Racial and Ethnic Diversity: Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Whites

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY I RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY III New Strategist Publications, Inc. P.O. Box 242, Ithac...

Author: Cheryl Russell

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RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY I

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY III

New Strategist Publications, Inc. P.O. Box 242, Ithaca, New York 14851 800/848-0842; 607/273-0913 www.newstrategist.com

Copyright 2006. NEW STRATEGIST PUBLICATIONS, INC.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microﬁlming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher.

ISBN 1-885070-71-3 Printed in the United States of America

IV

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Table of Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1. American Indians and Alaska Natives Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Health

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Housing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Income

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Living Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Chapter 2. Asians Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Health

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Housing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Income

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Living Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

Chapter 3. Blacks Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Health

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Housing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

Income

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Living Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 Wealth

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275

Chapter 4. Hispanics Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Health

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

Housing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314

Income

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326

Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 Living Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Wealth

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY V

Chapter 5. Non-Hispanic Whites Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414 Health

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430

Houisng

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444

Income

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450

Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462 Living Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485 Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500 Wealth

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504

Chapter 6. Total Population Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510 Health

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524

Housing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540

Income

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554

Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570 Living Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583 Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597 Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624 Wealth

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634

Chapter 7. Attitudes and Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639 Glossary

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Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667 Index

VI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .670

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

List of Tables Chapter 1. American Indians and Alaska Natives Education 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

Educational Attainment of American Indians by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 School Enrollment of American Indians, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 College Enrollment of American Indians, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Associate’s Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Master’s Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Doctoral Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 First-Professional Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Health 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21

American Indian Health Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Smoking and Drinking Status of American Indians by Sex, 1999–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Weight of American Indians by Sex, 1999–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Births to American Indian Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Births to American Indian Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Births to American Indian Women by Birth Order, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Births to American Indian Women by State, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Health Conditions among American Indians Aged 18 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Health Conditions among American Indian Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Physician Ofﬁce Visits by American Indians, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among American Indians, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 AIDS Cases among American Indians, through December 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Leading Causes of Death among American Indians, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Housing 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25

American Indian Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 American Indian Homeownership Status by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 American Indian Homeowners by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Housing Units Occupied by American Indians by Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Income 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32

American Indian Household Income, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 High-Income American Indian Households, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 American Indian Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Earnings of American Indians Working Full-Time by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Earnings of Total People and American Indians, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 American Indian Families in Poverty, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Poverty Status of American Indians by Sex and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Labor Force 1.33 1.34

Employment Status of American Indians by Sex and Age, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 American Indian Workers by Occupation, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Living Arrangements 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39

American Indian Households by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 American Indian Households by Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 American Indian Households by Type of Household and Presence of Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 American Indians by Living Arrangement, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Marital Status of American Indians by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY VII

Population 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51

American Indians by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 American Indians by Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 American Indians by Tribe, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 American Indians in the Armed Forced, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 American Indians by Age, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 American Indian Share of Total Population by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 American Indians by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 American Indians by Region, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 American Indian Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 American Indians by State, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 American Indian Share of Total Population by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 American Indians by Metropolitan Area, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Chapter 2. Asians Education 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16

Educational Attainment of Asians by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Educational Attainment of Asian Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Educational Attainment of Asian Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Educational Attainment of Asians by Age and Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Educational Attainment of Asians by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 School Enrollment of Asians, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 School Enrollment of Asians by Age and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Asian Families with Children in College, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 College Enrollment of Asians, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 College Enrollment of Asians by Age and Type of School, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Associate’s Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Master’s Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Doctoral Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 First-Professional Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Asian Participation in Adult Education, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Health 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32

Asian Health Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Smoking and Drinking Status of Asians by Sex, 1999–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Weight of Asians by Sex, 1999–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Births to Asian Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Births to Asian Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Births to Asian Women by Birth Order, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Births to Asian Women by State, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Health Insurance Coverage of Asians by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Asians with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Asians with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Health Conditions among Asians Aged 18 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Health Conditions among Asian Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Asians, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Asians, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 AIDS Cases among Asians, through December 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Leading Causes of Death among Asians, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Housing 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39

Asian Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Asian Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Asian Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Asian Homeownership Status by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Asian Homeowners by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Housing Units Occupied by Asians by Type 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Geographical Mobility of Asians by Age, 2003–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

VIII RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Income 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53

Median Income of Asian Households, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 High-Income Asian Households, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Asian Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Asian Household Income by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Income Distribution of Households Headed by the Asian Foreign-Born, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Income of Asian Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Income of Asian Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Median Income of Asians Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Earnings Distribution of Foreign-Born Men from Asia Working Full-Time, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Earnings Distribution of Foreign-Born Women from Asia Working Full-Time, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Median Earnings of Asians Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Poverty Status of Asian Families, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Poverty Status of Asians by Sex and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Poverty Status of the Foreign-Born from Asia, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Labor Force 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68

Labor Force Participation Rate of Asians by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Employment Status of Asians by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Asian Workers by Occupation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Asian Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Asian Workers by Industry, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Asian Full-Time and Part-Time Workers by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Asian Labor Force by Educational Attainment, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Asian Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Asian Households by Number of Earners, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Labor Force Status of Asian Married Couples, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Asian Minimum Wage Workers, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Asian Multiple Job Holders, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Union Representation of Asian Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Asian Labor Force Projections, 2002 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Asian Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2002 to 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Living Arrangements 2.69 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82

Asian Households by Age of Householder, 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Asian Households by Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Households Headed by the Foreign-Born from Asia by Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Asian Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Asian Households by Size, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Asians Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Asian Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2003 . . . . .136 Living Arrangements of Asian Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Asian Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Asian Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Marital Status of Asian Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Marital Status of Asian Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Marital History of Asian Men by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Marital History of Asian Women by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Population 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.87 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.91

Asians by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Asians by Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Asians Ranked by Ethnic Group, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Asians in the Armed Forces, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 Asian Share of Total Population by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Asians by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Asians by Age, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Asians by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Asians by Region, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY IX

2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95 2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 2.100

Asian Share of Total Population by Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 Asians by State, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Asian Share of Total Population by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Asians by State and Ethnicity, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Asians by Metropolitan Area, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Immigrants from Asia, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Total and Asian Foreign-Born by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Asian Foreign-Born by U.S. Region of Residence, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 People Who Speak Selected Asian Languages at Home, by State, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Spending 2.101

Spending of Households Headed by Asians, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Chapter 3. Blacks Education 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17

Educational Attainment of Blacks by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Educational Attainment of Black Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Educational Attainment of Black Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 Educational Attainment of Blacks by Age and Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Educational Attainment of Blacks by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 School Enrollment of Blacks, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 School Enrollment of Blacks by Age and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Black Families with Children in College, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Black College Enrollment Rate, 1990 to 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 College Enrollment of Blacks, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 College Enrollment of Blacks by Age and Type of School, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Associate’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Master’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Doctoral Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 First-Professional Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . .186 Black Participation in Adult Education, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

Health 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35

Black Health Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Smoking and Drinking Status of Blacks by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Weight in Pounds of Blacks by Age and Sex, 1999–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Weight Status of Blacks by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Births to Black Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Births to Black Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Births to Black Women by Birth Order, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Births to Black Women by State, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Health Insurance Coverage of Blacks by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Blacks with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Blacks with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Health Conditions among Blacks Aged 18 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Health Conditions among Black Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Blacks by Age, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Blacks, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 AIDS Cases among Blacks, through December 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Leading Causes of Death among Blacks, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Life Expectancy of Blacks at Birth and Age 65 by Sex, 1990 to 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Housing 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40

Black Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Black Homeownership Status by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Black Homeowners by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Black Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Black Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

X RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48

Black Homeownership Status by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Black Homeowners by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Blacks, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 Housing Value for Black Homeowners, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Neighborhood Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Blacks, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Opinion of Blacks toward Housing Unit and Neighborhood, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Geographical Mobility of Blacks by Age, 2003–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 Reasons for Moving among Black Movers by Homeownership Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Income 3.49 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 3.60

Median Income of Black Households, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 High-Income Black Households, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 Black Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Black Household Income by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 Income of Black Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Income of Black Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Median Income of Blacks Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Median Earnings of Blacks Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Poverty Status of Black Married Couples, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Poverty Status of Black Female-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Poverty Status of Black Male-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 Poverty Status of Blacks by Sex and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

Labor Force 3.61 3.62 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 3.69 3.70 3.71 3.72 3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76

Labor Force Participation Rate of Blacks by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Employment Status of Blacks by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Black Workers by Occupation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Black Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Black Workers by Industry, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Black Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Black Workers by Educational Attainment, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Black Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Black Households by Number of Earners, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Black Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Husband and Wife, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Black Minimum Wage Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 Black Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 Union Representation of Black Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Journey to Work by Black Workers, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Black Labor Force Projections, 2002 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Black Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2002 to 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

Living Arrangements 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.80 3.81 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 3.86 3.87 3.88 3.89

Black Households by Age of Householder, 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Black Households by Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Black Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 Black Households by Size, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Blacks Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Black Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2003 . . . . .249 Living Arrangements of Black Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Black Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Black Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Marital Status of Black Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Marital Status of Black Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Marital History of Black Men by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Marital History of Black Women by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255

Population 3.90 3.91 3.92

Blacks by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Blacks by Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Blacks in the Armed Forces, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY XI

3.93 3.94 3.95 3.96 3.97 3.98 3.99 3.100 3.101

Blacks by Age, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Black Share of Total Population by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 Blacks by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Blacks by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Blacks by Region, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Black Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Blacks by State, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Black Share of Total Population by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 Blacks by Metropolitan Area, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268

Spending 3.102

Spending of Households Headed by Blacks, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

Wealth 3.103 3.104 3.105 3.106 3.107 3.108 3.109 3.110

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Nonwhite and Hispanic Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Financial Assets of Nonwhite and Hispanic Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Nonﬁnancial Assets of Nonwhite and Hispanic Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Debt of Nonwhite and Hispanic Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Black Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Black Participation and Savings in IRAs and 401(k)s, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Retirement Conﬁdence among Black Workers, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Sources of Income for Blacks Aged 65 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

Chapter 4. Hispanics Education 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18

Educational Attainment of Hispanics by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Educational Attainment of Hispanic Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 Educational Attainment of Hispanic Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 Educational Attainment of Hispanics by Foreign-Born Status, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 Educational Attainment of Hispanics by Age and Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 Educational Attainment of Hispanics by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 School Enrollment of Hispanics, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 School Enrollment of Hispanics by Age and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Hispanic Families with Children in College, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 Hispanic College Enrollment Rate, 1990 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 College Enrollment of Hispanics, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 College Enrollment of Hispanics by Age and Type of School, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 Associate’s Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Master’s Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Doctoral Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 First-Professional Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Hispanic Participation in Adult Education, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298

Health 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32

Hispanic Health Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 Smoking and Drinking Status of Hispanics by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 Weight in Pounds of Hispanics by Age and Sex, 1999–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Weight Status of Hispanics by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Births to Hispanic Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Births to Hispanics by Age and Ethnic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Births to Hispanic Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Births to Hispanic Women by Birth Order, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Births to Hispanic Women by State, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 Health Insurance Coverage of Hispanics by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 Hispanics with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Hispanics with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 Health Conditions among Hispanics Aged 18 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Health Conditions among Hispanic Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311

XII RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

4.33 4.34 4.35

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Hispanics, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 AIDS Cases among Hispanics, through December 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Leading Causes of Death among Hispanics, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Housing 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48

Hispanic Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Hispanic Homeownership Status by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Hispanic Homeowners by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Hispanic Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Hispanic Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Hispanic Homeownership Status by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 Hispanic Homeowners by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Hispanics, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Housing Value for Hispanic Homeowners, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Neighborhood Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Hispanics, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Opinion of Hispanics toward Housing Unit and Neighborhood, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Geographical Mobility of Hispanics by Age, 2003–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Reasons for Moving among Hispanic Movers by Homeownership Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324

Income 4.49 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.60 4.61 4.62 4.63 4.64

Median Income of Hispanic Households, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 High-Income Hispanic Households, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Hispanic Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328 Hispanic Household Income by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 Income Distribution of Households Headed by the Foreign-Born from Latin America, 2003 . . . . . . . .330 Income of Hispanic Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331 Income of Hispanic Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 Median Income of Hispanics Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 Earnings Distribution of Foreign-Born Men from Latin America Working Full-Time, 2003 . . . . . . . .334 Earnings Distribution of Foreign-Born Women from Latin America Working Full-Time, 2003 . . . . . .335 Median Earnings of Hispanics Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 Poverty Status of Hispanic Married Couples, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Poverty Status of Hispanic Female-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 Poverty Status of Hispanic Male-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 Poverty Status of Hispanics by Sex and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 Poverty Status of the Foreign-Born from Latin America, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341

Labor Force 4.65 4.66 4.67 4.68 4.69 4.70 4.71 4.72 4.73 4.74 4.75 4.76 4.77 4.78 4.79 4.80 4.81 4.82

Labor Force Participation Rate of Hispanics by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 Employment Status of Hispanics by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 Employment Status of Hispanics by Sex and Ethnicity, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 Hispanic Workers by Occupation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 Hispanic Workers by Occupation and Ethnicity, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347 Hispanic Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 Hispanic Workers by Industry, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357 Hispanic Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358 Hispanic Workers by Educational Attainment, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358 Hispanic Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 Hispanic Households by Number of Earners, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 Hispanic Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Husband and Wife, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360 Hispanic Minimum Wage Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Hispanic Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Union Representation of Hispanic Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Journey to Work by Hispanic Workers, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 Hispanic Labor Force Projections, 2002 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364 Hispanic Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2002 to 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364

Living Arrangements 4.83 4.84

Hispanic Households by Age of Householder, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 Hispanic Households by Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY XIII

4.85 4.86 4.87 4.88 4.89 4.90 4.91 4.92 4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96

Households Headed by the Foreign-Born from Latin America by Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . .367 Hispanic Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368 Hispanic Households by Size, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 Hispanics Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370 Hispanic Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2003 . .371 Living Arrangements of Hispanic Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 Hispanic Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373 Hispanic Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374 Marital Status of Hispanic Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Marital Status of Hispanic Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376 Marital History of Hispanic Men by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 Marital History of Hispanic Women by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

Population 4.97 4.98 4.99 4.100 4.101 4.102 4.103 4.104 4.105 4.106 4.107 4.108 4.109 4.110 4.111 4.112 4.113 4.114

Hispanics by Race, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379 Hispanics by Ethnic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380 Hispanics in the Armed Forces, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381 Hispanics by Age, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382 Hispanic Share of Total Population by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383 Hispanics by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384 Hispanics by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 Hispanics by Region, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386 Hispanic Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386 Hispanics by State, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Hispanic Share of Total Population by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 Hispanics by State and Ethnicity, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391 Hispanics by Metropolitan Area, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 Immigrants from Latin America and Spain, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396 Total and Latin American Foreign-Born by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 Latin American Foreign-Born by Selected Characteristics and Region of Birth, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . .399 Latin American Foreign-Born by U.S. Region of Residence, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 People Who Speak Spanish at Home, by State, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402

Spending 4.115

Spending of Households Headed by Hispanics, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405

Wealth 4.116 4.117 4.118 4.119 4.120 4.121 4.122 4.123

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Hispanic and Nonwhite Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 Financial Assets of Hispanic and Nonwhite Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 Nonﬁnancial Assets of Hispanic and Nonwhite Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 Debt of Hispanic and Nonwhite Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 Hispanic Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 Hispanic Participation and Savings in IRAs and 401(k)s, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 Retirement Conﬁdence among Hispanic Workers, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412 Sources of Income for Hispanics Aged 65 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412

Chapter 5. Non-Hispanic Whites Education 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11

XIV

Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic White Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416 Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417 Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418 Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic Whites by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419 School Enrollment of Non-Hispanic Whites, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420 School Enrollment of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421 Non-Hispanic White Families with Children in College, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422 Non-Hispanic White College Enrollment Rate, 1990 to 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 College Enrollment of Non-Hispanic Whites, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 College Enrollment of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Type of School, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17

Associate’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425 Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426 Master’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 Doctoral Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428 First-Professional Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . .429 Non-Hispanic White Participation in Adult Education, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429

Health 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35

Non-Hispanic White Health Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 Smoking and Drinking Status of Non-Hispanic Whites by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 Weight in Pounds of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Sex, 1999–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432 Weight Status of Non-Hispanic Whites by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432 Births to Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433 Births to Non-Hispanic White Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433 Births to Non-Hispanic White Women by Birth Order, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434 Births to Non-Hispanic White Women by State, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 Health Insurance Coverage of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437 Non-Hispanic Whites with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Non-Hispanic Whites with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439 Health Conditions among Non-Hispanic Whites Aged 18 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440 Health Conditions among Non-Hispanic White Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Whites by Age, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Non-Hispanic Whites, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442 AIDS Cases among Non-Hispanic Whites, through December 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442 Leading Causes of Death among Non-Hispanic Whites, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 Life Expectancy of Whites at Birth and Age 65 by Sex, 1990 to 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443

Housing 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42

Non-Hispanic White Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445 Non-Hispanic White Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 Non-Hispanic White Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 Non-Hispanic White Homeownership Status by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447 Non-Hispanic White Homeowners by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447 Housing Units Occupied by Non-Hispanic Whites by Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448 Geographical Mobility of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2003–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449

Income 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54

Median Income of Non-Hispanic White Households, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451 High-Income Non-Hispanic White Households, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451 Non-Hispanic White Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452 Non-Hispanic White Household Income by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453 Income of Non-Hispanic White Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454 Income of Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455 Median Income of Non-Hispanic Whites Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 Median Earnings of Non-Hispanic Whites Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . .457 Poverty Status of Non-Hispanic White Married Couples, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458 Poverty Status of Non-Hispanic White Female-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459 Poverty Status of Non-Hispanic White Male-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 Poverty Status of Non-Hispanic Whites by Sex and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461

Labor Force 5.55 5.56 5.57 5.58 5.59 5.60 5.61 5.62 5.63

Labor Force Participation Rate of Whites by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 Employment Status of Whites by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464 White Workers by Occupation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 White Workers by Industry, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466 White Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467 White Workers by Educational Attainment, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468 White Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468 Non-Hispanic White Households by Number of Earners, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469 Non-Hispanic White Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Husband and Wife, 2003 . . . . . . . . .470 RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY XV

5.64 5.65 5.66 5.67

White Minimum Wage Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471 White Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471 Union Representation of White Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472 Non-Hispanic White Labor Force Projections, 2002 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472

Living Arrangements 5.68 5.69 5.70 5.71 5.72 5.73

Non-Hispanic White Households by Age of Householder, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474 Non-Hispanic White Households by Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474 Non-Hispanic White Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . .475 Non-Hispanic White Households by Size, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476 Non-Hispanic Whites Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477 Non-Hispanic White Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478 Living Arrangements of Non-Hispanic White Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 Non-Hispanic White Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480 Non-Hispanic White Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481 Marital Status of Non-Hispanic White Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482 Marital Status of Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483 Marital History of Non-Hispanic White Men by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484 Marital History of Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484

5.74 5.75 5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.80

Population 5.81 5.82 5.83 5.84 5.85 5.86 5.87 5.88 5.89 5.90 5.91 5.92

Whites by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486 Whites by Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486 Non-Hispanic Whites in the Armed Forces, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488 Non-Hispanic White Share of Total Population by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489 Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490 Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491 Non-Hispanic Whites by Region, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Non-Hispanic White Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Non-Hispanic Whites by State, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493 Non-Hispanic White Share of Total Population by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495 Non-Hispanic Whites by Metropolitan Area, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497

Spending 5.93

Spending of Households Headed by Non-Hispanic Whites and Others, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501

Wealth 5.94 5.95 5.96 5.97 5.98 5.99 5.100

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Non-Hispanic White Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505 Financial Assets of Non-Hispanic White Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505 Nonﬁnancial Assets of Non-Hispanic White Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506 Debt of Non-Hispanic White Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506 White Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 White Participation and Savings in IRAs and 401(k)s, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 Sources of Income for Non-Hispanic Whites Aged 65 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508

Chapter 6. Total Population Education 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10

XVI

Educational Attainment of Total People by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 Educational Attainment of Total Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512 Educational Attainment of Total Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513 Educational Attainment by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514 Educational Attainment of Total People by Age and Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515 Educational Attainment of Total People by State, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516 School Enrollment of Total People by Age and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517 School Enrollment by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518 Minority Enrollment in Public Schools by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519 Total Families with Children in College, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14

Scholastic Assessment Test Scores by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990–91 and 2002–03 . . . . . . . . . .520 College Enrollment of Total People by Age and Type of School, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 College Enrollment by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522 Degrees Earned by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523

Health 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33

Smoking and Drinking Status of Total People by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525 Weight in Pounds of Total People by Age and Sex, 1999–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526 Weight Status of Total People by Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526 Births to Total Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .527 Births by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 Births to Total Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 Births to Unmarried Women by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 Births to Total Women by Birth Order, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529 Births by State, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530 Health Insurance Coverage of Total People by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532 Total People with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533 Total People with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534 People without Health Insurance Coverage by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . .535 Health Conditions among Total People Aged 18 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536 Health Conditions among Total Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537 Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Total People by Age, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Total People, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 Leading Causes of Death among Total People, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 Life Expectancy of Total People at Birth and Age 65 by Sex, 1990 to 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539

Housing 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49

Homeowners by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541 Homeownership Status by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 Homeowners by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543 Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543 Homeowners by Type of Household, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . .544 Homeownership Status by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544 Homeowners by Region, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 Homeowners by Region, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 Characteristics of Total Occupied Housing Units , 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546 Housing Value for Total Homeowners, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 Neighborhood Characteristics of Total Occupied Housing Units, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548 Opinion of Housing Unit and Neighborhood, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549 Geographical Mobility of Total People by Age, 2003–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550 Geographical Mobility by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551 Reasons for Moving by Homeownership Status, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552

Income 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57 6.58 6.59 6.60 6.61 6.62 6.63 6.64

Median Income of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555 High-Income Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556 Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557 Median Household Income by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . .558 Household Income by Household Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559 Median Household Income by Household Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003 . . .560 Income of Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561 Income of Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562 Median Income of People Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563 Median Earnings of People Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563 Poverty Status of Families, 1990 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .564 Families in Poverty by Family Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566 Families with Children in Poverty by Family Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . .567 Poverty Status by Sex and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568 People in Poverty by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY XVII

Labor Force 6.65 6.66 6.67 6.68 6.69 6.70 6.71 6.72 6.73 6.74 6.75 6.76 6.77 6.78 6.79

Total Labor Force Participation Rate by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571 Employment Status of Total People by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572 Total Workers by Occupation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573 Total Workers by Industry, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574 Total Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575 Total Workers by Educational Attainment, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575 Total Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576 Total Households by Number of Earners, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576 Total Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Husband and Wife, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577 Total Minimum Wage Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578 Total Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578 Union Representation of Total Workers by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579 Journey to Work by Total Workers, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580 Labor Force Projections by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581 Total Labor Force Entrants and Leavers by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002 to 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582

Living Arrangements 6.80 6.81 6.82 6.83 6.84 6.85 6.86 6.87 6.88 6.89 6.90 6.91 6.92 6.93 6.94 6.95 6.96 6.97

Total Households by Age of Householder, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584 Households by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584 Total Households by Household Type, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585 Households by Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585 Total Households by Age of Householder and Type of Household, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586 Total Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2003 . . . . .587 Total Households by Size, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588 Households by Size, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588 People Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589 Living Arrangements of Children, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590 Children by Living Arrangement, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590 Total Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591 Total Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592 Marital Status of Total Men by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593 Marital Status of Total Women by Age, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594 Race and Hispanic Origin Differences between Husband and Wife, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595 Marital History of Total Men by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596 Marital History of Total Women by Age, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596

Population 6.98 6.99 6.100 6.101 6.102 6.103 6.104 6.105 6.106 6.107 6.108 6.109 6.110 6.111 6.112 6.113 6.114 6.115 6.116 6.117 6.118

Total Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598 Hispanic Origin Populations by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599 Total People in the Armed Forces, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600 People in the Armed Forced by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600 Total Population by Age, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .601 Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602 Total Population by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603 Total Population by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604 Total Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .605 Total Population by Region, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606 Population by Region, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606 Total Population by State, 2000 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .607 Population by State, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .609 Population by Metropolitan Area, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .611 Immigration to the United States, 1901 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .614 Immigrants by Country of Birth, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .615 Foreign-Born Population by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .616 Foreign-Born Population by Age and World Region of Birth, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617 Foreign-Born by U.S. Region of Residence, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618 Foreign-Born by Citizenship Status, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619 Language Spoken at Home, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320

XVIII RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

6.119 6.120

Ability to Speak English by Language Spoken at Home, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621 People Who Speak a Language Other than English at Home, by State, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622

Spending 6.121 6.122 6.123

Average Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625 Indexed Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .628 Market Shares by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631

Wealth 6.124 6.125 6.126 6.127 6.128 6.129 6.130

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .635 Financial Assets of Total Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .635 Nonﬁnancial Assets of Total Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .636 Debt of Total Households, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .636 Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637 Retirement Conﬁdence among Total Workers, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637 Sources of Income for Total People Aged 65 or Older, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .638

Chapter 7. Attitudes and Behavior 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15

Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . .640 Average Hours Per Day Men Spend in Primary Activities by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003. . . . . . .641 Average Hours Per Day Women Spend in Primary Activities by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003 . . . .642 Religious Groups by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .643 Attitude toward Religion by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645 Computer and Internet Use by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646 Voting in Presidential Elections by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1980 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647 Number of Voters by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, November 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .648 Share of Voters by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, November 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .649 Reasons for Not Voting by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650 Volunteering by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651 Attendance at Arts Events by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652 Personal Participation in the Arts by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653 Participation in the Arts through Media by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654 Participation in Selected Leisure Activities by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY XIX

Introduction The U.S. population is growing more diverse much faster than many had predicted. Behind the growing diversity are a number of factors, including immigration, rising fertility rates, and new ways of deﬁning racial categories. The 2000 census counted not only more people than had been projected, but more diversity than had been expected. Now, with the 21st century well underway, the composition of the U.S. population is continuing its rapid change. Hispanics have become the largest minority. Asians are the most afﬂuent segment of the population, surpassing non-Hispanic whites. Blacks are making signiﬁcant gains in education and earning power. Only by understanding each of these increasingly important segments of the population can policymakers and business people hope to tailor their programs and products to the wants and needs of 300 million Americans. The ﬁfth edition of Racial and Ethnic Diversity is a proﬁle of America as the 21st century unfolds. It provides an all-important update to 2000 census data, revealing the patterns of change that are reshaping our society. It proﬁles the social and economic wellbeing of American Indians, Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites. It provides a snapshot of each of these populations and allows for contrasts and comparisons. In addition to detailed estimates and projections of the U.S. population by race and Hispanic origin, the ﬁfth edition of Racial and Ethnic Diversity includes the latest socioeconomic data on blacks and Hispanics and more comprehensive information on Asians and American Indians—thanks to expanded efforts by the federal government to collect data on smaller minority groups. This edition of Racial and Ethnic Diversity includes spending data for Asian households, a recent addition to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey. It provides updated information on American Indians—including their numbers by state and metropolitan area—from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, which has replaced the census long form. Results from the new American Time Use Survey are also included in these pages, proﬁling the similarities and differences in how people allocate their time by race and Hispanic origin. Understanding the demographics, lifestyles, and attitudes of racial and ethnic groups is of vital importance to researchers and policy makers. Racial and Ethnic Diversity provides the key to understanding both the similarities and differences between non-Hispanic whites, blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. Whenever possible, the tables in Racial and Ethnic Diversity include data that allow researchers to compare characteristics across racial groups. There’s no doubt Americans are more alike than different, and Racial and Ethnic Diversity documents our many similarities. But there are also important differences among

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 1

racial and ethnic groups that, if not taken into account, can derail public policy efforts and business strategies. The living arrangements of Hispanics differ from those of non-Hispanic whites or blacks, for example, and those differences affect not only political attitudes but also consumer behavior. The educational level of Asians distinguishes them from other minorities. The substantial educational, employment, and economic gains made by blacks, documented in these pages, are contrary to popular perception, but they are of utmost importance to policymakers and business leaders. Racial and Ethnic Diversity is as complete and up-to-date as possible given the constraints of the data. In a perfect world, the tabulations for each racial and ethnic group would be identical, but this is impossible because the government does not collect some types of information for smaller racial and ethnic groups. The Consumer Expenditure Survey, for example, lacks data on the spending of American Indians. The Survey of Consumer Finances has limited data on wealth by race and ethnicity. Despite these limitations, the scope of data provided in the ﬁfth edition of Racial and Ethnic Diversity is greater than in any previous edition, providing a comprehensive portrait of each major racial group and Hispanics.

Racial classiﬁcations The 2000 census transformed racial classiﬁcation in the U.S. The census allowed Americans, for the ﬁrst time in modern history, to identify themselves as belonging to more than one racial group. This makes the analysis of racial and ethnic diversity more complex—and more rewarding—than ever before. Beginning in 2003, the government required its surveys to include the new racial classiﬁcation scheme. Consequently, researchers now have a wealth of data available to them broken down by detailed racial and ethnic group. The federal government’s new racial classiﬁcation system has resulted in a variety of racial and ethnic combinations. Three terms are used to distinguish one group from another. The “race alone” population consists of people who identify themselves as being of only one race. The “race in combination” population consists of people who identify themselves as being of more than one race, such as white and black. The “race, alone or in combination” population includes both those identifying themselves as being of one race and those identifying themselves as being of more than one race. For example, the “black, alone or in combination” population includes those who say they are black alone and those who say they are black and white and those who say they are black, white, and Asian, and so on. While the new classiﬁcation system is a goldmine for researchers, the numbers no longer add up. This may frustrate some, but it provides a more accurate picture of each racial group than the previous methodology did, which required the multiracial to align with only one race. Under the new scheme, however, tables showing the “race alone” population exclude the multiracial. Tables showing the “race in combination” population count some people more than once. To make matters even more complex, Hispanics are considered an ethnic group rather than a race and can be American Indian, Asian, black or white. In addi-

2

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

tion, the non-Hispanic white category is a combination of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying their race as white alone and not Hispanic. Keep these factors in mind as you peruse the numbers. Whenever possible, the tables in Racial and Ethnic Diversity show the “race alone or in combination” populations. We prefer this classiﬁcation because it includes everyone identifying with a particular racial group and does not exclude the multiracial. In some instances, the “race alone or in combination” population ﬁgures are not available. In these cases, the “race alone” population is shown. The racial classiﬁcation used is noted at the bottom of each table. Also note that some data sources do not deﬁne their racial classiﬁcations.

How to use this book Racial and Ethnic Diversity is designed for easy use. It is divided into ﬁve sections devoted to the major racial and ethnic groups: American Indians, Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, and NonHispanic Whites. A sixth section provides comparative information for the Total Population. Also included is a seventh section on Attitudes and Behavior by race and Hispanic origin. In all but the Attitudes and Behavior section, nine chapters are arranged alphabetically: Education, Health, Housing, Income, Labor Force, Living Arrangements, Population, Spending, and Wealth. Each chapter includes introductory text describing the most important trends for the particular racial or ethnic group. For some racial groups, chapters may be absent because data are not available. For example, there are no spending data for American Indians or wealth data for Asians. Within chapters, identically structured tables appear for each racial group. If a table is structured differently, it is because equivalent data are not available. The Total Population section allows readers to compare a group’s numbers with those for the nation as a whole. If total population statistics appear within an individual racial or ethnic table, however, a table of the same statistics is usually omitted from the Total Population chapter. Most of the tables in Racial and Ethnic Diversity are based on data collected by the federal government, in particular the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National Center for Education Statistics, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the Federal Reserve Board. The federal government continues to be the best source of up-to-date, reliable information on the changing characteristics of Americans. A few tables in Racial and Ethnic Diversity are based on proprietary data. Proprietary data are used when government data are not available. Examples are the tables on religion and attitudes toward retirement. Several government surveys are of particular importance to Racial and Ethnic Diversity. One is the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey. The CPS is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. The Census Bureau takes it monthly, collecting information from 50,000 households on employment and unemploy-

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 3

ment. Each year, the March survey includes a demographic supplement that is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans, such as their educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes. CPS data appear in many tables of this book. The American Community Survey is another important source of data for Racial and Ethnic Diversity. The ACS is an ongoing nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month, providing detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the census long-form questionnaire, the ACS includes more than 60 questions that formerly appeared on the long form, such as queries about language spoken at home, income, and education. ACS data are available for the nation, regions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and many places. Many of the tables in the American Indian section are from the ACS, as are the tables showing population by race and Hispanic origin for states and metropolitan areas. The Consumer Expenditure Survey is the data source for the Spending chapters. Sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CEX is an ongoing study of the day-to-day spending of American households. The data collected by the survey are used to update prices for the Consumer Price Index. The CEX includes an interview survey and a diary survey administered to two separate, nationally representative samples. The average spending ﬁgures shown in the Spending chapters of this book are the integrated data from both the diary and interview components of the survey. For the interview survey, about 7,500 consumer units are interviewed on a rotating panel basis each quarter for ﬁve consecutive quarters. For the diary survey, another 7,500 consumer units keep weekly diaries of spending for two consecutive weeks. Spending data for American Indians are not available. The data in the Wealth chapters come from the Survey of Consumer Finances, a triennial survey taken by the Federal Reserve Board. The SCF collects data on the assets, debt, and net worth of American households. The latest data available are from the 2001 survey, for which the Federal Reserve Board interviewed a representative sample of 4,449 households. The SCF provides wealth data for only two racial and ethnic groups: “non-Hispanic whites” and “non-whites and Hispanics.” Since we published the ﬁrst edition of Racial and Ethnic Diversity, dramatic technological change has reshaped the reference industry. The government’s detailed demographic data, once widely available to all in printed reports, is now accessible only to Internet users. The government’s web sites, which house enormous spreadsheets of data, are of great value to skilled researchers with the time to search for information. But the shift from printed reports to web sites is a technological barrier that must be crossed before the average student, library patron, or market researcher can access demographic statistics. It can be more time-consuming than ever to get answers to questions about the American population and how changing demographics are remaking our society. While the government collected most of the data in Racial and Ethnic Diversity, the tables published here are not simple reprints of the government’s spreadsheets—as is the case in many reference books. Instead, New Strategist’s editors spent hundreds of hours scouring

4

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

web sites, compiling numbers into meaningful statistics, and creating tables with calculations that reveal the trends. Researchers who want more information can use the source listed at the bottom of each table to locate the original data. The book contains a comprehensive table list to help readers locate the information they need. For a more detailed search, use the index at the back of the book. Also in the back of the book is the glossary, which deﬁnes most of the terms commonly used in the tables and text. Racial and Ethnic Diversity gives you the opportunity to discover the many ways Americans are the same—and different. With such knowledge, you will be closer to understanding where the future will take us.

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 5

AMERICAN INDIANS CHAPTER

1

American Indians and Alaska Natives ■ Numbering 4.4 million, American Indians and Alaska Natives are one of the smallest minorities in the United States, accounting for just 1.5 percent of the population. ■ Forty-ﬁve percent of American Indians aged 25 or older have at least some college experience, and 14 percent are college graduates. ■ Fewer than half of American Indians say their health is very good or excellent, far below the 62 percent of all Americans who rate their health highly. ■ The 56 percent majority of American Indian households own their home, a homeownership rate that exceeds that of blacks or Hispanics. ■ The median annual income of American Indian households stood at $31,121 in 2003, well below the $43,564 median for all households. ■ American Indians are less likely than the average worker to be managers or professionals and more likely to be service workers. ■ Married couples head only 43 percent of American Indian households. ■ American Indians and Alaska Natives account for 19 percent of Alaska’s population. In New Mexico and Oklahoma, they are 11 percent of the population. ■ Note: There are no spending or wealth data for American Indians.

American Indians account for less than 2 percent of the U.S. population (percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2004) 75

67.4%

50 50%

25 25%

0 0%

1.5% a American Indians

13.4%

14.1%

c blacks

d Hispanics

4.8% b Asians

d non-Hispanic whites

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 7

American Indians: Education

Nearly Half of American Indians Have Attended College For One or More Years Forty-ﬁve percent of American Indians aged 25 or older have at least some college experience, and 14 percent are college graduates. While these ﬁgures are lower than those for Asians and non-Hispanic whites, they are almost equal to the black proportions and far above those for Hispanics. Seventy-six percent of American Indians are high school graduates. American Indians account for fewer than 1 percent of the nation’s college students. Among American Indians enrolled in college, 60 percent are women, 84 percent are in public institutions, and slightly more than half are in two-year programs. More than 9,000 American Indians earned a bachelor’s degree in 2001–02. ■ The educational attainment of American Indians would rise if college was more affordable.

Seventy-six percent of American Indians are high school graduates 100 (percent of American Indians aged 25 or older who are high school graduates or more, have some college or more, or are college graduates, 2003)

8

75

75%

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

76%

45%

14%

agraduate high school or more

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

someb college or more

collegecgraduate

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/EDUCATION

Table 1.1

Educational Attainment of American Indians by Sex, 2003

(number and percent distribution of American Indians aged 25 or older by educational attainment and sex, 2003) total

men

women

Total American Indians Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Graduate degree

1,288,943 113,722 196,946 399,799 301,721 97,942 121,901 56,912

630,650 58,389 97,008 200,865 135,742 50,176 59,390 29,080

658,293 55,333 99,938 198,934 165,979 47,766 62,511 27,832

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

978,275 578,476 178,813

475,253 274,388 88,470

503,022 304,088 90,343

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total American Indians Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Graduate degree

100.0% 8.8 15.3 31.0 23.4 7.6 9.5 4.4

100.0% 9.3 15.4 31.9 21.5 8.0 9.4 4.6

100.0% 8.4 15.2 30.2 25.2 7.3 9.5 4.2

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

75.9 44.9 13.9

75.4 43.5 14.0

76.4 46.2 13.7

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 9

Table 1.2

School Enrollment of American Indians, 2003

(total number of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, number of American Indians enrolled, and American Indian share of total, by level of enrollment, 2003) American Indian

Total enrolled in school Nursery school, kindergarten Grades 1 to 8 Grades 9 to 12 College or graduate school

total

number

75,128,957 8,604,479 32,706,140 16,599,058 17,219,280

670,930 74,355 296,042 172,035 128,498

share of total

0.9% 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.3

College Enrollment of American Indians, 2001

(number and percent distribution of American Indians enrolled in degree-granting institutions by sex, type of institution, and level of study, 2001) number

Total American Indians enrolled 158,151 Men 63,630 Women 94,521 Public institutions Private institutions

percent distribution

100.0% 40.2 59.8

133,576 24,575

84.5 15.5

Two-year institutions Four-year institutions

79,960 78,191

50.6 49.4

Full-time students Part-time students

89,541 68,610

56.6 43.4

Undergraduate Graduate First-professional

144,774 11,233 2,144

91.5 7.1 1.4

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. College enrollment ﬁgures in this table differ from those in the above table because they are from different years and the ﬁgures in this table are based on institutional data, while the ﬁgures in the above table are from a household survey. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/

10

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/EDUCATION

Table 1.4

Associate’s Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of associate’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by American Indians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by American Indians

Total associate’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Mechanics and repairers Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services R.O.T.C. and military technologies Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

595,133 6,494 443 319 1,517 108,911 2,819 2,021 30,965 2,639 9,267 1,724 32,895 864 517 79,888 9,480 6,825 207,163 96 685 12,086 13,204 830 134 2,308 10,818 16,689 1,705 3,323 62 5,593 414 1,159 20,911 365

6,830 89 3 32 44 1,244 26 19 301 62 316 18 263 6 16 862 154 73 2,170 1 7 175 101 10 0 22 109 200 33 73 0 172 1 13 211 4

percent

1.1% 1.4 0.7 10.0 2.9 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 2.3 3.4 1.0 0.8 0.7 3.1 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.9 2.2 0.0 3.1 0.2 1.1 1.0 1.1

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 11

Table 1.5

Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of bachelor’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by American Indians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by American Indians total

number

Total bachelor’s degrees 1,291,900 Agriculture and natural resources 23,353 Architecture and related programs 8,808 Area, ethnic, and cultural studies 6,557 Biological and life sciences 60,256 Business 281,330 Communications 62,791 Communications technologies 1,110 Computer and information sciences 47,299 Construction trades 202 Education 106,383 Engineering 59,481 Engineering-related technologies 14,117 English language and literature, letters 53,162 Foreign languages and literatures 15,318 Health professions and related sciences 70,517 Home economics 18,153 Law and legal studies 1,971 Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities 39,333 Library science 74 Mathematics 12,395 Mechanics and repairers 164 Multi- and interdisciplinary studies 27,629 Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness 20,554 Philosophy and religion 9,306 Physical sciences 17,851 Precision production trades 468 Protective services 25,536 Psychology 76,671 Public administration and services 19,392 R.O.T.C. and military technologies 3 Social sciences and history 132,874 Theological studies, religious vocations 7,785 Transportation and material moving 4,020 Visual and performing arts 66,773 Not classiﬁed 264

9,165 191 58 132 426 1,810 344 5 239 0 1,018 320 102 308 73 528 123 15 442 0 59 0 194 157 56 114 1 306 567 178 0 886 28 29 456 0

percent

0.7% 0.8 0.7 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.0

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

12

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/EDUCATION

Table 1.6

Master’s Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of master’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by American Indians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by American Indians

Total master’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

482,118 4,519 4,566 1,578 6,205 120,785 5,510 549 16,113 9 136,579 26,015 896 7,268 2,861 43,644 2,616 4,053 2,754 5,113 3,487 3,211 2,754 1,334 5,034 2 2,935 14,888 25,448 14,112 4,952 709 11,595 24

2,626 27 14 23 35 510 19 2 36 0 955 61 4 43 7 227 22 11 20 31 10 24 9 4 21 0 25 111 228 80 10 3 54 0

percent

0.5% 0.6 0.3 1.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 13

Table 1.7

Doctoral Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of doctoral degrees conferred and number and percent earned by American Indians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by American Indians

Total doctoral degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Visual and performing arts

total

number

44,160 1,166 183 216 4,489 1,158 374 9 750 6,967 5,195 15 1,446 843 3,523 355 79 113 45 958 384 151 606 3,803 49 4,341 571 3,902 1,355 1,114

180 0 0 3 14 4 1 0 1 54 6 0 10 1 11 0 1 1 0 2 3 0 1 9 0 28 2 19 4 5

percent

0.4% 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

14

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/EDUCATION

Table 1.8

First-Professional Degrees Earned by American Indians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of ﬁrst-professional degrees conferred and number and percent earned by American Indians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by American Indians

Total ﬁrst-professional degrees Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Optometry (O.D.) Osteopathic medicine (D.O.) Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Podiatry (Pod.D., D.P., or D.P.M.) Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) Naturopathic medicine Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord.)

total

number

80,698 4,239 15,237 1,280 2,416 7,076 474 2,289 3,284 227 38,981 5,195

581 26 123 8 10 57 7 22 20 1 299 8

percent

0.7% 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.2

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 15

American Indians: Health

The Health of American Indians Is below Average Fewer than half of American Indians say their health is very good or excellent, far below the 62 percent of all Americans who rate their health highly. Twenty-three percent of American Indians say their health is only fair or poor, nearly double the 12 percent share among the population as a whole. Smoking may be one factor behind the poor health of American Indians. One in three smokes cigarettes. Most American Indians are overweight as well, with the proportion reaching 77 percent among men. The 43,052 births to American Indian women in 2003 accounted for only 1 percent of all U.S. births. But American Indians, including Aleuts and Eskimos, account for 25 percent of births in Alaska, 17 percent in South Dakota, 13 percent in New Mexico, and 12 percent in Montana. Twenty-four percent of American Indian adults have hypertension. Twenty-three percent have difﬁculties in physical functioning, with 13 percent saying they would ﬁnd it very difﬁcult or impossible to walk a quarter of a mile. Heart disease and cancer are the two leading causes of death among American Indians, but they account for only 37 percent of Indian deaths versus the 51 percent majority of deaths among all Americans. Accidents and diabetes are much more likely causes of death among American Indians than among the U.S. population as a whole. ■ Many of the health problems of American Indians are common in populations where poverty is widespread.

Fewer than half of American Indians say their health is very good or excellent (percent distribution of American Indians aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, 2003)

23% fair/poor

a

b

48% excellent/very good

a

b a

29% good

16

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

a

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/HEALTH

Table 1.9

American Indian Health Status, 2003

(percent distribution of total people and American Indians aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, and index of American Indian to total, 2003)

total

Total people Excellent/very good Good Fair/poor

100.0% 62.3 25.5 12.2

American Indian

100.0% 47.7 29.5 22.8

index of American Indian to total

– 77 116 187

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaskan Native alone. (–) means not applicable. The index is calculated by dividing the American Indian ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 17

Table 1.10

Smoking and Drinking Status of American Indians by Sex, 1999–2003

(percent distribution of American Indians aged 18 or older by smoking and drinking status and sex, 1999–2003) total

men

women

100.0% 44.1 22.4 33.5

100.0% 40.9 26.9 32.3

100.0% 47.6 17.8 34.7

100.0 16.7 25.6 29.9 27.8

100.0 32.6 23.6 35.9 8.0

SMOKING STATUS

Total American Indians Never smoked Former smoker Current smoker DRINKING STATUS

Total American Indians 100.0 Lifetime abstainer 24.7 Former drinker 24.6 Current light or infrequent drinker 33.0 Current moderate or heavier drinker 17.6

Note: Never smoked means having had fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Former smokers have had 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime but did not smoke at time of interview. Current smokers have had at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoke. Lifetime abstainers have had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime. Former drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, none in past year. Current light or infrequent drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, drank alcohol in past year, and have 3 or fewer drinks per week on average. Current moderate or heavier drinkers drank 12 or more drinks in lifetime, drank alcohol in past year, and drank more than 3 drinks per week on average. American Indians are those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaskan Native alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health Characteristics of the American Indian and Alaska Native Adult Population: United States, 1999–2003, Advance Data, No. 356, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

Table 1.11

Weight of American Indians by Sex, 1999–2003

(percent distribution of American Indians aged 18 or older by body weight status and sex, 1999–2003) Total American Indians Underweight Healthy weight Overweight, total Overweight, but not obese Obese

total

men

100.0% 2.5 30.4 67.2 33.2 34.0

100.0% 1.5 21.5 77.1 38.6 38.5

women

100.0% 3.4 39.1 57.5 28.1 29.4

Note: Being overweight is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 25 or higher. Being obese is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. Body mass index is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on measured height and weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. American Indians are those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaskan Native alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health Characteristics of the American Indian and Alaska Native Adult Population: United States, 1999–2003, Advance Data, No. 356, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

18

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/HEALTH

Table 1.12

Births to American Indian Women by Age, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by age, 2003) American Indian

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

total

number

4,089,950 6,661 414,580 1,032,305 1,086,366 975,546 467,642 101,005 5,845

43,052 154 7,690 14,645 10,524 6,423 2,906 666 44

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 0.4 17.9 34.0 24.4 14.9 6.7 1.5 0.1

1.1% 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.13

Births to American Indian Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003

(total number of births to American Indians, number of births to unmarried American Indians, and unmarried share of total, by age, 2003) unmarried American Indians

Births to American Indians Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 or older

total

number

43,052 154 7,690 14,645 10,524 6,423 2,906 710

26,401 152 6,778 10,002 5,293 2,668 1,193 315

share of total

61.3% 98.7 88.1 68.3 50.3 41.5 41.1 44.4

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 19

Table 1.14

Births to American Indian Women by Birth Order, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by birth order, 2003) American Indian

Total births First child Second child Third child Fourth or later child

total

number

4,089,950 1,633,987 1,320,477 684,296 439,235

43,052 15,237 11,788 7,738 8,129

percent distribution

100.0% 35.4 27.4 18.0 18.9

share of total

1.1% 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.9

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Numbers will not add to total because “not stated” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

20

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/HEALTH

Table 1.15

Births to American Indian Women by State, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by state, 2003) American Indian births

Total births Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

4,089,950 59,552 10,086 90,967 37,784 540,997 69,339 42,873 11,329 7,619 212,250 135,979 18,100 21,800 182,495 86,434 38,174 39,476 55,236 65,040 13,855 74,930 80,184 131,094 70,050 42,380 77,045 11,422 25,917 33,647 14,393 116,983 27,821 253,714 118,323 7,972 149,679 50,981 45,953

43,052 146 2,477 6,068 259 2,916 564 262 32 5 1,088 319 71 369 260 136 260 480 101 403 99 188 184 639 1,416 284 366 1,400 470 520 35 188 3,603 637 1,637 858 298 5,320 867

percent distribution

100.0% 0.3 5.8 14.1 0.6 6.8 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.0 2.5 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.5 3.3 0.7 0.9 3.3 1.1 1.2 0.1 0.4 8.4 1.5 3.8 2.0 0.7 12.4 2.0

share of total

1.1% 0.2 24.6 6.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.5 2.0 0.7 0.5 12.3 1.8 1.5 0.2 0.2 13.0 0.3 1.4 10.8 0.2 10.4 1.9 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 21

American Indian

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

145,959 13,209 55,649 11,027 78,890 377,476 49,860 6,589 101,254 80,489 20,935 70,040 6,700

333 163 152 1,875 180 902 617 7 178 2,051 25 1,054 290

percent distribution

0.8% 0.4 0.4 4.4 0.4 2.1 1.4 0.0 0.4 4.8 0.1 2.4 0.7

share of total

0.2% 1.2 0.3 17.0 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.2 2.5 0.1 1.5 4.3

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

22

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/HEALTH

Table 1.16

Health Conditions among American Indians Aged 18 or Older, 2003

(number of total people and American Indians aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, percent of American Indians with condition, and American Indian share of total with condition, 2003; numbers in thousands) American Indian

Total people

total

number

percent with condition

213,042

1,285

–

23,536 12,254 45,927 5,070

171 89 271 21

13.8% 8.2 23.9 3.1

0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4

Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

share of total

0.6%

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma Ever Still Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,115

14

1.1

0.4

20,697 13,623 18,356 29,673 8,560

161 109 112 177 72

12.4 8.0 9.4 15.1 5.2

0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8

Cancer Any cancer Breast cancer (all adults) Cervical cancer (women only) Prostate cancer (men only)

13,973 2,426 1,082 1,332

49 14 3 –

5.7 1.1 0.4 –

0.4 0.6 0.3 –

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes Ulcers Kidney disease Liver disease Arthritis Chronic joint symptoms Migraines or severe headaches Pain in neck Pain in lower back Pain in face or jaw

14,012 14,456 3,017 2,511 45,793 57,242 32,268 31,368 58,430 9,464

146 144 38 38 332 453 380 226 415 94

12.2 12.0 2.7 2.4 30.8 38.1 29.2 17.8 32.4 7.3

1.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 0.7 0.8 1.2 0.7 0.7 1.0

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

32,533 18,628 15,927

137 190 80

14.2 18.5 10.1

0.4 1.0 0.5

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past twelve months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past twelve months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. American Indians are those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaskan Native alone. (–) means not applicable or sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 23

Table 1.17

Health Conditions among American Indian Children, 2003

(number of total people and American Indians under age 18 with selected health conditions, percent of American Indians with condition, and American Indian share of total, 2003; numbers in thousands) American Indian

Total children Diagnosed with asthma Experienced in last 12 months Asthma attack Hay fever Respiratory allergies Other allergies Ever told had* Learning disability Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder Prescription medication taken regularly for at least 3 months

percent with condition

share of total

total

number

72,973 9,071

734 148

– 20.7%

1.0% 1.6

3,975 7,059 8,347 8,407

64 52 94 118

8.9 7.8 13.7 14.8

1.6 0.7 1.1 1.4

4,561 3,881

51 83

8.1 11.8

1.1 2.1

9,287

103

14.2

1.1

* “Ever told” by a school representative or health professional. Data exclude children under age 3. Note: Other allergies include food or digestive allergies, eczema, and other skin allergies. American Indians are those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaskan Native alone. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 223, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.18

Physician Ofﬁce Visits by American Indians, 2002

(number of total physician ofﬁce visits and number of visits by American Indians, American Indian share of total, and average number of visits by American Indians per person per year, 2002) visits by American Indians

Total visits

total (000s)

number (000s)

889,980

2,237

share of total

0.3%

per person per year

0.8

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2002 Summary, Advance Data No. 346, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm; calculations by New Strategist

24

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/HEALTH

Table 1.19

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among American Indians, 2003

(number of total people and American Indians aged 18 or older with difﬁculties in physical functioning, percent of American Indians with difﬁculty, and American Indian share of total, by type of difﬁculty, 2003; numbers in thousands) American Indian

TOTAL PEOPLE

Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up ten steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry ten pounds Push or pull large objects

total

number

213,042 31,322 14,910 11,107 18,663 7,211 18,250 6,264 3,943 9,194 13,463

1,285 244 130 105 153 62 175 40 45 42 79

percent with difﬁculty

– 23.4% 13.0 13.1 16.6 5.6 16.8 4.4 3.6 3.7 8.1

share of total

0.6% 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.6

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” American Indians are those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaskan Native alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.20

AIDS Cases among American Indians, through December 2003

(total number of AIDS cases diagnosed, number and percent distribution of AIDS cases diagnosed among American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by sex and age at diagnosis, through December 2003) American Indian

Total AIDS cases Males aged 13 or older Females aged 13 or older Children under age 13

total

number

874,230 708,452 156,837 8,939

2,946 2,353 562 31

percent distribution

100.0% 79.9 19.1 1.1

share of total

0.3% 0.3 0.4 0.3

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 25

Table 1.21

Leading Causes of Death among American Indians, 2002

(number and percent distribution of deaths to American Indians accounted for by the ten leading causes of death among American Indians, 2002) number

Total American Indian deaths 12,415 1. Diseases of the heart (1) 2,467 2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) (2) 2,175 3. Accidents (unintentional injuries) (5) 1,488 4. Diabetes mellitus (6) 744 5. Cerebrovascular diseases (3) 567 6. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (12) 547 7. Chronic lower respiratory disease (4) 452 8. Suicide (11) 324 9. Inﬂuenza and pneumonia (7) 293 10. Homicide (14) 267 All other causes 3,091

percent distribution

100.0% 19.9 17.5 12.0 6.0 4.6 4.4 3.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 24.9

Note: Number in parentheses shows rank for all Americans if the cause of death is among top ﬁfteen. American Indians include Alaska Natives. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

26

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

American Indians: Housing

Most American Indian Households in the South and West Own Their Home The 56 percent majority of American Indian households were homeowners in 2004. Although the homeownership rate among American Indians is well below the 69 percent for all households, it is higher than the homeownership rate of blacks or Hispanics. By region, the homeownership rate is highest for American Indians in the South and West, at 59 percent. Sixty-four percent of American Indian households live in single-family houses, a slightly smaller share than the 68 percent of all households in such housing. Fourteen percent of American Indians live in mobile homes, double the 7 percent share among all households. ■ The low income of American Indian households makes it difﬁcult for many to afford a home.

American Indian homeownership is lowest in the Midwest 75

50

(percent of American Indian households that own their home, by region, 2003)

59%

59%

c South

d West

50%

42% 30%

25

25%

0

0%

a Northeast

b Midwest

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 27

Table 1.22

American Indian Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004

(homeownership rate of total and American Indian households and index of American Indian to total, 1994 to 2004; percentage point change in homeownership rate, 1994–2004) total households

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 Percentage point change 1994 to 2004

American Indian households

index

69.0% 68.3 67.9 67.8 67.4 66.8 66.3 65.7 65.4 64.7 64.0

55.6% 54.3 54.6 55.4 56.2 56.1 54.3 51.7 51.6 55.8 51.7

81 80 80 82 83 84 82 79 79 86 81

5.0

3.9

–

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the American Indian homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.23

American Indian Homeownership Status by Region, 2003

(number and percent of American Indian households by homeownership status and region, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners

Total American Indian households Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

664 65 128 145 326

341 27 38 85 191

renters share of total

51.4% 41.5 29.7 58.6 58.6

number

322 38 90 59 135

share of total

48.5% 58.5 70.3 40.7 41.4

Note: American Indians include only those identifying themselves as being American Indian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

28

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/HOUSING

Table 1.24

American Indian Homeowners by Region, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of American Indian homeowners, and American Indian share of total, by region, 2003; numbers in thousands) American Indian

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

72,238 12,964 17,889 26,699 14,686

341 27 38 85 191

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 7.9 11.1 24.9 56.0

0.5% 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.3

Note: American Indians include only those identifying themselves as being American Indian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.25

Housing Units Occupied by American Indians by Type, 2003

(number of total occupied housing units, number and percent distribution of housing units occupied by American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by number of units in structure, 2003) American Indians

Total occupied housing units One unit, detached or attached Two to four units Five or more units Mobile home Boat, RV, van, etc.

total

number

108,419,506 73,740,642 9,374,261 18,089,052 7,128,265 87,286

784,088 501,147 64,644 107,303 109,573 1,421

percent distribution

100.0% 63.9 8.2 13.7 14.0 0.2

share of total

0.7% 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.5 1.6

Note: American Indians include only those identifying themselves as being American Indian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 29

American Indians: Income

American Indians Have Below-Average Incomes The median annual income of the nation’s 784,088 American Indian households stood at $31,121 in 2003, according to the American Community Survey. This ﬁgure is well below the $43,564 median income of all households, but higher than the median income of black households and only slightly below the median income of Hispanic households. American Indian household income peaks among householders aged 45 to 64, at $37,947. American Indian men who work full-time had median earnings of $31,102 in 2003—23 percent below the median of all men who work full-time. American Indian women who work full-time had median earnings of $25,773, an amount 16 percent below the median for all women who work full-time. The 11 percent poverty rate for American Indian married couples is greater than the rate among black couples but below the rate among Hispanic couples. American Indian female-headed families are more likely to be poor (41 percent) than black or Hispanic female-headed families. ■ American Indian households have below-average incomes because a relatively small share are headed by married couples, the most afﬂuent household type.

The median income of American Indian households is only 71 percent as high as the national median

60000

(median income of total and American Indian households, 2003)

$43,564 40000

$40,000

$31,121

30

20000

$20,000

0

$0

a total households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b households American Indian

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/INCOME

Table 1.26

American Indian Household Income, 2003

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of American Indian households, and American Indian share of total, by household income, 2003) American Indian

Total households Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income

total

number

108,419,506 9,764,122 13,680,405 13,656,404 12,617,755 11,034,151 9,413,849 11,291,267 11,784,523 15,177,030

784,088 127,600 126,094 120,803 105,190 83,984 54,427 62,610 51,191 52,189

$43,564

$31,121

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 16.3 16.1 15.4 13.4 10.7 6.9 8.0 6.5 6.7 –

0.7% 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 –

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.27

High-Income American Indian Households, 2003

(number and percent distribution of American Indian households with incomes of $100,000 or more, 2003) number TOTAL AMERICAN INDIAN HOUSEHOLDS

$100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 or more

784,088 52,189 39,647 7,545 4,997

percent distribution

100.0% 6.7 5.1 1.0 0.6

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 31

Table 1.28

American Indian Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent distribution of American Indian households by household income and age of householder, 2003) total

under 25

25 to 44

45 to 64

65 or older

Total American Indian households Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

784,088 127,600 126,094 120,803 105,190 83,984 54,427 62,610 51,191 52,189

56,977 13,857 13,390 12,050 7,252 5,921 2,034 1,526 709 238

340,312 46,846 51,269 56,138 50,396 37,443 26,002 27,814 21,694 22,710

289,911 45,000 33,650 37,005 36,868 33,232 23,530 29,311 24,901 26,414

96,888 21,897 27,785 15,610 10,674 7,388 2,861 3,959 3,887 2,827

Median income

$31,121

$21,030

$33,156

$37,947

$19,554

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Total American Indian households

100.0%

100.0%

Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

16.3 16.1 15.4 13.4 10.7 6.9 8.0 6.5 6.7

24.3 23.5 21.1 12.7 10.4 3.6 2.7 1.2 0.4

100.0% 13.8 15.1 16.5 14.8 11.0 7.6 8.2 6.4 6.7

100.0% 15.5 11.6 12.8 12.7 11.5 8.1 10.1 8.6 9.1

100.0% 22.6 28.7 16.1 11.0 7.6 3.0 4.1 4.0 2.9

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

32

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/INCOME

Table 1.29

Earnings of American Indians Working Full-Time by Sex, 2003

(number and percent distribution of American Indians aged 16 or older working full-time, year-round by earnings, median earnings, and percent working full-time, by sex, 2003) men

women

Total American Indians working full-time Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $64,999 $65,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

323,998 9,868 58,106 80,661 63,721 42,270 30,255 10,846 18,296 9,975

239,656 8,239 63,989 72,141 42,455 25,903 15,218 6,205 3,974 1,532

Median earnings Percent working full-time

$31,102 41.3%

$25,773 29.2%

Total American Indians working full-time Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $64,999 $65,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

100.0% 3.0 17.9 24.9 19.7 13.0 9.3 3.3 5.6 3.1

100.0% 3.4 26.7 30.1 17.7 10.8 6.3 2.6 1.7 0.6

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 33

Table 1.30

Earnings of Total People and American Indians, 2003

(median earnings of total people and American Indians aged 16 or older by sex and work status, and index of American Indian earnings to total, 2003)

Total people aged 16 or older Men Worked full-time, year-round Women Worked full-time, year-round

total

American Indian

index of American Indian earnings to total

$26,236 31,570 40,556 21,139 30,599

$20,418 23,615 31,102 16,738 25,773

78 75 77 79 84

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

34

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/INCOME

Table 1.31

American Indian Families in Poverty, 2003

(number and percent of American Indian families in poverty by family type and presence of children under age 18 at home, 2003)

Number in poverty Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Percent in poverty Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

total

with children

without children

36,455 64,798 10,760

25,124 59,465 8,743

11,331 5,333 2,017

10.9% 40.8 19.4

13.7% 48.0 21.8

7.5% 15.3 13.2

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 35

Table 1.32

Poverty Status of American Indians by Sex and Age, 2003

(total number of American Indians, and number and percent below poverty level by sex and age, 2003) in poverty total

number

Total American Indians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

percent

2,160,974 636,836 235,195 306,876 349,774 304,800 174,933 152,560

529,701 200,705 67,187 75,944 67,751 49,922 34,299 33,893

24.5% 31.5 28.6 24.7 19.4 16.4 19.6 22.2

American Indian females Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

1,099,555 323,077 118,185 145,048 185,205 153,468 90,581 83,991

286,941 100,392 38,149 42,395 40,584 27,291 17,454 20,676

26.1 31.1 32.3 29.2 21.9 17.8 19.3 24.6

American Indian males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

1,061,419 313,759 117,010 161,828 164,569 151,332 84,352 68,569

242,760 100,313 29,038 33,549 27,167 22,631 16,845 13,217

22.9 32.0 24.8 20.7 16.5 15.0 20.0 19.3

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=

36

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

American Indians: Labor Force

Twenty-Six Percent of American Indian Workers Are Managers or Professionals The 1 million American Indians in the labor force account for fewer than 1 percent of the nation’s workers. American Indians are less likely than the average worker to be employed as managers or professionals (26 versus 35 percent) and more likely to be employed as service workers (21 versus 16 percent). Overall, 66 percent of American Indian men were in the labor force in 2003, less than the labor force participation rate for all men. Fifty-nine percent of American Indian women are in the labor force, about the same rate as among all women. ■ American Indians are less educated than the average American and more likely to be employed in service occupations, accounting for their below-average incomes.

The labor force participation rate of American Indian men and women is nearly equal 75

(percent of American Indians aged 16 or older in the labor force, by sex, 2003)

66% 59% 50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

a men

b women

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 37

Table 1.33

Employment Status of American Indians by Sex and Age, 2003

(total number of American Indians aged 16 or older, and number in the armed forces and civilian labor force by sex, age, and employment status, 2003) civilian labor force unemployed total

armed forces

total

percent of population

employed

number

142,322 21,467 21,704 89,213 7,061 2,877 1,869 1,008

percent of labor force

Total American Indians 1,604,668 Aged 16 to 19 151,146 Aged 20 to 24 164,579 Aged 25 to 54 961,450 Aged 55 to 64 174,933 Aged 65 or older 152,560 Aged 65 to 69 56,286 Aged 70 or older 96,274

3,187 1,001,742 0 58,161 1,598 109,818 1,589 724,130 0 88,840 0 20,793 0 15,257 0 5,536

62.4% 859,420 38.5 36,694 66.7 88,114 75.3 634,917 50.8 81,779 13.6 17,916 27.1 13,388 5.8 4,528

14.2% 36.9 19.8 12.3 7.9 13.8 12.3 18.2

Total American Indian men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 or older

784,930 73,936 80,344 477,729 84,352 68,569 26,922 41,647

2,876 0 1,287 1,589 0 0 0 0

520,644 29,596 56,359 376,291 47,260 11,138 7,464 3,674

66.3 40.0 70.1 78.8 56.0 16.2 27.7 8.8

449,936 19,164 45,734 332,463 43,059 9,516 6,620 2,896

70,708 10,432 10,625 43,828 4,201 1,622 844 778

13.6 35.2 18.9 11.6 8.9 14.6 11.3 21.2

Total American Indian women Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 or older

819,738 77,210 84,235 483,721 90,581 83,991 29,364 54,627

311 0 311 0 0 0 0 0

481,098 28,565 53,459 347,839 41,580 9,655 7,793 1,862

58.7 37.0 63.5 71.9 45.9 11.5 26.5 3.4

409,484 17,530 42,380 302,454 38,720 8,400 6,768 1,632

71,614 11,035 11,079 45,385 2,860 1,255 1,025 230

14.9 38.6 20.7 13.0 6.9 13.0 13.2 12.4

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. The civilian labor force equals the number employed plus the number unemployed. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=

38

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/LABOR FORCE

Table 1.34

American Indian Workers by Occupation, 2003

(total number of employed persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by occupation, 2003) American Indian percent distribution

share of total

total

number

132,422,387 45,215,214 18,194,723 12,595,206 5,599,517 27,020,491 3,091,652 2,664,636 1,242,804 2,059,877 1,495,941 7,517,709 2,444,564 6,503,308

859,420 224,807 82,386 58,712 23,674 142,421 9,519 11,084 6,815 18,261 6,077 47,415 11,658 31,592

100.0% 26.2 9.6 6.8 2.8 16.6 1.1 1.3 0.8 2.1 0.7 5.5 1.4 3.7

Service occupations 21,351,389 Health care support occupations 2,909,926 Protective service occupations 2,823,344 Food preparation and serving-related occupations 6,754,655 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 4,886,978 Personal care and service occupations 3,976,486

181,346 25,103 23,447 54,679 42,987 35,130

21.1 2.9 2.7 6.4 5.0 4.1

0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

34,752,972 15,052,168 19,700,804

195,594 78,395 117,199

22.8 9.1 13.6

0.6 0.5 0.6

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

13,548,558 935,847 7,827,872 4,784,839

120,169 9,330 72,848 37,991

14.0 1.1 8.5 4.4

0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8

Production, transportation, materialmoving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations

17,554,254 9,513,007 8,041,247

137,504 71,486 66,018

16.0 8.3 7.7

0.8 0.8 0.8

TOTAL EMPLOYED

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

0.6% 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 39

American Indians: Living Arrangements

Married Couples Head Fewer than Half of American Indian Households Married couples account for only 43 percent of households headed by American Indians, according to the Census Bureau’s 2003 American Community Survey. Among all households, married couples account for a larger 52 percent share. Female-headed families are a substantial 20 percent of American Indian households, a much larger share than the 13 percent of households nationwide. Single-person households account for a smaller share of American Indian households (23 percent) than nationally (27 percent). Thirty-nine percent of American Indian households include children under age 18. Among American Indian married couples, a 49 percent minority includes children. The majority of female- and male-headed families have children at home. Forty-three percent of American Indian men are currently married and living with their spouse. Among American Indian women, the ﬁgure is 40 percent. Twelve percent of American Indian men and 15 percent of American Indian women are currently divorced. ■ The large share of families headed by women without a spouse results in lower incomes and higher poverty rates for American Indians.

One in ﬁve American Indian households is headed by a woman without a spouse

60

(percent distribution of American Indian households, by household type, 2003)

43% 40 40%

20%

20 20%

11%

12%

d alone women living

d alone men living

7% 0

40

0%

marriedacouples

b female-headed families

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

c male-headed families

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 1.35

American Indian Households by Age of Householder, 2003

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of American Indian households, and American Indian share of total, by age of householder, 2003) American Indian

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

108,419,506 6,123,495 18,543,279 23,330,304 22,627,454 15,926,480 21,868,494

784,088 56,977 146,653 193,659 173,533 116,378 96,888

2.61

2.93

Average household size

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 7.3 18.7 24.7 22.1 14.8 12.4

0.7% 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4

–

–

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.36

American Indian Households by Household Type, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of American Indian households, and American Indian share of total, by type, 2003) American Indian

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

percent distribution

total

number

108,419,506 73,057,960 54,688,008 13,632,172 4,737,780

784,088 549,299 335,320 158,640 55,339

100.0% 70.1 42.8 20.2 7.1

35,361,546 19,081,048 16,405,202 16,280,498 12,684,814

234,789 101,621 83,731 133,168 97,774

29.9 13.0 10.7 17.0 12.5

share of total

0.7% 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 41

Table 1.37

American Indian Households by Type of Household and Presence of Children, 2003

(number and percent distribution of American Indian households by type of household and presence of own children under age 18, 2003) number

percent distribution

American Indian households with children

784,088 302,249

100.0% 38.5

Married couples With children under age 18 Without children under age 18

335,320 164,728 170,592

100.0 49.1 50.9

Female householder, no spouse present With children under age 18 Without children under age 18

158,640 105,025 53,615

100.0 66.2 33.8

55,339 32,496 22,843

100.0 58.7 41.3

TOTAL AMERICAN INDIAN HOUSEHOLDS

Male householder, no spouse present With children under age 18 Without children under age 18

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

42

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 1.38

American Indians by Living Arrangement, 2003

(number and percent distribution of American Indians by living arrangement, 2003) number

percent distribution

Total American Indians

2,173,834

100.0%

In family household Householder Female Male Spouse Child Grandchild Brother or sister Parent Other relative Nonrelative

1,864,634 570,440 285,713 284,727 321,508 698,846 88,158 30,655 14,188 63,710 77,129

85.8 26.2 13.1 13.1 14.8 32.1 4.1 1.4 0.7 2.9 3.5

309,200 241,178 186,123 85,971 100,152 55,055 18,497 36,558 68,022

14.2 11.1 8.6 4.0 4.6 2.5 0.9 1.7 3.1

In nonfamily household Householder Living alone Female Male Not living alone Female Male Nonrelatives

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 43

Table 1.39

Marital Status of American Indians by Sex, 2003

(number and percent distribution of American Indians aged 15 or older by current marital status and sex, 2003) men number

Total American Indians Never married Currently married Spouse present Spouse absent Divorced Widowed

807,599 298,221 391,503 349,618 41,885 97,977 19,898

women percent distribution

100.0% 36.9 48.5 43.3 5.2 12.1 2.5

number

837,688 261,904 388,463 334,055 54,408 122,869 64,452

percent distribution

100.0% 31.3 46.4 39.9 6.5 14.7 7.7

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. The American Indian and Alaska Native population includes only those identifying themselves as being American Indian or Alaska Native alone and no other race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

44

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

American Indians: Population

More than 4 Million People Identify Themselves as American Indians Many American Indians are of mixed race. While 2.8 million people identify their race as American Indian alone, another 1.6 million say they are American Indian and some other race—in most cases white. Nineteen percent of American Indians are also Hispanic. The largest American Indian tribe is the Cherokee, accounting for 19 percent of the 1.7 million American Indians who identify themselves as being of a single tribe and American Indian alone. Forty-three percent of American Indians live in the West, and another 31 percent live in the South. California is home to 16 percent of American Indians. American Indians account for 19 percent of Alaska’s population, the largest share among the 50 states. In New Mexico and Oklahoma, American Indians are a substantial 11 percent of the population. ■ American Indians are a tiny minority of the U.S. population, increasingly dwarfed by Hispanics, blacks, and Asians.

American Indians are a tiny share of the population in every region (American Indian share of population by region, 2004) 3

2

2.8%

2%

1.1% 1

1%

0

0%

1.3%

0.7%

a Northeast

a Midwest

b South

c West

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 45

Table 1.40

American Indians by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004

(total number of people, and number and percent distribution of American Indians by racial identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) 2004 number

Total people American Indian alone or in combination with one or more other races American Indian alone American Indian in combination

2000 percent distribution

293,655,404

4,409,446 2,824,751 1,584,695

100.0%

1.5 1.0 0.5

number

282,192,162

4,236,378 2,673,462 1,562,916

percent distribution

percent change 2000–04

100.0%

1.5 0.9 0.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.41

American Indians by Hispanic Origin, 2004

(number and percent distribution of American Indians by Hispanic origin and racial identiﬁcation, 2004) American Indian alone or in combination number

Total American Indians Not Hispanic Hispanic

4,409,446 3,573,949 835,497

percent distribution

100.0% 81.1 18.9

American Indian alone number

2,824,751 2,206,748 618,003

percent distribution

100.0% 78.1 21.9

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

46

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

4.1%

4.1 5.7 1.4

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/POPULATION

Table 1.42

American Indians by Tribe, 2004

(number and percent distribution of people identifying themselves as American Indian alone by tribe-alone identiﬁcation, 2004; for the ten largest tribes) number

Total American Indians alone specifying one tribe Cherokee Navajo Chippewa Pueblo Sioux Apache Lumbee Choctaw Iroquois Pima All other tribes

1,729,574 331,491 230,401 92,041 69,203 67,666 66,048 59,433 55,107 50,982 48,709 658,493

percent distribution

100.0% 19.2 13.3 5.3 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.8 38.1

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. Tribes shown are for those identifying themselves as being of the tribe alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143469461584&_ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_program=ACS; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 47

Table 1.43

American Indians in the Armed Forces, 2003

(number and percent distribution of American Indians aged 18 or older who are in the armed forces or who are veterans, by sex and age, 2003)

Total American Indians aged 18 or older Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

in armed forces

veteran

1,524,138 747,660 679,091 68,569 776,478 692,487 83,991

3,187 2,876 2,876 0 311 311 0

184,566 171,902 133,501 38,401 12,664 11,179 1,485

Total American Indians aged 18 or older

100.0%

0.2%

Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12.1% 23.0 19.7 56.0 1.6 1.6 1.8

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/Dataset MainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

48

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/POPULATION

Table 1.44

American Indians by Age, 2000 and 2004

(number of American Indians by age, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) percent change 2000–04

2004

2000

Total American Indians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

4,409,446 270,587 372,933 412,676 412,187 393,543 325,539 309,645 308,193 336,936 315,414 267,157 213,617 151,020 108,505 79,288 58,760 39,328 34,118

4,236,378 364,375 398,770 413,350 393,812 331,117 302,589 304,094 334,383 325,561 280,972 233,762 165,935 121,764 90,424 69,725 50,353 30,181 25,211

4.1% –25.7 –6.5 –0.2 4.7 18.9 7.6 1.8 –7.8 3.5 12.3 14.3 28.7 24.0 20.0 13.7 16.7 30.3 35.3

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

3,105,213 557,693 319,999

2,819,149 484,195 265,894

10.1 15.2 20.3

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 49

Table 1.45

American Indian Share of Total Population by Age, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by age, 2004) American Indian percent distribution

total

number

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

293,655,404 20,071,268 19,605,572 21,145,156 20,729,802 20,971,302 19,560,906 20,471,032 21,052,318 23,056,334 22,122,629 19,496,176 16,489,501 12,589,423 9,956,467 8,507,005 7,410,757 5,560,125 4,859,631

4,409,446 270,587 372,933 412,676 412,187 393,543 325,539 309,645 308,193 336,936 315,414 267,157 213,617 151,020 108,505 79,288 58,760 39,328 34,118

100.0% 6.1 8.5 9.4 9.3 8.9 7.4 7.0 7.0 7.6 7.2 6.1 4.8 3.4 2.5 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.8

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

220,377,406 29,245,102 36,293,985

3,105,213 557,693 319,999

70.4 12.6 7.3

share of total

1.5% 1.3 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.9 0.9

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

50

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/POPULATION

Table 1.46

American Indians by Age and Sex, 2004

(number of American Indians by age and sex, and sex ratio by age, 2004)

Total American Indians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total 4,409,446 270,587 372,933 412,676 412,187 393,543 325,539 309,645 308,193 336,936 315,414 267,157 213,617 151,020 108,505 79,288 58,760 39,328 34,118

females 2,227,310 133,353 182,870 204,052 203,099 191,825 157,353 152,027 153,875 172,069 163,712 139,514 111,683 79,481 57,644 43,636 33,659 24,100 23,358

males 2,182,136 137,234 190,063 208,624 209,088 201,718 168,186 157,618 154,318 164,867 151,702 127,643 101,934 71,539 50,861 35,652 25,101 15,228 10,760

sex ratio 98 103 104 102 103 105 107 104 100 96 93 91 91 90 88 82 75 63 46

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

3,105,213 557,693 319,999

1,584,649 272,538 182,397

1,520,564 285,155 137,602

96 105 75

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. The sex ratio is the number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 51

Table 1.47

American Indians by Region, 2000 and 2004

(number of American Indians by region, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total American Indians Northeast Midwest South West

2004

2000

4,409,446 401,439 739,673 1,355,488 1,912,846

4,119,301 374,035 714,792 1,259,230 1,771,244

percent change 2000–04

7.0% 7.3 3.5 7.6 8.0

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of American Indians in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SCEST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.48

American Indian Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by region, 2004) American Indian

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

293,655,404 54,571,147 65,729,852 105,944,965 67,409,440

4,409,446 401,439 739,673 1,355,488 1,912,846

percent distribution

100.0% 9.1 16.8 30.7 43.4

share of total

1.5% 0.7 1.1 1.3 2.8

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

52

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/POPULATION

Table 1.49

American Indians by State, 2000 and 2004

(number of American Indians by state, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total American Indians Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

2004

2000

4,409,446 44,892 123,690 322,235 39,132 687,366 85,980 26,300 6,557 4,692 140,558 59,844 25,981 29,431 79,608 40,912 19,441 47,481 25,298 44,395 13,519 41,749 40,590 124,092 84,807 21,633 61,244 69,374 23,545 49,640 8,269 55,246 207,374 183,442 141,953 36,552 76,709 398,242 88,524

4,119,301 44,449 119,241 292,552 37,002 627,562 79,689 24,488 6,069 4,775 117,880 53,197 24,882 27,237 73,161 39,263 18,246 47,363 24,552 42,878 13,156 39,437 38,050 124,412 81,074 19,555 60,099 66,320 22,204 42,222 7,885 49,104 191,475 171,581 131,736 35,228 76,075 391,949 85,667

percent change 2000–04

7.0% 1.0 3.7 10.1 5.8 9.5 7.9 7.4 8.0 –1.7 19.2 12.5 4.4 8.1 8.8 4.2 6.5 0.2 3.0 3.5 2.8 5.9 6.7 –0.3 4.6 10.6 1.9 4.6 6.0 17.6 4.9 12.5 8.3 6.9 7.8 3.8 0.8 1.6 3.3 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 53

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2004

2000

56,155 11,706 29,558 72,214 41,598 248,339 41,979 6,212 56,256 165,373 10,792 73,068 15,899

52,650 10,725 27,456 68,281 39,188 215,599 40,445 6,396 52,864 158,940 10,644 69,386 15,012

percent change 2000–04

6.7% 9.1 7.7 5.8 6.1 15.2 3.8 –2.9 6.4 4.0 1.4 5.3 5.9

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of American Indians in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

54

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/POPULATION

Table 1.50

American Indian Share of Total Population by State, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of American Indians, and American Indian share of total, by state, 2004) American Indian

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

293,655,404 4,530,182 655,435 5,743,834 2,752,629 35,893,799 4,601,403 3,503,604 830,364 553,523 17,397,161 8,829,383 1,262,840 1,393,262 12,713,634 6,237,569 2,954,451 2,735,502 4,145,922 4,515,770 1,317,253 5,558,058 6,416,505 10,112,620 5,100,958 2,902,966 5,754,618 926,865 1,747,214 2,334,771 1,299,500 8,698,879 1,903,289 19,227,088 8,541,221 634,366 11,459,011 3,523,553 3,594,586

4,409,446 44,892 123,690 322,235 39,132 687,366 85,980 26,300 6,557 4,692 140,558 59,844 25,981 29,431 79,608 40,912 19,441 47,481 25,298 44,395 13,519 41,749 40,590 124,092 84,807 21,633 61,244 69,374 23,545 49,640 8,269 55,246 207,374 183,442 141,953 36,552 76,709 398,242 88,524

percent distribution

100.0% 1.0 2.8 7.3 0.9 15.6 1.9 0.6 0.1 0.1 3.2 1.4 0.6 0.7 1.8 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.9 2.8 1.9 0.5 1.4 1.6 0.5 1.1 0.2 1.3 4.7 4.2 3.2 0.8 1.7 9.0 2.0

share of total

1.5% 1.0 18.9 5.6 1.4 1.9 1.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 2.1 2.1 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.7 0.7 1.1 7.5 1.3 2.1 0.6 0.6 10.9 1.0 1.7 5.8 0.7 11.3 2.5 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 55

American Indian

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

12,406,292 1,080,632 4,198,068 770,883 5,900,962 22,490,022 2,389,039 621,394 7,459,827 6,203,788 1,815,354 5,509,026 506,529

56,155 11,706 29,558 72,214 41,598 248,339 41,979 6,212 56,256 165,373 10,792 73,068 15,899

percent distribution

1.3% 0.3 0.7 1.6 0.9 5.6 1.0 0.1 1.3 3.8 0.2 1.7 0.4

share of total

0.5% 1.1 0.7 9.4 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.0 0.8 2.7 0.6 1.3 3.1

Note: American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

56

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/POPULATION

Table 1.51

American Indians by Metropolitan Area, 2004

(total number of people, number of American Indians, and American Indian share of total, for selected metropolitan areas, 2004) American Indian

Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY MSA Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA MSA Anchorage, AK MSA Appleton–Oshkosh–Neenah, WI MSA Atlanta, GA MSA Augusta–Aiken, GA–SC MSA Austin–San Marcos, TX MSA Bakersﬁeld, CA MSA Baton Rouge, LA MSA Beaumont–Port Arthur, TX MSA Biloxi–Gulfport–Pascagoula, MS MSA Binghamton, NY MSA Birmingham, AL MSA Boise City, ID MSA Boston–Worcester–Lawrence, MA–NH–ME–CT CMSA Brownsville–Harlingen–San Benito, TX MSA Buffalo–Niagara Falls, NY MSA Canton–Massillon, OH MSA Charleston–North Charleston, SC MSA Chicago, IL PMSA Cleveland–Akron, OH CMSA Colorado Springs, CO MSA Columbia, SC MSA Corpus Christi, TX MSA Dallas–Fort Worth, TX CMSA Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA–IL MSA Dayton–Springﬁeld, OH MSA Daytona Beach, FL MSA Denver–Boulder–Greeley, CO CMSA* Des Moines, IA MSA Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI CMSA El Paso, TX MSA Erie, PA MSA Eugene–Springﬁeld, OR MSA Fayetteville, NC MSA Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR MSA Fort Myers–Cape Coral, FL MSA Fort Pierce–Port St. Lucie, FL MSA Fort Wayne, IN MSA

total population

number

860,976 650,230 265,176 359,711 4,477,579 476,167 1,373,125 702,855 610,743 366,244 363,966 239,012 929,694 479,284 5,749,197 367,603 1,119,037 400,919 563,828 8,388,723 2,878,475 539,225 543,126 381,422 5,676,651 350,022 916,635 530,553 2,514,628 476,699 5,437,277 700,225 267,426 324,176 287,220 345,308 508,634 358,578 506,545

562 742 15,855 2,973 8,960 502 6,823 5,216 243 1,287 0 0 3,119 6,567 14,904 360 5,155 586 960 14,124 5,113 3,719 1,554 1,740 26,057 2,113 1,874 1,448 16,808 1,295 15,301 3,662 470 5,609 3,154 8,022 287 544 391

share of total

0.1% 0.1 6.0 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 1.7 1.1 2.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 57

American Indian

Fresno, CA MSA Grand Rapids–Muskegon–Holland, MI MSA Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC MSA Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC MSA Harrisburg–Lebanon–Carlisle, PA MSA Hartford, CT MSA Hickory–Morganton–Lenoir, NC MSA Honolulu, HI MSA Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX CMSA* Huntsville, AL MSA Indianapolis, IN MSA Jackson, MS MSA Jacksonville, FL MSA Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN–VA MSA Kalamazoo–Battle Creek, MI MSA Kansas City, MO–KS MSA Killeen–Temple, TX MSA Knoxville, TN MSA Lafayette, LA MSA Lakeland–Winter Haven, FL MSA Lancaster, PA MSA Lansing–East Lansing, MI MSA Lexington, KY MSA Lincoln, NE MSA Little Rock–North Little Rock, AR MSA Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA CMSA Lubbock, TX MSA Macon, GA MSA Madison, WI MSA McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX MSA Melbourne–Titusville–Palm Bay, FL MSA Miami–Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA Milwaukee–Waukesha, WI PMSA Mobile, AL MSA Modesto, CA MSA Montgomery, AL MSA Nashville, TN MSA New Orleans, LA MSA New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA CMSA* Oklahoma City, OK MSA Orlando, FL MSA Pensacola, FL MSA Peoria–Pekin, IL MSA Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD CMSA*

total population

number

share of total

978,274 1,102,729 1,283,261 976,678 617,676 1,163,367 345,590 868,751 4,794,384 354,936 1,664,412 443,275 1,182,453 482,047 441,059 1,823,092 298,933 707,617 386,812 511,565 473,104 436,485 478,625 249,670 593,032 17,199,115 240,721 329,432 437,843 651,974 509,248 4,051,442 1,483,023 547,153 490,860 323,220 1,275,212 1,313,694

12,839 5,640 4,250 1,389 594 850 158 1,254 12,329 3,192 2,365 977 3,842 2,720 2,045 7,510 2,731 903 729 0 0 1,828 500 1,705 1,595 100,093 497 1,115 2,740 3,293 1,137 8,236 6,515 6,933 3,871 1,671 3,339 5,716

20,345,959 1,095,252 1,831,212 410,542 337,020

43,857 40,585 11,710 1,562 0

0.2 3.7 0.6 0.4 0.0

5,383,262

8,843

0.2

1.3% 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4

(continued)

58

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES/POPULATION

American Indian

Pittsburgh, PA MSA Portland, ME MSA Providence–Fall River–Warwick, RI–MA MSA Provo–Orem, UT MSA Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC MSA Reading, PA MSA Reno, NV MSA Richmond–Petersburg, VA MSA Rochester, NY MSA Rockford, IL MSA Sacramento, CA PMSA Saginaw–Bay City–Midland, MI MSA St. Louis, MO–IL MSA Salinas, CA MSA Salt Lake City–Ogden, UT MSA San Antonio, TX MSA San Diego, CA MSA San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA CMSA San Luis Obispo–Atascadero–Paso Robles, CA MSA Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–Lompoc, CA MSA Sarasota–Bradenton, FL MSA Savannah, GA MSA Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA MSA Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA CMSA* Shreveport–Bossier City, LA MSA South Bend, IN MSA Spokane, WA MSA Springﬁeld, MA MSA Springﬁeld, MO MSA Stockton–Lodi, CA MSA Syracuse, NY MSA Tallahassee, FL MSA Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL MSA Toledo, OH MSA Tucson, AZ MSA Tulsa, OK MSA Utica–Rome, NY MSA Visalia–Tulare–Porterville, CA MSA West Palm Beach–Boca Raton, FL MSA Wichita, KS MSA York, PA MSA Youngstown–Warren, OH MSA

total population

number

2,260,551 248,827 1,165,549 395,173 1,278,372 378,456 375,344 1,013,399 1,057,917 382,901 1,803,160 393,837 2,620,334 392,192 1,384,041 1,683,872 2,833,275 6,951,260 238,502 385,238 639,438 299,920 587,557 3,184,924 387,312 252,944 420,592 560,472 332,918 632,143 707,901 274,945 2,537,586 598,283 885,025 810,062 282,844 395,493 1,223,206 546,308 393,426 566,597

827 0 3,944 1,126 4,031 0 6,807 3,289 1,089 758 23,481 2,279 3,927 4,545 7,220 7,839 18,392 41,344 1,442 3,687 1,273 262 0 29,205 867 427 7,819 846 2,800 4,881 2,856 717 7,158 414 26,701 56,487 849 4,876 3,270 4,428 808 180

share of total

0.0% 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.3 0.6 0.1 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 3.0 7.0 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.0

* Population ﬁgures are for only part of the metropolitan area. Note: Some metropolitan areas are not shown because data are not available. American Indians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. For the deﬁnition of CMSA, MSA, and PMSA, see the glossary. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 59

ASIANS CHAPTER

2

Asians ■ The Asian population of the United States numbered nearly 14 million in 2004, having grown 15 percent since 2000. Despite the rapid growth, fewer than 5 percent of Americans are Asian. ■ Asians are far better educated than the population as a whole. Nearly half (49 percent) are college graduates versus 28 percent of the total population. ■ Asians are the only racial or ethnic group in which the majority are at a healthy weight. Only 31 percent of Asians are overweight. ■ The $55,262 median income of Asian households in 2003 was 28 percent greater than the all-household average and higher than that of any other racial or ethnic group. ■ Fully 45 percent of Asian workers are employed in managerial or professional occupations—the largest share among all racial and ethnic groups. ■ Asian households are much more likely to be headed by married couples than the average household—61 versus 52 percent. ■ Forty-eight percent of Asians live in the West, where they account for 10 percent of the population. California is home to 34 percent of the nation’s Asian population. ■ Asian households spent an average of $44,923 in 2003, 10 percent more than average. ■ Note: There are no wealth data for Asians.

Asians account for 4.8 percent of the U.S. population (percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2004) 75

67.4%

50 50%

25 25%

0 0%

1.5% a American Indians

13.4%

14.1%

c blacks

d Hispanics

4.8% b Asians

d non-Hispanic whites

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 61

Asians: Education

Asians Are Far Better Educated than the Average American Asians are much more likely to be college graduates than the population as a whole. In 2004, 49 percent of Asians aged 25 or older were college graduates versus 28 percent of the total population. Nineteen percent of Asians have an advanced degree compared with a smaller 10 percent of the total population. Not only are Asians better educated than the average person, they are more likely to be enrolled in school. While 48 percent of all Americans aged 20 to 21 are students, for example, the ﬁgure is 77 percent among Asians in the age group. Nearly half (48 percent) of Asians aged 22 to 24 are still in school versus 28 percent of all Americans in the age group. More than 1 million Asians were enrolled in college in 2003—not far below the number of Hispanic college students, although the Hispanic population is much larger. Asians earned 6 percent of bachelor’s degrees in 2001–02 and 5 percent of master’s and doctoral degrees. Asians earned more than 20 percent of ﬁrst-professional degrees awarded in the ﬁelds of dentistry, optometry, and pharmacy in 2001–02. ■ The educational level of Asians is much higher than that of the average American in part because many are immigrants with professional jobs.

Nearly half of Asians are college graduates (percent of Asians aged 25 or older who are high school graduates or more, have some college or more, or are college graduates, 2004) 100

87%

62

75

75%

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

67% 49%

a graduate high school or more

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

someb college or more

collegecgraduate

ASIANS/EDUCATION

Table 2.1

Educational Attainment of Asians by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Asians aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Asians Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

8,312 1,089 1,657 894 610 2,455 1,003 312 293

2,345 133 342 317 171 848 371 105 58

2,132 226 433 211 182 631 283 75 90

1,711 217 403 179 123 477 189 57 67

1,059 138 249 96 83 310 97 42 45

1,065 374 230 92 51 189 63 33 33

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

7,224 5,567 4,063

2,212 1,870 1,382

1,905 1,472 1,079

1,495 1,092 790

922 673 494

691 461 318

100.0% 13.1 19.9 10.8 7.3 29.5 12.1 3.8 3.5

100.0% 5.7 14.6 13.5 7.3 36.2 15.8 4.5 2.5

100.0% 10.6 20.3 9.9 8.5 29.6 13.3 3.5 4.2

100.0% 12.7 23.6 10.5 7.2 27.9 11.0 3.3 3.9

100.0% 13.0 23.5 9.1 7.8 29.3 9.2 4.0 4.2

100.0% 35.1 21.6 8.6 4.8 17.7 5.9 3.1 3.1

86.9 67.0 48.9

94.3 79.7 58.9

89.4 69.0 50.6

87.4 63.8 46.2

87.1 63.6 46.6

64.9 43.3 29.9

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Asians Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 63

Table 2.2

Educational Attainment of Asian Men by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Asian men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

3,942 441 708 439 273 1,132 579 166 204

1,147 62 155 167 84 394 204 46 36

1,033 103 207 95 75 283 175 44 53

783 93 149 92 45 217 102 31 51

497 49 100 47 45 139 55 23 35

483 132 95 38 24 98 43 23 28

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

3,501 2,793 2,081

1,086 931 680

932 725 555

687 538 401

444 344 252

349 254 192

Total Asian men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 11.2 18.0 11.1 6.9 28.7 14.7 4.2 5.2

100.0% 5.4 13.5 14.6 7.3 34.4 17.8 4.0 3.1

100.0% 10.0 20.0 9.2 7.3 27.4 16.9 4.3 5.1

100.0% 11.9 19.0 11.7 5.7 27.7 13.0 4.0 6.5

100.0% 9.9 20.1 9.5 9.1 28.0 11.1 4.6 7.0

100.0% 27.3 19.7 7.9 5.0 20.3 8.9 4.8 5.8

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

88.8 70.9 52.8

94.7 81.2 59.3

90.2 70.2 53.7

87.7 68.7 51.2

89.3 69.2 50.7

72.3 52.6 39.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

64

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/EDUCATION

Table 2.3

Educational Attainment of Asian Women by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Asian women aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Asian women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

4,370 647 949 455 336 1,323 424 145 89

1,198 72 186 150 88 453 167 59 22

1,099 124 226 116 108 348 108 32 38

928 123 254 88 78 259 86 25 16

562 87 148 49 38 171 42 19 10

583 240 135 54 27 91 21 10 4

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

3,721 2,772 1,981

1,125 939 701

976 750 526

806 552 386

477 329 242

342 207 126

Total Asian women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 14.8 21.7 10.4 7.7 30.3 9.7 3.3 2.0

100.0% 6.0 15.5 12.5 7.3 37.8 13.9 4.9 1.8

100.0% 11.3 20.6 10.6 9.8 31.7 9.8 2.9 3.5

100.0% 13.3 27.4 9.5 8.4 27.9 9.3 2.7 1.7

100.0% 15.5 26.3 8.7 6.8 30.4 7.5 3.4 1.8

100.0% 41.2 23.2 9.3 4.6 15.6 3.6 1.7 0.7

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

85.1 63.4 45.3

93.9 78.4 58.5

88.8 68.2 47.9

86.9 59.5 41.6

84.9 58.5 43.1

58.7 35.5 21.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 65

Table 2.4

Educational Attainment of Asians by Age and Region, 2004

(percent of Asians aged 25 or older by selected educational attainment, age, and region, 2004) Northeast

Midwest

South

West

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE OR MORE

Total Asians Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

84.8% 90.9 84.9 87.0 83.2 63.7

89.1% 95.6 90.9 91.7 88.0 55.6

90.9% 94.6 93.0 90.1 89.2 67.7

85.5% 95.6 89.4 85.4 86.8 66.0

61.4 71.2 58.4 61.2 57.0 45.9

71.6 81.9 72.5 68.9 72.2 35.8

68.3 81.6 70.9 57.4 52.4 38.7

67.5 82.4 72.1 66.1 66.3 44.5

50.2 58.6 46.7 50.3 46.9 38.2

57.2 63.2 61.6 52.2 59.4 27.2

51.5 61.1 56.6 40.8 36.1 31.5

45.2 56.0 46.7 45.2 46.4 28.0

SOME COLLEGE OR MORE

Total Asians Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR MORE

Total Asians Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

66

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/EDUCATION

Table 2.5

Educational Attainment of Asians by State, 2004

(percent of Asians aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, for the 25 largest states, 2004) high school graduate or more

Total Asians Alabama Arizona California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin

86.9% – 100.0 85.3 – 86.5 93.0 93.0 – – – 89.9 80.4 90.7 86.1 77.6 95.0 80.6 87.9 95.7 88.3 – 93.1 91.2 85.1 –

college graduate

48.9% – 51.3 49.9 – 46.2 54.5 59.3 – – – 51.0 54.8 61.0 47.3 51.3 67.3 41.1 40.8 72.2 54.7 – 53.1 57.8 38.8 –

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004. html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 67

Table 2.6

School Enrollment of Asians, 2003

(total number of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, number of Asians enrolled, and Asian share of total, by age, October 2003; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total aged 3 or older Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

74,911 4,590 7,309 11,706 16,478 8,329 8,177 4,856 3,684 3,397 2,212 1,378 1,635 879 283

3,817 179 295 577 767 328 356 279 252 304 232 117 87 30 15

share of total

5.1% 3.9 4.0 4.9 4.7 3.9 4.4 5.7 6.8 8.9 10.5 8.5 5.3 3.4 5.3

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

68

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/EDUCATION

Table 2.7

School Enrollment of Asians by Age and Sex, 2003

(number and percent of Asians aged 3 or older enrolled in school, by age and sex, October 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

Total Asians enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

3,817 179 295 577 767 328 356 279 252 304 232 117 87 30 15

female percent

31.3% 51.4 89.3 99.2 99.4 99.1 95.7 87.1 77.0 48.1 21.6 9.4 4.1 1.7 0.7

number

1,872 83 126 322 352 177 167 150 137 158 89 44 40 15 12

male percent

29.3% 54.2 86.0 100.0 98.7 100.0 95.4 85.1 79.7 48.8 15.8 6.9 3.6 1.7 1.1

number

1,946 96 169 256 415 151 190 129 115 146 142 73 47 14 3

percent

33.4% 49.3 91.9 98.2 99.9 98.2 95.9 89.6 74.0 47.3 27.9 12.1 4.7 1.8 0.3

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 69

Table 2.8

Asian Families with Children in College, 2003

(total number of Asian families, number with dependent children aged 5 to 24, and number and percent with children enrolled in college by household income, 2003; numbers in thousands) with one or more children enrolled in college

Total Asian families Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 and over

total

with children aged 5–24

number

3,094 114 128 82 280 269 179 486 357 325 233

1,733 55 70 48 177 157 87 267 183 209 135

424 8 23 5 33 29 29 74 34 57 41

percent of total Asian families

13.7% 7.0 18.0 6.1 11.8 10.8 16.2 15.2 9.5 17.5 17.6

percent of Asian families with children 5–24

24.5% 14.5 32.9 10.4 18.6 18.5 33.3 27.7 18.6 27.3 30.4

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because not reported is not shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

70

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/EDUCATION

Table 2.9

College Enrollment of Asians, 2003

(total number of people aged 15 or older enrolled in college, number of Asians enrolled, and Asian share of total, by age, October 2003; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total enrolled in college Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

16,638 3,661 3,534 3,320 2,164 1,330 769 757 479 357 268

1,263 254 248 290 231 117 42 42 15 12 11

share of total

7.6% 6.9 7.0 8.7 10.7 8.8 5.5 5.5 3.1 3.4 4.1

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 71

Table 2.10

College Enrollment of Asians by Age and Type of School, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asians aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age and type of school, October 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total Asians enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

two-year college

four-year college

graduate school

1,263 254 248 290 231 117 42 42 15 12 11

256 95 56 43 34 19 0 8 0 3 0

585 160 187 159 40 20 12 6 0 0 0

420 0 5 88 158 77 29 26 15 9 11

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF SCHOOL

Total Asians enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

20.3% 37.4 22.6 14.8 14.7 16.2 0.0 19.0 0.0 25.0 0.0

46.3% 63.0 75.4 54.8 17.3 17.1 28.6 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

33.3% 0.0 2.0 30.3 68.4 65.8 69.0 61.9 100.0 75.0 100.0

100.0% 37.1 21.9 16.8 13.3 7.4 0.0 3.1 0.0 1.2 0.0

100.0% 27.4 32.0 27.2 6.8 3.4 2.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

100.0% 0.0 1.2 21.0 37.6 18.3 6.9 6.2 3.6 2.1 2.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total Asians enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 20.1 19.6 23.0 18.3 9.3 3.3 3.3 1.2 1.0 0.9

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

72

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/EDUCATION

Table 2.11

Associate’s Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of associate’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by Asians

Total associate’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Mechanics and repairers Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services R.O.T.C. and military technologies Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

595,133 6,494 443 319 1,517 108,911 2,819 2,021 30,965 2,639 9,267 1,724 32,895 864 517 79,888 9,480 6,825 207,163 96 685 12,086 13,204 830 134 2,308 10,818 16,689 1,705 3,323 62 5,593 414 1,159 20,911 365

30,947 39 30 2 91 5,505 89 55 2,392 63 98 101 2,154 44 26 2,922 466 133 11,944 2 95 613 1,137 16 17 118 452 376 53 87 0 382 4 41 1,388 12

percent

5.2% 0.6 6.8 0.6 6.0 5.1 3.2 2.7 7.7 2.4 1.1 5.9 6.5 5.1 5.0 3.7 4.9 1.9 5.8 2.1 13.9 5.1 8.6 1.9 12.7 5.1 4.2 2.3 3.1 2.6 0.0 6.8 1.0 3.5 6.6 3.3

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 73

Table 2.12

Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of bachelor’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by Asians total

number

Total bachelor’s degrees 1,291,900 Agriculture and natural resources 23,353 Architecture and related programs 8,808 Area, ethnic, and cultural studies 6,557 Biological and life sciences 60,256 Business 281,330 Communications 62,791 Communications technologies 1,110 Computer and information sciences 47,299 Construction trades 202 Education 106,383 Engineering 59,481 Engineering-related technologies 14,117 English language and literature, letters 53,162 Foreign languages and literatures 15,318 Health professions and related sciences 70,517 Home economics 18,153 Law and legal studies 1,971 Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities 39,333 Library science 74 Mathematics 12,395 Mechanics and repairers 164 Multi- and interdisciplinary studies 27,629 Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness 20,554 Philosophy and religion 9,306 Physical sciences 17,851 Precision production trades 468 Protective services 25,536 Psychology 76,671 Public administration and services 19,392 R.O.T.C. and military technologies 3 Social sciences and history 132,874 Theological studies, religious vocations 7,785 Transportation and material moving 4,020 Visual and performing arts 66,773 Not classiﬁed 264

83,101 760 729 758 7,485 20,083 2,368 62 7,408 1 1,916 7,400 739 2,233 726 3,961 653 136 1,572 4 1,057 13 1,474 447 474 1,379 16 715 4,426 595 0 9,258 161 101 3,983 8

percent

6.4% 3.3 8.3 11.6 12.4 7.1 3.8 5.6 15.7 0.5 1.8 12.4 5.2 4.2 4.7 5.6 3.6 6.9 4.0 5.4 8.5 7.9 5.3 2.2 5.1 7.7 3.4 2.8 5.8 3.1 0.0 7.0 2.1 2.5 6.0 3.0

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

74

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/EDUCATION

Table 2.13

Master’s Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of master’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001– 02) earned by Asians

Total master’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

482,118 4,519 4,566 1,578 6,205 120,785 5,510 549 16,113 9 136,579 26,015 896 7,268 2,861 43,644 2,616 4,053 2,754 5,113 3,487 3,211 2,754 1,334 5,034 2 2,935 14,888 25,448 14,112 4,952 709 11,595 24

25,414 139 267 106 552 8,352 251 22 2,264 0 3,095 2,378 36 250 115 3,304 104 211 72 152 239 150 56 64 267 1 59 592 882 570 276 11 577 0

percent

5.3% 3.1 5.8 6.7 8.9 6.9 4.6 4.0 14.1 0.0 2.3 9.1 4.0 3.4 4.0 7.6 4.0 5.2 2.6 3.0 6.9 4.7 2.0 4.8 5.3 50.0 2.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 5.6 1.6 5.0 0.0

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 75

Table 2.14

Doctoral Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of doctoral degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001– 02) earned by Asians

Total doctoral degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Visual and performing arts

total

number

44,160 1,166 183 216 4,489 1,158 374 9 750 6,967 5,195 15 1,446 843 3,523 355 79 113 45 958 384 151 606 3,803 49 4,341 571 3,902 1,355 1,114

2,317 24 11 15 401 53 14 0 78 180 380 1 56 34 258 12 0 1 0 27 19 3 23 196 0 192 29 149 105 56

percent

5.2% 2.1 6.0 6.9 8.9 4.6 3.7 0.0 10.4 2.6 7.3 6.7 3.9 4.0 7.3 3.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 2.8 4.9 2.0 3.8 5.2 0.0 4.4 5.1 3.8 7.7 5.0

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

76

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/EDUCATION

Table 2.15

First-Professional Degrees Earned by Asians by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of ﬁrst-professional degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by Asians

Total ﬁrst-professional degrees Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Optometry (O.D.) Osteopathic medicine (D.O.) Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Podiatry (Pod.D., D.P., or D.P.M.) Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) Naturopathic medicine Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord.)

total

number

80,698 4,239 15,237 1,280 2,416 7,076 474 2,289 3,284 227 38,981 5,195

9,584 974 2,959 344 414 1,501 71 65 354 11 2,621 270

percent

11.9% 23.0 19.4 26.9 17.1 21.2 15.0 2.8 10.8 4.8 6.7 5.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 77

Table 2.16

Asian Participation in Adult Education, 2001

(percent of total people and Asians aged 16 or older participating in adult education activities, by type of adult education activity, 2001) percent participating total

Any adult education course College or university credential programs Work-related courses Personal interest courses Other educational activities

Asians

47.4%

52.3%

7.3 29.7 21.3 3.6

– 34.3 18.2 –

Note: Adult education activities include apprenticeships, courses for basic skills, English as a second language, work-related courses, and personal development. For those aged 25 or older, credential programs in postsecondary institutions are counted as adult education activities. For those aged 16 to 24, full-time participation (full-year or part-year) in college or university credential programs or vocational or technical diploma programs are excluded. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Education and Lifelong Learning Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program; Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2003/section1/tables/t08_2.asp

78

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS

Asians: Health

Few Asians Are Overweight Asians are the only racial or ethnic group in which those with a healthy weight (neither overnor underweight) are in the majority. Sixty-two percent of Asians are at a healthy weight, while only 31 percent are overweight. Among all Americans, 59 percent are overweight. Sixty-six percent of Asians report being in very good or excellent health. Just 13 percent smoke cigarettes, and only 44 percent drink alcohol. More than 221,000 babies were born to Asian women in 2003, or 5 percent of all babies born that year. In Hawaii, 68 percent of births were to Asians in 2003. In California, the ﬁgure was 12 percent. Eighty-one percent of Asians are covered by some type of health insurance, most having employment-based coverage. Only 8 percent of Asian adults have difﬁculties in physical functioning, far below the 15 percent rate for the total population. The leading causes of death among Asians are cancer and heart disease, which accounted for 52 percent of Asian deaths in 2002. ■ The Asian health advantage could diminish if poorly educated immigrants become a larger share of the Asian population.

