarten fruchttragender Baeume. Contents: Part 1. Translation and rearrangement of Le Gendre's La maniere de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. . . . by Gerold Edelbach. Classification of fruit- and nut-bearing trees (1 ch.). Raising seedlings (1 ch.). Grafting and budding (1 ch.). Soil improvement to suit preferences of fruit-tree species (2 chs.). Layout, spacing, planting an orchard (3 chs.). Pruning, training, espaliering (1 ch.). Fruit thinning (1 ch.). Pest control (1 ch.). Tree-wound ointments and grafting waxes (1 ch.). Part 2. Vegetables. Part 3. Ornamentals. Trellising fruit trees and grapes. Horticultural rimes copied from Daniel Rhagor's Pflantzgart. Curtius, B. See Le Court, B.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Dahuron, R. Bewaehrte garten-geheimnuesse: . . . und einem anhang von der rechten baum-zucht, insonderheit der zwerg-baeume . . . aus dem frantzoesischen uebersetzt. . . . Nuernberg, 1734, 1735, 1738, 1742. 12mo. Contents: Another German translation of R. Dahuron's Nouveau traité. . . . with Parts 1 and 2 reversed to suit the changed title. . Il giardiniero francese, ovvero trattato del tagliare gl'alberi da frutto. . . . Aggiunto un compendio delle regole . . . cavate da Monsu della Quintinye. . . . Venezia. 1698, 1703, 1704, 1719, 1722, 1723. 4to pp. [IV], 55, [5], [2]. 3 engraved pls., 6 pp. of text engravings. Contents: Unstructured Italian translation and condensation of the chapters on pruning of J. de La Quintinye's Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers. . . . . Nouveau traité de la taille des arbres fruitiers, contenant plusieurs figures qui marquent les manieres de les bien tailler, pour leur faire produire quantité de fruit. Paris, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699. 16mo pp. [XII], 153, [3]. 12 engraved pls. Contents: New edition of R. Dahuron's Traité de la taille des arbres. . . . . Nouveau traité de la taille des arbres fruitiers, contenant plusieurs figures qui marquent les manieres de les bien tailler, pour leur faire produire quantité de fruit. Par René Dahuron, jardinier de Monsieur le Duc de Brunsvvic de Lunenbourg. Paris, 1719, 1752. 12mo pp. [XII], 153, [3]. Text woodcuts. Contents: Revised edition of Nouveau traité de la taille. . . . Paris, 1696. . Tractat vom nuetzlichen Baum-Beschneiden und der rechten Baumzucht, insonderheit der Zwerg-Baeume, sammt einem Verzeichnisse des besten Frantz-Obstes. Weimar & Celle, 1719, 1723, 1738. As Vollstaendiges Gartenbuch. . . . 1743, 1752, 1755, 1758, 1769. Other dates and ti-

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tles likely. Contents: German translation of R. Dahuron's Traité de la taille des arbres. . . . Also see Dahuron's Der wohl-bestellte Garten-Bau. . . . . Traité de la taille des arbres, & de la maniere de les bien elever. Celle, 1692; Liège, 1699. 16mo pp. [VIII], 142. Engraved pls. Contents: Unstructured text. Purpose of pruning. Tree anatomy and forms. Raising fruit-tree seedlings. Seedling nurseries and "bastardières" (holding plots for grafted seedlings). Propagation methods. Soil preparation and planting. Pruning systems for various tree forms and sizes. Manipulation for special effects. Pest and disease control. Important cultivars. Pomological glossary. . . . . Vollstaendiger Garten-Bau; . . . vom Baumbeschneiden; und der rechten Baum-Zucht; sammt einem Verzeichniss des besten Frantz-Obsts. . . . Weimar, 1757, 1769. 18mo pp. [XIV], 684, [20]. Engraved frontis., 12 engraved pls. Contents: German translation of R. Dahuron's Traité de la taille des arbres with added lists of recommended cultivars and general gardening matter. . Der wohl-bestellte Garten-Bau, oder gruendliche Anweisung wie ein Kuechen- Blum- und Baum-Garten wohl anzulegen. . . . In dieser neuen Auflage verbessert und vermehret mit dem sehr herrlichen Tractat von nuetzlichen [sic] Baum-Beschneiden und der rechten Baum-Zucht, insonderheit der Zwerg-Baeume: sammt einer [sic] Verzeichniss des besten Frantz-Obstes. . . . Zelle und Leipzig, 1723. 8vo pp. [XV], 644. Engrave frontis., text engravings. Contents: Parts 1 and 2. Kitchen and flower gardening. Part 3. Culture and cultivars of citrus (1 ch.). Part 4. Establishing a fruit garden (1 ch.). Standard fruit trees and nursery operation (1 ch.). Fruit-tree diseases and hazards (1 ch.). Dwarf fruit trees and cultivars (2 chs.). Grape culture (1 ch.). Appendix 1. Medicinal Herbs. Appendix 2. Monthly gardening calendar. Appendix 3. Apiculture. [Appendix 4]. Treatise on fruit-tree pruning and management. Listing of the best French fruit cultivars. [Dahuron, R. In] Anthophilus, I(sidorus). Wohlbewaehrtes Garten-Buch, worinnen nicht nur von vielen seltenen Geheimnissen sondern auch . . . der Baum-Zucht, von allerhand or wie auch von Zwerg-Baeumen . . . gruendliche Nachricht ertheilet wird . . . , Luzern und Strassburg, 1758; Augsburg, 1779. 8vo pp. [VI], 370, [6]. Engraved frontis., 7 engraved pls. Contents: Part 1. Arcana hortensia, i.e., recipes for creating magical effects with fruit trees and other plants. Appendix on botanical alchemy tricks. Part 2. Tractat vom nuetzlichen Baum-Beschneiden und der rechten Baum-Zucht, insonderheit der Zwerg-Baeume. Samt einer [sic] Verzeichnis des besten Franz-Obstes . . . durch Mons. René Dab[sic]huron. Pp. 103194. Contents: Pruning reasons, seasons, methods (10 chs.). Raising, propagating, managing fruit trees (22 chs.). Description of the best French cultivars of pears, apples, peaches, apricots, plums by ripening seasons. Part 3 by Anthophilus. Flower gardening. Continuation of arcana hotensia. Dalechamps, J. Histoire generale des plantes, contenant xviii livres egalement

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departis en deux tomes . . . faite françoise par Me Iean Des Movlins . . . Lyon, 1615, 1653. 4to in sixes (38 X 24) pp. [IIV], 960, [36]; [120], 758. 2752 text woodcuts. 2 vols. Contents: Combined French flora and herbal. Book 3 with information on origin, synonymy, use, and brief growing directions of tree fruits, nuts, and tree seeds, with emphasis on medicinal qualities. [Dalechamps, J.] Historia generalis plantarum, in libros XVIII. . . . Lugduni, 15861587. Folio pp. [XII], 1096; [II], 10971922, [72], [36], [4]. 2751 text woodcuts. 2 vols. Contents: Latin original of J. Dalechamps' Histoire generale des plantes. . . . Davy, Frère. See Brossard. De Crèvecoeur, H. St. J. Sketches of Eighteenth Century America: more letters from an American farmer. Edited by H. L. Bourdin. . . . New Haven, 1925; New York, 1963. Contents: Biography and history of De Crèvecoeur's manuscripts by H. L. Bourdin. De Crèvecoeur's essays and stories on rural life in North America before the Revolution with references to fruits, fruit growing, and cider making. De La Riviere & Du Moulin, les Sieurs. Méthode pour bien cultiver les arbres à fruit, et pour élever des treilles. Utrecht, 1737, 1738; Paris, 1738, 1770, 1771, 1779. 8vo pp. [XII], 319, [5]. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Raising fruit-tree seedlings and grafting them (6 chs.). Transplanting, training, and espaliering (6 chs.). Pruning and dwarfing (4 chs.). Fruit-tree diseases and pests (1 ch.). Harvesting and storing fruit (3 chs.). Selection and description of superior cultivars (1 ch.). Appendix: Erection and management of grape trellises. Der deutsche Baumgaertner. Nach den Grund- und Lehrsaetzen der beruehmtesten Maenner in der Gaertnerey, besonders des Franzosen Quintinye, des Englaenders Miller und des Deutschen Reichart. Herausgegeben von Joh. G. Dauling. Schleusingen, 1764. Eisenach, 1770, 1773. 8vo pp. [XXIV], 260. 5 engraved pls. Contents: Operating a seedling nursery (4 chs.). Propagating and transplanting (4 chs.). Pruning and training (2 chs.). Pest control (2 chs.). Selection for use and cultural specifics of cherries, plums and prunes, apples, pears, minor fruits (4 chs.). Production of cider, fruit brandy, fruit vinegar (3 chs.). Drying fruit (1 ch.). Fruit maturity and preservation (2 chs.). Cultivar descriptions by ripening sequence of pears (76), apples (89). Orchard fencing (1 ch.). Grafting for special effects (2 chs.). Regulations under a 1724 Hessian law ordering the planting of fruit trees (23 chs.). Les délices de Cérès, de Pomone, et de Flore, ou la campagne utile et agréable. Paris, 1774. 24mo.* Diecker, H. R. Der Obstgaertner im Zimmer. Passau, 1826. 12mo pp. [III], 4348. Text engravings. Contents: Enjoyment, scientific value, and breeding of fruit trees for pot culture (20 chs.). Dwarfing rootstocks and other dwarfing methods (4 chs.). Propagation (3 chs.). Containers and potting (5 chs.). Training and pruning (13 chs.). Open-air culture (1 ch.). Forcing and acceleration of fruiting (4 chs.). Fruit culture under glass (5 chs.). Unusual potted fruits (1 ch.).

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The domestic encyclopedia. . . . See Mease, J. Domitzer, J. Ein neuewes fast huebsch unnd nutzliches Pflantzbuechlin von mancherley artiger Pflantzung, Impffung uñ Beltzung der Baeum. [Mainz or Wittenberg], 1529; Zwickau, 1529, 1530; Mainz, 1530, 1531; Augsburg, 1534; Frankfurt, 1551, 1587; Erfurt, ca. 1588. In Adam Lonitzer's Kreuterbuch, [Frankfurt, 1557] and later editions and variants with Pflantzbuechlein in their titles. Editio princeps: 8vo ff. [32]. Title with pictorial woodcut border. Contents: Part 1. Selection of fruit-tree understocks (1 ch.). Site, fertile soil, live seeds or plants, proximity to a body of water, climate (1 ch.). Planting time for seeds and understocks (1 ch.). Part 2. Soil management, manuring, improving sandy soils (3 chs.). Selection and preparation of seedlings for grafting (7 chs.). Part 3. Transplanting grafted trees (1 ch.). Protection (1 ch.). Part 4. Grafting terms, general considerations, precautions, tools (11 chs.). Part 5. Grafting methods in detail (8 chs.). Part 6. Fantastic grafts (4 chs.). Grafting with quince (1 ch.). Forcing trees, increasing fruit size, spice, honey, etc. implants for improved fruit flavor or sweetness, fruit-tree rejuvenation, pest control (18 chs.). Driver, A. and W. The Pomona britanica; or, fruit-garden displayed . . . with a botanical lexicon. . . . London, 1788. 4to pp. [IV], [8], 8, 16. 10 engraved pls. partially colored. Contents: Cultivar descriptions accompanying plates of 'Heart Cherry', 'Golden Raspberry', apricot, crab apple, 'Bergamotte Pear', 'Imperial Plum', 'Reine Claude Plum', mirabelle. Interspersed with text of letters A to C of a botanical lexicon. Drope, F. A short and sure guid in the practice of raising and ordering of fruit-trees. Being the many years recreation and experience of. . . . Oxford, 1672. 8vo pp. [XIV], 120. Contents: Preface by the late author's brother Edward. Raising fruit-tree seedlings (1 ch.). Nursery practices (1 ch.). Grafting and budding (2 chs.). Layering, ablactation, approach grafting (1 ch.). Dubois, L. Du pommier, du poirier et du cormier, considérés dans leur histoire, leur physiologie, et les divers usages de leurs fruits, de leurs cidres. . . . Paris, 1804. As L'amateur des fruits, ou l'art de les choisir, de les conserver et de les employer pour faire les compotes, gelées, marmelades . . . ; liqueurs de tout genre . . . vins secondaires etc. etc. Paris, 1829, 1835. 1829 ed.: 8vo pp. [VI], 216. Contents: Fruits and cultivars suitable for processing (3 chs.). Preparation of sugar, honey, grape, and cider syrups. Various processing methods (4 chs.). Preparation of juices, dried fruit, and preserves (5 chs.). Fruit confectionary and ices (7 chs.). Fruit pastes, brandied fruits, and related (4 chs.). Fruit wines, liqueurs, and brandies (4 chs.). Sherbets, fruit syrups and extracts, verjuice (3 chs.). Duemler, W. J. Obsgarten, das ist eine kurze doch deutliche Anweisung zur Baumpflanzung. . . . Nuernberg, 1651, 1652. As Erneurter und vermehrter Baum- und Obstgarten, nemlich: eine kurtze jedoch deutliche Anweisung zur Baumgaertnerey und Peltzkunst. . . . Nuermberg [sic], 1658, 1661, 1664. 1664 ed.: 8vo pp. [XXX], 477, [15]. Additional engraved title. 26 engraved pls. Contents: Part 1. Fruit garden site and enclo-

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sure (1 ch.). Raising fruit-tree seedlings (1 ch.). Planting, staking, pruning, and irrigating (2 chs.). Methods of moving large trees (1 ch.). Nursery management, tools and methods of propagation (10 chs.). Pest control (2 chs.). Harvesting and storing fruit (1 ch.). Planting an orchard of hedged fruit trees (1 ch.). Untitled discussion of fruit-garden matters by Peter Harsdoerfer (1 ch.). Condensed version of the fruit chapters of Johann Royer's Unterricht wie ein feiner. . . . (1 ch.). Weather in relation to fruit growing (1 ch.). Part 2. Apples and pears (1 ch.). Citrus species (1 ch.). Mulberries, figs, and opuntia (1 ch.). Peaches, apricots, and almonds (1 ch.). Plums and sloes (1 ch.). Sweet and tart cherries (1 ch.). Walnuts, hazelnuts, and chestnuts (1 ch.). Minor fruits, exotic and ornamental trees (8 chs.). Du Hamel du Monceau, H. L. (Pomona gallica) Abhandlung von den Obstbaeumen . . . aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von Carl Christoph Oelhafen von Schoellenbach. Nuernberg, 17751783. 4to pp. [II], IIIXVI, 202; 134; 130. 181 engraved pls. 3 vols. (Vols. 2 and 3 with the additional title Pomona gallica.) Contents: German translation of Duhamel's Traité des arbres fruitiers. . . . , Paris, 1768. . Anatomie de la poire. [Paris], 17301731.* . Recherches sur les causes de la multiplication des espèces de fruits. In Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Paris, 1728. pp. 477499. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Definition of "species" as a stable cultivar, of "variety" as a sport variable with environmental conditions. Superior new cultivars obtained by rigorous seedling selection. Experiments prove that grafting does not create new cultivars. . Traité des arbres et arbustes que l'on cultive en France, par Duhamel. Nouvelle édition. . . . Paris, 18011819, 1825, ca. 1852. Folio. Ca. 500 color printed engravings. 7 vols. Contents: Includes description, cultivation, history of ca. 170 fruit cultivars taken from Duhamel's Traité des arbres fruitiers. . . . Du Hamel Du Monceau, [H. L.]. Traité des arbres fruitiers, contenant leur figure, leur description, leur culture &c. Paris, 1768, 1782; Paris & Bruxelles, 1782. 4to pp. [IV], XXIX, [XXXXXXI], 373; [IV], 280. Engraved frontis., 180 engraved pls. 2 vols. 1782 ed.: 8vo pp. [IV], 320; [II], 338; [II], 260. 180 engraved pls., 3 vols. Contents: Propagation methods and materials, nursery practices, transplanting (2 chs.). Training and pruning espaliers and bush forms (2 chs.). Pest control (1 ch.). Harvesting and storing fruit (1 ch.). Cultivar descriptions and growing instructions in alphabetically arranged chs. for almonds, apricots, cherries, quinces, figs, strawberries, medlars, gooseberries, apples, mulberries, peaches and nectarines, plums, pears, raspberries, grapes. Du Hamel du Monceau, H. L. Traité des arbres fruitiers. Nouvelle édition, augmenté par A. Poiteau et P. J. F. Turpin. Paris, [1807]1835. Folio pp. [II], 58, [4], 422 engraved pls. mostly with unpaginated descriptive letterpress leaf. 329 of these pls. printed in color, finished by hand. 6 vols. Contents: Introduction by Poiteau on contemporary botanical

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and pomological knowledge. Pomological bibliography with subjective comments. Introductory text to each fruit species followed by letterpress leaf describing a cultivar and a color plate illustrating it. 14 almonds, 58 apples, 9 apricots, 27 cherries, 4 currants, 27 gooseberries, 13 grapes, 4 medlars, 2 mulberries, 41 peaches, 107 pears, 49 plums, 3 quinces, 3 walnuts, other nuts and minor fruits. . Traité des arbres fruitiers, revue et augmenté de plus de moitié . . . par MM. Mirbel, Poiret et LoiseleurDeslongchamps. . . . Paris, ca. 1805. As Nouveau traité des arbres fruitiers, très augmenté par MM. Veillard, de Mirbel, Poiret et Loiseleur-Deslongchamps. . . . Paris, 1816. As Nouveau traité des arbres fruitiers. Nouvelle édition. . . . Paris, ca. 1850. Fol. pp. [VI], 254; [VI], 226. Stipple-engraved frontis. 145 stipple-engraved pls. 2 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. Species and cultivar descriptions of currant, barberry, hazelnut, pomegranate, pistachio, mulberry, almond, quince, medlar, walnut, fig, cherry, olive, apricot, plum, peach, raspberry, persimmon. Vol. 2. Species and cultivar descriptions of apple, pear, citrus, grape. Du Petit Thouars, A. A. Recueil de rapports et de mémoires sur la culture des arbres fruitiers. . . . Paris, 1815. 8vo pp. [IV], IIXII, [I]VII, [VIII], 256, [4]. 7 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Papers read at the meetings of the Agricultural Society of Paris relating to the history, current state, and latest developments of fruit culture. Bound in a chronological listing of mostly French pomological works and their authors. Du Petit Thouars, A. A. Le verger français, ou traité générale de la culture des arbres fruitiers qui croissent en pleine terre dans le environs de Paris. Second recueil de morçeaux détachés. Paris, 1817. 8vo pp. [IV], V-XLVII, [12], 384. Contents: Essay on the pomological concepts of the time. Essay on the effect of freezing temperatures on fruit and other trees. [Du Vivie, J.]. De nieuwe, en naauwkeurige Neederlandse hovenier onderwijsende hoe hier te lande . . . de boomen . . . gesnoeid, aangebonde en onderhouden werden. . . . Leyden, 1713, 1716, 1719, 1721, 1735. 1716 ed.: 4to pp. [XII], 286, [10]. Engraved frontis., 14 engraved pls. Contents: Part 1. Fruit garden sites, layout, general considerations. Part 2. Suitable soils, preparation, manuring. Part 3. Pear culture; cultivar classification by eating quality (3 chs.). Apples (1 ch.). Establishment of fruit walls (1 ch.). Peaches (1 ch.). Plums (1 ch.). Raising, selecting, and grafting fruit-tree seedlings (5 chs.). Part 4. Pruning and training fruit trees, grapevines, and bush fruits. Appendix on grafting. Appendix on pest control (1716 onwards). Appendix on latest espaliering techniques (1735 ed., only). [Du Vivie, J.] Register van alle soorten van peeren en appelen, met aanwijsing op welke tijd dat yder in haar soort volkoomen, en te regt ryp sijn. . . . Leiden, 1717. 4to pp. [VIII], 64. Engraved scene on title. Later editions as Vermeerdert en vernieuwd register. . . . q.v. Contents: Cultivar listings by month of ripening of 376 French and Dutch pears and 249 French and Dutch apples. Cultivar listings of 4 quinces, 33 grapes, 24 peaches, 7

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apricots, 50 plums, 86 cherries, 7 gooseberries, 6 currants, 6 medlars, 2 mulberries, 4 hazelnuts, 2 walnuts, 2 figs. Listing of ornamental and forest tree species and of 32 rose cultivars.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Eicones plantarum sev stirpium. . . . See Tabernaemontanus, J. [Ellis, W.] The compleat cyderman: or, the present practice of raising plantations of the best cyder apple and perry pear-trees. . . . London, 1754. As The complete planter and cyderist. . . . London, 1757. 1754 ed.: 8vo pp. [IV], VXVI, 123, [5]. Contents: Choice of sites and soils (2 chs.). Raising apple and pear seedlings (1 ch.). Layout, spacing, and planting of cider apple and perry pear orchards (1 ch.). Herefordshire cultivars (1 ch.). Devonshire cultivars (1 ch.). Equipment, mills, presses, casks (3 chs.). Fermenting, racking, increasing alcohol and sweetness, other improvements (1 ch.). Elsholz, J. S. Diaeteticon: das ist, newes Tisch-Buch, oder Unterricht von Erhaltung guter Gesundheit. . . . Coelln an der Spree, 1682. 4to pp. [XII], [I] 466, [10]. 9 engraved pls. Facsimile reprint, Leipzig, 1984. Contents: Book 1. Cursory descriptions but extensive nutritional and medicinal advice and references to vine fruits, strawberries, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, figs, mulberries, cane fruits, rose hips, apples, pears, medlars, almonds, walnuts, filberts, chestnuts, tropical fruits (33 chs.). Book 6. Wine and other fruit beverages (1 ch.). Appendix. Utilization and preservation of fruit. Important fruits in great detail and with cultivar listings. Elssholtz, J. S. Vom Garten-Baw: oder Unterricht von der Gaertnerey auff das Clima der Chur-Marck Brandenburg wie auch der benachbarten teutschen Laender gerichtet . . . , Coelln an der Spree [Berlin], 1666, 1672; Berlin und Leipzig, 1684. As Neu angelegter Garten-Bau . . . Leipzig, 1715. 1672 ed.: 4to pp. [XVI], 378, [31]. 8 engraved pls. Contents: Books 13. General considerations. Vegetables, melons, strawberries, culinary herbs, flowers. Book 4. Fruit nursery and fruit garden management (3 chs.). Grafting and other propagation methods (2 chs.). Pests and disease control (1 ch.). Description and lists of citrus cultivars. Other tropicals. Conservatory management (2 chs.). Descriptions and lists of hardy fruit cultivars: sorb, almond (2), barberry (2), chestnut, cherry (16), hazelnut (5), gooseberry (4), currant (5), apple (237), apricot (4), quince (2), medlar (2), mulberry (2), walnut (5), jujube, peach (105), pistachio, plum (189), pear (ca. 800), other cultivated woody plants (1 ch.). Formation of standards, espaliers, cordons, and bush trees (1 ch.). Sloe, crab apple, raspberry, blackberry, other wild woody plants (1 ch.). Special effect manipulation (1 ch.). Book 5. Vineyards (1 ch.) Descriptions and list of grapes and wines (106) (1 ch.). Brandenburg wine laws (1 ch.). Book 6. Medicinal herbs, grains, weeds (5 chs.). Monthly garden calendar (1 ch.). An epitome of Mr. Forsyth's treatise. . . . See Forsyth, W.

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Essai sur l'agriculture moderne, dans lequel il est traité des arbres. . . . See Nolet et Blavet, les Sieurs Abbés. Essai sur les jardins d'Epicure. . . . See Temple, Sir W. Estienne, C. Di Carlo Stefano seminario, over plantario de gli alberi, che si piantano, con i loro nomi, e de i fruti parimente. . . . Tradotti in lingua italiana, per Pietro Lauro Modonese. Venegia, 1545. 8vo ff. 67 [recte 69], [4]. Text woodcuts. Contents: Italian translation of Ch. Estienne's Seminarium sive plantarum. . . . . Praedivm rusticvm in quo cujusvis soli vel culti vel inculti plantarum vocabula ac descriptiones. . . . Lutetiae, 1554, 1621, 1629. 8vo pp. [II], 3648, [48]. Contents: Manual of rural activities in 10 sections, of which 6 published separately earlier. Of fruit interest: Seminarium . . . , 1530, q. v., and Vinetum . . . , 1537. [Estienne, C.] Seminariu * siue plantarium earum arborum, quae post hortos conseri solent: quarum nomina, fructus. . . . Lugduni, 1530, 1537. As Seminarium et plantarium fructiferarum praesertim arborum quae post hortos conseri solent, denuo auctum et locupletatum. Hvic accessit alter libellus de conserendis arboribus in seminario. . . . Parisiis, 1536, 1540, 1548. 1548 ed.: 8vo pp. [II], 3180, [20]. Title woodcut. Contents: Unstructured treatise on fruittree anatomy, pomological terms, characteristics of trees and fruits of apple, pear, medlar, cherry, grape, olive, quince, nuts. Seedling production and grafting methods. Estienne, C., and J. Liebault. De landtvvinninge end hoeue. Van M. Kaerle Stevens ende M. Ian Liebault. . . . Vvt de fransoysche in de nederduytsche. . . . t'Antwerpen, 1566, 1582. As De veltbouw; ofte, lant-winninghe, inhoudende eene rechte wel bestellinge eenes hofs te bouwen, cruyt-hoven, ende fruyt-hoven te maken . . . van M. Kaerle Stevens ende Ian Libaut . . . nu vermeerderd do Melchior Sibezius . . . , Amsterdam, 1588, 1622. Others likely. 1582 ed.: 4to pp. [VIII], 707, [13]. Text engravings. Contents: Dutch translations of C. Estienne's L'agriculture et maison rustique. . Fuenffzehen Buecher von dem Feldbaw vnnd recht vollkommener Wolbestellung eines bekoemmlichen Landsitzes vnnd . . . Meyerhofes oder Landguts . . . von . . . Melchiore Sibezio Silesio . . . ins teutsch gebracht. Strassburg, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1592, 1598, 1607. 4to ff. [VI], 773. Engraved portrait. Text engravings. Contents: German translation of C. Estienne's L'agriculture et maison rustique with additions by G. Marius on gardens and by J. Fischart on rural laws. . L'agricoltura et casa di villa . . . nuovamente tradotta dal Cavaliere Hercole Cato. . . . Venetia, 1577, 1581, 1591, 1606, 1623, 1648, 1677; Turin, 1583, 1609. 8vo pp. [XL VIII], 511. Contents: Italian translation of C. Estienne's L'agriculture et maison rustique with an additional treatise La caccia del lupo by Jean de Clamorgan. . L'agricvltvre et maison rvstiqve. Paris, 1564, 1565, 1573, 1582 [6th ed.], 1640 [20th ed.], 1698 [30th ed.]; Lyon, 1578. Other editions published at Antwerp, Amsterdam, Lunéville, Rouen. 1578 Lyon ed.: 4to ff. [VIII], 347, [12]. Title with engraved arabesque border. Text wood-

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cuts. Contents: Book 1. Estate and household management, health and hygiene, animal husbandry and products (30 chs.). Book 2. Vegetables, herbs, flowers, timber, bee keeping (73 chs.). Book 3. Types and cultivars of fruit, grafting methods, nursery and orchard operations, cider and perry, distillation methods and products, silk worm raising (87 chs.). Books 4 and 5. Pasturing, fishing, field crops, bread and pastry making, brewing (38 chs.). Book 6. Vineyard management, grape cultivars, wine and vinegar making (21 chs.). . Maison rustique, or the covntrey farme: compiled in the French tongue by Charles Steuens and John Liebault . . . and translated into English by Richard Svrflet, practioner in physicke. . . . London, 1600, 1606. 1606 ed.: 8vo (21 X 16 cm) pp. [XVI], 901, [26]. Text engravings. Contents: English translation of C. Estienne's L'agriculture et maison rustique with 7-page dedication by the translator. . Maison rustique, or, the covntrey farme. Compyled in the French tongue by Charles Stevens and Iohn Liebavlt. . . . And translated into English by Richard Svrflet . . . with diuers large additions, out of the works of Serres . . . and other authors . . . by Gervase Markham. London, 1616, 4to pp. [XVIII], 732, [22]. Text engravings. Contents: Revised ed. of R. Surflet's translation of C. Estienne's L'agriculture et maison rustique. . Siben Buecher von dem Feld-bau, vnd vollkommener bestellung eynes ordenlichen Meyerhofs oder Landguts. Etwann von Carolo Stephano vnd Johanne Liebhalto . . . beschrieben. Nun aber . . . von dem hochgelehrten Herren Melchiore Sebizio Silesio . . . inn Teutsch gebracht. Strassburg, 1579, 1580, 1592. 4to pp. [XII], 643, [34]. Title with woodcut border. Woodcut portrait. 36 text woodcuts. Contents: German translation of C. Estienne's and J. Liebault's L'agriculture et maison rustique, augmented and rearranged into 21 parts: General and kitchen gardening, strawberries, melons, tobacco (2 parts). Culture of citrons, lemons, and [sour] oranges (1 part). Fruit and other preserves, apiculture (2 parts). Fruit and nut tree planting, pruning, manuring, propagation, and protection (1 part). Producing cider, perry, sorb wine, and mead (1 part). Grape culture and wine making (1 part). Non-fruit matters (13 parts). Evelyn, J. Directions for the gardiner at Says-Court but which may be of use for other gardens. Edited by Geoffrey Keynes for the Nonesuch Press [London], 1932. 4to (21 X 14 cm) pp. [II], 3109, [3]. Contents: First publication of J. Evelyn's posthumous notes, instructions, and diary entries relating to fruit. . Kalendarium hortense; or, the gard'ners almanac, directing what he is to do monethly throughout the year. And what fruits and flowers are in prime. . . . London, 1664 (Bound with Sylva. . . .), 1666 (Folio and 8vo), 1669, 1671, 1673, 1676, 1679, 1683, 1691 [2 issues], 1699 [3 issues], 1706, 1729 (Bound with Silva. . . .). 8vo pp. [VI], 115, [1]. Contents: Monthly chapters with subheadings on fruit culture and cultivars. . Sylva, or a discourse of forest trees. . . . To which is annexed Pomona: or,

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an appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider; the making and several ways of ordering it. . . . Also kalendarium hortense. . . . London, 1664, 1670, 1679, 1706, 1729. Folio pp. [XVI], 120, [IV], 83 [recte 85], [3]. Text engravings. Contents: Appendix (Pomona). Culture, cultivars and use of cider apples (8 chs.). Letters regarding cider apples and cider making by Dr. Beale, Sir Paul Neil, John Newburgh, Dr. Smith, Captain Sylas Taylor, Daniel Collwall. Excerpts regarding cider from the writings of Mr. Cook, Sir Thomas Hanmer, and an unnamed expert. . Vergnuegen und Nutzen der Gaertnerey . . . nebst dessen Gaertner-Kalender. Aus dem Englischen von Th. Arnold. Leipzig, 1756, 1773. 8vo. Contents: German translation of The lady's recreation by a fictitious Charles Evelyn, and of John Evelyn's, an imposter's, Kalendarium hortense. The expert gardener. . . . See The orchard, and the garden: containing certaine necessarie. . . . Eydler, K. Register van peeren, appelen. . . . Harlem, 1713.*

<><><><><><><><><><><><> F., N. The fruiterers secrets: containing directions, for the due time, and manner, of gathering all kindes of fruite, aswell stone-fruite as other: and how they are afterwards to be ordered . . . in separating or culling them into diuers sorts. . . . (Dedication and preface signed N. F.) London, 1604, 1608, 1609. 8vo pp. [IV], 28. 1608 and 1609 issues as The husbandmans fruitful orchard, shewing diuers care [i.e., rare] new secrets for the true ordering of all sortes of fruite. . . . Contents: Harvesting, handling, shipping, and storing cherries, other stone fruits, pears, apples, quinces, and medlars (unnumbered chs.). Fanon, C.-R. Des arbres à fruits et nouvelle méthode d'affruiter le pommier et le poirier, fondée sur vingt-huit ans d'expériences. . . . Paris, 1807. 8vo pp. [V], 6124. Engraved pl. Contents: Unstructured detailed treatise on training standard apple and pear trees two-dimensionally by arching all branches in parallel left and right of the trunk. Not classified as an espalier. [Fatio de Duillier, N.] Fruit-walls improved, by inclining them to the horizon; or, a way to build walls for fruittrees. . . . By a member of the Royal Society. . . . London, 1699. 4to pp. [II], III-XXVIII, [XXIX-XXX], 128. Engraved frontis., 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Unstructured treatise on the construction and application of inclined fruit walls. Calculation methods for designing walls with maximum heat and light exposure of espaliers planted against them. Ferrari, G. B. Hesperides sive de malorvm avreorvm cvltvra et vsv libri quatuor. . . . Romae, 1646. Folio pp. [XII], 480, [14], [2]. Engraved frontis. 100 engraved pls. paginated. Contents: Myth of the Hesperides and origin of citrus (10 chs.). Citron culture and cultivars (21 chs.). Lemon culture and cultivars (35 chs.). Orange culture and cultivars (25 chs.).

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Fillassier, [J. J.]. Dictionnaire du jardinier françois. . . . Paris, 1789, 1791, 1803. As Dictionnaire du bon jardinier . . . Paris, 1830. 1791 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], VIXII, 691; [IV], 729, [1]. 2 vols. Contents: Encyclopedic dictionary with emphasis on pomological terms. Substantial, up to 30 pp., articles on fruit species and cultivation. Numerous cultivar descriptions. . Tableau général des principaux objects qui composent la pépinière, dirigée par M. Fillassier. . . . Paris, 1785 [1784]. 8vo pp. 8. Contents: Nursery catalog with cultivar listings of apricots (5), almonds (4), cherries (9), chestnuts (2), quince, figs (4), medlars (2), hazelnuts (2), peaches, including containerized dwarfs (20), pears (49), apples (26), plums (13), grapes (14), minor fruits. [Fitzherbert, J.] Here begynneth a newe tracte or treatyse moost p[ro]fytable for all husbande men. . . . London, 1523, 1525, 1531 [?], 1534, 1548, 1555, 1560, 1562, 1598, 1882 [Reprint]; Oxford, 1767. 1548 ed.: 8vo ff. [VI], 90. Inconsistent pagination. Contents: Treatise on all aspects of farming. Fruit-tree grafting treated in chs. 50 to 53. Florinus, F. P. Oeconomus prudens et legalis. Oder allgemeiner kluger und rechts-verstaendiger Haus-Vatter, bestehend in neun Buechern . . . mit rechtlichen Anmerckungen. . . . Franckfurt und Leipzig, 1702, 1722. Other issues and supplements. 1722 ed.: Folio (34 X 22 cm) pp. [X], 642; [643] 1230, 178, [156]. Engraved frontis., 32 engraved pls., text engravings. 2 vols. Contents: Book 4 discusses fruits and fruit growing with legal commentary after each chapter. Melons and small fruits (4 chs.). Orchard layout (2 chs.). Propagation and nursery practice (5 chs.). Pruning and training trees (2 chs.). Types and cultivars of tree fruits and nuts (3 chs.). Disease control (1 ch.). Manipulating trees for special effects (1 ch.). Vineyards and grape culture (9 chs.). Wine, cider, fruit beverages (3 chs.). Book 2. Rural work calendar including monthly orchard chores. Forsyth, W. Iagttagelser angaaende sygdomme, saar og andre beskadigelser paa alle arter traeer saavel frugttraeer. . . . Overs. ved M. Hagerup. Kobenhaven, 1801. 8vo pp. 67. Contents: Danish translation of W. Forsyth's Observations on the diseases. . . . . An epitome of Mr. Forsyth's treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. Also notes on American gardening and fruits; with designs for promoting the ripening of fruits, and securing them as family comforts . . . By an American farmer [J. B. Bordley]. Philadelphia, 1803, 1804; New York, 1803. 4to (21 X 12 cm) pp. [IV], 186, [6]. Contents: Condensed London, 1802, ed. of A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. . . . omitting, among others, the chs. on apples and adapting others. Appendix on North American horticultural topics. . Observations on the diseases, defects, and injuries in all kinds of fruit and forest trees. With an account of a particular method of cure. . . . London, 1791; Dublin, 1791. 8vo pp. [IV], 71. Contents: Directions for curing trees with Forsyth's proprietary ointment. Correspondence with Land Revenue Office disclosing composition of ointment.