Nineteen percent of Asians do not have health insurance (percent distribution of Asians by health insurance coverage status, 2003; shares do not add to 100 percent because some people have more than one type of health insurance.) 75

68%

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

private a insurance

19%

19%

ainsurance government

b no insurance

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 79

Table 2.17

Asian Health Status, 2003

(percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, and index of Asian to total, 2003)

Total people Excellent/very good Good Fair/poor

total

Asian

100.0% 62.3 25.5 12.2

100.0% 65.9 23.8 10.3

index of Asian to total

– 106 93 84

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. (–) means not applicable. The index is calculated by dividing the Asian ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

80

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/HEALTH

Table 2.18

Smoking and Drinking Status of Asians by Sex, 1999–2003

(percent distribution of Asians aged 18 or older by smoking and drinking status and sex, 1999–2003) total

men

women

100.0% 73.8 13.5 12.7

100.0% 60.4 20.7 18.9

100.0% 87.0 6.4 6.5

100.0 32.6 10.9 41.6 14.9

100.0 61.2 7.9 27.9 3.0

SMOKING STATUS

Total Asians Never smoked Former smoker Current smoker DRINKING STATUS

Total Asians 100.0 Lifetime abstainer 47.1 Former drinker 9.3 Current light or infrequent drinker 34.6 Current moderate or heavier drinker 8.9

Note: Never smoked means having had fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Former smokers have had 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime but did not smoke at time of interview. Current smokers have had at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoke. Lifetime abstainers have had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime. Former drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, none in past year. Current light or infrequent drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, drank alcohol in past year, and have 3 or fewer drinks per week on average. Current moderate or heavier drinkers drank 12 or more drinks in lifetime, drank alcohol in past year, and drank more than 3 drinks per week on average. Asians are those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health Characteristics of the American Indian and Alaska Native Adult Population: United States, 1999–2003, Advance Data, No. 356, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

Table 2.19

Weight of Asians by Sex, 1999–2003

(percent distribution of Asians aged 18 or older by body weight status and sex, 1999–2003) Total Asians Underweight Healthy weight Overweight, total Overweight, but not obese Obese

total

men

100.0% 5.9 62.8 31.3 25.3 6.0

100.0% 3.0 59.6 37.4 31.2 6.2

women

100.0% 8.8 66.0 25.2 19.4 5.8

Note: Being overweight is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 25 or higher. Being obese is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. Body mass index is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on measured height and weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Asians are those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health Characteristics of the American Indian and Alaska Native Adult Population: United States, 1999–2003, Advance Data, No. 356, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 81

Table 2.20

Births to Asian Women by Age, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Asians, and Asian share of total, by age, 2003) Asian

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

total

number

4,089,950 6,661 414,580 1,032,305 1,086,366 975,546 467,642 101,005 5,845

221,203 104 7,592 30,482 64,399 75,692 35,074 7,413 447

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 0.0 3.4 13.8 29.1 34.2 15.9 3.4 0.2

5.4% 1.6 1.8 3.0 5.9 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.6

Note: Asians include Paciﬁc Islanders. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.21

Births to Asian Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003

(total number of births to Asians, number of births to unmarried Asians, and unmarried share of total, by age, 2003) unmarried Asians

Births to Asians Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 or older

total

number

221,203 104 7,592 30,482 64,399 75,692 35,074 7,860

33,249 103 5,544 11,115 7,886 5,238 2,580 783

share of total

15.0% 99.0 73.0 36.5 12.2 6.9 7.4 10.0

Note: Asians include Paciﬁc Islanders. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

82

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/HEALTH

Table 2.22

Births to Asian Women by Birth Order, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Asians, and Asian share of total, by birth order, 2003) Asian

Total births First child Second child Third child Fourth or later child

total

number

4,089,950 1,633,987 1,320,477 684,296 439,235

221,203 103,590 76,246 26,505 14,086

percent distribution

100.0% 46.8 34.5 12.0 6.4

share of total

5.4% 6.3 5.8 3.9 3.2

Note: Asians include Paciﬁc Islanders. Numbers will not add to total because “not stated” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 83

Table 2.23

Births to Asian Women by State, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Asians, and Asian share of total, by state, 2003) Asian births

Total births Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

4,089,950 59,552 10,086 90,967 37,784 540,997 69,339 42,873 11,329 7,619 212,250 135,979 18,100 21,800 182,495 86,434 38,174 39,476 55,236 65,040 13,855 74,930 80,184 131,094 70,050 42,380 77,045 11,422 25,917 33,647 14,393 116,983 27,821 253,714 118,323 7,972 149,679 50,981 45,953

221,203 607 712 2,698 539 67,358 2,672 2,036 449 256 5,795 4,436 12,360 351 8,850 1,382 939 1,226 868 1,101 208 4,523 5,395 4,722 3,868 292 1,697 124 603 2,527 469 10,737 402 21,223 3,108 115 3,086 1,077 2,494

percent distribution

100.0% 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.2 30.5 1.2 0.9 0.2 0.1 2.6 2.0 5.6 0.2 4.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 2.0 2.4 2.1 1.7 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.2 4.9 0.2 9.6 1.4 0.1 1.4 0.5 1.1

share of total

5.4% 1.0 7.1 3.0 1.4 12.5 3.9 4.7 4.0 3.4 2.7 3.3 68.3 1.6 4.8 1.6 2.5 3.1 1.6 1.7 1.5 6.0 6.7 3.6 5.5 0.7 2.2 1.1 2.3 7.5 3.3 9.2 1.4 8.4 2.6 1.4 2.1 2.1 5.4 (continued)

84

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/HEALTH

Asian births

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

145,959 13,209 55,649 11,027 78,890 377,476 49,860 6,589 101,254 80,489 20,935 70,040 6,700

5,176 563 893 127 1,489 13,147 1,532 118 6,551 7,842 146 2,248 66

percent distribution

2.3% 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.7 5.9 0.7 0.1 3.0 3.5 0.1 1.0 0.0

share of total

3.5% 4.3 1.6 1.2 1.9 3.5 3.1 1.8 6.5 9.7 0.7 3.2 1.0

Note: Asians include Paciﬁc Islanders. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 85

Table 2.24

Health Insurance Coverage of Asians by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asians by age and health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

total

total

private

government

not covered at any time during the year

12,905 3,330 1,263 2,344 2,132 1,711 1,059 1,065

10,504 2,938 848 1,768 1,720 1,349 851 1,029

8,826 2,371 735 1,644 1,603 1,253 762 459

2,478 756 158 164 170 125 134 970

2,401 393 415 576 412 362 208 36

with health insurance coverage during year

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

81.4% 88.2 67.1 75.4 80.7 78.8 80.4 96.6

68.4% 71.2 58.2 70.1 75.2 73.2 72.0 43.1

19.2% 22.7 12.5 7.0 8.0 7.3 12.7 91.1

18.6% 11.8 32.9 24.6 19.3 21.2 19.6 3.4

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers may not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

86

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/HEALTH

Table 2.25

Asians with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asians by age and private health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with private health insurance employment-based

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

total

own

direct purchase

12,905 3,330 1,263 2,344 2,132 1,711 1,059 1,065

8,826 2,371 735 1,644 1,603 1,253 762 459

7,829 2,157 560 1,505 1,463 1,153 666 323

3,848 4 185 1,108 1,002 802 498 248

1,159 256 107 173 193 139 118 173

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

68.4% 71.2 58.2 70.1 75.2 73.2 72.0 43.1

60.7% 64.8 44.3 64.2 68.6 67.4 62.9 30.3

29.8% 0.1 14.6 47.3 47.0 46.9 47.0 23.3

9.0% 7.7 8.5 7.4 9.1 8.1 11.1 16.2

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 87

Table 2.26

Asians with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asians by age and government health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with government health insurance

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

Medicaid

Medicare

military

12,905 3,330 1,263 2,344 2,132 1,711 1,059 1,065

2,478 756 158 164 170 125 134 970

1,385 653 111 120 124 66 61 252

1,096 32 0 17 12 12 61 962

355 92 50 34 42 48 31 56

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

19.2% 22.7 12.5 7.0 8.0 7.3 12.7 91.1

10.7% 19.6 8.8 5.1 5.8 3.9 5.8 23.7

8.5% 1.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 5.8 90.3

2.8% 2.8 4.0 1.5 2.0 2.8 2.9 5.3

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

88

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/HEALTH

Table 2.27

Health Conditions among Asians Aged 18 or Older, 2003

(number of total people and Asians aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, percent of Asians with condition, and Asian share of total with condition, 2003; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total people

total

number

percent with condition

213,042

7,361

–

23,536 12,254 45,927 5,070

280 179 888 81

5.6% 3.8 16.1 1.8

1.2 1.5 1.9 1.6

Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

share of total

3.5%

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma Ever Still Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,115

24

0.5

0.8

20,697 13,623 18,356 29,673 8,560

436 172 469 427 77

6.4 2.7 6.5 5.5 1.4

2.1 1.3 2.6 1.4 0.9

Cancer Any cancer Breast cancer (all adults) Cervical cancer (women only) Prostate cancer (men only)

13,973 2,426 1,082 1,332

206 49 – 5

3.7 1.0 – 0.3

1.5 2.0 – 0.4

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes Ulcers Kidney disease Liver disease Arthritis Chronic joint symptoms Migraines or severe headaches Pain in neck Pain in lower back Pain in face or jaw

14,012 14,456 3,017 2,511 45,793 57,242 32,268 31,368 58,430 9,464

355 256 72 78 633 1,004 887 616 1,364 187

6.5 4.6 1.2 1.1 11.9 16.2 12.0 9.0 19.9 2.7

2.5 1.8 2.4 3.1 1.4 1.8 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.0

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

32,533 18,628 15,927

520 374 376

9.5 6.2 6.8

1.6 2.0 2.4

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past twelve months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past twelve months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. Asians are those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. (–) means not applicable or sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 89

Table 2.28

Health Conditions among Asian Children, 2003

(number of total people and Asians under age 18 with selected health conditions, percent of Asians with condition, and Asian share of total, 2003; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total children Diagnosed with asthma Experienced in last 12 months Asthma attack Hay fever Respiratory allergies Other allergies Ever told had* Learning disability Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder Prescription medication taken regularly for at least 3 months

total

number

72,973 9,071

2,343 153

3,975 7,059 8,347 8,407

percent with condition

share of total

– 6.8%

3.2% 1.7

87 177 173 222

4.0 7.8 7.6 9.2

2.2 2.5 2.1 2.6

4,561 3,881

73 11

3.8 0.6

1.6 0.3

9,287

120

5.2

1.3

* “Ever told” by a school representative or health professional. Data exclude children under age 3. Note: Other allergies include food or digestive allergies, eczema, and other skin allergies. Asians are those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 223, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.29

Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Asians, 2002

(number of total physician ofﬁce visits, number of visits by Asians, Asian share of total, and average number of visits by Asians per person per year, 2002) visits by Asians

Total visits

total (000s)

number (000s)

889,980

26,341

share of total

3.0%

per person per year

2.3

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2002 Summary, Advance Data No. 346, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm; calculations by New Strategist

90

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/HEALTH

Table 2.30

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Asians, 2003

(number of total people and Asians aged 18 or older, number with difﬁculties in physical functioning, percent of Asians with difﬁculty, and Asian share of total, by type of difﬁculty, 2003; numbers in thousands) Asian

TOTAL PEOPLE

Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up ten steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry ten pounds Push or pull large objects

total

number

213,042 31,322 14,910 11,107 18,663 7,211 18,250 6,264 3,943 9,194 13,463

7,361 449 192 207 286 165 268 102 56 209 268

percent with difﬁculty

– 8.3% 3.8 3.8 5.4 3.2 5.1 2.0 1.1 4.0 5.2

share of total

3.5% 1.4 1.3 1.9 1.5 2.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 2.3 2.0

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” Asians are those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.31

AIDS Cases among Asians, through December 2003

(total number of AIDS cases diagnosed, number and percent distribution of AIDS cases diagnosed among Asians, and Asian share of total, by sex and age at diagnosis, through December 2003) Asian

Total AIDS cases Males aged 13 or older Females aged 13 or older Children under age 13

total

number

874,230 708,452 156,837 8,939

6,837 5,875 905 57

percent distribution

100.0% 85.9 13.2 0.8

share of total

0.8% 0.8 0.6 0.6

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 91

Table 2.32

Leading Causes of Death among Asians, 2002

(number and percent distribution of deaths to Asians accounted for by the ten leading causes of death among Asians, 2002) number

Total Asian deaths 1. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) (2) 2. Diseases of the heart (1) 3. Cerebrovascular diseases (3) 4. Accidents (unintentional injuries) (5) 5. Diabetes mellitus (6) 6. Inﬂuenza and pneumonia (7) 7. Chronic lower respiratory disease (4) 8. Suicide (11) 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis (9) 10. Septicemia (10) All other causes

38,332 9,998 9,983 3,530 1,875 1,359 1,171 1,138 661 649 423 7,545

percent distribution

100.0% 26.1 26.0 9.2 4.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 1.7 1.7 1.1 19.7

Note: Number in parentheses shows rank for all Americans if the cause of death is among top ﬁfteen. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

92

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Asians: Housing

More than Half of Asian Householders Own Their Home Asian households are less likely than the average household to own a home. In 2004, 60 percent of Asian households owned their home versus 69 percent of all households. Although Asians are less likely than average to own a home, they are more likely to be homeowners than blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians. At least 50 percent of Asian households own their home in every region. Among Asian married couples, the 69 percent majority are homeowners. Homeownership among Asian female- and male-headed families is above 50 percent. But only 31 percent of Asians heading nonfamily households are homeowners. Asians are less likely to live in single-family homes and more likely to live in apartments than the average American. Only 57 percent of Asian households are in single-family homes, a proportion well below the 68 percent national share. Thirty-two percent of Asians live in apartment buildings with ﬁve or more units compared with just 17 percent of households nationally. Sixteen percent of Asians moved between March 2003 and March 2004, a higher rate of mobility than for the population as a whole. ■ Asians are more likely to be homeowners than blacks and Hispanics because they are better educated and earn higher incomes.

Asian homeownership is highest in the South (percent of Asian households that own their home, by region, 2003) 75

68%

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

50%

a Northeast

56%

54%

b Midwest

c South

d West

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 93

Table 2.33

Asian Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004

(homeownership rate of total and Asian households and index of Asian to total, 1994 to 2004; percentage point change in homeownership rate, 1994–2004) total households

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 Percentage point change 1994 to 2004

Asian households

index

69.0% 68.3 67.9 67.8 67.4 66.8 66.3 65.7 65.4 64.7 64.0

59.8% 56.3 54.7 53.9 52.8 53.1 52.6 52.8 50.8 50.8 51.3

87 82 81 79 78 79 79 80 78 79 80

5.0

8.5

–

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the Asian homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.34

Asian Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent of Asian households by household type and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner total

number

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

4,079 2,939 2,344 354 241

2,289 1,932 1,615 195 123

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

1,140 567 573

356 213 143

TOTAL ASIAN HOUSEHOLDS

renter percent

56.1% 65.7 68.9 55.1 51.0 31.2 37.6 25.0

number

1,790 1,006 728 160 118 784 355 430

percent

43.9% 34.2 31.1 45.2 49.0 68.8 62.6 75.0

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

94

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/HOUSING

Table 2.35

Asian Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of Asian homeowners, and Asian share of total, by type of household, 2003; numbers in thousands) Asian total

number

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

75,909 57,092 47,676 6,695 2,721

2,289 1,932 1,615 195 123

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

18,817 11,075 7,742

356 213 143

TOTAL HOMEOWNERS

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 84.4 70.6 8.5 5.4

3.0% 3.4 3.4 2.9 4.5

15.6 9.3 6.2

1.9 1.9 1.8

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.36

Asian Homeownership Status by Region, 2003

(number and percent of Asian households by homeownership status and region, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners

Total Asian households Northeast Midwest South West

renters

total

number

share of total

3,183 610 342 573 1,658

1,811 308 186 389 928

56.9% 50.5 54.4 67.9 56.0

number

1,371 302 156 184 730

share of total

43.1% 49.5 45.6 32.1 44.0

Note: Asians include only those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 95

Table 2.37

Asian Homeowners by Region, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of Asian homeowners, and Asian share of total, by region, 2003; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

72,238 12,964 17,889 26,699 14,686

1,811 308 186 389 928

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 17.0 10.3 21.5 51.2

2.5% 2.4 1.0 1.5 6.3

Note: Asians include only those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.38

Housing Units Occupied by Asians by Type, 2003

(number of total occupied housing units, number and percent distribution of housing units occupied by Asians, and Asian share of total, by number of units in structure, 2003) Asians

Total occupied housing units One unit, detached or attached Two to four units Five or more units Mobile home Boat, RV, van, etc.

total

number

108,419,506 73,740,642 9,374,261 18,089,052 7,128,265 87,286

3,767,952 2,142,940 371,656 1,215,255 37,169 932

percent distribution

100.0% 56.9 9.9 32.3 1.0 0.0

share of total

3.5% 2.9 4.0 6.7 0.5 1.1

Note: Asians include only those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

96

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/HOUSING

Table 2.39

Geographical Mobility of Asians by Age, 2003–04

(total number of Asians aged 1 or older, and number and percent who moved between March 2003 and March 2004, by age and type of move; numbers in thousands) movers

Total Asians Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

same county

different county, same state

12,727 753 927 909 563 283 980 1,093 1,252 1,128 1,004 941 770 629 180 250 1,064

2,002 157 123 112 86 52 245 356 251 178 137 96 82 35 12 19 63

1,000 87 57 74 44 35 109 152 138 78 82 55 38 18 3 6 23

393 27 50 20 21 10 51 46 38 49 26 22 10 0 0 2 21

326 28 7 13 13 2 35 74 37 42 12 9 21 12 5 3 16

283 15 9 5 8 5 50 84 38 9 17 10 13 5 4 8 3

3.1% 3.6 5.4 2.2 3.7 3.5 5.2 4.2 3.0 4.3 2.6 2.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.0

2.6% 3.7 0.8 1.4 2.3 0.7 3.6 6.8 3.0 3.7 1.2 1.0 2.7 1.9 2.8 1.2 1.5

2.2% 2.0 1.0 0.6 1.4 1.8 5.1 7.7 3.0 0.8 1.7 1.1 1.7 0.8 2.2 3.2 0.3

different state

abroad

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY MOBILITY STATUS

Total Asians Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

15.7% 20.8 13.3 12.3 15.3 18.4 25.0 32.6 20.0 15.8 13.6 10.2 10.6 5.6 6.7 7.6 5.9

7.9% 11.6 6.1 8.1 7.8 12.4 11.1 13.9 11.0 6.9 8.2 5.8 4.9 2.9 1.7 2.4 2.2

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/migrate/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 97

Asians: Income

Asians Have the Highest Incomes The $55,262 median income of Asian households in 2003 was 28 percent greater than the all-household average and higher than that of any other racial or ethnic group. Asian household income exceeds that of blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites although it has been growing more slowly than average. Between 1990 and 2003, the median income of Asian households grew only 5 percent—less than the 6 percent gain for all households during those years, after adjusting for inﬂation. Among Asian households, median income peaks at $67,011 for householders aged 35 to 44. By household type, Asian married couples have the highest median income—$70,548 in 2003. Fully 23 percent of Asian households have incomes of $100,000 or more. Among full-time workers, the median income of Asian men rose 23 percent between 1990 and 2003, after adjusting for inﬂation, while their female counterparts saw a 15 percent increase. Even during the 2000-to-2003 time period, when many workers lost ground, Asians with full-time jobs saw their incomes grow. Asians are less likely to be poor than blacks or Hispanics, but more likely to be poor than non-Hispanic whites. The poverty rate of Asian married couples stood at 8 percent in 2003. Among Asian female-headed families, the poverty rate was 24 percent, double the 12 percent poverty rate among Asian male-headed families. ■ Asian households have higher incomes than black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white households because Asians are much better educated and have more earners in the home.

Asian household income grew more slowly than average between 1990 and 2003 (percent change in total and Asian median household income, 1990 to 2003; in 2003 dollars)

6

6%

6%

5%

98

4

4%

2

2%

0

0%

a total households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b Asian households

ASIANS/INCOME

Table 2.40

Median Income of Asian Households, 1990 to 2003

(median income of total and Asian households, and index of Asian to total, 1990 to 2003; percent change in incomes, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; in 2003 dollars)

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total households

Asian households

index

$43,318 43,381 43,882 44,853 44,922 43,825 42,294 41,431 40,845 39,613 39,165 39,364 39,679 40,865

$55,262 53,483 55,736 59,559 56,251 52,562 51,716 50,517 48,682 49,703 48,073 48,570 48,007 52,475

128 123 127 133 125 120 122 122 119 125 123 123 121 128

Percent change 2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

–3.4% 6.0

–7.2% 5.3

– –

Note: Data for Asians in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.41

High-Income Asian Households, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian households with incomes of $100,000 or more, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) total TOTAL ASIAN HOUSEHOLDS

$100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 or more

4,235 973 594 238 70 71

percent

100.0% 23.0 14.0 5.6 1.7 1.7

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new06_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 99

Table 2.42

Asian Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by household income and age of householder, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) aged 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

4,235

286

1,012

1,026

824

547

540

307

233

Under $10,000

447

61

102

56

43

57

128

58

68

$10,000 to $19,999

431

45

73

81

62

26

144

72

72

$20,000 to $29,999

309

43

67

56

54

34

56

33

21

$30,000 to $39,999

359

31

88

82

73

49

38

27

14

$40,000 to $49,999

401

30

110

90

80

46

45

28

16

$50,000 to $59,999

309

25

68

80

73

49

15

5

9

$60,000 to $69,999

293

10

90

98

42

30

23

15

10

$70,000 to $79,999

302

10

94

86

60

40

11

7

4

$80,000 to $89,999

218

11

58

60

48

32

8

7

1

$90,000 to $99,999

192

9

42

54

44

25

17

12

4

$100,000 or more

974

11

221

286

244

157

55

44

12

$55,262

$27,427

$59,199

$67,011

$64,658

$62,086

$19,734

$27,161

$15,707

Asian households

Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Asian households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $10,000

10.6

21.3

10.1

5.5

5.2

10.4

23.7

18.9

29.2

$10,000 to $19,999

10.2

15.7

7.2

7.9

7.5

4.8

26.7

23.5

30.9

$20,000 to $29,999

7.3

15.0

6.6

5.5

6.6

6.2

10.4

10.7

9.0

$30,000 to $39,999

8.5

10.8

8.7

8.0

8.9

9.0

7.0

8.8

6.0

$40,000 to $49,999

9.5

10.5

10.9

8.8

9.7

8.4

8.3

9.1

6.9

$50,000 to $59,999

7.3

8.7

6.7

7.8

8.9

9.0

2.8

1.6

3.9

$60,000 to $69,999

6.9

3.5

8.9

9.6

5.1

5.5

4.3

4.9

4.3

$70,000 to $79,999

7.1

3.5

9.3

8.4

7.3

7.3

2.0

2.3

1.7

$80,000 to $89,999

5.1

3.8

5.7

5.8

5.8

5.9

1.5

2.3

0.4

$90,000 to $99,999

4.5

3.1

4.2

5.3

5.3

4.6

3.1

3.9

1.7

23.0

3.8

21.8

27.9

29.6

28.7

10.2

14.3

5.2

$100,000 or more

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

100

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/INCOME

Table 2.43

Asian Household Income by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent distribution of households headed by Asians by household income and household type, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) family households

nonfamily households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

4,235

2,574

378

241

548

447

495

374

Under $10,000

447

127

52

16

153

148

97

87

$10,000 to $19,999

431

174

57

23

106

91

72

55

$20,000 to $29,999

309

152

38

34

44

40

44

37

$30,000 to $39,999

359

199

41

19

47

33

55

36

$40,000 to $49,999

401

230

48

29

32

24

63

44

$50,000 to $59,999

309

203

36

15

33

26

20

16

$60,000 to $69,999

293

186

26

26

30

26

26

18

$70,000 to $79,999

302

223

20

12

23

19

24

20

$80,000 to $89,999

218

144

16

20

20

12

17

12

$90,000 to $99,999

192

138

13

11

13

5

12

5

$100,000 or more

974

801

26

35

47

23

65

44

$55,262

$70,548

$39,877

$52,768

$22,369

$17,248

$36,311

$32,059

Asian households

Median income

male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

living alone

female householder

male householder

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Asian households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $10,000

10.6

4.9

13.8

6.6

27.9

33.1

19.6

23.3

$10,000 to $19,999

10.2

6.8

15.1

9.5

19.3

20.4

14.5

14.7

$20,000 to $29,999

7.3

5.9

10.1

14.1

8.0

8.9

8.9

9.9

$30,000 to $39,999

8.5

7.7

10.8

7.9

8.6

7.4

11.1

9.6

$40,000 to $49,999

9.5

8.9

12.7

12.0

5.8

5.4

12.7

11.8

$50,000 to $59,999

7.3

7.9

9.5

6.2

6.0

5.8

4.0

4.3

$60,000 to $69,999

6.9

7.2

6.9

10.8

5.5

5.8

5.3

4.8

$70,000 to $79,999

7.1

8.7

5.3

5.0

4.2

4.3

4.8

5.3

$80,000 to $89,999

5.1

5.6

4.2

8.3

3.6

2.7

3.4

3.2

$90,000 to $99,999

4.5

5.4

3.4

4.6

2.4

1.1

2.4

1.3

23.0

31.1

6.9

14.5

8.6

5.1

13.1

11.8

$100,000 or more

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 101

Table 2.44

Income Distribution of Households Headed by the Asian Foreign-Born, 2003

(number and percent distribution of foreign-born householders from Asia by household income, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) number

Total foreign-born Asian householders Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more Median income

3,626 393 145 209 138 261 514 673 1,293 $55,684

percent distribution

100.0% 10.8 4.0 5.8 3.8 7.2 14.2 18.6 35.7 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

102

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/INCOME

Table 2.45

Income of Asian Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of men with income and of men working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; men in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL ASIAN MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of men with income Median income of men working full-time Percent of men working full-time TOTAL ASIAN MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

4,889 623 4,266 779 678 557 473 409 272 239 197 150 84 425

947 387 560 331 129 56 19 15 4 3 1 1 1 –

1,147 103 1,044 110 139 167 132 140 62 89 55 38 31 81

1,033 41 992 76 111 110 142 111 80 80 59 45 38 140

783 29 754 74 96 99 83 69 70 45 58 31 10 120

497 34 463 35 72 69 58 50 39 21 23 27 3 67

483 31 452 154 132 56 41 24 15 3 – 6 1 17

$31,737

$6,859

$36,645

$44,080

$41,797

$39,936

$14,150

45,822

20,697

44,248

50,193

50,553

46,443

–

55.0%

12.1%

67.2%

79.5%

75.2%

68.4%

11.0%

100.0% 12.7 87.3 15.9 13.9 11.4 9.7 8.4 5.6 4.9 4.0 3.1 1.7 8.7

100.0% 40.9 59.1 35.0 13.6 5.9 2.0 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 –

100.0% 9.0 91.0 9.6 12.1 14.6 11.5 12.2 5.4 7.8 4.8 3.3 2.7 7.1

100.0% 4.0 96.0 7.4 10.7 10.6 13.7 10.7 7.7 7.7 5.7 4.4 3.7 13.6

100.0% 3.7 96.3 9.5 12.3 12.6 10.6 8.8 8.9 5.7 7.4 4.0 1.3 15.3

100.0% 6.8 93.2 7.0 14.5 13.9 11.7 10.1 7.8 4.2 4.6 5.4 0.6 13.5

100.0% 6.4 93.6 31.9 27.3 11.6 8.5 5.0 3.1 0.6 – 1.2 0.2 3.5

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 103

Table 2.46

Income of Asian Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian women aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of women with income and of women working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; women in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL ASIAN WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of women with income Median income of women working full-time Percent of women working full-time TOTAL ASIAN WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

5,256 1,004 4,252 1,409 829 602 431 284 207 159 94 77 37 122

886 357 529 268 118 83 40 6 7 3 1 1 2 –

1,197 218 979 257 155 136 134 81 63 52 33 23 10 36

1,099 137 962 256 167 137 120 97 49 36 21 19 15 47

928 146 782 170 167 136 78 62 50 40 30 23 8 19

562 76 486 155 86 75 42 38 36 22 8 6 1 15

583 69 514 302 136 36 19 1 3 5 1 5 1 5

$17,879

$9,747

$25,578

$23,505

$22,710

$20,172

$9,131

34,457

21,860

36,574

37,135

31,555

34,265

–

37.8%

15.2%

45.4%

49.0%

55.0%

43.4%

2.9%

100.0% 19.1 80.9 26.8 15.8 11.5 8.2 5.4 3.9 3.0 1.8 1.5 0.7 2.3

100.0% 40.3 59.7 30.2 13.3 9.4 4.5 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 –

100.0% 18.2 81.8 21.5 12.9 11.4 11.2 6.8 5.3 4.3 2.8 1.9 0.8 3.0

100.0% 12.5 87.5 23.3 15.2 12.5 10.9 8.8 4.5 3.3 1.9 1.7 1.4 4.3

100.0% 15.7 84.3 18.3 18.0 14.7 8.4 6.7 5.4 4.3 3.2 2.5 0.9 2.0

100.0% 13.5 86.5 27.6 15.3 13.3 7.5 6.8 6.4 3.9 1.4 1.1 0.2 2.7

100.0% 11.8 88.2 51.8 23.3 6.2 3.3 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.9

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

104

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/INCOME

Table 2.47

Median Income of Asians Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003

(median income of Asians working full-time, year-round by sex; index of Asian to total population median income, and Asian women’s income as a percent of Asian men’s income, 1990 to 2003; percent change in income, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; in 2003 dollars)

Asian men

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

Asian women

median income

index Asian/total

median income

index Asian/total

$45,822 43,420 44,368 44,148 42,399 40,138 40,337 41,776 38,412 39,890 39,222 39,730 41,073 37,255

110 105 106 106 103 98 100 107 100 103 101 100 103 94

$34,457 32,765 32,510 33,034 33,370 31,492 33,273 30,716 30,572 30,689 31,390 31,017 28,442 30,068

109 103 103 106 110 104 112 106 107 107 111 109 102 107

Percent change 2000 to 2003 3.8% 1990 to 2003 23.0

– –

4.3% 14.6

– –

Asian women’s income as a percent of Asian men’s income

75.2% 75.5 73.3 74.8 78.7 78.5 82.5 73.5 79.6 76.9 80.0 78.1 69.2 80.7

– –

Note: Data for Asians in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. The Asian/total indexes are calculated by dividing the median income of Asian men and women by the median income of total men and women and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p36b.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 105

Table 2.48

Earnings Distribution of Foreign-Born Men from Asia Working Full-Time, 2003

(number and percent distribution of foreign-born men aged 15 or older from Asia working full-time, year-round, by earnings, 2003; men in thousands as of 2004) number

Total foreign-born men from Asia working full-time Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more Median income

2,321 52 73 181 177 312 456 483 588 $46,304

percent distribution

100.0% 2.2 3.1 7.8 7.6 13.4 19.6 20.8 25.3 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.49

Earnings Distribution of Foreign-Born Women from Asia Working Full-Time, 2003

(number and percent distribution of foreign-born women aged 15 or older from Asia working full-time, year-round, by earnings, 2003; women in thousands as of 2004) number

Total foreign-born women from Asia working full-time Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more Median income

1,626 53 138 185 187 317 300 272 174 $31,644

percent distribution

100.0% 3.3 8.5 11.4 11.5 19.5 18.5 16.7 10.7 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

106

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/INCOME

Table 2.50

Median Earnings of Asians Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003

(median earnings of Asians aged 25 or older working full-time, year-round, by educational attainment and sex, and Asian women’s earnings as a percent of Asian men’s earnings, 2003)

Total Asians Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

men

women

$46,207 19,964 27,315 30,084 35,459 40,755 62,314

$35,138 17,935 – 23,425 28,929 31,581 50,425

Asian women’s earnings as a percent of Asian men’s earnings

76.0% 89.8 – 77.9 81.6 77.5 80.9

Note: (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 107

Table 2.51

Poverty Status of Asian Families, 2003

(total number of Asian families, and number and percent below poverty level by type of family and presence of children under age 18 at home, 2003; families in thousands as of 2004) in poverty total

number

Total Asian families Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

3,194 2,576 378 241

320 203 89 28

percent

10.0% 7.9 23.5 11.8

Asian families with children Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

1,830 1,514 235 82

199 121 66 12

10.9 8.0 28.2 15.2

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

108

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/INCOME

Table 2.52

Poverty Status of Asians by Sex and Age, 2003

(total number of Asians, and number and percent below poverty level by sex and age, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) in poverty total

number

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

12,891 3,316 1,263 2,344 2,132 1,711 629 430 1,065

1,527 420 202 308 175 167 51 52 152

percent

Asian females Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

6,618 1,644 604 1,197 1,099 928 341 221 583

802 203 78 168 103 94 25 38 92

12.1 12.4 13.0 14.0 9.4 10.1 7.4 17.3 15.8

Asian males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

6,273 1,673 659 1,147 1,033 783 288 209 483

725 217 124 140 72 73 26 14 60

11.6 13.0 18.8 12.2 7.0 9.3 8.9 6.7 12.3

11.8% 12.7 16.0 13.1 8.2 9.8 8.1 12.1 14.2

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/new01_ 100.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 109

Table 2.53

Poverty Status of the Foreign-Born from Asia, 2003

(number and percent of the foreign-born from Asia living below poverty level by age, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) in poverty

Foreign-born from Asia Under age 18 Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

8,684 648 7,095 941

1,045 112 789 143

percent

12.0% 17.3 11.1 15.2

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

110

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Asians: Labor Force

Nearly Half of Asian Workers Are Managers or Professionals More than 6 million Asians aged 16 or older were in the civilian labor force in 2004. Seventyﬁve percent of Asian men and 58 percent of Asian women are in the labor force. Fully 45 percent of Asian workers are employed in managerial or professional occupations—the largest share among all racial and ethnic groups. Although Asians account for only 4 percent of the nation’s employed, they account for 24 percent of computer software engineers, 18 percent of medical scientists, and 17 percent of physicians and surgeons. Forty-seven percent of Asian households have two or more earners. Among Asian couples, the 54 percent majority are dual earners. Between 2002 and 2012, the number of Asian workers will expand by an enormous 51 percent. Despite the rapid growth, the Asian share of the labor force will rise from only 4.1 to 5.5 percent between 2002 and 2012. ■ Asian incomes are well above average because so many Asian households are headed by two-earner couples.

Most Asian women are in the labor force (percent of Asians aged 16 or older in the labor force, by sex, 2004) 80

75%

60

60%

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

58%

a men

b women

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 111

Table 2.54

Labor Force Participation Rate of Asians by Age and Sex, 2004

(percent of Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by age and sex, 2004) Total Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

men

65.9% 28.4 61.5 72.9 80.0 80.1 83.5 84.2 79.1 74.9 49.4 13.1 26.9 9.6 5.2

75.0% 29.0 63.8 83.9 91.2 92.9 93.0 94.4 89.2 83.0 60.6 18.9 38.7 12.4 6.3

women

57.6% 27.7 59.3 62.4 69.4 68.4 74.4 75.4 70.4 67.7 39.9 8.8 16.5 7.5 4.5

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

112

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

Table 2.55

Employment Status of Asians by Sex and Age, 2004

(number and percent of Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, age, and employment status, 2004; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force unemployed civilian noninstitutional population

total

Total Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

9,519 606 876 2,234 2,044 1,665 1,052 1,041

6,271 172 539 1,714 1,671 1,363 676 137

Total Asian men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

4,529 313 434 1,089 986 770 490 445

Total Asian women Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

4,990 293 442 1,144 1,058 895 562 596

percent of population

percent of labor force

employed

number

65.9% 28.4 61.5 76.7 81.7 81.8 64.2 13.1

5,994 152 493 1,646 1,613 1,312 649 130

277 20 46 68 58 51 27 6

4.4% 11.5 8.6 4.0 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.7

3,396 91 277 957 917 709 361 84

75.0 29.0 63.8 87.8 93.0 92.0 73.8 18.9

3,243 78 255 918 883 683 347 79

153 13 23 39 34 26 14 5

4.5 14.0 8.2 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.9 5.9

2,876 81 262 757 754 654 315 53

57.6 27.7 59.3 66.2 71.2 73.1 55.9 8.8

2,751 74 238 728 730 629 302 51

124 7 24 29 24 25 13 1

4.3 8.7 9.0 3.9 3.2 3.9 4.1 2.7

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of the employed plus the number of the unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 113

Table 2.56

Asian Workers by Occupation, 2004

(total number of employed persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed Asians, and Asian share of total, by occupation, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian total

number

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

139,252 48,532 20,235 14,555 5,860 28,297 3,140 2,760 1,365 2,170 1,554 7,900 2,687 6,721

5,994 2,707 906 584 322 1,801 439 231 126 62 47 271 128 497

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

22,720 2,921 2,847 7,279 5,185 4,488

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 45.2 15.1 9.7 5.4 30.0 7.3 3.9 2.1 1.0 0.8 4.5 2.1 8.3

4.3% 5.6 4.5 4.0 5.5 6.4 14.0 8.4 9.2 2.9 3.0 3.4 4.8 7.4

972 102 54 377 159 281

16.2 1.7 0.9 6.3 2.7 4.7

4.3 3.5 1.9 5.2 3.1 6.3

35,464 15,983 19,481

1,380 676 705

23.0 11.3 11.8

3.9 4.2 3.6

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

14,582 991 8,522 5,069

261 21 87 153

4.4 0.4 1.5 2.6

1.8 2.1 1.0 3.0

Production, transportation, material-moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations

17,954 9,462 8,491

674 501 173

11.2 8.4 2.9

3.8 5.3 2.0

TOTAL EMPLOYED

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

114

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

Table 2.57

Asian Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2004

(total number of employed workers aged 16 or older and percent Asian, by detailed occupation, 2004; numbers in thousands) total TOTAL EMPLOYED

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations occupations Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Advertising and promotions managers Marketing and sales managers Administrative services managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers Industrial production managers Purchasing managers Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers Farmers and ranchers Construction managers Education administrators Engineering managers Food service managers Lodging managers Medical and health services managers Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators Compliance ofﬁcers, excluding agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Cost estimators Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists Management analysts Accountants and auditors Appraisers and assessors of real estate Personal ﬁnancial advisors Insurance underwriters Loan counselors and ofﬁcers Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Tax preparers Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Computer scientists and systems analysts Computer programmers

139,252 48,532 20,235 14,555 1,680 795 70 806 87 337 1,045 262 280 170 241 199 817 851 757 106 916 152 508 604 280 5,680 212 285 281 126 98 694 554 1,723 138 331 98 425 81 88 28,297 3,140 700 564

percent Asian

4.3% 5.6 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.5 0.9 3.7 2.5 7.3 4.8 1.3 1.2 2.9 2.0 0.2 0.5 1.7 2.1 7.0 12.1 11.7 4.3 1.9 2.2 5.7 3.1 2.5 2.4 1.3 0.7 3.9 4.7 9.5 2.1 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 9.9 6.4 14.0 10.1 14.1 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 115

total

Computer software engineers Computer support specialists Database administrators Network and computer systems administrators Network systems and data communications analysts Operations research analysts Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except naval Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Computer hardware engineers Electrical and electronics engineers Industrial engineers, including health and safety Mechanical engineers Drafters Engineering technicians, except drafters Surveying and mapping technicians Life, physical, and social science occupations Biological scientists Medical scientists Chemists and materials scientists Environmental scientists and geoscientists Market and survey researchers Psychologists Chemical technicians Community and social services occupations Counselors Social workers Miscellaneous community and social service specialists Clergy Directors, religious activities and education Religious workers, all other Legal occupations Lawyers Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers Paralegals and legal assistants Miscellaneous legal support workers Education, training, and library occupations Postsecondary teachers Preschool and kindergarten teachers Elementary and middle school teachers Secondary school teachers Special education teachers Other teachers and instructors Librarians Teacher assistants Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Artists and related workers Designers Producers and directors

813 325 94 190 312 90 2,760 207 113 63 293 96 343 177 311 206 416 80 1,365 123 93 141 86 124 185 84 2,170 643 687 283 403 55 99 1,554 954 64 322 215 7,900 1,176 656 2,580 1,151 384 667 217 920 2,687 222 792 137

percent Asian

24.2% 7.9 16.5 6.9 7.7 10.6 8.4 5.8 9.2 14.1 11.7 19.0 12.3 6.1 6.5 4.8 5.8 0.8 9.2 12.7 17.6 14.8 1.5 7.6 1.4 7.8 2.8 2.0 2.9 1.7 5.1 1.5 2.4 3.0 2.9 2.2 2.8 4.1 3.4 11.0 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 4.8 4.5 1.8 4.8 3.9 7.1 3.4 (continued)

116

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

total

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers Musicians, singers, and related workers Announcers News analysts, reporters, and correspondents Public relations specialists Editors Writers and authors Miscellaneous media and communication workers Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators Photographers Health care practitioner and technical occupations Chiropractors Dentists Dietitians and nutritionists Pharmacists Physicians and surgeons Physician assistants Registered nurses Occupational therapists Physical therapists Respiratory therapists Speech-language pathologists Veterinarians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Diagnostic related technologists and technicians Emergency medical technicians and paramedics Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Medical records and health information technicians

239 179 54 81 133 164 194 74 92 158 6,721 73 167 84 233 830 70 2,464 84 173 103 93 58 333 130 284 139 397 517 91

Service occupations Health care support occupations Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides Physical therapist assistants and aides Massage therapists Dental assistants Protective service occupations First-line supervisors and managers of police and detectives Fireﬁghters Bailiffs, correctional ofﬁcers, and jailers Detectives and criminal investigators Police and sheriff’s patrol ofﬁcers Private detectives and investigators Security guards and gaming surveillance ofﬁcers Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks Food preparation workers

22,720 2,921 1,806 61 106 242 2,847 133 268 373 121 664 81 798 7,279 299 644 1,791 621

percent Asian

2.2% 3.4 1.9 4.7 3.3 3.3 2.2 12.8 2.7 6.6 7.4 2.8 11.7 3.3 11.0 16.5 7.6 6.8 8.8 10.3 3.8 0.5 1.9 10.2 1.1 3.4 1.5 4.2 3.4 4.4 4.3 3.5 3.7 7.5 2.9 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.7 5.2 10.7 3.9 5.8 6.3 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 117

total

Bartenders Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop Waiters and waitresses Food servers, nonrestaurant Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Dishwashers Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations First-line supervisors and managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Janitors and building cleaners Maids and housekeeping cleaners Pest control workers Grounds maintenance workers Personal care and service occupations First-line supervisors and managers of gaming workers First-line supervisors and managers of personal service workers Nonfarm animal caretakers Gaming services workers Barbers Hairdressers, hair stylists, and cosmetologists Miscellaneous personal appearance workers Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges Transportation attendants Child care workers Personal and home care aides Recreation and ﬁtness workers Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors and managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors and managers of nonretail sales workers Cashiers Counter and rental clerks Parts salespersons Retail salespersons Advertising sales agents Insurance sales agents Securities, commodities, and ﬁnancial services sales agents Travel agents Sales representatives, services, all other Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing Models, demonstrators, and product promoters Real estate brokers and sales agents Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, related workers Sales and related workers, all other Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of ofﬁce, administrative support workers Switchboard operators, including answering service

360 296 327 1,892 165 379 267 237 5,185 191

percent Asian

1.9% 4.1 4.2 4.8 8.3 5.5 3.4 4.3 3.1 0.9

227 2,047 1,365 75 1,280 4,488 140 174 128 95 101 722 200 70 116 1,332 630 314

1.1 3.3 4.9 1.7 1.5 6.3 1.5 16.6 0.2 19.1 3.9 3.3 47.5 5.6 4.3 2.1 6.1 3.2

35,464 15,983 3,299 1,390 2,971 186 147 3,130 211 508 382 95 476 1,416 68 912 180 312 260 19,481 1,631 66

3.9 4.2 4.6 5.7 5.6 4.1 3.6 3.8 1.3 2.8 3.9 7.9 1.9 2.9 0.4 3.6 2.7 3.1 2.0 3.6 3.0 2.2 (continued)

118

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

total

percent Asian

Telephone operators Bill and account collectors Billing and posting clerks and machine operators Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Tellers Court, municipal, and license clerks Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks Customer service representatives Eligibility interviewers, government programs File clerks Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks Interviewers, except eligibility and loan Library assistants, clerical Loan interviewers and clerks Order clerks Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping Receptionists and information clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks Couriers and messengers Dispatchers Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators Production, planning, and expediting clerks Shipping, receiving, and trafﬁc clerks Stock clerks and order ﬁllers Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping Secretaries and administrative assistants Computer operators Data entry keyers Word processors and typists Insurance claims and policy processing clerks Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Ofﬁce clerks, general Ofﬁce machine operators, except computer

56 229 441 1,567 153 424 102 65 1,749 66 387 106 143 117 186 114 64 1,373 161 293 257 167 336 116 288 584 1,350 64 3,522 191 504 319 277 154 982 61

1.0% 2.9 5.2 3.9 4.8 5.0 1.8 2.4 2.9 4.7 7.6 2.9 2.8 5.0 5.2 4.6 5.0 2.5 5.9 4.2 2.5 9.4 5.0 15.2 3.7 3.1 3.8 0.2 2.0 5.6 3.7 4.4 1.0 5.1 6.1 7.5

Natural resources, constructions, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations First-line supervisors and managers of farming, ﬁshing, forestry workers Graders and sorters, agricultural products Logging workers Construction and extraction occupations First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades, extraction workers Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons Carpenters Carpet, ﬂoor, and tile installers and ﬁnishers Cement masons, concrete ﬁnishers, and terrazzo workers Construction laborers Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

14,582 991 59 68 92 8,522 887 239 1,764 268 115 1,234 367

1.8 2.1 0.3 5.4 – 1.0 1.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.3 1.0 0.5 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 119

total

percent Asian

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers Electricians Painters, construction and maintenance Pipe layers, plumbers, pipe ﬁtters, and steam ﬁtters Roofers Sheet metal workers Structural iron and steel workers Helpers, construction trades Construction and building inspectors Highway maintenance workers Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers Computer, automated teller, and ofﬁce machine repairers Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers Security and ﬁre alarm systems installers Aircraft mechanics and service technicians Automotive body and related repairers Automotive service technicians and mechanics Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics Small-engine mechanics Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics Maintenance and repair workers, general Millwrights Electrical power line installers and repairers Telecommunications line installers and repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

213 781 719 635 269 152 66 121 104 96 5,069 327 369 235 56 65 135 169 936 325 205 58 351 434 300 59 120 142 53 54

0.4% 1.2 2.1 1.0 0.2 0.9 3.9 0.7 2.7 0.3 3.0 0.4 6.7 4.1 3.1 2.4 2.6 2.1 5.0 1.0 2.7 0.5 2.1 2.6 2.1 0.5 1.4 4.2 5.2 0.6

Production, transportation, material-moving occupations Production occupations First-line supervisors and managers of production and operating workers Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers Bakers Butchers and other meat, poultry, and ﬁsh processing workers Food batchmakers Cutting, punching, press machine setters, operators, tenders, metal/plastic Grinding, lapping, polishing, and bufﬁng machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Machinists Molders, molding machine setters, operators, tenders, metal and plastic Tool and die makers Welding, soldering, and brazing workers Job printers Prepress technicians and workers Printing machine operators Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

17,954 9,462 921 226 188 304 85 139

3.8 5.3 4.4 17.6 6.6 4.1 6.3 1.5

74 445 70 86 572 65 55 195 195 76

1.1 3.8 1.5 0.8 1.5 6.2 3.5 2.5 8.3 7.3 (continued)

120

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

total

Sewing machine operators Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Stationary engineers and boiler operators Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers Cutting workers Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians Packaging and ﬁlling machine operators and tenders Painting workers Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders Helpers—production workers Transportation and material-moving occupations Supervisors, transportation and material-moving workers Aircraft pilots and ﬂight engineers Bus drivers Driver sales workers and truck drivers Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Railroad conductors and yardmasters Parking lot attendants Service station attendants Crane and tower operators Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Cleaners of vehicles and equipment Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Machine feeders and offbearers Packers and packagers, hand Refuse and recyclable material collectors

281 101 86 105 56 63 111 83 690 59 92 318 191 59 53 64 8,491 220 118 602 3,276 277 58 77 120 65 80 530 316 1,797 55 432 81

percent Asian

15.2% 19.7 0.8 2.4 – 0.3 1.6 2.9 5.7 14.0 12.7 3.5 2.3 2.1 7.6 7.8 2.0 4.0 1.5 2.0 1.4 10.5 – 5.5 1.7 1.3 – 0.5 2.2 2.2 2.4 3.5 0.5

Note: (–) means percentage is less than 0.05. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 121

Tabnle 2.58

Asian Workers by Industry, 2004

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed Asians, and Asian share of total, by industry, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total employed Agriculture, forestry, ﬁshing, hunting Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Educational and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Other services, except private households Private households Public administration

total

number

139,252 2,232 539 10,768 16,484 10,329 6,155 20,869 4,600 16,269 7,013 3,463 9,969 14,108 28,719 11,820 6,903

5,995 23 4 139 835 553 282 887 199 688 237 154 432 726 1,253 704 385

6,124 779 6,365

362 23 216

percent distribution

100.0% 0.4 0.1 2.3 13.9 9.2 4.7 14.8 3.3 11.5 4.0 2.6 7.2 12.1 20.9 11.7 6.4 6.0 0.4 3.6

share of total

4.3% 1.0 0.7 1.3 5.1 5.4 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.4 4.4 4.3 5.1 4.4 6.0 5.6 5.9 3.0 3.4

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

122

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

Table 2.59

Asian Full-Time and Part-Time Workers by Age and Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of employed Asians aged 16 or older by age, employment status, and sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) men

Total employed Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

women

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

3,243 78 254 2,484 427

2,905 24 151 2,343 387

338 54 103 141 40

2,752 74 239 2,086 353

2,180 16 146 1,745 274

572 58 93 341 79

89.6% 30.8 59.4 94.3 90.6

10.4% 69.2 40.6 5.7 9.4

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

79.2% 21.6 61.1 83.7 77.6

20.8% 78.4 38.9 16.3 22.4

100.0% 0.8 5.2 80.7 13.3

100.0% 16.0 30.5 41.7 11.8

100.0% 2.7 8.7 75.8 12.8

100.0% 0.7 6.7 80.0 12.6

100.0% 10.1 16.3 59.6 13.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Total employed Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total employed Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 2.4 7.8 76.6 13.2

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 123

Table 2.60

Asian Labor Force by Educational Attainment, 2004

(number of total people and Asians aged 25 or older in the civilian labor force, Asian labor force participation rate, distribution of Asian labor force, and Asian share of total labor force, by educational attainment, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian labor force

Total aged 25 or older Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

total labor force

number

125,133 12,470 37,834 22,298 12,141 40,390

5,561 456 1,052 587 417 3,049

participation rate

69.2% 44.2 64.5 70.8 74.7 76.4

percent distribution

100.0% 8.2 18.9 10.6 7.5 54.8

share of total

4.4% 3.7 2.8 2.6 3.4 7.5

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.61

Asian Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004

(total number of employed Asian wage and salary workers aged 16 or older and percent distribution by tenure with current employer, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) Total Asian workers, number Total Asian workers, percent 12 months or less 13 to 23 months 2 years 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 or more years

total

men

5,131 100.0% 22.3 7.2 7.5 21.5 22.8 8.6 5.3 4.9

2,678 100.0% 20.3 7.2 6.8 22.4 23.5 9.5 4.8 5.4

women

2,453 100.0% 24.3 7.2 8.2 20.6 21.9 7.6 5.8 4.3

Note: The Asian population includes only those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

124

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

Table 2.62

Asian Households by Number of Earners, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Asian households and Asian share of total, by number of earners per household, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total households No earners One earner Two or more earners Two earners Three earners Four or more earners Average number of earners per household

total

number

112,000 23,932 40,769 47,299 37,917 6,998 2,384

4,235 630 1,600 2,004 1,541 311 152

1.36

1.52

percent distribution

100.0% 14.9 37.8 47.3 36.4 7.3 3.6 –

share of total

3.8% 2.6 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.4 6.4 –

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as Asian in combination with another race. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 125

Table 2.63

Labor Force Status of Asian Married Couples, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian married couples aged 20 or older by age of householder and labor force status of husband and wife, 2003; numbers in thousands) husband and/or wife in labor force total

husband and wife

Total Asian couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

2,344 36 147 335 359 343 558 320 244

1,275 19 64 186 199 227 387 160 33

Total Asian couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

54.4% 52.8 43.5 55.5 55.4 66.2 69.4 50.0 13.5

husband only

wife only

neither husband nor wife in labor force

687 8 69 137 141 96 113 90 33

138 10 8 7 12 15 40 25 22

245 0 5 6 9 5 19 45 156

29.3% 22.2 46.9 40.9 39.3 28.0 20.3 28.1 13.5

5.9% 27.8 5.4 2.1 3.3 4.4 7.2 7.8 9.0

10.5% 0.0 3.4 1.8 2.5 1.5 3.4 14.1 63.9

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with another race. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, detailed tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

126

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

Table 2.64

Asian Minimum Wage Workers, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total and Asian wage and salary workers aged 16 or older paid hourly rates and those paid at or below minimum wage, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) at or below minimum wage

total paid hourly rates

total

at $5.15/hour

below $5.15/hour

73,939 2,672 1,295 1,378

2,003 38 15 23

520 8 3 5

1,483 30 12 18

NUMBER

Total workers aged 16 or older Asian workers aged 16 or older Asian men Asian women

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE/SEX

Total workers aged 16 or older Asian workers aged 16 or older Asian men Asian women

100.0% 3.6 1.8 1.9

100.0% 1.9 0.7 1.1

100.0% 1.5 0.6 1.0

100.0% 2.0 0.8 1.2

2.7% 1.4 1.2 1.7

0.7% 0.3 0.2 0.4

2.0% 1.1 0.9 1.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY WAGE STATUS

Total workers aged 16 or older Asian workers aged 16 or older Asian men Asian women

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 2.65

Asian Multiple Job Holders, 2004

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older holding more than one job, number and percent of Asians holding more than one job, and Asian share of total, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian multiple job holders

Total multiple job holders Men Women

total

number

7,473 3,835 3,638

226 118 108

percent

3.8% 3.6 3.9

share of total

3.0% 3.1 3.0

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 127

Table 2.66

Union Representation of Asian Workers by Sex, 2004

(number of employed Asian wage and salary workers aged 16 or older, number and percent represented by unions, and median weekly earnings of those working full-time by union representation status, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

men

women

Total employed Asians Number represented by unions Percent represented by unions

5,280 670 12.7%

2,815 371 13.2%

2,465 299 12.1%

Median weekly earnings of Asian full-time workers Asian workers represented by unions Asian workers not represented by unions

$708 774 691

$802 786 809

$613 762 594

Note: Workers represented by unions are either members of a labor union or similar employee association or workers who report no union afﬁliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

128

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LABOR FORCE

Table 2.67

Asian Labor Force Projections, 2002 and 2012

(number and percent of total people and Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, 2002 and 2012; percent change in number and percentage point change in rate, 2002–12; numbers in thousands) percent change

2002

2012

144,863 5,949

162,269 8,971

Total men in labor force Asian men in labor force

77,500 3,215

85,252 4,941

10.0 53.7

Total women in labor force Asian women in labor force

67,363 2,734

77,017 4,030

14.3 47.4

2002

2012

percentage point change

NUMBER

Total labor force Asian labor force

12.0% 50.8

PARTICIPATION RATE

Total people Total Asians

66.6% 66.3

67.2% 68.7

0.6 2.4

Total men Asian men

74.1 75.6

73.1 77.3

–1.0 1.7

Total women Asian women

59.6 57.9

61.6 61.3

2.0 3.4

Note: Asians include only those who identiﬁed their race as Asian alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.68

Asian Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2002 to 2012

(number and percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force in 2002 and 2012, and number and percent distribution of entrants, leavers, and stayers, 2002–12; numbers in thousands) 2002 labor force

entrants

144,863 5,949

40,461 1,783

2002 to 2012 leavers

stayers

2012 labor force

121,808 4,178

162,269 8,971

NUMBER

Total labor force Asian labor force

23,055 1,771

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total labor force Asian labor force

100.0% 4.1

100.0% 4.4

100.0% 7.7

100.0% 3.4

100.0% 5.5

Note: Asians include only those identifying their race as Asian alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 129

Asians: Living Arrangements

Married Couples Head Most Asian Households Asians head 4 million of the nation’s 112 million households—or 3.8 percent in 2004. Asian households are much more likely to be headed by married couples than the average household—61 versus 52 percent, according to the Census Bureau’s 2004 Current Population Survey. Among households headed by the foreign-born from Asian countries, married couples head an even larger 65 percent. Asian children are much more likely to live with both parents than the average American child. Eighty-three percent of Asian children under age 18 live with both parents. In comparison, a much smaller 68 percent of children nationwide live with both mom and dad. Thirty-seven percent of Asian households include children under age 18. Among Asian married couples, 56 percent have children living with them. Many Asians are immigrants trying to establish themselves in the United States, which explains why more than one in ten Asian men and women live in the households of relatives. Among all men and women, the proportion is just 5 percent. It also helps to explain why Asian households are larger than average. Divorce is relatively uncommon among Asian men and women. Only 9 percent of Asian men have ever divorced, with the proportion peaking at 16 percent among men in their forties. Among Asian women, only 10 percent have ever divorced, with a peak of 21 percent among women aged 50 to 59. ■ Because many Asians are immigrants from countries with traditional family values, married couples are more common in Asian households than in the average household.

Few Asian households are female-headed families 75

(percent distribution of Asian households by household type, 2004)

61% 50 50%

25 25%

9% 0 0%

130

marriedacouples

b female-headed families

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

6% c male-headed families

11%

9%

d living women alone

mendliving alone

ASIANS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 2.69

Asian Households by Age of Householder, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Asian households, and Asian share of total, by age of householder, 2004, numbers in thousands) Asian

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

112,000 6,610 8,737 10,421 10,997 12,225 12,360 10,777 9,504 7,320 23,048

4,235 286 410 602 548 478 485 339 326 221 540

percent distribution

100.0% 6.8 9.7 14.2 12.9 11.3 11.5 8.0 7.7 5.2 12.8

share of total

3.8% 4.3 4.7 5.8 5.0 3.9 3.9 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.3

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 131

Table 2.70

Asian Households by Household Type, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Asian households, and Asian share of total, by type, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

percent distribution

total

number

112,000 76,217 57,719 13,781 4,717

4,235 3,192 2,574 378 241

100.0% 75.4 60.8 8.9 5.7

35,783 19,647 17,024 16,136 12,562

1,043 548 447 495 374

24.6 12.9 10.6 11.7 8.8

share of total

3.8% 4.2 4.5 2.7 5.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 3.1 3.0

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.71

Households Headed by the Foreign-born from Asia by Household Type, 2004

(number and percent distribution of households headed by foreign-born householders from Asia, by household type, 2004; numbers in thousands) number FOREIGN-BORN HOUSEHOLDERS FROM ASIA

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

3,626 2,860 2,351 329 180 766 400 366

percent distribution

100.0% 78.9 64.8 9.1 5.0 21.1 11.0 10.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

132

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 2.72

Asian Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by age of householder and household type, 2004; numbers in thousands) family households

nonfamily households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

male hh, no spouse present

4,235

2,574

378

286

38

51

Aged 25 to 34

1,012

539

Aged 35 to 44

1,026

Aged 45 to 54

824

Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

Total Asian households Under age 25

female-headed

male-headed

total

living alone

total

living alone

241

548

447

495

374

69

52

27

77

45

80

70

138

101

186

138

713

108

36

76

64

94

71

624

82

28

52

44

38

31

547

374

37

20

68

57

48

40

540

287

21

18

163

155

52

49

12.9%

10.6%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Total Asian households

100.0%

60.8%

Under age 25

100.0

13.3

Aged 25 to 34

100.0

Aged 35 to 44

100.0

Aged 45 to 54

8.9%

5.7%

11.7%

8.8%

17.8

24.1

18.2

9.4

26.9

15.7

53.3

7.9

6.9

13.6

10.0

18.4

13.6

69.5

10.5

3.5

7.4

6.2

9.2

6.9

100.0

75.7

10.0

3.4

6.3

5.3

4.6

3.8

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

68.4

6.8

3.7

12.4

10.4

8.8

7.3

Aged 65 or older

100.0

53.1

3.9

3.3

30.2

28.7

9.6

9.1

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total Asian households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under age 25

6.8

1.5

13.5

28.6

9.5

6.0

15.6

12.0

Aged 25 to 34

23.9

20.9

21.2

29.0

25.2

22.6

37.6

36.9

Aged 35 to 44

24.2

27.7

28.6

14.9

13.9

14.3

19.0

19.0

Aged 45 to 54

19.5

24.2

21.7

11.6

9.5

9.8

7.7

8.3

Aged 55 to 64

12.9

14.5

9.8

8.3

12.4

12.8

9.7

10.7

Aged 65 or older

12.8

11.1

5.6

7.5

29.7

34.7

10.5

13.1

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 133

Table 2.73

Asian Households by Size, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Asian households, and Asian share of total, by size, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total households One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven or more people Average number of persons per household

total

number

112,000 29,586 37,366 17,968 16,065 7,150 2,476 1,388

4,235 821 1,147 868 821 343 136 99

2.57

2.90

percent distribution

100.0% 19.4 27.1 20.5 19.4 8.1 3.2 2.3 –

share of total

3.8% 2.8 3.1 4.8 5.1 4.8 5.5 7.1 –

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

134

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 2.74

Asians Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004

(total number of Asian households, number and percent distribution of Asian single-person households, and singleperson household share of total, by age of householder, 2004; numbers in thousands) living alone percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Total Asians Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

10,145 1,833 2,344 2,132 1,711 1,059 650 416

821 72 239 135 75 97 79 125

100.0% 8.8 29.1 16.4 9.1 11.8 9.6 15.2

8.1% 3.9 10.2 6.3 4.4 9.2 12.2 30.0

Asian men Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

4,889 947 1,147 1,033 783 497 308 175

374 45 138 71 31 40 23 26

100.0 12.0 36.9 19.0 8.3 10.7 6.1 7.0

7.6 4.8 12.0 6.9 4.0 8.0 7.5 14.9

Asian women Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

5,256 886 1,197 1,099 928 562 342 241

447 27 101 64 44 57 56 99

100.0 6.0 22.6 14.3 9.8 12.8 12.5 22.1

8.5 3.0 8.4 5.8 4.7 10.1 16.4 41.1

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 135

Table 2.75

Asian Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, And Presence of Children, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by age of householder, type of household, and presence of own children under age 18, and average age of householder, 2003; numbers in thousands) all households

Total Asian households

female-headed families

married couples

male-headed families

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

4,079

1,514

2,344

1,323

354

142

241

49

Under age 25

313

27

36

17

37

3

63

7

Aged 25 to 29

420

76

147

59

29

11

35

6

Aged 30 to 34

578

267

335

233

34

28

28

7

Aged 35 to 39

546

355

359

314

45

32

30

9

Aged 40 to 44

483

327

343

296

32

23

35

8

Aged 45 to 49

444

279

317

240

42

29

17

10

Aged 50 to 54

368

117

241

108

43

9

7

1

Aged 55 to 64

482

54

320

49

53

4

18

1

Aged 65 or older

447

11

244

7

39

3

9

–

Average age of householder

43.7

40.4

45.7

40.6

44.9

40.3

35.9

36.8

PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN BY TYPE

Total Asian households

100.0%

100.0%

56.4%

100.0%

100.0%

20.3%

Under age 25

100.0

37.1% 8.6

100.0

47.2

100.0

40.1% 8.1

100.0

11.1

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

18.1

100.0

40.1

100.0

37.9

100.0

17.1

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

46.2

100.0

69.6

100.0

82.4

100.0

25.0

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

65.0

100.0

87.5

100.0

71.1

100.0

30.0

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

67.7

100.0

86.3

100.0

71.9

100.0

22.9

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

62.8

100.0

75.7

100.0

69.0

100.0

58.8

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

31.8

100.0

44.8

100.0

20.9

100.0

14.3

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

11.2

100.0

15.3

100.0

7.5

100.0

5.6

Aged 65 or older

100.0

2.5

100.0

2.9

100.0

7.7

100.0

–

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. (–) means number is less than 500. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

136

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 2.76

Living Arrangements of Asian Children, 2003

(number of total children under age 18, number and percent distribution of Asian children, and Asian share of total, by living arrangement, 2003; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total children Living with both parents Living with mother only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with father only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with neither parent

total

number

73,001 49,903 16,771 7,006 9,102 663 3,324 1,172 1,979 173 3,004

2,681 2,227 291 95 166 30 76 27 46 3 87

percent distribution

100.0% 83.1 10.9 3.5 6.2 1.1 2.8 1.0 1.7 0.1 3.2

share of total

3.7% 4.5 1.7 1.4 1.8 4.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.7 2.9

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 137

Table 2.77

Asian Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Asian men

4,685

914

543

572

1,010

752

452

443

Married couple householder or spouse

2,280

20

132

296

681

566

327

258

814

157

152

131

180

98

52

46

Male family householder

241

63

35

28

65

24

18

9

Living alone

411

53

72

79

85

58

28

37

Other householder

Living with nonrelatives

162

41

45

24

30

16

6

–

1,592

738

259

146

150

88

73

139

Child of householder

785

538

117

60

48

18

1

4

Other relative of householder

535

119

72

36

54

57

65

133

Living with nonrelatives

272

81

70

50

48

13

7

2

Nonhouseholder

Total Asian men

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

48.7

2.2

24.3

51.7

67.4

75.3

72.3

58.2

Other householder

17.4

17.2

28.0

22.9

17.8

13.0

11.5

10.4

Male family householder

5.1

6.9

6.4

4.9

6.4

3.2

4.0

2.0

Living alone

8.8

5.8

13.3

13.8

8.4

7.7

6.2

8.4

Living with nonrelatives

3.5

4.5

8.3

4.2

3.0

2.1

1.3

–

34.0

80.7

47.7

25.5

14.9

11.7

16.2

31.4

Child of householder

16.8

58.9

21.5

10.5

4.8

2.4

0.2

0.9

Other relative of householder

11.4

13.0

13.3

6.3

5.3

7.6

14.4

30.0

5.8

8.9

12.9

8.7

4.8

1.7

1.5

0.5

Nonhouseholder

Living with nonrelatives

100.0% 100.0%

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

138

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 2.78

Asian Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian women aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

Total Asian women

5,114

909

559

622

1,057

895

521

551

Married couple householder or spouse

2,645

76

284

413

749

603

325

195 156

Other householder

65 or older

922

120

122

112

147

155

110

Female family householder

354

37

29

34

77

85

53

39

Living alone

435

47

54

58

61

57

53

105

Living with nonrelatives

133

36

39

20

9

13

4

12

1,548

713

154

97

161

136

87

198

Child of householder

644

513

54

22

41

13

–

–

Other relative of householder

608

100

47

27

73

91

70

198

Living with nonrelatives

296

100

53

48

47

32

17

–

Nonhouseholder

Total Asian women

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

51.7

8.4

50.8

66.4

70.9

67.4

62.4

35.4

Other householder

18.0

13.2

21.8

18.0

13.9

17.3

21.1

28.3

Female family householder

6.9

4.1

5.2

5.5

7.3

9.5

10.2

7.1

Living alone

8.5

5.2

9.7

9.3

5.8

6.4

10.2

19.1

Living with nonrelatives

100.0% 100.0%

2.6

4.0

7.0

3.2

0.9

1.5

0.8

2.2

30.3

78.4

27.5

15.6

15.2

15.2

16.7

35.9

Child of householder

12.6

56.4

9.7

3.5

3.9

1.5

–

–

Other relative of householder

11.9

11.0

8.4

4.3

6.9

10.2

13.4

35.9

5.8

11.0

9.5

7.7

4.4

3.6

3.3

–

Nonhouseholder

Living with nonrelatives

Note: Asians include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 139

Table 2.79

Marital Status of Asian Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

total

never married

Total Asian men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

4,414 161 482 543 572 534 476 401 351 452 290 132 21

1,482 157 449 369 233 116 72 34 29 13 8 1 0

Total Asian men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

33.6% 97.5 93.2 68.0 40.7 21.7 15.1 8.5 8.3 2.9 2.8 0.8 0.0

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

2,459 1 24 141 310 356 354 313 283 372 203 93 9

188 3 3 19 17 29 16 30 10 24 26 11 1

61 0 4 2 2 13 6 3 3 12 10 5 0

153 0 1 12 10 19 26 17 24 27 15 0 1

70 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 4 28 21 10

4.3% 1.9 0.6 3.5 3.0 5.4 3.4 7.5 2.8 5.3 9.0 8.3 4.8

1.4% 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 2.4 1.3 0.7 0.9 2.7 3.4 3.8 0.0

3.5% 0.0 0.2 2.2 1.7 3.6 5.5 4.2 6.8 6.0 5.2 0.0 4.8

55.7% 0.6 5.0 26.0 54.2 66.7 74.4 78.1 80.6 82.3 70.0 70.5 42.9

1.6% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.9 9.7 15.9 47.6

Note: Asians include those who identiﬁed themselves as being Asian alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being Asian in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html

140

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 2.80

Marital Status of Asian Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asian women aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

total

never married

Total Asian women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

4,853 168 480 559 622 560 497 487 408 521 340 152 59

1,173 158 398 226 135 94 40 35 34 22 21 5 5

Total Asian women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

24.2% 94.0 82.9 40.4 21.7 16.8 8.0 7.2 8.3 4.2 6.2 3.3 8.5

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

2,818 7 76 297 426 393 387 357 284 357 175 53 6

127 3 4 14 16 18 14 14 10 14 12 4 3

108 0 1 5 15 8 13 26 17 5 11 6 0

282 0 2 14 25 40 41 40 42 44 30 3 0

347 0 0 2 5 6 2 15 21 79 91 82 45

2.6% 1.8 0.8 2.5 2.6 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.7 3.5 2.6 5.1

2.2% 0.0 0.2 0.9 2.4 1.4 2.6 5.3 4.2 1.0 3.2 3.9 0.0

5.8% 0.0 0.4 2.5 4.0 7.1 8.2 8.2 10.3 8.4 8.8 2.0 0.0

7.2% 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.1 0.4 3.1 5.1 15.2 26.8 53.9 76.3

58.1% 4.2 15.8 53.1 68.5 70.2 77.9 73.3 69.6 68.5 51.5 34.9 10.2

Note: Asians include those who identiﬁed themselves as being Asian alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being Asian in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 141

Table 2.81

Marital History of Asian Men by Age, 2001

(number of Asian men aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

Total Asian men, number

4,311

393

429

514

538

473

834

556

Total Asian men, percent

100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

60 to 69 70 or older

259

315

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Never married

33.4

99.3

82.6

66.7

24.9

23.1

7.9

5.0

3.7

2.1

Ever married

66.6

0.7

17.4

33.3

75.1

76.9

92.1

95.0

96.3

97.9

Married once

59.7

0.7

16.4

32.4

70.8

71.5

80.5

84.2

81.8

83.9

Still married

54.4

0.7

15.8

30.7

65.4

66.4

75.7

74.6

76.0

65.8

Married twice

6.1

0.0

1.0

0.8

3.8

5.4

10.2

9.6

13.0

11.3

Still married

4.8

0.0

1.0

0.8

3.8

3.6

8.8

5.7

8.3

10.7 2.7

Married three or more times

0.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

1.4

1.3

1.5

Still married

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.8

0.5

1.5

1.7

Ever divorced

8.8

0.0

1.7

1.5

9.0

9.6

15.5

13.9

12.7

10.6

3.9

0.0

0.7

0.6

4.7

6.3

4.9

9.1

3.2

1.8

3.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.9

0.4

5.8

9.3

22.1

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.5

6.2

17.9

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

Table 2.82

Marital History of Asian Women by Age, 2001

(number of Asian women aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

Total Asian women, number

4,645

339

511

501

558

527

1,007

562

Total Asian women, percent

100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

60 to 69 70 or older

334

306

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Never married

25.3

96.3

75.2

38.6

17.4

7.9

8.0

7.9

0.4

2.3

Ever married

74.7

3.7

24.8

61.4

82.6

92.1

92.0

92.1

99.6

97.7

Married once

67.9

2.7

23.9

61.4

76.7

85.7

80.6

80.0

92.2

87.1

Still married

56.3

2.7

21.8

57.4

73.0

72.2

71.6

58.9

64.7

49.5

Married twice

5.9

1.0

0.8

0.0

6.0

6.4

10.6

8.1

4.8

10.6

Still married

4.6

1.0

0.8

0.0

6.0

5.5

8.7

4.6

4.8

5.0

0.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.8

3.9

2.6

0.0

Still married

0.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.8

1.6

2.6

0.0

Ever divorced

10.4

1.0

0.8

2.5

8.9

16.6

16.1

20.9

9.9

4.9

5.8

0.0

0.0

2.5

2.9

11.1

7.0

14.8

5.9

2.3

6.7

0.0

0.0

0.6

0.0

0.0

3.5

10.3

26.5

42.1

5.4

0.0

0.0

0.6

0.0

0.0

2.0

7.8

20.3

38.3

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

142

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Asians: Population

The Asian Population Numbers Nearly 14 Million The number of Asians grew 15 percent between 2000 and 2004, increasing from 12 million to nearly 14 million—a ﬁgure that includes Asians identifying themselves as being Asian alone and those identifying themselves as being Asian in combination with one or more other races. Despite the rapid growth of the Asian population, Asians account for just 4.8 percent of the total U.S. population and are greatly outnumbered by Hispanics and blacks. Behind the growth of the Asian population is immigration. Asian immigrants accounted for 35 percent of all immigrants to the United States in 2004, the largest numbers coming from India, the Philippines, and China. One-fourth of the nation’s foreign-born are from Asian countries. Two million U.S. residents speak Chinese at home, and more than 1 million speak Tagalog and Vietnamese, respectively. Forty-eight percent of Asians live in the West, where they account for 10 percent of the population. California is home to 34 percent of the nation’s Asian population, where they account for 13 percent of the state’s population. Los Angeles has more Asians (1.9 million) than any other metropolitan area, but Asians account for a larger share of the San Francisco metropolitan area population—21 percent in San Francisco versus 11 percent in Los Angeles. ■ The Asian population is much larger in some areas than others, but the Asian inﬂuence on American culture can be felt throughout the nation.

Asians are a substantial share of the population only in the West (Asian share of population by region, 2004)

12

10% 9

9%

6

6%

3

3%

0

0%

5%

a Northeast

3%

3%

b Midwest

c South

d West

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 143

Table 2.83

Asians by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004

(total number of people, and number and percent distribution of Asians by racial identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) 2004 number

Total people Asian alone or in combination with one or more other races Asian alone Asian in combination

2000 percent distribution

percent distribution

number

percent change 2000–04

293,655,404

100.0%

282,192,162

100.0%

13,956,612 12,326,216 1,630,396

4.8 4.2 0.6

12,121,816 10,691,993 1,429,823

4.3 3.8 0.5

15.1 15.3 14.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.84

Asians by Hispanic Origin, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Asians by Hispanic origin and racial identiﬁcation, 2004) Asian alone or in combination number

Total Asians Not Hispanic Hispanic

13,956,612 13,529,769 426,843

percent distribution

100.0% 96.9 3.1

Asian alone number

12,326,216 12,068,424 257,792

percent distribution

100.0% 97.9 2.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

144

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

4.1%

ASIANS/POPULATION

Table 2.85

Asians Ranked by Ethnic Group, 2004

(number and percent distribution of people identifying themselves as Asian alone by ethnic group alone identiﬁcation, 2004) number

Total Asians alone specifying one ethnic origin Chinese (except Taiwanese) Asian Indian Filipino Vietnamese Korean Japanese Laotian Pakistani Cambodian Hmong Thai Taiwanese Indonesian Bangladeshi Sri Lankan Malaysian Other Asian

12,097,281 2,829,627 2,245,239 2,148,227 1,267,510 1,251,092 832,039 226,661 208,852 195,208 163,733 130,548 70,771 52,267 50,473 22,339 11,458 391,237

percent

100.0% 23.4 18.6 17.8 10.5 10.3 6.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 3.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143469461584&_ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_program=ACS; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 145

Table 2.86

Asians in the Armed Forces, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Asians aged 18 or older who are in the armed forces or who are veterans, by sex and age, 2003)

Total Asians aged 18 or older Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

in armed forces

veteran

9,035,699 4,275,265 3,872,314 402,951 4,760,434 4,214,989 545,445

21,393 17,731 17,731 0 3,662 3,662 0

276,066 256,042 165,623 90,419 20,024 17,391 2,633

Total Asians aged 18 or older

100.0%

0.2%

Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0

3.1% 6.0 4.3 22.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

146

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Table 2.87

Asian Share of Total Population by Age, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Asians, and Asian share of total, by age, 2004) Asian percent distribution

total

number

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

293,655,404 20,071,268 19,605,572 21,145,156 20,729,802 20,971,302 19,560,906 20,471,032 21,052,318 23,056,334 22,122,629 19,496,176 16,489,501 12,589,423 9,956,467 8,507,005 7,410,757 5,560,125 4,859,631

13,956,612 1,050,541 993,477 975,203 955,252 1,068,011 1,192,279 1,348,348 1,187,125 1,105,655 992,266 850,403 659,966 469,581 366,349 286,040 213,874 138,637 103,605

100.0% 7.5 7.1 7.0 6.8 7.7 8.5 9.7 8.5 7.9 7.1 6.1 4.7 3.4 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.7

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

29,245,102 220,377,406 36,293,985

1,452,446 10,366,574 1,108,505

10.4 74.3 7.9

share of total

4.8% 5.2 5.1 4.6 4.6 5.1 6.1 6.6 5.6 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.5 2.1 5.0 4.7 3.1

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NCEST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 147

Table 2.88

Asians by Age and Sex, 2004

(number of Asians by age and sex, and sex ratio by age, 2004) total

females

males

sex ratio

Total Asians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

13,956,612 1,050,541 993,477 975,203 955,252 1,068,011 1,192,279 1,348,348 1,187,125 1,105,655 992,266 850,403 659,966 469,581 366,349 286,040 213,874 138,637 103,605

7,167,636 512,266 494,028 473,718 464,508 528,445 607,233 688,581 608,611 572,510 523,743 455,664 354,179 250,057 198,400 164,018 126,041 81,384 64,250

6,788,976 538,275 499,449 501,485 490,744 539,566 585,046 659,767 578,514 533,145 468,523 394,739 305,787 219,524 167,949 122,022 87,833 57,253 39,355

95 105 101 106 106 102 96 96 95 93 89 87 86 88 85 74 70 70 61

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

10,366,574 1,452,446 1,108,505

5,410,328 715,657 634,093

4,956,246 736,789 474,412

92 103 75

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. The sex ratio is the number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

148

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/POPULATION

Table 2.89

Asians by Age, 2000 and 2004

(number of Asians by age, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) 2004

2000

Total Asians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

13,956,612 1,050,541 993,477 975,203 955,252 1,068,011 1,192,279 1,348,348 1,187,125 1,105,655 992,266 850,403 659,966 469,581 366,349 286,040 213,874 138,637 103,605

12,121,816 935,623 913,580 890,030 926,918 977,901 1,134,729 1,089,416 1,032,840 956,127 835,005 696,103 478,922 376,716 299,292 240,487 170,991 97,372 69,764

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

10,366,574 1,452,446 1,108,505

8,843,891 1,366,127 877,906

percent change 2000–04

15.1% 12.3 8.7 9.6 3.1 9.2 5.1 23.8 14.9 15.6 18.8 22.2 37.8 24.7 22.4 18.9 25.1 42.4 48.5 17.2 6.3 26.3

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 149

Table 2.90

Asians by Age, 2000 to 2020

(number and percent distribution of Asians and Paciﬁc Islanders by age, 2000 to 2020, percent change, 2000–10 and 2010–20; numbers in thousands) percent change

Total Asians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

2000

2010

2020

10,684 712 719 720 777 850 1,021 995 945 878 779 654 451 356 826

14,241 919 888 834 886 943 1,041 1,166 1,319 1,208 1,105 997 857 706 1,371

17,988 1,063 1,047 1,054 1,071 1,076 1,177 1,293 1,375 1,403 1,490 1,332 1,178 1,034 2,395

2000–10

33.3% 29.0 23.4 15.8 14.1 10.9 1.9 17.2 39.5 37.6 41.8 52.5 89.9 98.4 65.9

2010–20

26.3% 15.7 17.9 26.4 20.9 14.0 13.1 10.9 4.3 16.1 34.8 33.6 37.4 46.4 74.7

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

150

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/POPULATION

Table 2.91

Asians by Region, 2000 and 2004

(number of Asians by region, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total Asians Northeast Midwest South West

2004

2000

13,956,612 2,808,763 1,643,980 2,795,854 6,708,015

11,898,828 2,368,297 1,392,938 2,267,094 5,870,499

percent change 2000–04

17.3% 18.6 18.0 23.3 14.3

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of Asians in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SCEST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.92

Asian Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Asians, and Asian share of total, by region, 2004) Asian

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

293,655,404 54,571,147 65,729,852 105,944,965 67,409,440

13,956,612 2,808,763 1,643,980 2,795,854 6,708,015

percent distribution

100.0% 20.1 11.8 20.0 48.1

share of total

4.8% 5.1 2.5 2.6 10.0

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST200404.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 151

Table 2.93

Asians by State, 2000 and 2004

(number of Asians by state, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total Asians Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

2004

2000

13,956,612 45,415 37,920 152,112 31,581 4,756,181 144,323 120,206 24,366 19,477 424,951 258,372 727,650 20,242 552,638 87,873 48,824 66,238 45,055 71,542 13,790 286,136 319,618 253,661 192,536 26,292 90,301 7,593 31,920 154,843 25,629 647,906 31,189 1,346,049 171,600 5,586 187,784 66,215 149,746

11,898,828 39,458 32,686 118,672 25,401 4,155,685 120,779 95,368 18,944 17,956 333,013 199,812 703,232 17,390 473,649 72,839 43,119 56,049 37,062 64,350 11,827 238,408 264,814 208,329 162,414 23,281 76,210 7,101 26,809 112,456 19,219 524,356 26,619 1,169,200 136,212 4,967 159,776 58,723 127,339

percent change 2000–04

17.3% 15.1 16.0 28.2 24.3 14.4 19.5 26.0 28.6 8.5 27.6 29.3 3.5 16.4 16.7 20.6 13.2 18.2 21.6 11.2 16.6 20.0 20.7 21.8 18.5 12.9 18.5 6.9 19.1 37.7 33.4 23.6 17.2 15.1 26.0 12.5 17.5 12.8 17.6 (continued)

152

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/POPULATION

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2004

2000

295,266 32,556 53,954 6,986 84,404 797,325 56,692 7,743 376,428 464,856 12,741 119,633 4,668

248,601 28,290 44,931 6,009 68,918 644,193 48,692 6,622 304,559 395,741 11,873 102,768 4,107

percent change 2000–04

18.8% 15.1 20.1 16.3 22.5 23.8 16.4 16.9 23.6 17.5 7.3 16.4 13.7

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of Asians in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SCEST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 153

Table 2.94

Asian Share of Total Population by State, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Asians, and Asian share of total, by state, 2004) Asian

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

293,655,404 4,530,182 655,435 5,743,834 2,752,629 35,893,799 4,601,403 3,503,604 830,364 553,523 17,397,161 8,829,383 1,262,840 1,393,262 12,713,634 6,237,569 2,954,451 2,735,502 4,145,922 4,515,770 1,317,253 5,558,058 6,416,505 10,112,620 5,100,958 2,902,966 5,754,618 926,865 1,747,214 2,334,771 1,299,500 8,698,879 1,903,289 19,227,088 8,541,221 634,366 11,459,011 3,523,553 3,594,586

13,956,612 45,415 37,920 152,112 31,581 4,756,181 144,323 120,206 24,366 19,477 424,951 258,372 727,650 20,242 552,638 87,873 48,824 66,238 45,055 71,542 13,790 286,136 319,618 253,661 192,536 26,292 90,301 7,593 31,920 154,843 25,629 647,906 31,189 1,346,049 171,600 5,586 187,784 66,215 149,746

percent distribution

100.0% 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.2 34.1 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.1 3.0 1.9 5.2 0.1 4.0 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.1 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.4 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.2 4.6 0.2 9.6 1.2 0.0 1.3 0.5 1.1

share of total

4.8% 1.0 5.8 2.6 1.1 13.3 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.5 2.4 2.9 57.6 1.5 4.3 1.4 1.7 2.4 1.1 1.6 1.0 5.1 5.0 2.5 3.8 0.9 1.6 0.8 1.8 6.6 2.0 7.4 1.6 7.0 2.0 0.9 1.6 1.9 4.2 (continued)

154

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/POPULATION

Asian

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

12,406,292 1,080,632 4,198,068 770,883 5,900,962 22,490,022 2,389,039 621,394 7,459,827 6,203,788 1,815,354 5,509,026 506,529

295,266 32,556 53,954 6,986 84,404 797,325 56,692 7,743 376,428 464,856 12,741 119,633 4,668

percent distribution

2.1% 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.6 5.7 0.4 0.1 2.7 3.3 0.1 0.9 0.0

share of total

2.4% 3.0 1.3 0.9 1.4 3.5 2.4 1.2 5.0 7.5 0.7 2.2 0.9

Note: Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST200404.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 155

Table 2.95

Asians by State and Ethnicity, 2004

(total number of Asians and percent distribution by state and ethnicity, 2004) total number

Total Asians

Chinese

Filipino

Asian Indian

17.8%

Vietnamese

Korean

other Asian

Japanese

100.0%

23.4%

18.6%

10.5%

10.3%

6.9%

Alabama

33,570

100.0

15.5

13.6

5.7

39.0

15.6

7.3

3.3

Alaska

27,970

100.0

4.3

1.5

45.2

0.8

14.0

8.8

25.3

Arizona

123,766

100.0

15.6

26.5

16.3

15.5

6.9

6.4

12.8

Arkansas

25,294

100.0

15.5

22.2

4.7

23.6

5.0

1.4

27.7

4,256,198

100.0

25.8

9.5

24.9

11.6

9.7

7.4

11.1

Colorado

113,570

100.0

15.7

13.4

5.5

15.4

22.0

12.2

15.8

Connecticut

California

12,097,281

percent

12.6%

102,377

100.0

22.6

28.4

9.8

6.4

10.9

7.5

14.4

Delaware

22,264

100.0

18.5

28.0

22.1

8.0

8.0

1.4

14.0

District of Columbia

15,244

100.0

18.5

27.8

13.6

8.3

9.0

11.5

11.2

Florida

348,112

100.0

15.9

32.0

17.7

9.9

6.2

4.7

13.6

Georgia

238,281

100.0

16.9

22.0

7.3

12.5

16.9

5.2

19.3

Hawaii

524,613

100.0

9.7

0.2

36.0

1.9

4.8

39.3

8.0

Idaho

15,656

100.0

22.9

16.3

6.6

8.1

19.3

15.8

11.1

Illinois

502,263

100.0

16.4

30.4

21.3

2.9

14.6

4.3

10.1

Indiana

65,891

100.0

23.9

26.7

11.9

9.9

14.2

7.2

6.1

Iowa

35,056

100.0

25.9

11.2

9.2

11.4

6.9

0.9

34.3

Kansas

56,701

100.0

14.8

11.7

12.5

23.7

9.0

4.0

24.3

Kentucky

35,164

100.0

22.6

17.4

8.9

17.3

15.6

8.1

10.2

Louisiana

58,035

100.0

19.7

14.5

5.1

35.9

6.0

2.4

16.5

9,182

100.0

11.7

15.8

23.5

5.7

4.9

12.0

26.3

Maryland

254,393

100.0

24.4

27.4

10.0

6.3

15.5

3.0

13.4

Massachusetts

283,635

100.0

39.0

22.1

3.8

14.4

5.2

4.2

11.4

Michigan

219,855

100.0

14.2

42.6

9.8

5.4

12.1

4.5

11.5

Minnesota

176,182

100.0

13.7

11.1

3.9

8.9

12.8

3.2

46.4

Maine

Mississippi

10,811

100.0

14.4

37.8

24.6

3.5

11.7

3.7

4.3

Missouri

67,518

100.0

25.3

19.2

13.1

11.5

14.7

2.7

13.5

Montana

3,395

100.0

16.0

10.7

36.7

–

12.7

14.6

9.3

Nebraska

24,707

100.0

18.8

10.0

12.9

27.7

14.4

2.7

13.5

130,681

100.0

13.4

4.4

44.9

7.7

9.3

9.4

11.0

21,973

100.0

21.6

24.0

12.7

10.8

11.9

1.4

17.7

Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey

601,939

100.0

22.0

38.2

15.3

4.9

11.8

1.6

6.3

New Mexico

24,705

100.0

19.3

14.9

15.1

4.1

14.5

12.8

19.3

1,215,205

100.0

41.4

26.1

8.1

2.1

10.6

2.8

8.9

139,422

100.0

17.3

25.9

9.8

10.9

16.6

2.2

17.4 12.0

New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

4,147

100.0

14.3

27.9

22.8

12.4

6.9

3.7

159,146

100.0

22.8

28.8

11.5

8.8

10.3

6.0

11.9

52,311

100.0

9.2

22.0

11.8

27.4

10.7

9.0

10.0

123,018

100.0

19.3

7.1

12.5

23.1

10.1

10.2

17.7 (continued)

156

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/POPULATION

total number

percent

Chinese

Filipino

Asian Indian

Pennsylvania

258,591

100.0%

26.6%

29.8%

5.8%

Rhode Island

27,930

100.0

13.3

18.9

7.6

South Carolina

43,842

100.0

17.2

18.4

South Dakota

5,371

100.0

15.2

14.1

72,931

100.0

14.8

Texas

701,483

100.0

Utah

46,132

100.0

Vermont

5,671

Virginia Washington

Vietnamese

Japanese

other Asian

8.2%

2.4%

11.2%

9.0

5.4

2.5

43.4

19.3

11.7

13.9

4.6

15.0

22.0

26.2

6.8

6.8

8.8

23.7

10.0

11.2

12.6

4.6

23.2

18.0

26.0

10.3

21.9

7.7

2.8

13.3

16.9

21.5

10.8

11.2

5.2

8.8

25.5

100.0

9.6

30.9

0.3

21.6

18.6

10.9

8.1

326,563

100.0

15.4

24.7

15.5

13.9

13.9

2.0

14.7

381,867

100.0

19.1

10.8

17.6

14.7

12.5

8.9

16.3

7,128

100.0

20.1

27.7

18.9

5.0

4.4

5.6

18.4

Wisconsin

94,414

100.0

12.9

20.6

5.2

5.3

8.8

2.6

44.6

Wyoming

3,108

100.0

17.1

5.8

25.2

6.1

14.5

13.1

18.2

Tennessee

West Virginia

15.9%

Korean

Note: Asians include only those identifying themselves as being Asian alone. Other Asian includes other Asian alone and two or more Asian ethnic categories. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143469461584&_ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_program=ACS; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 157

Table 2.96

Asians by Metropolitan Area, 2004

(total number of people, number of Asians, and Asian share of total, for selected metropolitan areas, 2004) Asian

Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY MSA Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA MSA Anchorage, AK MSA Appleton–Oshkosh–Neenah, WI MSA Atlanta, GA MSA Augusta–Aiken, GA–SC MSA Austin–San Marcos, TX MSA Bakersﬁeld, CA MSA Baton Rouge, LA MSA Beaumont–Port Arthur, TX MSA Biloxi–Gulfport–Pascagoula, MS MSA Binghamton, NY MSA Birmingham, AL MSA Boise City, ID MSA Boston–Worcester–Lawrence, MA–NH–ME–CT CMSA Brownsville–Harlingen–San Benito, TX MSA Buffalo–Niagara Falls, NY MSA Canton–Massillon, OH MSA Charleston–North Charleston, SC MSA Chicago, IL PMSA Cleveland–Akron, OH CMSA Colorado Springs, CO MSA Columbia, SC MSA Corpus Christi, TX MSA Dallas–Fort Worth, TX CMSA Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA–IL MSA Dayton–Springﬁeld, OH MSA Daytona Beach, FL MSA Denver–Boulder–Greeley, CO CMSA* Des Moines, IA MSA Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI CMSA El Paso, TX MSA Erie, PA MSA Eugene–Springﬁeld, OR MSA Fayetteville, NC MSA Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR MSA Fort Myers–Cape Coral, FL MSA Fort Pierce–Port St. Lucie, FL MSA Fort Wayne, IN MSA

total population

number

860,976 650,230 265,176 359,711 4,477,579 476,167 1,373,125 702,855 610,743 366,244 363,966 239,012 929,694 479,284 5,749,197 367,603 1,119,037 400,919 563,828 8,388,723 2,878,475 539,225 543,126 381,422 5,676,651 350,022 916,635 530,553 2,514,628 476,699 5,437,277 700,225 267,426 324,176 287,220 345,308 508,634 358,578 506,545

20,657 13,537 17,899 8,509 177,876 7,261 56,489 27,508 10,620 8,811 1,472 2,104 7,360 7,708 280,111 2,909 16,569 1,504 8,202 456,188 46,870 13,784 9,322 4,997 252,658 627 14,055 5,247 85,929 14,243 168,400 7,522 1,423 8,992 5,796 6,860 5,980 4,036 7,183

share of total

2.4% 2.1 6.7 2.4 4.0 1.5 4.1 3.9 1.7 2.4 0.4 0.9 0.8 1.6 4.9 0.8 1.5 0.4 1.5 5.4 1.6 2.6 1.7 1.3 4.5 0.2 1.5 1.0 3.4 3.0 3.1 1.1 0.5 2.8 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.4 (continued)

158

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/POPULATION

Asian

Fresno, CA MSA Grand Rapids–Muskegon–Holland, MI MSA Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC MSA Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC MSA Harrisburg–Lebanon–Carlisle, PA MSA Hartford, CT MSA Hickory–Morganton–Lenoir, NC MSA Honolulu, HI MSA Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX CMSA* Huntsville, AL MSA Indianapolis, IN MSA Jackson, MS MSA Jacksonville, FL MSA Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN–VA MSA Kalamazoo–Battle Creek, MI MSA Kansas City, MO–KS MSA Killeen–Temple, TX MSA Knoxville, TN MSA Lafayette, LA MSA Lakeland–Winter Haven, FL MSA Lancaster, PA MSA Lansing–East Lansing, MI MSA Lexington, KY MSA Lincoln, NE MSA Little Rock–North Little Rock, AR MSA Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA CMSA Lubbock, TX MSA Macon, GA MSA Madison, WI MSA McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX MSA Melbourne–Titusville–Palm Bay, FL MSA Miami–Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA Milwaukee–Waukesha, WI PMSA Mobile, AL MSA Modesto, CA MSA Montgomery, AL MSA Nashville, TN MSA New Orleans, LA MSA New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA CMSA* Oklahoma City, OK MSA Orlando, FL MSA Pensacola, FL MSA Peoria–Pekin, IL MSA Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD CMSA*

total population

number

share of total

978,274 1,102,729 1,283,261 976,678 617,676 1,163,367 345,590 868,751 4,794,384 354,936 1,664,412 443,275 1,182,453 482,047 441,059 1,823,092 298,933 707,617 386,812 511,565 473,104 436,485 478,625 249,670 593,032 17,199,115 240,721 329,432 437,843 651,974 509,248 4,051,442 1,483,023 547,153 490,860 323,220 1,275,212 1,313,694

77,601 19,944 23,811 14,441 12,520 31,476 9,362 425,930 274,649 7,347 26,541 2,894 34,020 3,346 5,946 35,353 9,394 8,367 928 6,755 8,292 12,658 8,696 8,029 6,192 1,946,192 1,515 4,946 18,827 3,696 8,592 84,766 37,926 7,060 24,712 3,614 25,700 31,727

7.9% 1.8 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.7 2.7 49.0 5.7 2.1 1.6 0.7 2.9 0.7 1.3 1.9 3.1 1.2 0.2 1.3 1.8 2.9 1.8 3.2 1.0 11.3 0.6 1.5 4.3 0.6 1.7 2.1 2.6 1.3 5.0 1.1 2.0 2.4

20,345,959 1,095,252 1,831,212 410,542 337,020

1,697,426 30,175 61,706 8,660 4,768

8.3 2.8 3.4 2.1 1.4

5,383,262

223,646

4.2 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 159

Asian

Pittsburgh, PA MSA Portland, ME MSA Providence–Fall River–Warwick, RI–MA MSA Provo–Orem, UT MSA Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC MSA Reading, PA MSA Reno, NV MSA Richmond–Petersburg, VA MSA Rochester, NY MSA Rockford, IL MSA Sacramento, CA PMSA Saginaw–Bay City–Midland, MI MSA St. Louis, MO–IL MSA Salinas, CA MSA Salt Lake City–Ogden, UT MSA San Antonio, TX MSA San Diego, CA MSA San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA CMSA San Luis Obispo–Atascadero–Paso Robles, CA MSA Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–Lompoc, CA MSA Sarasota–Bradenton, FL MSA Savannah, GA MSA Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA MSA Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA CMSA* Shreveport–Bossier City, LA MSA South Bend, IN MSA Spokane, WA MSA Springﬁeld, MA MSA Springﬁeld, MO MSA Stockton–Lodi, CA MSA Syracuse, NY MSA Tallahassee, FL MSA Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL MSA Toledo, OH MSA Tucson, AZ MSA Tulsa, OK MSA Utica–Rome, NY MSA Visalia–Tulare–Porterville, CA MSA West Palm Beach–Boca Raton, FL MSA Wichita, KS MSA York, PA MSA Youngstown–Warren, OH MSA

total population

number

2,260,551 248,827 1,165,549 395,173 1,278,372 378,456 375,344 1,013,399 1,057,917 382,901 1,803,160 393,837 2,620,334 392,192 1,384,041 1,683,872 2,833,275 6,951,260 238,502 385,238 639,438 299,920 587,557 3,184,924 387,312 252,944 420,592 560,472 332,918 632,143 707,901 274,945 2,537,586 598,283 885,025 810,062 282,844 395,493 1,223,206 546,308 393,426 566,597

31,507 4,768 31,092 7,824 46,166 2,659 19,321 24,318 23,012 6,141 194,516 3,637 43,915 26,680 33,050 28,980 292,751 1,463,092 7,562 17,349 7,205 5,730 5,323 312,679 3,941 1,556 7,774 13,252 3,704 89,915 11,996 6,063 59,558 7,486 22,151 11,670 2,090 13,989 23,524 19,136 4,403 3,296

share of total

1.4% 1.9 2.7 2.0 3.6 0.7 5.1 2.4 2.2 1.6 10.8 0.9 1.7 6.8 2.4 1.7 10.3 21.0 3.2 4.5 1.1 1.9 0.9 9.8 1.0 0.6 1.8 2.4 1.1 14.2 1.7 2.2 2.3 1.3 2.5 1.4 0.7 3.5 1.9 3.5 1.1 0.6

* Population ﬁgures are for only part of the metropolitan area. Note: Some metropolitan areas are not shown because data are not available. Asians are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. For the deﬁnition of CMSA, MSA, and PMSA, see the glossary. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

160

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/POPULATION

Table 2.97

Immigrants from Asia, 2004

(total number of immigrants admitted for legal permanent residence, and number and percent distribution of immigrants from Asia, by country of birth, 2004) number TOTAL IMMIGRANTS

Immigrants from Asia IMMIGRANTS FROM ASIA

India Philippines China, People’s Republic Vietnam Korea Pakistan Iran Taiwan Bangladesh Japan Thailand Israel Hong Kong Turkey Lebanon Cambodia Iraq Jordan Nepal Indonesia Syria Afghanistan Malaysia Yemen Sri Lanka Burma Laos Kuwait Singapore Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Mongolia Macau Cyprus Qatar Oman Bahrain Brunei Bhutan Maldives

percent distribution

946,142 330,004

100.0% 34.9

330,004 70,116 57,827 51,156 31,514 19,766 12,086 10,434 8,961 8,061 7,694 4,314 4,160 3,951 3,833 3,811 3,534 3,494 3,431 2,842 2,418 2,256 2,137 1,987 1,760 1,431 1,379 1,147 1,091 966 906 586 211 192 143 125 122 116 22 17 7

100.0% 21.2 17.5 15.5 9.5 6.0 3.7 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Source: Ofﬁce of Immigration Statistics, 2004 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, Internet site http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/ statistics/yearbook/YrBk04Im.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 161

Table 2.98

Total and Asian Foreign-Born by Age, 2004

(number of total foreign-born, number and percent distribution of Asian foreign-born, and Asian share of total, by age, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian foreign-born

Total foreign-born Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

34,244 334 709 1,113 1,677 2,884 3,751 4,033 3,873 3,686 3,049 2,267 1,811 1,360 3,697

8,685 86 123 216 355 539 804 1,039 1,057 950 879 708 600 389 940

percent distribution

100.0% 1.0 1.4 2.5 4.1 6.2 9.3 12.0 12.2 10.9 10.1 8.2 6.9 4.5 10.8

share of total

25.4% 25.7 17.3 19.4 21.2 18.7 21.4 25.8 27.3 25.8 28.8 31.2 33.1 28.6 25.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.99

Asian Foreign-Born by U.S. Region of Residence, 2004

(number of total people, number and percent distribution of Asian foreign-born, and Asian foreign-born share of total, by U.S. region of residence, 2004; numbers in thousands) Asian foreign-born

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

288,280 53,703 64,784 103,545 66,247

8,685 1,693 1,183 1,882 3,927

percent distribution

100.0% 19.5 13.6 21.7 45.2

share of total

3.0% 3.2 1.8 1.8 5.9

Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

162

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/POPULATION

Table 2.100

People Who Speak Selected Asian Languages at Home, by State, 2003

(total number of people aged 5 or older, and number and percent who speak selected Asian languages at home, by state, 2003; Asian languages shown are those with at least 1 million at-home speakers) speak Chinese at home United States Alabama Alaska

total aged 5 or older

number

263,230,104

2,193,370

4,087,909

speak Tagalog at home

percent

number

speak Vietnamese at home

percent

number

percent

0.8% 1,261,746

0.5% 1,104,248

0.4%

13,130

0.3

198

0.0

805

0.0

581,706

1,250

0.2

11,077

1.9

387

0.1

Arizona

5,031,761

18,773

0.4

13,114

0.3

17,142

0.3

Arkansas

2,460,507

560

0.0

837

0.0

6,115

0.2

California

32,115,612

856,896

2.7

611,652

1.9

450,024

1.4

Colorado

4,123,589

19,907

0.5

6,395

0.2

16,645

0.4

Connecticut

3,157,963

17,838

0.6

8,678

0.3

5,957

0.2

Delaware

738,327

2,557

0.3

1,402

0.2

350

0.0

District of Columbia

495,397

2,380

0.5

1,939

0.4

1,806

0.4

Florida

15,572,360

42,557

0.3

40,324

0.3

45,460

0.3

Georgia

7,779,928

26,624

0.3

9,200

0.1

37,406

0.5

Hawaii

1,136,645

26,478

2.3

52,848

4.6

3,550

0.3

Idaho

1,229,675

3,443

0.3

1,252

0.1

803

0.1

Illinois

11,442,014

76,240

0.7

61,283

0.5

27,554

0.2

Indiana

5,595,593

6,114

0.1

6,521

0.1

2,952

0.1

Iowa

2,660,537

6,279

0.2

2,300

0.1

8,083

0.3

Kansas

2,450,103

11,638

0.5

1,279

0.1

9,144

0.4

Kentucky

3,732,957

1,739

0.0

1,675

0.0

837

0.0

Louisiana

4,038,853

9,454

0.2

2,494

0.1

26,681

0.7

Maine

1,203,618

1,569

0.1

1,355

0.1

1,651

0.1

Maryland

5,006,754

55,066

1.1

18,979

0.4

15,426

0.3

Massachusetts

5,822,123

71,560

1.2

9,673

0.2

40,057

0.7

Michigan

9,178,031

28,777

0.3

18,622

0.2

11,811

0.1

Minnesota

4,591,314

14,181

0.3

3,738

0.1

15,240

0.3

Mississippi

2,577,551

2,799

0.1

1,856

0.1

7,235

0.3

Missouri

5,159,771

13,908

0.3

6,464

0.1

10,855

0.2

Montana

840,297

553

0.1

452

0.1

420

0.0

Nebraska

1,568,543

4,892

0.3

1,023

0.1

7,995

0.5

Nevada

2,045,157

12,098

0.6

35,498

1.7

2,162

0.1

New Hampshire

1,179,322

3,251

0.3

907

0.1

847

0.1

New Jersey

7,887,106

100,359

1.3

65,016

0.8

8,906

0.1

New Mexico

1,708,107

4,052

0.2

2,079

0.1

390

0.0

17,394,711

415,929

2.4

66,405

0.4

15,783

0.1

7,557,056

19,766

0.3

5,979

0.1

15,689

0.2

New York North Carolina North Dakota

572,574

1,286

0.2

129

0.0

0

0.0

10,396,176

25,413

0.2

4,893

0.0

5,849

0.1

Oklahoma

3,162,666

4,759

0.2

2,198

0.1

18,639

0.6

Oregon

3,256,681

19,732

0.6

5,719

0.2

15,249

0.5

Ohio

(continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 163

speak Chinese at home Pennsylvania Rhode Island

total aged 5 or older 11,218,258

number 34,258

percent 0.3%

speak Tagalog at home number 13,047

percent 0.1%

speak Vietnamese at home number 29,452

percent 0.3%

976,471

3,464

0.4

726

0.1

847

0.1

3,736,487

5,817

0.2

3,290

0.1

5,208

0.1

683,219

545

0.1

445

0.1

755

0.1

5,309,621

6,649

0.1

1,756

0.0

3,719

0.1

Texas

19,751,381

104,588

0.5

49,674

0.3

115,686

0.6

Utah

2,082,635

4,042

0.2

2,519

0.1

11,503

0.6

Vermont

567,271

1,078

0.2

66

0.0

1,616

0.3

Virginia

6,667,441

34,616

0.5

35,486

0.5

35,115

0.5

Washington

5,600,233

45,589

0.8

62,940

1.1

40,181

0.7

West Virginia

1,663,592

367

0.0

1,149

0.1

822

0.0

Wisconsin

4,978,150

7,483

0.2

5,081

0.1

3,393

0.1

Wyoming

456,351

1,067

0.2

114

0.0

46

0.0

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143386397087&_ds_name=ACS_2003_EST_G00_&_program=; calculations by New Strategist

164

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Asians: Spending

Asian Households Spend the Most In 2003, for the ﬁrst time, the Consumer Expenditure Survey collected data on the spending of Asian households (called consumer units by the Bureau of Labor Statistics). The results show that households headed by Asians spend more than those headed by blacks, Hispanics, or whites. The nation’s 3.6 million Asian households spent an average of $44,923 in 2003, 10 percent more than the $40,817 spent by the average household. Reasons for the higher spending of Asians include their larger household size (2.8 people per household versus an average of 2.5) and their high level of education. The Asian investment in education is revealed in these statistics. Asian households spend more than twice the average on education, accounting for a disproportionate 7 percent of the market. Asians also spend more than twice the average on ﬁsh and seafood and twice the average on public transportation. They spend more than ﬁve times the average on gifts of transportation. ■ Asian spending is above average because many Asians households have two or more earners, boosting incomes. 60000

Asian households spend 10 percent more than the average household (average annual spending of total and Asian consumer units, 2003)

$44,923 $40,817

40000

$40,000

20000

$20,000

0

$0

a total

b Asian

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 165

Table 2.101

Spending of Households Headed by Asians, 2003

(average annual spending of total consumer units (CU), and average annual, indexed, and market share of spending of consumer units headed by Asians, by product and service category, 2003) Asian consumer units

Number of consumer units (000s) Persons per consumer unit Average income before taxes Average annual spending FOOD Food at home Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by CU on trips Food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity

total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

market share

115,356 2.5 $51,128

3,573 2.8 $60,393

– – 118

3.1% – 3.7

40,817

44,923

110

3.4

5,340 3,129 442 150 292 825 246 171 102 145 124 37 328 127 201 535 171 172 108 84 999 119 86 490 268 36 2,211

6,285 3,302 437 180 257 978 193 174 81 182 304 43 247 112 136 788 275 322 123 68 852 102 63 400 248 40 2,983

118 106 99 120 88 119 78 102 79 126 245 116 75 88 68 147 161 187 114 81 85 86 73 82 93 111 135

3.6 3.3 3.1 3.7 2.7 3.7 2.4 3.2 2.5 3.9 7.6 3.6 2.3 2.7 2.1 4.6 5.0 5.8 3.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.4 4.2

391

308

79

2.4

13,432 7,887 5,263 2,954 1,344 965 2,179 445 2,811 392 1,028

16,326 10,902 6,835 4,348 1,713 774 3,661 406 2,536 385 780

122 138 130 147 127 80 168 91 90 98 76

3.8 4.3 4.0 4.6 3.9 2.5 5.2 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.4 (continued)

166

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ASIANS/SPENDING

Asian consumer units total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

market share

Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

$110 956 326 707 294 414 529 132 263 133 1,497 113 401 52 196 88 648

$27 1,026 318 783 381 403 471 96 228 146 1,634 67 334 21 283 128 802

25 107 98 111 130 97 89 73 87 110 109 59 83 40 144 145 124

0.8% 3.3 3.0 3.4 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.4 1.8 2.6 1.3 4.5 4.5 3.8

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

1,640 372 282 89 634 529 106 81 294 258

1,736 342 290 52 609 538 71 125 292 368

106 92 103 58 96 102 67 154 99 143

3.3 2.8 3.2 1.8 3.0 3.2 2.1 4.8 3.1 4.4

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

7,781 3,732 2,052 1,611 68 1,333 2,331 371 619 905 436 385

7,454 2,992 2,156 836 – 1,313 2,383 282 546 989 565 766

96 80 105 52 – 98 102 76 88 109 130 199

3.0 2.5 3.3 1.6 – 3.1 3.2 2.4 2.7 3.4 4.0 6.2

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

2,416 1,252 591 467 107

1,955 1,071 476 340 69

81 86 81 73 64

2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.0

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radio, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

2,060 494 730 378 457

1,713 516 621 197 378

83 104 85 52 83

2.6 3.2 2.6 1.6 2.6 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 167

Asian consumer units total consumer units

average spending

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

indexed spending

market share

$527

$520

99

3.1%

READING

127

111

87

2.7

EDUCATION

783

1,890

241

7.5

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

290

119

41

1.3

MISCELLANEOUS

606

432

71

2.2

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,370

1,311

96

3.0

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

4,055 397 3,658

4,762 414 4,348

117 104 119

3.6 3.2 3.7

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

2,532 1,843 502 187

2,882 1,993 650 240

114 108 129 128

3.5 3.3 4.0 4.0

GIFTS FOR NONHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Food Alcoholic beverages Housing Housekeeping supplies Household textiles Appliances and misc. housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Other housing Apparel and services Males, aged 2 or older Females, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Other apparel products and services Jewelry and watches All other apparel products and services Transportation Health care Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles Other entertainment Personal care products and services Reading Education All other gifts

1,007 78 16 220 42 13 25 7 18 57 85 225 56 80 39 50 26 25 60 48 69 26 43 16 1 200 74

1,342 116 12 139 20 1 20 5 15 50 47 179 57 53 46 24 20 4 324 34 55 13 43 23 1 388 71

133 149 75 63 48 8 80 71 83 88 55 80 102 66 118 48 77 16 540 71 80 50 100 144 100 194 96

4.1 4.6 2.3 2.0 1.5 0.2 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.7 1.7 2.5 3.2 2.1 3.7 1.5 2.4 0.5 16.7 2.2 2.5 1.5 3.1 4.5 3.1 6.0 3.0

Deﬁnitions: The index compares the spending of the average Asian consumer unit with the spending of the average consumer unit by dividing Asian spending by average spending in each category and multiplying by 100. An index of 100 means Asian spending in the category equals average spending. An index of 125 means Asian spending is 25 percent above average, while an index of 75 means Asian spending is 25 percent below average. The market share is the percentage of total spending on a product or service category that is accounted for by consumer units headed by Asians. Note: The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses consumer unit rather than household as the sampling unit in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. For the deﬁnition of consumer unit, see the glossary. Spending by category will not add to total spending because gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories and personal taxes are not included in the total. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate or not applicable. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/; calculations by New Strategist

168

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS CHAPTER

3

Blacks ■ The black population numbered 39 million in 2004, accounting for a substantial 13 percent of the U.S. population. ■ The 55 percent majority of black high school graduates go to college within one year of graduating from high school. ■ Only 51 percent of blacks say they are in very good or excellent health, less than the 62 percent share among the total population. ■ Forty-nine percent of the nation’s black households owned their home in 2004. ■ The $29,689 median income of black households in 2003 was 16 percent greater than in 1990, after adjusting for inﬂation. ■ The 26 percent of blacks employed as managers or professionals account for 8 percent of Americans working in those occupations. ■ Black households are diverse. Married couples head 30 percent of black households, while female-headed families account for 29 percent. ■ More than half of blacks (54 percent) live in the South, where they account for 20 percent of the population. ■ The average black household spent $28,708 in 2003. Blacks spend more than average on telephone services, footwear, and children’s clothes. ■ Only 19 percent of black workers are “very conﬁdent” they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years.

Blacks account for 13.4 percent of the U.S. population (percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2004) 75

67.4%

50 50%

25 25%

0 0%

1.5% a American Indians

13.4%

14.1%

c blacks

d Hispanics

4.8% b Asians

d non-Hispanic whites

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 169

Blacks: Education

Nearly Half of Blacks Have Attended College for One or More Years Forty-ﬁve percent of blacks aged 25 or older have at least some college experience, and 18 percent are college graduates. While these ﬁgures are lower than the shares among Asians and non-Hispanic whites, they are far above the ﬁgures for Hispanics. The educational attainment of blacks is rising as younger generations with more schooling replace the older, less-educated population. Among blacks aged 25 to 34, the 52 percent majority has college experience and 19 percent are college graduates. A growing proportion of blacks are enrolling in college. The 55 percent majority of black high school graduates go to college within one year of graduating from high school, up from only 47 percent who went on to college in 1990. Twelve percent of black families with children aged 5 to 24 have at least one child enrolled in college. More than 2 million blacks were in college in 2003, accounting for 13 percent of the nation’s college students. Fifty-four percent of black college students attend four-year undergraduate schools, 31 percent are in two-year schools, and 15 percent are in graduate school. Blacks earned 11 percent of associate’s degrees awarded in 2001–02. They earned 9 percent of bachelor’s degrees, 8 percent of master’s degrees, and 5 percent of doctorates. Twelve percent of ﬁrst-professional degrees in theology were awarded to blacks. ■ The proportion of blacks with a college education will continue to climb, but only if college remains affordable for the middle class.

Nearly one in ﬁve blacks is a college graduate (percent of blacks aged 25 or older who are high school graduates or more, have some college or more, or are college graduates, 2004)

100

81%

170

75

75%

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

45%

18%

a graduate high school or more

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

someb college or more

collegec graduate

BLACKS/EDUCATION

Table 3.1

Educational Attainment of Blacks by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of blacks aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total blacks Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

21,290 4,122 7,624 4,117 1,667 2,622 875 163 101

5,190 580 1,893 1,318 414 757 175 43 7

5,530 753 2,081 1,115 498 809 211 38 27

4,812 739 1,786 912 439 627 238 36 36

2,825 660 1,059 466 194 262 136 27 20

2,933 1,387 805 306 122 167 114 18 12

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

17,169 9,545 3,761

4,607 2,714 982

4,779 2,698 1,085

4,074 2,288 937

2,164 1,105 445

1,544 739 311

100.0% 19.4 35.8 19.3 7.8 12.3 4.1 0.8 0.5

100.0% 11.2 36.5 25.4 8.0 14.6 3.4 0.8 0.1

100.0% 13.6 37.6 20.2 9.0 14.6 3.8 0.7 0.5

100.0% 15.4 37.1 19.0 9.1 13.0 4.9 0.7 0.7

100.0% 23.4 37.5 16.5 6.9 9.3 4.8 1.0 0.7

100.0% 47.3 27.4 10.4 4.2 5.7 3.9 0.6 0.4

80.6 44.8 17.7

88.8 52.3 18.9

86.4 48.8 19.6

84.7 47.5 19.5

76.6 39.1 15.8

52.6 25.2 10.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total blacks Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 171

Table 3.2

Educational Attainment of Black Men by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of black men aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total black men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

9,366 1,842 3,572 1,765 639 1,066 338 90 54

2,324 231 946 599 165 301 63 15 3

2,496 371 1,014 468 181 345 83 21 14

2,178 369 865 385 169 252 99 27 13

1,245 305 483 190 74 114 49 14 16

1,123 569 265 123 49 55 42 13 8

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

7,524 3,952 1,548

2,092 1,146 382

2,126 1,112 463

1,810 945 391

940 457 193

555 290 118

Total black men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 19.7 38.1 18.8 6.8 11.4 3.6 1.0 0.6

100.0% 9.9 40.7 25.8 7.1 13.0 2.7 0.6 0.1

100.0% 14.9 40.6 18.8 7.3 13.8 3.3 0.8 0.6

100.0% 16.9 39.7 17.7 7.8 11.6 4.5 1.2 0.6

100.0% 24.5 38.8 15.3 5.9 9.2 3.9 1.1 1.3

100.0% 50.7 23.6 11.0 4.4 4.9 3.7 1.2 0.7

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

80.3 42.2 16.5

90.0 49.3 16.4

85.2 44.6 18.5

83.1 43.4 18.0

75.5 36.7 15.5

49.4 25.8 10.5

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

172

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/EDUCATION

Table 3.3

Educational Attainment of Black Women by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of black women aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total black women 11,925 Not a high school graduate 2,279 High school graduate only 4,052 Some college, no degree 2,352 Associate’s degree 1,028 Bachelor’s degree 1,556 Master’s degree 537 Professional degree 73 Doctoral degree 47

2,866 349 946 719 251 456 112 28 4

3,034 382 1,067 647 317 465 128 17 12

2,634 371 920 527 270 375 139 10 22

1,580 354 578 277 118 149 86 12 4

1,810 819 541 183 73 113 72 5 4

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

9,645 5,593 2,213

2,516 1,570 600

2,653 1,586 622

2,263 1,343 546

1,224 646 251

991 450 194

Total black women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 19.1 34.0 19.7 8.6 13.0 4.5 0.6 0.4

100.0% 12.2 33.0 25.1 8.8 15.9 3.9 1.0 0.1

100.0% 12.6 35.2 21.3 10.4 15.3 4.2 0.6 0.4

100.0% 14.1 34.9 20.0 10.3 14.2 5.3 0.4 0.8

100.0% 22.4 36.6 17.5 7.5 9.4 5.4 0.8 0.3

100.0% 45.2 29.9 10.1 4.0 6.2 4.0 0.3 0.2

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

80.9 46.9 18.6

87.8 54.8 20.9

87.4 52.3 20.5

85.9 51.0 20.7

77.5 40.9 15.9

54.8 24.9 10.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 173

Table 3.4

Educational Attainment of Blacks by Age and Region, 2004

(percent of blacks aged 25 or older by selected educational attainment, age, and region, 2004) Northeast

Midwest

South

West

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE OR MORE

Total blacks Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

79.2% 87.3 84.3 79.5 79.8 57.6

81.6% 86.4 89.6 87.7 76.5 53.2

79.9% 90.1 85.9 84.6 73.9 47.5

85.6% 88.9 87.2 87.7 87.2 69.3

40.9 50.3 46.5 40.1 35.7 23.1

45.7 49.6 51.0 50.1 39.1 27.7

43.0 52.3 45.9 45.8 36.8 21.1

61.6 61.2 65.2 64.5 62.0 48.7

18.8 21.6 20.7 19.0 17.0 12.2

16.1 16.4 16.3 20.1 13.1 10.8

17.0 19.1 18.7 18.2 15.0 10.0

22.0 18.0 28.0 25.5 23.1 9.6

SOME COLLEGE OR MORE

Total blacks Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR MORE

Total blacks Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

174

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/EDUCATION

Table 3.5

Educational Attainment of Blacks by State, 2004

(percent of blacks aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, for the 25 largest states, 2004) high school graduate or more

Total blacks Alabama Arizona California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin

80.6% 76.6 90.4 84.9 81.4 76.7 83.0 78.8 85.0 84.8 69.6 89.0 70.8 82.8 90.7 83.9 82.2 79.3 76.6 82.7 79.3 83.3 85.5 81.1 90.2 67.5

college graduate

17.7% 11.7 16.6 22.9 21.5 14.2 19.7 15.9 12.7 11.5 12.0 27.8 18.9 15.4 25.8 20.5 21.8 19.5 18.7 16.1 14.6 16.8 20.5 16.8 21.5 10.6

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004. html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 175

Table 3.6

School Enrollment of Blacks, 2003

(total number of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, number of blacks enrolled, and black share of total, by age, October 2003; numbers in thousands) black

Total aged 3 or older Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

74,911 4,590 7,309 11,706 16,478 8,329 8,177 4,856 3,684 3,397 2,212 1,378 1,635 879 283

12,144 798 1,204 2,015 2,804 1,379 1,321 688 490 469 311 220 255 150 40

share of total

16.2% 17.4 16.5 17.2 17.0 16.6 16.2 14.2 13.3 13.8 14.1 16.0 15.6 17.1 14.1

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html

176

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/EDUCATION

Table 3.7

School Enrollment of Blacks by Age and Sex, 2003

(number and percent of blacks aged 3 or older enrolled in school, by age and sex, October 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

Total blacks enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

12,144 798 1,204 2,015 2,804 1,379 1,321 688 490 469 311 220 255 150 40

female percent

34.2% 56.5 94.6 98.1 98.3 98.0 94.2 60.9 42.1 27.2 12.4 8.4 4.7 3.1 0.7

number

6,290 370 626 954 1,451 629 660 367 302 278 206 136 191 94 26

male percent

32.9% 55.3 95.9 97.3 98.4 97.6 94.5 60.7 47.5 30.7 14.7 9.4 6.3 3.6 0.8

number

5,854 429 578 1,061 1,353 751 661 321 187 191 105 84 64 56 14

percent

35.7% 57.6 93.2 98.8 98.2 98.3 93.8 61.1 35.6 23.4 9.4 7.2 2.6 2.6 0.6

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 177

Table 3.8

Black Families with Children in College, 2003

(total number of black families, number with dependent children aged 5 to 24, and number and percent with children enrolled in college by household income, 2003; numbers in thousands) with one or more children enrolled in college

Total black families Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 and over

total

with children aged 5–24

number

9,309 1,192 710 557 1,126 1,022 583 1,132 550 330 118

5,797 828 450 343 727 685 352 723 310 183 67

675 40 36 32 53 99 48 97 42 25 17

percent of total black families

7.3% 3.4 5.1 5.7 4.7 9.7 8.2 8.6 7.6 7.6 14.4

percent of black families with children 5–24

11.6% 4.8 8.0 9.3 7.3 14.5 13.6 13.4 13.5 13.7 25.4

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because not reported is not shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

178

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/EDUCATION

Table 3.9

Black College Enrollment Rate, 1990 to 2001

(percent of total people and blacks aged 16 to 24 graduating from high school in the previous 12 months who were enrolled in college as of October of each year, percentage point change in enrollment rate, 1990–2001) 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

black

61.7% 63.3 62.9 65.6 67.0 65.0 61.9 61.9 62.6 61.9 62.5 60.1

54.6% 54.9 58.9 61.9 58.5 56.0 51.2 50.8 55.6 48.2 46.4 46.8

Percentage point change 1990–2001 1.5

7.8

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003; Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d03/list_tables3.asp#c3; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 179

Table 3.10

College Enrollment of Blacks, 2003

(total number of people aged 15 or older enrolled in college, number of blacks enrolled, and black share of total, by age, October 2003; numbers in thousands) black

Total enrolled in college Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

16,638 3,661 3,534 3,320 2,164 1,330 769 757 479 357 268

2,227 430 441 445 303 214 129 95 81 58 34

share of total

13.4% 11.7 12.5 13.4 14.0 16.1 16.8 12.5 16.9 16.2 12.7

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

180

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/EDUCATION

Table 3.11

College Enrollment of Blacks by Age and Type of School, 2003

(number and percent distribution of blacks aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age and type of school, October 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total blacks enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

two-year college

four-year college

graduate school

2,227 430 441 445 303 214 129 95 81 58 34

694 160 109 142 96 53 55 26 34 18 2

1,195 260 319 243 141 105 38 42 23 15 12

338 9 12 60 66 58 37 29 23 26 19

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF SCHOOL

Total blacks enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

31.2% 37.2 24.7 31.9 31.7 24.8 42.6 27.4 42.0 31.0 5.9

53.7% 60.5 72.3 54.6 46.5 49.1 29.5 44.2 28.4 25.9 35.3

15.2% 2.1 2.7 13.5 21.8 27.1 28.7 30.5 28.4 44.8 55.9

100.0% 23.1 15.7 20.5 13.8 7.6 7.9 3.7 4.9 2.6 0.3

100.0% 21.8 26.7 20.3 11.8 8.8 3.2 3.5 1.9 1.3 1.0

100.0% 2.7 3.6 17.8 19.5 17.2 10.9 8.6 6.8 7.7 5.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total blacks enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 19.3 19.8 20.0 13.6 9.6 5.8 4.3 3.6 2.6 1.5

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 181

Table 3.12

Associate’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of associate’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by blacks

Total associate’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Mechanics and repairers Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services R.O.T.C. and military technologies Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

595,133 6,494 443 319 1,517 108,911 2,819 2,021 30,965 2,639 9,267 1,724 32,895 864 517 79,888 9,480 6,825 207,163 96 685 12,086 13,204 830 134 2,308 10,818 16,689 1,705 3,323 62 5,593 414 1,159 20,911 365

67,337 51 23 13 141 16,052 240 166 4,328 172 1,397 140 3,743 69 13 9,381 1,792 1,174 19,935 3 28 824 1,379 88 21 205 673 1,941 147 817 27 650 68 61 1,521 54

percent

11.3% 0.8 5.2 4.1 9.3 14.7 8.5 8.2 14.0 6.5 15.1 8.1 11.4 8.0 2.5 11.7 18.9 17.2 9.6 3.1 4.1 6.8 10.4 10.6 15.7 8.9 6.2 11.6 8.6 24.6 43.5 11.6 16.4 5.3 7.3 14.8

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

182

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/EDUCATION

Table 3.13

Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of bachelor’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by blacks total

number

Total bachelor’s degrees 1,291,900 Agriculture and natural resources 23,353 Architecture and related programs 8,808 Area, ethnic, and cultural studies 6,557 Biological and life sciences 60,256 Business 281,330 Communications 62,791 Communications technologies 1,110 Computer and information sciences 47,299 Construction trades 202 Education 106,383 Engineering 59,481 Engineering-related technologies 14,117 English language and literature, letters 53,162 Foreign languages and literatures 15,318 Health professions and related sciences 70,517 Home economics 18,153 Law and legal studies 1,971 Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities 39,333 Library science 74 Mathematics 12,395 Mechanics and repairers 164 Multi- and interdisciplinary studies 27,629 Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness 20,554 Philosophy and religion 9,306 Physical sciences 17,851 Precision production trades 468 Protective services 25,536 Psychology 76,671 Public administration and services 19,392 R.O.T.C. and military technologies 3 Social sciences and history 132,874 Theological studies, religious vocations 7,785 Transportation and material moving 4,020 Visual and performing arts 66,773 Not classiﬁed 264

116,624 653 348 881 4,807 28,153 5,540 149 5,030 6 6,976 3,099 1,387 4,049 622 8,011 1,659 303 4,688 0 935 18 2,739 1,751 481 1,142 25 4,484 8,107 4,036 0 12,530 411 220 3,373 11

percent

9.0% 2.8 4.0 13.4 8.0 10.0 8.8 13.4 10.6 3.0 6.6 5.2 9.8 7.6 4.1 11.4 9.1 15.4 11.9 0.0 7.5 11.0 9.9 8.5 5.2 6.4 5.3 17.6 10.6 20.8 0.0 9.4 5.3 5.5 5.1 4.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 183

Table 3.14

Master’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of master’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by blacks

Total master’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

482,118 4,519 4,566 1,578 6,205 120,785 5,510 549 16,113 9 136,579 26,015 896 7,268 2,861 43,644 2,616 4,053 2,754 5,113 3,487 3,211 2,754 1,334 5,034 2 2,935 14,888 25,448 14,112 4,952 709 11,595 24

40,373 122 164 130 303 10,434 532 36 745 1 13,069 794 75 349 55 3,249 270 176 214 259 126 250 210 60 149 0 482 1,837 4,386 1,022 334 32 508 0

percent

8.4% 2.7 3.6 8.2 4.9 8.6 9.7 6.6 4.6 11.1 9.6 3.1 8.4 4.8 1.9 7.4 10.3 4.3 7.8 5.1 3.6 7.8 7.6 4.5 3.0 0.0 16.4 12.3 17.2 7.2 6.7 4.5 4.4 0.0

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

184

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/EDUCATION

Table 3.15

Doctoral Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of doctoral degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by blacks

Total doctoral degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Visual and performing arts

total

number

44,160 1,166 183 216 4,489 1,158 374 9 750 6,967 5,195 15 1,446 843 3,523 355 79 113 45 958 384 151 606 3,803 49 4,341 571 3,902 1,355 1,114

2,397 19 8 33 117 71 33 0 22 900 86 0 74 17 124 32 1 6 5 16 18 5 17 77 3 257 75 206 150 25

percent

5.4% 1.6 4.4 15.3 2.6 6.1 8.8 0.0 2.9 12.9 1.7 0.0 5.1 2.0 3.5 9.0 1.3 5.3 11.1 1.7 4.7 3.3 2.8 2.0 6.1 5.9 13.1 5.3 11.1 2.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 185

Table 3.16

First-Professional Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Blacks by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of ﬁrst-professional degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic blacks, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by blacks

Total ﬁrst-professional degrees Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Optometry (O.D.) Osteopathic medicine (D.O.) Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Podiatry (Pod.D., D.P., or D.P.M.) Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) Naturopathic medicine Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord.)

total

number

80,698 4,239 15,237 1,280 2,416 7,076 474 2,289 3,284 227 38,981 5,195

5,811 155 1,104 22 97 570 38 67 116 4 3,002 636

percent

7.2% 3.7 7.2 1.7 4.0 8.1 8.0 2.9 3.5 1.8 7.7 12.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.17

Black Participation in Adult Education, 2001

(percent of total people and blacks aged 16 or older participating in adult education activities, by type of adult education activity, 2001) percent participating total

Any adult education course College or university credential programs Work-related courses Personal interest courses Other educational activities

blacks

47.4%

43.9%

7.3 29.7 21.3 3.6

7.5 23.4 25.7 4.5

Note: Adult education activities include apprenticeships, courses for basic skills, English as a second language, work-related courses, and personal development. For those aged 25 or older, credential programs in postsecondary institutions are counted as adult education activities. For those aged 16 to 24, full-time participation (full-year or part-year) in college or university credential programs or vocational or technical diploma programs are excluded. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Education and Lifelong Learning Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program; Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2003/section1/tables/t08_2.asp

186

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS

Blacks: Health

About Half of Blacks Say Their Health Is Very Good or Excellent Slightly more than 50 percent of blacks say they are in very good or excellent health, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. For comparison, a larger 62 percent of the total population rates its health so highly. Nineteen percent of blacks say they are in fair or poor health, far above the 12 percent of the total population that feels that way. Two-thirds of black men and women are overweight. About one in ﬁve blacks are current smokers, and one in three drink regularly. Black women gave birth to nearly 600,000 babies in 2003, accounting for 15 percent of all babies born that year. Sixty-eight percent of black babies are born to unmarried women, the highest proportion among all racial and ethnic groups. Blacks account for 44 percent of all births in Mississippi and at least 30 percent of births in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, and South Carolina. Only 50 percent of blacks are covered by employment-based health insurance, a much lower proportion than the 60 percent share among the total population. Twenty-ﬁve percent of blacks have Medicaid coverage. Blacks visit a doctor an average of 2.5 times a year, less often than the 3.1 times the average American goes to the doctor. Eighteen percent of blacks aged 18 or older have physical difﬁculties, a slightly greater share than the 15 percent among all American adults. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease are the leading causes of death among blacks, just as they are for the population as a whole. But AIDS ranks seventh as a cause of death among blacks, while it is not among the top ten for the total population. Blacks account for 41 percent of all AIDS cases diagnosed through 2003, and for an even larger 61 percent of cases diagnosed among women and 62 percent among children under age 13. ■ While blacks have made substantial gains in income and education over the past few decades, their health status is lagging.

Nearly one in ﬁve blacks do not have health insurance 75 (percent distribution of blacks by health insurance coverage status, 2003; shares do not add to 100 percent because some people have more than one kind of health insurance.)

53% 50

50%

35% 25

25%

0

0%

19%

private a insurance

a insurance government

b no insurance

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 187

Table 3.18

Black Health Status, 2003

(percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, and index of black to total, 2003)

Total people Excellent/very good Good Fair/poor

index of black to total

total

black

100.0% 62.3 25.5 12.2

100.0% 50.8 30.0 19.2

– 82 118 157

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. (–) means not applicable. The index is calculated by dividing the black ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.19

Smoking and Drinking Status of Blacks by Sex, 2003

(percent distribution of blacks aged 18 or older by smoking and drinking status and sex, 2003) total

men

women

100.0% 63.6 15.5 20.9

100.0% 54.5 20.6 24.8

100.0% 70.3 11.9 17.9

100.0 35.6 16.7 13.6 33.2

100.0 26.3 19.6 11.4 41.8

100.0 42.5 15.0 15.3 26.1

SMOKING STATUS

Total blacks Never smoked Former smoker Current smoker DRINKING STATUS

Total blacks Lifetime abstainer Former drinker Current infrequent drinker Current regular drinker

Note: Never smoked means having had fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Former smokers have had 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime but did not smoke at time of interview. Current smokers have had at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoke. Lifetime abstainers have had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime. Former drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, none in past year. Current infrequent drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime and fewer than 12 drinks in past year. Current regular drinkers have had at least 12 drinks in past year. Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

188

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HEALTH

Table 3.20

Weight in Pounds of Blacks by Age and Sex, 1999–2002

(average weight in pounds of non-Hispanic blacks aged 20 or older by age and sex, 1999–2002) men

women

189.2 189.1 191.1 186.5

182.4 179.2 189.3 176.6

WEIGHT IN POUNDS

Total blacks Aged 20 to 39 Aged 40 to 59 Aged 60 or older

Note: Data are based on measured weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002; Advance Data, No. 347, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/ad/341-350/341-350.htm

Table 3.21

Weight Status of Blacks by Sex, 2003

(percent distribution of blacks aged 18 or older by weight status and sex, 2003) Total blacks Underweight Healthy weight Overweight, total Overweight, but not obese Obese

total

men

100.0% 1.1 30.2 68.7 35.1 33.6

100.0% 0.9 31.1 68.1 40.7 27.4

women

100.0% 1.2 30.2 68.6 30.4 38.2

Note: Being overweight is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 25 or higher. Being obese is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. Body mass index is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on measured height and weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 189

Table 3.22

Births to Black Women by Age, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to blacks, and black share of total, by age, 2003) black

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

total

number

4,089,950 6,661 414,580 1,032,305 1,086,366 975,546 467,642 101,005 5,845

599,847 2,726 100,951 196,268 139,947 97,529 49,889 11,895 642

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 0.5 16.8 32.7 23.3 16.3 8.3 2.0 0.1

14.7% 40.9 24.4 19.0 12.9 10.0 10.7 11.8 11.0

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.23

Births to Black Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003

(total number of births to blacks, number of births to unmarried blacks, and unmarried share of total, by age, 2003) unmarried blacks

Births to blacks Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 or older

total

number

599,847 2,726 100,951 196,268 139,947 97,529 49,889 12,537

409,333 2,715 97,000 160,312 83,421 41,692 19,260 4,933

share of total

68.2% 99.6 96.1 81.7 59.6 42.7 38.6 39.3

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

190

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HEALTH

Table 3.24

Births to Black Women by Birth Order, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to blacks, and black share of total, by birth order, 2003) black

Total births First child Second child Third child Fourth or later child

total

number

4,089,950 1,633,987 1,320,477 684,296 439,235

599,847 226,476 174,614 105,788 90,638

percent distribution

100.0% 37.8 29.1 17.6 15.1

share of total

14.7% 13.9 13.2 15.5 20.6

Note: Numbers will not add to total because “not stated” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 191

Table 3.25

Births to Black Women by State, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to blacks, and black share of total, by state, 2003) black births

Total births Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

4,089,950 59,552 10,086 90,967 37,784 540,997 69,339 42,873 11,329 7,619 212,250 135,979 18,100 21,800 182,495 86,434 38,174 39,476 55,236 65,040 13,855 74,930 80,184 131,094 70,050 42,380 77,045 11,422 25,917 33,647 14,393 116,983 27,821 253,714 118,323 7,972 149,679 50,981 45,953

599,847 17,931 404 3,261 7,236 32,349 2,937 5,187 2,907 5,250 47,341 43,099 583 106 31,565 9,375 1,287 2,763 4,851 26,224 183 25,515 8,596 22,567 5,362 18,553 11,166 50 1,468 2,900 243 20,200 532 48,025 27,171 109 22,678 4,625 1,018

percent distribution

100.0% 3.0 0.1 0.5 1.2 5.4 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.9 7.9 7.2 0.1 0.0 5.3 1.6 0.2 0.5 0.8 4.4 0.0 4.3 1.4 3.8 0.9 3.1 1.9 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 3.4 0.1 8.0 4.5 0.0 3.8 0.8 0.2

share of total

14.7% 30.1 4.0 3.6 19.2 6.0 4.2 12.1 25.7 68.9 22.3 31.7 3.2 0.5 17.3 10.8 3.4 7.0 8.8 40.3 1.3 34.1 10.7 17.2 7.7 43.8 14.5 0.4 5.7 8.6 1.7 17.3 1.9 18.9 23.0 1.4 15.2 9.1 2.2 (continued)

192

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HEALTH

black births

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

145,959 13,209 55,649 11,027 78,890 377,476 49,860 6,589 101,254 80,489 20,935 70,040 6,700

22,056 1,258 18,334 122 16,249 41,885 383 53 22,607 4,015 721 6,494 53

percent distribution

3.7% 0.2 3.1 0.0 2.7 7.0 0.1 0.0 3.8 0.7 0.1 1.1 0.0

share of total

15.1% 9.5 32.9 1.1 20.6 11.1 0.8 0.8 22.3 5.0 3.4 9.3 0.8

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 193

Table 3.26

Health Insurance Coverage of Blacks by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of blacks by age and health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

total

total

private

government

not covered at any time during the year

37,651 12,363 3,998 5,190 5,530 4,812 2,825 2,933

30,344 10,636 2,600 3,678 4,265 3,875 2,393 2,897

20,136 5,879 1,782 2,848 3,561 3,126 1,772 1,168

13,195 5,775 972 990 911 949 827 2,771

7,307 1,727 1,397 1,512 1,265 937 432 36

with health insurance coverage during year

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

80.6% 86.0 65.0 70.9 77.1 80.5 84.7 98.8

53.5% 47.6 44.6 54.9 64.4 65.0 62.7 39.8

35.0% 46.7 24.3 19.1 16.5 19.7 29.3 94.5

19.4% 14.0 34.9 29.1 22.9 19.5 15.3 1.2

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers may not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

194

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HEALTH

Table 3.27

Blacks with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of blacks by age and private health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with private health insurance employment-based

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

total

own

direct purchase

37,651 12,363 3,998 5,190 5,530 4,812 2,825 2,933

20,136 5,879 1,782 2,848 3,561 3,126 1,772 1,168

18,669 5,550 1,543 2,694 3,413 3,000 1,645 823

10,282 29 627 2,257 2,781 2,523 1,356 709

1,732 359 164 183 206 234 180 406

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

53.5% 47.6 44.6 54.9 64.4 65.0 62.7 39.8

49.6% 44.9 38.6 51.9 61.7 62.3 58.2 28.1

27.3% 0.2 15.7 43.5 50.3 52.4 48.0 24.2

4.6% 2.9 4.1 3.5 3.7 4.9 6.4 13.8

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 195

Table 3.28

Blacks with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of blacks by age and government health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with government health insurance

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

Medicaid

Medicare

military

37,651 12,363 3,998 5,190 5,530 4,812 2,825 2,933

13,195 5,775 972 990 911 949 827 2,771

9,292 5,417 858 831 630 584 416 555

4,080 167 47 131 204 337 439 2,755

1,283 362 108 134 203 197 149 130

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

35.0% 46.7 24.3 19.1 16.5 19.7 29.3 94.5

24.7% 43.8 21.5 16.0 11.4 12.1 14.7 18.9

10.8% 1.4 1.2 2.5 3.7 7.0 15.5 93.9

3.4% 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.7 4.1 5.3 4.4

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

196

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HEALTH

Table 3.29

Health Conditions among Blacks Aged 18 or Older, 2003

(number of total people and blacks aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, percent of blacks with condition, and black share of total with condition, 2003; numbers in thousands) black

Total people

total

number

percent with condition

213,042

24,111

–

23,536 12,254 45,927 5,070

2,091 1,053 6,822 707

9.9% 5.3 31.6 3.5

8.9 8.6 14.9 13.9

Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

share of total

11.3%

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma Ever Still Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,115

194

1.0

6.2

20,697 13,623 18,356 29,673 8,560

2,610 1,765 1,654 3,421 910

10.7 7.2 6.8 14.3 3.9

12.6 13.0 9.0 11.5 10.6

Cancer Any cancer Breast cancer (all adults) Cervical cancer (women only) Prostate cancer (men only)

13,973 2,426 1,082 1,332

772 132 70 187

3.8 0.6 0.5 2.4

5.5 5.4 6.5 14.0

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes Ulcers Kidney disease Liver disease Arthritis Chronic joint symptoms Migraines or severe headaches Pain in neck Pain in lower back Pain in face or jaw

14,012 14,456 3,017 2,511 45,793 57,242 32,268 31,368 58,430 9,464

2,120 1,319 427 306 4,679 5,567 3,752 2,833 5,902 706

10.1 5.8 2.1 1.4 22.2 25.1 15.2 12.1 25.0 3.0

15.1 9.1 14.2 12.2 10.2 9.7 11.6 9.0 10.1 7.5

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

32,533 18,628 15,927

1,932 2,385 1,710

9.2 10.8 8.9

5.9 12.8 10.7

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past twelve months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past twelve months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 197

Table 3.30

Health Conditions among Black Children, 2003

(number of total people and blacks under age 18 with selected health conditions, percent of blacks with condition, and black share of total, 2003; numbers in thousands) black

Total children Diagnosed with asthma Experienced in last 12 months Asthma attack Hay fever Respiratory allergies Other allergies Ever told had* Learning disability Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder Prescription medication taken regularly for at least 3 months

total

number

72,973 9,071

11,061 1,893

3,975 7,059 8,347 8,407

percent with condition

share of total

– 17.2%

15.2% 20.9

877 954 1,154 1,568

8.0 8.7 10.5 14.2

22.1 13.5 13.8 18.7

4,561 3,881

678 545

7.3 5.9

14.9 14.0

9,287

1,316

11.9

14.2

* “Ever told” by a school representative or health professional. Data exclude children under age 3. Note: Other allergies include food or digestive allergies, eczema, and other skin allergies. Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 223, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.31

Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Blacks by Age, 2002

(number of total physician ofﬁce visits, number and percent distribution of visits by blacks, black share of total, and average number of visits by blacks per person per year, by age, 2002) visits by blacks

Total visits Under age 15 Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total (000s)

number (000s)

889,980 159,235 71,865 192,359 242,142 109,331 115,049

89,455 19,867 8,071 18,750 22,496 10,733 9,538

percent distribution

100.0% 22.2 9.0 21.0 25.1 12.0 10.7

share of total

10.1% 12.5 11.2 9.7 9.3 9.8 8.3

per person per year

2.5 2.1 1.4 1.8 3.2 6.6 8.1

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2002 Summary, Advance Data No. 346, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm; calculations by New Strategist

198

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HEALTH

Table 3.32

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Blacks, 2003

(number of total people and blacks aged 18 or older, number with difﬁculties in physical functioning, percent of blacks with difﬁculty, and black share of total, by type of difﬁculty, 2003; numbers in thousands) black

TOTAL PEOPLE

Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up ten steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry ten pounds Push or pull large objects

total

number

213,042 31,322 14,910 11,107 18,663 7,211 18,250 6,264 3,943 9,194 13,463

24,111 3,876 2,097 1,753 2,431 947 2,350 915 544 1,329 1,685

percent with difﬁculty

– 18.2% 10.2 8.7 11.5 4.4 11.2 4.6 2.7 6.5 8.1

share of total

11.3% 12.4 14.1 15.8 13.0 13.1 12.9 14.6 13.8 14.5 12.5

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.33

AIDS Cases among Blacks, through December 2003

(total number of AIDS cases diagnosed, number and percent distribution of AIDS cases diagnosed among blacks, and black share of total, by sex and age at diagnosis, through December 2003) black

Total AIDS cases Males aged 13 or older Females aged 13 or older Children under age 13

total

number

874,230 708,452 156,837 8,939

354,920 253,078 96,338 5,504

percent distribution

100.0% 71.3 27.1 1.6

share of total

40.6% 35.7 61.4 61.6

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 199

Table 3.34

Leading Causes of Death among Blacks, 2002

(number and percent distribution of deaths to blacks accounted for by the ten leading causes of death among blacks, 2002) number

Total black deaths 1. Diseases of the heart (1) 2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) (2) 3. Cerebrovascular diseases (3) 4. Diabetes mellitus (6) 5. Accidents (unintentional injuries) (5) 6. Homicide (14) 7. Human immunodeﬁciency virus infection 8. Chronic lower respiratory disease (4) 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis (9) 10. Septicemia (10) All other causes

290,051 77,621 62,617 18,856 12,687 12,513 8,287 7,835 7,831 7,488 6,137 68,179

percent distribution

100.0% 26.8 21.6 6.5 4.4 4.3 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.1 23.5

Note: Number in parentheses shows rank for all Americans if the cause of death is among top ﬁfteen. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.35

Life Expectancy of Blacks at Birth and Age 65 by Sex, 1990 to 2002

(number of years of life remaining for blacks at birth and age 65, by sex, 1990 to 2002; change in years, 1990 to 2002)

Birth 2002 2000 1990 Change, 1990 to 2002 Age 65 2002 2000 1990 Change, 1990 to 2002

total blacks

black females

black males

72.3 71.9 69.1

75.6 75.2 73.6

68.8 68.3 64.5

3.2

2.0

4.3

16.6 16.2 15.4

18.0 17.7 17.2

14.6 14.2 13.2

1.2

0.8

1.4

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

200

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS

Blacks: Housing

Most Black Households in the South Own Their Home Forty-nine percent of the nation’s black households owned their home in 2004 compared with a much higher homeownership rate of 69 percent for all households. According to an analysis of homeownership in 2003, homeownership among black married couples stood at an impressive 70 percent. By age, black homeownership surpasses 60 percent in the 55-orolder age group. Fifty-three percent of black households in the South own their home, the only region in which the majority of black households are homeowners. In the Northeast, only 35 percent of black households own their home. The 76 percent majority of black homeowners live in single-family, detached homes. Black homeowners estimate the value of their home at a median of $97,176. Most black householders are satisﬁed with their home and neighborhood. On a scale of one to ten, 72 percent of black homeowners rate their home an eight or higher. Among black renters, however, barely more than half rate their home at least an eight. Only 12 percent of black homeowners and 18 percent of renters report that crime is a bothersome problem in their neighborhood. Seventeen percent of blacks moved between 2003 and 2004, a higher mobility rate than for the population as a whole. Among black homeowners who moved in the past year, the main reason was to establish their own household. ■ Because so many black households are female-headed families—one of the household types least likely to own a home—black homeownership is well below average.

Black homeownership is lowest in the Northeast

75

(percent of black households that own their home, by region, 2004)

53% 50 50%

45%

44%

35% 25 25%

0

0%

a Northeast

b Midwest

c South

d West

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 201

Table 3.36

Black Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004

(homeownership rate of total and black households and index of black to total, 1994 to 2004; percentage point change in homeownership rate, 1994–2004) total households

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 Percentage point change 1994 to 2004

black households

index

69.0% 68.3 67.9 67.8 67.4 66.8 66.3 65.7 65.4 64.7 64.0

49.1% 48.1 47.3 47.7 47.2 46.3 45.6 44.8 44.1 42.7 42.3

71 70 70 70 70 69 69 68 67 66 66

5.0

6.8

–

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the black homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

202

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HOUSING

Table 3.37

Black Homeownership Status by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent of black households by age of householder and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner

Total black households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older Median age

total

number

13,004 983 1,017 1,492 2,906 2,904 1,657 1,172 873

6,193 119 234 492 1,318 1,615 1,059 775 581

45

50

renter percent

number

47.6% 12.1 23.0 33.0 45.4 55.6 63.9 66.1 66.6

percent

6,811 864 783 1,000 1,589 1,289 598 397 292

–

52.4% 87.9 77.0 67.0 54.7 44.4 36.1 33.9 33.4

39

–

Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.38

Black Homeowners by Age of Householder, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of black homeowners, and black share of total, by age, 2003; numbers in thousands) black

Total homeowners Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

number

72,238 1,272 3,207 5,845 15,406 16,661 12,497 8,876 8,474

6,193 119 234 492 1,318 1,615 1,059 775 581

percent distribution

100.0% 1.9 3.8 7.9 21.3 26.1 17.1 12.5 9.4

share of total

8.6% 9.4 7.3 8.4 8.6 9.7 8.5 8.7 6.9

Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 203

Table 3.39

Black Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent of black households by household type and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner TOTAL BLACK HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

renter

total

number

percent

number

13,778 9,128 4,268 4,069 791

6,549 4,791 3,007 1,404 381

47.5% 52.5 70.5 34.5 48.2

7,229 4,337 1,262 2,665 410

percent

52.5% 47.5 29.6 65.5 51.8

4,650 2,550 2,100

1,758 1,101 657

37.8 43.2 31.3

2,892 1,449 1,443

62.2 56.8 68.7

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.40

Black Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of black homeowners, and black share of total, by type of household, 2003; numbers in thousands) black percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

75,909 57,092 47,676 6,695 2,721

6,549 4,791 3,007 1,404 381

100.0% 73.2 45.9 21.4 5.8

8.6% 8.4 6.3 21.0 14.0

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

18,817 11,075 7,742

1,758 1,101 657

26.8 16.8 10.0

9.3 9.9 8.5

TOTAL HOMEOWNERS

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

204

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HOUSING

Table 3.41

Black Homeownership Status by Region, 2003

(number and percent of black households by homeownership status and region, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners

Total black households Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

13,004 2,361 2,424 7,050 1,168

6,193 833 1,100 3,743 516

renters percent

number

47.6% 35.3 45.4 53.1 44.2

percent

6,811 1,528 1,324 3,307 652

52.4% 64.7 54.6 46.9 55.8

Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.42

Black Homeowners by Region, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of black homeowners, and black share of total, by region, 2003; numbers in thousands) black

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

72,238 12,964 17,889 26,699 14,686

6,193 833 1,100 3,743 516

percent distribution

100.0% 13.5 17.8 60.4 8.3

share of total

8.6% 6.4 6.1 14.0 3.5

Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 205

Table 3.43

Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Blacks, 2003

(number and percent distribution of housing units occupied by blacks by selected housing characteristics and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied

renter-occupied

percent distribution

number

percent distribution

total

number

13,004 6,104 1,220 1,705 1,154 869 549 736 667 1,565

6,193 4,718 610 180 28 46 22 51 537 1,655

100.0% 76.2 9.8 2.9 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.8 8.7 –

6,811 1,386 610 1,525 1,126 823 527 684 130 1,278

100.0% 20.3 9.0 22.4 16.5 12.1 7.7 10.0 1.9 –

13,004 145 1,942 3,905 5,129 1,883

6,193 0 115 1,040 3,497 1,541

100.0 0.0 1.9 16.8 56.5 24.9

6,811 145 1,828 2,865 1,632 342

100.0 2.1 26.8 42.1 24.0 5.0

13,004 125 6,767 2,178 3,934

6,193 45 1,888 1,370 2,890

100.0 0.7 30.5 22.1 46.7

6,811 79 4,880 808 1,045

100.0 1.2 71.6 11.9 15.3

13,004 2,271

6,193 1,359

100.0 21.9

6,811 913

100.0 13.4

9,858 12,496 2,400 5,788

5,318 6,010 1,859 3,758

85.9 97.0 30.0 60.7

4540 6,486 541 2,030

66.7 95.2 7.9 29.8

2,333 4,793 2,578

1,990 3,500 495

32.1 56.5 8.0

344 1,293 2,083

5.1 19.0 30.6

UNITS IN STRUCTURE

Total black households One, detached One, attached Two to four Five to nine 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 or more Mobile home or trailer Median square footage of unit* NUMBER OF BEDROOMS

Total black households None One Two Three Four or more NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

Total black households None One One-and-one-half Two or more ROOM USED FOR BUSINESS

Total black households With room(s) used for business SELECTED AMENITIES

Porch, deck, balcony, or patio Telephone available Usable ﬁreplace Separate dining room Two or more living or recreation rooms Garage or carport No cars, trucks, vans available

* Single-family detached and mobile/manufactured homes only. Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

206

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HOUSING

Table 3.44

Housing Value for Black Homeowners, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black homeowners by value of home, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total black homeowners Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $119,999 $120,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 to $299,999 $300,000 or more Median home value

6,193 168 153 212 275 301 357 361 510 884 511 691 682 311 246 531 $97,176

percent distribution

100.0% 2.7 2.5 3.4 4.4 4.9 5.8 5.8 8.2 14.3 8.3 11.2 11.0 5.0 4.0 8.6 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 207

Table 3.45

Neighborhood Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Blacks, 2003

(number and percent distribution of housing units occupied by blacks by selected neighborhood characteristics and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied percent distribution

renter-occupied number

percent distribution

total

number

13,004 9,673 2,359 4,478 1,286 624 1,161 4,787 776 3,596 2,342 99

6,193 5,338 886 941 217 101 851 1,502 244 1,752 796 41

100.0% 86.2 14.3 15.2 3.5 1.6 13.7 24.3 3.9 28.3 12.9 0.7

6,811 4,335 1,473 3,537 1,069 523 310 3,285 532 1,844 1,546 58

100.0% 63.6 21.6 51.9 15.7 7.7 4.6 48.2 7.8 27.1 22.7 0.9

13,004 1,703 2,012 725 378 403 221 113 683 1,135

6,193 713 762 254 149 210 120 60 293 544

100.0 11.5 12.3 4.1 2.4 3.4 1.9 1.0 4.7 8.8

6,811 990 1,250 471 229 193 102 53 390 591

100.0 14.5 18.4 6.9 3.4 2.8 1.5 0.8 5.7 8.7

4,571 3,371

1,999 1,547

100.0 77.4

2,572 1,824

100.0 70.9

13,004 9,257 10,438 10,985

6,193 3,805 4,745 5,266

100.0 61.4 76.6 85.0

6,811 5,451 5,692 5,720

100.0 80.0 83.6 84.0

DESCRIPTION OF AREA WITHIN 300 FEET OF HOME

Total black households Single-family detached homes Single-family attached homes One-to-three-story multiunit Four-to-six-story multiunit Seven-or-more-story multiunit Manufactured/mobile homes Commercial or institutional Industrial or factories Open space, park, woods, farm, or ranch Four-or-more-lane highway, railroad, or airport Waterfront property NEIGHBORHOOD PROBLEMS

Total black households Bothersome street noise problem Bothersome neighborhood crime problem Bothersome odor problem Noise problem Litter or housing deterioration Poor city or county services Undesirable commercial, institutional, industrial People problem Other problems PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Total black households with children under 14 Satisfactory public elementary school PUBLIC SERVICES

Total black households With public transportation Satisfactory neighborhood shopping Satisfactory police protection

Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

208

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HOUSING

Table 3.46

Opinion of Blacks toward Housing Unit and Neighborhood, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black households by opinion of housing unit and neighborhood, by homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied percent distribution

renter-occupied number

percent distribution

total

number

13,004 136 92 170 204 1,051 902 1,806 3,113 1,622 3,215 695

6,193 27 7 26 40 348 289 711 1,512 976 1,958 300

100.0% 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.6 5.6 4.7 11.5 24.4 15.8 31.6 4.8

6,811 109 85 144 164 703 614 1,095 1,601 646 1,257 395

100.0% 1.6 1.2 2.1 2.4 10.3 9.0 16.1 23.5 9.5 18.5 5.8

6,193 91 32 78 104 460 364 847 1,589 810 1,502 13 302

100.0 1.5 0.5 1.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 13.7 25.7 13.1 24.3 0.2 4.9

6,811 223 93 189 206 814 618 1,008 1,434 656 1,156 16 398

100.0 3.3 1.4 2.8 3.0 12.0 9.1 14.8 21.1 9.6 17.0 0.2 5.8

OPINION OF HOUSING UNIT

Total black households 1 (worst) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (best) Not reported

OPINION OF NEIGHBORHOOD

Total black households 1 (worst) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (best) No neighborhood Not reported

13,004 314 125 267 310 1,275 981 1,855 3,024 1,466 2,658 30 700

Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 209

Table 3.47

Geographical Mobility of Blacks by Age, 2003–04

(total number of blacks aged 1 or older, and number and percent who moved between March 2003 and March 2004, by age and type of move; numbers in thousands) movers

Total blacks Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

same county

different county, same state

37,050 2,717 3,239 3,625 2,181 1,047 2,951 2,571 2,619 2,674 2,856 2,632 2,180 1,566 547 712 2,933

6,232 768 707 642 322 175 741 659 536 448 419 269 201 142 27 56 122

3,920 532 463 394 204 125 465 413 338 257 262 148 117 87 9 25 78

1,051 126 125 104 55 21 149 119 82 80 58 52 33 22 2 7 19

different state

abroad

1,158 110 116 132 56 26 119 118 105 98 77 62 46 32 16 21 25

103 0 3 12 7 3 8 9 11 13 22 7 5 1 0 3 0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY MOBILITY STATUS

Total blacks Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

16.8% 28.3 21.8 17.7 14.8 16.7 25.1 25.6 20.5 16.8 14.7 10.2 9.2 9.1 4.9 7.9 4.2

10.6% 19.6 14.3 10.9 9.4 11.9 15.8 16.1 12.9 9.6 9.2 5.6 5.4 5.6 1.6 3.5 2.7

2.8% 4.6 3.9 2.9 2.5 2.0 5.0 4.6 3.1 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 0.4 1.0 0.6

3.1% 4.0 3.6 3.6 2.6 2.5 4.0 4.6 4.0 3.7 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.9 2.9 0.9

0.3% 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/migrate/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

210

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/HOUSING

Table 3.48

Reasons for Moving among Black Movers by Homeownership Status, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black households with respondents who moved in the past 12 months by main reason for move and for choosing new neighborhood and house, by homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners

renters percent distribution

number

percent distribution

total

number

Total black movers 2,659 All reported reasons equal 29 Private displacement 17 Government displacement 10 Disaster loss (ﬁre, ﬂood, etc.) 31 New job or job transfer 165 To be closer to work/school/other 129 Other ﬁnancial/employment reason 115 To establish own household 416 Needed larger house or apartment 318 Married, widowed, divorced, separated 111 Other family/personal reason 199 Wanted better home 276 Change from owner to renter/renter to owner 81 Wanted lower rent or maintenance 122 Other housing related reasons 149 Other 333 Not reported 157

421 2 0 0 0 25 15 8 76 51 20 35 55 64 5 8 36 21

100.0% 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 3.6 1.9 18.1 12.1 4.8 8.3 13.1 15.2 1.2 1.9 8.6 5.0

2,238 27 17 10 31 139 114 107 339 268 91 164 222 17 117 141 297 136

100.0% 1.2 0.8 0.4 1.4 6.2 5.1 4.8 15.1 12.0 4.1 7.3 9.9 0.8 5.2 6.3 13.3 6.1

421 11 35 51 10 2 16 4 70 108 92 23

100.0 2.6 8.3 12.1 2.4 0.5 3.8 1.0 16.6 25.7 21.9 5.5

2,238 48 426 343 26 62 102 45 298 263 522 104

100.0 2.1 19.0 15.3 1.2 2.8 4.6 2.0 13.3 11.8 23.3 4.6

MAIN REASON FOR LEAVING PREVIOUS HOUSING UNIT

MAIN REASON FOR CHOOSING PRESENT NEIGHBORHOOD

Total black movers All reported reasons equal Convenient to job Convenient to friends or relatives Convenient to leisure activities Convenient to public transportation Good schools Other public services Looks/design of neighborhood House was most important consideration Other Not reported

2,659 59 461 393 36 63 118 49 368 371 614 126

(continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 211

owners total MAIN REASON FOR CHOOSING PRESENT HOME

Total black movers All reported reasons equal Financial reasons Room layout/design Kitchen Size Exterior appearance Yard/trees/view Quality of construction Only one available Other Not reported

2,659 56 780 437 19 425 78 50 64 191 438 122

number

421 11 88 117 3 54 8 18 16 8 79 20

renters percent distribution

100.0% 2.6 20.9 27.8 0.7 12.8 1.9 4.3 3.8 1.9 18.8 4.8

number

2,238 45 692 320 16 371 70 32 47 183 359 102

percent distribution

100.0% 2.0 30.9 14.3 0.7 16.6 3.1 1.4 2.1 8.2 16.0 4.6

Note: Blacks include only those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

212

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS

Blacks: Income

Black Incomes Have Been Growing as Blacks Make Gains in Education and Jobs The median income of black households fell 6 percent between 2000 and 2003. Despite the decline, the $29,689 median of black households in 2003 was still 16 percent higher than in 1990, after adjusting for inﬂation. The median income of black households was only 69 percent as high as that of the average household in 2003. Black household income is below average because married couples—typically the most afﬂuent household type—head only 30 percent of black households. Female-headed families account for fully 29 percent of black households. Black couples had a median income of $52,671 in 2003, while female-headed families had a much lower median of $22,739. For black men and women, incomes peak in the 35-to-54 age group. Black men working full-time had a median income of $33,464 in 2003, while their female counterparts had a median income of $27,675. Both men and women have seen their incomes grow substantially since 1990. The earnings of blacks rise steadily with education. Black men with at least a bachelor’s degree who work full-time earned a median of $50,006 in 2003. Black families are more likely to be poor than the average American family, but the percentage of black married couples and female-headed families in poverty fell between 1990 and 2003. Among married couples, the poverty rate declined from 13 to 8 percent. Among female-headed families, the rate fell from 48 to 37 percent. Black male-headed families saw their poverty rate increase during those years, however, rising from 21 to 24 percent. ■ Black household income will remain below average as long as female-headed families account for such a large share of black households.

Black household income grew faster than average between 1990 and 2003 (percent change in median household income for total and black households, 1990 to 2003; in 2003 dollars) 20

16% 15

15%

10

10%

5

5%

0

0%

6%

a total households

b black households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 213

Table 3.49

Median Income of Black Households, 1990 to 2003

(median income of total and black households, and index of black to total, 1990 to 2003; percent change in incomes, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; in 2003 dollars)

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total households

black households

index

$43,318 43,381 43,882 44,853 44,922 43,825 42,294 41,431 40,845 39,613 39,165 39,364 39,679 40,865

$29,689 29,845 30,625 31,690 30,808 28,572 28,630 27,411 26,842 25,816 24,487 24,098 24,771 25,488

69 69 70 71 69 65 68 66 66 65 63 61 62 62

Percent change 2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

–3.4% 6.0

–6.3% 16.5

– –

Note: Data for blacks in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.50

High-Income Black Households, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black households with incomes of $100,000 or more, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) total TOTAL BLACK HOUSEHOLDS

$100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 or more

13,969 946 679 160 61 46

percent

100.0% 6.8 4.9 1.1 0.4 0.3

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new06_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

214

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/INCOME

Table 3.51

Black Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black households by household income and age of householder, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) aged 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

13,969

1,133

2,824

3,146

2,953

1,827

2,085

1,144

942

Under $10,000

2,450

360

447

366

370

334

576

259

318

$10,000 to $19,999

2,497

278

456

454

381

298

629

328

300

$20,000 to $29,999

2,091

204

442

456

434

265

290

170

122

$30,000 to $39,999

1,649

108

363

435

339

211

197

125

73

$40,000 to $49,999

1,299

59

329

346

330

122

112

84

28

$50,000 to $59,999

1,011

40

228

273

244

145

79

51

29

$60,000 to $69,999

743

19

159

197

231

82

56

28

27

$70,000 to $79,999

574

15

122

156

153

92

37

26

10

$80,000 to $89,999

410

18

61

127

107

70

26

22

5

$90,000 to $99,999

299

10

58

83

94

37

17

8

10

$100,000 or more

945

21

161

254

270

176

65

44

21

$29,689

$16,967

$31,218

$37,024

$38,470

$30,636

$16,736

$19,510

$14,004

Black households

Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Black households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $10,000

17.5

31.8

15.8

11.6

12.5

18.3

27.6

22.6

100.0% 33.8

$10,000 to $19,999

17.9

24.5

16.1

14.4

12.9

16.3

30.2

28.7

31.8

$20,000 to $29,999

15.0

18.0

15.7

14.5

14.7

14.5

13.9

14.9

13.0

$30,000 to $39,999

11.8

9.5

12.9

13.8

11.5

11.5

9.4

10.9

7.7

$40,000 to $49,999

9.3

5.2

11.7

11.0

11.2

6.7

5.4

7.3

3.0

$50,000 to $59,999

7.2

3.5

8.1

8.7

8.3

7.9

3.8

4.5

3.1

$60,000 to $69,999

5.3

1.7

5.6

6.3

7.8

4.5

2.7

2.4

2.9

$70,000 to $79,999

4.1

1.3

4.3

5.0

5.2

5.0

1.8

2.3

1.1

$80,000 to $89,999

2.9

1.6

2.2

4.0

3.6

3.8

1.2

1.9

0.5

$90,000 to $99,999

2.1

0.9

2.1

2.6

3.2

2.0

0.8

0.7

1.1

$100,000 or more

6.8

1.9

5.7

8.1

9.1

9.6

3.1

3.8

2.2

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 215

Table 3.52

Black Household Income by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent distribution of households headed by blacks by household income and household type, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) family households

nonfamily households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

13,969

4,259

4,067

804

2,768

2,505

2,072

1,733

Under $10,000

2,450

157

878

99

834

811

483

467

$10,000 to $19,999

2,497

337

950

131

676

646

403

363

$20,000 to $29,999

2,091

464

736

116

450

389

323

267

$30,000 to $39,999

1,649

493

518

109

265

236

266

224

$40,000 to $49,999

1,299

522

321

84

199

170

172

140

$50,000 to $59,999

1,011

467

215

66

126

94

138

99

$60,000 to $69,999

743

379

157

54

76

64

77

52

$70,000 to $79,999

574

327

104

27

39

24

74

46

$80,000 to $89,999

410

235

57

34

28

21

55

36

$90,000 to $99,999

299

208

36

33

13

7

11

9

$100,000 or more

945

670

94

53

62

44

67

32

$29,689

$52,671

$22,739

$35,660

$17,001

$15,542

$24,495

$21,304

Black households

Median income

male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

living alone

female householder

male householder

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Black households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $10,000

17.5

3.7

21.6

12.3

30.1

32.4

23.3

26.9

$10,000 to $19,999

17.9

7.9

23.4

16.3

24.4

25.8

19.4

20.9

$20,000 to $29,999

15.0

10.9

18.1

14.4

16.3

15.5

15.6

15.4

$30,000 to $39,999

11.8

11.6

12.7

13.6

9.6

9.4

12.8

12.9

$40,000 to $49,999

9.3

12.3

7.9

10.4

7.2

6.8

8.3

8.1

$50,000 to $59,999

7.2

11.0

5.3

8.2

4.6

3.8

6.7

5.7

$60,000 to $69,999

5.3

8.9

3.9

6.7

2.7

2.6

3.7

3.0

$70,000 to $79,999

4.1

7.7

2.6

3.4

1.4

1.0

3.6

2.7

$80,000 to $89,999

2.9

5.5

1.4

4.2

1.0

0.8

2.7

2.1

$90,000 to $99,999

2.1

4.9

0.9

4.1

0.5

0.3

0.5

0.5

$100,000 or more

6.8

15.7

2.3

6.6

2.2

1.8

3.2

1.8

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

216

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/INCOME

Table 3.53

Income of Black Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black men aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of men with income and of men working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; men in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL BLACK MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of men with income Median income of men working full-time Percent of men working full-time TOTAL BLACK MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

12,354 2,063 10,291 2,537 2,129 1,814 1,271 947 580 339 201 146 102 227

2,989 1,312 1,677 937 345 269 75 29 8 6 – – 5 4

2,324 256 2,068 387 425 450 334 228 77 71 34 18 14 28

2,496 191 2,305 312 405 427 385 293 192 98 66 44 23 62

2,177 169 2,008 342 334 324 284 242 186 90 58 52 27 71

1,245 94 1,151 231 220 196 131 97 85 55 38 20 30 45

1,123 41 1,082 326 399 151 60 59 33 19 4 12 – 18

$21,935

$8,060

$24,647

$30,153

$30,073

$26,031

$14,374

33,464

22,058

30,982

35,990

38,441

41,784

40,180

44.8%

14.6%

59.6%

67.1%

62.5%

43.9%

11.3%

100.0% 16.7 83.3 20.5 17.2 14.7 10.3 7.7 4.7 2.7 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.8

100.0% 43.9 56.1 31.3 11.5 9.0 2.5 1.0 0.3 0.2 – – 0.2 0.1

100.0% 11.0 89.0 16.7 18.3 19.4 14.4 9.8 3.3 3.1 1.5 0.8 0.6 1.2

100.0% 7.7 92.3 12.5 16.2 17.1 15.4 11.7 7.7 3.9 2.6 1.8 0.9 2.5

100.0% 7.8 92.2 15.7 15.3 14.9 13.0 11.1 8.5 4.1 2.7 2.4 1.2 3.3

100.0% 7.6 92.4 18.6 17.7 15.7 10.5 7.8 6.8 4.4 3.1 1.6 2.4 3.6

100.0% 3.7 96.3 29.0 35.5 13.4 5.3 5.3 2.9 1.7 0.4 1.1 – 1.6

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with other races. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 217

Table 3.54

Income of Black Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black women aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of women with income and of women working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; women in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL BLACK WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of women with income Median income of women working full-time Percent of women working full-time TOTAL BLACK WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

15,103 2,179 12,924 4,160 3,191 2,317 1,406 791 408 265 147 66 46 127

3,178 1,227 1,951 1,179 500 191 51 18 3 4 – 4 – –

2,866 262 2,604 645 628 586 362 172 92 37 26 9 16 29

3,034 244 2,790 523 638 643 390 273 138 80 52 9 17 28

2,634 213 2,421 503 538 504 354 210 107 85 44 21 11 42

1,581 151 1,430 419 330 248 182 90 50 43 24 19 4 21

1,810 81 1,729 891 554 147 65 25 18 17 2 1 – 7

$16,540

$6,896

$20,366

$23,078

$23,090

$18,374

$9,807

27,675

18,206

27,455

28,787

30,131

30,547

30,732

40.3%

14.5%

53.8%

60.5%

58.2%

39.8%

4.5%

100.0% 14.4 85.6 27.5 21.1 15.3 9.3 5.2 2.7 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.8

100.0% 38.6 61.4 37.1 15.7 6.0 1.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 – 0.1 – –

100.0% 9.1 90.9 22.5 21.9 20.4 12.6 6.0 3.2 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.0

100.0% 8.0 92.0 17.2 21.0 21.2 12.9 9.0 4.5 2.6 1.7 0.3 0.6 0.9

100.0% 8.1 91.9 19.1 20.4 19.1 13.4 8.0 4.1 3.2 1.7 0.8 0.4 1.6

100.0% 9.6 90.4 26.5 20.9 15.7 11.5 5.7 3.2 2.7 1.5 1.2 0.3 1.3

100.0% 4.5 95.5 49.2 30.6 8.1 3.6 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.1 – 0.4

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with other races. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

218

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/INCOME

Table 3.55

Median Income of Blacks Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003

(median income of blacks working full-time, year-round by sex; index of black to total population median income, and black women’s income as a percent of black men’s income, 1990 to 2003; percent change in income, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; in 2003 dollars) black men

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

black women

black women’s income as a percent of black men’s income

median income

index black/total

median income

index black/total

$33,464 32,698 33,172 32,568 33,285 30,962 30,741 31,676 29,724 29,964 29,543 29,541 29,804 29,316

81 79 80 78 81 76 76 81 77 77 76 75 75 74

$27,675 28,338 28,366 27,506 27,751 26,896 26,017 25,669 25,267 25,326 25,467 26,029 25,202 25,308

87 89 90 88 92 89 87 88 89 89 90 92 90 90

82.7% 86.7 85.5 84.5 83.4 86.9 84.6 81.0 85.0 84.5 86.2 88.1 84.6 86.3

– –

– –

Percent change 2000 to 2003 2.8% 1990 to 2003 14.1

– –

0.6% 9.4

Note: Data for blacks in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. The black/total indexes are calculated by dividing the median income of black men and women by the median income of total men and women and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p36b.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 219

Table 3.56

Median Earnings of Blacks Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003

(median earnings of blacks aged 25 or older working full-time, year-round, by educational attainment and sex, and black women’s earnings as a percent of black men’s earnings, 2003)

Total blacks Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

men

women

$35,024 21,338 21,669 30,409 35,746 38,344 50,006

$27,910 19,855 18,674 23,956 28,017 28,022 41,335

black women’s earnings as a percent of black men’s earnings

79.7% 93.0 86.2 78.8 78.4 73.1 82.7

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with other races. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

220

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/INCOME

Table 3.57

Poverty Status of Black Married Couples, 1990 to 2003

(total number of black married couples, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; married couples in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty total

number

Total black married couples 2003 4,259 2002 4,268 2001 4,234 2000 4,214 1999 4,150 1998 3,979 1997 3,921 1996 3,851 1995 3,713 1994 3,842 1993 3,715 1992 3,777 1991 3,631 1990 3,569

331 340 328 266 295 290 312 352 314 336 458 490 399 448

1.1% 19.3

24.4% –26.1

Black married couples with children 2003 2,323 2002 2,340 2001 2,342 2000 2,343 1999 2,301 1998 2,198 1997 2,275 1996 2,174 1995 2,119 1994 2,147 1993 2,147 1992 2,229 1991 2,129 1990 2,104

210 199 205 157 199 189 205 239 209 245 298 343 263 301

–0.9% 10.4

1.5 –4.8 9.1% 8.5 8.7 6.7 8.7 8.6 9.0 11.0 9.9 11.4 13.9 15.4 12.4 14.3 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

7.8% 8.0 7.8 6.3 7.1 7.3 8.0 9.1 8.5 8.7 12.3 13.0 11.0 12.6 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

percent

33.8% –30.2

2.4 –5.2

Note: Data for blacks in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 221

Table 3.58

Poverty Status of Black Female-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003

(total number of black female-headed families, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; families in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty

Total black femaleheaded families 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

number

4,068 4,072 3,838 3,785 3,797 3,813 3,926 3,947 3,769 3,716 3,828 3,738 3,582 3,430

1,496 1,454 1,351 1,300 1,487 1,557 1,563 1,724 1,701 1,715 1,908 1,878 1,834 1,648

7.5% 18.6

15.1% –9.2

Black female-headed families with children 2003 3,144 2002 3,120 2001 2,994 2000 2,873 1999 2,869 1998 2,940 1997 3,060 1996 3,120 1995 2,884 1994 2,951 1993 3,084 1992 2,971 1991 2,771 1990 2,698

1,341 1,288 1,220 1,177 1,320 1,397 1,436 1,593 1,533 1,591 1,780 1,706 1,676 1,513

9.4 16.5

2.5 –11.3

42.7% 41.3 40.8 41.0 46.0 47.5 46.9 51.0 53.2 53.9 57.7 57.4 60.5 56.1 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

36.8% 35.7 35.2 34.3 39.2 40.8 39.8 43.7 45.1 46.2 49.9 50.2 51.2 48.1 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

percent

13.9% –11.4

1.7 –13.4

Note: Data for blacks in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

222

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/INCOME

Table 3.59

Poverty Status of Black Male-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003

(total number of black male-headed families, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; families in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty

Total black maleheaded families 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

number

804 793 775 732 706 660 562 657 573 535 450 467 503 472

194 165 150 120 105 134 111 130 112 161 133 116 110 97

9.8% 70.3

Black male-headed families with children 2003 476 2002 420 2001 404 2000 352 1999 386 1998 353 1997 312 1996 401 1995 337 1994 341 1993 294 1992 248 1991 243 1990 267

61.7% 100.0

7.8 3.5

146 110 99 76 84 88 81 109 79 118 93 83 77 73

30.7% 26.3 24.6 21.7 21.7 24.8 25.8 27.2 23.4 34.6 31.6 33.5 31.7 27.3 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

35.2% 78.3

24.1% 20.8 19.4 16.3 14.8 20.3 19.7 19.8 19.5 30.1 29.6 24.8 21.9 20.6 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

percent

92.1% 100.0

9.0 3.4

Note: Data for blacks in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 223

Table 3.60

Poverty Status of Blacks by Sex and Age, 2003

(total number of blacks, and number and percent below poverty level by sex and age, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) in poverty total

number

Total blacks Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

37,503 12,215 3,998 5,190 5,530 4,812 1,566 1,259 2,933

9,108 4,108 1,062 1,133 914 722 247 233 688

percent

24.3% 33.6 26.6 21.8 16.5 15.0 15.8 18.5 23.5

Black females Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

20,079 6,076 2,078 2,866 3,034 2,634 862 718 1,810

5,300 2,047 678 769 596 423 151 148 490

26.4 33.7 32.6 26.8 19.7 16.1 17.5 20.5 27.1

Black males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

17,424 6,138 1,920 2,324 2,496 2,177 704 541 1,123

3,808 2,061 385 365 318 299 97 86 198

21.9 33.6 20.0 15.7 12.7 13.7 13.7 15.8 17.7

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/new01_ 100.htm

224

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS

Blacks: Labor Force

Twenty-Six Percent of Black Workers Are Managers or Professionals The 26 percent of blacks employed as managers or professionals account for 8 percent of Americans working in those occupations. Another 26 percent of employed blacks work in sales and ofﬁce jobs, while 24 percent are in service occupations. Blacks account for 11 percent of all workers, but for 20 percent of social workers, 21 percent of dietitians, and 35 percent of home health aides and barbers. Overall, 67 percent of black men were in the labor force in 2004, a smaller share than the 73 percent level among all men. Sixty-two percent of black women are in the labor force, a higher rate than the 59 percent for all women. Among black couples, 59 percent have both husband and wife in the labor force. Nevertheless, only 33 percent of black households have two or more earners—well below the 42 percent among all households—because married couples head a relatively small share of black households. Black workers spent a median of 23 minutes getting to work in 2003, traveling a median distance of 11 miles. Seventy-three percent of black workers get to work by car, driving alone. Between 2002 and 2012, the number of black workers will grow 19 percent. The black share of the labor force will rise from 11 to 12 percent during the decade. ■ Black incomes have been rising because younger, better-educated blacks are entering managerial and professional occupations.

The labor force participation rate of black women almost matches that of black men (percent of blacks aged 16 or older in the labor force, by sex, 2004) 75

67%

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

a men

62%

b women

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 225

Table 3.61

Labor Force Participation Rate of Blacks by Age and Sex, 2004

(percent of blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by age and sex, 2004) Total blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

men

63.8% 31.4 68.3 79.0 83.4 83.3 80.9 78.0 72.5 63.1 43.6 13.1 22.5 13.4 5.7

66.7% 30.0 69.9 83.6 88.7 86.5 81.7 79.1 74.3 66.7 44.6 17.0 25.1 18.0 8.3

women

61.5% 32.8 66.8 75.2 79.1 80.8 80.3 77.0 71.0 60.1 42.9 10.7 20.5 10.6 4.4

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

226

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

Table 3.62

Employment Status of Blacks by Sex and Age, 2004

(number and percent of blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, age, and employment status, 2004; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force unemployed civilian noninstitutional population

total

Total blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

26,065 2,423 2,821 5,020 5,335 4,739 2,827 2,899

16,638 762 1,926 4,076 4,380 3,578 1,538 380

Total black men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

11,656 1,195 1,326 2,242 2,382 2,150 1,250 1,111

7,773 359 927 1,931 2,000 1,654 714 188

Total black women Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

14,409 1,227 1,495 2,778 2,954 2,590 1,577 1,789

8,865 403 999 2,144 2,380 1,924 824 192

percent of population

percent of labor force

employed

number

14,909 520 1,572 3,635 4,039 3,332 1,452 359

1,729 241 353 441 341 245 86 21

66.7 30.0 69.9 86.1 84.0 76.9 57.1 17.0

6,912 231 739 1,720 1,840 1,534 668 180

860 128 188 211 160 120 46 8

11.1 35.6 20.3 10.9 8.0 7.2 6.4 4.2

61.5 32.8 66.8 77.2 80.6 74.3 52.3 10.7

7,997 289 833 1,914 2,199 1,798 784 179

868 114 166 230 180 126 40 13

9.8 28.2 16.6 10.7 7.6 6.5 4.8 6.8

63.8% 31.4 68.3 81.2 82.1 75.5 54.4 13.1

10.4% 31.7 18.4 10.8 7.8 6.9 5.6 5.5

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of the employed plus the number of the unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 227

Table 3.63

Black Workers by Occupation, 2004

(total number of employed persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed blacks, and black share of total, by occupation, 2004; numbers in thousands) black percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

139,252 48,532 20,235 14,555 5,860 28,297 3,140 2,760 1,365 2,170 1,554 7,900 2,687 6,721

14,909 3,949 1,408 864 544 2,541 236 135 76 415 100 742 164 673

100.0% 26.5 9.4 5.8 3.6 17.0 1.6 0.9 0.5 2.8 0.7 5.0 1.1 4.5

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

22,720 2,921 2,847 7,279 5,185 4,488

3,543 758 510 835 773 667

23.8 5.1 3.4 5.6 5.2 4.5

15.6 26.0 17.9 11.5 14.9 14.9

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

35,464 15,983 19,481

3,918 1,430 2,487

26.3 9.6 16.7

11.0 8.9 12.8

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

14,582 991 8,522 5,069

1,012 53 572 387

6.8 0.4 3.8 2.6

6.9 5.3 6.7 7.6

Production, transportation, material moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations

17,954 9,462 8,491

2,488 1,124 1,364

16.7 7.5 9.1

13.9 11.9 16.1

TOTAL EMPLOYED

10.7% 8.1 7.0 5.9 9.3 9.0 7.5 4.9 5.6 19.1 6.4 9.4 6.1 10.0

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

228

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

Table 3.64

Black Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2004

(total number of employed workers aged 16 or older and percent black, by detailed occupation, 2004; numbers in thousands) total TOTAL EMPLOYED

Management, professional, and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations occupations Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Advertising and promotions managers Marketing and sales managers Administrative services managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers Industrial production managers Purchasing managers Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers Farmers and ranchers Construction managers Education administrators Engineering managers Food service managers Lodging managers Medical and health services managers Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators Compliance ofﬁcers, excluding agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Cost estimators Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists Management analysts Accountants and auditors Appraisers and assessors of real estate Personal ﬁnancial advisors Insurance underwriters Loan counselors and ofﬁcers Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Tax preparers Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Computer scientists and systems analysts Computer programmers

139,252 48,532 20,235 14,555 1,680 795 70 806 87 337 1,045 262 280 170 241 199 817 851 757 106 916 152 508 604 280 5,680 212 285 281 126 98 694 554 1,723 138 331 98 425 81 88 28,297 3,140 700 564

percent black

10.7% 8.1 7.0 5.9 3.2 5.8 5.2 3.4 7.6 4.9 7.8 7.3 4.7 5.6 7.1 0.1 0.4 2.4 12.8 1.7 8.2 4.1 8.8 6.8 13.6 9.6 5.0 11.6 16.2 14.4 2.5 13.2 6.9 8.6 2.4 5.8 8.4 10.0 19.1 6.1 9.0 7.5 9.8 6.9 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 229

total

Computer software engineers Computer support specialists Database administrators Network and computer systems administrators Network systems and data communications analysts Operations research analysts Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except naval Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Computer hardware engineers Electrical and electronics engineers Industrial engineers, including health and safety Mechanical engineers Drafters Engineering technicians, except drafters Surveying and mapping technicians Life, physical, and social science occupations Biological scientists Medical scientists Chemists and materials scientists Environmental scientists and geoscientists Market and survey researchers Psychologists Chemical technicians Community and social services occupations Counselors Social workers Miscellaneous community and social service specialists Clergy Directors, religious activities and education Religious workers, all other Legal occupations Lawyers Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers Paralegals and legal assistants Miscellaneous legal support workers Education, training, and library occupations Postsecondary teachers Preschool and kindergarten teachers Elementary and middle school teachers Secondary school teachers Special education teachers Other teachers and instructors Librarians Teacher assistants Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Artists and related workers Designers Producers and directors

813 325 94 190 312 90 2,760 207 113 63 293 96 343 177 311 206 416 80 1,365 123 93 141 86 124 185 84 2,170 643 687 283 403 55 99 1,554 954 64 322 215 7,900 1,176 656 2,580 1,151 384 667 217 920 2,687 222 792 137

percent black

5.3% 9.2 5.5 8.5 8.0 9.4 4.9 2.6 4.4 4.4 7.7 7.4 4.8 4.9 4.2 5.0 5.9 1.0 5.6 3.1 5.1 7.0 5.1 6.6 3.3 10.6 19.1 21.9 20.4 24.7 11.6 11.6 11.0 6.4 4.7 12.8 10.4 6.0 9.4 5.9 15.2 9.5 6.6 9.7 8.6 5.6 14.6 6.1 2.2 5.0 8.4 (continued)

230

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

total

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers Musicians, singers, and related workers Announcers News analysts, reporters, and correspondents Public relations specialists Editors Writers and authors Miscellaneous media and communication workers Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators Photographers Health care practitioner and technical occupations Chiropractors Dentists Dietitians and nutritionists Pharmacists Physicians and surgeons Physician assistants Registered nurses Occupational therapists Physical therapists Respiratory therapists Speech-language pathologists Veterinarians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Diagnostic related technologists and technicians Emergency medical technicians and paramedics Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Medical records and health information technicians

239 179 54 81 133 164 194 74 92 158 6,721 73 167 84 233 830 70 2,464 84 173 103 93 58 333 130 284 139 397 517 91

Service occupations Health care support occupations Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides Physical therapist assistants and aides Massage therapists Dental assistants Protective service occupations First-line supervisors and managers of police and detectives Fireﬁghters Bailiffs, correctional ofﬁcers, and jailers Detectives and criminal investigators Police and sheriff’s patrol ofﬁcers Private detectives and investigators Security guards and gaming surveillance ofﬁcers Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks Food preparation workers

22,720 2,921 1,806 61 106 242 2,847 133 268 373 121 664 81 798 7,279 299 644 1,791 621

percent black

7.8% 8.6 9.3 7.4 7.6 4.1 3.6 7.7 12.2 8.0 10.0 0.3 5.0 21.1 3.1 6.1 6.8 10.1 5.1 7.1 11.9 6.0 – 14.6 2.6 7.3 9.0 10.8 20.8 16.0 15.6 25.9 34.6 10.7 4.4 5.1 17.9 10.2 8.4 20.2 17.1 15.7 7.8 28.4 11.5 11.5 12.7 16.2 15.1 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 231

total

Bartenders Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop Waiters and waitresses Food servers, nonrestaurant Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Dishwashers Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations First-line supervisors and managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers First-line supervisors and managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Janitors and building cleaners Maids and housekeeping cleaners Pest control workers Grounds maintenance workers Personal care and service occupations First-line supervisors and managers of gaming workers First-line supervisors and managers of personal service workers Nonfarm animal caretakers Gaming services workers Barbers Hairdressers, hair stylists, and cosmetologists Miscellaneous personal appearance workers Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges Transportation attendants Child care workers Personal and home care aides Recreation and ﬁtness workers Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors and managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors and managers of nonretail sales workers Cashiers Counter and rental clerks Parts salespersons Retail salespersons Advertising sales agents Insurance sales agents Securities, commodities, and ﬁnancial services sales agents Travel agents Sales representatives, services, all other Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing Models, demonstrators, and product promoters Real estate brokers and sales agents Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, related workers Sales and related workers, all other Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of ofﬁce, administrative support workers Switchboard operators, including answering service

percent black

360 296 327 1,892 165 379 267 237 5,185 191

2.6% 12.8 12.2 7.0 19.4 8.8 14.5 4.1 14.9 19.6

227 2,047 1,365 75 1,280 4,488 140 174 128 95 101 722 200 70 116 1,332 630 314

3.3 17.8 18.0 11.6 8.5 14.9 8.2 9.1 2.8 7.8 34.9 12.1 3.7 11.1 15.2 17.8 21.8 12.6

35,464 15,983 3,299 1,390 2,971 186 147 3,130 211 508 382 95 476 1,416 68 912 180 312 260 19,481 1,631 66

11.0 9.0 7.1 5.4 15.6 10.5 7.2 10.9 5.3 6.3 7.0 7.1 7.1 3.5 8.5 5.7 18.6 5.6 6.6 12.8 11.1 18.2 (continued)

232

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

total

Telephone operators Bill and account collectors Billing and posting clerks and machine operators Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Tellers Court, municipal, and license clerks Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks Customer service representatives Eligibility interviewers, government programs File clerks Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks Interviewers, except eligibility and loan Library assistants, clerical Loan interviewers and clerks Order clerks Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping Receptionists and information clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks Couriers and messengers Dispatchers Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators Production, planning, and expediting clerks Shipping, receiving, and trafﬁc clerks Stock clerks and order ﬁllers Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping Secretaries and administrative assistants Computer operators Data entry keyers Word processors and typists Insurance claims and policy processing clerks Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Ofﬁce clerks, general Ofﬁce machine operators, except computer

56 229 441 1,567 153 424 102 65 1,749 66 387 106 143 117 186 114 64 1,373 161 293 257 167 336 116 288 584 1,350 64 3,522 191 504 319 277 154 982 61

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations First-line supervisors/managers of farming, ﬁshing, and forestry workers Graders and sorters, agricultural products Logging workers Construction and extraction occupations First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades, extraction workers Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons Carpenters Carpet, ﬂoor, and tile installers and ﬁnishers Cement masons, concrete ﬁnishers, and terrazzo workers Construction laborers Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

14,582 991 59 68 92 8,522 887 239 1,764 268 115 1,234 367

percent black

39.8% 20.1 13.2 7.4 5.8 10.9 12.0 9.9 16.4 22.4 14.1 14.1 19.7 6.8 11.5 7.9 15.3 10.6 16.8 14.4 12.2 30.4 14.6 29.8 7.6 15.9 14.8 6.2 9.4 14.6 15.7 19.5 16.8 28.4 12.7 13.1 6.9 5.4 3.9 10.0 12.1 6.7 3.9 12.7 5.2 3.9 9.6 8.9 5.2 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 233

total

percent black

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers Electricians Painters, construction and maintenance Pipe layers, plumbers, pipe ﬁtters, and steam ﬁtters Roofers Sheet metal workers Structural iron and steel workers Helpers, construction trades Construction and building inspectors Highway maintenance workers Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors and managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers Computer, automated teller, and ofﬁce machine repairers Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers Security and ﬁre alarm systems installers Aircraft mechanics and service technicians Automotive body and related repairers Automotive service technicians and mechanics Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics Small-engine mechanics Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics Maintenance and repair workers, general Millwrights Electrical power line installers and repairers Telecommunications line installers and repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

213 781 719 635 269 152 66 121 104 96 5,069 327 369 235 56 65 135 169 936 325 205 58 351 434 300 59 120 142 53 54

6.9% 6.5 7.6 8.7 8.2 4.0 3.4 8.9 8.5 10.6 7.6 7.6 11.8 14.7 5.0 5.6 6.2 4.7 6.1 6.2 6.5 0.9 5.3 7.3 8.6 4.5 13.2 12.4 6.5 5.7

Production, transportation, material moving occupations Production occupations First-line supervisors and managers of production and operating workers Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers Bakers Butchers and other meat, poultry, and ﬁsh processing workers Food batchmakers Cutting, punching, press machine setters, operators, tenders, metal/plastic Grinding, lapping, polishing, and bufﬁng machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Machinists Molders, molding machine setters, operators, tenders, metal and plastic Tool and die makers Welding, soldering, and brazing workers Job printers Prepress technicians and workers Printing machine operators Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

17,954 9,462 921 226 188 304 85 139

13.9 11.9 9.6 12.0 13.0 12.1 8.7 8.9

74 445 70 86 572 65 55 195 195 76

15.5 6.0 4.2 2.8 7.9 11.2 14.8 8.7 18.5 21.8 (continued)

234

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

total

Sewing machine operators Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Stationary engineers and boiler operators Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers Cutting workers Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians Packaging and ﬁlling machine operators and tenders Painting workers Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders Helpers—production workers Transportation and material-moving occupations Supervisors, transportation and material-moving workers Aircraft pilots and ﬂight engineers Bus drivers Driver sales workers and truck drivers Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Railroad conductors and yardmasters Parking lot attendants Service station attendants Crane and tower operators Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Cleaners of vehicles and equipment Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Machine feeders and offbearers Packers and packagers, hand Refuse and recyclable material collectors

281 101 86 105 56 63 111 83 690 59 92 318 191 59 53 64 8,491 220 118 602 3,276 277 58 77 120 65 80 530 316 1,797 55 432 81

percent black

13.5% 7.8 1.5 11.4 10.7 19.9 14.1 9.9 11.0 1.6 8.4 20.4 6.1 14.8 15.4 12.4 16.1 15.4 1.7 24.4 13.4 28.7 15.5 15.5 8.7 18.3 5.4 22.2 16.2 17.0 22.6 14.1 29.5

Note: (–) means percentage is less than 0.05. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 235

Table 3.65

Black Workers by Industry, 2004

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed blacks, and black share of total, by industry, 2004; numbers in thousands) black

Total employed Agriculture, forestry, ﬁshing, hunting Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Educational and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Other services, except private households Private households Public administration

percent distribution

total

number

139,252 2,232 539 10,768 16,484 10,329 6,155 20,869 4,600 16,269 7,013 3,463 9,969 14,108 28,719 11,820 6,903

14,909 53 26 630 1,556 844 712 1,965 341 1,623 1,087 375 982 1,239 3,973 1,256 732

100.0% 0.4 0.2 4.2 10.4 5.7 4.8 13.2 2.3 10.9 7.3 2.5 6.6 8.3 26.6 8.4 4.9

6,124 779 6,365

628 103 1,035

4.2 0.7 6.9

share of total

10.7% 2.4 4.8 5.9 9.4 8.2 11.6 9.4 7.4 10.0 15.5 10.8 9.9 8.8 13.8 10.6 10.6 10.3 13.2 16.3

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

236

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

Table 3.66

Black Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of employed blacks aged 16 or older by age, employment status, and sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) men

Total employed blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

women

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

6,913 231 739 5,094 848

6,177 87 567 4,794 729

736 144 172 300 119

7,996 289 833 5,912 963

6,597 85 561 5,199 753

1,399 204 272 713 210

89.4% 37.7 76.7 94.1 86.0

10.6% 62.3 23.3 5.9 14.0

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

82.5% 29.4 67.3 87.9 78.2

17.5% 70.6 32.7 12.1 21.8

100.0% 1.4 9.2 77.6 11.8

100.0% 19.6 23.4 40.8 16.2

100.0% 3.6 10.4 73.9 12.0

100.0% 1.3 8.5 78.8 11.4

100.0% 14.6 19.4 51.0 15.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Total employed blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total employed blacks Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 3.3 10.7 73.7 12.3

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.67

Black Workers by Educational Attainment, 2004

(number of total people and blacks aged 25 or older in the civilian labor force, black labor force participation rate, distribution of blacks in labor force, and black share of total labor force, by educational attainment, 2004; numbers in thousands) black labor force

Total aged 25 or older Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

total labor force

number

125,133 12,470 37,834 22,298 12,141 40,390

13,950 1,568 5,044 2,964 1,268 3,106

participation rate

percent distribution

67.0% 39.6 67.6 73.9 77.4 82.9

100.0% 11.2 36.2 21.2 9.1 22.3

share of total

11.1% 12.6 13.3 13.3 10.4 7.7

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 237

Table 3.68

Black Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004

(total number of employed black wage and salary workers aged 16 or older and percent distribution by tenure with current employer, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) Total black workers, number Total black workers, percent 12 months or less 13 to 23 months 2 years 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 or more years

total

men

13,401 100.0% 24.5 5.8 6.6 19.2 20.5 8.4 5.9 9.1

6,097 100.0% 23.4 5.4 7.0 18.7 20.6 9.3 5.8 9.8

women

7,304 100.0% 25.4 6.1 6.2 19.6 20.4 7.6 6.1 8.5

Note: The black population includes only those identifying themselves as black alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.69

Black Households by Number of Earners, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of black households and black share of total, by number of earners per household, 2004; numbers in thousands) black

Total households No earners One earner Two or more earners Two earners Three earners Four or more earners Average number of earners per household

total

number

112,000 23,932 40,769 47,299 37,917 6,998 2,384

13,969 3,167 6,254 4,548 3,773 653 122

1.36

1.22

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 22.7 44.8 32.6 27.0 4.7 0.9

12.5% 13.2 15.3 9.6 10.0 9.3 5.1

–

–

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with another race. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://pubdb3. census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

238

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

Table 3.70

Black Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Husband and Wife, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black married couples aged 20 or older by age of householder and labor force status of husband and wife, 2003; numbers in thousands) husband and/or wife in labor force total

husband and wife

Total black couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

4,261 113 275 483 527 598 1,052 636 577

2,514 62 199 357 404 473 728 248 41

Total black couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

59.0% 54.9 72.4 73.9 76.7 79.1 69.2 39.0 7.1

husband only

wife only

neither husband nor wife in labor force

690 43 60 99 80 76 167 118 47

427 4 10 15 33 35 98 144 89

630 4 6 13 10 15 57 127 399

16.2% 38.1 21.8 20.5 15.2 12.7 15.9 18.6 8.1

10.0% 3.5 3.6 3.1 6.3 5.9 9.3 22.6 15.4

14.8% 3.5 2.2 2.7 1.9 2.5 5.4 20.0 69.2

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with another race. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, detailed tables, Internet site http://www .censusgov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 239

Table 3.71

Black Minimum Wage Workers by Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total and black wage and salary workers aged 16 or older paid hourly rates and those paid at or below minimum wage, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands)

Total workers aged 16 or older Black workers aged 16 or older Black men Black women

at or below minimum wage

total paid hourly rates

total

at $5.15/hour

below $5.15/hour

73,939 9,417 4,243 5,174

2,003 228 89 138

520 99 40 59

1,483 128 49 79

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE/SEX

Total workers aged 16 or older Black workers aged 16 or older Black men Black women

100.0% 12.7 5.7 7.0

100.0% 11.4 4.4 6.9

100.0% 19.0 7.7 11.3

100.0% 8.6 3.3 5.3

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.7% 2.4 2.1 2.7

0.7% 1.1 0.9 1.1

2.0% 1.4 1.2 1.5

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY WAGE STATUS

Total workers aged 16 or older Black workers aged 16 or older Black men Black women

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 3.72

Black Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2004

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older who hold more than one job, number and percent of blacks holding more than one job, and black share of total, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) black multiple job holders

Total multiple job holders Men Women

total

number

7,473 3,835 3,638

705 360 345

percent

4.7% 5.2 4.3

share of total

9.4% 9.4 9.5

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

240

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

Table 3.73

Union Representation of Black Workers by Sex, 2004

(number of employed black wage and salary workers aged 16 or older, number and percent represented by unions, and median weekly earnings of those working full-time by union representation status, by sex, 2004; number in thousands) total

Total employed blacks Number represented by unions Percent represented by unions Median weekly earnings of black full-time workers Black workers represented by unions Black workers not represented by unions

men

women

14,090 2,355 16.7%

6,409 1,185 18.5%

7,681 1,170 15.2%

$525 651 507

$569 679 534

$505 621 490

Note: Workers represented by unions are either members of a labor union or similar employee association or workers who report no union afﬁliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 241

Table 3.74

Journey to Work by Black Workers, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black workers aged 16 or older by principal means of transportation to work, travel time from home to work, distance from home to work, and departure time to work, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total black workers

12,209

percent distribution

100.0%

Principal means of transportation to work Drives self 8,908 Carpool 1,237 Mass transportation 1,364 Taxicab 29 Bicycle or motorcycle 22 Walks only 381 Other means 96 Works at home 172

73.0 10.1 11.2 0.2 0.2 3.1 0.8 1.4

Travel time from home to work Less than 15 minutes 15 to 29 minutes 30 to 44 minutes 45 to 59 minutes 1 hour or more Works at home No ﬁxed place of work

3,338 4,359 2,118 922 655 172 645

27.3 35.7 17.3 7.6 5.4 1.4 5.3

23

–

447 2,460 2,610 3,412 1,454 1,010 172 645

3.7 20.1 21.4 27.9 11.9 8.3 1.4 5.3

11

–

91 1,246 2,009 1,585 1,390 1,187 479 549 1,429 992

0.7 10.2 16.5 13.0 11.4 9.7 3.9 4.5 11.7 8.1

Median travel time (minutes) Distance from home to work Less than 1 mile 1 to 4 miles 5 to 9 miles 10 to 19 miles 20 to 29 miles 30 miles or more Works at home No ﬁxed place of work Median distance (miles) Departure time to work 12:00 a.m. to 2:59 a.m. 3:00 a.m. to 5:59 a.m. 6:00 a.m. to 6:59 a.m. 7:00 a.m. to 7:29 a.m. 7:30 a.m. to 7:59 a.m. 8:00 a.m. to 8:29 a.m. 8:30 a.m. to 8:59 a.m. 9:00 a.m. to 9:59 a.m. 10:00 a.m. to 3:59 p.m. 4:00 p.m. to 11:59 p.m.

Note: Departure time numbers may not add to total because not reported is not shown and those who work at home are not included. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

242

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LABOR FORCE

Table 3.75

Black Labor Force Projections, 2002 and 2012

(number and percent of total people and blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, 2002 and 2012; percent change in number and percentage point change in rate, 2002–12; numbers in thousands) percent change

2002

2012

144,863 16,564

162,269 19,765

Total men in labor force Black men in labor force

77,500 7,793

85,252 9,318

10.0 19.6

Total women in labor force Black women in labor force

67,363 8,771

77,017 10,447

14.3 19.1

2002

2012

percentage point change

NUMBER

Total labor force Black labor force

12.0% 19.3

PARTICIPATION RATE

Total people Total blacks

66.6% 64.8

67.2% 66.3

0.6 1.5

Total men Black men

74.1 68.4

73.1 69.1

–1.0 0.7

Total women Black women

59.6 61.8

61.6 64.0

2.0 2.2

Note: Blacks include only those who identiﬁed their race as black alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.76

Black Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2002 to 2012

(number and percent distribution of total people and blacks aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force in 2002 and 2012, and number and percent distribution of entrants, leavers, and stayers, 2002–12; numbers in thousands) 2002 labor force

entrants

144,863 16,564

40,461 5,538

2002 to 2012 leavers

stayers

2012 labor force

121,808 14,226

162,269 19,765

NUMBER

Total labor force Black labor force

23,055 2,338

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total labor force Black labor force

100.0% 11.4

100.0% 13.7

100.0% 10.1

100.0% 11.7

100.0% 12.2

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 243

Blacks: Living Arrangements

Black Married Couples Only Slightly Outnumber Female-Headed Families The 14 million households headed by blacks in 2004 accounted for 12 percent of the nation’s 112 million households. Black households are more diverse than those of other racial and ethnic groups. Married couples head 30 percent of black households, while female-headed families account for 29 percent. The average black household is home to 2.64 people versus 2.57 people in the average household. Thirty-seven percent of black households include children under age 18. Fifty percent of black married couples have children at home, as do 65 percent of black femaleheaded families. A 37 percent minority of black children live with both parents, while 50 percent live with their mother only. Only 5 percent of black children live with only their father. Nine percent of black men are currently divorced, but a larger 19 percent have ever divorced. The proportion of black men who have ever divorced peaks at 40 percent among those in their ﬁfties. Among black women, 14 percent are currently divorced and 20 percent have ever divorced. The percentage of black women who have ever divorced peaks at 38 percent in the 50-to-59 age group. ■ Because so many black households are female-headed families, the poorest household type, the income of black households is well below average.

Black households are diverse (percent distribution of black households by household type, 2004)

30 30%

30%

29%

20 20%

18% 12%

10 10%

6% 0

244

0%

marriedacouples

b female-headed families

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

c male-headed families

dliving women alone

mendliving alone

BLACKS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 3.77

Black Households by Age of Householder, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of black households, and black share of total, by age of householder, 2004, numbers in thousands) black

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

112,000 6,610 8,737 10,421 10,997 12,225 12,360 10,777 9,504 7,320 23,048

13,969 1,133 1,299 1,526 1,485 1,661 1,607 1,346 1,003 824 2,085

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 8.1 9.3 10.9 10.6 11.9 11.5 9.6 7.2 5.9 14.9

12.5% 17.1 14.9 14.6 13.5 13.6 13.0 12.5 10.6 11.3 9.0

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.78

Black Households by Household Type, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of black households, and black share of total, by type, 2004; numbers in thousands) black

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

percent distribution

total

number

112,000 76,217 57,719 13,781 4,717

13,969 9,129 4,259 4,067 804

100.0% 65.4 30.5 29.1 5.8

35,783 19,647 17,024 16,136 12,562

4,840 2,768 2,505 2,072 1,733

34.6 19.8 17.9 14.8 12.4

share of total

12.5% 12.0 7.4 29.5 17.0 13.5 14.1 14.7 12.8 13.8

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 245

Table 3.79

Black Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2004

(number and percent distribution of black households by age of householder and household type, 2004; numbers in thousands) family households

Total black households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

nonfamily households male hh, no spouse present

female-headed

male-headed

total

living alone

total

living alone

13,969

4,259

4,067

804

2,768

2,505

2,072

1,733

Under age 25

1,133

120

491

139

233

170

151

101

Aged 25 to 34

2,824

770

1,059

188

394

350

413

311

Aged 35 to 44

3,146

1,107

1,068

172

342

300

456

393

Aged 45 to 54

2,953

1,044

741

161

569

503

438

374

Aged 55 to 64

1,827

670

330

84

454

430

289

258

Aged 65 or older

2,085

548

378

60

776

752

324

297

12.4%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Total black households

100.0%

30.5%

29.1%

19.8%

17.9%

14.8%

Under age 25

100.0

10.6

43.3

12.3

5.8%

20.6

15.0

13.3

8.9

Aged 25 to 34

100.0

27.3

37.5

6.7

14.0

12.4

14.6

11.0

Aged 35 to 44

100.0

35.2

33.9

5.5

10.9

9.5

14.5

12.5

Aged 45 to 54

100.0

35.4

25.1

5.5

19.3

17.0

14.8

12.7

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

36.7

18.1

4.6

24.8

23.5

15.8

14.1

Aged 65 or older

100.0

26.3

18.1

2.9

37.2

36.1

15.5

14.2

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total black households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under age 25

8.1

2.8

100.0% 12.1

100.0% 17.3

8.4

6.8

7.3

100.0% 5.8

Aged 25 to 34

20.2

18.1

26.0

23.4

14.2

14.0

19.9

17.9

Aged 35 to 44

22.5

26.0

26.3

21.4

12.4

12.0

22.0

22.7

Aged 45 to 54

21.1

24.5

18.2

20.0

20.6

20.1

21.1

21.6

Aged 55 to 64

13.1

15.7

8.1

10.4

16.4

17.2

13.9

14.9

Aged 65 or older

14.9

12.9

9.3

7.5

28.0

30.0

15.6

17.1

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

246

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 3.80

Black Households by Size, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of black households, and black share of total, by size, 2004; numbers in thousands) black

Total households One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven or more people Average number of persons per household

total

number

112,000 29,586 37,366 17,968 16,065 7,150 2,476 1,388

13,969 4,238 3,771 2,505 1,954 901 360 241

2.57

2.64

percent distribution

100.0% 30.3 27.0 17.9 14.0 6.4 2.6 1.7 –

share of total

12.5% 14.3 10.1 13.9 12.2 12.6 14.5 17.4 –

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 247

Table 3.81

Blacks Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004

(total number of blacks aged 15 or older, number and percent living alone, and percent distribution of blacks living alone, by sex and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) living alone percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Total blacks Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

27,457 6,167 5,190 5,530 4,812 2,825 1,631 1,302

4,238 271 661 693 877 688 501 548

100.0% 6.4 15.6 16.4 20.7 16.2 11.8 12.9

15.4% 4.4 12.7 12.5 18.2 24.4 30.7 42.1

Black men Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

12,354 2,989 2,324 2,496 2,177 1,245 665 459

1,733 101 311 393 374 258 161 136

100.0 5.8 17.9 22.7 21.6 14.9 9.3 7.8

14.0 3.4 13.4 15.7 17.2 20.7 24.2 29.6

Black women Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

15,103 3,178 2,866 3,034 2,634 1,581 966 843

2,505 170 350 300 503 430 340 412

100.0 6.8 14.0 12.0 20.1 17.2 13.6 16.4

16.6 5.3 12.2 9.9 19.1 27.2 35.2 48.9

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

248

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 3.82

Black Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, And Presence of Children, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black households by age of householder, type of household, and presence of own children under age 18, and average age of householder, 2003; numbers in thousands) all households

Total black households

female-headed families

married couples

male-headed families

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

13,778

5,069

4,268

2,139

4,069

2,630

791

299

Under age 25

1,193

494

120

90

486

367

194

37

Aged 25 to 29

1,214

739

275

214

528

500

77

24

Aged 30 to 34

1,481

919

483

392

526

480

82

47

Aged 35 to 39

1,524

976

527

430

550

495

77

51

Aged 40 to 44

1,663

887

598

432

555

394

92

62

Aged 45 to 49

1,541

616

581

338

427

238

78

40

Aged 50 to 54

1,295

240

471

133

289

89

65

18

Aged 55 to 64

1,794

166

636

94

340

54

69

18

Aged 65 or older

2,073

31

577

16

367

12

58

4

45.9

36.8

47.2

39.2

41.2

34.8

38.9

38.5

Average age of householder

PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN BY TYPE

Total black households

100.0%

36.8%

100.0%

50.1%

100.0%

64.6%

100.0%

37.8%

Under age 25

100.0

41.4

100.0

75.0

100.0

75.5

100.0

19.1

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

60.9

100.0

77.8

100.0

94.7

100.0

31.2

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

62.1

100.0

81.2

100.0

91.3

100.0

57.3

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

64.0

100.0

81.6

100.0

90.0

100.0

66.2

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

53.3

100.0

72.2

100.0

71.0

100.0

67.4

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

40.0

100.0

58.2

100.0

55.7

100.0

51.3

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

18.5

100.0

28.2

100.0

30.8

100.0

27.7

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

9.3

100.0

14.8

100.0

15.9

100.0

26.1

Aged 65 or older

100.0

1.5

100.0

2.8

100.0

3.3

100.0

6.9

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 249

Table 3.83

Living Arrangements of Black Children, 2003

(number of total children under age 18, number and percent distribution of black children, and black share of total, by living arrangement, 2003; numbers in thousands) black

Total children Living with both parents Living with mother only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with father only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with neither parent

total

number

73,001 49,903 16,771 7,006 9,102 663 3,324 1,172 1,979 173 3,004

12,187 4,468 6,129 3,672 2,297 160 565 274 259 32 1,024

percent distribution

100.0% 36.7 50.3 30.1 18.8 1.3 4.6 2.2 2.1 0.3 8.4

share of total

16.7% 9.0 36.5 52.4 25.2 24.1 17.0 23.4 13.1 18.5 34.1

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

250

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 3.84

Black Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black men aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

12,159

2,930

1,104

1,217

2,489

2,111

1,166

1,140

Married-couple householder or spouse

4,362

96

259

490

1,133

1,055

700

628

Other householder

2,891

372

260

288

639

567

344

420

791

194

77

82

169

143

69

58

1,753

114

136

162

393

371

241

335

Total black men

Male family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

347

64

47

44

77

53

34

27

4,907

2,462

585

439

717

489

122

92

Child of householder

2,994

1,889

324

206

355

184

34

2

Other relative of householder

1,025

378

143

71

165

149

50

69

888

195

118

162

197

156

38

21

Nonhouseholder

Living with nonrelatives

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

35.9

3.3

23.5

40.3

45.5

50.0

60.0

55.1

Other householder

23.8

12.7

23.6

23.7

25.7

26.9

29.5

36.8

6.5

6.6

7.0

6.7

6.8

6.8

5.9

5.1

14.4

3.9

12.3

13.3

15.8

17.6

20.7

29.4

Total black men

Male family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

100.0% 100.0%

2.9

2.2

4.3

3.6

3.1

2.5

2.9

2.4

40.4

84.0

53.0

36.1

28.8

23.2

10.5

8.1

24.6

64.5

29.3

16.9

14.3

8.7

2.9

0.2

Other relative of householder

8.4

12.9

13.0

5.8

6.6

7.1

4.3

6.1

Living with nonrelatives

7.3

6.7

10.7

13.3

7.9

7.4

3.3

1.8

Nonhouseholder Child of householder

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 251

Table 3.85

Black Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black women aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

14,884

3,112

1,372

1,473

3,062

2,560

1,522

1,781

Married-couple householder or spouse

4,179

168

323

527

1,187

1,005

529

439

Other householder

6,619

701

679

709

1,422

1,217

815

1,075

Female family householder

4,069

486

528

526

1,105

716

340

367

Living alone

2,318

156

126

161

286

444

454

692

232

59

25

22

31

57

21

16

4,086

2,244

370

237

452

336

178

269

Child of householder

2,281

1,701

201

106

155

83

30

3

Other relative of householder

1,249

381

82

57

191

177

120

244

556

162

87

74

106

76

28

22

Total black women

Living with nonrelatives Nonhouseholder

Living with nonrelatives

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

28.1

5.4

23.5

35.8

38.8

39.3

34.8

24.6

Other householder

44.5

22.5

49.5

48.1

46.4

47.5

53.5

60.4

Female family householder

27.3

15.6

38.5

35.7

36.1

28.0

22.3

20.6

Living alone

15.6

5.0

9.2

10.9

9.3

17.3

29.8

38.9

1.6

1.9

1.8

1.5

1.0

2.2

1.4

0.9

27.5

72.1

27.0

16.1

14.8

13.1

11.7

15.1

Total black women

Living with nonrelatives Nonhouseholder Child of householder

100.0% 100.0%

15.3

54.7

14.7

7.2

5.1

3.2

2.0

0.2

Other relative of householder

8.4

12.2

6.0

3.9

6.2

6.9

7.9

13.7

Living with nonrelatives

3.7

5.2

6.3

5.0

3.5

3.0

1.8

1.2

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

252

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 3.86

Marital Status of Black Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total black men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total black men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

11,150 561 1,361 1,104 1,217 1,211 1,278 1,159 952 1,166 717 348 75

4,619 559 1,239 745 591 461 396 267 174 108 50 26 4

4,472 1 105 273 503 526 633 589 488 710 421 193 30

206 0 5 17 9 27 36 33 25 28 12 13 3

469 2 8 29 43 75 57 63 65 80 36 11 0

1,054 0 4 38 69 120 146 180 186 188 94 25 3

329 0 0 2 2 3 9 27 14 52 104 80 36

1.8% 0.0 0.4 1.5 0.7 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 1.7 3.7 4.0

4.2% 0.4 0.6 2.6 3.5 6.2 4.5 5.4 6.8 6.9 5.0 3.2 0.0

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

41.4% 99.6 91.0 67.5 48.6 38.1 31.0 23.0 18.3 9.3 7.0 7.5 5.3

40.1% 0.2 7.7 24.7 41.3 43.4 49.5 50.8 51.3 60.9 58.7 55.5 40.0

9.5% 0.0 0.3 3.4 5.7 9.9 11.4 15.5 19.5 16.1 13.1 7.2 4.0

3.0% 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 2.3 1.5 4.5 14.5 23.0 48.0

Note: Blacks include those who identiﬁed themselves as being black alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being black in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 253

Table 3.87

Marital Status of Black Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of black women aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total black women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total black women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

13,909 596 1,542 1,372 1,473 1,510 1,552 1,392 1,168 1,522 972 618 191

5,201 581 1,328 867 655 477 417 326 188 225 87 41 8

4,289 10 169 341 538 610 607 558 463 545 324 116 9

310 5 13 27 46 42 53 34 36 28 19 7 1

807 0 20 85 89 118 140 124 72 95 52 9 2

1,902 0 8 42 132 243 287 303 316 372 141 53 5

1,400 0 4 9 12 22 48 48 93 257 350 391 166

2.2% 0.8 0.8 2.0 3.1 2.8 3.4 2.4 3.1 1.8 2.0 1.1 0.5

5.8% 0.0 1.3 6.2 6.0 7.8 9.0 8.9 6.2 6.2 5.3 1.5 1.0

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

37.4% 97.5 86.1 63.2 44.5 31.6 26.9 23.4 16.1 14.8 9.0 6.6 4.2

30.8% 1.7 11.0 24.9 36.5 40.4 39.1 40.1 39.6 35.8 33.3 18.8 4.7

13.7% 0.0 0.5 3.1 9.0 16.1 18.5 21.8 27.1 24.4 14.5 8.6 2.6

10.1% 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.5 3.1 3.4 8.0 16.9 36.0 63.3 86.9

Note: Blacks include those who identiﬁed themselves as being black alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being black in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html

254

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 3.88

Marital History of Black Men by Age, 2001

(number of black men aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) Total black men, number Total black men, percent

total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

11,554

1,507

1,223

1,088

1,149

1,229

2,314

1,505

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0% 100.0%

60 to 69 70 or older

844

695

Never married

43.3

99.2

89.2

60.6

41.5

34.0

25.1

11.6

10.2

3.1

Ever married

56.7

0.8

10.8

39.4

58.5

66.0

74.9

88.4

89.8

96.9

Married once

44.3

0.8

10.8

38.0

51.6

56.3

57.5

62.0

60.8

72.3

Still married

31.4

0.3

9.9

31.2

39.3

42.5

38.2

41.9

43.6

43.8

Married twice

10.0

0.0

0.0

1.4

6.7

8.1

13.6

21.9

21.7

20.0

Still married

7.3

0.0

0.0

1.4

5.9

7.0

11.0

13.4

16.5

10.8 4.7

Married three or more times

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

1.6

3.8

4.5

7.2

Still married

1.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

1.3

3.2

2.2

3.5

3.1

Ever divorced

18.8

0.2

0.0

4.2

13.7

18.2

28.1

40.2

35.1

26.9

9.2

0.2

0.0

2.8

7.6

9.5

14.0

21.1

12.9

10.3

3.7

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.2

1.0

1.9

4.2

10.9

30.4

2.9

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.6

1.0

3.2

8.6

25.2

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

Table 3.89

Marital History of Black Women by Age, 2001

(number of black women aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) Total black women, number Total black women, percent

total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

60 to 69 70 or older

14,284

1,520

1,465

1,358

1,437

1,526

2,804

1,842

1,215

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0% 100.0%

1,117

Never married

41.9

97.9

82.6

59.4

49.5

34.0

27.9

14.4

10.4

6.8

Ever married

58.1

2.1

17.4

40.6

50.5

66.0

72.1

85.6

89.6

93.2

Married once

46.9

1.8

17.4

37.7

44.3

55.5

56.0

66.1

67.5

72.4

Still married

25.1

0.9

14.7

26.7

32.2

35.0

31.1

32.1

27.7

17.3

Married twice

9.8

0.3

0.0

2.8

6.3

9.2

13.7

16.3

19.3

18.1

Still married

5.0

0.3

0.0

2.3

5.1

5.4

8.1

9.6

7.5

2.7

1.5

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.0

1.2

2.5

3.2

2.8

2.8

Still married

0.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.6

1.9

1.6

0.9

0.5

Ever divorced

20.1

0.3

0.6

8.4

12.4

24.6

30.4

38.2

30.3

23.7

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

11.9

0.0

0.6

6.1

6.4

16.3

18.5

24.1

15.7

10.4

10.5

0.0

0.3

0.8

1.1

0.9

5.1

13.1

32.0

60.7

9.7

0.0

0.3

0.5

0.8

0.9

4.1

11.1

30.2

59.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 255

Blacks: Population

The Black Population Numbers Nearly 40 Million The number of blacks in the U.S. population grew 5 percent between 2000 and 2004, from 37 million to 39 million—a ﬁgure that includes blacks identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Blacks account for 13 percent of the U.S. population, slightly less than the 14 percent share held by Hispanics. Hispanics will increasingly outnumber blacks because the Hispanic population is growing much faster. More than half of blacks (54 percent) live in the South, where they account for 20 percent of the population. In Mississippi, 37 percent of the population is black, as are 33 percent of the residents of Louisiana and 30 percent of those in South Carolina. No single state is home to more than 10 percent of the black population. Among metropolitan areas, blacks account for the largest share of the population in Jackson, Mississippi (47 percent). Blacks account for more than one-third of the populations of eight other metropolitan areas: Augusta, GA; Fayetteville, NC; Macon, GA; Montgomery, AL; New Orleans, LA; Savannah, GA; Shreveport, LA; and Tallahassee, FL. ■ Unlike Hispanics or Asians, most of whom live in only a few states, blacks are an important segment of the population throughout the country. This relatively even distribution adds to their cultural inﬂuence and political power.