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. Traité de la culture des arbres fruitiers, contenant une nouvelle manière de les tailler . . . traduit de l'anglois avec des notes par J. P. Pictet-Mallet, de Genève. Paris, 1803, 1805. 1805 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], IIXXX, 384. 13 engraved pls., folded. Contents: French translation of the London, 1802, ed. of A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. . . . 31-page appendix with translator's comments. . A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees; in which a new method of pruning and training is fully described. . . . London, 1802 [2 issues], 1803, 1804, 1806, 1810, 1812, 1818, 1824. 4to [1500 copies] or 8vo pp. [III], IVVIII, 371, [1]. Engraved portrait [1818 and 1824 eds.], 13 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Description of fruit types and cultivars (21 chs.). Propagation, culture, training (4 chs.). Pest and disease control (2 chs.). Revised text of Observations on the diseases, defects, and injuries in all kinds of fruit and forest trees. Supplemental notes and testimonials. Explanation to plates. . A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees; in which a new method of pruning and training is fully described . . . to which are added an introduction and notes adapting the rules of the treatise to the climates and seasons of the United States of America. By William Cobbett. Philadelphia, 1802, 1804; New York, 1802; Albany, 1803. 1803 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], 280. 13 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Introduction by W. Cobbett. Text of the London, 1802, ed. of A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees . . . with footnotes by W. Cobbett. Testimonial letter by Peter W. Yates of Albany, N.Y. . Ueber die Krankheiten und Schaeden der Obst- und Forstbaeume. Aus dem Englischen von G. Forster, mit Anmerkungen von J. L. Christ. Mainz und Leipzig, 1791; Frankfurt, 1801. 8vo pp. [II], 59. Contents: German translation of W. Forsyth's Observations on the diseases. . . . . Ueber die Kultur und Behandlung der Obstbaeume. . . . Beschreibung einer neuen Methode, Baeume zu beschneiden und zu ziehen. Aus dem Englischen von Adolph Heinrich Meinecke. Berlin, 1804. 8vo pp. [II], 425. 13 engraved pls., folded. Contents: German translation of W. Forsyth's A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. . . . Franke, J. Hortvs Lvsatiae. Das ist, lateinische deutsche vnd etzliche wendische Nahmen derer Gewechse welche in Ober vnd Nider Lausitz entweder in Gerten werden gezeuget oder sonsten . . . von sich selber wachsen. . . . [Bvdissinae], 1594. 4to ff. [VIII], [40]. Contents: Historical botanical introduction. Descriptive listing of 1188 cultivated or wild plants growing in the Lausitz region of Germany, including cultivars of apples, pears, and other fruits. The French gardiner: instructing how to. . . . See Bonnefons, N. de. The fruit-gardener. Containing the method of raising stocks. . . . See Gibson, J. Fruit-tables; exhibiting in columns an accurate description of the size, colour, shape, flesh, juice and other peculiar or distinguishing characteristics of the most esteemed and valuable species of peaches, nectarines, plums and pears. . . . By an old experienced gardener. London, 1783. Oblong 4to pp. [32].

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Contents: 11 tables each with columns for 44 fruit characteristics. Cultivars characterized comprise 26 peaches, 11 nectarines, 25 plums and prunes, 66 pears. Plain 5-page listing of vegetable cultivars. Fruit-walls improved, by inclining them. . . . See Fatio de Duillier, N. Fuenffzehen Buecher vom Feldbaw. . . . See Estienne, C. and Liebault, J. Fullmer, S. The young gardener's best companion; for the thorough practical management of the kitchen and fruit garden . . . and forcing early fruits. . . . London, 1781 [4 issues], 1784. 12mo pp. [II], 3343, [1]. Contents: Fruit garden (pp. 215259). 1 ch. each on cultivation and cultivars of apple, apricot, barberry, cherry, chestnut, currant, fig, filbert, gooseberry, medlar, mulberry, nectarine, peach, pear, plum, quince, raspberry, grape, walnut. Fruit forcing (pp. 263271). Fruit and vegetable garden calendar (pp. 273342). Furber, R. A short introduction to gardening. . . . Being several useful catalogues of fruits and flowers. London, 1733. 4to [III], IVVII, [VIIIXVIII], 112, [2], 1324, [2], 2530, [2], 3136, [2], 37 [3], 3849, [2], 5068, [2]. 1 engraved dedication page, 1 engraved page of royal subscribers. Contents: List of ca. 160 subscribers. Collection of 5 continuously paginated fruit species and cultivar lists with information on ripening time, soil and site preferences, rootstocks, training, and rarity. 2 lists on ornamentals. . [Twelve months of fruit] [London, 1732]. Large folio (58 X 47 cm). 12 colored engraved pls. imprinted 1732. From the collection of Robt. Furber gardiner at Kensington. Modern reprints. Contents: No separate text. Each monthly plate with numerous keyed cultivar depictions with identifications at bottom.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Gabriel, P. Le jardinier universel. . . . Montpellier, 1668. Anonymous German translation as Der Reichsgaertner. In sich haltend; eine leichte Unterweisung den Garten-Bau betreffend. . . . Tuebingen, 1682, bound with Mandirola, A. Der italiaenische Blumen- und Pomeranzen-Garten. . . . Tuebingen, 1679. 12mo, continuous pagination pp. [XI], 223, [4]. As Peter Gabriels Blumen- Kuechen- und Baumgaertner, mit 145 nuezlichen und unbekannten GartenKuensten. . . . Tuebingen, 1755, 1756; Erfurt, 1759, 1767; Stuttgart, 1773. 8vo pp. [II], 254. Engraved frontis.* Gallesio, G. Gli agrumi di giardini botanico-agrarii di Firenze . . . , Firenze, 1839. Folio pp. 12. 1 engraved pl.* . Orange culture. A treatise on the citrus family. Translated from the French. . . . Jacksonville, Fla., 1876. 12mo. pp. 65.* Contents: Condensed translation of G. Gallesio's Traité du citrus. . Pomona italiana, ossia trattato degli alberi fruttiferi. Pisa, 1817 [1839]. Folio (47 X 31 cm) pp. [II], IIIVIII, [348]; [II], [410]. 160 aquatint, stipple- or line-engraved pls., color printed and hand finished. 2 vols. text, 2 vols. pls. Contents: Cultivar descriptions of 18 pp. of apricots, cherries, carob, chestnut, dates, figs, jujubes, azaroles,

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apples, pomegranates, almonds, peaches, pears, pistachios, plums, olives, grapes. . Teoria della riproduzione vegetale. Vienna, 1813; Pisa, 1816. 8vo pp. [VIII], 136. Contents: Historic concepts of the causation of new citrus cultivars (2 chs.). The role of grafting and soil conditions in the appearance of new cultivars (2 chs.). The true function of seeds; cross pollination and methods of hybridizing; presumed laws of sexual reproduction in plants (5 chs.). . Theorie der vegetabilischen Reproduzion, oder Untersuchungen ueber die Natur und Ursachen der Abarten und Missgebilde. Wien, 1814. 8vo pp. [II], 140. Contents: German translation of G. Gallesio's Teoria della riproduzione vegetale. . Traité du citrus. Paris, 1811. 8vo pp. [VII], VIIIXVIII, 363 [2 folded]. Engraved pl., folded. Contents: Reproduction of plants (1 ch.). Classification of citrus species (1 ch.). Cultivar descriptions with synonymy (1 ch.). History and migration of citrus species (1 ch.). Synoptic table of species characteristics. Gallo, A. Le dieci giornate della vera agricoltura e piaceri della villa in dialogo. Venetia, 1550, 1564, 1565, 1566. 12mo pp. [XII], 236 [recte 239], [9]. Contents: 10 days of conversations on fruit and other rural matters. Later expanded to 13, then to 20, in Le vinti giornate dell'agricoltura. . . . q.v. . Secrets de la vraye agricvltvre, et honestes plaisirs qv'on recoit en le mesnagerie des champs . . . diuisez en XX iournees, par dialogues. Traduits en françois de l'italien . . . par François de Belle-Forest. . . . Paris, 1571, 1572, 1576, 1577, 1578. 4to pp. [XII], 374, [50]. Contents: French translation of A. Gallo's Le vinti giornate. . . . . Le tredici giornate della vera agricoltvra & de'piaceri della villa . . . con molti miglioramenti, & con aggiunta di tre giornate. . . . Venetia, 1566. 4to pp. [XXVIII], 355 [recte 370], [1]. 16 pp., with several engravings, each showing rural tools and utensils. Contents: 13 days of conversations on fruit and other rural matters, later expanded to 20 in Le vinti giornate. . . . Author's correspondence (Appendix). . Le vinti giornate dell'agricoltvra, et de'piaceri della villa . . . , Venetia, 1567, 1569, 1570, 1572, 1573, 1575, 1578, 1584, 1593, 1596, 1610, 1628, 1629, 1674; Tvrino, 1579, 1580, 1588, 1607, 1610; Brescia, 1775. 1572 ed.: 4to pp. [XXIV], 447, [2]. 19 pp. with woodcuts of utensils. Contents: 20 days of conversations on rural matters (20 chs.). Fruit topics: Day 3. Planting vineyards and training grapevines. Day 4. Harvesting grapes and making wine. Day 5. Planting and maintaining a fruit garden. Day 6. Planting a kitchen garden including strawberries and melons. Day 7. Citrus culture. Day 17. Calendar of monthly chores. Gartner, Ch. Horticultura, det er: en kort Undervissning og Anlednung . . . , Kobenhavn, 1694; Trondheim, 1746; Christiania, 1899. 8vo pp. 50.* Garton, J. The practical gardener, and gentleman's directory, for every month

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in the year. . . . London, 1769. 12mo pp. [X], 285, [9]. 1 engraved pl., folded.* [Gaspari, C. de.) Pomona in rilievo per assoziazione. n.p., ca. 1800. 8vo pp. [II], 316. Contents: Nomenclature of prominent Italian fruit cultivars with their synonyms: 7 apricots, 36 citrons, 14 cherries, 2 cornel cherries, 17 figs, 7 strawberries, 1 jujube, 2 chestnuts, 2 raspberries, 92 apples, 17 oranges, 2 almonds, 3 medlars, 1 olive, 97 pears, 22 peaches, 30 plums, 3 currants, 3 gooseberries, 1 sorb, 8 grapes. Gentil, F. The compleat practical fruit and kitchen gardener: being dialogues between a gentleman and a gardener; teaching the way to make and cultivate a fruit and kitchen garden. . . . Dublin, 1766. 8vo pp. 64. Contents: One of 3 English translations of F. Gentil's Le jardinier solitaire. Gentil, F. See also Historischer und verstaendiger Blumen-Gaertner . . . , which includes Le jardinier solitaire, oder nuetzliche Unterredungen. . . . [Gentil, F.] Le jardinier solitaire, ou dialogues entre un curieux & un jardinier solitaire, contenant la méthode de faire et de cultiver un jardin fruitier et potager, & plusieurs expériences nouvelles; avec des réflexions sur la culture des arbres. Paris, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1612 [recte 1712], 1723, 1725, 1728, 1737, 1738, 1749, 1761, 1767, 1770, 1774, 1777, 1778, 1787; Amsterdam, 1706; Bruxelles, 1706, 1721, 1749; Avignon, 1759; Liège, 1761, 1774; Rouen, 1789. Other editions likely. 1767 ed.: 12mo pp. [II], 312, [XIIIXIV], XVXX, 458. 1 engraved pl., folded. Contents: Part 1. Ideal fruit-garden soils and sites (4 chs.). Trellis and arbour construction (2 chs.). Descriptions of recommended pear, peach, plum, apple cultivars (4 chs.). Fruit types, cultivars, quantities of each recommended for various fruit-garden sites and sizes (5 chs.). Standard and quince dwarfed pear trees (1 ch.). Planting methods for bush, standard, espalier trees and for grape vines (4 chs.). Vegetable gardening (10 chs.). Part 2. Fruit-tree pruning, pinching, training, manipulating (7 chs.). Harvesting, storing, preserving (2 chs.). Training and pruning grapes (1 ch.). Cultivation of figs (1 ch.). Grafting methods (1 ch.). Transplanting (1 ch.). Control of fruit-tree diseases (1 ch.). Monthly fruit-garden calendar. Gentil, F. Le jardinier solitaire, the solitary or Carthusian gard'ner, being dialogues between a gentleman and a gard'ner. . . . Written in French by Francis Gentil. . . . Also the compleat florist . . . by the Sieur Louis Liger. . . . Newly done into English. London, 1706. 8vo pp. [II], XII, [VI], 488 [recte 500], [8]. 21 engraved pls., text engravings. Contents: Part 1. English translation of F. Gentil's Le jardinier solitaire, ou dialogues. . . . Part 2. English translation of L. Liger's Le jardinier fleuriste. [Gentil, F.] The retir'd gard'ner. In two volumes. Vol. I being a translation of Le jardinier solitaire . . . containing the methods of making, ordering and improving a fruit and kitchen garden, with many new experiments . . . by George London and Henry Wise. London, 1706, 1717; New York, 1982. 8vo pp. [XX], 383, [1]; [X], 385786, [14]. 2 identical engraved frontis., 21 engraved pls., text engravings. 2 vols. in 1. Contents: Parts 1 and 2.

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English translation of F. Gentil's Le jardinier solitaire. . . . Parts 3 to 6. Translation of L. Liger's Le jardinier fleuriste. . . . [Gentil, F.] Der wohlunterrichtende Gaertner, welcher nicht nur von dem Obst- und Kuechengarten, vornehmlich von der Baumzucht, zuverlaessigen Unterricht erteilet, sondern auch viele neue Versuche entdecker. . . .; Bayreuth & Leipzig, 1771; Luebeck, 1778; Leipzig, 1813. 1771 ed.: 8vo pp. [II], IIIXVI, 386, [38]. Contents: German translation of F. Gentil's Le jardinier solitaire. . . . including on pp. 341386 the Carthusian fruit-tree catalog in German. Gerard, J. The herball or generall historie of plantes. London, 1597, 1633, 1636. Folio (32 X 22 cm) pp. [XVIII], 1392, [72]. Engraved title. Engraved frontis., text woodcuts. Contents: Book 3. Cursory description and use of temperate and some tropical fruits and nuts. [Gibson, J.] The fruit-gardener. Containing the method of raising stocks, for multiplying of fruit-trees, by budding, grafting etc. as also, directions for laying out and managing fruit-gardens . . . the art of training fruit-trees to a wall . . . a description of the best kinds of fruit. . . . London, 1768. 8vo pp. [VIII], IXLXVIII, 411. Contents: Preface on history of fruit gardening. Introduction on pomology in general, contemporary pomological authors, Scotland's fruit growing potential. Book 1. Site selection, soils, nursery management (9 chs.). Book 2. Walls, espaliers, size control, diseases and pests, orchard management (25 chs.). Book 3. Cultivar descriptions (20 chs.). Symptoms and sequence of ripening (1 ch.). Giegher, M. Li tre trattati di messer Mattia Giegher bavaro de Mosburc. . . . Padova, 1639. Oblong 4to (20 X 15 cm), pp. [XVI], 54, [34]. 44 engraved pls., 2 folded. Contents: Treatise on elegant carving and serving of meat and other food. Ch. 17 and pls. 21 and 24 describe and illustrate fancy and imaginative presentation of apples, pears, oranges, nuts, and others. Gmelin, J. F. See Bauhin, J. Goethals, J. De snoeikonst der oft of vrucht-boomen. Leyden, 1734 [2nd ed.]. 4to pp. [XVI], 120. Text woodcuts. Contents: Foreword promising larger, more attractive fruit and more artistic looking trees at all main seasons. Pruning basics (2 chs.). Pruning seasons (1 ch.). Suggested sizes for standards, espaliers, and dwarf trees (2 chs.). 1st pruning (7 chs.). 2nd pruning (4 chs.). Pruning for special effects (6 chs.). Pruning stone fruits (3 chs.). Sucker and bud removal in summer (2 chs.). Pruning for fertility (1 ch.). Pruning old trees, remedial pruning (3 chs.). Pruning grape vines (1 ch.). Gotthardt, J. C. Vollstaendiger Unterricht in der Erziehung und Behandlung der Obstbaeume, vom ersten Keime an, bis zu ihrer gaenzlichen Vollendung, nebst Anzeige und Beschreibung der mannichfaltigen Obstarten. . . . Erfurt, 1798, 1802. As Der Rathgeber in der Obstbaumzucht, vom ersten Keime an. . . . Erfurt, 1804, 1816. 1802 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], VIXXVIII, 580; [II], 168. Contents: Selection, treatment, sowing of fruit-tree seeds for a

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seedling nursery. Desirable sites and soils (2 chs.). Propagation methods, tools, conventional and recent grafting and budding techniques, planting out and care of trees, fruit-garden designs (1 ch.). Cultivar descriptions of summer apples (18), fall apples (30), winter apples (88), summer pears (40), fall pears (29), winter pears (26), quinces (3), medlars (2), azaroles (3), sorbs (2), peaches (22), nectarines (6), sweet kernel apricots (4), bitter kernel apricots (4), prunes (6), plums (23), edible sloe (1), sweet cherries (14), tart cherries (24), walnuts (4), hazelnuts and filberts (8), chestnuts and almonds (3), mulberry (1), currants (6), gooseberries (6), raspberries (2). Harvesting, storing, drying methods for various fruits (1 ch.). Enemies of fruit trees (1 ch.). Diseases (1 ch.). Fruit utilization (1804 printing, only).

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Haines, R. Aphorisms upon the new way of improving cider. . . . To which are added certain expedients concerning raising and planting apple-trees, gooseberry-trees. . . . London, 1684.* Hale, T. A Compleat body of husbandry, containing rules for performing . . . the whole business of the farmer. . . . Compiled from the original papers of the late Thomas Hale. . . . London, 1756, 1758; Dublin, 1757. With appended A continuation of the compleat body of husbandry. . . . London, 1759. Fol. pp. [XII], 719, [1]. Engraved frontis., 10 engraved pls. Contents: Pp. 605 ff. Cider orchard site selection, layout, soil preparation (2 chs.). Planting and managing cider cultivars on crab rootstocks (1 ch.). Cider production (2 chs.). Essay by George Turner, English liquors best suited to English constitutions; or, an essay on cider (24 chs.). . Eden, or, a compleat body of gardening. . . . Compiled and digested from the papers of the late . . . Mr. Hale. . . . London [1756]1757. Fol. pp. VI, 714. Engraved frontis., 60 engraved pls., occasionally colored. Contents: Extensive all-purpose gardening calendar. Weekly entries under the heading of ''Pomona or the fruit garden" discuss "Fruits now in perfection" and "Care and management of fruit trees." Hanbury, W. A complete body of planting and gardening . . . as well as a general system of the present practice of the flower, fruit and kitchen gardens. . . . London, [17691770 [1773]. Folio pp. [IV], IV, XX, 885, [1]; 832, [24]. 2 engraved frontis., 20 engraved pls. 2 vols. Contents: Book 5, Part 3. Cultivars and cultivation of pineapple, figs, melons, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants (8 chs.). Book 6, Part 1. Cultivar descriptions and cultivation of grapes (1 ch.), peaches and nectarines (2 chs.), apricots (1 ch.), plums (1 ch.), cherries (1 ch.), pears (3 chs.), apples (1 ch.), quince (1 ch.), mulberry (1 ch.), medlar (1 ch.), nuts (3 chs.). Part 2. Orchard site, layout, planting, tree care (1 ch.). Part 3. Fruit harvest and storage (1 ch.). Hanmer, Sir T. The garden book of Sir Thomas Hanmer, Bart. With an introduction by Eleanour Sinclair Rohde. London, 1933; Clwyd, 1991. 8vo pp. [VI], VIIXXXVI, 187, [1]. Color-printed frontis., 3 illus. Con-

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tents: In-depth introduction by E. S. Rohde. Flowers and ornamentals including orange, lemon, and citron (47 chs.). Fruits and cultivars suitable as wall fruits, as hedges or palissades, and as orchard fruits (1 ch.). Grape culture and cultivars (1 ch.). "Colonell Blunt's Vineyard" (1 ch.). Cultivar listings of 4 nectarines, 17 peaches, 10 cherries, 34 pears, 17 apples. Brief description of 5 pear cultivars in the author's garden. Han-Yen-Chi. Chu lu, ca. 1178. Translated as Monograph on the oranges of Wen-chou, Chekian by Michael J. Hagerty in Translations from the Chinese, Washington, D.C., 1923. 8vo pp. 34. Contents: Introduction by P. Pelliot. Author's preface on the genesis of his treatise. Description of 28 citrus cultivars (1 ch.). Raising seedlings, grafting, transplanting, pest control, soil management and irrigation, harvesting and storage, culinary and medicinal use. Harrison, C. A treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. London, 1823, 1825. 4to (22 X 13 cm) pp. [IX], XXI, 356. Text engravings. Contents: Training and pruning fruit trees (12 chs.). Rehabilitation of defective or neglected fruit trees (6 chs.). Hartlib, S. A designe for plentie, by an vniversall planting of fruit-trees: tendred by some welwishers to the publick. . . . London, [1653]. 4to (19 X 14 cm) pp. [VIII], 24. Contents: Introduction referring to Harris, the fruiterer, and to Austen's forthcoming book. Part 1. 12 sets of questions and answers on planting apples, pears, walnuts, and quinces. Part 2. 12 instructions for raising seedlings as understocks. 12 instructions for planting and transplanting. Part 3. Directions for budding and for cleft, bark, and splice grafts. . Samuel Hartlib, his legacie; or, an enlargement of the discourse of husbandry used in Brabant and Flaunders. . . . London, [1651], 1652, 1655. 8vo pp. [VIII], 131. Contents: Unstructured collection of letters to Hartlib on various agricultural and horticultural topics including observations on fruit growing practices. Hartlib's enthusiastic comments. Haynes, T. A treatise on the improved culture of the strawberry, raspberry, and gooseberry, designed to prove the present mode of cultivation erroneous . . . a cheap and rational method of cultivating the varieties of each genius [sic]. . . . London, 1812, 1814. 1814 ed.: 8vo pp. [III], IVVII, [VIII], 101, [3]. Contents: Part 1. Strawberries. Their soil requirements, improved cultural methods, planting out, shading with wattle hurdles and Jerusalem artichokes. Culture of Jerusalem artichokes. Part 2. Raspberries. Soil improvement with leaf mold and bog soil, planting out, shading. Part 3. Gooseberries. Soil requirements, planting out, pruning, shading, propagation. Hayward, J. The science of horticulture: comprising a practical system for the management and training of fruittrees. . . . Also a comparative investigation of . . . principles of Mr. Kirwan, Sir Humphry Davy, Mrs. Ibbetson, and Messrs. Hitt, Forsyth, and Knight. . . . London, 1818, 1824. 1824 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], VIXXVI, 275. 13 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Dedication with submissive critique of the Horticultural Society of Lon-

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don. Preface on pomological theories. Fruit-tree physiology (7 chs.). Pruning methods, their rationale (3 chs.). Raising fruit trees (2 chs.). Soil types and preparation (1 ch.). Instruction for wall plantings and training of peach, nectarine, apricot, cherry, and pear (2 chs.). Espaliering (1 ch.). Standard fruit trees (1 ch.). Rehabilitating old fruit trees (2 chs.). Culture of grapes, figs, gooseberries, and currants (3 chs.). Diseases and tree ointments (1 ch.). Pot culture of peaches (1 ch.). Pineapple culture (1 ch.). Nature and horticultural use of steam (1 ch.). Heinecke (or Heinecken), K. H. von. Nachricht und Beschreibung einer vollstaendigen Sammlung von Obstsorten . . . Von J. F. B. [lenade]. Sorau and Leipzig, 18031805. 8vo pp. [VII], 4240, [10]. 2 vols.* Contents: Vol. 1. Descriptions of 67 apple and 116 pear cultivars. Vol. 2. Description of 6 apricot, 52 peach, 41 plum, 55 cherry cultivars. Henderson, P. C. Pomona, being a selection of choice fruit, the whole carefully drawn from nature. . . . London, 1808. Fol. pp. [IIV], [8], 10 color engraved pls. Contents: Plates published as models for amateur fruit painters. Plates represent cherry, white grape, red currant, purple grape, filbert, apricot, egg plum, fruit group 1 (corn, cherry, pear, apple, plum, strawberry, 'Golden Pippin', red currant), fruit group 2 (red gooseberry, peach, plum, apricot, filberts). . Pomona, eine Sammlung nach der Natur gezeichneter und gemalter Fruechte. Leipzig, 1810. Folio. 10 color engraved pls. Contents: German issue of Henderson's Pomona, being a selection of choice fruit. . . . Henne, S. D. L. Anweisung wie man eine Baumschule von Obstbaeumen im Grossen anlegen und gehoerig unterhalten solle. Halle, 1769, 1770, 1773, 1776, 1791, 1796. Other editions to 1868. 1776 ed.: 8vo pp. [XII], 388. Engraved frontis., head pieces. 5 engraved pls., folded. Contents: 3rd ed. preface on recent pomological advances. 2nd ed. preface on unavailability of reliable cultivar descriptions. 1st ed. preface on fruit-tree nurseries for road plantings. Nursery soils (1 ch.). Collecting, anatomy, storing, and planting of fruit-tree seeds (5 chs.). Transplanting (1 ch.). Genesis of new cultivars (1 ch.). Nursery management (1 ch.). Description of tree and fruit of 16 apple and 16 pear cultivars (5 chs.). Quince as fruit tree and rootstock (1 ch.). Evaluation of grafting and budding methods (1 ch.). 3-year care calendar for grafted trees (4 chs.). Standard trees (2 chs.). Dwarfed trees (1 ch.). Formation and care of fruit hedges, espaliers, and pyramids (4 chs.). Foiling tree thieves (1 ch.). Selection and economics of hired help (1 ch.). Annual sales catalogue (1 ch.). Description of tree and fruit of 16 cherry cultivars (7 chs.). Pests and hazards (1 ch.). Tools (1 ch.). Here begynneth the plantynge of trees. . . . See Walter of Henley. Heresbach, C. Fovre bookes of husbandry, collected by M. Conradus Heresbachius . . . containing the whole art and trade of husbandry, gardening, grassing and planting. . . . Newely Englished and increased by Barnabi Googe, Esquire. London, 1577, 1578, 1586, 1596, 1601. As The whole art and

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trade of husbandry, contained in foure bookes. . . . Enlarged by Barnaby Googe, Esquire. London, 1614. With Gervase Markham named author, as The whole art of husbandry. . . . London, 1631. Authored by "C. H." [Conrad Heresbach] as The perfect husbandman. . . . London, 1658. 1614 ed.: 4to ff. [XI], 176. Black Letter. Contents: Book 2, ff. 6795. Unstructured dialogue between fruit gardener Marius and novice Trasybulus on grafting and budding methods, raising fruit-tree seedlings, grape growing and wine making, culture of olive, apple, pear, quince, medlar, pomegranate, citron, mulberry, cornel cherry, jujube, hazelnut, almond, walnut, chestnut, cherry, plum, peach, apricot, date. Pruning, protection, pest control. . Rei rusticae libri quatuor, universam rusticam disciplinam complectentes, una cum appendice oraculorum rusticorum, coronidis vice adjecta. Coloniae, 1570; Spirae, 1594 or 1595. 8vo pp. [XXVIII], 889, [59].* [Herrera, G. A.] Agricoltura tratta da diversi antichi et moderni scritori dal Sig. G. A. d'H. et tradotta di lingua spagnuola in italia da Mambrino Roseo da Fabriano. Venice, 1577. 8vo.* Contents: Italian translation of G. A. Herrera's Libro de agricultura. . . . Herrera, G. A. Libro de agricultura que es de labrança y criança y de muchas otras particularidades y provechos de las cosas del campo. . . . [Alcalá de Henares], 1513, 1539, 1584, many other printings. 1539 ed.: 8vo (28 X 26 cm) ff. [IV], 195, [1]. Contents: Book 1. General farming. Book 2. Vineyards, training and pruning of grape vines; wine and vinegar making (34 chs.). Book 3. Fruit-garden sites and soils (3 chs.). Raising seedling trees, grafting (2 chs.). Transplanting, pruning, general care (3 chs.). Individual fruit species and cultivars (33 chs.). Hervy, M.-C. Catalogue méthodique et classique de tous les arbres, arbustes fruitiers et des vignes . . . établie près du Luxembourg. Paris, 1809. Contents: History of the Carthusian nursery, their great contribution to pomology, and the establishment of an Imperial nursery and fruit collection at the gardens of the Palais du Luxembourg. Copies of ordinances and training programs. Cultivar catalog with brief characterizations of figs (10), mulberries (3), blackberries (4), raspberries (8), rose hips (2), Arbutus Unedo (2), gooseberries and currants (20), barberries (7), persimmons (3), cornel cherries (3), almonds (16), apricots (15), cherries (47), plums (68), table apples (68), cider apples (32), table pears (137), cooking pears (14), perry pears (38), quinces (3), sorb (1), medlars (4), walnuts (13), filberts and hazelnuts (8), pinenuts (2), peaches (45), grapes (ca. 200). Hesse, H. Neue Garten-Lust; das ist gruendliche Vorstellung wie ein Lust-Kuechen- und Baum-Garten unter unserm teutschen Climate fueglich einzurichten . . . mit drey nuetzlichen Registern versehen durch Theodorum Phytologum. Leipzig, 1690, 1696, 1703, 1705, 1706, 1710, 1714, 1734, 1742. 1703 ed.: 4to pp. [VI], 392, [47]. 10 engraved pls., 1 folded. With an additional title Teutscher Gaertner from 1710 onward. Contents: Part 1. Desirable garden sites, soils, and enclosures (4 chs.). Propaga-

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tion and culture of citrus fruits (3 chs.). Ornamental trees (15 chs.). Part 2. Kitchen gardens, including melons and strawberries. Part 3. Raising, selecting, and protecting fruit-tree seedlings (1 ch.). Grafting and transplanting (3 chs.). Dwarfing and espalier training of apples and pears, with list of suitable cultivars (2 chs.). Cultivars of stone fruits, quince, medlar, and mulberry (1 ch.). Tree care, pruning compounds, grafting waxes, orchard sanitation (2 chs.). Grape culture (1 ch.). Manures and manuring (2 chs.). Calendar of monthly fruitgarden chores (1 ch.). Appendix on the culture of walnuts, chestnuts, currants, gooseberries, and hazelnuts. Part 4 [added 1710]. Ornamental gardening. Hildebrand, H. Dissertatio iuridica de fructibus in alienum praedium propendentibus. Vom Ueberhang der Fruechte. . . . Altdorfiae & Norimbergae, 1746. 4to pp. [III], 443, [1]. Contents: Legal aspects and case histories of fruit trees hanging over into neighboring properties. Hildegardis de Pinguia (Hildegard von Bingen). Physica S. Hildegardis. Elementorum, fluminum aliquot germaniae, metallorum, leguminum, fructuum et herbarum: arborum et arbustorum. . . . Strassburg, 1533; Paris, 1855; Leipzig, 1903. 1855 edition as . . . diversarum naturarum creaturum. . . . in Patrologiae cursus completus . . . patres latina. Vol. 197. Columns 11261352. Contents: Vol. 1. Medicinal plants. Vol. 2. The elements. Vol. 3. Trees. Description of tree species, fruit characteristics, utilization, medicinal value of apple, pear, walnut, quince, peach, cherry, mulberry, almond, hazelnut, chestnut, medlar, fig, olive, date, citron, grape (chs. 119, 54). Hill, Sir J. See Barnes, T. Hirschfeld, C. C. J. Haandbog om frugttraers opelskning. . . . , Kobenhavn, 1790. 8vo. 2 vols. Contents: Danish translation of C. C. J. Hirschfeld's Handbuch der Fruchtbaumzucht, translated by Landmaaler Svendsen. . Handbuch der Fruchtbaumzucht. Kiel, 1782; Braunschweig, 1788, 1789. 1788 ed.: 8vo pp. [II], 222; [III], 4208. 2 vols. Contents: Economic benefits of growing fruits, their geographical distribution and potential in Germany and Scandinavia (12 introductory chs.). Vol. 1. Fruit-tree physiology and its relation to soil and climate (12 chs.). Botanical classification of fruits (5 chs.). Nut trees (3 chs.). Pear culture and cultivars (6 chs.). Apple culture and cultivars (5 chs.). Quince culture and cultivars (5 chs.). Vol. 2. Cherry culture and cultivars (5 chs.). Plum culture and cultivars (6 chs.). Apricot culture and cultivars (5 chs.). Peach culture and cultivars (5 chs.). Individual chs. on Cornelian cherry, mulberry, barberry, raspberries, currants, and gooseberries. Raising fruit plant seedlings, grafting and budding methods, nursery and orchard management. Historia generalis plantarum, in libros XVIII. See Dalechamps, J. Historischer und verstaendiger Blumen-Gaertner, oder Unterricht von Bau und Wartung der Blumen, Baeume und Stauden-Gewaechse . . . annoch beygefueget nuetzliche Unterredungen . . . von Anlegung, Wartung und

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Pflegung eines Baum- und Kuechen-Gartens. Leipzig, 1715. 4to pp. [VIII], 783, [30]. 21 engraved pls., some folded. Text woodcuts. Contents: Includes a German translation of François Gentil's Le jardinier solitaire. . . . Hitt, T. A treatise of fruit-trees. London, 1755, 1757, 1758, 1768. 8vo pp. [III], IVVIII, 392, [8]. 7 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Best orchard soils and soil preparation (6 chs.). Fruit walls and suitable cultivars (5 chs.). Rootstocks, propagation and nursery operation (14 chs.). Planting methods (6 chs.). Pruning, training, shaping for specific uses (31 chs.). Grape culture (13 chs.). Espaliers and dwarfed trees (14 chs.). Cane fruits (3 chs.). Control of pests and diseases (7 chs.). Harvesting and storing fruit (2 chs.). Descriptive catalog of cultivars. 14 rules for successful orcharding. Holinshed, R. The description and historie of England . . . , Part 1 of The first and second volumes of the chronicles. . . . Newly augmented to the year 1586 by John Hooker. . . . [London, 1587]. Folio pp. [VIII], 202. Contents: Book 2, ch. 20 [recte 19] entitled Of gardens and orchards. Reporting on the recent import of new fruit types and cultivars into England, the upswing and popularity of fruit growing, and the knowledge and proficiency of nurserymen. Holyk, G. Vereinigter liff- und aus-laendischer Garten-Bau. . . . Riga, 1684; Hamburg, 1692. As Verneurtes und vermehrtes dreyfaches Garten-Buechlein . . . wie man durch gantz neue und noch unbekandte Handgrieffe, neben denen bekandten, pfropffen, peltzen, absaugen, oculiren, einpfeiffen etc. durch unterschiedliches Copuliren und Trianguliren. . . . Wittenberg, 1693; Hannover, 1698; Kiel, 1700. As Neu-vermehrtes vierfaches Garten-Buechlein, worinnen im I wird erklaeret und gezeiget die neuerfundene Arth der Copulation. . . . Frankfurt und Leipzig, 1707, 1707, 1717, 1720, 1724, 1727, 1741, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1756, 1759; Erfurt, 1772. 8vo pp. [XVI], 125. Additional pictorial title. Contents: Book 1. Soil preparation for a fruit nursery (1 ch.). Old and new grafting and budding methods (8 chs.). Transplanting, irrigation (2 chs.). Pruning, tree care, pest and disease control (7 chs.). Grafting waxes (1 ch.). Harvesting and storing fruit (1 ch.). Books 2 and 3. Vegetables, herbs, flowers. Appendix. Bibliography of mostly pomological books. Hooker, W. Hooker's finest fruits. A selection of paintings of fruits by William Hooker. Introduction by William T. Stearn. Descriptions by Frederick A. Roach. London, 1989. 4to pp. [IV], 5222. 96 full-page colored illustrations. Contents: Reproductions of 96 color pls. with modern cultivar descriptions. Hooker, W. Pomona londinensis containing coloured engravings of the most esteemed fruits cultivated in the British gardens. . . . Vol. 1. [London], 1818. 4to ff. [IV], 49. 49 aquatint pls. Contents: Description of 49 cultivars with facing color pls. The husband-man's fruitful orchard. For the true ordering of all sorts of fruits in their due seasons. . . . [Appended to W. Lawson's A new orchard and

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garden . . . , 1623 and following editions]. pp. 8. Contents: Gathering, handling, and storing fruit (20 paragraphs). The husbandmans fruitful orchard. . . . Also see F., N.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Ibn al-'Awwâam. Libro de agricultura. Su autor el doctor excelente Abu Zacaria Iahia Aben Mohamed Ebn Al Awam, Sevillano. Traducito al castellano y annotato por Don Josef Antonio Banqueri. . . . Madrid, 1802. Facsimile reprint as Libro de agricultura su autor el doctor excelente Abu Zacaria Iahia. Madrid, 1988. As Kitâb al-filâha. Le livre de l'agriculture. Traduit par J. L. Clement-Mullet. Paris, 18641867. As Libro de agricultura. . . . Arreglo . . . por Claudio Boutelou. . . . Sevilla, 1878. As Abu Zacarias, cultivo de arboles frutales, prologo de Zoilo Espejo. . . . Madrid, 1900 [Biblioteca clasica del arboricultor. Vol. 1]. Madrid, 1988 ed.: Folio pp. [X], 1146; [VIII], 696; [IV], 756. Etched frontis., 2 vols. Contents: Part 1. Soils, manures, irrigation (3 chs.). Design and planting of a fruit and kitchen garden (1 ch.). Selecting "useful and interesting" fruits and cultivars for dry and irrigated land. Starting fruittree seedlings, rooting cuttings and pulled suckers (1 ch.). Planting out, spacing fruit trees. Seeding vegetables. Pruning, thinning, tree repairs by top working and bark grafting (1 ch.). Fruit trees suitable for Andalusian hillsides, valleys, and dry lands. Soil preferences, irrigation requirements, special care for olive, myrtle, oak [Quercus ilex with edible acorns], pear, apricot, pistachio, cherry, carob, strawberry tree [Arbutus Unedo], fig, chestnut, medlar, azerole, pomegranate, almond, pignolia nut, juniper, sycomore fig, mulberry, walnut, citron, sour orange, lime, lemon, service, oil palm, quince, apple, jujube, peach, damask plum, date palm, grape, hazelnut, sugar cane, strawberry, blackberry, rosehip briar, minor fruits (1 ch.). Times, methods, compatible species for grafting. Selecting, cutting, keeping, and whittling scions for insertion. Nabataean cleft grafts of tree laterals, Roman bark grafts, Persian stem and root grafts, Greek bud grafts. Auger grafts. Grafting multiple-cultivar and species trees. Propagation of fruits and vegetables by seeds. Life expectancy of fruit-tree species (1 ch.). Times and methods of pruning according to species. Pruning and shaping grapevines as espaliers. Growth and productivity depend on Allah's will (1 ch.). General fruit-garden chores. Times and amounts of manuring, watering different fruit plants and vegetables (3 chs.). Increasing fertility by targeted pollination of 21 fruit-tree species (1 ch.). Combating fruit-tree pests and diseases especially of apple, damask plum, citrus, tender [Mulvian?] quince, grape fig, mulberry, olive, pomegranate, peach, almond, walnut by applying infusions of cabbage and other plants. Pigeon dung as insect repellent. Controlling ants in sweet fruits (1 ch.). Increasing appeal and health value of tree and garden fruit by injecting scents, honey, flavor, treacle, purgatives. Hiding messages and pictures inside apples, pears, quinces, melons, cucumbers, roses. Manip-

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ulating fig trees and grapevines to produce fruits in different colors (1 ch.). Methods of storage and protection of fresh and dried fruits, nuts, seeds, grains, and flour. Making vinegar and extracts (1 ch.). Part 2. Other farm activities and products (19 chs.). Ibn al Baitar. Grosse Zusammenstellung ueber die Kraefte der bekannten einfachen Heil- und Nahrungsmittel . . . aus dem arabischen von Joseph von Sontheimer. Stuttgart, 18401842. 8vo pp. [VII], VIIIXVI, 592, [1]; [IV], 786, [2], [70]. Transcription of Arabic title Djami el moufridat. Contents: Encyclopedia of medicinal and nutritional simples arranged by their Arabic names transcribed into German with modern botanical Latin names given. Extensive commentaries on apples, almonds, citrus species, coconuts, melons, dates, medlars, mulberries, banana, myrtleberries, olives, pine nuts, pistachio, plums, cherries, apricots, pears, quinces, sorbs, grapes. Cross indices in Arabic script, Arabic transcript, Latin, German. Ibn Botlan. Tacuini sanitatis. . . . Albengnefit [Ibn Wafid] de virtutibus medicinarum, & ciborum. . . . Argentorati, 1531.* Instruction facile pour connoître toutes sortes d'orangers. . . . See Morin, P.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Jardinier liègeois, ou la methode de cultiver les arbres. . . . Selon le climat de Liège & pais circonvoisins. Liège, [1694]. 16mo pp. [II], 168. Contents: Unstructured. Part 1. Sizes and forms of garden fruit trees. Espaliers, informal fruit hedges, bush forms, and standard-size trees. Cultivar listings of plums (27), peaches (34), apples (18), pears (85) with occasional remarks. Regional nurseries. Harvesting and storing fruit. Descriptions of fig, citrus, and pomegranate. Parts 2 and 3. Vegetables and ornamentals. Le jardinier royal; qvi enseigne la maniere de planter, cultiuer, & dresser toutes sortes d'arbres . . . bien greffer tous fruits a noyau . . . faire pepinieres, & effleurer des arbres pour espaliers, contr'espaliers, buissons, et toutes sortes d'autres arbres fruictiers. Paris, [1627?], 1661, 1671, 1677. 1661 ed.: 12mo, pp. [XII], 308, [4]. Contents: Author's objectives (1 ch.). Espaliers, fruit hedges, fruit bushes, standards (2 chs.). Raising quince as understock (2 chs.). Grafting peaches (1 ch.). Grafting other stone fruits (1 ch.). Grafting and other tools (1 ch.). Superiority of deciduous fruits over citrus fruits (1 ch.). Raising and selecting standard trees from seed (2 chs.). Le jardinier solitaire, ou dialogues. . . . See Gentil, F. [Jauffret, L. F.] Le panier de fruits, ou descriptions botaniques et notices historiques des principaux fruits cultivés en France. Paris, 1807; Paris [and] Genève, 1819. 1819 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], IVVIII, 384. 24 colored engraved pls. Contents: Characteristics, lore, and literary references concerning fruits (24 chs.). Unrelated didactic fables and anecdotes are interspersed. Jefferson, T. Thomas Jefferson's garden book 17661824. With relevant

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extracts from his other writings annotated by E. M. Betts. Philadelphia, 1944. 8vo pp. [IV], VXIV, [XVXVI], 704. Illus. Contents: Includes numerous fruit-related entries in Jefferson's garden book, farm book, weather book, account books, with notes by the editor. Jonston, J. Dendrographias sive historiae naturalis de arboribus et fructibus tam nostri quam peregrini orbis libri X. . . . Francofurti, 1662. As Historia naturalis de arboribus et plantis libri X. . . . Heilbronnae, 17681769. 17681769 ed.: Folio pp. [II], 214; [II], 265, [9]. Engraved frontis., 137 engraved pls. 2 vols. Contents: Book 1. Description of fruit, nut, and seedbearing trees. Illus. descriptions of major fruit cultivars of East Central Europe. Book 10. Brief section on tropical fruits. Junghans, B. Neu kuenstlich Obst-Gartenbuechlein. . . . Frankfurt/Oder, 1618, 1619. 8vo pp. [IV], 60. Contents: Characteristics of 4 species of fruit (1 ch.). Raising trees from seed, suckers, cuttings (1 ch.). Grafting, budding, rootstocks (4 chs.). Transplanting and planting (2 chs.). Pruning, tree care, manuring, irrigation (2 chs.). Appendix. Fruit-garden location. Monthly calendar of chores. 6 recipes for grafting waxes. Justice, [Sir] J. The Scots gardiners director. . . . Edinburgh, 1754, 1759. As The British gardener's calendar. . . . Edinburgh, 1759, 1764. As The British gardener's new director. . . . Dublin, 1765, 1771. As The gardener's new kalendar. . . . Dublin, 1795, 1815. 1771 ed.: 8vo pp. [VIII], IXXXXVIII, 474, [12]. 7 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Unstructured collection of essays on grafting, pruning, orchard establishment, hardy fruit cultivars suited for Scotland. Numerous short articles on fruit, vegetable, and flower gardening. Monthly garden calendar. Additional material varies with edition.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Kennedy, J. A treatise on planting, pruning, and on the management of fruit-trees, containing the preparation . . . for all kinds of fruit-trees that grow in the common ground in England. . . . London, 1777. As part 2 of A treatise upon planting, gardening, and the management of the hot-house. . . . 2nd edition, London 1777; Dublin, 1784, 1788. 8vo pp. [II], 388. Contents: Reforestation, species of forest trees (9 chs.). Nursery operation (1 ch.). Grape culture (1 ch.). Pineapple culture (1 ch.). Vegetables (3 chs.). Knabe, M. Hortipomolegium, das ist ein sehr liebreich vnd auszerlesen Obsgarten-vnd Peltzbuch. . . . Nuernberg, 1620, 1621, 1651. 4to pp. [XX], 133, [15]. 4 text engravings. Contents: Part 1. Planning a fruit garden (4 chs.). Planting and transplanting (5 chs.). Grafting techniques (7 chs.). Rooting cuttings (1 ch.). Multi-cultivar budding (1 ch.). Measures to increase fruit size (2 chs.). Budding techniques (3 chs.). Pest control (5 chs.). Pruning, staking, protection (10 chs.). Harvesting, storing (4 chs.). Part 2. Secrets of creating unusual and miraculous trees and fruits (15 chs.). Specific cultural instructions for apples, pears, cherries, plums, chestnuts, apricots, almonds, peaches, walnuts, hazel-

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nuts, medlars, mulberries, quinces, citrus species, grapes, minor fruits, ornamental trees and shrubs (22 chs.). Part 3. Cultivar listings with occasional comments (6 chs.). Roses and rose hips (1 ch.). Weather lore in prose and rime (5 chs.). Knight, T. A. Pomona herefordiensis; containing coloured engravings of the old cider and perry fruits of Herefordshire. With such new fruits as have been found to possess superior excellence. Accompanied with a descriptive account of each variety. . . . London, 1811; a later issue without date. 4to (30 X 24 cm) pp. [II], IIIVIII, [37]. 30 colored, engraved or aquatint pls. Contents: Descriptions of 24 cider apple and 6 perry pear cultivars, giving history, physical characteristics, quality, popularity, growing district, and specific gravity of the juice. . A selection from the physiological and horticultural papers, published in the Transactions of the Royal and Horticultural Societies, by . . . Thomas Knight. . . . London, 1841. 8vo pp. [III], IVXII, 379, [1]. Engraved frontis., 7 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Biography of T. A. Knight with important correspondence. Listing of new fruits raised by Knight. 81 articles by Knight, 20 specifically on fruit. . . . . Some doubts relative to the efficacy of Mr. Forsyth's plaister. . . . London, 1802. 4to pp. [III], 416. Contents: Letter addressed to Dr. Anderson, a supporter of William Forsyth. Exposes Forsyth's deceit of the public with a useless tree balm. Defends his own theory of the limited life span of a fruit cultivar. . A treatise on the culture of the apple & pear, and on the manufacture of cider and perry. Ludlow, 1797, 1801, 1802, 1808, 1809, 1813, 1818. 1802 ed.: 12mo in sixes pp. [III], 4181, [1]. Contents: Exposition of the theory of a limited life span of fruit cultivars. Establishing and managing cider and perry orchards. Considerations, methods, and equipment for cider and perry production. Quality in cider, perry and other fermented fruit juices. Postscript on inspissated [concentrated] juice. Knoop, J. H. Beknopte huishoudelyke hovenier. Erste deel. Inhoudende eene verhandeling en meernamige lijsten van alle soorten van ooft-vrugten . . . , Harlingen & Amsterdam, 1762. 8vo pp. [XVI], 448; [VIII], 415; [VIII], 362, [42]. 3 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. Propagation, planting, management of tree fruits. Extensive fruit cultivar listings. Remainder of Vol. 1 and Vols. 2 and 3 on ornamentals, vegetables, and herbs. . Fructologia, of beschryving der vrugtbomen en vruchten die men in de hoven plant en onderhoud. . . . Leeuwarden, 1763, 1772 [?]; Amsterdam, en Dordrecht, 1790. Folio pp. [IV], 132. 19 colored, engraved pls. Contents: Cultural instructions for apple (15 chs.), pear (18 chs.), quince (16 chs.). Cultural instructions and cultivar descriptions of cherry (37 chs.), plum (26 chs.), apricot (13 chs.), peach (26 chs.), almond (12 chs.), fig (28 chs.), grape (50 chs.), chestnut (11 chs.), walnut (20 chs.), hazelnut (10 chs.), medlar (9 chs.), mulberry (19 chs.), minor fruits (67 chs.). (Cultivar descriptions of apple and pear are included in Knoop's Pomologia. . . .)

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. Fructologie ou description des arbres fruitiers ainsi que les fruits que l'on plante et qu'on cultive ordinairement dans les jardins. . . . Amsterdam, 1768, 1771. Folio pp. [IV], 205, [1]. 19 colored, engraved pls., folded. Contents: French translation of J. H. Knoop's Fructologia. . . . . Pomologia, das ist Beschreibungen und Abbildungen der besten Sorten der Aepfel und Birnen, welche in Holland, Deutschland, Franckreich, Engeland und anderwaerts in Achtung stehen. . . . Aus dem Hollaendischen in das Deutsche uebersetzet, von D. Georg Leonhart Huth. Nuernberg, 1760. Folio pp. [VIII], 56, [11]. 20 colored engraved pls. Contents: German translation of Dutch original. . [recte Zinck, J. C.] Pomologia, das ist Beschreibungen und Abbildungen der besten Arten der Aepfel, Birnen, Kirschen und einiger Pflaumen, welche in- und ausserhalb Deutschland in Achtung stehen. . . . Oder, der von Johann Hermann Knoop herausgegebenen Pomologie zweyter Theil. Nuernberg, 1766. Folio pp. [IV], 42, [4]. 24 colored engraved pls. Contents: Descriptions of illustrated cultivars: 112 apples, 102 pears, 12 cherries, 3 plums, Cornelian cherry. . Pomologia, dat is beschryvingen en afbeeldingen van de beste soorten van appels en peeren, welke in Neder- en Hoog-Duitsland, Frankrijk, Engelland en elders geagt zyn. . . . Leuwarden, 1758, 1763 [?]; Amsterdam, 1789. Folio pp. [IV], 86. 20 colored engraved pls. Contents: Importance of picturing fruit cultivars, variability and recognition problems of fruit characteristics (12 chs.). Cultivar descriptions to 12 colored pls. of apples. Cultivar descriptions to 8 colored pls. of pears. . Pomologie ou description des meilleures sortes de pommes et de poires, que l'on estime & cultive le plus, soit aux Pays-Bas, soit en Allemagne, en France, en Angleterre. . . . Amsterdam, 1771. Folio pp. [II], 339 [recte 139]. 20 colored engraved pls., folded. Contents: French translation of Dutch original. Kraft, J. [Pomona austriaca.] Abhandlung von den Obstbaeumen, worinn ihre Gestalt, Erziehung und Pflege angezeigt und beschrieben wird. . . . Wien, 17921796. Folio or 4to pp. [XVI], 45; [II], 46. 200 colored engraved pls. 2 vols. Contents: Cultivars illustrated and briefly described: cherries (36), strawberries (13), currants (11), gooseberries (6), almonds (10), apricots (13), cane fruits (6), mulberries (3), pears (117), plums (56). [No apples.] . Pomona austriaca ou arbres fruitiers d'Autriche représentés en figures, dessinées et peintes d'après nature, Vienne, 1797. 4to. 2 vols. Contents: Issue in French with identical pls. captioned in French. Krottendorff (Crottendorff), P. Instruction pour les arbres fruitiers ou le traité des arbrisseaux ou les arbres nains fruitiers comme pomes, poires, pesches, & apricotiers, en françois & allemand. . . . Par le jardinier Paul Crottendorff. . . . Unterricht von Obst-Gaerten, oder die Handlung der niedrigen Frantz-Zwerg-Baeume, als von Aepffeln, Birnen, Pirschen und Apricosen-Baeumen, mit ihren Figuren in Kupffer, in Frantzoeisch [!] und Teutsch. . . . Von dem Gaertner Paul Krottendorff. . . . Leipzig, 1700. 4to

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pp. [X], [54], Engraved frontis., 10 engraved pls., 1 folded. Contents: Fruit garden manual in French and German with facing vertical columns. Preface explaining bilingual purpose. Site, layout, soil quality (2 chs.). Nursery and fruit-garden management (2 chs.). Celestial influences (1 ch.). Establishing dwarf fruit espaliers and ornamental support plants (4 chs.). Ripening sequence of various apple and pear cultivars on dwarfing rootstocks. Plan and description of heated orange-house (1 ch.). In praise of fruits and fruit gardens (1 ch.). French-German glossary of pomological terms (1 ch.). Copyright warning (1 ch.). Kubata, J. G. Adelicher Schau-Platz oder Paradeis, das ist ein Unterricht von der Baumgartnerey auf das Clima des Boehmerlands. . . . nebst etlichen Kunststuecken. Prag, 1701. 4to pp. [IV], 56, [1]. Engraved frontis., text engravings. Contents: Establishing a fruit garden (2 chs.). Nursery practice, grafting, budding, aftercare, planting out (4 chs.). Manuring, pruning, training (1 ch.). Control of diseases, pests, and thieves (2 chs.). Creating special effects, no magic (1 ch.). Espaliers and trellises (1 ch.). Ornamentals (1 ch.). Monthly instructions for fruit-garden work (1 ch.). 18-line poem with praises for most fruits. Kueffner, F. Neuerfundene Bau-Kunst zu lebendigen Baum-Gebaeuden. . . . Hof, 1716. 4to. Engraved pls. 2 vols.*

<><><><><><><><><><><><> La Bretonnerie, J. de. L'école du jardin fruitier Paris, 1784, 1808, 1878 [?]. 12mo pp. [V], IVLXXV, 546; [IV], VVIII, 658, [2]. 2 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. Poem eulogizing fruit and fruit growing. Fruit garden sites and soils (3 chs.). Design, layout, enclosures, paved areas (2 chs.). Espaliering (1 ch.). Exposures, planting areas, and spacing of different fruits (3 chs.). Sexual propagation (2 chs.). Asexual propagation (4 chs.). Pruning systems, winter and summer pruning (4 chs.). Fruit hedges, trellises, and arbors (1 ch.). Pruning methods for early cherries, figs, and oranges (1 ch.). Pruning grapevines (1 ch.). Pest and disease control (2 chs.). Design and operation of a fruit storage (1 ch.). Tools and supplies for fruit gardening (1 ch.). Vol. 2. Culture, cultivars, and utilization of apricots, almonds, azarole, caper [Capparis spinosa L.], cherries, chestnuts, quinces, barberries, figs, raspberries, pomegranates, currants and gooseberries, mulberries, medlars, hazelnuts, walnuts, olives, oranges, other citrus fruits, willows [for fruit baskets], peaches, pears, apples, plums, grapes. Monthly fruit-garden calendar. La Chataigneraye, l'Abbé de. La conoissance parfaite des arbres fruitiers et la methode facile et assurée de les planter, de les enter, de les tailler, & de leur donner toutes les autres façons necessaires pour leur faire porter de beaux & de bons fruits. . . . Paris, 1692. 4to (15 X 8 cm) pp. VIV, 222 [1]. Contents: Site and fruit-type selection (5 chs.). Grafting and budding (11 chs.). Pruning measures and tree responses (24 chs.). Training espaliers and other formal trees (4 chs.). General tree care (5 chs.). [La Court van der Voort, P. de] Byzondere aenmerkingen over het aenleggen

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van pragtige en gemeene landhuizen, lusthoven, plantagien . . . met keurige vrugt-boomen en laeningen te beplanten . . . ananas-vrugten, citroen-, limoen-, oranje-boomen . . . te queeken . . . , Leyden, 1737; Amsterdam, 1763. 4to pp. [II], IIIVII, [VIII], 412, [14]. 8 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Book 3. Fruit-tree culture with descriptions and quality assessments of cultivars (20 chs.). Book 4. Establishment of vineyards, grape culture, and wine making (6 chs.). [La Court van der Voort, P. de] Les agrémens de la campagne . . . Leyden & Amsterdam, 1750. As Les agréments de la campagne . . . traduit du hollandais. . . . Paris, 1752, 1750 ed.: 4to pp. [III], IVXXIV, [XXVXXXIII], 412, [32]. 15 engraved pls., some folded. Contents: Part 1. Book 2. Dutch practices of fruit-tree propagation, training, and pruning (9 chs.). Book 3. Culture and cultivars of pears, apples, cherries, apricots, peaches, plums, figs, mulberries, bush and cane fruits, quinces, medlars, almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, chestnuts (20 chs.). Book 4. Vineyards and grapes (6 chs.). Part 2. Book 2. Fruits in season each month (1 ch.). Layout of a kitchen garden (1 ch.). Strawberries and melons (1 ch.). Book 3. Citrus fruits in conservatories (6 chs.). [La Court van der Voort, P. de] Anmuthigkeiten des Landlebens, oder sonderbare Anmerkungen wie man Landhaeuser und Gaerten anlegen . . . von der Wartung allerley Obst- und wilder Baeume, Orangerien, und Gewaechse. . . . Goettingen and Leipzig, 1751; Leipzig, 1758, 1785. 4to pp. [VIII], 324, [16]. 15 engraved pls., mostly folded. Contents: German translation of La Court's Byzondere aenmerkingen over het aenleggen. . . . Landric, A. Aduertissement et maniere d'enter asseurément les arbres en toute saison de l'année. . . . Bordeaux, 1580; Paris, 1830. 1830 ed.: 8vo pp. [III], 416. Contents: Raising fruit-tree and grapevine seedlings. Establishing a nursery. Grafting and other propagation methods. 1830 ed. with linguistic and pomological commentary by A. A. Du Petit Thouars. De landtvvinninge ende hoeue. . . . See Estienne, C. and Liebault, J. Langford, T. Plain and full instructions to raise all sorts of fruit-trees that prosper in England . . . with . . . ways of making plantations, either of wall-fruit, or dwarf-trees . . . making liquors of several. . . . London, 1681, 1690, 1696, 1699. 1696 ed.: 8vo pp. [XXX}, 220, [6]. 2 engraved pls. with explanation leaf. Contents: Seedling nurseries (3 chs.). Grafting and budding (4 chs.). Espaliers and dwarfed trees (2 chs.). Orchard management (3 chs.). Types of fruit (2 chs.). Harvesting, utilization, fermentation products (1 ch.). Fruit culture in conservatories (2 chs.). Catalog of Brompton Park Nursery. Langley, B. New principles of gardening: or, the laying out and planting . . . with experimental directions for raising . . . fruit trees. . . . London, 1728. 4to pp. [II], XVI, 207, [1]. 28 engraved pls. Contents: On landscape gardening with 2 chs. on suitable fruits and cultivars. . Pomona; or, the fruit-garden illustrated. Containing sure methods for improving all the best kinds of fruits now extant in England. . . . A curious

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account of the most valuable cyder-fruits of Devonshire. . . . London, 1729. Folio (39 X 25 cm; large paper issue 45 X 28 cm) pp. [II], IIIXVIII, 150. 79 plain or colored engraved pls., some folded. Contents: Soils, climate, conditions for plant growth (6 chs.). Grafting, budding, and nursery operation (2 chs.). Shelterbelts (1 ch.). Orchard planting and operation (4 chs.). Harvesting and storing fruit (1 ch.). Fruit species and cultivars (13 chs.). Essay on Devonshire cider and cider apples by Hugh Stafford. La Quintinye, [J.] De. Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers et potagers, avec un traité des orangers, suivy de quelques réflexions sur l'agriculture. Paris, 1690, 1692, 1695, 1697, 1715, 1716, 1730, 1739, 1740, 1746, 1756, 1760; Amsterdam, 1692, 1697; Geneva, 1695, 1696, 1697 [Vol. 1]; Rouen, 1715. Starting 1695 with the superior title Le parfait jardinier. . . . 4to pp. [XXIV], 522, [2]; [II], 3566, [2]. Engraved frontis. portrait. 10 engraved pls., 2 folded. 8 engraved scenic vignettes. 2 vols. Contents: Part 1. Acquisition and value of pomological knowledge (2 chs.). 13 basic rules (1 ch.). Personality of a fruit gardener (1 ch.). Alphabetical dictionary of pomological terms (1 ch.). Part 2. Soil types and testing (4 chs.). Ideal fruit-garden sites (10 chs.). Contour, size, layout, related considerations (6 chs.). Soil preferences of fruits, soil adjustments (5 chs.). Part 3. Prologue on personal preferences, organoleptics, limitations of season and location. Pears, selection principles (3 chs.). List of pear cultivars arranged by quality. Apples (1 ch.). Espaliers (2 chs.). Figs (1 ch.). Peaches, with cultivar descriptions (5 chs.). Plums (1 ch.). Tree quality, criteria of selection from nursery or elsewhere. Preplanting care, planting procedures for bare-rooted and basket trees. Part 4. Summer and winter pruning, pinching, by tree form, age, and type of fruit (40 chs.). Part 5. Maturity determination, harvesting, transporting, storing, keeping quality (9 chs.). Diseases (1 ch.). Grafting, rootstock selection, nursery care (6 chs.). Trellising and tying (1 ch.). Part 6. Kitchen gardens (7 chs.). Appendices. Treatise on orange trees, soil requirements, culture of oranges and other citrus. Treatise on some aspects of agriculture, i.e., thoughts on roots, plant sap, fruit-bud formation, life of fruiting branches, growth processes, foliar feeding, plant vs. animal sex, influence of moon. La Quintinye, J. de. Trattato del taglio de gl'alberi fruttiferi del fu Monsv' della Qvintinye', tradotta dalla lingua francese all'italiana da N. N. Bassano, 1697; Venice, 1704. 4to pp. [XVI], 223, [3]. 11 engraved pls., folded. 1 engraved plan. Contents: Italian translation and condensation of J. de La Quintinye's Instructions pour les jardins fruitiers. . Also see Dahuron, R. Il giardiniero francese. . . . . The compleat gard'ner; or, directions for cultivating and right ordering of fruit-gardens and kitchen-gardens. . . . By . . . Monsr. de La Quintinye. . . . Made English by John Evelyn. . . . London, 1693. Folio (32 X 20 cm) pp. [XLIV], 184 [recte 192], [4]; 204 [recte 184], [4], 4, 80. Engraved frontis., 11 engraved pls., text engravings. Contents: Prefaces and po-

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mological glossary. part 1. General observations on fruit gardens and climate. Part 2. Soil types and management, fruit-garden layout and planting, irrigation, cultivating, manuring. Part 3. Fruit-tree types and their limitations. Descriptive cultivar listings of pears, peaches, plums, figs, apricots, cherries, grapes, apples. Part 4. Pruning, training, rehabilitation of fruit trees. Part 5. Determining fruit maturity. Harvesting, storing. Directions for grafting, disease control, nursery operation, trellising. Part 6. Monthly chores and productions. Directions for growing vegetables including strawberries. Appendix 1. Directions for melon culture. Appendix 2. Treatise on citrus trees. La Quintinye, Mounsieur de. The compleat gard'ner; or, directions for cultivating and right ordering of fruitgardens, and kitchen-gardens. . . . Now compendiously abridg'd, and made of more use, with very considerable improvements. By George London and Henry Wise. London, 1693, 1699 [2 issues], 1701, 1704, 1710, 1717, 1719. 1699 ed.: [II], IIIXIV, XVXXX5, [1], 309 [recte 325], [7]. Engraved frontis., 10 engraved pls., 9 folded. Text engraving. Contents: Preface on orchard protection with windbreak plantings. Principles of fruit growing (2 chs.). Orchard location, layout, and landscaping (18 chs.). Soil management (6 chs.). Fruit cultivars (4 chs.). Planting methods and considerations (6 chs.). Pruning, training and size-controlling in detail (36 chs.). Ripening, forcing, harvesting, storing and eating quality (9 chs.). Fruit-tree diseases (1 ch.). Grafting, budding, other propagation methods (6 chs.). Kitchen gardening (1 section). Monthly orchard work calendar. [La Quintinye, J. de]. Gruendliche Anweisung zum Garten-Bau und insonderheit der Baum-Zucht. . . . Aus den frantzoesischen Schrifften des beruehmten Hrn Quintinye und des jardinier solitaire . . . zusammengetragen. . . . (preface by F. C. Weber) Hamburg, 1702, 1725, 1727. 1727 ed.: 4to pp. [VIII], 199, [5]. 4 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Book 1. Site and soil preparation for a fruit garden, choice of enclosures (2 chs.). Book 2. Raising, selecting fruit-tree seedlings (3 chs.). Grafting (1 ch.). Transplanting different species, sizes, forms (4 chs.). Training espaliers and other forms (3 chs.). Pruning (1 ch.). Pest control (1 ch.). Book 3. Cultivars, preferred propagation methods of pears, apples, cherries, peaches, apricots, plums, figs (5 chs.). Fruit thinning and unshading (1 ch.). Determining maturity, harvesting, storing (3 chs.). Lunar superstitions (1 ch.). Monthly work calendar (1 ch.). Lastri, M. Corso di agricoltura di un accademico georgofilo. . . . Firenze, 17801784, 18011803 [3rd ed.?]. Later editions omit Vol 5.* Contents: Vol. 5. Description of ca. 600 fruit cultivars in B. Bimbi's 14 oil paintings for Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Toscana. Lauremberg, P. Die edle Garten-Wissenschaft, aus Petri Laurembergii rostochiensis horticultura & apparatu plantarum. Zusammen gelesen, mit andern Garten-Autoribus, und edlen Liebhabern derselben, conferiert. . . . Von W. A. S[tromer]. v. R[eichenbach]. Nuernberg, 16711682. 8vo pp. [XIV], 336; [XIV], 368, [28]; [XVI], 703 [16]. 3 engraved titles. 38

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engraved pls., 9 folded. Contents: German translation of P. Lauremberg's Horticultura libris II. . . . revised and enlarged. Part 1. Economic plants. Fruits and fruit culture (4 chs.). Part 2. Garden history, occasional references to fruit. Part 3. Floriculture. . Petri Laurembergii rostochiensis, horticultura, libris II. comprehensa; hvic nostro coelo & solo accommodata. . . . Francofurti ad Moenum, 1631, 1654. Later eds. by W. A. S. v. R[eichenbach] shorten fruit content. 1654 ed.: 4to pp. [II], 3165; [I], 243. Title with engraved pictorial border. 14 engraved pls., text engravings. Contents: Book 1. History and virtues of gardening (1 ch.). Soils, tillage, manures, tools (4 chs.). Nature and growth of plants (8 chs.). Propagation considerations and methods (14 chs.). Transplanting, pruning, tree surgery (5 chs.). Irrigation and weed control (2 chs.). Disease and pest control (2 chs.). Hedges and topiary (1 ch.). Parterres (1 ch.). Book 2. Fruit trees, fruits, other useful woody plants (4 chs.). Vegetables, herbs, and flowers (4 chs.). Laurence, J. The clergy-man's recreation: shewing the pleasure and profit of the art of gardening. London, 1714 (2 issues), 1715, 1716, 1717, 1726. 8vo pp. [XIV], 83, [1]. Engraved frontis., 1 text engraving. Contents: Soils and situation (1 ch.). Designing a fruit garden with nursery (3 chs.). Pruning (1 ch.). Grafting and budding (1 ch.). Cultivars suitable for wall plantings (1 ch.). . The fruit-garden kalendar: or, a summary of the art of managing the fruit-garden. . . . London, 1718, 1736. Also as Part 3 of Gardening improv'd, London, 1718 and later. 8vo pp. [V], IIV, [II], IIXXXI, [1], 33144. Engraved frontis., folded. 1 text engraving. Contents: Detailed monthly fruit-garden chores interspersed with relevant quotes from letters received. . Gardening improv'd: containing I. The clergyman's recreation. . . . II. The gentleman's recreation. . . . III. The lady's recreation . . . by Charles Evelyn, Esq. . . . London, 1718; Dublin, 1719 (includes The fruit-garden kalendar). Contents: Reissue of previously separately published works in a combined edition under a general title. . The gentleman's recreation: or the second part of the art of gardening improved. Containing several new experiments, and curious observations relating to fruit-trees. Particularly a new method of building walls with horizontal shelters. London, 1716, 1717, 1723. 8vo pp. [XVIII], 115, [1]. Engraved frontis., 4 engraved pls., folded. 1 text engraving. Contents: Fruit-tree barrenness, its causes, prevention and cures (4 chs.). Benefits of virgin soil for seedling and tree vigor and health (1 ch.). Recommendations for grafting and budding in situ. Instructions for finding a Meridian Line (Appendix). [Laurence, J.] Paradice regain'd: or, the art of gardening. A poem. London, 1728. 8vo pp. [IV], 59, [1]. Contents: Eulogy on a rural retreat away from the ''infected town." Planting fruit-tree hedges and open-air standards "more for use than state." Experimental pruning, feeding,

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and grafting. Potted trees. Pleasant flowers and herbs. Nature as teacher of ethics. Laurent, J. Abrégé pour les arbres nains et autres; contenant tout ce qui les regarde, tiré en partie des derniers auteurs qui ont écrit de cette matiere; joint une experience avec application de vingt ans & plus . . . par J. L. notaire de Laon. Paris, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1680, 1683, 1689. 1683 ed.: 12mo pp. [XIV], 137. Contents: Pomological terminology (1 ch.). Dwarf fruit trees and espaliers (1 ch.). Behavior of cultivars on quince roots (1 ch.). Fruit-tree planting methods (2 chs.). Grape culture (1 ch.). Pruning methods and objectives (2 chs.). Currant espaliers (1 ch.). Manuring and irrigating fruit plantings (2 chs.). Quince culture (1 ch.). Recommended rootstock-scion combinations (8 chs.). Harvest and storage (3 chs.). Melon culture (3 chs.). Appendix on flowers. Lawrence, A., and J. Beale. Nurseries, orchards, profitable gardens, and vineyards encouraged, the present obstructions removed. . . . For the general benefit of his majesties dominions. . . . The first letter from Anthony Lawrence; all the rest from John Beale, D. D. . . . London, 1677. 4to (18 X 14 cm) pp. [II], 28, [2]. Contents: Foreword by Beale with quotes from Columella. Letter by Lawrence commenting on Austen's books and other meritorious pomological works (15 chs.). Letter by Beale on cider, fruit and grape wines with references to classical authors (15 chs.). Lawson, W. A new orchard and garden: or, the best way for planting, graffing, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard . . . all being the experience of forty years labour, by William Lawson, reprinted from the third edition with a preface by Eleanour Sinclair Rohde. . . . London, 1927. 8vo pp. [VII], VIIIXXVI, 116. Title woodcut. Text woodcuts. Contents: Preface by Rohde. Reprint of modernized text including The country house-wifes garden, Art of propagating plants, and Husbandmans fruitful orchard. Lawson, W. A new orchard and garden, or the best way for planting, grafting, and to make any ground good, for a rich orchard. . . . London, 1618, 1623, 1626, 1631, 1638, 1648, 1656, 1657, 1660, 1665, 1676, 1683, 1695; Philadelphia, 1858. First 3 editions in black letter. 1638 ed.: 4to (19 X 14 cm) pp. [VIII], 74. Title woodcut. Text woodcuts. Contents: Personality of a fruit gardener (1 ch.). Fruit-garden soils, sites, and enclosures (5 chs.). Propagation, nursery care, and planting (4 chs.). Orchard maintenance and protection (3 chs.). Nature of fruit trees (1 ch.). Enjoyment, satisfaction, and profits (3 chs.). [Le Berryais, L. R.] Abrégé du traité des jardins; ou, petit De La Quintinye, par le même auteur. Paris, 1793. 24mo pp. [V}, VIVIII, 256; [II], 306, [1]. 2 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. Monthly fruit-garden calendar. Seedling nursery and grafting. Pruning and disbudding by species. Pests and diseases. Vol. 2. Cultivar descriptions of apricots (11), almond (5), cherries (38), figs (3), medlars (3), peaches (19), pears (68), apples (20), table grapes (9), minor fruits. [Le Berryais, L. R.] Traité de l'orangerie, des serres-chaudes et chassis par M.