Blacks are a substantial share of the population in every region (black share of population by region, 2004)

20%

20 20%

15

15%

13% 11%

10 10%

6% 5

5%

0

0%

a

Northeast

256

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

a

Midwest

b

South

c

West

BLACKS/POPULATION

Table 3.90

Blacks by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004

(total number of people, and number and percent distribution of blacks by racial identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) 2004 number

Total people Black alone or in combination with one or more other races Black alone Black in combination

2000 percent distribution

number

percent distribution

293,655,404

100.0%

282,192,162

100.0%

39,232,489 37,502,320 1,730,169

13.4 12.8 0.6

37,231,182 35,812,716 1,418,466

13.2 12.7 0.5

percent change 2000–04

4.1% 5.4 4.7 22.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.91

Blacks by Hispanic Origin, 2004

(number and percent distribution of blacks by Hispanic origin and racial identiﬁcation, 2004) black alone or in combination number

Total blacks Not Hispanic Hispanic

39,232,489 37,426,144 1,806,345

percent distribution

100.0% 95.4 4.6

black alone number

37,502,320 35,963,702 1,538,618

percent distribution

100.0% 95.9 4.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 257

Table 3.92

Blacks in the Armed Forces, 2003

(number and percent distribution of blacks aged 18 or older who are in the armed forces or who are veterans, by sex and age, 2003)

Total blacks aged 18 or older Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

in armed forces

veteran

23,471,387 10,423,618 9,355,822 1,067,796 13,047,769 11,319,744 1,728,025

99,495 78,124 78,124 0 21,371 21,371 0

2,320,561 2,040,667 1,557,366 483,301 279,894 266,338 13,556

Total blacks aged 18 or older

100.0%

0.4%

Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.7 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0

9.9% 19.6 16.6 45.3 2.1 2.4 0.8

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

258

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/POPULATION

Table 3.93

Blacks by Age, 2000 and 2004

(number of blacks by age, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) percent change 2000–04

2004

2000

Total blacks Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

39,232,489 3,404,107 3,282,706 3,641,535 3,353,557 3,195,719 2,797,467 2,804,522 2,813,882 2,963,780 2,717,696 2,242,845 1,688,751 1,228,417 973,482 767,856 593,674 405,895 356,598

37,231,182 3,242,091 3,549,175 3,422,857 3,163,098 2,860,217 2,720,688 2,777,344 2,970,657 2,842,102 2,390,713 1,908,275 1,363,018 1,104,070 911,822 752,919 569,457 358,417 324,262

5.4% 5.0 –7.5 6.4 6.0 11.7 2.8 1.0 –5.3 4.3 13.7 17.5 23.9 11.3 6.8 2.0 4.3 13.2 10.0

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

26,854,689 4,499,824 3,097,505

25,119,146 4,125,402 2,916,877

6.9 9.1 6.2

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 259

Table 3.94

Black Share of Total Population by Age, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of blacks, and black share of total, by age, 2004) black percent distribution

total

number

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

293,655,404 20,071,268 19,605,572 21,145,156 20,729,802 20,971,302 19,560,906 20,471,032 21,052,318 23,056,334 22,122,629 19,496,176 16,489,501 12,589,423 9,956,467 8,507,005 7,410,757 5,560,125 4,859,631

39,232,489 3,404,107 3,282,706 3,641,535 3,353,557 3,195,719 2,797,467 2,804,522 2,813,882 2,963,780 2,717,696 2,242,845 1,688,751 1,228,417 973,482 767,856 593,674 405,895 356,598

100.0% 8.7 8.4 9.3 8.5 8.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.6 6.9 5.7 4.3 3.1 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.9

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

220,377,406 29,245,102 36,293,985

26,854,689 4,499,824 3,097,505

68.5 11.5 7.9

share of total

13.4% 17.0 16.7 17.2 16.2 15.2 14.3 13.7 13.4 12.9 12.3 11.5 10.2 9.8 9.8 9.0 8.0 7.3 7.3 12.2 15.4 8.5

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

260

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/POPULATION

Table 3.95

Blacks by Age and Sex, 2004

(number of blacks by age and sex, and sex ratio by age, 2004) total

females

males

sex ratio

Total blacks Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

39,232,489 3,404,107 3,282,706 3,641,535 3,353,557 3,195,719 2,797,467 2,804,522 2,813,882 2,963,780 2,717,696 2,242,845 1,688,751 1,228,417 973,482 767,856 593,674 405,895 356,598

20,519,704 1,676,707 1,617,017 1,794,905 1,655,549 1,594,805 1,447,489 1,475,268 1,485,974 1,576,211 1,452,763 1,215,805 926,641 690,425 558,703 457,462 372,846 265,834 255,300

18,712,785 1,727,400 1,665,689 1,846,630 1,698,008 1,600,914 1,349,978 1,329,254 1,327,908 1,387,569 1,264,933 1,027,040 762,110 537,992 414,779 310,394 220,828 140,061 101,298

91 103 103 103 103 100 93 90 89 88 87 84 82 78 74 68 59 53 40

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

26,854,689 4,499,824 3,097,505

14,419,069 2,238,348 1,910,145

12,435,620 2,261,476 1,187,360

86 101 62

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. The sex ratio is the number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 261

Table 3.96

Blacks by Age, 2000 to 2020

(number and percent distribution of blacks by age, 2000 to 2020, percent change, 2000–10 and 2010–20; numbers in thousands) percent change

Total blacks Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

2000

2010

2020

35,818 2,927 3,299 3,243 3,029 2,757 2,632 2,713 2,907 2,785 2,349 1,876 1,342 1,087 2,873

40,454 3,332 3,127 2,976 3,396 3,357 3,130 2,856 2,701 2,724 2,844 2,657 2,176 1,674 3,505

45,365 3,540 3,515 3,386 3,235 3,109 3,516 3,469 3,207 2,879 2,663 2,620 2,661 2,401 5,164

2000–10

12.9% 13.8 –5.2 –8.2 12.1 21.7 18.9 5.3 –7.1 –2.2 21.1 41.6 62.2 54.0 22.0

2010–20

12.1% 6.2 12.4 13.8 –4.7 –7.4 12.3 21.5 18.8 5.7 –6.4 –1.4 22.3 43.5 47.3

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

262

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/POPULATION

Table 3.97

Blacks by Region, 2000 and 2004

(number of blacks by region, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total blacks Northeast Midwest South West

2004

2000

39,232,489 7,192,004 7,177,716 21,000,623 3,862,146

36,419,434 6,556,909 6,838,669 19,528,231 3,495,625

percent change 2000–04

7.7% 9.7 5.0 7.5 10.5

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of blacks in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.98

Black Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of blacks, and black share of total, by region, 2004) black

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

293,655,404 54,571,147 65,729,852 105,944,965 67,409,440

39,232,489 7,192,004 7,177,716 21,000,623 3,862,146

percent distribution

100.0% 18.3 18.3 53.5 9.8

share of total

13.4% 13.2 10.9 19.8 5.7

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 263

Table 3.99

Blacks by State, 2000 and 2004

(number of blacks by state, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total blacks Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

2004

2000

39,232,489 1,208,591 29,611 234,244 443,869 2,684,307 217,919 378,936 175,936 324,626 2,823,769 2,658,068 41,327 11,304 1,989,954 581,896 80,053 179,432 329,778 1,508,792 13,058 1,661,509 479,798 1,518,585 245,143 1,077,480 690,392 5,635 83,251 195,028 16,329 1,319,953 52,840 3,529,241 1,903,862 6,076 1,441,383 297,799 83,868

36,419,434 1,168,998 27,147 185,599 427,152 2,513,041 190,717 339,078 157,152 350,455 2,471,730 2,393,425 33,343 8,127 1,937,671 538,015 72,512 170,610 311,878 1,468,317 9,553 1,525,036 398,479 1,474,613 202,972 1,041,708 655,377 4,441 75,833 150,508 12,218 1,211,750 42,412 3,234,165 1,776,283 5,372 1,372,501 284,766 72,647

percent change 2000–04

7.7% 3.4 9.1 26.2 3.9 6.8 14.3 11.8 12.0 –7.4 14.2 11.1 23.9 39.1 2.7 8.2 10.4 5.2 5.7 2.8 36.7 8.9 20.4 3.0 20.8 3.4 5.3 26.9 9.8 29.6 33.6 8.9 24.6 9.1 7.2 13.1 5.0 4.6 15.4 (continued)

264

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/POPULATION

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2004

2000

1,373,946 75,352 1,250,132 8,283 1,014,565 2,720,123 30,387 5,391 1,537,156 269,915 64,568 353,268 5,761

1,289,123 58,051 1,200,901 6,687 953,349 2,493,057 24,382 4,492 1,441,207 238,398 62,817 326,506 4,863

percent change 2000–04

6.6% 29.8 4.1 23.9 6.4 9.1 24.6 20.0 6.7 13.2 2.8 8.2 18.5

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of blacks in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 265

Table 3.100

Black Share of Total Population by State, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of blacks, and black share of total, by state, 2004) black

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

293,655,404 4,530,182 655,435 5,743,834 2,752,629 35,893,799 4,601,403 3,503,604 830,364 553,523 17,397,161 8,829,383 1,262,840 1,393,262 12,713,634 6,237,569 2,954,451 2,735,502 4,145,922 4,515,770 1,317,253 5,558,058 6,416,505 10,112,620 5,100,958 2,902,966 5,754,618 926,865 1,747,214 2,334,771 1,299,500 8,698,879 1,903,289 19,227,088 8,541,221 634,366 11,459,011 3,523,553 3,594,586

39,232,489 1,208,591 29,611 234,244 443,869 2,684,307 217,919 378,936 175,936 324,626 2,823,769 2,658,068 41,327 11,304 1,989,954 581,896 80,053 179,432 329,778 1,508,792 13,058 1,661,509 479,798 1,518,585 245,143 1,077,480 690,392 5,635 83,251 195,028 16,329 1,319,953 52,840 3,529,241 1,903,862 6,076 1,441,383 297,799 83,868

percent distribution

100.0% 3.1 0.1 0.6 1.1 6.8 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.8 7.2 6.8 0.1 0.0 5.1 1.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 3.8 0.0 4.2 1.2 3.9 0.6 2.7 1.8 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 3.4 0.1 9.0 4.9 0.0 3.7 0.8 0.2

share of total

13.4% 26.7 4.5 4.1 16.1 7.5 4.7 10.8 21.2 58.6 16.2 30.1 3.3 0.8 15.7 9.3 2.7 6.6 8.0 33.4 1.0 29.9 7.5 15.0 4.8 37.1 12.0 0.6 4.8 8.4 1.3 15.2 2.8 18.4 22.3 1.0 12.6 8.5 2.3 (continued)

266

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/POPULATION

black

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

12,406,292 1,080,632 4,198,068 770,883 5,900,962 22,490,022 2,389,039 621,394 7,459,827 6,203,788 1,815,354 5,509,026 506,529

1,373,946 75,352 1,250,132 8,283 1,014,565 2,720,123 30,387 5,391 1,537,156 269,915 64,568 353,268 5,761

percent distribution

3.5% 0.2 3.2 0.0 2.6 6.9 0.1 0.0 3.9 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.0

share of total

11.1% 7.0 29.8 1.1 17.2 12.1 1.3 0.9 20.6 4.4 3.6 6.4 1.1

Note: Blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 267

Table 3.101

Blacks by Metropolitan Area, 2004

(total number of people, number of blacks, and black share of total, for selected metropolitan areas, 2004) black

Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY MSA Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA MSA Anchorage, AK MSA Appleton–Oshkosh–Neenah, WI MSA Atlanta, GA MSA Augusta–Aiken, GA–SC MSA Austin–San Marcos, TX MSA Bakersﬁeld, CA MSA Baton Rouge, LA MSA Beaumont–Port Arthur, TX MSA Biloxi–Gulfport–Pascagoula, MS MSA Binghamton, NY MSA Birmingham, AL MSA Boise City, ID MSA Boston–Worcester–Lawrence, MA–NH–ME–CT CMSA Brownsville–Harlingen–San Benito, TX MSA Buffalo–Niagara Falls, NY MSA Canton–Massillon, OH MSA Charleston–North Charleston, SC MSA Chicago, IL PMSA Cleveland–Akron, OH CMSA Colorado Springs, CO MSA Columbia, SC MSA Corpus Christi, TX MSA Dallas–Fort Worth, TX CMSA Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA–IL MSA Dayton–Springﬁeld, OH MSA Daytona Beach, FL MSA Denver–Boulder–Greeley, CO CMSA* Des Moines, IA MSA Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI CMSA El Paso, TX MSA Erie, PA MSA Eugene–Springﬁeld, OR MSA Fayetteville, NC MSA Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR MSA Fort Myers–Cape Coral, FL MSA Fort Pierce–Port St. Lucie, FL MSA Fort Wayne, IN MSA

total population

number

860,976 650,230 265,176 359,711 4,477,579 476,167 1,373,125 702,855 610,743 366,244 363,966 239,012 929,694 479,284 5,749,197 367,603 1,119,037 400,919 563,828 8,388,723 2,878,475 539,225 543,126 381,422 5,676,651 350,022 916,635 530,553 2,514,628 476,699 5,437,277 700,225 267,426 324,176 287,220 345,308 508,634 358,578 506,545

52,886 26,138 15,246 94 1,344,191 166,379 101,352 35,781 198,141 89,383 83,390 7,650 284,359 2,571 324,914 641 132,998 30,870 169,389 1,522,241 492,171 36,427 179,733 12,664 773,715 25,285 131,756 50,477 135,812 17,837 1,141,028 18,111 17,664 3,982 105,364 3,677 36,522 41,642 36,428

share of total

6.1% 4.0 5.7 0.0 30.0 34.9 7.4 5.1 32.4 24.4 22.9 3.2 30.6 0.5 5.7 0.2 11.9 7.7 30.0 18.1 17.1 6.8 33.1 3.3 13.6 7.2 14.4 9.5 5.4 3.7 21.0 2.6 6.6 1.2 36.7 1.1 7.2 11.6 7.2 (continued)

268

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/POPULATION

black

Fresno, CA MSA Grand Rapids–Muskegon–Holland, MI MSA Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC MSA Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC MSA Harrisburg–Lebanon–Carlisle, PA MSA Hartford, CT MSA Hickory–Morganton–Lenoir, NC MSA Honolulu, HI MSA Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX CMSA* Huntsville, AL MSA Indianapolis, IN MSA Jackson, MS MSA Jacksonville, FL MSA Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN–VA MSA Kalamazoo–Battle Creek, MI MSA Kansas City, MO–KS MSA Killeen–Temple, TX MSA Knoxville, TN MSA Lafayette, LA MSA Lakeland–Winter Haven, FL MSA Lancaster, PA MSA Lansing–East Lansing, MI MSA Lexington, KY MSA Lincoln, NE MSA Little Rock–North Little Rock, AR MSA Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA CMSA Lubbock, TX MSA Macon, GA MSA Madison, WI MSA McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX MSA Melbourne–Titusville–Palm Bay, FL MSA Miami–Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA Milwaukee–Waukesha, WI PMSA Mobile, AL MSA Modesto, CA MSA Montgomery, AL MSA Nashville, TN MSA New Orleans, LA MSA New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA CMSA* Oklahoma City, OK MSA Orlando, FL MSA Pensacola, FL MSA Peoria–Pekin, IL MSA Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD CMSA*

total population

number

share of total

978,274 1,102,729 1,283,261 976,678 617,676 1,163,367 345,590 868,751 4,794,384 354,936 1,664,412 443,275 1,182,453 482,047 441,059 1,823,092 298,933 707,617 386,812 511,565 473,104 436,485 478,625 249,670 593,032 17,199,115 240,721 329,432 437,843 651,974 509,248 4,051,442 1,483,023 547,153 490,860 323,220 1,275,212 1,313,694

42,440 74,923 256,641 164,892 45,872 112,746 22,968 19,324 791,877 74,160 224,554 207,040 258,543 5,354 38,441 226,670 55,951 43,492 113,022 71,699 11,138 38,769 45,317 5,681 133,249 1,209,778 16,698 126,421 19,732 0 46,084 879,532 238,751 152,187 15,775 127,424 198,373 500,357

4.3% 6.8 20.0 16.9 7.4 9.7 6.6 2.2 16.5 20.9 13.5 46.7 21.9 1.1 8.7 12.4 18.7 6.1 29.2 14.0 2.4 8.9 9.5 2.3 22.5 7.0 6.9 38.4 4.5 0.0 9.0 21.7 16.1 27.8 3.2 39.4 15.6 38.1

20,345,959 1,095,252 1,831,212 410,542 337,020

3,564,702 109,394 269,704 68,739 31,503

17.5 10.0 14.7 16.7 9.3

5,383,262

1,048,248

19.5 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 269

black

Pittsburgh, PA MSA Portland, ME MSA Providence–Fall River–Warwick, RI–MA MSA Provo–Orem, UT MSA Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC MSA Reading, PA MSA Reno, NV MSA Richmond–Petersburg, VA MSA Rochester, NY MSA Rockford, IL MSA Sacramento, CA PMSA Saginaw–Bay City–Midland, MI MSA St. Louis, MO–IL MSA Salinas, CA MSA Salt Lake City–Ogden, UT MSA San Antonio, TX MSA San Diego, CA MSA San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA CMSA San Luis Obispo–Atascadero–Paso Robles, CA MSA Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–Lompoc, CA MSA Sarasota–Bradenton, FL MSA Savannah, GA MSA Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA MSA Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA CMSA* Shreveport–Bossier City, LA MSA South Bend, IN MSA Spokane, WA MSA Springﬁeld, MA MSA Springﬁeld, MO MSA Stockton–Lodi, CA MSA Syracuse, NY MSA Tallahassee, FL MSA Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL MSA Toledo, OH MSA Tucson, AZ MSA Tulsa, OK MSA Utica–Rome, NY MSA Visalia–Tulare–Porterville, CA MSA West Palm Beach–Boca Raton, FL MSA Wichita, KS MSA York, PA MSA Youngstown–Warren, OH MSA

total population

number

2,260,551 248,827 1,165,549 395,173 1,278,372 378,456 375,344 1,013,399 1,057,917 382,901 1,803,160 393,837 2,620,334 392,192 1,384,041 1,683,872 2,833,275 6,951,260 238,502 385,238 639,438 299,920 587,557 3,184,924 387,312 252,944 420,592 560,472 332,918 632,143 707,901 274,945 2,537,586 598,283 885,025 810,062 282,844 395,493 1,223,206 546,308 393,426 566,597

190,341 3,739 60,570 1,832 287,097 10,840 8,331 302,950 107,949 27,813 144,767 36,575 486,142 8,953 16,328 108,448 149,657 457,505 1,934 6,754 38,557 105,276 8,437 163,072 142,614 34,085 6,651 38,919 4,137 47,534 45,257 93,034 274,994 77,966 26,073 73,084 6,517 6,581 186,340 38,785 13,937 57,854

share of total

8.4% 1.5 5.2 0.5 22.5 2.9 2.2 29.9 10.2 7.3 8.0 9.3 18.6 2.3 1.2 6.4 5.3 6.6 0.8 1.8 6.0 35.1 1.4 5.1 36.8 13.5 1.6 6.9 1.2 7.5 6.4 33.8 10.8 13.0 2.9 9.0 2.3 1.7 15.2 7.1 3.5 10.2

* Population ﬁgures are for only part of the metropolitan area. Note: Some metropolitan areas are not shown because data are not available. Blacks are those identifying themselves as being black alone. For the deﬁnition of CMSA, MSA, and PMSA, see the glossary. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

270

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Blacks: Spending

Black Households Spend 70 Percent as Much as the Average Household The nation’s 14 million black households spent an average of $28,708 in 2003, according to the Consumer Expenditure Survey. While the annual spending of black households (called consumer units by the Bureau of Labor Statistics) is less than the $40,817 spent by the average household, on some items blacks spend more. One reason for the lower spending of blacks is that married couples head relatively few black households, and married couples are the most afﬂuent household type. Nevertheless, blacks spend more than average on items such as pork, poultry, and ﬁsh. They are also big spenders on footwear, accounting for 18 percent of consumer spending on shoes. Telephone spending by blacks is 7 percent above average. Black households spend 11 to 28 percent more than average on children’s clothes. ■ Because the incomes of blacks are rising faster than those of other racial and ethnic groups, black spending should approach or exceed the average on many more items in the years ahead. 60000

Black households spend less than the average household (average annual spending of total and black consumer units, 2003)

40000

$40,817 $40,000

$28,708

20000

$20,000

0

$0

total a

black b

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 271

Table 3.102

Spending of Households Headed by Blacks, 2003

(average annual spending of total consumer units (CU), and average annual, indexed, and market share of spending of consumer units headed by blacks, by product and service category, 2003) black consumer units

Number of consumer units (000s) Persons per consumer unit Average income before taxes Average annual spending FOOD Food at home Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by CU on trips Food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity

total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

market share

115,356 2.5 $51,128

13,743 2.6 $34,485

– – 67

11.9% – 8.0

40,817

28,708

70

8.4

5,340 3,129 442 150 292 825 246 171 102 145 124 37 328 127 201 535 171 172 108 84 999 119 86 490 268 36 2,211

4,007 2,664 370 139 231 882 232 206 90 177 140 36 227 94 133 438 128 133 100 77 747 93 80 360 202 12 1,343

75 85 84 93 79 107 94 120 88 122 113 97 69 74 66 82 75 77 93 92 75 78 93 73 75 33 61

8.9 10.1 10.0 11.0 9.4 12.7 11.2 14.4 10.5 14.5 13.5 11.6 8.2 8.8 7.9 9.8 8.9 9.2 11.0 10.9 8.9 9.3 11.1 8.8 9.0 4.0 7.2

391

169

43

5.1

13,432 7,887 5,263 2,954 1,344 965 2,179 445 2,811 392 1,028

10,622 6,117 3,042 1,848 748 446 2,946 129 2,910 465 1,094

79 78 58 63 56 46 135 29 104 119 106

9.4 9.2 6.9 7.5 6.6 5.5 16.1 3.5 12.3 14.1 12.7 (continued)

272

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/SPENDING

black consumer units total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

market share

Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

$110 956 326 707 294 414 529 132 263 133 1,497 113 401 52 196 88 648

$46 1,027 278 453 247 206 357 137 168 53 785 61 234 11 118 43 318

42 107 85 64 84 50 67 104 64 40 52 54 58 21 60 49 49

5.0% 12.8 10.2 7.6 10.0 5.9 8.0 12.4 7.6 4.7 6.2 6.4 7.0 2.5 7.2 5.8 5.8

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

1,640 372 282 89 634 529 106 81 294 258

1,601 292 181 112 565 446 118 104 440 201

98 78 64 126 89 84 111 128 150 78

11.6 9.4 7.6 15.0 10.6 10.0 13.3 15.3 17.8 9.3

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

7,781 3,732 2,052 1,611 68 1,333 2,331 371 619 905 436 385

5,074 2,097 929 1,164 4 1,016 1,728 308 413 730 278 233

65 56 45 72 6 76 74 83 67 81 64 61

7.8 6.7 5.4 8.6 0.7 9.1 8.8 9.9 7.9 9.6 7.6 7.2

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

2,416 1,252 591 467 107

1,309 774 229 263 43

54 62 39 56 40

6.5 7.4 4.6 6.7 4.8

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radio, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

2,060 494 730 378 457

1,007 163 616 123 105

49 33 84 33 23

5.8 3.9 10.1 3.9 2.7 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 273

black consumer units total consumer units

average spending

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

indexed spending

market share

$527

$461

87

10.4%

READING

127

52

41

4.9

EDUCATION

783

442

56

6.7

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

290

180

62

7.4

MISCELLANEOUS

606

447

74

8.8

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,370

832

61

7.2

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

4,055 397 3,658

2,504 295 2,209

62 74 60

7.4 8.9 7.2

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

2,532 1,843 502 187

966 592 317 57

38 32 63 30

4.5 3.8 7.5 3.6

GIFTS FOR NONHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Food Alcoholic beverages Housing Housekeeping supplies Household textiles Appliances and misc. housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Other housing Apparel and services Males, aged 2 or older Females, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Other apparel products and services Jewelry and watches All other apparel products and services Transportation Health care Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles Other entertainment Personal care products and services Reading Education All other gifts

1,007 78 16 220 42 13 25 7 18 57 85 225 56 80 39 50 26 25 60 48 69 26 43 16 1 200 74

524 32 4 96 13 2 15 8 7 15 50 222 30 93 44 54 21 33 38 22 26 13 14 8 – 45 30

52 41 25 44 31 15 60 114 39 26 59 99 54 116 113 108 81 132 63 46 38 50 33 50 – 23 41

6.2 4.9 3.0 5.2 3.7 1.8 7.1 13.6 4.6 3.1 7.0 11.8 6.4 13.8 13.4 12.9 9.6 15.7 7.5 5.5 4.5 6.0 3.9 6.0 – 2.7 4.8

Deﬁnitions: The index compares the spending of the average black consumer unit with the spending of the average consumer unit by dividing black spending by average spending in each category and multiplying by 100. An index of 100 means black spending in the category equals average spending. An index of 125 means black spending is 25 percent above average, while an index of 75 means black spending is 25 percent below average. The market share is the percentage of total spending on a product or service category that is accounted for by consumer units headed by blacks. Note: The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses consumer unit rather than household as the sampling unit in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. For the deﬁnition of consumer unit, see the glossary. Spending by category will not add to total spending because gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories and personal taxes are not included in the total. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate or not applicable. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/; calculations by New Strategist

274

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Blacks: Wealth

Nonwhite Households Have Little Wealth The median net worth (assets minus debts) of nonwhite and Hispanic households amounted to just $17,100 in 2001 (the latest data available), far below the $86,100 net worth of the average American household. On every measure of wealth, nonwhites and Hispanics have less than the average household. Their ﬁnancial assets are just 26 percent as high as the average, and their nonﬁnancial assets are only 51 percent of the average. (Note: The Federal Reserve collects wealth data for only two racial and ethnic categories: non-Hispanic whites, and nonwhites and Hispanics. The nonwhite-and-Hispanic category includes primarily blacks and Hispanics, but also Asians and American Indians.) The net worth of nonwhite and Hispanic households is below average in large part because blacks and Hispanics are less likely to own a home than the average householder. Home equity accounts for the largest share of Americans’ net worth. In 2001, just 47 percent of nonwhite and Hispanic householders owned their home. Nonwhite and Hispanic householders have a median of only $7,200 in ﬁnancial assets. The median debt of nonwhite and Hispanic householders stood at $20,000 in 2001, much lower than average in part because fewer have mortgage debt. Blacks not only have little wealth, but they are short on retirement savings as well. Only 26 percent of black workers have an IRA or participate in a 401(k)-type retirement plan. Among the 24 percent who participate in a retirement plan, the median balance is just $10,000. This may explain why only 19 percent of black workers are “very conﬁdent” they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years. ■ Among blacks aged 65 or older, 88 percent receive Social Security beneﬁts. Only 32 percent receive retirement income from pensions or IRAs.

The net worth of nonwhite and Hispanic households is well below average (median net worth of total and nonwhite and Hispanic households, 2001) 100000

$86,100

75000

$75,000

50000

$50,000

25000

$25,000

0

$0

$17,100 a total households

b nonwhite/Hispanic households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 275

Table 3.103

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Nonwhite and Hispanic Households, 2001

(median net worth, median value of assets for owners, and median amount of debt for debtors, for total and nonwhite/Hispanic households, and index of nonwhite/Hispanic to total, 2001) nonwhite/Hispanic households

Median net worth Median value of ﬁnancial assets Median value of nonﬁnancial assets Median amount of debt

total households

median

index

$86,100 28,000 113,500 38,775

$17,100 7,200 58,200 20,000

20 26 51 52

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the nonwhite/Hispanic ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.104

Financial Assets of Nonwhite and Hispanic Households, 2001

(percent of nonwhite/Hispanic households owning ﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2001) percent owning asset

Any ﬁnancial asset Transaction accounts Certiﬁcates of deposit Savings bonds Bonds Stocks Mutual funds Retirement accounts Life insurance Other managed assets Other ﬁnancial assets

82.4% 78.2 6.7 7.8 0.4 11.0 7.2 37.3 22.3 1.8 9.7

median value

$7,200 1,700 9,000 700 7,600 8,000 17,500 10,000 8,100 45,000 1,700

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003; calculations by New Strategist

276

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/WEALTH

Table 3.105

Nonﬁnancial Assets of Nonwhite and Hispanic Households, 2001

(percent of nonwhite/Hispanic households owning nonﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2001) percent owning asset

Any nonﬁnancial asset Vehicles Primary residence Other residential property Nonresidential property Business Other nonﬁnancial asset

77.9% 70.9 47.0 6.4 4.1 5.1 2.9

median value

$58,200 10,000 92,000 60,000 22,500 50,000 5,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003

Table 3.106

Debt of Nonwhite and Hispanic Households, 2001

(percent of nonwhite/Hispanic households with debt, and median amount of debt for those with debt, 2001) percent with debt

Any debt Home-secured Other residential property Installment loans Other lines of credit Credit card Other debt

72.9% 35.1 2.5 44.6 47.7 1.1 6.5

median amount

$20,000 60,958 40,000 8,133 1,527 1,000 2,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 277

Table 3.107

Black Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans, 2002

(percent of total and black workers aged 21 to 64 owning IRAs and 401(k)-type plans, 2002) total workers

black workers

IRA or 401(k)-type plan IRA only 401(k)-type plan only Both IRA and 401(k)-type plan

40.4% 9.6 21.7 9.2

25.9% 2.5 20.5 2.9

Neither IRA nor 401(k)-type plan

59.6

74.1

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, “401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership,” by Craig Copeland, EBRI Notes, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2005; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

Table 3.108

Black Participation and Savings in IRAs and 401(k)s, 2002

(percent of total and black workers aged 21 to 64 owning an IRA or participating in 401(k)-type plan, and average and median balance of IRA and 401(k), 2002) percent owning IRA

Total workers Black workers

18.7% 5.4

IRA balance average

median

$26,951 20,688

$10,000 9,000

percent participating in 401(k)

30.9% 23.5

401(k) balance average

median

$33,647 20,338

$14,000 10,000

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, “401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership,” by Craig Copeland, EBRI Notes, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2005; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

278

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

BLACKS/WEALTH

Table 3.109

Retirement Conﬁdence among Black Workers, 2003

(percent distribution of black workers aged 25 or older by degree of conﬁdence in retirement savings and planning, 2003) very conﬁdent

Having enough money to live comfortably throughout retirement years Having enough money to take care of basic expenses Doing a good job of preparing ﬁnancially for retirement Not outliving retirement savings Having enough money to take care of medical expenses Having enough money to pay for long-term care

somewhat conﬁdent

19% 29 22 21 19 11

34% 36 39 32 34 30

not too conﬁdent

22% 21 22 20 27 29

not at all conﬁdent

20% 12 16 20 19 28

Source: The 2003 Minority Retirement Conﬁdence Survey Summary of Findings, Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, American Savings Education Council, and Mathew Greenwald & Associates; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/surveys/rcs/2003/

Table 3.110

Sources of Income for Blacks Aged 65 or Older, 2003

(number and percent of blacks aged 65 or older with income from selected sources and average income for those with income, ranked by number receiving income, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) number with income

Blacks aged 65 or older with income Social Security Retirement income, including pensions Interest Earnings SSI (Supplemental Security Income) Dividends Survivor’s beneﬁts Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts Veteran’s beneﬁts

2,811 2,482 909 772 460 277 147 116 92 76

percent with income

100.0% 88.3 32.3 27.5 16.4 9.9 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.7

average amount received by those with income

$11,352 8,491 8,273 1,470 14,518 2,309 1,513 6,457 2,117 4,118

Note: Blacks include those identifying themselves as being black alone and those identifying themselves as being black in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new09_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 279

HISPANICS CHAPTER

4

Hispanics ■ Hispanics are the largest minority in the United States, numbering 41 million in 2004 and accounting for 14 percent of the U.S. population. ■ Only 58 percent of Hispanics have a high school diploma. ■ Hispanics are more likely to be without health insurance than any other racial or ethnic group. In 2003, a substantial 33 percent did not have health insurance. ■ Forty-eight percent of the nation’s Hispanic households owned their home in 2004. ■ The $32,997 median income of Hispanic households in 2003 was 8 percent higher than in 1990, after adjusting for inﬂation. ■ Seventeen percent of Hispanic workers are in managerial or professional jobs, the ﬁgure ranging from a low of 14 percent among Mexican Americans to a high of 30 percent among Cuban Americans. ■ Married couples head more than half of Hispanic households. Sixty-ﬁve percent of Hispanic couples have children under age 18 at home. ■ Thirty percent of Hispanics live in California, where they account for 35 percent of the state’s population. ■ Hispanic households spent an average of $34,575 in 2003. They spend 15 percent more than the average household on groceries. ■ Only 13 percent of Hispanic workers are “very conﬁdent” they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years.

Hispanics account for 14.1 percent of the U.S. population (percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2004) 75

67.4%

50 50%

25 25%

0 0%

1.5% a American Indians

13.4%

14.1%

c blacks

d Hispanics

4.8% b Asians

d non-Hispanic whites

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 281

Hispanics: Education

Hispanic Educational Attainment Lags behind That of Asians, Non-Hispanic Whites, and Blacks Hispanics are much less educated than the average American because many are immigrants who came to the United States as adults with few years of schooling. Only 58 percent of Hispanics have a high school diploma versus 85 percent of the total population. Among Hispanics born in the United States, 75 percent are high school graduates. Among those born outside the United States, the ﬁgure is just 46 percent. Only 12 percent of Hispanics have a college degree, versus 28 percent of the total population. In 2003, 1.7 million Hispanics were enrolled in college, accounting for 10 percent of the nation’s college students. Among college students, blacks outnumber Hispanics by more than one-half million. Hispanics earned 10 percent of associate’s degrees awarded in 2001–02, 6 percent of bachelor’s degrees, 5 percent of master’s degrees, and 3 percent of doctoral degrees. They earned 6 percent of law degrees awarded in 2001–02. ■ The educational attainment of Hispanics will remain below average as long as poorly educated immigrants make up a large proportion of the Hispanic population.

Many Hispanics have not graduated from high school (percent distribution of Hispanics aged 25 or older by high school graduation status, 2004)

a

42%

a

not a high school graduate a

58% high school graduate or more

282

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

a

HISPANICS/EDUCATION

Table 4.1

Educational Attainment of Hispanics by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Hispanics Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

21,596 8,986 5,977 2,861 1,166 1,892 478 142 94

7,422 2,881 2,169 1,128 408 675 102 47 12

6,007 2,325 1,752 762 380 567 165 35 19

3,926 1,540 1,090 522 224 378 109 38 24

2,162 940 555 301 104 167 64 12 18

2,080 1,297 412 148 49 105 38 10 20

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

12,610 6,633 2,606

4,541 2,372 836

3,680 1,928 786

2,385 1,295 549

1,221 666 261

782 370 173

100.0% 41.6 27.7 13.2 5.4 8.8 2.2 0.7 0.4

100.0% 38.8 29.2 15.2 5.5 9.1 1.4 0.6 0.2

100.0% 38.7 29.2 12.7 6.3 9.4 2.7 0.6 0.3

100.0% 39.2 27.8 13.3 5.7 9.6 2.8 1.0 0.6

100.0% 43.5 25.7 13.9 4.8 7.7 3.0 0.6 0.8

100.0% 62.4 19.8 7.1 2.4 5.0 1.8 0.5 1.0

58.4 30.7 12.1

61.2 32.0 11.3

61.3 32.1 13.1

60.7 33.0 14.0

56.5 30.8 12.1

37.6 17.8 8.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Hispanics Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 283

Table 4.2

Educational Attainment of Hispanic Men by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic men aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Hispanic men 10,986 Not a high school graduate 4,691 High school graduate only 3,009 Some college, no degree 1,464 Associate’s degree 527 Bachelor’s degree 926 Master’s degree 240 Professional degree 79 Doctoral degree 52

4,001 1,648 1,203 560 184 328 56 16 6

3,126 1,268 886 424 176 267 72 21 12

1,955 807 505 258 101 189 56 27 13

1,023 446 247 145 42 86 36 7 12

881 517 167 78 23 56 21 9 9

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

6,297 3,288 1,297

2,353 1,150 406

1,858 972 372

1,149 644 285

575 328 141

363 196 95

Total Hispanic men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 42.7 27.4 13.3 4.8 8.4 2.2 0.7 0.5

100.0% 41.2 30.1 14.0 4.6 8.2 1.4 0.4 0.1

100.0% 40.6 28.3 13.6 5.6 8.5 2.3 0.7 0.4

100.0% 41.3 25.8 13.2 5.2 9.7 2.9 1.4 0.7

100.0% 43.6 24.1 14.2 4.1 8.4 3.5 0.7 1.2

100.0% 58.7 19.0 8.9 2.6 6.4 2.4 1.0 1.0

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

57.3 29.9 11.8

58.8 28.7 10.1

59.4 31.1 11.9

58.8 32.9 14.6

56.2 32.1 13.8

41.2 22.2 10.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

284

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/EDUCATION

Table 4.3

Educational Attainment of Hispanic Women by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic women aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Hispanic women 10,610 Not a high school graduate 4,296 High school graduate only 2,968 Some college, no degree 1,397 Associate’s degree 640 Bachelor’s degree 966 Master’s degree 238 Professional degree 63 Doctoral degree 41

3,422 1,235 966 568 224 347 46 30 6

2,880 1,057 865 338 203 300 93 16 7

1,970 732 586 264 124 190 53 12 11

1,138 495 308 156 62 80 28 4 6

1,199 778 244 71 25 50 18 2 11

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

6,313 3,345 1,308

2,187 1,221 429

1,822 957 416

1,240 654 266

644 336 118

421 177 81

Total Hispanic women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 40.5 28.0 13.2 6.0 9.1 2.2 0.6 0.4

100.0% 36.1 28.2 16.6 6.5 10.1 1.3 0.9 0.2

100.0% 36.7 30.0 11.7 7.0 10.4 3.2 0.6 0.2

100.0% 37.2 29.7 13.4 6.3 9.6 2.7 0.6 0.6

100.0% 43.5 27.1 13.7 5.4 7.0 2.5 0.4 0.5

100.0% 64.9 20.4 5.9 2.1 4.2 1.5 0.2 0.9

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

59.5 31.5 12.3

63.9 35.7 12.5

63.3 33.2 14.4

62.9 33.2 13.5

56.6 29.5 10.4

35.1 14.8 6.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 285

Table 4.4

Educational Attainment of Hispanics by Foreign-Born Status, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics aged 25 or older by educational attainment and foreign-born status, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

native-born

foreign-born

Total Hispanics Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

21,596 8,985 5,977 2,861 1,166 1,892 478 142 94

9,143 2,255 2,981 1,808 745 985 263 63 43

12,453 6,732 2,995 1,053 421 907 215 79 50

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

12,610 6,633 2,606

6,888 3,907 1,354

5,720 2,725 1,251

100.0% 41.6 27.7 13.2 5.4 8.8 2.2 0.7 0.4

100.0% 24.7 32.6 19.8 8.1 10.8 2.9 0.7 0.5

100.0% 54.1 24.1 8.5 3.4 7.3 1.7 0.6 0.4

58.4 30.7 12.1

75.3 42.7 14.8

45.9 21.9 10.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Hispanics Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

286

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/EDUCATION

Table 4.5

Educational Attainment of Hispanics by Age and Region, 2004

(percent of Hispanics aged 25 or older by selected educational attainment, age, and region, 2004) Northeast

Midwest

South

West

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE OR MORE

Total Hispanics Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

64.3% 71.4 70.1 59.1 57.1 44.4

61.6% 62.1 65.4 64.5 58.5 38.3

57.9% 58.4 63.7 65.3 56.3 33.2

56.2% 59.9 56.0 56.8 56.0 40.7

31.1 34.9 36.1 30.5 22.1 17.3

31.7 32.7 33.3 31.9 29.2 20.0

30.5 30.9 32.6 36.2 32.3 14.0

30.6 31.7 30.3 31.3 33.1 22.8

13.8 13.4 15.5 15.7 10.9 10.2

11.7 12.3 13.6 10.6 7.7 6.7

13.5 12.1 14.9 17.6 12.9 8.8

10.3 9.5 10.9 10.8 12.5 7.5

SOME COLLEGE OR MORE

Total Hispanics Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR MORE

Total Hispanics Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 287

Table 4.6

Educational Attainment of Hispanics by State, 2004

(percent of Hispanics aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, for the 25 largest states, 2004) high school graduate or more

Total Hispanics Alabama Arizona California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin

58.4% – 57.4 54.2 61.2 70.8 62.1 62.0 58.5 – – 48.8 62.3 57.1 69.5 72.2 65.2 62.5 46.8 65.1 70.8 46.2 52.4 65.8 55.8 55.8

college graduate

12.1% – 10.8 9.8 11.1 21.8 15.9 9.9 5.9 – – 15.5 8.8 15.4 19.2 20.3 15.6 13.8 8.0 11.7 13.2 12.4 9.2 19.8 13.4 7.1

Note: (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004 .html; calculations by New Strategist

288

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/EDUCATION

Table 4.7

School Enrollment of Hispanics, 2003

(total number of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, number of Hispanics enrolled, and Hispanic share of total, by age, October 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total aged 3 or older Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

74,911 4,590 7,309 11,706 16,478 8,329 8,177 4,856 3,684 3,397 2,212 1,378 1,635 879 283

11,929 728 1,386 2,230 2,843 1,415 1,242 614 454 353 240 174 185 42 23

share of total

15.9% 15.9 19.0 19.1 17.3 17.0 15.2 12.6 12.3 10.4 10.8 12.6 11.3 4.8 8.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 289

Table 4.8

School Enrollment of Hispanics by Age and Sex, 2003

(number and percent of Hispanics aged 3 or older enrolled in school, by age and sex, October 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

Total Hispanics enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

11,929 728 1,386 2,230 2,843 1,415 1,242 614 454 353 240 174 185 42 23

female percent

31.6% 43.7 91.6 97.5 98.3 96.7 92.1 50.5 33.7 16.1 6.2 4.6 3.0 1.1 0.5

number

5,967 335 696 1,076 1,331 732 633 315 257 195 138 99 118 26 14

male percent

32.5% 44.7 92.0 97.5 98.2 96.8 93.8 54.4 41.1 19.4 7.9 5.6 4.0 1.3 0.6

number

5,962 393 690 1,154 1,512 683 609 298 197 157 102 75 67 16 8

percent

30.8% 42.9 91.3 97.5 98.4 96.7 90.4 47.0 27.2 13.3 4.9 3.8 2.1 0.8 0.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html

290

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/EDUCATION

Table 4.9

Hispanic Families with Children in College, 2003

(total number of Hispanic families, number with dependent children aged 5 to 24, and number and percent with children enrolled in college by household income, 2003; numbers in thousands) with one or more children enrolled in college

Total Hispanic families Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 and over

total

with children aged 5–24

number

9,765 851 992 658 1,688 1,368 721 1,124 458 258 119

6,265 543 584 416 1,099 919 504 693 301 148 87

706 33 45 15 115 74 62 116 71 24 24

percent of total Hispanic families

percent of Hispanic families with children 5–24

7.2% 3.9 4.5 2.3 6.8 5.4 8.6 10.3 15.5 9.3 20.2

11.3% 6.1 7.7 3.6 10.5 8.1 12.3 16.7 23.6 16.2 27.6

Note: Numbers will not add to total because not reported is not shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 291

Table 4.10

Hispanic College Enrollment Rate, 1990 to 2000

(percent of total people and Hispanics aged 16 to 24 graduating from high school in the previous 12 months who were enrolled in college as of October of each year, percentage point change in enrollment rate, 1990–2000) total

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

63.3% 62.9 65.6 67.0 65.0 61.9 61.9 62.6 61.9 62.5 60.1

Percentage point change 1990–2000 3.2

Hispanic

49.0% 47.5 51.8 54.6 56.7 51.2 55.0 55.4 58.1 51.6 51.7

–2.7

Note: Hispanic enrollment rates are a three-year moving average. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003; Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d03/list_tables3.asp#c3; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.11

College Enrollment of Hispanics, 2003

(total number of people aged 15 or older enrolled in college, number of Hispanics enrolled, and Hispanic share of total, by age, October 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total enrolled in college Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

16,638 3,661 3,534 3,320 2,164 1,330 769 757 479 357 268

1,715 390 408 330 224 155 84 68 19 17 19

share of total

10.3% 10.7 11.5 9.9 10.4 11.7 10.9 9.0 4.0 4.8 7.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

292

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/EDUCATION

Table 4.12

College Enrollment of Hispanics by Age and Type of School, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age and type of school, October 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total Hispanics enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

two-year college

four-year college

graduate school

1,715 390 408 330 224 155 84 68 19 17 19

627 171 124 121 72 52 26 39 5 7 9

918 216 277 185 109 71 23 16 8 4 9

170 3 7 24 43 32 35 13 6 6 1

36.6% 43.8 30.4 36.7 32.1 33.5 31.0 57.4 26.3 41.2 47.4

53.5% 55.4 67.9 56.1 48.7 45.8 27.4 23.5 42.1 23.5 47.4

9.9% 0.8 1.7 7.3 19.2 20.6 41.7 19.1 31.6 35.3 5.3

100.0% 27.3 19.8 19.3 11.5 8.3 4.1 6.2 0.8 1.1 1.4

100.0% 23.5 30.2 20.2 11.9 7.7 2.5 1.7 0.9 0.4 1.0

100.0% 1.8 4.1 14.1 25.3 18.8 20.6 7.6 3.5 3.5 0.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF SCHOOL

Total Hispanics enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total Hispanics enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 22.7 23.8 19.2 13.1 9.0 4.9 4.0 1.1 1.0 1.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 293

Table 4.13

Associate’s Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of associate’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Hispanics, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by Hispanics

Total associate’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Mechanics and repairers Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services R.O.T.C. and military technologies Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

595,133 6,494 443 319 1,517 108,911 2,819 2,021 30,965 2,639 9,267 1,724 32,895 864 517 79,888 9,480 6,825 207,163 96 685 12,086 13,204 830 134 2,308 10,818 16,689 1,705 3,323 62 5,593 414 1,159 20,911 365

60,003 120 28 17 137 9,823 167 185 3,024 117 1,050 124 3,468 101 143 5,903 1,252 626 23,275 5 112 1,343 1,476 68 27 200 1,033 1,832 270 460 3 946 16 96 2,545 11

percent

10.1% 1.8 6.3 5.3 9.0 9.0 5.9 9.2 9.8 4.4 11.3 7.2 10.5 11.7 27.7 7.4 13.2 9.2 11.2 5.2 16.4 11.1 11.2 8.2 20.1 8.7 9.5 11.0 15.8 13.8 4.8 16.9 3.9 8.3 12.2 3.0

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

294

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/EDUCATION

Table 4.14

Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of bachelor’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Hispanics, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by Hispanics total

number

Total bachelor’s degrees 1,291,900 Agriculture and natural resources 23,353 Architecture and related programs 8,808 Area, ethnic, and cultural studies 6,557 Biological and life sciences 60,256 Business 281,330 Communications 62,791 Communications technologies 1,110 Computer and information sciences 47,299 Construction trades 202 Education 106,383 Engineering 59,481 Engineering-related technologies 14,117 English language and literature, letters 53,162 Foreign languages and literatures 15,318 Health professions and related sciences 70,517 Home economics 18,153 Law and legal studies 1,971 Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities 39,333 Library science 74 Mathematics 12,395 Mechanics and repairers 164 Multi- and interdisciplinary studies 27,629 Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness 20,554 Philosophy and religion 9,306 Physical sciences 17,851 Precision production trades 468 Protective services 25,536 Psychology 76,671 Public administration and services 19,392 R.O.T.C. and military technologies 3 Social sciences and history 132,874 Theological studies, religious vocations 7,785 Transportation and material moving 4,020 Visual and performing arts 66,773 Not classiﬁed 264

82,969 744 640 775 3,256 17,557 3,510 94 2,442 10 4,893 3,208 875 2,908 2,558 3,700 724 146 4,106 1 695 21 2,793 1,068 472 709 24 2,659 6,381 1,847 0 9,917 258 181 3,787 10

percent

6.4% 3.2 7.3 11.8 5.4 6.2 5.6 8.5 5.2 5.0 4.6 5.4 6.2 5.5 16.7 5.2 4.0 7.4 10.4 1.4 5.6 12.8 10.1 5.2 5.1 4.0 5.1 10.4 8.3 9.5 0.0 7.5 3.3 4.5 5.7 3.8

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 295

Table 4.15

Master’s Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of master’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Hispanics, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by Hispanics

Total master’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

482,118 4,519 4,566 1,578 6,205 120,785 5,510 549 16,113 9 136,579 26,015 896 7,268 2,861 43,644 2,616 4,053 2,754 5,113 3,487 3,211 2,754 1,334 5,034 2 2,935 14,888 25,448 14,112 4,952 709 11,595 24

22,387 117 220 125 261 5,024 189 11 307 2 7,751 775 21 243 351 1,740 130 167 119 212 85 156 71 36 148 1 159 921 1,743 670 164 31 437 0

percent

4.6% 2.6 4.8 7.9 4.2 4.2 3.4 2.0 1.9 22.2 5.7 3.0 2.3 3.3 12.3 4.0 5.0 4.1 4.3 4.1 2.4 4.9 2.6 2.7 2.9 50.0 5.4 6.2 6.8 4.7 3.3 4.4 3.8 0.0

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

296

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/EDUCATION

Table 4.16

Doctoral Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of doctoral degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Hispanics, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by Hispanics

Total doctoral degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological, life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi/interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Visual and performing arts

total

number

44,160 1,166 183 216 4,489 1,158 374 9 750 6,967 5,195 15 1,446 843 3,523 355 79 113 45 958 384 151 606 3,803 49 4,341 571 3,902 1,355 1,114

1,432 25 8 11 127 22 8 0 21 312 93 0 49 96 82 10 1 2 1 9 14 4 13 68 1 263 13 120 22 37

percent

3.2% 2.1 4.4 5.1 2.8 1.9 2.1 0.0 2.8 4.5 1.8 0.0 3.4 11.4 2.3 2.8 1.3 1.8 2.2 0.9 3.6 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.0 6.1 2.3 3.1 1.6 3.3

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 297

Table 4.17

First-Professional Degrees Earned by Hispanics by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of ﬁrst-professional degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Hispanics, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by Hispanics

Total ﬁrst-professional degrees Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Optometry (O.D.) Osteopathic medicine (D.O.) Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Podiatry (Pod.D., D.P., or D.P.M.) Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) Naturopathic medicine Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord.)

total

number

80,698 4,239 15,237 1,280 2,416 7,076 474 2,289 3,284 227 38,981 5,195

3,965 173 757 40 67 229 15 61 121 2 2,368 132

percent

4.9% 4.1 5.0 3.1 2.8 3.2 3.2 2.7 3.7 0.9 6.1 2.5

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.18

Hispanic Participation in Adult Education, 2001

(percent of total people and Hispanics aged 16 or older participating in adult education activities, by type of adult education activity, 2001) percent participating total

Any adult education course College or university credential programs Work-related courses Personal interest courses Other educational activities

47.4% 7.3 29.7 21.3 3.6

Hispanics

42.9% 7.1 21.6 16.3 12.2

Note: Adult education activities include apprenticeships, courses for basic skills, English as a second language, work-related courses, and personal development. For those aged 25 or older, credential programs in postsecondary institutions are counted as adult education activities. For those aged 16 to 24, full-time participation (full-year or part-year) in college or university credential programs or vocational or technical diploma programs are excluded. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Education and Lifelong Learning Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program; Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2003/section1/tables/t08_2.asp

298

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS

Hispanics: Health

Millions of Hispanics Lack Health Insurance Fifty-two percent of Hispanics rate their health as very good or excellent, well below the 62 percent share among the total population. One reason for the relatively poor health of Hispanics may be their limited access to health care because so many lack health insurance. Only 16 percent of Hispanics are cigarette smokers, while a larger 37 percent drink alcohol regularly. Two out of three Hispanics are overweight, and one in four is obese. More than 912,000 babies were born to Hispanic women in 2003, accounting for a substantial 22 percent of all births that year. Mexican Americans account for 72 percent of Hispanic births. In California, 50 percent of births are to Hispanics. The ﬁgure is 49 percent in Texas and 44 percent in Arizona. Hispanics are more likely to be without health insurance than any other racial or ethnic group. In 2003, a substantial 33 percent did not have health insurance, more than double the 16 percent among the total population. More than one in four Hispanics have experienced lower back pain for at least one day in the past 12 months. The leading causes of death among Hispanics are heart disease and cancer, followed by accidents. Among the population as a whole, cerebrovascular disease ranks third. Accidents are a more important cause of death among Hispanics because the population is younger than average, and accidents account for a large share of deaths among children and young adults. ■ The health status of Hispanics is greatly inﬂuenced by immigration. Not only do immigrants boost the Hispanic birth rate, but many do not have health insurance.

One-third of Hispanics do not have health insurance

60

(percent distribution of Hispanics by health insurance coverage status, 2003; shares do not add to 100 percent because some people have more than one kind of health insurance)

45% 40

40%

33% 27% 20

20%

0

0%

private a insurance

governmentainsurance

b no insurance

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 299

Table 4.19

Hispanic Health Status, 2003

(percent distribution of total people and Hispanics aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, and index of Hispanic to total, 2003) total

Total people Excellent/very good Good Fair/poor

index of Hispanic to total

Hispanic

100.0% 62.3 25.5 12.2

100.0% 51.7 29.4 19.0

– 83 115 156

Note: (–) means not applicable. The index is calculated by dividing the Hispanic ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.20

Smoking and Drinking Status of Hispanics by Sex, 2003

(percent distribution of Hispanics aged 18 or older by smoking and drinking status and sex, 2003) total

men

women

100.0% 69.6 14.8 15.6

100.0% 59.4 19.7 20.9

100.0% 79.7 10.1 10.2

100.0 37.1 13.3 11.7 37.1

100.0 23.0 15.2 9.3 51.3

100.0 50.9 11.7 14.2 22.6

SMOKING STATUS

Total Hispanics Never smoked Former smoker Current smoker DRINKING STATUS

Total Hispanics Lifetime abstainer Former drinker Current infrequent drinker Current regular drinker

Note: Never smoked means having had fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Former smokers have had 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime but did not smoke at time of interview. Current smokers have had at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoke. Lifetime abstainers have had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime. Former drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, none in past year. Current infrequent drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime and fewer than 12 drinks in past year. Current regular drinkers have had at least 12 drinks in past year. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

300

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HEALTH

Table 4.21

Weight in Pounds of Hispanics by Age and Sex, 1999–2002

(average weight in pounds of Hispanics of Mexican origin aged 20 or older by age and sex, 1999–2002) men

women

177.3 172.5 183.6 175.7

157.1 152.9 165.5 150.7

WEIGHT IN POUNDS

Total aged 20 or older Aged 20 to 39 Aged 40 to 59 Aged 60 or older

Note: Data are based on measured weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002; Advance Data, No. 347, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/ad/341-350/341-350.htm

Table 4.22

Weight Status of Hispanics by Sex, 2003

(percent distribution of Hispanics aged 18 or older by weight status and sex, 2003)) Total Hispanics Underweight Healthy weight Overweight, total Overweight, but not obese Obese

total

men

100.0% 1.1 33.9 65.0 39.8 25.2

100.0% 0.9 30.4 68.7 45.8 22.9

women

100.0% 1.3 38.1 60.6 33.3 27.3

Note: Being overweight is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 25 or higher. Being obese is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. Body mass index is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on measured height and weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 301

Table 4.23

Births to Hispanic Women by Age, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by age, 2003) Hispanic

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

total

number

4,089,950 6,661 414,580 1,032,305 1,086,366 975,546 467,642 101,005 5,845

912,329 2,356 128,524 273,311 246,361 169,054 75,801 16,172 750

percent distribution

100.0% 0.3 14.1 30.0 27.0 18.5 8.3 1.8 0.1

share of total

22.3% 35.4 31.0 26.5 22.7 17.3 16.2 16.0 12.8

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

302

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HEALTH

Table 4.24

Births to Hispanics by Age and Ethnic Origin, 2003

(number and percent distribution of births to Hispanics by age and ethnic origin, 2003)

Total Hispanic births Under age 20 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 or older

total

Mexican

Puerto Rican

Cuban

Central and South American

other Hispanic

912,329 130,880 273,311 246,361 169,054 75,801 16,172 750

654,504 100,238 203,314 177,499 115,033 48,120 9,858 442

58,400 10,430 19,004 14,169 9,301 4,515 934 47

14,867 1,177 2,608 3,966 4,298 2,283 511 24

135,586 11,271 33,588 38,505 31,448 16,629 3,960 185

48,972 7764 14,797 12,222 8,974 4,254 909 52

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY ETHNIC ORIGIN

Total Hispanic births Under age 20 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

71.7% 76.6 74.4 72.0 68.0 63.5 61.0 58.9

6.4% 8.0 7.0 5.8 5.5 6.0 5.8 6.3

1.6% 0.9 1.0 1.6 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.2

14.9% 8.6 12.3 15.6 18.6 21.9 24.5 24.7

5.4% 5.9 5.4 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.6 6.9

100.0% 15.3 31.1 27.1 17.6 7.4 1.5 0.1

100.0% 17.9 32.5 24.3 15.9 7.7 1.6 0.1

100.0% 7.9 17.5 26.7 28.9 15.4 3.4 0.2

100.0% 8.3 24.8 28.4 23.2 12.3 2.9 0.1

100.0% 15.9 30.2 25.0 18.3 8.7 1.9 0.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total Hispanic births Under age 20 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 or older

100.0% 14.3 30.0 27.0 18.5 8.3 1.8 0.1

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 303

Table 4.25

Births to Hispanic Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003

(total number of births to Hispanics, number of births to unmarried Hispanics, and unmarried share of total, by age, 2003) unmarried Hispanics

Births to Hispanics Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 or older

total

number

912,329 2,356 128,524 273,311 246,361 169,054 75,801 16,922

410,620 2,224 97,925 146,729 91,644 46,995 20,158 4,945

share of total

45.0% 94.4 76.2 53.7 37.2 27.8 26.6 29.2

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.26

Births to Hispanic Women by Birth Order, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by birth order, 2003) Hispanic

Total births First child Second child Third child Fourth or later child

total

number

4,089,950 1,633,987 1,320,477 684,296 439,235

912,329 330,032 280,462 175,225 124,238

percent distribution

100.0% 36.2 30.7 19.2 13.6

share of total

22.3% 20.2 21.2 25.6 28.3

Note: Numbers will not add to total because “not stated” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

304

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HEALTH

Table 4.27

Births to Hispanic Women by State, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by state, 2003) Hispanic births

Total births Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

4,089,950 59,552 10,086 90,967 37,784 540,997 69,339 42,873 11,329 7,619 212,250 135,979 18,100 21,800 182,495 86,434 38,174 39,476 55,236 65,040 13,855 74,930 80,184 131,094 70,050 42,380 77,045 11,422 25,917 33,647 14,393 116,983 27,821 253,714 118,323 7,972 149,679 50,981 45,953

912,329 2,904 770 39,780 3,278 269,705 21,387 7,547 1,380 962 54,857 18,262 2,617 2,939 42,460 6,779 2,519 5,442 1,959 1,675 166 6,976 9,800 7,670 4,932 543 3,483 379 3,453 12,198 528 26,534 14,843 55,281 16,080 168 5,352 5,733 8,439

percent distribution

100.0% 0.3 0.1 4.4 0.4 29.6 2.3 0.8 0.2 0.1 6.0 2.0 0.3 0.3 4.7 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.4 1.3 0.1 2.9 1.6 6.1 1.8 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.9

share of total

22.3% 4.9 7.6 43.7 8.7 49.9 30.8 17.6 12.2 12.6 25.8 13.4 14.5 13.5 23.3 7.8 6.6 13.8 3.5 2.6 1.2 9.3 12.2 5.9 7.0 1.3 4.5 3.3 13.3 36.3 3.7 22.7 53.4 21.8 13.6 2.1 3.6 11.2 18.4 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 305

Hispanic births

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

145,959 13,209 55,649 11,027 78,890 377,476 49,860 6,589 101,254 80,489 20,935 70,040 6,700

10,832 2,483 3,662 340 4,934 183,139 7,069 59 10,401 13,320 104 5,539 667

percent distribution

1.2% 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.5 20.1 0.8 0.0 1.1 1.5 0.0 0.6 0.1

share of total

7.4% 18.8 6.6 3.1 6.3 48.5 14.2 0.9 10.3 16.5 0.5 7.9 10.0

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

306

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HEALTH

Table 4.28

Health Insurance Coverage of Hispanics by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics by age and health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

total

total

private

government

not covered at any time during the year

40,425 13,854 4,974 7,423 6,007 3,925 2,161 2,080

27,188 10,944 2,429 3,832 3,754 2,742 1,526 1,962

18,183 5,824 1,848 3,205 3,223 2,281 1,168 633

10,716 5,817 712 725 646 556 422 1,838

13,237 2,911 2,545 3,591 2,253 1,184 635 118

with health insurance coverage during year

Total Hispanics Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Hispanics Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

67.3% 79.0 48.8 51.6 62.5 69.9 70.6 94.3

45.0% 42.0 37.2 43.2 53.7 58.1 54.0 30.4

26.5% 42.0 14.3 9.8 10.8 14.2 19.5 88.4

32.7% 21.0 51.2 48.4 37.5 30.2 29.4 5.7

Note: Numbers may not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 307

Table 4.29

Hispanics with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics by age and private health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with private health insurance employment-based

Total Hispanics Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

total

own

direct purchase

40,425 13,854 4,974 7,423 6,007 3,925 2,161 2,080

18,183 5,824 1,848 3,205 3,223 2,281 1,168 633

16,788 5,483 1,590 3,034 3,042 2,123 1,070 446

8,046 29 722 2,311 2,241 1,600 797 345

1,551 389 153 218 238 201 131 221

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Hispanics Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

45.0% 42.0 37.2 43.2 53.7 58.1 54.0 30.4

41.5% 39.6 32.0 40.9 50.6 54.1 49.5 21.4

19.9% 0.2 14.5 31.1 37.3 40.8 36.9 16.6

3.8% 2.8 3.1 2.9 4.0 5.1 6.1 10.6

Note: Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

308

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HEALTH

Table 4.30

Hispanics with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics by age and government health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with government health insurance

Total Hispanics Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

Medicaid

Medicare

military

40,425 13,854 4,974 7,423 6,007 3,925 2,161 2,080

10,716 5,817 712 725 646 556 422 1,838

8,505 5,585 606 630 535 410 251 488

2,462 120 20 49 80 148 213 1,833

639 190 113 75 77 71 47 67

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Hispanics Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

26.5% 42.0 14.3 9.8 10.8 14.2 19.5 88.4

21.0% 40.3 12.2 8.5 8.9 10.4 11.6 23.5

6.1% 0.9 0.4 0.7 1.3 3.8 9.9 88.1

1.6% 1.4 2.3 1.0 1.3 1.8 2.2 3.2

Note: Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 309

Table 4.31

Health Conditions among Hispanics Aged 18 or Older, 2003

(number of total people and Hispanics aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, percent of Hispanics with condition, and Hispanic share of total with condition, 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total people

total

number

percent with condition

213,042

26,272

–

12.3%

23,536 12,254 45,927 5,070

1,470 761 3,497 316

7.7% 4.5 19.0 2.2

6.2 6.2 7.6 6.2

Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

share of total

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma Ever Still Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,115

80

0.6

2.6

20,697 13,623 18,356 29,673 8,560

1,904 1,207 1,529 2,030 604

7.5 4.8 6.3 8.5 2.8

9.2 8.9 8.3 6.8 7.1

Cancer Any cancer Breast cancer (all adults) Cervical cancer (women only) Prostate cancer (men only)

13,973 2,426 1,082 1,332

530 95 67 50

2.9 0.6 0.5 0.9

3.8 3.9 6.2 3.8

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes Ulcers Kidney disease Liver disease Arthritis Chronic joint symptoms Migraines or severe headaches Pain in neck Pain in lower back Pain in face or jaw

14,012 14,456 3,017 2,511 45,793 57,242 32,268 31,368 58,430 9,464

1,556 1,285 402 310 2,896 4,218 4,179 3,329 6,465 926

8.6 5.7 1.9 1.4 16.4 20.2 15.9 14.5 26.5 3.8

11.1 8.9 13.3 12.3 6.3 7.4 13.0 10.6 11.1 9.8

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

32,533 18,628 15,927

1,811 1,899 1,161

9.8 9.1 7.4

5.6 10.2 7.3

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past twelve months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past twelve months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

310

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HEALTH

Table 4.32

Health Conditions among Hispanic Children, 2003

(number of total people and Hispanics under age 18 with selected health conditions, percent of Hispanics with condition, and Hispanic share of total, 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total children Diagnosed with asthma Experienced in last 12 months Asthma attack Hay fever Respiratory allergies Other allergies Ever told had* Learning disability Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder Prescription medication taken regularly for at least 3 months

percent with condition

share of total

total

number

72,973 9,071

13,464 1,575

– 12.0%

3,975 7,059 8,347 8,407

597 952 1,051 1,074

4.5 7.3 8.0 8.0

15.0 13.5 12.6 12.8

4,561 3,881

677 403

6.3 3.8

14.8 10.4

9,287

1,032

7.9

11.1

18.5% 17.4

* “Ever told” by a school representative or health professional. Data exclude children under age 3. Note: Other allergies include food or digestive allergies, eczema, and other skin allergies. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 223, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 311

Table 4.33

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Hispanics, 2003

(number of total people and Hispanics aged 18 or older, number with difﬁculties in physical functioning, percent of Hispanics with difﬁculty, and Hispanic share of total, by type of difﬁculty, 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

TOTAL PEOPLE

Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up ten steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry ten pounds Push or pull large objects

total

number

213,042 31,322 14,910 11,107 18,663 7,211 18,250 6,264 3,943 9,194 13,463

26,272 2,549 1,182 1,134 1,561 882 1,541 530 342 941 1,173

percent with difﬁculty

– 13.8% 7.0 6.8 8.8 4.3 8.6 3.0 2.1 5.5 6.7

share of total

12.3% 8.1 7.9 10.2 8.4 12.2 8.4 8.5 8.7 10.2 8.7

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.34

AIDS Cases among Hispanics, through December 2003

(total number of AIDS cases diagnosed, number and percent distribution of AIDS cases diagnosed among Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by sex and age at diagnosis, through December 2003) Hispanic

Total AIDS cases Males aged 13 or older Females aged 13 or older Children under age 13

total

number

874,230 708,452 156,837 8,939

138,812 112,101 24,997 1,714

percent distribution

100.0% 80.8 18.0 1.2

share of total

15.9% 15.8 15.9 19.2

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

312

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HEALTH

Table 4.35

Leading Causes of Death among Hispanics, 2002

(number and percent distribution of deaths to Hispanics accounted for by the ten leading causes of death among Hispanics, 2002) number

Total Hispanic deaths 1. Diseases of the heart (1) 2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) (2) 3. Accidents (unintentional injuries) (5) 4. Cerebrovascular diseases (3) 5. Diabetes mellitus (6) 6. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (12) 7. Homicide (14) 8. Chronic lower respiratory disease (4) 9. Inﬂuenza and pneumonia (7) 10. Certain conditions originating in perinatal period All other causes

117,135 27,887 23,141 10,106 6,451 5,912 3,409 3,129 3,058 2,824 2,402 28,816

percent distribution

100.0% 23.8 19.8 8.6 5.5 5.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.1 24.6

Note: Number in parentheses shows rank for all Americans if the cause of death is among top ﬁfteen. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 313

Hispanics: Housing

Hispanics Are Much Less Likely than the Average American to Own a Home Forty-eight percent of the nation’s Hispanic households owned their home in 2004 compared with a much higher homeownership rate of 69 percent for all households. According to an analysis of homeownership in 2003, homeownership among Hispanic married couples stood at 69 percent. By age, Hispanic homeownership surpasses 60 percent in the 55-or-older age group. More than half of Hispanic households in the Midwest and South own their home. In the Northeast, only 26 percent do. The 83 percent majority of Hispanic homeowners live in single-family, detached homes. Hispanic homeowners estimate the value of their home at a median of $139,068. Most Hispanic householders are satisﬁed with their home and neighborhood. On a scale of one to ten, 76 percent of Hispanic homeowners rate their home an eight or higher. Among Hispanic renters, however, a much smaller 55 percent rate their home at least an eight. Only 9 percent of Hispanic homeowners and 16 percent of renters report that crime is a bothersome problem in their neighborhood. Seventeen percent of Hispanics moved between 2003 and 2004, a higher mobility rate than for the population as a whole. The main reason Hispanic homeowners moved is because their homeownership status changed from renter to owner. ■ Hispanic homeownership will continue to lag behind the national average because many Hispanics are immigrants with low incomes.

Hispanic homeownership is lowest in the Northeast

75

(percent of Hispanic households that own their home, by region)

53%

52%

50 50%

25 25%

0

314

0%

48%

26%

a Northeast

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b Midwest

c South

d West

HISPANICS/HOUSING

Table 4.36

Hispanic Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004

(homeownership rate of total and Hispanic households and index of Hispanic to total, 1994 to 2004; percentage point change in homeownership rate, 1994–2004) total households

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 Percentage point change 1994 to 2004

Hispanic households

index

69.0% 68.3 67.9 67.8 67.4 66.8 66.3 65.7 65.4 64.7 64.0

48.1% 46.7 48.2 47.3 46.3 45.5 44.7 43.3 42.8 42.1 41.2

70 68 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 65 64

5.0

6.9

–

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the Hispanic homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 315

Table 4.37

Hispanic Homeownership Status by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent of Hispanic households by age of householder and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner

Total Hispanic households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older Median age

total

number

11,038 938 1,311 1,684 2,785 1,966 1,133 698 522

5,106 127 350 621 1,392 1,139 719 422 337

40

45

renter percent

number

46.3% 13.5 26.7 36.9 50.0 57.9 63.5 60.5 64.6

percent

5,931 811 961 1,063 1,394 828 414 276 185

–

53.7% 86.5 73.3 63.1 50.1 42.1 36.5 39.5 35.4

35

–

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.38

Hispanic Homeowners by Age of Householder, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of Hispanic homeowners, and Hispanic share of total, by age, 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total homeowners Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

number

72,238 1,272 3,207 5,845 15,406 16,661 12,497 8,876 8,474

5,106 127 350 621 1,392 1,139 719 422 337

percent distribution

100.0% 2.5 6.9 12.2 27.3 22.3 14.1 8.3 6.6

share of total

7.1% 10.0 10.9 10.6 9.0 6.8 5.8 4.8 4.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

316

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HOUSING

Table 4.39

Hispanic Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent of Hispanic households by household type and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner TOTAL HISPANIC HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

total

number

11,339 9,090 6,189 2,029 872

5,385 4,690 3,690 674 325

2,249 1,021 1,228

694 376 319

renter percent

number

percent

47.5% 51.6 59.6 33.2 37.3

5,955 4,400 2,499 1,355 547

52.5% 48.4 40.4 66.8 62.7

30.9 36.8 26.0

1,555 646 909

69.1 63.3 74.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.40

Hispanic Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of Hispanic homeowners, and Hispanic share of total, by type of household, 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic total

number

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

75,909 57,092 47,676 6,695 2,721

5,385 4,690 3,690 674 325

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

18,817 11,075 7,742

694 376 319

TOTAL HOMEOWNERS

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 87.1 68.5 12.5 6.0

7.1% 8.2 7.7 10.1 11.9

12.9 7.0 5.9

3.7 3.4 4.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 317

Table 4.41

Hispanic Homeownership Status by Region, 2003

(number and percent of Hispanic households by homeownership status and region, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners

Total Hispanic households Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

11,038 1,739 946 3,881 4,472

5,106 444 504 2,020 2,139

renters share of total

share of total

number

46.3% 25.5 53.3 52.0 47.8

5,931 1,296 442 1,861 2,333

53.7% 74.5 46.7 48.0 52.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.42

Hispanic Homeowners by Region, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of Hispanic homeowners, and Hispanic share of total, by region, 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

72,238 12,964 17,889 26,699 14,686

5,106 444 504 2,020 2,139

percent distribution

100.0% 8.7 9.9 39.6 41.9

share of total

7.1% 3.4 2.8 7.6 14.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

318

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HOUSING

Table 4.43

Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Hispanics, 2003

(number and percent distribution of housing units occupied by Hispanics by selected housing characteristics and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied

renter-occupied

percent distribution

number

percent distribution

total

number

11,038 5,511 717 1,357 996 774 676 560 447 1,455

5,106 4,227 237 178 41 45 52 51 274 1,552

100.0% 82.8 4.6 3.5 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 5.4 –

5,931 1,284 479 1,179 955 729 624 508 173 1,203

100.0% 21.6 8.1 19.9 16.1 12.3 10.5 8.6 2.9 –

11,038 118 1,873 3,769 3,826 1,451

5,106 3 137 1,089 2,664 1,214

100.0 0.1 2.7 21.3 52.2 23.8

5,931 116 1,736 2,681 1,162 237

100.0 2.0 29.3 45.2 19.6 4.0

11,038 69 5,949 1,197 3,823

5,106 24 1,598 741 2,744

100.0 0.5 31.3 14.5 53.7

5,931 45 4,352 456 1,078

100.0 0.8 73.4 7.7 18.2

11,038 1,333

5,106 822

100.0 16.1

5,931 510

100.0 8.6

8,445 10,637 2,193 4,099

4,580 4,953 1,647 2,569

89.7 97.0 32.3 50.3

3,865 5,684 546 1,530

65.2 95.8 9.2 25.8

1,548 5,674 1,482

1,353 3,799 178

26.5 74.4 3.5

195 1,875 1,304

3.3 31.6 22.0

UNITS IN STRUCTURE

Total Hispanic households One, detached One, attached Two to four Five to nine 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 or more Mobile home or trailer Median square footage of unit* NUMBER OF BEDROOMS

Total Hispanic households None One Two Three Four or more NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

Total Hispanic households None One One-and-one-half Two or more ROOM USED FOR BUSINESS

Total Hispanic households With room(s) used for business SELECTED AMENITIES

Porch, deck, balcony, or patio Telephone available Usable ﬁreplace Separate dining room Two or more living or recreation rooms Garage or carport No cars, trucks, or vans available

* Single-family detached and mobile/manufactured homes only. Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 319

Table 4.44

Housing Value for Hispanic Homeowners, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic homeowners by value of home, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total Hispanic homeowners Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $119,999 $120,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 to $299,999 $300,000 or more Median home value

5,106 159 86 103 129 149 206 210 262 496 403 551 655 483 376 839 $139,068

percent distribution

100.0% 3.1 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.9 4.0 4.1 5.1 9.7 7.9 10.8 12.8 9.5 7.4 16.4 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

320

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HOUSING

Table 4.45

Neighborhood Characteristics of Housing Units Occupied by Hispanics, 2003

(number and percent distribution of housing units occupied by Hispanics by selected neighborhood characteristics and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied percent distribution

renter-occupied number

percent distribution

total

number

11,038 8,399 1,587 4,066 1,036 485 969 4,227 679 2,796 1,729 108

5,106 4,495 572 834 157 82 543 1,235 183 1,340 574 69

100.0% 88.0 11.2 16.3 3.1 1.6 10.6 24.2 3.6 26.2 11.2 1.4

5,931 3,904 1,016 3,232 879 403 427 2,991 496 1,455 1,155 39

100.0% 65.8 17.1 54.5 14.8 6.8 7.2 50.4 8.4 24.5 19.5 0.7

11,038 1,378 1,358 565 348 248 117 107 525 901

5,106 563 437 186 146 100 51 44 200 501

100.0 11.0 8.6 3.6 2.9 2.0 1.0 0.9 3.9 9.8

5,931 815 921 379 201 148 66 63 325 400

100.0 13.7 15.5 6.4 3.4 2.5 1.1 1.1 5.5 6.7

5,269 4,093

2,362 1,864

100.0 78.9

2,906 2,229

100.0 76.7

11,038 8,012 9,655 9,578

5,106 3,272 4,323 4,475

100.0 64.1 84.7 87.6

5,931 4,739 5,332 5,103

100.0 79.9 89.9 86.0

DESCRIPTION OF AREA WITHIN 300 FEET OF HOME

Total Hispanic households Single-family detached homes Single-family attached homes One-to-three-story multiunit Four-to-six-story multiunit Seven-or-more-story multiunit Manufactured/mobile homes Commercial or institutional Industrial or factories Open space, park, woods, farm, or ranch Four-or-more-lane highway, railroad, or airport Waterfront property NEIGHBORHOOD PROBLEMS

Total Hispanic households Bothersome street noise problem Bothersome neighborhood crime problem Bothersome odor problem Noise problem Litter or housing deterioration Poor city or county services Undesirable commercial, institutional, industrial People problem Other problems PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Total Hispanic households with children under 14 Satisfactory public elementary school PUBLIC SERVICES

Total Hispanic households With public transportation Satisfactory neighborhood shopping Satisfactory police protection

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 321

Table 4.46

Opinion of Hispanics toward Housing Unit and Neighborhood, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic households by opinion of housing unit and neighborhood, by homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied

renter-occupied

percent distribution

number

percent distribution

total

number

11,038 72 57 98 153 888 718 1,525 2,895 1,505 2,740 387

5,106 1 0 11 13 223 210 577 1,449 830 1,607 185

100.0% 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 4.4 4.1 11.3 28.4 16.3 31.5 3.6

5,931 71 57 86 139 665 508 948 1,445 676 1,133 202

100.0% 1.2 1.0 1.5 2.3 11.2 8.6 16.0 24.4 11.4 19.1 3.4

5,106 17 24 44 40 332 293 661 1,354 848 1,284 14 195

100.0 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.8 6.5 5.7 12.9 26.5 16.6 25.1 0.3 3.8

5,931 82 56 118 154 681 479 867 1,318 675 1,255 19 228

100.0 1.4 0.9 2.0 2.6 11.5 8.1 14.6 22.2 11.4 21.2 0.3 3.8

OPINION OF HOUSING UNIT

Total Hispanic households 1 (worst) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (best) Not reported

OPINION OF NEIGHBORHOOD

Total Hispanic households 1 (worst) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (best) No neighborhood Not reported

11,038 99 80 162 194 1,013 772 1,528 2,672 1,522 2,540 33 422

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

322

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HOUSING

Table 4.47

Geographical Mobility of Hispanics by Age, 2003–04

(total number of Hispanics aged 1 or older, and number and percent who moved between March 2003 and March 2004, by age and type of move; numbers in thousands) movers

Total Hispanics Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

same county

different county, same state

39,561 3,404 3,852 3,766 1,968 1,274 3,700 3,823 3,599 3,197 2,810 2,211 1,715 1,287 374 501 2,081

6,903 771 710 583 312 239 1,010 907 729 577 431 218 155 82 30 32 119

4,505 549 498 377 212 131 664 605 482 362 281 118 89 48 13 15 63

1,095 135 91 108 41 51 119 139 114 100 70 48 26 13 6 5 29

different state

abroad

822 64 79 74 38 34 131 87 85 61 44 45 29 15 8 10 18

481 23 42 24 21 23 96 76 48 54 36 7 11 6 3 2 9

2.1% 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.7 3.5 2.3 2.4 1.9 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.2 2.1 2.0 0.9

1.2% 0.7 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.8 2.6 2.0 1.3 1.7 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY MOBILITY STATUS

Total Hispanics Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

17.4% 22.6 18.4 15.5 15.9 18.8 27.3 23.7 20.3 18.0 15.3 9.9 9.0 6.4 8.0 6.4 5.7

11.4% 16.1 12.9 10.0 10.8 10.3 17.9 15.8 13.4 11.3 10.0 5.3 5.2 3.7 3.5 3.0 3.0

2.8% 4.0 2.4 2.9 2.1 4.0 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.5 1.0 1.6 1.0 1.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/migrate/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 323

Table 4.48

Reasons for Moving among Hispanic Movers by Homeownership Status, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic households with respondents who moved in the past 12 months by main reason for move and for choosing new neighborhood and house, by homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners

renters percent distribution

number

percent distribution

total

number

Total Hispanic movers 2,642 All reported reasons equal 39 Private displacement 23 Government displacement 8 Disaster loss (ﬁre, ﬂood, etc.) 5 New job or job transfer 230 To be closer to work/school/other 180 Other ﬁnancial/employment reason 100 To establish own household 385 Needed larger house or apartment 336 Married, widowed, divorced, separated 97 Other family/personal reason 241 Wanted better home 216 Change from owner to renter/renter to owner 164 Wanted lower rent or maintenance 132 Other housing related reasons 143 Other 253 Not reported 90

591 4 4 0 2 19 20 18 114 52 31 35 58 146 4 17 42 22

100.0% 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.3 3.2 3.4 3.0 19.3 8.8 5.2 5.9 9.8 24.7 0.7 2.9 7.1 3.7

2,051 34 19 8 3 211 160 82 271 284 66 206 158 17 128 126 211 67

100.0% 1.7 0.9 0.4 0.1 10.3 7.8 4.0 13.2 13.8 3.2 10.0 7.7 0.8 6.2 6.1 10.3 3.3

591 16 81 71 1 0 40 8 120 137 97 19

100.0 2.7 13.7 12.0 0.2 0.0 6.8 1.4 20.3 23.2 16.4 3.2

2,051 63 476 395 15 22 130 40 228 244 384 55

100.0 3.1 23.2 19.3 0.7 1.1 6.3 2.0 11.1 11.9 18.7 2.7

MAIN REASON FOR LEAVING PREVIOUS HOUSING UNIT

MAIN REASON FOR CHOOSING PRESENT NEIGHBORHOOD

Total Hispanic movers All reported reasons equal Convenient to job Convenient to friends or relatives Convenient to leisure activities Convenient to public transportation Good schools Other public services Looks/design of neighborhood House was most important consideration Other Not reported

2,642 80 557 466 16 22 170 48 348 381 482 74

(continued)

324

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/HOUSING

owners total MAIN REASON FOR CHOOSING PRESENT HOME

Total Hispanic movers All reported reasons equal Financial reasons Room layout/design Kitchen Size Exterior appearance Yard/trees/view Quality of construction Only one available Other Not reported

2,642 97 847 350 13 408 100 107 84 162 409 65

number

591 27 167 97 3 78 34 28 38 14 90 15

renters percent distribution

100.0% 4.6 28.3 16.4 0.5 13.2 5.8 4.7 6.4 2.4 15.2 2.5

number

2,051 71 680 254 10 330 66 78 46 149 319 49

percent distribution

100.0% 3.5 33.2 12.4 0.5 16.1 3.2 3.8 2.2 7.3 15.6 2.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 325

Hispanics: Income

The Incomes of Hispanics Are Well Below Average The median income of Hispanic households fell 7 percent between 2000 and 2003, after adjusting for inﬂation. Despite the decline, the $32,997 median income of Hispanic households in 2003 was 8 percent higher than in 1990, after adjusting for inﬂation. The median income of Hispanic households is only 76 percent as high as that of the average household. Hispanic household income peaks among householders aged 45 to 54, at a median of $40,253. By household type, median income is greatest for Hispanic married couples, at $40,675. Hispanic men who work full-time had a median income of $26,414 in 2003, while their female counterparts had a median income of $23,062. Between 1990 and 2003, the median income of Hispanic men who work full-time did not rise at all, after adjusting for inﬂation. The median income of their female counterparts rose just 4 percent. Hispanics earn less than the average worker because many are recent immigrants with little education. Among foreign-born men who work full-time, immigrants from Central America (including Mexico) earn the least, a median of just $21,798 in 2003. Sixteen percent of Hispanic married couples are poor—a higher poverty rate than is found among Asian, black, or non-Hispanic white couples. But poverty among Hispanic families has declined since 1990. Among Hispanic female-headed families, the poverty rate fell from 48 to 37 percent during those years. ■ The economic status of Hispanics will remain below that of the average American as long as immigrants account for a large share of the Hispanic population.

Hispanic incomes are growing only slightly faster than average (percent change in median income of total and Hispanic households, 1990 to 2003; in 2003 dollars) 9

326

8%

6

6%

3

3%

0

0%

6%

a total households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Hispanic b households

HISPANICS/INCOME

Table 4.49

Median Income of Hispanic Households, 1990 to 2003

(median income of total and Hispanic households, and index of Hispanic to total, 1990 to 2003; percent change in incomes, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; in 2003 dollars)

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total households

Hispanic households

index

$43,318 43,381 43,882 44,853 44,922 43,825 42,294 41,431 40,845 39,613 39,165 39,364 39,679 40,865

$32,997 33,861 34,880 35,429 33,938 31,929 30,434 29,073 27,401 28,756 28,690 29,035 29,887 30,475

76 78 79 79 76 73 72 70 67 73 73 74 75 75

Percent change 2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

–3.4% 6.0

–6.9% 8.3

– –

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.50

High-Income Hispanic Households, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic households with incomes of $100,000 or more, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) total TOTAL HISPANIC HOUSEHOLDS

$100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 or more

11,693 871 572 171 58 70

percent

100.0% 7.4 4.9 1.5 0.5 0.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new06_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 327

Table 4.51

Hispanic Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic households by household income and age of householder, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) aged 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

11,693

1,163

3,181

2,986

2,022

1,229

1,113

683

430

Under $10,000

1,264

172

278

212

163

157

280

162

119

$10,000 to $19,999

1,984

236

534

409

274

187

342

194

149

$20,000 to $29,999

1,954

225

566

531

292

185

156

97

59

$30,000 to $39,999

1,659

177

549

424

273

141

93

58

34

$40,000 to $49,999

1,200

129

350

323

194

135

67

49

17

$50,000 to $59,999

879

77

239

272

157

91

45

32

12

$60,000 to $69,999

690

50

198

190

143

68

42

27

15

$70,000 to $79,999

537

41

147

152

116

58

25

19

5

$80,000 to $89,999

374

22

78

115

99

48

12

11

1

$90,000 to $99,999

280

5

70

104

69

24

6

3

3

$100,000 or more

872

30

169

255

240

136

42

27

15

$32,997

$26,912

$32,867

$37,200

$40,253

$34,555

$17,771

$19,199

$15,685

Hispanic households

Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Hispanic households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $10,000

10.8

14.8

8.7

7.1

8.1

12.8

25.2

23.7

27.7

$10,000 to $19,999

17.0

20.3

16.8

13.7

13.6

15.2

30.7

28.4

34.7

$20,000 to $29,999

16.7

19.3

17.8

17.8

14.4

15.1

14.0

14.2

13.7

$30,000 to $39,999

14.2

15.2

17.3

14.2

13.5

11.5

8.4

8.5

7.9

$40,000 to $49,999

10.3

11.1

11.0

10.8

9.6

11.0

6.0

7.2

4.0

$50,000 to $59,999

7.5

6.6

7.5

9.1

7.8

7.4

4.0

4.7

2.8

$60,000 to $69,999

5.9

4.3

6.2

6.4

7.1

5.5

3.8

4.0

3.5

$70,000 to $79,999

4.6

3.5

4.6

5.1

5.7

4.7

2.2

2.8

1.2

$80,000 to $89,999

3.2

1.9

2.5

3.9

4.9

3.9

1.1

1.6

0.2

$90,000 to $99,999

2.4

0.4

2.2

3.5

3.4

2.0

0.5

0.4

0.7

$100,000 or more

7.5

2.6

5.3

8.5

11.9

11.1

3.8

4.0

3.5

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

328

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/INCOME

Table 4.52

Hispanic Household Income by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent distribution of households headed by Hispanics by household income and household type, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) family households

nonfamily households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

11,693

6,227

2,138

908

1,078

863

1,343

891

Under $10,000

1,264

286

366

56

334

313

223

203

$10,000 to $19,999

1,984

845

508

120

240

211

271

223

$20,000 to $29,999

1,954

1,003

421

144

141

107

245

156

$30,000 to $39,999

1,659

913

294

161

98

78

191

121

$40,000 to $49,999

1,200

736

170

98

92

65

103

55

$50,000 to $59,999

879

546

106

91

48

25

90

48

$60,000 to $69,999

690

444

87

71

34

21

56

23

$70,000 to $79,999

537

371

51

53

24

11

38

12

$80,000 to $89,999

374

253

43

29

18

11

31

11

$90,000 to $99,999

280

210

21

17

11

4

20

7

$100,000 or more

872

622

69

68

36

14

77

30

$32,997

$40,675

$24,459

$37,834

$18,018

$14,576

$26,450

$20,571

Hispanic households

Median income

male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

female householder

male householder living alone

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Hispanic households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $10,000

10.8

4.6

17.1

6.2

31.0

36.3

16.6

22.8

$10,000 to $19,999

17.0

13.6

23.8

13.2

22.3

24.4

20.2

25.0

$20,000 to $29,999

16.7

16.1

19.7

15.9

13.1

12.4

18.2

17.5

$30,000 to $39,999

14.2

14.7

13.8

17.7

9.1

9.0

14.2

13.6

$40,000 to $49,999

10.3

11.8

8.0

10.8

8.5

7.5

7.7

6.2

$50,000 to $59,999

7.5

8.8

5.0

10.0

4.5

2.9

6.7

5.4

$60,000 to $69,999

5.9

7.1

4.1

7.8

3.2

2.4

4.2

2.6

$70,000 to $79,999

4.6

6.0

2.4

5.8

2.2

1.3

2.8

1.3

$80,000 to $89,999

3.2

4.1

2.0

3.2

1.7

1.3

2.3

1.2

$90,000 to $99,999

2.4

3.4

1.0

1.9

1.0

0.5

1.5

0.8

$100,000 or more

7.5

10.0

3.2

7.5

3.3

1.6

5.7

3.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 329

Table 4.53

Income Distribution of Households Headed by the Foreign-Born from Latin America, 2003

(number and percent distribution of foreign-born householders from Latin America by household income and Latin American region, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004)

Total foreign-born Hispanic householders Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more Median income Total foreign-born Hispanic householders Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more

total

Caribbean

Central America

South America

7,097 744 607 687 674 1,210 1,156 1,060 957

1,497 190 137 125 107 212 210 251 263

4,758 483 419 504 507 884 817 662 482

842 71 51 58 61 113 129 147 213

$33,180

$33,939

$30,271

$42,791

100.0% 10.5 8.6 9.7 9.5 17.0 16.3 14.9 13.5

100.0% 12.7 9.2 8.4 7.1 14.2 14.0 16.8 17.6

100.0% 10.2 8.8 10.6 10.7 18.6 17.2 13.9 10.1

100.0% 8.4 6.1 6.9 7.2 13.4 15.3 17.5 25.3

Note: Most of the foreign-born from Central America are from Mexico. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

330

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/INCOME

Table 4.54

Income of Hispanic Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic men aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of men with income and of men working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; men in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL HISPANIC MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of men with income Median income of men working full-time Percent of men working full-time TOTAL HISPANIC MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

14,664 1,911 12,753 2,285 3,660 2,694 1,644 932 542 338 158 129 89 282

3,677 1,342 2,335 856 898 378 125 39 19 5 7 2 1 5

4,001 224 3,777 436 1,130 930 617 317 130 97 34 20 15 52

3,126 149 2,977 311 669 733 468 299 185 103 44 57 29 79

1,955 94 1,861 238 434 362 267 169 121 73 60 25 29 86

1,023 56 967 140 230 188 112 93 62 49 12 18 12 49

545 26 519 174 191 57 39 12 20 10 1 5 2 10

$21,053

$12,366

$22,167

$26,217

$26,384

$25,476

$13,409

26,414

18,388

25,554

30,064

32,008

32,503

29,286

56.8%

30.1%

71.7%

73.8%

68.7%

57.5%

18.2%

100.0% 13.0 87.0 15.6 25.0 18.4 11.2 6.4 3.7 2.3 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.9

100.0% 36.5 63.5 23.3 24.4 10.3 3.4 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1

100.0% 5.6 94.4 10.9 28.2 23.2 15.4 7.9 3.2 2.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.3

100.0% 4.8 95.2 9.9 21.4 23.4 15.0 9.6 5.9 3.3 1.4 1.8 0.9 2.5

100.0% 4.8 95.2 12.2 22.2 18.5 13.7 8.6 6.2 3.7 3.1 1.3 1.5 4.4

100.0% 5.5 94.5 13.7 22.5 18.4 10.9 9.1 6.1 4.8 1.2 1.8 1.2 4.8

100.0% 4.8 95.2 31.9 35.0 10.5 7.2 2.2 3.7 1.8 0.2 0.9 0.4 1.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 331

Table 4.55

Income of Hispanic Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic women aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of women with income and of women working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; women in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL HISPANIC WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of women with income Median income of women working full-time Percent of women working full-time TOTAL HISPANIC WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

13,902 3,727 10,175 3,836 2,879 1,567 844 460 209 150 69 45 28 92

3,292 1,510 1,782 963 506 213 58 28 6 1 2 1 – 5

3,422 906 2,516 794 724 453 291 122 43 41 17 8 4 21

2,880 584 2,296 593 679 424 244 159 74 44 21 13 11 33

1,970 353 1,617 431 476 290 168 99 49 47 12 17 4 26

1,138 253 885 349 242 123 68 36 28 14 16 3 3 3

1,199 119 1,080 705 253 64 18 18 8 2 – 3 3 4

$13,642

$8,679

$15,871

$17,451

$17,265

$12,510

$8,328

23,062

17,358

24,416

25,023

24,598

24,030

23,092

33.0%

17.3%

38.5%

45.6%

47.7%

32.9%

6.7%

100.0% 26.8 73.2 27.6 20.7 11.3 6.1 3.3 1.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.7

100.0% 45.9 54.1 29.3 15.4 6.5 1.8 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 – 0.2

100.0% 26.5 73.5 23.2 21.2 13.2 8.5 3.6 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.6

100.0% 20.3 79.7 20.6 23.6 14.7 8.5 5.5 2.6 1.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.1

100.0% 17.9 82.1 21.9 24.2 14.7 8.5 5.0 2.5 2.4 0.6 0.9 0.2 1.3

100.0% 22.2 77.8 30.7 21.3 10.8 6.0 3.2 2.5 1.2 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3

100.0% 9.9 90.1 58.8 21.1 5.3 1.5 1.5 0.7 0.2 – 0.3 0.3 0.3

Note: (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

332

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/INCOME

Table 4.56

Median Income of Hispanics Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003

(median income of Hispanics working full-time, year-round by sex; index of Hispanic to total population median income, and Hispanic women’s income as a percent of Hispanic men’s income, 1990 to 2003; percent change in income, 2000–2003 and 1990–03; in 2003 dollars) Hispanic men

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

Hispanic women

Hispanic women’s income as a percent of Hispanic men’s income

median income

index Hispanic/total

median income

index Hispanic/total

$26,414 26,736 26,261 25,823 25,076 25,364 24,914 24,823 24,636 25,200 25,603 25,512 26,378 26,419

64 65 63 62 61 62 62 63 64 65 66 64 66 67

$23,062 22,867 22,834 22,641 22,100 22,335 22,488 22,497 21,402 22,613 21,452 22,709 21,796 22,083

73 72 72 73 73 74 76 77 75 79 76 80 78 79

87.3% 85.5 87.0 87.7 88.1 88.1 90.3 90.6 86.9 89.7 83.8 89.0 82.6 83.6

– –

– –

Percent change 2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

2.3% 0.0

– –

1.9% 4.4

Note: The Hispanic/total indexes are calculated by dividing the median income of Hispanic men and women by the median income of total men and women and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p36b.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 333

Table 4.57

Earnings Distribution of Foreign-Born Men from Latin America Working Full-Time, 2003

(number and percent distribution of foreign-born men aged 15 or older from Latin America working full-time, year-round, by earnings and Latin American region, 2003; men in thousands as of 2004)

Total foreign-born men from Latin America working full-time Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more Median income Total foreign-born men from Latin America working full-time Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more

total

Caribbean

Central America

South America

5,596 227 777 1,054 914 1,158 772 443 251

749 20 47 101 102 153 152 94 80

4,206 184 679 888 734 852 507 269 91

641 22 51 65 79 153 113 79 80

$23,615

$31,206

$21,798

$30,542

100.0% 4.1 13.9 18.8 16.3 20.7 13.8 7.9 4.5

100.0% 2.7 6.3 13.5 13.6 20.4 20.3 12.6 10.7

100.0% 4.4 16.1 21.1 17.5 20.3 12.1 6.4 2.2

100.0% 3.4 8.0 10.1 12.3 23.9 17.6 12.3 12.5

Note: Most of the foreign-born from Central America are from Mexico. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

334

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/INCOME

Table 4.58

Earnings Distribution of Foreign-Born Women from Latin America Working Full-Time, 2003

(number and percent distribution of foreign-born women aged 15 or older from Latin America working full-time, year-round, by earnings and Latin American region, 2003; women in thousands as of 2004)

Total foreign-born women from Latin America working full-time Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more Median income Total foreign-born women from Latin America working full-time Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more

total

Caribbean

Central America

South America

2,670 196 531 541 437 454 260 164 86

728 39 102 105 105 144 110 81 42

1,551 135 376 394 263 218 96 49 21

391 22 53 42 69 92 54 34 23

$20,575

$25,505

$17,369

$25,526

100.0%

100.0%

7.3 19.9 20.3 16.4 17.0 9.7 6.1 3.2

5.4 14.0 14.4 14.4 19.8 15.1 11.1 5.8

100.0% 8.7 24.2 25.4 17.0 14.1 6.2 3.2 1.4

100.0% 5.6 13.6 10.7 17.6 23.5 13.8 8.7 5.9

Note: Most of the foreign-born from Central America are from Mexico. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 335

Table 4.59

Median Earnings of Hispanics Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003

(median earnings of Hispanics aged 25 or older working full-time, year-round, by educational attainment and sex, and Hispanic women’s earnings as a percent of Hispanic men’s earnings, 2003)

Total Hispanics Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

men

women

$27,617 20,575 23,520 28,530 36,639 37,116 49,228

$23,714 15,916 16,396 22,596 26,491 30,543 40,751

Hispanic women’s earnings as a percent of Hispanic men’s earnings

85.9% 77.4 69.7 79.2 72.3 82.3 82.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

336

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/INCOME

Table 4.60

Poverty Status of Hispanic Married Couples, 1990 to 2003

(total number of Hispanic married couples, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; married couples in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty

Total Hispanic married couples 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

number

6,228 6,189 5,778 5,426 5,273 4,945 4,804 4,520 4,247 4,236 4,038 3,940 3,532 3,454

976 927 799 772 758 775 836 815 803 827 770 743 674 605

14.8% 80.3

26.4% 61.3

Hispanic married couples with children 2003 4,288 2002 4,242 2001 3,976 2000 3,857 1999 3,762 1998 3,398 1997 3,293 1996 3,124 1995 2,902 1994 2,923 1993 2,747 1992 2,692 1991 2,445 1990 2,405

789 752 646 649 640 656 692 687 657 698 652 615 575 501

11.2% 78.3

1.5 –1.8

18.4% 17.7 16.2 16.8 17.0 19.3 21.0 22.0 22.6 23.9 23.7 22.9 23.5 20.8 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

15.7% 15.0 13.8 14.2 14.4 15.7 17.4 18.0 18.9 19.5 19.1 18.8 19.1 17.5 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

percent

21.6% 57.5

1.6 –2.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 337

Table 4.61

Poverty Status of Hispanic Female-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003

(total number of Hispanic female-headed families, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; families in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty

Total Hispanic femaleheaded families 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

number

2,138 2,033 1,922 1,826 1,827 1,728 1,612 1,617 1,604 1,485 1,498 1,348 1,261 1,186

792 717 711 664 717 756 767 823 792 773 772 664 627 573

17.1% 80.3

19.3% 38.2

Hispanic female-headed families with children 2003 1,657 713 2002 1,587 657 2001 1,493 645 2000 1,391 597 1999 1,416 662 1998 1,355 707 1997 1,292 701 1996 1,274 760 1995 1,283 735 1994 1,182 700 1993 1,167 706 1992 1,037 598 1991 972 584 1990 921 536

19.1% 79.9

0.6 –11.3

43.0% 41.4 43.2 42.9 46.8 52.2 54.2 59.7 57.3 59.2 60.5 57.7 60.1 58.2 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

37.0% 35.3 37.0 36.4 39.3 43.7 47.6 50.9 49.4 52.1 51.6 49.3 49.7 48.3 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

percent

19.4% 33.0

0.1 –15.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

338

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/INCOME

Table 4.62

Poverty Status of Hispanic Male-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003

(total number of Hispanic male-headed families, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; families in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty

Total Hispanic maleheaded families 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

number

908 872 817 765 688 600 545 494 436 481 410 445 383 341

157 148 139 104 117 117 119 110 100 124 83 122 71 66

18.7% 166.3

51.0% 137.9

Hispanic male-headed families with children 2003 508 2002 500 2001 468 2000 421 1999 377 1998 325 1997 324 1996 291 1995 237 1994 272 1993 239 1992 233 1991 204 1990 171

127 118 115 77 98 91 99 102 78 99 66 89 60 48

20.7% 197.1

3.7 –2.1

24.9% 23.6 24.5 18.4 26.1 28.0 30.5 35.1 32.9 36.4 27.6 38.2 29.4 28.1 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

17.3% 17.0 17.0 13.6 17.0 19.6 21.7 22.3 22.9 25.8 20.2 27.4 18.5 19.4 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

percent

64.9% 164.6

6.5 –3.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 339

Table 4.63

Poverty Status of Hispanics by Sex and Age, 2003

(total number of Hispanics, and number and percent below poverty level by sex and age, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) in poverty total

number

Total Hispanics Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

40,300 13,730 4,974 7,423 6,007 3,925 1,287 875 2,080

9,051 4,077 1,043 1,589 1,058 541 168 169 406

percent

22.5% 29.7 21.0 21.4 17.6 13.8 13.1 19.3 19.5

Hispanic females Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

19,629 6,754 2,266 3,422 2,880 1,970 668 470 1,199

4,790 1,989 573 901 576 279 107 105 260

24.4 29.4 25.3 26.3 20.0 14.2 16.0 22.3 21.7

Hispanic males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

20,670 6,976 2,708 4,001 3,126 1,955 619 404 881

4,262 2,088 469 688 483 262 61 64 146

20.6 29.9 17.3 17.2 15.4 13.4 9.9 15.9 16.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/new01_ 100.htm

340

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/INCOME

Table 4.64

Poverty Status of the Foreign-Born from Latin America, 2003

(number and percent of the foreign-born from Latin America living below poverty level by sex, age, and Latin American region of birth, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) total

Caribbean

Central America

South America

Total number of foreign-born from Latin America Under age 18 Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

18,294 1,817 15,250 1,228

3,320 249 2,569 502

12,909 1,348 10,984 576

2,066 220 1,697 149

Total number of foreign-born from Latin America in poverty Under age 18 Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

4,044 666 3,116 261

581 94 391 97

3,204 528 2,532 144

259 45 193 21

Percent of foreign-born from Latin America in poverty Under age 18 Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

22.1% 36.7 20.4 21.3

17.5% 37.6 15.2 19.2

24.8% 39.2 23.1 25.0

12.5% 20.4 11.4 13.9

Note: Most of the foreign-born from Central America are from Mexico. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 341

Hispanics: Labor Force

The Labor Force Participation Rate of Hispanic Men Is above Average The labor force participation rate of Hispanic men, at 80 percent, is well above the 73 percent rate among all men. Only 56 percent of Hispanic women are in the labor force, a rate lower than the 59 percent for all women. Among Hispanic women, those of Cuban origin are least likely to work, with a labor force participation rate of just 52 percent. Only 17 percent of Hispanic workers are in managerial or professional jobs, accounting for 6 percent of Americans employed in those occupations. The occupational distribution of Hispanics varies by ethnicity, however. Fully 30 percent of Cuban Americans are employed in managerial or professional occupations. In contrast, the ﬁgure is just 14 percent among Mexican Americans. Hispanics account for 13 percent of all workers, but they are a larger 38 percent of construction laborers, 40 percent of grounds maintenance workers, and 44 percent of butchers. Forty-eight percent of Hispanic households have two or more earners, a greater share than the 42 percent of all households with at least two earners. Nevertheless, among Hispanic married couples, only 50 percent are dual earners—a smaller share than the 56 percent among all couples. For 34 percent of Hispanic couples, the husband is the only worker. Hispanic workers spend a median of 22 minutes commuting to their job each day and travel a median distance of 10 miles. Sixty-seven percent drive their car alone to work. Between 2002 and 2012, the number of Hispanic workers will grow 33 percent. Hispanics will account for 15 percent of the labor force by 2012. ■ Because a large share of Hispanics are poorly educated immigrants, they are less likely than the average worker to be employed in a managerial or professional occupation.

Hispanic men have a much higher labor force participation rate than Hispanic women 100(percent of Hispanics aged 16 or older in the labor force, by sex, 2004)

80% 75

75%

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

56%

342

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

a men

b women

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

Table 4.65

Labor Force Participation Rate of Hispanics by Age and Sex, 2004

(percent of Hispanics aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by age and sex, 2004) Total Hispanics Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

men

68.6% 38.2 74.5 79.0 79.9 81.5 81.4 80.7 73.5 65.8 47.3 14.5 25.0 12.5 6.6

80.4% 80.4 42.4 84.4 93.1 94.1 93.6 92.8 89.3 84.5 77.1 59.1 34.0 16.2 11.6

women

56.1% 33.7 62.9 62.0 63.7 68.0 69.4 71.9 62.9 55.6 36.7 9.8 17.9 9.8 3.2

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 343

Table 4.66

Employment Status of Hispanics by Sex and Age, 2004

(number and percent of Hispanics aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, age, and employment status, 2004; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force unemployed civilian noninstitutional population

total

Total Hispanics Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

28,109 2,608 3,666 7,470 6,055 3,987 2,208 2,115

19,272 995 2,732 5,931 4,931 3,093 1,284 306

Total Hispanic men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

14,417 1,336 1,981 4,024 3,147 1,990 1,046 894

Total Hispanic women Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

13,692 1,272 1,685 3,447 2,908 1,997 1,162 1,221

percent of population

percent of labor force

employed

number

68.6% 38.2 74.5 79.4 81.4 77.6 58.1 14.5

17,930 792 2,477 5,560 4,671 2,932 1,210 288

1,342 203 255 371 261 161 74 18

11,587 567 1,671 3,765 2,934 1,736 728 186

80.4 42.4 84.4 93.6 93.2 87.2 69.6 20.8

10,832 446 1,514 3,557 2,801 1,654 687 174

755 120 158 207 133 82 41 13

6.5 21.2 9.4 5.5 4.5 4.7 5.7 6.9

7,685 429 1,060 2,166 1,998 1,357 556 119

56.1 33.7 62.9 62.9 68.7 67.9 47.8 9.8

7,098 346 964 2,003 1,870 1,279 523 114

587 83 97 164 128 78 32 5

7.6 19.3 9.1 7.6 6.4 5.8 5.8 4.6

7.0% 20.4 9.3 6.3 5.3 5.2 5.8 6.0

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of the employed plus the number of the unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

344

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

Table 4.67

Employment Status of Hispanics by Sex and Ethnicity, 2004

(employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized Hispanic population aged 16 or older, by sex and ethnicity, 2004; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force unemployed civilian noninstitututional population

total

Total Hispanics Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban

28,109 17,900 2,547 1,264

19,272 12,340 1,610 769

Hispanic men Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban

14,417 9,456 1,186 649

Hispanic women Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban

13,692 8,444 1,360 616

percent of population

percent of labor force

employed

number

68.6% 68.9 63.2 60.9

17,930 11,449 1,481 735

1,342 892 130 34

11,587 7,776 824 450

80.4 82.2 69.5 69.4

10,832 7,272 756 428

755 504 68 22

6.5 6.5 8.2 4.9

7,685 4,564 786 319

56.1 54.1 57.8 51.9

7,098 4,177 725 307

587 387 62 12

7.6 8.5 7.9 3.8

7.0% 7.2 8.1 4.5

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Numbers will not add to total because not all ethnicities are shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 345

Table 4.68

Hispanic Workers by Occupation, 2004

(total number of employed persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by occupation, 2004; numbers in thousands) Hispanic percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

139,252 48,532 20,235 14,555 5,860 28,297 3,140 2,760 1,365 2,170 1,554 7,900 2,687 6,721

17,930 3,101 1,290 920 370 1,811 172 158 69 203 89 549 202 368

100.0% 17.3 7.2 5.1 2.1 10.1 1.0 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.5 3.1 1.1 2.1

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

22,720 2,921 2,847 7,279 5,185 4,488

4,336 384 315 1,405 1,661 571

24.2 2.1 1.8 7.8 9.3 3.2

19.1 13.1 11.1 19.3 32.0 12.7

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

35,464 15,983 19,481

3,818 1,654 2,164

21.3 9.2 12.1

10.8 10.3 11.1

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

14,582 991 8,522 5,069

3,229 387 2,127 715

18.0 2.2 11.9 4.0

22.1 39.1 25.0 14.1

Production, transportation, material moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations

17,954 9,462 8,491

3,446 1,894 1,552

19.2 10.6 8.7

19.2 20.0 18.3

TOTAL EMPLOYED

12.9% 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.4 5.5 5.7 5.1 9.4 5.7 6.9 7.5 5.5

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

346

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

Table 4.69

Hispanic Workers by Occupation and Ethnicity, 2004

(number and percent distribution of employed Hispanics aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by occupation and ethnicity, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

Mexican

Puerto Rican

Cuban

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

17,930 3,101 1,290 920 370 1,811 172 158 69 203 89 549 202 368

11,449 1,620 683 491 192 937 75 79 34 110 38 313 115 174

1,481 352 131 94 37 221 24 16 10 29 7 76 16 44

735 221 108 83 25 113 8 9 6 7 11 28 14 30

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

4,336 384 315 1,405 1,661 571

2,788 205 186 975 1,092 330

334 57 51 82 81 63

112 16 17 24 42 14

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

3,818 1,654 2,164

2,260 996 1,264

428 158 269

203 86 117

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

3,229 387 2,127 715

2,407 361 1,588 459

142 8 67 68

100 1 48 51

Production, transportation, material moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations

3,446 1,894 1,552

2,373 1,336 1,037

224 110 114

98 44 54

TOTAL EMPLOYED HISPANICS

(continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 347

total

Mexican

Puerto Rican

Cuban

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

100.0% 17.3 7.2 5.1 2.1 10.1 1.0 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.5 3.1 1.1 2.1

100.0% 14.1 6.0 4.3 1.7 8.2 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.3 2.7 1.0 1.5

100.0% 23.8 8.8 6.3 2.5 14.9 1.6 1.1 0.7 2.0 0.5 5.1 1.1 3.0

100.0% 30.1 14.7 11.3 3.4 15.4 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.5 3.8 1.9 4.1

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

24.2 2.1 1.8 7.8 9.3 3.2

24.4 1.8 1.6 8.5 9.5 2.9

22.6 3.8 3.4 5.5 5.5 4.3

15.2 2.2 2.3 3.3 5.7 1.9

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

21.3 9.2 12.1

19.7 8.7 11.0

28.9 10.7 18.2

27.6 11.7 15.9

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

18.0 2.2 11.9 4.0

21.0 3.2 13.9 4.0

9.6 0.5 4.5 4.6

13.6 0.1 6.5 6.9

Production, transportation, material moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations

19.2 10.6 8.7

20.7 11.7 9.1

15.1 7.4 7.7

13.3 6.0 7.3

TOTAL EMPLOYED HISPANICS

(continued)

348

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

total

Mexican

Puerto Rican

Cuban

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY ETHNICITY Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

63.9% 52.2 52.9 53.4 51.9 51.7 43.6 50.0 49.3 54.2 42.7 57.0 56.9 47.3

8.3% 11.4 10.2 10.2 10.0 12.2 14.0 10.1 14.5 14.3 7.9 13.8 7.9 12.0

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

64.3 53.4 59.0 69.4 65.7 57.8

7.7 14.8 16.2 5.8 4.9 11.0

2.6 4.2 5.4 1.7 2.5 2.5

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related Ofﬁce and administrative support

100.0 100.0 100.0

59.2 60.2 58.4

11.2 9.6 12.4

5.3 5.2 5.4

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

74.5 93.3 74.7 64.2

4.4 2.1 3.1 9.5

3.1 0.3 2.3 7.1

Production, transportation, material moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations

100.0 100.0 100.0

68.9 70.5 66.8

6.5 5.8 7.3

2.8 2.3 3.5

TOTAL EMPLOYED HISPANICS

4.1% 7.1 8.4 9.0 6.8 6.2 4.7 5.7 8.7 3.4 12.4 5.1 6.9 8.2

Note: Numbers will not add to total because not all ethnicities are shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 349

Table 4.70

Hispanic Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2004

(total number of employed workers aged 16 or older and percent Hispanic, by detailed occupation, 2004; numbers in thousands) total TOTAL EMPLOYED

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations occupations Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Advertising and promotions managers Marketing and sales managers Administrative services managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers Industrial production managers Purchasing managers Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers Farmers and ranchers Construction managers Education administrators Engineering managers Food service managers Lodging managers Medical and health services managers Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators Compliance ofﬁcers, excluding agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Cost estimators Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists Management analysts Accountants and auditors Appraisers and assessors of real estate Personal ﬁnancial advisors Insurance underwriters Loan counselors and ofﬁcers Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Tax preparers Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Computer scientists and systems analysts Computer programmers

percent Hispanic

139,252 48,532 20,235 14,555 1,680 795 70 806 87 337 1,045 262 280 170 241 199 817 851 757 106 916 152 508 604 280 5,680 212 285 281

12.9% 6.4 6.4 6.3 3.7 7.1 4.1 4.8 9.0 5.2 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.3 8.2 9.9 1.8 8.0 5.3 2.9 11.1 4.2 4.7 11.8 6.1 6.5 8.0 6.2 6.1

126 98 694 554 1,723 138 331 98 425 81 88 28,297 3,140 700 564

8.3 4.5 7.8 4.3 6.7 4.0 2.9 4.9 8.2 5.9 8.1 6.4 5.5 6.6 3.9 (continued)

350

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

total

Computer software engineers Computer support specialists Database administrators Network and computer systems administrators Network systems and data communications analysts Operations research analysts Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except naval Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Computer hardware engineers Electrical and electronics engineers Industrial engineers, including health and safety Mechanical engineers Drafters Engineering technicians, except drafters Surveying and mapping technicians Life, physical, and social science occupations Biological scientists Medical scientists Chemists and materials scientists Environmental scientists and geoscientists Market and survey researchers Psychologists Chemical technicians Community and social services occupations Counselors Social workers Miscellaneous community and social service specialists Clergy Directors, religious activities and education Religious workers, all other Legal occupations Lawyers Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers Paralegals and legal assistants Miscellaneous legal support workers Education, training, and library occupations Postsecondary teachers Preschool and kindergarten teachers Elementary and middle school teachers Secondary school teachers Special education teachers Other teachers and instructors Librarians Teacher assistants Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Artists and related workers Designers Producers and directors

813 325 94 190 312 90 2,760 207 113 63 293 96 343 177 311 206 416 80 1,365 123 93 141 86 124 185 84 2,170 643 687 283 403 55 99 1,554 954 64 322 215 7,900 1,176 656 2,580 1,151 384 667 217 920 2,687 222 792 137

percent Hispanic

4.1% 8.7 3.3 6.1 7.0 5.9 5.7 7.1 4.2 3.4 4.6 5.8 4.0 5.4 3.9 9.9 8.8 7.7 5.1 2.2 3.1 4.3 2.3 4.8 4.6 6.3 9.4 9.7 10.9 12.3 6.0 2.0 6.0 5.7 3.4 7.4 10.7 8.1 6.9 3.5 8.2 6.4 5.2 5.0 8.6 4.6 14.3 7.5 6.4 7.4 8.8 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 351

total

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers Musicians, singers, and related workers Announcers News analysts, reporters, and correspondents Public relations specialists Editors Writers and authors Miscellaneous media and communication workers Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators Photographers Health care practitioner and technical occupations Chiropractors Dentists Dietitians and nutritionists Pharmacists Physicians and surgeons Physician assistants Registered nurses Occupational therapists Physical therapists Respiratory therapists Speech-language pathologists Veterinarians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Diagnostic related technologists and technicians Emergency medical technicians and paramedics Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Medical records and health information technicians Service occupations Health care support occupations Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides Physical therapist assistants and aides Massage therapists Dental assistants Protective service occupations First-line supervisors and managers of police and detectives Fireﬁghters Bailiffs, correctional ofﬁcers, and jailers Detectives and criminal investigators Police and sheriff’s patrol ofﬁcers Private detectives and investigators Security guards and gaming surveillance ofﬁcers Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks Food preparation workers

239 179 54 81 133 164 194 74 92 158 6,721 73 167 84 233 830 70 2,464 84 173 103 93 58 333 130 284 139 397 517 91 22,720 2,921 1,806 61 106 242 2,847 133 268 373 121 664 81 798 7,279 299 644 1,791 621

percent Hispanic

5.4% 5.4 12.6 3.4 4.6 4.1 2.6 33.8 12.1 7.1 5.5 1.9 4.1 11.3 3.7 5.3 9.4 4.4 3.7 3.3 6.4 2.1 4.1 6.9 4.2 7.4 8.9 7.7 5.6 18.6 19.1 13.1 13.4 6.2 6.5 15.3 11.1 6.5 8.6 10.3 7.3 12.7 8.8 14.5 19.3 20.9 14.6 28.0 22.8 (continued)

352

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

total

Bartenders Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop Waiters and waitresses Food servers, nonrestaurant Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Dishwashers Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations First-line supervisors and managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers First-line supervisors and managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Janitors and building cleaners Maids and housekeeping cleaners Pest control workers Grounds maintenance workers Personal care and service occupations First-line supervisors and managers of gaming workers First-line supervisors and managers of personal service workers Nonfarm animal caretakers Gaming services workers Barbers Hairdressers, hair stylists, and cosmetologists Miscellaneous personal appearance workers Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges Transportation attendants Child care workers Personal and home care aides Recreation and ﬁtness workers Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors and managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors and managers of nonretail sales workers Cashiers Counter and rental clerks Parts salespersons Retail salespersons Advertising sales agents Insurance sales agents Securities, commodities, and ﬁnancial services sales agents Travel agents Sales representatives, services, all other Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing Models, demonstrators, and product promoters Real estate brokers and sales agents Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers Sales and related workers, all other Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of ofﬁce, administrative support workers Switchboard operators, including answering service

percent Hispanic

360 296 327 1,892 165 379 267 237 5,185 191

10.7% 13.4 12.3 12.7 16.1 27.6 34.3 9.6 32.0 20.2

227 2,047 1,365 75 1,280 4,488 140 174 128 95 101 722 200 70 116 1,332 630 314

12.7 26.8 38.2 13.1 40.2 12.7 8.2 7.7 9.8 7.7 6.6 11.5 8.2 25.1 11.2 16.5 16.1 7.0

35,464 15,983 3,299 1,390 2,971 186 147 3,130 211 508 382 95 476 1,416 68 912 180 312 260 19,481 1,631 66

10.8 10.3 9.2 9.6 15.9 12.6 9.4 10.9 5.7 6.1 6.2 10.5 7.4 7.2 6.9 6.7 17.0 11.8 6.9 11.1 8.4 6.0 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 353

total

Telephone operators Bill and account collectors Billing and posting clerks and machine operators Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Tellers Court, municipal, and license clerks Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks Customer service representatives Eligibility interviewers, government programs File clerks Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks Interviewers, except eligibility and loan Library assistants, clerical Loan interviewers and clerks Order clerks Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping Receptionists and information clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks Couriers and messengers Dispatchers Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators Production, planning, and expediting clerks Shipping, receiving, and trafﬁc clerks Stock clerks and order ﬁllers Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping Secretaries and administrative assistants Computer operators Data entry keyers Word processors and typists Insurance claims and policy processing clerks Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Ofﬁce clerks, general Ofﬁce machine operators, except computer

56 229 441 1,567 153 424 102 65 1,749 66 387 106 143 117 186 114 64 1,373 161 293 257 167 336 116 288 584 1,350 64 3,522 191 504 319 277 154 982 61

Natural resources, constructions, and maintenance occupations 14,582 Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations 991 First-line supervisors/managers of farming, ﬁshing, and forestry workers 59 Graders and sorters, agricultural products 68 Logging workers 92 Construction and extraction occupations 8,522 First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers 887 Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 239 Carpenters 1,764 Carpet, ﬂoor, and tile installers and ﬁnishers 268 Cement masons, concrete ﬁnishers, and terrazzo workers 115 Construction laborers 1,234 Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 367

percent Hispanic

13.1% 15.4 10.7 6.9 7.3 10.0 10.5 12.0 12.4 22.4 11.9 13.0 13.4 9.1 10.6 12.2 13.5 14.0 12.2 15.0 9.2 12.0 6.9 12.0 6.1 22.9 15.8 17.7 8.1 9.0 13.1 8.6 11.0 15.4 14.8 14.8 22.1 39.0 31.3 44.7 10.1 25.0 11.7 34.1 21.8 35.6 44.0 38.1 11.1 (continued)

354

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

total

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers Electricians Painters, construction and maintenance Pipe layers, plumbers, pipe ﬁtters, and steam ﬁtters Roofers Sheet metal workers Structural iron and steel workers Helpers, construction trades Construction and building inspectors Highway maintenance workers Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors and managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers Computer, automated teller, and ofﬁce machine repairers Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers Security and ﬁre alarm systems installers Aircraft mechanics and service technicians Automotive body and related repairers Automotive service technicians and mechanics Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics Small engine mechanics Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics Maintenance and repair workers, general Millwrights Electrical power line installers and repairers Telecommunications line installers and repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

213 781 719 635 269 152 66 121 104 96 5,069 327 369 235 56 65 135 169 936 325 205 58 351 434 300 59 120 142 53 54

Production, transportation, material-moving occupations 17,954 Production occupations 9,462 First-line supervisors and managers of production and operating workers 921 Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 226 Bakers 188 Butchers and other meat, poultry, and ﬁsh processing workers 304 Food batchmakers 85 Cutting, punching, press machine setters, operators, tenders, metal/plastic 139 Grinding, lapping, polishing, and bufﬁng machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 74 Machinists 445 Molders, molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 70 Tool and die makers 86 Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 572 Job printers 65 Prepress technicians and workers 55 Printing machine operators 195 Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 195 Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 76

percent Hispanic

49.6% 13.6 36.2 17.3 39.4 12.8 9.8 36.0 11.8 14.8 14.1 9.3 9.5 10.7 17.1 14.8 15.5 20.5 19.0 12.2 12.2 4.9 13.1 10.1 17.0 2.6 11.9 16.7 4.9 7.8 19.2 20.0 11.6 21.1 28.4 44.3 20.5 16.3 26.2 10.9 18.8 3.7 23.3 18.0 14.0 15.2 27.5 47.1 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 355

total

Sewing machine operators Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Stationary engineers and boiler operators Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers Cutting workers Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians Packaging and ﬁlling machine operators and tenders Painting workers Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders Helpers—production workers Transportation and material-moving occupations Supervisors, transportation and material-moving workers Aircraft pilots and ﬂight engineers Bus drivers Driver sales workers and truck drivers Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Railroad conductors and yardmasters Parking lot attendants Service station attendants Crane and tower operators Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Cleaners of vehicles and equipment Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Machine feeders and offbearers Packers and packagers, hand Refuse and recyclable material collectors

281 101 86 105 56 63 111 83 690 59 92 318 191 59 53 64 8,491 220 118 602 3,276 277 58 77 120 65 80 530 316 1,797 55 432 81

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

356

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

percent Hispanic

32.5% 18.3 18.0 9.6 9.1 11.4 16.6 26.4 13.3 15.0 15.4 42.4 24.5 9.2 9.3 33.9 18.3 13.3 3.2 12.8 15.8 12.4 10.4 23.0 9.4 8.2 11.6 25.0 29.5 20.6 18.1 44.1 14.4

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

Table 4.71

Hispanic Workers by Industry, 2004

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by industry, 2004; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total employed Agriculture, forestry, ﬁshing, hunting Mining Construction Manufacturing Wholesale and retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Educational and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Public administration

total

number

139,252 2,232 539 10,768 16,484 20,869 7,013 3,463 9,969 14,108 28,719 11,820 6,903 6,365

17,930 441 60 2,303 2,358 2,566 867 319 913 1,843 2,619 2,078 1,035 528

percent distribution

100.0% 2.5 0.3 12.8 13.2 14.3 4.8 1.8 5.1 10.3 14.6 11.6 5.8 2.9

share of total

12.9% 19.8 11.1 21.4 14.3 12.3 12.4 9.2 9.2 13.1 9.1 17.6 15.0 8.3

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 357

Table 4.72

Hispanic Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of employed Hispanics aged 16 or older by age, employment status, and sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) men

women

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

Total employed Hispanics 10,832 Aged 16 to 19 447 Aged 20 to 24 1,513 Aged 25 to 54 8,011 Aged 55 or older 861

9,896 246 1,261 7,627 762

936 201 252 384 99

7,098 346 963 5,151 638

5,411 112 639 4,179 481

1,687 234 324 972 157

91.4% 55.0 83.3 95.2 88.5

8.6% 45.0 16.7 4.8 11.5

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

76.2% 32.4 66.4 81.1 75.4

23.8% 67.6 33.6 18.9 24.6

100.0% 2.5 12.7 77.1 7.7

100.0% 21.5 26.9 41.0 10.6

100.0% 4.9 13.6 72.6 9.0

100.0% 2.1 11.8 77.2 8.9

100.0% 13.9 19.2 57.6 9.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Total employed Hispanics Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total employed Hispanics Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 4.1 14.0 74.0 7.9

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.73

Hispanic Workers by Educational Attainment, 2004

(number of total people and Hispanics aged 25 or older in the civilian labor force, Hispanic labor force participation rate, distribution of Hispanics in labor force, and Hispanic share of total labor force, by educational attainment, 2004; numbers in thousands) Hispanic labor force

Total aged 25 or older Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

total labor force

number

125,133 12,470 37,834 22,298 12,141 40,390

15,545 5,553 4,566 2,251 971 2,204

participation rate

71.2% 62.3 74.0 79.1 79.8 82.1

percent distribution

100.0% 35.7 29.4 14.5 6.2 14.2

share of total

12.4% 44.5 12.1 10.1 8.0 5.5

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

358

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

Table 4.74

Hispanic Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004

(total number of employed Hispanic wage and salary workers aged 16 or older and percent distribution by tenure with current employer, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

men

Total Hispanic workers, number 16,338 Total Hispanic workers, percent 100.0% 12 months or less 26.9 13 to 23 months 7.4 2 years 7.8 3 to 4 years 22.8 5 to 9 years 18.2 10 to 14 years 8.0 15 to 19 years 4.4 20 or more years 4.4

women

9,778 100.0% 26.4 7.5 7.4 23.2 17.9 8.2 4.5 4.7

6,560 100.0% 27.6 7.3 8.5 22.2 18.7 7.7 4.3 3.8

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.75

Hispanic Households by Number of Earners, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Hispanic households and Hispanic share of total, by number of earners per household, 2004; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total households No earners One earner Two or more earners Two earners Three earners Four or more earners Average number of earners per household

total

number

112,000 23,932 40,769 47,299 37,917 6,998 2,384

11,693 1,498 4,591 5,604 4,158 1,005 441

1.36

1.60

percent distribution

100.0% 12.8 39.3 47.9 35.6 8.6 3.8 –

share of total

10.4% 6.3 11.3 11.8 11.0 14.4 18.5 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://pubdb3. census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 359

Table 4.76

Hispanic Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Husband and Wife, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic married couples aged 20 or older by age of householder and labor force status of husband and wife, 2003; numbers in thousands) husband and/or wife in labor force total

husband and wife

Total Hispanic couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

6,169 341 715 930 994 867 1,099 689 532

3,107 162 396 512 571 524 629 287 27

Total Hispanic couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

50.4% 47.5 55.4 55.1 57.4 60.4 57.2 41.7 5.1

husband only

wife only

neither husband nor wife in labor force

2,086 161 290 377 392 291 324 181 68

300 9 12 29 20 36 72 74 48

676 10 18 11 11 17 75 147 388

4.9% 2.6 1.7 3.1 2.0 4.2 6.6 10.7 9.0

11.0% 2.9 2.5 1.2 1.1 2.0 6.8 21.3 72.9

33.8% 47.2 40.6 40.5 39.4 33.6 29.5 26.3 12.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, detailed tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

360

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

Table 4.77

Hispanic Minimum Wage Workers by Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total and Hispanic wage and salary workers aged 16 or older paid hourly rates and those paid at or below minimum wage, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands)

Total workers aged 16 or older Hispanic workers aged 16 or older Hispanic men Hispanic women

at or below minimum wage

total paid hourly rates

total

at $5.15/hour

below $5.15/hour

73,939 12,073 7,183 4,890

2,003 250 99 151

520 82 32 49

1,483 168 66 102

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE/SEX

Total workers aged 16 or older Hispanic workers aged 16 or older Hispanic men Hispanic women

100.0% 16.3 9.7 6.6

100.0% 12.5 4.9 7.5

100.0% 15.8 6.2 9.4

100.0% 11.3 4.5 6.9

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.7% 2.1 1.4 3.1

0.7% 0.7 0.4 1.0

2.0% 1.4 0.9 2.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY WAGE STATUS

Total workers aged 16 or older Hispanic workers aged 16 or older Hispanic men Hispanic women

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 4.78

Hispanic Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2004

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older who hold more than one job, number and percent of Hispanics holding more than one job, and Hispanic share of total, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) Hispanic multiple job holders

Total multiple job holders Men Women

total

number

7,473 3,835 3,638

612 363 248

percent

3.4% 3.4 3.5

share of total

8.2% 9.5 6.8

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 361

Table 4.79

Union Representation of Hispanic Workers by Sex, 2004

(number of employed Hispanic wage and salary workers aged 16 or older, number and percent represented by unions, and median weekly earnings of those working full-time by union representation status, by sex, 2004; number in thousands) total

Total employed Hispanics Number represented by unions Percent represented by unions Median weekly earnings of full-time Hispanic workers Hispanic workers represented by unions Hispanic workers not represented by unions

men

women

16,533 1,888 11.4%

9,857 1,130 11.5%

6,676 758 11.4%

$456 670 428

$480 690 455

$419 616 401

Note: Workers represented by unions are either members of a labor union or similar employee association or workers who report no union afﬁliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

362

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LABOR FORCE

Table 4.80

Journey to Work by Hispanic Workers, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic workers aged 16 or older by principal means of transportation to work, travel time from home to work, distance from home to work, and departure time to work, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total Hispanic workers

14,518

percent distribution

100.0%

Principal means of transportation to work Drives self 9,793 Carpool 2,630 Mass transportation 1,119 Taxicab 20 Bicycle or motorcycle 84 Walks only 430 Other means 215 Works at home 228

67.5 18.1 7.7 0.1 0.6 3.0 1.5 1.6

Travel time from home to work Less than 15 minutes 15 to 29 minutes 30 to 44 minutes 45 to 59 minutes 1 hour or more Works at home No ﬁxed place of work

4,154 4,807 2,277 905 798 228 1,350

28.6 33.1 15.7 6.2 5.5 1.6 9.3

22

–

591 2,839 3,013 3,715 1,564 1,218 228 1,350

4.1 19.6 20.8 25.6 10.8 8.4 1.6 9.3

10

–

109 2,035 2,865 1,968 1,465 1,510 561 746 1,361 885

0.8 14.0 19.7 13.6 10.1 10.4 3.9 5.1 9.4 6.1

Median travel time (minutes) Distance from home to work Less than 1 mile 1 to 4 miles 5 to 9 miles 10 to 19 miles 20 to 29 miles 30 miles or more Works at home No ﬁxed place of work Median distance (miles) Departure time to work 12:00 a.m. to 2:59 a.m. 3:00 a.m. to 5:59 a.m. 6:00 a.m. to 6:59 a.m. 7:00 a.m. to 7:29 a.m. 7:30 a.m. to 7:59 a.m. 8:00 a.m. to 8:29 a.m. 8:30 a.m. to 8:59 a.m. 9:00 a.m. to 9:59 a.m. 10:00 a.m. to 3:59 p.m. 4:00 p.m. to 11:59 p.m.

Note: Departure time numbers may not add to total because not reported is not shown and those who work at home are not included. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 363

Table 4.81

Hispanic Labor Force Projections, 2002 and 2012

(number and percent of total people and Hispanics aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, 2002 and 2012; percent change in number and percentage point change in rate, 2002–12; numbers in thousands) percent change

2002

2012

144,863 17,941

162,269 23,785

Total men in labor force Hispanic men in labor force

77,500 10,609

85,252 13,674

10.0 28.9

Total women in labor force Hispanic women in labor force

67,363 7,332

77,017 10,111

14.3 37.9

2002

2012

percentage point change

NUMBER

Total labor force Hispanic labor force

12.0% 32.6

PARTICIPATION RATE

Total people Total Hispanics

66.6% 69.1

67.2% 68.8

0.6 –0.3

Total men Hispanic men

74.1 80.2

73.1 79.0

–1.0 –1.2

Total women Hispanic women

59.6 57.5

61.6 58.6

2.0 1.1

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.82

Hispanic Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2002 to 2012

(number and percent distribution of total people and Hispanics aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force in 2002 and 2012, and number and percent distribution of entrants, leavers, and stayers, 2002–12; numbers in thousands) 2002 to 2012 2002 labor force

entrants

144,863 17,941

40,461 7,866

leavers

stayers

2012 labor force

121,808 15,919

162,269 23,785

NUMBER

Total labor force Hispanic labor force

23,055 2,022

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total labor force Hispanic labor force

100.0% 12.4

100.0% 19.4

100.0% 8.8

100.0% 13.1

100.0% 14.7

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

364

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS

Hispanics: Living Arrangements

Most Hispanic Couples Have Children under Age 18 at Home Among the nation’s 112 million households in 2004, Hispanics headed 12 million, or 10 percent. Hispanic householders are younger than average. Consequently, Hispanics account for a relatively large share of households headed by young adults. Sixteen to 18 percent of householders under age 35 are Hispanic compared with only 5 percent of householders aged 65 or older. Married couples account for the 53 percent majority of Hispanic households. Among households headed by the foreign-born from Central America (most are from Mexico), fully 61 percent are married couples. Half of Hispanic households include children. Among Hispanic married couples, 65 percent have children under age 18 in their home. Although black households outnumbered Hispanic households in 2003, Hispanic married couples with children outnumbered their black counterparts by 1.9 million. Sixty-ﬁve percent of Hispanic children live with both parents. Many Hispanics are immigrants trying to establish themselves in the United States, which explains why 13 percent of Hispanic men and 10 percent of Hispanic women are living in the households of relatives. Among total men and women, the proportion is just 5 percent. It also explains why Hispanic households are larger than average. Among households with seven or more people, Hispanics head 33 percent. ■ Children are more commonly found in Hispanic households than in black or non-Hispanic white households because many Hispanics are immigrants from countries where traditional family life is common.

Married couples dominate Hispanic households

75

(percent distribution of Hispanic households, by household type, 2004)

53% 50 50%

25 25%

0 0%

18%

marriedacouples

b female-headed families

8%

7%

8%

c male-headed families

d living women alone

mendliving alone

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 365

Table 4.83

Hispanic Households by Age of Householder, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Hispanic households, and Hispanic share of total, by age of householder, 2004, numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

112,000 6,610 8,737 10,421 10,997 12,225 12,360 10,777 9,504 7,320 23,048

11,693 1,163 1,479 1,702 1,570 1,416 1,191 831 706 522 1,113

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 9.9 12.6 14.6 13.4 12.1 10.2 7.1 6.0 4.5 9.5

10.4% 17.6 16.9 16.3 14.3 11.6 9.6 7.7 7.4 7.1 4.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.84

Hispanic Households by Household Type, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Hispanic households, and Hispanic share of total, by type, 2004; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

percent distribution

share of total

total

number

112,000 76,217 57,719 13,781 4,717

11,693 9,273 6,227 2,138 908

100.0% 79.3 53.3 18.3 7.8

10.4% 12.2 10.8 15.5 19.2

35,783 19,647 17,024 16,136 12,562

2,420 1,078 863 1,343 891

20.7 9.2 7.4 11.5 7.6

6.8 5.5 5.1 8.3 7.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

366

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 4.85

Households Headed by the Foreign-Born from Latin America by Household Type, 2004

(number and percent distribution of households headed by foreign-born householders from Latin America, by household type and Latin American region, 2004; numbers in thousands)

Foreign-born householders from Latin America Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Male householder Female householder

total

Caribbean

Central America

South America

7,097 5,852 4,057 1,231 563 1,245 710 535

1,496 1,132 684 347 101 365 141 224

4,758 4,084 2,923 753 408 674 445 229

842 636 451 131 55 206 124 81

100.0% 75.7 45.7 23.2 6.8 24.4 9.4 15.0

100.0% 85.8 61.4 15.8 8.6 14.2 9.4 4.8

Foreign-born householders from Latin America 100.0% Family households 82.5 Married couples 57.2 Female householder, no spouse present 17.3 Male householder, no spouse present 7.9 Nonfamily households 17.5 Male householder 10.0 Female householder 7.5

100.0% 75.5 53.6 15.6 6.5 24.5 14.7 9.6

Note: Most of the foreign-born from Central America are from Mexico. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 367

Table 4.86

Hispanic Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic households by age of householder and household type, 2004; numbers in thousands) family households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

Total Hispanic households 11,693

nonfamily households male hh, no spouse present

female-headed

male-headed

total

living alone

total

living alone

891

6,227

2,138

908

1,078

863

1,343

Under age 25

1,163

364

264

221

118

56

195

84

Aged 25 to 34

3,181

1,754

572

287

178

131

390

231

Aged 35 to 44

2,986

1,773

599

206

132

93

276

188

Aged 45 to 54

2,022

1,160

382

111

172

132

195

141

Aged 55 to 64

1,228

700

180

41

172

153

136

108

Aged 65 or older

1,113

476

139

43

305

298

150

138

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Total Hispanic households

100.0%

53.3%

18.3%

7.4%

11.5%

7.6%

Under age 25

100.0

31.3

22.7

19.0

7.8%

10.1

9.2%

4.8

16.8

7.2

Aged 25 to 34

100.0

55.1

18.0

9.0

5.6

4.1

12.3

7.3

Aged 35 to 44

100.0

59.4

20.1

6.9

4.4

3.1

9.2

6.3

Aged 45 to 54

100.0

57.4

18.9

5.5

8.5

6.5

9.6

7.0

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

57.0

14.7

3.3

14.0

12.5

11.1

8.8

Aged 65 or older

100.0

42.8

12.5

3.9

27.4

26.8

13.5

12.4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE Total Hispanic households

100.0%

100.0%

Under age 25

9.9

5.8

12.3

24.3

10.9

6.5

14.5

9.4

Aged 25 to 34

27.2

28.2

26.8

31.6

16.5

15.2

29.0

25.9

Aged 35 to 44

25.5

28.5

28.0

22.7

12.2

10.8

20.6

21.1

Aged 45 to 54

17.3

18.6

17.9

12.2

16.0

15.3

14.5

15.8

Aged 55 to 64

10.5

11.2

8.4

4.5

16.0

17.7

10.1

12.1

9.5

7.6

6.5

4.7

28.3

34.5

11.2

15.5

Aged 65 or older

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

368

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 4.87

Hispanic Households by Size, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Hispanic households, and Hispanic share of total, by size, 2004; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total households One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven or more people Average number of persons per household

total

number

112,000 29,586 37,366 17,968 16,065 7,150 2,476 1,388

11,693 1,753 2,627 2,253 2,387 1,552 664 456

2.57

3.34

percent distribution

100.0% 15.0 22.5 19.3 20.4 13.3 5.7 3.9 –

share of total

10.4% 5.9 7.0 12.5 14.9 21.7 26.8 32.9 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 369

Table 4.88

Hispanics Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004

(total number of Hispanic households, number and percent distribution of Hispanic single-person households, and single-person household share of total, by age of householder, 2004; numbers in thousands) living alone total

number

Total Hispanics Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

28,566 6,970 7,423 6,007 3,925 2,161 1,272 808

1,754 140 362 281 273 261 249 187

Hispanic men Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

14,664 3,677 4,001 3,126 1,955 1,023 545 336

Hispanic women Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

13,902 3,292 3,422 2,880 1,970 1,138 727 473

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 8.0 20.6 16.0 15.6 14.9 14.2 10.7

6.1% 2.0 4.9 4.7 7.0 12.1 19.6 23.1

891 84 231 188 141 108 87 51

100.0 9.4 25.9 21.1 15.8 12.1 9.8 5.7

6.1 2.3 5.8 6.0 7.2 10.6 16.0 15.2

863 56 131 93 132 153 162 136

100.0 6.5 15.2 10.8 15.3 17.7 18.8 15.8

6.2 1.7 3.8 3.2 6.7 13.4 22.3 28.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

370

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 4.89

Hispanic Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, And Presence of Children, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic households by age of householder, type of household, and presence of own children under age 18, and average age of householder, 2003; numbers in thousands) all households

Total Hispanic households

female-headed families

married couples

male-headed families

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

11,339

5,704

6,189

4,001

2,029

1,357

872

346

Under age 25

1,073

479

361

263

272

174

188

42

Aged 25 to 29

1,368

884

715

588

248

223

139

74

Aged 30 to 34

1,612

1,104

930

800

270

246

131

59

Aged 35 to 39

1,625

1,233

994

892

304

284

111

56

Aged 40 to 44

1,478

1,005

867

708

289

238

100

58

Aged 45 to 49

1,092

564

627

421

202

109

70

34

Aged 50 to 54

822

268

472

196

137

55

48

16

Aged 55 to 64

1,150

129

689

111

146

16

47

3

Aged 65 or older

1,119

39

532

24

161

13

38

3

42.1

36.4

42.5

36.9

40.1

35.3

36.1

35.1

Average age of householder

PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN BY TYPE

Total Hispanic households

100.0%

50.3%

100.0%

64.6%

100.0%

66.9%

100.0%

39.7%

Under age 25

100.0

44.6

100.0

72.9

100.0

64.0

100.0

22.3

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

64.6

100.0

82.2

100.0

89.9

100.0

53.2

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

68.5

100.0

86.0

100.0

91.1

100.0

45.0

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

75.9

100.0

89.7

100.0

93.4

100.0

50.5

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

68.0

100.0

81.7

100.0

82.4

100.0

58.0

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

51.6

100.0

67.1

100.0

54.0

100.0

48.6

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

32.6

100.0

41.5

100.0

40.1

100.0

33.3

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

11.2

100.0

16.1

100.0

11.0

100.0

6.4

Aged 65 or older

100.0

3.5

100.0

4.5

100.0

8.1

100.0

7.9

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 371

Table 4.90

Living Arrangements of Hispanic Children, 2003

(number of total children under age 18, number and percent distribution of Hispanic children, and Hispanic share of total, by living arrangement, 2003; numbers in thousands) Hispanic

Total children Living with both parents Living with mother only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with father only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with neither parent

total

number

73,001 49,903 16,771 7,006 9,102 663 3,324 1,172 1,979 173 3,004

13,284 8,584 3,262 1,495 1,626 141 737 421 295 21 702

percent distribution

100.0% 64.6 24.6 11.3 12.2 1.1 5.5 3.2 2.2 0.2 5.3

share of total

18.2% 17.2 19.5 21.3 17.9 21.3 22.2 35.9 14.9 12.1 23.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

372

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 4.91

Hispanic Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic men aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

14,336

3,602

2,107

1,884

3,061

1,759

1,018

907

Married-couple householder or spouse

6,196

291

690

948

1,867

1,096

723

580

Other householder

163

Total Hispanic men

65 or older

2,100

323

313

334

508

309

151

Male family householder

872

188

139

131

211

118

47

38

Living alone

809

52

91

117

213

138

90

109

Living with nonrelatives

419

83

83

86

84

53

14

16

6,041

2,988

1,104

601

687

355

144

163

Child of householder

2,791

2,034

384

146

151

64

13

–

Other relative of householder

1,844

591

391

198

276

152

100

136

Living with nonrelatives

1,406

363

329

257

260

139

31

27

Nonhouseholder

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

43.2

8.1

32.7

50.3

61.0

62.3

71.0

63.9

Other householder

14.6

9.0

14.9

17.7

16.6

17.6

14.8

18.0

Male family householder

6.1

5.2

6.6

7.0

6.9

6.7

4.6

4.2

Living alone

5.6

1.4

4.3

6.2

7.0

7.8

8.8

12.0

Total Hispanic men

Living with nonrelatives

100.0% 100.0%

2.9

2.3

3.9

4.6

2.7

3.0

1.4

1.8

42.1

83.0

52.4

31.9

22.4

20.2

14.1

18.0

Child of householder

19.5

56.5

18.2

7.7

4.9

3.6

1.3

–

Other relative of householder

12.9

16.4

18.6

10.5

9.0

8.6

9.8

15.0

9.8

10.1

15.6

13.6

8.5

7.9

3.0

3.0

Nonhouseholder

Living with nonrelatives

Note: (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 373

Table 4.92

Hispanic Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic women aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

13,599

3,168

1,722

1,711

2,865

1,903

1,084

1,146

Married-couple householder or spouse

6,306

484

855

1,059

1,762

1,116

607

424

Other householder

3,050

388

341

348

735

505

309

425

2,029

272

248

270

593

339

146

161

791

57

56

58

103

124

142

251

Total Hispanic women

Female family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

230

59

37

20

39

42

21

13

4,244

2,296

527

304

368

282

168

298

Child of householder

2,077

1,666

199

98

72

33

9

1

Other relative of householder

1,352

346

147

99

161

181

131

285

815

284

181

107

135

68

28

12

Nonhouseholder

Living with nonrelatives

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

46.4

15.3

49.7

61.9

61.5

58.6

56.0

37.0

Other householder

22.4

12.2

19.8

20.3

25.7

26.5

28.5

37.1

14.9

8.6

14.4

15.8

20.7

17.8

13.5

14.0

Living alone

5.8

1.8

3.3

3.4

3.6

6.5

13.1

21.9

Living with nonrelatives

1.7

1.9

2.1

1.2

1.4

2.2

1.9

1.1

31.2

72.5

30.6

17.8

12.8

14.8

15.5

26.0

Total Hispanic women

Female family householder

Nonhouseholder Child of householder

100.0% 100.0%

15.3

52.6

11.6

5.7

2.5

1.7

0.8

0.1

Other relative of householder

9.9

10.9

8.5

5.8

5.6

9.5

12.1

24.9

Living with nonrelatives

6.0

9.0

10.5

6.3

4.7

3.6

2.6

1.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

374

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 4.93

Marital Status of Hispanic Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total Hispanic men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total Hispanic men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

13,357 673 1,949 2,107 1,884 1,653 1,408 985 774 1,018 557 292 58

4,794 655 1,537 1,113 612 320 214 145 79 75 17 26 4

6,596 15 325 752 1,004 1,051 909 637 528 750 403 191 29

637 0 58 100 113 98 88 48 42 55 25 6 3

346 0 15 60 49 48 53 49 22 29 18 3 0

803 1 15 73 97 130 135 99 92 91 51 16 3

182 2 0 10 9 5 9 7 12 17 42 50 19

4.8% 0.0 3.0 4.7 6.0 5.9 6.3 4.9 5.4 5.4 4.5 2.1 5.2

2.6% 0.0 0.8 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.8 5.0 2.8 2.8 3.2 1.0 0.0

6.0% 0.1 0.8 3.5 5.1 7.9 9.6 10.1 11.9 8.9 9.2 5.5 5.2

1.4% 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.6 1.7 7.5 17.1 32.8

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

35.9% 97.3 78.9 52.8 32.5 19.4 15.2 14.7 10.2 7.4 3.1 8.9 6.9

49.4% 2.2 16.7 35.7 53.3 63.6 64.6 64.7 68.2 73.7 72.4 65.4 50.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 375

Table 4.94

Marital Status of Hispanic Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic women aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total Hispanic women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total Hispanic women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married spouse present

married spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

12,624 573 1,620 1,722 1,711 1,534 1,331 1,072 831 1,084 666 367 113

3,150 491 1,033 597 375 216 146 95 68 75 41 11 1

6,693 64 486 926 1,099 1,009 836 679 502 635 322 115 20

292 11 33 39 29 36 41 26 30 34 8 3 3

666 6 46 86 80 109 89 90 51 54 40 14 2

1,089 1 19 62 120 143 188 149 139 153 82 27 4

735 0 3 12 8 21 30 34 41 133 172 196 84

2.3% 1.9 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.3 3.1 2.4 3.6 3.1 1.2 0.8 2.7

5.3% 1.0 2.8 5.0 4.7 7.1 6.7 8.4 6.1 5.0 6.0 3.8 1.8

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

25.0% 85.7 63.8 34.7 21.9 14.1 11.0 8.9 8.2 6.9 6.2 3.0 0.9

53.0% 11.2 30.0 53.8 64.2 65.8 62.8 63.3 60.4 58.6 48.3 31.3 17.7

8.6% 0.2 1.2 3.6 7.0 9.3 14.1 13.9 16.7 14.1 12.3 7.4 3.5

5.8% 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.4 2.3 3.2 4.9 12.3 25.8 53.4 74.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html

376

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 4.95

Marital History of Hispanic Men by Age, 2001

(number of Hispanic men aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) Total Hispanic men, number Total Hispanic men, percent

total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

13,007

1,603

1,913

1,832

1,751

1,330

2,247

1,210

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0% 100.0%

60 to 69 70 or older

621

500

Never married

40.0

98.1

81.1

46.9

28.2

22.9

14.3

5.8

2.8

1.3

Ever married

60.0

1.9

18.9

53.1

71.8

77.1

85.7

94.2

97.2

98.7 83.0

Married once

51.6

1.9

18.8

51.3

61.9

70.3

72.2

70.8

75.1

Still married

43.2

1.7

17.0

43.9

54.9

57.9

63.2

53.7

63.1

54.3

Married twice

7.1

0.0

0.1

1.8

8.7

6.3

11.0

18.8

18.9

13.0

Still married

5.8

0.0

0.1

1.6

7.5

6.0

9.1

13.2

16.8

9.4

1.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.1

0.5

2.5

4.6

3.3

2.6

Still married

0.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.8

0.2

1.6

1.8

2.5

1.4

Ever divorced

12.7

0.0

0.8

7.1

13.1

16.0

18.4

33.7

23.6

18.8

6.0

0.0

0.7

5.5

4.3

9.8

7.2

17.7

6.3

10.3

2.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.4

1.6

4.6

6.9

25.4

1.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.4

1.4

3.1

4.4

21.8

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

Table 4.96

Marital History of Hispanic Women by Age, 2001

(number of Hispanic women aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

Total Hispanic women, number 12,545

1,539

1,527

1,577

1,513

1,457

2,213

1,260

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Total Hispanic women, percent

100.0% 100.0%

60 to 69 70 or older

826

633

Never married

29.7

89.9

66.3

28.0

15.8

15.0

8.6

10.4

8.8

6.1

Ever married

70.3

10.1

33.7

72.0

84.2

85.0

91.4

89.6

91.2

93.9

Married once

61.0

10.1

32.9

67.5

77.2

72.6

76.4

71.0

76.2

76.5

Still married

44.4

9.1

28.4

57.2

63.0

55.6

54.4

46.1

44.3

27.4

Married twice

8.0

0.0

0.8

4.4

5.9

12.0

13.2

15.4

10.2

14.1

Still married

5.6

0.0

0.5

3.8

4.5

8.9

10.5

10.1

6.3

4.5

1.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.3

1.8

3.2

4.8

3.3

Still married

0.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.8

0.1

1.5

1.6

3.3

1.2

Ever divorced

15.9

0.0

2.5

9.0

13.0

22.5

26.1

30.4

24.1

20.2

8.9

0.0

1.7

4.9

7.2

13.0

14.3

17.4

13.0

11.1

5.9

0.0

0.7

0.3

0.6

1.3

4.3

11.0

19.4

48.7

5.3

0.0

0.7

0.3

0.6

0.8

3.3

9.1

16.8

47.3

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 377

Hispanics: Population

Hispanics Are the Largest Minority Group in the United States The Hispanic population grew 16 percent between 2000 and 2004, from 36 million to 41 million. Hispanics account for 14 percent of the U.S. population. The number of Hispanics is growing rapidly because of immigration. Forty-two percent of immigrants to the U.S. in 2004 were from Mexico or other Latin American countries. Nineteen percent were from Mexico alone. The 53 percent majority of the nation’s foreign-born are from Latin America. Hispanic is an ethnic identity, not a race. There are white, black, American Indian, and Asian Hispanics. According to Census Bureau estimates for 2004, whites account for the great majority of Hispanics—92 percent—while blacks account for 4 percent. Among Hispanics, Mexicans are the largest ethnic group (64 percent). Ten percent of Hispanics are Puerto Rican, 4 percent Cuban, and 3 percent hail from the Dominican Republic. Ten percent of Americans speak Spanish at home, with the proportion peaking at more than 25 percent in California, New Mexico, and Texas. Hispanics are most likely to live in the West (43 percent) and South (34 percent). Thirty percent of Hispanics live in California, where they account for 35 percent of the state’s population. Another 19 percent live in Texas, where they, too, account for 35 percent of the population. Los Angeles is home to more Hispanics than any other U.S. metropolitan area—7.3 million. Hispanics are 43 percent of the population of Los Angeles. ■ Hispanics are growing rapidly in almost every state. Because many are not citizens, however, their political power is limited.

Hispanics account for more than one-quarter of the population in the West (Hispanic share of population by region, 2004) 30

26%

20 20%

13%

11%

378

10

10%

0

0%

6%

a Northeast

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b Midwest

c South

d West

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.97

Hispanics by Race, 2000 and 2004

(total number of people, number and percent Hispanic, and number and percent distribution of Hispanics by race, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) 2004 number

Total people Hispanics Total Hispanics One race American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Two or more races

293,655,404 41,322,070 41,322,070 40,738,794 618,003 257,792 1,538,618 107,441 38,216,940 583,276

2000 percent distribution

100.0% 14.1 100.0 98.6 1.5 0.6 3.7 0.3 92.5 1.4

number

282,192,162 35,647,334 35,647,334 35,150,635 569,527 234,010 1,399,914 96,154 32,851,030 496,699

percent distribution

percent change 2000–04

100.0% 12.6

4.1% 15.9

100.0 98.6 1.6 0.7 3.9 0.3 92.2 1.4

15.9 15.9 8.5 10.2 9.9 11.7 16.3 17.4

Note: American Indians include Alaska Natives. Native Hawaiians include other Paciﬁc Islanders. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 379

Table 4.98

Hispanics by Ethnic Origin, 2004

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics by ethnic origin, 2004) number

Total Hispanics Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Dominican (Dominican Republic) Central American Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran Other Central American South American Argentinean Bolivian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Other South American Other Hispanic

40,459,196 25,894,763 3,874,322 1,437,828 1,051,032 2,901,679 120,316 698,745 407,994 248,725 113,053 1,201,002 111,844 2,215,503 189,190 90,401 106,458 686,185 453,360 14,123 399,240 41,577 164,699 70,270 3,084,069

percent distribution

100.0% 64.0 9.6 3.6 2.6 7.2 0.3 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.3 3.0 0.3 5.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.7 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 7.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143469461584&_ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_program=ACS; calculations by New Strategist

380

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.99

Hispanics in the Armed Forces, 2003

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics aged 18 or older who are in the armed forces or who are veterans, by sex and age, 2003)

Total Hispanics aged 18 or older Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

in armed forces

veteran

25,703,972 13,109,895 12,271,366 838,529 12,594,077 11,432,577 1,161,500

53,266 46,689 46,689 0 6,577 6,577 0

1,112,534 1,022,694 780,778 241,916 89,840 82,954 6,886

Total Hispanics aged 18 or older

100.0%

0.2%

Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0

4.3% 7.8 6.4 28.9 0.7 0.7 0.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 381

Table 4.100

Hispanics by Age, 2000 and 2004

(number of Hispanics by age, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) percent change 2000–04

2004

2000

Total Hispanics Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

41,322,070 4,369,923 3,877,702 3,784,493 3,332,812 3,764,765 3,915,451 3,701,092 3,271,988 2,888,473 2,284,403 1,743,889 1,300,420 921,672 715,635 554,622 418,058 266,452 210,220

35,647,334 3,740,790 3,644,417 3,203,099 3,170,530 3,443,996 3,415,937 3,157,582 2,853,576 2,339,736 1,800,024 1,385,732 974,083 758,895 604,427 483,508 332,732 184,090 154,180

15.9% 16.8 6.4 18.2 5.1 9.3 14.6 17.2 14.7 23.5 26.9 25.8 33.5 21.4 18.4 14.7 25.6 44.7 36.3

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

27,280,450 5,088,075 2,164,987

23,224,316 4,779,814 1,758,937

17.5 6.4 23.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

382

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.101

Hispanic Share of Total Population by Age, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by age, 2004) Hispanic percent distribution

total

number

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

293,655,404 20,071,268 19,605,572 21,145,156 20,729,802 20,971,302 19,560,906 20,471,032 21,052,318 23,056,334 22,122,629 19,496,176 16,489,501 12,589,423 9,956,467 8,507,005 7,410,757 5,560,125 4,859,631

41,322,070 4,369,923 3,877,702 3,784,493 3,332,812 3,764,765 3,915,451 3,701,092 3,271,988 2,888,473 2,284,403 1,743,889 1,300,420 921,672 715,635 554,622 418,058 266,452 210,220

100.0% 10.6 9.4 9.2 8.1 9.1 9.5 9.0 7.9 7.0 5.5 4.2 3.1 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.5

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

220,377,406 29,245,102 36,293,985

27,280,450 5,088,075 2,164,987

66.0 12.3 5.2

share of total

14.1% 21.8 19.8 17.9 16.1 18.0 20.0 18.1 15.5 12.5 10.3 8.9 7.9 7.3 7.2 6.5 5.6 4.8 4.3 12.4 17.4 6.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 383

Table 4.102

Hispanics by Age and Sex, 2004

(number of Hispanics by age and sex, and sex ratio by age, 2004) total

females

males

sex ratio

Total Hispanics Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

41,322,070 4,369,923 3,877,702 3,784,493 3,332,812 3,764,765 3,915,451 3,701,092 3,271,988 2,888,473 2,284,403 1,743,889 1,300,420 921,672 715,635 554,622 418,058 266,452 210,220

19,974,997 2,137,621 1,894,260 1,849,237 1,610,905 1,692,202 1,746,375 1,707,610 1,531,561 1,387,058 1,124,015 881,520 672,465 491,713 391,638 313,060 244,428 160,488 138,841

21,347,073 2,232,302 1,983,442 1,935,256 1,721,907 2,072,563 2,169,076 1,993,482 1,740,427 1,501,415 1,160,388 862,369 627,955 429,959 323,997 241,562 173,630 105,964 71,379

107 104 105 105 107 122 124 117 114 108 103 98 93 87 83 77 71 66 51

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

27,280,450 5,088,075 2,164,987

13,115,077 2,324,305 1,248,455

14,165,373 2,763,770 916,532

108 119 73

Note: The sex ratio is the number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

384

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.103

Hispanics by Age, 2000 to 2020

(number and percent distribution of Hispanics by age, 2000 to 2020, percent change, 2000–10 and 2010–20; numbers in thousands) percent change

Total Hispanics Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

2000

2010

2020

35,622 3,745 3,639 3,207 3,175 3,427 3,408 3,155 2,852 2,336 1,802 1,384 976 759 1,757

47,756 4,824 4,515 4,057 4,162 3,927 3,878 3,973 3,769 3,343 2,939 2,371 1,806 1,365 2,826

59,756 5,570 5,306 5,075 4,950 4,656 4,714 4,325 4,117 4,082 3,796 3,314 2,863 2,262 4,723

2000–10

34.1% 28.8 24.1 26.5 31.1 14.6 13.8 25.9 32.2 43.1 63.1 71.3 85.0 79.9 60.8

2010–20

25.1% 15.5 17.5 25.1 18.9 18.6 21.6 8.9 9.3 22.1 29.2 39.8 58.5 65.7 67.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 385

Table 4.104

Hispanics by Region, 2000 and 2004

(number of Hispanics by region, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total Hispanics Northeast Midwest South West

2004

2000

41,322,070 5,870,890 3,705,062 14,025,905 17,720,213

35,305,818 5,254,087 3,124,532 11,586,696 15,340,503

percent change 2000–04

17.0% 11.7 18.6 21.1 15.5

Note: Total number of Hispanics in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.105

Hispanic Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by region, 2004) Hispanic

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

293,655,404 54,571,147 65,729,852 105,944,965 67,409,440

41,322,070 5,870,890 3,705,062 14,025,905 17,720,213

percent distribution

100.0% 14.2 9.0 33.9 42.9

share of total

14.1% 10.8 5.6 13.2 26.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST200404.html; calculations by New Strategist

386

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.106

Hispanics by State, 2000 and 2004

(number of Hispanics by state, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total Hispanics Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

2004

2000

41,322,070 98,388 32,386 1,608,698 120,820 12,442,626 878,803 371,818 48,153 47,258 3,304,832 598,322 99,830 123,900 1,774,551 269,267 104,119 220,288 77,055 124,222 12,476 297,717 494,188 375,041 179,303 49,075 148,201 21,841 119,975 531,929 27,500 1,294,422 823,352 3,076,697 517,617 9,755 252,269 223,005 343,278

35,305,818 75,830 25,852 1,295,617 86,866 10,966,556 735,601 320,323 37,277 44,953 2,682,715 435,227 87,699 101,690 1,530,262 214,536 82,473 188,252 59,939 107,738 9,360 227,916 428,729 323,877 143,382 39,569 118,592 18,081 94,425 393,970 20,489 1,117,191 765,386 2,867,583 378,963 7,786 217,123 179,304 275,314

percent change 2000–04

17.0% 29.7 25.3 24.2 39.1 13.5 19.5 16.1 29.2 5.1 23.2 37.5 13.8 21.8 16.0 25.5 26.2 17.0 28.6 15.3 33.3 30.6 15.3 15.8 25.1 24.0 25.0 20.8 27.1 35.0 34.2 15.9 7.6 7.3 36.6 25.3 16.2 24.4 24.7 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 387

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2004

2000

475,552 111,823 130,432 15,093 167,025 7,781,211 253,073 6,414 426,152 526,667 14,621 237,200 33,830

394,088 90,820 95,076 10,903 123,838 6,669,666 201,559 5,504 329,540 441,509 12,279 192,921 31,669

percent change 2000–04

20.7% 23.1 37.2 38.4 34.9 16.7 25.6 16.5 29.3 19.3 19.1 23.0 6.8

Note: Total number of Hispanics in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

388

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.107

Hispanic Share of Total Population by State, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, by state, 2004) Hispanic

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

293,655,404 4,530,182 655,435 5,743,834 2,752,629 35,893,799 4,601,403 3,503,604 830,364 553,523 17,397,161 8,829,383 1,262,840 1,393,262 12,713,634 6,237,569 2,954,451 2,735,502 4,145,922 4,515,770 1,317,253 5,558,058 6,416,505 10,112,620 5,100,958 2,902,966 5,754,618 926,865 1,747,214 2,334,771 1,299,500 8,698,879 1,903,289 19,227,088 8,541,221 634,366 11,459,011 3,523,553 3,594,586

41,322,070 98,388 32,386 1,608,698 120,820 12,442,626 878,803 371,818 48,153 47,258 3,304,832 598,322 99,830 123,900 1,774,551 269,267 104,119 220,288 77,055 124,222 12,476 297,717 494,188 375,041 179,303 49,075 148,201 21,841 119,975 531,929 27,500 1,294,422 823,352 3,076,697 517,617 9,755 252,269 223,005 343,278

percent distribution

100.0% 0.2 0.1 3.9 0.3 30.1 2.1 0.9 0.1 0.1 8.0 1.4 0.2 0.3 4.3 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.3 0.1 3.1 2.0 7.4 1.3 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.8

share of total

14.1% 2.2 4.9 28.0 4.4 34.7 19.1 10.6 5.8 8.5 19.0 6.8 7.9 8.9 14.0 4.3 3.5 8.1 1.9 2.8 0.9 5.4 7.7 3.7 3.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 6.9 22.8 2.1 14.9 43.3 16.0 6.1 1.5 2.2 6.3 9.5 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 389

Hispanic

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

12,406,292 1,080,632 4,198,068 770,883 5,900,962 22,490,022 2,389,039 621,394 7,459,827 6,203,788 1,815,354 5,509,026 506,529

475,552 111,823 130,432 15,093 167,025 7,781,211 253,073 6,414 426,152 526,667 14,621 237,200 33,830

percent distribution

1.2% 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.4 18.8 0.6 0.0 1.0 1.3 0.0 0.6 0.1

share of total

3.8% 10.3 3.1 2.0 2.8 34.6 10.6 1.0 5.7 8.5 0.8 4.3 6.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST200404.html; calculations by New Strategist

390

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.108

Hispanics by State and Ethnicity, 2004

(total number of Hispanics and percent distribution by state and ethnicity, 2004) total number

Total Hispanics Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

40,459,196 86,116 30,293 1,584,217 117,568 12,246,122 862,631 359,093 47,526 45,879 3,250,768 576,113 96,778 121,398 1,739,870 264,936 104,688 160,808 74,613 118,273 11,419 294,052 478,929 359,111 173,124 41,706 143,729 20,227 118,227 527,570 26,108 1,274,500 808,693 3,003,572 506,206 6,936 242,100 218,775 336,925

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Mexican

64.0% 77.6 56.6 90.5 81.9 82.2 74.6 11.6 45.8 10.9 14.3 67.8 28.4 86.5 78.3 81.0 80.3 80.0 63.7 26.6 26.9 21.0 3.9 72.4 68.9 66.1 69.5 79.0 81.4 77.7 25.0 9.1 54.4 10.5 70.9 74.4 44.1 79.9 80.7

Puerto Rican

Cuban

9.6% 5.9 12.0 1.1 4.3 1.4 2.5 55.6 35.6 6.0 20.2 8.0 35.0 0.9 8.4 6.4 1.9 4.6 7.6 4.7 27.3 9.3 45.7 9.8 4.2 3.8 8.3 4.2 3.4 2.6 27.8 34.6 0.7 36.9 6.6 3.1 33.8 3.2 2.3

3.6% 1.5 4.5 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 1.6 3.3 3.9 30.3 2.5 1.9 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 2.3 7.1 7.4 5.5 3.8 1.3 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.3 1.2 1.1 2.3 4.9 6.3 0.4 2.5 1.0 2.9 1.2 0.1 1.0

Dominican

2.6% 0.7 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.6 2.7 2.6 3.9 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.0 2.7 15.6 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.1 13.7 11.5 0.0 19.0 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.2

other Hispanic

20.3% 14.3 25.2 8.0 13.8 15.8 22.2 27.6 12.6 76.6 31.3 20.4 34.6 12.4 11.7 11.5 16.9 13.0 21.3 60.0 40.4 63.2 33.6 15.7 24.1 28.1 19.3 14.7 13.8 17.2 28.6 38.4 44.5 31.0 21.1 19.6 19.3 16.7 15.8 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 391

total number

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

447,846 109,192 120,681 12,773 165,155 7,656,151 249,091 5,124 418,130 517,055 10,935 234,453 33,011

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Mexican

15.7% 6.3 60.9 70.0 69.8 85.5 75.6 26.9 26.4 80.8 50.7 71.5 66.3

Puerto Rican

57.3% 35.8 7.9 3.5 5.1 1.0 0.8 41.8 11.9 2.9 24.2 13.9 3.4

Cuban

2.2% 0.9 2.1 0.0 4.4 0.4 1.3 4.1 3.9 0.9 4.4 1.0 0.2

Dominican

5.8% 21.6 1.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.0

other Hispanic

19.0% 35.4 27.6 26.5 20.5 12.9 22.2 27.2 56.5 15.4 20.7 12.4 30.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143469461584&_ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_program=ACS; calculations by New Strategist

392

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.109

Hispanics by Metropolitan Area, 2004

(total number of people, number of Hispanics, and Hispanic share of total, for selected metropolitan areas, 2004) Hispanic

Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY MSA Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA MSA Anchorage, AK MSA Appleton–Oshkosh–Neenah, WI MSA Atlanta, GA MSA Augusta–Aiken, GA–SC MSA Austin–San Marcos, TX MSA Bakersﬁeld, CA MSA Baton Rouge, LA MSA Beaumont–Port Arthur, TX MSA Biloxi–Gulfport–Pascagoula, MS MSA Binghamton, NY MSA Birmingham, AL MSA Boise City, ID MSA Boston–Worcester–Lawrence, MA–NH–ME–CT CMSA Brownsville–Harlingen–San Benito, TX MSA Buffalo–Niagara Falls, NY MSA Canton–Massillon, OH MSA Charleston–North Charleston, SC MSA Chicago, IL PMSA Cleveland–Akron, OH CMSA Colorado Springs, CO MSA Columbia, SC MSA Corpus Christi, TX MSA Dallas–Fort Worth, TX CMSA Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA–IL MSA Dayton–Springﬁeld, OH MSA Daytona Beach, FL MSA Denver–Boulder–Greeley, CO CMSA* Des Moines, IA MSA Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI CMSA El Paso, TX MSA Erie, PA MSA Eugene–Springﬁeld, OR MSA Fayetteville, NC MSA Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR MSA Fort Myers–Cape Coral, FL MSA Fort Pierce–Port St. Lucie, FL MSA Fort Wayne, IN MSA

total population

number

860,976 650,230 265,176 359,711 4,477,579 476,167 1,373,125 702,855 610,743 366,244 363,966 239,012 929,694 479,284 5,749,197 367,603 1,119,037 400,919 563,828 8,388,723 2,878,475 539,225 543,126 381,422 5,676,651 350,022 916,635 530,553 2,514,628 476,699 5,437,277 700,225 267,426 324,176 287,220 345,308 508,634 358,578 506,545

26,108 63,513 18,252 8,278 381,192 12,183 397,684 300,758 13,269 31,704 9,161 4,637 22,906 48,370 405,342 315,832 33,954 3,612 15,991 1,623,313 86,702 67,740 10,848 215,139 1,416,176 23,139 13,227 42,218 516,842 23,986 177,864 568,527 6,379 17,628 17,243 41,334 66,099 36,906 20,281

share of total

3.0% 9.8 6.9 2.3 8.5 2.6 29.0 42.8 2.2 8.7 2.5 1.9 2.5 10.1 7.1 85.9 3.0 0.9 2.8 19.4 3.0 12.6 2.0 56.4 24.9 6.6 1.4 8.0 20.6 5.0 3.3 81.2 2.4 5.4 6.0 12.0 13.0 10.3 4.0 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 393

Hispanic

Fresno, CA MSA Grand Rapids–Muskegon–Holland, MI MSA Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC MSA Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC MSA Harrisburg–Lebanon–Carlisle, PA MSA Hartford, CT MSA Hickory–Morganton–Lenoir, NC MSA Honolulu, HI MSA Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX CMSA* Huntsville, AL MSA Indianapolis, IN MSA Jackson, MS MSA Jacksonville, FL MSA Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN–VA MSA Kalamazoo–Battle Creek, MI MSA Kansas City, MO–KS MSA Killeen–Temple, TX MSA Knoxville, TN MSA Lafayette, LA MSA Lakeland–Winter Haven, FL MSA Lancaster, PA MSA Lansing–East Lansing, MI MSA Lexington, KY MSA Lincoln, NE MSA Little Rock–North Little Rock, AR MSA Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA CMSA Lubbock, TX MSA Macon, GA MSA Madison, WI MSA McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX MSA Melbourne–Titusville–Palm Bay, FL MSA Miami–Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA Milwaukee–Waukesha, WI PMSA Mobile, AL MSA Modesto, CA MSA Montgomery, AL MSA Nashville, TN MSA New Orleans, LA MSA New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA CMSA* Oklahoma City, OK MSA Orlando, FL MSA Pensacola, FL MSA Peoria–Pekin, IL MSA Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD CMSA*

total population

number

share of total

978,274 1,102,729 1,283,261 976,678 617,676 1,163,367 345,590 868,751 4,794,384 354,936 1,664,412 443,275 1,182,453 482,047 441,059 1,823,092 298,933 707,617 386,812 511,565 473,104 436,485 478,625 249,670 593,032 17,199,115 240,721 329,432 437,843 651,974 509,248 4,051,442 1,483,023 547,153 490,860 323,220 1,275,212 1,313,694

453,903 81,488 86,482 37,919 22,004 124,845 19,350 61,436 1,554,510 6,171 61,896 5,212 56,952 6,589 17,354 116,805 52,364 11,368 5,852 63,343 31,038 22,080 15,661 10,202 15,873 7,375,686 72,494 8,289 18,816 582,072 29,333 1,772,206 111,544 2,853 179,888 4,529 58,131 63,911

46.4% 7.4 6.7 3.9 3.6 10.7 5.6 7.1 32.4 1.7 3.7 1.2 4.8 1.4 3.9 6.4 17.5 1.6 1.5 12.4 6.6 5.1 3.3 4.1 2.7 42.9 30.1 2.5 4.3 89.3 5.8 43.7 7.5 0.5 36.6 1.4 4.6 4.9

20,345,959 1,095,252 1,831,212 410,542 337,020

4,069,863 91,524 370,628 8,886 6,069

20.0 8.4 20.2 2.2 1.8

5,383,262

328,101

6.1 (continued)

394

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Hispanic

Pittsburgh, PA MSA Portland, ME MSA Providence–Fall River–Warwick, RI–MA MSA Provo–Orem, UT MSA Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC MSA Reading, PA MSA Reno, NV MSA Richmond–Petersburg, VA MSA Rochester, NY MSA Rockford, IL MSA Sacramento, CA PMSA Saginaw–Bay City–Midland, MI MSA St. Louis, MO–IL MSA Salinas, CA MSA Salt Lake City–Ogden, UT MSA San Antonio, TX MSA San Diego, CA MSA San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA CMSA San Luis Obispo–Atascadero–Paso Robles, CA MSA Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–Lompoc, CA MSA Sarasota–Bradenton, FL MSA Savannah, GA MSA Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA MSA Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA CMSA* Shreveport–Bossier City, LA MSA South Bend, IN MSA Spokane, WA MSA Springﬁeld, MA MSA Springﬁeld, MO MSA Stockton–Lodi, CA MSA Syracuse, NY MSA Tallahassee, FL MSA Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL MSA Toledo, OH MSA Tucson, AZ MSA Tulsa, OK MSA Utica–Rome, NY MSA Visalia–Tulare–Porterville, CA MSA West Palm Beach–Boca Raton, FL MSA Wichita, KS MSA York, PA MSA Youngstown–Warren, OH MSA

total population

number

2,260,551 248,827 1,165,549 395,173 1,278,372 378,456 375,344 1,013,399 1,057,917 382,901 1,803,160 393,837 2,620,334 392,192 1,384,041 1,683,872 2,833,275 6,951,260 238,502 385,238 639,438 299,920 587,557 3,184,924 387,312 252,944 420,592 560,472 332,918 632,143 707,901 274,945 2,537,586 598,283 885,025 810,062 282,844 395,493 1,223,206 546,308 393,426 566,597

17,116 2,455 113,593 32,803 106,920 44,975 73,188 31,189 47,945 37,019 290,331 19,892 47,411 199,828 177,839 899,192 831,580 1,471,359 40,433 144,459 52,218 7,638 11,243 218,504 8,770 14,068 13,165 78,801 6,356 214,351 14,752 12,053 320,798 29,241 283,871 50,536 6,992 215,888 190,348 49,024 14,082 10,306

share of total

0.8% 1.0 9.7 8.3 8.4 11.9 19.5 3.1 4.5 9.7 16.1 5.1 1.8 51.0 12.8 53.4 29.4 21.2 17.0 37.5 8.2 2.5 1.9 6.9 2.3 5.6 3.1 14.1 1.9 33.9 2.1 4.4 12.6 4.9 32.1 6.2 2.5 54.6 15.6 9.0 3.6 1.8

* Population ﬁgures are for only part of the metropolitan area. Note: Some metropolitan areas are not shown because data are not available. For the deﬁnition of CMSA, MSA, and PMSA, see the glossary. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 395

Table 4.110

Immigrants from Latin America and Spain, 2004

(total number of immigrants admitted for legal permanent residence, and number and percent distribution of immigrants from Latin America and Spain, by country of birth, 2004) number

Total immigrants Immigrants from Latin America and Spain Immigrants from Latin America and Spain Mexico Caribbean Dominican Republic Cuba Jamaica Haiti Trinidad and Tobago Barbados St. Lucia Grenada Bahamas Antigua-Barbuda St. Vincent and the Grenadines St. Kitts-Nevis Dominica Bermuda Netherlands Antilles Guadeloupe Cayman Islands British Virgin Islands Montserrat Aruba Turks and Caicos Islands Martinique Anguilla South America Colombia Peru Brazil Ecuador Guyana Venezuela Argentina Chile Bolivia Uruguay Paraguay Suriname French Guiana

percent distribution

946,142

100.0%

398,742

42.1

398,742 175,364 88,921 30,492 20,488 14,414 13,998 5,384 630 616 609 586 414 400 299 132 100 72 59 38 35 33 31 28 26 22 71,785 18,678 11,781 10,504 8,611 6,329 6,220 4,805 1,808 1,765 787 328 166 3

100.0% 44.0 22.3 7.6 5.1 3.6 3.5 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 4.7 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 (continued)

396

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

number

Central America El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Belize Spain

61,333 29,795 17,999 5,505 4,000 1,754 1,415 865 1,339

percent distribution

15.4% 7.5 4.5 1.4 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3

Source: Ofﬁce of Immigration Statistics, 2004 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, Internet site http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/ statistics/yearbook/YrBk04Im.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 397

Table 4.111

Total and Latin American Foreign-Born by Age, 2004

(number of total foreign-born, number and percent distribution of Latin American foreign-born, and Latin American share of total by age, 2004; numbers in thousands) Latin American foreign-born

Total foreign-born Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

34,244 334 709 1,113 1,677 2,884 3,751 4,033 3,873 3,686 3,049 2,267 1,811 1,360 3,697

18,314 181 461 674 1,019 1,890 2,390 2,405 2,137 2,052 1,524 1,044 739 570 1,228

percent distribution

100.0% 1.0 2.5 3.7 5.6 10.3 13.1 13.1 11.7 11.2 8.3 5.7 4.0 3.1 6.7

share of total

53.5% 54.2 65.0 60.6 60.8 65.5 63.7 59.6 55.2 55.7 50.0 46.1 40.8 41.9 33.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

398

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.112

Latin American Foreign-Born by Selected Characteristics and Region of Birth, 2004

(number and percent distribution of the Latin American foreign-born by selected characteristics and region of birth, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

Caribbean

Central America

South America

18,314 2,388 1,836 4,795 4,189 2,568 1,309 1,228

3,323 262 252 521 749 643 394 502

12,924 1,900 1,364 3,842 2,962 1,566 714 576

2,066 228 221 431 479 359 200 149

Sex Male Female

9,650 8,663

1,536 1,787

7,078 5,846

1,037 1,030

Year of arrival Arrived 2000 or later Arrived 1990 to 1999 Arrived before 1990

3,547 6,611 8,156

353 1,044 1,925

2,687 4,883 5,355

507 684 875

Total Latin American foreign-born Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY REGION OF BIRTH

Total Latin American foreign-born

100.0%

18.1%

Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

11.0 13.7 10.9 17.9 25.0 30.1 40.9

70.6% 79.6 74.3 80.1 70.7 61.0 54.5 46.9

11.3% 9.5 12.0 9.0 11.4 14.0 15.3 12.1

Sex Male Female

100.0 100.0

15.9 20.6

73.3 67.5

10.7 11.9

Year of arrival Arrived 2000 or later Arrived 1990 to 1999 Arrived before 1990

100.0 100.0 100.0

10.0 15.8 23.6

75.8 73.9 65.7

14.3 10.3 10.7 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 399

total

Caribbean

Central America

South America

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY CHARACTERISTIC

Total Latin American foreign-born Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 13.0 10.0 26.2 22.9 14.0 7.1 6.7

100.0% 7.9 7.6 15.7 22.5 19.3 11.9 15.1

100.0% 14.7 10.6 29.7 22.9 12.1 5.5 4.5

100.0% 11.0 10.7 20.9 23.2 17.4 9.7 7.2

Sex Male Female

52.7 47.3

46.2 53.8

54.8 45.2

50.2 49.9

Year of arrival Arrived 2000 or later Arrived 1990 to 1999 Arrived before 1990

19.4 36.1 44.5

10.6 31.4 57.9

20.8 37.8 41.4

24.5 33.1 42.4

Note: Most of the foreign-born from Central America are from Mexico. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

400

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

Table 4.113

Latin American Foreign-Born by U.S. Region of Residence, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total people and Latin American foreign-born by U.S. region of residence and world region of birth, 2004; numbers in thousands) Latin American foreign-born

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

total

Caribbean

Central America

South America

288,280 53,703 64,784 103,545 66,247

18,314 3,237 1,365 6,661 7,051

3,323 1,548 54 1,581 141

12,924 854 1,216 4,240 6,614

2,066 836 95 840 296

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY FOREIGN-BORN STATUS

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6.4% 6.0 2.1 6.4 10.6

1.2% 2.9 0.1 1.5 0.2

4.5% 1.6 1.9 4.1 10.0

0.7% 1.6 0.1 0.8 0.4

100.0% 6.6 9.4 32.8 51.2

100.0% 40.5 4.6 40.7 14.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY U.S. REGION OF RESIDENCE

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

100.0% 18.6 22.5 35.9 23.0

100.0% 17.7 7.5 36.4 38.5

100.0% 46.6 1.6 47.6 4.2

Note: Most of the foreign-born from Central America are from Mexico. Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-Born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 401

Table 4.114

People Who Speak Spanish at Home, by State, 2003

(total number of people aged 5 or older and number and percent who speak Spanish at home, by state, 2003) speak Spanish at home

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total aged 5 or older

number

263,230,104 4,087,909 581,706 5,031,761 2,460,507 32,115,612 4,123,589 3,157,963 738,327 495,397 15,572,360 7,779,928 1,136,645 1,229,675 11,442,014 5,595,593 2,660,537 2,450,103 3,732,957 4,038,853 1,203,618 5,006,754 5,822,123 9,178,031 4,591,314 2,577,551 5,159,771 840,297 1,568,543 2,045,157 1,179,322 7,887,106 1,708,107 17,394,711 7,557,056 572,574 10,396,176 3,162,666 3,256,681

26,922,425 50,984 11,090 968,681 64,941 8,275,568 397,573 231,514 29,650 40,318 2,497,360 389,234 11,134 72,026 1,253,997 152,499 50,755 79,787 38,312 58,570 3,675 177,287 332,505 178,989 85,118 19,240 60,134 3,669 61,329 335,124 12,124 955,373 454,113 2,267,384 316,920 3,423 103,638 105,051 192,538

percent

10.2% 1.2 1.9 19.3 2.6 25.8 9.6 7.3 4.0 8.1 16.0 5.0 1.0 5.9 11.0 2.7 1.9 3.3 1.0 1.5 0.3 3.5 5.7 2.0 1.9 0.7 1.2 0.4 3.9 16.4 1.0 12.1 26.6 13.0 4.2 0.6 1.0 3.3 5.9 (continued)

402

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/POPULATION

speak Spanish at home

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total aged 5 or older

number

11,218,258 976,471 3,736,487 683,219 5,309,621 19,751,381 2,082,635 567,271 6,667,441 5,600,233 1,663,592 4,978,150 456,351

264,653 75,201 60,735 3,447 94,225 5,298,818 130,351 1,155 254,626 246,260 4,653 135,231 11,443

percent

2.4% 7.7 1.6 0.5 1.8 26.8 6.3 0.2 3.8 4.4 0.3 2.7 2.5

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143386397087&_ds_name=ACS_2003_EST_G00_&_program=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 403

Hispanics: Spending

Hispanic Households Spend 85 Percent as Much as the Average Household The nation’s 12 million Hispanic households spent an average of $34,575 in 2003, according to the Consumer Expenditure Survey. While the annual spending of Hispanic households (called consumer units by the Bureau of Labor Statistics) is less than the $40,817 spent by the average household, on many items Hispanics spend more. Hispanic households spend less than average because their incomes are relatively low. Hispanic incomes are low because many Hispanics have little education or earning power. Nevertheless, Hispanics spend 15 percent more than the average household on food at home because of their large household size—3.3 people versus 2.5 people in the average household. Hispanics spend 59 percent more than average on eggs and 40 percent more than average on fresh vegetables. They are also big consumers of infants’ clothes, spending 49 percent more than the average household on this item and accounting for 15 percent of the market. Hispanic households spend 25 percent more than average on laundry and cleaning supplies. ■ Hispanic spending will remain below average as long as poorly educated immigrants account for a large share of the Hispanic population. 60000

Hispanic households spend 15 percent less than the average household (average annual spending of total and Hispanic consumer units, 2003)

404

$40,817

40000

$40,000

20000

$20,000

0

$0

$34,575

a total

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b Hispanic

HISPANICS/SPENDING

Table 4.115

Spending of Households Headed by Hispanics, 2003

(average annual spending of total consumer units (CU), and average annual, indexed, and market share of spending of consumer units headed by Hispanics, by product and service category, 2003) Hispanic consumer units

Number of consumer units (000s) Persons per consumer unit Average income before taxes Average annual spending FOOD Food at home Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by CU on trips Food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity

total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

market share

115,356 2.5 $51,128

11,727 3.3 $37,150

– – 73

10.2% – 7.4

40,817

34,575

85

8.6

5,340 3,129 442 150 292 825 246 171 102 145 124 37 328 127 201 535 171 172 108 84 999 119 86 490 268 36 2,211

5,717 3,597 486 183 303 1,059 327 212 113 190 158 59 374 160 214 686 231 240 131 83 992 128 97 452 289 25 2,120

107 115 110 122 104 128 133 124 111 131 127 159 114 126 106 128 135 140 121 99 99 108 113 92 108 69 96

10.9 11.7 11.2 12.4 10.5 13.0 13.5 12.6 11.3 13.3 13.0 16.2 11.6 12.8 10.8 13.0 13.7 14.2 12.3 10.0 10.1 10.9 11.5 9.4 11.0 7.1 9.7

391

315

81

8.2

13,432 7,887 5,263 2,954 1,344 965 2,179 445 2,811 392 1,028

12,300 7,672 3,889 2,471 779 638 3,560 224 2,490 301 860

92 97 74 84 58 66 163 50 89 77 84

9.3 9.9 7.5 8.5 5.9 6.7 16.6 5.1 9.0 7.8 8.5 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 405

Hispanic consumer units total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

market share

Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

$110 956 326 707 294 414 529 132 263 133 1,497 113 401 52 196 88 648

$57 968 305 454 238 216 476 165 199 111 1,208 89 403 19 201 82 415

52 101 94 64 81 52 90 125 76 83 81 79 100 37 103 93 64

5.3% 10.3 9.5 6.5 8.2 5.3 9.1 12.7 7.7 8.5 8.2 8.0 10.2 3.7 10.4 9.5 6.5

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

1,640 372 282 89 634 529 106 81 294 258

1,756 435 307 128 564 438 126 121 368 268

107 117 109 144 89 83 119 149 125 104

10.9 11.9 11.1 14.6 9.0 8.4 12.1 15.2 12.7 10.6

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

7,781 3,732 2,052 1,611 68 1,333 2,331 371 619 905 436 385

6,780 3,063 1,441 1,562 60 1,328 2,057 331 520 812 393 331

87 82 70 97 88 100 88 89 84 90 90 86

8.9 8.3 7.1 9.9 9.0 10.1 9.0 9.1 8.5 9.1 9.2 8.7

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

2,416 1,252 591 467 107

1,439 747 365 263 65

60 60 62 56 61

6.1 6.1 6.3 5.7 6.2

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radio, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

2,060 494 730 378 457

1,245 250 621 194 179

60 51 85 51 39

6.1 5.1 8.6 5.2 4.0 (continued)

406

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/SPENDING

Hispanic consumer units total consumer units

average spending

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

indexed spending

market share

$527

$490

93

9.5%

READING

127

48

38

3.8

EDUCATION

783

477

61

6.2

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

290

171

59

6.0

MISCELLANEOUS

606

419

69

7.0

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,370

594

43

4.4

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

4,055 397 3,658

2,824 160 2,664

70 40 73

7.1 4.1 7.4

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

2,532 1,843 502 187

680 413 197 70

27 22 39 37

2.7 2.3 4.0 3.8

GIFTS FOR NONHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Food Alcoholic beverages Housing Housekeeping supplies Household textiles Appliances and misc. housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Other housing Apparel and services Males, aged 2 or older Females, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Other apparel products and services Jewelry and watches All other apparel products and services Transportation Health care Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles Other entertainment Personal care products and services Reading Education All other gifts

1,007 78 16 220 42 13 25 7 18 57 85 225 56 80 39 50 26 25 60 48 69 26 43 16 1 200 74

745 74 13 138 37 5 12 1 11 31 52 187 52 51 49 35 13 21 142 7 42 13 28 13 – 98 33

74 95 81 63 88 38 48 14 61 54 61 83 93 64 126 70 50 84 237 15 61 50 65 81 – 49 45

7.5 9.6 8.3 6.4 9.0 3.9 4.9 1.5 6.2 5.5 6.2 8.4 9.4 6.5 12.8 7.1 5.1 8.5 24.1 1.5 6.2 5.1 6.6 8.3 – 5.0 4.5

Deﬁnitions: The index compares the spending of the average Hispanic consumer unit with the spending of the average consumer unit by dividing Hispanic spending by average spending in each category and multiplying by 100. An index of 100 means Hispanic spending in the category equals average spending. An index of 125 means Hispanic spending is 25 percent above average, while an index of 75 means Hispanic spending is 25 percent below average. The market share is the percentage of total spending on a product or service category that is accounted for by consumer units headed by Hispanics. Note: The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses consumer unit rather than household as the sampling unit in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. For the deﬁnition of consumer unit, see the glossary. Spending by category will not add to total spending because gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories and personal taxes are not included in the total. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate or not applicable. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 407

Hispanics: Wealth

Hispanic Households Have Little Wealth The median net worth (assets minus debts) of Hispanic and nonwhite households amounted to just $17,100 in 2001 (the latest data available), far below the $86,100 net worth of the average American household. On every measure of wealth, Hispanics and nonwhites have less than the average household. Their ﬁnancial assets are just 26 percent as high as the average, and their nonﬁnancial assets are only 51 percent of the average. (Note: The Federal Reserve collects wealth data for only two racial and ethnic categories: non-Hispanic whites, and Hispanics and nonwhites. The Hispanic-and-nonwhite category includes primarily Hispanics and blacks, but also Asians and American Indians.) The net worth of Hispanic and nonwhite households is below average in large part because Hispanics and blacks are less likely to own a home than the average householder. Home equity accounts for the largest share of Americans’ net worth. In 2001, just 47 percent of Hispanic and nonwhite householders owned their home. Hispanic and nonwhite householders have a median of only $7,200 in ﬁnancial assets. The median debt of Hispanic and nonwhite householders stood at $20,000 in 2001, much lower than average in part because fewer have mortgage debt. Hispanics not only have little wealth, but they are short on retirement savings as well. Only 18 percent of Hispanic workers have an IRA or participate in a 401(k)-type retirement plan. Among the 15 percent who participate in a retirement plan, the median balance is just $10,000. This may explain why only 13 percent of Hispanic workers are “very conﬁdent” they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years. ■ Among Hispanics aged 65 or older, 83 percent receive Social Security beneﬁts. Only 19 percent receive retirement income from pensions or IRAs.

The net worth of Hispanic and nonwhite households is well below average (median net worth of total and Hispanic/nonwhite households, 2001) 100000

75000

$75,000

50000

$50,000

25000

$25,000

0

408

$86,100

$0

$17,100 a total households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b Hispanic/nonwhite households

HISPANICS/WEALTH

Table 4.116

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Hispanic and Nonwhite Households, 2001

(median net worth, median value of assets for owners, and median amount of debt for debtors, for total and Hispanic/nonwhite households, and index of Hispanic/nonwhite to total, 2001) Hispanic/nonwhite households

Median net worth Median value of ﬁnancial assets Median value of nonﬁnancial assets Median amount of debt

total households

median

index

$86,100 28,000 113,500 38,775

$17,100 7,200 58,200 20,000

20 26 51 52

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the Hispanic/nonwhite ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.117

Financial Assets of Hispanic and Nonwhite Households, 2001

(percent of Hispanic/nonwhite households owning ﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2001) percent owning asset

Any ﬁnancial asset Transaction accounts Certiﬁcates of deposit Savings bonds Bonds Stocks Mutual funds Retirement accounts Life insurance Other managed assets Other ﬁnancial assets

82.4% 78.2 6.7 7.8 0.4 11.0 7.2 37.3 22.3 1.8 9.7

median value

$7,200 1,700 9,000 700 7,600 8,000 17,500 10,000 8,100 45,000 1,700

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 409

Table 4.118

Nonﬁnancial Assets of Hispanic and Nonwhite Households, 2001

(percent of Hispanic/nonwhite households owning nonﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2001) percent owning asset

Any nonﬁnancial asset Vehicles Primary residence Other residential property Nonresidential property Business Other nonﬁnancial asset

77.9% 70.9 47.0 6.4 4.1 5.1 2.9

median value

$58,200 10,000 92,000 60,000 22,500 50,000 5,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003

Table 4.119

Debt of Hispanic and Nonwhite Households, 2001

(percent of Hispanic/nonwhite households with debt, and median amount of debt for those with debt, 2001) percent with debt

Any debt Home-secured Other residential property Installment loans Other lines of credit Credit card Other debt

72.9% 35.1 2.5 44.6 47.7 1.1 6.5

median amount

$20,000 60,958 40,000 8,133 1,527 1,000 2,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003

410

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

HISPANICS/WEALTH

Table 4.120

Hispanic Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans, 2002

(percent of total and Hispanic workers aged 21 to 64 owning IRAs and 401(k)-type plans, 2002) total workers

Hispanic workers

IRA or 401(k)-type plan IRA only 401(k)-type plan only Both IRA and 401(k)-type plan

40.4% 9.6 21.7 9.2

18.0% 2.8 13.1 2.1

Neither IRA nor 401(k)-type plan

59.6

82.0

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, “401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership,” by Craig Copeland, EBRI Notes, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2005; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

Table 4.121

Hispanic Participation and Savings in IRAs and 401(k)s, 2002

(percent of total and Hispanic workers aged 21 to 64 owning an IRA or participating in 401(k)-type plan, and average and median balance of IRA and 401(k), 2002) percent owning IRA

Total workers Hispanic workers

18.7% 4.9

IRA balance average

median

$26,951 15,711

$10,000 6,500

percent participating in 401(k)

401(k) balance

30.9% 15.2

average

median

$33,647 21,481

$14,000 10,000

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, “401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership,” by Craig Copeland, EBRI Notes, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2005; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 411

Table 4.122

Retirement Conﬁdence among Hispanic Workers, 2003

(percent distribution of Hispanic workers aged 25 or older by degree of conﬁdence in retirement savings and planning, 2003) very conﬁdent

Having enough money to live comfortably throughout retirement years Having enough money to take care of basic expenses Doing a good job of preparing ﬁnancially for retirement Not outliving retirement savings Having enough money to take care of medical expenses Having enough money to pay for long-term care

somewhat conﬁdent

13% 15 20 14 11 10

38% 40 35 30 30 16

not too conﬁdent

23% 16 24 16 26 32

not at all conﬁdent

22% 27 21 36 31 40

Source: The 2003 Minority Retirement Conﬁdence Survey Summary of Findings, Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, American Savings Education Council, and Mathew Greenwald & Associates; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/surveys/rcs/2003/

Table 4.123

Sources of Income for Hispanics Aged 65 or Older, 2003

(number and percent of Hispanics aged 65 or older with income from selected sources and average income for those with income, ranked by number receiving income, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) number with income

Hispanics aged 65 or older with income Social Security Interest Retirement income, including pensions Earnings SSI (Supplemental Security Income) Dividends Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts Survivor’s beneﬁts Veteran’s beneﬁts

1,916 1,590 490 357 346 233 100 72 41 32

percent with income

100.0% 83.0 25.6 18.6 18.1 12.2 5.2 3.8 2.1 1.7

average amount received by those with income

$9,677 8,091 1,512 6,833 16,783 3,613 1,736 – – –

Note: (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new09_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

412

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES CHAPTER

5

Non-Hispanic Whites ■ The non-Hispanic white population accounted for 67 percent of the total U.S. population in 2004, down from 69 percent in 2000. ■ Thirty-one percent of non-Hispanic whites have a college degree, second only to the 49 percent of Asians who are college graduates. ■ Fifty-seven percent of the nation’s births are to non-Hispanic white women. ■ Seventy-six percent of the nation’s non-Hispanic white households own their home. ■ The $47,777 median income of non-Hispanic white households in 2003 was 10 percent greater than the all-household average. ■ Between 2002 and 2012, the number of non-Hispanic white workers will expand by only 3 percent, much more slowly than the number of Asian, black, or Hispanic workers. ■ Only 29 percent of non-Hispanic white households include children under age 18. ■ The non-Hispanic white share of the population ranges from a low of 56 percent in the West to a high of 80 percent in the Midwest. ■ The nation’s non-Hispanic white and other households spent an average of $43,459 in 2003, or 6 percent more than the average household. ■ The median net worth of non-Hispanic white households stood at $120,900 in 2001, far above the $86,100 net worth of the average American household.

Non-Hispanic whites account for 67.4 percent of the U.S. population (percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2004) 75

67.4%

50 50%

25 25%

0 0%

1.5% a American Indians

13.4%

14.1%

c blacks

d Hispanics

4.8% b Asians

d non-Hispanic whites

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 413

Non-Hispanic Whites: Education

Non-Hispanic Whites Are Better Educated than Blacks and Hispanics The educational attainment of non-Hispanic whites is above average. Thirty-one percent of non-Hispanic whites have a college degree versus 28 percent of the total population. Only Asians are more likely to have a college degree (49 percent). Ninety percent of nonHispanic whites are high school graduates—the largest proportion among all racial and ethnic groups. Because non-Hispanic whites account for the majority of Americans, they also earn most college degrees. Non-Hispanic whites earned 70 percent of associate’s degree in 2001–02. They were awarded 74 percent of bachelor’s degrees, 68 percent of master’s degrees, and 61 percent of doctorates. Among ﬁrst-professional degrees, non-Hispanic whites earned 90 percent of those awarded in veterinary medicine but only 62 percent of degrees in dentistry. ■ The share of college degrees earned by non-Hispanic whites is shrinking as minorities make up a growing proportion of college students.

More than 30 percent of non-Hispanic whites are college graduates (percent of non-Hispanic whites aged 25 or older who are high school graduates or more, have some college or more, or are college graduates, 2003) 100

75

90% 75%

57% 50

50%

31%

414

25

25%

0

0%

a graduate high school or more

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

someacollege or more

collegeb graduate

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/EDUCATION

Table 5.1

Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total non-Hispanic whites Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

134,063 13,415 44,022 23,539 12,092 26,569 10,192 2,320 1,914

23,900 1,467 6,704 4,739 2,417 6,423 1,577 358 217

29,560 1,926 9,362 5,225 3,188 6,760 2,221 543 335

30,219 1,736 9,502 5,505 3,291 6,311 2,806 581 487

22,047 2,066 7,493 3,898 1,831 3,778 2,113 387 483

28,335 6,223 10,960 4,170 1,366 3,297 1,476 450 393

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

120,648 76,626 40,995

22,435 15,731 8,575

27,634 18,272 9,859

28,483 18,981 10,185

19,983 12,490 6,761

22,112 11,152 5,616

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total non-Hispanic whites Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 10.0 32.8 17.6 9.0 19.8 7.6 1.7 1.4

100.0% 6.1 28.1 19.8 10.1 26.9 6.6 1.5 0.9

100.0% 6.5 31.7 17.7 10.8 22.9 7.5 1.8 1.1

100.0% 5.7 31.4 18.2 10.9 20.9 9.3 1.9 1.6

100.0% 9.4 34.0 17.7 8.3 17.1 9.6 1.8 2.2

100.0% 22.0 38.7 14.7 4.8 11.6 5.2 1.6 1.4

90.0 57.2 30.6

93.9 65.8 35.9

93.5 61.8 33.4

94.3 62.8 33.7

90.6 56.7 30.7

78.0 39.4 19.8

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 415

Table 5.2

Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic White Men by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white men aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total non-Hispanic white men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

64,397 6,523 20,343 11,104 5,209 13,371 4,963 1,588 1,297

11,912 846 3,643 2,300 1,148 3,005 640 215 118

14,683 1,108 4,855 2,459 1,368 3,306 1,071 328 186

14,963 917 4,632 2,751 1,417 3,229 1,325 383 310

10,647 1,049 3,199 1,834 782 2,033 1,082 307 359

12,194 2,603 4,013 1,761 493 1,798 845 356 324

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

57,875 37,532 21,219

11,069 7,426 3,978

13,573 8,718 4,891

14,047 9,415 5,247

9,596 6,397 3,781

9,590 5,577 3,323

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total non-Hispanic white men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 10.1 31.6 17.2 8.1 20.8 7.7 2.5 2.0

100.0% 7.1 30.6 19.3 9.6 25.2 5.4 1.8 1.0

100.0% 7.5 33.1 16.7 9.3 22.5 7.3 2.2 1.3

100.0% 6.1 31.0 18.4 9.5 21.6 8.9 2.6 2.1

100.0% 9.9 30.0 17.2 7.3 19.1 10.2 2.9 3.4

100.0% 21.3 32.9 14.4 4.0 14.7 6.9 2.9 2.7

89.9 58.3 33.0

92.9 62.3 33.4

92.4 59.4 33.3

93.9 62.9 35.1

90.1 60.1 35.5

78.6 45.7 27.3

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

416

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/EDUCATION

Table 5.3

Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white women aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total non-Hispanic white women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

69,666 6,892 23,679 12,435 6,883 13,198 5,229 732 617

11,988 621 3,061 2,440 1,268 3,418 937 143 100

14,878 816 4,507 2,767 1,819 3,453 1,150 216 148

15,257 821 4,869 2,754 1,874 3,082 1,481 198 177

11,401 1,017 4,293 2,063 1,048 1,745 1,031 80 124

16,142 3,621 6,947 2,410 873 1,499 631 94 68

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

62,773 39,094 19,776

11,367 8,306 4,598

14,060 9,553 4,967

14,435 9,566 4,938

10,384 6,091 2,980

12,522 5,575 2,292

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total non-Hispanic white women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 9.9 34.0 17.8 9.9 18.9 7.5 1.1 0.9

100.0% 5.2 25.5 20.4 10.6 28.5 7.8 1.2 0.8

100.0% 5.5 30.3 18.6 12.2 23.2 7.7 1.5 1.0

100.0% 5.4 31.9 18.1 12.3 20.2 9.7 1.3 1.2

100.0% 8.9 37.7 18.1 9.2 15.3 9.0 0.7 1.1

100.0% 22.4 43.0 14.9 5.4 9.3 3.9 0.6 0.4

90.1 56.1 28.4

94.8 69.3 38.4

94.5 64.2 33.4

94.6 62.7 32.4

91.1 53.4 26.1

77.6 34.5 14.2

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 417

Table 5.4

Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Region, 2004

(percent of non-Hispanic whites aged 25 or older by selected educational attainment, age, and region, 2004) Northeast

Midwest

South

West

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE OR MORE

Total non-Hispanic whites Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

89.9% 94.3 94.8 95.2 90.9 75.6

90.4% 94.2 94.2 94.6 91.2 76.9

87.8% 92.5 91.3 92.1 87.8 76.6

93.3% 95.2 94.9 96.3 94.3 85.3

54.3 65.2 61.6 61.5 52.4 32.7

54.4 64.0 60.1 59.0 52.2 35.0

55.2 63.6 58.7 60.8 54.7 39.8

67.4 72.5 69.8 72.5 69.6 52.2

33.3 42.3 38.7 36.9 31.6 18.4

27.0 32.3 30.6 28.4 26.3 17.0

28.8 34.1 30.8 32.5 29.3 18.8

35.6 37.5 35.8 39.4 37.5 27.4

SOME COLLEGE OR MORE

Total non-Hispanic whites Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR MORE

Total non-Hispanic whites Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

418

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/EDUCATION

Table 5.5

Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic Whites by State, 2004

(percent of non-Hispanic whites aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, for the 25 largest states, 2004) high school graduate or more

Total non-Hispanic whites Alabama Arizona California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin

90.0% 84.3 93.4 93.6 94.2 91.8 87.3 91.3 88.0 81.5 82.6 90.3 89.9 89.5 93.3 89.2 91.5 91.3 84.7 89.2 87.7 83.8 91.7 91.2 92.4 91.4

college graduate

30.6% 25.1 33.7 39.5 41.3 28.7 30.3 30.2 21.2 21.4 27.0 39.2 38.9 25.0 32.6 28.7 37.0 35.1 25.6 25.2 26.0 25.2 32.7 36.0 31.0 27.2

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004 .html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 419

Table 5.6

School Enrollment of Non-Hispanic Whites, 2003

(total number of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, number of non-Hispanic whites enrolled, and nonHispanic white share of total, by age, October 2003; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total aged 3 or older Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

74,911 4,590 7,309 11,706 16,478 8,329 8,177 4,856 3,684 3,397 2,212 1,378 1,635 879 283

46,440 2,874 4,409 6,789 9,957 5,110 5,169 3,243 2,467 2,239 1,390 855 1,082 649 205

share of total

62.0% 62.6 60.3 58.0 60.4 61.4 63.2 66.8 67.0 65.9 62.8 62.0 66.2 73.8 72.4

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

420

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/EDUCATION

Table 5.7

School Enrollment of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Sex, 2003

(number and percent of non-Hispanic whites aged 3 or older enrolled in school, by age and sex, October 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

Total non-Hispanic whites enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

46,440 2,874 4,409 6,789 9,957 5,110 5,169 3,243 2,467 2,239 1,390 855 1,082 649 205

female percent

24.7% 58.8 95.8 98.2 98.5 97.5 95.6 67.9 51.8 29.4 12.5 6.8 3.7 2.2 0

number

23,189 1,340 2,163 3,298 4,747 2,596 2,488 1,669 1,364 1,134 742 462 666 402 118

male percent

24.1% 56.9 95.3 98.6 98.8 97.6 95.1 70.3 55.6 29.9 13.2 7.3 4.5 2.7 0.4

number

23,250 1,533 2,246 3,491 5,210 2,514 2,681 1,574 1,104 1,106 648 393 416 246 87

percent

25.4% 60.6 96.2 97.7 98.2 97.4 96.1 65.4 47.9 28.9 11.7 6.3 2.8 1.7 0.4

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 421

Table 5.8

Non-Hispanic White Families with Children in College, 2003

(total number of non-Hispanic white families, number with dependent children aged 5 to 24, and number and percent with children enrolled in college by household income, 2003; numbers in thousands) with one or more children enrolled in college

Total non-Hispanic white families Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 and over

total

with children aged 5–24

number

53,953 1,476 1,718 1,496 4,813 5,364 4,437 10,163 6,527 4,804 3,142

23,947 773 659 518 1,849 2,216 2,013 4,719 3,268 2,579 1,598

3,903 45 46 52 160 271 240 794 685 610 351

percent of total non-Hispanic white families

7.2% 3.0 2.7 3.5 3.3 5.1 5.4 7.8 10.5 12.7 11.2

percent of nonHispanic white families with children 5–24

16.3% 5.8 7.0 10.0 8.7 12.2 11.9 16.8 21.0 23.7 22.0

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Numbers will not add to total because not reported is not shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

422

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/EDUCATION

Table 5.9

Non-Hispanic White College Enrollment Rate, 1990 to 2001

(percent of total people and non-Hispanic whites aged 16 to 24 graduating from high school in the previous 12 months who were enrolled in college as of October of each year, percentage point change in enrollment rate, 1990–2001) total

2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

61.7% 63.3 62.9 65.6 67.0 65.0 61.9 61.9 62.6 61.9 62.5 60.1

non-Hispanic white

64.2% 65.7 66.3 68.5 68.2 67.4 64.3 64.5 62.9 64.3 65.4 63.0

Percentage point change 1990–2001 1.5

1.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003; Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d03/list_tables3.asp#c3; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.10

College Enrollment of Non-Hispanic Whites, 2003

(total number of people aged 15 or older enrolled in college, number of non-Hispanic whites enrolled, and nonHispanic white share of total, by age, October 2003; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total enrolled in college Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

16,638 3,661 3,534 3,320 2,164 1,330 769 757 479 357 268

11,295 2,576 2,419 2,224 1,372 833 509 534 359 268 203

share of total

67.9% 70.4 68.4 67.0 63.4 62.6 66.2 70.5 74.9 75.1 75.7

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 423

Table 5.11

College Enrollment of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Type of School, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age and type of school, October 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total non-Hispanic whites enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

two-year college

four-year college

graduate school

11,295 2,576 2,419 2,224 1,372 833 509 534 359 268 203

2,739 763 449 510 259 224 161 156 79 82 56

6,223 1,795 1,910 1,248 478 284 122 155 117 66 46

2,331 18 60 468 632 323 224 223 162 120 101

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF SCHOOL

Total non-Hispanic whites enrolled

100.0%

24.2%

Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

29.6 18.6 22.9 18.9 26.9 31.6 29.2 22.0 30.6 27.6

55.1% 69.7 79.0 56.1 34.8 34.1 24.0 29.0 32.6 24.6 22.7

20.6% 0.7 2.5 21.0 46.1 38.8 44.0 41.8 45.1 44.8 49.8

100.0% 27.9 16.4 18.6 9.5 8.2 5.9 5.7 2.9 3.0 2.0

100.0% 28.8 30.7 20.1 7.7 4.6 2.0 2.5 1.9 1.1 0.7

100.0% 0.8 2.6 20.1 27.1 13.9 9.6 9.6 6.9 5.1 4.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total non-Hispanic whites enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 22.8 21.4 19.7 12.1 7.4 4.5 4.7 3.2 2.4 1.8

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

424

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/EDUCATION

Table 5.12

Associate’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of associate’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic whites, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by non-Hispanic whites

Total associate’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Mechanics and repairers Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services R.O.T.C. and military technologies Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

595,133 6,494 443 319 1,517 108,911 2,819 2,021 30,965 2,639 9,267 1,724 32,895 864 517 79,888 9,480 6,825 207,163 96 685 12,086 13,204 830 134 2,308 10,818 16,689 1,705 3,323 62 5,593 414 1,159 20,911 365

417,739 6,118 331 240 1,074 73,361 2,252 1,518 19,943 2,216 6,318 1,284 22,920 625 298 60,300 5,652 4,785 144,594 85 407 9,012 8,826 629 67 1,707 8,470 12,276 1,166 1,862 32 3,326 314 901 14,546 284

percent

70.2% 94.2 74.7 75.2 70.8 67.4 79.9 75.1 64.4 84.0 68.2 74.5 69.7 72.3 57.6 75.5 59.6 70.1 69.8 88.5 59.4 74.6 66.8 75.8 50.0 74.0 78.3 73.6 68.4 56.0 51.6 59.5 75.8 77.7 69.6 77.8

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 425

Table 5.13

Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of bachelor’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic whites, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by non-Hispanic whites total

number

Total bachelor’s degrees 1,291,900 Agriculture and natural resources 23,353 Architecture and related programs 8,808 Area, ethnic, and cultural studies 6,557 Biological and life sciences 60,256 Business 281,330 Communications 62,791 Communications technologies 1,110 Computer and information sciences 47,299 Construction trades 202 Education 106,383 Engineering 59,481 Engineering-related technologies 14,117 English language and literature, letters 53,162 Foreign languages and literatures 15,318 Health professions and related sciences 70,517 Home economics 18,153 Law and legal studies 1,971 Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities 39,333 Library science 74 Mathematics 12,395 Mechanics and repairers 164 Multi- and interdisciplinary studies 27,629 Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness 20,554 Philosophy and religion 9,306 Physical sciences 17,851 Precision production trades 468 Protective services 25,536 Psychology 76,671 Public administration and services 19,392 R.O.T.C. and military technologies 3 Social sciences and history 132,874 Theological studies, religious vocations 7,785 Transportation and material moving 4,020 Visual and performing arts 66,773 Not classiﬁed 264

958,585 20,659 6,518 3,841 42,831 199,906 49,483 781 28,311 182 90,475 41,192 10,567 43,129 10,885 53,533 14,722 1,359 27,786 67 9,190 104 19,866 16,795 7,661 13,900 391 17,262 55,824 12,529 3 96,346 6,699 3,339 52,224 225

percent

74.2% 88.5 74.0 58.6 71.1 71.1 78.8 70.4 59.9 90.1 85.0 69.3 74.9 81.1 71.1 75.9 81.1 68.9 70.6 90.5 74.1 63.4 71.9 81.7 82.3 77.9 83.5 67.6 72.8 64.6 100.0 72.5 86.1 83.1 78.2 85.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

426

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/EDUCATION

Table 5.14

Master’s Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of master’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic whites, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by non-Hispanic whites

Total master’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts Not classiﬁed

total

number

482,118 4,519 4,566 1,578 6,205 120,785 5,510 549 16,113 9 136,579 26,015 896 7,268 2,861 43,644 2,616 4,053 2,754 5,113 3,487 3,211 2,754 1,334 5,034 2 2,935 14,888 25,448 14,112 4,952 709 11,595 24

327,635 3,454 2,797 959 4,265 76,435 3,512 312 5,144 2 107,793 11,215 583 5,897 1,598 33,012 1,911 1,304 2,156 4,280 1,727 2,236 2,231 1,063 3,056 0 2,119 10,931 16,889 8,660 3,570 604 7,906 14

percent

68.0% 76.4 61.3 60.8 68.7 63.3 63.7 56.8 31.9 22.2 78.9 43.1 65.1 81.1 55.9 75.6 73.1 32.2 78.3 83.7 49.5 69.6 81.0 79.7 60.7 0.0 72.2 73.4 66.4 61.4 72.1 85.2 68.2 58.3

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 427

Table 5.15

Doctoral Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of doctoral degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic whites, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by non-Hispanic whites

Total doctoral degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Home economics Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Protective services Psychology Public administration and services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Visual and performing arts

total

number

44,160 1,166 183 216 4,489 1,158 374 9 750 6,967 5,195 15 1,446 843 3,523 355 79 113 45 958 384 151 606 3,803 49 4,341 571 3,902 1,355 1,114

26,905 562 71 125 2,691 612 243 6 288 4,938 1,696 5 1,101 463 2,461 227 18 94 25 396 259 107 466 2,054 43 3,454 386 2,485 862 767

percent

60.9% 48.2 38.8 57.9 59.9 52.8 65.0 66.7 38.4 70.9 32.6 33.3 76.1 54.9 69.9 63.9 22.8 83.2 55.6 41.3 67.4 70.9 76.9 54.0 87.8 79.6 67.6 63.7 63.6 68.9

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

428

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/EDUCATION

Table 5.16

First-Professional Degrees Earned by Non-Hispanic Whites by Field of Study, 2001–02

(total number of ﬁrst-professional degrees conferred and number and percent earned by non-Hispanic whites, by ﬁeld of study, 2001–02) earned by non-Hispanic whites

Total ﬁrst-professional degrees Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Optometry (O.D.) Osteopathic medicine (D.O.) Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Podiatry (Pod.D., D.P., or D.P.M.) Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) Naturopathic medicine Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord.)

total

number

80,698 4,239 15,237 1,280 2,416 7,076 474 2,289 3,284 227 38,981 5,195

58,874 2,630 10,148 800 1,825 4,551 332 2,055 2,426 200 30,125 3,782

percent

73.0% 62.0 66.6 62.5 75.5 64.3 70.0 89.8 73.9 88.1 77.3 72.8

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.17

Non-Hispanic White Participation in Adult Education, 2001

(percent of total people and non-Hispanic whites aged 16 or older participating in adult education activities, by type of adult education activity, 2001) percent participating total

Any adult education course College or university credential programs Work-related courses Personal interest courses Other educational activities

non-Hispanic whites

47.4%

48.3%

7.3 29.7 21.3 3.6

7.0 31.7 21.6 2.4

Note: Adult education activities include apprenticeships, courses for basic skills, English as a second language, work-related courses, and personal development. For those aged 25 or older, credential programs in postsecondary institutions are counted as adult education activities. For those aged 16 to 24, full-time participation (full-year or part-year) in college or university credential programs or vocational or technical diploma programs are excluded. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Education and Lifelong Learning Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program; Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2003/section1/tables/t08_2.asp

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 429

Non-Hispanic Whites: Health

Most Non-Hispanic Whites Say Their Health Is Very Good or Excellent Sixty-six percent of non-Hispanic whites report being in very good or excellent health. Only 11 percent say their health is fair or poor. Non-Hispanic whites rate their health highly even though 57 percent are overweight. Twenty-three percent of non-Hispanic whites smoke cigarettes, and the majority are regular drinkers—60 percent of men and 45 percent of women. Fifty-seven percent of the nation’s births in 2003 were to non-Hispanic white women. In eight states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas), non-Hispanic whites account for a minority of births. In California, the most populous state, only 31 percent of births are to non-Hispanic whites. Among all racial and ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites are least likely to be without health insurance. Only 11 percent are uninsured. Two-thirds of non-Hispanic whites are covered by employment-based private health insurance. Among Hispanics, in contrast, only 42 percent are covered by health insurance through an employer. Because the non-Hispanic white population is older than the Asian, black, and Hispanic populations, non-Hispanic whites account for a disproportionate 76 percent of adults with difﬁculties in physical functioning. Fifteen percent of non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older have physical difﬁculties. Among non-Hispanic whites, heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, accounting for 52 percent of the total. Alzheimer’s disease is the seventh leading cause of death among non-Hispanic whites. ■ As the non-Hispanic white population ages, the percentage of Americans with disabilities will rise.

Non-Hispanic whites are most likely to be covered by employment-based health insurance (percent of people covered by employment-based private health insurance, by race and Hispanic origin, 2003) 75

66%

61% 50%

50 50%

430

25

25%

0

0%

42%

a Asian

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

a black

b Hispanic

c white non-Hispanic

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HEALTH

Table 5.18

Non-Hispanic White Health Status, 2003

(percent distribution of total people and non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, and index of non-Hispanic white to total, 2003)

total

Total people Excellent/very good Good Fair/poor

index of non-Hispanic white to total

non-Hispanic white

100.0% 62.3 25.5 12.2

100.0% 65.9 23.5 10.5

– 106 92 86

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. The index is calculated by dividing the non-Hispanic white ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.19

Smoking and Drinking Status of Non-Hispanic Whites by Sex, 2003

(percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older by smoking and drinking status and sex, 2003) total

men

women

100.0% 52.9 23.9 23.3

100.0% 48.3 27.2 24.5

100.0% 56.7 21.2 22.1

100.0 19.9 14.0 13.0 52.3

100.0 14.6 14.5 9.5 60.1

100.0 24.5 13.4 16.3 45.0

SMOKING STATUS

Total non-Hispanic whites Never smoked Former smoker Current smoker DRINKING STATUS

Total non-Hispanic whites Lifetime abstainer Former drinker Current infrequent drinker Current regular drinker

Note: Never smoked means haaving had fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Former smokers have had 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime but did not smoke at time of interview. Current smokers have had at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoke. Lifetime abstainers have had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime. Former drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, none in past year. Current infrequent drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime and fewer than 12 drinks in past year. Current regular drinkers have had at least 12 drinks in past year. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 431

Table 5.20

Weight in Pounds of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Sex, 1999–2002

(average weight in pounds of non-Hispanic whites aged 20 or older by age and sex, 1999–2002) men

women

193.1 189.7 199.5 188.8

161.7 158.4 167.6 158.0

WEIGHT IN POUNDS

Total non-Hispanic whites Aged 20 to 39 Aged 40 to 59 Aged 60 or older

Note: Data are based on measured weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002; Advance Data, No. 347, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/ad/341-350/341-350.htm

Table 5.21

Weight Status of Non-Hispanic Whites by Sex, 2003

(percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older by weight status and sex, 2003) Total non-Hispanic whites Underweight Healthy weight Overweight, total Overweight, but not obese Obese

total

men

100.0% 2.1 40.5 57.4 35.7 21.7

100.0% 0.9 31.7 67.5 45.0 22.5

women

100.0% 3.4 49.2 47.5 26.6 20.9

Note: Being overweight is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 25 or higher. Being obese is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. Body mass index is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on measured height and weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

432

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HEALTH

Table 5.22

Births to Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by age, 2003) non-Hispanic white

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

total

number

4,089,950 6,661 414,580 1,032,305 1,086,366 975,546 467,642 101,005 5,845

2,321,904 1,399 172,620 522,275 627,437 626,315 303,354 64,600 3,904

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 0.1 7.4 22.5 27.0 27.0 13.1 2.8 0.2

56.8% 21.0 41.6 50.6 57.8 64.2 64.9 64.0 66.8

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.23

Births to Non-Hispanic White Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003

(total number of births to non-Hispanic whites, number of births to unmarried non-Hispanic whites, and unmarried share of total, by age, 2003) unmarried non-Hispanic whites

Births to non-Hispanic whites Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 or older

total

number

2,321,904 1,399 172,620 522,275 627,437 626,315 303,354 68,504

546,991 1,353 132,482 224,941 101,454 52,167 26,352 8,242

share of total

23.6% 96.7 76.7 43.1 16.2 8.3 8.7 12.0

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 433

Table 5.24

Births to Non-Hispanic White Women by Birth Order, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by birth order, 2003) non-Hispanic white

Total births First child Second child Third child Fourth or later child

total

number

4,089,950 1,633,987 1,320,477 684,296 439,235

2,321,904 961,897 780,026 370,971 203,511

percent distribution

100.0% 41.4 33.6 16.0 8.8

share of total

56.8% 58.9 59.1 54.2 46.3

Note: Numbers will not add to total because “not stated” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

434

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HEALTH

Table 5.25

Births to Non-Hispanic White Women by State, 2003

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by state, 2003) non-Hispanic white births

Total births Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total

number

4,089,950 59,552 10,086 90,967 37,784 540,997 69,339 42,873 11,329 7,619 212,250 135,979 18,100 21,800 182,495 86,434 38,174 39,476 55,236 65,040 13,855 74,930 80,184 131,094 70,050 42,380 77,045 11,422 25,917 33,647 14,393 116,983 27,821 253,714 118,323 7,972 149,679 50,981 45,953

2,321,904 37,996 4,917 39,222 26,480 166,764 42,348 28,047 6,584 1,844 104,289 68,900 4,275 17,923 99,565 68,511 33,185 29,230 47,568 35,726 13,153 39,234 57,884 93,630 54,074 22,664 60,488 9,299 19,404 15,612 12,590 61,911 8,606 132,088 70,473 6,571 118,304 34,349 33,074

percent distribution

100.0% 1.6 0.2 1.7 1.1 7.2 1.8 1.2 0.3 0.1 4.5 3.0 0.2 0.8 4.3 3.0 1.4 1.3 2.0 1.5 0.6 1.7 2.5 4.0 2.3 1.0 2.6 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 2.7 0.4 5.7 3.0 0.3 5.1 1.5 1.4

share of total

56.8% 63.8 48.8 43.1 70.1 30.8 61.1 65.4 58.1 24.2 49.1 50.7 23.6 82.2 54.6 79.3 86.9 74.0 86.1 54.9 94.9 52.4 72.2 71.4 77.2 53.5 78.5 81.4 74.9 46.4 87.5 52.9 30.9 52.1 59.6 82.4 79.0 67.4 72.0 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 435

non-Hispanic white births

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

145,959 13,209 55,649 11,027 78,890 377,476 49,860 6,589 101,254 80,489 20,935 70,040 6,700

109,259 7,251 32,677 8,616 56,119 138,194 40,154 6,311 62,347 53,848 19,874 54,845 5,627

percent distribution

4.7% 0.3 1.4 0.4 2.4 6.0 1.7 0.3 2.7 2.3 0.9 2.4 0.2

share of total

74.9% 54.9 58.7 78.1 71.1 36.6 80.5 95.8 61.6 66.9 94.9 78.3 84.0

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

436

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HEALTH

Table 5.26

Health Insurance Coverage of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites by age and health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

total

total

private

government

not covered at any time during the year

194,877 43,432 17,382 23,900 29,560 30,219 22,048 28,335

173,295 40,222 13,374 19,311 25,671 26,817 19,663 28,237

149,084 33,989 12,007 17,697 23,882 25,055 17,682 18,771

49,743 8,917 2,071 2,262 2,669 2,880 3,427 27,517

21,582 3,210 4,008 4,590 3,889 3,402 2,385 98

with health insurance coverage during year

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

88.9% 92.6 76.9 80.8 86.8 88.7 89.2 99.7

76.5% 78.3 69.1 74.0 80.8 82.9 80.2 66.2

25.5% 20.5 11.9 9.5 9.0 9.5 15.5 97.1

11.1% 7.4 23.1 19.2 13.2 11.3 10.8 0.3

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Numbers may not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 437

Table 5.27

Non-Hispanic Whites with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites by age and private health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with private health insurance employment-based

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

total

own

direct purchase

194,877 43,432 17,382 23,900 29,560 30,219 22,048 28,335

149,084 33,989 12,007 17,697 23,882 25,055 17,682 18,771

129,261 31,422 9,624 16,519 22,216 23,173 15,779 10,529

68,451 122 3,543 12,449 15,498 16,918 11,764 8,155

21,865 2,861 1,172 1,461 2,141 2,594 2,530 9,107

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

76.5% 78.3 69.1 74.0 80.8 82.9 80.2 66.2

66.3% 72.3 55.4 69.1 75.2 76.7 71.6 37.2

35.1% 0.3 20.4 52.1 52.4 56.0 53.4 28.8

11.2% 6.6 6.7 6.1 7.2 8.6 11.5 32.1

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

438

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HEALTH

Table 5.28

Non-Hispanic Whites with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites by age and government health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with government health insurance

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

Medicaid

Medicare

military

194,877 43,432 17,382 23,900 29,560 30,219 22,048 28,335

49,743 8,917 2,071 2,262 2,669 2,880 3,427 27,517

16,247 7,637 1,432 1,449 1,570 1,274 1,009 1,876

31,458 165 104 331 628 1,035 1,735 27,460

7,563 1,351 624 635 781 1,034 1,215 1,922

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

25.5% 20.5 11.9 9.5 9.0 9.5 15.5 97.1

8.3% 17.6 8.2 6.1 5.3 4.2 4.6 6.6

16.1% 0.4 0.6 1.4 2.1 3.4 7.9 96.9

3.9% 3.1 3.6 2.7 2.6 3.4 5.5 6.8

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 439

Table 5.29

Health Conditions among Non-Hispanic Whites Aged 18 or Older, 2003

(number of total people and non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, percent of non-Hispanic whites with condition, and non-Hispanic white share of total with condition, 2003; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total people

total

number

percent with condition

213,042

153,032

–

23,536 12,254 45,927 5,070

19,289 10,043 34,101 3,862

11.8% 6.0 20.8 2.3

82.0 82.0 74.3 76.2

Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

share of total

71.8%

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma Ever Still Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,115

2,778

1.6

89.2

20,697 13,623 18,356 29,673 8,560

15,404 10,265 14,436 23,476 6,791

10.2 6.7 9.5 15.2 4.3

74.4 75.4 78.6 79.1 79.3

Cancer Any cancer Breast cancer (all adults) Cervical cancer (women only) Prostate cancer (men only)

13,973 2,426 1,082 1,332

12,377 2,139 951 1,080

7.5 1.3 1.2 1.5

88.6 88.2 87.9 81.1

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes Ulcers Kidney disease Liver disease Arthritis Chronic joint symptoms Migraines or severe headaches Pain in neck Pain in lower back Pain in face or jaw

14,012 14,456 3,017 2,511 45,793 57,242 32,268 31,368 58,430 9,464

9,729 11,323 2,065 1,751 36,931 45,685 22,813 24,154 43,911 7,372

6.0 7.1 1.2 1.1 22.7 28.8 15.3 15.6 28.4 4.9

69.4 78.3 68.4 69.7 80.6 79.8 70.7 77.0 75.2 77.9

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

32,533 18,628 15,927

27,897 13,691 12,494

17.2 8.6 7.6

85.7 73.5 78.4

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past twelve months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past twelve months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

440

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HEALTH

Table 5.30

Health Conditions among Non-Hispanic White Children, 2003

(number of total people and non-Hispanic whites under age 18 with selected health conditions, percent of nonHispanic whites with condition, and non-Hispanic white share of total, 2003; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total children Diagnosed with asthma Experienced in last 12 months Asthma attack Hay fever Respiratory allergies Other allergies Ever told had* Learning disability Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder Prescription medication taken regularly for at least 3 months

total

number

72,973 9,071

44,038 4,978

3,975 7,059 8,347 8,407

percent with condition

share of total

– 11.3%

60.3% 54.9

2,132 4,708 5,668 5,146

4.8 10.6 12.9 11.7

53.6 66.7 67.9 61.2

4,561 3,881

2,996 2,767

8.0 7.4

65.7 71.3

9,287

6,452

14.5

69.5

* “Ever told” by a school representative or health professional. Data exclude children under age 3. Note: Other allergies include food or digestive allergies, eczema, and other skin allergies. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 223, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.31

Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Whites by Age, 2002

(number of total physician ofﬁce visits, number and percent distribution of visits by whites, white share of total, and average number of visits by whites per person per year, by age, 2002) visits by whites

Total visits Under age 15 Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total (000s)

number (000s)

889,980 159,235 71,865 192,359 242,142 109,331 115,049

766,096 131,023 61,012 164,890 211,162 95,465 102,544

percent distribution

100.0% 17.1 8.0 21.5 27.6 12.5 13.4

share of total

86.1% 82.3 84.9 85.7 87.2 87.3 89.1

per person per year

3.3 2.8 2.0 2.5 3.8 6.1 7.2

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2002 Summary, Advance Data No. 346, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 441

Table 5.32

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Non-Hispanic Whites, 2003

(number of total people and non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older, number with difﬁculties in physical functioning, percent of non-Hispanic whites with difﬁculty, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by type of difﬁculty, 2003; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

TOTAL PEOPLE

Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up ten steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry ten pounds Push or pull large objects

total

number

213,042 31,322 14,910 11,107 18,663 7,211 18,250 6,264 3,943 9,194 13,463

153,032 23,858 11,156 7,838 13,974 5,102 13,735 4,576 2,944 6,533 10,097

percent with difﬁculty

– 14.6% 6.8 4.7 8.5 3.2 8.4 2.8 1.8 4.0 6.2

share of total

71.8% 76.2 74.8 70.6 74.9 70.8 75.3 73.1 74.7 71.1 75.0

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.33

AIDS Cases among Non-Hispanic Whites, through December 2003

(total number of AIDS cases diagnosed, number and percent distribution of AIDS cases diagnosed among nonHispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by sex and age at diagnosis, through December 2003) non-Hispanic white

Total AIDS cases Males aged 13 or older Females aged 13 or older Children under age 13

total

number

874,230 708,452 156,837 8,939

369,252 333,873 33,766 1,613

percent distribution

100.0% 90.4 9.1 0.4

share of total

42.2% 47.1 21.5 18.0

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

442

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HEALTH

Table 5.34

Leading Causes of Death Among Non-Hispanic Whites, 2002

(number and percent distribution of deaths to non-Hispanic whites accounted for by the ten leading causes of death among non-Hispanic whites, 2002) number

Total non-Hispanic white deaths 1,981,973 1. Diseases of the heart (1) 577,761 2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) (2) 458,754 3. Cerebrovascular diseases (3) 133,118 4. Chronic lower respiratory disease (4) 112,128 5. Accidents (unintentional injuries) (5) 80,605 6. Inﬂuenza and pneumonia (7) 55,419 7. Alzheimer’s disease (8) 53,486 8. Diabetes mellitus (6) 52,463 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis (9) 30,669 10. Suicide (11) 26,691 All other causes 400,879

percent distribution

100.0% 29.2 23.1 6.7 5.7 4.1 2.8 2.7 2.6 1.5 1.3 20.2

Note: Number in parentheses shows rank for all Americans. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.35

Life Expectancy of Whites at Birth and Age 65 by Sex, 1990 to 2002

(number of years of life remaining for whites at birth and age 65, by sex, 1990 to 2002; change in years, 1990 to 2002)

Birth 2002 2000 1990 Change, 1990 to 2002 Age 65 2002 2000 1990 Change, 1990 to 2002

total whites

white females

white males

77.7 77.6 76.1

80.3 80.1 79.4

75.1 74.9 72.7

1.6

0.9

2.4

18.2 18.0 17.3

19.5 19.4 19.1

16.6 16.3 15.2

0.9

0.4

1.4

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 443

Non-Hispanic Whites: Housing

More than Three out of Four Non-Hispanic White Households Own Their Home Seventy-six percent of the nation’s non-Hispanic white households owned their home in 2004, a greater proportion than the 69 percent of all households that are homeowners. Homeownership among non-Hispanic whites does not vary much by region, ranging from a low of 71 percent in the West to a high of 78 percent in the Midwest. Among non-Hispanic white married couples, 88 percent are homeowners. Homeownership claims a majority of non-Hispanic white householders regardless of household type. Even among female-headed families, 61 percent are homeowners. Only 12 percent of non-Hispanic whites moved between 2003 and 2004, a lower mobility rate than that for Asians, blacks, or Hispanics. One reason for the lower mobility of non-Hispanic whites is their higher homeownership rate. Homeowners are much less likely to move than renters. Non-Hispanic whites aged 20 to 24 are most likely to move, with 30 percent moving between 2003 and 2004. ■ The homeownership rate of non-Hispanic whites will continue to climb as the baby-boom generation enters the ages of peak homeownership.