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L. B***. Caen and Paris, 1788. 8vo pp. [II], 523. 15 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Encyclopedic dictionary of conservatory plants. Fruit descriptions and growing instructions for carob, pomegranate, jujube, olive, citrus species, pistachio, pineapple, date, fig, grenadilla. Plates show conservatory construction details. [Le Berryais, L. R.] Traité des jardins, ou le nouveau De La Quintinye, contenant 1. La description et la culture des arbres fruitiers. . . . Par M. L. B***. Paris, 1775, 1785, 17881789; Avranches and Caen, 17851788. 8vo pp. [VII], VIIIXXVI, [XXVIIXXVIII], 356; [IV], 344. 11 engraved pls., folded. 4 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. Calendar of monthly garden chores (1 ch.). General observations on fruit culture (4 chs.). Propagation techniques (1 ch.). Fruit-tree species and their specific planting and training requirements (3 chs.). Pruning and shaping fruit trees and vines (2 chs.). Pests and diseases (1 ch.). Increasing and assuring fruit-tree fertility (1 ch.). Cultivar descriptions and cultural requirements of apricots, almonds, azeroliers, cherries, quinces, barberries, figs, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, mulberries, medlars, hazelnuts, citrus, peaches, pears, apples, plums, grapes with botanical facts in Latin, other information in French (19 chs.). Vol. 2. Kitchen garden. Vol. 3. Caen, 1788. Ornamental gardening, including potted fruit trees as design elements. Vol. 4. 1788. Conservatory, citrus culture and cultivars. Le Brocq, A. A description with notes, of certain methods of planting, training, and managing all kinds of fruittrees, vines. . . . London, 1786. 8vo pp. [IV], 43, [3]. Contents: Unstructured essay on the economics of growing wall fruits in wide trenches with specified inclination, and, possibly, under glass. Le Court [Curtius], B. Hortorum libri triginta. . . . Lugduni, 1560. 4to pp. [XXIV], 683, [1]. Contents: Book 23. Characteristics and culture of apple, pear, quince, peach, cherry, raspberry, mulberry; making cider, perry, and fruit wines (22 chs.). Book 24. Characteristics and culture of fig and minor fruits (19 chs.). Book 25. Characteristics and culture of plum, almond, walnut, hazelnut, chestnut, and pistachio (26 chs.). [Le Gendre, A.]. Der curieuse Pfropff- und Oculir-Meister. . . . See title listing. Le Gendre, A. La maniere de cultiver les arbres frvitiers. Par le Sieur Le Gendre, Curé d'Henonuille. Ov' il est traitté des pepinieres. Des espalliers. Des contr'espalliers. Des arbres en buisson, & à haute tige. Paris, 1652, 1653, 1655, 1661, 1665, 1679, 1684; Rouen, 1679, 1879. 8vo (15 X 10 cm) pp. [LVI], 239. Contents: Personal, philosophical, and general aspects of fruit growing (Preface). Fruit-tree propagation (2 chs.). Soil improvement and management (2 chs.). Fruit-garden layout. Planting, training, and pruning of formal fruit plantings (6 chs.). Beneficial practices, pest and disease control (2 chs.). Le Gendre, [A.] The manner of ordering fruit-trees. By the Sieur Le Gendre, Curate of Henonville. Wherein is treated of nurseries, wall fruits, hedges of fruit-trees, dwarf trees, high-standers, &c. Written originally in French,

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and translated faithfully into English. . . . London, 1660. 12mo pp. [XXXVI], 154. Engraved frontis. Contents: English translation, attributed to John Evelyn, of La maniere de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. Le Gendre wohlbestallter Gartenbau. See Commelijn, J. Le Gendre. See Aengelen, P. van. Le Grand d'Aussy, P. J. B. Des fruits. Part 2 of Histoire de la vie privée des François. . . . Paris, 1782, 1815, 1826. 8vo. 3 vols.* Le Grand d'Aussy, P. J. B. Versuch einer Geschichte des Obstbaues in Frankreich. . . . Frankfurt, 1800. 8vo. pp. [IV], 140. Contents: German translation of Le Grand d'Aussy's Des fruits. Leibitzer, J. Praktisches Handbuch der Zwergbaumzucht und Obstorangerie fuer alle die sich damit beschaeftigen wollen. Aus langjaehriger Erfahrung verfasset. . . . Leutschau, 1804. 8vo pp. [5], VIXVI, 345, [9]. Contents: Introduction. Definition, types, and shapes of dwarf fruit trees (4 chs.). Their advantage over standards (2 chs.). Origin, history, and literature of dwarfs (7 chs.). Dwarfs in containers (4 chs.). Dwarfing rootstocks (6 chs.). Part 1. Raising, care, and selection of seedlings (18 chs.). Rootstocks for every species (5 chs.). Propagation by rooting cuttings or by layering (3 chs.). Part 2. Nursery establishment, tools and supplies (14 chs.). Grafting, budding, and aftercare (35 chs.). Part 3. Cultivar descriptions of apple, pear, quince, medlar, sorb, cherry, apricot, peach, nectarine, plum, grape, currant, gooseberry (25 chs.). Part 4. Tree care from nursery bed to bearing age (28 chs.). Appendix. Descriptive catalog of fruit trees and scions for sale by the author. . Vollstaendiges Handbuch der Obstbaumzucht. . . . Wien, 1798. 8vo pp. [III], 4538, [2]. Contents: Starting a fruittree nursery, raising seedlings (15 chs.). Propagation methods (10 chs.). Care, training, protection of grafted trees (3 chs.). Soil preparation, transplanting (5 chs.). Tree care, pest control (2 chs.). Species and cultivar descriptions of apples (20), pears (25), plums (11), cherries (12), apricots (7), peach (13), quince (3), medlar (2), minor fruits (10 chs.). Harvesting, storage, drying, utilization, fermented beverages (4 chs.). Ripening calendar of cultivars (1 ch.). Monthly fruit-garden calendar (1 ch.). Le Lectier, Le Sieur. Catalogve des arbres cvltivez dans le verger et plan du Sievr Le Lectier Procvrevr dv Roy a Orleans. [Orleans?], 1628. As Catalogue des arbres cultivés dans le jardin du Sr. Le Lectier. Orleans, 1728. 1628 ed. reprinted in A. Leroy's Dictionnaire de pomologie, Paris and Angers, 18671879. 4to pp. [III], 335, [1]. Contents: Cultivar listings of 255 pears, arranged by 8 seasons, also 76 apples, 72 plums, 27 peaches, 12 cherries, 10 figs, 12 citrus, 9 other fruit types. Proposal for exchanging grafting scions. Lelieur [J. B. L.], le Comte de Ville-sur-Arce. Mémoire sur les maladies des arbres fruitiers. . . . Paris, 1811. 12mo.* Lelieur [J. B. L.], le Comte. La Pomone française, ou traité des arbres fruitiers. Paris, 1816, 1842, (1850). 1842 ed.: 8vo pp. [IV], 545, [5]. 17 lithographed pls., folded. Contents: Culture and detailed training systems

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of grapes, peaches, apples and pears, plums, apricots, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries (unnumbered chs.). Le Maitre [Ancien Curé de Joinville]. Le fruitier de la France, ou description des fruits à noiau et à pépin qui se cultivent dans le royaume. [Paris], 1719. 4to. [Discontinued after printing preliminaries and contents page.] Lemoine, L. Cours de culture des arbres à fruit . . . par le citoyen Léonor Lemoine. Paris [1801]. 12mo. pp. [II], 396. Contents: Fruit growing in 10 lessons: Choice of site. Soil preparation. Layout. Raising seedlings. Rooting cuttings. Growing stoolbeds and cultivar supply trees. Pruning, disbudding seedlings. Grafting. Pruning, disbudding grafted trees. Cultural requirements. . Cours complet sur la taille du pêcher et autres arbres à fruits . . . la manière de les conduire en espalier . . . , Paris, 1804, 1828. 12mo.* Contents: Eclectic duplication of Lemoine's other works. . Manuel du pépinieriste . . . divisé en dix leçons. . . . Paris, An XIII [1805]. 12mo pp. [IV], 127, [1]. Several mispaginations. Contents: Nursery practice in 10 lessons. Choice of site and fencing. Soil preparation, manuring, mulching. Nursery layout. Raising seedlings. Selection of rooted understock. Stoolbeds and cultivar supply trees. Pruning, disbudding seedlings. Standard grafting methods and 2 modified cleft grafts invented by author. Pruning and debudding of future espaliers. Importance of formal training of nurserymen and fruit growers. Le Moyne de Morgues, J. La clef des champs, pour trouuer plusieurs animaux, tant bestes qu'oyseaux, auec plusieurs fleurs et fruitz. [London], 1586. 4to (74 X 62 mm average). [IV]. 48 colored woodcut pls. Contents: Dedicatory letter and sonnet to Lady Sidney. 48 pls. with 96 subjects, of which 18 are fruits. Le Normand, M. Catalogue des meilleurs fruits, avec les temps les plus ordinaires de leur maturité. In Mercure de France, Paris, August, 1735, pp. 17501789. Contents: Cultivar descriptions in order of ripening of pears (52), apples (11), cherries (60), plums (20), apricots (2), peaches (17), figs (2), grapes (6). Discussion, by species, of rootstocks, soil and site requirements, training, adaptation, eating and esthetic quality. Le Paulmier de Grentemesnil, J. De vino et pomaceo libri duo. Paris, 1588. As Traite dv vin et dv sidre, par Julien le Paulmier. . . . Caen, 1589, 1607. As Traité du vin et du sidre . . . traduit en français par Jacques de Cahaignes; réimprimé avec une introduction par Emile Travers. Rouen, 1894, 1896. 1589 ed.: 8vo ff. [VI], 74, [1]. 1896 [Limited] ed.: 8vo pp. [VII], 8160; [XII], ff. 87. Contents of 1896 ed.: Life, career, family, literary productions of Le Paulmier; de Cahaignes' translation of De vino et pomaceo . . . and its influence on cider making in Normandy (6 chs. by E. Travers). Book 1. Unstructured history of cider, medicinal value according to himself and other authorities, types and quality grades of cider produced in different regions of France. Book 2. Cider or wine made salubrious mixed with water (1 ch. by Cahaignes). Quality of cider and perry determined by fruit and production method (2 chs.).

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Origin of cider (1 ch.). Storage conditions and keeping quality of cider (1 ch.). Health benefits of cider (1 ch.). Differences in color, flavor due to cultivars, region of origin (1 ch.). Mouthfeel and degustation (1 ch.). Scent, viscosity, alcohol strength (1 chs.). Listing of superior cider cultivars with brief descriptions (1 ch.). Use and abuse of cider (3 chs.). Response to cider abolitionists (1 ch.). Acidities of ciders and wines (1 ch.). Longevity promoted by cider (1 ch.). Cider in medicinal compounds (1 ch.). Perry (1 ch.). Beer (1 ch.). Liegel, G. Anweisung, mit welchen Sorten verschiedene Obstbaum-Anlagen besetzt werden sollen . . . sammt einer kurzen, characteristischen Beschreibung ihrer Fruechte. . . . Salzburg, 1822, 1842. 1842 ed.: 8vo pp. [IV], VVIII, [IXX], 192. Engraved frontis. Contents: Ca. 1000 concise cultivar descriptions of apples, pears, apricots, strawberries, filberts, figs, raspberries, currants, chestnuts, cherries, almonds, medlars, peaches, plums, quinces, gooseberies, walnuts, grapes. . Die pomologische Kunstsprache systematisch bearbeitet. Oder Lehre der Characteristik der Obstfruechte und der obsttragenden Gewaechse. . . . Passau, 1826. 8vo pp. [III], IVX, 133, [1]. 7 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Explanatory glossary of pomological terms (7 chs.). Species description and classification (4 chs.). . Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der vorzueglichsten Sorten des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen- und Beerenobstes. . . . Passau, 1825; Wien, 1825. 12mo pp. [II], XIV, 224. Engraved portrait of C. von Truchsess [cherry systematizer]. Contents: Fruit nursery practices. Cultivar descriptions and evaluations of apples, pears, medlars, quinces, nut species, apricots, cherries, plums, strawberries, cane fruits, grapes. Liegelsteiner, G. Wohl-fundirter Zwerg-Baum, oder curieuser Unterricht, wie die Zwerg-Baeume alle Jahr beschnitten. . . . Frankfurt, 1702; Regensburg and/or Nuernberg, 1716. As Wohluntersuchter Zwergbaum. . . . Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1725. As Wohlgezogener Zwergbaum. . . . Leipzig, 1747. 1716 ed.: 8vo pp. [XIV], 124. Engraved frontis., 8 engraved pls. Contents: Reasons for pruning (1 ch.). Pruning before and when transplanting grafted young trees (1 ch.). Pruning tools (1 ch.). General pruning practice (2 chs.). Pruning espaliers (1 ch.). Summer pruning (1 ch.). List of fruit cultivars recommended for dwarfing. Liger, L. La culture parfaite des jardins fruitiers et potagers. Paris, 1702, 1713, 1714, 1743. Contents: Unreliable and eclectic information on fruits and vegetables. Lindley, G. A guide to the orchard and fruit garden . . . with additions of all the most valuable fruits cultivated in America . . . by Michael Floy. New York, 1833, 1846. 1846 ed.: 8vo pp. [III], IVXI, [XII], 420. 2 colored lithograph pls., 1 folded. Contents: Part 1. Cultivar descriptions (18 chs.). Part 2. Fruit-tree propagation methods (15 chs.). Addendum with additional cultivar descriptions. Lindley, G. A guide to the orchard and kitchen garden; or, an account of the most valuable fruit and vegetable varieties. . . . London, 1831. 4to (22 X 14

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cm) pp. [IV], VI, [VII], VIIIXXXI, [XXXII], 601, [1]. Contents: Fruit bibliography. Cultivar descriptions of apples (214), apricots (14), cherries (28), figs (27), gooseberries (200 plus 522 listed only), grapes (62), medlars (2), melons (24), mulberries (2), peaches (60), nectarines (28 plus synonyms of 134 peaches and nectarines), filberts (8), pears (162), pineapples (37), plums (60), quinces (3), raspberries (22, listed only), strawberries (62). Monthly fruit-garden calendar. Cursory review of common vegetable cultivars. Lindley, J. A sketch of the principal tropical fruits which are likely to be worth cultivating in England for dessert. In Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Volume V, pp. 79126. London, 1824. Contents: Botanical and gustatory descriptions of tropical fruits, by continents and regions. . The pomological magazine, or figures and descriptions of the most important varieties of fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Edited by John Lindley. London, 18281830. As Pomologia britannica, or figures. . . . London, 1841. 8vo pp. IV, ff. 48; pp. II, ff. 4996, (2); pp. [III], IVXIV, ff. 97152. 152 colored engraved pls. Contents: Illustrated descriptions of 152 fruit cultivars. Introduction to the whole work at the beginning of vol. 3. Linné, C. von. Philosophia botanica in qua explicantur fundamenta botanica . . . Stockholmiae, 1751, 1757; Viennae, 1755, 1763, 1770. Other editions. As Philosophie botanique de Charles Linné. . . . Paris, 1788. Other translations. 1755 ed.: 8vo pp. [IV], 362. 9 engraved pls., 2 text engravings. Contents: No pomological matter other than quote on page 5 above. Locke, J. Observations upon the growth and culture of vines and olives . . . the preservation of fruits. . . . Edited by G. S. London, 1766. 8vo pp. XV, [XVI], 73, [1]. Contents: Culture of wine grapes. Annotated cultivar list. Wine making (1 ch.). Olive culture and oil pressing (1 ch.). Observations on the cultural requirements of plums and prunes, peaches, pears, melons with cultivar lists (1 ch.). Mulberry culture and silk production (1 ch.). Lonitzer, A. Kreuterbuch, new zugericht, von allerhand Baeumen, Stauden, Hecken, Kreutern, Fruechten und Gewuertzen. . . . Frankfort am Mayn, 1557, 1560, 1564, 1569, 1573, 1577, 1578, 1582, 1587, 1593, 1598, 1604, 1609, 1616, 1630, 1650; Ulm, 1674, 1679, 1713, 1737, 1765, 1770; Augsburg, 1783. Folio ff. [14], 342. 708 text woodcuts. Contents: An illustrated herbal included here for the chapter Von dem impffen, pfropffen oder pelzen der baeum, Part 4, ff. 6973, a condensed rendition of J. Domitzer's Pflantzbuechlein. Loudon, J. C. An encyclopedia of gardening; comprising the theory and practice of horticulture. . . . London, 1822, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1835, 1860, 1871 [ed. by wife, Jane Loudon]. 1826 ed.: 8vo pp. [III], IVXIII, 1233. 757 text engravings. Contents: Topical horticultural compendium divided in these sections: history, science, practice, statistics including bibli-

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ography. Up to date information on fruit-tree culture and cultivars. . Encyclopaedie des Gartenwesens, oder Theorie und Praxis. . . . Aus dem Englischen. Weimar, 18231826. 57 engraved pls., 2 vols.* Contents: German translation of J. C. Loudon's An encyclopedia of gardening . . . , 1822. [Louis the Pious]. Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii Caroli Magni. . . . ca. 795. Edited and translated into German by W. Fleischmann in Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbuecher, Vol. 53, pp. 1-75. Berlin, 1919. Contents: Rules for the management of the royal Frankish estates. Rule 70 on fruits and other economic plants to be cultivated. Lundberg, P. Then raetta swenska tragards-praxis, eller kort . . . , Westeras, 1754; Kobenhavn, 1775, 1780. 8vo pp. [X], 222. Engraved pls.* Lustgaerten vnd Pflanzungen, mit wunnsamer zierd, artlicher vnnd seltzamer verimpffung, allerhand Baeum, Kreutter, Bluemen vnd fruechten. . . . Strassburg, 1530; Augsburg, 1530, 1531, 1533. Others. 4to ff. [II], 323. Woodcut on title. Contents: Herb and pleasure gardens (4 chs.). Miracle grafts and manipulations (1 ch.). Seeding vegetables (1 ch.). 7 plant growth necessities (3 chs.). Garden practices after Palladius (3 chs.). Rooting hardwood cuttings (1 ch.). Grafting methods (2 chs.). Planting and care of fruit trees (3 chs.). Pest control (2 chs.). Fruit-tree fertility enhancement (1 ch.). Fruit harvest (1 ch.). Kitchen garden (7 chs.). Tree maintenance (1 ch.). Meadows and forests (2 chs.). Monthly calendar of garden chores (12 chs.). Lyon, P. Observations on the barrenness of fruit trees, and the means of prevention and cure. Edinburgh, 1813. As A treatise on the physiology and pathology of trees; with observations on the barrenness and canker of fruit trees, the means of prevention and cure. Edinburgh, 1816. 8vo pp. IV, 80. Engraved frontis.*

<><><><><><><><><><><><> M. R. T. P. D. S. M. See Triquel, R. Macrobius, A. A. Th. Avr. Theodosii Macrobii V. C. & illustris opera Ioh. Isacivs Pontanus restituit satvrnaliorvm libros. . . . Vineggia, 1472, 1483; Lugduni Batavorum, 1597. Others. 1597 ed.: 8vo pp. [XVI], 697, [55]. Contents: Discussion of the Saturnalia, a Roman harvest festival, its social meanings, customs, foods, and typical gift exchanges of apples and walnuts. . Saturnalia. Translated by P. V. Davies. New York, 1969. Contents: English translation of Saturnalia. Magazzini, V. Coltivazione toscana. . . . Venetia, 1625; Florenza and Venetia, 1669. 4to [XVI], 136, [15]. Engraved title. 1 text engraving. Contents: Characterization of a gardener. Calendar of monthly chores in farm and garden. Raising fruit trees, propagation, pruning, transplanting (5 chs.). Culture of grapes, cherries, almonds, plums, apricots, figs, pears, quinces, apples, medlars, sorbs (5 chs.). Making wine, must, vinegar (2 chs.). Manpower and administration of a fruit estate

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(5 chs.). Discussion of the winds by direction, strength in relation to fruit growing. Maison rustique, or the countrey farme. . . . See Estienne, C. (2 titles). Malo, C. La corbeille de fruits. Paris, 1818. 12mo pp. [III], IIVII, 188. Colored engraved title. 11 colored engraved pls. Contents: Unnumbered chapters on major types of fruit, their origin, history, lore, cultivars, eating quality, and poetry. Mandirola, A. Der italiaenische Blumen- und Pomeranzengarten . . . See Gabriel, P. Der Reichsgaertner. . . . . Manvale di giardinieri diuiso in tre libri . . . , Macerata, 1649, 1650. As Il giardino de' fiori . . . , 1658, 1684. 1658 ed.: 12mo pp. [IV], 5168. Contents: Books 1 and 2. Flowers. Book 3. Citrus trees, their raising, propagation, cultivation, protection, species, and cultivars. [Manger, H. L.] Vollstaendige Anleitung zu einer systematischen Pomologie. . . . Leipzig, 17801783. Folio pp. [VI], 112; [VII], VIIIXII, [XIIIXIV], 192. 2 engraved pls. 2 vols. Contents: Part 1. Classification, bibliography, description of 192 apple cultivars categorized by their shapes. Listing of other cultivars in the works of Hesse, Van Oosten, Chambray, and others. Classification of apples by skin and flesh characters. Four-language apple synonymy. Part 2. Jonston's classification, bibliography, description of 192 pear cultivars. Listing of cultivars mentioned by other writers. Pear-ripening schedule. 4-language pear synonymy. Classification and presumed modern names of 36 pear cultivars mentioned by Pliny. Markham, G. A way to get wealth: containing six principall vocations. . . . The first five books gathered by G. M. The last by master W. L. [William Lawson]. London, [1623], 1625, 1631, 1638, 1648, 1657, 1660, 1668, 1676, 1683, 1695 (15th ed.). 1638 ed.: 8vo (19 X 15 cm). General title. 6 parts with titles and separate paginations and dates. Contents: Part 1. Cheape and good husbandry. . . . Part 2. Country contentments. . . . Part 3. The English house-wife. . . . Part 4. The inrichment of the Weald of Kent. . . . Part 5. Markhams farewell to husbandry. . . . Part 6. A new orchard and garden, or the best way for planting, grafting, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard . . . all being the experience of 48 yeares labour . . . by William Lawson London, 1623. 8vo pp. [VIII], 74. Title woodcut. 7 text woodcuts and figures. Marshall, H. Arbustrum americanum: the American grove, or, an alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shrubs, natives of the American United States, arranged according to the Linnaean system. . . . Also, some hints of their uses in medicine, dyes, and domestic economy . . . , Philadelphia, 1785; New York and London, 1967. 8vo pp. [I], IIXX, 174. Contents: Descriptive alphabetical dictionary of wild woody plants of eastern North America. Fruit plants mentioned: Custard apple [paw-paw], blackberry, dewberry, raspberry, American chestnut, crab apple [Malus coronaria], cranberry, whortleberry, currant, gooseberry, hazelnut, grape, hickory, black walnut, pecan, red mulberry, plum.

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. Beschreibung der wildwachsenden Baeume und Staudengewaechse in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. . . . Leipzig, 1788. 8vo.* Contents: German translation of H. Marshall's Arbustrum americanum . . . by Ch. F. Hoffmann. . Catalogue alphabétique des arbres et arbrissaux, qui croissent naturellement dans les Etats-Unis de l'Amérique septentrionale. . . . Paris, 1788. 8vo.* Contents: French translation of H. Marshall's Arbustrum americanum. . . . by M. Lézermes of the French royal nursery. Martialis, G. De pomis seu medicina ex pomis. In Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanis codicibus editorum. Tomus III. Romae, 1831, 1978. 8vo pp. 416427. Also part of Scriptores rei rusticae veteres latini. . . . Biponti [Zweibruecken], 17871788. Contents: Medicinal use of 26 fruits and nuts (26 chs.). Mascall, L. A booke of the art and maner, howe to plant and graffe all sortes of trees, howe to set stones, and sowe pepines to make wylde trees to graffe on . . . set forth and Englished by Leonarde Mascal. London [1569], [1572], 1575, 1582, 1590, 1592, 1596, 1599. 4to pp. [XXIV], 90, [10]. Black letter. 5 text woodcuts, 1 repeated on title. [Translated version of D. Brossard's L'art et maniere de semer.] Contents: Starting apple, pear, medlar, and plum seedlings (1 ch.). Nursery and orchard work including cider-making (1 ch.). Raising other fruit and nut seedlings (1 ch.). Rooting cuttings of quince, fig, mulberry, and cane fruits (1 ch.). Grafting and budding methods (1 ch.). Transplanting and top-working (1 ch.). Fruit-garden management, forcing early fruiting, fruit-tree protection (1 ch.). Appendix on Dutch fruit-growing practices. . The country-mans recreation, or the art of planting, graffing, and gardening, in three bookes. . . . London, 1640, 1654. 4to pp. [XVI], 135, [1]; [II], 54; [II], 18. Text woodcuts. Contents: Book 1. Reprint of Mascall's A booke of the art and maner. . . . Book 2. Reprint of Reginald Scot's A perfite platforme of a hoppe garden. Book 3. Reprint of The expert gardener; or, a treatise containing certaine necessary, secret, and ordinary knowledges in grafting and gardening . . . , previously published as The orchard, and the garden . . . , q.v. . The country-mans new art of planting and graffing . . . with divers other new experiments: practised by Leonard Mascall. . . . London, 1651 [2 issues], 1652, 1656. 4to pp. [XII], 70. 5 text woodcuts, one repeated on title. Contents: Reprint of Mascall's A booke of the art and maner. . . . [Massialot, M.] Nouvelle instruction pour les confitures . . . et les fruits: où l'on apprend à confire toute sorte de fruits. . . . Paris, 1692, 1698, 1715, 1733, 1734, others. 1698 ed.: 8vo pp. [XXIV], 458, [10]. 1 engraved pl., folded. Contents: Part 3. Fruit as dessert. How to have fresh fruit available year-round (2 chs.). Preparation and presentation of fresh raspberries, gooseberries, strawberries (1 ch.); sweet and tart cherries (1 ch.); apricots, almonds, and azaroles (1 ch.); plums (1 ch.); figs (1 ch.); peaches and nectarines (1 ch.); table grapes (1 ch.); pears (4 chs.); apples (1 ch.); melons, capers, and gherkins (1 ch.). Preparation of fruit

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desserts using cider or must (1 ch.). Preparation of fruit salads (1 ch.). Logistics of laying out or serving fruit at banquets (1 ch.). Matthiolus, P. A. De plantis epitome utilissima novis plane ad vivum expressis iconibus . . . aucta et locupletata a D. Joachimo Camerario. . . . Francofurti ad Moenum, 1586. 8vo (21 X 17 cm) pp. [XII], 1003. 1003 text woodcuts. Contents: Descriptions and illustrations of 1003 plants including 16 of fruit trees and bushes showing fruit. Mattioli, P. A. Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis de medica materia . . . , Venetiis, 1554, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1563, 1565, 1569, 1570, 1583, 1596, 1597, 1744; Lugduni, 1562. Folio pp. [VLI], 707. 562 text woodcuts. Contents: Structured as in original 1544 edition, q.v. . Di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo libri cinque della historia et materia medicinale tradotti in lingua volgare italiana. . . . Vinegia, 1544, 1548; Florenza, 1547; Mantova, 1549. 1548 ed. entitled Il Dioscoride dell' eccellente dottor medico M. P. Andrea Matthioli da Siena. . . . 4to, pp. [LXIV], 765. Engraved title. Contents: Plant encyclopedia with emphasis on medicinal use. Book 1. Description, types, history, distribution, and use of popular tree fruits and nuts (chs. 123148). Book 5. Grapes and wines (chs. 19). Other chs. on bush and cane fruits. . I discorsi ne i sei libri della materia medicinale di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo. . . . Vinegia, 1555, 1563, 1568. Folio. pp. [LXXXVI], 741. 506 text woodcuts. Translations in Latin, German, French, Czech. Contents: Structured as in 1548 Latin ed., illus. added. Mawe, T. Every man his own gardener. . . . See Abercrombie, J. Mayer, J. P. Pomona franconica oder natuerliche Abbildung und Beschreibung der besten und vorzueglichsten europaeischen Gattungen der Obstbaeume und Fruechte welche in dem hochfuerstlichen Hofgarten zu Wuerzburg gezogen werden. Also with the French title Pomona franconica. Déscription des arbres fruitiers, les plus connus et les plus éstimés en Europe, qui se cultivent maintenant au jardin de la Cour de Wurzbourg. . . . Nuernberg, 17761801. 4to pp. [XXXVI], [I]CIV, 152; {III], 364; [VI], 350. Engraved frontis. 265 etched pls., printed in green, hand-colored. Engraved garden plan, folded. 3 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. History of fruit cultivation and propagation. 30-page bibliography. Cultivar descriptions of plums, almonds, apricots. Vol. 2. Cultivar descriptions of peaches, edible haws, medlars, cherries. Espaliering. Vol. 3. Cultivar descriptions of apples (41) and pears (113). McMahon (M'Mahon), B. The American gardener's calendar; adapted to the climates and seasons of the United States. Containing a complete account of all the work necessary to be done in the kitchen-garden, fruit-garden, orchard, vineyard. . . . Philadelphia, 1806; further eds. to 1857, the latter reprinted New York, 1976. 4to (21 X 14 cm) pp. [VI], 648, [18]. Contents: Substantial monthly chapters with sections on kitchen garden, fruit garden, orchard, vineyard, nursery, and others. Catalog of cultivars of fruit and other plants. Meader, J. The modern gardener, or universal kalendar. . . . Also an appendix

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giving full and ample instructions for forcing grapes, vines, peach, nectarine trees etc in a new manner never before published; selected from the diary manuscripts of the late Mr. Hitt. . . . London 1771. 12mo pp. 8, 530 [recte 532]. 13 engraved pls. Contents: Garden calendar with monthly directions for vegetable and herb plots, hotbeds, fruit garden, orangerie, and other plantings. Appendix on forcing peaches and grapes. Cultivar listings of fruits, nuts, and other plants. Meager, L. The English gardener: or, a sure guide to young planters and gardeners . . . of planting and raising all sorts of stocks, fruit trees, and shrubs. . . . London, 1670, 1683, 1688, 1699. As The compleat English gardener. . . . Begun by Leonard Meager, above 30 years a practitioner in the art of gard'ning, and now enlarged by way of supplement, by a lover of this princely diversion, and profitable recreation. London, 1704, ''The eleventh edition" [1710]. [1710] ed.: 4to pp. [IV], 152, [4], 24 engraved pls. Contents: Foreword signed "S. G." [Samuel Gilbert?]. Raising fruit-tree seedlings (3 chs.). Grafting and inarching methods (5 chs.). Air layering (1 ch.). Budding methods (1 ch.). Planting out, pruning, tree care (3 chs.). Culture and cultivars of grapes, roses, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, hazelnuts, barberries, figs, walnuts, chestnuts, quinces, mulberries, medlars, apples, pears (14 chs.). Non-fruit gardening (28 chs.). Supplement. Soil and manure requirements of fruit-tree species (1 ch.). Remedial pruning (1 ch.). Pest and disease control (1 ch.). Non-fruit topics (5 chs.). Conservatory operation, citrus (2 chs.). Pruning, planting, etc. by moon phases (1 ch.). Vineyards, grapes, wine making and storing, vinegar (1 ch.). Monthly garden chores (1 ch.). Food, fruit, herbal preparations (1 ch.). [Mease, J.] Willich, A. F. M. The domestic encyclopedia; or, a dictionary of facts, and useful knowledge . . . first American edition . . . by James Mease, M.D. Philadelphia, 1802, 18031804, 1821, 1829. 18031804 ed.: 8vo. Text engravings. 32 engraved pls. 5 vols. Contents: Encyclopedic dictionary. Well-informed articles of 19 pages on fruit culture and cultivars. Merlet, J. L'abregé des bons fruits, avec la maniere de les connoistre, & de cultiver les arbres. Paris, 1667, 1670, 1675 [all anonymous], 1690 [and following editions give author's name], 1740, 1771. 1690 ed.: 8vo pp [VIII], 170, [13]. Contents: Cultivars and cultural requirements of strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, cherries, apricots, peaches, plums, figs, pears, apples, grapes, and little-known fruits (12 chs.). Merlet, J., and C. Saint-Etienne. Traité de la connoissance des bons fruits, avec la manière de cultiver toutes sortes d'arbres fruitiers. Paris, 1782, 1790. 8vo (14 X 8 cm) pp. [IV], 171, [13]; [II], 165, [1]. 2 vols. in 1. Contents: Vol. 1 is L'abregé des bons fruits, by Merlet. Vol. 2 is Nouvelle instruction pour connoistre les bons fruits, by SaintEtienne. Meursius, J. [Jan de Meurs]. De arborum fructicum et herbaceum proprietate, usu et qualitatibus. Lugduni Batavorum, 1613. Reworked by J. Meursius Jr. as Arboretum sacrum, sive de arborum, fructicum, herbarum. . . . Lugduni Batavorum, 1642. 1642 ed.: 8vo pp. [XVI], 140, [4]. Contents:

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Treatise on economic plants of the Bible. Chapters on individual fruits from one-fourth to 15 pages, giving description, utilization, religious connotation, and biblical references. Michaux, F.-A. Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale, considérés principalement sous les rapports de leur usage dans les arts. . . . Paris, 18101813. 8vo. 138 + 2 stipple-engraved colored pls. 24 parts or 3 vols.* Contents: Descriptions of North American forest trees with regard to the usefulness of their lumber. Fruit- and nut-bearing trees listed: American chestnut, black walnut, butternut, crab apple, hickory, pawpaw, pecan, persimmon, red and white mulberry, serviceberry. . The North American sylva, or a description of the forest trees, of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. . . . Paris, 18171819, 1819; Philadelphia, 18411842, 18501851, 1853, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1865, 1871; Cincinnati, 1842. 8vo. 156 stipple-engraved colored pls., 2 or 3 vols.* Contents: English translation of F.-A.'s Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale. . . . with added material and pls. Michel, E. Traité du citronier. Paris, 1816. Folio pp. 82. 21 colored engraved pls. Contents: Advance printing of the citrus section, Vol. 7, of Duhamel's Traité des arbres et arbustes, qu l'on. . . . Paris, 1819. Miller, P. Das englische Gartenbuch, oder Philipp Millers . . . Gaertner-Lexicon . . . des Kuechen-Frucht . . . Weingartens . . . in das Deutsche uebersetzet von D[octor] Georg Leonhart Huth. . . . Nuernberg, 17501758. As Philipp Millers . . . allgemeines Gaertner-Lexicon. . . . Nuernberg, 17691776. 17501758 ed.: Folio pp. [XIV], 548; [II], 620; [IV], 336; [IV], 63. Engraved pls. 3 vols. Contents: German translation of P. Miller's The gardeners dictionary and The gardeners kalendar. . The gardeners dictionary: containing the methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit, and flower garden. . . . London, 1731, 1733, 1735, 1737, 1740, 1743, 1752, 17561759, 1764 with further eds. to 1836; Dublin, 1741. Folio. Unpaginated. Engraved frontis. 4 engraved pls. Text engravings. Numbers of volumes and illustrations vary with the edition. Apostrophe in "gardener's" from ca. 1768 onward. Contents: Alphabetically arranged encyclopedic dictionary essentially on cultivated plants, their culture, cultivars, use, classification, and definition of botanical and horticultural terms. Condensed editions under the title The gardeners dictionary. . . . Abridged from the folio edition. . . . London, 17351740, 1741, 1748, 1753, 1763, 1771. 8vo unpaginated. 2 engraved pls., 3 vols. . The gardeners kalendar, directing what works are necessary to be done every month, in the kitchen, fruit, and pleasure garden . . . seasons of propagation and use of all sorts of . . . fruits. . . . London, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1737, 1739, 1743, 1745, 1748, 1751, 1754, 1757 and later; Dublin, 1732 [3 issues], 1735 and later. 1734 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], VIXV, 278, [10]. Contents: 12 monthly chs. under these subheadings: Kitchen Garden, Products of the Kitchen Garden, Fruit Garden and Vineyard, Fruits in Prime or Yet Lasting, Nursery, Pleasure Garden and Wilder-

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ness, Plants in Flower, Hardy Trees and Shrubs now in Flower, Green-House, Garden Plants in Flower, GreenHouse and Stove, Plants in Flower in Green-House and Stove. [Miller, P.] Le grand dictionnaire des jardiniers et des cultivateurs . . . traduit de l'anglois de Philippe Miller. . . . Paris, 1785. 4to. Text engravings. 8 vols. Followed by Supplément du grand dictionnaire . . . , Paris and Metz, 1790. 4to. 2 vols. Contents: French translation of P. Miller's The gardener's dictionary. . . . Miller, P. Groot en allgemeen kruidkundig, hoveniers, en bloemisten woorden-boek . . . uit het Engels vertaald door Jacob van Eems. Leyden, 17421744, 1745. Folio pp. [XVIII], 1238, [2]. 12 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Dutch translation of P. Miller's The gardeners dictionary. . Philip Millers . . . Gaertner-Kalender in dem Kuechen- Obst- und Lustgarten. . . . Uebersetzet von L. W. B[uettner]. Goettingen, 1750. 8vo pp. [V], 6410, [2]. Contents: German translation of P. Miller's The gardeners kalendar. . . . Monthly work calendar for fruit, kitchen and ornamental gardens, and the nursery. Monthly listings of fruit cultivars in season. [Miller, P.] The practical gardener; containing plain and familiar instructions for propagating and improving the different kinds of fruit trees, plants, and flowers; with a new gardener's calendar, or complete directory. . . . the principal articles written by Philip Miller. . . . The whole compiled and arranged . . . by William Shaw, M.D. London [1805]. 8vo. Engraved pls.* Contents: Encyclopedic revision and condensation of P. Miller's The gardeners dictionary . . . , with additions by W. Shaw. Mizauld, A. De hortensivm arborvm insitione opvscvlvm. . . . Lutetiae, 1560. Reprinted in A. Mizauld's Hortorum secreta, and Historia hortensium. 8vo ff. 28. Contents: Same as Book 4 of A. Mizauld's Historia hortensium. . . . . Historia hortensivm qvatvor opvscvlis methodicis contexta . . . secundum insitionvm artes proponit . . . Arnaldi a Villanova, medici praestantissimi. . . . De salvbri hortensivm vsv. . . . De salubri usu fructum, tam arboreum, quam herbaceorum. Coloniae Agrippinae, 1576, 1577. 8vo pp. [XVI], 296. Contents: Book 1. Gardens in antiquity (3 chs.). Suitable garden sites, seeding, planting (4 chs.). Soil management and pests (5 chs.). Adverse growing weather (2 chs.). Book 2. Vegetables and herbs. Book 3. Fruit growing (3 chs.). Apples, pears, plums, cherries, mulberries, peaches, medlars and sorbs, walnuts, almonds, pomegranates, citrons, oranges and lemons, figs, olives and oil pressing (14 chs.). Treatise on propagation (pp. 206262). Bark, splice, and cleft grafting (1 ch.). Budding (1 ch.). Grafting methods described by Diophantus Graecus, Virgil, Columella, Pliny, Palladius, Crescenzi, Pontano (7 chs.). Unusual and miraculous grafts (1 ch.). Arnold of Villanova's treatise on health from plants (pp. 263296). Vegetables, vegetable oils, mulberries, figs, peaches, grapes and wine, melons, tart and astringent fruits, hazelnuts, chestnuts, quinces, pears, apples, sorbs, medlars, olives, almonds, pine nuts.

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. Hortorum secreta, cvltvs et avxilia. . . . Lutetiae, 1574, 1575. 8vo ff. [VIII], 132. Contents: Early issue of Books 13 of Historia hortensium. . . . . Le iardinage d'Antoine Mizavld medicin. Contenant la maniere d'embellir les iardins. . . . Item, comme il favt enter les arbres, & les rendre medicinavx. Mis en francois. . . . [Geneva], 1578. 8vo pp. [XVI], 399. Contents: French translation of A. Mizauld's Historia hortensium . . . , Books 13. Moeller, G. F. Beschreibung der besten Arten von Kernobst. . . . Berlin, 1759. As Beschreibung der besten Kernobstsorten. . . . Berlin, 1769. 8vo pp. [III], 4175. Contents: Introduction on what constitutes quality and value in pome fruits. Cultivar descriptions, synonymy, commentary on 75 pears and 22 apples (1 ch.). Careful handling of fruit (1 ch.). Ripening, harvesting, packing (2 chs.). Storage facilities, temperature, humidity, layout (1 ch.). Cultivars available as trees from the author's nursery. Mollet, C. Theatre des plans et iardinages: contenant des secrets et des inventions incognues . . . avec vn traicté d'astrologie . . . pour ceux que s'occupent a la culture des iardins. . . . Paris, 1652. As Theatre des iardinages contenant une methode facile pour faire des pepinieres, planter, elever enter, greffer, & cultiver toutes sortes d'arbres fruitiers. Paris, 1660, 1663, 1670, 1677, 1678. 1663 ed.: 4to pp. [XII], 411. Engraved plans, folded. Contents: Soil preparation and improvement (3 chs.). Pear culture (3 chs.). Control of tree diseases (1 ch.). Planting times, methods, and cultivation of apples, plums, apricots, peaches, cherries, medlars, service berries, sorbs, hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts, oranges, citrons, lemons, pomegranates, capers, and figs (7 chs.). Planting non-fruit trees and shrubs (2 chs.). Raising and selecting seedlings for fruit or grafting (1 ch.). Collecting and keeping scionwood. Grafting time and methods (1 ch.). Transplanting mature trees (1 ch.). Vegetable gardening (4 chs.). Ornamental gardening and landscaping (10 chs.). Grape culture (6 chs.). Areas of expertise required of a gardener (6 chs.). White mulberry culture and silk production (1 ch.). Beekeeping (1 ch.). Montif, L. Neue Garte-Lust . . . wie ein schoener Obs-Garte gepflanzet. . . . Ulm, 1698; Constantz, 1710, 1723.* Moore, J. England's interests, or, the gentlemen and farmer's friend . . . raising a nursery . . . how to make cider. . . . London, 1721. Earlier editions likely. 8vo pp. [III], 4188, [2]. Contents: Rural non-fruit topics (1 ch.). Making wines from different fruits (1 ch.). Establishing fruit-tree nursery and orchard (1 ch.). More non-fruit rural topics. [Morin, P.] Traitté de la culture des orangers, citronniers, grenadiers. . . . Paris, 1674. As Instruction facile pour connoître toutes sortes d'orangers et citronniers, qui enseigne aussi la manière de les cultiver, semer, planter, greffer. . . . Avec un traité de la taille des arbres fruitiers. Paris, 1676, 1680. 8vo pp. [VIII], 125, [6]; [XIV], 160, [2]. [XXIV], 71, [7], 86, [4]; [VI], 161. 2 engraved pls., folded. As Nouveau traité des orangers et citronniers, contenant la manière de les connoître. . . . Paris, 1690, 1692. Others. 12mo pp. [XII],

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187, [5]. Contents: French translation of the citrus section of Manuale di giardinieri . . . Macerata, 1649, by Agostino Mandirola. Part 1. Citrus fruits. Propagation (5 chs.). Lifting, transportation, and replanting (2 chs.). Top and root pruning (2 chs.). Container culture (3 chs.). Open-air culture (2 chs.). Part 2. Herbs and flowers. Part 3, Section 1. The art of fruit-tree pruning and shaping; pruning measures February to June with glossary (4 chs.). Part 3, Section 2. Fruit as a health food. Fruits that serve as appetizers (1 ch.). Fruits that serve as digestives (1 ch.). Special health applications of grapes, oranges, pomegranates, red and white currants (1 ch.). Pear cultivars with melting flesh, in sequence of ripening. Part 4. Carnation culture. Mozard, J. Principes-pratiques sur l'éducation, la culture, la taille et l'ébour-geonnement des arbres fruitiers. . . . Paris, 1814. As a condensed annotated version by M. Bosc in Annales de l'agriculture française, Tome LXI:229268, Paris, 1815. Contents: Natural branching and growth of fruit trees vs. artificial forms; necessity of pruning, disbudding, and tying wall peaches (1 ch.). Raising peach and other fruit seedlings; grafting and budding (1 ch.). Transplanting of grafted trees destined for wall culture, their aftercare (2 chs.). Wall culture of figs and grapes (2 chs.). Harvesting, storing, and packaging peaches and others (2 chs.). Culture of other fruits (1 ch.). Mueller, J. G. Compendium triplicis horticulturae. Stuttgart, 1675, 1676. As Deliciae hortenses [part 1] and Deliciarum hortensium [part 2], Stuttgart, 17091710, 1717, 1720, 1731, 1734, 1745. As Vollstaendiges Gartenbuch, Stuttgart, 1765, 1772, 1788, 1794 [11th ed.]. 1734 ed.: 8vo pp. [X], 362, [2], 365496, [14]. 8 engraved pls., 3 folded. Contents: Part 2. Fruit-garden layout, soils, tools (1 ch.). Planting and transplanting fruit trees (2 chs.). Grafting and other propagation methods (4 chs.). Raising seedling orchards (1 ch.). Important fruit species and cultivar descriptions (15 chs.). Pest control (1 ch.). Monthly fruit-garden calendar. Muenchhausen, O. von. Monathliche Beschaeftigungen fuer einen Baumund Plantagen-Gaertner, bey Wildnissen, Pflanzungen, Pflanzschulen, Obstbaeumen, Spalieren, Orangerien. . . . Als eine Zugabe zum fuenften Theile des Hausvaters. Hannover, 1771. 8vo pp. [II], 3215. 3 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Preface listing fruit-gardening calendars 15881771 in English, French, German, Dutch. Satirical warnings about unrealistic expectations. Part 1. Recommendations for an intelligent use of the activity calendar (16 chs.). Part 2. Month-by-month fruit-garden and related activities (12 chs.). Appendix. Details for design and operation of a fruit-drying stove. Mueschen, F. H. Beschreibung der vorzueglichsten aelteren und neuesten Kern- und Steinobstsorten die sich sicher und mit Nutzen im noerdlichen Deutschland anbauen lassen. Rostock und Schwerin, 18211828. 8vo pp. [III], IV, 120; [II], 54; [II], 24; [II], 44. Contents: Part 1. Description of fruit cultivars hardy in northern Germany, viz. 203 apples, 124

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pears, 24 plums, 19 cherries, 20 peaches, 6 apricots. Part 2. Some additional cultivars. Part 3. Description of 46 grape cultivars. Part 4. Comments on some cultivars described and on the juvenile phase of fruit trees in general.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Nachricht und Beschreibung von verschiedenen Obstsorten, welche nunmehro in der Niederlausitz erbauet werden. Pfoerten, 1773 (Part 1), Friedrichstadt, 1774 (Part 2). 8vo pp. [III], 440; [III], 64. Contents: Descriptions of fruit cultivars grown in Lower Lusatia. Part 1. 15 cherries, 7 almonds, 13 apricots, 34 peaches, 10 nectarines, 26 plums. Part 2. 114 pears, 48 apples. Neckam (or Necham), A. Alexandri Neckam de naturis rerum libri duo. . . . Published by the authority of Her Majesty's Treasury. . . . London, 1863. 4to pp. [IV], LXVIII, 521, [2].* Neues Pfropff- Pflantz- und Garten-Buechlein, von mancherley artigen Lust-Gaerten, nutzbarn und seltzamen Pfropffung von allerhand Baeumen. . . . Frankfurt, 1690. 8vo ff. [III], 480. Contents: Unstructured text on fruit and other gardening. Lunar effects on fruit trees. Grafting stock, scions, 11 grafting rules. Grafting for miraculous results. Tree and soil management. Manipulation for special effects. Neues Verfahren kalte, nasse und unfruchtbare Laendereien. . . . See Black-well, A. Neuw Kreuterbuch, mit schoenen, kuenstlichen und leblichen Figuren. . . . See Tabernaemontanus, J. Nicol, W. The Scotch forcing gardener: being a compendious treatise on . . . management of the green-house, hotwalls . . . fruit tree borders; planting and training fruit trees against walls, espaliers . . . adapted to the climate of Scotland. . . . Edinburgh, 1797 [Variant with a cancel title-page drops "adapted . . ."]. As The Scotch forcing and kitchen gardener. . . . Edinburgh, 1798. As The forcing, fruit, and kitchen gardener . . . , Edinburgh, 1802, 1809. 1802 ed.: 8vo pp. [IX], XXVI, 427, [1]. 6 engraved pls. Contents: Book 1. Forcing asparagus and cucumbers (2 chs.). Construction, cultivars, planting, training, pest control in a cherry-house (1 ch.). Ditto in a fig-house (1 ch.). Ditto in a grape-house. Description of 24 cultivars. (1 ch.). Forcing melons (1 ch.). Construction etc. in a mushroom house (1 ch.). Ditto in a peach house (1 ch.). Ditto in a pinery (1 ch.). Forcing strawberries (1 ch.). Book 2. Planting, training, care of espaliers and contre-espaliers of various fruits (1 ch.). Orchard design, planting, operation, cultivar selection. Cattle in orchards. Small fruit culture. (1 ch.). Book 3. Kitchen garden (4 chs.). Nicosia, F. Il podere fruttifero e dilettevole. Palermo, 1735.* De nieuwe en naauw-keurige Neederlandse hovenier. . . . See Du Vivie, J. Noisette, Père et Fils. Catalogue des arbres fruitiers, cultivés dans les pépinières. . . . [Paris, 1805]. 8vo pp. [II], 27. Contents: Introduction advising the public that fruit may be tasted before purchase of tree.

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Cultivar listings of cherries (58), plums (71), apricots (15), peaches (48), almonds (11), pomegranates (6), pears (156), dessert apples (84), cider apples (9), medlars (4), azeroles (10), raspberries (8), citrus fruits (65), grapes (42), gooseberries (12), currants (9), figs (8), chestnuts (7), walnuts (12), hazelnuts (8), strawberries (20), assorted minor fruits. Noisette, L. C. Le jardin fruitier, contenant l'histoire, la description, la culture, et les usages des arbres fruitiers, des fraisiers, et des meilleurs espèces de vignes qui se trouvent en Europe. . . . Paris, [1813] 1821. 4to pp. [II], 95, [1]; [II], 176, [6]. 90 col. engraved pls. [15 fascicles in 2 vols. or 2 text and 1 plate vols.]. As Le jardin fruitier, histoire et culture des arbres fruitiers, des ananas, melons et fraisiers; descriptions et usages des fruits. . . . Paris, [1833] 1839. 8vo pp. [IVII], VIIIIX, [X], 94, 28, [17], 8348, [6]. 216 col. engraved pls. [26 fascicles in 1 or more vols.] Contents: Vol. 1. Propagation and nursery management (6 chs.). Orchard management (12 chs.). Pruning and fruit thinning (6 chs.). Pest and disease control (8 chs.). Fruit-garden tools (1 ch.). Fruit sizing, maturity, harvest, and storage (8 chs.). Appendix 1. Table of cultivars recommended for a 250-tree orchard. Appendix 2. Table of cultivars arranged by ripening. Vol. 2. Botany, history, and description of cultivars: 10 apricots, 4 almonds, 6 azeroles, 3 medlars, 27 cherries, 6 chestnuts, 4 quinces, 2 barberries, 4 figs, 17 strawberries, 4 raspberries, 1 gooseberry, 3 currants, 2 hazelnuts, 4 walnuts, 35 peaches, 100 pears, 30 apples, 46 plums, 23 grapes, 1 mulberry. Appendix. 5 new pears. [Original 1821 edition]. [Nolin et Blavet, les Sieurs Abbés.] Essai sur l'agriculture moderne, dans lequel il est traité des arbres, arbrisseaux . . . , des arbres fruitiers, sur-tout ceux qui méritent la préférence. . . . Paris, 1755. 12mo pp. [III], IVXXVI, 179; 145254, [2]. Contents: Descriptive lists of ornamental trees, shrubs, and flowers. Descriptive catalogue of valued fruit and nut cultivars (pp. 145254). Nourse, T. Campania foelix. Or, a discourse of the benefits and improvements of husbandry. Containing directions . . . also for the making of cyder and perry. . . . London, 1700. 8vo pp. [VI], 354 [recte 366]. Engraved frontis. Contents: Field crops (8 chs.). Establishing and managing a cider-apple orchard (1 ch.). Cider apple cultivars and cider making (1 ch.). Perry cultivars and perry making (1 ch.). Non-fruit-related chapters. Nouveau traité des arbres fruitiers. Paris, n.d. Folio. 145 color-printed engravings. Contents: Separate printing of the fruit plates of H. L. Duhamel du Monceau's Traité des arbres et arbustes, qu l'on. . . . Paris, 18011819. Nouvelle instruction pour les confitures. . . . See Massialot, M. Nylandt, P., and Van der Groen, J. Het vermakelyck landt-leven: I. Deel, den verstandigen hovenier; II. Deel, den nederlandtsen hovenier . . .; III. Deel, den ervaren huys-houder. . . . Amsterdam, 1669. 4to pp. [X], 88; [XXX], 45, [3], [2], [IV], [52]; [II], 440; [II], 314, [2]; [II], 332. 5 engraved titles. 16 engraved pls. Text woodcuts. Contents: See J. Van der Groen.

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<><><><><><><><><><><><> Oekonomische Gesellschaft des Kantons Bern. Traité des arbres fruitiers. Extrait des meilleurs auteurs . . . traduit de l'allemand & considérablement augmenté par un membre de ladite societé. . . . Bern, 1766, Yverdon, 1768, 1784. 1768 ed.: 12mo pp [7], 8260, [2]; [3], 4261, [1]. Contents: Part 1. Raising, planting, and transplanting fruit-tree seedlings (3 chs.). Grafting, budding, layering (3 chs.). Tree repair (1 ch.). Pruning (1 ch.). Standards and orchards (1 ch.). Trained and dwarfed trees (2 chs.). Scab and blights (1 ch.). Peaches and apricots (2 chs.). Part 2. Nectarines, pears, apples, quinces, medlars, cherries, plums, walnuts, chestnuts, mulberries (10 chs.). Pest control (2 chs.). The orchard, and the garden: containing certaine necessarie, secret, and ordinarie knowledges in grafting and gardening. . . . Gathered from the Dutch and French. . . . London, 1594, 1596, 1597, 1602. 4to pp. [II], 61, [1]. 26 woodcuts. As The expert gardener. . . . London, 1640, 1653. 4to pp. [II], 54. 25 woodcuts. Contents: Selection from the treatises by Davy Brossard and Leonard Mascall. Appended a treatise on ornamentals and garden knots. Ortus sanitatis. See Wonnecke von Cube, J.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Palladius, R. T. AE. Les treze livres des choses rusticques de Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus: tradvicts novvelement de latin en françois par M. Jean Darces aumosnier de Monseigneur le reuerendissime Cardinal de Tournon. Paris, 1552, 1553. 8vo ff. [I], II205. Contents: Book 1. Establishing a rural estate (43 chs.). Books 213, one per calendar month, with detailed instructions for field crops, vineyard, fruit garden, and types of fruit, food preservation and storage, mandatory working hours for farm hands. J. Darces' appendix on time, solid, and liquid measurements. Note: This work does not include Palladius' poem on methods and objects of grafting and budding, considered Book 14. . Palladius on husbondrie. Edited from the unique ms. of about 1420 A.D. in Colchester Castle. By the Rev. Barton Lodge, M.A. London, 1873. 8vo pp. [IV], 220. Contents: 12 monthly books, each with 22168 loosely rhyming stanzas. Many on fruits and fruit culture, expressing an observation or an instruction. Le panier de fruits. . . . See Jauffret, L. F. Paradice regain'd: or, the art of gardening. . . . See Laurence, J. Parkinson, J. Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris. Or a garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers which our English ayre will permitt to be noursed up: with . . . an orchard of all sorte of fruitbearing trees and shrubbes fit for our land together with the right orderinge planting and preserving of them. . . . London, 1629 [2 issues], 1635, 1656, 1904. Later reduced-size reprints. Folio (34X21 cm) pp. [XII], 612, [16]. Text woodcuts. Contents: The third part, or orchard, pp. 535612. Section 1. Soils, sites, boundaries, enclosures (2 chs.). Raising seedlings, propagation by grafting and bud-

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ding (4 chs.). Fruit-garden management (3 chs.). Grapevine culture (2 chs.). Section 2. Small fruits (4 chs.). Filberts/hazelnuts, grapes, figs, sorbs, medlars, lotus, cornelian cherry, cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, nectarines, almonds, oranges, apples, quinces, pears, walnuts, mulberries (19 chs.). Section 3. Trees other than fruit trees. Parnassus hortensis, oder vollkommene Garten-Schul, bestehend in III. Theil. I. Wie man Citronen / ChineserAepfel. . . . II. Die Obst-Baeume nach der Lunation zu pflantzen und zu pfropffen. . . . III Der Kraut und KuechenGarten. . . . Aus Selbst-Erfahrenheit. Magdeburg, 1714, 1724, 1739, 1763. 8vo pp. [II], 142; 195, [11]. Text engravings, some full-page. Contents: Part 1. Culture and cultivars of lemons and oranges (9 chs.). Appendix. Observations on non-fruit trees, pomegranates, opuntia, mulberries, figs, currants, grapes, strawberries. Part 2. Horticultura, das ist: kurtze Anleitung . . . die Baeume in schoener Ordnung zu pflantzen. Seedling nursery and grafting (9 chs.). Culture and cultivars of apples, pears, cherries, peaches, quinces, plums, walnuts, hazelnuts, medlars, currants, gooseberries (9 chs.). Orchard enclosures (1 ch.). Pruning and training (3 chs.). Part 3. Kitchen garden. Paulli, S. Flora danica / det er: dansk urtebog. . . . Kiopenhavn, 1648; reprint 1971. 4to pp. [XXXVI], 3393 [each 13 pp. corresponding to plate number], [96]; [II], 3393 [Plate vol.], [1]. Additional engraved title. 9 woodcut frontis. [3 repeated]. 393 woodcut pls. 2 vols. Contents: Danish flora of cultivated and wild plants. Includes description and fullpage woodcuts of 21 fruiting trees or shrubs. Pelletier de Frépillon. Essai sur la taille des arbres fruitiers. Par une société d'amateurs. [Paris], 1773. 12mo pp. [II], IIIIV, 60. Engraved frontis., 4 engraved pls. Contents: Unstructured essay "applying the rules of geometry to the shaping of fruit trees . . . thus expressing artistic perfection by geometric forms. . . ." Detailed illus. indicate shoots to be removed, retained, bent down, or tied up to conform to a geometric tree ideal. . Versuche ueber das Beschneiden der Obstbaeume. Colmar & Frankfurt, 1783. 8vo. 5 engraved pls.* Contents: German translation of Essai sur la taille. . . . Perrin, R., and Cambert, P. Pomone. Opera, ou representation en musique pastorale. Paris, 1671. 4to. Contents: Romance of Pomona and Vertumnus. Pflantzbuechlin der Lustgaerten, mit wunnsamer Zierde, artlicher, nutzbaren und seltzamen impffen allerhand Baeum. . . . Frankfurt, ca. 1551. 8vo ff. [III], 480. Calendar part with pictorial woodcut initials. Contents: Unstructured text on fruit and other gardening. Grafting practices. Manipulation for special effects. Soil preparation, manuring, pest control. Miracle grafts. Calendar of monthly garden chores. Pflanzung, Erziehung und Wartung der Fruchtbaeume aus Herrn Ph. Millers grossem englischen Gaertner-Lexico [n], Bern, 1764.* Contents: German translation of the fruits articles in Ph. Miller's Gardeners dictionary augmented by selections from other pomological authors.

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Philips, J. Cyder, a poem in two books. London, 1708 (2 editions), 1709, 1715, 1720, 1727, 1791. Others likely. 1727 ed.: 12mo pp. [5], 672. Engraved frontis. Contents: Book 1. Kinds and cultivation of cider apples and perry pears. Book 2. Directions for cider and perry production. . Il cidro, poema tradotto dall'inglese dal Conte Lorenzo Magalotti, Firenze, 1772 [2nd ed.]. 8vo pp. [IV], 200. Contents: Italian translation of J. Philips' Cyder, a poem in two books on pp. 158, followed by other poems. . Pomone, ou le cidre, poeme traduit de l'anglais par M. Abbé Yart, de l'Académie de Rouen. [Rouen, n.d.]* Contents: French translation of J. Philips' Cyder, a poem in two books. Phillips, H. Pomarium britannicum: an historical and botanical account of fruits known in Great Britain. London, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1827. 1821 ed.: 8vo pp. [V], VIXI, 378. 3 colored or plain engraved pls. Contents: Temperate and some tropical fruit trees, their origin, lore, history, cropping, use, and processed or fermented products (84 chs.). . The companion for the orchard. An historical and botanical account of fruits known in Great Britain. London, 1831. 8vo pp. [VI], [I]X, 372, [4]. 3 engraved pls. Contents: Temperate and some tropical fruit trees, similar to Pomarium. . . . but substantially augmented and in smaller print (58 chs.). Phillips, L. Jun. Catalogue of the . . . collection of the fruit trees . . . now on view at the . . . experimental . . . grounds situated in the Portsmouth road, about a quarter of a mile beyond Vauxhall turnpike. London, 1814. Folio.* . Transactions in the Fruit Tree Nursery at Vauxhall. London, 1815. 8vo.* Piccioli, A. Pomona toscana, che contiene una breve descrizione di tutti i frutti che si coltivano nel suolo toscano, per servire alla collezione in gesso dei medesimi. . . . Firenze, 1820. 4to pp. [I], [29]. Contents: Descriptive guide to a collection of 150 plaster models of fruits grown in Tuscany. Pictorius, J. B. Der im Blumen- Kuchen- Artzney- und Baum-Garten gruendlich-informirte Gaertner. . . . Nuernberg, 1714. 8vo pp. [XXVIII], 702, [42]. Engraved frontis. Contents: Part 1. General gardening. Part 2. Fruit gardening. Raising seedlings from pips and stones (6 chs.). Grafting, budding and layering (3 chs.). Variable quality of seedling fruits (1 ch.). Tree diseases (1 ch.). Preparing pruning ointments and grafting waxes (1 ch.). Descriptions and cultivars of 15 fruit species (1 ch.). Manipulation for special effects (1 ch.). Calendar of monthly fruit-garden chores (1 ch.). Platt [Plat], Sir H. Floraes paradise, beautified and adorned with sundry sorts of delicate fruites and flovvers, by the industrious labour of H. P.[,] Knight. . . . London, 1608. 8vo pp. [XVI], 175, [41]. As The garden of Eden. Or, an accurate description of all flowers and fruits now growing in England with particular rules how to advance their nature and growth . . . as the secret ordering of trees and plants. London, 1653 [2 eds.), 1654, 1655, 1659. The second part of the garden of Eden. Or an accurate description of all flowers and fruits growing in England. . . . London, 1660. Both parts in one as The

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garden of Eden . . . The fifth edition. . . . The second part of the garden of Eden. . . . London, 1660, 1675. 1675 ed.: 8vo pp. [XXVIII], 148; [XVI], 159, [1]. Contents: Part 1. Floriculture (88 chs.). Fruit and ornamental trees; grafting methods and materials; raising fruit-tree seedlings; pruning, training, fruit-garden maintenance (136 chs.). Essay A philosophical garden. Part 2. Remarks, observations, and advice on gardening, occasionally relating to fruit. [Platt (Plat), Sir H.] Delightes for ladies, to adorne their persons, tables, closets, and distillatories. . . . London, 1602, 1609. [Various later and modern editions.] 12mo.* Contents: Poem on preservation of goodies. Part 1. 73 recipes for fruit and nut preserves, candied fruits and flowers, nut pastes, and related sweets. Parts 2, 3, 4. Recipes for fruit liqueurs and other distilled beverages, cooking, health and beauty aids. Pliny, C. S. C. Plinij Secundi historiae mundi libri XXXVII, denvo ad vetustos codices collati, et plvrimis locis emendati . . . Sigismundi Gelenij annotationibus. Basileae, 1549. Folio. pp. [XXXVI], 671, [218]. Others. Contents: Exotic fruit and other economic trees (Books 12 and 13). Vineyards, descriptions of 91 grape cultivars, wine making and aging, vinegar making, aspects of drunkenness (Book 14). Fruit- and nut-tree culture, cultivar descriptions of 15 olives, 6 peaches, 12 plums, 30 apples, 41 pears, 8 quinces, 29 figs, 3 medlars, 4 sorbs, 9 cherries, 11 nuts, 18 chestnuts, and minor fruits (Book 15). Comments on grafting methods, origin of fruits, nature of seeds and juice. According to Pliny, he presents 520 facts, observations, and historical notes. . Histoire naturelle de Pline traduit en françois, avec le texte latin rétabli d'après les meilleures leçons manuscrites. . . . Paris, 17711782. 4to 12 vols. Contents: French translation of Pliny's Historiae mundi libri XXXVII. . . . . Pliny, C. S. The historie of the world: commonly called the natural historie of C. Plinius Secundus. Translated into English by Philemon Holland, doctor of physicke. London, 1601, 1634. 8vo pp. [XLII], 614, [42]; [X], 632, [88]. 2 vols. Poinsot, C. L'ami des jardiniers, ou methode sure et facile, pour apprendre à cultiver, avec le plus grand succès . . . les jardins fruitiers . . . orangeries et serres-chaudes. . . . Paris et Genève, An XI1803. 8vo pp. [IV], 398; [IV], 380. 20 engraved pls., 2 folded. Contents: Part 1. Fruit-growing tools (1 ch.). Suitable sites and exposures (1 ch.). Erecting trellises (1 ch.). Raising seedlings, grafting and shield budding, nursery practice (2 chs.). Transplanting (2 chs.). Standards, goblets, pyramids, bushes (1 ch.). Espaliers (1 ch.). Pruning, nailing up, debudding (6 chs.). Pest and disease control (2 chs.). Increasing fertility, unshading, harvesting, storing fruit (1 ch.). Cultivar descriptions with cultural recommendations for apricots (9), almonds (7), cherries (24), quinces (4), figs (3), raspberries (3), currants (5), medlars (3), hazelnuts (3), peaches (33), pears (88), apples (31), plums (25), grapes (11), minor fruits. Part 2. Vegetables. Strawberries (16). Part 3. Ornamentals. Part 4. Hot-

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house and stove plants including cultivar descriptions of olives (3), oranges (11). Discussion of lemons and limes. Hothouse operation. Glossary of botanical and horticultural terms. Poiteau, A. Pomologie française. Recueil des plus beaux fruits cultivés en France. Paris, [1838]1846. Folio. 420 colored engraved pls., 3 plain engraved pls. Contents: Reissue with a new introduction by A. Poiteau, of Duhamel du Monceau's Traité des arbres fruitiers . . . augmenté par A. Poiteau et P. J. F. Turpin. Polo, M. Marco Polo da Veniesia de le merauegliose cose del mondo. Veniesia, 1596. Numerous later editions and translations. Contents: Autobiographical travel report with occasional mention of Eastern fruits and their use. Pomona des k. k. deutsch-banatischen Regiments. Jabutka [Hungary], 1817.* Pomona Gallica. . . . See Du Hamel du Monceau. Pontanus [Pontano], G. G. Pontani opera. Venetia, 1505, 1513; Florentia, 1513, 1514; Venetia [i.e. Lyon], 1515. 8vo ff. [242]. Contents: Part 3. De hortis hesperidum libri duo. Introduction to the myth of the Hesperides and the nature of citrus fruits. Book 1. Historical-mythological report on citrus introduction into Italy. Good and bad planting sites. Propagation by cuttings and seeds. Planting, pruning, size control. Sweet and sour citrus types. Citrus as ornamentals, their training, pruning, and use for topiary. Book 2. Grafting and cultivation of citrus species. History and improvement of conservatories. Taste qualities and use of various citrus species and cultivars. Porta, G. B. della. Io. Bapt. Portae Neapolitani sva villae pomarium. . . . Neapolis. 1583. As Villa agraria. Libro 5, Francofurti, 1592. 8vo pp. [II], 3323, [1]. Contents: Tradition and meaning of the goddess Pomona. Importance of trees and fruit (1 ch.). Orchard soils and sites (1 ch.). Cures for sick fruit trees (1 ch.). Forecasting fruit crops and monetary returns (1 ch.). Cultivar descriptions, synonyms, soil and site preferences, propagation methods, medical use, and salient facts of Citrus medicus, lemon, orange, lime, Poncirus trifoliata, banana, quince, apple, Malus vernus, pear, sorb, fig, mulberry, peach, apricot, hard-fleshed peach, plum, sloe, date, cherry, wild cherry, jujube, medlar, truffles, guava, gooseberry, pomegranate, pine nut, walnut, almond, hazelnut, pistachio, chestnut (1 ch. on each). . Villae Io. Baptistae Portae . . . libri XII: 1, domus; 2, silua caedua; 3, silua glandria; 4, cultus & insitio; 5, pomarium; 6, oliuetum; 7, vinea; 8, arbustum; 9, hortus coronarius; 10, hortus olitorius; 11, seges; 12, pratum. . . . Neopolis, 1584; Francofurti, 1592. 1592 ed.: 4to pp. [VIII], 914, [48]. Contents: Book 4. General plant culture, grafting, budding. Book 5. Fruit growing. Nature of fruits and the Pomona myth (1 ch.). Selection of fruit-garden site (1 ch.). Pest and disease control (1 ch.). Production forecasting (1 ch.). Citrus fruits (6 chs.). Quince (1 ch.). Apples (2 chs.). Pears (2 chs.). Sorbs (1 ch.). Figs (1 ch.). Mulberries (1 ch.). Peaches, nectarines, apricots (3 chs.). Plums (2 chs.). Dates (1 ch.). Cherries (2

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chs.). Jujubes (1 ch.). Medlars (1 ch.). Gooseberries (1 ch.). Nuts (5 chs.). Minor fruits (2 chs.). Book 6. Olive culture and oil pressing (40 chs.). Book 7. Grape culture and wine making (36 chs.). Pratje, J. H. Anleitung zur Anlegung, Wartung und Erhaltung eines Obstgartens, aus eigenen Bemerkungen und Briefen. . . . Goettingen, 1782. 8vo [XIII], XIVXXIV, 384. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Chapters in letter form. Setting up a nursery (3 chs.). Grafting, budding, preparing grafting wax (3 chs.). Laying out, planting, and maintaining an orchard (5 chs.). Culture and cultivars of stone fruits, apples, pears and quinces, nuts and minor fruits (5 chs.). Calendar of monthly orchard chores (1 ch.). Use and processing of fruits (3 chs.). Appendix: Cherries (1 ch.). Chestnuts (1 ch.). Essay on field crops. Preston, R. The modern English fruit-gardener, and practical wall-tree pruner . . . propagating, raising, planting, pruning and training all sorts of fruit-trees, for walls, espaliers, and standards. . . . London, 1785. 12mo pp. [V], VIXIII, 216. Engraved frontis., folded. Contents: Generalities and admonishments (3 chs.). Methods of grafting, budding, other types of propagation (20 chs.). Methods of training fruit trees (21 chs.). Pruning instructions for 28 fruit species, forcing methods (7 chs.). Prince, W. Catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees . . . cultivated at the Linnean Botanic Garden, William Prince, prop. New York, 1823 [22nd ed.]* . A treatise on fruit and ornamental trees and plants, cultivated at the Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, New York. New York, 1820. As A short treatise on horticulture; embracing descriptions of a great variety of fruit and ornamental trees . . . in the collection of the Linnaean Botanic Garden. . . . New York, 1828. 1828 ed.: 8vo pp. [IX], 196. Contents: Description of ''recently come into notice" cultivars of dessert apples, cider apples, pears, peaches, apricots, almonds, plums, cherries, quinces, mulberries, medlars, persimmons, filberts, figs, berries, grapes. Prince, W. R. The pomological manual; or, a treatise on fruits: containing descriptions of a great number of the most valuable varieties. . . . New York, 1831, 1832. 1832 ed.: 4to (22 X 14 cm) pp. [V], VIVIII, [9], 10200; [III], IVVI, [VII], VIIIXVIII, 216. 2 vols. Contents: Cultivar descriptions with synonymy and bibl. references of pears (282), peaches (105), nectarines (23), apricots (25), plums (143), cherries (125), almonds (15), raspberries (12), strawberries (70).

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Quiqueran de Beaujeu, P. de. De laudibus provinciae libri tres. . . . Parisiis, 1551. Folio. Translated by Francesco Nyny de Claret, archdeacon at Arles, as La novvelle agriculture ou instruction generale pour ensementer toutes sortes d'arbres frvictiers. . . . Tournon, 1616. 1616 ed.: 8vo pp. [XL], 640. Contents: Poetic eulogies in French, Latin, Provençal, Spanish. Book 1. History and geography of the Provence. Book 2. Animal husbandry (29 chs.). Vineyards, grapes, wine (2 chs.). Olives and

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oil (1 ch.). Distilled liquors (1 ch.). Figs, plums, pomegranates, apples and cider pressing, peaches, pears, apricots, cherries, quinces, jujubes, carob, mulberries, almonds (1 ch.). Other plants (26 chs.). Book 3. Towns of the Provence. Qweek-school for Liefhebbers der hooven en thuynen, by manier van saamenspraak tusschen een ervaare kender en nieuwsgierig leerling . . . wat manier de vrugtboomen. . . . Den tweden druk. Leyden, 1727, 1738. 1738 ed.: 4to pp. [VIII], 171. Text engravings. Contents: Raising fruit-tree seedlings (4 chs.). Criteria for grafting a seedling tree successfully (4 chs.). Preparing tree for grafting (3 chs.). Raising quince seedlings as rootstocks for pears (2 chs.). Grafting techniques (8 chs.). Planting of espaliers, pyramids, and standards (4 chs.). Training, pruning, pest control (2 chs.). Specific requirements of various species (10 chs.). Listing of ca. 120 cultivars, some with brief descriptions.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> R. D. C. W. B. D. N. See Bonnefons, N. de. Rapin, R. Hortorum libri IV. With an English translation by James Gardiner. Edited by Irving T. McDonald, Worcester, Mass., 1932. 12mo pp. [X], [I] XVI, [XVII], XVIII, [3], 4221, [XIX], XXXXXVI, [1]. Frontis., 4 facsimiles of engraved pls. Contents: Introduction, biography, and bibliography. Text of Hortorum . . . , English text facing Latin text. Other works of Rapin's, reference bibliography. . Les jardins, poème en 4 chants. Traduction libre par Gazon-Dourxigné. Paris, 1773. 12mo pp. [II], 257. Contents: French translation of R. Rapin's Hortorum libri IV. . Les jardins, poème en quatre chants du P Rapin. Traduction nouvelle, avec le texte, par MMV . . . et G. . . . [Voyran and Gabiot], Amsterdam and Paris, 1782; Paris, 1802. 8vo pp. [VIII], 261. Contents: French translation of R. Rapin's Hortorum libri IV. . Of gardens. Four books first written in Latine verse by Renatus Rapinus, and now made English by J. E. [John Evelyn the Younger]. London, 1672, 1673. 8vo. pp. [XXIV], 237, [1]. Title page partly engraved. Contents: English translation of R. Rapin's Hortorum libri IV. . Rapin of gardens. A Latin poem. In four books. Englished by Mr. Gardiner. . . . London, [1706, 1718], 1728, 1795. 8vo pp. [XXXVIII], 195, [5]. Engraved frontis., 4 engraved pls. Contents: English translation of R. Rapin's Hortorum libri IV. . Renati Rapini hortorum libri IV. Quibus est disputatio de universa hortensis cultura disciplina. Parisiis, 1665, 1666, 1673, 1780; Lugduni Batavorum, 1668; Ultrajecti, 1672; Neapolis, 1685; Gottingae, 1764. 1780 ed.: 12mo pp. [III], IIXXXVI, 319, [1]. Engraved frontis. Contents: Ornamentals and landscaping (Books 13). History and practice of fruit culture, planting, grafting, training, espaliering, pruning, harvesting, and pest control (Book 4). Ray, J. Historiae plantarum tomus secundus. . . . Londini, 1688, 1693, 1704.

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Folio. Contents: Book 26. De arboribus pomiferis. Cultivar descriptions or listings of apples (78), pears (61), quince (5), guava, sorbs (2), medlars (4), pomegranate, opuntias (7), gooseberries (4), currants (4), bilberry. Book 27. De arboribus pruniferis. Cultivar descriptions or listings of apricots (7), peaches (26), nectarines (12), almonds (6), plums and sloes (32), jujubes (5), cornel cherry, cherries (15), olives (10). Tropical fruits scattered over 3 vols. Rea, J. Flora: seu, de florum cultura. Or, a complete florilege. . . . In III. Books. London, 1665, 1676, 1702. 1676 ed.: Folio (31 X 19 cm) pp. [XXIV], 231, [9]. Engraved title Flora, Ceres, and Pomona. 3 engraved head pieces. 8 engraved pls. of mazes. Contents: Book 1. Spring and summer flowers (40 chs.). Book 2. Fall flowers (22 chs.). Book 3. Fruit gardening, grafting, rootstocks and interstems, cultivar descriptions and listings (19 chs.). Other trees (2 chs.). [Rea, J.] Recht gruendliche Anweisung zur wohleingerichteten Baumschule. Aus dem Englischen. Hannover, 1782. 8vo. Engraved pls.* Contents: German translation with revisions of John Rea's Flora: seu de florum cultura, Part 3, Pomona. Reich, G. C. See Abercrombie, J. Reichart, C. Land- u. Garten-Schatzes zweyter Theil. Von der Baumzucht, worin die Erziehung und Wartung sowol einheimischer als Orangen-Baeume nach allen Vortheilen aufrichtig beschrieben. . . . Erfurt, 1753, 1756, 1771, 1774, 1793, 18191821. 8vo pp. XXXII, 218, [6]. 3 engraved pls., 1 folded. Contents: Preface on education of orchard owners and managers; bibliography. Situation and soil preparation for a nursery (1 ch.). Raising fruit-tree seedlings, fertilizing, transplanting (3 chs.). Grafting, budding (2 chs.). Orchard layout and establishment (1 ch.). Pruning, thinning; care of young, mature, and neglected trees (2 chs.). Special requirements of stone-fruit trees (1 ch.). Espaliers and dwarfed trees (1 ch.). Citrus culture (1 ch.). 18191821 edition with an additional Vierter Theil. Vom Obstbau. Contents: Fruit-tree defects and diseases (1 ch.). Harvesting, storing, drying, preparation of wines, spirits, vinegar (1 ch.). Characteristics, requirements, and cultivar lists of apple, pear, quince, medlar, sorb, cherry, plum, apricot, peach, walnut, hazelnut, almond, chestnut, mulberry, currant, gooseberry, raspberry, fig, grape (4 chs.). Reichenbach, Landrath von. Obstkoerbe mit den koestlichen neuen Birnen, Aepfeln, Kirschen, Pflaumen, Pfirsichen und Aprikosen . . . durch unentgeltliche Vertheilung von Pfropf-, Okulier, und Kopulierreisern zur allgemeinen Verbreitung empfohlen. Berlin & Leipzig, 1822. Updated by Neue Obstkoerbe. Leipzig, 1824. Updated by . . . neuen koestlichen Obst-Baum-Sorten. Leipzig, 1827. Updated by Neueste Obstkoerbe. . . . Leipzig, 1830. 1822 ed.: 8vo pp. [II], 44, [2]. Contents: Supremacy of fruit gardening compared with other gardening. Annotated cultivar listings of pears (155), apples (92), cherries (33), plums (21), apricots (10). Lists of scionwood offered and wanted. (Updates similarly structured with fewer pages.)

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Reid, J. The Scots gard'ner in two parts, the first of contriving and planting gardens, orchards, avenues, groves: . . . The second one of the propagation & improvement of forrests, and fruit-trees. . . . Appendix shewing how to use the fruits of the garden. . . . Edinburgh, 1683, 1721, 1756, 1766, 1988; London, 1907. 4to (19 X 14 cm) pp. [XII], 125, [2], 314. 4 engraved pls. Contents: Surveying and laying out orchards and gardens (6 chs.). Levelling and measuring land (2 chs.). Fruit-tree propagation (1 ch.). Orchard soil preparation (1 ch.). Forest trees and hedges (2 chs.). Types of tree fruits (1 ch.). Types of small fruits, vegetables, herbs, flowers (2 chs.). Harvesting and using fruit (Appendix). Rural improvement potential of Scotland. Monthly garden calendar. Reid, Lady. Extracts translated from the natural history of orange trees by A. Risso. Malta, 1853. 4to pp. 36. (Earlier published in Bermuda) Renault, P.-A. Notice sur la nature et la culture du pommier, la qualité des pommes et leur vraie combinaison pour faire un cidre délicat et bienfaisant. Paris, 1817, 1819. 8vo pp. 112. Contents: Tree and cultivar descriptions of sweet, tart, and bitter early-season apples (16), sweet midseason apples (8), tart midseason apples (7), bitter midseason apples (3), sweet late apples (9), tart late apples (3), bitter late apples (3). Raising and grafting cider apples (2 chs.). Apple mixtures for special ciders (1 ch.). Glossary of cultivar synonyms (1 ch.). The retir'd gard'ner. In two volumes. . . . See Gentil, F. Rhagor, D. Erneuerter Rhagorischer Baum- und Obst-Garten. Auff vielfaltiges Anhalten vnd Begehren, von neuwen uebersehen . . . sampt einer zu Endt angehenkten Widerholung der gantzen Matery, kurtz vund verstendlich in teutsche Reimen abgefasset. Von des Authoris zweyer Toechtersoehnen. . . . Basel, 1676. 8vo pp. [II], 217. Additional engraved title. Contents: 9 versified eulogies by friends of the late author. Revised text of Book 1 of the Pflantz-Gart . . . , dealing with fruit culture (20 chs.). Condensed fruit gardening rules in verse (1 ch.). . Pflantz-Gart darinn grundtlicher Bericht zu finden, welcher gestalten 1. Obs-Gaerten, 2. Kraut-Gaerten, 3. WeinGaerten. Mit Lust und Nutz anzustellen, zu bawen, und zu erhalten. . . . Bern, 1639, 1650, 1659; Mainz, 1651; Basel, 1669. 1650 ed.: 8vo pp. [XXIV], 238, 159, 139, 114. Contents: Book 1. Fruit gardens. Land preparation and layout (2 chs.). Conventional propagation methods and their improvement (5 chs.). Apples, pears, quinces and mulberries, crab apples, nuts and figs, cherries, plums, apricots, medlars and cornels, almonds (8 chs.). Pruning, training, tree care (2 chs.). Harvesting; preparing grafting wax (1 ch.). Book 1 condensed to simple rules (2 chs.). Book 2. Vegetable gardens. Book 3. Vineyards. Land preparation and layout (2 chs.). Planting and propagating grape vines (2 chs.). Vineyard management (5 chs.). Grape harvest (1 ch.). Post-harvest vineyard chores (1 ch.). Book 3 condensed to simple rules (1 ch.). Book 4. Calendar of garden chores from January to June. The delights of fruit gardening, a sonnet in German, French, and Latin. Riccio, A. del. Descrizione dei fiori che fioriscono mese per mese in Firenze,

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fatta nell'anno 1592 . . . [edited by F. P.], Firenze, 1890. 8vo pp. 28.* Rieger, P. Katechismus der Baumgaertnerei. Passau, 1804; Linz, 1811. 8vo.* Risso, J. A. Essai sur l'histoire naturelle des orangers, bigaradiers, limetiers . . . cultivés dans le Département des Alpes Maritimes. Paris, 1813. 4to pp. [II], 74. 2 engraved pls.* Risso, J. A., and P. A. Poiteau. Histoire naturelle des orangers. Paris, 1818 [1822]. As Histoire et culture des orangers par A. Risso et A. Poiteau. Nouvelle edition . . . par M. A. du Breuil. . . . Paris, 1872. 4to in 2s, pp. [IV], 280. 109 plain or col. stipple-engraved pls. Contents: Origin, history, mythology, etymology of the Hesperides and citrus fruit (1 ch.). Citrus taxonomy and classification (2 chs.). Cultivar descriptions of sweet oranges (43), bitter oranges (31), bergamot oranges (5), limes (8), grapefruit (6), lumies (13), lemons (45), citrons (16), related genera (2). Propagation and culture of citrus (3 chs.). Utilization (1 ch.). [Robert, M.] Observations sur la manière de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. . . . Paris, 1718. 12mo pp. [XX], 221, [2]. Contents: Preface on the merits of Le Gendre, La Quintinye, François Gentil. Fruit-garden soil and its improvement (2 chs.). Review of the common fruit-tree species. Cultivar descriptions of stone fruits, pears [his favorite fruit], apples (4 chs.). Planting, pruning, training principles (2 chs.). Disease control (1 ch.). Principles and types of grafting (1 ch.). Fruit-tree nursery management (1 ch.). Rochol, A. Die Kunst Zwergobstbaeume und unter diesen besonders Spalierbaeume zu erziehen und zu behandeln. . . . Leipzig, 1803, 1805, 1847. 8vo. 1 engraved pl.* Roemer, J. J. Vruchtmandje voor de jeugd; of beschrijving en afbeelding der boomvruchten. . . . Amsterdam, [18081809]. 8vo pp. [II], IIIXXXII, 111. 18 col. engraved pls.* [Often bound with Roemer's Bloemkorfie. . . .] Roessler, M. Pomona bohemica; oder, tabellarisches Verzeichnis aller in der Baumschule zu Jaromirz kultivirten Obstsorten . . . der Guete, Zeit und Dauer der Fruechte. Prag, 1795. In Sammlung physikalisch-oekonomischer Aufsaetze, [edited by F. W. Schmidt], Wien, 1795. 12mo pp. [XIII], 54. Contents: Tables with characteristics of dessert apples, cooking apples, pears, quinces, medlars, peaches, nectarines, cherries, plums. . Sistematisches Verzeichnis aller in den Baumschulen der Podiebrader Dechantey kultivirten Obstsorten. . . . Prag, 1798. 8vo pp. [XXVIII], 212. Contents: Nursery catalog with cultivar descriptions of apples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, medlars, gooseberries. Rosset, P. F. de. L'agriculture, poème. Paris, 17741782. 4to pp. [XI], ILVI, 277, [1]; [II], IIIXVI, 128. 7 engraved pls., 6 text engravings. 2 vols. in 1. Contents: Of 9 songs, the 3rd informs on and glorifies grapes and wine. Song 4 deals with fruit trees, their culture and propagation. Rousseau, J. J. Lettres élémentaires . . . sur la botanique. . . . Genève, 1780 (?). As Letters on the elements of botany. Addressed to a lady. Translated . . . by

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Thomas Martyn. London, 1785, 1787, 1791, 1794, 1796, 1802, 1807, 1815. 1791 ed.: 8vo pp. XXIII, [XXIV], 503, [29]. Table, folded. Contents: Letter 7. Fruit trees as wild trees modified by human ambition. Relationship between fruits. Botanical nature of blossoms of different fruits. "Botany . . . a study of pure curiosity." Royer, J. Beschreibung des ganzen fuerstl: braunsch: Gartens zu Hessem. . . . Gewaechse so von 1607 biss in das 1651. Jahr darinnen . . . gezeuget worden. . . . Ein nothwendiger Unterricht wie ein feiner Lust- Obst- und Kuechengarten anzulegen. Braunschweig, 1651, 1658. Square 8vo pp. [XI], 130. Engraved frontis., 14 engraved pls. Contents: Part 1. Description of the gardens of the Dukes of Brunswick. Alphabetical plant lists include 30 apple cultivars, 29 pear cultivars, cultivars of various other fruits. Part 2. Fruit-tree raising, propagation, and growing practices (15 chs.). Part 3. Kitchen and pleasure gardens, groves and forests, including nut trees (2 chs.). . Ein nothwendiger Unterricht wie ein feiner Lust- Obst- und Kuechengarten anzulegen. . . . Halberstadt, 1648, 1649. Later issues in Beschreibung des ganzen fuerstl: braunsch: Gartens zu Hessem . . . , q.v. Rozier, l'Abbé. Cours complet d'agriculture . . . ou dictionnaire universel d'agriculture. Lyon, 17811787 (vols. 18); Paris, 17931801 (vols. 9 and 10). Suppl. Paris, 1805 (vols. 11 and 12). 4to. As Nouveau cours d'agriculture . . . ou dictionnaire raisonné et universel d'agriculture . . . sur le plan de feu l'Abbé Rozier . . . , Paris, 1809. 8vo. 13 vols. As Nouveau cours complet d'agriculture théorique et pratique . . . , Paris, 18211823. 8vo. 16 vols. Engraved pls., mostly folded in all editions. Contents of 1809 ed.: Rozier's encyclopedic dictionary updated by Thouin, Bosc, Chaptal, De Candolle, among others. Extensive articles on fruit topics. Grapes, wine, vinegar (170 pp.). Mulberries (48 pp.). Apples and cider (45 pp., 62 table, 105 cider cultivars). Pears and perry (51 pp., 108 table, 54 perry cultivars). Peaches (22 pp., 43 cultivars). Walnuts (30 pp.). Citrus fruits (42 pp., 95 cultivars). Plums (20 pp., 65 cultivars). Many other fruits. Ruelle (Ruel, Ruellius), J. de La. De natura stirpium libri tres, Ioanne Ruellio autore. . . . Parisiis, 1536; Basileae, 1537, 1543, 1573; Venetiis, 1538. Folio pp. [XII], 884, [124]. Contents: Extensive, alphabetically arranged plant encyclopedia. Fruits and fruit trees fully discussed: almond, hazelnut, chestnut, cherry, citrus species, fig, walnut, apple, medlar, barberry, mulberry, olive, peach, pear, pistachio, plum, sorb, grape, gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries. Rueneuve, Angran de. Observations sur l'agriculture et le jardinage. Paris, 1712. 8vo pp. [XX], 384, [22]; [IV], 406, [25]. 2 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. History and enjoyment of gardens (1 ch.). Selection of sites (1 ch.). Raising fruittree seedlings in quantity (1 ch.). Grafting and other propagation methods (1 ch.). Planting fruit gardens and orchards (3 chs.). Selection criteria of seedlings (1 ch.). Vol. 2. Orchard management (1 ch.). Determination of fruit maturity, harvest, and storage

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(1 ch.). Pest control (1 ch.). Management of hotbeds (1 ch.). Field crops (1 ch.). Vineyards, grape culture, and wine making (1 ch.). Citrus culture (1 ch.).

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Sabine, J. Some account of the edible fruits of Sierra Leone. In Transactions, of the Horticultural Society of London. Volume V, pp. 439467. London, 1824. Contents: Fruit and tree descriptions of peach of the negroes, African custard apple, monkey bread, locust tree of the negroes, country cherries [Canarium edule], monkey apple, country grapes [Cissus repens?], country currants [Antidesma?], large fig, small fig, wild guava, gingerbread plum, small pigeon plum, yellow pigeon plum, sugar plum, black plum, sweet pishamin, sour pishamin, mammee apple, butter and tallow tree, star apple, tonsella, pomegranate, cola, tamarind, pineapple. Listings of introduced tropical fruits. Sageret, A. Pomologie physiologique, ou traité du perfectionnement de la fructification. Paris, 1830. 8vo.* Saint-Etienne, C. Nouvelle instruction povr connoistre les bons fruits, selon les mois de l'année. Avec une methode facile pour la connoissance des arbres fruitiers & la façon de les cultiver. Par le R. P. Dom C. S. E. Paris, 1660, 1666, 1670, 1673, 1678, 1687. Combined with J. Merlet's L'abregé des bon fruits under the common title of Traité de la connoissance des bons fruits Paris, 1782. 1670 ed.: 12mo pp. [VIII], 179, 190218. Contents: General fruit culture (Introduction). Catalog of cultivars ripening each month, by species. Alphabetical cultivar listing with brief characterizations. Salberg, J. . . . Fructus esculenti quos dissertatione diaetetica. Upsaliae, 1763. In C. von Linné's Amoenitates academicae. Lugduni Batavorum, 1764; Erlangae, 1789; In Selectae ex . . . Caroli Linnaei dissertationes. . . . Upsaliae, 1769. 8vo pp. [2], 322. Contents: 85 tree fruits, nuts, berries, and tropical fruits with notes on taste and possible health benefits. Salisbury, W. Hints addressed to proprietors of orchards, and to growers of fruit in general, comprising observations on the present state of the apple trees, in the cider countries. . . . London, 1816. 12mo pp. [III], IVXVIII, 188. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Promotion of healthy trees. Control measures for 9 pests, especially Aphis lanata, named the American Blight [now Eriosoma lanigerum]. Descriptions of the best table and cider apples and those of Knight's breeding program. Description of the best table and perry pears, plums, apricots, grapes, and others. Description of Knight's new cherries and peaches. Salzmann, F. Z. Kurzgefasste aber doch ausfuehrliche hollaendische Fruehtreiberei; das ist Anweisung wie allerhand Fruechte . . . zu ziehen. Berlin, 1783, 1787. 18mo pp. [XXVIII[, 218. Engraved pls., folded. Contents: Description of various forcing practices for vegetables (3 chs.), fruits (4 chs.), ornamental plants (2 chs.). . Pomologia; oder, Frucht-Lehre, alles in freyer Luft unseres Climatis

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wachsenden Obstes . . . nebst derselben Baeume kurzgefasster Cultur. . . . Potsdam, 1774. As Pomologie oder Fruchtlehre, enthaltend eine Anweisung alles in freier Luft unseres Klimas wachsende Obst, an seiner Farbe, Gestalt, Geschmack und dem Namen nach zu erkennen. . . . Berlin, 1792, 1793. 12mo pp. [XVI], 198. Contents: Tree and fruit description of 75 citrus cultivars (7 chs.). Culture and cultivar descriptions of 11 apricots, 35 cherries, 20 figs, 70 apples, 57 peaches, 65 plums, 131 pears, 74 grapes, 4 medlars, 6 quinces, 41 minor tree fruits and berries (15 chs.). Samarqandi, N. A. Four discourses. Translated by E. G. Browne. In Anthology of Islamic literature, edited by J. Kritzek. New York, 1964. Saussay, le Sieur. Traité des jardins, Paris, 1722, 1732. 12mo pp. [VI], 152; 153230, [14]. Contents: Fruit and kitchen gardens (1 ch.). Soil preparation for fruit trees (1 ch.). Planting peaches, apricots, and other fruits against walls and in the kitchen garden (3 chs.). Cultivars of pears, plums, and other fruits available during the seasons (4 chs.). Buying fruit trees (1 ch.). Storing fruit (1 ch.). Raising and grafting fruit trees (2 chs.). Pruning and protection of peach and apricot trees (3 chs.). Pruning and training others (2 chs.). Tree care and renewal (2 chs.). Planting tree and bush fruits (7 chs.). Fertility problems (1 ch.). Layering (1 ch.). Sports of pears (1 ch.). Grafting methods (2 chs.). Melon culture (1 ch.). Winning the Master's appreciation (1 ch.). Vegetable culture (19 chs.). Cultivar listings of pears, figs, peaches, apricots, plums (1 ch.). Fruit harvest (1 ch.). Strawberry culture (1 ch.). Part 2. Orangeries, groves, parks, and ornamental plants (23 chs.). Schabol, l'Abbé R. Dictionnaire pour la théorie et la pratique du jardinage et de l'agriculture, par principes. . . . Paris, 1767, 1770. 8vo pp. LXXXVIII, 528. Text engravings. Contents: Foreword on the basics of fruit and other types of gardening. Encyclopedic dictionary of all aspects of gardening. [Schabol, l'Abbé R.] Eléments du jardinage utile, ou manière de cultiver avec succès le potager et le verger, d'après les principes et les expériences de Roger Schabol . . . avec une planche gravée où sont les tailles des 4 premières années. Paris, 1784, 1786. 12mo pp. 233. Engraved table.* Contents: Condensation of Abbé Schabol's works with special regard to the Montreuil fruit-growing methods. Schabol, l'Abbé R. Observations sur les villages de Montreuil, Bagnolet, Vincennes. . . . In Journal Économique, Paris, February 1755. Reprinted in R. J. Schabol's La pratique du jardinage as Discours sur le village de Montreuil. Contents: Explorative report on the peach-growing practices used at Montreuil and neighboring villages. . La pratique du jardinage. . . . Ouvrage rédigé après sa mort sur ses mémoires, par M. D***, Paris, 1770, 1772, 1774, 1782. 1782 ed.: 8vo (17 X 10 cm) pp. [VI], 500; [IV], 514, [1]. Engraved frontis., 15 engraved pls., folded. 2 vols. Contents: Fruit-garden design and general practices (4 chs.). Reprint of Discours sur le village de Montreuil. Raising and maintaining peach and other fruit trees (4 chs.). Their formative train-

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ing (5 chs.). Maintaining tree productivity (6 chs.). Tree decline, rejuvenation, pest and disease control (5 chs.). List of superior fruit cultivars (2 chs.). Culture of citrus fruits (13 chs.). Essays on figs, melons, strawberries, vegetables. Grape culture (9 chs.). Essay on propagation. Monthly fruit and kitchen garden calendar. [Schabol, l'Abbé R.] Ruediger Schabol theoretische und praktische Abhandlung von dem Gartenbau; nach Grundsaetzen und der Naturlehre des Pflanzenreichs erwiesen, aus dem Franzoesischen . . . uebersetzet, Frankfurt, 1775, 1778. 12mo pp. [LXII], 559; [XXVI], 364; [II], 418, [34]. 18 engraved pls., some folded. 3 vols. Contents: German translation of Abbé Schabol's La pratique du jardinage. . . . and La théorie du jardinage. . . . Schabol, l'Abbé R. La théorie du jardinage, par M. l'Abbé Roger Schabol, ouvrage rédigé après sa mort sur ses mémoires, par M. D***, Paris, 1771, 1774, 1785. 1785 ed.: 8vo pp. [IX], XXLIV, 558, [2]. 5 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Quality of garden and field soils (1 ch.). Function of air and wind in plant life (5 chs.). Plant physiology (7 chs.). Nature of seeds (6 chs.). Nature of sap in plants (8 chs.). Schiller, J. C. Die Baumzucht im Grossen; aus zwanzigjaehrigen Erfahrungen im Kleinen, in Ruecksicht auf ihre Behandlung, Kosten, Nutzen und Ertrag. . . . Neustrelitz, 1795, 1800; Giessen, 1806. 8vo pp. [XLII], 276. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Part 1. Prerequisites for a successful commercial nursery. Parts 2, 3. The first 2 years' work raising fruit trees. Part 4. Ornamental and forest trees. Part 5. Monthly nursery chores. Parts 68. Nursery work in years 3 to 10, including propagation and training for end uses. . Die Baumzucht im Grossen aus zwanzigjaehrigen Erfahrungen im Kleinen. . . . Stuttgart, 1993. 4to pp. [VIII], 9365 with intermittent pagination. Col. frontis., 24 col. pls. Contents: Part 1. Text of 1795 edition. Part 2. First time transcribed from manuscript. Descriptions of 108 apple cultivars with 105 water colors. Descriptions of 87 pear cultivars with 84 water colors. All descriptions taken from J. Knoop's Pomologia, marginal notes by Schiller. Autobiographical essay. Appendix. Appreciation by modern editors. [Schiller, J. C.] Gedanken ueber die Baumzucht im Grossen, zur Besetzung der Haupt- und Landstrassen mit Baeumen. . . . Leipzig, 1793. 8vo pp. [II], 324. Contents: Unstructured plea to all levels of government in Germany to establish nurseries to mass-produce low-cost fruit trees for road plantings. Schmid, J. C. E. . . . gepruefte Anweisung zur Erziehung, Pflanzung und Behandlung sowohl der hochstaemmigen sowohl, als Zwerg-Fruchtbaeume. Mannheim, 1776; Stuttgart, 1792, 1797, 1805. 1792 ed.: 8vo pp. [IV], VXXX, 208, [1]. Contents: Raising seedlings of various fruit-tree species (14 chs.). Grafting, budding, nursery practices (28 chs.). Soil preparation, planting (21 chs.). Pruning (22 chs.). Cultivar descriptions of apricots, peaches, nectarines, pears, apples, plums, cherries (7 chs.). Pests, diseases, and their control (24 chs.). Calendar of monthly nursery chores.

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Schmidberger, J. Leichtfasslicher Unterricht von der Erziehung der Zwergbaeume. Linz, 1821. 8vo pp. [III], IVXXXVIII, 39196, [3]. Contents: History of dwarfed fruit trees (Introduction). Concept and practice of dwarfing. Rootstock selection (1 ch.). Site preferences (1 ch.). Pruning and training dwarfed espaliers and other forms. (7 chs.). Life cycles of apple pests (Appendix). Schmidt, C. F. Forslag til nogle Forbedringer i Hauge- og Traefrugtdyrkningen. Kobenhavn, 1793. 8vo pp. 150. Contents: Description of fruit cultivars in the author's nursery at Haderslev. Fruit-growing hints. Comments on the European nursery trade. Schnurr, B. Kunst- und Wunder-Buechlein, darinnen allerhand nuetzliche Kunststuecke . . . , Dantzig, 1639; Frankfurt, 1664. Other editions and versions. 12mo. Contents: Collection of tricks of various trades, white magic, get-rich-quick schemes, astrology, recipes, wine and liquor making, perpetual calendar. Of pomological interest: Part 3, Von Pflantzung der Obstgarten . . . , and Part 10, Kuenstlich Obst Garten Buechlein . . . , by August, Elector of Saxony, q.v. Schoenebeck, C. von. Vollstaendige Anleitung zur Vermehrung und Pflege der Obstbaeume und zur Anlegung einer Baumschule im Grossen; nebst einer kurzen Uebersicht der Geschichte der Obstkultur. Koeln, 1806. 8vo pp. [IV], VVIII, 740, [8]. Contents: Introduction on origin, dispersal, and cultivation of European fruits in history (2 chs.). Book 1. Plant and tree physiology (8 chs.). Theory of plant propagation (1 ch.). Nature and production of new cultivars. Book 2. Raising fruit-tree seedlings in quantity (2 chs.). Grafting and budding methods and tools (11 chs.). Care of grafted trees and maidens (1 ch.). Transplanting and aftercare (1 ch.). Disease and pest control (1 ch.). Production of dwarfed trees, espaliers, and potted trees (1 ch.). Appendix. Cultivar catalog of the Reiffert fruit-tree nursery at Cologne. Schwimmer, J. M. Deliciae physico-hortenses, oder, physicalische Garten-Lust, darinnen auffrichtig-eroeffnete Kunst-Griffe, zu nutzbarer und ergetzlicher Baumzucht . . . gewiesen, sammt gehoerigen Registern. Erfurt, 17011702, 1717. 8vo. Contents: Influence on plants by sun, moon, and stars (6 chs.). General fruit-tree culture (2 chs.). Standard vs. dwarf fruit trees (1 ch.). Asexual propagation methods (5 chs.) Pest and disease control (3 chs.). Special propagation methods for pome and stone fruits, figs, mulberries, various nuts (7 chs.). Propagation of vegetables and ornamental plants (49 chs.). Sécondat, J.-B. de. Les arbres fruitiers de la Guyenne. Bordeaux, ca. 1775.* Seminarium siue plantarum earum arborum. . . . See Estienne, C. Serres, O. de. . . . le theatre d'agricvltvre et mesnage des champs, d'Olivier des Serres, Seigneur du Pradel. Paris, 1600, 1603, 1605, 1608, 1615, 1617 . . . 1802, 18041805, 1806, 1941; Rouen, 1623, 1635, 1663; Genève, 1639, 1651; Lyon, 1625, 1675. Various other printings in 8vo. 1603 ed.: Folio pp. [XVI], [12], 31004, [18]. Text woodcuts. Contents: Book 6. Purpose, soils, layout of a fruit garden (1 ch.). Raising fruit-tree seedlings (1 ch.). Managing a holding plot [bastardière] with

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grafted trees (1 ch.). Planting a fruit garden, training and espaliering (2 chs.). Propagation methods (5 chs.). Recommended fruit cultivars, harvesting and storing fruit (1 ch.). Fruit-garden chores (2 chs.). Serrurier, J. F. See J. C. Christ. Sharrock, R. The history of the propagation & improvement of vegetables by the concurrence of art and nature: shewing the several ways . . . by seed, off-sets, suckers, truncheons, cuttings, slips, laying, circumposition, the several ways of graftings and inoculations . . . , Oxford, 1660 [2 issues], 1672. As An improvement to the art of gardening . . . the propagation of plants . . . , London, 1694. 1660 ed., first issue: 8vo pp. [XVIII], 150, [2]. 1 woodcut pl. with conjugate 2 pp. text leaf.* Siben Buecher von dem Feld-bau. . . . See Estienne, C. and Liebault, J. Sickler, F. K. L. Allgemeine Geschichte der Obstkultur, von den Zeiten der Urwelt bis zu Constantin dem Grossen. Frankfurt. 1802. 8vo pp. [V], VILXIV, 510. 2 engraved pls., 1 engraved map, folded. Contents: Prefatory poem on fruit growing in classical times. Bibliography. Part 1. Fruit culture from Moses to Homer (1 ch.). From Homer to Alexander the Great (1 ch.). Part 2. From Alexander to Cato (1 ch.). From Cato to Virgil (1 ch.). From Virgil to Constantine the Great, ca. 350 A.D. (1 ch.). Sickler, J. V. Der teutsche Obstgaertner, oder gemeinnuetziges Magazin des Obstbaues in Deutschlands saemmtlichen Kreisen . . . herausgegeben von J. V. Sickler. Weimar, 17941804. 8vo. 432 colored engravings, 22 engraved portraits. 22 vols. of ca. 400 pp. each. Contents: Each volume contains 6 monthly issues of 2 parts each. Part 1. Fruit biology and cultivar descriptions. Part 2. Fruit-related historical, cultural, biographical and bibliographical contributions. Soderini, G. V. Trattato della coltivazione delle viti e del frutto che se ne puo cauare. Del S. Giovanvettori. . . . E la coltiuazione toscana delle viti, e d'alcuni arbori del S. Bernardo Davanzati Bostichi. . . . Florenza, 1600, 1610, 1622 which includes . . . la coltivazione degli vlivi. . . . by Piero Vettori. 1817; Milano, 1806, 1851; Bologna, 1834, 1902. 8vo pp. [VIII], 128, [12], 45, [11], 19, [2]. Contents: Part 1. Unstructured treatise on vineyards, grape cultivars, and wine making. Part 2. Unstructured treatise on propagation and culture of figs, peaches, pears, cherries, quinces, almonds, several nuts, citrus, jujubes, mulberries. Monthly fruit-garden work calendar. Soyle for an orchard contained in Two Manuals of gardening: husbandry; soyle for an orchard. Transcribed by Emily Driscoll and Henrietta Hannah from 17th-century manuscript notebooks. . . . Pittsburgh, 1952. 4to pp. 48, 102. 2 pp. of MS. facsimiles. 2 vols. Contents: Part 1. Instructions on planting and maintaining fruit trees, harvesting and use of fruit. Part 2. Herbs and flowers. Part 3. Gardenars Alminack, a calendar of monthly garden chores. Sperling, J. Johannis Sperlingi . . . carpologia physica posthuma, opusculum utile ac jucundum. . . . Wittenbergae, 1668. 8vo pp. [VIII], 230. Con-

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tents: General fruit science (1 ch.). Tree and small fruits (1 ch.). General character of round fruits, berries, nuts, pulse fruits (1 ch.). Herbaceous fruits (1 ch.). Pomegranates, oranges, citrons, lemons, tomatoes, quinces, peaches, apricots, apples, pears, medlars (Book 1). Almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, nutmeg, chestnuts, edible acorns, other edible tree seeds (Book 2). Grapes and wine, figs, cherries, plums, olives, mulberries (Book 3). Carob, tamarind, other exotic fruits (Book 4). Strawberries, cucurbits, other fruited field crops (Book 5). Stafford, H. A curious account of the most valuable cyder-fruits of Devonshire. Appended to Batty Langley's Pomona. . . . London, 1729, pp. 135150. Contents: Discussion of cider apples, cider manufacture and quality. Suter, J. K. Monathliche Pflanzungs-Lust. . . . Schaffhausen und Zuerich, 1666. 12mo pp. [XXIV], 360. Contents: Monthly gardening calendar with detailed fruit-garden coverage. Switzer, S. A dissertation on the true cythisus of the ancients. . . . Also a catalogue of the best seeds. . . . London, 1731, 1735. 8vo pp. XXII, 79 [recte 81], [1]. Contents: Discussion of Cytisus hirsutus, a broom species of Greece. Appended Also a catalogue. . . . with description of fruit-tree cultivars and recommendations of rootstock for peaches (almond, 'St. Julian', 'Margaret', 'Mussel', 'Norwich'), apricots ('Bullace', suckers of Prunus domestica), pears (medlar, quince, pear seedlings, hawthorn), apples ('French Paradise', 'Dutch Paradise', seedlings of 'Royal Pearmain', crab apple seedlings). . The nobleman, gentleman, and gardener's recreation. . . . London, 1715. As Ichnographia rustica; or the nobleman gentleman and gardener's recreation. . . . London, 1718, 1742. 1742 ed.: 8vo pp. 16, XLV, [III], 352, [16]; [IV], II, 271, [7]; [XVI], XVI, 255, [1], [II], 96. 54 engraved pls. 3 vols.* . The practical fruit gardener. Being the best and newest method of raising, planting, and pruning all sorts of fruittrees, agreably to the experience and practice of the most eminent gardeners and nurserymen. Revised and recommended by the Revd. Mr. Laurence and Mr. Bradley. . . . London, 1724, 1725, 1727, 1731, 1752, 1763. 1763 ed.: 8vo pp. [XXXII], 363, [13]. 6 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Benefits and profits of fruit growing (2 chs.). Soils and orchard layout (3 chs.). Propagation methods (4 chs.). Planting and root pruning (3 chs.). Description of fruit and nut species, their cultural needs, cultivar characteristics, and eating qualities (18 chs.). Pruning, size control, and protection (7 chs.). Natural and accelerated ripening, harvesting, and storage (5 chs.). Irrigation, water courses, orchard integration into ornamental settings, parks, contrived landscapes (2 chs.). Espaliers and wall fruit (3 chs.).

<><><><><><><><><><><><> T. F. A book of divers devices. [15851622.] Folger Ms. V.a.311.* [Tabernaemontanus, i.e., Theodorus, J.] Eicones plantarum sev stirpivm, arborvm nempe, frvcticvm, lignorvm, radicum, omnis generis. . . . Franco-

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furti, 1590. Oblong 4to pp. [VIII], 1128. [16]. 2255 woodcuts, 2 per page. No text. Contents: Printer's preface. Unnumbered woodcuts, captions in Latin and German. Fruit cultivars include 13 apples, 19 pears, 11 cherries, and others. Woodcuts identical to those in T.'s Neuw Kreuterbuch. . Neuw Kreuterbuch, mit schoenen, kuenstlichen und leblichen Figuren unnd Conterfeyten aller Gewaechss der Kraeuter, Wurtzeln, Blumen, Fruecht. . . . Frankfurt, 15881591, 1613, 1625, 1664, 1687, 1731, 1913. Folio pp. [XLII], 818, [21]; [X], 822, [39]. Text woodcuts. 2 vols. Contents: Parts 1, 2. Herbaceous plants. Part 3. Woody plants. Tropical nuts, citrus fruits, dates, deciduous nuts, figs, mulberries, cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, almonds, quinces, apples, pears, sorbs, carob, pomegranates, medlars, olives (19 chs.). Indices in Latin, Arabic, Italian, French, Spanish, English, German, Dutch. Tanara, V. L'economia del cittadino in villa. Libri VII. Bologna 1644, 1649, 1651, 1658, 1661, 1670, 1674, 1680; Venetia, 1687, 1700, 1731. 4to pp. [VIII], 594, [1]. Title with engraving. 7 text engravings. 30 margin engravings. Contents: Making bread and wine (Book 1). Grape culture and bee keeping (Book 2). Animal husbandry (Book 3). Kitchen gardening, including herbaceous fruits (Book 4). Establishing and management of orchard and fruit garden (Book 5). Field and forest crops, including nut trees (Book 6). Weather forecasting, monthly work calendar, elaborate seasonal menus (Book 7). Targioni Tozzetti, O. Dizionario botanico italiano che comprende i nomi volgari italiani, specialmente toscani, e vernacoli delle piante. . . . Firenze, 1809, 1825, 1858. Bologna, 1971 [Reprint of 1858 ed.]. 8vo pp. [VI], VIIXVI, 195; [1] 124. 2 vols. Contents: Part 1. Bibliography. Dictionary of vernacular Italian, especially Tuscan, plant names and their Latin equivalents. Fruit cultivars after Micheli and Du Hamel listed under their species headings. Part 2. Dictionary of Linnean Latin plants and Italian equivalents. Tatin, A. Principes raisonnés et pratiques de la culture des arbres fruitiers. . . . Quatrième édition. Paris, [1819. 1st ed. thus, preceded by 3 nursery catalogs]. 8vo pp. [5], VIVIII, 273; [IV], 270 [1]. 1 text engraving. 2 vols. Contents: Vol. 1. Soils, manures, hotbeds (3 chs.). Monthly fruit-garden chores (1 ch.). Cereals and vegetables (1 ch.). Vol. 2. Fruit-tree propagation and nursery management (3 chs.). Orchard layout and planting (2 chs.). Descriptive listings of tree fruit and grape cultivars (1 ch.). Pruning, training and tying espaliers (1 ch.). Tropical fruits and ornamental plants (1 ch.). Official correspondence and proceedings regarding Tatin's fruit-tree spray with disclosure of its constituents. Taverner, J. Certaine experiments concerning fish and fruite: practised by John Taverner gentleman, and by him published for the benefit of others. London, 1600. 4to pp. [VI], 38. Black letter. Contents: Part 1. Establishing and stocking a fish pond. Part 2. Preface concerning fruit. Unstructured with shoulder notes on nursery operation and grafting; orchard layout

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and planting; avoiding wet soils; topsoil; danger of planting too deep. Brief discussion of apple, pear, plum, fruit-tree canker, stone-fruit grafting, medlar, quince, chestnut, walnut. Teilman, C. Anviisning til norske frugttraeskoler at anlaegge og vedligholde. . . . Christiania. Kobenhavn, 1797, pp. 180.* Temple, Sir W. Upon the gardens of Epirus; or of gardening in the year 1685. In Miscellanea. The second part. London, 1690 (2 eds.), 1692, 1696, 1705. Other issues. Also in The Works of Sir William Temple. . . . London, 1750. French translation Essai sur les jardins d'Epicure without place or date. 1705 ed.: 8vo pp. 73143. Contents: Unstructured essay on fruit and related gardening in antiquity and the author's times. Der teutsche Fruchtgarten; als Auszug aus Sicklers teutschem Obstgaertner und dem allgemeinen teutschen Gartenmagazin. . . . Weimar, 18161829. 8vo 400 colored engraved pls., 8 vols. Contents: Reissue of pls. previously published in J. V. Sickler's Der teutsche Obstgaertner and in Allgemeines teutsches Gartenmagazin. 10 sections per vol., each describing, discussing, and illustrating fruit cultivars. Der teutsche Obstgaertner. . . . See Sickler, J. V. Thacher, J. The American orchardist; or a practical treatise on the culture and management of apple and other fruit trees. . . . Adapted to the use of American farmers and all lovers and cultivators of fine fruit. Boston, 1821, 1822; Plymouth, 1825. 1825 ed.: 12mo pp. [III], IVV, [9], 10136 [recte 236]. Contents: Unstructured discussion of apple culture and cultivars (135 pp.), cider and other apple products (30 pp.), other fruits and their cultivars (52 pp.). Thacher, J. See Cobbett, W. The American orchardist and cottage economy. . . . Thieme, J. C. Haus- Feld- Arzney- Koch- Kunst- und Wunder-Buch. Das ist ausfuehrliche Beschreib- und Vorstellung, wie ein kluger Hausvatter. . . . Nuernberg, 1682, 1687, 1694. 1687 ed.: 4to pp. [X], 1587, [47]. Additional engraved title. 40 engraved pls. Contents: Part 3. Tree-fruit culture, grafting and budding, pest and disease control, fruit trees with special requirements, ways to produce fruits with unusual characteristics (Chs. 3755). Part 4. Vineyards, grapes, and wine making (26 chs.). Therriat, M. Observations sur la culture des arbres à haute tige, particulièrement des pommiers, sur la manière de faire le cidre. . . . Angers, 1752; Noyon, 1753; Paris, 1760. 1753 ed.: 8vo pp. [VIII], 199, [8]. Contents: Raising fruit, nut, shade-tree seedlings (2 chs.). Planting out (1 ch.). Pest and disease control (10 chs.). Tree maintenance (1 ch.). Cider making (1 ch.). Layout, soil preparation, manuring (7 chs.). Nut and shade trees (3 chs.). Thouin, A. Monographie des greffes ou description technique des diverses sortes de greffes employées pour la multiplication des végétaux. Paris, 1821, 1868. Other editions likely. 1868 ed.: 12mo pp. [V], VIX, 170. 8 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Biographical notice by Rousselon. Description, authority, synonymy, use, and naming of 40 types of approach grafts, 17 types of cleft grafts, 30 types of apical, side, and root grafts,

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28 types of bud and veneer grafts, 10 types of soft wood and herbaceous grafts. . Monographie des Pfropfens, oder technologische Beschreibung der verschiedenen Pfropfarten. . . . Nach dem Franzoesischen von G. F. W. Berg. Leipzig, 1824; Stuttgart, [?]. 4to. 13 engraved pls., folded. Contents: German translation of A. Thouin's Monographie des greffes. . . . Tournefort, J. P. Elemens de botanique, ov methode pour connoître les plantes. . . . Paris, 1694. Lyon, 1797. As Institutiones rei herbariae. . . . Parisiis, 17001703; Lugduni, 1719. Others. As The compleat herbal: or, the botanical institutions of Mr. Tournefort . . . translated from the original Latin. . . . London, 17191730. 1719 Latin ed.: 4to pp. [VI], XXXII, [VI], 695, [1], [VIII], 58, [1]; [I], pls. 1250; [I], pls. 251489. 1 text, 2 plate vols. Contents: Classified descriptive and illustrative inventory of known plants including 16 species of cultivated fruits. Major fruits with named cultivars: plums (28), peaches (23), almonds (5), cherries (29), pears (88), apples (37). Tradescant, J. Plantarum in horto Johannem Tradescanti nascentium catalogus. . . . [London], 1634, 1656 [appended to Musaeum tradescantianum]. 1660, 1661. Contents: Continuous listing of plants in Tradescant's garden, including 168 fruit cultivars with their vernacular names. Traité de la taille des arbres fruitiers. . . . , Paris, 1674.* Contents: Pierre Morin's Traitté de la culture des orangers. . . . combined with Dr. Venette's L'art de tailler. . . . under one title. Traité des arbres fruitiers. Berne, 1766; Yverdon, 1768. Abridged version Berne, 1784. 1786 ed.: 8vo pp. [II], 260. 2 vols. Contents: French translation of Pflanzung, Erziehung und Wartung der Fruchtbaeume . . . , q.v. Traitez de jardinage, divisez en trois tomes. Le premier contenant le jardinier françois [by N. de Bonnefons]. Le second tome contenant les delices de la campagne [by N. de Bonnefons]. Le troisieme tome contenant la maniere de cultiver les arbres fruitiers, par le Sieur Curé d'Henonville [Le Gendre]. Les instructions pour les arbres fruitiers, par M. R. T. P. D. S. M. [R. Triquel]. Et le traite des chasses, Paris, 1684. 12mo pp. [XX], 312; [II], 328; [XXVII], 126, 127238, 239282, [2]. Engraved frontis., 3 engraved pls. 3 vols. Contents under author entries. Transactions, of the Horticultural Society of London. London, First Series 18071830, Second Series 18311848. 4to pp. 500+ each. Engraved titles and plates, some folded, some colored. 7 + 3 vols. Contents: Each volume with members' contributions of up to 50 pages on pomological and other topics. Some representative selections: Volume 1. 1807. T. A. Knight. . . . method of producing new and early fruit. . . . . grafting walnut, mulberry, and chestnut trees. . . . . new varieties of the peach. A. Biggs. An account of some new apples. Sir J. Banks. . . . method of cultivating the American cranberry.

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. . . . forcing houses of the Romans with a list of fruits. . . . R. A. Salisbury. . . . nectarines and peaches naturally produced on the same branch. Volume 2. 1812. T. A. Knight. On the transplantation of blossom-buds. A. Hawkins. On raising lemons and oranges from cuttings. L. Wynne. An account drawn up 100 years ago, of several pears then cultivated at Little Chelsea. [Illustrated]. J. Maher. . . . pruning gooseberry trees; with a list of varieties. . . . W. Hooker. Account of a new pear (with figure), called 'Williams' Bon Chrétien'. [now 'Bartlett'] G. H. Noehden. . . . improving the productiveness of fruit trees. J. Williams. On promoting the early puberty of apple and pear trees, when raised from seed. Volume 3. 1820. T. A. Knight. Upon the variations of the Red Currant (Ribes rubrum) when propagated from seed. G. H. Noehden. An account of the original tree of the 'Ribston Pippin' still existing . . . at Ribston, near Wetherby. W. Bagot. . . . cultivation of the 'Mespilus Japonica' or 'Lo-quat'. J. Robertson. Descriptions of some of the best . . . Irish apples. M. L. Regnier. Trans. R. A. Salisbury. On the country where the apricot tree grows wild. Volume 4, 1822. G. Lindley. . . . some of the best varieties of apples . . . in Norfolk. Th. Torbron. Instructions for forcing cherries. J. Sabine. . . . some experiments in ringing the bark of fruit and other trees and plants. W. Williamson. On the cultivation of the filbert. . . . G. Swayne. . . . management of the fig tree in the open air. T. A. Knight. Upon pruning and training the plum tree. . On the cultivation of the pineapple. Volume 5, 1824. J. Lindley. . . . Tropical fruits which are likely to be worth cultivating in England for the dessert. J. Turner. . . . a collection of pears, received by the Society in October, 1821, from M. Hervy, director of the royal gardens, at Paris. T. A. Knight. Observations on the flat peach of China.

G. Swayne. . . . fertilization of the female blossoms of filberts. Lindegaard, P. On forcing grapes, as practised in Denmark. G. Lindley. A classification of peaches and nectarines. [Illustrated]. Volume 6. 1826. T. A. Knight. . . . method of obtaining very early crops of grape and fig. A. Thouin. An account of the 'Calville Rouge de Micoud', a new variety of apple. W. Mitcheson. On the cultivation of the Passiflora quadrangularis.

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M. Floy. Description of American fruits, of which trees have been transmitted to the Horticultural Society of London. W. Smith. Notice of certain vineries at various places in Scotland with arched hanging trellises. T. A. Knight. . . . qualities of newly raised fruits exemplified in plums. . . . . the 'Siberian Bittersweet', a new and valuable cider apple. Volume 7. 1830. T. Torbron. . . . advantages of grafting pears on quince stocks. J. Lindley. Some account of the 'Mela Carla', 'Malcarle', or 'Charles Apple'. J. Thompson. A review of the fifty kinds of grapes described by Mr. Speechly in his 'Treatise on the Vine', with such corrections as subsequent experience shews the necessity of. A. Gorrie. An account of Scotch pears. J. Williams. On the probable cause of the russet in apples. D. Douglas. . . . some new, and little known species of the genus Ribes. Trinci, C. L'agricoltore sperimentato. . . . Lucca, 1738; Venezia, 1796 [6th ed.?]. 1796 ed.: 8vo pp. [II], IIIXX, 448; [II], IIIXXII, 295. 6 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Vol. 1. Vineyards (11 chs.). Grape cultivars, winemaking (36 chs.). Culture and cultivars of chestnuts, cherries, citrus (16 chs.). Grafting and budding (5 chs.). Culture and cultivars of mulberries, olives, figs, pears (33 chs.). Apiculture (7 chs.). Appendix by M. Bidet on grapevine propagation, wine making, cellar management (4 chs.). Vol. 2. Manuale de' giardinieri . . . by A. F. Agostino Mandirola. Books 1, 2. Ornamental plants. Book 3. Citrus fruits, their seedings, grafting, transplanting, pruning, harvesting, protection (11 chs.). Book 4. Medicinal plants. Triquel, R. Instrvction povr les arbres frvictiers. Par M. R. T. P. D. S. M. Paris, 1653, 1658, 1659, 1664, 1672, 1676, 1684; La Haye, 1655; Lyon, 1662, 1672. 1662 ed.: 12mo pp. [VI], 7166, [13]. 1 text woodcut. Contents: Standard fruit trees (1 ch.). Espaliers (1 ch.). Bush forms (1 ch.). Manures (1 ch.). Tree maintenance (2 chs.). Annotated cultivar listings and ripening calendar (3 chs.). Harvesting fruit (1 ch.). [Triquel, R.] Cotton, C. [Translator.] The planters manual; being instructions for the raising, planting, and cultivating all sorts of fruit-trees, wether stone-fruits or pepin-fruits. . . . London, 1675. As The planters manual: being instructions and observations for the propagating all manner of fruit trees. . . . Methods for the making and ordering of cyder, and other English-wines. . . . London, 1685. As vol. 4 of The genuine works of Charles Cotton. London, 1715, 1725, 1734, 1765, 1767[?], 1771. 1685 ed.: 8vo pp. [VI], 139, [5]. Additional engraved title. Contents: Unstructured. General fruit-tree culture (4 chs.). Standard fruit trees (30 chs.). Fruits suitable for espaliers (7 chs.). Site preparation for espaliers (10 chs.). Planting and training espaliers (33 chs.). Dwarfed fruit trees (1 ch.). Composting and manuring (1 ch.). Pest control (7 chs.). Propagation methods, materials, and after care (33 chs.). Cultivar listings of plums, peaches, apples, pears with ripening sequence (4 chs.). Fruit harvest (1 ch.).

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Tschiffeli, D. L'école des jardiniers, où, l'on apprend à semer les arbres fruitiers . . . avec un supplément qui contient une description très-utile & très-curieuse de tous les arbres. Nouvelle édition. Berne, 1696. 32mo pp. [VII], 376. Engraved frontis. Contents: Unstructured dialogue-style treatise on fruit growing from raising and grafting seedlings to harvesting. Descriptions of numerous fruit cultivars of general or regional importance. Tusser, T. Fiue hundred pointes of good husbandrie, as well for the champion, or open countrie, as also for the woodland . . . with many other matters both profitable and not. . . . London, 1573, 1576, 1577, 1580, 1593, 1614, 1620, 1630, 1672, 1710, 1812, 1848, 1878, 1931. 1848 ed.: 8vo pp. [XXIV], 116, 45, [2]. Contents: 12 months of versified advice on rural affairs, occasional references to fruit. Listings of recommended fruits in prose.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Der ueber die zwoelf monaten des jahrs. . . . See Aengelen, P. van.

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Vallemont, l'Abbé de [Pierre le Lorrain de]. Curiositez de la nature et de l'art sur la végétation; ou l'agriculture et le jardinage dans leur perfection. . . . Paris, 1705, 1709, 1719, 1753; Bruxelles, 1723, 1734. Others. Translations into Spanish, Italian, English, German, Dutch. 1709 ed.: 12mo pp. [XXVI], 368, [4]; 274, [6]. Engraved frontis., 12 engraved pls. Contents: Part 2, pp. 170251. Le jardin fruitier. Fruit-garden layout and planting; multiplication, transplanting, training, and pruning; cultivar listings classified by species, eating quality, preferred location, potential as wall tree; culture of citrus fruits; secrets of fruit gardening. Vallemont, P. L. Abbé de. Curiosities of nature and art in husbandry and gardening . . . , also with additional title Agriculture and gardening in their perfection; or, curiosities of nature and art in the vegetation of plants. Written in French by the Abbot de Vallemont. . . . London, 1707. 8vo pp. [XVI], 352. Engraved frontis., 12 engraved pls. Contents: English translation [by William Fleetwood?] of De Vallemont's Curiositez de la nature et de l'art. . . . Vallemont, [P. L.]. Merckwuerdigkeiten der Natur und Kunst, in Zeugung, Fortpflanzung und Vermehrung der Gewaechse, oder der Ackerbau und die Gaertnerey in ihrer Vollkommenheit, welchen beygefueget eine kurze Unterweisung, die Obstbaeume recht zu beschneiden. Bautzen, 1708, 17161723. 17161723 ed.: 8vo pp. [XXXIV], 456, [VI], 457489, 16; [VI], 247, 22.2 engraved frontis., 12 engraved pls., 7 text engravings. Contents: German translation of de Vallemont's Curiositez de la nature. . . . [Vallemont, l'Abbé de.] Wohl bewaehrte Garten-Geheimnuesse . . . und einem Anhang von der rechten Baum-Zucht, insonderheit der Zwerg-Baeume . . . aus dem Frantzoesischen . . . , Nuernberg, 1734, 1738, others; Wien und Nuernberg, 1752; Leipzig, 1756. 8vo. Engraved pls.* Contents: Anonymous German translation of de Vallemont's Curiositez de la nature. . . .

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Van der Groen, J. Den nederlandtsen hovenier . . . , Amsterdam, 1669, 1670. As Le jardinier hollandois, ou sont écrites toutes sortes de belles maisons de plaisance & de campagne. . . . Der niederlaendische Gaertner, das ist, eine Beschreibung . . . mit vielen trefflichen Baeumen, Blumen und Kraeutern . . . , Amsterdam, 1669, 1670. As Le jardinier du Pays-Bas . . . , Bruxelles, 1672. 1672 ed.: 4to pp. [IV], 180, [2]. Text engravings. Contents: Introduction, an illustrated treatise on grafting. Part 1. Raising, planting out, and managing fruit gardens. Short cultivar lists. Other parts on beekeeping and ornamental plants. This title is Part 2 of Het vermakelyck landtleven . . . , by Petrus Nylandt. Vanière, J. Jacobi Vanierii è Societate Jesu praedium rusticum, Tolosa, 1706, 1730, 1742; Parisiis, 1707, 1746, 1756, 1774, 1786, 1817; Amstelodami, 1731, 1749; Colonia Munatianae, 1750, 1782; Tyrnavae, 1772. As Oeconomie rurale traduction du poème du P. Vanière, intitulé praedium rusticum. Par M. Berland. Paris, 1756. As Jacobi Vanierii . . . praedium rusticum. Di Jocopo Vaniero . . . la possessione di campagna. [No place], 17**. [Latin and Italian on opposite pages]. As Vollstaendiger Meyerhof, oder, sechszehn Buecher von der Landwirthschaft. . . . Augsburg, 1772. As Jakob Vaniers Gedichte von der Landwirthschaft. . . . Wuerzburg, 1788. Text in Latin and German. As Paraszti majorsag, mellyet Vanierboel hat labbal merseklett magyar versbe. . . . Posonyban, 17791780. As Predio rustico. Traducito en verso espanol. . . . Zaragosa, 17841791. 1742 ed.: 8vo in sixes pp. [VIII], 319, [7]. Contents: 16 books on the country estate. Buildings, farm help, animal husbandry (Books 14). Fruit and other trees. Seedling nursery; grafting methods; flowering, ripening, and other physiological phenomena; specific fruits, viz. apple, fig, citrus, walnut, chestnut, almonds, cherry, pear (Book 5). Tree diseases, deficiencies, and symptoms; tree repair; human urge to experiment with trees; specific tree diseases (Book 6). Rural events and chores in spring, summer, fall, and winter (Books 7, 8). Vegetables (Book 9). Grape growing, wine, and vinegar making (Books 10, 11). Domestic fowl (Books 12, 13). Bees, honey, and wax (Book 14). Fish pond and game preserve (Books 15, 16). Van Mons, J. B. Catalogue descriptif abrégé, contenant une partie des arbres fruitiers qui, depuis 1798, jusqu'en 1823 ont formé la collection de J. B. Van Mons. Louvain, [1823]. 12mo pp. [V], VIXVI, 1762. Contents: Divided into 3 series, each listing cultivars of apple, pear, plum, and cherry without subdivision. Numbers running to 1502, including duplicates, promising seedlings, and prior discards. Duplicates grown on different rootstocks. . Essai pomologique . . . avec la description de diverses varietés des pommes et de poires. . . . Bruxelles, 1819; Paris, 1851.* Van Oosten, H. The Dutch gardener: or, the compleat florist. Containing the most successful method of planting, dressing and pruning of all manner of fruit trees. Together with . . . the nursing of lemon and orange trees in northern climates. . . . London, 1703, 1707, 1711. 8vo pp. [VIII], 291, [1].

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Engraved frontis., 2 engraved pls. Contents: English translation of H. van Oosten's De Neederlandsen hof. . . . with contents rearranged. Part 1. Planting, maintenance, propagation, and protection of fruit trees (6 chs.). Individual fruits (13 chs.). Ornamental and economic trees and shrubs (12 chs.). Minor and berry fruits (4 chs.). Part 2. Floriculture. Part 3. Tulip forcing. Part 4. Carnation culture. Part 5. Greenhouse culture of oranges (14 chs.). . Le jardin de Hollande planté et garni de fleurs, de fruits et d'orangeries . . . ajouté le nouveau jardin des Hesperides. . . . Leyden, 1714, 1721. Contents: French translation of H. van Oosten's De Neederlandsen hof. . . . . De Neederlandsen hof, beplant met bloemen, ooft en orangerijen. . . . Hoe men alle soorten van boomen sal saajen, planten, vrugtbar maken en voortkweeken. . . . Hier by komt nog den nieuwen Neederlandsen Hesperides. . . . Leyden, 1700, 1703; Wolfenbuettel, 1712. Title wordings with minor variations. Numerous editions up to Rotterdam, 1792. 1703 ed.: 8vo pp. [VI], 286. Engraved frontis., 5 engraved pls. Contents: Part 1. Floriculture (124 chs.). Part 2. Tulip culture (20 chs.). Part 3. Carnation culture (17 chs.). Part 4. Fruit culture and cultivars (21 chs.). Culture of other woody plants (14 chs.). Part 5. Culture of citrus fruits (14 chs.). . Der niederlaendische Garten, bepflantzet mit Blumen, Obst und Orangerien. . . . Hierzu kommen noch die neuen niederlaendischen Hesperides oder Pflegung der Limonien- und Orangenbaeume. . . . Hannover, 1706; Wolfenbuettel, 1728, 1751; Leipzig, 1791. Contents: German translation of H. Van Oosten's De Neederlandsen hof. . . . . Register van alle de soorten der voornaamste vrugten, als van apricosen, persiken, karssen, pruimen, kruisbessen, aalbessen, peeren, appelen, queeperen, wijngaarden. . . . Leyden, 1703. 8vo pp. [IV], 55. Contents: Extensive cultivar listings with blank areas for additional entries. Shorter register of vegetable cultivars. Van Sterbeeck, F. Citricultura oft regeringhe der uythemsche boomen, te weten oranien, citroenen, limoenen, granaten, laurieren en andere. T'Antwerpen, 1682, 1712. 4to pp. [XLII], 296, [26]. Engraved frontis., 14 engraved pls. Contents: Citrus bibliography (Introduction). Culture, tree and cultivar descriptions of oranges, lemons, limes (3 chs.). Citrus propagation (1 ch.). Pomegranate culture (1 ch.). Laurel culture (1 ch.). Venette, N. L'art de tailler les arbres fruitiers, avec un dictionaire des mots dont se servent les jardiniers, en parlant des arbres. Et un traité de l'usage des fruits des arbres, pour se conserver la santé, ou pour se guérir, lorsque l'on est malade. Avec une liste des fruits fondans pendant toute l'année. Paris, 1683. 8vo pp. [XXIV], 72, [6]. 2 engraved pls., folded. Contents: Part 3 of P. Morin's Instruction facile pour connoître. . . . [Venette, N.] The art of pruning fruit-trees. . . . And a tract of the use of the fruits of trees. . . . Translated from the French original set forth . . . by a physician of Rochelle, London, 1685, 1690 [together with The compleat planter & cyderist]. 8vo pp. [VIII], 104, [8]. Text engravings. Contents:

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English translation of N. Venette's L'art de tailler les arbres fruitiers. Venuto, A. Antonino Venuto d'agricoltura, nel qvale si insegna il vero modo di coltiuare i campi, i prati, gli orti, i giardini, le viti, gli arbori, & tutte le cose utile. . . . Nuouamente ridotto in buona lingua. Venetia, n.d. 8vo ff [I], 236. Contents: Identical to 1516 ed. but translated into the Tuscan dialect. . Notensis de agricultura opusculum. Neapolis, 1516; Venetia, 1536, 1537, 1541, 1556. 1541 ed.: 8vo ff. 40. Contents: One chapter each on orange, azerole, apricot, hackberry, cherry, quince, chestnut, carob, fig, pomegranate, ''isbergio," almond, walnut, hazelnut, medlar, mulberry, olive, peach, apple, pear, plum, date, pine nut, juneberry, jujube. General fruit-tree culture (1 ch.). Culture and cultivars of wine grapes (8 chs.). Vermeerdert en vernieuwd Register van alle de sorten van peeren en appelen. . . . Aanteekening van de sorten van wyngaarden, kersen, haasenooten, persikken, vygen, mispelen, abrikosen, moerbesien, kruysbeyen, pruynen, okkernooten, aalbessen. . . . Den tweeden druk, meer als een derde vermeerdert, Leyden, 1721, 1735, 1751. 4to pp. [VIII], 54. [Later eds. of Du Vivie's Register . . .]. Contents: Cultivar listings of Dutch fruits. Apples and pears by month of ripening, others summarily. Der verstandige hovenier. . . . See Aengelen, P. van. Verzeichnis der Obst-Sorten in der systematischen Obstbaumschule. . . . See Carlowitz, G. H. von. Verzeichnis der vornehmsten, raresten, und beliebtesten Fruchtbaeume. . . . See Chartreux, les Pères. Vinet, E. La maison champestre et agricvltvre d'Elie Vinet Xainctongeois et Antoine Mizavld de Molvsson. Divisee en cinq parties. . . . Paris, 1602, 1607. 1607 ed.: 4to pp. [XVI], 811, [44]. 3 engraved pls., folded. Text engravings. Contents: Maison rustiquetype work. Fruit section condensed from A. Mizauld's Historia hortensium. . . . Volkamer, J. C. Continuation der Nuernbergischen Hesperidum, oder fernere gruendliche Beschreibung . . . benebst einem Anhange von . . . der Ananas, des Palm-Baums, der Coccos-Nuesse. . . . Nuernberg, 1714. 4to ff. [XLIV], 239, [2]. 132 engraved pls. Contents: Part 1. Myth of the Hesperides (1 ch.). Gardens, mazes, conservatories of citrus trees (3 chs.). Citrus culture, protection, and propagation (5 chs.). Hazards and diseases (1 ch.). Shipping citrus trees (1 ch.). Life expectancies (1 ch.). Part 2. Cultivar descriptions of citrons (12 chs.). Cultivar descriptions of lemons, limes, and bergamots (40 chs.). Part 4. Cultivar descriptions of oranges and 1 grapefruit (19 chs.). Appendix. Cultivation and cultivars of pineapples, dates, coconuts, dracena palm, and cotton. Late additions. . Hesperidum norimbergensium, sive de malorum citreorum, limonum, aurantiumque cultura et usu libri IV. Norimbergae, [1713]. Folio pp. 271. 119 engraved pls., 18 engraved vignettes. Contents: Latin translation of J. C. Volkamer's Nuernbergische Hesperides with new engraved title and 2 additional engraved pls.

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. Nuernbergische Hesperides, oder gruendliche Beschreibung der edlen Citronat, Citronen, und PomerantzenFruechte. . . . Herausgegeben von J. C. V. Nuernberg, 1708. Folio pp. [VI], 255, [9]; [II], 317, [IV]. Engraved frontis., 119 engraved pls., 18 engraved vignettes. Contents: Part 1. Citrus cultivation (12 chs.). Citrus pests and diseases (3 chs.). Duties and character required of a citrus gardener followed by a rimed fable (2 chs.). Citrus-related sights in Italy (5 chs.). Citrus anatomy (1 ch.). Origin of citrus fruits and of Italian cultivars (1 ch.). Part 2. Citrus medica (10 chs.). Part 3. Lemons, limes, and related species and hybrids (39 chs.). Part 4. Oranges and grapefruits (22 chs.). Unstructured addenda on conservatory plants, sun dials, drawing techniques, Turkish obelisks. Die vollkommene Gaertnerschule, in welcher alles was ein erfahrner Gaertner . . . zu wissen noethig hat. Wien, 1798. 8vo.*

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Walker, W. Die Obstsorten in der Obstbaumschule . . . zu Hohenheim bei Stuttgart. Tuebingen, 1822. Nachtrag. ibid., 1830. 8vo pp. [III], IVXII, 280; [III], IVXIV, 70, [4]. Contents: Cultivar descriptions of apples (188 + 47), pears (150 + 42), malus/pyrus species (7), quinces (4), medlars (3), peaches (26), nectarines (4), apricots (10 + 1), plums (32 + 3), cherries (68 + 1), almonds (3 + 1), currants (5), selected minor fruits. Walter of Henley. Boke of husbandry. . . . whiche mayster Groshede somtyme bysshop of Lyncoln made & translated it out of Frensshe in to Englisshe. . . . Here begynneth the plantynge of trees and vynes. . . . [London, ca. 1510]. 8vo pp. [I], 23. Woodcut title. Contents: Farm management, field crops, animal husbandry (26 chs.). Fruit culture (Unstructured, 14 paragraphs). Washington, G. The diaries of George Washington, 17481799, edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. . . . Boston & New York, 1925, 4 vols. Weeks, E. The forcer's assistant; a treatise with useful hints on forcing . . . melons, pines, and other choice fruit from dwarf plants . . . directions for forcing the grape, cherry, and peach in houses. . . . Chipping Norton, 1814. 8vo pp. 84.* Weston, R. The gardener's and planter's calendar. Containing the method of raising timber-trees, fruit-trees, and quick, for hedges. London, 1773, 1778. 1778 ed.: 12mo pp. [XII], 336. Contents: Unstructured on timber trees, kitchen garden, orchard and fruit garden. Extensive monthly gardening calendar with fruit cultivars in season. . The gardener's pocket-calendar. . . . London 1779 [anonymous], [1780?], 1783, 1784, 1787, 1789. 12mo pp. [II], XII, 84 [recte 86]. Later editions with text engravings.* Whitmill, B. [Senior and Junior]. Kalendarium universale: or, the gardiner's universal calendar. . . . London, 1726 [anonymous], 1747, 1748, 1757, 1765. 1747 ed.: 12mo pp. [II], II, 257, [15]. Contents: Extensive

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monthly garden calendar, divided in fruit garden, kitchen garden, flower garden. Subdivided as follows: 1. Work to be done. 2. Methods and tools to accomplish it. 3. Fruit cultivars and other produce to be harvested. Der wienerische Baum- und Obstgaertner; oder Anleitung zu vorteilhaften Zucht und Wartung der Obstbaeume. . . . Nebst einem Baumgartenkalender. Von einem Freunde der Gaertnerey herausgegeben. Wien, 1798. 8vo pp. [III], 4194, [18]. Contents: Fruit-tree propagation, planting, training (52 chs.). Disease and pest control (34 chs.). Description of cultivars (184 chs.). Dwarfed fruit trees (9 chs.). Melons, grapes, nuts, tropical fruits (63 chs.). Monthly fruit-garden calendar. Willich, A. F. M. See Mease, J. Wohl bewaehrte Garten-Geheimnuesse . . . See Vallemont. Wohlerfahrener Zwerg-Baum-Meister, in sich haltend, wie die Zwerg-Baeume auf neue vorteilhaffte art jaehrlich kuenstlich zu beschneiden. . . . Durch B. L. [Leipzig], 1703. 8vo pp. [XVI], 111. 8 engraved pls., 6 folded. Contents: Top and root pruning of dwarf fruit trees at planting time (2 chs.). Pruning tools, pruning instructions for the 1st to the 4th year after planting (4 chs.). Correct and wrong pruning cuts (1 ch.). Remedial pruning (1 ch.). Pruning fully grown dwarf fruit trees and espaliers (1 ch.). Debudding, summer pruning, cultivars suitable as dwarfs, experimental tree training, eulogy on dwarf fruit trees (1 ch.). Der wohlunterrichtende Gaertner. . . . See Gentil, F. [Wonnecke von Cube, J.]. . . . ortus sanitatis, vff teutsch ein gart der gesuntheit [Thus named in preface. No title page issued.]. Moguntiae, 1485. Folio ff. [II], [355], [3 incl. colophon]. Woodcut frontis., Ca. 400 woodcuts mostly of plants. Contents: Illustrated encyclopedia of 435 medicinal plants, animals, and substances. Fruits pictured and described are sloe, almond, barberry, quince, cherry, chestnut, date, pomegranate, mulberry, blackberry, apple, crabapple, melon, hazelnut, strawberry, fig, walnut, medlar, coconut, plum, lemon, pear, currant, elderberry, tamarind, grape. Worlidge, J. Vinetum britannicum: or, a treatise of cider, and such other wines and drinks that are extracted from all manner of fruits . . . method of propagating all sorts of vinous fruit-trees . . . By J. W. Gent. London, 1676, 1678, 1691. 1691 ed.: 8vo pp. [XX], 236. Engraved frontis., 3 engraved pls. Contents: Among alcoholic beverages from plant materials fruit wines are superior but cider is best (3 chs.). Culture of tree fruits (1 ch.). Fruit wine and cider production (1 ch.). Monetary profits and health benefits from cider (1 ch.). Listing of 23 fruit species and cultivars recommended for making fermented beverages (1 ch.). Wrede, J. H. Ph. . . . pomologisches Handbuch, oder Auszug aus dem deutschen Obstgaertner von J. V. Sickler. Mit einer Vorrede von L. F. von Laffert. Hannover, 1803. 8vo. Contents: Text only of the first 12 vols. of J. V. Sickler's Der teutsche Obstgaertner. . . .

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Wynkyn de Worde. See The crafte. . . .

<><><><><><><><><><><><> Zigra, J. H. Der Baumgaertner, oder, ausfuehrliche Anweisung zur Obstbaumzucht. Riga, 1803, 1816. As Der nordische Baumgaertner, oder: vollstaendige Anweisung zur Obstbaumzucht. Riga, 1820.* Added in proof: Palladii Rutilii Tavri Aemiliani, viri illustris, de re rustica libri XIIII. Parisiis, 1543. 8vo pp.[II] 186, [6]. Contents: Book 1. Gardening basics (43 chs.). Books 213. Monthly fruit and other garden chores. Book 14. De insitionibus is a grafting manual.

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Index Italic numbers indicate pages with illustrations. A Abbildungen aller Obstsorten (ca. 1825), 241 Abercrombie, John, 242, 243 Adanson, Michel, 286 Addison, Joseph, 155, 220 Adlum, John, 187 Aengelen (Engel), P. van, 72 Agricola, Georg Andreas, 4, 215, 216, 289 Agustin, Miguel, 100 Ahlich, J., 176 Alamanni, Luigi, 36, 37 Albertus Magnus, 25 Aldrovandi, Ulysses, 79, 81 Alleitz, Pons-Auguste, 209 Allgemeines deutsches Garten-Magazin (18041811, 18151824), 261 Amoreux, P. J., 267 d'Andilly, Arnauld, 114 Andrieux, M., 209 An Epitome of Mr. Forsyth's Treatise (1803), 247, 249, 250 Antoine, Franz de Paula, 290 Antophilus, Isidor, pseud., 166 Arber, Agnes, 49 Aristote, jardinier de Puteaux, pseud., 72 Arnold, Richard, 40 L'art de tailler les arbres fruitiers, 106 Athenaios, 15

August, Elector of Saxony, 49, 97 Austen, Ralph, 12, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 155, 202 B Bacon, Francis, 87, 88, 129, 145, 214, 310 Banks, Sir Joseph, 226, 299 Barnes, Thomas, 215 Barpo, Giovanni Baptista, 38 Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 26 Bassus, Cassianus, 200 Bastien, Jean-François, 55 Bauhin, Jean, 79, 82, 83, 104 Baumann, Franz-Johann, 209 Baumgaertner, F., 205 Beale, John, 145, 147 de Belleforest, François, 36 Berdyshev, A. P., Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov (1988), 180 Bergius, Jonas, 176 Bessa, Pancrace, 261, 293, 296, 303 de Biblesworth, Walter, 26 Bilderbeck, C. L., 310 Bimbi, Bartolomeo, 273, 277 Blackwell, Alexander, 149 Blanche, Dr., 69 Bliss, George, 242, 257 Blomaert, Cornelius, 266 Bogsch, Johann, 183 Bolotov, Andrei Timofeevich, 179, 180, 181, 182 de Bonnefons (Bonnfond), Nicholas, 72, 105, 107, 109, 111, 151, 200 Bonnelle, François, 167, 168 de Boodt, Anselm Boethius, 265

Book of Fruits & Flowers (1653), 195, 196 Bordley, J. B., 188, 249, 250 Bostichi, Bernardo Davanzati, 38, 39 Boyceau de La Barauderie, Jacques, 68 Boym, Michael, 266 Bradley, Richard, 4, 142146, 143, 144, 149, 151, 156, 164, 199, 215, 242, 244 Brahe, P., the Elder, 58 Brookshaw, George, 288, 289, 297

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Brossard, Davy, 41, 42, 45, 46, 65 Brunfels, Otto, 73 Bryant, Charles, 199 Bucknall, Thomas Skip Doyot, 249, 253 Bunyard, Edward, Journal of Pomology (1919). Anatomy of Dessert (1929), 12, 54, 87, 242, 290, 302 Bussato, Marco, 58, 60, 61, 62 de Butret, Charles, 226 Byam, Lydia, 303, 305 C Cabanis, M., père, 217 de Cahaignes, Jacques, 67 Calonius, John, 12 de Calonne, Jean François, 172 Calvados, 66, 189 Calvel, Etienne, 212, 229 Cambert, Robert and Abbé Pierre Perrin, 222, 223 de Camoens, Luis Vas, 316 Cardinal, G., 114 Carl, Duke of Hesse, 212 von Carlowitz, Georg Heinrich, 241 Carnell, Philip Percy, 138 de Carro, Pierre, 183 Carthusians (les Révérends Pères Chartreux), 21, 40, 178, 205, 206, 207, 208, 228, 229, 290 Casteels, Peter, 277 Catalogue des arbres à fruits les plus excellents, 207 Cato, Marcus Porcius, 17, 241 Catros, Toussaint-Yves, 311 Cause, Hendrick, 172, 269, 271 Cerati, Gaspero, 183

Cerruti, manuscript, 23 Chabrey, Dominique, 82 Chaillou, M., 208 Chambers, Ephraim, 312 de Chambray, Marquis, 167, 170 de Chanvalon, Sieur, 171 Charlemagne, 22 Charles I, King of England, 98 Charles V, King of France, 31 Cherler, Heinrich, 82 Chomel, Noel, 199 Chomel, Pierre-Baptiste, 199 Christ, Johann Ludwig, 239, 240, 241, 300, 301 Ch'u Yuan, 15 Cider, perry, fruit wines, 66, 67, 96, 132, 137139, 140, 145, 146, 160, 167, 169, 186, 189, 215, 279, 298 de Cisneros, Jimenez, 32 Clarici, Paolo Bartolomeo, 273 Clusius, Carolus, 193 Cobbett, William, 189, 191, 245, 248 Colerus, Johannes, 98 Coles, William, 131 Collins, Sam, 149 Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, 18, 32 Commelijn (Commelyn), Jan, 72, 114, 172, 267, 270, 272 Contant, Jacques and Paul, 111 Cordus, Valerius, 49, 51, 82 Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Toscana, 273 Cotier, Jacques, 55 Cotton, Charles, 111 The Country-man's recreation, 45 Cowell, John, 156

Coxe, William, 189, 302, 303, 304 de Crescenzi, Piero 30, 31, 33, 63, 100 de Crèvecoeur, Hector St. Jean, 185 Crottendorf (Krottendorf), Paul, 121, 122, 123 Cupani, Francesco, 276, 277 Curtius, Benedictus (Benoît Le Court), 38 D D., N. F. See Fatio de Duillier, 213 Dahuron, René, 118, 119, 164 Dalechamps, Jean, 79, 82 Dankaerts, Jasper, and Peter Sluyter, 185 Dauling, Johann Georg, 212 D. C. P. v. G. See Bilderbeck, C. L., 310 De La Riviere et Du Moulin, les Sieurs, 164, 166, 167 De stirpium cultura (Pflantzbuechlein), 49 De Vaux (Devaux), Antoine Cadet, 230 Dezallier d'Argenville, Antoine Nicholas, 224 Dictionarium rusticum, urbanicum & botanicum (1717), 45 Diecker, Herbert Rudolf, 214 Diel, August Friedrich Adrian, 214, 236, 290, 300 Dietzsch, Margaretha Barbara, 297 Dioscorides, 73

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Dochnahl, Friedrich, Jakob, 255 Dodoens, Rembert, 104, 193 Domitzer, Johann, 38, 40, 50, 310 Driver, Abraham and William, 288 Drope, Francis, 132, 133 Dubois, Louis, 169 Duemler, Jacob Wolfgang, 101, 102 Du Hamel du Monceau (Duhamel), Henri Louis, 10, 162, 171, 217, 228, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 309 Du Mesnil, Nicolas, 41 Du Petit Thouars, Aubert-Aubert, 28, 65, 200, 220, 221, 229, 232 Du Vivie, Jan, 172, 174, 175, 176 Dwight, Timothy, 118 E Edelbach, Gerold, 70 Ellis, William, 138 Elsholtz, Johann Sigismund, 193, 196, 197, 198 Elyot, Sir Thomas, 20 The English vineyard vindicated (1666), 110 Estienne, Charles, 32, 54, 57, 58, 59, 64, 100, 146, 169, 172, 200 Evelyn, Charles, 151, 155 Evelyn, John, 69, 71, 110, 117, 124, 126, 132, 146, 148, 151, 202, 265 Evelyn, John, the Younger, 202 Eydler, Kaspar, 173 F Fairchild, Thomas, 149 Fanon, M., 229 Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas, 213 Ferrari, Giovanni Battista, 104, 114, 149, 266, 268, 269 Fertilizing fruit trees, 19, 139, 256

Fillassier, J.J., 209 Fitzherbert, John, 52 Fletcher, H. R., The story of the Royal Horticultural Society (1969), 255 Florinus, Franz Philipp, 98 Floy, Michael, 309 Forsyth, William, 169, 188, 189, 228, 239, 242, 244252, 246, 247, 248, 251, 290 Fortunatus, Venantius, 21 François I, King of France, 54, 63 Franke, Johann, 49 Frederic August, Elector of Saxony. See August, Elector of Saxony Frederic II, King of Prussia, 164, 165 Fuchs, Leonhart, 77 Fullmer, Sam, 244 Furber, Robert, 145, 277, 278, Plate 1 G Gabriel, P., 360 Gallesio, Giorgio, Conte, 300, 302 Gallo, Agostino, 36, 65 Gardener, Maister Jon, 19 Gardiner, John, 202, 204 Gartner, Christian, 178 Garton, James, 217 de Gasperi, C., 183 Gentil, François, 205, 206, 208, 221 Gerard, John, 76, 78 Gesner, Conrad, 49 Gesta Romanorum (ca. 1510), 26 Gibson, John, 141, 164, 219, 220, 221 Giegher, Mattia, 193 Gmelin, Johann Friedrich, 82 Goblin, l'Abbé, 114

Goethals, Jan, 173 Gorgole de Corne Florentin, 41 Gottfried (Godfrey) of Franconia, 40, 41 Gotthardt, Johann Christian, 241 Graeflinger, Georg, 110 Grafting compounds, 49, 134 Grafting concepts and methods, 18, 19, 29, 42, 62, 69, 79, 82, 86, 88, 91, 114, 131, 134, 138, 173, 178, 205, 210, 215, 217, 218, 234 Grafting treatises, 18, 86, 215, 217 (2) Graham, William, 138 Grosseteste, Bishop, 41 G. V. N., 269, 272 H Hagy, Fred, The practical garden of Eden (1990), 224 Haines, Richard, 137 Hale, Thomas, 215 Hammond, John, 185 Hanbury, William, 159 Handprotecol over frugttrae-sorterne (1795), 233 Hanmer, Sir Thomas, 134 Han Yen-Chi, 27 Harris (Harrys), Richard, 52 Harrison, Charles, 242, 256 Hartlib, Samuel, 125, 131, 145, 147 Harward, Simon, 86 Hausvater literature, 98, 176 Haynes, Thomas, 256 Hayward, Joseph, 258, 259

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von Heinecke, Karl Heinrich, 242 Henderson, Peter, 297 Henne, Samuel David Ludwig, 234 Heraldry showing fruit, 28 Heresbach, Conrad, 86 de Herrera, Gabriel Alonso, 32 Hervy, Christophe, 228 Hervy, Michel-Christophe, 228, 229 Hesse, Heinrich, 103, 104 Hildebrand, H., 200 Hildegard von Bingen, 23 Hill, John, 215 Hirschfeld, Christian Cajus Lorenz, 233 Hitt, Thomas, 164, 186, 218, 220 Hogg, Robert, 261 Holinshed, Raphael, 52 Holyk, Georg, 178 Homer, 15 Hooker, William, 298, 299 Horticultura (title), 89, 91 Horticultural Society of London, 244, 252, 258, 260, 299, 303, 315, Plates 4, 5 Hortus and giardino, 100 Hrabanus Maurus, 22 Hunt, Rachel M. M., William Penn, horticulturist (1953), 185 I Ibn al-'Awwâm, 23, 30, 32 Ibn al-Baitar, 25 Ibn Botlan (Ellbochasim de Baldach), 23, 77 Isidorus Hispalensis (Isidore of Seville), 21

J Jackson, John, 203 Janson, Astrid, 317 Le jardinier royal (1661), 114 Jauffret, L. F., 306, 307 Jefferson, Thomas, 155, 187, 188, 276 J. F. B. (J. F. Benade), 242 J. L., Notaire de Laon. See Laurent, Jean Jonston, Johannes, 104 Junghans, Berthold, 97 K Kalm, Peter, 12 Kaufmann, A., Der Gartenbau im Mittelalter (1892), 87 Kennedy, John, 159 Kick, Cornelius, 269 Kluepffel, J. A., 208 Knabe, Michael, 97, 101 Knight, Thomas Andrew, 209, 242, 252, 254,, 255, 256, 298, 299, 302, 303 Knoop, Johann Hermann, 235, 267, 279, 283, 284, 285, 286, 290, 303, Plates 2, 3 Kraft, Johann, 289, 290, 291 Kruenitz, J. G., 313, 314 Kubata, Johann Georg, 179 Kueffner, Friedrich, 215 L De La Bretonnerie, Jean, 171 De La Chataigneraye, l'Abbé, 164, 165 de La Court van der Voort, Pieter, 173, 176, 177 de Lahontan, Baron, 184 Lambard, William, 52 Landric, Arnauld, 54, 56, 217

Langford, T., 132, 135 Langley, Batty, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282 de La Quintinye, Jean, 89, 115118, 116, 119, 123, 124, 126, 126, 151, 155, 160, 164, 169, 171, 210, 212, 222, 226, 236 Lastri, Marco, 276 Lauremberg, Peter, 89, 92 Laurence, John (Lawrence, Iohn), 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 164 Laurent, Jean, 210 de La Varenne, Pierre, 199 Lawrence, Anthony, 145 Lawson, William, 11, 84, 85, 86, 87, 125, 145, 290 Le Berryais, Louis R., 169, 171, 290 Le Brocq, Philip, 214 Leclerc, George Louis, Comte de Buffon, 315 Le Court, Benoît, 38 Le Gendre, Antoine, 69, 70, 71, 72, 82, 97, 111, 115, 151, 160, 209 Le Grand d'Aussy, Pierre J. B., 201 Leibitzer, Johannes, 210 Le Lectier, le Sieur, 84, 290 Lelieur, Jean Baptiste, le Comte, 231, 232, 262 Le Maître, Curé de Joinville, 169 Lemoine, Lénor, 230 Le Moyne de Morgues, Jacques, 263, 264, 265 Le Normand, M., 208 Le Nôtre, André, 117

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Le Paulmier de Grentemesnil, Julien, 66 Liebault, Jean, 32, 55, 64, 100, 172 Liegel, Georg, 212, 311 Liegelsteiner, G., 210, 211 Liger, Louis, 171, 200, 205 Lindley, George, 186, 306 Lindley, John, 255, 306 Linné, Carl von, 12, 162, 176, 199, 315 de Liron d'Airoles, Jules, 208 Lissander, M., 176 Locke, John, 141 London, George, 124, 125, 127, 155, 205 Lonitzer, Adam, 40 de Loris, Guillaume, 25 Loudon, John Claudius, 172, 189, 235, 261, 315 Louis XIV, King of France, 105, 117, 162, 164, 199, 222, 286 Louis the Pious, 12, 22 Lundberg, P., 176 Lyon, P., 386 M Macrobius, A. A. T., 12, 113, 184 Maison Rustique, 98, 171, 199, 200 Malo, Charles, 303 Mandirola, Agostino, 113, 302 Manfred, King of Naples, 26 Manger, Heinrich Ludwig, 236, 238 The Manner of setting trees after Godfrey of Palladium, 45 Marco Polo, 26 Markham, Gervase, 63, 86

Marshall, Humphry, 191 Martialis, Gargilius, 19 Mascall, Leonard, 45, 47 Massialot, M., 199 Mattioli, Pier Andrea, 73, 75 Mawe, Thomas, 242 Mayer, Johann Prokop, 286, 287 Mease, Dr. J., 189, 314 Meier (Marius), Georg, 32 Merlet, Jean, 118, 120, 164, 169, 208 Michaux, François-André, 191 Michel, Etienne, 296 Micheli, Pier Antonio, 273, 276 Miller, Philip, 125, 138, 141, 180, 186, 212, 244, 288 Milton, John, 14, 155 Mizauld de Molusson, Antoine, 65 M. L. B.***. See Le Berryais, Louis R. M'Mahon, Bernard, 188 Moeller, Georg Friedrich, 236 Mohamed. See Muhammad Mollet, André, 69 Mollet, Claude, 68 de Montchrestien, Antoine, 66 Montif, Lucian, 202 Moore, Jonas, 138 Moore, Rev. T. W., Treatise and Handbook to Orange Culture (1877), 114 Morin, Pierre, 105, 113, 114, 118 Mozard, Jean, 226 M. R. T. P. D. S. M. See Triquel, R. Mueller, Johann Georg, 179, 210, 211 von Muenchhausen, Otto, 99

Mueschen, F. H., 394 Muhammad, 20, 22 N Nabatean agriculture, 24 Nachricht und Beschreibung von verschiedenen Obstsorten (17731774), 234 National Agricultural Library (NAL), Beltsville, MD, 187, 303 Neckham (Necham), Alexander, 24 Neues allgemeines deutsches Garten-Magazin (18251828), 261 N. F., 52, 53 Nicol, Walter, 244 Nicosia, Filippo, 183 Noisette, Louis Claude, 308, 398 Nolin and Blavet, the Fathers, 208 Norton, John, 76 Nourse, Timothy, 137 Nylandt, Petrus, 172 O Oelhafen von Schoellenbach, 293 The Orchard and the garden, 45, 48, 84 Ortus sanitatis (Wonnecke), 74, 76 P Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus, 18, 45 Pao Choo Kon, 15 Parkinson, John, 78, 80, 290 Parnassus hortensis (1714), 179 Paulli, Simon, 93, 94 Pelletier de Frépillon, 167 Pelzbuch (ca. 1350), 4041, 45 Penn, William, 185 Pesticides, fungicides, medicated tree ointments, 159, 169, 172,

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189, 227, 245, 246, 249 (2), 255, 257, 258 Pflantzbuechlein. See Domitzer, Johann Philips, John, 138, 140, 215 Phillips, Henry, 227, 311, 313 Phillips, Leonard Jr., 258 Philocepos. See Evelyn, John Piccioli, Antonio, 183 Pictorius, J. B., 179 Plantin, Christopher, 65 Platt, Sir Hugh, 93, 193, 194 Plinius (Pliny), Gaius Secundus, 17, 30, 32, 236 Poinsot, Charles, 227 Poiteau, Pierre Antoine, 162, 171, 267, 296, 297 Pomarium, 16, 40, 79, 160, 202 Pomology, definition of, 11 Pomona, definition, history, illustrations of, 11, 78, 140, 174, 204, 316, 317 Pomona, in names and titles, 8, 63, 134, 146, 148, 183 (3), 189, 200 (2), 222, 266, 278, 287, 288 (3), 289, 300 Pomona, Taschenbuch fuer die Jugend (1820), 200 Pontano (Pontanus), Giovanni Gioviano, 113 Porta, Giambattista, 36 Pratje, Johann Heinrich, 236, 237 Preston, Ralph, 156 Prêtre, Jean Gabriel and Joséphine, 306, 307 Prince, William and William Robert Prince, 186 Puschman, Adam, 87 Puta, nymph of pruning, 16 Q Quatre traictez utiles et delectables. . . . See Brossard, Davy de Quiqueran de Beaujeu, Pierre, 67

R Racine, Jean Baptiste, 115 Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 276 Ramayana (ca. 300 B.C.), 14 The Rape of Pomona (1773), 200 Rapin, René (Renatus Rapinus), 202, 203, 204, 222, 290 Rasa'il (10th century), 26 Ray, John, 132 R. D. C. W. B. D. N. See de Bonnefons, Nicholas Rea, John, 134, 136, 217 Redouté, Pierre Joseph, 262, 293, 300 Rees, Abraham, 312 Rei rusticae scriptores (1471), 18 Reichart, Christian, 212 Reichenbach, Landrath von, 315 Reichenbach, Stromer von, 93 Reid, John, 141 Reid, Lady, 296 Renault, Pierre-Antoine, 169 Rhagor, Daniel, 89, 90, 91 del Riccio, Agostino, 113 Rieger, Paul, 208 Risso, Joseph-Antoine, 296 Robert, M., 167 Roemer, Johann Jakob, 306 Roemer, Luise, 306 Roessler, Matthias, 180, 262 Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair, 87, 117, 135 de Rosset, Pierre Fulcran, 205 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 220, 227 Royal Society, 145

Royer, Johann, 101 Rozier, l'Abbé, 312 R. P. Dom C. S. E. See Saint-Etienne, Dom Claude de la Ruelle (Ruellius), Jean, 54, 118 de Rueneuve, Angran, 160 S Sabine, Joseph, 255 Sadi, Sheik, 25 Sageret, A., 316 Saint-Etienne, Dom Claude, 111, 113, 169 Saint Jerome, 21 Salberg, Johannes, 12, 199 Salisbury, William, 256, 257 Salzmann, Friedrich Zacharias, 233 Samarqandi, 23 Santuel, V., 115 Sarchiani, Guiseppe, 38 Saussay, Le Sieur, 162, 163 Schabol, l'Abbé Roger, 160, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 228, 241 Schiller, Johann Caspar, 234, 235 Schmid, Johann Christian Erwin, 212 Schmidberger, Joseph, 212, 213 Schmidt, Christian Frantz, 233 Schnurr, Balthasar, 49 von Schoenebeck, Constantin, 201 Schola Salernitana, 129 Schwimmer, J. M., 214, 215

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Sebitz II, Count, 58 de Sécondat, Jean-Baptiste, Baron, 169 de Serres, Olivier, 63, 65, 200 Serrurier, J. F., 239 Shakespeare, William, 96 Sharrock, Robert, 131 Sickler, Friedrich, K. L., 201 Sickler, Johann Volkmar, 49, 201, 226, 239, 241, Plate 8 Simon, André, Bibliotheca Bacchica (1927), 8 Sloane, MS. 686, 41, 45 Smith, Erwin F., Peach Yellows (1888), 185 Soderini, Giovan Vettorio, 38, 39 Speechly, William, 311 Sperling, Johannes, 179 Stafford, Hugh, 279 Surfleet, Richard, 63, 64 Suter, Kaspar, 89 S. V. R. (Stromer von Reichenbach, W. A.), 93 Switzer, Stephen, 155, 156, 157, 158, 164, 186, 214, 229 T Tabernaemontanus, 76 Tacuini sanitas (1531), 77 Tanara, Vincenzo, 100 Targioni Tozzetti, Ottaviano, 262, 276 Tatin, A., 227 Taverner, John, 93, 95, 96 Teilmann, Christian, 178 Temple, Sir William, 139, 217, 224 Thacher, James, 189, 190, 191, 252, 255

Theophrastos, 16, 54 Thieme, Johann Christoph, 98, 99 Thierriat, M., 212 Thompson, Robert, 260, 306, 315 Thomsom, James, 267 Thouin, André, 187, 217, 220, 228, 229, 296, 310 de Tournefort, Joseph Pitton, 162 Tractatus Godfridi super Palladium (ca. 1400), 41 Tradescant, John, the Elder, 263 Traité des arbres fruitiers (1766), 180 Triquel, R., 110, 111, 112 Ts'ai Hsiang, 27 Tschiffeli, Daniel, 89 Turner, George, 215 Turner, William, 77 Turpin, Pierre Jean François, 171, 296 Tusser, Thomas, 52 V de Vallemont, l'Abbé, 160, 161 Van der Groen, Jan, 172, 173 Vanière, Jacob, 58 Van Mons, Jean Baptiste, 209, 239 Van Oosten, Hendrik, 172 Van Sterbeek, Frans, 114 Varro, Marcus Terentius, 17, 286 Venette, Nicholas, 105, 106, 107, 108, 113, 114, 199 Venuto, Antonino, 28, 34, 35, 36 Vertumnus, 11, 63, 117, 266, 316 Verzeichnis der vornehmsten, raresten, und beliebtesten Fruchtbaeume, 207 de Villehervé, Christophe, 228 Vinet, Elie, 65

Viridarium, 40 Volkamer, Johann Christoph, 269, 272, 273, 274, 275 Die vollkommene Gaertnerschule (1798), 310 Voltaire, Jean François Marie Arouet, 230 Vulpius, Christiane, 241 W Walafrid Strabo, 22 Walker, Wilhelm, 235 Walter of Henley, 41, 44 Washington, George, 187 Weeks, Edward, 244 Weston, Richard, 156 Whitmill, Benjamin, 7, 149, 150 Whitney, Rev. Peter, 187 Wise, Henry, 124, 127, 155 Wonnecke, Johann, 73 Worlidge, John, 91, 137 Worth, W. Y., 137 Worthington, Richard, 138 Wrede, J. H. Ph., 241 Wynkyn de Worde, 41, 42, 43, 101 X Xenophon, 15 Z Zedler, J., 312 Zigra, J. N., 180 Zink, J. C. See Knoop, Johann Hermann

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COLOPHON Pomona's Harvest is composed in Janson, which early in the 20th century was misattributed to Anton Janson (16201687), a Dutch typefounder who resided mostly in Leipzig. Research in the 1950s demonstrated that the ''Janson" typeface was in fact the work of Miklós Kis (16501702), a Hungarian who apprenticed himself to the typefounder Dirk Voskens of Amsterdam in 1680 with the goal of publishing a Bible in Hungarian. This was achieved in 1685, and by the late 1680s Kis (pronounced "keesh") was supplying his types to printers throughout Europe. In 1689, as Kis was passing through Poland on his return to Transylvania, he was briefly imprisoned as a heretic. It is likely that he left a set of his matrices in the keeping of the heirs of Anton Janson in Leipzig when he hurriedly left Poland after this misadventure. Kis's printed works were influential in standardizing Hungarian spelling and grammar and promoting literacy in that language. The beautiful and adaptable typeface he produced three centuries ago remains a favorite of book designers.

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