Non-Hispanic white homeownership is lowest in the West 100

(percent of non-Hispanic white households that own their home, by region, 2004)

75 75%

73%

78%

77%

b Midwest

c South

71%

50 50%

25 25%

0

444

0%

a Northeast

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

d West

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HOUSING

Table 5.36

Non-Hispanic White Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2004

(homeownership rate of total and non-Hispanic white households and index of non-Hispanic white to total, 1994 to 2004; percentage point change in homeownership rate, 1994–2004) total households

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 Percentage point change 1994 to 2004

non-Hispanic white households

69.0% 68.3 67.9 67.8 67.4 66.8 66.3 65.7 65.4 64.7 64.0

76.0% 75.4 74.5 74.3 73.8 73.2 72.6 72.0 71.7 70.9 70.0

5.0

6.0

index

110 110 110 110 109 110 110 110 110 110 109

–

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. The index is calculated by dividing the non-Hispanic white homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 445

Table 5.37

Non-Hispanic White Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent of non-Hispanic white households by household type and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner

renter

total

number

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

81,166 53,845 44,101 7,070 2,674

60,980 45,162 38,981 4,339 1,841

75.1% 83.9 88.4 61.4 68.8

20,185 8,683 5,120 2,731 833

24.9% 16.1 11.6 38.6 31.2

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

27,321 15,353 11,968

15,818 9,283 6,535

57.9 60.5 54.6

11,503 6,070 5,433

42.1 39.5 45.4

TOTAL NON-HISPANIC WHITE HOUSEHOLDS

percent

number

percent

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.38

Non-Hispanic White Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white homeowners, and nonHispanic white share of total, by type of household, 2003; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white percent distribution

total

number

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

75,909 57,092 47,676 6,695 2,721

60,980 45,162 38,981 4,339 1,841

100.0% 74.1 63.9 7.1 3.0

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

18,817 11,075 7,742

15,818 9,283 6,535

25.9 15.2 10.7

TOTAL HOMEOWNERS

share of total

80.3% 79.1 81.8 64.8 67.7 84.1 83.8 84.4

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

446

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HOUSING

Table 5.39

Non-Hispanic White Homeownership Status by Region, 2003

(number and percent of non-Hispanic white households by homeownership status and region, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners

Total non-Hispanic white households Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

77,358 15,482 20,485 26,254 15,137

58,366 11,337 15,990 20,274 10,765

renters share of total

share of total

number

75.4% 73.2 78.1 77.2 71.1

18,992 4,145 4,496 5,980 4,372

24.6% 26.8 21.9 22.8 28.9

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.40

Non-Hispanic White Homeowners by Region, 2003

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white homeowners, and nonHispanic white share of total, by region, 2003; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

72,238 12,964 17,889 26,699 14,686

58,366 11,337 15,990 20,274 10,765

percent distribution

100.0% 19.4 27.4 34.7 18.4

share of total

80.8% 87.4 89.4 75.9 73.3

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 447

Table 5.41

Housing Units Occupied by Non-Hispanic Whites by Type, 2003

(number of total occupied housing units, number and percent distribution of housing units occupied by non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by number of units in structure, 2003) non-Hispanic whites

Total occupied housing units One, detached or attached Two to four Five or more Mobile home Boat, RV, van, etc.

total

number

108,419,506 73,740,642 9,374,261 18,089,052 7,128,265 87,286

79,438,806 57,656,905 5,609,209 10,377,254 5,725,576 69,862

percent distribution

100.0% 72.6 7.1 13.1 7.2 0.1

share of total

73.3% 78.2 59.8 57.4 80.3 80.0

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

448

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/HOUSING

Table 5.42

Geographical Mobility of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2003–04

(total number of non-Hispanic whites aged 1 or older, and number and percent who moved between March 2003 and March 2004, by age and type of move; numbers in thousands) movers

Total non-Hispanic whites Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

same county

different county, same state

192,629 9,043 11,508 12,652 7,981 4,833 12,549 11,372 12,528 13,646 15,914 15,842 14,377 12,510 4,305 5,233 28,335

23,474 1,605 1,562 1,309 669 744 3,822 3,263 2,309 1,812 1,683 1,233 962 769 257 270 1,202

12,958 935 900 767 376 375 2,074 1,827 1,278 983 984 675 529 367 126 120 642

5,178 302 356 267 135 194 931 696 530 408 320 239 197 199 60 71 274

different state

abroad

4,926 334 281 257 144 167 753 676 455 365 355 306 210 194 71 76 279

412 34 25 18 14 8 64 64 46 56 24 13 26 9 0 3 7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY MOBILITY STATUS

Total non-Hispanic whites Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

12.2% 17.7 13.6 10.3 8.4 15.4 30.5 28.7 18.4 13.3 10.6 7.8 6.7 6.1 6.0 5.2 4.2

6.7% 10.3 7.8 6.1 4.7 7.8 16.5 16.1 10.2 7.2 6.2 4.3 3.7 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.3

2.7% 3.3 3.1 2.1 1.7 4.0 7.4 6.1 4.2 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.0

2.6% 3.7 2.4 2.0 1.8 3.5 6.0 5.9 3.6 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.0

0.2% 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/migrate/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 449

Non-Hispanic Whites: Income

Non-Hispanic Whites Have Above-Average Incomes The $47,777 median income of non-Hispanic white households in 2003 was 10 percent greater than the all-household median. Between 1990 and 2003, the median income of non-Hispanic white households grew 10 percent, faster than the 6 percent gain for all households during those years. Among non-Hispanic white households, median income peaks at $66,811 for householders aged 45 to 54. By household type, non-Hispanic white married couples have the highest median income—$66,677 in 2003. Seventeen percent of non-Hispanic white households have incomes of $100,000 or more. Among full-time workers, the median income of non-Hispanic white men rose 10 percent between 1990 and 2003, while their female counterparts saw an 18 percent increase. Even during the 2000 to 2003 time period, when many workers lost ground, non-Hispanic whites with full-time jobs saw their incomes grow. Non-Hispanic whites are less likely to be poor than Asians, blacks, or Hispanics. The poverty rate of non-Hispanic white couples stood at less than 4 percent in 2003. Among non-Hispanic white female-headed families, the poverty rate fell from 23 to 20 percent between 1990 and 2003. Among male-headed families, the poverty rate rose slightly during those years to just below 9 percent. ■ Non-Hispanic white households have much higher incomes than black or Hispanic households. Behind the income gap is the higher educational level of non-Hispanic whites and the larger proportion of households headed by dual-earner married couples.

Non-Hispanic white household income grew slightly faster than average (percent change in total and non-Hispanic white median household income, 1990 to 2003; in 2003 dollars) 12

10%

450

9

9%

6

6%

3

3%

0

0%

6%

a total households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b households non-Hispanic white

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/INCOME

Table 5.43

Median Income of Non-Hispanic White Households, 1990 to 2003

(median income of total and non-Hispanic white households, and index of non-Hispanic white to total, 1990 to 2003; percent change in incomes, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; in 2003 dollars)

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total households

non-Hispanic white households

index

$43,318 43,381 43,882 44,853 44,922 43,825 42,294 41,431 40,845 39,613 39,165 39,364 39,679 40,865

$47,777 47,974 48,119 48,734 48,742 47,831 46,376 45,277 44,564 43,127 42,840 42,774 42,573 43,597

110 111 110 109 109 109 110 109 109 109 109 109 107 107

Percent change 2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

–3.4% 6.0

–2.0% 9.6

– –

Note: Non-Hispanic whites in 2002 and 2003 are those identifying their race as white alone and not Hispanic. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.44

High-Income Non-Hispanic White Households, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households with incomes of $100,000 or more, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) total TOTAL NON-HISPANIC WHITE HOUSEHOLDS

$100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 or more

81,148 14,031 8,797 2,774 1,105 1,355

percent

100.0% 17.3 10.8 3.4 1.4 1.7

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new06_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 451

Table 5.45

Non-Hispanic White Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households by household income and age of householder, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) aged 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

81,148

3,979

11,988

15,902

17,099

13,037

19,144

9,262

9,882

5,840

567

583

700

807

976

2,207

831

1,377

$10,000 to $19,999

10,103

650

919

932

964

1,261

5,378

1,885

3,493

$20,000 to $29,999

9,514

749

1,299

1,265

1,261

1,296

3,645

1,680

1,964

$30,000 to $39,999

8,830

629

1,582

1,483

1,504

1,406

2,227

1,203

1,023

$40,000 to $49,999

7,752

423

1,427

1,594

1,557

1,232

1,519

894

625

$50,000 to $59,999

6,855

295

1,340

1,617

1,455

1,112

1,036

638

398

$60,000 to $69,999

5,849

225

1,064

1,445

1,436

924

752

463

289

$70,000 to $79,999

5,002

124

922

1,252

1,362

836

505

339

167

$80,000 to $89,999

4,023

98

720

1,081

1,118

654

351

228

123

$90,000 to $99,999

3,349

68

540

898

943

583

319

215

106

14,032

154

1,591

3,635

4,690

2,758

1,202

888

315

$47,777

$30,266

$50,971

$61,884

$66,811

$52,825

$24,910

$31,791

$20,298

Non-Hispanic white households Under $10,000

$100,000 or more Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Non-Hispanic white households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

7.2

14.2

4.9

4.4

4.7

7.5

11.5

9.0

13.9

12.5

16.3

7.7

5.9

5.6

9.7

28.1

20.4

35.3

$20,000 to $29,999

11.7

18.8

10.8

8.0

7.4

9.9

19.0

18.1

19.9

$30,000 to $39,999

10.9

15.8

13.2

9.3

8.8

10.8

11.6

13.0

10.4

$40,000 to $49,999

9.6

10.6

11.9

10.0

9.1

9.5

7.9

9.7

6.3

$50,000 to $59,999

8.4

7.4

11.2

10.2

8.5

8.5

5.4

6.9

4.0

$60,000 to $69,999

7.2

5.7

8.9

9.1

8.4

7.1

3.9

5.0

2.9

$70,000 to $79,999

6.2

3.1

7.7

7.9

8.0

6.4

2.6

3.7

1.7

$80,000 to $89,999

5.0

2.5

6.0

6.8

6.5

5.0

1.8

2.5

1.2

$90,000 to $99,999

4.1

1.7

4.5

5.6

5.5

4.5

1.7

2.3

1.1

17.3

3.9

13.3

22.9

27.4

21.2

6.3

9.6

3.2

Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999

$100,000 or more

100.0%

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

452

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/INCOME

Table 5.46

Non-Hispanic White Household Income by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent distribution of households headed by non-Hispanic whites by household income and household type, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) family households

nonfamily households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

81,148

44,197

7,115

2,710

15,089

13,072

12,037

9,402

5,840

866

724

116

2,757

2,658

1,378

1,276

$10,000 to $19,999

10,103

2,415

1,112

267

4,138

3,965

2,170

1,988

$20,000 to $29,999

9,514

3,891

1,159

377

2,425

2,205

1,660

1,406

$30,000 to $39,999

8,830

3,941

1,113

403

1,732

1,472

1,639

1,349

$40,000 to $49,999

7,752

4,147

774

302

1,212

979

1,318

988

$50,000 to $59,999

6,855

4,117

587

300

824

608

1,028

741

$60,000 to $69,999

5,849

3,917

502

185

523

353

721

475

$70,000 to $79,999

5,002

3,586

343

148

402

280

522

306

$80,000 to $89,999

4,023

3,001

215

155

270

142

381

252

$90,000 to $99,999

3,349

2,631

148

101

204

83

267

135

14,032

11,686

439

356

600

330

952

486

$47,777

$66,677

$34,686

$45,416

$22,307

$19,674

$34,280

$30,156

Non-Hispanic white households Under $10,000

$100,000 or more Median income

male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

living alone

female householder

male householder

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Non-Hispanic white households

100.0%

100.0%

7.2

2.0

10.2

4.3

18.3

20.3

11.4

13.6

$10,000 to $19,999

12.5

5.5

15.6

9.9

27.4

30.3

18.0

21.1

$20,000 to $29,999

11.7

8.8

16.3

13.9

16.1

16.9

13.8

15.0

$30,000 to $39,999

10.9

8.9

15.6

14.9

11.5

11.3

13.6

14.3

$40,000 to $49,999

9.6

9.4

10.9

11.1

8.0

7.5

10.9

10.5

$50,000 to $59,999

8.4

9.3

8.3

11.1

5.5

4.7

8.5

7.9

$60,000 to $69,999

7.2

8.9

7.1

6.8

3.5

2.7

6.0

5.1

$70,000 to $79,999

6.2

8.1

4.8

5.5

2.7

2.1

4.3

3.3

$80,000 to $89,999

5.0

6.8

3.0

5.7

1.8

1.1

3.2

2.7

$90,000 to $99,999

4.1

6.0

2.1

3.7

1.4

0.6

2.2

1.4

17.3

26.4

6.2

13.1

4.0

2.5

7.9

5.2

Under $10,000

$100,000 or more

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 453

Table 5.47

Income of Non-Hispanic White Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white men aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of men with income and of men working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; men in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL NON-HISPANIC WHITE MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of men with income Median income of men working full-time Percent of men working full-time TOTAL NON-HISPANIC WHITE MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

77,336 4,801 72,535 10,208 12,070 10,602 9,520 7,557 5,809 4,212 3,023 2,081 1,386 6,064

12,939 3,367 9,572 4,935 2,199 1,336 643 221 100 51 31 7 19 30

11,912 323 11,589 996 1,641 2,118 2,193 1,565 993 683 479 285 143 492

14,682 363 14,319 1,057 1,333 1,792 2,098 1,945 1,548 1,126 758 566 389 1,709

14,963 356 14,607 1,007 1,387 1,527 1,948 1,928 1,641 1,209 976 652 425 1,906

10,647 266 10,381 852 1,396 1,359 1,324 1,157 958 740 556 415 264 1,361

12,194 126 12,068 1,362 4,116 2,469 1,313 738 571 401 225 156 148 566

$32,331

$9,424

$33,775

$43,105

$46,850

$41,291

$21,861

46,294

22,905

38,299

49,991

52,076

55,514

60,338

54.0%

22.2%

73.7%

77.2%

76.8%

57.4%

9.8%

100.0% 6.2 93.8 13.2 15.6 13.7 12.3 9.8 7.5 5.4 3.9 2.7 1.8 7.8

100.0% 26.0 74.0 38.1 17.0 10.3 5.0 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

100.0% 2.7 97.3 8.4 13.8 17.8 18.4 13.1 8.3 5.7 4.0 2.4 1.2 4.1

100.0% 2.5 97.5 7.2 9.1 12.2 14.3 13.2 10.5 7.7 5.2 3.9 2.6 11.6

100.0% 2.4 97.6 6.7 9.3 10.2 13.0 12.9 11.0 8.1 6.5 4.4 2.8 12.7

100.0% 2.5 97.5 8.0 13.1 12.8 12.4 10.9 9.0 7.0 5.2 3.9 2.5 12.8

100.0% 1.0 99.0 11.2 33.8 20.2 10.8 6.1 4.7 3.3 1.8 1.3 1.2 4.6

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

454

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/INCOME

Table 5.48

Income of Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white women aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of women with income and of women working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, yearround, 2003; women in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL NON-HISPANIC WHITE WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of women with income Median income of women working full-time Percent of women working full-time TOTAL NON-HISPANIC WHITE WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

82,120 7,634 74,486 22,703 16,573 11,965 8,676 5,369 3,121 1,982 1,277 771 438 1,610

12,455 3,270 9,185 5,348 2,105 1,120 438 124 28 16 3 – 2 3

11,988 1,048 10,940 2,453 2,017 2,209 1,891 1,084 492 261 186 102 45 202

14,878 1,060 13,818 3,350 2,321 2,327 1,958 1,358 817 546 345 239 126 431

15,257 968 14,289 2,732 2,351 2,589 2,130 1,546 957 673 391 245 151 523

11,401 917 10,484 3,049 1,902 1,749 1,257 821 573 344 260 130 73 327

16,142 372 15,770 5,771 5,875 1,973 1,000 435 255 145 93 56 40 125

$18,301

$7,388

$24,221

$25,127

$27,314

$21,461

$12,471

34,037

21,129

32,078

36,415

36,689

35,872

37,062

35.3%

16.5%

50.5%

49.5%

54.7%

38.6%

4.7%

100.0% 9.3 90.7 27.6 20.2 14.6 10.6 6.5 3.8 2.4 1.6 0.9 0.5 2.0

100.0% 26.3 73.7 42.9 16.9 9.0 3.5 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 – 0.0 0.0

100.0% 8.7 91.3 20.5 16.8 18.4 15.8 9.0 4.1 2.2 1.6 0.9 0.4 1.7

100.0% 7.1 92.9 22.5 15.6 15.6 13.2 9.1 5.5 3.7 2.3 1.6 0.8 2.9

100.0% 6.3 93.7 17.9 15.4 17.0 14.0 10.1 6.3 4.4 2.6 1.6 1.0 3.4

100.0% 8.0 92.0 26.7 16.7 15.3 11.0 7.2 5.0 3.0 2.3 1.1 0.6 2.9

100.0% 2.3 97.7 35.8 36.4 12.2 6.2 2.7 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.8

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 455

Table 5.49

Median Income of Non-Hispanic Whites Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003

(median income of non-Hispanic whites working full-time, year-round by sex; index of non-Hispanic white to total population median income, and non-Hispanic white women’s income as a percent of non-Hispanic white men’s income, 1990 to 2003; percent change in income, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; in 2003 dollars)

non-Hispanic white men

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

non-Hispanic white women

median income

index white/total

median income

index white/total

$46,294 46,187 44,886 45,213 45,864 44,973 43,352 42,489 42,678 42,219 41,459 41,840 41,904 42,104

112 111 108 109 111 110 108 109 111 109 106 106 105 106

$34,037 33,088 33,040 33,100 32,457 31,882 31,029 30,347 29,972 30,064 29,559 29,222 28,838 28,919

108 104 105 106 107 105 104 104 105 105 105 103 103 103

Percent change 2000 to 2003 2.4% 1990 to 2003 10.0

– –

2.8% 17.7

1.1% 4.5

non-Hispanic white women’s income as a percent of non-Hispanic white men’s income

73.5% 71.6 73.6 73.2 70.8 70.9 71.6 71.4 70.2 71.2 71.3 69.8 68.8 68.7

– –

Note: Data for non-Hispanic whites in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. The non-Hispanic white/total indexes are calculated by dividing the median income of non-Hispanic white men and women by the median income of total men and women and multiplying by 100. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p36b.html; calculations by New Strategist

456

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/INCOME

Table 5.50

Median Earnings of Non-Hispanic Whites Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003

(median earnings of non-Hispanic whites aged 25 or older working full-time, year-round, by educational attainment and sex, and non-Hispanic white women’s earnings as a percent of non-Hispanic white men’s earnings, 2003)

Total non-Hispanic whites Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

men

women

$46,579 29,150 30,479 37,434 42,688 45,140 65,471

$33,536 21,419 20,486 26,946 30,826 34,266 45,460

non-Hispanic white women’s earnings as a percent of non-Hispanic white men’s earnings

72.0% 73.5 67.2 72.0 72.2 75.9 69.4

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 457

Table 5.51

Poverty Status of Non-Hispanic White Married Couples, 1990 to 2003

(total number of non-Hispanic white married couples, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; married couples in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty total

number

Total non-Hispanic white married couples 2003 44,200 2002 44,109 2001 44,124 2000 44,278 1999 44,443 1998 43,669 1997 43,427 1996 43,276 1995 43,771 1994 44,178 1993 43,745 1992 43,661 1991 43,724 1990 43,682

1,575 1,628 1,477 1,435 1,474 1,639 1,501 1,628 1,664 1,915 2,042 1,978 1,918 1,799

–0.2% 1.2

9.8% –12.5

Non-Hispanic white married couples with children 2003 18,628 746 2002 18,879 781 2001 19,076 696 2000 19,356 709 1999 19,209 743 1998 19,327 859 1997 19,588 842 1996 19,729 884 1995 19,866 948 1994 20,276 1,101 1993 20,166 1,263 1992 19,905 1,177 1991 19,845 1,152 1990 19,957 1,085

–3.8% –6.7

0.4 –0.5

4.0% 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.8 5.4 6.3 5.9 5.8 5.4 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

3.6% 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.1 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

percent

5.2% –31.2

0.3 –1.4

Note: Data for non-Hispanic whites in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

458

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/INCOME

Table 5.52

Poverty Status of Non-Hispanic White Female-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003

(total number of non-Hispanic white female-headed families, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; families in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty

Total non-Hispanic white female-headed families 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

number

7,121 7,072 6,886 6,891 6,770 6,909 6,826 6,875 6,792 6,764 6,798 6,629 6,553 6,408

1,455 1,374 1,305 1,226 1,248 1,428 1,598 1,538 1,463 1,678 1,699 1,637 1,610 1,480

percent

20.4% 19.4 19.0 17.8 18.4 20.7 23.4 22.4 21.5 24.8 25.0 24.7 24.6 23.1 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

3.3% 11.1

18.7% –1.7

2.6 –2.7

Non-Hispanic white female-headed families with children 2003 4,518 1,269 2002 4,470 1,170 2001 4,414 1,135 2000 4,305 1,058 1999 4,233 1,069 1998 4,427 1,275 1997 4,320 1,420 1996 4,357 1,351 1995 4,361 1,294 1994 4,386 1,471 1993 4,330 1,506 1992 4,150 1,474 1991 4,067 1,429 1990 3,929 1,317

percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

4.9% 15.0

28.1% 26.2 25.7 24.6 25.3 28.8 32.9 31.0 29.7 33.5 34.8 35.5 35.1 33.5

19.9% –3.6

3.5 –5.4

Note: Data for non-Hispanic whites in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 459

Table 5.53

Poverty Status of Non-Hispanic White Male-Headed Families, 1990 to 2003

(total number of non-Hispanic white male-headed families, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; families in thousands as of March the following year) in poverty

Total non-Hispanic white male-headed families 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

number

2,710 2,679 2,618 2,559 2,481 2,530 2,622 2,475 2,298 2,087 1,927 2,011 2,011 1,948

241 207 270 236 231 197 258 267 257 241 248 225 190 163

5.9% 39.1

2.1% 47.9

Non-Hispanic white male-headed families with children 2003 1,358 170 2002 1,315 137 2001 1,371 184 2000 1,404 173 1999 1,347 161 1998 1,355 148 1997 1,466 215 1996 1,295 190 1995 1,270 202 1994 1,072 161 1993 981 177 1992 1,034 166 1991 997 141 1990 878 119

–3.3% 54.7

–0.3 0.5 12.5% 10.4 13.4 12.3 12.0 10.9 14.7 14.7 15.9 15.0 18.0 16.1 14.1 13.6 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

8.9% 7.7 10.3 9.2 9.3 7.8 9.8 10.8 11.2 11.5 12.9 11.2 9.4 8.4 percentage point change

percent change

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

percent

–1.7% 42.9

0.2 –1.1

Note: Data for non-Hispanic whites in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/ hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

460

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/INCOME

Table 5.54

Poverty Status of Non-Hispanic Whites by Sex and Age, 2003

(total number of non-Hispanic whites, and number and percent below poverty level by sex and age, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) in poverty total

number

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

percent

194,595 43,150 17,382 23,900 29,560 30,219 12,510 9,537 28,335

15,902 4,233 2,242 1,949 1,980 1,675 826 719 2,277

Non-Hispanic white females Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

99,287 21,055 8,567 11,988 14,878 15,257 6,348 5,053 16,142

9,024 2,028 1,323 1,176 1,098 881 475 428 1,617

9.1 9.6 15.4 9.8 7.4 5.8 7.5 8.5 10.0

Non-Hispanic white males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

95,307 22,094 8,816 11,912 14,682 14,963 6,162 4,485 12,194

6,878 2,206 919 773 883 794 351 292 661

7.2 10.0 10.4 6.5 6.0 5.3 5.7 6.5 5.4

8.2% 9.8 12.9 8.2 6.7 5.5 6.6 7.5 8.0

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/new01_ 100.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 461

Whites: Labor Force

Thirty-Six Percent of White Workers Are Employed in Managerial or Professional Occupations Seventy-four percent of white men and 59 percent of white women were in the labor force in 2004. Because whites comprise the great majority of the population, their labor force participation rate closely matches that of the total population. (The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ employment ﬁgures for whites include most Hispanics, since Hispanics may be of any race and most are white.) The largest share of whites (36 percent) is employed in managerial or professional occupations. Another 26 percent work in sales and ofﬁce occupations. Only 15 percent of whites work in service occupations. Forty-three percent of non-Hispanic white households have two or more earners. Among non-Hispanic white couples, the 56 percent majority are dual earners. Only 20 percent have only the husband in the labor force. Between 2002 and 2012, the number of non-Hispanic white workers will expand only 3 percent, much more slowly than the number of Asian, black, or Hispanic workers. In the year 2012, non-Hispanic white workers will account for just 66 percent of the labor force. ■ Non-Hispanic white households have higher incomes than black or Hispanic households because a larger share are headed by dual-earner married couples.

Three out of four white men are in the labor force (percent of whites aged 16 or older in the labor force, by sex, 2004)

74%

75

59%

462

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

a men

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b women

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LABOR FORCE

Table 5.55

Labor Force Participation Rate of Whites by Age and Sex, 2004

(percent of whites aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by age and sex, 2004) Total whites Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

men

66.3% 47.1 77.1 83.3 83.7 83.8 84.4 84.6 81.0 71.9 51.9 14.6 28.3 15.7 6.2

74.1% 47.4 82.1 92.6 93.7 93.7 92.5 90.6 86.6 78.6 58.3 19.1 33.3 19.7 9.1

women

58.9% 46.7 71.9 73.7 73.6 73.9 76.3 78.7 75.4 65.6 46.0 11.2 23.9 12.3 4.3

Note: Whites include white Hispanics. The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 463

Table 5.56

Employment Status of Whites by Sex and Age, 2004

(number and percent of whites aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, age, and employment status, 2004; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force unemployed civilian noninstitutional population

total

Total whites Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

182,643 12,599 15,817 30,585 34,845 34,005 24,549 30,245

121,086 5,929 12,192 25,548 29,305 28,181 15,522 4,408

Total white men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

89,044 6,429 8,024 15,486 17,404 16,834 11,922 12,946

65,994 3,050 6,586 14,429 16,192 14,934 8,326 2,478

Total white women Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

93,599 6,169 7,794 15,099 17,441 17,170 12,627 17,299

55,092 2,879 5,606 11,119 13,114 13,247 7,197 1,930

percent of population

percent of labor force

employed

number

115,239 5,039 11,233 24,337 28,176 27,228 14,965 4,260

5,847 890 959 1,211 1,130 953 557 148

4.8% 15.0 7.9 4.7 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.3

74.1 47.4 82.1 93.2 93.0 88.7 69.8 19.1

62,712 2,553 6,026 13,735 15,572 14,418 8,018 2,390

3,282 497 560 694 620 516 307 88

5.0 16.3 8.5 4.8 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.5

58.9 46.7 71.9 73.6 75.2 77.1 57.0 11.2

52,527 2,486 5,207 10,602 12,604 12,810 6,947 1,870

2,565 393 399 516 510 437 250 60

4.7 13.6 7.1 4.6 3.9 3.3 3.5 3.1

66.3% 47.1 77.1 83.5 84.1 82.9 63.2 14.6

Note: Whites include white Hispanics. The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

464

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LABOR FORCE

Table 5.57

White Workers by Occupation, 2004

(total number of employed persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed whites, and white share of total, by occupation, 2004; numbers in thousands) white percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

139,252 48,532 20,235 14,555 5,860 28,297 3,140 2,760 1,365 2,170 1,554 7,900 2,687 6,721

115,239 41,027 17,590 12,873 4,717 23,438 2,410 2,343 1,143 1,650 1,380 6,741 2,336 5,435

100.0% 35.6 15.3 11.2 4.1 20.3 2.1 2.0 1.0 1.4 1.2 5.8 2.0 4.7

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

22,720 2,921 2,847 7,279 5,185 4,488

17,544 1,991 2,197 5,854 4,094 3,407

15.2 1.7 1.9 5.1 3.6 3.0

77.2 68.2 77.2 80.4 79.0 75.9

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

35,464 15,983 19,481

29,399 13,557 15,842

25.5 11.8 13.7

82.9 84.8 81.3

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

14,582 991 8,522 5,069

12,928 885 7,642 4,401

11.2 0.8 6.6 3.8

88.7 89.3 89.7 86.8

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 17,954 Production occupations 9,462 Transportation and material moving occupations 8,491

14,340 7,594 6,746

12.4 6.6 5.9

79.9 80.3 79.4

TOTAL EMPLOYED

82.8% 84.5 86.9 88.4 80.5 82.8 76.8 84.9 83.7 76.0 88.8 85.3 86.9 80.9

Note: Whites include white Hispanics. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 465

Table 5.58

White Workers by Industry, 2004

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force; number and percent distribution of employed whites, and white share of total, by industry, 2004; numbers in thousands) white

Total employed Agriculture, forestry, ﬁshing, and hunting Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Educational and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Other services, except private households Private households Public administration

total

number

139,252 2,232 539 10,768 16,484 10,329 6,155 20,869 4,600 16,269 7,013 3,463 9,969 14,108 28,719 11,820 6,903 6,124 779 6,365

115,238 2,100 498 9,741 13,766 8,717 5,050 17,574 3,976 13,598 5,535 2,857 8,378 11,837 22,886 9,496 5,626 4,998 628 4,944

percent distribution

100.0% 1.8 0.4 8.5 11.9 7.6 4.4 15.3 3.5 11.8 4.8 2.5 7.3 10.3 19.9 8.2 4.9 4.3 0.5 4.3

share of total

82.8% 94.1 92.4 90.5 83.5 84.4 82.0 84.2 86.4 83.6 78.9 82.5 84.0 83.9 79.7 80.3 81.5 81.6 80.6 77.7

Note: Whites includes white Hispanics. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

466

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LABOR FORCE

Table 5.59

White Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of employed whites aged 16 or older by age, employment status, and sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) men

Total employed whites Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

women

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

62,712 2,553 6,026 43,725 10,409

55,926 921 4,677 41,744 8,584

6,786 1,632 1,349 1,981 1,825

52,527 2,486 5,206 36,016 8,817

38,240 576 3,312 28,368 5,983

14,287 1,910 1,894 7,648 2,834

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Total employed whites Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

89.2% 36.1 77.6 95.5 82.5

10.8% 63.9 22.4 4.5 17.5

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

72.8% 23.2 63.6 78.8 67.9

27.2% 76.8 36.4 21.2 32.1

100.0% 1.6 8.4 74.6 15.3

100.0% 24.0 19.9 29.2 26.9

100.0% 4.7 9.9 68.6 16.8

100.0% 1.5 8.7 74.2 15.6

100.0% 13.4 13.3 53.5 19.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total employed whites Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 4.1 9.6 69.7 16.6

Note: Whites include white Hispanics. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 467

Table 5.60

White Workers by Educational Attainment, 2004

(number of total people and whites aged 25 or older in the civilian labor force, white labor force participation rate, distribution of whites in the labor force, and white share of total labor force, by educational attainment, 2004; numbers in thousands) white labor force total labor force

number

Total aged 25 or older Not a high school graduate

125,133 12,470

102,965 10,086

High school graduate only Some college Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

37,834 22,298 12,141 40,390

30,925 18,144 10,157 33,653

participation rate

66.8% 46.0 62.4 69.7 76.6 77.5

percent distribution

100.0% 9.8 30.0 17.6 9.9 32.7

share of total

82.3% 80.9 81.7 81.4 83.7 83.3

Note: Whites include white Hispanics. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.61

White Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004

(total number of employed white wage and salary workers aged 16 or older and percent distribution by tenure with current employer, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

Total white workers, number Total white workers, percent 12 months or less 13 to 23 months 2 years 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 or more years

100,243 100.0% 22.7 7.1 5.4 18.2 19.6 10.2 6.6 10.2

men

52,758 100.0% 22.3 6.7 5.3 17.9 19.3 10.3 6.7 11.5

women

47,485 100.0% 23.2 7.6 5.5 18.5 20.0 10.1 6.4 8.7

Note: Whites include white Hispanics. Whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

468

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LABOR FORCE

Table 5.62

Non-Hispanic White Households by Number of Earners, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households and non-Hispanic white share of total, by number of earners per household, 2004; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total households No earners One earner Two or more earners Two earners Three earners Four or more earners Average number of earners per household

total

number

112,000 23,932 40,769 47,299 37,917 6,998 2,384

81,148 18,451 27,933 34,764 28,138 4,980 1,646

1.36

1.33

percent distribution

100.0% 22.7 34.4 42.8 34.7 6.1 2.0 –

share of total

72.5% 77.1 68.5 73.5 74.2 71.2 69.0 –

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://pubdb3. census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 469

Table 5.63

Non-Hispanic White Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Husband and Wife, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white married couples aged 20 or older by age of householder and labor force status of husband and wife, 2003; numbers in thousands) husband and/or wife in labor force

Total non-Hispanic white couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older Total non-Hispanic white couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

husband and wife

husband only

wife only

neither husband nor wife in labor force

44,052 821 2,589 3,998 4,718 5,479 10,479 7,825 8,144

24,793 518 1,838 2,812 3,321 3,968 7,729 3,895 710

8,852 237 646 1,035 1,189 1,254 1,986 1,628 877

2,655 46 76 79 135 178 492 929 720

7,753 20 28 71 73 78 271 1,374 5,838

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

56.3% 63.1 71.0 70.3 70.4 72.4 73.8 49.8 8.7

20.1% 28.9 25.0 25.9 25.2 22.9 19.0 20.8 10.8

6.0% 5.6 2.9 2.0 2.9 3.2 4.7 11.9 8.8

17.6% 2.4 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 2.6 17.6 71.7

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, detailed tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

470

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LABOR FORCE

Table 5.64

White Minimum Wage Workers by Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total and white wage-and-salary workers aged 16 or older paid hourly rates and those paid at or below minimum wage, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands)

Total workers aged 16 or older White workers aged 16 or older White men White women

at or below minimum wage

total paid hourly rates

total

at $5.15/hour

below $5.15/hour

73,939 59,877 30,255 29,621

2,003 1,681 555 1,126

520 395 161 234

1,483 1,286 393 892

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE/SEX

Total workers aged 16 or older White workers aged 16 or older White men White women

100.0% 81.0 40.9 40.1

100.0% 83.9 27.7 56.2

100.0% 76.0 31.0 45.0

100.0% 86.7 26.5 60.1

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.7% 2.8 1.8 3.8

0.7% 0.7 0.5 0.8

2.0% 2.1 1.3 3.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY WAGE STATUS

Total workers aged 16 or older White workers aged 16 or older White men White women

Note: Whites include white Hispanics. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 5.65

White Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2004

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older who hold more than one job, number and percent of whites holding more than one job, and white share of total, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) white multiple job holders

Total multiple job holders Men Women

total

number

7,473 3,835 3,638

6,357 3,266 3,091

percent

5.5% 5.2 5.9

share of total

85.1% 85.2 85.0

Note: Whites include white Hispanics. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 471

Table 5.66

Union Representation of White Workers by Sex, 2004

(number of employed white wage and salary workers aged 16 or older, number and percent represented by unions, and median weekly earnings of those working full-time by union representation status, by sex, 2004; number in thousands) total

Total employed whites Number represented by unions Percent represented by unions Median weekly earnings of white full-time workers White workers represented by unions White workers not represented by unions

men

women

101,340 13,657 13.5%

53,432 7,854 14.7%

47,908 5,803 12.1%

$657 802 626

$732 854 704

$584 734 557

Note: Workers represented by unions are either members of a labor union or similar employee association or workers who report no union afﬁliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Whites include white Hispanics. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 5.67

Non-Hispanic White Labor Force Projections, 2002 and 2012

(number and percent of total people and non-Hispanic whites aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, 2002 and 2012; percent change in number and percentage point change in rate, 2002–12; numbers in thousands) percent change

2002

2012

144,863 103,348

162,269 106,237

Total men in labor force Non-Hispanic white men in labor force

77,500 55,340

85,252 56,849

10.0 2.7

Total women in labor force Non-Hispanic white women in labor force

67,363 48,008

77,017 49,388

14.3 2.9

2002

2012

percentage point change

NUMBER

Total labor force Non-Hispanic white labor force

12.0% 2.8

PARTICIPATION RATE

Total people Total non-Hispanic whites

66.6% 66.5

67.2% 65.7

0.6 –0.8

Total men Non-Hispanic white men

74.1 73.8

73.1 72.4

–1.0 –1.4

Total women Non-Hispanic white women

59.6 59.6

61.6 59.4

2.0 –0.2

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

472

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES

Non-Hispanic Whites: Living Arrangements

Married Couples Head Most Non-Hispanic White Households Non-Hispanic whites account for 72 percent of the nation’s 112 million households. The proportion ranges from a low of 60 percent among householders under age 25 to a high of 83 percent among householders aged 65 or older. Married couples account for the 54 percent majority of non-Hispanic white households. Only 9 percent are female-headed families. People who live alone head a substantial 28 percent of non-Hispanic white households. Among non-Hispanic white women aged 75 or older, 51 percent live by themselves. Only 29 percent of non-Hispanic white households include children under age 18. Even among non-Hispanic white married couples, just 41 percent have children under age 18 living with them. Seventy-seven percent of non-Hispanic white children live with both parents, while 16 percent live with only their mother. Sixty-one percent of non-Hispanic white men aged 18 or older are currently married. The proportion is a slightly smaller 57 percent among non-Hispanic white women. Twenty-three percent of non-Hispanic white men have ever divorced, with the proportion peaking at 43 percent among men aged 50 to 59. The ﬁgures are even higher for non-Hispanic white women: 25 percent have been divorced, and the proportion reaches 40 percent among women in their ﬁfties. ■ Non-Hispanic white households are more likely than average to be headed by people living alone because of the older age of the non-Hispanic white population. 75

Many non-Hispanic white households are headed by people living alone (percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households, by household type, 2004)

54% 50 50%

25 25%

16%

12%

9% 3% 0 0%

marriedacouples

b female-headed families

c male-headed families

d living women alone

mendliving alone

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 473

Non-Hispanic White Households by Age of Householder, 2004

Table 5.68

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by age of householder, 2004, numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

112,000 6,610 8,737 10,421 10,997 12,225 12,360 10,777 9,504 7,320 23,048

81,148 3,979 5,480 6,508 7,335 8,567 8,960 8,138 7,356 5,681 19,144

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 4.9 6.8 8.0 9.0 10.6 11.0 10.0 9.1 7.0 23.6

72.5% 60.2 62.7 62.5 66.7 70.1 72.5 75.5 77.4 77.6 83.1

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.69

Non-Hispanic White Households by Household Type, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by type, 2004; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

percent distribution

total

number

112,000 76,217 57,719 13,781 4,717

81,148 54,022 44,197 7,115 2,710

100.0% 66.6 54.5 8.8 3.3

35,783 19,647 17,024 16,136 12,562

27,126 15,089 13,072 12,037 9,402

33.4 18.6 16.1 14.8 11.6

share of total

72.5% 70.9 76.6 51.6 57.5 75.8 76.8 76.8 74.6 74.8

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

474

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 5.70

Non-Hispanic White Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2004

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households by age of householder and household type, 2004; numbers in thousands) family households

Total non-Hispanic white households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

nonfamily households male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

living alone

9,402

female householder

male householder

81,148

44,197

7,115

2,710

15,089

13,072

12,037

Under age 25

3,979

905

569

339

1,073

498

1,092

533

Aged 25 to 34

11,988

6,432

1,239

460

1,545

1,068

2,312

1,529

Aged 35 to 44

15,902

9,905

1,864

673

1,277

1,020

2,184

1,706

Aged 45 to 54

17,098

10,533

1,463

636

2,072

1,766

2,394

1,973

Aged 55 to 64

13,037

7,986

809

283

2,328

2,098

1,631

1,383

Aged 65 or older

19,144

8,436

1,170

319

6,794

6,621

2,424

2,277

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Total non-Hispanic white households

100.0%

54.5%

3.3%

18.6%

16.1%

14.8%

11.6%

Under age 25

100.0

22.7

14.3

8.5

27.0

12.5

27.4

13.4

Aged 25 to 34

100.0

53.7

10.3

3.8

12.9

8.9

19.3

12.8

Aged 35 to 44

100.0

62.3

11.7

4.2

8.0

6.4

13.7

10.7

Aged 45 to 54

100.0

61.6

8.6

3.7

12.1

10.3

14.0

11.5

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

61.3

6.2

2.2

17.9

16.1

12.5

10.6

Aged 65 or older

100.0

44.1

6.1

1.7

35.5

34.6

12.7

11.9

100.0%

8.8%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total non-Hispanic white households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under age 25

4.9

2.0

8.0

12.5

7.1

3.8

9.1

100.0% 5.7

Aged 25 to 34

14.8

14.6

17.4

17.0

10.2

8.2

19.2

16.3

Aged 35 to 44

19.6

22.4

26.2

24.8

8.5

7.8

18.1

18.1

Aged 45 to 54

21.1

23.8

20.6

23.5

13.7

13.5

19.9

21.0

Aged 55 to 64

16.1

18.1

11.4

10.4

15.4

16.0

13.5

14.7

Aged 65 or older

23.6

19.1

16.4

11.8

45.0

50.7

20.1

24.2

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 475

Table 5.71

Non-Hispanic White Households by Size, 2004

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by size, 2004; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total households One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven or more people Average number of persons per household

total

number

112,000 29,586 37,366 17,968 16,065 7,150 2,476 1,388

81,148 22,474 29,547 12,169 10,809 4,280 1,289 580

2.57

2.43

percent distribution

100.0% 27.7 36.4 15.0 13.3 5.3 1.6 0.7 –

share of total

72.5% 76.0 79.1 67.7 67.3 59.9 52.1 41.8 –

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

476

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 5.72

Non-Hispanic Whites Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004

(total number of non-Hispanic white households, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white singleperson households, and single-person household share of total, by age of householder, 2004; numbers in thousands) living alone total

number

159,456 25,394 23,900 29,560 30,219 22,048 14,519 13,816

22,474 1,031 2,597 2,726 3,739 3,481 3,336 5,562

Non-Hispanic white men Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

77,336 12,939 11,912 14,682 14,963 10,647 6,756 5,438

Non-Hispanic white women Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

82,120 12,455 11,988 14,878 15,257 11,401 7,763 8,378

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 4.6 11.6 12.1 16.6 15.5 14.8 24.7

14.1% 4.1 10.9 9.2 12.4 15.8 23.0 40.3

9,402 533 1,529 1,706 1,973 1,383 1,007 1,270

100.0 5.7 16.3 18.1 21.0 14.7 10.7 13.5

12.2 4.1 12.8 11.6 13.2 13.0 14.9 23.4

13,072 498 1,068 1,020 1,766 2,098 2,329 4,292

100.0 3.8 8.2 7.8 13.5 16.0 17.8 32.8

15.9 4.0 8.9 6.9 11.6 18.4 30.0 51.2

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 477

Table 5.73

Non-Hispanic White Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white households by age of householder, type of household, and presence of own children under age 18, and average age of householder, 2003; numbers in thousands) all households

Total non-Hispanic white households

female-headed families

married couples

male-headed families

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

1,176

81,166

23,378

44,101

18,242

7,070

3,960

2,674

Under age 25

3,979

951

870

491

570

389

333

71

Aged 25 to 29

5,465

2,193

2,589

1,540

584

511

253

142

Aged 30 to 34

6,782

3,843

3,998

3,045

663

630

252

167

Aged 35 to 39

7,702

4,896

4,718

3,842

908

846

266

208

Aged 40 to 44

8,851

5,249

5,479

4,207

952

779

353

262

Aged 45 to 49

8,795

3,756

5,512

3,079

826

509

353

168

Aged 50 to 54

8,080

1,708

4,966

1,381

660

224

273

102

Aged 55 to 64

12,668

686

7,825

585

759

54

265

47

Aged 65 or older

18,844

96

8,144

72

1,148

17

326

8

50.7

39.2

49.9

39.7

46.4

36.9

44.0

39.0

Average age of householder

PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN BY TYPE

Total non-Hispanic white households

100.0%

28.8%

100.0%

41.4%

100.0%

56.0%

100.0%

44.0%

Under age 25

100.0

23.9

100.0

56.4

100.0

68.2

100.0

21.3

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

40.1

100.0

59.5

100.0

87.5

100.0

56.1

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

56.7

100.0

76.2

100.0

95.0

100.0

66.3

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

63.6

100.0

81.4

100.0

93.2

100.0

78.2

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

59.3

100.0

76.8

100.0

81.8

100.0

74.2

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

42.7

100.0

55.9

100.0

61.6

100.0

47.6

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

21.1

100.0

27.8

100.0

33.9

100.0

37.4

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

5.4

100.0

7.5

100.0

7.1

100.0

17.7

Aged 65 or older

100.0

0.5

100.0

0.9

100.0

1.5

100.0

2.5

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

478

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 5.74

Living Arrangements of Non-Hispanic White Children, 2003

(number of total children under age 18, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white children, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by living arrangement, 2003; numbers in thousands) non-Hispanic white

Total children Living with both parents Living with mother only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with father only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with neither parent

total

number

73,001 49,903 16,771 7,006 9,102 663 3,324 1,172 1,979 173 3,004

43,759 33,824 6,925 1,734 4,868 323 1,860 425 1,329 106 1,150

percent distribution

100.0% 77.3 15.8 4.0 11.1 0.7 4.3 1.0 3.0 0.2 2.6

share of total

59.9% 67.8 41.3 24.8 53.5 48.7 56.0 36.3 67.2 61.3 38.3

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 479

Table 5.75

Non-Hispanic White Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white men aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total non-Hispanic white men

76,656

12,619

5,563

6,419

14,962

14,785

10,400

11,909

Married-couple householder or spouse

44,071

679

2,326

3,830

10,037

10,610

7,988

8,601

Other householder

14,641

1,412

1,415

1,413

2,996

2,884

1,844

2,677

Male family householder

2,674

333

253

252

619

626

265

326

Living alone

9,421

490

709

823

1,872

1,927

1,374

2,226

Living with nonrelatives

2,546

589

453

338

505

331

205

125

17,944

10,527

1,820

1,176

1,928

1,293

569

632

11,681

8,775

898

533

861

487

116

11

Other relative of householder

2,144

618

200

137

264

313

190

423

Living with nonrelatives

4,119

1,134

722

506

803

493

263

198

Nonhouseholder Child of householder

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

57.5

5.4

41.8

59.7

67.1

71.8

76.8

72.2

Other householder

19.1

11.2

25.4

22.0

20.0

19.5

17.7

22.5

3.5

2.6

4.5

3.9

4.1

4.2

2.5

2.7

12.3

3.9

12.7

12.8

12.5

13.0

13.2

18.7

Total non-Hispanic white men

Male family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

100.0% 100.0%

3.3

4.7

8.1

5.3

3.4

2.2

2.0

1.0

23.4

83.4

32.7

18.3

12.9

8.7

5.5

5.3

15.2

69.5

16.1

8.3

5.8

3.3

1.1

0.1

Other relative of householder

2.8

4.9

3.6

2.1

1.8

2.1

1.8

3.6

Living with nonrelatives

5.4

9.0

13.0

7.9

5.4

3.3

2.5

1.7

Nonhouseholder Child of householder

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

480

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 5.76

Non-Hispanic White Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white women aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total non-Hispanic white women

81,802

12,443

5,603

6,469

15,161

15,067

10,966

16,093

Married-couple householder or spouse

43,733

1,288

2,912

4,375

10,528

10,486

7,308

6,837

Other householder

22,423

1,697

1,460

1,371

3,359

3,513

2,999

8,025

7,070

570

584

663

1,860

1,486

759

1,148

13,233

556

541

532

1,174

1,652

2,057

6,722

2,120

571

335

176

325

375

183

155

15,646

9,457

1,232

724

1,274

1,069

660

1,231

Child of householder

9,494

7,827

529

276

431

294

120

19

Other relative of householder

2,624

435

115

90

253

325

313

1,092

Living with nonrelatives

3,528

1,195

588

358

590

450

227

120

Female family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives Nonhouseholder

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

53.5

10.4

52.0

67.6

69.4

69.6

66.6

42.5

Other householder

27.4

13.6

26.1

21.2

22.2

23.3

27.3

49.9

8.6

4.6

10.4

10.2

12.3

9.9

6.9

7.1

16.2

4.5

9.7

8.2

7.7

11.0

18.8

41.8

Total non-Hispanic white women

Female family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

100.0% 100.0%

2.6

4.6

6.0

2.7

2.1

2.5

1.7

1.0

19.1

76.0

22.0

11.2

8.4

7.1

6.0

7.6

11.6

62.9

9.4

4.3

2.8

2.0

1.1

0.1

Other relative of householder

3.2

3.5

2.1

1.4

1.7

2.2

2.9

6.8

Living with nonrelatives

4.3

9.6

10.5

5.5

3.9

3.0

2.1

0.7

Nonhouseholder Child of householder

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 481

Table 5.77

Marital Status of Non-Hispanic White Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total non-Hispanic white men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total non-Hispanic white men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

72,586 2,439 6,110 5,563 6,419 7,014 7,948 7,803 6,982 10,400 6,615 4,252 1,042

17,463 2,399 5,287 2,860 1,890 1,374 1,252 868 513 548 295 152 26

44,621 38 704 2,383 3,888 4,654 5,460 5,548 5,189 8,070 5,052 3,032 603

619 0 13 36 50 41 75 85 53 92 76 70 28

978 1 36 80 87 171 151 106 106 140 67 29 5

6,827 1 71 199 494 763 963 1,137 1,053 1,341 576 198 30

2,078 0 0 4 10 10 47 60 68 209 548 771 351

0.9% 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.6 2.7

1.3% 0.0 0.6 1.4 1.4 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.5

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

24.1% 98.4 86.5 51.4 29.4 19.6 15.8 11.1 7.3 5.3 4.5 3.6 2.5

61.5% 1.6 11.5 42.8 60.6 66.4 68.7 71.1 74.3 77.6 76.4 71.3 57.9

9.4% 0.0 1.2 3.6 7.7 10.9 12.1 14.6 15.1 12.9 8.7 4.7 2.9

2.9% 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 8.3 18.1 33.7

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html

482

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 5.78

Marital Status of Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white women aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total non-Hispanic white women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total non-Hispanic white women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

77,828 2,301 6,168 5,603 6,469 7,102 8,059 7,912 7,155 10,966 7,778 6,355 1,960

13,618 2,210 4,618 2,057 1,183 740 800 578 459 476 187 224 85

44,298 80 1,293 2,975 4,438 4,972 5,653 5,620 5,003 7,363 4,398 2,246 257

744 5 45 58 37 81 71 63 68 116 74 103 22

1,225 2 86 125 144 193 205 156 114 135 40 24 0

9,240 4 117 375 634 1,031 1,223 1,351 1,284 1,875 840 436 72

8,703 0 9 13 33 86 107 143 227 1,000 2,239 3,322 1,524

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

17.5% 96.0 74.9 36.7 18.3 10.4 9.9 7.3 6.4 4.3 2.4 3.5 4.3

56.9% 3.5 21.0 53.1 68.6 70.0 70.1 71.0 69.9 67.1 56.5 35.3 13.1

1.0% 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.1

1.6% 0.1 1.4 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.0

11.9% 0.2 1.9 6.7 9.8 14.5 15.2 17.1 17.9 17.1 10.8 6.9 3.7

11.2% 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.8 3.2 9.1 28.8 52.3 77.8

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 483

Table 5.79

Marital History of Non-Hispanic White Men by Age, 2001

(number of non-Hispanic white men aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) Total non-Hispanic white men, number Total non-Hispanic white men, percent Never married Ever married Married once Still married Married twice Still married Married three or more times Still married Ever divorced Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

77,085

6,679

5,981

5,811

6,680

7,691

15,781

12,378

100.0% 83.7 16.3 16.2 14.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.0

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 48.3 28.1 19.0 12.8 5.7 4.0 3.5 51.7 71.9 81.0 87.2 94.3 96.0 96.5 48.0 61.3 67.1 64.5 60.8 67.3 75.1 41.0 52.7 53.2 52.8 48.9 58.7 59.2 3.6 9.3 12.2 18.9 24.4 21.5 16.5 3.3 7.9 10.2 15.2 19.2 17.3 12.5 0.1 1.3 1.6 3.8 9.1 7.3 4.9 0.1 1.0 1.5 3.1 6.7 5.6 3.7 8.7 16.8 25.7 32.1 42.8 31.3 18.1 5.1 7.8 13.8 13.4 16.6 9.5 5.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 1.2 2.5 7.2 22.3

100.0% 100.0% 27.4 99.4 72.6 0.6 54.8 0.5 45.1 0.3 14.0 0.1 11.3 0.1 3.8 0.0 2.9 0.0 23.3 0.1 9.4 0.0 3.8 0.0 2.5

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.7

1.4

60 to 69 70 or older

7,807

4.0

8,277

15.7

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

Table 5.80

Marital History of Non-Hispanic White Women by Age, 2001

(number of non-Hispanic white women aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) Total non-Hispanic white women, number Total non-Hispanic white women, percent Never married Ever married Married once Still married Married twice Still married Married three or more times Still married Ever divorced Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

82,128

6,310

6,015

5,904

6,696

7,584

15,977

12,880

100.0% 70.9 29.1 27.6 23.4 1.4 1.1 0.0 0.0 3.3 1.9 0.2

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 34.1 17.1 12.3 8.1 5.0 2.9 2.9 65.9 82.9 87.7 91.9 95.0 97.1 97.1 59.2 69.6 67.1 64.1 63.8 72.8 78.1 48.2 58.7 55.0 49.5 48.0 50.2 30.5 6.3 12.0 18.3 22.2 24.1 18.3 15.5 5.0 9.5 14.3 16.4 17.0 11.7 6.6 0.4 1.4 2.3 5.6 7.1 6.1 3.6 0.3 1.0 2.0 3.9 4.7 3.4 1.2 14.5 21.9 30.4 38.8 40.4 29.1 17.4 8.9 10.8 13.5 17.6 17.0 12.1 6.0 0.4 0.5 1.2 3.2 8.9 22.2 56.5

100.0% 100.0% 20.7 97.3 79.3 2.7 60.0 2.7 42.1 2.3 15.5 0.0 10.6 0.0 3.7 0.0 2.3 0.0 25.4 0.1 11.1 0.1 12.9 0.0 11.3

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.7

2.0

6.4

60 to 69 70 or older

8,525

18.4

12,237

52.6

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

484

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES

Non-Hispanic Whites: Population

The Non-Hispanic White Population Barely Grew between 2000 and 2004 Non-Hispanic whites accounted for 67 percent of the total population in 2004, down from 69 percent in 2000. The non-Hispanic white population grew only 1 percent during those years, well below the 4 percent gain for the population as a whole. Non-Hispanic whites account for a much smaller share of children and young adults than of older Americans because Hispanics (who may be of any race, with most being white) are a growing proportion of the younger age groups. Just 56 percent of children under age 5 are non-Hispanic white, versus 86 percent of people aged 85 or older. The non-Hispanic white share of regional populations varies substantially. In the Midwest, 80 percent of the population is non-Hispanic white. In the West, only 56 percent of residents are non-Hispanic white. Variations by state are even greater. In Maine and Vermont, 96 percent of the population is non-Hispanic white. In California, Hawaii, New Mexico, and Texas, fewer than 50 percent of residents are non-Hispanic white. Fully 95 percent of the population of Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazelton, Pennsylvania, is non-Hispanic white. In contrast, non-Hispanic whites account for only 9 percent of the residents of McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, Texas. ■ In a growing number of states and metropolitan areas, non-Hispanic whites are no longer in the majority, changing America’s social fabric.

The non-Hispanic white share of regional populations varies substantially 100

(non-Hispanic white share of population by region, 2004)

80% 75 75%

72% 64% 56%

50 50%

25 25%

0

0%

a Northeast

b Midwest

c South

d West

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 485

Table 5.81

Whites by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004

(total number of people, and number and percent distribution of whites by racial identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) 2004 number

2000 percent distribution

number

percent distribution

percent change 2000–04

TOTAL PEOPLE

293,655,404

100.0%

282,192,162

100.0%

4.1%

White alone or in combination with one or more other races White alone White alone, not Hispanic White in combination

239,880,132 236,057,761 197,840,821 3,822,371

81.7 80.4 67.4 1.3

231,978,329 228,620,482 195,769,452 3,357,847

82.2 81.0 69.4 1.2

3.4 3.3 1.1 13.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.82

Whites by Hispanic Origin, 2004

(number and percent distribution of whites by Hispanic origin and racial identiﬁcation, 2004) white alone or in combination number

Total whites Not Hispanic Hispanic

239,880,132 201,148,336 38,731,796

percent distribution

100.0% 83.9 16.1

white alone number

236,057,761 197,840,821 38,216,940

percent distribution

100.0% 83.8 16.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

486

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/POPULATION

Table 5.83

Non-Hispanic Whites in the Armed Forces, 2003

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older who are in the armed forces or who are veterans, by sex and age, 2003)

Total non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

in armed forces

veteran

148,604,400 71,801,242 59,888,189 11,913,053 76,803,158 60,917,343 15,885,815

458,950 401,961 401,961 0 56,989 56,989 0

19,881,122 18,757,563 10,948,673 7,808,890 1,123,559 834,574 288,985

Total non-Hispanic whites aged 18 or older

100.0%

0.3%

Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.6 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0

13.4% 26.1 18.3 65.5 1.5 1.4 1.8

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 487

Table 5.84

Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2000 and 2004

(number of non-Hispanic whites by age, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) 2004

2000

percent change 2000–04

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

197,840,821 11,246,247 11,447,644 12,675,858 12,967,292 12,839,493 11,604,739 12,559,304 13,698,389 15,966,017 15,982,993 14,522,772 12,719,105 9,878,716 7,837,395 6,851,665 6,150,091 4,725,199 4,167,902

195,769,452 11,267,932 12,321,560 12,985,055 12,860,388 11,773,414 11,970,409 13,434,011 15,671,501 16,234,442 15,052,430 13,652,179 10,641,426 8,543,551 7,647,381 7,332,777 6,331,265 4,327,413 3,722,318

1.1% –0.2 –7.1 –2.4 0.8 9.1 –3.1 –6.5 –12.6 –1.7 6.2 6.4 19.5 15.6 2.5 –6.6 –2.9 9.2 12.0

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

154,713,671 18,049,384 29,732,252

151,484,905 16,923,802 29,361,154

2.1 6.7 1.3

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

488

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/POPULATION

Table 5.85

Non-Hispanic White Share of Total Population by Age, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by age, 2004) non-Hispanic white total

number

percent distribution

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

293,655,404 197,840,821 20,071,268 11,246,247 19,605,572 11,447,644 21,145,156 12,675,858 20,729,802 12,967,292 20,971,302 12,839,493 19,560,906 11,604,739 20,471,032 12,559,304 21,052,318 13,698,389 23,056,334 15,966,017 22,122,629 15,982,993 19,496,176 14,522,772 16,489,501 12,719,105 12,589,423 9,878,716 9,956,467 7,837,395 8,507,005 6,851,665 7,410,757 6,150,091 5,560,125 4,725,199 4,859,631 4,167,902

100.0% 5.7 5.8 6.4 6.6 6.5 5.9 6.3 6.9 8.1 8.1 7.3 6.4 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.1 2.4 2.1

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

220,377,406 154,713,671 29,245,102 18,049,384 36,293,985 29,732,252

78.2 9.1 15.0

share of total

67.4% 56.0 58.4 59.9 62.6 61.2 59.3 61.4 65.1 69.2 72.2 74.5 77.1 78.5 78.7 80.5 83.0 85.0 85.8 70.2 61.7 81.9

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NCEST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 489

Table 5.86

Non-Hispanic Whites by Age and Sex, 2004

(number of non-Hispanic whites by age and sex, and sex ratio by age, 2004) females

males

sex ratio

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

197,840,821 100,801,786 11,246,247 5,481,101 11,447,644 5,570,123 12,675,858 6,163,133 12,967,292 6,304,886 12,839,493 6,301,174 11,604,739 5,742,354 12,559,304 6,233,901 13,698,389 6,817,293 15,966,017 7,991,281 15,982,993 8,029,702 14,522,772 7,337,985 12,719,105 6,472,969 9,878,716 5,112,870 7,837,395 4,142,577 6,851,665 3,753,337 6,150,091 3,549,864 4,725,199 2,918,595 4,167,902 2,878,641

total

97,039,035 5,765,146 5,877,521 6,512,725 6,662,406 6,538,319 5,862,385 6,325,403 6,881,096 7,974,736 7,953,291 7,184,787 6,246,136 4,765,846 3,694,818 3,098,328 2,600,227 1,806,604 1,289,261

96 105 106 106 106 104 102 101 101 100 99 98 96 93 89 83 73 62 45

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

154,713,671 18,049,384 29,732,252

74,898,755 9,215,837 12,489,238

94 104 72

79,814,916 8,833,547 17,243,014

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. The sex ratio is the number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

490

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/POPULATION

Table 5.87

Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2000 to 2020

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites by age, 2000 to 2020, percent change, 2000–10 and 2010–20; numbers in thousands) percent change

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

2000

2010

2020

195,729 11,293 12,327 12,970 12,843 11,780 11,952 13,442 15,633 16,239 15,050 13,665 10,636 8,550 29,349

201,112 11,647 11,553 11,361 12,401 12,992 12,919 11,977 12,096 13,466 15,489 15,870 14,431 12,736 32,171

205,936 11,909 11,908 11,696 11,606 11,380 12,467 13,159 13,036 12,010 12,018 13,196 14,905 14,897 41,748

2000–10

2010–20

2.8% 3.1 –6.3 –12.4 –3.4 10.3 8.1 –10.9 –22.6 –17.1 2.9 16.1 35.7 49.0 9.6

2.4% 2.3 3.1 2.9 –6.4 –12.4 –3.5 9.9 7.8 –10.8 –22.4 –16.9 3.3 17.0 29.8

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 491

Table 5.88

Non-Hispanic Whites by Region, 2000 and 2004

(number of non-Hispanic whites by region, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total non-Hispanic whites Northeast Midwest South West

2004

2000

197,840,821 39,380,123 52,781,798 67,615,334 38,063,566

194,552,774 39,327,262 52,386,131 65,927,794 36,911,587

percent change 2000–04

1.7% 0.1 0.8 2.6 3.1

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Total number of non-Hispanic whites in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.89

Non-Hispanic White Share of the Total Population by Region, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by region, 2004) non-Hispanic white total

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

number

293,655,404 197,840,821 54,571,147 39,380,123 65,729,852 52,781,798 105,944,965 67,615,334 67,409,440 38,063,566

percent distribution

100.0% 19.9 26.7 34.2 19.2

share of total

67.4% 72.2 80.3 63.8 56.5

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

492

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/POPULATION

Table 5.90

Non-Hispanic Whites by State, 2000 and 2004

(number of non-Hispanic whites by state, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total non-Hispanic whites Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

2004

2000

197,840,821 3,147,620 438,177 3,509,599 2,126,382 15,982,109 3,334,447 2,657,671 583,119 167,563 10,919,745 5,318,847 294,558 1,214,571 8,414,026 5,279,777 2,709,712 2,239,170 3,677,961 2,788,717 1,266,068 3,324,989 5,181,427 7,895,516 4,420,829 1,739,026 4,781,115 825,827 1,496,640 1,429,272 1,225,145 5,549,273 827,230 11,745,589 5,860,777 577,639 9,547,385 2,569,827 2,948,024

194,552,774 3,125,819 423,788 3,274,258 2,100,135 15,816,790 3,202,880 2,638,845 567,973 159,178 10,458,509 5,128,661 277,091 1,139,291 8,424,140 5,219,373 2,710,344 2,233,997 3,608,013 2,794,391 1,230,297 3,286,547 5,198,359 7,806,691 4,337,143 1,727,908 4,686,474 807,823 1,494,494 1,303,001 1,175,252 5,557,209 813,495 11,760,981 5,647,155 589,149 9,538,111 2,556,368 2,857,616

percent change 2000–04

1.7% 0.7 3.4 7.2 1.2 1.0 4.1 0.7 2.7 5.3 4.4 3.7 6.3 6.6 –0.1 1.2 0.0 0.2 1.9 –0.2 2.9 1.2 –0.3 1.1 1.9 0.6 2.0 2.2 0.1 9.7 4.2 –0.1 1.7 –0.1 3.8 –2.0 0.1 0.5 3.2 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 493

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2004

2000

10,288,227 870,209 2,753,295 671,072 4,610,827 11,190,222 2,002,538 596,514 5,121,944 4,808,520 1,714,473 4,748,917 448,694

10,322,455 858,433 2,652,291 664,585 4,505,930 10,933,313 1,904,265 585,431 4,965,637 4,652,490 1,709,966 4,681,630 438,799

percent change 2000–04

–0.3% 1.4 3.8 1.0 2.3 2.3 5.2 1.9 3.1 3.4 0.3 1.4 2.3

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Total number of non-Hispanic whites in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

494

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/POPULATION

Table 5.91

Non-Hispanic White Share of Total Population by State, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, by state, 2004) non-Hispanic white total

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

number

293,655,404 197,840,821 4,530,182 3,147,620 655,435 438,177 5,743,834 3,509,599 2,752,629 2,126,382 35,893,799 15,982,109 4,601,403 3,334,447 3,503,604 2,657,671 830,364 583,119 553,523 167,563 17,397,161 10,919,745 8,829,383 5,318,847 1,262,840 294,558 1,393,262 1,214,571 12,713,634 8,414,026 6,237,569 5,279,777 2,954,451 2,709,712 2,735,502 2,239,170 4,145,922 3,677,961 4,515,770 2,788,717 1,317,253 1,266,068 5,558,058 3,324,989 6,416,505 5,181,427 10,112,620 7,895,516 5,100,958 4,420,829 2,902,966 1,739,026 5,754,618 4,781,115 926,865 825,827 1,747,214 1,496,640 2,334,771 1,429,272 1,299,500 1,225,145 8,698,879 5,549,273 1,903,289 827,230 19,227,088 11,745,589 8,541,221 5,860,777 634,366 577,639 11,459,011 9,547,385 3,523,553 2,569,827 3,594,586 2,948,024

percent distribution

100.0% 1.6 0.2 1.8 1.1 8.1 1.7 1.3 0.3 0.1 5.5 2.7 0.1 0.6 4.3 2.7 1.4 1.1 1.9 1.4 0.6 1.7 2.6 4.0 2.2 0.9 2.4 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.6 2.8 0.4 5.9 3.0 0.3 4.8 1.3 1.5

share of total

67.4% 69.5 66.9 61.1 77.2 44.5 72.5 75.9 70.2 30.3 62.8 60.2 23.3 87.2 66.2 84.6 91.7 81.9 88.7 61.8 96.1 59.8 80.8 78.1 86.7 59.9 83.1 89.1 85.7 61.2 94.3 63.8 43.5 61.1 68.6 91.1 83.3 72.9 82.0 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 495

non-Hispanic white

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

12,406,292 1,080,632 4,198,068 770,883 5,900,962 22,490,022 2,389,039 621,394 7,459,827 6,203,788 1,815,354 5,509,026 506,529

10,288,227 870,209 2,753,295 671,072 4,610,827 11,190,222 2,002,538 596,514 5,121,944 4,808,520 1,714,473 4,748,917 448,694

percent distribution

5.2% 0.4 1.4 0.3 2.3 5.7 1.0 0.3 2.6 2.4 0.9 2.4 0.2

share of total

82.9% 80.5 65.6 87.1 78.1 49.8 83.8 96.0 68.7 77.5 94.4 86.2 88.6

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

496

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/POPULATION

Table 5.92

Non-Hispanic Whites by Metropolitan Area, 2004

(total number of people, number of non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic white share of total, for selected metropolitan areas, 2004) non-Hispanic white

Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY MSA Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA MSA Anchorage, AK MSA Appleton–Oshkosh–Neenah, WI MSA Atlanta, GA MSA Augusta–Aiken, GA–SC MSA Austin–San Marcos, TX MSA Bakersﬁeld, CA MSA Baton Rouge, LA MSA Beaumont–Port Arthur, TX MSA Biloxi–Gulfport–Pascagoula, MS MSA Binghamton, NY MSA Birmingham, AL MSA Boise City, ID MSA Boston–Worcester–Lawrence, MA–NH–ME–CT CMSA Brownsville–Harlingen–San Benito, TX MSA Buffalo–Niagara Falls, NY MSA Canton–Massillon, OH MSA Charleston–North Charleston, SC MSA Chicago, IL PMSA Cleveland–Akron, OH CMSA Colorado Springs, CO MSA Columbia, SC MSA Corpus Christi, TX MSA Dallas–Fort Worth, TX CMSA Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA–IL MSA Dayton–Springﬁeld, OH MSA Daytona Beach, FL MSA Denver–Boulder–Greeley, CO CMSA* Des Moines, IA MSA Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI CMSA El Paso, TX MSA Erie, PA MSA Eugene–Springﬁeld, OR MSA Fayetteville, NC MSA Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR MSA Fort Myers–Cape Coral, FL MSA Fort Pierce–Port St. Lucie, FL MSA Fort Wayne, IN MSA

total population

number

860,976 650,230 265,176 359,711 4,477,579 476,167 1,373,125 702,855 610,743 366,244 363,966 239,012 929,694 479,284 5,749,197 367,603 1,119,037 400,919 563,828 8,388,723 2,878,475 539,225 543,126 381,422 5,676,651 350,022 916,635 530,553 2,514,628 476,699 5,437,277 700,225 267,426 324,176 287,220 345,308 508,634 358,578 506,545

748,680 545,385 179,231 335,280 2,507,385 284,501 794,475 324,519 384,871 232,445 267,448 216,022 608,284 408,762 4,652,027 47,798 919,616 361,137 361,409 4,706,417 2,221,674 404,363 336,453 141,936 3,135,974 296,177 742,768 425,807 1,732,541 415,764 3,869,258 101,965 238,217 283,861 147,454 281,780 392,124 272,081 434,174

share of total

87.0% 83.9 67.6 93.2 56.0 59.7 57.9 46.2 63.0 63.5 73.5 90.4 65.4 85.3 80.9 13.0 82.2 90.1 64.1 56.1 77.2 75.0 61.9 37.2 55.2 84.6 81.0 80.3 68.9 87.2 71.2 14.6 89.1 87.6 51.3 81.6 77.1 75.9 85.7 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 497

non-Hispanic white

Fresno, CA MSA Grand Rapids–Muskegon–Holland, MI MSA Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC MSA Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC MSA Harrisburg–Lebanon–Carlisle, PA MSA Hartford, CT MSA Hickory–Morganton–Lenoir, NC MSA Honolulu, HI MSA Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX CMSA* Huntsville, AL MSA Indianapolis, IN MSA Jackson, MS MSA Jacksonville, FL MSA Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN–VA MSA Kalamazoo–Battle Creek, MI MSA Kansas City, MO–KS MSA Killeen–Temple, TX MSA Knoxville, TN MSA Lafayette, LA MSA Lakeland–Winter Haven, FL MSA Lancaster, PA MSA Lansing–East Lansing, MI MSA Lexington, KY MSA Lincoln, NE MSA Little Rock–North Little Rock, AR MSA Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA CMSA Lubbock, TX MSA Macon, GA MSA Madison, WI MSA McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX MSA Melbourne–Titusville–Palm Bay, FL MSA Miami–Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA Milwaukee–Waukesha, WI PMSA Mobile, AL MSA Modesto, CA MSA Montgomery, AL MSA Nashville, TN MSA New Orleans, LA MSA New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA CMSA* Oklahoma City, OK MSA Orlando, FL MSA Pensacola, FL MSA Peoria–Pekin, IL MSA Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD CMSA*

total population

number

share of total

978,274 1,102,729 1,283,261 976,678 617,676 1,163,367 345,590 868,751 4,794,384 354,936 1,664,412 443,275 1,182,453 482,047 441,059 1,823,092 298,933 707,617 386,812 511,565 473,104 436,485 478,625 249,670 593,032 17,199,115 240,721 329,432 437,843 651,974 509,248 4,051,442 1,483,023 547,153 490,860 323,220 1,275,212 1,313,694

382,355 903,229 900,548 744,993 528,293 872,040 292,194 166,041 2,118,076 259,983 1,318,647 223,779 812,284 459,257 365,078 1,412,083 167,567 638,498 263,972 366,480 416,291 351,507 403,613 219,590 427,726 6,323,085 144,727 185,203 374,722 61,813 417,750 1,311,805 1,072,922 373,606 256,867 184,535 977,618 701,973

20,345,959 1,095,252 1,831,212 410,542 337,020

10,941,478 778,349 1,104,434 311,023 290,838

53.8 71.1 60.3 75.8 86.3

5,383,262

3,712,235

69.0

39.1% 81.9 70.2 76.3 85.5 75.0 84.5 19.1 44.2 73.2 79.2 50.5 68.7 95.3 82.8 77.5 56.1 90.2 68.2 71.6 88.0 80.5 84.3 88.0 72.1 36.8 60.1 56.2 85.6 9.5 82.0 32.4 72.3 68.3 52.3 57.1 76.7 53.4

(continued)

498

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/POPULATION

non-Hispanic white

Pittsburgh, PA MSA Portland, ME MSA Providence–Fall River–Warwick, RI–MA MSA Provo–Orem, UT MSA Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC MSA Reading, PA MSA Reno, NV MSA Richmond–Petersburg, VA MSA Rochester, NY MSA Rockford, IL MSA Sacramento, CA PMSA Saginaw–Bay City–Midland, MI MSA St. Louis, MO–IL MSA Salinas, CA MSA Salt Lake City–Ogden, UT MSA San Antonio, TX MSA San Diego, CA MSA San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA CMSA San Luis Obispo–Atascadero–Paso Robles, CA MSA Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–Lompoc, CA MSA Sarasota–Bradenton, FL MSA Savannah, GA MSA Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA MSA Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA CMSA* Shreveport–Bossier City, LA MSA South Bend, IN MSA Spokane, WA MSA Springﬁeld, MA MSA Springﬁeld, MO MSA Stockton–Lodi, CA MSA Syracuse, NY MSA Tallahassee, FL MSA Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL MSA Toledo, OH MSA Tucson, AZ MSA Tulsa, OK MSA Utica–Rome, NY MSA Visalia–Tulare–Porterville, CA MSA West Palm Beach–Boca Raton, FL MSA Wichita, KS MSA York, PA MSA Youngstown–Warren, OH MSA

total population

number

2,260,551 248,827 1,165,549 395,173 1,278,372 378,456 375,344 1,013,399 1,057,917 382,901 1,803,160 393,837 2,620,334 392,192 1,384,041 1,683,872 2,833,275 6,951,260 238,502 385,238 639,438 299,920 587,557 3,184,924 387,312 252,944 420,592 560,472 332,918 632,143 707,901 274,945 2,537,586 598,283 885,025 810,062 282,844 395,493 1,223,206 546,308 393,426 566,597

2,005,122 235,307 948,656 346,845 825,527 312,130 261,681 639,642 865,303 305,655 1,108,510 324,355 2,010,888 148,407 1,119,560 631,107 1,483,817 3,324,362 182,812 207,886 533,490 180,377 561,085 2,343,335 222,355 199,130 376,780 424,472 311,018 267,733 618,552 161,150 1,848,645 473,234 515,785 587,677 259,361 152,386 805,740 421,776 356,218 492,563

share of total

88.7% 94.6 81.4 87.8 64.6 82.5 69.7 63.1 81.8 79.8 61.5 82.4 76.7 37.8 80.9 37.5 52.4 47.8 76.7 54.0 83.4 60.1 95.5 73.6 57.4 78.7 89.6 75.7 93.4 42.4 87.4 58.6 72.9 79.1 58.3 72.5 91.7 38.5 65.9 77.2 90.5 86.9

* Population ﬁgures are for only part of the metropolitan area. Note: Some metropolitan areas are not shown because data are not available. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. For the deﬁnition of CMSA, MSA, and PMSA, see the glossary. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 499

Non-Hispanic Whites: Spending

The Spending of Non-Hispanic Whites and “Others” Is Above Average The nation’s 90 million non-Hispanic white and “other” households spent an average of $43,459 in 2003, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey. The “others” include Asians, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Paciﬁc Islanders, and those identifying themselves as being of two or more races. Non-Hispanic white and other households spend 12 percent more than the average household on health care, 12 percent more on alcoholic beverages, and 17 percent more on other lodging (a category that includes hotel and motel expenses). The segment spends 8 percent less than average on eggs, 6 percent less on ﬁsh and seafood, 13 percent less on rent, and 10 percent less on infants’ clothes. ■ Because the non-Hispanic white population is older than the black or Hispanic population, its spending on health care is above average. 60000 Non-Hispanic white and other households spend 6 percent more than the average household (average annual spending of total and non-Hispanic white and other consumer units, 2003)

500

$40,817

40000

$40,000

20000

$20,000

0

$0

total a

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

$43,459

non-Hispanic b white and other

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/SPENDING

Table 5.93

Spending of Households Headed by Non-Hispanic Whites and Others, 2003

(average annual spending of total consumer units (CU), and average annual, indexed, and market share of spending of consumer units headed by non-Hispanic whites and others, by product and service category, 2003) non-Hispanic white and other consumer units total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

115,356 2.5 $51,128

90,019 2.4 $55,463

– – 108

78.0% – 84.7

Average annual spending

40,817

43,459

106

83.1

FOOD Food at home Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by CU on trips Food away from home

$5,340 3,129 442 150 292 825 246 171 102 145 124 37 328 127 201 535 171 172 108 84 999 119 86 490 268 36 2,211

5,486 3,134 447 147 300 783 236 159 102 133 117 34 337 127 210 529 169 168 106 85 1,038 122 85 514 275 41 2,353

103 100 101 98 103 95 96 93 100 92 94 92 103 100 104 99 99 98 98 101 104 103 99 105 103 114 106

80.2 78.2 78.9 76.5 80.2 74.1 74.9 72.6 78.0 71.6 73.6 71.7 80.2 78.0 81.5 77.2 77.1 76.2 76.6 79.0 81.1 80.0 77.1 81.9 80.1 88.9 83.0

Number of consumer units (000s) Persons per CU Average income before taxes

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity

market share

391

437

112

87.2

13,432 7,887 5,263 2,954 1,344 965 2,179 445 2,811 392 1,028

14,005 8,185 5,775 3,182 1,507 1,086 1,889 521 2,837 392 1,039

104 104 110 108 112 113 87 117 101 100 101

81.4 81.0 85.6 84.1 87.5 87.8 67.7 91.4 78.8 78.0 78.9 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 501

non-Hispanic white and other consumer units total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

market share

Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

$110 956 326 707 294 414 529 132 263 133 1,497 113 401 52 196 88 648

$126 944 336 779 308 471 563 127 287 148 1,642 125 426 62 206 95 729

115 99 103 110 105 114 106 96 109 111 110 111 106 119 105 108 113

89.4% 77.1 80.4 86.0 81.8 88.8 83.1 75.1 85.2 86.8 85.6 86.3 82.9 93.0 82.0 84.2 87.8

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

1,640 372 282 89 634 529 106 81 294 258

1,631 374 294 81 655 554 101 73 262 266

99 101 104 91 103 105 95 90 89 103

77.6 78.5 81.4 71.0 80.6 81.7 74.4 70.3 69.5 80.5

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

7,781 3,732 2,052 1,611 68 1,333 2,331 371 619 905 436 385

8,317 4,063 2,301 1,684 79 1,381 2,458 385 663 944 466 416

107 109 112 105 116 104 105 104 107 104 107 108

83.4 85.0 87.5 81.6 90.7 80.8 82.3 81.0 83.6 81.4 83.4 84.3

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

2,416 1,252 591 467 107

2,711 1,389 675 524 122

112 111 114 112 114

87.6 86.6 89.1 87.6 89.0

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radio, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

2,060 494 730 378 457

2,326 576 761 441 546

113 117 104 117 119

88.1 91.0 81.3 91.0 93.2 (continued)

502

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/SPENDING

non-Hispanic white and other consumer units total consumer units

average spending

indexed spending

$527

$541

103

80.1%

READING

127

149

117

91.6

EDUCATION

783

877

112

87.4

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

market share

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

290

322

111

86.6

MISCELLANEOUS

606

655

108

84.3

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,370

1,552

113

88.4

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

4,055 397 3,658

4,450 444 4,006

110 112 110

85.6 87.3 85.5

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

2,532 1,843 502 187

3,013 2,221 570 222

119 121 114 119

92.9 94.0 88.6 92.6

GIFTS FOR NONHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Food Alcoholic beverages Housing Housekeeping supplies Household textiles Appliances and misc. housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Other housing Apparel and services Males, aged 2 or older Females, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Other apparel products and services Jewelry and watches All other apparel products and services Transportation Health care Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles Other entertainment Personal care products and services Reading Education All other gifts

1,007 78 16 220 42 13 25 7 18 57 85 225 56 80 39 50 26 25 60 48 69 26 43 16 1 200 74

1,115 85 18 250 47 15 28 7 21 66 94 231 60 82 37 52 28 24 52 57 79 30 49 17 2 237 86

111 109 113 114 112 115 112 100 117 116 111 103 107 103 95 104 108 96 87 119 114 115 114 106 200 119 116

86.4 85.0 87.8 88.7 87.3 90.0 87.4 78.0 91.0 90.4 86.3 80.1 83.6 80.0 74.0 81.2 84.0 74.9 67.6 92.7 89.3 90.0 88.9 82.9 – 92.5 90.7

Deﬁnitions: The index compares the spending of the average non-Hispanic white and other consumer unit with the spending of the average consumer unit by dividing non-Hispanic white and other spending by average spending in each category and multiplying by 100. An index of 100 means non-Hispanic white and other spending in the category equals average spending. An index of 125 means non-Hispanic white and other spending is 25 percent above average, while an index of 75 means non-Hispanic white and other spending is 25 percent below average. The market share is the percentage of total spending on a product or service category that is accounted for by consumer units headed by non-Hispanic whites and others. Note: Non-Hispanic whites and others include Asians, Alaska Natives, American Indians, Native Hawaiians, and other Paciﬁc Islanders as well as those reporting more than one race. The Bureau of labor Statistics uses consumer unit rather than household as the sampling unit in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. For the deﬁnition of consumer unit, see the glossary. Spending by category will not add to total spending because gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories and personal taxes are not included in the total. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate or not applicable. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 503

Non-Hispanic Whites: Wealth

Non-Hispanic Whites Are the Only Population Segment With Signiﬁcant Wealth The median net worth (assets minus debts) of non-Hispanic white households stood at $120,900 in 2001 (the latest data available), far above the $86,100 net worth of the average American household. The net worth of non-Hispanic white householders is above average because the group is much more likely to own a home than other segments of the population. Home equity accounts for the largest share of Americans’ net worth. Fully 74 percent of non-Hispanic white householders owned their home in 2001. Their homes were worth a median of $130,000. Non-Hispanic white householders had $38,500 in ﬁnancial assets in 2001. Twenty-ﬁve percent owned stock, worth a median of $22,000. The 57 percent majority owned retirement accounts, worth a median of $35,000. Seventy-six percent of non-Hispanic white households were in debt in 2001, with mortgages accounting for the largest share of debt. Fewer than half of white workers have an IRA or participate in a 401(k)-type retirement plan, according to the Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute. Among the 35 percent who participate in a 401(k)-type plan, the median balance is just $15,000. These dismal savings ﬁgures among the nation’s majority population may explain why few Americans say they are “very conﬁdent” they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years. ■ Among non-Hispanic whites aged 65 or older, 93 percent receive Social Security beneﬁts. Thirty-nine percent receive retirement income from a pension or IRA.

The net worth of non-Hispanic whites is well above average 150000

(median net worth of total and non-Hispanic white households, 2001)

$120,900

504

100000

$100,000

50000

$50,000

0

$0

$86,100

a total households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b households non-Hispanic white

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/WEALTH

Table 5.94

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Non-Hispanic White Households, 2001

(median net worth, median value of assets for owners, and median amount of debt for debtors, for total and nonHispanic white households, and index of non-Hispanic whites to total, 2001) non-Hispanic white households

Median net worth Median value of ﬁnancial assets Median value of nonﬁnancial assets Median amount of debt

total households

median

index

$86,100 28,000 113,500 38,775

$120,900 38,500 131,500 44,478

140 138 116 115

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the non-Hispanic white ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.95

Financial Assets of Non-Hispanic White Households, 2001

(percent of non-Hispanic white households owning ﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2001) percent owning asset

Any ﬁnancial asset Transaction accounts Certiﬁcates of deposit Savings bonds Bonds Stocks Mutual funds Retirement accounts Life insurance Other managed assets Other ﬁnancial assets

96.5% 94.9 18.5 19.4 3.8 24.5 20.9 56.9 29.8 8.2 9.2

median value

$38,500 4,800 15,000 1,000 50,000 22,000 40,000 35,000 10,000 70,000 5,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board,“ Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 505

Table 5.96

Nonﬁnancial Assets of Non-Hispanic White Households, 2001

(percent of non-Hispanic white households owning nonﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2001) percent owning asset

Any nonﬁnancial asset Vehicles Primary residence Other residential property Nonresidential property Business Other nonﬁnancial asset

94.7% 89.1 74.1 12.9 9.6 13.9 9.0

median value

$131,500 14,600 130,000 80,000 50,000 100,000 15,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003

Table 5.97

Debt of Non-Hispanic White Households, 2001

(percent of non-Hispanic white households with debt, and median amount of debt for those with debt, 2001) percent with debt

Any debt Home-secured Other residential property Installment loans Other lines of credit Credit card Other debt

75.8% 47.6 5.4 45.3 43.3 1.7 7.4

median amount

$44,478 74,000 40,000 10,000 2,000 4,000 3,600

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003

506

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

NON-HISPANIC WHITES/WEALTH

Table 5.98

White Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans, 2002

(percent of total and white workers aged 21 to 64 owning IRAs and 401(k)-type plans, 2002) total workers

white workers

IRA or 401(k)-type plan IRA only 401(k)-type plan only Both IRA and 401(k)-type plan

40.4% 9.6 21.7 9.2

46.5% 11.9 23.4 11.3

Neither IRA nor 401(k)-type plan

59.6

53.5

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, “401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership,” by Craig Copeland, EBRI Notes, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2005; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

Table 5.99

White Participation and Savings in IRAs and 401(k)s, 2002

(percent of total and white workers aged 21 to 64 owning an IRA or participating in 401(k) type plan, and average and median balance of IRA and 401(k), 2002) percent owning IRA

Total workers White workers

18.7% 23.2

IRA balance average

median

$26,951 27,873

$10,000 10,000

percent participating in 401(k)

401(k) balance

30.9% 34.6

average

median

$33,647 35,808

$14,000 15,000

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, “401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership,” by Craig Copeland, EBRI Notes, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2005; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 507

Table 5.100

Sources of Income for Non-Hispanic Whites Aged 65 or Older, 2003

(number and percent of non-Hispanic whites aged 65 or older with income by selected source and average income for those with income, ranked by number receiving income, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) number with income

Non-Hispanic whites aged 65 or older with income Social Security Interest Retirement income, including pensions Dividends Earnings Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts Survivor’s beneﬁts Veteran’s beneﬁts SSI (Supplemental Security Income)

27,838 25,857 16,593 10,776 6,447 5,074 2,494 1,535 795 541

percent with income

100.0% 92.9 59.6 38.7 23.2 18.2 9.0 5.5 2.9 1.9

average amount received by those with income

$15,650 10,620 1,656 9,217 1,833 16,229 2,194 6,273 4,944 3,654

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new09_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

508

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION CHAPTER

6

Total Population ■ The U.S. population grew from 282 million in 2000 to 294 million in 2004. The non-Hispanic white share of the population fell from 69 to 67 percent during those years. ■ Twenty-eight percent of Americans had a college degree in 2004. The proportion ranges from a low of 12 percent among Hispanics to a high of 49 percent among Asians. ■ More than 4 million babies were born to American women in 2003, and only a slim majority—57 percent—was non-Hispanic white. ■ More than 80 percent of the nation’s homeowners are non-Hispanic white. ■ The median income of U.S. households climbed 6 percent between 1990 and 2003, to $43,318 after adjusting for inﬂation. ■ The non-Hispanic white share of workers will fall from 71 to 65 percent between 2002 and 2012. ■ Among householders under age 40, more than one in three are Asian, black, Hispanic, or another minority. ■ Fully 34 million Americans are foreign-born, accounting for 12 percent of the total population. Among people aged 30 to 34, one in ﬁve is foreign-born. ■ Asian households spend the most—10 percent more than the average household. Black households spend the least—30 percent less than average. ■ The median net worth of non-Hispanic white households stood at $120,900 in 2001, much greater than the $17,100 net worth of nonwhite and Hispanic household.

One-third of Americans are minorities (percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2004)

32.6%

a

Asian, black, Hispanic, aor other minority b

67.4% non-Hispanic whites

b

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 509

Total Population: Education

The Educational Attainment of Americans Varies Greatly by Race and Hispanic Origin Overall, 85 percent of Americans had a high school diploma in 2004. But the ﬁgure ranges from a low of 58 percent among Hispanics to a high of 90 percent among non-Hispanic whites. The proportion of all Americans with a high school diploma did not top 50 percent until the late 1960s, then rose rapidly as the well-educated baby-boom generation entered adulthood. Twenty-eight percent of Americans had a college degree in 2004. Again, the proportion varies greatly by race and Hispanic origin—ranging from a low of 12 percent among Hispanics to a high of 49 percent among Asians. Seventy-ﬁve million Americans aged 3 or older are enrolled in school, or 27 percent of the population. Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and other minorities are an ever-growing proportion of the student population. The minority share of public school students ranges from a low of 26 percent in the Midwest to a high of 54 percent in the West. At the college level, the minority share is 32 percent. ■ The educational attainment of Americans will continue to rise as well-educated younger adults replace less educated older people.

Most Americans have at least some college experience 100

(percent of total people aged 25 or older who are high school graduates or more, have some college or more, or are college graduates, 2004)

85% 75

75%

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

53%

28%

510

agraduate high school or more

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

someb college or more

collegecgraduate

TOTAL POPULATION/EDUCATION

Table 6.1

Educational Attainment of Total People by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of people aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total people Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

186,877 27,744 59,810 31,808 15,764 33,766 12,609 2,952 2,422

39,201 5,072 11,244 7,583 3,462 8,758 2,234 556 294

43,573 5,232 13,739 7,420 4,312 8,821 2,879 695 476

41,069 4,251 12,910 7,210 4,152 7,838 3,369 715 625

28,375 3,856 9,436 4,824 2,238 4,555 2,432 468 565

34,659 9,339 12,482 4,771 1,600 3,794 1,694 517 462

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

159,131 99,321 51,749

34,131 22,887 11,842

38,342 24,603 12,871

36,819 23,909 12,547

24,518 15,082 8,020

25,320 12,838 6,467

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total people Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 14.8 32.0 17.0 8.4 18.1 6.7 1.6 1.3

100.0% 12.9 28.7 19.3 8.8 22.3 5.7 1.4 0.7

100.0% 12.0 31.5 17.0 9.9 20.2 6.6 1.6 1.1

100.0% 10.4 31.4 17.6 10.1 19.1 8.2 1.7 1.5

100.0% 13.6 33.3 17.0 7.9 16.1 8.6 1.6 2.0

100.0% 26.9 36.0 13.8 4.6 10.9 4.9 1.5 1.3

85.2 53.1 27.7

87.1 58.4 30.2

88.0 56.5 29.5

89.7 58.2 30.6

86.4 53.2 28.3

73.1 37.0 18.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 511

Table 6.2

Educational Attainment of Total Men by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of men aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

89,558 13,569 27,889 15,012 6,751 16,632 6,158 1,925 1,621

19,599 2,798 6,020 3,681 1,605 4,072 970 291 162

21,531 2,872 7,020 3,504 1,823 4,233 1,398 410 269

20,082 2,185 6,218 3,537 1,772 3,911 1,599 468 392

13,551 1,879 4,056 2,254 958 2,390 1,239 352 423

14,797 3,837 4,575 2,035 594 2,026 952 404 373

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

75,988 48,099 26,336

16,801 10,781 5,495

18,657 11,637 6,310

17,897 11,679 6,370

11,672 7,616 4,404

10,959 6,384 3,755

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 15.2 31.1 16.8 7.5 18.6 6.9 2.1 1.8

100.0% 14.3 30.7 18.8 8.2 20.8 4.9 1.5 0.8

100.0% 13.3 32.6 16.3 8.5 19.7 6.5 1.9 1.2

100.0% 10.9 31.0 17.6 8.8 19.5 8.0 2.3 2.0

100.0% 13.9 29.9 16.6 7.1 17.6 9.1 2.6 3.1

100.0% 25.9 30.9 13.8 4.0 13.7 6.4 2.7 2.5

84.8 53.7 29.4

85.7 55.0 28.0

86.7 54.0 29.3

89.1 58.2 31.7

86.1 56.2 32.5

74.1 43.1 25.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

512

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/EDUCATION

Table 6.3

Educational Attainment of Total Women by Age, 2004

(number and percent distribution of women aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

97,319 14,175 31,921 16,796 9,013 17,134 6,451 1,027 801

19,603 2,273 5,224 3,901 1,855 4,686 1,265 266 132

22,043 2,361 6,719 3,916 2,490 4,588 1,481 284 206

20,986 2,066 6,692 3,673 2,381 3,929 1,769 247 232

14,824 1,975 5,380 2,569 1,283 2,164 1,194 117 142

19,862 5,502 7,907 2,736 1,006 1,767 742 114 89

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

83,143 51,222 25,413

17,329 12,105 6,349

19,684 12,965 6,559

18,923 12,231 6,177

12,849 7,469 3,617

14,361 6,454 2,712

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 14.6 32.8 17.3 9.3 17.6 6.6 1.1 0.8

100.0% 11.6 26.6 19.9 9.5 23.9 6.5 1.4 0.7

100.0% 10.7 30.5 17.8 11.3 20.8 6.7 1.3 0.9

100.0% 9.8 31.9 17.5 11.3 18.7 8.4 1.2 1.1

100.0% 13.3 36.3 17.3 8.7 14.6 8.1 0.8 1.0

100.0% 27.7 39.8 13.8 5.1 8.9 3.7 0.6 0.4

85.4 52.6 26.1

88.4 61.8 32.4

89.3 58.8 29.8

90.2 58.3 29.4

86.7 50.4 24.4

72.3 32.5 13.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 513

Table 6.4

Educational Attainment by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2004

(number and percent distribution of people aged 25 or older by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 2004; numbers in thousands)

Total people Not a high school graduate High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

186,877 27,744 159,131 99,321 51,749

8,312 1,089 7,224 5,567 4,063

21,290 4,122 17,169 9,545 3,761

21,596 8,986 12,610 6,633 2,606

134,063 13,415 120,648 76,626 40,995

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Total people Not a high school graduate High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 14.8 85.2 53.1 27.7

100.0% 13.1 86.9 67.0 48.9

100.0% 19.4 80.6 44.8 17.7

100.0% 41.6 58.4 30.7 12.1

100.0% 10.0 90.0 57.2 30.6

11.4% 14.9 10.8 9.6 7.3

11.6% 32.4 7.9 6.7 5.0

71.7% 48.4 75.8 77.1 79.2

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total people Not a high school graduate High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.4% 3.9 4.5 5.6 7.9

Note: Numbers by race and Hispanic origin will not sum to total because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, Hispanics may be of any race, and not all races are shown. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004 .html; calculations by New Strategist

514

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/EDUCATION

Table 6.5

Educational Attainment of Total People by Age and Region, 2004

(percent of people aged 25 or older by selected educational attainment, age, and region, 2004) Northeast

Midwest

South

West

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE OR MORE

Total people Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

86.5% 90.1 91.0 90.6 87.6 72.6

88.3% 90.6 92.2 93.0 89.3 74.4

83.0% 85.7 86.5 88.0 83.0 69.8

84.3% 83.6 83.6 87.9 88.2 77.9

51.4 59.5 57.6 57.1 49.1 31.6

53.1 60.4 58.3 57.5 51.2 34.4

50.4 56.0 53.1 55.5 49.9 35.7

59.1 59.4 59.0 64.1 63.9 48.1

30.9 36.8 35.0 34.1 29.4 18.0

26.0 29.8 29.1 27.4 25.6 16.5

25.5 28.1 26.9 28.5 25.7 17.1

30.2 28.9 29.4 33.8 34.2 24.6

SOME COLLEGE OR MORE

Total people Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR MORE

Total people Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 515

Table 6.6

Educational Attainment of Total People by State, 2004

(percent of people aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, for the 25 largest states, 2004) high school graduate or more

Total people Alabama Arizona California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington Wisconsin

85.2% 82.4 84.4 81.3 88.3 85.9 85.2 86.8 87.2 81.8 78.7 87.4 86.9 87.9 92.3 87.9 87.6 85.4 80.9 88.1 86.5 82.9 78.3 88.4 89.7 88.8

college graduate

27.7% 22.3 28.0 31.7 35.5 26.0 27.6 27.4 21.1 21.0 22.4 35.2 36.7 24.4 32.5 28.1 34.6 30.6 23.4 24.6 25.3 24.3 24.5 33.1 29.9 25.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004. html; calculations by New Strategist

516

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/EDUCATION

Table 6.7

School Enrollment of Total People by Age and Sex, 2003

(number and percent of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, by age and sex, October 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

74,911 4,590 7,309 11,706 16,478 8,329 8,177 4,856 3,684 3,397 2,212 1,378 1,635 879 283

female percent

27.2% 55.1 94.5 98.1 98.4 97.5 94.9 64.5 48.3 27.8 11.8 6.8 3.7 2.2 0.5

number

37,588 2,154 3,620 5,692 7,925 4,173 3,978 2,508 2,059 1,786 1,203 749 1,024 547 171

male percent

26.6% 54.1 94.4 98.3 98.6 97.5 94.8 66.6 52.9 29.5 12.8 7.3 4.6 2.6 0.5

number

37,323 2,437 3,689 6,014 8,553 4,155 4,199 2,348 1,625 1,611 1,009 629 611 333 111

percent

27.8% 55.9 94.7 97.9 98.3 97.5 95.0 62.4 43.4 26.1 10.8 6.3 2.9 1.7 0.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 517

Table 6.8

School Enrollment by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, October 2003; numbers in thousands) Total people enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

74,911 4,590 7,309 11,706 16,478 8,329 8,177 4,856 3,684 3,397 2,212 1,378 1,635 879 283

3,817 179 295 577 767 328 356 279 252 304 232 117 87 30 15

12,144 798 1,204 2,015 2,804 1,379 1,321 688 490 469 311 220 255 150 40

11,929 728 1,386 2,230 2,843 1,415 1,242 614 454 353 240 174 185 42 23

46,440 2,874 4,409 6,789 9,957 5,110 5,169 3,243 2,467 2,239 1,390 855 1,082 649 205

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total people enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.1% 3.9 4.0 4.9 4.7 3.9 4.4 5.7 6.8 8.9 10.5 8.5 5.3 3.4 5.3

16.2% 17.4 16.5 17.2 17.0 16.6 16.2 14.2 13.3 13.8 14.1 16.0 15.6 17.1 14.1

15.9% 15.9 19.0 19.1 17.3 17.0 15.2 12.6 12.3 10.4 10.8 12.6 11.3 4.8 8.1

62.0% 62.6 60.3 58.0 60.4 61.4 63.2 66.8 67.0 65.9 62.8 62.0 66.2 73.8 72.4

Note: Numbers by race and Hispanic origin will not sum to total because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, Hispanics may be of any race, and not all races are shown. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

518

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/EDUCATION

Table 6.9

Minority Enrollment in Public Schools by Region, 2003

(percent distribution of public school students in kindergarten through 12th grade, by race and Hispanic origin, fall 2003) Northeast

Total enrolled Non-Hispanic white Total minority Black Hispanic Other

100.0% 64.8 35.2 16.0 13.7 5.4

Midwest

100.0% 74.4 25.6 14.2 6.4 5.0

South

West

100.0% 53.6 46.4 24.8 16.9 4.6

100.0% 45.9 54.1 5.2 35.5 13.4

Note: Other includes American Indians, Asians, and those identifying themselves as being of two or more races. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2005/ section1/indicator04.asp

Table 6.10

Total Families with Children in College, 2003

(total number of families, number with dependent children aged 5 to 24, and number and percent with children enrolled in college by household income, 2003; numbers in thousands) with one or more children enrolled in college

Total families Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 and over

total

with children aged 5–24

number

76,727 3,701 3,571 2,803 8,009 8,076 5,963 13,039 7,970 5,733 3,629

38,005 2,227 1,776 1,328 3,911 3,984 2,970 6,480 4,102 3,129 1,896

5,719 123 152 101 359 474 388 1,091 832 716 436

percent of total families

7.5% 3.3 4.3 3.6 4.5 5.9 6.5 8.4 10.4 12.5 12.0

percent of families with children 5–24

15.0% 5.5 8.6 7.6 9.2 11.9 13.1 16.8 20.3 22.9 23.0

Note: Numbers will not add to total because not reported is not shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 519

Table 6.11

Scholastic Assessment Test Scores by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990–91 and 2002–03

(average SAT scores and change in scores by race and Hispanic origin of student, 1990–91and 2002–03) 2002–03

1990–91

change

507 480 508 431 457 448 456 529 501

499 470 485 427 458 454 436 518 486

8 10 23 4 –1 –6 20 11 15

519 482 575 426 464 457 453 534 513

500 468 548 419 462 459 439 513 492

19 14 27 7 2 –2 14 21 21

VERBAL SAT

Total students American Indian Asian Black Hispanic or Latino Mexican American Puerto Rican White Other MATH SAT

Total students American Indian Asian Black Hispanic or Latino Mexican American Puerto Rican White Other

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003; Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d03/list_tables3.asp#c3; calculations by New Strategist

520

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/EDUCATION

Table 6.12

College Enrollment of Total People by Age and Type of School, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age and type of school, October 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total people enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

two-year college

four-year college

graduate school

16,638 3,661 3,534 3,320 2,164 1,330 769 757 479 357 268

4,384 1,178 747 843 476 358 248 239 120 111 66

8,985 2,455 2,703 1,844 786 475 196 224 149 83 68

3,268 30 84 632 903 496 325 294 209 162 133

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF SCHOOL

Total people enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

26.3% 32.2 21.1 25.4 22.0 26.9 32.2 31.6 25.1 31.1 24.6

54.0% 67.1 76.5 55.5 36.3 35.7 25.5 29.6 31.1 23.2 25.4

19.6% 0.8 2.4 19.0 41.7 37.3 42.3 38.8 43.6 45.4 49.6

100.0% 26.9 17.0 19.2 10.9 8.2 5.7 5.5 2.7 2.5 1.5

100.0% 27.3 30.1 20.5 8.7 5.3 2.2 2.5 1.7 0.9 0.8

100.0% 0.9 2.6 19.3 27.6 15.2 9.9 9.0 6.4 5.0 4.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total people enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 22.0 21.2 20.0 13.0 8.0 4.6 4.5 2.9 2.1 1.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 521

Table 6.13

College Enrollment by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age, race, and Hispanic origin, October 2003; numbers in thousands) Total people enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

16,638 3,661 3,534 3,320 2,164 1,330 769 757 479 357 268

1,263 254 248 290 231 117 42 42 15 12 11

2,227 430 441 445 303 214 129 95 81 58 34

1,715 390 408 330 224 155 84 68 19 17 19

11,295 2,576 2,419 2,224 1,372 833 509 534 359 268 203

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total people enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

7.6% 6.9 7.0 8.7 10.7 8.8 5.5 5.5 3.1 3.4 4.1

13.4% 11.7 12.5 13.4 14.0 16.1 16.8 12.5 16.9 16.2 12.7

10.3% 10.7 11.5 9.9 10.4 11.7 10.9 9.0 4.0 4.8 7.1

67.9% 70.4 68.4 67.0 63.4 62.6 66.2 70.5 74.9 75.1 75.7

Note: Numbers by race and Hispanic origin will not sum to total because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, Hispanics may be of any race, and not all races are shown. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

522

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/EDUCATION

Table 6.14

Degrees Earned by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001–02

(total number of degrees conferred and percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin, 2001–02) total

American Indian

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

non-resident alien

Number of degrees Associate’s degrees 595,133 Bachelor’s degrees 1,291,900 Master’s degrees 482,118 Doctoral degrees 44,160 First-professional degrees 80,698

6,830 9,165 2,626 180 581

30,947 83,101 25,414 2,317 9,584

67,337 116,624 40,373 2,397 5,811

60,003 82,969 22,387 1,432 3,965

417,739 958,585 327,635 26,905 58,874

12,277 41,456 63,683 10,929 1,883

Percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin Associate’s degrees 100.0% 1.1% Bachelor’s degrees 100.0 0.7 Master’s degrees 100.0 0.5 Doctoral degrees 100.0 0.4 First-professional degrees 100.0 0.7

5.2% 6.4 5.3 5.2 11.9

11.3% 9.0 8.4 5.4 7.2

10.1% 6.4 4.6 3.2 4.9

70.2% 74.2 68.0 60.9 73.0

2.1% 3.2 13.2 24.7 2.3

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ digest/d03/list_tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 523

Total Population: Health

As the Asian, Black, and Hispanic Populations Grow, a Smaller Share of Newborns Are Non-Hispanic White More than 4 million babies were born to American women in 2003, and only a slim majority—57 percent—was non-Hispanic white. Twenty-two percent of babies born in 2003 were Hispanic, 15 percent were black, and 5 percent were Asian. As these children grow up, the United States will become an increasingly multicultural society. Eighty-four percent of Americans have health insurance, leaving a substantial 16 percent without coverage. The majority of those without health insurance are Asian, black, or Hispanic. Non-Hispanic whites account for only 48 percent of the uninsured. Twenty-two percent of adults have hypertension, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Fifteen percent have difﬁculties in physical functioning, with 7 percent saying they would ﬁnd it very difﬁcult or impossible to walk a quarter of a mile. Heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, accounting for 51 percent of all deaths in 2002. At birth, the average American male can expect to live 74.5 years, while the average female can expect to live 79.9 years. At age 65, people have an average of 18.2 more years of life. ■ Because of the aging of the population, the proportion of Americans with disabilities is certain to rise.

Minorities are the majority of those without health insurance 60 (percent distribution of people without health insurance by race and Hispanic origin, 2003)

48% 40 40%

29% 20 20%

16% 5%

0

524

0%

a Asian

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

a black

b Hispanic

c white non-Hispanic

TOTAL POPULATION/HEALTH

Table 6.15

Smoking and Drinking Status of Total People by Sex, 2003

(percent distribution of people aged 18 or older by smoking and drinking status and sex, 2003) total

men

women

100.0% 56.6 21.8 21.6

100.0% 50.5 25.9 23.6

100.0% 62.2 18.4 19.4

100.0 24.7 14.1 12.9 47.3

100.0 17.8 15.0 9.7 56.4

100.0 31.2 13.4 15.9 38.8

SMOKING STATUS

Total people Never smoked Former smoker Current smoker DRINKING STATUS

Total people Lifetime abstainer Former drinker Current infrequent drinker Current regular drinker

Note: Never smoked means having had fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Former smokers have had 100 or more cigarettes in lifetime but did not smoke at time of interview. Current smokers have had at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and currently smoke. Lifetime abstainers have had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime. Former drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime, none in past year. Current infrequent drinkers have had 12 or more drinks in lifetime and fewer than 12 drinks in past year. Current regular drinkers have had at least 12 drinks in past year. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 525

Table 6.16

Weight in Pounds of Total People by Age and Sex, 1999–2002

(average weight in pounds of people aged 20 to 74 by sex and age, 1999–2002) men

women

191.0 183.4 189.1 196.0 195.4 191.5

164.3 156.5 163.0 168.2 169.2 164.7

WEIGHT IN POUNDS

Total people Aged 20 to 29 Aged 30 to 39 Aged 40 to 49 Aged 50 to 59 Aged 60 to 74

Note: Data are based on measured weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002; Advance Data, No. 347, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/ad/341-350/341-350.htm

Table 6.17

Weight Status of Total People by Sex, 2003

(percent distribution of people aged 18 or older by weight status and sex, 2003) Total people Underweight Healthy weight Overweight, total Overweight, but not obese Obese

total

men

100.0% 2.0 39.2 58.7 35.7 23.0

100.0% 0.9 32.2 66.8 44.1 22.7

women

100.0% 3.0 46.1 50.9 27.6 23.3

Note: Being overweight is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 25 or higher. Being obese is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. Body mass index is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on measured height and weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

526

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HEALTH

Table 6.18

Births to Total Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of births to women by age, 2003) number

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

4,089,950 6,661 414,580 1,032,305 1,086,366 975,546 467,642 101,005 5,845

percent distribution

100.0% 0.2 10.1 25.2 26.6 23.9 11.4 2.5 0.1

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 527

Table 6.19

Births by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent distribution of births by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother, 2003)

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

total

American Indian

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

4,089,950 6,661 414,580 1,032,305 1,086,366 975,546 467,642 101,005 5,845

43,052 154 7,690 14,645 10,524 6,423 2,906 666 44

221,203 104 7,592 30,482 64,399 75,692 35,074 7,413 447

599,847 2,726 100,951 196,268 139,947 97,529 49,889 11,895 642

912,329 2,356 128,524 273,311 246,361 169,054 75,801 16,172 750

2,321,904 1,399 172,620 522,275 627,437 626,315 303,354 64,600 3,904

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.1% 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8

5.4% 1.6 1.8 3.0 5.9 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.6

14.7% 40.9 24.4 19.0 12.9 10.0 10.7 11.8 11.0

22.3% 35.4 31.0 26.5 22.7 17.3 16.2 16.0 12.8

56.8% 21.0 41.6 50.6 57.8 64.2 64.9 64.0 66.8

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.20

Births to Total Women by Age and Marital Status, 2003

(total number of births and number and percent to unmarried women, by age, 2003) unmarried women

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 or older

total

number

4,089,950 6,661 414,580 1,032,305 1,086,366 975,546 467,642 106,850

1,415,995 6,469 337,201 549,353 287,205 147,555 69,071 19,141

share of total

34.6% 97.1 81.3 53.2 26.4 15.1 14.8 17.9

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

528

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HEALTH

Table 6.21

Births to Unmarried Women by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent distribution of births to unmarried women by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother, 2002) total number

Total births to unmarried women 1,415,995 Under age 15 6,469 Aged 15 to 19 337,201 Aged 20 to 24 549,353 Aged 25 to 29 287,205 Aged 30 to 34 147,555 Aged 35 to 39 69,071 Aged 40 or older 19,141

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

American Indian

Asian

1.9% 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6

2.3% 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.7 3.5 3.7 4.1

black

28.9% 42.0 28.8 29.2 29.0 28.3 27.9 25.8

Hispanic

29.0% 34.4 29.0 26.7 31.9 31.8 29.2 25.8

non-Hispanic white

38.6% 20.9 39.3 40.9 35.3 35.4 38.2 43.1

Note: Births by race and Hispanic origin will not add to total because Hispanics may be of any race and “not stated” is not shown. American Indians include Alaska Natives. Asians include Paciﬁc Islanders. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.22

Births to Total Women by Birth Order, 2003

(number and percent distribution of births by birth order, 2003) number

Total births First child Second child Third child Fourth or later child

4,089,950 1,633,987 1,320,477 684,296 439,235

percent distribution

100.0% 40.0 32.3 16.7 10.7

Note: Numbers will not add to total because “not stated” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 529

Table 6.23

Births by State, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(total number of births and percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin of mother, by state, 2003 total number

Total births Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

4,089,950 59,552 10,086 90,967 37,784 540,997 69,339 42,873 11,329 7,619 212,250 135,979 18,100 21,800 182,495 86,434 38,174 39,476 55,236 65,040 13,855 74,930 80,184 131,094 70,050 42,380 77,045 11,422 25,917 33,647 14,393 116,983 27,821 253,714 118,323 7,972 149,679 50,981 45,953

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

American Indian

1.1% 0.2 24.6 6.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.5 2.0 0.7 0.5 12.3 1.8 1.5 0.2 0.2 13.0 0.3 1.4 10.8 0.2 10.4 1.9

Asian

5.4% 1.0 7.1 3.0 1.4 12.5 3.9 4.7 4.0 3.4 2.7 3.3 68.3 1.6 4.8 1.6 2.5 3.1 1.6 1.7 1.5 6.0 6.7 3.6 5.5 0.7 2.2 1.1 2.3 7.5 3.3 9.2 1.4 8.4 2.6 1.4 2.1 2.1 5.4

black

14.7% 30.1 4.0 3.6 19.2 6.0 4.2 12.1 25.7 68.9 22.3 31.7 3.2 0.5 17.3 10.8 3.4 7.0 8.8 40.3 1.3 34.1 10.7 17.2 7.7 43.8 14.5 0.4 5.7 8.6 1.7 17.3 1.9 18.9 23.0 1.4 15.2 9.1 2.2

Hispanic

22.3% 4.9 7.6 43.7 8.7 49.9 30.8 17.6 12.2 12.6 25.8 13.4 14.5 13.5 23.3 7.8 6.6 13.8 3.5 2.6 1.2 9.3 12.2 5.9 7.0 1.3 4.5 3.3 13.3 36.3 3.7 22.7 53.4 21.8 13.6 2.1 3.6 11.2 18.4

non-Hispanic white

56.8% 63.8 48.8 43.1 70.1 30.8 61.1 65.4 58.1 24.2 49.1 50.7 23.6 82.2 54.6 79.3 86.9 74.0 86.1 54.9 94.9 52.4 72.2 71.4 77.2 53.5 78.5 81.4 74.9 46.4 87.5 52.9 30.9 52.1 59.6 82.4 79.0 67.4 72.0 (continued)

530

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HEALTH

total number

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

145,959 13,209 55,649 11,027 78,890 377,476 49,860 6,589 101,254 80,489 20,935 70,040 6,700

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

American Indian

0.2% 1.2 0.3 17.0 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.2 2.5 0.1 1.5 4.3

Asian

3.5% 4.3 1.6 1.2 1.9 3.5 3.1 1.8 6.5 9.7 0.7 3.2 1.0

black

15.1% 9.5 32.9 1.1 20.6 11.1 0.8 0.8 22.3 5.0 3.4 9.3 0.8

Hispanic

7.4% 18.8 6.6 3.1 6.3 48.5 14.2 0.9 10.3 16.5 0.5 7.9 10.0

non-Hispanic white

74.9% 54.9 58.7 78.1 71.1 36.6 80.5 95.8 61.6 66.9 94.9 78.3 84.0

Note: Numbers will not add to total because not all races are shown and Hispanics may be of any race. American Indians include Alaskan Natives. Asians include Paciﬁc Islanders. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 531

Table 6.24

Health Insurance Coverage of Total People by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people by age and health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

total

total

private

government

not covered at any time during the year

288,280 73,580 27,824 39,201 43,573 41,068 28,375 34,659

243,320 65,207 19,410 28,856 35,688 35,108 24,679 34,373

197,869 48,475 16,526 25,606 32,533 32,000 21,569 21,159

76,755 21,389 3,929 4,210 4,420 4,569 4,893 33,345

44,961 8,373 8,414 10,345 7,885 5,961 3,696 286

with health insurance coverage during year

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

84.4% 88.6 69.8 73.6 81.9 85.5 87.0 99.2

68.6% 65.9 59.4 65.3 74.7 77.9 76.0 61.0

26.6% 29.1 14.1 10.7 10.1 11.1 17.2 96.2

15.6% 11.4 30.2 26.4 18.1 14.5 13.0 0.8

Note: Numbers may not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

532

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HEALTH

Table 6.25

Total People with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people by age and private health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with private health insurance employment-based

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

total

own

direct purchase

288,280 73,580 27,824 39,201 43,573 41,068 28,375 34,659

197,869 48,475 16,526 25,606 32,533 32,000 21,569 21,159

174,020 45,004 13,434 23,946 30,386 29,722 19,324 12,204

91,353 185 5,103 18,262 21,705 22,044 14,543 9,511

26,486 3,893 1,596 2,058 2,793 3,198 2,987 9,962

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

68.6% 65.9 59.4 65.3 74.7 77.9 76.0 61.0

60.4% 61.2 48.3 61.1 69.7 72.4 68.1 35.2

31.7% 0.3 18.3 46.6 49.8 53.7 51.3 27.4

9.2% 5.3 5.7 5.2 6.4 7.8 10.5 28.7

Note: Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 533

Table 6.26

Total People with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people by age and government health insurance coverage status, 2003; numbers in thousands) with government health insurance

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

Medicaid

Medicare

military

288,280 73,580 27,824 39,201 43,573 41,068 28,375 34,659

76,755 21,389 3,929 4,210 4,420 4,569 4,893 33,345

35,647 19,392 3,016 3,073 2,860 2,359 1,757 3,190

39,456 483 176 538 940 1,569 2,494 33,257

9,979 2,021 902 898 1,111 1,369 1,471 2,206

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

26.6% 29.1 14.1 10.7 10.1 11.1 17.2 96.2

12.4% 26.4 10.8 7.8 6.6 5.7 6.2 9.2

13.7% 0.7 0.6 1.4 2.2 3.8 8.8 96.0

3.5% 2.7 3.2 2.3 2.5 3.3 5.2 6.4

Note: Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

534

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HEALTH

Table 6.27

People without Health Insurance Coverage by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(total number of people with no health insurance coverage during the year and percent distribution by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people without health insurance coverage 44,961 Under age 18 8,373 Aged 18 to 24 8,414 Aged 25 to 34 10,345 Aged 35 to 44 7,885 Aged 45 to 54 5,961 Aged 55 to 64 3,696 Aged 65 or older 286

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Asian

5.3% 4.7 4.9 5.6 5.2 6.1 5.6 12.6

black

16.3% 20.6 16.6 14.6 16.0 15.7 11.7 12.6

Hispanic

29.4% 34.8 30.2 34.7 28.6 19.9 17.2 41.3

non-Hispanic white

48.0% 38.3 47.6 44.4 49.3 57.1 64.5 34.3

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/health/h01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 535

Table 6.28

Health Conditions among Total People Aged 18 or Older, 2003

(number and percent of total people aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total people Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

number

percent with condition

213,042

–

23,536 12,254 45,927 5,070

11.1% 5.8 21.6 2.4

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma Ever Still Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,115

1.5

20,697 13,623 18,356 29,673 8,560

9.7 6.4 8.6 14.0 4.0

Cancer Any cancer Breast cancer (all adults) Cervical cancer (women only) Prostate cancer (men only)

13,973 2,426 1,082 1,332

6.6 1.1 1.0 1.3

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes 14,012 Ulcers 14,456 Kidney disease 3,017 Liver disease 2,511 Arthritis 45,793 Chronic joint symptoms 57,242 Migraines or severe headaches 32,268 Pain in neck 31,368 Pain in lower back 58,430 Pain in face or jaw 9,464

6.6 6.8 1.4 1.2 21.6 26.9 15.2 14.8 27.5 4.4

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

15.3 8.7 7.5

32,533 18,628 15,927

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past twelve months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past twelve months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

536

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HEALTH

Table 6.29

Health Conditions among Total Children, 2003

(number and percent of people under age 18 with selected health conditions, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total children Diagnosed with asthma Experienced in last 12 months Asthma attack Hay fever Respiratory allergies Other allergies Ever told had* Learning disability Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder Prescription medication taken regularly for at least 3 months

72,973 9,071

percent with condition

– 12.5%

3,975 7,059 8,347 8,407

5.4 9.7 11.5 11.5

4,561 3,881

7.5 6.4

9,287

12.7

* “Ever told” by a school representative or health professional. Data exclude children under age 3. Note: Other allergies include food or digestive allergies, eczema, and other skin allergies. (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 223, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 537

Table 6.30

Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Total People by Age, 2002

(number and percent distribution of physician ofﬁce visits, and average number of visits per person per year, by age, 2002) number (000s)

Total visits Under age 15 Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

889,980 159,235 71,865 192,359 242,142 109,331 115,049

percent distribution

100.0% 17.9 8.1 21.6 27.2 12.3 12.9

per person per year

3.1 2.6 1.8 2.3 3.7 6.1 7.2

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2002 Summary, Advance Data No. 346, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.31

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Total People, 2003

(number and percent of people aged 18 or older with difﬁculties in physical functioning, by type of difﬁculty, 2003; numbers in thousands) number TOTAL PEOPLE

Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up ten steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry ten pounds Push or pull large objects

213,042 31,322 14,910 11,107 18,663 7,211 18,250 6,264 3,943 9,194 13,463

percent with difﬁculty

– 14.7% 7.0 5.2 8.8 3.4 8.6 2.9 1.9 4.3 6.3

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” (–) means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

538

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HEALTH

Table 6.32

Leading Causes of Death among Total People, 2002

(number and percent distribution of deaths accounted for by the ten leading causes of death, 2002) number

Total deaths 1. Diseases of the heart 2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) 3. Cerebrovascular diseases 4. Chronic lower respiratory disease 5. Accidents (unintentional injuries) 6. Diabetes mellitus 7. Inﬂuenza and pneumonia 8. Alzheimer’s disease 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis 10. Septicemia All other causes

2,443,387 696,947 557,271 162,672 124,816 106,742 73,249 65,681 58,866 40,974 33,865 522,304

percent distribution

100.0% 28.5 22.8 6.7 5.1 4.4 3.0 2.7 2.4 1.7 1.4 21.4

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Deaths: Final Data for 2002, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2004; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.33

Life Expectancy of Total People at Birth and Age 65 by Sex, 1990 to 2002

(number of years of life remaining at birth and age 65, by sex, 1990 to 2002; change in years, 1990 to 2002) Birth 2002 2000 1990 Change, 1990 to 2002 Age 65 2002 2000 1990 Change, 1990 to 2002

total

females

males

77.3 77.0 75.4

79.9 79.7 78.8

74.5 74.3 71.8

1.9

1.1

2.7

18.2 18.0 17.2

19.5 19.3 18.9

16.6 16.2 15.1

1.0

0.6

1.5

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 539

Total Population: Housing

Homeownership Is at a Record High in the United States Homeownership stood at a record high in 2004, when 69 percent of American households owned their home. Because non-Hispanic whites are the largest population segment and have the highest homeownership rate, they are the great majority of homeowners. In 2003, more than 80 percent of the nation’s homeowners were non-Hispanic white. Only 9 percent of homeowners are black, 7 percent are Hispanic, and fewer than 3 percent are Asian. Married couples are most likely to be homeowners, with a homeownership rate of 83 percent. Among the nation’s married-couple homeowners, 82 percent are non-Hispanic white. Among female-headed families, in contrast, only 65 percent of homeowners are nonHispanic white, while a substantial 21 percent are black and 10 percent Hispanic. Among all homeowners, median housing value stood at $140,201 in 2003. When asked to rate their home on a scale of one to ten, 75 percent of the nation’s homeowners give their home a rating of eight or higher. Among renters, only 55 percent rate their home an eight or higher. Seven percent of homeowners and 13 percent of renters say crime is a bothersome problem in their neighborhood. Fourteen percent of Americans moved between March 2003 and March 2004. NonHispanic whites account for only 60 percent of movers. Hispanics are 18 percent of movers, blacks 16 percent, and Asians 5 percent. ■ Asians, blacks, and Hispanics will account for a growing share of the nation’s homeowners in the years ahead as minority populations expand.

Non-Hispanic whites are the great majority of homeowners (percent distribution of households owning their home, by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2003) 100

80.8% 7575%

5050%

2525%

00%

540

0.5%

2.5%

a Indian American

b Asian

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

8.6%

7.1%

c black

d Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

TOTAL POPULATION/HOUSING

Table 6.34

Homeowners by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number of total households, and number, percent, and percent distribution of households that own their home, by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2003; numbers in thousands) homeowners percent of total

percent distribution

total

number

105,842

72,238

68.3%

Race American Indian alone Asian alone Black alone Paciﬁc Islander alone White alone Two or more races

664 3,183 13,004 295 87,483 1,215

341 1,811 6,193 148 63,126 620

51.4 56.9 47.6 50.2 72.2 51.0

0.5 2.5 8.6 0.2 87.4 0.9

Hispanic origin Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

11,038 77,358

5,106 58,366

46.3 75.4

7.1 80.8

Total households

100.0%

Note: Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 541

Homeownership Status by Age of Householder, 2003

Table 6.35

(number and percent of total households by age of householder and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

number

105,842 6,087 7,805 10,575 22,516 21,828 15,404 10,782 10,845

72,238 1,272 3,207 5,845 15,406 16,661 12,497 8,876 8,474

48

51

Median age

renter percent

number

68.3% 20.9 41.1 55.3 68.4 76.3 81.1 82.3 78.1

33,604 4,815 4,598 4,730 7,110 5,167 2,906 1,907 2,370

–

38

percent

31.7% 79.1 58.9 44.7 31.6 23.7 18.9 17.7 21.9 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.36

Homeowners by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total homeowners, by age, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total homeowners Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

72,238 1,272 3,207 5,845 15,406 16,661 12,497 8,876 8,474

percent distribution

100.0% 1.8 4.4 8.1 21.3 23.1 17.3 12.3 11.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

542

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HOUSING

Table 6.37

Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent of total households by household type and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

renter

total

number

111,278 75,596 57,320 13,620 4,656

75,909 57,092 47,676 6,695 2,721

68.2% 75.5 83.2 49.2 58.4

35,369 18,504 9,644 6,925 1,935

31.8% 24.5 16.8 50.8 41.6

35,682 19,662 16,020

18,817 11,075 7,742

52.7 56.3 48.3

16,865 8,587 8,278

47.3 43.7 51.7

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

percent

number

percent

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.38

Homeowners by Type of Household, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total homeowners by household type, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

percent distribution

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

75,909 57,092 47,676 6,695 2,721

100.0% 75.2 62.8 8.8 3.6

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

18,817 11,075 7,742

24.8 14.6 10.2

TOTAL HOMEOWNERS

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 543

Table 6.39

Homeowners by Type of Household, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003

(total number of homeowners and percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin of householder, by household type, 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

percent

Asian

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present

75,909 57,092 47,676 6,695 2,721

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.0% 3.4 3.4 2.9 4.5

Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

18,817 11,075 7,742

100.0 100.0 100.0

1.9 1.9 1.8

TOTAL HOMEOWNERS

black

non-Hispanic white

Hispanic

8.6% 8.4 6.3 21.0 14.0

7.1% 8.2 7.7 10.1 11.9

9.3 9.9 8.5

3.7 3.4 4.1

80.3% 79.1 81.8 64.8 67.7 84.1 83.8 84.4

Note: Percentages will not sum to 100 because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, Hispanics may be of any race, and non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.40

Homeownership Status by Region, 2003

(number and percent of total households by region and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners

Total households Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

105,842 20,133 24,488 38,145 23,077

72,238 12,964 17,889 26,699 14,686

renters percent

68.3% 64.4 73.1 70.0 63.6

number

33,604 7,169 6,599 11,446 8,390

percent

31.7% 35.6 26.9 30.0 36.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

544

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HOUSING

Table 6.41

Homeowners by Region, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total homeowners by region, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

percent distribution

72,238 12,964 17,889 26,699 14,686

100.0% 17.9 24.8 37.0 20.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.42

Homeowners by Region, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number of total homeowners and percent distribution of homeowners by race and Hispanic origin, by region, 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

72,238 12,964 17,889 26,699 14,686

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

American Indian

0.5% 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.3

Asian

2.5% 2.4 1.0 1.5 6.3

black

8.6% 6.4 6.1 14.0 3.5

Hispanic

7.1% 3.4 2.8 7.6 14.6

non-Hispanic white

80.8% 87.4 89.4 75.9 73.3

Note: American Indians, Asians, and blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Percentages will not sum to 100 because not all races are shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 545

Table 6.43

Characteristics of Total Occupied Housing Units, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total occupied housing units by selected housing characteristics and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied

renter-occupied

percent distribution

number

percent distribution

total

number

Total households 105,842 One, detached 67,753 One, attached 6,272 Two to four 8,474 Five to nine 5,135 10 to 19 4,468 20 to 49 3,294 50 or more 3,592 Mobile home or trailer 6,854 Median square footage of unit* 1,756

72,238 59,642 3,679 1,426 501 485 389 601 5,514 1,822

100.0% 82.6 5.1 2.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 7.6 –

33,604 8,111 2,593 7,048 4,634 3,983 2,905 2,991 1,340 1,299

100.0% 24.1 7.7 21.0 13.8 11.9 8.6 8.9 4.0 –

105,842 811 11,557 28,595 44,592 20,286

72,238 35 1,729 14,183 37,602 18,689

100.0 0.0 2.4 19.6 52.1 25.9

33,604 776 9,828 14,412 6,990 1,597

100.0 2.3 29.2 42.9 20.8 4.8

105,842 642 40,814 16,240 48,147

72,238 270 17,620 12,716 41,631

100.0 0.4 24.4 17.6 57.6

33,604 372 23,194 3,524 6,516

100.0 1.1 69.0 10.5 19.4

Total households 105,842 With room(s) used for business 22,373

72,238 17,668

100.0 24.5

33,604 4,704

100.0 14.0

66,021 70,601 31,593 41,317

91.4 97.7 43.7 57.2

23,541 32,272 3,865 9,373

70.1 96.0 11.5 27.9

28,149 54,664 2,416

39.0 75.7 3.3

2,105 10,587 6,673

6.3 31.5 19.9

UNITS IN STRUCTURE

NUMBER OF BEDROOMS

Total households None One Two Three Four or more NUMBER OF BATHROOMS

Total households None One One-and-one-half Two or more ROOM USED FOR BUSINESS

SELECTED AMENITIES

Porch, deck, balcony, or patio 89,562 Telephone available 102,873 Usable ﬁreplace 35,458 Separate dining room 50,690 Two or more living or recreation rooms 30,254 Garage or carport 65,251 No cars, trucks, or vans available 9,089

* Single-family detached and mobile/manufactured homes only. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

546

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HOUSING

Table 6.44

Housing Value for Total Homeowners, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total homeowners by value of home, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total homeowners Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $119,999 $120,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 to $299,999 $300,000 or more Median home value

72,238 1,880 1,359 1,475 1,627 1,936 2,486 2,821 3,606 7,440 5,766 8,500 9,989 6,358 4,561 12,434 $140,201

percent distribution

100.0% 2.6 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.9 5.0 10.3 8.0 11.8 13.8 8.8 6.3 17.2 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 547

Table 6.45

Neighborhood Characteristics of Total Occupied Housing Units, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total occupied housing units by selected neighborhood characteristics and homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied percent distribution

renter-occupied number

percent distribution

total

number

105,842 83,540 13,754 23,684 5,641 2,823 11,247 25,995 3,594 38,287 13,355 2,749

72,238 61,049 7,199 7,157 1,421 746 8,733 11,505 1,660 27,888 6,788 2,194

100.0% 84.5 10.0 9.9 2.0 1.0 12.1 15.9 2.3 38.6 9.4 3.0

33,604 22,491 6,555 16,527 4,220 2,077 2,514 14,490 1,934 10,399 6,567 555

100.0% 66.9 19.5 49.2 12.6 6.2 7.5 43.1 5.8 30.9 19.5 1.7

105,842 11,235 9,021 3,554 2,487 1,902 779 750 4,005 7,956

72,238 6,712 4,765 1,960 1,391 1,182 494 518 2,358 5,486

100.0 9.3 6.6 2.7 1.9 1.6 0.7 0.7 3.3 7.6

33,604 4,523 4,256 1,594 1,096 720 285 232 1,647 2,470

100.0 13.5 12.7 4.7 3.3 2.1 0.8 0.7 4.9 7.4

31,081 24,010

20,686 16,530

100.0 79.9

10,395 7,480

100.0 72.0

105,842 57,910 86,800 93,968

72,238 34,211 57,847 64,487

100.0 47.4 80.1 89.3

33,604 23,699 28,953 29,481

100.0 70.5 86.2 87.7

DESCRIPTION OF AREA WITHIN 300 FEET OF HOME

Total households Single-family detached homes Single-family attached homes One-to-three-story multiunit Four-to-six-story multiunit Seven-or-more story multiunit Manufactured/mobile homes Commercial or institutional Industrial or factories Open space, park, woods, farm, or ranch Four-or-more-lane highway, railroad, or airport Waterfront property NEIGHBORHOOD PROBLEMS

Total households Bothersome street noise problem Bothersome neighborhood crime problem Bothersome odor problem Noise problem Litter or housing deterioration Poor city or county services Undesirable commercial, institutional, industrial People problem Other problems PUBLIC SCHOOLS Total households with children under age 14 Satisfactory public elementary school PUBLIC SERVICES

Total households With public transportation Satisfactory neighborhood shopping Satisfactory police protection

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

548

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HOUSING

Table 6.46

Opinion of Housing Unit and Neighborhood, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total households by opinion of housing unit and neighborhood, by homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owner-occupied percent distribution

renter-occupied number

percent distribution

total

number

105,842 472 393 819 1,092 5,660 5,642 14,349 28,684 15,947 28,132 4,654

72,238 162 102 287 384 2,443 2,815 8,419 20,014 12,265 22,114 3,234

100.0% 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 3.4 3.9 11.7 27.7 17.0 30.6 4.5

33,604 310 291 532 708 3,217 2,827 5,930 8,670 3,682 6,018 1,420

100.0% 0.9 0.9 1.6 2.1 9.6 8.4 17.6 25.8 11.0 17.9 4.2

72,238 278 267 450 702 3,548 3,371 8,715 19,651 12,129 19,481 362 3,282

100.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 4.9 4.7 12.1 27.2 16.8 27.0 0.5 4.5

33,604 493 337 639 814 3,348 2,571 5,199 7,988 4,097 6,538 92 1,490

100.0 1.5 1.0 1.9 2.4 10.0 7.7 15.5 23.8 12.2 19.5 0.3 4.4

OPINION OF HOUSING UNIT

Total households 1 (worst) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (best) Not reported

OPINION OF NEIGHBORHOOD

Total households 1 (worst) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (best) No neighborhood Not reported

105,842 771 604 1,089 1,516 6,896 5,942 13,914 27,639 16,226 26,019 454 4,772

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 549

Table 6.47

Geographical Mobility of Total People by Age, 2003–04

(total number of people aged 1 or older, and number and percent who moved between March 2003 and March 2004, by age and type of move; numbers in thousands) movers

Total people Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

same county

different county, same state

284,367 16,026 19,636 21,176 12,829 7,485 20,339 19,008 20,193 20,791 22,782 21,823 19,246 16,158 5,454 6,762 34,660

38,995 3,324 3,105 2,663 1,418 1,218 5,882 5,249 3,878 3,034 2,677 1,841 1,425 1,047 334 385 1,513

22,551 2,109 1,914 1,613 849 666 3,343 3,020 2,253 1,686 1,627 1,005 792 533 159 169 812

7,842 600 625 509 263 282 1,281 1,030 781 643 459 370 263 241 69 88 338

different state

abroad

7,330 542 490 481 257 232 1,038 966 700 576 495 428 315 252 100 112 344

1,272 73 76 60 49 38 220 233 144 129 96 38 55 21 6 16 19

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY MOBILITY STATUS

Total people Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

13.7% 20.7 15.8 12.6 11.1 16.3 28.9 27.6 19.2 14.6 11.8 8.4 7.4 6.5 6.1 5.7 4.4

7.9% 13.2 9.7 7.6 6.6 8.9 16.4 15.9 11.2 8.1 7.1 4.6 4.1 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.3

2.8% 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.1 3.8 6.3 5.4 3.9 3.1 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0

2.6% 3.4 2.5 2.3 2.0 3.1 5.1 5.1 3.5 2.8 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.0

0.4% 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/migrate/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

550

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HOUSING

Table 6.48

Geographical Mobility by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003–04

(total number of people aged 1 or older who moved between March 2003 and March 2004 and percent distribution by age, race, and Hispanic origin; numbers in thousands) total number

Total movers Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

38,995 3,324 3,105 2,663 1,418 1,218 5,882 5,249 3,878 3,034 2,677 1,841 1,425 1,047 334 385 1,513

percent

Asian

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.1% 4.7 4.0 4.2 6.1 4.3 4.2 6.8 6.5 5.9 5.1 5.2 5.8 3.3 3.6 4.9 4.2

black

16.0% 23.1 22.8 24.1 22.7 14.4 12.6 12.6 13.8 14.8 15.7 14.6 14.1 13.6 8.1 14.5 8.1

Hispanic

17.7% 23.2 22.9 21.9 22.0 19.6 17.2 17.3 18.8 19.0 16.1 11.8 10.9 7.8 9.0 8.3 7.9

non-Hispanic white

60.2% 48.3 50.3 49.2 47.2 61.1 65.0 62.2 59.5 59.7 62.9 67.0 67.5 73.4 76.9 70.1 79.4

Note: Percentages will not sum to 100 because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, Hispanics may be of any race, and non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/migrate/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 551

Table 6.49

Reasons for Moving by Homeownership Status, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total households with respondents who moved in the past 12 months by main reason for move and for choosing new neighborhood and house, by homeownership status, 2003; numbers in thousands) owners total

number

Total movers 17,866 All reported reasons equal 261 Private displacement 139 Government displacement 49 Disaster loss (ﬁre, ﬂood, etc.) 110 New job or job transfer 1,739 To be closer to work/school/other 1,366 Other ﬁnancial/employment reason 573 To establish own household 2,123 Needed larger house or apartment 1,835 Married, widowed, divorced, separated 1,156 Other family/personal reason 1,491 Wanted better home 1,342 Change from owner to renter/renter to owner 941 Wanted lower rent or maintenance 832 Other housing related reasons 834 Other 2,229 Not reported 846

5,971 60 14 12 32 493 300 111 727 689 428 488 453 806 133 210 752 264

renters percent distribution

number

percent distribution

MAIN REASON FOR LEAVING PREVIOUS HOUSING UNIT

100.0% 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.5 8.3 5.0 1.9 12.2 11.5 7.2 8.2 7.6 13.5 2.2 3.5 12.6 4.4

11,895 201 125 37 78 1,246 1,066 462 1,396 1,146 728 1,003 889 135 699 624 1,477 582

100.0% 1.7 1.1 0.3 0.7 10.5 9.0 3.9 11.7 9.6 6.1 8.4 7.5 1.1 5.9 5.2 12.4 4.9

100.0 2.6 12.7 14.3 2.2 0.4 6.8 0.6 18.1 21.1 17.1 4.2

11,895 291 2,682 1,919 260 177 727 162 1,396 1,385 2,479 420

100.0 2.4 22.5 16.1 2.2 1.5 6.1 1.4 11.7 11.6 20.8 3.5

MAIN REASON FOR CHOOSING PRESENT NEIGHBORHOOD

Total movers All reported reasons equal Convenient to job Convenient to friends or relatives Convenient to leisure activities Convenient to public transportation Good schools Other public services Looks/design of neighborhood House was most important consideration Other Not reported

17,866 444 3,442 2,770 391 199 1,135 198 2,475 2,646 3,498 669

5,971 153 760 851 131 22 408 36 1,079 1,261 1,019 249

(continued)

552

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/HOUSING

owners total

number

renters percent distribution

number

percent distribution

MAIN REASON FOR CHOOSING PRESENT HOME

Total movers All reported reasons equal Financial reasons Room layout/design Kitchen Size Exterior appearance Yard/trees/view Quality of construction Only one available Other Not reported

17,866 587 5,155 3,026 78 2,395 633 840 586 928 2,969 670

5,971 254 1,327 1,354 32 694 273 421 342 94 927 252

100.0% 4.3 22.2 22.7 0.5 11.6 4.6 7.1 5.7 1.6 15.5 4.2

11,895 333 3,828 1,672 46 1,701 360 419 244 834 2,042 418

100.0% 2.8 32.2 14.1 0.4 14.3 3.0 3.5 2.1 7.0 17.2 3.5

Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 553

Total Population: Income

Households Made Gains in Income between 1990 and 2003, Regardless of Race and Hispanic Origin The median income of American households rose 6 percent between 1990 and 2003, to $43,318 after adjusting for inﬂation. Black households gained the most during those years, their median income rising 16 percent. Asians experienced only a 5 percent increase in median income between 1990 and 2003. Despite their relatively slow income growth, Asian households are most likely to have incomes of $100,000 or more, with 23 percent at that income level in 2003. By age, household income peaks among Asian householders aged 55 to 59, at $70,366. Household income is lowest (below $17,000) among the youngest and the oldest black householders. By household type, incomes are greatest for Asian married couples, with a median of $70,548. They are lowest for Hispanic women living alone, at just $14,576. Non-Hispanic whites account for the slim 51 percent majority of the nation’s poor married couples, and for a smaller 38 percent of poor female- and male-headed families. Among poor married couples, Hispanics account for 31 percent. Among poor female-headed families, blacks account for more than one-third. Among the nation’s 36 million poor people, non-Hispanic whites are a 44 percent minority. Blacks and Hispanics each account for onefourth of the nation’s poor people. ■ Although blacks and Hispanics are making income gains, their incomes are far below those of Asians and non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics trail because of their low educational level. Blacks are behind because married couples head relatively few black households.

Asian incomes are the highest

75000

(median household income by race and Hispanic origin, 2003)

$55,262 50000$50,000

$47,777

$43,318 $29,689

$32,997

25000$25,000

0

554

$0

a total

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b Asian

c black

d Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

TOTAL POPULATION/INCOME

Table 6.50

Median Income of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990 to 2003

(median income of households by race and Hispanic origin, percent change in median for selected years, and index of median by race/Hispanic origin to total, 1990 to 2003; in 2003 dollars) total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

$43,318 43,381 43,882 44,853 44,922 43,825 42,294 41,431 40,845 39,613 39,165 39,364 39,679 40,865

$55,262 53,483 55,736 59,559 56,251 52,562 51,716 50,517 48,682 49,703 48,073 48,570 48,007 52,475

$29,689 29,845 30,625 31,690 30,808 28,572 28,630 27,411 26,842 25,816 24,487 24,098 24,771 25,488

$32,997 33,861 34,880 35,429 33,938 31,929 30,434 29,073 27,401 28,756 28,690 29,035 29,887 30,475

$47,777 47,974 48,119 48,734 48,742 47,831 46,376 45,277 44,564 43,127 42,840 42,774 42,573 43,597

MEDIAN

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

Percent change 2000 to 2003 –3.4% 1990 to 2003 6.0

–7.2% 5.3

–6.3% 16.5

–6.9% 8.3

–2.0% 9.6

128 123 127 133 125 120 122 122 119 125 123 123 121 128

69 69 70 71 69 65 68 66 66 65 63 61 62 62

76 78 79 79 76 73 72 70 67 73 73 74 75 75

110 111 110 109 109 109 110 109 109 109 109 109 107 107

INDEX

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Data for Asians and blacks in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites in 2002 and 2003 are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h05.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 555

Table 6.51

High-Income Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent distribution of households with incomes of $100,000 or more by race and Hispanic origin, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

$100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 or more

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

112,000 16,945 10,719 3,372 1,307 1,547

4,235 973 594 238 70 71

13,969 946 679 160 61 46

11,693 871 572 171 58 70

81,148 14,031 8,797 2,774 1,105 1,355

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN 100.0% TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS $100,000 or more 100.0 $100,000 to $149,999 100.0 $150,000 to $199,999 100.0 $200,000 to $249,999 100.0 $250,000 or more 100.0

3.8% 5.7 5.5 7.1 5.4 4.6

12.5% 5.6 6.3 4.7 4.7 3.0

10.4% 5.1 5.3 5.1 4.4 4.5

72.5% 82.8 82.1 82.3 84.5 87.6

100.0% 23.0 14.0 5.6 1.7 1.7

100.0% 6.8 4.9 1.1 0.4 0.3

100.0% 7.4 4.9 1.5 0.5 0.6

100.0% 17.3 10.8 3.4 1.4 1.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

$100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 or more

100.0% 15.1 9.6 3.0 1.2 1.4

Note: Asians and blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new06_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

556

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/INCOME

Table 6.52

Household Income by Age of Householder, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total households by household income and age of householder, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) aged 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

112,000

6,610

19,159

23,222

23,137

16,824

23,048

11,499

11,550

Under $10,000

10,111

1,178

1,425

1,346

1,399

1,546

3,217

1,323

1,894

$10,000 to $19,999

15,174

1,227

2,002

1,898

1,694

1,805

6,550

2,502

4,047

$20,000 to $29,999

13,933

1,209

2,395

2,311

2,056

1,800

4,163

1,992

2,171

$30,000 to $39,999

12,583

951

2,593

2,433

2,217

1,818

2,570

1,426

1,143

$40,000 to $49,999

10,749

646

2,243

2,362

2,193

1,548

1,757

1,065

692

$50,000 to $59,999

9,151

438

1,890

2,275

1,956

1,405

1,187

734

453

$60,000 to $69,999

7,647

306

1,523

1,946

1,878

1,115

878

536

342

$70,000 to $79,999

6,471

193

1,289

1,661

1,707

1,033

589

401

189

$80,000 to $89,999

5,067

151

930

1,383

1,386

817

401

268

132

$90,000 to $99,999

4,168

93

713

1,152

1,163

682

366

242

125

16,945

219

2,157

4,454

5,490

3,254

1,371

1,010

362

$43,318

$27,053

$44,779

$55,044

$60,242

$49,215

$23,787

$29,640

$19,470

Total households

$100,000 or more Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Total households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

9.0

17.8

7.4

5.8

6.0

9.2

14.0

11.5

16.4

$10,000 to $19,999

13.5

18.6

10.4

8.2

7.3

10.7

28.4

21.8

35.0

$20,000 to $29,999

12.4

18.3

12.5

10.0

8.9

10.7

18.1

17.3

18.8

$30,000 to $39,999

11.2

14.4

13.5

10.5

9.6

10.8

11.2

12.4

9.9

$40,000 to $49,999

9.6

9.8

11.7

10.2

9.5

9.2

7.6

9.3

6.0

$50,000 to $59,999

8.2

6.6

9.9

9.8

8.5

8.4

5.2

6.4

3.9

$60,000 to $69,999

6.8

4.6

7.9

8.4

8.1

6.6

3.8

4.7

3.0

$70,000 to $79,999

5.8

2.9

6.7

7.2

7.4

6.1

2.6

3.5

1.6

$80,000 to $89,999

4.5

2.3

4.9

6.0

6.0

4.9

1.7

2.3

1.1

$90,000 to $99,999

3.7

1.4

3.7

5.0

5.0

4.1

1.6

2.1

1.1

15.1

3.3

11.3

19.2

23.7

19.3

5.9

8.8

3.1

Under $10,000

$100,000 or more

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 557

Table 6.53

Median Household Income by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003

(median income of households by age, race, and Hispanic origin of householder, and index of median to average by age, 2003)

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

$43,318 27,053 40,408 49,018 53,543 56,033 60,884 59,041 56,066 41,541 23,787

$55,262 27,427 45,535 69,630 65,910 69,062 68,444 61,794 70,366 51,788 19,734

$29,689 16,967 28,355 34,742 36,812 37,195 40,118 36,373 33,022 27,800 16,736

$32,997 26,912 31,622 34,617 37,449 36,836 41,240 38,814 39,829 30,436 17,771

$47,777 30,266 45,877 55,806 61,066 62,817 67,963 65,820 60,292 44,754 24,910

69 39 65 80 85 86 93 84 76 64 39

76 62 73 80 86 85 95 90 92 70 41

110 70 106 129 141 145 157 152 139 103 58

INDEX OF MEDIAN INCOME BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN TO AVERAGE BY AGE

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100 62 93 113 124 129 141 136 129 96 55

128 63 105 161 152 159 158 143 162 120 46

Note: Data for Asians and blacks are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

558

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/INCOME

Table 6.54

Household Income by Household Type, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total households by household income and household type, 2003; households in thousands as of 2004) family households

nonfamily households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

112,000

57,719

13,781

4,717

19,647

17,024

16,136

Under $10,000

10,111

1,449

2,025

290

4,132

3,982

2,214

2,061

$10,000 to $19,999

15,174

3,801

2,646

558

5,209

4,960

2,961

2,674

$20,000 to $29,999

13,933

5,532

2,363

673

3,072

2,756

2,293

1,882

$30,000 to $39,999

12,583

5,590

1,978

698

2,158

1,829

2,159

1,738

$40,000 to $49,999

10,749

5,679

1,327

521

1,548

1,243

1,672

1,241

$50,000 to $59,999

9,151

5,375

956

476

1,042

763

1,301

924

$60,000 to $69,999

7,647

4,987

771

338

662

463

889

576

$70,000 to $79,999

6,471

4,549

520

244

496

332

664

390

$80,000 to $89,999

5,067

3,668

333

238

340

184

490

318

$90,000 to $99,999

4,168

3,221

228

163

239

99

317

158

16,945

13,866

634

518

748

413

1,178

599

$43,318

$62,405

$29,307

$41,959

$21,313

$18,676

$31,928

$27,438

Total households

$100,000 or more Median income

male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

living alone

12,562

female householder

male householder

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME

Total households

100.0%

100.0%

9.0

2.5

14.7

6.1

21.0

23.4

13.7

16.4

$10,000 to $19,999

13.5

6.6

19.2

11.8

26.5

29.1

18.4

21.3

$20,000 to $29,999

12.4

9.6

17.1

14.3

15.6

16.2

14.2

15.0

$30,000 to $39,999

11.2

9.7

14.4

14.8

11.0

10.7

13.4

13.8

$40,000 to $49,999

9.6

9.8

9.6

11.0

7.9

7.3

10.4

9.9

$50,000 to $59,999

8.2

9.3

6.9

10.1

5.3

4.5

8.1

7.4

$60,000 to $69,999

6.8

8.6

5.6

7.2

3.4

2.7

5.5

4.6

$70,000 to $79,999

5.8

7.9

3.8

5.2

2.5

2.0

4.1

3.1

$80,000 to $89,999

4.5

6.4

2.4

5.0

1.7

1.1

3.0

2.5

$90,000 to $99,999

3.7

5.6

1.7

3.5

1.2

0.6

2.0

1.3

15.1

24.0

4.6

11.0

3.8

2.4

7.3

4.8

Under $10,000

$100,000 or more

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new02_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 559

Table 6.55

Median Household Income by Household Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003

(median household income by type of household, race, and Hispanic origin of householder; and index of race/ Hispanic origin median to national median by household type, 2003)

Total households Married couples Female-headed family, no spouse present Male-headed family, no spouse present Female-headed nonfamily Women living alone Male-headed nonfamily Men living alone

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

$43,318 62,405 29,307 41,959 21,313 18,676 31,928 27,438

$55,262 70,548 39,877 52,768 22,369 17,248 36,311 32,059

$29,689 52,671 22,739 35,660 17,001 15,542 24,495 21,304

$32,997 40,675 24,459 37,834 18,018 14,576 26,450 20,571

$47,777 66,677 34,686 45,416 22,307 19,674 34,280 30,156

100 144 68 97 49 43 74 63

128 163 92 122 52 40 84 74

69 122 52 82 39 36 57 49

76 94 56 87 42 34 61 47

110 154 80 105 51 45 79 70

INDEX

Total households Married couples Female-headed family, no spouse present Male-headed family, no spouse present Female-headed nonfamily Women living alone Male-headed nonfamily Men living alone

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the median income of each race/Hispanic origin household type by the national median and multiplying by 100. Data for Asians and blacks are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/ new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

560

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/INCOME

Table 6.56

Income of Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of men aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of men with income and of men working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; men in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of men with income Median income of men working full-time Percent working full-time TOTAL MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

110,257 9,488 100,769 16,018 18,662 15,777 13,043 9,942 7,280 5,181 3,623 2,524 1,676 7,044

20,699 6,462 14,237 7,133 3,568 2,037 874 314 136 63 37 10 24 38

19,598 914 18,684 1,970 3,370 3,690 3,307 2,286 1,272 953 613 365 202 656

21,530 749 20,781 1,787 2,534 3,081 3,120 2,658 2,033 1,422 946 717 481 2,005

20,082 665 19,417 1,681 2,266 2,340 2,612 2,428 2,034 1,430 1,157 762 500 2,204

13,551 454 13,097 1,268 1,953 1,828 1,645 1,411 1,157 874 635 488 313 1,528

14,797 243 14,554 2,178 4,973 2,800 1,485 847 649 438 234 182 154 614

$29,931

$9,961

$30,562

$39,195

$42,079

$38,915

$20,363

41,503 53.3%

21,580 21.9%

35,245 71.1%

44,588 75.5%

50,076 74.3%

51,965 56.5%

53,696 10.1%

100.0% 8.6 91.4 14.5 16.9 14.3 11.8 9.0 6.6 4.7 3.3 2.3 1.5 6.4

100.0% 31.2 68.8 34.5 17.2 9.8 4.2 1.5 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2

100.0% 4.7 95.3 10.1 17.2 18.8 16.9 11.7 6.5 4.9 3.1 1.9 1.0 3.3

100.0% 3.5 96.5 8.3 11.8 14.3 14.5 12.3 9.4 6.6 4.4 3.3 2.2 9.3

100.0% 3.3 96.7 8.4 11.3 11.7 13.0 12.1 10.1 7.1 5.8 3.8 2.5 11.0

100.0% 3.4 96.6 9.4 14.4 13.5 12.1 10.4 8.5 6.4 4.7 3.6 2.3 11.3

100.0% 1.6 98.4 14.7 33.6 18.9 10.0 5.7 4.4 3.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 4.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet sites http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_010.htm and http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/new01_037.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 561

Table 6.57

Income of Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of women aged 15 or older by income and age, median income of women with income and of women working full-time, year-round, and percent working full-time, year-round, 2003; women in thousands as of 2004)

TOTAL WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

117,327 14,614 102,713 32,489 23,652 16,526 11,444 6,974 3,984 2,563 1,602 958 556 1,964

20,009 6,415 13,594 7,877 3,231 1,612 601 182 45 25 6 4 4 8

19,603 2,447 17,156 4,208 3,543 3,396 2,676 1,469 698 388 267 142 82 289

22,043 2,033 20,010 4,756 3,852 3,543 2,726 1,898 1,088 705 444 280 168 545

20,987 1,684 19,303 3,896 3,567 3,538 2,772 1,939 1,175 850 476 305 174 614

14,824 1,400 13,424 4,019 2,595 2,214 1,559 1,003 690 426 312 160 82 368

19,862 637 19,225 7,733 6,864 2,224 1,112 487 287 170 98 65 46 140

$7,435

$21,992

$23,472

$25,866

$20,368

$11,845

Median income of women with income $17,259 Median income of women working full-time 31,653 Percent working full-time 35.7% TOTAL WOMEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

100.0% 12.5 87.5 27.7 20.2 14.1 9.8 5.9 3.4 2.2 1.4 0.8 0.5 1.7

20,525 16.2%

30,862 48.4%

33,500 50.4%

34,827 54.5%

34,205 38.4%

35,851 4.8%

100.0% 32.1 67.9 39.4 16.1 8.1 3.0 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

100.0% 12.5 87.5 21.5 18.1 17.3 13.7 7.5 3.6 2.0 1.4 0.7 0.4 1.5

100.0% 9.2 90.8 21.6 17.5 16.1 12.4 8.6 4.9 3.2 2.0 1.3 0.8 2.5

100.0% 8.0 92.0 18.6 17.0 16.9 13.2 9.2 5.6 4.1 2.3 1.5 0.8 2.9

100.0% 9.4 90.6 27.1 17.5 14.9 10.5 6.8 4.7 2.9 2.1 1.1 0.6 2.5

100.0% 3.2 96.8 38.9 34.6 11.2 5.6 2.5 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet sites http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new01_019.htm and http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/new01_046.htm; calculations by New Strategist

562

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/INCOME

Table 6.58

Median Income of People Working Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2003

(median income of total people aged 15 or older working full-time, year-round by sex, and women’s income as a percent of men’s income, 1990 to 2003; percent change in income, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; in 2003 dollars)

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

men

women

$41,503 41,435 41,708 41,543 41,339 40,858 40,286 39,150 38,596 38,812 38,959 39,616 39,949 39,549

$31,653 31,680 31,612 31,109 30,207 30,267 29,749 29,107 28,500 28,564 28,168 28,387 27,982 28,102

Percent change 2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

–0.1% 4.9

women’s income as a percent of men’s income

76.3% 76.5 75.8 74.9 73.1 74.1 73.8 74.3 73.8 73.6 72.3 71.7 70.0 71.1

1.7% 12.6

– –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p36b.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.59

Median Earnings of People Working Full-Time by Education and Sex, 2003

(median earnings of total people aged 25 or older working full-time, year-round, by educational attainment and sex, and women’s earnings as a percent of men’s earnings, 2003)

Total people Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

men

women

$41,939 21,217 26,468 35,412 41,348 42,871 62,075

$31,565 16,907 18,938 26,074 30,142 32,253 45,116

women’s earnings as a percent of men’s earnings

75.3% 79.7 71.6 73.6 72.9 75.2 72.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 563

564

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Poverty Status of Families, 1990 to 2003

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

Total families 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 7,607 7,229 6,813 6,400 6,792 7,186 7,324 7,708 7,532 8,053 8,393 8,144 7,712 7,098

number

3.3% 14.9

18.9% 7.2

percent change

76,232 75,616 74,340 73,778 73,206 71,551 70,884 70,241 69,597 69,313 68,506 68,216 67,175 66,322

total

1.3 –0.7

percentage point change

10.0% 9.6 9.2 8.7 9.3 10.0 10.3 11.0 10.8 11.6 12.3 11.9 11.5 10.7

percent

in poverty

total families

3,115 3,052 2,760 2,637 2,748 2,879 2,821 3,010 2,982 3,272 3,481 3,385 3,158 2,981

number

2.0% 10.7

18.1% 4.5

percent change

57,725 57,327 56,755 56,598 56,290 54,778 54,321 53,604 53,570 53,865 53,181 53,090 52,457 52,147

total

0.7 –0.3

percentage point change

5.4% 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.6 5.6 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.0 5.7

percent

in poverty

married couples

3,856 3,613 3,470 3,278 3,559 3,831 3,995 4,167 4,057 4,232 4,424 4,275 4,161 3,768

number

6.9% 22.4

17.6% 2.3

percent change

13,791 13,626 13,146 12,903 12,818 12,796 12,652 12,790 12,514 12,220 12,411 12,061 11,693 11,268

total

28.0% 26.5 26.4 25.4 27.8 29.9 31.6 32.6 32.4 34.6 35.6 35.4 35.6 33.4

percent

2.6 –5.4

percentage point change

in poverty

female hh, no spouse present

636 564 583 485 485 476 507 531 493 549 488 484 392 349

number

10.3% 62.3

31.1% 82.2

percent change

4,717 4,663 4,440 4,277 4,099 3,977 3,911 3,847 3,513 3,228 2,914 3,065 3,025 2,907

total

13.5% 12.1 13.1 11.3 11.8 12.0 13.0 13.8 14.0 17.0 16.8 15.8 13.0 12.0

percent

(continued)

2.2 1.5

percentage point change

in poverty

male hh, no spouse present

(total number of families, and number and percent below poverty level by type of family and presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2003; percent change in numbers and percentage point change in rates, 2000–03 and 1990–2003; families in thousands as of March the following year)

Table 6.60

2.2% 13.1

18.6% 1.7

2.1 –1.6

percentage point change

14.8% 13.9 13.4 12.7 13.8 15.1 15.7 16.5 16.3 17.4 18.5 18.0 17.7 16.4

percent

1,885 1,831 1,643 1,615 1,711 1,822 1,863 1,964 1,961 2,197 2,363 2,237 2,106 1,990

number

–0.6% 6.1

16.7% –5.3

percent change

26,959 27,052 26,931 27,121 26,694 26,226 26,430 26,184 26,034 26,367 26,121 25,907 25,357 25,410

total

1.0 –0.8

percentage point change

7.0% 6.8 6.1 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.1 7.5 7.5 8.3 9.0 8.6 8.3 7.8

percent

in poverty

married couples

3,416 3,171 3,083 2,906 3,139 3,456 3,614 3,755 3,634 3,816 4,034 3,867 3,767 3,426

number

9.1% 24.7

17.5% –0.3

percent change

9,614 9,414 9,171 8,813 8,793 8,934 8,822 8,957 8,751 8,665 8,758 8,375 7,991 7,707

total

35.5% 33.7 33.6 33.0 35.7 38.7 41.0 41.9 41.5 44.0 46.1 46.2 47.1 44.5

percent

2.5 –9.0

percentage point change

in poverty

female hh, no spouse present

470 395 412 345 360 350 407 412 381 395 354 353 297 260

8.9% 77.2

36.2% 80.8

19.1% 16.6 17.7 15.3 16.3 16.6 18.7 20.0 19.7 22.6 22.5 22.5 19.6 18.8

percent

3.8 0.3

percentage point change

in poverty number

percent change

2,456 2,380 2,325 2,256 2,200 2,107 2,175 2,063 1,934 1,750 1,577 1,569 1,513 1,386

total

male hh, no spouse present

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

2000 to 2003 1990 to 2003

5,772 5,397 5,138 4,866 5,210 5,628 5,884 6,131 5,976 6,408 6,751 6,457 6,170 5,676

Families with children 2003 39,029 2002 38,846 2001 38,427 2000 38,190 1999 37,688 1998 37,268 1997 37,427 1996 37,204 1995 36,719 1994 36,782 1993 36,456 1992 35,851 1991 34,862 1990 34,503

percent change

number

total

in poverty

total families

TOTAL POPULATION/INCOME

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 565

Table 6.61

Families in Poverty by Family Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent of families in poverty, and percent distribution of families in poverty, by type of family and race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2003; families in thousands as of 2004) total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

7,607 3,115 3,856

320 203 89

2,021 331 1,496

1,925 976 792

3,270 1,575 1,455

636

28

194

157

241

10.0% 7.9 23.5 11.8

22.1% 7.8 36.8 24.1

20.8% 15.7 37.0 17.3

6.1% 3.6 20.4 8.9

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.2% 6.5 2.3 4.4

26.6% 10.6 38.8 30.5

25.3% 31.3 20.5 24.7

43.0% 50.6 37.7 37.9

100.0% 40.9 50.7 8.4

100.0% 63.4 27.8 8.8

100.0% 16.4 74.0 9.6

100.0% 50.7 41.1 8.2

100.0% 48.2 44.5 7.4

NUMBER IN POVERTY

Total families Married couples Female householders, no spouse present Male householders, no spouse present PERCENT IN POVERTY

Total families Married couples Female householders, no spouse present Male householders, no spouse present

10.0% 5.4 28.0 13.5

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES IN POVERTY BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total families Married couples Female householders, no spouse present Male householders, no spouse present PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES IN POVERTY BY FAMILY TYPE

Total families Married couples Female householders, no spouse present Male householders, no spouse present

Note: Numbers will not add to total because Hispanics may be of any race and because not all races are shown. Data for Asians and blacks are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/ new04_100.htm.html

566

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/INCOME

Table 6.62

Families with Children in Poverty by Family Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent of families with children under age 18 in poverty, and percent distribution of families with children in poverty, by type of family and race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2003; families in thousands as of 2004) total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

5,772 1,885 3,416 470

199 121 66 12

1,698 210 1,341 146

1,629 789 713 127

2,185 746 1,269 170

NUMBER IN POVERTY

Total families with children Married couples Female householders, no spouse present Male householders, no spouse present PERCENT IN POVERTY

Total families with children Married couples Female householders, no spouse present Male householders, no spouse present

14.8% 7.0 35.5 19.1

10.9% 8.0 28.2 15.2

28.6% 9.1 42.7 30.7

25.2% 18.4 43.0 24.9

8.9% 4.0 28.1 12.5

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.4% 6.4 1.9 2.6

29.4% 11.1 39.3 31.1

28.2% 41.9 20.9 27.0

37.9% 39.6 37.1 36.2

100.0% 32.7 59.2 8.1

100.0% 60.8 33.2 6.0

100.0% 12.4 79.0 8.6

100.0% 48.4 43.8 7.8

100.0% 34.1 58.1 7.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES IN POVERTY BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total families with children Married couples Female householders, no spouse present Male householders, no spouse present PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES IN POVERTY BY FAMILY TYPE

Total families with children Married couples Female householders, no spouse present Male householders, no spouse present

Note: Numbers will not add to total because Hispanics may be of any race and because not all races are shown. Data for Asians and blacks are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/ new04_100.htm.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 567

Table 6.63

Poverty Status by Sex and Age, 2003

(total number of people, and number and percent below poverty level by sex and age, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) in poverty total

number

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

287,699 72,999 27,824 39,201 43,573 41,068 16,158 12,217 34,659

35,861 12,866 4,596 5,037 4,164 3,136 1,322 1,188 3,552

percent

12.5% 17.6 16.5 12.8 9.6 7.6 8.2 9.7 10.2

Total females Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

146,768 35,815 13,634 19,603 22,043 20,987 8,307 6,517 19,862

20,078 6,299 2,688 3,045 2,384 1,685 778 726 2,473

13.7 17.6 19.7 15.5 10.8 8.0 9.4 11.1 12.5

Total males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

140,931 37,184 14,189 19,598 21,530 20,082 7,851 5,699 14,797

15,783 6,567 1,908 1,991 1,779 1,451 545 463 1,079

11.2 17.7 13.4 10.2 8.3 7.2 6.9 8.1 7.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/new01_ 100.htm

568

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/INCOME

Table 6.64

People in Poverty by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent of people in poverty and percent distribution of poor, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

35,861 12,866 4,596 5,037 4,164 3,136 1,322 1,188 3,552

1,527 420 202 308 175 167 51 52 152

9,108 4,108 1,062 1,133 914 722 247 233 688

9,051 4,077 1,043 1,589 1,058 541 168 169 406

15,902 4,233 2,242 1,949 1,980 1,675 826 719 2,277

NUMBER OF POOR

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older PERCENT IN POVERTY

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 tor older

12.5% 17.6 16.5 12.8 9.6 7.6 8.2 9.7 10.2

11.8% 12.7 16.0 13.1 8.2 9.8 8.1 12.1 14.2

24.3% 33.6 26.6 21.8 16.5 15.0 15.8 18.5 23.5

22.5% 29.7 21.0 21.4 17.6 13.8 13.1 19.3 19.5

8.2% 9.8 12.9 8.2 6.7 5.5 6.6 7.5 8.0

25.2% 31.7 22.7 31.5 25.4 17.3 12.7 14.2 11.4

44.3% 32.9 48.8 38.7 47.6 53.4 62.5 60.5 64.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF POOR BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 tor older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.3% 3.3 4.4 6.1 4.2 5.3 3.9 4.4 4.3

25.4% 31.9 23.1 22.5 22.0 23.0 18.7 19.6 19.4

Note: Numbers will not add to total because Hispanics may be of any race and because not all races are shown. Data for Asians and blacks are for those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/new01_ 100.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 569

Total Population: Labor Force

Thirty-Five Percent of American Workers Are Managers or Professionals Sixty-six percent of Americans aged 16 or older are in the labor force, including 73 percent of men and 59 percent of women. Among the nation’s 147 million workers in 2004, 46 percent were women. The largest share of workers—35 percent—are employed in managerial or professional occupations. Another 25 percent hold sales or ofﬁce jobs. Sixteen percent of Americans are employed as service workers in jobs such as food preparation, personal care, and building maintenance. Among all married couples, 56 percent are dual earners with both husband and wife in the labor force. Just 22 percent have only the husband in the labor force. Forty-two percent of households have two or more earners, while 21 percent have no earners—most of them the retired elderly. It takes the average worker a median of 21 minutes to get to work each day. The median distance from home to work is 11 miles. Fully 79 percent of workers drive to work alone in their car. Only 4 percent use mass transit. Between 2002 and 2012, the labor force will expand by 12 percent. The non-Hispanic white share of workers will decline during the decade from 71 to 65 percent. In 2012, Hispanics will account for 15 percent of workers, blacks for 12 percent, and Asians for 6 percent. ■ The labor force as a whole is becoming more diverse, but some occupations are far more diverse than others.

Most men and women work (percent of people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by sex, 2004)

73%

75

59%

570

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

a

a

TOTAL POPULATION/LABOR FORCE

Table 6.65

Total Labor Force Participation Rate by Age and Sex, 2004

(percent of persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by age and sex, 2004) Total people Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

men

66.0% 43.9 75.0 82.0 83.4 83.5 83.8 83.7 79.8 71.1 50.9 14.4 27.7 15.3 6.1

73.3% 43.9 58.4 90.9 92.9 92.7 91.2 89.3 85.4 77.6 57.0 19.0 32.6 19.4 9.0

women

59.2% 43.8 70.5 73.1 74.0 74.5 76.7 78.2 74.5 65.0 45.4 11.1 23.3 12.0 4.3

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 571

Table 6.66

Employment Status of Total People by Sex and Age, 2004

(number and percent of people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, age, and employment status, 2004; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force unemployed civilian noninstitutional population

total

Total people Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

223,357 16,222 20,197 38,939 43,226 41,245 28,919 34,609

147,401 7,114 15,154 32,207 36,158 33,758 18,013 4,998

Total men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

107,710 8,234 10,125 19,358 21,255 20,160 13,894 14,684

78,980 3,616 8,057 17,798 19,539 17,635 9,547 2,787

Total women Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

115,647 7,989 10,072 19,581 21,970 21,085 15,025 19,925

68,421 3,498 7,097 14,409 16,619 16,123 8,466 2,211

percent of population

percent of labor force

employed

number

139,252 5,907 13,723 30,423 34,580 32,469 17,331 4,819

8,149 1,208 1,431 1,784 1,578 1,288 682 179

5.5% 17.0 9.4 5.5 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.6

73.3 43.9 79.6 91.9 91.9 87.5 68.7 19.0

74,525 2,952 7,246 16,818 18,700 16,951 9,174 2,683

4,456 664 811 980 839 684 373 104

5.6 18.4 10.1 5.5 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.7

59.2 43.8 70.5 73.6 75.6 76.5 56.3 11.1

64,728 2,955 6,477 13,605 15,880 15,518 8,157 2,135

3,694 543 619 804 739 605 309 75

5.4 15.5 8.7 5.6 4.4 3.7 3.6 3.4

66.0% 43.9 75.0 82.7 83.6 81.8 62.3 14.4

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of the employed plus the number of the unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

572

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LABOR FORCE

Table 6.67

Total Workers by Occupation, 2004

(number and percent distribution of employed persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by occupation, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

percent distribution

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

139,252 48,532 20,235 14,555 5,860 28,297 3,140 2,760 1,365 2,170 1,554 7,900 2,687 6,721

100.0% 34.9 14.5 10.5 4.2 20.3 2.3 2.0 1.0 1.6 1.1 5.7 1.9 4.8

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

22,720 2,921 2,847 7,279 5,185 4,488

16.3 2.1 2.0 5.2 3.7 3.2

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

35,464 15,983 19,481

25.5 11.5 14.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

14,582 991 8,522 5,069

10.5 0.7 6.1 3.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations

17,954 9,462 8,491

12.9 6.8 6.1

TOTAL EMPLOYED

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 573

Table 6.68

Total Workers by Industry, 2004

(number and percent distribution of employed people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by industry, 2004; numbers in thousands) number

Total employed Agriculture, forestry, ﬁshing, hunting Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Educational and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Other services, except private households Private households Public administration

139,252 2,232 539 10,768 16,484 10,329 6,155 20,869 4,600 16,269 7,013 3,463 9,969 14,108 28,719 11,820 6,903 6,124 779 6,365

percent distribution

100.0% 1.6 0.4 7.7 11.8 7.4 4.4 15.0 3.3 11.7 5.0 2.5 7.2 10.1 20.6 8.5 5.0 4.4 0.6 4.6

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

574

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LABOR FORCE

Table 6.69

Total Workers by Full-Time and Part-Time Status, Age, and Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of employed people aged 16 or older by age, employment status, and sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

men

women

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

139,252

114,518

24,734

74,524

66,444

8,080

64,727

48,073

16,654

Aged 16 to 19

5,906

1,770

4,136

2,952

1,068

1,884

2,955

703

2,252

Aged 20 to 24

13,724

9,701

4,023

7,246

5,566

1,680

6,478

4,135

2,343

Aged 25 to 54

97,471

86,077

11,394

52,468

49,964

2,504

45,003

36,113

8,890

Aged 55 or older

22,150

16,969

5,181

11,857

9,846

2,011

10,292

7,123

3,169

Total employed

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Total employed

100.0%

82.2%

17.8%

100.0%

89.2%

10.8%

100.0%

74.3%

25.7%

Aged 16 to 19

100.0

30.0

70.0

100.0

36.2

63.8

100.0

23.8

76.2

Aged 20 to 24

100.0

70.7

29.3

100.0

76.8

23.2

100.0

63.8

36.2

Aged 25 to 54

100.0

88.3

11.7

100.0

95.2

4.8

100.0

80.2

19.8

Aged 55 or older

100.0

76.6

23.4

100.0

83.0

17.0

100.0

69.2

30.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total employed

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Aged 16 to 19

4.2

1.5

16.7

4.0

1.6

23.3

4.6

1.5

13.5

Aged 20 to 24

9.9

8.5

16.3

9.7

8.4

20.8

10.0

8.6

14.1

Aged 25 to 54

70.0

75.2

46.1

70.4

75.2

31.0

69.5

75.1

53.4

Aged 55 or older

15.9

14.8

20.9

15.9

14.8

24.9

15.9

14.8

19.0

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 6.70

Total Workers by Educational Attainment, 2004

(number and percent distribution of people aged 25 or older in the civilian labor force, by educational attainment, 2004; numbers in thousands) number

Total aged 25 or older Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

125,133 12,470 37,834 22,298 12,141 40,390

participation rate

66.9% 45.1 63.2 70.3 76.6 77.9

percent distribution

100.0% 10.0 30.2 17.8 9.7 32.3

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 575

Table 6.71

Total Workers by Job Tenure and Sex, 2004

(total number of employed wage and salary workers aged 16 or older and percent distribution by tenure with current employer, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

Total workers, number Total workers, percent 12 months or less 13 to 23 months 2 years 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 or more years

men

121,753 100.0% 23.0 7.0 5.7 18.5 19.8 9.9 6.4 9.7

women

63,146 100.0% 22.4 6.6 5.6 18.3 19.6 10.1 6.5 10.9

58,608 100.0% 23.7 7.4 5.8 18.7 20.1 9.6 6.2 8.4

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.72

Total Households by Number of Earners, 2004

(total number and percent distribution of households by number of earners per household, 2004; numbers in thousands) number

Total households No earners One earner Two or more earners Two earners Three earners Four or more earners Average number of earners per household

112,000 23,932 40,769 47,299 37,917 6,998 2,384 1.36

percent distribution

100.0% 21.4 36.4 42.2 33.9 6.2 2.1 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

576

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LABOR FORCE

Table 6.73

Total Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Husband and Wife, 2003

(number and percent distribution of married couples aged 20 or older by age of householder and labor force status of husband and wife, 2003; numbers in thousands) husband and/or wife in labor force

Total couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older Total couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

husband and wife

husband only

wife only

neither husband nor wife in labor force

57,245 1,304 3,760 5,776 6,640 7,361 13,297 9,543 9,565

31,909 764 2,508 3,885 4,519 5,247 9,537 4,624 820

12,415 440 1,089 1,655 1,822 1,725 2,622 2,024 1,038

3,552 67 106 133 196 271 712 1,185 882

9,369 33 56 103 104 118 425 1,708 6,824

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

55.7% 58.6 66.7 67.3 68.1 71.3 71.7 48.5 8.6

21.7% 33.7 29.0 28.7 27.4 23.4 19.7 21.2 10.9

6.2% 5.1 2.8 2.3 3.0 3.7 5.4 12.4 9.2

16.4% 2.5 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.6 3.2 17.9 71.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, detailed tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 577

Table 6.74

Total Minimum Wage Workers by Sex, 2004

(number and percent distribution of wage and salary workers aged 16 or older paid hourly rates and those paid at or below minimum wage, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) at or below minimum wage

total paid hourly rates

total

at $5.15/hour

below $5.15/hour

73,939 36,806 37,133

2,003 680 1,323

520 210 310

1,483 470 1,013

Total workers aged 16 or older Men Women PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY SEX

Total workers aged 16 or older Men Women

100.0% 49.8 50.2

100.0% 33.9 66.1

100.0% 40.4 59.6

100.0% 31.7 68.3

100.0% 100.0 100.0

2.7% 1.8 3.6

0.7% 0.6 0.8

2.0% 1.3 2.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY WAGE STATUS

Total workers aged 16 or older Men Women

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 6.75

Total Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2004

(number and percent of employed people aged 16 or older who hold more than one job, by sex, 2004; numbers in thousands) number

Total multiple job holders Men Women

7,473 3,835 3,638

percent

5.4% 5.1 5.6

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

578

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LABOR FORCE

Table 6.76

Union Representation of Total Workers by Sex, 2004

(number of employed wage and salary workers aged 16 or older, number and percent represented by unions, and median weekly earnings of those working full-time by union representation status, by sex, 2004; number in thousands) total

Total employed Number represented by unions Percent represented by unions Median weekly earnings of full-time workers Workers represented by unions Workers not represented by unions

men

women

123,554 17,087 13.8%

64,145 9,638 15.0%

59,408 7,450 12.5%

$638 776 612

$713 828 685

$573 719 541

Note: Workers represented by unions are either members of a labor union or similar employee association or workers who report no union afﬁliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 579

Table 6.77

Journey to Work by Total Workers, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total workers aged 16 or older by principal means of transportation to work last week, travel time from home to work, distance from home to work, and departure time to work, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total workers

115,342

percent

100.0%

Principal means of transportation to work Drives self 91,607 Carpool 10,057 Mass transportation 5,081 Taxicab 128 Bicycle or motorcycle 691 Walks only 3,171 Other means 1,072 Works at home 3,536

79.4 8.7 4.4 0.1 0.6 2.7 0.9 3.1

Travel time from home to work Less than 15 minutes 15 to 29 minutes 30 to 44 minutes 45 to 59 minutes 1 hour or more Works at home No ﬁxed place of work

36,202 37,288 16,480 6,761 5,237 3,536 9,838

31.4 32.3 14.3 5.9 4.5 3.1 8.5

21

–

4,513 22,476 22,455 29,027 12,816 10,681 3,536 9,838

3.9 19.5 19.5 25.2 11.1 9.3 3.1 8.5

11

–

658 11,624 20,291 15,632 14,279 12,548 5,936 6,197 10,460 6,484

0.6 10.1 17.6 13.6 12.4 10.9 5.1 5.4 9.1 5.6

Median travel time (minutes) Distance from home to work Less than 1 mile 1 to 4 miles 5 to 9 miles 10 to 19 miles 20 to 29 miles 30 miles or more Works at home No ﬁxed place of work Median distance (miles) Departure time to work 12:00 a.m. to 2:59 a.m. 3:00 a.m. to 5:59 a.m. 6:00 a.m. to 6:59 a.m. 7:00 a.m. to 7:29 a.m. 7:30 a.m. to 7:59 a.m. 8:00 a.m. to 8:29 a.m. 8:30 a.m. to 8:59 a.m. 9:00 a.m. to 9:59 a.m. 10:00 a.m. to 3:59 p.m. 4:00 p.m. to 11:59 p.m.

Note: Departure time numbers may not add to total because not reported is not shown and those who work at home are not included.98 (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html; calculations by New Strategist

580

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LABOR FORCE

Table 6.78

Labor Force Projections by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002 and 2012

(number, percent distribution, and percent of people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 2002 and 2012; percent change in number and percentage point change in rate 2002–12; numbers in thousands) number

2002

Total in labor force

2012

144,863 162,269

percent distribution percent change 2002–12

12.0%

2002

participation rate

percentage point change 2012 2002–12

100.0%

100.0%

–

2002

66.6%

percentage point change 2012 2002–12

67.2%

0.6

Asian

5,949

8,971

50.8

4.1

5.5

1.4

66.3

68.7

2.4

Black

16,564

19,765

19.3

11.4

12.2

0.7

64.8

66.3

1.6

Hispanic

17,942

23,785

32.6

12.4

14.7

2.3

69.1

68.8

–0.3

Non-Hispanic white

103,348

106,237

2.8

71.3

65.5

–5.9

66.5

65.7

–0.8

Men in labor force

77,500

85,252

10.0

100.0

100.0

–

74.1

73.1

–1.0

Asian

3,215

4,941

53.7

4.1

5.8

1.6

75.6

77.3

1.7

Black

7,793

9,318

19.6

10.1

10.9

0.9

68.4

69.1

0.7

Hispanic

10,609

13,674

28.9

13.7

16.0

2.4

80.2

79.0

–1.2

Non-Hispanic white

55,340

56,849

2.7

71.4

66.7

–4.7

73.8

72.4

–1.4

Women in labor force 67,363

77,017

14.3

100.0

100.0

–

59.6

61.6

2.0

Asian

2,734

4,030

47.4

4.1

5.2

1.2

57.9

61.3

3.4

Black

8,771

10,447

19.1

13.0

13.6

0.5

61.8

64.0

2.2

Hispanic

7,332

10,111

37.9

10.9

13.1

2.2

57.5

58.6

1.0

48,008

49,388

2.9

71.3

64.1

–7.1

59.6

59.4

–0.3

Non-Hispanic white

Note: Asians and blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone. Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 581

Table 6.79

Labor Force Entrants and Leavers by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002 to 2012

(number and percent distribution of people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force in 2002 and 2012, and number and percent distribution of entrants, leavers, and stayers by race and Hispanic origin, 2002–12; numbers in thousands) 2002 to 2012 2002 labor force

entrants

stayers

2012 labor force

Total labor force

144,863

40,461

23,055

leavers

121,808

162,269

Race Asians Blacks Whites

5,949 16,564 120,150

1,783 5,538 31,019

1,771 2,338 20,811

4,178 14,226 99,339

8,971 19,765 130,358

Hispanic origin Hispanics Non-Hispanics

17,941 126,922

7,866 32,595

2,022 21,034

15,919 105,889

23,785 138,484

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total labor force

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Race Asians Blacks Whites

4.1 11.4 82.9

4.4 13.7 76.7

7.7 10.1 90.3

3.4 11.7 81.6

5.5 12.2 80.3

Hispanic origin Hispanics Non-Hispanics

12.4 87.6

19.4 80.6

8.8 91.2

13.1 86.9

14.7 85.3

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Projections to 2012: The graying of the U.S. workforce,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

582

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION

Total Population: Living Arrangements

Asians, Blacks, and Hispanics Account for a Large Share of Households Because the Asian, black, and Hispanic populations are younger, on average, than the nonHispanic white population, minorities account for a relatively large share of households headed by young adults. Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and other minorities account for 40 percent of householders under age 25 and more than one-third of householders aged 25 to 34. In contrast, among householders aged 65 or older, minorities account for only 17 percent. The minority share of households varies greatly by household type. Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and other minorities head 48 percent of female-headed families, but only 23 percent of married couples. Because minority households are more likely than non-Hispanic white households to include children, their household size is above average. Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and other minorities head the 58 percent majority of the nation’s households with seven or more people. They head only 21 percent of two-person households. Sixty-eight percent of American children live with both parents, while 23 percent live with only their mother. Among children living with their mother only, most are black (37 percent) or Hispanic (19 percent). ■ With immigration adding substantially to U.S. population growth each year, the minority share of households will grow rapidly.

Minorities account for a large share of households headed by young adults 100

(percent distribution of households headed by people under age 25 and aged 65 or older, by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2004) minority

83% 75

white

75%

60% 50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

40% 17%

100000

Asians, all blacks, Hispanics, and other minorities dual non-Hispanic whites

75000

under under 2525

over 65 65 or older

50000

25000

0

with

w/out

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 583

Table 6.80

Total Households by Age of Householder, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total households by age of householder, 2004, numbers in thousands) number

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

112,000 6,610 8,737 10,421 10,997 12,225 12,360 10,777 9,504 7,320 6,121 5,377 11,550

percent distribution

100.0% 5.9 7.8 9.3 9.8 10.9 11.0 9.6 8.5 6.5 5.5 4.8 10.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.81

Households by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2004

(number of total households and percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin of householder, by age of householder, 2004; numbers in thousands) total number

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

112,000 6,610 8,737 10,421 10,997 12,225 12,360 10,777 9,504 7,320 23,048

percent

Asian

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.8% 4.3 4.7 5.8 5.0 3.9 3.9 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.3

black

12.5% 17.1 14.9 14.6 13.5 13.6 13.0 12.5 10.6 11.3 9.0

Hispanic

10.4% 17.6 16.9 16.3 14.3 11.6 9.6 7.7 7.4 7.1 4.8

non-Hispanic white

72.5% 60.2 62.7 62.5 66.7 70.1 72.5 75.5 77.4 77.6 83.1

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

584

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.82

Total Households by Household Type, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total households by household type, 2004; numbers in thousands) number TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

percent distribution

112,000 76,217 57,719 13,781 4,717

100.0% 68.1 51.5 12.3 4.2

35,783 19,647 17,024 16,136 12,562

31.9 17.5 15.2 14.4 11.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.83

Households by Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2004

(number of total households and percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin of householder, by household type, 2004; numbers in thousands) total number TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples Female householder, no spouse present Male householder, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

112,000 76,217 57,719 13,781 4,717 35,783 19,647 17,024 16,136 12,562

percent

Asian

black

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.8% 4.2 4.5 2.7 5.1

12.5% 12.0 7.4 29.5 17.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.9 2.8 2.6 3.1 3.0

13.5 14.1 14.7 12.8 13.8

Hispanic

10.4% 12.2 10.8 15.5 19.2 6.8 5.5 5.1 8.3 7.1

non-Hispanic white

72.5% 70.9 76.6 51.6 57.5 75.8 76.8 76.8 74.6 74.8

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 585

Table 6.84

Households by Age of Householder and Type of Household, 2004

(number and percent distribution of households by age of householder and type of household, 2004; numbers in thousands) family households

Total households

nonfamily households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

male hh, no spouse present

female-headed

male-headed

total

living alone

total

living alone

12,562

112,000

57,719

13,781

4,717

19,647

17,024

16,136

Under age 25

6,610

1,417

1,398

775

1,498

762

1,521

768

Aged 25 to 34

19,158

9,573

2,959

1,025

2,269

1,660

3,332

2,229

Aged 35 to 44

23,222

13,584

3,642

1,096

1,839

1,482

3,060

2,400

Aged 45 to 54

23,137

13,500

2,692

946

2,893

2,471

3,107

2,555

Aged 55 to 64

16,824

9,834

1,357

430

3,061

2,775

2,142

1,825

Aged 65 or older

23,048

9,812

1,733

444

8,085

7,873

2,974

2,785

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Total households

100.0%

51.5%

12.3%

17.5%

15.2%

14.4%

11.2%

Under age 25

100.0

21.4

21.1

11.7

4.2%

22.7

11.5

23.0

11.6

Aged 25 to 34

100.0

50.0

15.4

5.4

11.8

8.7

17.4

11.6

Aged 35 to 44

100.0

58.5

15.7

4.7

7.9

6.4

13.2

10.3

Aged 45 to 54

100.0

58.3

11.6

4.1

12.5

10.7

13.4

11.0

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

58.5

8.1

2.6

18.2

16.5

12.7

10.8

Aged 65 or older

100.0

42.6

7.5

1.9

35.1

34.2

12.9

12.1

100.0%

100.0%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under age 25

5.9

2.5

10.1

16.4

7.6

4.5

9.4

100.0% 6.1

Aged 25 to 34

17.1

16.6

21.5

21.7

11.5

9.8

20.6

17.7

Aged 35 to 44

20.7

23.5

26.4

23.2

9.4

8.7

19.0

19.1

Aged 45 to 54

20.7

23.4

19.5

20.1

14.7

14.5

19.3

20.3

Aged 55 to 64

15.0

17.0

9.8

9.1

15.6

16.3

13.3

14.5

Aged 65 or older

20.6

17.0

12.6

9.4

41.2

46.2

18.4

22.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

586

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.85

Total Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, And Presence of Children, 2003

(number and percent distribution of households by age of householder, type of household, and presence of own children under age 18, and average age of householder, 2003; numbers in thousands) all households

married couples

female-headed families

male-headed families

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

111,278

35,968

57,320

25,914

13,620

8,139

4,656

1,915

916

132

75

40

251

71

266

20

5,695

1,823

1,304

805

1,132

878

523

140

Aged 25 to 29

8,535

3,930

3,760

2,433

1,391

1,247

508

250

Aged 30 to 34

10,521

6,180

5,776

4,498

1,501

1,395

503

287

Aged 35 to 39

11,486

7,532

6,640

5,521

1,826

1,674

498

337

Aged 40 to 44

12,583

7,521

7,361

5,697

1,826

1,428

589

395

Total households Under age 20 Aged 20 to 24

Aged 45 to 49

11,957

5,257

7,085

4,110

1,505

889

529

258

Aged 50 to 54

10,666

2,377

6,212

1,850

1,139

387

393

140

Aged 55 to 64

16,260

1,040

9,543

842

1,305

126

413

72

Aged 65 or older

22,659

176

9,565

118

1,743

43

434

15

48.9

38.5

48.7

39.3

43.9

36.0

41.2

38.2

Average age of householder (years)

PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN BY TYPE

Total households

100.0%

32.3%

100.0%

45.2%

100.0%

59.8%

100.0%

Under age 20

100.0

14.4

100.0

53.3

100.0

28.3

100.0

41.1% 7.5

Aged 20 to 24

100.0

32.0

100.0

61.7

100.0

77.6

100.0

26.8

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

46.0

100.0

64.7

100.0

89.6

100.0

49.2

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

58.7

100.0

77.9

100.0

92.9

100.0

57.1

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

65.6

100.0

83.1

100.0

91.7

100.0

67.7

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

59.8

100.0

77.4

100.0

78.2

100.0

67.1

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

44.0

100.0

58.0

100.0

59.1

100.0

48.8

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

22.3

100.0

29.8

100.0

34.0

100.0

35.6

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

6.4

100.0

8.8

100.0

9.7

100.0

17.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 587

Table 6.86

Total Households by Size, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total households by size, 2004; numbers in thousands) number

Total households One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven or more people

112,000 29,586 37,366 17,968 16,065 7,150 2,476 1,388

Average number of persons per household 2.57

percent distribution

100.0% 26.4 33.4 16.0 14.3 6.4 2.2 1.2 –

Note: (–) means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.87

Households by Size, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2004

(number of total households and percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin of householder, by household size, 2004; numbers in thousands) total number

Total households One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven or more people

112,000 29,586 37,366 17,968 16,065 7,150 2,476 1,388

percent

Asian

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.8% 2.8 3.1 4.8 5.1 4.8 5.5 7.1

black

12.5% 14.3 10.1 13.9 12.2 12.6 14.5 17.4

Hispanic

10.4% 5.9 7.0 12.5 14.9 21.7 26.8 32.9

non-Hispanic white

72.5% 76.0 79.1 67.7 67.3 59.9 52.1 41.8

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

588

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.88

People Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2004

(total number of people aged 15 or older, number and percent living alone, and percent distribution of people who live alone, by sex and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) living alone percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Total people Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

227,584 40,708 39,201 43,573 41,069 28,375 18,238 16,421

29,586 1,530 3,888 3,882 5,026 4,600 4,197 6,461

100.0% 5.2 13.1 13.1 17.0 15.5 14.2 21.8

13.0% 3.8 9.9 8.9 12.2 16.2 23.0 39.3

Total men Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

110,257 20,699 19,598 21,530 20,082 13,551 8,355 6,441

12,562 768 2,229 2,400 2,555 1,825 1,293 1,492

100.0 6.1 17.7 19.1 20.3 14.5 10.3 11.9

11.4 3.7 11.4 11.1 12.7 13.5 15.5 23.2

Total women Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

117,327 20,009 19,603 22,043 20,987 14,824 9,883 9,980

17,024 762 1,659 1,482 2,471 2,775 2,904 4,969

100.0 4.5 9.7 8.7 14.5 16.3 17.1 29.2

14.5 3.8 8.5 6.7 11.8 18.7 29.4 49.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/hhinc/toc.htm and http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 589

Table 6.89

Living Arrangements of Children, 2003

(number of total children under age 18 and percent distribution by living arrangement, 2003; numbers in thousands) number

Total children Living with both parents Living with mother only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with father only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with neither parent

percent distribution

73,001 49,903 16,771 7,006 9,102 663 3,324 1,172 1,979 173 3,004

100.0% 68.4 23.0 9.6 12.5 0.9 4.6 1.6 2.7 0.2 4.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.90

Children by Living Arrangement, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(total number of children under age 18 and percent distribution by living arrangement, race, and Hispanic origin, 2003; numbers in thousands) total number

Total children Living with both parents Living with mother only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with father only Never married Divorced or separated Widowed Living with neither parent

73,001 49,903 16,771 7,006 9,102 663 3,324 1,172 1,979 173 3,004

percent

Asian

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.7% 4.5 1.7 1.4 1.8 4.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.7 2.9

black

16.7% 9.0 36.5 52.4 25.2 24.1 17.0 23.4 13.1 18.5 34.1

Hispanic

18.2% 17.2 19.5 21.3 17.9 21.3 22.2 35.9 14.9 12.1 23.4

non-Hispanic white

59.9% 67.8 41.3 24.8 53.5 48.7 56.0 36.3 67.2 61.3 38.3

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because Asians and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

590

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.91

Total Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total men aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

108,696

20,194

9,366

10,177

21,702

19,578

13,158

14,521

Married-couple householder or spouse

57,320

1,087

3,423

5,592

13,821

13,449

9,802

10,148

Other householder

20,676

2,295

2,161

2,193

4,365

3,894

2,437

3,333

4,656

788

508

503

1,087

923

413

434

12,511

722

1,021

1,191

2,573

2,516

1,764

2,725

Total men

Male family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives Nonhouseholder Child of householder

65 or older

3,509

785

632

499

705

455

260

174

30,700

16,812

3,783

2,392

3,516

2,235

920

1,041

18,391

13,318

1,742

967

1,429

749

168

17

Other relative of householder

5,552

1,697

795

443

764

677

407

768

Living with nonrelatives

6,757

1,797

1,246

982

1,323

809

345

256

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

52.7

5.4

36.5

54.9

63.7

68.7

74.5

69.9

Other householder

19.0

11.4

23.1

21.5

20.1

19.9

18.5

23.0

4.3

3.9

5.4

4.9

5.0

4.7

3.1

3.0

11.5

3.6

10.9

11.7

11.9

12.9

13.4

18.8

Total men

Male family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

100.0% 100.0%

3.2

3.9

6.7

4.9

3.2

2.3

2.0

1.2

28.2

83.3

40.4

23.5

16.2

11.4

7.0

7.2

16.9

66.0

18.6

9.5

6.6

3.8

1.3

0.1

Other relative of householder

5.1

8.4

8.5

4.4

3.5

3.5

3.1

5.3

Living with nonrelatives

6.2

8.9

13.3

9.6

6.1

4.1

2.6

1.8

Nonhouseholder Child of householder

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 591

Table 6.92

Total Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total women aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2003; numbers in thousands) total

under 25

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

116,361

19,838

9,330

10,329

22,322

20,617

14,229

19,695

Married-couple householder or spouse

57,320

2,020

4,422

6,408

14,353

13,331

8,847

7,938

Other householder

33,281

2,936

2,615

2,553

5,703

5,433

4,281

9,763

Female family householder

13,620

1,383

1,392

1,501

3,653

2,644

1,305

1,743

Living alone

16,919

818

783

814

1,638

2,303

2,741

7,824

2,742

735

440

238

412

486

235

196

25,759

14,885

2,294

1,370

2,267

1,852

1,101

1,996

Total women

Living with nonrelatives Nonhouseholder Child of householder

14,666

11,848

986

511

710

429

162

23

Other relative of householder

5,851

1,277

394

273

671

781

639

1,818

Living with nonrelatives

5,242

1,760

914

586

886

642

300

155

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Married-couple householder or spouse

49.3

10.2

47.4

62.0

64.3

64.7

62.2

40.3

Other householder

28.6

14.8

28.0

24.7

25.5

26.4

30.1

49.6

Female family householder

11.7

7.0

14.9

14.5

16.4

12.8

9.2

8.8

Living alone

14.5

4.1

8.4

7.9

7.3

11.2

19.3

39.7

Total women

Living with nonrelatives Nonhouseholder Child of householder

100.0% 100.0%

2.4

3.7

4.7

2.3

1.8

2.4

1.7

1.0

22.1

75.0

24.6

13.3

10.2

9.0

7.7

10.1

12.6

59.7

10.6

4.9

3.2

2.1

1.1

0.1

Other relative of householder

5.0

6.4

4.2

2.6

3.0

3.8

4.5

9.2

Living with nonrelatives

4.5

8.9

9.8

5.7

4.0

3.1

2.1

0.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

592

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.93

Marital Status of Total Men by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total men aged 18 or older by age and marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

102,313 3,858 9,953 9,366 10,177 10,503 11,199 10,431 9,147 13,158 8,268 5,051 1,202

28,577 3,794 8,563 5,112 3,371 2,289 1,953 1,321 796 757 383 205 34

58,575 55 1,156 3,573 5,733 6,637 7,408 7,144 6,560 9,970 6,141 3,525 675

1,641 3 78 170 187 192 214 192 130 200 139 101 34

1,871 3 63 171 185 313 274 219 194 260 135 50 5

8,957 2 93 327 678 1,051 1,284 1,451 1,370 1,679 744 239 38

2,692 2 – 14 21 21 67 104 98 292 726 931 416

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

27.9% 98.3 86.0 54.6 33.1 21.8 17.4 12.7 8.7 5.8 4.6 4.1 2.8

57.3% 1.4 11.6 38.1 56.3 63.2 66.1 68.5 71.7 75.8 74.3 69.8 56.2

1.6% 0.1 0.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.8

1.8% 0.1 0.6 1.8 1.8 3.0 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.0 0.4

8.8% 0.1 0.9 3.5 6.7 10.0 11.5 13.9 15.0 12.8 9.0 4.7 3.2

2.6% 0.1 – 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.1 2.2 8.8 18.4 34.6

Note: (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 593

Table 6.94

Marital Status of Total Women by Age, 2003

(number and percent distribution of total women aged 18 or older by age and marital status, 2003; numbers in thousands)

Total women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

110,115 3,689 9,903 9,330 10,329 10,766 11,556 10,961 9,656 14,229 9,831 7,520 2,344

23,333 3,486 7,463 3,760 2,349 1,544 1,411 1,041 756 801 337 285 98

58,559 166 2,025 4,585 6,535 7,011 7,577 7,283 6,312 8,980 5,257 2,535 294

1,482 24 99 138 130 178 175 138 145 193 115 117 29

2,793 8 150 305 330 428 447 390 253 290 133 53 6

12,660 5 150 505 928 1,471 1,762 1,858 1,800 2,478 1,101 521 81

11,288 – 16 36 58 134 185 250 390 1,487 2,888 4,008 1,836

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

21.2% 94.5 75.4 40.3 22.7 14.3 12.2 9.5 7.8 5.6 3.4 3.8 4.2

53.2% 4.5 20.4 49.1 63.3 65.1 65.6 66.4 65.4 63.1 53.5 33.7 12.5

1.3% 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.2

2.5% 0.2 1.5 3.3 3.2 4.0 3.9 3.6 2.6 2.0 1.4 0.7 0.3

11.5% 0.1 1.5 5.4 9.0 13.7 15.2 17.0 18.6 17.4 11.2 6.9 3.5

10.3% – 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.6 2.3 4.0 10.5 29.4 53.3 78.3

Note: (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2003 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html; calculations by New Strategist

594

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.95

Race and Hispanic Origin Differences between Husband and Wife, 2003

(number and percent distribution of married-couple family groups by race and Hispanic origin differences between husband and wife, 2003; numbers in thousands) total couples number

couples with children under 18

percent distribution

number

percent distribution

RACE DIFFERENCE

Total married couples 58,586 Same-race couples 55,938 Both white only 49,725 Both black only 3,990 Both Asian only 2,223 Interracial couples 1,043 Black only/white only 416 Black only/Asian only 49 White only/Asian only 578 All remaining combinations 1,605

100.0% 95.5 84.9 6.8 3.8 1.8 0.7 0.1 1.0 2.7

26,445 25,003 21,826 1,967 1,210 527 224 24 279 915

100.0% 94.5 82.5 7.4 4.6 2.0 0.8 0.1 1.1 3.5

58,586 5,706 50,992

100.0 9.7 87.0

26,445 3,710 21,632

100.0 14.0 81.8

1,888

3.2

1,102

4.2

HISPANIC ORIGIN DIFFERENCE

Total married couples Both Hispanic Neither Hispanic One Hispanic, one non-Hispanic

Note: Race comparisons are regardless of Hispanic origin, and Hispanics may be of any race. Married-couple family groups include married-couple householders and married couples living in households headed by others. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, Current Population Reports P20–553, 2004; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 595

Table 6.96

Marital History of Total Men by Age, 2001

(number of total men aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) Total men, number Total men, percent

total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

105,850

10,186

9,465

9,177

10,069

10,704

21,202

15,694

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0% 100.0%

60 to 69 70 or older

9,558

9,795

Never married

30.9

99.1

83.9

50.8

29.5

21.5

14.2

6.3

4.3

3.3

Ever married

69.1

0.9

16.1

49.2

70.5

78.5

85.8

93.7

95.7

96.7

Married once

53.4

0.9

16.0

46.3

60.8

66.2

65.1

62.6

67.5

75.5

Still married

43.7

0.6

14.3

39.6

52.3

53.0

53.1

49.5

58.0

58.1

Married twice

12.5

0.0

0.1

2.8

8.7

10.9

17.1

23.2

21.3

16.5

Still married

9.9

0.0

0.1

2.6

7.4

9.1

13.8

17.6

17.0

12.2

3.2

0.0

0.0

0.1

1.1

1.4

3.6

8.0

6.8

4.7

Still married

2.4

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.8

1.2

2.9

5.7

5.1

3.5

Ever divorced

21.0

0.1

1.0

7.5

15.4

22.9

29.5

40.8

30.9

18.6

8.8

0.0

0.8

4.7

7.0

12.5

12.5

16.9

9.7

5.5

3.6

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.3

0.5

1.3

2.9

7.6

23.1

2.4

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.8

1.8

4.5

16.8

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

Table 6.97

Marital History of Total Women by Age, 2001

(number of total women aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2001; numbers in thousands) Total women, number Total women, percent

total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

113,777

9,764

9,518

9,239

10,211

11,110

22,036

16,626

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0% 100.0%

60 to 69 70 or older

10,956

14,318

Never married

24.6

96.3

72.4

37.3

21.7

15.6

10.5

6.4

4.1

3.3

Ever married

75.4

3.7

27.6

62.7

78.3

84.4

89.5

93.6

95.9

96.7

Married once

58.7

3.6

26.5

57.3

67.3

66.8

65.1

65.2

72.9

77.8

Still married

40.7

3.1

22.6

47.1

56.2

53.0

48.8

46.4

47.5

29.8

Married twice

13.6

0.1

1.1

5.1

10.0

15.7

19.8

22.1

17.4

15.5

Still married

9.1

0.1

0.8

4.1

7.9

12.0

14.5

15.3

10.6

6.1

3.1

0.0

0.0

0.3

1.0

1.8

4.6

6.3

5.6

3.5

Still married

1.9

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.8

1.5

3.3

4.1

3.1

1.1

Ever divorced

23.1

0.2

2.6

11.9

18.6

28.1

35.4

38.9

28.4

17.7

10.8

0.0

1.6

7.4

9.3

13.7

16.8

17.9

12.6

6.5

11.6

0.0

0.3

0.5

0.6

1.1

3.5

9.5

23.3

56.3

10.2

0.0

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.6

2.4

7.1

19.7

52.6

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P7097, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div.html

596

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION

Total Population: Population

The United States Is Rapidly Becoming More Diverse The U.S. population grew from 282 million in 2000 to 294 million in 2004, an increase of 4 percent. The non-Hispanic white share of the population fell from 69 to 67 percent during those years as minority populations grew much faster than the majority. Between 2000 and 2004, Hispanics (who may be of any race) surpassed blacks as the largest minority, growing to 41 million and accounting for 14 percent of the population. Blacks account for 13 percent of the population, Asians for 5 percent, and American Indians for less than 2 percent. The United States is becoming more diverse because of immigration. Between 2000 and 2004, nearly 4 million immigrants came to the United States. This follows the decade of the 1990s, when immigration reached an all-time high of more than 9 million. Fully 34 million Americans are foreign-born, accounting for 12 percent of the total population. Among people aged 30 to 34, one in ﬁve is foreign-born. More than one-third of the foreign-born live in the West, where they account for 20 percent of the population. Not surprisingly, the West is also the most diverse region, with non-Hispanic whites accounting for only 56 percent of the population. Eighteen percent of U.S. residents speak a language other than English at home. The 61 percent majority of those speaking a language other than English at home are Spanish speakers. Among Spanish speakers, 49 percent say they speak English less than “very well.” ■ The nation’s growing diversity provides economic opportunity for immigrants and entrepreneurs alike, but it strains the political and social fabric of communities struggling to adapt to rapidly changing populations.

One-third of Americans are Asian, black, or Hispanic (percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2004) 75

67%

50

50%

25

25%

13%

14%

b black

c Hispanic

5% 0

0%

a Asian

d white non-Hispanic

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 597

Table 6.98

Total Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 and 2004

(number and percent distribution of people by racial identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) 2004 number

Total population Race alone or in combination American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White

2000 percent distribution

number

percent distribution

percent change 2000–04

293,655,404

100.0%

282,192,162

100.0%

4.1%

4,409,446 13,956,612 39,232,489 976,395 239,880,132

1.5 4.8 13.4 0.3 81.7

4,236,378 12,121,816 37,231,182 910,932 231,978,329

1.5 4.3 13.2 0.3 82.2

4.1 15.1 5.4 7.2 3.4

Race alone American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Two or more races

2,824,751 12,326,216 37,502,320 505,602 236,057,761 4,438,754

1.0 4.2 12.8 0.2 80.4 1.5

2,673,462 10,691,993 35,812,716 465,054 228,620,482 3,928,455

0.9 3.8 12.7 0.2 81.0 1.4

5.7 15.3 4.7 8.7 3.3 13.0

Total population Hispanic Not Hispanic

293,655,404 41,322,070 252,333,334

100.0 14.1 85.9

282,192,162 35,647,334 246,544,828

100.0 12.6 87.4

4.1 15.9 2.3

Note: Race alone or in combination ﬁgures will not add to total because they count the multiracial population more than once. American Indians include Alaska Natives. Native Hawaiians include other Paciﬁc Islanders. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

598

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.99

Hispanic Origin Populations by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2004

(number and percent distribution of people by racial identiﬁcation and Hispanic origin, 2004)

Total people Race alone or in combination American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Race alone American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Two or more races

total

Hispanic

not Hispanic

293,655,404

41,322,070

252,333,334

4,409,446 13,956,612 39,232,489 976,395 239,880,132

835,497 426,843 1,806,345 173,601 38,731,796

3,573,949 13,529,769 37,426,144 802,794 201,148,336

2,824,751 12,326,216 37,502,320 505,602 236,057,761 4,438,754

618,003 257,792 1,538,618 107,441 38,216,940 583,276

2,206,748 12,068,424 35,963,702 398,161 197,840,821 3,855,478

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE

Total people Race alone or in combination American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Race alone American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Two or more races

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

1.5 4.8 13.4 0.3 81.7

1.0 2.0 4.4 0.4 93.7

1.4 5.4 14.8 0.3 79.7

1.0 4.2 12.8 0.2 80.4 1.5

1.5 0.6 3.7 0.3 92.5 1.4

0.9 4.8 14.3 0.2 78.4 1.5

100.0%

14.1%

85.9%

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

9.7 6.0 4.6 17.8 16.1

81.1 96.9 95.4 82.2 83.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

21.9 2.1 4.1 21.3 16.2 13.1

78.1 97.9 95.9 78.7 83.8 86.9

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total people Race alone or in combination American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Race alone American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Two or more races

Note: Race alone or in combination ﬁgures will not add to total because they count the multiracial population more than once. American Indians include Alaska Natives. Native Hawaiians include other Paciﬁc Islanders. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 599

Table 6.100

Total People in the Armed Forces, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people aged 18 or older who are in the armed forces or who are veterans, by sex and age, 2003)

Total people aged 18 or older Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

in armed forces

veteran

210,275,463 101,255,934 86,875,383 14,380,551 109,019,529 89,503,908 19,515,621

647,266 557,272 557,272 0 89,994 89,994 0

24,008,355 22,458,107 13,738,341 8,719,766 1,550,248 1,233,622 316,626

Total people aged 18 or older Men Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older Women Aged 18 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.3% 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0

11.4% 22.2 15.8 60.6 1.4 1.4 1.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.101

People in the Armed Forces by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people aged 18 to 64 in the armed forces, by race and Hispanic origin, 2003) total

American Indian

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

Total people in armed forces 647,266 Men 557,272 Women 89,994

3,187 2,876 311

21,393 17,731 3,662

99,495 78,124 21,371

53,266 46,689 6,577

458,950 401,961 56,989

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total people in armed forces Men Women

100.0% 100.0 100.0

0.5% 0.5 0.3

3.3% 3.2 4.1

15.4% 14.0 23.7

8.2% 8.4 7.3

70.9% 72.1 63.3

Note: Numbers will not sum to total because not all races are shown, those identifying themselves as being of more than one race are not shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

600

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.102

Total Population by Age, 2000 and 2004

(number of people by age, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04) percent change 2000–04

2004

2000

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

293,655,404 20,071,268 19,605,572 21,145,156 20,729,802 20,971,302 19,560,906 20,471,032 21,052,318 23,056,334 22,122,629 19,496,176 16,489,501 12,589,423 9,956,467 8,507,005 7,410,757 5,560,125 4,859,631

282,192,162 19,187,336 20,486,569 20,621,749 20,250,181 19,125,610 19,305,785 20,540,314 22,660,105 22,524,284 20,222,035 17,774,847 13,559,163 10,856,732 9,517,573 8,851,737 7,435,575 4,986,474 4,286,093

4.1% 4.6 –4.3 2.5 2.4 9.7 1.3 –0.3 –7.1 2.4 9.4 9.7 21.6 16.0 4.6 –3.9 –0.3 11.5 13.4

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

220,377,406 29,245,102 36,293,985

209,830,798 27,310,081 35,077,452

5.0 7.1 3.5

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 601

Table 6.103

Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004

(total number of people and percent distribution by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2004) total number

percent

American Indian

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

293,655,404 20,071,268 19,605,572 21,145,156 20,729,802 20,971,302 19,560,906 20,471,032 21,052,318 23,056,334 22,122,629 19,496,176 16,489,501 12,589,423 9,956,467 8,507,005 7,410,757 5,560,125 4,859,631

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.5% 1.3 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7

4.8% 5.2 5.1 4.6 4.6 5.1 6.1 6.6 5.6 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.5 2.1

13.4% 17.0 16.7 17.2 16.2 15.2 14.3 13.7 13.4 12.9 12.3 11.5 10.2 9.8 9.8 9.0 8.0 7.3 7.3

14.1% 21.8 19.8 17.9 16.1 18.0 20.0 18.1 15.5 12.5 10.3 8.9 7.9 7.3 7.2 6.5 5.6 4.8 4.3

67.4% 56.0 58.4 59.9 62.6 61.2 59.3 61.4 65.1 69.2 72.2 74.5 77.1 78.5 78.7 80.5 83.0 85.0 85.8

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

220,377,406 29,245,102 36,293,985

100.0 100.0 100.0

1.4 1.9 0.9

4.7 5.0 3.1

12.2 15.4 8.5

12.4 17.4 6.0

70.2 61.7 81.9

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because American Indians, Asians, and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

602

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.104

Total Population by Age and Sex, 2004

(number of people by age and sex, and sex ratio by age, 2004) total

females

males

sex ratio

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

293,655,404 20,071,268 19,605,572 21,145,156 20,729,802 20,971,302 19,560,906 20,471,032 21,052,318 23,056,334 22,122,629 19,496,176 16,489,501 12,589,423 9,956,467 8,507,005 7,410,757 5,560,125 4,859,631

149,117,996 9,808,276 9,576,431 10,314,017 10,094,406 10,168,312 9,566,092 10,129,813 10,481,803 11,592,968 11,204,884 9,961,248 8,488,082 6,591,409 5,323,518 4,712,328 4,312,118 3,440,533 3,351,758

144,537,408 10,262,992 10,029,141 10,831,139 10,635,396 10,802,990 9,994,814 10,341,219 10,570,515 11,463,366 10,917,745 9,534,928 8,001,419 5,998,014 4,632,949 3,794,677 3,098,639 2,119,592 1,507,873

97 105 105 105 105 106 104 102 101 99 97 96 94 91 87 81 72 62 45

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

220,377,406 29,245,102 36,293,985

113,345,146 14,188,592 21,140,255

107,032,260 15,056,510 15,153,730

94 106 72

Note: The sex ratio is the number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2004-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 603

Table 6.105

Total Population by Age, 2000 to 2020

(number of people by age, 2000 to 2020; percent change, 2000–10 and 2010–20; numbers in thousands) percent change 2000

2010

2020

2000–10

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

282,178 19,212 20,481 20,594 20,216 19,151 19,253 20,574 22,607 22,529 20,226 17,821 13,567 10,866 9,528 8,845 7,436 4,978 4,295

308,936 21,426 20,706 19,767 21,336 21,676 21,375 20,271 20,137 20,984 22,654 22,173 19,507 16,679 12,172 9,097 7,186 5,665 6,123

2010–20

335,805 22,932 22,564 21,914 21,478 20,751 22,361 22,704 22,143 20,673 20,219 20,702 21,876 20,856 17,618 14,161 9,450 6,134 7,269

9.5% 11.5 1.1 –4.0 5.5 13.2 11.0 –1.5 –10.9 –6.9 12.0 24.4 43.8 53.5 27.8 2.9 –3.4 13.8 42.6

8.7% 7.0 9.0 10.9 0.7 –4.3 4.6 12.0 10.0 –1.5 –10.7 –6.6 12.1 25.0 44.7 55.7 31.5 8.3 18.7

Aged 18 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 65 or older

209,835 27,311 35,081

234,504 30,481 40,244

255,505 29,339 54,632

11.8 11.6 14.7

9.0 –3.7 35.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

604

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.106

Total Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2020

(total number of people and percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin, 2020; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

335,805 22,932 22,564 21,914 21,478 20,751 22,361 22,704 22,143 20,673 20,219 20,702 21,876 20,856 54,632

percent

Asian

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.4% 4.6 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.4 6.4 5.4 5.0 4.4

black

13.5% 15.4 15.6 15.4 15.1 15.0 15.7 15.3 14.5 13.9 13.2 12.7 12.2 11.5 9.5

Hispanic

17.8% 24.3 23.5 23.2 23.0 22.4 21.1 19.0 18.6 19.7 18.8 16.0 13.1 10.8 8.6

non-Hispanic white

61.3% 51.9 52.8 53.4 54.0 54.8 55.8 58.0 58.9 58.1 59.4 63.7 68.1 71.4 76.4

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 605

Table 6.107

Total Population by Region, 2000 and 2004

(number of people by region, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

2004

2000

293,655,404 54,571,147 65,729,852 105,944,965 67,409,440

281,421,906 53,594,378 64,392,776 100,236,820 63,197,932

percent change 2000–04

4.3% 1.8 2.1 5.7 6.7

Note: Total number of people in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.108

Population by Region, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004

(total number of people and percent distribution by region, race, and Hispanic origin, 2004) total number

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

293,655,404 54,571,147 65,729,852 105,944,965 67,409,440

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

American Indian

1.5% 0.7 1.1 1.3 2.8

Asian

4.8% 5.1 2.5 2.6 10.0

black

13.4% 13.2 10.9 19.8 5.7

Hispanic

14.1% 10.8 5.6 13.2 26.3

non-Hispanic white

67.4% 72.2 80.3 63.8 56.5

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because American Indians, Asians, and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

606

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.109

Total Population by State, 2000 and 2004

(number of people by state, 2000 and 2004; percent change, 2000–04)

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

2004

2000

293,655,404 4,530,182 655,435 5,743,834 2,752,629 35,893,799 4,601,403 3,503,604 830,364 553,523 17,397,161 8,829,383 1,262,840 1,393,262 12,713,634 6,237,569 2,954,451 2,735,502 4,145,922 4,515,770 1,317,253 5,558,058 6,416,505 10,112,620 5,100,958 2,902,966 5,754,618 926,865 1,747,214 2,334,771 1,299,500 8,698,879 1,903,289 19,227,088 8,541,221 634,366 11,459,011 3,523,553 3,594,586

281,421,906 4,447,100 626,932 5,130,632 2,673,400 33,871,648 4,301,261 3,405,565 783,600 572,059 15,982,378 8,186,453 1,211,537 1,293,953 12,419,293 6,080,485 2,926,324 2,688,418 4,041,769 4,468,976 1,274,923 5,296,486 6,349,097 9,938,444 4,919,479 2,844,658 5,595,211 902,195 1,711,263 1,998,257 1,235,786 8,414,350 1,819,046 18,976,457 8,049,313 642,200 11,353,140 3,450,654 3,421,399

percent change 2000–04

4.3% 1.9 4.5 12.0 3.0 6.0 7.0 2.9 6.0 –3.2 8.9 7.9 4.2 7.7 2.4 2.6 1.0 1.8 2.6 1.0 3.3 4.9 1.1 1.8 3.7 2.0 2.8 2.7 2.1 16.8 5.2 3.4 4.6 1.3 6.1 –1.2 0.9 2.1 5.1 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 607

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2004

2000

12,406,292 1,080,632 4,198,068 770,883 5,900,962 22,490,022 2,389,039 621,394 7,459,827 6,203,788 1,815,354 5,509,026 506,529

12,281,054 1,048,319 4,012,012 754,844 5,689,283 20,851,820 2,233,169 608,827 7,078,515 5,894,121 1,808,344 5,363,675 493,782

percent change 2000–04

1.0% 3.1 4.6 2.1 3.7 7.9 7.0 2.1 5.4 5.3 0.4 2.7 2.6

Note: Total number of people in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000, whereas the others are population estimates. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ program=DEC&_lang=en&_ts=; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

608

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.110

Population by State, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004

(total number of people and percent distribution by state, race, and Hispanic origin, 2004) total number

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

293,655,404 4,530,182 655,435 5,743,834 2,752,629 35,893,799 4,601,403 3,503,604 830,364 553,523 17,397,161 8,829,383 1,262,840 1,393,262 12,713,634 6,237,569 2,954,451 2,735,502 4,145,922 4,515,770 1,317,253 5,558,058 6,416,505 10,112,620 5,100,958 2,902,966 5,754,618 926,865 1,747,214 2,334,771 1,299,500 8,698,879 1,903,289 19,227,088 8,541,221 634,366 11,459,011 3,523,553 3,594,586

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

American Indian

1.5% 1.0 18.9 5.6 1.4 1.9 1.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 2.1 2.1 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.7 0.7 1.1 7.5 1.3 2.1 0.6 0.6 10.9 1.0 1.7 5.8 0.7 11.3 2.5

Asian

4.8% 1.0 5.8 2.6 1.1 13.3 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.5 2.4 2.9 57.6 1.5 4.3 1.4 1.7 2.4 1.1 1.6 1.0 5.1 5.0 2.5 3.8 0.9 1.6 0.8 1.8 6.6 2.0 7.4 1.6 7.0 2.0 0.9 1.6 1.9 4.2

black

13.4% 26.7 4.5 4.1 16.1 7.5 4.7 10.8 21.2 58.6 16.2 30.1 3.3 0.8 15.7 9.3 2.7 6.6 8.0 33.4 1.0 29.9 7.5 15.0 4.8 37.1 12.0 0.6 4.8 8.4 1.3 15.2 2.8 18.4 22.3 1.0 12.6 8.5 2.3

Hispanic

14.1% 2.2 4.9 28.0 4.4 34.7 19.1 10.6 5.8 8.5 19.0 6.8 7.9 8.9 14.0 4.3 3.5 8.1 1.9 2.8 0.9 5.4 7.7 3.7 3.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 6.9 22.8 2.1 14.9 43.3 16.0 6.1 1.5 2.2 6.3 9.5

non-Hispanic white

67.4% 69.5 66.9 61.1 77.2 44.5 72.5 75.9 70.2 30.3 62.8 60.2 23.3 87.2 66.2 84.6 91.7 81.9 88.7 61.8 96.1 59.8 80.8 78.1 86.7 59.9 83.1 89.1 85.7 61.2 94.3 63.8 43.5 61.1 68.6 91.1 83.3 72.9 82.0 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 609

total number

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

12,406,292 1,080,632 4,198,068 770,883 5,900,962 22,490,022 2,389,039 621,394 7,459,827 6,203,788 1,815,354 5,509,026 506,529

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

American Indian

0.5% 1.1 0.7 9.4 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.0 0.8 2.7 0.6 1.3 3.1

Asian

2.4% 3.0 1.3 0.9 1.4 3.5 2.4 1.2 5.0 7.5 0.7 2.2 0.9

black

11.1% 7.0 29.8 1.1 17.2 12.1 1.3 0.9 20.6 4.4 3.6 6.4 1.1

Hispanic

3.8% 10.3 3.1 2.0 2.8 34.6 10.6 1.0 5.7 8.5 0.8 4.3 6.7

non-Hispanic white

82.9% 80.5 65.6 87.1 78.1 49.8 83.8 96.0 68.7 77.5 94.4 86.2 88.6

Note: Percentages will not sum to total because American Indians, Asians, and blacks include those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2004-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

610

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.111

Population by Metropolitan Area, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004

(total number of people and percent distribution for selected metropolitan areas by race and Hispanic origin, 2004) total

American Indian

Asian

black

non-Hispanic white

Hispanic

Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY MSA

860,976

0.1%

2.4%

6.1%

3.0%

87.0%

Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA MSA

650,230

0.1

2.1

4.0

9.8

83.9

Anchorage, AK MSA

265,176

6.0

6.7

5.7

6.9

67.6

Appleton–Oshkosh–Neenah, WI MSA

359,711

0.8

2.4

0.0

2.3

93.2

4,477,579

0.2

4.0

30.0

8.5

56.0

Augusta–Aiken, GA–SC MSA

476,167

0.1

1.5

34.9

2.6

59.7

Austin–San Marcos, TX MSA

1,373,125

0.5

4.1

7.4

29.0

57.9

Bakersﬁeld, CA MSA

702,855

0.7

3.9

5.1

42.8

46.2

Baton Rouge, LA MSA

610,743

0.0

1.7

32.4

2.2

63.0

Beaumont–Port Arthur, TX MSA

366,244

0.4

2.4

24.4

8.7

63.5

Biloxi–Gulfport–Pascagoula, MS MSA

363,966

0.0

0.4

22.9

2.5

73.5

Binghamton, NY MSA

239,012

0.0

0.9

3.2

1.9

90.4

Birmingham, AL MSA

929,694

0.3

0.8

30.6

2.5

65.4

Boise City, ID MSA

479,284

1.4

1.6

0.5

10.1

85.3

5,749,197

0.3

4.9

5.7

7.1

80.9

367,603

0.1

0.8

0.2

85.9

13.0

1,119,037

0.5

1.5

11.9

3.0

82.2

400,919

0.1

0.4

7.7

0.9

90.1

Atlanta, GA MSA

Boston–Worcester–Lawrence, MA–NH–ME–CT CMSA Brownsville–Harlingen–San Benito, TX MSA Buffalo–Niagara Falls, NY MSA Canton–Massillon, OH MSA Charleston–North Charleston, SC MSA

563,828

0.2

1.5

30.0

2.8

64.1

Chicago, IL PMSA

8,388,723

0.2

5.4

18.1

19.4

56.1

Cleveland–Akron, OH CMSA

2,878,475

0.2

1.6

17.1

3.0

77.2

Colorado Springs, CO MSA

539,225

0.7

2.6

6.8

12.6

75.0

Columbia, SC MSA

543,126

0.3

1.7

33.1

2.0

61.9

Corpus Christi, TX MSA

381,422

0.5

1.3

3.3

56.4

37.2

5,676,651

0.5

4.5

13.6

24.9

55.2

Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA–IL MSA

350,022

0.6

0.2

7.2

6.6

84.6

Dayton–Springﬁeld, OH MSA

916,635

0.2

1.5

14.4

1.4

81.0

Daytona Beach, FL MSA

530,553

0.3

1.0

9.5

8.0

80.3

2,514,628

0.7

3.4

5.4

20.6

68.9

476,699

0.3

3.0

3.7

5.0

87.2

5,437,277

0.3

3.1

21.0

3.3

71.2

El Paso, TX MSA

700,225

0.5

1.1

2.6

81.2

14.6

Erie, PA MSA

267,426

0.2

0.5

6.6

2.4

89.1

Eugene–Springﬁeld, OR MSA

324,176

1.7

2.8

1.2

5.4

87.6

Fayetteville, NC MSA

287,220

1.1

2.0

36.7

6.0

51.3

Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR MSA

345,308

2.3

2.0

1.1

12.0

81.6

Fort Myers–Cape Coral, FL MSA

508,634

0.1

1.2

7.2

13.0

77.1

Fort Pierce–Port St. Lucie, FL MSA

358,578

0.2

1.1

11.6

10.3

75.9

Fort Wayne, IN MSA

506,545

0.1

1.4

7.2

4.0

85.7

Dallas–Fort Worth, TX CMSA

Denver–Boulder–Greeley, CO CMSA* Des Moines, IA MSA Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI CMSA

(continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 611

total

Fresno, CA MSA

Asian

black

non-Hispanic white

Hispanic

1.3%

7.9%

4.3%

Grand Rapids–Muskegon–Holland, MI MSA

1,102,729

0.5

1.8

6.8

7.4

Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC MSA

1,283,261

0.3

1.9

20.0

6.7

70.2

976,678

0.1

1.5

16.9

3.9

76.3

Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC MSA Harrisburg–Lebanon–Carlisle, PA MSA

978,274

American Indian

46.4%

39.1% 81.9

617,676

0.1

2.0

7.4

3.6

85.5

1,163,367

0.1

2.7

9.7

10.7

75.0

Hickory–Morganton–Lenoir, NC MSA

345,590

0.0

2.7

6.6

5.6

84.5

Honolulu, HI MSA

868,751

0.1

49.0

2.2

7.1

19.1

4,794,384

0.3

5.7

16.5

32.4

44.2

354,936

0.9

2.1

20.9

1.7

73.2

1,664,412

0.1

1.6

13.5

3.7

79.2

443,275

0.2

0.7

46.7

1.2

50.5

1,182,453

0.3

2.9

21.9

4.8

68.7

Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN–VA MSA

482,047

0.6

0.7

1.1

1.4

95.3

Kalamazoo–Battle Creek, MI MSA

441,059

0.5

1.3

8.7

3.9

82.8

1,823,092

0.4

1.9

12.4

6.4

77.5

Killeen–Temple, TX MSA

298,933

0.9

3.1

18.7

17.5

56.1

Knoxville, TN MSA

707,617

0.1

1.2

6.1

1.6

90.2

Lafayette, LA MSA

386,812

0.2

0.2

29.2

1.5

68.2

Lakeland–Winter Haven, FL MSA

511,565

0.0

1.3

14.0

12.4

71.6

Lancaster, PA MSA

473,104

0.0

1.8

2.4

6.6

88.0

Lansing–East Lansing, MI MSA

436,485

0.4

2.9

8.9

5.1

80.5

Lexington, KY MSA

478,625

0.1

1.8

9.5

3.3

84.3

Lincoln, NE MSA

249,670

0.7

3.2

2.3

4.1

88.0

Little Rock–North Little Rock, AR MSA

593,032

0.3

1.0

22.5

2.7

72.1

Hartford, CT MSA

Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX CMSA* Huntsville, AL MSA Indianapolis, IN MSA Jackson, MS MSA Jacksonville, FL MSA

Kansas City, MO–KS MSA

Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA CMSA

17,199,115

0.6

11.3

7.0

42.9

36.8

Lubbock, TX MSA

240,721

0.2

0.6

6.9

30.1

60.1

Macon, GA MSA

329,432

0.3

1.5

38.4

2.5

56.2

Madison, WI MSA

437,843

0.6

4.3

4.5

4.3

85.6

McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX MSA

651,974

0.5

0.6

0.0

89.3

9.5

Melbourne–Titusville–Palm Bay, FL MSA

509,248

0.2

1.7

9.0

5.8

82.0

Miami–Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA

4,051,442

0.2

2.1

21.7

43.7

32.4

Milwaukee–Waukesha, WI PMSA

1,483,023

0.4

2.6

16.1

7.5

72.3

Mobile, AL MSA

547,153

1.3

1.3

27.8

0.5

68.3

Modesto, CA MSA

490,860

0.8

5.0

3.2

36.6

52.3

Montgomery, AL MSA

323,220

0.5

1.1

39.4

1.4

57.1

Nashville, TN MSA

1,275,212

0.3

2.0

15.6

4.6

76.7

New Orleans, LA MSA

1,313,694

0.4

2.4

38.1

4.9

53.4

New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA CMSA*

20,345,959

0.2

8.3

17.5

20.0

53.8

Oklahoma City, OK MSA

1,095,252

3.7

2.8

10.0

8.4

71.1

Orlando, FL MSA

1,831,212

0.6

3.4

14.7

20.2

60.3

Pensacola, FL MSA

410,542

0.4

2.1

16.7

2.2

75.8

Peoria–Pekin, IL MSA

337,020

0.0

1.4

9.3

1.8

86.3

5,383,262

0.2

4.2

19.5

6.1

69.0

Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD CMSA*

(continued)

612

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

total

Pittsburgh, PA MSA Portland, ME MSA Providence–Fall River–Warwick, RI–MA MSA Provo–Orem, UT MSA Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC MSA Reading, PA MSA Reno, NV MSA Richmond–Petersburg, VA MSA Rochester, NY MSA Rockford, IL MSA Sacramento, CA PMSA Saginaw–Bay City–Midland, MI MSA St. Louis, MO–IL MSA Salinas, CA MSA Salt Lake City–Ogden, UT MSA San Antonio, TX MSA San Diego, CA MSA San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA CMSA San Luis Obispo–Atascadero– Paso Robles, CA MSA Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–Lompoc, CA MSA Sarasota–Bradenton, FL MSA Savannah, GA MSA Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA MSA Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA CMSA* Shreveport–Bossier City, LA MSA South Bend, IN MSA Spokane, WA MSA Springﬁeld, MA MSA Springﬁeld, MO MSA Stockton–Lodi, CA MSA Syracuse, NY MSA Tallahassee, FL MSA Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL MSA Toledo, OH MSA Tucson, AZ MSA Tulsa, OK MSA Utica–Rome, NY MSA Visalia–Tulare–Porterville, CA MSA West Palm Beach–Boca Raton, FL MSA Wichita, KS MSA York, PA MSA Youngstown–Warren, OH MSA

American Indian

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

2,260,551 248,827 1,165,549 395,173 1,278,372 378,456 375,344 1,013,399 1,057,917 382,901 1,803,160 393,837 2,620,334 392,192 1,384,041 1,683,872 2,833,275 6,951,260

0.0% 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.3 0.6 0.1 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

1.4% 1.9 2.7 2.0 3.6 0.7 5.1 2.4 2.2 1.6 10.8 0.9 1.7 6.8 2.4 1.7 10.3 21.0

8.4% 1.5 5.2 0.5 22.5 2.9 2.2 29.9 10.2 7.3 8.0 9.3 18.6 2.3 1.2 6.4 5.3 6.6

0.8% 1.0 9.7 8.3 8.4 11.9 19.5 3.1 4.5 9.7 16.1 5.1 1.8 51.0 12.8 53.4 29.4 21.2

88.7% 94.6 81.4 87.8 64.6 82.5 69.7 63.1 81.8 79.8 61.5 82.4 76.7 37.8 80.9 37.5 52.4 47.8

238,502 385,238 639,438 299,920 587,557 3,184,924 387,312 252,944 420,592 560,472 332,918 632,143 707,901 274,945 2,537,586 598,283 885,025 810,062 282,844 395,493 1,223,206 546,308 393,426

0.6 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 3.0 7.0 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.2

3.2 4.5 1.1 1.9 0.9 9.8 1.0 0.6 1.8 2.4 1.1 14.2 1.7 2.2 2.3 1.3 2.5 1.4 0.7 3.5 1.9 3.5 1.1

0.8 1.8 6.0 35.1 1.4 5.1 36.8 13.5 1.6 6.9 1.2 7.5 6.4 33.8 10.8 13.0 2.9 9.0 2.3 1.7 15.2 7.1 3.5

17.0 37.5 8.2 2.5 1.9 6.9 2.3 5.6 3.1 14.1 1.9 33.9 2.1 4.4 12.6 4.9 32.1 6.2 2.5 54.6 15.6 9.0 3.6

76.7 54.0 83.4 60.1 95.5 73.6 57.4 78.7 89.6 75.7 93.4 42.4 87.4 58.6 72.9 79.1 58.3 72.5 91.7 38.5 65.9 77.2 90.5

566,597

0.0

0.6

10.2

1.8

86.9

* Population ﬁgures are for only part of the metropolitan area. Note: Some metropolitan areas are not shown because data are not available. Percentages will not sum to total because American Indians, Asians, and blacks include those identifying themselves as beingn of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races, not all races are shown, and Hispanics may be of any race. NonHispanic whites include only those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. For the deﬁnition of CMSA, MSA, and PMSA, see the glossary. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet sitehttp://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 613

Table 6.112

Immigration to the United States, 1901 to 2004

(number of immigrants granted permanent residence in the U.S. by single year, 2001 to 2004, and by decade, 1901 to 2000) SINGLE YEAR

Total, 2000 to 2004 2004 2003 2002 2001

3,780,019 946,142 705,827 1,063,732 1,064,318

DECADE

1991–00 1981–90 1971–80 1961–70 1951–60 1941–50 1931–40 1921–30 1911–20 1901–10

9,095,417 7,338,062 4,493,314 3,321,677 2,515,479 1,035,039 528,431 4,107,209 5,735,811 8,795,386

Note: Immigrants are people granted legal permanent residence in the United States. They either arrive in the U.S. with immigrant visas issued abroad or adjust their status in the United States from temporary to permanent residence. Source: Ofﬁce of Immigration Statistics, 2004 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, Internet site http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/ statistics/yearbook/YrBk04Im.htm; calculations by New Strategist

614

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.113

Immigrants by Country of Birth, 2004

(number and percent distribution of immigrants by world region and country of birth, 2004; for countries with at least 10,000 immigrants) number

percent distribution

IMMIGRANTS BY WORLD REGION

Total immigrants Asia Mexico Europe Caribbean South America Africa Central America (excl. Mexico) Canada Oceania Unknown

946,142 330,004 175,364 127,669 88,921 71,785 66,309 61,333 15,567 5,960 3,173

100.0% 34.9 18.5 13.5 9.4 7.6 7.0 6.5 1.6 0.6 0.3

946,142 175,364 70,116 57,827 51,156 31,514 30,492 29,795 20,488 19,766 18,678 17,999 15,567 14,915 14,414 14,250 13,998 13,655 13,358 12,086 11,781 10,552 10,504 10,434 267,433

100.0 18.5 7.4 6.1 5.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 28.3

IMMIGRANTS BY COUNTRY

Total immigrants Mexico India Philippines China, People’s Republic Vietnam Dominican Republic El Salvador Cuba Korea Colombia Guatemala Canada United Kingdom Jamaica Poland Haiti Ukraine Russia Pakistan Peru Bosnia-Herzegovina Brazil Iran All other countries

Note: Immigrants are people granted legal permanent residence in the United States. They either arrive in the U.S. with immigrant visas issued abroad or adjust their status in the United States from temporary to permanent residence. Source: Ofﬁce of Immigration Statistics, 2004 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, Internet site http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/ statistics/yearbook/YrBk04Im.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 615

Table 6.114

Foreign-Born Population by Age, 2004

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of foreign-born, and foreign-born share of total, by age, 2004; numbers in thousands) foreign-born

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

288,280 19,932 19,646 21,118 20,369 20,339 19,008 20,193 20,791 22,782 21,823 19,246 16,158 12,217 34,659

34,244 334 709 1,113 1,677 2,884 3,751 4,033 3,873 3,686 3,049 2,267 1,811 1,360 3,697

percent distribution

100.0% 1.0 2.1 3.3 4.9 8.4 11.0 11.8 11.3 10.8 8.9 6.6 5.3 4.0 10.8

share of total

11.9% 1.7 3.6 5.3 8.2 14.2 19.7 20.0 18.6 16.2 14.0 11.8 11.2 11.1 10.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

616

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.115

Foreign-Born Population by Age and World Region of Birth, 2004

(number and percent distribution of foreign-born by age and world region of birth, 2004; numbers in thousands)

Total foreign-born Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

Asia

Europe

Latin America

other areas

34,244 334 709 1,113 1,677 2,884 3,751 4,033 3,873 3,686 3,049 2,267 1,811 1,360 3,697

8,685 86 123 216 355 539 804 1,039 1,057 950 879 708 600 389 940

4,661 37 62 124 164 247 294 320 384 415 386 321 346 293 1,269

18,314 181 461 674 1,019 1,890 2,390 2,405 2,137 2,052 1,524 1,044 739 570 1,228

2,584 32 62 100 138 209 263 269 295 270 260 194 127 108 259

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY WORLD REGION OF BIRTH

Total foreign-born Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

25.4% 25.7 17.3 19.4 21.2 18.7 21.4 25.8 27.3 25.8 28.8 31.2 33.1 28.6 25.4

13.6% 11.1 8.7 11.1 9.8 8.6 7.8 7.9 9.9 11.3 12.7 14.2 19.1 21.5 34.3

53.5% 54.2 65.0 60.6 60.8 65.5 63.7 59.6 55.2 55.7 50.0 46.1 40.8 41.9 33.2

7.5% 9.6 8.7 9.0 8.2 7.2 7.0 6.7 7.6 7.3 8.5 8.6 7.0 7.9 7.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 617

Table 6.116

Foreign-Born by U.S. Region of Residence, 2004

(number and percent distribution of total people and the foreign-born by U.S. region of residence and world region of birth, 2004; numbers in thousands) foreign-born

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

total

Asia

Europe

Latin America

other areas

288,280 53,703 64,784 103,545 66,247

34,244 7,408 3,684 10,175 12,978

8,685 1,693 1,183 1,882 3,927

4,661 1,823 694 865 1,280

18,314 3,237 1,365 6,661 7,051

2,584 654 443 768 720

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY FOREIGN-BORN STATUS

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

11.9% 13.8 5.7 9.8 19.6

3.0% 3.2 1.8 1.8 5.9

1.6% 3.4 1.1 0.8 1.9

6.4% 6.0 2.1 6.4 10.6

0.9% 1.2 0.7 0.7 1.1

100.0% 39.1 14.9 18.6 27.5

100.0% 17.7 7.5 36.4 38.5

100.0% 25.3 17.1 29.7 27.9

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY U.S. REGION OF RESIDENCE

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

100.0% 18.6 22.5 35.9 23.0

100.0% 21.6 10.8 29.7 37.9

100.0% 19.5 13.6 21.7 45.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, Foreign-born Population of the United States, Current Population Survey, March 2004, detailed tables (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html; calculations by New Strategist

618

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.117

Foreign-Born by Citizenship Status, 2004

(number and percent distribution of foreign-born by world region of birth and citizenship status, 2004)

Total foreign-born Africa Asia Europe Latin America Caribbean Central America Mexico Other Central America South America North America Oceania Total foreign-born Africa Asia Europe Latin America Caribbean Central America Mexico Other Central America South America North America Oceania

total

naturalized citizen

not a citizen

33,533,945 1,039,489 9,146,958 4,775,586 17,533,710 3,107,686 12,125,989 10,010,902 2,115,087 2,300,035 846,882 191,320

13,893,436 396,724 4,916,520 2,732,626 5,415,882 1,683,823 2,847,286 2,238,740 608,546 884,773 366,665 65,019

19,640,509 642,765 4,230,438 2,042,960 12,117,828 1,423,863 9,278,703 7,772,162 1,506,541 1,415,262 480,217 126,301

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

41.4% 38.2 53.8 57.2 30.9 54.2 23.5 22.4 28.8 38.5 43.3 34.0

58.6% 61.8 46.2 42.8 69.1 45.8 76.5 77.6 71.2 61.5 56.7 66.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143469461584&_ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&_program=ACS; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 619

Table 6.118

Language Spoken at Home, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people aged 5 or older by language spoken at home, 2003; for languages spoken by at least 500,000 people) number

Total people aged 5 or older English only Language other than English

263,230,104 214,809,283 48,420,821

Language other than English Spanish or Spanish Creole Chinese French (including Patois, Cajun) Tagalog Vietnamese German Korean Italian Russian Polish Portuguese Arabic

48,420,821 29,698,115 2,193,370 1,378,825 1,261,746 1,104,248 1,094,446 966,959 782,104 705,183 600,621 560,010 558,105

percent

100.0% 81.6 18.4 100.0 61.3 4.5 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey Data Proﬁle, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/ Products/Proﬁles/Single/2003/ACS/Tabular/010/01000US2.htm; calculations by New Strategist

620

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

Table 6.119

Ability to Speak English by Language Spoken at Home, 2003

(number and percent distribution of people aged 5 or older who speak a language other than English at home by language spoken at home, and ability to speak English, 2003) number

Total, aged 5 or older Speak only English at home Speak a language other than English at home Speak English less than “very well”

263,230,104 214,809,283 48,420,821 22,001,256

percent distribution

100.0% 81.6 18.4 8.4

Total who speak a language other than English at home Speak Spanish at home Speak other Indo-European language at home Speak Asian or Paciﬁc Island language at home Speak other language at home

48,420,821 29,698,115 9,509,828 7,449,893 1,762,985

100.0 61.3 19.6 15.4 3.6

Speak Spanish at home Speak English less than “very well”

29,698,115 14,432,957

100.0 48.6

Speak other Indo-European language at home Speak English less than “very well”

9,509,828 3,275,644

100.0 34.4

Speak Asian or Paciﬁc Island language at home Speak English less than “very well”

7,449,893 3,749,195

100.0 50.3

Speak other language at home Speak English less than “very well”

1,762,985 543,460

100.0 30.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey Data Proﬁle, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/ Products/Proﬁles/Single/2003/ACS/Tabular/010/01000US2.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 621

Table 6.120

People Who Speak a Language Other than English at Home, by State, 2003

(total number of people aged 5 or older and number and percent who speak a language other than English at home, by state, 2003) speak a language other than English at home

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

total aged 5 or older

number

263,230,104 4,087,909 581,706 5,031,761 2,460,507 32,115,612 4,123,589 3,157,963 738,327 495,397 15,572,360 7,779,928 1,136,645 1,229,675 11,442,014 5,595,593 2,660,537 2,450,103 3,732,957 4,038,853 1,203,618 5,006,754 5,822,123 9,178,031 4,591,314 2,577,551 5,159,771 840,297 1,568,543 2,045,157 1,179,322 7,887,106 1,708,107 17,394,711 7,557,056 572,574 10,396,176 3,162,666 3,256,681

48,420,821 138,663 73,047 1,328,297 113,149 13,102,411 617,720 560,366 74,973 88,109 3,764,706 821,758 268,087 128,393 2,313,351 438,482 149,998 201,887 148,857 316,862 88,425 652,545 1,124,309 786,842 424,029 78,378 273,669 34,548 123,090 490,928 95,246 2,072,342 615,597 4,778,534 621,011 32,895 580,903 217,707 405,794

percent

18.4% 3.4 12.6 26.4 4.6 40.8 15.0 17.7 10.2 17.8 24.2 10.6 23.6 10.4 20.2 7.8 5.6 8.2 4.0 7.8 7.3 13.0 19.3 8.6 9.2 3.0 5.3 4.1 7.8 24.0 8.1 26.3 36.0 27.5 8.2 5.7 5.6 6.9 12.5 (continued)

622

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/POPULATION

speak a language other than English at home

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total aged 5 or older

number

11,218,258 976,471 3,736,487 683,219 5,309,621 19,751,381 2,082,635 567,271 6,667,441 5,600,233 1,663,592 4,978,150 456,351

912,895 188,914 181,132 33,216 250,169 6,417,699 246,884 29,059 798,402 769,066 35,072 389,410 22,995

percent

8.1% 19.3 4.8 4.9 4.7 32.5 11.9 5.1 12.0 13.7 2.1 7.8 5.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2003 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_lang=en&_ts=143386397087&_ds_name=ACS_2003_EST_G00_&_program=; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 623

Total Population: Spending

Spending Varies Greatly by Race and Hispanic Origin Asian, black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white and “other” households spend differently for a variety of reasons. Household composition differs among the racial and ethnic groups, determining the number of earners in the home and household incomes. Educational attainment also varies by race and ethnicity, with better-educated groups earning and spending more. Asian households spend the most—10 percent more than the average household. NonHispanic white and other households (which also include Asians), spend 6 percent more than average. Black households spend 30 percent less than average, while the spending of Hispanic households is 15 percent below average. By product and service category, spending varies greatly among the racial and ethnic groups. Hispanics and blacks account for roughly 30 percent of the market for infants’ clothes. (The two groups overlap somewhat because Hispanics may be of any race and some are black.) Hispanics and blacks also account for approximately 30 percent of the shoe market. Although Asians are the smallest minority examined by the Consumer Expenditure Survey, they account for a larger share of the education market than either blacks or Hispanics. ■ The racial and ethnic diversity of consumer markets is growing rapidly. Only by understanding the unique spending patterns of each group can businesses succeed in fulﬁlling consumer wants and needs. 60000

Asians spend the most, blacks the least (average annual spending of consumer units by race and Hispanic origin, 2003)

$44,923

$43,459

40000$40,000

$34,575 $28,708

20000$20,000

0

624

$0

a Asian

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b black

c Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic and other

TOTAL POPULATION/SPENDING

Table 6.121

Average Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003

(average annual spending of consumer units (CU) by product and service category and by race and Hispanic origin of consumer unit reference person, 2003)

Number of consumer units (000) Number of persons per consumer unit Average income before taxes Average annual spending FOOD Food at home Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity

total consumer units

Asian

black

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

115,356 2.5 $51,128

3,573 2.8 $60,393

13,743 2.6 $34,485

11,727 3.3 $37,150

90,019 2.4 $55,463

40,817

44,923

28,708

34,575

43,459

5,340 3,129 442 150 292 825 246 171 102 145 124 37 328 127 201 535 171 172 108 84 999 119 86 490 268 36 2,211

6,285 3,302 437 180 257 978 193 174 81 182 304 43 247 112 136 788 275 322 123 68 852 102 63 400 248 40 2,983

4,007 2,664 370 139 231 882 232 206 90 177 140 36 227 94 133 438 128 133 100 77 747 93 80 360 202 12 1,343

5,717 3,597 486 183 303 1,059 327 212 113 190 158 59 374 160 214 686 231 240 131 83 992 128 97 452 289 25 2,120

5,486 3,134 447 147 300 783 236 159 102 133 117 34 337 127 210 529 169 168 106 85 1,038 122 85 514 275 41 2,353

391

308

169

315

437

13,432 7,887 5,263 2,954 1,344 965 2,179 445 2,811 392 1,028

16,326 10,902 6,835 4,348 1,713 774 3,661 406 2,536 385 780

10,622 6,117 3,042 1,848 748 446 2,946 129 2,910 465 1,094

12,300 7,672 3,889 2,471 779 638 3,560 224 2,490 301 860

14,005 8,185 5,775 3,182 1,507 1,086 1,889 521 2,837 392 1,039 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 625

total consumer units

Asian

black

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

$110 956 326 707 294 414 529 132 263 133 1,497 113 401 52 196 88 648

$27 1,026 318 783 381 403 471 96 228 146 1,634 67 334 21 283 128 802

$46 1,027 278 453 247 206 357 137 168 53 785 61 234 11 118 43 318

$57 968 305 454 238 216 476 165 199 111 1,208 89 403 19 201 82 415

$126 944 336 779 308 471 563 127 287 148 1,642 125 426 62 206 95 729

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

1,640 372 282 89 634 529 106 81 294 258

1,736 342 290 52 609 538 71 125 292 368

1,601 292 181 112 565 446 118 104 440 201

1,756 435 307 128 564 438 126 121 368 268

1,631 374 294 81 655 554 101 73 262 266

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

7,781 3,732 2,052 1,611 68 1,333 2,331 371 619 905 436 385

7,454 2,992 2,156 836 – 1,313 2,383 282 546 989 565 766

5,074 2,097 929 1,164 4 1,016 1,728 308 413 730 278 233

6,780 3,063 1,441 1,562 60 1,328 2,057 331 520 812 393 331

8,317 4,063 2,301 1,684 79 1,381 2,458 385 663 944 466 416

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

2,416 1,252 591 467 107

1,955 1,071 476 340 69

1,309 774 229 263 43

1,439 747 365 263 65

2,711 1,389 675 524 122

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radio, and sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

2,060 494 730 378 457

1,713 516 621 197 378

1,007 163 616 123 105

1,245 250 621 194 179

2,326 576 761 441 546 (continued)

626

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/SPENDING

total consumer units

Asian

black

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

$527

$520

$461

$490

$541

READING

127

111

52

48

149

EDUCATION

783

1,890

442

477

877

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

290

119

180

171

322

MISCELLANEOUS

606

432

447

419

655

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,370

1,311

832

594

1,552

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

4,055 397 3,658

4,762 414 4,348

2,504 295 2,209

2,824 160 2,664

4,450 444 4,006

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

2,532 1,843 502 187

2,882 1,993 650 240

966 592 317 57

680 413 197 70

3,013 2,221 570 222

GIFTS FOR NONHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Food Alcoholic beverages Housing Housekeeping supplies Household textiles Appliances and misc. housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Other housing Apparel and services Males, aged 2 or older Females, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Other apparel products and services Jewelry and watches All other apparel products and services Transportation Health care Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles Other entertainment Personal care products and services Reading Education All other gifts

1,007 78 16 220 42 13 25 7 18 57 85 225 56 80 39 50 26 25 60 48 69 26 43 16 1 200 74

1,342 116 12 139 20 1 20 5 15 50 47 179 57 53 46 24 20 4 324 34 55 13 43 23 1 388 71

524 32 4 96 13 2 15 8 7 15 50 222 30 93 44 54 21 33 38 22 26 13 14 8 – 45 30

745 74 13 138 37 5 12 1 11 31 52 187 52 51 49 35 13 21 142 7 42 13 28 13 – 98 33

1,115 85 18 250 47 15 28 7 21 66 94 231 60 82 37 52 28 24 52 57 79 30 49 17 2 237 86

Note: “Other” includes Alaska Natives, American Indians, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Paciﬁc Islanders as well as those reporting more than one race. Spending by category will not add to total spending because gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories and personal taxes are omitted from the total. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses consumer unit rather than household as the sampling unit in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. For the deﬁnition of consumer unit, see the glossary. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 627

Table 6.122

Indexed Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2003

(indexed average annual spending of consumer units by product and service category and race and Hispanic origin of consumer unit reference person, 2003) total consumer units

Asian

black

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

Indexed income before taxes

100

118

67

73

108

Indexed average annual spending

100

110

70

85

106

FOOD Food at home Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Food away from home

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

118 106 99 120 88 119 78 102 79 126 245 116 75 88 68 147 161 187 114 81 85 86 73 82 93 111 135

75 85 84 93 79 107 94 120 88 122 113 97 69 74 66 82 75 77 93 92 75 78 93 73 75 33 61

107 115 110 122 104 128 133 124 111 131 127 159 114 126 106 128 135 140 121 99 99 108 113 92 108 69 96

103 100 101 98 103 95 96 93 100 92 94 92 103 100 104 99 99 98 98 101 104 103 99 105 103 114 106

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100

79

43

81

112

HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

122 138 130 147 127 80 168 91 90 98 76

79 78 58 63 56 46 135 29 104 119 106

92 97 74 84 58 66 163 50 89 77 84

104 104 110 108 112 113 87 117 101 100 101 (continued)

628

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/SPENDING

total consumer units

Asian

black

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 107 98 111 130 97 89 73 87 110 109 59 83 40 144 145 124

42 107 85 64 84 50 67 104 64 40 52 54 58 21 60 49 49

52 101 94 64 81 52 90 125 76 83 81 79 100 37 103 93 64

115 99 103 110 105 114 106 96 109 111 110 111 106 119 105 108 113

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

106 92 103 58 96 102 67 154 99 143

98 78 64 126 89 84 111 128 150 78

107 117 109 144 89 83 119 149 125 104

99 101 104 91 103 105 95 90 89 103

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

96 80 105 52 – 98 102 76 88 109 130 199

65 56 45 72 6 76 74 83 67 81 64 61

87 82 70 97 88 100 88 89 84 90 90 86

107 109 112 105 116 104 105 104 107 104 107 108

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

100 100 100 100 100

81 86 81 73 64

54 62 39 56 40

60 60 62 56 61

112 111 114 112 114

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radio, and sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

100 100 100 100 100

83 104 85 52 83

49 33 84 33 23

60 51 85 51 39

113 117 104 117 119 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 629

total consumer units

Asian

black

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

100

99

87

93

103

READING

100

87

41

38

117

EDUCATION

100

241

56

61

112

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

100

41

62

59

111

MISCELLANEOUS

100

71

74

69

108

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100

96

61

43

113

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

100 100 100

117 104 119

62 74 60

70 40 73

110 112 110

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

100 100 100 100

114 108 129 128

38 32 63 30

27 22 39 37

119 121 114 119

GIFTS FOR NONHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Food Alcoholic beverages Housing Housekeeping supplies Household textiles Appliances and misc. housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Other housing Apparel and services Males, aged 2 or older Females, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Other apparel products and services Jewelry and watches All other apparel products and services Transportation Health care Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles Other entertainment Personal care products and services Reading Education All other gifts

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

133 149 75 63 48 8 80 71 83 88 55 80 102 66 118 48 77 16 540 71 80 50 100 144 100 194 96

52 41 25 44 31 15 60 114 39 26 59 99 54 116 113 108 81 132 63 46 38 50 33 50 – 23 41

74 95 81 63 88 38 48 14 61 54 61 83 93 64 126 70 50 84 237 15 61 50 65 81 – 49 45

111 109 113 114 112 115 112 100 117 116 111 103 107 103 95 104 108 96 87 119 114 115 114 106 200 119 116

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the spending of each race/Hispanic origin group by average spending and multiplying by 100. An index of 125 indicates spending by the race/Hispanic origin group that is 25 percent above average. An index of 75 indicates spending that is 25 percent below average. “Other” includes Alaska Natives, American Indians, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Paciﬁc Islanders as well as those reporting more than one race. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses consumer unit rather than household as the sampling unit in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. For the deﬁnition of consumer unit, see the glossary. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/

630

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/SPENDING

Table 6.123

Market Shares by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(percentage of total annual spending accounted for by race and Hispanic origin groups, by product and service category, 2003) total consumer units

Asian

Share of consumer units Share of income before taxes

100.0% 100.0

3.1% 3.7

Share of annual spending

100.0

FOOD Food at home Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Food away from home

black

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

11.9% 8.0

10.2% 7.4

78.0% 84.7

3.4

8.4

8.6

83.1

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.6 3.3 3.1 3.7 2.7 3.7 2.4 3.2 2.5 3.9 7.6 3.6 2.3 2.7 2.1 4.6 5.0 5.8 3.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.4 4.2

8.9 10.1 10.0 11.0 9.4 12.7 11.2 14.4 10.5 14.5 13.5 11.6 8.2 8.8 7.9 9.8 8.9 9.2 11.0 10.9 8.9 9.3 11.1 8.8 9.0 4.0 7.2

10.9 11.7 11.2 12.4 10.5 13.0 13.5 12.6 11.3 13.3 13.0 16.2 11.6 12.8 10.8 13.0 13.7 14.2 12.3 10.0 10.1 10.9 11.5 9.4 11.0 7.1 9.7

80.2 78.2 78.9 76.5 80.2 74.1 74.9 72.6 78.0 71.6 73.6 71.7 80.2 78.0 81.5 77.2 77.1 76.2 76.6 79.0 81.1 80.0 77.1 81.9 80.1 88.9 83.0

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100.0

2.4

5.1

8.2

87.2

HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.8 4.3 4.0 4.6 3.9 2.5 5.2 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.4

9.4 9.2 6.9 7.5 6.6 5.5 16.1 3.5 12.3 14.1 12.7

9.3 9.9 7.5 8.5 5.9 6.7 16.6 5.1 9.0 7.8 8.5

81.4 81.0 85.6 84.1 87.5 87.8 67.7 91.4 78.8 78.0 78.9 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 631

total consumer units

Asian

black

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.8% 3.3 3.0 3.4 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.4 1.8 2.6 1.3 4.5 4.5 3.8

5.0% 12.8 10.2 7.6 10.0 5.9 8.0 12.4 7.6 4.7 6.2 6.4 7.0 2.5 7.2 5.8 5.8

5.3% 10.3 9.5 6.5 8.2 5.3 9.1 12.7 7.7 8.5 8.2 8.0 10.2 3.7 10.4 9.5 6.5

89.4% 77.1 80.4 86.0 81.8 88.8 83.1 75.1 85.2 86.8 85.6 86.3 82.9 93.0 82.0 84.2 87.8

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.3 2.8 3.2 1.8 3.0 3.2 2.1 4.8 3.1 4.4

11.6 9.4 7.6 15.0 10.6 10.0 13.3 15.3 17.8 9.3

10.9 11.9 11.1 14.6 9.0 8.4 12.1 15.2 12.7 10.6

77.6 78.5 81.4 71.0 80.6 81.7 74.4 70.3 69.5 80.5

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.0 2.5 3.3 1.6 – 3.1 3.2 2.4 2.7 3.4 4.0 6.2

7.8 6.7 5.4 8.6 0.7 9.1 8.8 9.9 7.9 9.6 7.6 7.2

8.9 8.3 7.1 9.9 9.0 10.1 9.0 9.1 8.5 9.1 9.2 8.7

83.4 85.0 87.5 81.6 90.7 80.8 82.3 81.0 83.6 81.4 83.4 84.3

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.0

6.5 7.4 4.6 6.7 4.8

6.1 6.1 6.3 5.7 6.2

87.6 86.6 89.1 87.6 89.0

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radio, and sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.6 3.2 2.6 1.6 2.6

5.8 3.9 10.1 3.9 2.7

6.1 5.1 8.6 5.2 4.0

88.1 91.0 81.3 91.0 93.2 (continued)

632

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/SPENDING

total consumer units

Asian

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

100.0%

3.1%

READING

100.0

2.7

EDUCATION

100.0

7.5

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

100.0

MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

black

10.4%

non-Hispanic Hispanic white and other

9.5%

80.1%

4.9

3.8

91.6

6.7

6.2

87.4

1.3

7.4

6.0

86.6

100.0

2.2

8.8

7.0

84.3

100.0

3.0

7.2

4.4

88.4

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

100.0 100.0 100.0

3.6 3.2 3.7

7.4 8.9 7.2

7.1 4.1 7.4

85.6 87.3 85.5

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.5 3.3 4.0 4.0

4.5 3.8 7.5 3.6

2.7 2.3 4.0 3.8

92.9 94.0 88.6 92.6

GIFTS FOR NONHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Food Alcoholic beverages Housing Housekeeping supplies Household textiles Appliances and misc. housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Other housing Apparel and services Males, aged 2 or older Females, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Other apparel products and services Jewelry and watches All other apparel products and services Transportation Health care Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles Other entertainment Personal care products and services Reading Education All other gifts

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.1 4.6 2.3 2.0 1.5 0.2 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.7 1.7 2.5 3.2 2.1 3.7 1.5 2.4 0.5 16.7 2.2 2.5 1.5 3.1 4.5 3.1 6.0 3.0

6.2 4.9 3.0 5.2 3.7 1.8 7.1 13.6 4.6 3.1 7.0 11.8 6.4 13.8 13.4 12.9 9.6 15.7 7.5 5.5 4.5 6.0 3.9 6.0 – 2.7 4.8

7.5 9.6 8.3 6.4 9.0 3.9 4.9 1.5 6.2 5.5 6.2 8.4 9.4 6.5 12.8 7.1 5.1 8.5 24.1 1.5 6.2 5.1 6.6 8.3 – 5.0 4.5

86.4 85.0 87.8 88.7 87.3 90.0 87.4 78.0 91.0 90.4 86.3 80.1 83.6 80.0 74.0 81.2 84.0 74.9 67.6 92.7 89.3 90.0 88.9 82.9 – 92.5 90.7

Note: Numbers may not add to total because of rounding. “Other” includes Alaska Natives, American Indians, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Paciﬁc Islanders as well as those reporting more than one race. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses consumer unit rather than household as the sampling unit in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. For the deﬁnition of consumer unit, see the glossary. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 633

Total Population: Wealth

The Median Net Worth of Americans Stood at $86,100 in 2001 The median net worth (assets minus debts) of American households varies sharply by race and Hispanic origin of householder. The median net worth of non-Hispanic white households stood at $120,900 in 2001 (the latest data available), while that of nonwhite and Hispanic households was a much smaller $17,100. The net worth of non-Hispanic white households is much higher than that of others because non-Hispanic whites are more likely to own a home. Home equity accounts for the largest share of Americans’ net worth. The average household had only $28,000 in ﬁnancial assets in 2001, with transaction accounts (such as checking accounts) owned by the largest share. The 52 percent majority of households own retirement accounts, but they are worth a median of just $29,000. Sixty-eight percent of households owned a home in 2001. The median value of the primary residence stood at $122,000. Three out of four households were in debt, owing a median of $38,775 in 2001. Mortgage debt accounts for the largest amount owed. The 60 percent majority of workers neither owns an IRA nor participates in a 401(k)-type retirement plan. This explains why only 21 percent of workers say they are “very conﬁdent” they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout retirement. ■ Among Americans aged 65 or older, 91 percent receive Social Security beneﬁts. Only 37 percent receive retirement income from pensions or IRAs.

Net worth varies sharply by race and Hispanic origin 150000(median net worth of total, non-Hispanic white, and nonwhite/Hispanic households, 2001)

$120,900 100000 $100,000

$86,100

50000 $50,000

$17,100 0

634

$0

a total households

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

b white non-Hispanic households

c nonwhite/Hispanic households

TOTAL POPULATION/WEALTH

Table 6.124

Net Worth, Assets, and Debt of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001

(median net worth, median value of assets for owners, and median amount of debt for debtors, for households by race and Hispanic origin of householder, and index of race/Hispanic origin to total, 2001) non-Hispanic whites

Median net worth Median value of ﬁnancial assets Median value of nonﬁnancial assets Median amount of debt

nonwhites/Hispanics

total households

median

index

median

index

$86,100 28,000 113,500 38,775

$120,900 38,500 131,500 44,478

140 138 116 115

$17,100 7,200 58,200 20,000

20 26 51 52

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the race/Hispanic origin ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.125

Financial Assets of Total Households, 2001

(percent of total households owning ﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2001) percent owning asset

Any ﬁnancial asset Transaction accounts Certiﬁcates of deposit Savings bonds Bonds Stocks Mutual funds Retirement accounts Life insurance Other managed assets Other ﬁnancial assets

93.1% 90.9 15.7 16.7 3.0 21.3 17.7 52.2 28.0 6.6 9.3

median value

$28,000 4,000 15,000 1,000 43,500 20,000 35,000 29,000 10,000 70,000 4,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 635

Table 6.126

Nonﬁnancial Assets of Total Households, 2001

(percent of total households owning nonﬁnancial assets, and median value of assets for owners, 2001) percent owning asset

Any nonﬁnancial asset Vehicles Primary residence Other residential property Nonresidential property Business Other nonﬁnancial asset

90.7% 84.8 67.7 11.3 8.3 11.8 7.6

median value

$113,500 13,500 122,000 80,000 49,000 100,000 12,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003

Table 6.127

Debt of Total Households, 2001

(percent of total households with debt, and median amount of debt for those with debts, 2001) percent with debt

Any debt Home-secured Other residential property Installment loans Other lines of credit Credit card Other debt

75.1% 44.6 4.7 45.2 44.4 1.5 7.2

median amount

$38,775 70,000 40,000 9,680 1,900 3,900 3,000

Source: Federal Reserve Board, “Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003

636

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

TOTAL POPULATION/WEALTH

Table 6.128

Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)-Type Plans, 2002

(percent of total workers aged 21 to 64 owning IRAs and 401(k)-type plans, 2002) total workers

IRA or 401(k)-type plan IRA only 401(k)-type plan only Both IRA and 401(k)-type plan

40.4% 9.6 21.7 9.2

Neither IRA nor 401(k)-type plan

59.6

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, “401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership,” by Craig Copeland, EBRI Notes, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2005; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

Table 6.129

Retirement Conﬁdence among Total Workers, 2003

(percent distribution of total workers aged 25 or older by degree of conﬁdence in retirement savings and planning, 2003) very conﬁdent

Having enough money to live comfortably throughout retirement years Having enough money to take care of basic expenses Doing a good job of preparing ﬁnancially for retirement Not outliving retirement savings Having enough money to take care of medical expenses Having enough money to pay for long-term care

21% 33 24 20 18 14

somewhat conﬁdent

45% 45 45 42 40 34

not too conﬁdent

17% 10 15 16 22 26

not at all conﬁdent

16% 11 14 17 19 24

Source: The 2003 Minority Retirement Conﬁdence Survey Summary of Findings, Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, American Savings Education Council, and Mathew Greenwald & Associates; Internet site http://www.ebri.org/surveys/rcs/2003/

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 637

Table 6.130

Sources of Income for Total People Aged 65 or Older, 2003

(number and percent of people aged 65 or older with income by selected source and average income for those with income, ranked by number receiving income, 2003; people in thousands as of 2004) number with income

Total people aged 65 or older with income Social Security Interest Retirement income, including pensions Dividends Earnings Rents, royalties, estates, or trusts Survivor’s beneﬁts SSI (Supplemental Security Income) Veteran’s beneﬁts

33,779 30,882 18,407 12,339 6,855 6,074 2,776 1,736 1,225 940

percent with income

100.0% 91.4 54.5 36.5 20.3 18.0 8.2 5.1 3.6 2.8

average amount received by those with income

$14,664 10,258 1,642 9,048 1,822 16,177 2,183 6,233 3,637 4,982

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2004 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/perinc/ new09_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

638

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR CHAPTER

7

Attitudes and Behavior The attitudes and lifestyles of Americans differ by race and Hispanic origin, although not as much as incomes, wealth, and education. Regardless of race or Hispanic origin, most of the population is at least somewhat religious, most are online, and most are busy trying to manage home and family life in just 24 hours a day. The new time use survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics reveals interesting differences in how people spend their day by race and Hispanic origin. Blacks, Hispanics, and whites spend the largest part of each day in personal care activities (including sleeping), followed by leisure activities and work. But whites spend more time eating and drinking than blacks or Hispanics do because the white population is older and more likely to be retired. Hispanics spend more time than others caring for household members because so many of their households include children. Blacks spend more time than Hispanics or whites in organizational, civic, and religious activities. Blacks are most likely to identify themselves as “religious,” with 49 percent doing so according to the American Religious Identiﬁcation Survey. Regardless of race or Hispanic origin, most Americans use a computer and are online, according to the Pew Internet & American Life Project. Among voters in the 2004 presidential election, non-Hispanic whites accounted for fully 79 percent of those who went to the polls.

Most voters are non-Hispanic white (percent distribution of voters by race and Hispanic origin, November 2004; shares do not add to 100 percent because not all races are shown and Hispanics may be of any race) 100

79.2% 75

75%

50 50%

25 25%

11.4% 0

2.4% 0%

a Asian

b black

6.0% c Hispanic

d non-Hispanic white

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 639

Table 7.1

Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(average number of hours per day spent in primary activities by people aged 15 or older by race and Hispanic origin, and index of hours to national average, 2003) total people

black

Hispanic

white

Hours Personal care activities Eating and drinking Household activities Purchasing goods and services Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping non-household members Working and work-related activities Educational activities Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail Other activities

9.34 1.21 1.83 0.81 0.55 0.29 3.69 0.47 0.32 5.11 0.19 0.19

9.83 0.81 1.30 0.70 0.54 0.37 3.31 0.66 0.51 5.55 0.22 0.20

9.70 1.12 1.82 0.81 0.72 0.21 3.66 0.57 0.23 4.85 0.12 0.19

9.27 1.26 1.93 0.83 0.54 0.28 3.72 0.42 0.30 5.07 0.18 0.19

Index Personal care activities Eating and drinking Household activities Purchasing goods and services Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping non-household members Working and work-related activities Educational activities Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail Other activities

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

105 67 71 86 98 128 90 140 159 109 116 105

104 93 99 100 131 72 99 121 72 95 63 100

99 104 105 102 98 97 101 89 94 99 95 100

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. All major activities include related travel time. The index is calculated by dividing the hours spent by the race and Hispanic origin group per activity by the overall average for that activity and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

640

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Table 7.2

Average Hours Per Day Men Spend in Primary Activities by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(average number of hours per day spent in primary activities by men aged 15 or older by race and Hispanic origin, and index of hours to national average, 2003) men total

black

Hispanic

white

Hours Personal care activities Eating and drinking Household activities Purchasing goods and services Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping nonhousehold members Working and work-related activities Educational activities Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail Other activities

9.13 1.24 1.33 0.68 0.34 0.26 4.57 0.45 0.29 5.41 0.13 0.18

9.41 0.84 0.93 0.56 0.30 0.43 3.88 – 0.57 6.13 0.14 0.18

9.64 1.15 1.02 0.71 0.42 0.21 4.55 – 0.21 5.28 0.12 0.19

9.08 1.29 1.40 0.70 0.33 0.24 4.66 0.41 0.26 5.32 0.13 0.18

Index Personal care activities Eating and drinking Household activities Purchasing goods and services Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping nonhousehold members Working and work-related activities Educational activities Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail Other activities

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

103 68 70 82 88 165 85 – 197 113 108 100

106 93 77 104 124 81 100 – 72 98 92 106

99 104 105 103 97 92 102 91 90 98 100 100

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. All major activities include related travel time. The index is calculated by dividing the hours spent by the race and Hispanic origin group per activity by the overall average for that activity and multiplying by 100. (–) means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 641

Table 7.3

Average Hours Per Day Women Spend in Primary Activities by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2003

(average number of hours per day spent in primary activities by women aged 15 or older by race and Hispanic origin, and index of hours to national average, 2003) women total

black

Hispanic

white

Hours Personal care activities Eating and drinking Household activities Purchasing goods and services Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping nonhousehold members Working and work-related activities Educational activities Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail Other activities

9.54 1.18 2.30 0.94 0.75 0.31 2.87 0.50 0.35 4.83 0.24 0.20

10.17 0.79 1.59 0.82 0.72 0.32 2.86 0.68 0.47 5.09 0.29 0.22

9.77 1.08 2.67 0.91 1.02 0.22 2.74 0.63 0.25 4.41 0.12 0.19

9.45 1.23 2.43 0.96 0.74 0.31 2.83 0.44 0.33 4.83 0.24 0.20

Index Personal care activities Eating and drinking Household activities Purchasing goods and services Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping nonhousehold members Working and work-related activities Educational activities Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail Other activities

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

107 67 69 87 96 103 100 136 134 105 121 110

102 92 116 97 136 71 95 126 71 91 50 95

99 104 106 102 99 100 99 88 94 100 100 100

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. All major activities include related travel time. The index is calculated by dividing the hours spent by the race and Hispanic origin group per activity by the overall average for that activity and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

642

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Table 7.4

Religious Groups by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001

(total number of adults identifying themselves as belonging to selected religious groups and percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin, 2001; numbers in thousands) percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin number

Total U.S. adults Catholic Baptist No religion Christian Methodist Lutheran Presbyterian Protestant Pentecostal Episcopalian/Anglican Jewish Mormon Churches of Christ Nondenominational Congregational/UCC Jehovah’s Witnesses Assemblies of God Muslim/Islamic Buddhist Evangelical/born again Church of God Seventh Day Adventist

208,000 50,873 33,830 29,481 14,190 14,140 9,580 5,596 4,647 4,407 3,451 2,831 2,787 2,503 2,489 1,378 1,331 1,105 1,104 1,082 1,032 944 724

Asian

3% 3 1 5 3 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 5 34 61 0 0 0

non-Hispanic black

10% 3 29 8 12 11 1 3 4 22 9 1 0 6 11 0 37 5 27 4 3 12 26

Hispanic

12% 29 3 11 14 1 1 3 6 17 0 5 8 2 13 5 14 8 10 2 20 4 7

non-Hispanic white

70% 64 64 73 67 86 96 91 87 58 89 92 91 89 73 93 46 80 15 32 77 84 67

other

5% 2 2 4 3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 14 1 0 0 0 (continued)

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 643

percent distribution by religious group number

Total U.S. adults Catholic Baptist No religion Christian Methodist Lutheran Presbyterian Protestant Pentecostal Episcopalian/Anglican Jewish Mormon Churches of Christ Nondenominational Congregational/UCC Jehovah’s Witnesses Assemblies of God Muslim/Islamic Buddhist Evangelical/born again Church of God Seventh Day Adventist

100.0% 24.5 16.3 14.2 6.8 6.8 4.6 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3

Asian

100.0% 24.5 5.4 23.6 6.8 2.3 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 6.0 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

non-Hispanic black

100.0% 7.3 47.2 11.3 8.2 7.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 4.7 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.7 1.3 0.0 2.4 0.3 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.9

Hispanic

100.0% 59.1 4.1 13.0 8.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.1 3.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.2

non-Hispanic white

100.0% 22.4 14.9 14.8 6.5 8.4 6.3 3.5 2.8 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.3

other

100.0% 9.8 6.5 11.3 4.1 1.4 0.9 0.5 1.3 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Note: Figures will not add to total because not all religions are shown. Source: American Religious Identiﬁcation Survey 2001, Barry A. Kosmin, Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar. For further details see: Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, Religion in a Free Market, Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. Ithaca, NY, 2006.

644

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Table 7.5

Attitude toward Religion by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 “When it comes to your outlook, do you regard yourself as…”

(percent distribution of people aged 18 or older by response, by race and Hispanic origin, 2001) total

Total people Religious Somewhat religious Somewhat secular Secular Don’t know, refused

100% 37 38 6 10 9

Asian

black

100% 28 34 9 21 8

100% 49 32 5 7 7

Hispanic

100% 30 45 5 12 8

non-Hispanic white

100% 37 40 7 10 6

Source: American Religious Identiﬁcation Survey 2001, Barry A. Kosmin, Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar. For further details see: Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, Religion in a Free Market, Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. Ithaca, NY, 2006.

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 645

Table 7.6

Computer and Internet Use by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 and 2005

(percent of people aged 18 or older who use a computer, use the Internet, and were online yesterday, by race and Hispanic origin, 2000 and 2005; percentage point change in use, 2000–05) 2005

2000

percentage point change 2000–05

USE COMPUTER

Total people Black Hispanic White

72% 64 76 73

62% 51 58 63

10 13 18 10

68 57 70 70

46 35 40 48

22 22 30 22

USE INTERNET

Total people Black Hispanic White

ONLINE YESTERDAY (AMONG INTERNET USERS)

Total people Black Hispanic White

60 39 51 64

60 37 51 62

0 2 0 2

Source: Pew Internet & American Life Project, Internet site http://www.pewinternet.org/trends.asp#demographics; calculations by New Strategist

646

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Table 7.7

Voting in Presidential Elections by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1980 to 2004

(percent of people who reported voting in presidential elections by race and Hispanic origin, and percentage point change, 1980 to 2004)

2004 2000 1996 1992 1988 1984 1980

total

Asian

black

58.3% 54.7 54.2 61.3 57.4 59.9 59.2

30.7% 25.4 25.7 27.3 – – –

56.1% 53.5 50.6 54.0 51.5 55.8 50.5

–

5.6

Percentage point change 1980 to 2004 –0.9

Hispanic

28.0% 27.5 26.7 28.9 28.8 32.6 29.9

–1.9

non-Hispanic white

65.8% 60.4 59.6 66.9 61.8 63.3 62.8

3.0

Note: (–) means data not available. Source: Bureau of the Census, Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting/cps2004.html; and Historical Time Series Tables, http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/voting.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 647

Table 7.8

Number of Voters by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, November 2004

(total number of people aged 18 or older, number and percent voting, and percent of citizens voting, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2004 presidential election; numbers in thousands) voted total

number

Total people Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

215,694 27,808 82,133 71,014 18,363 16,375

125,736 11,639 42,845 47,327 13,010 10,915

Asian Total people Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

9,721 1,233 4,560 2,850 610 468

Black Total people Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older Hispanic Total people Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older Non-Hispanic white Total people Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

percent

percent of citizens voting

58.3% 41.9 52.2 66.6 70.8 66.7

63.8% 46.7 60.1 70.4 73.3 68.5

2,980 302 1,158 1,106 266 148

30.7 24.5 25.4 38.8 43.6 31.5

44.6 34.5 41.4 51.4 54.1 39.7

25,510 4,126 10,618 7,819 1,754 1,193

14,324 1,817 5,729 4,890 1,162 726

56.1 44.0 54.0 62.5 66.2 60.9

59.9 47.0 59.1 65.3 68.6 61.9

27,129 4,917 13,715 6,347 1,305 846

7,587 1,003 3,152 2,444 610 378

28.0 20.4 23.0 38.5 46.8 44.7

47.2 33.0 45.2 56.2 57.9 55.6

151,410 17,255 52,578 53,295 14,531 13,751

99,567 8,368 32,384 38,393 10,830 9,591

65.8 48.5 61.6 72.0 74.5 69.7

67.2 49.8 63.5 73.2 75.5 70.6

Note: Asians and blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Numbers by race and Hispanic origin will not sum to total because not all races are shown and Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

648

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Table 7.9

Share of Voters by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, November 2004

(total number of voters and percent distribution by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2004 presidential election; numbers in thousands) total number

Total voters Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

125,736 11,639 42,845 47,327 13,010 10,915

percent

Asian

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.4% 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.4

black

11.4% 15.6 13.4 10.3 8.9 6.7

Hispanic

6.0% 8.6 7.4 5.2 4.7 3.5

non-Hispanic white

79.2% 71.9 75.6 81.1 83.2 87.9

Note: Asians and blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Percentages by race and Hispanic origin will not sum to total because not all races are shown and Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 649

Table 7.10

Reasons for Not Voting by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2004

(number of people aged 18 or older, number registered to vote, number voting, number registered who did not vote, and percent distribution by reason for not voting, by race and Hispanic origin, 2004 presidential election; numbers in thousands)

Total aged 18 or older Total registered to vote Total voting Total registered who did not vote, number Total registered who did not vote, percent

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

215,694 142,070 125,736

9,721 3,508 2,980

25,510 16,408 14,324

27,129 9,308 7,587

151,410 111,318 99,567

16,334

528

2,084

1,721

11,752

Reason for not voting Illness or disability Out of town Forgot to vote Not interested Too busy, conﬂicting schedule Transportation problems Did not like candidates or campaign issues Registration problems Bad weather conditions Inconvenient polling place Other reason Don’t know/refused

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

15.4 9.0 3.4 10.7 19.9 2.1 9.9 6.8 0.5 3.0 10.9 8.5

7.2 10.5 2.1 7.7 31.2 1.2 5.4 5.7 1.3 5.0 13.7 9.1

16.5 5.9 3.9 9.9 20.6 4.1 6.6 7.3 0.3 2.6 9.5 12.9

10.7 6.3 6.1 10.5 23.5 1.6 7.3 10.9 0.2 1.5 11.6 9.8

16.2 9.9 3.0 10.8 18.9 1.9 11.1 6.2 0.5 3.2 10.8 7.6

Note: Asians and blacks are those identifying themselves as being of the race alone and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Non-Hispanic whites are those identifying themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Numbers by race and Hispanic origin will not sum to total because not all races are shown and Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2004, detailed tables Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting/cps2004.html; calculations by New Strategist

650

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Table 7.11

Volunteering by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2004

(total number of people aged 16 or older, number and percent who performed unpaid volunteer work for an organization during the past year, and percent distribution of volunteers, by race and Hispanic origin, 2004; numbers in thousands) volunteers

Total people Asian Black Hispanic White

total

number

223,941 9,506 26,163 28,338 183,022

64,542 1,832 5,435 4,102 55,892

percent who volunteer

28.8% 19.3 20.8 14.5 30.5

percent distribution

100.0% 2.8 8.4 6.4 86.6

Note: Numbers will not sum to total because not all races are shown and Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Volunteering in the United States, 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ volun.toc.htm

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 651

Table 7.12

Attendance at Arts Events by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002

(percent of people aged 18 or older who attended, visited, and read selected arts during the past year, and share of total audience, by race and Hispanic origin, 2002) total

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

other

PERCENT ATTENDING, VISITING, READING

Any listed activity Attended jazz performance Attended classical music performance Attended opera Attended musical Attended nonmusical play Attended ballet Visited art museum or gallery Attended dance performance (except ballet) Read literature (novels, poetry, or plays) Visited historic site Attended art or craft fair or festival

39.0% 10.8 11.6 3.2 17.1 12.3 3.9 26.5 6.3 46.7 31.6 33.4

27.8% 12.7 4.5 1.1 10.3 7.1 1.5 14.8 4.2 37.1 17.9 19.7

23.1% 6.2 5.5 1.8 6.9 6.2 1.6 16.1 5.6 26.5 17.2 20.3

43.6% 11.4 13.7 3.8 20.1 14.2 4.7 29.5 6.9 51.4 36.0 38.0

41.8% 7.3 10.3 2.5 11.9 10.0 2.3 32.7 5.1 43.7 30.4 25.8

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

8.1% 13.5 4.5 3.8 6.9 6.6 4.5 6.4 7.6 9.1 6.5 6.8

6.5% 6.3 5.2 6.1 4.5 5.5 4.6 6.7 9.7 6.2 6.0 6.7

80.5% 77.0 86.2 86.4 85.4 84.1 88.2 81.2 79.0 80.3 83.1 83.0

4.9% 3.1 4.1 3.6 3.2 3.7 2.7 5.7 3.7 4.3 4.4 3.5

SHARE OF AUDIENCE

Any listed activity Attended jazz performance Attended classical music performance Attended opera Attended musical Attended nonmusical play Attended ballet Visited art museum or gallery Attended dance performance (except ballet) Read literature (novels, poetry, or plays) Visited historic site Attended art or craft fair or festival

Note: Other includes Asians and American Indians. Source: National Endowment for the Arts, 2002 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts: Summary Report, Research Division Report No. 45, Internet site http://www.nea.gov/pub/ResearchReports_chrono.html

652

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Table 7.13

Personal Participation in the Arts by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002

(percent of people aged 18 or older who personally participated in the arts during the past year, and share of total participants, by race and Hispanic origin, 2002) Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

total

black

other

1.3% 1.8 0.7 4.8 2.4 1.4 0.3 4.2 2.3 8.6 7.0 11.5 6.9 16.0 19.3 29.5

1.2% 0.4 0.4 9.1 1.4 2.2 0.4 3.5 3.0 5.6 7.4 7.6 4.1 9.4 8.8 35.9

0.5% 0.7 0.4 2.9 0.8 1.3 0.2 4.2 0.6 6.8 4.0 6.7 5.1 12.5 7.0 37.5

1.5% 2.1 0.8 4.5 2.8 1.3 0.4 4.1 2.5 9.4 7.6 12.8 7.6 17.6 23.1 28.9

0.5% 2.3 1.0 3.5 1.1 1.1 0.3 5.8 2.3 7.4 5.3 11.9 6.5 14.9 14.5 26.3

Jazz performance 100.0% Classical music performance 100.0 Opera 100.0 Choir or chorale 100.0 Musical play 100.0 Nonmusical play 100.0 Ballet 100.0 Dance (except ballet) 100.0 Music composition 100.0 Painting, drawing, sculpture, or printmaking 100.0 Writing 100.0 Photography 100.0 Pottery, jewelry, leatherwork, or metalwork 100.0 Sewing, weaving, crocheting, quilting, or needlepoint 100.0 Own original pieces of art 100.0 Purchased art recently 100.0

10.8% 2.4 6.2 22.0 6.6 17.6 13.1 9.7 14.6 7.4 12.1 7.6 6.9 6.8 5.3 6.4

4.6% 4.4 6.7 6.6 3.8 10.4 6.6 11.2 3.0 8.7 6.3 6.5 8.2 8.6 4.0 5.1

83.0% 87.1 80.8 68.1 87.4 68.4 76.5 72.7 78.0 79.9 78.2 81.2 80.6 80.3 87.3 85.4

1.6% 6.0 6.4 3.4 2.2 3.6 3.7 6.4 4.4 3.9 3.4 4.7 4.3 4.3 3.4 3.1

PERCENT PERSONALLY PARTICPATING IN

Jazz performance Classical music performance Opera Choir or chorale Nonmusical play Act in play Ballet Dance (except ballet) Music composition Painting, drawing, sculpture, or printmaking Writing Photography Pottery, jewelry, leatherwork, or metalwork Sewing, weaving, crocheting, quilting, or needlepoint Own original pieces of art Purchased art recently SHARE OF PARTICIPANTS

Note: Other includes Asians and American Indians. Source: National Endowment for the Arts, 2002 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts: Summary Report, Research Division Report No. 45, Internet site http://www.nea.gov/pub/ResearchReports_chrono.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 653

Table 7.14

Participation in the Arts through Media by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002

(percent of people aged 18 or older who participated in the arts through media during the past year, and share of total participants, by race and Hispanic Origin, 2002) Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

total

black

other

Jazz Television Radio Recordings

16.4% 23.5 17.2

25.9% 33.4 23.6

12.4% 14.0 9.1

15.6% 23.5 17.4

15.2% 22.3 18.7

Classical music Television Radio Recordings

18.1 23.9 19.3

10.2 12.9 8.5

11.4 15.5 9.0

20.1 26.9 22.5

22.1 24.7 20.7

5.8 5.7 5.5

4.6 3.8 2.5

5.5 3.6 3.0

5.7 6.2 6.3

9.5 6.8 7.1

11.7 2.4 4.3

9.7 1.3 1.3

6.7 2.4 1.9

12.7 2.4 5.0

13.3 4.7 6.4

9.4 2.1

8.8 2.3

7.7 1.4

9.7 2.2

11.0 1.7

Dance (on television)

12.6

10.0

11.3

13.2

12.6

Artists, art work, or art museums (on television)

25.0

18.2

17.9

27.2

22.9

PERCENT PARTICIPATING IN MEDIA

Opera Television Radio Recordings Musical play Television Radio Recordings Nonmusical play Television Radio

(continued)

654

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

total

black

Jazz Television Radio Recordings

100.0% 100.0 100.0

18.1% 16.3 15.7

Classical music Television Radio Recordings

100.0 100.0 100.0

Opera Television Radio Recordings

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

other

SHARE OF AUDIENCE

8.3% 6.5 5.8

69.3% 72.8 73.5

4.3% 4.4 5.0

6.5 6.2 5.1

6.9 7.1 5.2

80.9 81.9 84.9

5.7 4.7 4.9

100.0 100.0 100.0

9.2 7.7 5.2

10.5 6.9 5.9

72.7 79.9 83.0

7.6 5.5 5.9

Musical play Television Radio Recordings

100.0 100.0 100.0

9.5 6.4 3.6

6.3 10.8 5.0

79.0 73.7 84.6

5.2 9.1 6.9

Non-musical play Television Radio

100.0 100.0

10.7 12.8

9.0 7.6

75.0 75.9

5.4 3.7

Dance (on television)

100.0

9.1

9.9

76.4

4.6

Artists, art work, or art museums (on television)

100.0

8.4

7.9

79.5

4.2

Note: Other includes Asians and American Indians. Source: National Endowment for the Arts, 2002 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts: Summary Report, Research Division Report No. 45, Internet site http://www.nea.gov/pub/ResearchReports_chrono.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 655

Table 7.15

Participation in Selected Leisure Activities by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2002

(percent of people aged 18 or older who participated in selected leisure activities during the past year, and share of total participants, by race and Hispanic origin, 2002) Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

total

black

other

Go to the movies

60.0%

49.2%

52.5%

63.0%

58.1%

Attend sports events (except youth sports)

35.0

27.0

26.4

38.4

22.3

Go to an amusement park or carnival

41.7

36.6

38.9

42.8

43.9

Jog, lift weights, walk, or participate in any other exercise routine

55.1

46.1

40.1

59.1

50.4

Participate in sports, such as golf, bowling, skiing, or basketball

30.4

23.1

22.3

33.0

26.9

Participate in outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, or canoeing

30.9

8.2

14.9

37.3

23.9

Perform volunteer or charity work

29.0

22.7

15.3

32.5

22.5

Participate in home improvement or repair to own home

42.4

26.3

28.0

47.7

33.8

Garden indoors or outdoors

47.3

30.3

34.8

52.3

41.3

PERCENT PARTICIPATING OR ATTENDING

SHARE OF PARTICIPANTS OR ATTENDEES

Go to the movies

100.0%

9.4%

9.6%

76.5%

4.5%

Attend sports events (except youth sports)

100.0

8.9

8.3

79.9

2.9

Go to an amusement park or carnival

100.0

10.1

10.3

74.8

4.8

Jog, lift weights, walk, or participate in any other exercise routine

100.0

9.6

8.0

78.2

4.2

Participate in sports, such as golf, bowling, skiing, or basketball

100.0

8.7

8.1

79.1

4.1

Participate in outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, or canoeing

100.0

3.1

5.3

88.1

3.5

Perform volunteer or charity work

100.0

9.0

5.8

81.6

3.5

Participate in home improvement or repair to own home

100.0

7.1

7.3

82.0

3.7

Garden indoors or outdoors

100.0

7.4

8.1

80.5

4.0

Note: Other includes Asians and American Indians. Source: National Endowment for the Arts, 2002 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts: Summary Report, Research Division Report No. 45, Internet site http://www.nea.gov/pub/ResearchReports_chrono.html

656

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Glossary adjusted for inﬂation Income or a change in income that has been adjusted for the rise in the cost of living, or the consumer price index (CPIU-RS).

spondents aged 18 or older for their demographic characteristics and their religion. The 2001 ARIS updates the 1990 National Survey of Religious Identiﬁcation.

age Classiﬁcation by age is based on the age of the person at his or her last birthday.

American Time Use Survey Under contract with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Census Bureau collects ATUS information, revealing how people spend their time. The ATUS sample is drawn from U.S. households that have completed their ﬁnal month of interviews for the Current Population Survey. One individual from each selected household is chosen to participate in the ATUS. Respondents are interviewed by telephone only once about their time use on the previous day. In 2003, the sample consisted of approximately 3,000 cases each month, which yielded about 1,700 completed interviews.

American Community Survey The ACS is an ongoing nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month, providing detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the census long-form questionnaire, the ACS includes more than 60 questions that formerly appeared on the long form, such as language spoken at home, income, and education. ACS data are available for the nation, regions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and many places. American Housing Survey The AHS collects national and metropolitan-level data on the nation’s housing, including apartments, singlefamily homes, and mobile homes. The nationally representative survey, with a sample of 55,000 households, is conducted by the Census Bureau for the Department of Housing and Urban Development every other year. American Indians In this book, American Indians include Alaska Natives (Eskimos and Aleuts) unless those groups are shown separately. Beginning with the 2000 census and in 2003 for government surveys, American Indians can identify themselves as being American Indian and no other race (called “American Indian alone”) or as being American Indian in combination with one or more other races (called “American Indian in combination”). The combination of the two groups is termed “American Indian alone or in combination.” In this book, the “American Indian alone or in combination” population is shown whenever possible. American Religious Identiﬁcation Survey The 2001 ARIS, sponsored by the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, was based on a random telephone survey of 50,281 households in the continental U.S. Interviewers asked re-

660

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Asian The term “Asian” includes Native Hawaiians and other Paciﬁc Islanders unless those groups are shown separately. Middle Eastern nations—such as Israel, Jordan, Iran, and Iraq—are considered part of the Asian world region. Therefore, immigrants from the Middle East are counted as Asians in the immigration and foreign-born tables. Beginning with the 2000 census and in 2003 for government surveys, Asians can identify themselves as being Asian and no other race (called “Asian alone”) or as being Asian in combination with one or more other races (called “Asian in combination”). The combination of the two groups is termed “Asian alone or in combination.” In this book, the “Asian alone or in combination” population is shown whenever possible. baby boom Americans born between 1946 and 1964. baby bust Americans born between 1965 and 1976, also known as Generation X. black The black racial category includes those who identiﬁed themselves as “black” or “African American.” Beginning with the 2000 census and in 2003 for government surveys, blacks can identify themselves as being black and no other race (called “black alone”) or as being black in combi-

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

nation with one or more other races (called “black in combination”). The combination of the two groups is termed “black alone or in combination.” In this book, the “black alone or in combination” population is shown whenever possible. central cities The largest city in a metropolitan area is called the central city. The balance of the metropolitan area outside the central city is regarded as the “suburbs.” consolidated metropolitan statistical area or CMSA An area that meets the requirements for recognition as an MSA (metropolitan statistical area) and also has a population of 1 million or more may be recognized as a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (or CMSA) if it includes separate component areas that meet the statistical criteria speciﬁed in the standards for metropolitan areas, and if local opinion indicates there is support for the component areas. The components of CMSAs are called primary metropolitan statistical areas (or PMSAs). Consumer Expenditure Survey The CEX is an ongoing study of the day-to-day spending of American households administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CEX includes an interview survey and a diary survey. The average spending ﬁgures shown in this book are the integrated data from both the diary and interview components of the survey. Two separate, nationally representative samples are used for the interview and diary surveys. For the interview survey, about 7,500 consumer units are interviewed on a rotating panel basis each quarter for ﬁve consecutive quarters. For the diary survey, 7,500 consumer units keep weekly diaries of spending for two consecutive weeks. consumer unit (on spending tables only) For convenience, the terms consumer unit and households are used interchangeably in the spending section of this book, although consumer units are somewhat different from the Census Bureau’s households. Consumer units are all related members of a household, or ﬁnancially independent members of a household. A household may include more than one consumer unit.

Current Population Survey The CPS is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. It is taken monthly by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, collecting information from more than 50,000 households on employment and unemployment. In March of each year, the survey includes the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (formerly called the Annual Demographic Survey), which is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans, such as educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes. disability The National Health Interview Survey estimates the number of people aged 18 or older who have difﬁculty in physical functioning, probing whether respondents could perform nine activities by themselves without using special equipment. The categories are walking a quarter mile; standing for two hours; sitting for two hours; walking up 10 steps without resting; stooping, bending, kneeling; reaching over one’s head; grasping or handling small objects; carrying a 10pound object; and pushing/pulling a large object. Adults who reported that any of these activities was very difﬁcult or they could not do it at all were deﬁned as having physical difﬁculties. dual-earner couple A married couple in which both the householder and the householder ’s spouse are in the labor force. earnings A type of income, earnings is the amount of money a person receives from his or her job. See also Income. employed All civilians who did any work as a paid employee or farmer/self-employed worker, or who worked 15 hours or more as an unpaid farm worker or in a family-owned business, during the reference period. All those who have jobs but who are temporarily absent from their jobs due to illness, bad weather, vacation, labor management dispute, or personal reasons are considered employed. expenditure The transaction cost including excise and sales taxes of goods and services acquired during the survey period. The full cost of each purchase is recorded even though full payment

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 661

may not have been made at the date of purchase. Average expenditure ﬁgures may be artiﬁcially low for infrequently purchased items such as cars because ﬁgures are calculated using all consumer units within a demographic segment rather than just purchasers. Expenditure estimates include money spent on gifts for others. family A group of two or more people (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and living in the same household. family household A household maintained by a householder who lives with one or more people related to him or her by blood, marriage, or adoption. female/male householder A woman or man who maintains a household without a spouse present. May head family or nonfamily households. foreign-born population People who are not U.S. citizens at birth. full-time employment Full-time is 35 or more hours of work per week during a majority of the weeks worked. full-time, year-round Indicates 50 or more weeks of full-time employment during the previous calendar year. generation X Americans born between 1965 and 1976, also known as the baby-bust generation. Hispanic Because Hispanic is an ethnic origin rather than a race, Hispanics may be of any race. While most Hispanics are white, there are black, Asian, American Indian, and even Native Hawaiian Hispanics. household All the persons who occupy a housing unit. A household includes the related family members and all the unrelated persons, if any, such as lodgers, foster children, wards, or employees who share the housing unit. A person living alone is counted as a household. A group of unrelated people who share a housing unit as roommates or unmarried partners is also counted as a household. Households do not include group quarters such as college dormitories, prisons, or nursing homes.

662

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

household, race/ethnicity of Households are categorized according to the race or ethnicity of the householder only. householder The householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented or, if there is no such person, any adult member. With married couples, the householder may be either the husband or wife. The householder is the reference person for the household. householder, age of The age of the householder is used to categorize households into age groups such as those used in this book. Married couples, for example, are classiﬁed according to the age of either the husband or wife, depending on which one identiﬁed him or herself as the householder. housing unit A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure and that have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall that is used or intended for use by the occupants of another unit or by the general public. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements. housing value The respondent’s estimate of how much his or her house and lot would sell for if it were for sale. immigrants Aliens admitted for legal permanent residence in the United States. income Money received in the preceding calendar year by each person aged 15 or older from each of the following sources: (1) earnings from longest job (or self-employment); (2) earnings from jobs other than longest job; (3) unemployment compensation; (4) workers’ compensation; (5) Social Security; (6) Supplemental Security income; (7) public assistance; (8) veterans’ payments; (9) survivor beneﬁts; (10) disability beneﬁts; (11) retirement pensions; (12) interest; (13) dividends; (14) rents and royalties or estates and

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

trusts; (15) educational assistance; (16) alimony; (17) child support; (18) ﬁnancial assistance from outside the household, and other periodic income. Income is reported in several ways in this book. Household income is the combined income of all household members. Income of persons is all income accruing to a person from all sources. Earnings are the money a person receives from his or her job. industry Refers to the industry in which a person worked longest in the preceding calendar year. job tenure The length of time a person has been employed continuously by the same employer. labor force The labor force tables in this book show the civilian labor force only. The labor force includes both the employed and the unemployed (people who are looking for work). People are counted as in the labor force if they were working or looking for work during the reference week in which the Census Bureau ﬁelds the Current Population Survey. labor force participation rate The percent of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the civilian labor force, which includes both the employed and the unemployed. married-couple family group Married couples who may or may not be householders. Those who are householders are “married-couple households.” Those who are not householders are married couples living in a household headed by someone else, such as a parent of the husband or wife. Because married-couple family groups include married-couple households, the number of married-couple family groups will always outnumber married-couple households. married couples with or without children under age 18 Refers to married couples with or without own children under age 18 living in the same household. Couples without children under age 18 may be parents of grown children who live elsewhere, or they could be childless couples. median The median is the amount that divides the population or households into two equal portions: one below and one above the median. Medians can be calculated for income, age, and many other characteristics.

median income The amount that divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having incomes above the median, half having incomes below the median. The medians for households or families are based on all households or families. The median for persons are based on all persons aged 15 or older with income. metropolitan statistical area (or MSA) To be deﬁned as an MSA, an area must include a city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or a Census Bureau-deﬁned urbanized area of at least 50,000 inhabitants and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New England). The county (or counties) that contains the largest city becomes the “central county” (counties), along with any adjacent counties that have at least 50 percent of their population in the urbanized area surrounding the largest city. Additional “outlying counties” are included in the MSA if they meet speciﬁed requirements of commuting to the central counties and other selected requirements of metropolitan character (such as population density and percent urban). In New England, MSAs are deﬁned in terms of cities and towns rather than counties. For this reason, the concept of NECMA is used to deﬁne metropolitan areas in the New England division. millennial generation Americans born between 1977 and 1994. mobility status People are classiﬁed according to their mobility status on the basis of a comparison between their place of residence at the time of the March Current Population Survey and their place of residence in March of the previous year. Nonmovers are people living in the same house at the end of the period as at the beginning of the period. Movers are people living in a different house at the end of the period than at the beginning of the period. Movers from abroad are either citizens or aliens whose place of residence is outside the United States at the beginning of the period, that is, in an outlying area under the jurisdiction of the United States or in a foreign country. The mobility status for children is fully allocated from the mother if she is in the household; otherwise it is allocated from the householder.

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 663

National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey The NAMCS is an annual survey of visits to nonfederally employed ofﬁce-based physicians who are primarily engaged in direct patient care. Data are collected from physicians rather than patients, with each physician assigned a one-week reporting period. During that week, a systematic random sample of visit characteristics are recorded by the physician or ofﬁce staff.

non-Hispanic People who do not identify themselves as Hispanic are classiﬁed as non-Hispanic. Non-Hispanics may be of any race.

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey The NHANES is a continuous survey of a representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. Respondents are interviewed at home about their health and nutrition, and the interview is followed up by a physical examination that measures such things as height and weight in mobile examination centers.

occupation Occupational classiﬁcation is based on the kind of work a person did at his or her job during the previous calendar year. If a person changed jobs during the year, the data refer to the occupation of the job held the longest during that year.

National Health Interview Survey The NHIS is a continuing nationwide sample survey of the civilian noninstitutional population of the U.S. conducted by the Census Bureau for the National Center for Health Statistics. In interviews each year, data are collected from more than 100,000 people about their illnesses, injuries, impairments, chronic and acute conditions, activity limitations, and use of health services. National Household Education Survey The NHES, sponsored by the National Center for Education Statistics, provides descriptive data on the educational activities of the U.S. population, including after-school care and adult education. The NHES is a system of telephone surveys of a representative sample of 45,000 to 60,000 households in the U.S conducted in 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, and 2003. Native Hawaiian and other Paciﬁc Islander The 2000 census identiﬁed this group for the ﬁrst time as a separate racial category from Asians. In most survey data, however, the population is included with Asians. nonfamily household A household maintained by a householder who lives alone or who lives with people to whom he or she is not related. nonfamily householder A householder who lives alone or with nonrelatives.

664

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

non-Hispanic white People who identify their race as white alone and who do not indicate their ethnicity as Hispanic. nonmetropolitan area Counties that are not classiﬁed as metropolitan areas.

occupied housing units A housing unit is classiﬁed as occupied if a person or group of people is living in it or if the occupants are only temporarily absent—on vacation, example. By deﬁnition, the count of occupied housing units is the same as the count of households. outside central city The portion of a metropolitan county or counties that falls outside of the central city or cities; generally regarded as the suburbs. own children Own children are sons and daughters, including stepchildren and adopted children, of the householder. The totals include never-married children living away from home in college dormitories. owner occupied A housing unit is “owner occupied” if the owner lives in the unit, even if it is mortgaged or not fully paid for. A cooperative or condominium unit is “owner occupied” only if the owner lives in it. All other occupied units are classiﬁed as “renter occupied.” part-time employment Part-time is less than 35 hours of work per week in a majority of the weeks worked during the year. percent change The change (either positive or negative) in a measure that is expressed as a proportion of the starting measure. When median income changes from $20,000 to $25,000, for example, this is a 25 percent increase.

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

percentage point change The change (either positive or negative) in a value which is already expressed as a percentage. When a labor force participation rate changes from 70 percent of 75 percent, for example, this is a 5 percentage point increase.

Midwest: —East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin —West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota

poverty level The ofﬁcial income threshold below which families and people are classiﬁed as living in poverty. The threshold rises each year with inﬂation and varies depending on family size and age of householder.

South: —South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia —East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee —West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas

primary metropolitan statistical area (or PMSA) PMSAs are metropolitan statistical areas that are components of consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSAs). If an area qualiﬁes as a metropolitan statistical area and has a population of 1,000,000 or more, two or more PMSAs may be deﬁned within it if statistical criteria are met and local opinion favors the designation. proportion or share The value of a part expressed as a percentage of the whole. If there are 4 million people aged 25 and 3 million of them are white, then the white proportion is 75 percent. race Race is self-reported and, beginning with the 2000 census and 2003 for government surveys, can be deﬁned in three ways. The “race alone” population comprises people who identify themselves as only one race. The “race in combination” population comprises people who identify themselves as more than one race, such as white and black. The “race, alone or in combination” population includes both those who identify themselves as one race and those who identify themselves as more than one race. In this book, the “race alone or in combination” population is shown whenever possible. regions The four major regions and nine census divisions of the United States are the state groupings as shown below: Northeast: —New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont —Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania

West: —Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming —Paciﬁc: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington renter occupied See Owner occupied. Retirement Conﬁdence Survey The RCS, sponsored by the Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute (EBRI), the American Savings Education Council (ASEC), and Mathew Greenwald & Associates (Greenwald), is an annual survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,000 people aged 25 or older. Respondents are asked a core set of questions that have been asked since 1996, measuring attitudes and behavior towards retirement. Additional questions are also asked about current retirement issues such as 401(k) participation. rounding Percentages are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent; therefore, the percentages in a distribution do not always add exactly to 100.0 percent. The totals, however, are always shown as 100.0. Moreover, individual ﬁgures are rounded to the nearest thousand without being adjusted to group totals, which are independently rounded; percentages are based on the unrounded numbers. self-employment A person is categorized as selfemployed if he or she was self-employed in the job held longest during the reference period. Persons who report self-employment from a second job are excluded, but those who report wage-and-salary

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 665

income from a second job are included. Unpaid workers in family businesses are excluded. Selfemployment statistics include only nonagricultural workers and exclude people who work for themselves in incorporated business. sex ratio The number of men per 100 women. suburbs See Outside central city. Survey of Consumer Finances The Survey of Consumer Finances is a triennial survey taken by the Federal Reserve Board. It collects data on the assets, debts, and net worth of American households. In the 2001 survey, the Federal Reserve Board interviewed a representative sample of 4,449 households. Survey of Public Participation in the Arts Initiated in 1982 by the National Endowment for the Arts, this survey examines the public’s participation in the performing arts, visual arts, historic site visits, music, and literature. The 2002 survey is the ﬁfth (earlier surveys were in 1982, 1985, 1992, and 1997) and was conducted as a supplement to the Current Population Survey. More than 17,000 respondents to the August 2002 Current Population Survey were asked about their arts participation and involvement. unemployed Unemployed people are those who, during the survey period, had no employment but were available and looking for work. Those who were laid off from their jobs and were waiting to be recalled are also classiﬁed as unemployed. white The “white” racial category includes many Hispanics (who may be of any race) unless the term “non-Hispanic white” is used. In this book, the non-Hispanic white population is shown whenever possible.

666

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Bibliography Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ —2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex —American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm —Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm —Employee Tenure, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.toc.htm —Monthly Labor Review, February 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/ mlr/2004/02/art3exc.htm —Volunteering in the United States, 2004, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ volun.toc.htm Bureau of the Census Internet site http://www.census.gov/ —American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts= —American Housing Survey for the United States: 2003, Current Housing Reports, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html —America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, detailed tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html —Census 2000, Internet site http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html —Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/hhes/income/dinctabs.html —Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/income/histinc/histinctb.html —Current Population Survey, Historical Poverty Tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/income/histinc/histpovtb.html —Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, detailed tables, Internet site http:// www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2004.html —Foreign-Born Population in the United States, Current Population Survey—March 2004, Detailed Tables, (PPL-176), Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/foreign/ppl-176.html —Geographic Mobility: 2004, detailed tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2004.html —National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/ asrh/NC-EST2004-sa.html —Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P70-97, 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div .html —Population Estimates by State, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-est2004-02.html —School Enrollment: Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2003.html —Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004–2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ prod/www/statistical-abstract-04.html

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 667

—U.S. Interim Projections by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Internet site http://www .census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/ —Voting and Registration, Historical Time Series Tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/population/www/socdemo/voting.html —Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2004, detailed tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting/cps2004.html Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute Internet site http://www.ebri.org/ —“401(k)-Type Plan and IRA Ownership,” Craig Copeland, Notes, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2005, Internet site http://www.ebri.org/store/notes.htm Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, American Savings Education Council, and Mathew Greenwald & Associates Internet site http://www.ebri.org/ —The 2003 Minority Retirement Conﬁdence Survey Summary of Findings, Internet site http:// www.ebri.org/surveys/rcs/2003/ Federal Reserve Board Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/ —“Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 1998 and 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 2003, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2001/scf2001home.html Graduate Center of the City University of New York Internet site http://www.gc.cuny.edu/index.htm —American Religious Identiﬁcation Survey 2001, Egon Mayer, Barry A. Kosmin, and Ariela Keysar, Internet site http://www.gc.cuny.edu/studies/aris_index.htm National Center for Education Statistics Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/ —Adult Education and Lifelong Learning Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2003/section1/tables/ t08_2.asp —Digest of Education Statistics 2003, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/digest/ —Projections of Education Statistics to 2013, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ projections/tables.asp National Center for Health Statistics Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ —Births: Final Data for 2003, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/54/54-pre.htm —Deaths: Final Data for 2002, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2004, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/dvs/mortdata.htm —Health Characteristics of the American Indian and Alaska Native Adult Population: United States, 1999–2003, Advance Data, No. 356, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm —Health, United States, 2004, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm —Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002, Advance Data, No. 347, 2004, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04news/americans.htm —National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2002 Summary, Advance Data No. 346, 2004;

668

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm —Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 225, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm —Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003, Series 10, No. 223, 2005; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm National Endowment for the Arts Internet site http://www.arts.endow.gov/ —2002 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts: Summary Report, Research Division Report No. 45, Internet site http://www.nea.gov/pub/ResearchReports_chrono.html Ofﬁce of Immigration Statistics Internet site http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/statistics/index.htm —2004 Yearbook of Immigration Statistic, Internet site http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/ statistics/yearbook/YrBk04Im.htm Pew Internet & American Life Project Internet site http://www.pewinternet.org —Latest Trends, Internet site http://www.pewinternet.org/trends.asp#usage

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 669

Index 401(k), participation in by blacks, 278 by Hispanics, 411 by whites, 507 by total, 637 ability to speak English, 621 accidents, as cause of death, 26, 92, 200, 313, 443, 539 adult education Asians participating in, 78 blacks participating in, 186 Hispanics participating in, 298 non-Hispanic whites participating in, 429 AIDS American Indians with, 25 as cause of death, 200 Asians with, 91 blacks with, 199 Hispanics with, 312 non-Hispanic whites with, 442 alcoholic beverages, spending on. See also Drinking. by Asians, 166, 625, 628, 631 by blacks, 272, 625, 628, 631 by Hispanics, 405, 625, 628, 631 by non-Hispanic whites, 501, 625, 628, 631 by total, 625, 628, 631 Alzheimer’s disease, as cause of death, 443, 539 apparel, spending on by Asians, 167, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 273, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 406, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 502, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 armed forces American Indians in, 48, 600 Asians in, 146, 600 blacks in, 258, 600 Hispanics in, 381, 600 non-Hispanic whites in, 487, 600 total in, 600 arthritis American Indians with, 23 Asians with, 89 blacks with, 197 Hispanics with, 310 non-Hispanic whites with, 440 total with, 536 arts attendance at events, 652 participation, 653–655 assets ﬁnancial, 276, 409, 505, 635 nonﬁnancial, 276–277, 409–410, 505–506, 635–636 asthma American Indians with, 23–24 Asians with, 89–90 blacks with, 197–198

670

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Hispanics with, 310–311 non-Hispanic whites with, 440–441 total with, 536–537 attitude toward housing unit, 209, 322, 549 neighborhood, 209, 322, 549 religion, 645 retirement, 279, 412, 637 births American Indian, 19, 528–531 Asian, 82–85, 528–531 black, 190–193, 528–531 by age, 19, 82, 190, 302–304, 433, 527–529 by birth order, 20, 83, 191, 304, 434, 529 by ethnic origin, 303 by marital status, 19, 82, 190, 304, 433, 528–529 by state, 21–22, 84–85, 192–193, 305–306, 435–436, 530–531 Hispanic, 302–306, 528–531 non-Hispanic white, 433–436, 528–531 total, 527–531 business equity, 277, 410, 506, 636 cancer American Indians with, 23 as cause of death, 26, 92, 200, 313, 443, 539 Asians with, 89 blacks with, 197 Hispanics with, 310 non-Hispanic whites with, 440 total with, 536 children families with, 42, 136, 249, 371, 422, 478, 587 health conditions of, 24, 90, 198, 311, 441, 537 living arrangements of, 137, 250, 372, 479, 590 cigarettes. See Smoking and Tobacco products, spending on. citizenship status of foreign-born, 619 college enrollment. See also School enrollment. American Indian, 10 Asian, 71–72, 522 black, 179–181, 522 by age, 71–72, 180–181, 292, 423–424, 521–522 by sex, 10 Hispanic, 292–293, 522 non-Hispanic white, 423–424, 522 rate, 179, 292, 423 total, 521–522 college, families with children in Asian, 70 black, 178 Hispanic, 291 non-Hispanic white, 422 total, 519 commuting. See Journey to work. computer use, 646

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

contributions of cash, spending on by Asians, 168, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 274, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 407, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 503, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 credit card debt, 277, 410, 636 death, causes of American Indian, 26 Asian, 92 black, 200 Hispanic, 313 non-Hispanic white, 443 total, 539 debt, 276–277, 409–410, 635–636 degrees earned by American Indians, 11–15, 523 by Asians, 73–77, 523 by blacks, 182–186, 523 by Hispanics, 294–298, 523 by non-Hispanic whites, 425–429, 523 by non–resident aliens, 523 by total, 523 diabetes American Indians with, 23 as cause of death, 26, 92, 200, 313, 443, 539 Asians with, 89 blacks with, 197 Hispanics with, 310 non-Hispanic whites with, 440 total with, 536 disabilities American Indians with, 25 Asians with, 91 blacks with, 199 Hispanics with, 312 non-Hispanic whites with, 442 total with, 538 drinking status of American Indians, 18 status of Asians, 81 status of blacks, 188 status of Hispanics, 300 status of non-Hispanic whites, 431 status of total, 525 dual-earner couples Asian, 126 black, 239 Hispanic, 360 non-Hispanic white, 470 total, 577 earners in Asian households, 125 in black households, 238 in Hispanic households, 359 in non-Hispanic white households, 469 in total households, 576 earnings American Indian, 33–34 Asian, 106–107 black, 220, 279

by educational attainment, 107, 220, 336, 457, 563 by sex, 33–34, 106–107, 128, 241, 334–335, 362 by union representation, 128, 241, 362, 472, 579 Hispanic, 334–336, 362, 412 non-Hispanic white, 457 of foreign-born, 334–335 white, 472, 508 total, 563, 638 education, adult Asians participating in, 78 blacks participating in, 186 Hispanics participating in, 298 non-Hispanic whites participating in, 429 education, spending on by Asians, 168, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 274, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 407, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 503, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 educational attainment American Indian, 9 Asian, 63–67, 124, 514 black, 171–175, 237, 514 by age, 63–66, 171–174, 283–285, 287, 415–418, 511–513, 515 by region, 66, 174, 287, 418, 515 by sex, 9, 64–65, 172–173, 284–285, 416–417, 512–513 by state, 67, 175, 288, 419, 516 earnings by, 107, 220, 336, 563 Hispanic, 283–288, 358, 514 non-Hispanic white, 415–419, 514 of foreign-born, 286 of labor force, 124, 237, 358, 468, 575 total, 511–516 white, 468 employment status American Indian, 38 Asian, 112–113, 129, 581–582 black, 226–227, 243, 581–582 by age, 38, 112–113, 226–227, 343–344, 463–464, 571–572 by ethnic group, 345 by sex, 38, 112–113, 129, 226–227, 243, 343–345, 364, 463–464, 472, 571–572, 581 Hispanic, 343–345, 364, 581–582 non-Hispanic white, 472, 581 total, 571–572, 581–582 white, 463–464, 582 entertainment, spending on by Asians, 167, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 273, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 406, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 502, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 ethnic group Asian, 145, 156–157 births by, 303 by state, 156–157, 391–392 employment status by, 345 Hispanic, 303, 345, 347–349, 380, 391–392 occupation by, 347–349

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 671

families with children in college. Asian, 70 black, 178 Hispanic, 291 non-Hispanic white, 422 total, 519 female-headed families. See also Male-headed families and Married couples. American Indian, 41–42 Asian, 132–133, 136, 585 black, 245–246, 249, 585 foreign-born, 367 Hispanic, 366–368, 371, 585 homeownership of, 94–95, 204, 317, 446, 543–544 in poverty, 35, 108, 222, 338, 459, 564–567 income of, 101, 216, 329, 453, 559–560 non-Hispanic white, 474–475, 478, 585 total, 585–587 food, spending on by Asians, 166, 625, 628, 631 by blacks, 272, 625, 628, 631 by Hispanics, 405, 625, 628, 631 by non-Hispanic whites, 501, 625, 628, 631 total, 625, 628, 631 foreign-born Asian, 102, 106, 110, 162, 617–619 by age, 162, 398–400, 616–617 by educational attainment, 286 by region of birth, 399–401 by region of residence, 162, 401, 618 by sex, 399–400 earnings of, 106, 334–335 European, 617–619 households headed by, 367 income of, 102, 330 Latin American, 286, 330, 334–335, 341, 367, 398–401, 617–619 poverty of, 110, 341 year of arrival, 399–400 full-time workers Asian, 123 black, 237 Hispanic, 358 income of, 103–105, 217–219, 331–333, 454–456, 561–563 total, 575 white, 467 gardening, 656 gifts for nonhousehold members, spending on by Asians, 168, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 274, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 407, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 503, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 health care, spending on by Asians, 167, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 273, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 406, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 502, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 health care visits. See Physician ofﬁce visits.

672

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

health conditions American Indian, 23–24 Asian, 89–90 black, 197 Hispanic, 310–311 non-Hispanic white, 440–441 of adults, 23, 89, 197, 310, 440, 536 of children, 24, 90, 198, 311, 441, 537 total, 536–537 health insurance spending on, 167, 273, 406, 502, 626, 629, 632 status of Asians, 86–88, 535 status of blacks, 194–196, 535 status of Hispanics, 307–309, 535 status of non-Hispanic whites, 437–439, 535 status of total, 532–535 health status American Indian, 17 Asian, 80 black, 188 Hispanic, 300 non-Hispanic white, 431 hearing problems American Indians with, 23 Asians with, 89 blacks with, 197 Hispanics with, 310 non-Hispanic whites with, 440 total with, 536 heart disease American Indians with, 23 as cause of death, 26, 92, 200, 313, 443, 539 Asians with, 89 blacks with, 197 Hispanics with, 310 non-Hispanic whites with, 440 total with, 536 Hispanic origin of American Indians, 46 of Asians, 144 of blacks, 257 of whites, 486 of total, 598–599 homeownership American Indian, 28–29, 541, 545 Asian, 94–96, 541, 544–545 black, 202–205, 541, 544–545 by age, 203, 316, 542 by household type, 94–95, 204, 317, 446, 543–544 by region, 28–29, 95–96, 205, 318, 447, 544–545 Hispanic, 315–318, 541, 544–545 non-Hispanic white, 445–447, 541, 544–545 total, 541–545 homes, as asset, 277, 410, 506, 636 homicide, as cause of death, 26, 200, 313 households American Indian, 41 Asian, 131–136, 584–585, 588 black, 245–249, 584–585, 588 by age, 41, 131, 133, 135–136, 245–246, 248–249, 366, 368, 370–371, 474–475, 477–478, 584, 586–587, 589 by number of earners, 125, 238, 359, 469, 576

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

by presence of children, 136, 249, 371, 478, 587 by size, 134–135, 247–248, 369–370, 476, 588 by type, 41, 132–133, 135–136, 245–246, 248–249, 366–368, 371, 474–475, 477–478, 585–587, 589 foreign-born, 367 Hispanic, 366–371, 584–585, 588 income of, 31–32, 99–102, 214–216, 451–453 non-Hispanic white, 474–478, 584–585, 588 total, 584–589 housing characteristics American Indian, 29 Asian, 96 black, 206 Hispanic, 319 non-Hispanic white, 448 total, 546 housing, spending on by Asians, 166–167 625–626, 628–629, 631–632 by blacks, 272–273 625–626, 628–629, 631–632 by Hispanics, 405–406 625–626, 628–629, 631–632 by non-Hispanic whites, 501–502 625–626, 628–629, 631–632 total, 625–626, 628–629, 631–632 housing unit, attitude toward, 209, 322, 549 housing value for black homeowners, 207 for Hispanic homeowners, 320 for total homeowners, 547 hypertension American Indians with, 23 Asians with, 89 blacks with, 197 Hispanics with, 310 non-Hispanic whites with, 440 total with, 536 immigrants from Asia, 161, 615 from Latin America, 396–397, 615 total, 614–615 income. See also Earnings. American Indian, 31–32 Asian, 99–105, 555–556, 560 black, 214–220, 279, 555–556, 560 by age, 32, 100, 103–104, 215, 217–218, 279, 328, 331–332, 452, 454–455, 557–558, 561–562 by household type, 101, 216, 329, 559–560 by sex, 103–105, 217–219, 331–333, 454–455, 561–563 families with children in college by, 70, 178, 291, 422, 519 Hispanic, 327–336, 555–556, 560 household, 31–32, 99–102, 214–216, 327–330, 451–453, 555–560 non-Hispanic white, 451–457, 555–556, 560 of foreign-born, 330 retirement, 279, 412, 508, 638 total, 555–563, 638 industry Asians by, 122 blacks by, 236 Hispanics by, 357 total, 574 white, 466

Internet use, 646 IRA, ownership of blacks, 278 of Hispanics, 411 of whites, 507 by total, 637 job tenure Asian, 124 black, 238 Hispanic, 359 total, 576 white, 468 journey to work black, 242 Hispanic, 363 total, 580 language spoken at home Asian, 163–164, 620–621 by state, 163–164, 402–403, 622–623 Spanish, 402–403, 620–621 total, 620–623 learning disability American Indian children with, 24 Asian children with, 90 black children with, 198 Hispanic children with, 311 non-Hispanic white children with, 441 total children with, 537 leisure activities, 656 life expectancy of blacks, 200 of total, 539 of whites, 443 living alone. See Single-person households. living arrangements American Indian, 43 Asian, 137–139, 590 black, 250–252, 590 by age, 138–139, 251–252, 373–374, 480–481, 591–592 Hispanic, 372–374, 590 non-Hispanic white, 479–481, 590 of children, 137, 250, 372, 479, 590 total, 590–592 male-headed families. See also Female-headed families and Married couples. American Indian, 41–42 Asian, 132–133, 136, 585 black, 245–246, 249, 585 foreign-born, 367 Hispanic, 366–368, 371, 585 homeownership of, 94–95, 204, 317, 446 543–544 in poverty, 35, 108, 223, 339, 460, 564–567 income of, 101, 216, 329, 453, 559–560 non-Hispanic white, 474–475, 478, 585 total, 585–587 marital history Asian, 142–143 black, 255 Hispanic, 377

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 673

non-Hispanic white, 484 total, 596 marital status American Indian, 44 Asian, 140–143 births by, 19, 82, 190, 304, 433, 528–529 black, 253–255 Hispanic, 375–377 non-Hispanic white, 482–484 total, 593–594, 596 married couples. See also Female-headed families and Male-headed families. American Indian, 41–42 Asian, 132–133, 136, 585 black, 245–246, 249, 585 foreign-born, 367 Hispanic, 366–368, 371, 585 homeownership of, 94–95, 204, 317, 446 543–544 in poverty, 35, 108, 221, 337, 458, 564–567 income of, 101, 216, 329, 453, 559–560 labor force status of, 126, 239, 360, 470, 577 non-Hispanic white, 474–475, 478, 585 race and Hispanic origin differences, 595 total, 585–587 Medicaid coverage, 88, 196, 309, 439, 534 Medicare coverage, 88, 196, 309, 439, 534 metropolitan area American Indians by, 57–59, 611–613 Asians by, 158–160, 611–613 blacks by, 268–270, 611–613 Hispanics by, 393–395, 611–613 non-Hispanic whites by, 497–499, 611–613 total, 611–613 Midwest. See Region. minimum wage workers Asian, 127 black, 240 Hispanic, 361 total, 578 white, 471 mobility, geographic Asian, 97, 551 black, 210–212, 551 Hispanic, 323–325, 551 non-Hispanic white, 449, 551 reason for, 211–212, 324–325, 552–553 total, 550–553 mortgage debt, 277, 410, 636 movie attendance, 656 multiple job holders Asian, 127 black, 240 Hispanic, 361 total, 578 white, 471 mutual funds, ownership of, 276, 409, 505, 635 neighborhood, attitude toward, 209, 322, 549 neighborhood characteristics black, 208 Hispanic, 321 total 548

674

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

net worth, 276, 409, 505, 635 Northeast. See Region. occupation American Indian, 39 Asian, 114–121 black, 228–235 by ethnic group, 347–349 Hispanic, 346–356 total, 573 white, 465 part-time workers Asian, 123 black, 237 Hispanic, 358 total, 575 white, 467 pensions, spending on by Asians, 168, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 274, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 407, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 503, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 personal care, spending on by Asians, 168, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 274, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 407, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 503, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 physician ofﬁce visits by American Indians, 24 by Asians, 90 by blacks, 198 by total, 538 by whites, 441 population by age, 49–51, 147–150, 259–262, 382–385, 488–491, 601–605 by metropolitan area, 57–59, 158–160, 268–270, 393–395, 497–499, 611–613 by region, 52, 151, 263, 386, 492, 606 by sex, 51, 148, 261, 384, 490, 603 by state, 53–56, 152–157, 264–267, 387–392, 493–496, 607–610 projections, 150, 262, 385, 491, 604–605 poverty American Indians in, 35–36 Asians in, 108–110, 566–567, 569 blacks in, 221–224, 566–567, 569 by age, 36, 109–110, 224, 340–341, 461, 568–569 by sex, 36, 109, 224, 340, 461, 568 families in, 35, 108, 221–223, 337–339, 458–460, 564–567 foreign-born in, 341 Hispanics in, 337–341, 566–567, 569 non-Hispanic whites in, 458–461, 566–567, 569 people in, 36, 109–110, 224, 340–341, 461, 568–569 total in, 564–569 prescription drugs American Indian children taking, 24 Asian children taking, 90 black children taking, 198

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

Hispanic children taking, 311 non-Hispanic white children taking, 441 total children taking, 537 projections labor force, 129, 243, 364, 472, 581 population, 150, 262, 385, 491, 604–605 racial identiﬁcation of American Indians, 46 of Asians, 144 of blacks, 257 of Hispanics, 379 of whites, 486 of total, 598–599 reading, spending on by Asians, 168, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 274, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 407, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 503, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 region American Indians by, 52 606 Asians by, 151, 162 606 blacks by, 263 606 educational attainment by, 66, 174, 287, 418, 515 foreign-born by, 162, 401, 618 Hispanics by, 386 606 homeownership by, 28–29, 95–96, 205, 318, 447, 544–545 non-Hispanic whites by, 492 606 total, 606 religion, attitude toward, 645 religious group self–identiﬁcation, 643–644 retirement accounts, 276, 278, 409, 411, 505, 507, 635, 637 conﬁdence, 279, 412, 637 income, 279, 412, 508, 638 SAT scores, 520 school enrollment. See also College enrollment. American Indian, 10 Asian, 68–69, 518 black, 176–177, 518–519 by age, 68–69, 176–177, 289–290, 420–421, 517–518 by region, 519 by sex, 69, 177, 290, 421, 517 Hispanic, 289–290, 518–519 non-Hispanic white, 420–421, 518–519 total, 517–519 school, satisfaction with public black, 208 Hispanic, 321 total, 548 single-person households American Indian, 41 Asian, 132–135, 585, 588 black, 245–248, 585, 588 Hispanic, 366, 368–370, 585, 588 income of, 101, 216, 329, 453, 559–560 non-Hispanic white, 474–477, 585, 588 total, 585–586, 588–589

smoking status of American Indians, 18 status of Asians, 81 status of blacks, 188 status of Hispanics, 300 status of non-Hispanic whites, 431 status of total, 525 Social Security, 279, 412, 508, 638 South. See Region. sports participation, 656 state American Indians by, 53–56, 609–610 Asians by, 152–157, 609–610 births by, 84–85, 192–193, 305–306, 435–436, 530–531 blacks by, 264–267, 609–610 educational attainment by, 67, 175, 288, 419, 516 ethnic group by, 156–157, 391–392 Hispanics by, 387–392, 609–610 language spoken at home by, 163–164, 402–403, 622–623 non-Hispanic whites by, 493–496, 609–610 total by, 607–610 stocks, ownership of, 276, 409, 505, 635 suicide, as cause of death, 26, 92, 443 taxes, spending on by Asians, 168, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 274, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 407, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 503, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 time use, 640–642 tobacco products, spending on by Asians, 168, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 274, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 407, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 503, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 transportation, spending on by Asians, 167, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 273, 626, 629, 632 by Hispanics, 406, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 502, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 tribal identiﬁcation of American Indians, 47 unemployment American Indian, 38 Asian, 113 black, 227 Hispanic, 344–345 total, 572 white, 464 union representation of Asian workers, 128 of black workers, 241 of Hispanic workers, 362 of total workers, 579 of white workers, 472 vehicles, ownership of, 277, 410, 506, 636 vehicles, spending on by Asians, 167, 626, 629, 632 by blacks, 273, 626, 629, 632 RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 675

by Hispanics, 406, 626, 629, 632 by non-Hispanic whites, 502, 626, 629, 632 total, 626, 629, 632 veterans American Indian, 48 Asian, 146 beneﬁts, 279, 412, 508, 638 black, 258 Hispanic, 381 non-Hispanic white, 487 total, 600 vision problems American Indians with, 23 Asians with, 89 blacks with, 197 Hispanics with, 310 non-Hispanic whites with, 440 total with, 536 volunteering, 651, 656 voting by age, 648–649 by citizenship status, 648 reasons for not, 650 trends, 647 weight American Indian, 18 Asian, 81 blacks, 189 Hispanic, 301 non-Hispanic white, 431 total, 526 West. See Region.

676

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY