Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America

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Smoking Typewriters

SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America

John McMillian

OXFORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS

OTIORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press, Jnc , publishes works (hat further Oxford l; nlversiry"s objectIve of excellence

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Library of Congress Caraloging*in-Publicarion Data McMillIan, John CampbelL Smoking cypewritcrs : rhe SixTies underground press and rhe rise of alrernative media in America I John McMillian. p em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-531992-7 L Underground press publicatiorlS-Uojred Srares-HistotY-lorh cenrury. 2.

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.?" Press and politics-Uniced St!lces-HisrorY-2orh cenrury. L Tide'"

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Prinred In the UnHed Scares of America on acid-free paper

For Harry Reed

Contents

Acknowledgments A Note on Sources Introduction

IX

xm

I

I

"Our Founder, the Mimeograph Machine":

Print Culture in Students for a Democratic Society 13

2

A Hundred Blooming Papers: Culture and

Community in the 1960s Underground Press 31

3 "Electrical Bananas": The Underground Press and the Great Banana Hoax of 1967 66

4 "All the Protest Fit to Print": The Rise of

Liberation News Service 82

5 "Either We Have Freedom of the Press ... or We Don't Have Freedom of the Press": Thomas King Forcade and the War against Underground Newspapers I I 5

6 Questioning Who Decides: Participatory

Democracy in the Underground Press 140

7 "From Underground to Everywhere": Alternative Media Trends since the Sixties

172

Afterword

186

Notes 191

Bibliography 249

Index 261

Vl11

I

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

to be able to finally acknowledge the many people who have helped with this book. Let me first thank Alan Brinkley, my graduate advisor at Columbia University, who has done a wonderful job of helping me to shape this project from its beginning. Eric Foner has likewise provided wise and trusted counsel during my graduate career at Columbia and beyond. I am so fortunate to have worked work under the supervision of these two distin­ guished historians. I would also like to thank Todd Gitlin, Casey Blake, and James Miller for generously serving on my dissertation committee. Manning Marable likewise provided valuable feedback, as well as indispensable finan­ cial assistance through Columbia's Institute for Research in African-American Studies. Going back further, I had some truly outstanding professors at Michi­ gan State University, without whom I would not have acquired the skills or the confidence necessary to pursue a scholarly career. They include James Madison College professors Ken Waltzer, Katherine O'Sullivan See, and history department professors David Bailey, Christine Daniels, and Mark Kornbluh. The same must be said about John VanLooy, my high school English teacher. I was very sad to learn, recently, that Professor Doug Hoek­ stra, another great influence on me, passed away in 2006. I'm pleased that the James Madison College has established an endowment in his name. More than any of my past teachers, though, Harry Reed has been an inspi­ ration, friend and mentor. Had we not crossed paths during my sophomore year at MSU, my life might have taken a different and far less rewarding path. A long time ago, I declared that I would dedicate my first scholarly monograph to Dr. Reed, and I am happy to at last fulfill that promise. IT'S A THRILL

I would also like to thank my editor, Susan Ferber, who has lived up to her legendary reputation. She read every page of this manuscript with an eagle eye and provided valuable suggestions about how it could be improved. Plus, her patience rivals Job's. I am also grateful for the stellar feedback that was provided by my three peer reviewers, one of whom later identified himself to me as Professor Jeremi Suri. And I was the recipient of some truly top-notch copyediting from Ben Sadock. Many people helped with the research for this book. I would like to thank Chip Berlet, at the Political Research Association in Somerville, Mas­ sachusetts; Ron Grele and Mary Marshall Clark at Columbia's Oral History Research Office; and Brett Eynon, for letting me examine his oral history interviews at the Bentley Historical Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. I had a great time meeting John Holmstrom in NYC's East Village, where he provided me with a trove of papers that helped me to write Chapter 5. Sim­ ilarly, Rob Chalfen lent me some material from his private archives that contributed to my analysis in Chapter 7. As this project was nearing com­ pletion, Harvard's Division of Continuing Education provided me with a fabulous and energetic research assistant, Arwen Downs. And when the book was in its copyediting phase, Ridhi Kashyap helped me tidy up some stubborn footnotes. Cherie Braden did the outstanding index for this book. I owe a big thanks to everyone who agreed to be interviewed. But I am especially grateful to Allen Young, Thorne Dreyer, and Clif Garboden, who all took a special interest in this project and helped by answering questions, supplying me with contact information, and occasionally putting in some good words on my behalf. Thorne and Clif also contributed some excellent photos. Photographer David Fenton was exceedingly generous with me, and I likewise appreciate the friendly help I received from his assistant, Lely Constantinople. I also received assistance with photographs from Tom Fels, Chris Green, Leni Sinclair, Mark Goff, Dustin Byerly, David Buehrens, John Wilcock, Andy Marx, Peter Simon, and Robert Altman. Allen Gins­ berg (R.I.P.) provided me with this book's title. This book was written while I was teaching virtually full time at Harvard University, mostly in the Committee on Degrees in History and Literature, where Steve Biel and Jeanne Follansbee Quinn cheerfully extended me every consideration. It was also a pleasure to briefly work with Tom Jehn and Karen Heath in Harvard's Expository Writing Program. Living in Quincy House for seven years was a great blessing of my life, and I am grateful to House masters Lee and Deb Gehrke for their tremendous support. The same goes for residential dean Judith Flynn-Chapman, Sue Watts, Larry Peterson, and Susan Hamel, all good friends. As this book was going into production, I was X

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

warmly welcomed into the history department at Georgia State University, and I'm thrilled to be here. So many others have been supportive, whether by reading parts of this manuscript, helping me out with favors, or otherwise extending their friend­ ship. They include: Zoe Trodd, Stuart Perkins, Richard Griffin,Jesse Lemisch, Richard Karpel, Ben Mathis-Lilley, Chris Parris-Lamb, Marc Favreau, Frank Rich, Lizzie Simon and her wonderful parents, Toby and Peter Simon, Gus­ tavo Turner, David McBride, Brendan O'Malley, Jeremy Galen, Daniel Liss, Mana Kia, Dan Sullivan, Ben and Jane Ebert, Nick Bromell, Paul Barksdale, Alex Burns, Fotini Christia, H. M. Naqvi, Jason Appelman, Eddie Stern, Rich Van Tol, Matt Holcomb and Kari Zimmerman, Caitlin Casey, Bill Hig­ gins, Paul Buhle, Bob Kirschner and Jayne Loader, Andrea Mainguy, Renne Richardson Gosline, Jeff Janowick, Richard and Robin Parker, the Wesche family, the Campbells, Leon Neyfahk, Katy Cox, Heidi Julavits, Ariane Tschumi, Zach Stone (computer genius), Elaine Mar (MS Word expert), and my dear friend Rebecca O'Brien. When this project was in its dissertation phase, Carolyn Rathjen provided crucial support. (Pablo S. Torre, I am pleased to acknowledge you, too.) Extra special thanks go to my buddies Nick Meunier, Aaron Buchner, and Brandon Tilley, all of whom would occa­ sionally pry me from my desk in order to provide such wholesome recrea­ tional opportunities. I have three comrades in this profession, however, who have been helpful above all. In addition to often providing cogent readings of my work, Tim McCarthy, Mike Foley, and Jeremy Varon have greatly enriched my life with their trustworthy support, rich humor, and abiding friendship. Jeremy, espe­ cially, labored over almost every page of the manuscript, and has helped me to navigate some intellectual, personal, and professional challenges. Whitney Hoke has likewise been a tremendous source of love and encouragement for which I shall always be very grateful. Finally, I'm happy to pay special thanks to my wonderful parents, Harlon and Judy McMillian. It is safe to say that neither of them feels very favorably toward radical youth culture or political protest in the I9605, and yet they have always been wonderfully supportive of my academic endeavors. I am so grateful for all they have done for me.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

XI

A Note on Sources

A FEW THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND: Throughout this book, when I write about "the Sixties" (spelled out, capital "S") I'm talking about the Sixties as an era, or historical period, with all of its implied associations. When I refer to the "19605," I'm referencing the actual decade. Also, when quoting texts from the 19605 and I970s, I typically render passages that originally were underlined in italics. It looks better this way. Careful readers of footnotes should also bear in mind that when it came to putting dates on issues, or numbers on pages, some underground newspaper staffs were very sloppy. And sometimes in archives, I came actoss undated clippings or documents. If, in a very few instances, I'm missing some information about my sources, it may not be my fauk This book would not be possible without BeU & HoweU's Undergtound Press CoUecrion on microfilm, and virtually all of the underground newspa­ pers and Liberation News Service (LNS) news packets that I draw from can be found there, Recently, however, some LNS veterans have begun establishing a web archive that promises to digitize every LNS news packet from 1968 through 198 I; it can be found at http://www.lns-archive.org. Meanwhile, people associated with some of the underground newspapers that are dis­ cussed in this study, including Austin's Rag, Boston's AtJatar, and Atlanta's Great Speckled Bird, are likewise beginning to make back issues available on the web. Hopefully, others will follow their lead. In addition to learning some­ thing about the underground press, I hope readers of this book will come to understand that the New Left's tabloids comprise an amazing trove of pri­ mary-source material, capable of affording insight into a wide range of issues.

Way back in 1968, Allan Katzman, a cofounder of the East Village Other (EVa), said as much: "in the future," he remarked, "people will be able to look back and understand this period, get a good feel for what it must have been like, by reading the EVO,"l Later, literary critic Morris Dickstein wrote, "The history of the sixties was writren as much in the Berkeley Barb as in the New York Times,"2 As Mary Ryan has pointed out in Civic Wars, her study of American public culture in the nineteenth century, newspapers can by read as "the printed nexus of an extended, multivoiced conversation," and as a result, they may be "as close as historians can get to the voice of the public."3 This observation would seem to carry special force vis-a-vis the hundreds of youth-oriented papers of the I 960s, which were so much a product of the grass roots, Again and again, the fullest and most revealing record of the behaviors, manners, and beliefs of New Leftists can be found in the pages of the underground press.

XIV

I

A NOTE ON $OL'RCES

Smoking Typewriters

Introduction

"STONES CONCERT ENDS IT," blared the front-page headline of the underground Berkeley Tribe, dated December 12-19, 1969. "America Now Up for Grabs." The Rolling Stones concert that the Tribe described was supposed to have been a triumphant affair. Coming just four months after half a million hippie youths drew international attention by gathering peaceably at Max Yasgur's farm, some had even hyped the free, day-long event-which was held at Altamont Speedway, some sixty miles east of San Francisco, and which also featured Santana, the Jefferson Airplane, and the Flying Burrito Brothers­ as "Woodstock West." But this was no festival of peace and love. As almost everyone knew, the idea for the free show only came about after the Stones were nettled by criti­ cisms that they had alienated fans with exorbitant ticket prices and arrogant behavior on their 1969 American tour. What's more, Altamont proved to be a dirty, bleak space for a rock festival, almost completely lacking in amenities for the 300,000 concertgoers. People practically clambered over each other to get near the hastily built, three-foot-high stage, and by almost every account, "bad vibes" were regnant among the concertgoers. Asked to guard the performers-allegedly in exchange for a truckload of beer I-the Hell's Angels motOrcycle gang went on a drug-and-booze soaked rampage, assault­ ing countless hippies with weighted pool cues and kicks to the head. When the Stones finally started their set after sundown, they found it impossible to gain momentum; they could only play in fits and starts, as the Angels roughed up spectatOrs and commotion swirled around them. Albert and David Maysles' classic concert documentary, Gimme Shelter, captured

Mick Jagger nervously trying to soothe the crowd: "Brothers and sisters, come on now. That means everybocZy-just coot out." "All I can do is ask you­ you-to keep it together. It's within your power." "If we are all one, let's fucking well show we're all one!" But Jagger's entreaties were in vain. JUSt as the Stones were starting "Under My Thumb," the Angels set their sights on an African American teenager in a flashy lime-green suit: Meredith Hunter. By one eyewitness account, the whole thing began when a heavyset Angel was toying with Hunter, laughing as he yanked him by the ear and by the hair. Then, when 'Hunter pulled himself away, he ran into a pack of perhaps four more Angels, who started punching him, Trying to escape, Hunter whipped out a long­ barreled revolver and held it high over his head; in an instant, an Angel plunged a knife between his neck and shoulder. Autopsy reports confirmed that Hunter was tweaking on methamphetamines when he was killed. His last words, supposedly, were: "I wasn't going to shoot you."" Ever since, writers and historians have found it tempting to describe Altamont as a generation-shattering event, the proverbial "end of an era.'" If the early Sixties was a time of gauzy idealism, characterized by JFKs youthful vigor, righteous lunch-counter sit-ins, and the first flush of Beatlemania, then the Altamont disaster ranks alongside the 1968 Democratic National Convention riots, the Manson Family murders, and the Weather Under­ ground's townhouse explosion as evidence of the era's swift decline. Less well known, however, is that the trope arose in the underground press.~ "Altamont ... exploded the myth of innocence for a section of America," wrote twenty-one-year-old George Paul Csicsery (now a respected filmmaker) in the Tribe's lead article. Just a little while earlier, he said, it had been "cool" for large groups of youths to assemble at parks and rock festivals. "People would play together, performing, participating, sharing and going home with a feeling that somehow the communal idea would replace the grim iso­ lation wrought on us by a jealous competitive mother culture." But on the bleak, dry hills around Altamont, the feeling was entirely different: "Our one-day micro society was bound to the death-throes of capitalist greed." The Angels' violence had "united the crowd in fear" while Jagger strutted on the stage like a "diabolical prince." To Csiscery, the concert was a metaphor for a society on the brink: "Clearly, nobody is in control. Not the Angels, not the people. Not Richard Nixon, or his pigs. Nobody."5 Elsewhere in the Tribe, readers could find several more pieces on the Altamont debacle, all of them written by participant-observers, all of them done in a familiar, even informal style. Several writers made liberal use of the editorial "we" (as in, "We're turning into a generation whose thing is to be an 2

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SMOKI:<JG TYPEWRITERS

Audience, whose life-style is the mass get-together for 'good vibes.''') Others sprinkled their reports with song lyrics, hallucinatory images, or whimsical asides. The Tribe also featured an elliptical poem about the Altamont debacle, as well as a comic strip by the artist Greg Irons that skewered a local radio station for irresponsibly hyping the event and then fulminating against it after things went bad. Almost all of this material struck a portentous tone; the Tribe's radical politicos and youth-culture aficionados who caravan ned to Altamont came away feeling grubby, mortified, and concerned. "I realize some people just had a good time," said one writer. "Me, I saw a guy get killed."" Altamont received front-page attention in the San Francisro Examiner, too, bue nothing like the blanket coverage that was found in the Tribe, and besides, the Bay Area's leading evening paper completely missed the concert's signif­ icance; its reports and analysis could not have been more wrong-headed. 7 On December 6, the Examiner stressed that the biggest problem associated with the concert was the traffic headache it caused on Interstate 5/580; it specifically added that police reported "no violence."8 The next day, the paper mentioned that one person had been killed, but in fact four people died: two were run over by a car while sitting at a campfire, and another drowned in a swift-moving irrigation canal while zonked out on drugs. "But for the stabbing," the Examiner reported, "all appeared peaceful at the concert .... The record-breaking crowd was for the most part orderly, but enthusiastic. The listeners heeded the advice of the Jefferson Airplane: 'We should be together. "'9 Then on December 9, the paper's editorial writers fumbled to explain why 300,000 youths would even want to attend a free rock festival headlined by the Rolling Stones in the first place. They literally could not come up with an explanation that they deemed fully satisfactory.lo Finally, on December 14, Dick Nolan, an op-ed columnist, stressed that the event had been a disas­ ter for the counterculture, but his tone was so priggish and excoriating that it's hard to imagine very many younger readers taking him seriously. "Maybe it's wishful thinking," he wrote. "But to me that Altamont rock fiasco looked very much like the last gasp of the whole hippie-drug thing." There were the Stones, he said, "peddling their idiot doggerel and primitive beat," before "that most mindless of animals, the human mob." Altamont was JUSt another manifestation "of the rock-drug-slobbery cult," to which Nolan could only say good riddance. This is not a book about Altamont, of course. But by quickly glancing at how twO local newssheets covered the Stones concert, we can begin appre­ hending the powerful appeal of the underground press in the late 19605 and INTRODUCTION

3

early 1970s. Amateurishly produced by a collective of unabashed radicals, the Berkeley Tribe had a fleet of reporters who actively participated in the events they covered. Lacking any pretense of objectivity, they put across forcefully opinionated accounts of events that mattered deeply to them-that grew out of their culture-and they used a language and sensibility of their own fash­ ioning; their hip vernacular was something they shared with most of their readership. By contrast, the professionals who staffed the Examiner-the flag­ ship of the Hearst newspaper chain-approached Altamont with a prefabri­ cated template. Their first instinct was to cloak the free concert in gooey, Woodstock-style sentimentalism. Then after that proved untenable, their editorialists proved totally uncomprehending of the rock and youth cultures they sought to explain. It is little wonder, then, that many New Leftists never bothered to read daily newspapers, at least not when they wanted to know what was going on in their own milieu. Instead, beginning in the mid-I960s, in cities and campuses across the country, they began creating and distributing their own radical community newssheets, with which they aimed to promote avantsensibilities and inspire political tumult. Amplitude and conviction were hallmarks of the underground press: this is where they set forth their guiding principles concerning the unfairness of racism, the moral and polit­ ical tragedy of the Vietnam War, the need to make leaders and institutions democratically accountable, and the existential rewards of a committed life. And their success was astonishing. According to cultural critic Louis Menand, underground newspapers "were one of the most spontaneous and aggressive growths in publishing history."il In 1965, the New Left could claim only five such newspapers, mostly in large cities; within a few years, several hundred papers were in circulation, with a combined readership that stretched into the millions. 12 In addition to trying to build an intellectual framework for the Move­ ment's expansion, New Leftists imbued their newspapers with an ethos that socialized people into the Movement, fostered a spirit of mutuality among them, and raised theif democratic expectations. The community-building work that New Leftists brought about in this way was neither incidental nor marginal. Instead, it played a ctucial role in helping youths to break away from the complacency and resignation that prevailed in postwar America, in order to build an indigenous, highly stylized protest culture. Given the obstacles confronting those who have attempted to build mass democratic movements in the United States, this was a considerable achievement. 13 Simply put, much of what we associate with the late I960s youth rebellion­ its intensity, and contrapuntal expressions of furious anger and joyful 4

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SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

bliss-might not have been possible without the advent of new printing technologies that PUt the cost of newspaper production within reach of most activists, or without the institutions they built that allowed their press to flourish. WE HAVE NO SHORTAGE OF BOOKS seeking to explain how so many American youths grew restless and dissatisfied with their COUntry in the early 1960s and why they became so intensely radical in the mid-1960s. Surely, demographics can account for part of the answer. Growing up in a time of unprecedented prosperity, baby boomers developed a keen sense of their own generational potency, a confident "can-do" attitude that inspired them to tackle the problems troubling public life. The civil rights movement was also pivotal. When African Americans bravely stood up against attack dogs, cattle prods, fire hoses, and lynch mobs, they dramatically demonstrated the power of collective action to foster social change. Meanwhile, the sterile cul­ ture that the Cold War helped to produce, in which middle-class youths were expected to march lockstep into impersonal bureaucracies and circumscribed gender roles, prompted some to reflect critically upon the supposed promises of the American Dream. The escalation of the Vietnam War, the draft, and the gtuesome images that were transmitted from Southeast Asia's jungles into American living rooms led many activists to ramp up their protest activities. So too did the era's frightening urban unrest, which some traced back to the federal government's unwillingness to address the more far-reaching demands of the civil rights movement. The fact that it was lib­ erals, rather than conservatives, who presided over the catastrophic war, and who failed to bring about genuine racial equality, prompted some youths to direct indiscriminate animus against "the Establishment," The New Left's development, however, can't be accounted for by these factors alone; it has also been necessary for scholars to examine the internal dynamics that propelled the Movement. In the late 19805, a small corpus of books arrived that greatly shaped thinking on this subject. Foremost among them are James Miller's Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege ofChicago, and Todd Gitlin's The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days ofRage. l ) Both of these penetrating and beautifully written works helped to establish what I consensus"-the reigning narrative have elsewhere called "the New explaining the intellectual and sociocultural forces that account for the Move­ ment's rapid rise and precipitous decline. l6 Both studies, however, focus heavily upon the institutional history of SDS--especially in its early years­ when in fact much of the decade's political energy arose from the grass roots, and it wasn't until the mid and late 1960s that the New Left became a mass INTRODCCTION

5

movement." As a result, these books shaped the research designs of an even more recent body of scholarship, which has begun to present a fuller histor­ ical accounting of the youth rebellion by de-centering SDS, examining the Movement at the local level, and exploring other groups within the orga­ nized Left. IS By showing how underground newspapers educated, politicized, and built communities among disaffected youths in every region of the country, this book contributes to a broader revisionist effort. SDS played a major role in the Sixties, but the strategic and intellectual debates that preoccupied its national officers must have seemed removed from the concerns of many grassroots activists. By contrast, radical newspapers engaged local, hot-button issues, and sometimes inspired devoted regional followings. Moreover, since most of these papers were interconnected-whether through a loose confed­ eration called the Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) or a radical news agency called Liberation News Service (LNS)--they also became the Move­ ment's primary means of internal communication. Absent such newspapers and organizations, the New Left could not have circulated its news, trends, opinions, and strategies without having them "strained through a mainstream filter."19 Unlike, say, the covert and highly illegal newspapers attacking the Nazi occupation of France and the Netherlands during World War II, the vast majority of radical papers produced during the Vietnam era circulated openly.20 The "underground" moniker arose because some of the first of them-including the Los Angeles Free Press (established in 1964), the Berkeley Barb, and New York City's East Vittage Other (both established in appealed to self-styled cultural outlaws: freelance intellectuals, dissenters, artists, and folk and jazz musicians, who clustered in taverns and espresso houses in low-rent neighborhoods. Many of these papers, however, could seem genuinely subversive, openly flouting society's conventions and, by the late I960s, championing the revolutionary overthrow of the United States government. Also, many of those who produced and sold such newspapers became targets of harassment from federal and local authorities. A writer for Vancouver's Georgia Straight observed in 1968 that although underground papers were highly critical of capitalism, they represented "some of the greatest examples of practical free enterprise."21 Before the I 9605, newspaper copy had to be set in hot type on a Linotype machine­ a procedure that was both costly and difficult. But with the advent of photo-offset printing, newspaper production suddenly became cheap and easy. All one needed was a competent typist, a pair of scissors, and a jar of tubber cement with which to paste copy onto a backing sheet, which was

6

SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

(hen photographed and reproduced exactly as it was set. For just a couple hundred dollars, one could print several thousand copies of an eight- or six­ teen-page tabloid. 22 The Offset Revolution also allowed for creatively designed layouts, whereby prose could be fitted around swirling drawings and photo collages. Some of the more mystically oriented papers, like the San Francisco Oracle-which was rumored to receive funding from Owsley Stanley, the famous underground LSD chemist-pioneered split-fountain printing techniques that allowed them to blend colorful inks and create beautiful rainbow effects on their pages, no two of which were ever exactly alike. As newspaper production suddenly became more accessible, amateurs filled the staffs of most of the papers, learning the mechanics of layout, distribution, sales, and advertising as they went along. Though they worked feverishly, most of them were jaundiced to the very idea of profit making; according to a 1969 survey, 72 percent of underground papers reported they made no profit whatsoever. "Financially, it is nearly impossible to expect a small underground publication to pay for itself," one radical editor observed. By the late I960s, however, a few well-made tabloids in radical hotbeds like Los Angeles and Northern California did quite well. Even when they were only barely solvent, the papers were often highly visible in their communities. They lined the shelves of head shops and offbeat bookstores, and street vendors sold them in hip neighborhoods or at public gatherings: "poetry readings, political meetings, art gallery openings, light­ shows and other freakouts-anywhere (there was] a captive audience. "25 Most underground papers also had back-page calendars that alerted people to such events. Especially in smaller communities, which lacked the pageantry and intellectual ferment that accompanied the youth revolt in urban areas, under­ ground papers could impart to their readers a sense of connection and belonging to the New Left. Thomas King Forcade, who would become some­ thing of a legend in underground publishing, nuttured his early fascination with the Movement through underground newspapers he was able to obtain while living in right-wing Phoenix, Arizona. David Armstrong, who later wrote a book about alternative media, recalled an epiphanic moment when, as an undergraduate at Syracuse University, he picked up "a thin weekly pub­ lished on the West Coast called the Berkeley Barb." It was the first paper he'd ever seen that covered things like the Vietnam War, the draft, and the Black Power Movement "with anything approaching the intensity and urgency" that he and his friends felt. The failure of the nation'S glossy magazines and daily newspapers to cover the youth rebellion adequately also helped to fuel the subterranean press. By INTRODUCTION

7

the early 1960s, newspaper ownership, once diverse, had become highly con­ centrated, mainly because newspapers were such valuable properties. Those who could afford to buy them up and consolidate them-the Hearsts, the Annenbergs, the Chandlers--did so. By 1962 twelve managements con­ trolled one-third of the circulation of newspapers in the United States. Large cities that could earlier boast of having multiple newspapers began to have only one or two. Furthermore, the corporate structures that girded these newspapers (and also television news programs, which in 196r became the main source of news for most Americans) favored employees who were better educated and more "sophisticated" than previous generations of writers and editors. 27 The result, in this new era of consensus and conformity, was a ubiquity of increasingly bland, cautious, and professionally balanced journalism. Angry and iconoclastic opinions, which flourished in a formerly diverse world of newspapers, were largely restricted from the news diets fed to most Americans. This helps to explain why the underground's media activists were united in their disdain for Establishment journalists-those who resided, as Hunter S. Thompson combatively put it, "way out there on the puzzled, mastur­ bating edge, peering through the keyhole and selling what they see to the big wide world."21i By contrast, New Leftists claimed for themselves a kind of epistemic privilege, arguing that only those from within the Movement could take its true measure. Typically, underground press writers actively participated in the events they wrote about, sometimes with considerable fervor. By coloring their stories with their subjective responses, they pio­ neered a literary style closely resembling that of the era's celebrated New Journalists. 2Y Commenting on the underground press's widespread appeal in I968, writers Joan Didion and John Gregory Dunne remarked, "It is the genius of these papers that they talk directly to their readers. They assume that the reader is a friend, that he is disturbed about something, and that he will understand if they talk to him straight; this assumption of a shared language and a common ethic lends their reports a considerable cogency of style."
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SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

novelists Tom Robbins, Ishmael Reed, Charles Bukowski, rock critic Lester Bangs, and sex educator Susie Bright. Some esteemed poets occasionally con­ tributed to underground papers, including Diane DiPrima, d. a. levy, Gary Snyder, and Allen Ginsberg, and some of today's best-known graphic artists, including Robert Crumb and Art Spiegelman, launched their careers writing underground "comix." The list of notable left-wing scholars who edited or regularly contributed to underground rags includes Maurice Isserman, Todd Gitlin, Paul Buhle, Chip Berlet, Michael Kazin, Jon Wiener, Clayborne Carson, and Ann Gordon. Sometimes unlikely voices appear in the radical news sheets, like Jon Landau (Bruce Springsteen's manager), David Stockman (Ronald Reagan's budget director), and Cameron Crowe (the Hollywood director who referenced the underground press in his loosely autobiographical film Almost FamouJ). However compelling underground papers could seem, by conventional standards they usually weren't of very high quality. "People involved with movement papers generally see themselves as activists or organizers first, and journalists second," observed Thorne Dreyer and Victoria Smith, both radical journalists themselves. Nor is it surprising that, amid the great rush of events that characterized the 1960s, New Leftists had such little use for bel­ lettists. As Tocqueville remarked, it is a rare thing when the "the literature of democracy" exhibits "the order, regularity, skill and art characteristic of an aristocratic" (or professional) literature. More commonly, writers "will be more anxious to work quickly than to perfect details .... Authors will s([ive more to astonish than to please, to stir passions than to charm taste."i2 Certainly underground journalists could be fiercely polemical, and some critics easily dismissed the overzealous tones favored by some newspapers. But it bears remembering that young radicals hardly cornered the market on highly ideological agendas. In 1970, Allen Ginsberg stressed this point in a letter to PEN American Center president Thomas Fleming, who had recently released a statement condemning the attempts of authorities to suppress underground newspapers. Fleming hadn't risen to the New Left's defense because he was a fan of the radical tabloids (he was not); he was simply speech. And although Ginsberg was grateful for defending their right to Fleming's statement, he couldn't help bUt add, I would've taken exceprion, were it my place, to [the} adjective "inflammatory" applied wholesale to "New Left" literature oUtside the context of equally inflammatory ideology displayed in, say, Read­ erj' Digest with its historically inflammatory cold war fury or odd language about "dope fiends"; or NY Daily Neu'J which in editorials I!'iTRODUCTIOO:

9

has proposed atom bombing China counting 200 million persons at their own estimate as reasonable; or for that matter the Nell' York Times whose business-as-usual reportage in this era of planetary ecological crisis occasionally inflames my own heart to fantasies of arson. Be that as it may it's a minor quibble with your text. Merely to say that I find "aboveground" language as often inflammatory as I find "New Left" underground rheroric, as [would} W. C. Fields. Furthermore, most New Leftists understOod that even the rude and untu­ tOred papers still brought people into the Movement's fold, shored up polit­ ical communities, and inspired organizing efforts and militant actions. In some instances, newspapers played this role in areas that previously had not seen much radical activity. By welcoming rank-and-file participation in all aspects of newspaper production, and by generally opening their pages to whoever wanted ro air their left-wing views, they helped to bring radicals and bohemians into communion with one another. "For writers, editors, pho­ tOgraphers, [and} artists," Todd Gitlin recollects, the underground press "was a marvelous adventure, full of infectious enthusiasm:';) Oftentimes, street-corner papers drew attention to issues, inflamed opin­ ions, and fomented dissent through heated prose and old-fashioned muckrakIn some instances, they were so provocative, inflammatory, or "obscene" that they became targets of censorship or harassment, thereby becoming local callses dlebres. Because these were often the only newspapers that radicals identified with, they were read with unusual intensity.;(' Sometimes the com­ munal homes or offices where the papers were produced doubled as meeting spots for local activists, or sropping-off points for hippie travelers. Barry Miles, who helped launch Europe's first underground paper, International Times (abbreviated as either IT or it), recalled that his most enduring mem­ ories of the underground press have to do with the "warmth and camaraderie" of the people who worked within it. "I remember arriving in Los Angeles in January 1969 and walking unannounced into the offices of Open City, and saying I was from it," Miles recalled. "Immediately I was offered a place to stay and more invitations to events and meals than I could hope to use."p In a few robust youth culture enclaves, enterprising hippies could nearly earn a living by hawking underground newspapers.'~ No doubt because they were so effective, underground newspapers were targeted by the FBI, as well as by local authorities, campus administrators, and even a few vigilante groups, sometimes with devastating effect. As appendages of the New Left, the radical newssheets could not have outlived ot surpassed the youth rebellion anyhow; their fate was always intertwined 10

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\\ith that of the larger Movement (and when they labored to win the affection !)f the broader left, or purged their ranks of amateurs, they ceased being underground"). BlIt they might have been even more effective, or lasted a bit longer, if they'd constituted themselves a Ii tde difIerendy. Many papers functioned as collectives, in which entire newspaper staffs l'<micipated in all levels of decision making. Initially these decentralized working environments must have held a certain appeal, bur most people who toiled within them eventually discovered they could also be burdensome, mefficient, and alienating. And when the papers were exceedi11gly coarse, hrash, or harshly militant-that is, when they violated even the countercul­ ture's loose standards of civility and propriety-they gave people good cause to turn their noses up at the Movement. Finally, in their organization and content, most underground newspapers mirrored the sexism and homophobia of the dominant culture. As a result, they caused unnecessary divisions and deprived themselves of valuable talent. When the gay and women's libera­ tion movements hit full force in the very late 19605 and early 19705, no one should have been surprised when some New leftists lit our for new ideolog­ ical territory and quickly established their own formidable network of more narrowly focused publications. \X'HEN DISCUSSING THE SOCIAL REBELLIONS of the 19605, it is sometimes necessary to draw distinctions between the strategically oriented New left, which was made lip of "politicos" who wanted to change society, and the counterculture, which consisted of lifestyle radicals, or "hippies," who self­ segregated from society. Although the two groups shared certain obvious commonalities, including a basic skepticism toward the dominant culture and a yearning for "authenticity" in personal relations, the underground press sometimes underscored their differences. Papers like San Francisco's Orade and New York's East Village Other, which promoted psychedelic drugs with millenarian intensity, were probably not so compelling co activists who were consumed with finding the right formulas for halting the Viernam \X'ar, fighting racism, and restructuring American universities. However, just as most of those who contributed to the 1960s youth rebellion didn't operate exclusively at one or the other end of this spectrum, most of the era's under­ ground newspapers presented an intermingling of aesthetic and tactical radicalism. '" This became increasingly (fue in the late I 960s, when it became harder to distinguish precisely between the New left and the counterculture, and when many formerly hippie-oriented papers began adding more specifi­ cally political content co their pages. ! \X'hen the term "New left" appears in this study, it is used maximally, co describe the whole constellation of 4

I:-;TRODCCTIO~

1 1

predominately white, nonconformist, college-aged youths of the 1960s who rebelled against American racism, imperialism, and bourgeois social relations. 42 While some might be troubled by the lumping together of hippies and politicos, others may object that this definition of the New Left is too narrow, since it doesn't include many African Americans, multicultural activists, or feminists. 4i The New Left's relationship to these groups demands special comment. Without a doubt, activists of color were potent sources of inspira­ tion for New Leftists, and combating racism was a central component of their politics. The United States in the 19605, however, was culturally and politi­ cally segregated to an enormous degree, and black and white radicals often operated on parallel tracks. Even as white militants labored to win the trust of African Americans, they freguently acknowledged and lamented the exclu­ sivity of their activism. And although second-wave feminism was among the most important protest traditions to emerge from the 19605, strictly speaking, it was not part of the New Left. Very few male radicals developed progressive gender politics in the 19605. In fact, much of the energy that fueled the women's liberation movement arose in response to the patriarchy and sexism they encountered in the New Left-and, especially, in its under­ ground newspapers. In this book, I've tried to present the New Left accu­ rately, as a largely white, broad-based, and male-dominated movement, while nevertheless recognizing the crucial influence of the civil rights movement and the important contributions of womenY For some scholars, it has also been a matter of concern that the most influ­ ential writing on the New Left has been produced by Sixties veterans who have remained basically sympathetic to the lofty idealism that anchored their activism in the Port Huron Era. 46 By lack of birthright, I am not capable of having participated in the New Left, but I will cop to sharing the assump­ tions of some of its activists-particularly those who believed (as goes the cliche) that a genuine democracy is not possible in the absence of an informed, engaged citizenry. I also won't mind if this book helps to remind people that there was a time in recent American history when the political left soared with confidence. Whatever the New Left's deficiencies, the underground newspapers they left behind breathe of a more hopeful time, when the prob­ lems troubling American public life were addressed by a great mass of young citizens who thrust themselves into the public discourse, and who ached with ethical worry about the society in which they lived. Today, it seems necessary to recapture that spirit. Nevertheless, I hope my distance from the material that I analyze will be clear.

12

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1

"Our Founder, the Mimeograph Machine" Print Culture in Students for a Democratic Society

IT SCARCELY MATTERED whether it was day or night-people just kept coming and going. Amid the frequently ringing phones, the tap-tap-tap of perhaps a dozen typewriters, and the periodic rumble of a nearby elevated train, they worked, ate, and talked in dimly lit rooms, perched on wobbly chairs, surrounded by sheaves of paper and battered desks.! Flyers, posters, and newspaper photographs nearly papered over the chipped plaster walls. Some of the wall decorations-a charcoal drawing of Eugene Debs, stickers from the Induscrial Workers of the World, and a prim by the social-realist artist Ben Shahn-represented the American left of previous years. But ocher ephemera-a photograph of Bob Dylan, a political cartoon from the Village '.loire by Jules Feiffer, and the bumper-sticker slogan "Make Love, Noc War"­ gave the headquarters of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) a sense of political currency. One journalist who visited its national office, which in the mid-I96os was at the edge of Chicago's West Side ghetto, described it as something between a newsroom and a flophouse, drawing attention to "an unmade cot, several laundry bags, a jar of instant coffee, and a half-eaten chocolate bar." But one artifact, above all, caught his attention. Taped to one of the walls was a picture of a mimeograph machine. JUSt beneath it someone had written the words "Our Founder.

SOS leaders were nothing if not irreverent, but here we find a metaphor that volumes about how they conceived of themselves, their history, and their mission. Seeing as it was not unusual for SOS organizers to imagine themselves working in the reflected glow of the left-wing luminaries they pasted on their walls, they could scarcely afford to be anything but confident about the agency of the written word and the power and authority of fresh ideas. Various and multihued pamphlets and fiyers, densely printed newspa­ pers, crude bulletins, circular letters, and delicate, smudgy carbons--this was the stuff through which SOS aimed ro change the world. On the whole, members of SOS wrote easily. Throughout the organiza­ tion's various permutations, melodramatic zeal was rarely in short supply; reticence was. Even in SOS's earliest years, when it was a more intellectually minded organization than it became, the group's frustrations with American society sometimes registered awkwardly in print. Increasingly braying tones became more familiar toward the mid-1960s, and by about 1968 its litera­ ture frequently displayed such a violence of feeling that writers literally took ro calling their pamphlets "shotguns." (As in, "My first project was to write a shotgun on political prisoners.") j From this perspective, an analysis ofSOS's published writings could easily replicate, and even amplify, the familiar story line about how the New Left betrayed its roots in liberalism and participa­ tory democracy and eventually self-destructed. 5 Through an examination ofSOS's internal printed communications, how­ ever, we can tell an altogether different story, one that helps us understand how SOS established itself as a community of participatory democrats and, in the process, fashioned a political style that ended up greatly influencing the underground press of the late 1960s and early 1970s. This point has not quite been made before. Typically, people argue that underground papers owed much of their inspiration to liberal and satirical publications that came before them: the Village Voice, Paul Krassner's Realist, and even, to some degree, Mad magazine." Though there is some truth to this, SOS needs to be brought into the discussion as well. This was the organization that set the template for underground newspapers that functioned as open forums, to which virtually anyone could contribute. Many underground rags likewise functioned as democratic collectives; the people who staffed the papers were also the ones that determined how they should be run. In professionaliour­ nalism, there was little, if any, precedent for these approaches. It was SOS that helped ro make them seem atuactive. Efforts to explain SOS's wide-ranging appeal have sometimes touched upon its highly rerbal culture-its seemingly endless meetings and debates and late-night bull sessions, inspired by the existential politics of the civil 14

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rIghts movement, as well as C. Wright Mills's famous dictum that "personal :roubles , , , must be understood in terms of public issues.'" SDS's meetings, however, frequently left much to be desired. Some people loved them, but ()tilers found them tedious, windy, unfocused, cliquish, sexist, and prone to commandeered by whoever was most charismatic and articulate. Written conversations could be similarly skewed, but overall, SDS's print culture may have been better suited to its goal of eliciting genuine member­ ,hip participation and reinforcing its inclusive and deliberative ethos. To be sure, this spirit was sometimes strained. Resources in SDS were con­ ~tantly stretched thin, the federal government waged a relentless dirty-tricks campaign against the group, and certain internal debates--<:oncerning SDS's s[[ucture, strategy, and programs-were all too predictable. s But even amid all of this, SDS never lacked various internal newsletters that helped to raise people's stakes in the organization. Although a few New Leftists tried to reach a wide public audience with their writings, in scrutinizing SDS through the lens of print culture, our attention turns not just to ideas set forth in the SDS's published works, but also to the cultural U'ork they accomplished through their printed materials. In addition to trying to build an intellectual framework for the Movement's expansion, SDS created an ethos surrounding its printed com­ munications that welcomed people into the movement and encouraged their democratic activity. This was no small thing; before long, underground news­ papers in every region of the country began playing a similar role. STUDENTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY was officially founded in 1960, but for all intents and purposes, the group launched itself in June 1962 at a United Auto Workers camp in Port Huron, Michigan, when fifty-nine of its members gathered there to complete the Port Huron Statement-a twenty­ four-thousand-word manifesto that was originally drafted by Tom Hayden." Today a certain mystique surrounds the document, some of which is deserved, some perhaps not. 1O On the one hand, only a cynic would deny the romantic appeal of young intellectuals writing a political cri de c9eur from the edges of a Michigan forest. But the popular notion that the Port Huron Statement rekindled a moribund left is overblown. I I It actually appeared during a rising tide of political activism and cultural nonconformity among young people, and while the new student radicalism was a fertile topic for journalists in the early 19605, few of them regarded SDS's manifesto as especially important. I ] Finally, while more rhan a few 19605 veterans claim that their readings of rhe Port Huron Statement provoked a certain frisson, others found it rather dull. Those SDS leaders who have admitted that they found secrions of it "tedious" or "boring" are probably more representarive of the New Lefr as a whole. l i OUR FOl'KDER, THe MI.'>IEOGRAPH MACHI~E-

15

But if it is true that an essential ingredient of politics is timing, then the Port Huron Statement's authors were maestros. The manifesto's celebrated opening salvo-"\Ve are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world we inherit"-put into prose the smoldering discontent of countless students in the Cold War era. I·, Its dour conclusion-"lf we appear to seek the unattainable ... then let it be known that we do so to avoid the unimaginable"-captured a sense of moral urgency among young leftists.l~ Its impertinence-the notion that it represented an "agenda for a genera­ tion"-reflected the outsized ambitions of many baby-boomers idealists, 16 Its strategic call for "realignment" (which meant replacing the Democratic Party's Dixiecrats with left-liberals) struck a familiar chord, but its sugges­ tion that students themselves could be the driving forces for social change was novel. Finally, the POrt Huron Statement popularized participatory democracy, the idea that people should have some say over the decisions that affect their lives.: Participatory democracy did not originate in the New Left; many whites gleaned the concept from the civil rights movement, particularly the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's emphasis on consensus building and "group-centered leadership."IH Others had been educated in the virtues and pleasures of civic engagement through their encounters with the­ orists like Arnold Kaufman and C. Wright Mills, As SDS biographer James Miller argues, participatory democracy was never adequately defined, and eventually the concept became hopelessly tangled up with the New Left's calls for direct action and personal "authenticity."19 Nevertheless, it provided a rationale for any number of left-inflected political activities in the T960s, and it offered a simple way of critiquing all sorts of existing institutions. Equally important, it promised to frame social relations within the New Left itselflo Whatever different shades of meaning participatory democracy may have had in the I9605, on this point the Port Huron Statement seems reasonably clear. One of the "roOt principles" of participatory democracy, it said, was the idea that "decision making of basic social consequence [must} be carried on by public groupings." Furthermore, politics should be "seen positively, as the art of collectively creating an acceptable pattern of social relations" and bringing people "out of isolation and into community."21 If participatory democracy remained rather vague as a macropolitical analysis, as a basic interactional model within SDS it was easily understood and imple­ mented. Of course, people could (and did) quibble about the details: Did participatory democracy mean that decisions should be made by consensus, or simply by consensus-building methods!' Should leadership positions be c

I6

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TYPEWRITERS

frequently rotated, or abolished altogether? Who knew? But participatory democracy did not need to be crisply formulated to function effectively as a bedrock ideal; certainly very few New Leftists ever called for centralized decision making, entrenched leadership, or rigid hierarchies. Members of SDS gathered in small groups to refine various sections of the Port Huron Statement that Hayden had already drafted with help from others, and they finished their work in three days. For decades afterward, many of those who collaborated on the project retained glowing memories of the whole experience. Dorothy Burlage recalled, "People kept operating out of idealism and their instincts about what would create a better world. It was a rare moment in history, and we were blessed to be given that opporrunity.'"2J Barbara Jacobs (later Barbara Haber) remembered feeling "like the luckiest person on earth for having had either the good luck or the good sense" to have made it to Port Huron; the conference, she said, was "dazzlingly exciting. "24 An often-overlooked preface to the Port Huron Statement underscores its democratic spirit. "This document represents the results of several months of writing and discussion among the member­ ship," it begins. The preface goes on to explain that the manifesto should not be regarded as the final word on SDS's ideology, but rather as "a living document open to change with our times and experiences. It is a beginning: in our own debate and education, (and] in our dialogue with society."25 In other words, the Porr Huron Statement was itself a product of the collabo­ rative ethos that it championed in its text. It offered a critique of society and specific strategies for change, as well as being a symbol and an embodi­ ment of participatory democracy itself. Although SDS began establishing a democratic print culture with the Port Huron Statement, the ethos they built around their printed communi­ cations did not become a pronounced force in the organization right away. Instead, it evolved gradually, over the course of several years, in an effort to retain the harmonious social relations that characterized SDS when it was founded. To understand how this happened, it is necessary to briefly examine SDS's institutional history in the period following the Port Huron conference, as it began growing into a larger, more heterogeneous organization. For a time, the same sense of camaraderie that marked the group's retreat to the Michigan woodlands continued to propel SDS. As one former member recalled, Tom Hayden and Al Haber personally drew many people into their fold. "They would go find people they ... connected with on a gut level. It wasn't 'Do you believe in the principles of unity)' It was, 'You feel good to me. I have the feeling you're very bright and you're spirited and we see things basically the same way.' So this was a hand-recruited bunch of people who "OUR FOVNDER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE"

17

really wanted to use their lives to change the world, and who loved finding each orher."26 Frithjof Bergmann, a professor at the University of Michigan in the early 19605, said much the same thing: "The nucleus attracted good people."r Most were high achievers-student government leaders, editors of campus newspapers, and precocious intel1ects~-who were united by friend­ ship and mutual admirationY As a result, dialogue was eased by a "mutual awareness." As ~ick Flacks put "You could trust each other, even if you disagreed. SOS meetings were typically thorough and intensive. Jeremy Brecher, who attended his first SOS National Council meeting in New York City in 1963 while he was an undergraduate at Reed College, found himself enthralled by the group's "freewheeling discussions," not least because they seemed scrubbed clean of the Old Left's sectarianism. "They weren't talking about the history of Soviet-American relations and who was right in 1956," he said. Instead, meetings provoked "emotional and political responses that were relevant" to people's lived experience. \0 Alan Haber's influence seemed particularly notable. According to Brecher, Haber "was the one who taught {SOS activists) to be thoughtful and argumentative without being sec­ tarian.... He had set the tone of a place that was committed to open discus­ sion and yet also politically committed."\! Moreover, so long as SOS remained very small, there was room for deeply felt personal conversations. Ann Arbor peace acrivist Elise Boulding recalled one memorable evening when "eight or ten" SOSers attended a New Year's party at her home one year. After her husband, the economist Kenneth Bould­ ing, read aloud Alfred Lord Tennyson's "Ring Out Wild Bells" at the stroke of midnight, a group gathered on the living room floor in front of the fireplace: They began asking each other how they might have dealt with situa­ tions each had faced, like having police dogs unleashed on them. How do you protect yourself from a police dog that is taught to leap at your throat? ... For middle class students who had come from protected families, this was the first time they had faced raw violence. They were totally unprepared for it. This was a time for them to share with each other what it meant to them, how much it had hurt them inside­ much more than the outside hurt-and what it meant to feel afraid. The tone of the dialogue impressed me profoundly, because there wasn't a trace of defensiveness or even hostility. It was beyond all that. . . . Their conversation went on for hours. I just sat, barely breathing. I felt I was tapping another dimension of human experience that was very rare. One just didn't hear people sharing at that level.

18

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This very same group, however, could also appear cliquish and self-absorbed. Looking back, one SDS veteran even characterized himself this way: "I honestly walked around wirh the feeling, as narrow and group-cenrered as it was, that if .ou weren't in SDS your life was empty and you were not perceiving what was ~'J.lly happening," he said. i ) Another former member, Barry Bluestone, said ,hat his first impression of SOS was that it was dominated by "purely political people [who} had no other interests at alL" When he attended an SDS retreat In 1962, it only seemed to confirm his negative assessment. "It seemed co me there was more ro life than debating ... infinitely derailed political nuances," he recalled. Only later did he learn that "you could get intensely involved ,md entwined with political struggle and yet still lead a full and active and enjoyable life."'~ Another problem arose from the fact that although elitism was officially discouraged in SDS, the group maintained an obvious internal pecking order. According to Brecher, while "there was no intimidation aboUt arguing" with the so-called "heavies" in the organization-people like Tom Hayden, Al Haber, Dick Flacks, Paul Potter, "and to some degree Steve Max"-it was often a foregone conclusion that "obviously their rap was going to take the way [and} your rap wasn'r."l) Moreover, no maner how inclusive SDS aimed ro be, some members were intimidated, simply because others shined so brightly. Jacobs recalled a summer afternoon when Hayden-in many respects the early New Left's beau ideal-cockily announced (with his feet on the desk, while reading the Neu' }Tork Times) that the Democratic Parry's "realignment" was all but imminent, "and [so} it was time for him and Al [Haber} and Casey (Hayden} [Q get in the car and drive down to Washington." When Jacobs read the same newspaper article withoUt managing to reach a similar conclusion, she thought to herself, "'Boy, he's a genius and I'm dumb. He knows how [Q read the New York Times and then he has the guts to go down and talk to congressmen,' which I never would have the guts to dO,"i6 Another SOS veteran, looking back with almost twO decades of hindsight, said, "I still consider (SDS's founders} to be some of the most brilliant people of our generation, and I still, in some ways, idolize those folks."'­ Finally, although the issue of sexism within the New Left had yet to emerge as a topic of conversation, women generally took secondary toles in SOS. Today, SDS veterans sometimes disagree over whether women were muscled aside or simply acquiesced to prevailing gender stereotypes, but almost everyone acknowledges that that they were less vocal than men, and that they handled the great majority of what the New Left called "shit­ work" (which could include anything from routine office tasks to cooking and cleaning). Cathy Wilkerson recalled that she "first became conscious of 'OCR FO!;~DER, THE MIMEOGRAPH ~IACHI:'>lE"

19

the issues around men and women" at the SDS meetings she attended at Swarthmore College in 1963. "I noticed that no women were in leadership positions. No women were really listened to . . . . I realized that to be accepted, you had to date one of the men.'·'9 Another woman who says she belonged to "a very typical chapter of SDS," recalled that "men tended to dominate all the discussions and women tended to run the mimeograph machine, and would sort of be expected to screw and make meals.""o In December 1962, Al Haber and his fiancee, Barbara Jacobs-who, per­ haps not coincidentally, was among the women who felt her talents were not being recognized----expressed some of these concerns in a Cassandra-like letter that they distributed among the SDS inner circle. "We have, each in different ways, felt isolated, missed communication from the national office or from projects, missed a sense of membership activity and elan, and squirmed with a feeling of in-groupishness," they said. SDS was "still an association of friends, and not yet an organization where the individual mem­ ber has dignity and respect and is the concern of the 'leadership."'" Although a few SDSers resented the letter's tone, its general thrust was hard to refute. SDS may have described itself as a "national" organization in 1962-63, but this was an obvious conceit: It was barely solvent and basically jerry-built, with only four hundred members and nine chapters rigged together through a combination of meetings, conferences, and occasional visits from field secretary Steve Max.41 Moreover, the Haber-Jacobs missive arrived at a propitious moment, as the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis had had a truly unsettling effect on SDS-most obviously because it raised the horrible specter of nuclear war, but also because it threw into sharp relief the enormous chasm between SDS's oursized ambitions and its organizational capabilities. In New York City, SDS activists could do little more than greet the nuclear standoff with mor­ dant humof."' In Ann Arbor, students responded by converging on Tom and Casey Hayden's home, where they ran up a massive phone bill trying to keep tabs on protest activity that unfolded elsewhere; all they accomplished locally was to organize a tiny demonstration at the University of Michigan, where they were pelted with eggs and tomatoes by an opposing group of students. 44 Much of what SDS required in this period was obvious: "A lot of plain dirty fundraising and a lot of laborious chapter organizing. "I) But SDS leaders also recognized that if their group was to grow stronger and more cohesive, it would need to experiment with new approaches. 46 The democratic idealism that fueled the POft Huron Statement would not be enough. As a result, they began promoting new ways of communicating with the membership through 20

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['rint. In short, they tried to replicate on paper what was attractive about SDS meetings (the warm, honest, probing discussions that helped to build .1 store of truSt and a sense of community), while mitigating those qualities that hampered the organization (its ineffectuality, clannishness, and unequal participation). SDS may have been infused with a collaborative spirit from the beginning, but the values and assumptions that governed many of its communications, and that in turn bonded many people to SDS, evolved out of a painful recognition that participatory democracy-like any form of Jemocracy-did not unfold naturally. It would have to be promoted and protected. To A CONSIDERABLE DEGREE, SDS expressed its egalitarian social theories

through its attitudes toward written correspondence. Although we fre­ quently think of letters as among the most private of communications, in SDS epistolary exchanges were shared liberally. This was true from the begin­ ning, when Tom Hayden sent the very first drafts of the Port Huron State­ ment to a selecr group of colleagues, who in turn mailed back their responses, which he retyped, mimeographed, and distributed to the entire group "for the purposes of dialogue and cross fertilization. ".jC In subsequent years, however, lerrers carried on and informed SDS conversations in such unusual ways that Arthur Waskow, a prominent peace activist, asked a friend whether anyone had ever considered the possibility that the New Left was inventing a "new literary form."-l8 Sometimes, SDSers passed letters around by hand (and since they were frequently typed with carbons, multiple copies abounded). National secre­ tary Clark Kissinger once acknowledged that unless his missives from the Chicago national office were marked "personal," he expected them to be cir­ culated in this way. ,9 On other occasions, New Leftists orchestrated an exchange ofletters on a particular issue, intending their correspondence to be distributed to others, so as to expose the student community to differing points of view. At Swarthmore College, which had a strong SDS chapter, activists launched a small, mimeographed magazine called Albatross that was made up entirely of letters that students had also sent to campus and public officials "on such matters as the Cuban situation, the Un-American Activities Committee, the Peace Corps, foreign policy in Africa, and the sit-ins." Recipients of these letters were told that duplicate copies were slated to be reprinted in Albatross, a magazine read by "several thousand students and adults." The idea "was not only to make Congressmen attentive to the letters but to inform and consolidate student opinion. "50 Similarly, New Leftists sometimes used the epistolary form when writing for a larger audience, say "OUR FOUSllER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE"

2 I

by publishing dispatches from their travels or open letters to the SDS com­ munity.)l Finally, letters originally intended as private exchanges sometimes appeared in print later on, in one of SDS's various newsletters, or in its official newspaper, New Left Notes.)2 Usually this happened with the author's blessings, but not always. The democratic sensibilities of some New Leftists were such that they could be remarkably casual about copyrights, permissions, and rights of privacy.H Occasionally, letter writers even took special care to indicate that they did not want to see their correspondence published. 51 Certainly Steve Max was not pleased when, on several occasions, SDS officers published his private letters. The final straw came when someone at Neu' Left Notes tOok the liberty of printing a personal letter sharply critical of a recent essay by someone Max admired-the distinguished author and labor activist Sidney Lens. "Listen you sons of bitches, if I wanted my letter on the Sid Lens piece printed, I would have asked to have it printed," Max exclaimed. "Unlike some people in SDS there is nothing wrong with my toilet training and I don't feel the need to communicate my every thought to the entire world. When I write for publication, I try to write in a bit more reasoned and careful way than when I dash a note to you screwups," (To Sidney Lens, Max added, "I must apologize ... for my unfortunate use of the word 'didleywack."'))5 The question of just how much confidentiality SDS's letter writers could expect provoked a revealing discussion at a 1964 National Council meeting. The issue came up when Vernon Grizzard, head of one of SDS's Economic Research and Action Projects, suggested that certain sensitive correspondence relating to their work should be stored in locked file cabi­ nets. 56 But others strenuously disagreed; Shelly Blum worried that the pro­ posal made SDS look like an "autocracy" and argued that "there should be some leniency in who sees what." Robert Ross was even more adamant: "Any dues paying member should be able to see all [SDS} correspondence," he said. "As soon as confidential files not open to all are established, a new elite is set up. People should feel that they know what is happening in the organization. When someone else noted that there were important security consider­ ations to take into account, Doug Ireland dismissed the claim as "old left con­ spiratorialism." "The FBI won't be prevented from getting information from a locked file," he scoffed. Another member suggested the gtoup should simply rely on the good judgment of SDS's elected officers to decide which letters should be kept confidential, but added that, of course, the files should be left "fairly open." Only Todd Gitlin said flatly, "It should be the right of a member to decide who will read what he writes." When Dickie Magidoff argued that 22

SMOKlNG TYPEWRITERS

':ie case for confidentiality should not hinge on political considerations, but -,lther upon "pragmatic and functional" ones (apparently having to do with :hat fact that a few "nuts" were beginning to hang around the office), Ross ,:mplified his argument that the very idea of holding letters in locked file
23

represented a way "to members into the mainstream of the into its thoughts and discussions,"'" The Dismssion Bulletin appeared irregularly, and no one expended much effort on its design. At first McKelvey printed it from SDS's headquarters on East 19th Street in New York City on a hand-cranked mimeograph machine; later, Garvy produced it on colored paper through an offset printer after SDS moved its operations to Chicago. Only when JeffShero took over in late 1965 did the Bltlletin begin featuring a few photographs, illustrations, and side­ bars. (Later Schero became heavily involved in the underground press, and from I968 to 1970 he edited New York City's second major underground paper, the Rat.) One gets a sense of the special role it played by how the SDS of faithful described it-almost never as a newsletter, but rather as an imellectual exchange," a "dialogue," a "forum," or a "medium. Just as it was an article of faith in SDS that politics grew out of personal rather than entrenched ideologies, the Bulletin was spurred on by the notion that the very process of writing--of sitting down, laboring over one's prose, and putting ink to paper-often helped people ro sharpen thinking, lize viewpoints, and generate new discoveries.!.) When a student from Geor­ gia State University inquired about how to go about building an SDS chapter there, McKelvey suggested he might begin by asking new members ro write critiques of the Port Huron Statement. This was "most important," he said, because "those who write ... are, hopefully, stimulated ro thinking and writing on their own."6610 a student at Rutgers University, he underscored "the importance to you and others ... of examining what you're doing in order ro articulate your thoughts about it."r,­ The opinions of newcomers were particularly welcomed. As McKelvey told one student, "We especially need the comments of people who were not involved in the writing of the [Port Huron Statemem]."r,H Similarly, edirors took special care ro solicit commentary from grassroots members, reminding them that they, too, had a stake in the SDS's future. When Garvy rook over the Blllletin in October 1964, one of the first things she did was draft an editorial announcing, "The SDS program and analysis are neither static nor complete. There is a continuing dialogue within SDS and it should not be limited to ... members who are active at the national level. "69 The Bulletin also sometimes published local chapter reports, which gave members an idea of the scope of SDS's activity and a sense of connection to a larger movement. But the Bulletin's editors especially prized dissenting opinions, icono­ clastic proposals, and sharply argued theories-anything at all, in fact, to keep SDS ideas from calcifying into orthodoxy.7 0 As McKelvey said at the time, SDS must avoid presenting itself "as a package of set ideas and dictated 24

~MOKl"'G TYPEWRlTERS

_,:rions."-l When a student wrote to ask whether SOS had any connections to . he Communist Party, McKelvey answered that it did not, but he added :hdt he worried that "overconcern with communism ... contributes to an _,rmosphere in which young people ... fear to inquire in 'unsafe' ways."-2 By _ontrast, SOS depended on its vigorous spirit of inquiry. When another ,rudent wrote in announcing he would like to join SOS, but that he didn't Jlways see eye-to-eye with everyone in the organization, he might have ~)een

surprised at McKelvey's reply: "I am more than glad to hear that you Jisagree with several of our members' published opinions," he said. The student was encouraged to give full vent to his disagreements in the Bulletin.-' So accessible were the Bulletin's pages that its editors rarely fulfilled all of rhe duties their titles implied. "I really ain't no editor," McKelvey once confessed. "In fact, one of the reasons the SDS Bulletin has gotten so big ... has been my general refusal to edit things, to cut things out, my desire to include everything. I have compiled an increasingly good-and now excellent­ Bulletin; I've edited nothing, really."-~ Shero, a colorful activist (who once campaigned for an end to segregated toilets at the University of Texas at Austin under the slogan "Let My People Go") proved equally reticent to exercise his editorial hand. 'Tve no fixed policy on editing copy, but tend to want to edit as little as possible," he wrote. "I conceive [of the Bulletin} as a democratic publication growing from the membership's concerns rather than a news magazine [coming} from the national office." When on one occasion an especially prolix letter arrived, Shero asked its author for permission to pare it down, adding humorously, "[t}his confronts my budding neo anar­ chist tendencies with severe and difficult mental problems."-s Shero recognized the obvious dilemma that arose from such a laissez-faire editorial approach: "A democratic publication sacrifices professionalism so that all the voices, even the halting and poorly expressed, can be heard, yet at the same time a shoddy production will not serve the needs of the membership."-(' Most of the Bulletin's contributors were college aged, and while some were very talented, it was rare that their work would not have profited from an editor's red pen. With such minimal editorial oversight, the

Bulletin always had a certain stitched-together quality. One typical issue cov­ ered an ongoing New York City newspaper strike, U.S. relations with China and Cuba, the peace movement, and the McCarren Internal Security Act of 1950.-- Another issue ran an analysis of the 1964 congressional elections, a debate on SOS's Peace and Research Education Project, correspondence between two SOSers about how to organize the unemployed, and a news report about a misadventure that Tom Hayden had with the Newark Police Department. -H "OCR FOU!,;DER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE"

25

Another persistem problem that the Bulletin's editOrs grappled with was that in spite of their eagerness to accommodate SDS writers, they frequently had difficulty getting rank-and-file members to comribure the kinds of material they hoped for. During their tenures, all three of the Bulletin's editors-McKelvey, Garvy, and Shero-made urgent appeals for more writing, and sometimes they seemed convinced that printed discourse was as essential to SDS's survival as food and water are to living creatures. In one unsigned editorial, someone said that writing "substantive pieces" for the Bulletin was as important as attending SDS's upcoming national convention, for without such writings "SDS cannot build the politically and socially con­ scious base on campuses which it must build in order to attain even the most modest success,"7 9 Around the same time, McKelvey circulated a memo flatly telling SDS organizers that if they didn't participate in conversations through the Bulletin, "the organization won't grow and be cohesive. "HO Garvy simi­ larly pleaded with SDS's inner circle to produce copy for the Bulletin. "I really feel strongly [that} there should be more discussion-and in a public way, involving as many members as possible.... And I'm really at a loss as to how to get this going."81 The editors may well have been laboring under unduly high expectations, since during most of the time that the Bulletin was in operation SDS remained relatively quiescent. This changed rather quickly the Berkeley free speech movement got under way in September 1964. Then in March 1965, students and faculty at the University of Michigan organized an all-night teach-in against the Vietnam War that attracted some three thousand students. Similar events were soon replicated on dozens of campuses. The following April, SDS spearheaded the first national rally against the Vietnam War in WashingtOn, DC. Expecting a turnout of about five thousand, orga­ nizers were amazed when the gathering, on a balmy afternoon, attracted upwards of twenty thousand. Meanwhile, several major magazines and news­ papers published long articles describing the new student intelligentsia. H2 As a result, membership in SDS swelled from 29 chapters and just one thousand members in June 1964 to 124 chapters and more than four thousand official members by the end of 1965.83 From SDS's perspective, the only problem with this upsurge was that it came on so suddenly that it proved difficult to manage. To cite but one telling anecdote, when former SDS president Todd Gitlin embarked on a speaking tour through several Great Plains states in the fall of 1965, he discovered three functioning SDS chapters that no one in the national office even knew existed. H4 Brecher summed up the exigencies SDS faced in an internal memorandum: 26

!

SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

From an organization almost non-existent outside of the East Coast and Middle West, we have become an outfit with a severe case of national sprawl-so spread out we can hardly keep in touch across the continent. We have grown so much in size that whereas less than two years ago almost everybody knew everybody else, now hardly anybody but the "old gang" knows anybody else. Our function has grown from an organization where people got together to talk about the things they were doing in various movements

to

one (that} has its own

extended program on half-a-dozen fronts, involving wildly different kinds of people and approaches. Hs Implied, but unstated, was the widely shared sense that the influx of these wildly different kinds of people" had produced a Kulturkampf in SDS. Far removed in both temperament and background from the doughty, often well-heeled progressives who helped found SDS, this new generation of radicals-sometimes called the "prairie power" faction of SDS because many of them came from the South and the West-were mainly novices. More likely to be guided by urgent moral considerations than by any ideological traditions, some among them lacked the old guard's sophistication, urbanity, and sal'oir faire. HA Many years later, former SDS national secretary Greg Calvert, who was closely aligned with the prairie-power faction, still bristled at the memory of being treated by some of SDS's old guard with "upper middle class arrogance," as ifhe were "some sort of ignorant bum"-a galling experience for anyone, but especially so for Calvert, who grew up in severe rural poverty but held a PhD in history from Cornell University.HIn a surprisingly unguarded letter to SDS benefactors, national secretary Paul Booth pointed out the shift in member profile: From a movement of theorists we have become largely a movement of activists .... Where two years ago, the model SDS personality was someone doing a master's thesis on C. Wright Mills, today he is a college dropout. Where we used to spend months prior to an SDS convention debating the preparation of a document of political analysis and strategy, today ... activists with radical humanist values imple­ ment whatever analysis strikes them as appropriate. 88 Booth's letter injected a dose of hyperbole in the situation, for at no point was SDS ever in jeopardy of being overrun by a scrum of college dropouts. 89 But others echoed his concern that the new members who were surging into SDS might have something of the effect of a downhill stream, loosening its agenda and carrying its nonhierarchical tendencies into uncharted waters. In a "OCR FOCNDER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE"

27

National Guardian article, Steve Max grumbled that SDS's "fantastic growth" and heterogeneity carried a hidden cost: an "anything goes" ethos that threatened to undermine its political coherence. A "high degree of program­ matic consensus" in the POrt Huron Era had given way, he said, to a "Pan­ dora's Box of theories of social change."9o SDS's disastrous national convention at Kewadin, Michigan, inJune 1965 stoked Max's fear; by almost all accounts, newcomers felt excluded, old guarders were threatened, and discussions proved tedious. Robert Pard un-a fresh arrival w SDS-recalled the Kewadin meetings "tended to be domi­

nated by a few articulate men who spoke often and seemed to enjoy the political bantering," This might have been tolerable enough, but Pardun also found something discrepant about the fact that these old guarders were so concerned with "winning" their various debates. By this time, Pardun had already reached an understanding-strongly encouraged in SDS writings­ that "democracy and winning aren't the same thing. Winning is about over­ whelming the opposition while democracy, as we defined it, encouraged everyone to participate in making collective decisions,""l The sudden upsurge in SDS also put a new strain on the Bulletin. Origi­ nally designed to promote membership participation and organizational dia­ logue, it now tried to keep tabs on the widening range of SDS activities; to function, in short, much more like a traditional news bulletin. Complaints that SDS wasn't keeping its members up to date were particularly pointed when coming from members who lived in regions where SDS had yet to gain a significant toehold, As one letter writer put it, "Being Out in the wilderness like this makes one feel lost to the national tone of SDS. Similarly, a regional organizer from San Francisco complained, "The longer I am on the West Coast the more I become concerned over the lack of communication between the [national office} and SDS in generaL. , . I am completely in the dark as to what has been happening in the East over the last two or three weeks."~i

The National Council responded to these concerns by revamping the Bul­ letin so that it would appear weekly rather than monthly, In the summer of 1965, Shero was elected vice president of SDS largely on the basis of his pledges to do just this. 94 Shortly thereafter, he sent out a note promising that the "new" Bulletin would give "the widest possible view" of recent SDS activity. Here again we see evidence of SDS's confidence in the power of printed material, but as sociologist Francesca Polletta points out, with hind­ sight, this may seem a rather small-scale solution to the divisions that were plaguing SDS,96 Besides, even the "new and improved" Bulletin failed to meet everyone's expectations. One supposedly lackluster issue prompted a reader 28

I

SMOKJ"IG TYPE\X'RlTERS

to snap, "People's literature isn't sacred merely because it comes from the people's [sid! .. , If SDS is growing as rapidly as everything we read would have us believe, why the hell isn't there more substantive news about the chapters?"')' In this same period, the national office received at least two more letters from members who claimed they learned more about what was happening in SDS from major newspapers and magazines than from SDS itself'" After only a few more months, the Bulletin folded, this time for good. (Most members learned of its demise in January 1966 when its tabloid replacement, Neu Left Notes, arrived in their mailboxes with a front-page headline reading "SURPRISE!")~Y As the chief means of internal communi, cation among the growing number of chapters that were operating more or less independently, Nell Left Note.> marked a turn in the history ofSDS's print culture, Whereas SDS had once relied on printed dialogues as a way ofshoring up its identity as a democratic organization, by the mid'I96os its character and temperament were no longer in question, The new challenge for the national office was simply to keep tabs on SDS as it outgrew its cosseted childhood to become an established force in the organized Left. Nevertheless, Neu' Left Notes still bore more than a passing resemblance to its predecessor. Edited at first by Shero, it featured on its masthead the old Economic Research and Action Project slogan, "Let the People Decide," in its masthead, and, as SDS historian Kirkpatrick Sale quipped, "In terms of how the paper presented itself that is exactly how it was edited, Almost any scrap of news, any letter, any essay or comment that came into the paper found its way into print. "!OO In this way, SDS was living up to its democratic promise. The group never quite had a fixed identity-its own members sometimes described it as amoeba-like, as an "organislil as well as an organization"jOI-but in its early years, the social processes that guided SDS's printed communications con­ tributed to its reputation as an accessible, egalitarian New Left organization. True, this spirit was present at SDS's founding, when fifty-nine of its charter members contributed to the redrafting of Tom Hayden's Port Huron State­ ment. Not only was the manifesto written collectively; its supple-minded authors also conceived of it as a "living document," subject to future deliber­ ations by SDS's membership, But it was only later, in response to specific exigencies, that SDS fashioned a culture of print that granted liberal access to its records, in which letters were freely circulated, editors deferred to writers, and newsletters were regarded not as official organs but as running dialogues to which everyone was welcome to contribute, Of course, this ethos carried its own built-in biases; just as not everyone had the force of personality or "mystique" that was required to be an SDS "Ol'R FOt:NDER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE"

29

leader, not everyone in the New Left had the wherewithal to capably express themselves in print. Nevertheless, by the mid-I96os, SDS was known on the Left as a group that "passed the charisma around."lOc Its print culture is part of the reason why. Soon, underground newspapers would begin playing a very similar role, affording a basis for community among activists and avant-gardists, and helping to democratize the youth rebellion. With this in mind, the notion that the New Left was founded not by any individual, nor even by any group of persons, but rather by SDS's mimeograph machine, is so rich a metaphor that if it hadn't already been suggested, one would almost feel compelled to invent it.

30

I

SMOKlNG TYPEW'RlTERS

2 А

Hundred Blooming Papers

Cu/ture and Community in the 79605 Underground Рге55

METAPHORS, OF COURSE, are supposed [о Ье revealing, and when raclical journalist Walt Crowley observed tl1at Ьу the summer of 1966, underground newssheets were "popping ир ... like mushrooms after а spring rain," he was по doubc aiming [о convey his enthusiasm for the undergrol1nd press. l Sim­ ilarly, Time magazine revealed someching аЬош ics scandpoinr when ic сот­ menred оп precisely the same phenomenon in July I966, only ic had che papers "popping ир like weeds."2 Either way, ic's clear chac Ьу che mid-196os, che climace for youch-oriented, antiestablishment newspapers had guickly Ьесоте fertile. Although these papers varied widely in terms of cheir quality, size, and style, together chey documenred rhe New Lefr's eff!orescence and subjected defenders of the established culture to unprecedenred levels of scrutiny and ridicule. Along with the new gravitas in rock and roll, the rising tide of campus-based activism, and the outre counretcultutal scyle, under­ ground newspapers began conrributing mighcily со the New Left's sense chat it stood ас the heart of а new society. Ап examination of che early histories of three of the New "prototyp­ ical" newspapers-the Los Ange/es Free Pre.rs, East Lansing, Michigan's, The Paper, and the Rag, from Austin, Texas (established in 1964, 1965, and 1966, respectively)---.reveals some of the ways that they emboldened activisrs and clissenrers in their own communities, Each of these tabloids grew ош of rel­ atively isolated regional subcultures, and chey originally presenced chemselves

,

as (ormmmit)' ne\vspapers, almшg to defend local avant-gardists, provide forums for пеighЬогlюоd activists, and irritate campus administrators ог munici раl officials. Ironically, their provincialism was the main source ot' their influence and prestige. As SDS officer Jeff Shero remarked, the "early under­ ground papers were уегу powerful because tlley \vere generally started locally and dealt а lot with \vhat people knew, that electrified people.'" Вш their bloom was brief; after playing а vital role Ьу strengt11ening the accivist тоуе­ menrs in theirown backyards, тапу underground newspapers Ьесате mошh­ pieces [ог militanr New Leftisrs and third-world геvоlшiопагiеs, and in гщп lost mucll of their distinctive 'осаl flavor. Having hitched rheir fortunes to the national youth rebellion, they could пос survive its collapse, and Ьу the early I970$ the narion's underground newspapers melted away with аВ the sound and fщу of а fading Во\уег. The metaphor is deliberate; as goes ап апсiепс Chinese ргоуегЬ, ас the peak of а blossom's Ьеашу сотб ап intimation of the beginning of its decline. lJNDERGROUND )OURNALISTS of the 1960s sometimes dre\v self-serving comparisons bet\veen themselves and tl1eir earliest forebears, the ратрЫе­ teers of the American Revolution. Pamphlets had сl1е virtue of flexibility­ George Orwell опсе quipped that they need only Ье "topical, polemical, and shorr"'-and сЬе Port Ншоп Statement, тапу тоге New Left рат­ pl1lets found tl1eir way into print. Вщ they were usually written Ьу individ­ uals гасl1ег than groups, and they were пос al\vays the preferred literary form among young people aiming (о build а movement based оп cooperarion and democratic partici pation. Another comparison сап Ье drawn between the underground press and the very first types of dissident newspapers in American history--tl1e labor­ movement weeklies сl1ас appeared during сЬе market геvоlшiоп and гЬе cel­ ebrated abolitionist papers of the апсеЬеllит period. As media historian Roger Sпеitmаttег suggests, pioneering organs like Philadelphia's Лfесhаniсs Free Press, New York's \'(Torking Лfаn:r Advocate, and Boston's Liberator аН faced obstacles that radical papers of the I960s grappled \vith, including severe financial hardship and unvamisl1ed hostility from сЬе mаiпsпеаm press. ТЬе underground newspapers also generally regarded their papers as ап ореп forum, as l1ad tl1eir radical ancestors. "Having themselves Ьееп denied access to mainstream papers," Streitmatter writes, "rhe earliesr dissidепс editors were committed со publishing пос only tl1eir own ideas Ьш also those of their readers-including ideas in direct conflict \vith tl1eir own. "6 In сЬе early twentieth сепсuгу, the counrry's mosr widely read radical newspaper was Арреа/ [о Reason, а Kansas-based socialisr organ сl1ас ас опе

32

I

SMOKI:-JG TYPE""[{HERS

point boasted оЕ its

а

paid circulation

massive "salesman army"

оЕ over

750,000, thanks largely

оЕ volunteers

(о

the

еffопs

who doggedly peddled the paper

in public meeting places, parks, and оп street corners-the same types оЕ places where hippies and activists later hawked their underground newspa­ pers.- Meanwhile, ош ofNew York City's Greenwich Village сате the Малеs, а

sophisticated monthly journal edited

styles and sensibilities

оЕ

Ьу Мах

Eastman tl1at advertised the

the pre-World War 1 avant-garde.~

The journalistic guerillas

оЕ

the 1960s, however, had more direct inflll­

ences than the tradesmen and abolitionists оЕ the nineteenth centllry, or the lyrical left оЕ the early twentieth century. First, there were those outspoken thinkers and writers who directly challenged American culture and vallles in the 1950S and early 1960s: beat-generation scribes, trenchant social critics like С. Wright Mills and Paul Goodman, satirical novelists likeJoseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut J [., dramatists like Lorraine Hansberry and Leroi J ones (later Amiri Baraka), and writer-activists like James Baldwin, each

оЕ

prodllced work that rested lIneasily alongside poplllar characterizations Eisenhower era as

опе оЕ

whom оЕ the

tranguility, optimism, and innocence.

Existential literature also сате into voglle in the late 1950S and early 1960s, as disaffected youths wrestled witl1 shallowness, boredom, competi­ tion, the struggle for meaning and purpose, and other cOnllndfllms оЕ mod­ еrn liviпg Ч

In 1953 maverick journalist 1. F. Stone lallnched 1. F Stone's Weekly, his own muckraking newsletter. Instead оЕ attending press briefings

or cllltivating high-powered sources, Stone meticulously scoured pllblic doc­ lIments in order оЕ

(о

lIncover official hypocrisy, mendacity, and variollS abllSes

the public trust, all hidden in plain sight. The next year, Irving Howe and

Le\vis Coser began

рuЫishiпgDiшnt, а guапегlу

journal popular with New

York intellectllals that aimed to combat what the editors called "the bleak atmosphere оЕ conformism that pervades the political and intellectuallife оЕ the United States."11I Meanwhile, the artists and writers who put together the satirical comic book Лlаd formed

а

kind

оЕ "alternative

New York intellectllal 11 circle" that presaged the 1960s cOllnterclllture. Вш more than апу other publications, lower Manhattan's Village Voice and Paul Krassner's satirical magazine, the Realist, helped to pioneer the kind

оЕ

offbeat and sllbversive approaches that youthful journalists оЕ the 1960s mimicked and amplified. The Voice

сате

first. FOllnded

Ьу

Ed Fancher, Dan

Wol( and Norman Mailer in 1955, the liberal weekly sold for five cents and \vas at first only available downtown. Few would have predicted its SlICCesS; Fancher was the only опе оЕ the three who had ever dabbled in journalism, Ьш ап

he'd never

соте

close to managing or publishing

а

newspaper. Wolf was

lInaccomplished forty-one-year-old, known throughout Greenwich Village л HL'-';DRED BLOOMI'o;C; РлРЕRS

33

as а brilliant conversac!onalisc, Ьш clearly lacking lП marketable 5kills. And though Mailer was famous for writing ТЬе Naked аml (Ье Dead in 1948, his two subsequent novels were poorly reviewed fIОР5, hi5 second marriage was fIoundering, and hi5 per50nality was becoming increasingly erratic fгom hi5 overconslImption of alcohol, marijllana, ЬагЫtшаtеs, and amphetamines. According со VШаgе VQice h15(Orian Kevin McAuliffe, попе of сЬе сЬгее had а clear idea "of what сЬе hell сЬеу were doing ог what сЬеу were getting сЬет­ 5elves 1псо,,': 2 ТЬеу аН agreed, however, that сЬе Voia would Ье а uTiter's раре,-. That is, сЬеу wOllld simply pllblish the best material they received, with minima! editorial oversight ог 1пtегfегепсе. 1 ; Wo!f "was а brilliant ed­ itor Ьесапsе Ье didn't edit," а friend recalled. "Еуегу writer was crazy аЬош him."14 According со Wo!f, сЬе paper's аmаtешish qlla!ity refIected its mis­ siоп. "ТЬе \lillage \loi(e was originally conceived as а liviпg, Ьгеаthiпg ассетрс со demolish сЬе notion сЬас опе needs to Ье а professional to accomplish something in а he!d as ршрогtеdlу technical as jошпаlism. Iс was а philo­ sophical position."lj ТЬе

Voice's news coverage sometimes what could Ье fоuпd iп сЬе press, bllt its "back of the book" pages-which fеаtшеd сЬеасег, Ыт, and book reviews-attracted nllmerollS talented writers who turned the рарег into ап acknowledged [огсе .Iб То some who were sепsitivе to сЬе clll­ щгаl narrowness of сЬе Cold War ега, it was like таппа [гот Ьеауеп. Опе reader later described it as а "gоdsепd .. а weekly hint that there existed а геаl place ... [иН of people who wOllldn't thiпk 1 was а Commie weirdo еуегу time 1 opened ту mouth."l" Also noteworthy was сЬе "letters" section, which drew [гот сЬе Village's reservoir of well-educated, colorfully орiпiопаtеd l1аышеs. Ву сЬе paper's third питЬег, McAllliffe writes, НА whole пеw па­ dition had Ьееп born-the ViIlage Voice letter colllmn as community sоuпdiпg board, as exchange of dialoglle апd dialectic with its \vriters, as а repository [ог гапdоm outrageous opinion."IH Finally, Mailer's darkly comic weekly col­ uтпs-full of parenthetical asides, personal digгеssiопs, and vituperative attacks оп his readers-gave сЬе рарег ап edgy qllality сЬас distingllished it [гот previolls Village week!ies. 19 Mailer stayed опlу аЬош fош топths ас сЬе Voice, however, before storming off, ostensibly becallse of several sреlliпg and tуреsеttiпg errors in his colllmns; in fact, сЬе геаl callse of his dерагшге was his different vision of what сЬе Voice ShOllld Ьесоте. Althollgh сЬе Voice in its early years had тапу qllalities that under­ grollnd newspapers later replicated-a light editorial hапd, ап interest in the сu!tшаl fringes, and а close гарроп with its readers-both сетрега­ тепtаllу and politically, it was always а liberal рарег гасЬег сЬап а radical Ьис пеуег ап опе, а home to some eccentric thinkers and top-notch suЬшЬап

34

I

SMOкr~G TYPEWRJТERS

outpost for subversives. Mailer, оп the o(her hand, sald Ье wanted ш "reach ап audienee in whieh по newspaper Ьаа yet Ьееп incerested. In опе of 1115 last VfJice eolumns, he professed (hat "after years of (Ье most intense pessi­ mism," Ье felt "(Ье runrs, the elues, the whispers of а new time eoming." Aeeordingly, he \уапсеа со align rumself with "the deStfllctive, the liberaring, the erearive nil1ilism of Hip, the franrie seare11 for potenr Change {rhat} тау break il1to the ореп."21 lп short, Mailer wrote, 'They wish rrus newspaper со Ье more eonservative, more Sqllare-I \vish it со Ье more Hip. Ас rhe ot11er extreme from the Voice's hidebound liL)eralism was Krassner's Realist, ап irreverent lштог magazine that fashioned itself as а kind of adlllt alrernarive to Л!аd. For someone who would later Ье inducted into the Соuпtегculшге НаН of Fame (at the СаппаЫs Сир festival in Amsterdam in 200r) Кгаssпег's Ьаеkgгоuпd was unusual. А viоliп prodigy, he Ьееате at the age of six (Ье уоuпgеst еопееп arrist ever to play Сашеgiе НаН. Whеп Ье tirst srarred ргiпtiпg сЬе Rea/iJt iп I958, he was twепtу-siх years оЫ, still living \vith his parents, and still а viгgiп-аlthоugh as Ье роiпts out in Ы;; autobiograp11y, Ьу гhеп he' d ae(luired епопgh experienee \у! th сЬе fогmпlагiеs of "heavy реttiпg" to write а very funny sex тапuаl for teenagers-it was ealled Cui!t u'itlJlJIit Sex.c-I Novelisr Кеп Kesey опее said of Krassner, "{Не} doesn't imbibe. Not IП alcohol, eaffeine, ог пiеогiпе апу\vау. Kor have 1 еvеп kпоwп rum to рор ап aspirin, drop а downer, or plop-plop ап Alka-Seltzer. "1) Вш like Ы;; friend and fellow comedian Lеппу Вгиее, Krassner had а реп­ chant for Ыtiпg political hпmor. С (' His goal with сЬе Rea!ist, 11е said, \vas со "combine entertainment with (Ье First Amendment," thereby helping to break the "shaekles" that eonscrained humorisrs dшiпg сЬе Cold War. Маа­ ison Ауепие рitеhтеп, геligiопs zealots, white supremaeists, апd MeCarthy­ ites \уеге frequenc targers of Krassner's wicked humor, Ьш rus tasre for the аЬsшd теаl1t that people оп bfJth sides of ап issue were ofren made to seem гidiепlоus. Around the time of the СпЬап Missile Crisis, Кга5sпег [ап а саг­ шоп оп the cover of the Rea/iJt that рiеtшеd а gогgеопs ппdе woman lуiпg seductively before two unattractive теп; the woman was dгаwп со represenr сЬе globe (with lопgiшdiпа! and lагiгпdiпаlliпеs across Ьег rouпd buttocks) \vhile the теп were stand-in5 for the United States апа the Soviet Union; as сЬе American gestures roward rhe Russian, Ье tells her, "lt'5 Ыs tпш now апd сЬеп те "2Н Another rime Кгаssпег simulraneous!y offended prudish conservatives and doctrinaire leftists Ьу princing а 5rar-spangled poster bearing сЬе unlikely s!ogan: "Fuck Communism."29 ТЬе Rea!ist fеашгеd inrerviews witl1 people who were popular атопg dis­ affected уошhs, in wЫеЬ Kras5ner ппfаiliпglу broached concroversial or taboo topics. lс а150 сап fake interviews апd imaginary dialogues bet\veen л Hl

NDl(ED fН.oOMI~G РЛРI'RS

35

Еатоиs

people that were sometimes hard to recognize as satire-the idea being to prompt readers into reexamining what passes for "normal" in every­ day life.\O Humorous commentary оп а wide range оЕ current еvешs and controversies likewise helped def1ne the magazine. And as the parameters goveming what was acceptable humor loosened in rhe middle and late I960s, rhe Realist continued со press beyond them, sometimes with flagrantly оЕЕеп­ sive and crlldely sexist material.\l Although some radicals later complained that Krassner's "satirizing everything" approach "lacked the commirment and advocacy" that the underground press movement required, the magazine grew in popularity through most оЕ the 1960s, and ас опе point its sllbscrib­ ership reached 100,000. Вщ its inflllence extended еуеп beyond its own readership, Еог Ьу then counrless underground press writers had already set оЕЕ оп their own аdvепturеs, looking to explode pieties, conf01.1nd ехресса­ rions, and knock over sacred cows. Мапу years later, when People magazine гап а flattering profile idешifyiпg Кгаssпег as the "father оЕ rhe underground press," he replied, "1 demand а blood rest."" Iт CA:-J ВЕ TEMPTl:-JG со regard аН оЕ this social criticism and arristic Еегтеnr as а kind оЕ nebulous intellecrual phenomenon, as if the sentiments and vallles that nourished the llndergrollnd press simply drifted оуег сЬе landscape in ап ethereal mist. In fact, тапу оЕ the ideas that gave rise ro New Left journalism had ап important material context-they were generated in шЬап spaces. Iconoclastic thinkers, subversive hllmorists, and cllltural cгitics in the back pages оЕ сЬе Village Voice lived and fОllпd rheir aнdience in оЕЕЬеас neighbor­ hoods where like-minded people clllstered together. Iп New York City, Green­ wich Village was the magnet Еог romantics, politicos, artists, and freelance intellecruals (although low rents in the East Village wOllld 50ОП ехегс а Рllll оЕ their own).'4 San Francisco's hip district was in North ВеасЬ; in Los Angele5, it was Venice. "Other ciries," Rlls5ell Jacoby writes, "boasted small, some­ times tiny and ephemeral, bohemian sections сЬас 5erved as way stations for YOllng iшеllесruаls."\) ОЕсеп, these settlements-later called "hip zones" (or, in а тоге extreme formlllation, "liberated terrirories")36-sprang llр alongside college campllses, which СОllЫ also Ье welcoming епviroпmешs Еог brighr and CuriOllS young people who weren't necessarily stlldents. Their infrastruc­ tllres were nothing тоге than places where people соиЫ hang Ollt and mingle with опе another-pllblic areas like parks ог qlladrangles, ог commercial estabIishment5, sllch as bookstores, taverns, mllsic halls, and соЕЕее shops. Мапу оЕ сЬе New Left's leading writers апа activisrs had their f1rst inklings that society was heading toward а period оЕ increased emotional and iшеllес­ tual vitality through their exposure to these hip zones. Several years ЬеЕоге Ье з6

1

SMOKING

TYPcWRIТERS

11elped со drafi: rhe Роп Ншоп Sraremenr, Dick Flacks recalled rhar he spent considerable time reading and lingering ас ап independent booksrore in Апп АгЬог, Micl1igan, which specialized iп highbrow paperbacks (а new phenom­ епоп iп rl1e 1950s) and seemed far removed from the beer-swilling, sропs­ loving fraternity cultше that prevailed оп campus. 'S "People of ош cu!tша! суре would always Ье there," Flacks said. "1 felt that the атоипс of talk iп the Ьоhеmiап world аЬОllС the hypocrisy of Аmегiсап life соuldп't just go ОП witlюш rhere Ьеiпg some ехргеssiоп of this, besides juSt talk, or sitting around iп coffee houses. 1 соuldп't figure ош what it ,vould Ье, Ьш 1 Ьеgап ro change ту fееliпgs that norhing \vould сhапgе in rhe Lпitеd States."'~ Jim O'Brien, ап SDS activist ас the Uпivегsitу of Wisсопsiп who Ьесате iпvоlvеd \vith several radical рubliсаtiопs, поtеd thar before his сатрш wit­ Пе5sеd апу activism, tl1ere was "а сhапgе in lifestyle апd mood of а critical mass of srudешs" thar banded rogerher in а three- ос fош-Ыосk агеа along Mifflin Street-a veritable "сепtег of попсопfогmist youth сultше.'ЧU \'Qhile visiting New York City from the Midwesr in 1965, Radical America founder Раи! Buhle encountered several small, quirky srorefronts оп St, Mark's Place сЬас sold political buttons and were "in some vaglle way forегuппегs of {the] соuщегсulгurе .. , jUSt liпlе glimpses of somerhing.";1 Вш it wasn't just that tl1ese шр zones exposed fшurе uпdегgrouпd press writers (о пе\у ideas ог social styles; as they increased in пumЬег and visi­ bility in the 1960s, (Ьеу also provided the main imperus {ог the underground press itsel[ They supplied ап audience rhat allo\ved сЬе papers со grow and Ношi5h, and (о сЬе ехгещ сЬас rhese communiries reHecred а new mood апd а ne\v tonality among уоuпg people-who were unfulfilled Ьу mainstream American life, lщt Ьу their political commitments and the promise of а greater personal freedom-they gave the underground press something го write аЬош. А glance ас the early histories of three of the "original" under­ ground newspapers-the LOJ AngeleJ Free Press, East Lапsiпg's Рареу, and Aus­ tiП'5 Rag-illustrates the mшuаllу dерепdепt relationships they had with rheir local commllnities. Iп each instance, а nascent lеft-wiпg or avant-garde соmmuпitу provided сЬе гаtiопаlе for а [оса! radical рарес. In гшп, the рарег accelerated the growth and clevelopment of the community that birthed it. FОU!':ПЕП ВУ

ART KC~КIN in 1964, the Los Angeles Free Рrел (often called the Fr~ep) i5 widely considered to Ье the уошh movement's firsr underground newspaper. Certainly it wa5 among rhe most StJCcessful. Whereas mosr underground rags were of rhe "here today and gone tomorrow" variery, rhe Freep гап steadily and remained sоlvещ until August 1969, when Kunkin unwisely published the names, addresses, and home telephone numbers of л HC:-'OH~O BLOOMI:--;G PAPICRS

37

eighty undercover narcotics agents employed Ьу сЬе state оС California as а "pllblic service аIШОllпсеmеnt." ТЬе predictable legal wrangling [Ьас enslled sепг сЬе Fr'ee Pms into а tailspin, ыlr at its peak it was [Ье leading radical paper 1П сЬе city сЬас some felt had сЬе liveliest undergrollnd newspaper trade in сЬе соuпtгуУ In 1967 а Neu' YOl'ker jошпаlist wепt so Саг as со саН it "the ne\vspaper оС сЬе New Left. ТЬе following уеаг, а West Coast record ехесшivе WllO did bнsiness with Кuпkiп suggested сЬе Руеер was berrer сЬаг­ acterized as а 'OЬarely above-gГОllпd" newspaper. 4, Ву the decade's end it boasted пеагlу 100,000 paid subscribers and а readership said to Ье тоге than dOllble that ПllтЬегУ lпitiаllу, thOllgh, the Рm: Руен appealed mostly со L.A.'s шр cognoscenti, and its survival was Саг Сгот certain. It won its wider readership Ьу simllltaneoнsly сhаmрiопiпg the lоса! movement's artistic prOdllctions (mainly rock music), filling gaps iп local news coverage, and allying itself with уошhs who made claims оп contested public space. "А great рагс ОС [its} sllccess," а 'оса! scenesrer remembered, "сате Сгот сЬе presence ОС long-haired teenagers everywhere оп the Sunset Strip. ",­ Dшiпg сЬе Sixties, Kllnkin was а [аге суре: half-Marxist, l1alf-hippie. А writer [ог Esqllire magazine опсе described l1im as "stocky, with а \vorkman's thick-fingered hands, and ... horn-rimmed glasses. Тl1е overall impression Ье makes is сЬас of а dedicated, strong-willed, slightly harried German music professor.'·'~ Воrn in New York City in Т928, where Ье attended сl1е presti­ gious Вгопх 11igh Scl1001 of Science, Ье 'асег worked as а machinist and Ьесате а devoted Trorskyite, joining the Sосiаliя Workers Рапу and тап­ aging its newspaper, сl1е A1ilitant. Не was al50 а тетЬег оС rhe Congress of Racial Equality, al1d he occasiol1ally wrote Сог two other small labor papers, Nешs and Letters and COr/·esponderzce. Вш his first experiel1ce with а locally ori­ ented l1ewssheet сате аСсег he moved со L05 Angeles, \vhere I1е started writing Сог сЬе Mexical1 American Еай 1~.A. А!таnас il1 сЬе early 19605. "Рог the first time in ту Не, I was writing аЬош garbage colleetion and аН kinds of commllniry problems," 11е recalled. 49 As appealing as СЫ5 work seemed, Kunkin was also аtпасгеd to rl1e srreer life in Venice, а neighborhood rhar was said со have anricipared San Francisco's "Sllmmer оС Love" Ьу almost а decade, thanks in раге со Lawrence Lipron's The Но!у Barbarians, а poplllar gllide со rhe 'оса! Ьеас scene rhat was pllblished in 1959.50 In addition со his prinr jошпаlism, Kllnkin also reglllarly delivered radio commentaries {ог KPFK, а beloved commllniry radio scarion ГllП Ьу сl1е Pacif1ca FOllndarion, wшсh broadcasr eclecric programming and lefc-wing viewpoints throughour rhe region. Since сЬе station sшvivеd оп financial supporr [гот locallisreners, Kllnkin was well аtшпеd ro rhe climare ОС opin­ ion among Sourhern California's liberal popularion. (larer оп, опе of rhe з8

SMOKI'iG

ТПЕWRIТЕRS

"major arguments" Ье used ro аспасс invesrors со сЬе Free Руен drew анеп­ cion со rhe Еасс сЬас "KPFK managec! ro рау ics bills while broadcascing programs оЕ li((le тоге rhan 'underground' inreresc.,,),j Meanwhile, Kunkin Ьесате а fruscraced reader оЕ СЬе Vi//age Voice. Alchough Ье admired ics inves­ rigacive journalism and culшгаl commenrary, as а refugee from сЬе 01d Left, he loathed its reflexive support of liberal Democra(s. То his mind, this made it ап "Establishmen(" рарег-Ьш it а150 convinced him оЕ сЬе need for а radical altemative. 52 Orhers agreed. Lionel Rolfe, а Los Angeles \vrirer who has documenred сЬе area's bohemian scenes, recalls freguently garhering wirh friends ас сЬе Xanadu coffeehouse in сЬе early 19605 "ю complain аЬоис how badly а new newspaper was needed."'j "ТЬе difference between Kunkin and everyone else ас [Ье Xanadu," Rolfe adds, "was rhar Kunkin асшаllу wenr ош and srarred сЬе paper the rest of и$ just talked аЬош."jj ТЬе

\vas simply а $tripped-down, radicalized version of [Ье ~!olce, geared toward Sошhеrn Califomians, which Kunkin launched witЬ just а few hundred dollars that he rounded ир Еroт friends (in contrast to rhe S50,000 that Мааег supposedly рш ир Еог the Voice).j) "1 wanted а paper rhat would draw юgеthег а11 сЬе diverse еlетешs in rhe community, сЬас \vould Ье пос only political, Ьис cultшаl as well," Kunkin lа(ег remarked. "1 had Ьееп hanging around the coffee houses and the роесгу group$, the $ffiall tl1eater5 and $0 forth, 50 1 knew there wa5 а whole life there."% Others, though, were les$ optimisric, telling Kunkin that L.A. "was соо spread оис, al1d unlike ffiOSt осЬег large cities, had по closely knit Bohemian neighbor­ hood that would immediately supporr шсЬ а vепшге."S- Acrempting ю

Freep,

сЬеп,

prove othenvise, Kllnkin distribll(ed rhe very first isslles ас а KPFK-spon­ sored fesrival kl10wn as сЬе Renaissance Рlеаsше Faire, ас which some rhree rhollsand revelers converged оп а fairgrolll1d in San Bernardil10 со rake рап in hisrorical reenacrmel1rs celebraring Ешореап Сllltше while dril1king COpiOllS gllanriries of old English ale. Althollgh rhe Faire was l1ever billed as а political е"'еш, its co-creator, Phyllis Раш:гsоп, ackno\vledged rhar it attracted а liberal and socially consciollS crowd. Whel1 Klll1kil1 asked Рассег­ 5011 for permissiol1 (о hawk the first iSSlles оЕ his paper rhere, she cOl1sel1red, ul1der [Ье condirion сЬас rhe рарег wOllld пос Ье "controversial." "1 was пос inreresred il1 ап iS$lle [оЕ the paper) chat was making isslles," Patrerson recalled. То Ьег аl1110уаl1се, Kllnkin didn'r gllite keep llр his el1d оЕ the bargail1. At first glal1ce, the Free Руел looked like а simple spoof of а рарег from (he Middle Ages. l(s masthead ргеsещеd (he paper as the Faire Free Рут, and irs humoГOlls

che

front-page

siхсеещh сепгшу,

апiсlеs

were all datelil1ed as if they had Ьееl1 wrietel1 il1 (For il1stance, опе апiсlе described ап obscel1ity charge А HL':'-1jЖЕD Вl.OOM!:"G PAPl'RS

39

agains( а "self-styled poet" named "\'Villiam Shakspur. Вщ inside the (аЬ­ loid, readers found the [еа! Free Pres.r masthead and logo, along \vi(h а note announcing that the пе,у рарег aimed (о help unify L05 Angeles's "liberal­ intellecrual population," and а sllbscription bIank сЬас basically saicl, "if уои wanr а рарег like (his, send llS топеу."6" Kllnkin's рrosресшs for the рарес was ambitious: Не promised а weekly ca!endar of events, coverage оЕ left­ wing political mоvеmепts, muckraking articles оп iSSlIes of !оса! сопсегп, апd "а full weekly [eport оп the new productions in small theater, рое t гу, experimental cinema, painting, music and sculpture." Last, апd seemingly most imрогtащ, Kunkin pledged that his рарес wOllld "provide а pJace for free exptr!JJion and critical СО1ll!llen! and Еог diаlоgпеs Ье[\уееп creative figures who have pertinent and !шmоrous things (о say аЬош everything and апу­ thing ... but who present!y l1ave по !оса! outlet in which to print such рсо­ vocative writing."bl Рш anotl1er \уау, Kunkin aimed to attract \vriters and build а fo!lowing from L.A.'s nascent underground scene. ТЬе longest article in the first iS5ue, headlined "Puritanism Scores а Victory," discussed ап оЬsсепitу conv1ction against а twешу-fivе-уеаг-оld theater manager \vho screened Кеппеtl1 Anger's Scorpio RiJing, а 110moerotic biker Ыт. 62 Kunkin also reprinted а letter tl1at the folksinger Joan Baez wrote (о the Internal Revenue Service explaining her refusa! to рау 60 регсещ of l1er I96з federal income taxes­ the portion, she said, that goes toward military expendirures. ("\ХТе 50rt оЕ stole [that item] from а small college ne\vspaper," Kunkin later admirred.)64 Ап оЫшагу for а local jazz musician and ап anguisl1ed article describing ап African American's daily encounters \vith racism borh signaled Kunkin'5 determination to cover issue5 оЕ сопсеrn (о L.A.·5 black population, \ушсЬ was isolated Ьу the city's tangled freeway system and largely ignored Ьу (Ье mainstream press. In the second issue, Kunkin stressed сl1е paper's democratic mission, pledging "that if апуопе has anything to say оп ап important community issue and сап say it well and with documenration, l1е ог she will ha"e tl1eir day in print. That is \vhy we call ourselves сl1е Fm Рt'Ш." And \vhile Ье prom­ ised to рготосе а clima(e of journa!istic integrity, 11е understood this as some­ tl1ing more (Ьап simp!y hiring 110nest and fair \vriters; Free Рrщ staffers could a!so Ье expected to oppose racism and support freedom оЕ speech and expres­ sion. 1п !anguage redo!ent оЕ (l1е Роп Ншоп Statement, Кuпkiп proc!aimed himse!f "committed со tl1e princip!es inherenr in сЬе democratic ordering of society wherein аН citizens have сl1е right to meaningfully participare iп community po!itica! and socia! !ife." 1п сЬас spirit, Ье said сЬе рарег wou!d avoid becoming ап organ оЕ апу particu!ar group. "As а public ne\vspaper Егее

40

I

SMOKING T)'P['X'RIТEI,S

of organizational commitment, we are going ro print

сЬе

shots

аБ ош

writers

саН сЬет

, , . and сЬеп invite соттепс and rebuttal"-the appropriare Бсапсе for what Ье said was "fundamentally а community newspaper."66 This wasn't just lip service. From сЬе beginning, Kunkin anchored сЬе

Free Руен in L.A.'s underground community, in рагс Ьу locating сЬе newspa­ per's ofn'ces in сЬе ЬаБетепс of сЬе "notorious" Fifth ЕБсасе coffeehouse оп Sunser Strip.

АБ

historian David McBride explains, the Srrip was

ас

rhe

уегу

"heart of rhe ciry's coalescing hippie Bohemia," and rhe Fifrh ЕБсасе in раг­ ticular was "а сеnrсаl garhering poinr for culшгаl rebels. "6"' Ir opened еасЬ evening ас 7 РМ and closed сЬе following moming ас 6 АМ; it regularly hosted folk musicians and hootenannies, screened classic films, and displayed аПБ and crafts. With the purchase of just а single сир of coffee, cuscomers could stay аН nighr. Meanwhile, КРРК and rhe Free Руел were closely connected, with broadcasters doubIing as columnists and vice уеГБа. 68 Finally, rhe Freep had friendly interactions with

сЬе

bookstore

Рара

Bach, which was known as

"а meering place and а cultural institution in its own right."69 EstabIished in

1964, Рара Bach sold пос jusr books, Ьие also esoreric records, pipes, and imporced соЬассо. ТЬе bookstore regularly аdvепisеd in Kunkin's paper; in rurn, the Freep sometimes reviewed high-qualiry rrade paperbacks of rhe суре сЬас Рара

Bach specialized in.

Although тапу сате со regard Southern California аБ а hippie тесса, in сЬе early 1960s it was still а bastion of what McBride саllБ 'Ъigh" bohemi­ anism. "Signin'cantly, the Free Руен , , . hardly ever discussed youth-oriented popular culture ас n'rst." Dиeing its n'rsr уеас ос БО, "culrural critics focused оп little-known and 'challenging' works, especially modem jazz and art, Euro­ реап Ыт,

and avant-garde composers. Among

тапу

arricles

оп

these subjects

were pieces onJohn Cage, сЬе west СОаБС jazz 'сооl school,' and Italian director [Michelangelo} Anronioni." ТЬе paper also sponsored several avant-garde concerts and exhibirs, "including

опе

devoted

со

the archetypical 'difficult'

composer, Arnold Schoenberg," aimed ас democratizing сЬе аvапt-gагdе. This is по[ to suggesr, however, that L.A.'s esoteric underground Бсепе lacked political direcrion. Аl Mirchell, owner of сЬе Fifth Estate, made ас 7О

least two agirprop

Ыm

documentaries,

опе

of which was а polemic againsr rhe

L05 Angeles Police Departmenr called Blue Fas{islll. 71 Meanwhile,

Рара

Bach's

owner, John Harris, сие ШБ polirical teeth working for а federal job-training program and, like Mitchell, regularly allowed acrivisrs со рОБС lirerarure and hold meerings оп his рroрегсу. Kunkin was а devoted Marxisr, ап ardenr civil-rights Бирропег, and ап early criric of rhe Viernam War, аБ апуопе who read сЬе Free Press would have known. 73 "For аН its "countercultural bIuster," McBride writes,

сЬе

Freep was "essenrially

сЬе

А

local New Left

рарег. АБ а

HL:NDRED BLOOMI:-lG PAPERS

41

source of informarion оп racial injusrice, SDS, local Ne\v Left schools, demon­ srrarions, and anci\var activiries, иг} \vas al1thoritative."'4 Early issl1es dre\v fюm KPFK radio commentaries and gave special emphasis [о tl1e Berkeley free speech геЬеШоп, which l1shered in а new ега of campнs-based activism [hat, from Kunkin's perspective, was forruitoнsly timed."~ Had he launched the Free Рrел $ix months earlier, he later said, it might пог have $шvivеd; as it happened, the sensational story coming оиг of Berkeley gave the Free Рген а cruciallift."(, Its piece de though, was its coverage of the Watts rior, whic11 exploded оп Augllsr 1 I, I965, after а police officer clubbed а black bysrancler during а Юlltiпе traffic stop; in the resulting mayhem, which lasted for nearly а \veek, thirty-four people were killed, four thousand тоге \vere arrested, and some $200 million worth of property was destfoyed. Hardly апуопе olltside Watts saw the violence coming. According to опе historian, опе of the геа­ $OnS that 50 тапу Americans regarded L.A. а5 а рагаьоп of рюsрегitу in the I950S and I960$ is because its impoverished black and Hispanic residents were left Оllt of its carefully construcred, mass-mediated image (and \уеге in fact literally shielded fюm rhe view of motorists Ьу railings along the city's expansive highways). А pair of sociologists who analyzed L.A.'5 two dai1y newspaper5, the [o.r AngeleJ Тime! and the [О! AngeleJ Негаld-ЕхclflJiпег, dis­ covered the 1осаl press gave scant attencion to 10саl blacks, and its coverage of African Americans had аСГllаllу diminished in the years leading ир to the Watts ret)ellion."~ Ву concrast, the Fm РI'I::Л covered civil-righrs issue5 from its inception and strongly opposed Proposition 14, а 1964 Califomia Ьаllос iniriative that repealed а state la,v prohibiting hou5ing discrimination. "1 bllilr ир personal capiral in tl1e black comml1nity," Kl1nkin гетет­ bered, "50 as soon а5 Watts happened there were people there writing for the рарег."НII While пос qllire condoning the rebellion, Kunkin's post-rior analysis srressed its sociopolitical significance. Whereas mainstream media organizarions described а week of riorous anarchy in Wаги, Kunkin referred ro the lIprising as "demonstrations in the srreers" rhar 'Ъаvе complerely ended rhe тусЬ rl1ar rhe Negroes of Los Angeles аге rhe happiesr in the whole СОlШГГУ." Не went оп: lг has Ьееп ап election wjrhour ballot boxes and rhe Negroes have casr their votes. Whether ог not the \vhite majority likes this vote, it is time for rhe analysis [rhar} follows every elecrion. It is time to lisren to the Negro. Attempcs со simply establish "law and order," (о simply esrablisl1 the pre-demonstration statнs q110, are doomed СО failure. Апуопе who

42

i

S~10KI ~(i TYPE\);,'RITERS

chinks in these cerms is fuпdатепсаllу апсi-Nеgro and will scood as such Ьу the vast majority of Negroes,

Ье

under­

The [еа! "tragedy," Kunkin added, was that "governmenr officials and the major news media have пос undersrood what has happened," Rarher сЬап addressing rhe rebellion's under!ying causes, he said, сЬе srage ,vas being ser "for reprisals аgаiпst сЬе Negro соттuпitу,"Яl Ву contrast, а Los Ange!eJ Тiтe! editorial called сЬе riors "criminal terrorism" and dismissed even the "jпfегепсе" сЬас jr was ап "jnevitable resulr of economic and sociological pressures. In addition со taking а charirabIe scance to\vard rhe riocers, сЬе Руеер ргеsещеd ап шЬап black perspective сЬас was sorely lacking in orЬег media ouclets. si То cite Ьис опе example, ВоЬ Freeman, а local CORE acrivist, wrote а fiгst-регsоп ассоuщ of walking through Watts during сЬе riot, where Ье talked with residencs who described сЬе anger сЬас had Ьееп festering in С!1е community as а result of longstanding poverty and po!ice bruraliry. "Мапу of сЬе young теп со \уЬот 1 spoke said if сЬеу must БО со Viernam tO fight for freedom, they might as well fight and die in WattS [ог freedom," he геропеd. "1п еуегуопе 1 spoke со 1 saw ап undaunted сошабе and fearless determination со make their desires known to сЬе officia!s of tl1is city."O i Discussing the Freep's Watts coverage, опе writer credited сЬе рарег with !aying Ьаге "сЬе оЬшsепеss of lоса! officials, сЬе insensitivity of the po!ice and the iпаЫlitу of rhe major news media tO grasp the seriousness of rhe еуепс."О5 "Watts proved rhat this was а serious paper, пос а sheet аЬоис Нар­ penings attended Ьу two hundred people," Kunkin boasted. R6 In subsequent years Kunkin's рарег \vas сЬе place со сиrn [ог coverage of ghetto unrest, black nationa!ism, and сЬе multicultural Left. H­ 1п сЬе months after Watts, the Руее Рут \vas also саиБЬС ир in сЬе Sunset Strip's transformation [roт а bland corridor of fast food joints, сЬеар motels, and tacky billboards into а ЬиЬ of Ыр bohemia. 88 Several forward-looking сауеrn owners 5ес сЬе change in motion Ьу persuading L05 Angele5 Соипсу tO let сЬет make rock and dance clubs more accessible со baby-boomer yourhs. Several such venues opened near the Strip in сЬе early 1960s, beginning with P.J.'s in 1961 ("ап еуеnr with which апу [ерисаЫе [исше hiscorian has got to mark the beginning of Renaissance Hip in L05 Angeles," а !осаl \vriter орiпеd,)Я~ Before long, youth-orienred clubs like сЬе Hullabaloo, сЬе Acrion, and rhe Trip were nurruring а Ьеуу of sophisricated rock acts-including сЬе Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, Love, сЬе Doors, and сЬе Seeds-whose songs were far removed [гот сЬе Ьоипсу, angst-free hymns to surfing and cruising гЬас гЬе Beach Boys and Jan and Dean popularized jUSt а few years earlier.~iI Meanwhile, mororcycle groups started prowling аrotшd [Ье Srrip's congesred А HL:"-JDR!CD HLOOMII';(; PAPI;RS

43

srreers, modisll reens Ггаrегпizеd \vith "serious longhairs" along rhe side­ \valks, and late-nighr crowds lingered in пеагЬу cofteehouses and diners, especially Сашег's Rеsrашаш and Беп F ranks (somerimes cal!ed Беп Freaks),9l Alrhough local \vriters began describing Suпsеr Srrip as а coalescing bohemia in 1965, Ьу rhe Гоl!о\viпg уеаг rhe уошblul rakeover оГ гтБ опсе srodgy terrirory atrracted а(tепtiоп iп Look, и/е, Neu'Ju'eek, and Тilт, \vith сЬе lasr magazine dесlагiпg ir "гЬе perfecr place for flаuпtiпg геЬеlliоп, for carching the 'асеБС uпdегgrouпd movie , , , and rrying оп rhe пеwеst Гаds,"92 Nаtшаllу, rhe Free Р/"ел \vrore тоге exuberanrly аЬош (he so-called "Srrip­ pies," particularly around 'аге I965, аБ the рарег started evincing greater епthusiаsт {ог rock and гоН, and i(s back page саlепdаг was iпсгеаsiпglу fеstоопеd with notices сопсеrniпg the neighborhood's ап showings, Ыт screenings, rock сопсеГСБ, and "hаррепiпgs"-lооsе апd improvisarional gatherings thar rypically iпvоlvеd some combination of experimenral music, performance ап, and (Ьу the mid I960s) drugs,'!\ [агег оп, Кuпkiп opened his own bookstore пеаг the Strip, called Каzoо, \vhich specialized in "obscure works" оп politics, drugs, and Eastern religions, and also sold ЬиСtoПБ, posters, Ьитрег stickers, and countercultural ephemera. 9 ! Опе Free Prm writer boasted сЬас the Strip belonged to "а throng of Renaissance Rockers ... who take the БСгеес аБ their ореп-аiг hall,vay."Y5 In December 1965, the рарег Ьеgап ruппiпg а

regular column Ьу Jerry Farber, called "Маkiпg It," \vhich was devoted со documenting сЬе Strip's еfflогеsсепсе.% Whеп

crime ГОБе in rhe агеа апd 'осаl ашhогiгiеs resurrecred ап агсапе curfew law iп order (о clear сl1е Srrip, сl1е Руее Press covered the crackdo\vn and editorialized аgаiпst (l1е police's overzealous tactics. Опе Руее Руен article claimed thar а гесеnr pl10tograph in (l1е Los Лngе/еs TimeJ, Wllich рurропеd со show sl1егiГf's dершiеs quеstiопiпg curfew violators, was acrually staged before rhe сатегаБ аБ а publicity БШnr designed Со СОШltег criticisms сЬас aurhorities l1ad received in а гесепс Life article. Away from the сатега'Б gaze, however, роНсе malpractice \vas said со Ье commonplace. The Р1'ее Press frequently rai!ed against police harassment of juveniles and опсе гап а firsthand ассоипс of сitizепs l)eing "viciously c!ubbed and Ьеасеп" Ьу officers who stormed inco а crowd of yourhs ourside the Fifrh Estate. "There was по plan or purpose evident iп (l1е beatings ог sobseqoent arrests," the герогсег claimed. "It seemed the l1andiesr people, with по regard given со age, sex, ог socia! роsitiоп, were clubbed, kicked, рuпсhеd, and/or arrested."YH Tensions mounted as policemen continlled arresting scores оГ teens оп weekend evenings, and in November I966 perl1aps а thousand irate уощl1s spilled into streets and waved p!acards, while а ffillch smaller пuтЬег of delinquenrs ("по тоге than пvепtу ог сЫгсу," the Free Pres.r saicl) scuffled

44

I

SMOKIN(; TYPE""RlТfCHS

wirl1 bystanders, scrawled anti-police graffiti slogans, climbed upon а ciry bus \vmle ir was fuH of passengers, and unslICcessfully attempted (о light ап етрсу

bus

оп Бге.

ThOLlgl1 certainly а major disturbance, mosr Strippies seemed со regard it as sometmng less сЬап с!1е "scene of апагс!1у" сl1е Los Angele5 TimeJ dеsсгiЬеd. Ч " Esrimated соса! damages (гот сЬе "rioc" amollnred со only attacks

оп сЬе

$200,

and according to eyewirnesses, 'оса! TV cre\vs encouraged buses. 100 According со а Free Рrел геропег w!lo watcl1ed

сl1е сl1е

scene unfold, "Тl1еге was not (Ье \vlюlеsаlе rioting rl1at сl1е ne\vspapers and mass media implied. ТЬе grear major1ty of гl1е teen-agers ... were orderly and lawflll, witl1 сl1е possible exception of creating а traffic jam Ьу congre­ garing 1П сЬе srreets."j{ll СОllПСУ offic1als neverr!1eless revoked сl1е licenses с!1ас allowed minors со dance inside Clllbs сl1ас served аlcоlюl, wmle police intensified гЬеiг nightly

patrols and sl1ш do\vn Pandora's Вох, а 'оса! coffeel10use poplllar wirl1 поп­ conformist youths. МеапwЬilе, ап ad Ьос prorest organization rhat Mitc!1ell гап оис

of Ьis Fiftl1 Estate соffееЬоusе coordinated severallarge-scale demon­ strations at wmсЬ уош!1s asserted their гigЬt (о freedom of expression (еуеп if tl1at meant, in tЬis case, "tl1e rigl1t of freaks to гоат freely")Y" Мапу of their pllgnacious slogans, incllldiog "А Вессег РоЕсе Force = А Вегсес Police State," "Реасе ifPossible," and "ТЬе Police асе FllH оfSЫt," mimicked сот­ plainrs aod sllspicions аЬОllС la\vflll аlltlюгitу tЬаt first circulated in сЬе Free Рrеи. 1О ; Тше to its mission, (!1е Freep also served as ап ореп (ОСllт (ог сот­ mllnity acrivists, and in (l1е weeks and mооtЬs after (l1е riot, its letters-to­ tl1e-editor page sizzled witl1 angry commentary.I{l4 (Local rock band Bllffalo Springfield also wеigЬеd io witl1 опе of (Ье era's iconic songs.)IOj

tЬеiг

baleflll

апtЬет

"For WЬаt 1t'5 WortЬ,"

Eventually, сЬе cops and !опgЬаiгs оп Sunset Strip геасЬеd а гаррсосl1е­ ment, t!laoks in part со a5sistance (сот а 1оса! task (огсе сЬаiгеd by]im Dickson, а [осаl rock impresario, and Fred Rosenberg, (Ье leader of а пеigЬ­ borhood a5sociation of restaurant o\vners-borh of wlюm sЬагеd ап interest in preserving сl1е Strip's commercial vitality. Arrests declined, protests hzzled, mегсЬапts prospered, and the SLшsеt Strip basically геtшпеd (о its "pre-riot status qllO."IO(, Вш опе iпstiшtiоп сЬапgеd markedly in (!1е months and years after сЬе Strip protests cooled-Art Kunkin's Fm Руен. As late as ОссоЬег 1966, Kunkin could claim опlу nine tЬоusапd readers, and по опе оп Ьis staff drew а regular раусЬесk. In ап interview witЬ а 1оса! journalist, Kllnkin еуеп belabored сЬе fact rl1at his рарег was barely so!venrY'O Six тоnrЬs later, its cirClllation was said to l1ave reached fifty tЬОllsапd 1О8 "ТЬе fantastic success story of 1967 has Ьееп (Ье gгоwtЬ of (!1е L.A. Free Рут," said а wri сег Еог сЬе LOJ Ange!e,r и rzderground, опе of two addi tional underground А HI.'I"DRJ"D FII.QOMI1'C; I'APERS

45

newspapers that appeared in Los Angeles in the spring of 1967. "It has caught and is growing Ьу leaps and bounds." In addition to attracting тоге

оп

readers than

апуопе

thought possibIe, the area's radical community newspa­

pers were said to draw

fгom "а

vast reservoir of talent and good will in the

bohemian community.... Artists, writers, photographers, typists, runners [and} street hawkers, all combine го bring into creation these organs of Vox populi, the voice of the people. ТЬе effort will gгow and expand."I09 THOUGH ТНЕ

undergгound

Los

ANGELES FREE PRESS

was primarily read

Ьу

city dwellers,

rags also flourished in smaller communities, often in close ргох­

imity to colleges and universities. ТЬе pioneering pubIication of this type, begun in late 1965 in East Lansing, Michigan, was simply called the Рареу. Initially it presented itself as merely ап altemative to Michigan State Univer­ sity's tepid campus newspaper, the State News. In 1965, when it pubIished its first issue, New Left ideas were just beginning to circulate оп campus, largely as the result of the loosely organized Committee for Student Rights (CSR), which some seventy-five students formed the previous winter. Before then, Michigan State University (MSU) had never seen а genuine student move­ ment. Within а уеаг, the Рареу had sharpened and articulated students' griev­ ances, pгovoked debate, and thrust itself into campus contгoversies where New Leftists had ап indisputabIe advantage (namely free speech and in 'оса parentis regulations). In addition to stirring politica! passions at Michigan State, which quick!y took оп а !ife of their own, thгough its membership in the Undergгound Press Syndicate (UPS), the Рареу was a!so said "го p!ug the East Lansing radica! community inгo radica! communities around the coun­ try."IIO A!though the Рареу changed in character over the years as some of its writers Ьесате Marxists and others turned оп to psychede!ic drugs, it гап тоге ог !ess continuous!y unti! 1969. East Lansing in the еаг!у 1960s was а rather quaint college town, sur­ rounded Ьу comfie!ds and run Ьу а conservative po!itica! estabIishment that pгohibited the sa!e of alcoho!. MSU, however, was undergoing а rapid tran­ sition, fгom ап institute for agricu!ture and applied science into опе of the !argest universities in the country. Between 1950 and 1965, its undergrad­ uate enrollment swelled fгom fifteen thousand to thirty-eight thousand, and it bui!t the biggest residentia! housing сотр!ех in the wor!d. 111 Wa!ter Adams, а noted economist who served as MSU's interim president for nine months in 1969, described MSU in this period as а vast and сотр!ех "megaversity" that, !ike тапу American universities during the Co!d War, was becoming increasing!y responsive to the needs of the federal govem­ ment (particu!ar!y the U.S. Agency for Intemationa! Deve!opment). "It is

46 ,

SMOKl>iC; TYPI'WHITH<S

,tlmost impossible," Ac!ams \vrote, "со convey cliversi(y, and complexity of (11is institu(ion."]

а

feeling Еог rhe immensiry, However, MSU had уе( со

,c:ain much in (he \vay of academic pres(ige. Sometimes called "Cow Col­ lege" or "Моо lJ" Ьу its detracrors, it сап а virtually ореп aclmissions policy, and in 1 only 20 percent of its undergradua(es majored in the liberal ar(s and social sciences. I '; lп ап еНог( (о bolster i(s reputation, MSU in (l1е early 19605 Ьеьап recruiting some оЕ (he na(ion's top-ranked high sсlюоl studen(s with generous scholarships, glossy brochores, and promises of close шеп(огiпg relationships \vi(h its facul(y. lп I9б~ i( boas(ed nearly two hun­ clred Na(ional Meri( Scholars-more than апу o(her school in the соипсгу.l Ашопg thеш \vas Michael Кiпdшап, а cherubic сеепаьег fгош Iong Island \vho 'асег Ьесаше the Paper's founding editor. lnitially Кiпdшап was "excited Ьу \vha( \vas being offered ... ас MSU" and "ready (о deyelop а 'оуаl connection" (о ([1е school, Ьш по( long af(er his arrival he began experi­ encing а nagging sensa(ion that he'd Ьееп "hoodwinked." Everywhere he шrnеd, his undergrad experience [еll shor( of his ideal. Не gleaned prac(ical пеwsгоош experience fгош his paying job а( (he State NеШJ, Ьис his jошпаl­ isш coorses \vere "unexciting, (aught Ьу паdiгiопаlist faculty \vi(h а heayy сошшi(шепг со \\,hat we have since соше to know as 'the шуth оЕ objecciv­ ity.'" MSU \vas gro\ving in renown, по( [ог its ne\v ешрhаsis of the huшап­ icies, ыlt [ог its po\VerhOllse football program. Iпtеllесшаllу and cul(шаllу, Eas( Iansing SПllсk hiш as а depressing "backwater."1 Оп the регiше(ег of its splendidly landscaped сашрllS hovered gargantuan new dогшitогiеs that sеешеd sterile and llninspiring. Worse still, studencs were reqllired со live iп СЬбе depressing ыlldiпgss throllghollt their fгеshшап and sорhошоге years, dшiпg \vhich time ап array оЕ housing and сшfе\v regula(ions fell оуег their lives like а \vet blanker. Ву сЬе Ьеgiппiпg оЕ his sесопd уеаг, Кiпdшап's reservations аЬош Mich­ igап Sta(e had шеtаstаsizеd iпtо а full-blown case of buyer's гешогsе. Мапу of his Merit Scholar colleaglles likewise felt snookered inro attending а шеdiосге lшivегsitу iп sleepy Eas( Iansing when (l1еу likely could have a([ended сЬе school of [heir choice. "ТЬе Honors College рrogгаш that had Ьееп

offered со us \vhiz-kid recruits had turned оис со Ье шоге hype than opportunity," Кiпdшап [асег \уro[е. "Мапу of us were gоiпg iпсгеаsiпglу srir-crazy. Ош educacion \Va5 \vorking, but поt in the \vay the uпivегsitу might have l1oped: the шоге educated we Ьесаше, сl1е шоге frus(ra(ed we telr."II<' Ву this poinr, MSU had а tiпу Young Socialist CJub and а sшаll, гасЬег "strai(laced" SDS сЬарсег, \vhich опе former mешЬег 5aid \vas "уегу шuсh а Бlшil у affair. "11" Nevertheless, rhroughour tms period, сlшtегs of sшdеп(s \vere gathering

апd сошрlаiпiпg

that MSU was

а шаssivе

and

iшрегsопаl

А Hl',,[)R[[) Bl.OOM1SG РЛРЕRS

47

behemoth and that East Lansing was

а

arts and lacking in creative ferment.

Мапу оЕ

cultural Sahara, unappreciative them lived

were graduate students, and some were members

оЕ

оЕЕ

оЕ the

campus, some

the Young Socialist

Club. Together they listened to folk music and rock and roll, shared their affinities for the arts, and monitored political developments in other parts оЕ the country.llH The Berkeley free speech movement, which got under way in t11e fall

оЕ

1965, seemed especially significant to this proto-underground community. Although Berkeley students were eloguent in their defense their protests were likewise colored

Ьу

оЕ

free speech,

their dissatisfaction with their univer­

sity's depersonalized atmosphere: its large lecture classes and remote faculty, emphasis оп industrial research and professional training, and depressing maw оЕ bureaucratic red tape.ll~ These issues reverberated with MSU stu­ dents as well. When the rebellion climaxed in December (after nearly eigl1t hundred Berkeley students were arrested during а sit-in) Kindman was invited to а secret off-campus meeting ro discuss the "Berkeley situation and its parallels in East Lansing."IZO Kindman later recounted his attendance at the meeting in nearly mystical terms. "1 was aware оЕ stepping into ап altemate reality оЕ some kind," he said. The house he visited was "mysterious." played the latest album

Ьу

ОЕЕ in

the background, someone

the folksinger Buffy Sainte-Marie,

а

Native Amer­

ican songwriter whose politically charged lyrics and pastoral melodies drew inspiration from

Ешореап

madrigals, beat poetry, and the Greenwich Village

folk scene. Conversation revolved around the formation оЕ the CSR and its plans ro roll back MSU's in 10СО parentis regulations. l21 1п the style оЕ SDS, the CSR was extremely democratic; it had

по

membership reguirements, and 1 апуопе who апепdеd its meetings was allowed to talk and vote. "" Some оЕ its

members \vere among the first MSU students to cast themselves as

"ош­

siders" Ьу wearing beards and sandals. ш Wrote Kindman: "We talked [оп ftustrations and strategies and made plans; had Ьееп changed forever."124 The rest

оЕ

the year was

а Ыш оЕ

Ьу

the end

оЕ

the evening

ту

life

protest activity and self-scruriny. From

his perch at the State Nешs, where he helped шп the editorial page, Kindman championed the CSR and applauded the students' tactics at Berkeley.12j 1п March 1965 he joumeyed ro Alabama to рапiсiраtе in Martin Luther King Jr.'s historic march from Selma to Montgomery; and in the summer he rented ап off-campus house wirh his longtime girlfriend. What passed for leisure time was freguently spent at Spiro's, ап off-campus restaurant that doubled as the CSR's unofficial "headguarters." Kindman recalled Spiro's fondly, as а place "where at

апу

48

TYPE\'('RlТl'/{S

i

SMOK1KG

time

оЕ the

day we could find some

оЕ ош

friends ro hang

oue \vieh.

Ас

,кrivities."

last, ап altemaeive

(о

dorm life and bland, university-authorized

Although his grades fell and his career ambirions faded, Ье \vas

r!lankful со t1nd himse\f" "deeply enmeshed in а communicy ot" like-minded t"riends, ап inreresting, diverse, and colerant gang. Having made сЬе leap from "Iiberal Democrat" со "confirmed radical," Kindman's defection from rl1e State Neln seemed almost predictable. 12 - ТЬе сате lП

hnal imperus

rhe autumn of I965, wl1en

сЬе

paper's directorate

issued а \\lrit prohibiting its young journalists f"rom taking leadership roles in апу

other srudenr organizations. Since Kindman and his roommate, Larry Тасе, had already Ьееп barting around сЬе idea of" starting а weekly altema­ rive to сЬе State NeUJ, racl1er than fighting to change сЬе new rule, they sim­

ply left со start their own operation. Not everyone \vho f"ounded сЬе Рареу, 11Owever, was as political as Kindman;

Тасе

ness" was at first very low. "We just wanted

recalled а

сЬас

voice, we

his "political aware­

wапtеd

...

а

place

со

pubIish, somerhing (Ьас belonged (о us in this large, пос exactly hosrile, Ьш un-empathetic епviгопmеnr."12Н Still, the Paperwollld пос Ьауе Ьееп possible \vithour

а

rising local

mоvеmепt,

Its most ardent sllpporrers were students

ilпd young faClllty who had Ьееп iпvоlvеd "iп аН rhe саmраigпs of сЬе pre­ vious year,"129

Another

sigпаl (Ьас

things were

сhапgiпg iп

Easc Lansing

сате iп сЬе

form of" Zeitp,eist, а localliterary magazine сЬас а grollp of" malcontented uate students launched iп September I965, Some mау Ьауе f"ЩlПd Zeitgeist long оп hubris; in сЬе prolegomena that accompanied сЬе first isstle, the edicors explicirly presented themselves as Whitmanesgue ргоvосаtешs, pitching their barbaric yawps at а complacent апd lowbrow сitizеnrу,l.Ч1 Nev­ ertheless,

сЬе

grotlp aimed

со

attract а Cfirical mass of support f'rom

tiny cognoscenti-"Iovers of агс,

агсhitесшге,

(Ье

area's

and good books," who "think

сЬас

cascef"ul соНее shops {are} imропаш со reflecrion and conversation and leaming" and who "are пос afraid со Ье !abeled 'eggheads' ог 'beatniks,"'l'l As а guarrerly jошпаl сЬас mainly f"earured poecry, ZeitgeiJt's agenda dif"fered trom сЬе PaPet"s-Ьш ЬосЬ publications il1dicated сЬас rumblings of" уошЫи! discontenr were at lasc beginning (о pierce East Lal1sing's bIand and platitu­ dinous din, ТЬе

Paper's

iпаtlgшаl

issue, dated December 3, 1965,

fеаtшеd а

front-page editorial t"rom Kindman, denouncing сЬе State NеШJ and describing сЬе Paper's goals al1d COl1cems, "We Ьоре (о make it possibIe, еуеl1 desirabIe and exciril1g,

со

express , , , il1celligel1t thotlghts

аЬош

chil1gs of СОl1сеrп

со

реор!е ас

Michigal1 State Ul1iversity," Ье wroce. "We are iщегеstеd 111 poli­ tics, il1 social sшdiеs, il1 сЬе arts, il1 creative writil1g, il1 il1telligel1t соттеl1tary, al1d most of аll il1 presel1til1g aII sides of сЬе issues discussed," Al1d il1 А Hl!:>:DRED BLOOMll'G РАРIШS

а

49

not-so-subtle dig at (Ье State Nею' so-called "loyalty oath" (wшсh was reprinted оп page two) Kindman proclaimed, "Ош loyalty i5 (о (Ье practice of imaginative, creative, thoughtful journalism. We Ьоре unabashedly (о Ье а forum for idea5, а center for deI1ate, а champion of сЬе соттоп тап, а сЬоrn in сЬе side of сЬе powerful.... We Ьоре пеуег со Ьесоте 50 sure of ош position and so unaware of ош [еаl job сЬас we will сопсеппасе merely оп putting ои! а рарег.... And we intend (о do аН tшs in а spirit of editorial independence for which there i5 hardly а model оп campus. "! '2 ТЫ5 i55ue also contained соттепсагу Ьу а professor of food 5cience оп сЬе looming world hunger crisis, ап article critical ofMSU's srudent government, ап e5say аЬоис factional tensions in сЬе CSR, several short poems, and, оп сЬе back page, а cryptic interview with ВоЬ Dylan reprinted fют сЬе Los Angeles Руее Pre.r.r. J ;; 1п сЬе following months, сЬе Paper established itself as а critic of Мiсш­ gan State, сЬе State Nешs, and сЬе great mass of conformist stt1dents in and around East lansing, while ас сЬе same time earning its Ьопа fides as а New left organ-relishing its gadfly role, collapsing сЬе boundaries between advocacy and journalism, and leavening its serious political соттешагу \vith sarcastic huтог. 1Ч Опе provocative article drew а comparison bet\veen MSU's supposedly ашhогitаriап adminisrration and сЬе harsh, repressive gоvеrnтеш of Mississippi, "сЬе symbolic land of darkne55 in сЬе South."Jo\ Another conrroversial essay, published anonymously, lampooned сЬе drunken debauchery of MSU srudenrs who traveled со Pasadena, California, (о cheer сЬе football сеат in сЬе Rose Bowl. J \6 After widespread negative publicity convinced MSU administrators [о reverse its denial of readmission to а grad­ uate-srudent activist named Раиl Schiff, сЬе episode \vas celebrated as а Ьооп со stt1dent radicals, "сЬе first major step toward rearranging power ... so сЬас сЬе people educating and being educated have some say аЬош how сЬе show is run."!;" ТЬе

Paper also reported оп early protests against сЬе Viernam War and gave Ьеауу coverage со а сатри5 visit Ьу two SDS leaders.! Other pieces railed against bureaucratic bumbledom, curfew restrictions, and bland dormitory life-all issues сЬас resonated with students WllO grew increas­ ingly frustrated with сЬе way сЬе university "{flexed} its in 10(0 pareпtis ти5­ cles with abandon," i5suing "бас after arbitrary fiat."l1~ MSU John А. Hannah, whom some regarded ап оаб511 50rt of тап, was frequently ridi­ culed. 1n April 1966, а mock-sensational headline blared across сЬе fronr page: "Hannah Revealed со Ье Palindrome. "JНi ТЬе following тоnrЬ, сЬе debuted а running comic strip called "land Grant Мап," in which "Dr. John Palindrome"-beleaguered Ьу peaceniks, Communists, and free advocates-is magically transformed inco а powerful superhero (equipped 50

I

5MOKJNG ТУРЕWRПЕRS

wlth а heJmet, саре, codpiece, and а garden hoe) who declares himself ready (о "show those students wllOse multiverslty thls геаllу is!!!,,[jl In its еагlу months, сЬе Рареу also devo(ed а grea( deal of space со defend­ ing itself in а complicated controversy with (he university оуег whether ог not it could Ье sold оп сатрн:; (as opposed со being distributed (ог Ас ([lе time, MSU lacked estahlished guidelines conceming iпdерепdещlу operated pllhlications, and it was нпсlеаг \vhat campus organization had jurisdiction оуег the Рареу. Incensed Ьу MSr.;'s "Ьшеаuсгаtiс idiocy," Kind­ тап compared the situation со something ош of the Тшilight Zone-an арс тесарЬог, since the Рареу was literally being kept in legal1imbo.[j2 Althollgh сЬе ensulng negotiations were ludicrously complicated, Kindman and сот­ рапу used their o\vn pages со describe the situation in elaborate detail, thereby turning itself inro а news story, and capalJly demonstrating one of the New Left's contentions: \vhen challenged Ьу srudenrs, сЬе llniversiry would invari­ аЫу alJuse lrs aurhoriry. "The universiry didn't know what ir was dolng j lJecause rhey had never епсоuщегеd anything like rhis," Тасе recalled." Fi­ nally, in сЬе spring of 1966, MSU's Board ofStudent Publlcatlons set llр rules Ьу wl11ch the Рареу could lawfully Ье sold оп campus, at which point Kind­ тап ran а petulanc edltorial proclaiming "Gratitude Wlll Get И:; Nowhere. "ш Another major event (ог the Papet' was its coverage of а scandal that jош­ nalist \X!arren Hinckle uncovered in April 1966 for rhe lefr-wing magazine Ramparts: а5 part of i ts general mission со assist U .S. foreign policy, in the late 19505 MSlJ estahlished its "Vietnam Project," а major developmental рго­ gram that doubled as а front (ог сЬе CIA. One of the project's tasks was со rrain and assisr the "civil service and police network" that was сЬе lJackL)Qne ofNgo Dinh Diem's сопирс government in SOllth Vietnam; in this amounted со "the supplying of guns and ammllnition (ог city роНсе, the civil guard, palace police, and the dreaded Surete-South Vietnam's version of сЬе FВI."146 The last sentence of Hinckle's article dоuЫеd а:; the сехс of а (иll­ page advertisement that Ramparts took оис in the Рареу оп April 21, 1966: "What the hell is а university doing lJLlying guns, anyway)"i1­ Meanwhile, the Рареу reglllarly celelJrated the upswing of activism and сultшаl energy in East Lапsiпg. Опе essay noted that dшiпg spring lJreak alone, protestors against MSlJ's Vietnam Project garnered statewide риЬ­ licity, 1осаl anti\var activists had their trespassing convictions оvегшrnеd Ьу .\ higher сашt, pacifist David Dellinger visited campus, and 10саl students and faculty launched the Free Lniversity of East Lansing (РОЕL)-"ап ,\ltemative со сЬе drab, automated education of сошsе оutliпеs, credits, mul­ tiple-choice ехат:; and IВM cards.'·l{~ In another piece, Kindman credired "Zeitgeist, CSR, the сатри:> апагсhists, Kewpeeites, The Рареу, {апd} the Free А HUNDRED BLOOMING PAPl'RS

51

University" for enlivening the community. ("Kewpeeites" was а nickname for those who hung оис ас Spiro's, afrer rhe disgustingly named "Kewpee Bur­ gers" оп rhe тепиУ j~ Whereas Kindman опсе regrerred "doing college ... in the conservative, town оЕ East Lansing," no\v he exulted that MSU was fasr becoming "а геаsопаЫу active апd almost interesting campus оЕ the '605."15') In Мау 1966 the Paper favorably covered а Zеitgеist-sропsогеd happening ас Spiro's called "Culrure-Fest," аС \vhich some 150 srudents gath­ ered Еог ап evening оЕ роесгу, folk and jazz music, and spoken word perfor­ mances. 1jl C'The пате 'Culture-Fesr' was originally теапс to Ье 1ronic," Zeitgeist's ediror5 5aid, "Ьис 50 тапу people in our culrurally-deprived univer­ sity took it seriously that we lес ir sгапd.")152 Later tl1at month, rhe Pape,s sraff exciredly hosred а visit from Раиl Кгаssпег, \vho had wгiпеп rhem ап admiring посе а few months before. 15 ' Char Jolles, another оЕ the огigiпаl sraffers ас the Рарег, fondly recalled her experience. "lt was very ехсitiпg со Ье in each other's сотрапу. We pursued 10ts оЕ ideas, laughed а 1ос, and even­ шаllу rhe paper Ьесате а counterculrural scene,"1)4 ОЕ course, East Lansing was hardly rhe опlу communiry wirnessing fre­ пеtiс expressions оЕ New Left апd соuпtегculшгаl acrivity. Ву early 1966, SDS had 15,000 members in 172 chapters engaged in everyrhing from civil­ rights and anripoverry initiarives to antiwar reach-ins and йее universities. J55 Meanwhile, garage and psychedelic rock bands \vere becoming louder and brasher, performance and visual апists started chanl1elil1g their talenrs roward polirical expression, al1d yourh-orienred underground ne\vspapers sprang со life in several orher communities. Amidst аН rhis, сl1е Рарег began fashioning itself as пос simply а 1оса! iniriative, Ьш also as а consrirurive elemenr оЕ а narional youth awakening. In the final isslle оЕ rhe 1965-66 school уеаг, Kindman boasted thar the Рарег was по longer merely ап alrernative (о the State Neu'S. Rather, it was no\v plugged into "а 100se аlliапсе between like­ thinking people and organizations all over." Не continued: "SDS and Раи! Krassner and the Los Angeies Free Ргш and the Free University оЕ New York and аН the rest see in the Рарег, presumably, something оЕ what we see in them." Namely: а revitalized fееliпg Еос people and for the kinds оЕ things people care about. Even if ош orientation and (опе асе а Ыс more academic rhan

theirs ... we Еее! ourselves рап оЕ the same movement toward making sense out оЕ rhings and lerring (Ье people decide and асшаllу рсас­ ricing freedom оЕ expression. That seems to Ье enough со let us 111 оп а nebulous kind оЕ community rhar's developing, пос quire under­ ground, in this counrry.15(, 52

I

SM()KINC, TYPI'WRIТF.RS

During гЬе sиттес of 1966, Kindman helped го сип ап SDS srorefronr in San f'rancisco, where Ье тег ТЬоrnе Dreyer, ап acrivisr [roт Ausrin, Texas, wirh whom Ье discussed гЬе рогещiаl fOс ап expanded network of under­ ground newspapers. Around rhis same period, Ье \von а small degree of пого­ riery when l1е \vas phorographed and quorec\ in ап article in Time magazine оп гЬе emerging underground press. 15 - Even тоге significantly, while in Cal­ ifornia, Ье took his hrsr LSD trip. Ir was а good опе, and when Ье rerurned to East Lansing in сl1е [аll, Таге said l1е was in full-tilt "evangelical mode," strongly encouraging orhers to experiment \vitl1 acid.I\H Altl10ugh some ас сl1е Рареу followed ШБ lead, others were ambivalent аЬоис drugs, and stШ огl1еСБ avoided гЬет entirely. In ОсгоЬес Kindman wrore "Тl1е Ne\vspaper аБ Ап Form," ап unusual manifesro in wmcl1l1e blended соттепгасу оп сl1е importance of radical newspapers (supposedly influenced Ьу media rl1eorist МаСБЬаll McLul1an) with lyrics [roт сЬе Bearles' mind-L)ending song "Tomorrow Never Knows." "Being аг ТЬе Рареу feels di((erent rhis уеаг," Kindman announced. 'Tl1ere's а spirit го it, а (eeling of' community and enligl1tened consensus аЬоиг it гl1аг proves ... гl1е value о( rlle 'underground press' as ап instrument of communication." This was пос Kindman's БпеБС essay-in [асг, Ьis opaque and elliprical prose sЬоwеd telltale signs of his гесепс p!unge inro гl1е соuщегсu!гurе-Ьur ir addressed the vita! role гЬе Рареу played in ЕаБС Lansing's underground community. Ву tapping into "the spirir of rhe rimes" and providing ап opporruniry [ос "people ro рапiс­ ipare in а medium о( communication among tl1emselves," сЬе Рареу \vas said [Q work '\virhin а conrext о{ relevance," [о enjoy а "mandate [гот readers," and [Q етапаге from ап "increasingly radical and enlightened community."15~ Accocding со Jolles, suddenly "people began hanging Ollr ас ТЬе Papet'. There were 50 тапу people сl1еге сl1ас уои couldn'r еуеп do the work! So it did Ьесоте а kind of community.")(>l, Several years later, rwo writers [ос Libera­ tion News Service Pllt сЬе танег тосе simply: "Recognized as а second campus paper ас Micmgan Stare," rhe Рареу 'Ъеlреd [Q build а radical сот­ munity where попе l1ad existed before."161 ТНЕ FIRST UNDERGROUND NEWSPAPER

ro рор ир be!ow гl1е Mason-Dixon Line was [Ье Rag, оиг of Austin, Texas--easily "the largest сещег о{ New [е{с activism in гЬе American Sourh."I62 According ro underground press mstorian АЬе Peck, гЬе Rag was also "гЬе hrst iпdерепdещ undergrounder ro represent, еуеп in а small way, сl1е participarory democracy, community organizing, and syntl1esis о{ politics and culture сЬаг the New [е{с of гl1е midsixties was trying го develop."16i Wl1ereas the LOJ Angeles Руее Руен and the Рареу were borh led Ьу unusually resolure and energetic individuals, the А H\J1
53

а

Rag owed its distinctive style and temperament to

co11ective kno\vn as the "Ragstaff' (or, sometimes, "Ragamllff1ns"). 1t was а spirited, qllirky, and

hllmorolls paper, whose fOllnders pllShed the New Left's political agenda еуеп as they embraced the СОllпtеГCllltше's zeal for rock ffillSic, psychedelics, and personalliberation. Nevertheless, the general trajectory

оЕ

its early develop­

ment wi11 seem familiar. ТЬе Rag was established Ьу YOlltllS \vhose tastes, attitlldes, and ideas marked them as olltsiders in their о\уп commllnity; in tшп,

their paper helped to embolden and llnify the llпdегgroLшd cliqLles and

coteries from which it grew. According to DOllg Rossinow, who has written allthoritatively

оп

the New Left in Allstin, the Rag

Ьесате

the main fOllnt

оЕ

information for hippies and politicos alike, and was "enormollsly important" to 10саl activists. I(;4 This is not to sllggest, however, that AllStin \vas

апу

kind

оЕ

left-\ving

Ьауеп. 1п

fact, right-wing extremism carried the day at the U niversity оЕ Texas (UT), and апуопе involved in еуеп the most minor forms оЕ social deviance, whether

Ьу

sllpporting labor grollpS, expressing limited tolerance

for homosexllality, or reading "obscene" writers like John Dos Passos, was likely to Еасе grave charges оЕ "рiпkо-соmmllпism."I(,j Robert Pardlln, а prominent SDS activist who helped to establish the Rag, reca11ed leaming abollt 10саl folkways within а month оЕ moving to Allstin from Colorado in the Еа11 оЕ 196з. After Ье Ее11 into а conversation \vith а сонрlе оЕ strangers at а 10саl watering Ьоlе, the conversation tlltned to СоттLшisт. "1 was amazed," Pardlln said, "when опе оЕ them advocated dropping nllclear bombs оп а11 the major cities in the Soviet Union as а 'pre-emptive strike' ... and 1 said something like, 'Wow! That's pretty extreme. реорlе

1

[ап

УОН

too.'" For this, Pardlln was prornptly attacked

for tl1e street 1 cOllld hear

шт

know, RllSsians are

Ьу опе

of" the

теп.

"As

yelling 'dirty commllnist bastard.' 1

walked to the school inf1rmary [with а broken f1ngerJ wondering if Ье [еа11у thollght 1 was

а

commllnist.

1Е so,

it didn't take

тнсЬ to Ье а

commllnist in

Texas."166 As it happens, Pardlln тау Ьауе gotten оЕЕ easy; another оЕ the Rag's fOllnders later ffillSed, "Hardly а week goes Ьу that some beatnik doesn't get bashed оп the head Ьу а beer bottle."I(,­ Опе оЕ the

places where YOllng nonconformists fOllnd а теаsше оЕ refllge was in AllStin's vibral1t ffillSic scene. Althollgh cOllntless YOllths tшпеd to the folk revival оЕ the 1950S and early 1960s as ап alterative to mass Сllltше, the historian Alice Echols observes that in "more

шЬап

places like Cambridge,

Berkeley, аnc! Greenwich Vi11age, the search fot allthenticity led folk ffillSic mavens to seek Ollt оЬsсше records and songbooks. Bllt in Allstin allthen­ ticity was considerably less hard to соте Ьу. Texas was а region still alive with 'real' ffillsic, inclllding cOllntry and westem."I(,~ PartiClllarly impottant

54

i

S.\fOKI"G ·IYPI.'",HIH·HS

lП

this regard was Threadgill's Вас, located оп сЬе city's погthеш [im. ТЬе ;oint's о\упес, КеппесЬ Threadgill, was ап ex-bootlegger who filled еуесу ,ingle slot in his jukebox with records Ьу Jimmie Rodgers, (Ье Mississippi­ !x)fn yodeler whom many regard as сЬе "father of country music." 169 For almost two decades, working-class locals had сЬе run of сЬе place, Ьщ iп 1959 а small group of ИТ graduate sшdеnr musicians stапеd showing llр; after charming сЬе crowd with their deep enthusiasm Еос old-time bluegrass and honky-tonk, сЬеу began participating in weekly Ьоосе­ паппiеs. ПJ Meanwhile, а folk scene was taking sl1ape around UT According (() culturall1isrorian Bacry Shank, in Austin "folksinging quickly Ьесате а \уау of marking one's difference [roт сЬе sшdеnr body represented Ьу frater­ nities, sororities, and [оосЬаll players." Although there weren't many folkies, сЬеу were, "Ьу аН accounrs, intense and active."I-' Mosr of сЬет lived in an off-campus rooming house known as "сЬе Ghепо," where сЬеу frequenrly held late-night drinking parries. А tumbledown eatery in UTs srudent Llnion called сЬе Chuck Wagon was rheir favorire gathering SpOt; evenruaHy, 'beatniks, folksingers, arrists and poets" Ьесате regular patrons. Ассогdiпg to опе of its former l1abirues, "ТЬе Chuck Wаgоп was where сЬе Ьоhеmiап соmmuпitу of Аusгiп сопstruсгеd irself-through сЬеар coffee апd inrепsе сопvегsагiоп."I- 2 Ву

rhis time, сЬе gагhегiпgs at Threadgill's also сhапgеd iп characrer, as шоге and more UT sгudепts and "lопghаiгs" showed ир, while some of сЬе [)ar's "геdпесks" аррагепtlу began dгiпkiпg elsewhere.; -, (African Аmегiсапs, of course, were

пос

сЬесе ас аНУ " Nеvепhеlеss, ассогdiпg to С

allowed

Sl1ank, of I962-6з, musical tasre and musical pracrice were esrab­ lished iп Austin as сЬе mosr sigпif1сапt iпdiсагоrs of culrural diffегепсе among сЬе gепегаllу whire, middle-class srudents ас сЬе Uпivегsitу ofTexas. ТЬе шр sапg ... uпdег сЬе turelage of older white working теп пеас сЬе edge of сЬе ciry limits, while сЬе mаiпstгеаm twisted со СЬиЬЬу Checker records ас parties near campus. "1'5 Others found refuge [roт reactionary local politics Ьу immersing сЬет­ selves in сЬе sшdу of social-gospel Сhгisгiапiгу апd ехistепгiаl philosophy. Of course, ехisгепгiаlism was iп vogue оп осЬес campuses as well; iп 1965, а college professor погеd сЬе tгепd iп а lепgthу Harper'J апiсlе, dеsсгiЫпg ехisгепtiаlism as "ЬосЬ а mood and а metaphysics" сЬас prized, аЬоуе аН else, "aurhenriciry."l-G Вис as Rоssiпоw ехрlаiпs, in socially conservarive Allstin, where "Ргогеsгапtism was сЬе rule" and Fuпdаmепгаlism геmаiпеd "alive апd \уеll," сЬе ethics of aurhenriciry had Со Ье explored in "safe" vепuеs, sllch as сЬе Сhгisгiап Faith-and-Life Commllniry, а religious сепtег connecred со UT, and сЬе Uпivегsiгу YMCA-Y\V/CAY7 "Ву сЬе wiпсег

л HUNDRED BLOOM!NG РЛРЕRS

55

Founded in 1952, the Christian Faith-and-Life Community (usually just а

called "the Community") was

communal experiment that encouraged

extracurricular theological study among UT students. Although Protestants dominated, the Community was ореп to people оЕ all faiths from а variety оЕ nationalities and social backgrounds, and in 1954 it began welcoming Afri­ сап

Americans, making it the first place

оп

UTs campus with desegregated

residential housing. Its controversial director believed that in order to reach

а

state

оЕ

оЕ

curriclllum, Joe Matthews,

"authenticity" and "wholeness"

опе

first had to experience а kind оЕ cataclysmic breakthrough-a rupture with past understandings, а sense оЕ profound humiliation, and а deeply felt immersion in

а

community.

То

that end, he adamantly encouraged cultural

and political risk taking. While some сате to regard this as а pernicious, almost cult-like doctrine, it encouraged intense dialogues

аЬош

how to make

life meaningful, which frequently turned into conversations аЬош vexing social and political issues, such as racism, poverty, and war. Matthews was forced to resign in 1962, Ьш until then, Rossinow writes, the Christian Faith-and-Life Community "served as

а

medium for communicating existen­

tialist themes that were becoming attractive to тапу young people in the late 1950S and early

1960s."I-Н

Located directly across from UTs campus, the University УМСА- YWCA, or

"У,"

likewise functioned as

ап

incubator for alternative values (and in fact

both institutions attracted overlapping groups оЕ students). Here again, Ьу filtering their yearnings for а more authentic mode оЕ living through Chris­ tian liberalism, students safely explored ideas that otherwise might not have Ьееп

tolerated in such а conservative stronghold. The У hosted controversial

speakers,

[ап

seminars addressing sensitive political issues, organized retreats

and conferences where students openly questioned American values, and even [ап а

study abroad program that sent UT students to Africa, the Soviet Union,

and other Eastern Bloc countries. Finally, while the

У

was not quite

tivist" organization, Rossinow explains that it was colored with

а

ап "ас­

style

оЕ

Christian liberalism that emphasized courage and personal responsibility, risk taking, and human fellowship-all

оЕ

which fused with the civil rights

movement's existential imperatives. ]-ч This kind

оЕ

cerns and social troubles also helped to fuel much

melding

оЕ

оЕ

private

соп­

the New Left. Looking

back upon his undergraduate days at UT, journalist Willie Morris wrote, "These groups, and they were good people, were the repositories

оЕ whatever

liberalism existed оп а consciolls level at the University оЕ Texas at that time."IHO А cluster оЕ about five activists started ап SDS chapter at UT in late 196з.

Among them was J еЕЕ Shero, а former Army brat whose conservative worldview 56

I

SblOKI1'(;

TYP~\X'RIТERS

\ПIS гuршгеd Ьу

his confrontations with "southern fascism" after his family moved to [ша] Texas while he was in high school. Earlier that year, Shero had ,шепdеd SDS's national convention in Pine Нill, New York, where he was ",lected to сЬе National Council after pluckily debating Тот Hayden. \X!ith сЬе p05sible exception of сЬе UT5 Campus Interracial Committee, Austin la.cked ап organized Left Еroт which SDS's founder5 could draw, 50 сЬеу L)egan Ьу recruiting "every alienated person [they} could get of every kind" Shero said, "which was perfect for SDS's kind оЕ politics. ТЬас year we had ап .llliance between rhe guys rhat rode mororcycles, the kind ofbohemian artisr­ \vriter rypes, сЬе inregrationists, сЬе early vegetarian peacenik types, еуеп people who hated fraremities and sororities, which [ап сЬе school. So it was .Ш interesting coalition that year."ltil Perhaps ironically, the vitriolic resistance rhat sourhern New Leftists raced тау have helped them со forge unusually strong соттипаl bonds. "То /:'0 againsr сЬе government ... was so ош оЕ step wirh уош parent's genera­ [ion сЬас you were generally disowned," Shero remembered. You were ап embarrassment со the family, especially if you сате from а small town, and in the worst cases, which was оЕсеп, you didn'r go home ас Christmas. lЕ уои were in college, еуегуопе goes home ас Christmas, Ьш we'd sit around and there'd Ье like twenty-five people who weren't going home. It was like, we'll have ош own Christmas Ьеге. This is ту new family.... You were much more bonded ... сЬап [old-guard SDSers} Егот the Easr Coast who were doing something сЬас was in the tradition оЕ their families. 182 Austin's SDS chapter was consistenrly offbeat, Егее spirited, and, if апу­ tlling, even mоуе democratic сЬап сЬе SDS strongholds ас Апп Arbor and Swarthmore. 18i Todd Gitlin called сЬет "instinctive anarchisrs."184 While сЬе Austin SDS chaprer \vas inirially consumed with antiracist acrivities­ integrating а downtown resrauranr, registering vorers, шtогiпg роос black schoo1children, and protesring againsr а Greek-sponsored "Cowboy Minstrel Slюw"-it later emerged ас rhe forеfroш оЕ sошhеrn ашiwаr activity. lп April I965-a time when тапу Americans were only dimly aware оЕ the conflict in Viernam-abour forty оЕ UTs sшdепt rabble-rousers lined the road пеаг President Lyndon Johnson's гапсЬ in Stonewall, Texas, demanding rhat Ье "Stop the Bombing and Negotiate."185 Ву сЬеп, Austin's SDS chapter could boast оЕ being опе оЕ сЬе nation's largest, and several оЕ its members would soon Ьесоте activists оЕ national significance. 186 Ву the time сЬе Rag сате со fruition in сЬе ЕаН of I966, а diverse bohemian subculture and ап organized expression оЕ сЬе New Left was already А HUNDRE!) BLOOMI:"G PAPERS

57

rooted iп Austin. This marks а diffегепсе Ьеtwееп сЬе Rag апd its predeces­ sors. Though attuned to сЬе faint rumbJings оЕ cu!tura! discontent in their respective соmmuпitiеs, neither Kunkin пог Kindman conceived of tl1eir papers as adjuncts оЕ а flourishing loca! тоуетепс; in (асс, it was just сЬе opposite: сЬе Freep and сЬе Paper ЬосЬ sought to shake their readers out о! their political somnambulism. Ву contrast, сЬе Rag aimed со unify and direcr а local Yol..lth rebellion that was already under way. ТЬе northern under­ ground papers, however, were clearJy ап inspiration. "What [Michael Kind­ тап} had done [with сЬе Paper} was геаllу рагс of сЬе model for what Wt did," Огеуег said. 187 ТЬе previous spring's ascension of ап obnoxious right­ wing sшdеш named John Economidy со сЬе editorship of UTs campus paper, сЬе Daily Техаn, was апосЬег iтрешs for сЬе Rag. 188 Оп ОссоЬег 5, 1966, Dreyer-who, along with Саго! Neiman, was among сЬе chief аgешs in getting сЬе Rag going-e!aborated оп сЬе situa­ tiоп in а letter Ье wrote со сЬе seven papers сЬас made up сЬе Uпdегgгоuпd Press Syndicate (UPS), which was trying СО bolster сЬе underground press Ьу allowing тетЬег papers to freely гергiш еасЬ other's materia!. "ТЬе Rag sees itselffu!filling severa! needs," Ье wrote: Most of the student ЬodУ at the University ofTexas сап Ье aptly described as the soggy green masses. АрасЬу and dullness thrive. However, as а reaction to this а rather notabJe percentage of the university community has completely disassociated from the МасШпе. Austin Ьм for several years Ьееп the Ьоте of а уегу active and уосаl underground.... Point two: Austin is the capital of radical po!itica! activity in сЬе Sоuth-Sошhwеst .... The Austin radica! scene has the strongest sense of community of апу 1 have соте in contact with; hippies and polit­ icos merge. And finally ... This уеаг, after three run-offs, а veritable fascist was elected editor [of the Daily Техаn}. His campaign p!atform was essen­ tially to kill the commies and ипсоуег аН the dope оп campus. Need­ less со say. сЬеге is а great demand for ТНЕ RAG.... 1 definitely think the [Underground Press} Syndicate ЬМ exciting potentia! and 1 wаш to аППОlшсе ТНЕ RAG's intention со hook ир. So send us сЬе lJPS Organizer's НапdЬооk, сЬе Secret 1пitiаtiоп Rights, and сЬе Кеуссо [sic} сЬе White John. 1H9 1n еуегу respect, сЬе whimsica!, democratically сошrollеd Rag was tht antithesis of the Техаn. "Реор!е had job dеsсгiрtiопs, but they wanted со get away Еroт паditiопаl terminology and ... redefine the roles," Pardun

58

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recalled.l~(I

F'or instance, there was

по

editor in chief,

Ьис

rarher

а

"funnel"

а

"funnella" (originally Dreyer and Neiman) '\vho broughr lerrers and the staff's arrenrion,"1'il Orl1ers were lisred оп сl1е masthead аБ "Arrist- Туре People" and "Shitworkers."l'il "Ediring was а very communal affair," remembered David Mahler. "Somebody would bring something in, and ТЬогпе would look throllgh it and Бау 'ТШБ is bullshir!' and scratch and

iПЧlliгies со

rhrough а ЬипсЬ of sruff, and somebody would Бау 'No, 1 like ir,' and people would argue for days whether we should рш something in. lс was а free-for­ аН." Since тапу Ragsraffers Брепс virtually all of their cime rogerher, he added, they formed such close relationships rhat decisions were the­ oretical and personal ас the Бате rime."1'i1 гЬе paper experimented with rocaring "issue coordinators" and guarded againsr rhe glorificarion of individuals Ьу using only firsc names in bylines. 191 According со Pardun, "The Rag was imbedded in а community rhar pro­ vided support and а place (о relax and have [ип. The staff made collecrive decisions, and volunteers from сl1е growing тоуетепЕ did much of the lay­ ош and pasreup in preparation for printing. But orhers point оиЕ that the paper's l1yperdemocratic style didn't guaranree harmonious relarions. Mari­ апп Wizard (formerly Vizard) recalled that from the ПlОтеПЕ people began brainstoгming аЬоис the Rag, there was "something of' а power struggle" аЬоиЕ ho\v it \vould Ье гип. While some "would like со have Ьееп called ап editoг ... and had ап editorial structure," others replied '''No, по. We don't wanr ап editor. Editors f'uck уои ир,'" Latec оп, she said, Боте people went оп "power trips" that could make the Rag's Бписшге "rerrible со work within."l% Predictably, women were тоге likely со shoulder the most labo­ rious сhогеs-fоldiпg and collating, tурiпg lith printing machine. 1')- "1 dOB't think it was way," Огеуег remembered, 'Ъис there's по

апd гuппiпg авугhiпg dепуiпg

the Multi­

we did iп а сопsсiоus rhat mеп [initially)

played а stronger role апd womeB tепdеd со do сl1е тоге muпdапе jobs,"l% The Rag's premier issue wenr оп sale оп Мопdау, Occober 10, 1966. While most Ragsraf'fers sold their рареГБ iп dоwnrоwп Austin w1thour iПС1dent, ове of' their пumЬег, а аатЬоуапс (Боте said "f'earless") SDS leader паmеd

George Vizard caused а miпог commorion Ьу hawking the Rag оп И'Г'Б West Mall, lП viоlаtiоп of а сатриБ ordiпапсе. "Commie propaganda­ get it while it's hoc!, ... Page 6 is soaked iп LSD-ir's а cheap trip. Read аЬош che f'reaks!!";'N Af'cer а crowd and sоmеопе from che office of UTs dеап of srudепt Ше told шm со БСОР, Vizard replied, "\X!ell, sir, 1'т пос а srudепt here so уои сап go to hell," ас \vhich poinr sales surged. А while later, Vizard was approached Ьу the сшеf оЕ campus security, who thгеаtепеd со апеst Шт. Whеп Vizard blew him ofI ("Hell, тап, Гуе Ьееп busred А Нl':-';[JRП) HI.OOMII'(; PAPERS

59

before. Thac doesn'c scare те. Гт here со seH papers, пос со ЬиН ic with уои"), а crowd of onlookers cheered him оп. Supposedly, 1,500 copies were sold сЬас day.200 Initially, сЬе Rag's New Lefc politics тау have Ьееп softened Ьу ics Ьоте­ spun charm and proto-psychedelic graphics. Its logo was а cartoon-style drawing of сЬе words "ТЬе Rag," with еасЬ letter made оис of а melange of humorously sketched reptiles and random counterculture artifacts (including а hookah, а curly-coed Ьоос, and а clarinet). Hand-drawn illustrations оп the inside pages were equally hallucinacory. Like just аЬоut every other under­ ground newspaper, сЬе Rag regularly offered а community calendar (called сЬе "Rag Bag"), Ьut its weekly motorcycle column (сЬе "Вепс Spokesman") was unique. The first issue included а strange burlesque оfGгееk-dоmiпаtеd campus life, ап expose attacking Economidy's editorship ас the Dai/y Техаn, and а critique of Р/ауЬоу magazine-less for its sexism сЬап for its рЬопу and affected presenrarion of modern sexuality, which сап counter со the New Lefc's саН for authenticiry in human relations. 201 Issue number rwo included ап essay оп а Dutch anarchist group caHed сЬе Provos, а look back ас UTs short-lived (sixreen days) Studenc League for Responsible Sexual Freedom, and а skeprical review of an outre Andy Warhol film, Сатр (which was said со Ье аЬоut as bad as his last release, В/ош ]ob)--аll material thar musr Ьауе seemed тосе than faintly scandalous in the capital ofTexas. 102 As сЬе paper began its third топсЬ, columnist and printer Larry Freud­ iger explained that rhere was а very good reason rhe Ragsraff had never риЬ­ lished а mission statemenr revealing its "principles and philosophy": No one was certain whar сЬеу were. Such was the paper's style. However, Ье added that ап "empirical analysis" of the first eight issues gave а pretty good idea of what the Rag srood for: "Such basic things as free speech, black liberation, sex, rhe Beatles, studenr power, consciousness expansion, children, cats, and аН the other good things in life."203 Freudiger's assessment recognized the Rag's coupling of Austin's New Left and bohemian sensibilities. However, the paper's "Gentle Thursday" celebrations probably best illus­ паtе how its synchesis of stracegic and expressive politics helped со unify Austin's underground community. As countercultural picnics сЬас deliber­ ately policicized public space, Gentle Thursdays had much in common with the era's be_ins. 204 Alchough Shero сате ир with the idea for Gentle Thursday and pitched it ас an SDS meeting, che Rag was primarily responsible for риЬ­ licizing and defining the evenr. 205 Certainly Rag readers would пос have missed ics modemist-flavored full-page spread in the ОссоЬес 31 issue an­ nouncing: "This Thursday is Gentle Thursday ТЬе Celebracion Of Оur Belief ТЬас There Is Norhing Wrong Wirh Fun." 60

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We Аге Asking ТЬас Оп This Parricular Thursday Everybody Оо Exac[ly Whar ТЬеу Want оп genrle thursday bring уош dog to саш­ pus ог а ЬаЬу ог а whole ЬипсЬ of red balloons оп gentle thursday hold а picnic in front of сЬе West Маll Office Building ог шауЬе read рое[гу со сЬе picnickers and сЬеге will Ье musicians аН around сЬе сашриБ leading шеггу bands of celebranrs оп genrle thursday уои шау bring уош paincings со сЬе "У" and сЬеу will ехЫЫс сЬеш оп сЬе sidewalks ог шауЬе уои would like со wade in а fountain ог sit оп опе of сЬе Mustangs уои might еуеп rake flowers со уош МасЬ Professor оп gentle rhшsdау feel free со Ну а kite оп сЬе main шаН and ас сЬе уегу least wear brigllrly соlошеd clothing!20(, For аН its pacific сЬагш, сЬе Gentle Тhшsdау Нусг was also flavorcd with dash of provocacion, sincc сЬе evcnt was timed со coincide with а Greek­ sponsored masCJuerade knovin аБ "Eeyore's Birthday Рагсу," \уЫсЬ was ritzy and exclusive. Ву сопсгаБС, Gcntle Тhшsdау was ореп со еуегуопе, and some organizcrs еуеп "hoped со break down сЬе 'us and сЬеш' mcnrality оп ЬосЬ sides-the 'freaks' vcrsus сЬе 'frat rats,' сЬе 'sпаights' versus rl1e 'hippics,' еуеп сЬе 'hippies' versus сЬе 'politicos. '''2'Т While (Ьеге'Б scanr evidence of Greek participation in сЬе picnic, folklorist Glenn W. Jones obscrves сЬас those \уЬо planned сЬе Genrle Тhшsdау revelry-which included folk music, bongo drumming, kite flying, food sharing, chalk drawing, and аш­ icabIe conversation-signaled rheir "icleological solidarity with radical poli­ rics and bohcmian values which were in opposition [о dominan[ struc­ сше." 20Н This likewise held true for сЬе handful ofscudents \уЬо spon[aneousI у joined С!1е picnic. Susan Olan, а ет undergrad who рапiсiраtеd in сЬе еуепс, Iater remarked, НУои Ьауе [о understand сЬас until [Ьас шошеnt, people didn't just do things like sic do\vn оп the \X'est Маll and talk to осЬег people."2P9 But оп Gentle Thursday, simply to lounge оп сЬе grass was to partake io а "rire of separarion from mainsrream sociery." "1 swear, what саше to Ье thought of аБ сЬе Austin community \vas Ьоrn сЬас day," Olan added. 21 () а

After сЬе first GentIe Thursday proved successful, сЬе Rag helped SDS со sponsor fош шоге similar events, the пеп of which, "Flipped ОЩ Week," \уаБ ап extravaganza in April 1967 сЬас \vas coordinated with Austin's Spring Mobilization Against сЬе War,2JI L"ndoubtedly, rhe Rag's favorabIe coverage of Gentle Thursday helped the ritual to spread to othcr srates, in­ cluding Colorado, Io\va, Kencucky, Мissошi, Ncw Mexico, and Michigan. 212 In AllStin, thollgh, as (Ье ci(y's "oppositional forces" ourgrew "the bound­ aries offace [о face communi(y," Genrle Тhшsdауs morphed in(o larger-scale А Ht'~\)RFD [\LOOMI~G

PAPERS

61

,

fesrivals, ас which genrly srrummed guirars and conversations gave way (о psychedelic rock bands and polemical speeches. 213 In addirion (о promoting these big events, the Rag implicitly endorsed the idea of rock and roll as а community-building force. Album reviews and сопсесс аппоuпсетешs were staples of most underground newspapers, Ьш save for major тепороlisеs like New York, L05 Angeles, and San Francisco, few communities gave rise to а mU5ic scene as vibrant and
62

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TYPEWRlТERS

t

I

I

there was nothing со риН сЬет together, [о give сЬет political direc­ tion, со bring them 1ПСО actions, [о g1ve сЬет а sense of соттоп idещitу. ТЬе Rag was primarily responsible for bringing rogether а coherenr left-hip scene, and for its first two years it was а prime focus of that community. Ву organizing itself as а democratic collective, сЬе Rag established а prec­ edent that most subsequent underground newspapers \vould follow. Although tl1(:: Freep and the Рареу presented themselves as ореп forums through which just аЬоис апуопе could make а claim оп сЬе community's attention, Ьу сЬе late I9605 most New Leftists were 50 scrupulously democratic сЬас they scoffed ас the idea of ап underground newspaper being owned or conrrolled Ьу а single individual. But Ьу championing New Left values, challenging local officials and the mainstream media wit11 bravado, and blossoming into the most visible representation of Austin's oppositional culture, the Rag fol­ lowed а familiar рассеrn: it рш down roots in а community that сате со regard it as а beauriful and precious thing. ВУ ТНЕ STANDARDS

of сЬе underground press mоvеmепt, each of these papers was long lasting, although Ьу the late 1960s попе of them resembled their original form. The Free Руеп Ьесате ап astonishing success; according со опе of Kunkin's former confidantes, in the early 1970S tl1e paper was grossing around а million dollars per year. 21C Some felt that Kunkin Ьесате increasingly рroБс minded in this period, and much of the goodwill he won with his newspaper coverage was 10st after he took со meandering агоuпd t11e Strip in а giапt Pontiac convertible that was equipped with а mobile radio tеlерhопе. Others were turned off as сЬе Руее Руен increasingly гап notices for X-rated movie theaters and sexually explicit personal ads, \vhich 50ше said threatened со overrlln the magazine. After his ill-fated decision со reveal the сопсасс iпfогmаtiоп for scores of lIndercover narcotics аgепts, the Руеер faced а flurry of mllltimillion-dollar lawslIits for receiving stоlеп рroр­ erty, оЬstшсtiпg justice, and iпvаsiоп of privacy. Kunkin was еуепшаllу cleared of rhe criminal charges, ыlt Ье 1О5С топеу in settlemenrs апd legal fees, and the well-pllblicized controversy scared off local prinrers. In ап effort со keep the paper ааоас, he boughr а ргiпtiпg press from Marvin Miller, а pornographer and convicted сах evader, Ьис the press was а lemon. Miller еуепшаllу won control of the paper, which he sold со twO San Diego businessmen who fired KlInkin in 1973. ш The Freep's Бпаl owner was (апу Flynt, the notorious pllblisher of Нюtler, who dissolved the paper il1 1978. А

HUNDRED BLOOMING PAPERS

6з

,

Ас

MSU, сЬе New Left and сЬе Papet· grew in tandem for several years. Ву сЬе late 19605, however, сЬе Paper's staff Ьесате increasingly polarized. Although everyone who contributed со the newssheet shared сЬе New Left's broad goals of ending сЬе Vietnam War and bolstering student power, some among [Ьет championed the revolutionary aims оЕ SDS's ultramilitants, while others, like Kindman, Ьесате increasingly involved witll сЬе psyche­ delic movement. Dшiпg сЬе 1966-67 5СЬОО! уеаг, Кindman gradually with­ drew from tlle paper, and in сЬе аutитп оЕ 1967 Ье lost $ 1 ,000 of his friends' топеу while trying со Ьиу а suitcase Еиll оЕ drugs in Califomia. Kindman's final article for сЬе newspaper, datelined November 30, was ап incoherent diatribe [Ьас 5imultaneously proclaimed "WE DONT NEED DRUGS" and "Drugs аге beautiful! We SllOUld have [Ьет!"220 Ву сЬе time [Ье Рареу риЬ­ lished its final issue in 1969, Kindman had already moved со [Ье Fort Hill area оЕ Boston, where Ье Ьесате heavily involved in а bizarre cult run Ьу а hypnotic acid freak named Меl Lyman. 2C1 After many llarrowing interactions with members оЕ сЬе "Lyman Family," Ье fearfully escaped from сЬе group's Kansa5 Еагт in сЬе dead of night in March 1973. ТЬе en5uing years were difficult ones; Ье worked оп а community newspaper called сЬе i\fendocino Grapevine, started а construction busines5 сЬас went bankrupt, and in сЬе early 19805 Ье immersed himself in сЬе gay соuпtегculшге. In 1988 Ье \vas diagnosed with HIV, and Ье died from AIDS in 1991. ТЬе Rag lasted until 1976. Like сЬе Рареу, in сЬе lасе 19605 сЬе staff divided along сultшаl and political lines, a!though in Austin сЬе two fac­ tions seemed со coexist amiably enough. (One Ragstaffer caIIed сЬе paper "а miracle of functioning anarchy.")212 In Т969 U'f's Board оЕ Regencs tried со corpedo сЬе Rag with а regulation prohibiring commercial solicitation оп campus. In response, David Richards, а 'оса! libera! апоmеу, sued ИТ in federal сошt and won а ruling decreeing the regent's Ьап unconstitucional. ТЬе universicy appealed сЬе federal court's decision аН сЬе wa)' ир со сЬе U.S. Supreme Сошt, Ьис its ассетрс to srifle сЬе newspaper was пос producrive. Meanwhile, сЬе Rag soldiered оп. Though сЬе paper was always run as а соl­ lective, in subseguent years it even tried со do away \vith its informal hierar­ chies. In 1971, сЬе Ragstaff wrote ап arricle unfairly describing сЬе paper's founders as "power-oriented ... chiefs" who "ran сЬе paper with ап authori­ tarian st)'le that сЬе Indians оЕ today's anarchistic staff,vou!d never tolerate" а sign сЬас сЬе paper was becoming increasingly feminist oriented as well. Like а few other underground newspapers, the Rag a]so began offering free subscriptions со prisoners and servicemen. Еvещuаllу, though, it lost its rel­ evance, uncil finally ir "died with а whimper." According со Dаппу Sch\veers, who joined сЬе paper in 1971 and stayed until сЬе very end, the Rag's demise

64

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I

nad several ptedictable causes: "No топеу. No energy. No community.... Times changed. ТЬе Vietnam War ended. ТЬе promises of solidarity, revolu­ с!Оп, drugs, free love, spiritual ecsrasy, and pure nutririon found fewer Delievers. Mosr importanrly ... сЬе Rag was по !onger perceived as innova­ rive, fresh, оп сЬе edge, special. If anything, it was а thing of сЬе раsr."Ш

л

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БLООМING РЛРЕRS

65

,

3

"Electrical Bananas" The Underground Press and the Great Вапапа Ноах of 7967

IN JUNE 1967, jOl1rna!ist Sara Davidson visited New York City а

I со героп оп

hippie happening in Сеппа! Park, а "rhree-day cosmic !ove-in." ТЬе Веа­ tles' Sgt. Pepper record, she said, was "everywhere" сЬас sl1mmer; another writer recalls that "snatches of сЬе albl1ill drifted Оl1С of ореп windows, faded in and оис of consciousness as cars passed Ьу, сате in апd ош of focus iп tiппу rones from distапt ггапsisгог radios, сЬе songs hапgiпg iп сЬе air !ike а holo­ gram of Ыiss.": Elsewhere were palpaЫe sigпs сЬас сЬе "Sl1mmer of Love" was sотеthiпg more thап jl1sr а media рЬепотепоп. In hip enc!aves асюss сЬе land, young теп and women grew their hair апd соsштеd themse!ves in а medley of ol1trageous fashions: tattered jeans апс1 flannels, Western boots, Benjamin Franklin glasses, Mohican lacings, army jackets, and tie-dyed T-shircs. Вш especially noteworrhy for Davidson was сЬе sigllt of а young hippie in а wizard Ьас selling bananas оп ап East Village corner. ТЬеу were going for сеп cenrs еасЬ, wich а rhree-cent deposic оп сЬе skins. "Апуопе who heard [folksinger) Попоvап sing 'Mellow Yellow' knew why," she remem­ bered. "Smoking Ьапапа peels could get you high. Оl1пааааа-sight!"2 Davidson was mistaken аЬош the psychoacrive potential of Ьапапа peels. (Hippies larer joked сЬас сЬе only \уау (Q rrip оп а Ьапапа рее! was Ьу acci­ denrally srepping оп опе.) Buc she was far [гот alone in her confusion. Throughour сЬас spring and summer, the norion rhar опе coul.d ger high fют smoking ''Ьапапа joints" circulared widely, firsr in [Ье undergrol1nd

press, [Ьеп later in сЬе mainstream media and еуеп among some gullible federal off1cials. Recipes for 'Ъапапаdiпе powder"-the boiled, dried insides of Ьапапа peels, rolled in toЬассо рарег and smoked like marijuana-were frequently reprinted, and some clever entrepreneurs оп сЬе West Coasr founded their own mail-order сотрапу, Mellow YeHow, which sold Ьапапа peels аН across сЬе country. "1 Ьоре to make $100,000 in сЬе next six-months оп bananas," boasted Nat Freedland, ап editor of сЬе Los Angeles Free PresJ and а partner in сЬе Бгт. i lп April 1967, Time and NеU'Jшееk ЬосЬ ran stories аЬош сЬе Ьапапа craze during сЬе same week, with [Ье lacter magazine claiming сЬе rumors had "touched off а banana-buying Ьоот from [Ье Haight-Ashbury discricc со Harvard Square. "4 At а festival in Central Park's Sheep Meadow, hippies playfully regarded bananas as sacred totems; сЬеу gave а "Ьапапа pledge" ("опе Ьапапа, under Вапапа, with liberty and jHstice for аН"), signaled со еасЬ other with а Ьапапа sаlше Cmiddle f1nger, ир and Ьеnt"), and rallied around а large wooden replica of а Ьапапа. Frank Thompson, а Democratic сопgгеssшап from New ]ersey, facetiously proposed [Ье Вапапа Labeling Асс оЕ 1967, which wOHld Ьауе рш stickers оп bananas сЬас said "Caution: Вапапа Рее! Smoking Мау Ве Injurious [о Your Health." "From bananas it is а short Ьш shocking step to other fruits," Ье intoned. "Today [Ье cry is Ъиrn, Ьапапа, Ьиrn.' Tomorrow, we тау face strawberry smoking, dried apricot inhaling, ог рrипе puff1ng."(, Вис [Ье fad and гЬе humor that surrounded it proved short-lived. ОП Мау 26,1967, the Food and Drug Аdтiпisпасiоп issued а press release indicaring that scientif1c analysis of several Ьапапа concocrions failed со prodllce "derectable quantities оЕ known hallucinogenics."- Опе investigator larer recalled, "We took 30 pounds of bananas into the lab, cooked, scraped, and did everything else to them thar [he undergrollnd papers told us со do. Вш it was а put-on. "8 Not surprisingly, the Great Вапапа Ноах of 1967 has failed [о gain апеп­ [ion from historians. And it тау s[i11 Ье hard for scholars to regard [he banana-smoking craze as little more [han а curious iпсidепt, some[hing [о remind us уе[ again just how puerile hippies could Ье. Внс when we examine the fad's mysterious огigiпs and mеапiпgs, as well as the mechanisms Ьу which it spread 50 quickly, we сап see in microcosm some о{ the iтроrrапt accomplishments of rhe 1960s uпdегgгоuпd press. The irony is thick; Some­ опе опсе remarked, "Almost еуегуопе likes bananas, bLlt по опе takes them seriously."9 Уес througl1 [l1е Ьапапа rumors, tl1e underground papers l1elped со carve social spaces (called "sсепеs") wl1ere certain commonalities о{ [aste, style, апd bel1avior were generated, and YOU[l1s were socialized inro wl101e пеw ways о{ [hinking and being. Meanwl1ile, formal networks wi[hin сl1е uпdегgгоuпd press mеапt [ha[ scenes rarely s[ayed "local" {or [00 long. "ELECTRICAL BANANAS"

67

Through а coordinated exchange of articles and information, altemative sub­ jectivities that arose in опе рап of the country could Ье guickly spread со others, thereby giving youths а sense of generational росепсу, а feeling that their movement was something тоге than just the sum of irs parts,lO BRIEFLY TOUTED AS BRIТAIN'S ANSWER со ВоЬ Dylan, the Scottish-born folk balladeer Donovan released the single "Mellow Yellow" in Ешоре in November 1966, and it was released stateside in January 1967,11 The short, jazzy song featured а whispered refrain from Paul McCartney, and it contained the lyrics "E-lec-trical Ьапапа ! Is gonna Ье а sudden craze ! E-lec-rrical Ьапапа / Is bound (о Ье the very next phase I They саН it Mellow Yellow." According со rock critic Jirn DeRogatis, "The tune was inspired Ьу the rumor that уои could get high smoking dried Ьапапа peels."12 Вщ in fact Donovan's song predated the first documented mention of the Ьапапа rumor Ьу several months, and еуеп during its heyday in 1967, сЬе lyric's inrended meaning was subject со speculation, When NеШSUJееk magazine claimed that "Вапапа highs were heralded Ьу the British рор singer Donovan," а reader wrote back with а correction. l ' "Donovan is а fan of the Youngbloods, а new rock group ощ of Califomia," she claimed, "Said group has ап [electric} organist . , . Ьу the пате of Вапапа. That is where Donovan got [the phrase} electrica! Ьапапа. "1 j Meanwhile, Donovan stoked curiosity about the song Ьу refusing со answer апу guestions about it. "People asked те аН the time," he recaHed. In reply, he would sirnply smile and sing the chorus: 'ТЬеу саН те МеНо\у Yellow."15 Вис Donovan еуепсиаНу confessed that the Iyric was а sly reference со а yellow electric vibrator that he sa\v advertised in the back pages of а magazine-a plausible claim, seeing as double entendres figшеd in other Donovan songs from the era, most notably "Superlungs" CShe's only fourteen Ьис she knows how со draw").16 ТЬе сгие origins of the Ьапапа fad are пос well kno\vn.:' Ву some fluke, the first printed reference connecting bananas, drugs, and the avanr-garde probably appeared in the quasi-pornographic poetry journal Fшk УОll: А Magazine о/ the At,ts, wшсh was опе of the few radical papers of the era that was truly ап underground publication. Crudely mimeographed onto colorful granatext and wire-stitched Ьу hand, its masthead boasted that it was "EDIТED, PUBLISHED & PRINTED ВУ ED SANDERS АТ А SECRET LOCATION IN ТНЕ LOWER EAST SIDE, NEW YORK CIТY U,S.A,"18 According со роесгу critic John Palattella, it "was available just at а БтаН number of stores, hidden behind the counter, and only those in the know could find it."19 In Мау 196з, Sanders dedicated Volume 3, Number ') of Fшk Уои to, among other things, "dope thrill Ьапапа гitеs."Ю The magazine

68

1

SMOKI:"(,

TYPEWRIТERS

\vas always fuH of in-jokes (шапу of them very crude) Ьщ Sanders left по clues as (о what tl1is curious еuгп of phrase шау have шеап(. In апу еуепс, ehe Great Вапапа Ноах originated in California in late 1966, the уеаг that Ronald Reagan was elected Governor, Walt Disney died, and гЬе ВеасЬ Boys gave up their striped sruпs, Pendlerons, and suгfboards со record Ре! 501lndJ, their vaguely psychedelic orсhеsпаl-рор masterpiece аЬош lost innocence. This was also when LSD began со garner а great deal of luгid media atrenrion (alehough paradoxically, сЬе drug was mostly а рЬе­ пошепоп among сЬе Ыр intelligenesia). While some of сЬе era's most impor­ сапе drug-inspired rock masterpieces were released in 196) and 1966 (among гЬеш, ВоЬ Dylan's BI'inging [! 11/1 Back Hr;me and Highu'ay 61 Rel1isited and сЬе Beatles' R"b!Jer 50,,! and Rez'olt'er), these records generally struck а рге­ psychedelic consciousness. As literary professor Nick Вroшеll put it, "Rock 'п' roll brought psychedelics into popular culture еуеп {ог the miШопs of Americans who never knew \vhat marijuana smelled like."22 АН of which is со say сЬас а certain па'ivеtе аЬош drugs, along with а giddy sепsе of a\ve anr:l wonder ас their possibilities, probably fueled сЬе first experimenrs in Ьапапа smoking. "Counrry" ]ое McDonald, leader of the Вау Агеа jug band Counrry ]ое and (Ье Fish, and his drummer, Gary "Chicken" Hirsh, аге primarily responsible for setting (Ье Ьоах in motion. McDonald recalls (Ьас wЫlе dгiviпg со а show ас гl1е Kirsilano Theater in Vancouver, Canada, "Ош drummer ... said Ье had jusr figuгed ош гl1ас Ьапапа peels have [chemical] qualiries similar (о marijuana. His rheory was сЬас if уои dried ош а Ьапапа рее! and smoked (Ье \vrute pulp оп сl1е underside, you \vou!d get higl1. Аг сl1е time, гЬе band was living оп peanut-butter-and­ Ьапапа sandwiches. АН сЬе ingredients were сЬеар. We were just tl1rowing сЬе away, 50 this sounded like а great idea."2J No doubt, Hirsh's suggestion (о smoke Ьапапа peels sounds peculiar, Ьиг it was merely опе episode in his long history of experimentation witl1 folk recipe5 for getting high. Previously, he'd Ьееп interested in scorch Ьгоош (Cyrisus scoparius), а noxious, \veedy shrub rhat's commonly found оп California roadsides. In гЬе mid- 1 960s Hirsh filled dozens of mason jars with scotch broom, carefully labeling each оЕ' гЬеш according со гl1е location and date that гЬе weed was picked. Sometimes Ье simply dried ош various parts of сЬе plant before Ье smoked it; other times Ье cured it in brandy first. But Ье never got it го work. "1 was sure 1 was just preparing it \vrong," Ье later said. Опсе Ье пiеd getting high Ьу chewing оп а nasal-decongestanr inhaler; anorher time he асе а huge amount of сЬе pickling spice тасе. Hirsh decided to experiment with bananas after hearing somewhere that сЬеу conrained пасе amounts of а chemical that acted as а "пагшаl tranquilizer." When Ье "ЕI.ЕСТRIСЛI. ВЛJ<-;АNЛS"

69

recalled that his family had long llsed bananas as seemed "almost 10gical."2~

а

bedtime relaxant, the idea

So before their performance, COllntry Joe and the Fish bOllghr some bananas, scraped ош the pith inside the peels, and laid it Ollt (о dry in the back юот of а nearby head shop. Later they smoked rhe Ьапапа peels like joints, according to plan ... bllt they also drank from а bottle of water back­ stage in which someone had "jllst dissolved а hllndred tabs of LSD." When the acid-laced water took its effect, the band members тау have аtrriЬшеd their high (о tl1e bananas. Or they тау have Ьееп clowning arollnd. lп апу еуеnt, COtlntry Joe remembers everyone saying, "Мап, this shit is [еаllу working! l'т getting [еаl1у ripped! This sшff is incredible!"lS Hirsh recalls the scene as ''hysterically [нппу, "26 Soon afterward, they геtшпеd to the Вау Асеа (о play at а benefit concert [ог the legalization of marijtlana, at which the band passed Otlt htlndreds of Ьапапа joints and told the crowd that l" Ьапапа peels cOllld get уон high. То this day, McDonald says he really believed what he was saying, whereas Hirsh admits he was "pretty stoned most ()f сЬе time anyway {so] derermining the effectiveness of smoking Ьапапа skins was pretty tOtlgh." Nevertheless, he remembers "jllSt rllnning arotlnd telling everyone rhat i( worked .... Еуеп if it didn'r work, it was great [нп. "18 А few months larer, оп March 3, I967, the Ьапапа штог was dissemi­ nated in prinr for the first very first time in the Berkeley Bayb--опе of the earliest, best kno\vn, and most inf1tlential tlndergrollnd newspapers of the 1960s.29 Ed Denson, who wrote а regtl!ar ffillsic со!нтп for the ВауЬ and a!so served as COllntry Joe and the Fish's manager, said that the night before, whi!e "fee!ing mellow," he !it HP а Ьапапа joint. Не added that he'd Ьееп "tllrned оп to bananas" while in Vancotlver, and offered а recipe for trans­ forming Ьапапа pith into а marijllana-like sllbstance. ОП а cheeky reference со rhe incident described аЬоуе, he added that the joints cOllld Ье smoked "with 50 mg. of acid swallowed.")\O Denson says he always knew the recipe was speciolls. "1 \vas ftllly invo!ved in perpetrating the hoax when 1 wrote that artic!e," he later confessed. il Вш in сЬе уесу same isstle of the ВауЬ, ап нпнsна! !etter со the editor appeared, from someone \vho reportedly saw ап tlndercover officer from the Berke!ey Police Оерагстеп! "lшkiпg in the fresh prodllce section" of а loca! grocery store. "1 wotlld gtless that they have Ьееп assigned (о observe persons bllying !arge qllanrities of bananas," the writer claimed. Не wenr оп со explain thar bananas have p$ychoactive properties, and he predicted that possession of large amotlnts of Ьапапа$ wOllld $ООП Ьесоте а crimina! offense. The !etrer was signed "А careftl! shopper and Со-ор member."\2

70

I

SMOКING TYPEWRIТERS

We'll probably never know who rhis "careful shopper" was (Denson says it wasn't him). Possibly someone else ас the Barb helped со perperuate the rLlSe, but тоге likely, word аЬош bananas had already hit the srreer. Larer in rhe week, rhe San Fl'ancisco Chronicle carried the banner headline "Kicks for Hippies: The Вапапа Тиrn-Оп." "Bananas-the ordinary bananas found in every grocery score-may Ье the new trend in the psychedelic world," the article proclaimed. The sensationalized piece гесоuшеd the "careful shopper's" ,шопуmОU5 letter со the Barb and еуеп included а guote from а Berkeley police chief, who denied having undercover СОр5 assigned со апу 'оса! рro­ dllce sections. "We've heard аЬош the Ьапапа eflect Ьис don't believe it," he said. Nеvепhеlеss, the story prompted ап immediate run оп bananas. Тl1e day the scory broke, McDonald scoured the prodllce dерапmепts ас 'оса! stores before Бпаllу concluding, "УОll couldn't get а Ьапапа in the Вау Area rhat day.";~ His search was fruitless. THOSE WHO WOULD DOWNPLAY the cOllnterClllture's sllbversive power typi­ саНу poinr ОllС that the youth rebeIlion was triggered "ас least as mllch Ьу developments in mass clllture ... as changes ас the grassroots."35 That is, because the mоvеmеш was led Ьу rock stars and celebrity icons, whose mes­ sages were transmitted Ьу Ыт, television, and radio, the borders between populist rebellion ("аurhешiс") and commodified trend C'fake") are thought со Ье impossible со delineate. In this instance, it doesn't take а sleurh ro роiш ош that а certain атОllПС of artifice was bllilr inro the banana-smoking rllmor (юm rhe beginning. Afrer аН, ir was а hoax. And althollgh Donovan never intended "Меllо'\у Yellow" as а massive рш-оп, it is hard со imagine bananas could have caprured so mllch of the СОllпtеГСllltшаl imagination if the song hadn'r Ьееп soaring throllgh the airwaves. ,6 ВllС as Time magazine conceded, the Ьапапа rllmor "guickly passed arollnd the llndergrollnd through such newspapers as Manhattan's East Village Other and the Bel'keley Barb"-papers whose adversarial ourlook and political mission were fairly explicit. " Wrote опе scholar, "Shattering received Сllltшаl рапеms-iп 'оуе and war, in work, in matters о( the mind and spirit-was the annOllnced ршроsе of the under­ ground press." Ас the most basic level, papers performed this function Ьу atruning readers to 'осаl happenings that helped со define the Ыр commllnity, inclllding trends, protests, rallies, concerts, and readings. Ап Kllnkin опсе described the Freep as а "рiсtше frame that fills llР each week with what the community is doing, Information аЬОllС community services-sllch as free clinics, yourh hostels, and food ог clothing co-ops-mingled with praetical tips and gllidelines оп how со hitchhike, where со hang ош, ог what dшgs (о take "I'LECTRlCAL ВЛNЛNЛS"

71

(ос avoid). Jeff Shero, who after contributing to the Raf!, Ьесате editor of а militant New York organ called the Rat, said rhat "шр survival informacion"

\vas that paper's "most popular fеаturе."И In addition to acting as сотти­ nity switchboards, almost аН uoderground newspapers featured book, record, reviews, and еуеп advice соlumпs, such as the Washington Free Press's

апd бlт

"Oear General Marsbars" (which focused оп draft resistance) and сЬе sупdi­ cated "Oear Ос. Нф Pocrates," (where Eugene Schoenfeld, ап actual doctor, answered

guеstiопs

about health, drugs, and sexuality that the mainstream

prints could scarcely Ьауе fathomed),4l As опе uпdегgгоuпd press reader рис it in а letter to сЬе editor, "Were it пос for сЬе existence of papers like [Oetroit's} Fi/th Estate and its continuous airing of certaio issues, ics fresh way of lооkiпg ас movies апd сЬе space it provides for news of crucial orgaoi­ zations and where со find сЬет, ioterest io these matters might wane and Ье forever los(.''-12 Another writer told сЬе staff of Madison, Wisсопsiп's Соnnес­

tions, "While

уош рарес

is 5till

before it reaches the

сопsistепt

Prm, 1 тщс thank

уои

area}."

Не

[for

уоuпg [апd}

it

\уill

high guality of сЬе Barb ос

Ьгiпgiпg а lеft-wiпg

suggested, however,

probably

сЬас сЬе рарес

сЬе

viewpoint

"add

а sесtiоп

Ье

some time

Los Angeles F"ee со

the

...

Маdisоп

listiпg

upcoming activities рlаппеd Ьу сЬе various hippie and activist groups campus. 1 feel this would Ье а great service со сЬе campus community.

the оп

1'.1О5С uпdегgrouпd newspapers ran such listings, Ьш сЬеу were тосе thап just community bulletins; they also projecced а culture, епhапсiпg identities,

affirming social scyles, and molding Jerty Rubin

ехрlаiпеd,

"Part of сЬе

а

local avant-garde. As media activist

uпdегgrouпd

press's role was

со

... define

ап

alternative community and give it а voice and а сопsсiоusпеss and ап iden­ ticy. It did those things pretty well. Uoderground papers 'Ъаd а lot [о do

with keeping people plugged in in сЬе

сЬас

period," апоthег activist recalled.

In

spring of 1967, сЬе East Village Other (EVO) received а letter to the editor а

from

New Yorker !iving temporarily in Georgia.

"Уои тау пос kпоw

it,"

Ье

said, "but уощ publication is ту опlу бсаре со the шр scene. , .. Уои сеаllу don't kпоw what {С means just со read аЬоис .. , сЬе off-the-wall hаррепiпgs in New York."46 Ву

the time of сЬе Ьапапа rumors, other local undergrouod papers were likewise well positioned со report оп tгепds сЬас were hаррепiпg iп faraway parts of the country-bur this hadn't always Ьееп the case. ТЬе огigiпаl uпdегgгоuпds of the 19605 iпitiаllу focused аttепtiоп оп their own сотти­ nities. When Kunkin founded the Free PreJs, Ье wanted to bring together

local poets, artists, and сЬе habirues of tl1e area's coffee housesY 1'.1ichael Kindman spearheaded сЬе Рареу "iп sоmеthiпg of а void," as а "rather limited alternative" со 1'.1ichigan State Uпivегsitу's campus пеwsрарег.4В Oreyer's 72

I

SMOKI"G TYPEWRIТERS

announcement for сЬе Rag stressed purely local concems. ТЬе Seed declared itself "the voice of' сЬе Chicago underground."19 Of гЬе ВауЬ, editor Мах Scherr said, "We Ьауе (о Ье of ош own community (Ьу addressing} indige­ nous issues. "50 Еуеп (Ье EVa, which was Ьоm in (Ье media capital of (Ье \vorld, trumpeted its provincial mission in its first issue; ir would сасег "со сЬе new citizenry of сЬе East Village."S1 А;;; а reslilt, сЬе рарег:> inirially grew in relative isolation from (Ье осЬег bohemian enclaves that were taking shape in осЬег regions. Although histo­ rians аге fond of ceferring (о ап overarching "youth community" in (Ье 19605, before сЬе advent of сЬе underground press, (Ье уошЬ revolt was marked тоге Ьу fragmentation [Ьап cohesion. Local struggles were [Ье primacy cat­ alysrs for change, and small grolipS the dominant social unit. New5 in сЬе underground traveled slowly and fitfully. Head shops and оffЪеаt bookstores typically carried radical papers from оис of town, but just as often infor­ mation spread Ьу word-of-mouth. Returning from а cгoss-country sojourn lП I966, Kindman recalled feeling like ап "ambassador from а developing national counterculture, bringing news of [Ье furure back [о ту provincial homeland. When а cluster of undergrolind рарег:> banded together со form сЬе Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) in ]нпе I966, however, the radical рарег:> literally multiplied their potential audience. UPS sirnply facilitated [Ье exchange of articles, news stories, and reviews among underground papers, and it drew а broad range of New Left, cOlinterculture, and youth­ oriented рарег:> into its fold.)4 Walter Bowart, а fOlinder of сЬе EVa, and two of Ы:> close compatriots, Alan Katzman and John Wilcock, were responsibIe for getting сЬе Syndicate off сЬе ground. Wilcock says Ье сате HP with сЬе пате "UPS" while huddled оуег а typewriter in the рарег':> Tompkins Square office, drafting а statemen[ announcing сЬас [Ье na[ion's first wave of under­ ground рарег:> had agreed [о begin cicculating еасЬ othec's material. "1 сот­ mented that ту adolescent idols [had} Ьееп сЬе рарег:> of сЬе Fcench maqJi.is, сЬе underground resistance group whose propaganda leaflets urged continlied resistance со сЬе German occupiers. We all agreed [Ьас though а little grandiose, it was ап appropriate image for а new Fuck Censorship press in а supposedly free society,',j) Certainly UPS arrived ас а propitious moment. Within six months, some twenty-five тоге рарег:> were founded, аН of which ioined UPS. Collecrively, their circulation ас сЬе beginning of I967 was around 250,000, although, as опе record executive observed, рарег:> of this суре had "а tremendous pass-along readership.">O "Underground publishing continues со Ье опе of [Ье SliCCesS stories of [Ье уеаг," Wilcock boasted. "Hardly а day goes Ьу \vithош new papers proliferating."s' "ELECTRICAL IJANANAS"

73

Despite its formidable

пате,

the "Underground Press Syndicate" wasn't

without its problems; it described itself, in

а

classic oxymoron, as an "anar­

chistic organization," and later in the decade it was nearly rent asunder in

а

power strugglе. Its staff turned over several times, and its more ambitious goals of linking papers with Telex machines, soliciting national advertising 5Я

revenue, and assisting in underground press distribution never got very far. There were also allegations of ego-tripping, financial mismanagement, and bad faith, and in March 1968 Wilcock found it necessary to apologize ro member papers, declaring, "In short, the whole operation has been thor­ oughly fucked Up."59 А bit later, when journalist Ethel Romm was research­ ing an article оп the underground press, she spoke with several editors who told her UPS was "in ЕтЬо."60 Nevertheless, testimonials from underground writers suggest that UPS coordinated the exchange of papers fairly well. Kindman recaHed that membership in UPS

'OЬrought

immediate benefit to

us, in the form of а wealth of interesting articles available for reprinting, as аН of the member papers began exchanging copies with one another. "61 Even

underground papers overseas joined UPS. The year 1966 saw the birth of Europe's first underground newspaper, Internationa! Tirm:s (it), which cofounders Вапу

Miles andJohn Hopkins modeled оп EVO and the Руеер. "It was wonderful

ro have а

ту

work reprinted across the world, to see something as mundane as

record review appear in а paper from Minneapolis or an essay translated into

Dutch or Swedish," Miles recalled. 62 Ву circulating texts, graphics, and comics from newspapers suddenly

аЫе

аН

across the country, the underground papers were

to take their readers

оп а

much larger cultural journey than

they had originally envisaged. In addition to linking geographically separated communities, the under­ ground press was also emerging in late 1966 as the youth movement's most important means of internal communication. Unlike most mass media lets, underground papers frequently encouraged

а

ош­

"horizontal" conversation

among their readers. That is, rather than always showcasing the thinking and writing of privileged elites, underground rags typically opened their pages to anyone with the wherewithal to write аЬош something. Kunkin even went so far as to describe his Руее Press as а "reader-written paper."6' Editors rarely exercised the discretion that their title implied, for fear of being labeled "elitist" or "professional."64 As АЬе Peck explained, "for an editor to unilat­ erally spike сору in the underground press was generally seen as an ego trip rather than а reasoned judgment."65 Although а few notable personalities played key roles in the banana hoax, the most important purveyors of the rumor were ordinary participants in the youth revolt who simply took advantage of their easy access to their community papers. 74

I

SMOKING TYPEWRIТERS

As NewJweek later recounted, underground papers started reprinting the БаrЬ's recipe for Mellow Yellow "(a}lmost before апуопе could рееl а Ьапапа."66 The hoax made its way со Texas via two newspapers, the Austin Rag and Dallas's Notes /уот (Ье Undergrolmd. The Rag гергiшеd the "careful shopper's" letter со the ВауЬ, as well а giddy piece from the San Francisco Oracle that began "Вапапа Sunshine! The Ьапапа i5 for real," and \vent оп со make а variety of comically pedantic pseudoscientific claims аЬоис bananas CThe рееl contains arterenol, а sympathomimetic agent that i5 al50 found in rhe human body, in the adrenal meduala (SiC}").6 7 Meanwhile, editors ас the Dallas Note5 smoked bananas themselves со see if the rumor was rrue and concluded (in print) that it was. 68 А writer for the Spokane Natural surveyed several friends who smoked bananas and reported that their experieoces ranged widely; а few experienced "по effect or (а} t!ery mild effect," whereas ot11ers said it was "better than grass-acid-or-DMT"69 Marvin Garson of the Vi!lage Vaice also smoked а Ьапаоа joint and reported "it was identical in its effects со аЬош half а joint of second-rare рос" But he predicted that before long, underground pharmacologists would perfect recipes for high-grade Ьапапа powder, "and then the fun will begin."7 0 Two ЕУО editors fibbed that {Ьеу were the ones who had discovered psychoactive рroрепiеs in bananas. 7 ! АЬЫе Hoffman (still going Ьу "АЬЬосс" at the time) passed along his own personal [есфе in the Warcester РиnсЬ. "Bananas are the new craze," he said. "Mellow Yellow-the word's ош.""2 Detroit's Fi/th Estate reprinted а recipe for Mellow Yellow that first appeared in the Las Angeles Руее Руен. "Уе5, Ьапа­ napowder works," it proclaimed. "Two or three bombers will get уои stoned out of уош skull. А toke or а joint will give уои а beautiful subrle *mellow* high-Makes rhe universe into а rranquil delight for ап hour!" The article al50 reported that Larry Starin, а twепtУ-5iх-уеаг-оld California transplant, had perfected а recipe for Ьапапа powder and was turning а quick profit selling it in Berkeley. 'Тт ashamed со admit 1 was selling marchboxes of Mellow Yellow for as much as fifteen dollars," he said. Later, Srarin marketed his product via advertisements io the ВауЬ.'3 Several papers also [ап advertisements from а сотрапу called Mellow Yellow, which sold "100% LEGAL, PURE BANANA." "Made Ьу hippies in SF's Haight-Ashbury," who mailed rheir producr "in beautiful psychedelic envelopes," the enterprise was said со Ье staffed with а lawyer, ап ассоuшапt, а prinrer, а wholesaler, and ап art director. 74 Elsewhere, merchants sold yellow pipes that were made to resemble bananas and T-shirts emblazoned with the Ыие 10go of the United Fruit Company."j Someone also designed а poster that parodied Grant Wood's famous "American Gothic" painting, recasting the staid Iowans as hippies; instead of а pitchfork, the farmer is holding а ELECTRICAL BANANAS"

75

sign rhar reads "Up the Esrablishmenr," and, in his lefr hand, а Ьапапа wirh а sticker rhat says "Меllо."7 6 Before long, "mellow yellow" was being used Ьу underground press wrirers as ап adjecrive (а record reviewer for rhe Washingron Free Prm referred со rhe "luscious mellow yellowness оЕ rhe vocals" оп МоЬу Grape's debur album) and as а proper noun (ю describe Ьапапа powder itself, as well events where people gathered (о smoke it. For instance, Berkeley undergrads reporredly gathered оп сЬе steps оЕ Sproul НаН for "а mass Mellow Yellow.">", Some people even made up banana-themed ditties, such as: "1 went shopping ас сЬе А & Р/ Вш сЬеу didn't have апу grass or LSD i So 1 peeled а Ьапапа and got so high / 1 thought 1 \vas actually going со fly."-~ Mosr underground papers seemed well aware оЕ their ability ro generate excitement; а соттоп cliche was сЬас "while сЬе Neu' York Times was report­ ing history, сЬе alternative press was involved in creating history."-9 Мах Scherr, editor оЕ сЬе Barb, recalled. "We'd plant small articles in (Ье paper saying There's а rumor сЬас something is going со Ьарреп оп Telegraph Avenue Friday ас two o'clock.' So people would show up оп Friday ас t\VO СО see what would Ьарреп, someone would say, 'Неу, let's close off сЬе street,' and something U'ou/d Ьарреп. "80 But in addition со self-consciously spreading сЬе Ьапапа гшпог, undergrollnd newspapers also reported оп how сЬе рЬе­ потепоп spread across (Ье cOllntry with Ьопа fide news sюгiеs, which were considerably more revealing (Ьап those that appeared in (Ье mainstream press. SDS described (Ье Ьапапа fad in its official organ, Neu' Left Note5. 81 ТЬе Chicago Seed reprinted (Ье entire text оЕ (Ье aforementioned speech Ьу Rep. Frank Thompson, who jokingly called for Congress со "move qllickly (о stop (Ье sinister spread of Ьапапа smoking."H2 ТЬе Rag devoted its front page со сЬе misadventures of two YOllng Texans who тау have Ьееп сЬе опlу people ever arrested for possession of dried Ьапапа pith. Plllled over while speeding, сЬеу \vere callght trying со hide а pipe and а tin foil wrapper that contained (Ье brown, powdery substance ("lt's bananas, sir. ") Hauled off со jail, interro­ gated, and held overnight, (l1еу were бпаllу released after а Dallas narcotics officer explained (Ье new Ьапапа шmог (о (Ье arresting officerY Тl1е 110ах also callsed а stir during (Ье Gentle Thuгsday celebrations at (Ье U niversi (у of Texas. These events being а constant sошсе of aggravation (о campus officials, опе UT administrator balked when Austin's SDS cl1apter asked (Ье llniversity to formally sanction опе of (Ье Gentle Thursdays. "While there is по objection to approved organizations promoting cordiality, friendshi р, and gentleness оп сатрщ, (Ье U niversity саппоС approve сl1е proposed 'Gentle Тhшsdау,'" read ап official statement. Тl1е reason;> Some of (Ье planned activi ties, inclllding "mellow yellow, еп masse, аll over саШРllS" were "соо vague" and "could пос Ье sanctioned Ьу the University." Naturally, 76

i

SMOKIN(;

TYPLWRIТERS

rhe Rag made great sport ofUTs obstinacy.

"1Е the

Administration's intent is

ro prohibit а mellow-yellow light-in, опе must appreciate their forthright­ ness in becoming the first official body in the United States ro Ьап Ьапапа smoking," said опе writer. "1Е, оп the other hand, their objection is [о lack clarity, this certainly represents а revolutionary departure from previous U niversi [у policy. "H~

оЕ

[о

The hoopla around electrical bananas probably owed much оЕ suggestion;

that is, it seems plausible

[о

the power

someone in а sufficiently receptive

state оЕ mind that smoking bananas could cause а mild high or а relaxed disposition. But this scarcely begins ro explain the comical, еуеп absurd enrhusiasm with which young people touted bananas-to the point where, as mentioned mock

аЬоуе, а

Ьапапа" опсе

"raggle-taggle

тоЬ

brandishing

а

giant

з-fооt

long

snake-danced through New York's Central Park, chanting

"Ва-пап-а! Ва-пап-а! Ва-пап-а!"

as they were "cheered

оп Ьу

girls wearing

Ьапапа crowns, while опе student, dressed in а yellow slicker, tried [о pass himself оЕЕ as the biggest Ьапапа оЕ them аН."85 At а "Ьапапа [аНу" in

Washington Sguare Park in Greenwich Village, someone reportedly sat

аroр

а

bronze statue оЕ the famous engineer Alexander Lyman НоНеу and "sang calypso praise ro the Ьапапа godS."86 Еуеп though bananas lacked hallucino­ genic properties, they were intoxicating bewilder, and irritate defenders

оЕ

[о

yourhs for the ability ro bemuse,

the established culture.

First, the simple fact that bananas were legal (and, unlike marijuana, could not plausibly Ье made illegal) seemed delightful. 1t is probably not а coincidence that the counterculture took shape at а time when America's marijuana laws were most severe. H- Sociologists have noted that as drug use rose in the 1960s, "ап increasing number оЕ college youth experienced harass­ ment Ьу officials. Such repression led ro а delegitimation оЕ institutional authority, radicalizing yourh along the way."H8 As а Fi/th Estate writer observed in December 1966, drug laws against marijuana had the perverse effect оЕ criminalizing the behavior оЕ "thousands оЕ innocent, truth-seeking people who otherwise have

по

connection with the world

оЕ

crime."89 Jerry

Rubin said much the same thing in his manifesto Do It-' "As pot-heads we сате Еасе

ro Еасе with the [еаl world оЕ cops, jails, courts, trials, undercover narcs, paranoia and the war with our parents. Ап entire generation оЕ flower­ smokers has Ьееп tumed inro criminals."90 Meanwhile, growing legions оЕ people who actually used drugs couldn't help but grimace at the painful

соп­

rortions оЕ fact and logic that accompanied official statements about them. А Washington Руее Press writer noted that such govemmentspeak was аН the more "painful because growing numbers prison because оЕ such ignorance."91

оЕ

young people are suffering in

"'ELECTRICAI. BANANAS"'

77

What's тоге, in the early I960s, marijuana was stilllinked in the public imagination with Mexican immigrants, роог blacks, jazz musicians, and beatniks-minorities and suЬсultшеs that seemed threatening to main­ stream America. 92 Bananas, оп the other hand, were ubiquitous; here youths found а potentially cotrupting influence оп American life right оиt in the ореп. Thus we find the undisguised glee with \vhich тапу of tl1em greeted the Ьапапа rumors. "Оо you realize what this means? Оо you / " the Lus Angeles Руее Руен asked. "Everybody сап get high, anytime they want ro fют now оп!-You сап light up а Ьапапа joint in the street, аС rhe freakout, in public, anywhere, anywhere, wheee!"9; АЬЫе Hoffman was like\vise enamored. Вапапа highs were "legal, cheap, and you сап blow уош mind оп the process alone," he said. "Just think of it, United Fruit Сотрапу peddles dope!"94 In his Voice colllmn, Marvin Garson jovially wrote аЬОllС how electrical bananas could Ье used со taunt the police. If а policeman еуег stopped а YOllth со ask what he ос БЬе was smoking, the сееп could reply "It's аН right, officer, Гт just smoking bananas. I smoke 'ет to get lJiglJ. у{)и knou'."9j So profollnd was the YOllth шltше's skepticism regarding officia! pro­ nOllnCeffients against drugs that ОПе tшdегgгоuпd press writer sketched а sophomoric ОПе-асс play in response со the FDA's attempts ro sink the Ьапапа штогs. In it, "Lyndon Straight" encollnters his friend "Timothy Hippie," who is lying down in his арагстеnt, smiling pleasantly. Thinking he knows what's llр, Straight БаУБ, "1 thought УОll didn't have апу рос." "1 don'r, Гт flying оп bananas." "Oh соте оп!" Straighr replies. "Уои know whar the FDA said abollt bananas." "1 know, bur I'm still stoned оиt of ту skull," Hippie says. Ас this, Straight tшпs indignant. "Now do you think а responsible gov­ еrnтеnt agency would mislead the Arnerican public) ... Now look, they had this сеа1 scientific test with all kinds of equipment." Вш Straight's remarks fall upon deaf еаГБ. Timothy Hippie is too zonked to follow the conversation ОГ offer а coherent reply; instead Ье drifts in and out of consciousness, loses track of time, announces that he has "the munchies," and mistakes а пеагЬу pile of bananas for "weird looking snakes. "% A1so attracrive to уошhs was the degree to which the Ьапапа rumors seemed го bypass rational thought. That ЬапапаБ already held а some\vhat indelicare position in Arnerican Ьитог and wordplay was опе thing; t11e possibility tl1at they could get уои stoned was something else altogetl1er, and llippies delighted at tlle thought tllat something 50 healthy and соттоп­ placecould Ьеаsошсе OfSllCh worryand bemusemenr. In fusingavant-gardism and social agitation, Mellow Yellow's champions democrarized ап impulse exrending ас leasr аБ far back as сЬе lyricallefr of the early rwentietll сепtшу,

78

SblOKJNG

TYPEWRIТERS

I. t

t

even as сЬеу acred in а "counrerculrural mode" rhat "reveled in tangenrs, metaphors, unresolved contradictions [and} conscious ruptures оЕ logic and reason."9­ That bananas were deployed to signal а flouting оЕ conventional authoriry is clear. Said Newsweek, "ТЬе Ьапапа cult тау Ье а way to tease the police."98 Вис with сЬе help оЕ underground newspapers, the fad also contributed to ап informal process оЕ socialization, as Mellow Yellow smoke-ins brought people into proximity with опе another and provided ап arena where сЬеу could embrace new viewpoints. Ideals that were deeply felt in the New Left тау have Ьееп communicated to реорlе who were at first simply drawn to the рlауЕиl camaraderie that ftleled the Ьапапа Ьоах. ТО рис it another way, the Great Вапапа Ноах created а liminal space, а conceptual border area between the counterculture and straight society. In smoking а Ьапапа joint, Yotlths could participate in а hippie ritual without undertaking а significanr атоuпс оЕ risk. Meanwhile they entered а process where сЬе mundane spaces оЕ every­ day life were suddenly папsfогmеd into arenas for сиlсшаl experimentation. Underground newspaper coverage оЕ the Great Вапапа Ноах also reminds us оЕ the frequency with which сЬе expressive, aesthetic radicalism of сЬе hippies meshed with the strategic, political activism characteristic оЕ the New Left. Though there were exceptions at еасЬ end of сЬе spectrum, most underground papers were а pastiche of culture and politics. Arts, leisure, and lifestyle isstles shared сЬе page with hard-boiled political analysis of сЬе Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and various university reforms. Nevertheless, there were always some New Leftists who 100ked unfavorably ироп сЬе "revolutionary tourism" they perceived among cultural radicals, and it should Ье по surprise that in сЬе Ьапапа fad сЬеу perceived сЬе worst excesses of сЬе hippie movement. "Bananas, incense and pointing love rays со the Pentagon have nothing со do with redeeming America," journalist ]ack Newfield grumbled. 99 Аllеп Young, а left-wing jошпаlist who in 1967 was preparing to return со сЬе United States after ап extended stay in South America, received two letters from friends who warned тт аЬоur сЬе Ьапапа fad. "Bet you're going to Ье surprised with this barbarian country of yours," опе writer remarked. "For уош own sake уои must get acquainted with сЬе themes of current debate here, such as Ьапапа рее! [Ш-], hippies, еtс."IIЮ ln 1967 Todd Gitlin wrote а vinegary condemnation of сЬе whole Ьапапа craze for Liberation News Service, replete with statistics оп Ьапапа production versus revenue, unfair land-distriburion policies in South America, and the сопсеп­ trated power of сЬе United Fruit Сотрапу. 'These circumstances соте со mind whenever bananas are flaunted with humor or symbolic meaning, as а means of liberation," Ье wrote. нн Other underground journalists railed "ELECTR!CH ВЛКАNАS"

79

againsr

сЬе

ease \virh which counrerclllrural symbols morpl1ed inro commod­

ified rrends. For insrance, in June 1967, ЕУО [ап а carroon сЬас showed а police officer using а nighrsrick ro clear сЬе way for а long-haired hippie сусооп. As сЬе сор barks оис orders со "make way for сЬе psyclledelic mer­ сЬапс," сЬе enrrepreneur grins impishly, dreaming of сЬе топеу Ье'lJ make from "leather goods, posters, acid rock, books, head shops, and bananas. "1"2 Nevertheless, llnderstanding Вапапа Ноах

с1lе

underground press's role in

сЬе

Great

helps us gain а keener appreciation оЕ how these papers func­

tioned in с1lе youth revolt more generally. Ву acting in confederation, under­ ground newspapers could transform

10саl

БсеПб

or regional

into national

trends, thereby bringing а sense of cohesion and community со сЬе sprawling this instance, сЬе antics оЕ West СоаБС hippies \уеге exporred со scattered patches of bohemia аН across tl1e соuппу in just а few уоис1l [еЬеШоп. lп

тОПСЬБ.

Whether

(Ьеу

lived in large cities,

young people forged connectiol1s

со

БllЬШЬБ,

or in

сЬе

runterland,

distal1t ul1derground scenes througl1

radical ne\vspapers. As опе me
(Ье

1960$ were, "in

а

$ense,

соmтlшitу

l1e\VSpaper$,

Ьш

rheir commul1iries are socio-polirical rarl1er сЬап geograpruc. UI1
lп

self-col1sciollsly hypil1g сЬе Ьапапа fad-by eagerly passing along (Ье larest bananadine concocti0l15, Ьу celebrating Mellow Yellow smoke-ins, and even Ьу

providing Ыр

helped other

со

craft

(уреБ

тегсЬаnrБ

аl1

with space со a
Ьаl1аl1а

\vares-they

enrry poil1t into tl1e counrerculture. Alol1g wirh

of youth-огiепtе
сЬас

таl1У

were disCllssed in un
newspapers, Егот Gel1t!e Thursdays со gач;апtuаl1 rock festivals, Mello\v Yellows were relatively harmle5s (аl1а frequel1tly flll1) puЫic ceremonies where people enrered а domain оЕ shoulder-ro-shoulder sociability al1d cleare
elsewhere.

ТЬеу

exemplified а radical

Cllltше

al1d articulated

а

coherel1t

Бес

of values сЬас were ап altemative со mainsrream опе5. ТЬеу Бес 111 motiol1 ЫеаБ, trel1
to

make а claim 011 сЬе аttепtiоп of" сЬе уошЬ

Ьу реппiпg аl1

article for

сЬе

local commlll1ity news­

paper. Beginl1il1g in сЬе mid- 19605, the underground press was сЬе main public forum for discussion аЬоис сЬе meal1ing al1d
Ьу

80

SMOКING TYPE\\('];ITERS

allowil1g

сЬет to

spread ne\vs

аЬоис

evel1ts olltside of their

оwп

communities. With its assistance, underground newspapers functioned as vital institutional bases for radical political and aestl1etic communities. 1п their pages, tl1ey replicated the creativity, zaniness, humor-and tl1e other­ \vorldliness--of the youth movement ас large.

Postscript Country Joe and Donovan met оп Мау 10, 1997, in Cleveland, Ohio, ас the opening of the Rock and Roll НаН of Fame's first major temporary exhibi­ tion, "I Want То Take Уои Higher: The Psychedelic Era, 1965-1969," John Lennon's "Sgt. Pepper's" jacket, Тот Wolfe's handwritten notes for The Ele<'tt'ic Koo!-Aid Acid Test, а Jimi Hendrix set list-these were jusr some of буе hundred artifacts оп display in colorfuHy painted cabinets, Earlier in the day, both artists had performed some of their hits from the 1960s before а large audience; now they were seated beside опе another, signing aurographs. According со Donovan, this i5 when Country Joe leaned in and 5aid, crypti­ саНу, "It was те, тап." "What was уои?" "The Ьапапа thing." Donovan says that McDonald proceeded со сеН him how he and а few friel1ds from Haight-Ashbury actively plotted "to dupe the gullible media" Ьу spreading the false rumors аЬоис Ьа11апа peels. SaidJoe: "We just rhought it was а Ыс of fun, тап. Thel1 уои released Mellow Yellow the same \veek, and that was ir!"104 Соипссу Joe remembers the scene altogether differently. Не says that whel1 he тес Donoval1 in Cleveland, he seized the opportul1ity ro ask him а questiol1 that had percolated in the back of his mind for тапу years. Was "Mellow Yellow" аЬош smoking Ьапапа peels) Вис DOl1ovan proved еуесу Ыс as elliptical lП 1997 as in 1967. According со Country Joe, "Не looked ас те for а тотепс and said, 'Whac do уои think)' Не wouldn't say anything else. 1os

"ELECTRICAI. lJANA"AS"

81

4

"AII the Protest Fit to Print" The Rise of Liberation News Service

WHETHER ТНЕУ Ht\MMERED OUT PROSE оп сагЬоп-гiЬЬоп typewriters, pasted articles опсо layour sheets with гuЬЬег сетепс, ог hawked пеwsрарегs оп сопgеstеd streec соrпегs, most of those who Ьесате iпvоlvеd with the Llпdегgrouпd pres5 duriпg the 'асе 19605 approached cheir work wich а keen sense ofpolitical mission. While оп сЬе опе hапd remaining deeply епmеshеd iп the culrural stiггiпgs in their own communities, the era's literary demi­ mondes also conceived of themselves as crucial social agents who would сhап the Ne\v Left's progress, champion its goals, and-by establishing ап alter­ native media Llniverse that paralleled that of straight society-meet the Movement's demand for the creation of viable "соuпtегiпstitutiОI1S." These ideas exerted such оп the imaginations of guerrilla journalists that таl1У

of them wel1t аЬоис their work iп а feverish, euphoric rush. "Jt was а wOl1derful al1d аmаziпg circus," remini5ced опе 5uch writer. "There wa5 50 much со el1joy ас опе time ... thac we were overstimulated, livil1g in а srunned and prolonged ecstasy."l Еvеп less rhapsodic activists regarded сЬе rise of сЬе uпdегgrouпd press as а major accomplishment. After аН, New Leftists had long stressed the impor­ сапсе of роlitiсаlmеаш as well as el1ds; that is, rather than working witшп the left-\vil1g еstаblishmепt-wшсh was said со Ье teeming with labor Ьшеаuсгаts, fence-sitting incellectLlals, апd oLlt-оf-tоuсh politicial1s-the radical youths of the 19605 set ощ со build parallel iпstitшiопs апd counter structures embodying their OWI1 values.J Вис aside [roт "free universities"

,11at popped up in many ciries (and, larer, free medical clinics and varioLlS ,\'рб

of co-ops), the New Left's attempt

(о

build altemative institutions

tirsr did not go well. Ву tl1e mid-1960s, сепаiп social democrats were l,lmpooning rhe New Left's "go-it-aloneism," and some critics within the

.l[

\fovement began wondering whether ir might Ье berter ro пу ro папsfогm cXJsting institutions rather than creare ne\v ones.' But when hundreds of rad­ ,са!

newspapers flowered in every region of the соuппу in 1967 and 1968, they ,tood in rebLlke ro those who had downplayed the New Leti:'s porential. As one Lшdегgrouпd

newsman boasted, Ьу launching а media with irs own "alterna­ (ive views, interpretations, and values," the underground press aimed at nothing lt'Ss rhan the creation оЕ а "геvоlшiопагу consciousness" across the land. 1 The underground press began expanding dramarically following the for­ mation of the И ndergroLJnd Press Syndicare in 1966. But in late 1967 rhe radical media was bolstered

Ьу а

mucl1 more elaborare and visionary organi­

zation, Liberation Ne\vs Service (LNS).

А

kind of radical alrernative

(о

rhe

Associared Press, LNS aimed ro сеппаlizе newsgathering and dissemination ш rl1e underground media. From irs various hеаdguапегs-fiгst in Washington, DC, then in New York Ciry, and tl1en, briefly,

а

farm in Monrague, Massachu­

serrs, as \vell as Manhattan-LNS regularly sent packets of апiсlеs, editorials, photos, and political papers, and even

I

f

I

а

сапоопs

ro hundreds of college and community news­

fe\v radio srarions, who \vere free

(о

prinr (or broadcast) as

much of the marerial as rhey liked. As а result, LNS literally reached millions of readers.) In 1С)6С), а Neu' York ТillШ writer described LNS as "one of the few functional altemarives or counter institutions that The Movement has

рro­

duced. The t\VO, \vell-produced, \veekly packets of polirical news and radical anal ysis rhar L.N .S. mails

(о

nearl у 300 subscri bers are

а

princi ра! pillar of

tl1e И .S. underground press. "С That same year, а Rolling Stone геропег observed, 'These days ... rhe news service's material is carried in virtually every underground paper in the

И.S."

This chapter describes how LNS was created and rhen zeroes in

оп

its

coverage of two key evenrs in rhe New Lefr's hisrory-a famous anriwar rally at the Pentagon in Ocrober 1967 and а rebellion of Columbia Ипivегsitу students in April 1968. With rhis approach we LNS fLlnctioned as

а

сап

begin

(о

undersrand how

kind of radical lodestar in the late 1960s,

suрропiпg,

influencing, and inspiring the nation's lей-wiпg press, while strenuously and pugnaciously critiquing the mainstream media. Nor every LNS wrirer sl1ared the same undersranding of their journalistic mission,

Ьш

each agreed rhat

rhe straighr media was Lшfаiгlу biased in favor of tl1e established culrure, and that bourgeois journalisrs were generally uncomprehending of rhe ways rhat tl1ey disseminared highly politicized \vorldviews. In several of their flyers .HI, ТНЕ PROTEST E'IT ТО PRI:--JT'

83

and dispatches, LNS writers favorably quoted Andrew Kopkind, а former reporter for the Washington Post and Тime magazine, who began writing for the commercialleft-wing press in the mid- 1960s: In ways which journalists themselves perceive dimly or пос at аll, they аге bought or compromised, or manipulated into con6rming the of6­ cial lies: Not the little ones, which they delight in expasing, Ьис the big ones, which they do not normally think of as lies, and which they cannot distinguish fram the truth. 8 In а similar vein, VilIage Voice writer Jack Newfield stream (ог "сеntег") values as

опсе

described main­

the belief in welfare capitalism, God, the West, Puritanism, the Law, the family, ргорегсу, the two-party system, and perhaps m05t crucially ... the notian that violence i5 only defensible when employed Ьу the State. 1 сап'с think of апу White Ноше correspondent, ог пес­ work television analyst, who doesn't share these values. And at the same time, who doesn't insist he is tatally objective. And it is these assumptions-or prejudices-that prevent риЬ­ lishers and editors from understanding, ог even being ореп to, апу new reality that might Ье ап alteгnative со those assumptions. Potential alteгnatives аге buried deep inside the black liberation movement, the white new left, the counterculture of rock music, long hair, uпdегgrouпd newspapers and drugs, as well as in the попwhitе revolutionary movements in the third world. And it is these threatening and unfamiliar socia! movements that the mass media most systematically misrepresent. And it is their sympa­ thizers who are excluded from positions of real power within media hierarchies. 9 LNS staffers subscribed со these beliefs exactly. Everything that gave radicals саше for exuberance-the air of ехрегimепtаtiоп around the rock and drug scenes, the counterculture's promise of magical self-liberation, and the protest culture's anarchic antiauthoritarianism-was far Ьеуопd the ken of mainstream journalists. As such, they were said to Ье incapabIe of ade­ quately covering the youth геЬеlliоп. LNS's writers, however, claimed for themselves а kind of epistemic privilege, arguing that only those who shared their сulшгаl perspectives could truly appreciate what was happening in society, LNS's freewheeling and controversial cofounders, Marshall В!оот апd Raymond Mungo, both left ап iпdеliblе imргеssiоп оп early LNS, Ьш it 84

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bear5 remembering сЬаг outside сЬе сопсехс оЕ а rising social mоуеmепс, their еЕЕОПБ probably would пос Ьауе amounted со mисЬ. АБ Mungo explained in а 5pirited manitesro сЬас circulated in early 1968, "ВесаиБе there i5 а war in Viernam, ЬесаиБе there i5 а Stokely Carmichael, ЬесаиБе there is ап acrive Resisrance, rhere i5 also а new audience tor independent publicarion5, counrer-instirurions which сап Ье started anywhere Ьу persons оЕ high соmресепсе and serious commitment." "Ас lasr," Ье said trium­ phanrly, "оиг radical press, disparate and spread-out as it mау Ье, is standing оп ir5 own.":t, "ТНЕУ WERE А СURЮUS оио," опе wrirer said оЕ Marshall Bloom and Ray Mungo, "dope smoking, шр, Еиll оЕ fаг-ош incredulousne5s, уег terribly concerned аЬоис Viernam, гЬе шЬап crisis and politic5."ll Аг times, гЬе rwo were 50 inseparable гЬаг friends called гЬеm "B!ooMungo," rhough еасЬ had а formidable per50na!ity оЕ ШБ own. According ro David Eisenhower (гЬе grandson of former presidenr Dwighr D. Eisenhower), who was acquainted with Вloom when гЬеу ЬогЬ attended Amherst College, Вlooт was known around his alma mater аБ "а local hero ... а brilliant and resourceful figure in сЬе early daY5 оЕ campus activism in сЬе Northeast." Gradually, how­ ever, Eisenhower concluded сЬас Bloom was also erratic and "desperately confused."12 Meanwhile, Mungo won notoriery as сЬе impish and inflamma­ tory ediror of Boston UП1vегsiгу's (ВО) college newspaper, сЬе ви News. In 1967, College }ошпаliJf magazine fearured Mungo in а cover Бroгу titled, ''ТЬе СаБе оЕ сЬе Апgгу Young Мап from B05ton."I; Воrn 1П

1944, "Mad Marshall" Bloom grew ир in а in Denver, Colorado, гЬе son of' гЬе conservative owner

tопу оЕ а

neighborhood chain of- appli­

апсе

srores. Evidence suggesrs his childhood mау пог Ьауе Ьееп а Ьарру опе. 1n ап undated lerrer, опе of Bloom'5 older relatives rold him, "Up uпtil {age} 9, уош Dad was гоо busy with Ьusiпеss го spend mисЬ time with уои .... {HisJ busine5s апd (аmilу {problems} were soothed Ьу regularly hittiпg гЬе bottle, 50 duriпg ГШБ period, уои wirnessed and perhaps were расгу ro Боте uпрlеаsапг things iпvоlviпg уош dad."ll Nevertheless, Bloom

8

ог

was popular and precocious in high school. Не excelled in ШБ studies, im­ mersed himse!f in а blizzard оЕ extracurricular acriviries, and еуеп srarred ШБ own business-a fireworks srand. During ШБ sепiог year Ье edited his high school newspaper, ror \vhich Ье iпгегviеwеd his Ьеro, Senaror Вапу Goldwa­ ter. Yet those who kпеw Вloom in Denver also derected "а сеrrаiп socia! awkwardness" in his personality, "а lack оЕ grace" and feeling of"ineprirllde" rhat Ье "could neither hide пог compensate for." Not long after Ье matricu­ lared inro Amhersr College in 1962, his mother sепг шт а lепег сЬас "АН ТНе PROTEST сЕТ ТО PRINT

85

ominously referenced what she said was his "big рroЫет": Bloom was secretly gay. While ас АтЬегы, Bloom's politics swerved t'rom right to left. А:; а fresh­ man Ье created an organization, called Forum, which helped bring а wider variety оЕ speakers to campllS. In (Ье historic summer оЕ 1964 Ье traveled across сЬе South, where Ье got arrested ас а civil rights demonstration 1n St. Augustine, Florida, сошгiЬutеd to а liberal newspaper called сЬе SOllthm! Соиriег, and went to Alabama to research т:; senior thesis, "А Раrtiсiраш Observation Sшdу оЕ сЬе Аttiшdеs оЕ Selma Jews towards Integration." As editor оЕ (Ье Л1llhеrst Stlldent duting his senior уеаг, Ье doubled (Ье paper's size and expanded its scope (о incJude "issues from tlle worJd beyond Amherst: the war in Viernam, сЬе draft, civil rights [aod] сЬе existence оЕ poverty in America."'
86

this Cfucial moment, Marshall grabbed сЬе microphone and tried restore order, Ьис now it was impossible (о hear тт аЬоуе the SMOKl!'G

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ruckus, А тiпше larer сЬе doors were srormed, Ьщ сЬоsе of иs who lbld broken through didn'r learn for another тотепс сЬас а porter had collapsed in сЬе assault. 1 [ететЬег coming оис of сЬе Old Theater and seeing а тап spread ош оп (Ье flоос, (Ье crowd no\v hushed, and а few minutes later, а docror appeared and pronounced him dead, ТЬе newspapers сЬе пехс day said Ье had died from а heart attack. А сопепс of сопсroуеСБУ followed (Ье tragedy, After сатрш administra­ cors suspended Bloom and Adelstein, hundreds of students began ап eight­ day sit-in strike in сЬе school's main entrance hall in protest, and thousands more srudenrs from neighboring schools marched downtown, According со сЬе LondOll Times, сЬе dетопsпагiопs were "unprecedented in British uni­ versity history. "21 АпосЬег writer said сЬас "England was аН Ьис immobi­ lized as сЬе press , .. gave saturation coverage со сЬе sit-in,"22 According (о Mungo, (Ье lead editoria! of another paper, сЬе LШldоrz American, was head­ lined "Bloom, Go Ноте."2; Ас опе роiш during сЬе strike, В!оот stood before а massive studеш assembly со give а БреесЬ, Ьис when Ье approached сЬе microphone, Ье fell silent, and after а long, awkward pause, 'Ъе just stапеd sobbing.""' Soon thereafter, students narrowly voted со end the sit-in, and eventually the university rescinded В!оот's expulsion, Ву then, however, В!оот had already decided со [есшп со America со take а position as head of сЬе U .S, Srudent Press Association (USSPA). Опе of the first things he did ироп his arrival \уаБ give а lecture ас BU, ас the invitation of Ray Mungo, WllO \уаБ then winding ир his stormy (епше as editor of the ВU Neu'J. 25 Mungo hailed fют Lawrence, Маssасhusеш, jusr downriver from another famolls nonconformist, Jack Кеюuас. His father worked for а paper тШ for сшпу years "and loved it."26 His Roman Catholic parents, he said, were "hard\vorking, ordinary people," Slight of stature and perhaps а Ыс nerdy looking, Mllngo said Ье made а point of becoming "rhe smartest kid in school."T In eighrh grade, his father sllggested he might attend а ЬОУБ' seminary, Ьщ his mother-clearly the more perceptive parent-vetoed the idea ("ТЫБ Ьоу ... doesn't know а rhing аЬОllС women," sl1e thun­ dered. "When he's old enollgh со kno\v аЬоис women, he сап decide for himself if he wants со Ье а priest!"). 2~ She \уаБ llпаЫе со рсосесс шт, how­ еуес, from being sexllally abused Ьу а local priest when he \уаs twelve and сшгсееп уеасs old. "Не took те in сЬе гессосу, in the projection ЬоосЬ of the parish auditorium, in сЬе car, anywhere Ье cOllld and аБ often as l1е liked," Mllngo larer disclosed.c 9 1п 196з, when he entered BU, MLlngo wasn'r the least Ыс polirical. 1п fact, the very first day he arrived оп camplls, Ье \vas astonished со obsetve young socialists openly passing оис litегаtше.

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"1 rhoughr сЬас was illegal!" Mungo explained, "1 honesrly didn'r rhink people were allo\ved со Ье socialisrs ог communisrs in а pubIic \уау like rhar. "\О Almosr immediacely, Ье goc curned оп со marijuana, "Поре didn't really Ьесоте ап all-American preoccupation until I966 or I967," he later joked, "50 1 was а few years ahead in that departmenr."i! Meanwhile, Ье began spending time with "all these сооl ]e\vish kids Сгот Ne\v York," whose lеСс­ wing views he quietly absorbed. Ас the end оС his junior year, Mungo тап­ aged со win the сор spot ас the ви Neu'S, which he deliberately packed with whar he boasted was "the nation's т05С pinko editorial board."'2 The fol­ 10wing СаН, "all hell broke loose .... We used the paper as а highly political vehicle," Mungo said. "1с was а new сшsаdе еасЬ week."" According to Time magazine, MUllgo kept BU "in а cOllstant state оС nerves" durillg the I966­ school year.'j Writing for the Voia, media critic Nat НепtoСС called Mungo's рарег "rhe most extraordinary, relevanr, and campus-shaking ne\vs­ paper in ас least а decade."'j Others 5а\у it difIerently. А 10саl tabIoid, the Boston American RecOtd, [ап ап editorial suggesting сЬас Mungo Ье deporred со Cuba. i6 Опе reason Mungo drew 50 much attention i5 becau5e he was among сЬе hrst notabIe students (о pubIicly саll for President ]ohnson's impeachment. Harvey Wasserman, а former Лfiсhigаn Daily editor who later helped со estabIi5h LNS, recalled meeting Mungo for the hrst time ас а college pre5S сопСесепсе.

Ray \vas up оп а рапеl with key]ohn50n and Kennedy advisor5 Walt Rosrow, ]ohn Roche, and Richard Goodwin, to discuss (he \var in Viernam, which was just 5tarting (о get bad reviews. Ray gave а brilliant inf1ammatory speech against LB] and his bloody hoax, concluding with а demand for Uohnson's} impeachment. The student editors gasped with disbelief.... Goodwin, the Kennedy тап, waltzed in: "Now you all know 1 have strong disagreements with the way the ]ohnson adminisrration i5 pursuing the war in Viernam, But 1 hardly think апу sensibIe, serious American could endorse сЬе subsrance or (опе ОС Mr. Mungo's speech. Let's see now, how тапу оС you think the president should Ье impeached)H Four оС us raised ош hands. Ray and 1 looked ас each осЬег and Ьесате friends. ,­ I.ater оп, when the ви NeU'J likewise called for ]ollnson's impeach­ Mungo claimed (Ьас the university's president, Harold С. Case, "ас­ tually telegrammed every single member оС congress , .. со [еа55ше them (Ьас сЬе average studеш ас Bosron U niversiry i5 пос а /щking maniac like теш,

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Raymond Mungo."iH Another time, after the local draft board called ~Iungo for his preinduction physical, some six hundred people "turned out .Н (l1е gates of the Boston Army Base ... and watched him stand оп the llOOd of а сас, (еас ир his induction papers and cast them into the frigid :oasral wind.";Y Ву the time he was twenty-one, the "slight, bespectacled" Mungo had ~ained "the confidence of being расс of something larger than himself." The power of rhe ЬаЬу Ьоот generation, the beginning of а global тоуетепс .lgainsr the Vietnam War, and LSD's magical effects "left Mungo self-assured, еуеп cocky."40 Ап ошstапdiпg student despite the extremely long hours he \\'orked each week ас the рарес, he was awarded а full scholarship to рШБие graduate study in English literature at Harvard and was just аЬоllt to embark ироп ап academic career when he met with а peculiar twist of fate: Аs he рис it, "А madman named Marshall Bloom flew into Boston from London опе cold April day and рш the question (о те, did I want to join him in over­ rl1rowing the state down in Wаshiпgtoп, D.C.?" The апswег was "уеs." In the summer of I967, Mungo set off for DC "to сеаг down the walls of rhe rotten imperial city and have fun doing it."41 Having Ьееп elected general secretary ofUSSPA Ьу а mai! ballot, В!оот',; plan was (о radicalize the organization, which was tainted Ьу its ties to the :'\ational Student Association-an organization that had Ьееп suперtitiоuslу funded Ьу the CIA. Tensions arose within USSPA, however, just аБ БООП а,; Вlooт arrived ас тБ рОБС. Though editors voiced specific grievances againsr Bloom-he was toо sпidепt in т,; denunciation of the Nationa! Student Association, unwise in appointing Mungo (о Ьесоте inrernational news director, and reckless in proposing programs that would outrun the group's аппиаl budget!i-his Jewish Afro, Fu Manchu moustache, and intense personality тиБС have alarmed them а,; well. Еуеп Вlooт',; closest friends characterized him as moody, demanding, and manipulative. 44 lп his delightful memoir Ратою Long Ago, Mungo said стБ аЬош Bloom: Не

has what seems со Боте people а nervous and high-strung way of сапуiпg himself, forever fleeing го some other епgаgеmепt or taking посеБ ос dreaming ир apocalyptic schemes ос speaking ас а расе (оо rapid to imitate. То Боте стБ remarkable performance-in-life seems dоmiпеегiпg, unstable, and disconcerring, whi!e го rhose !ike те, who love him it is simply ЫБ way." Ас а

national studenr рсеББ conference in Minneapolis in August 1967, а coalition of anti-Bloom students managed (о rewrite USSPA's bylaws (() allow them со elect а new leader. Ву а 41 (() 32 уоге, Bloom was, in ALI

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еНесс,

fired. Someone who later \vorked with Bloom said tl1at while he was thought to have Ьееп dismissed Ьесаше of' hls "radical politics and pot-head acid-f'reak llf'estyle," people \vho were "intimately connected \vith the lПСl­ dent" mentloned that Вloom's ef'f'eminate demeanor was also "а major {ассor lП some people's negative attitudes towards him and in the eventual decision со бге him." ,{, Regardless, айег his rebuf'{, Bloom and several of' his allies gathered in а meeting гоот. Late inro the night, оvег Cokes, cof'f'ee, and cigarettes, they talked аЬош forming а new organization, which they \vanted со Ье "mischievous" and "тuсkгаkiпg.'Ч' The f'ollowing moming, Bloom passed out а leaflet announcing their plans со launch what was supposed со Ье called the "New Press Project." "We аге аН agreed ... that we тшс look beyond the major media {ог ассшасе reportage оп everything Егот the war in Viet­ пат со the revolution against oppression in ош own ghetros, ош own hemi­ sphere, and around tlle world," he said. The project's "major activity will Ье ап incemational wire service, 50 that what happens in Ne\vark ог Dar es Salaam сап Ье conveyed оп the same day ro papers going ro press in Seattle ог Taos."48 Later they kicked around other possibIe names-Radical Press Ser­ vice, Resistance Press Service, and (тоге facetiously) the Young Traitors Communications Sysrem, the Hip АР, and the Subversive Underground Rev­ olurionary Shortwave АssосiаtiОП-lшtil Вlooт had the clever idea оЕ {огт­ ing the "New Media Projecr," with its organ, the "Liberation News Service." пеагЬу

There \vas по meaningful dif'ference between the two оutбts, but the dual titles proved convenient. When raising топеу ог renting egLlipment, they presented themselves as the straight-sounding New Media Project; со уошhful dissidencs across the соипну, they were LNS. ,') Botll names were deceptively grandiose. At the time, the group's toral resources consisted $80 they had rounded up in donations, $20 оЕ which they spent оп ап оипсе оЕ high-grade marijuana they picked ир in Апп АгЬог оп rheir way home. 50 Опсе back in \Vashingron, DC, Bloom and Мlшgо headed straight [ог the USSPA office, wllere they "liberated" its оfбсе sup­ plies, and then set up shop in а brownstone пеаг DuPont Circle {or which they had just signed а twelve-monrh lease. Mungo [асег noted the iгопу that although tlley felt тогаНу obIigated to keep their аgгеетепt with the elderly woman who rented tl1еш the house (she 'Ъаd Ьееп J(j nice") they spent the пехг уеаг

warring wirh the phone сошрапу, bouncing checks, and caking in $everal questionable, transient boarders-including а f1{teen уеаг old гип­ away and ап e$caped шепtаl patienr. 51 Today, it i$ difficult го aS5ess juSt how committed rhe rwo were со LNS. 'The realiry i5 we had all just lost ош jobs and we needed sошеrhiпg го do," Mungo la(er remarked. Н\Х!е had already

90

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I

I J

,)щеd а lease оп rhis expensive hOLlse ... and \уе didn't have апу work ... .,:ld so 1 figшеd, '1 gotra find some way со make some fucking топеу""52 Вис ') Ocrober 1967-just rwo monrhs after сЬе Т;SSРА conference-Вloom 'РlШ сЬе siruarion differently, writing ro а friend сЬас L~S had "Ьшgеопеd .то somerhing сЬас was enrirely [in] keeping with ту wildest dreams сЬе :lighr ir was tOrmed."5\

:\LTHOlJGH BLOOM'S lJNCEREMONIOlJS DISMISSAL [roт USSPA Ьесате сЬе ,mmediate imperus for LNS, it was t11e unbridled growth of СОlшtlеss radical пеwsрарегs across сЬе соипсгу that made LNS seem necessary. lп [асс, Вlooт 1,lter suggested rhat if he' d Ьессег undersrood \vhat was Ьаррепiпg in the LJnited States while he was in London, he'd never have covered rhe USSPA posirion in rhe firsr place. "1 didn'r see rhen rhe [иН and exciting potential for J news service and 1 was unaware of the renaissance of American jошпаlism represenred Ьу rhe underground papers which are in almost every шаjог and small city in the country," he roЫ а friend in December 1967. "\Х!е are only 110W beginning to have ideas as vast and exciting as this renaissance makes possible."54 Wirh rheir proposals for disseminaring lefr-wing news and opin­ ions, hosring workshops and conferences, and establishing а cooperative ad­ \'ertising program, LNS hoped со build connections and alliances between radical papers and, in effect, unify rhe sprawling underground press тоуе­ тепс. Moreover, rhey aimed (о do rhis in а highly democratic fashion; early letrers со new and prospecrive members emphasized rhar the scope о!' LNS's acriviries would depend ироп the ideas, needs, and level of parriciparion оЕ rhose who joined rhe group. Еуеп LNS's пате, they said, was "negoriable. "5' Ас rhe time, those who had hoped that UPS would uпifу the under­ ground press were disappoinred. Ву coordinating the free exchange of' news­ papers and епсошаgiпg rhem со reprinr each orher's material, UPS played а viral and imропапг role. Вш Ьу lare 1967, UPS still wasn't much тоге than а shell. Alrhough ''headquarrered'' in rhe offices о!' the Ещ! VШаgе Othl!r, rhe organizarion didn't еуеп have irs own Ьапk ассоипс; irs funds simply inrermingled with EVO's. Some еvеп regarded UPS as а pseudo­ organizarion whose primary purpose \vas (о "create the i!lщiоп of а giant, coordinated nerwork о!' freaky papers, poised (ог rhe kill."16 The Syndicare exisred [ог nearly а year before it got around (о hosring its first organiza­ rional "pow-wow"-a harum-scarum affair held amid the соаяаl bluffs of Stinson Beach, Cablornia, in March 1967. Thorne Dreyer, who аttепdеd оп behalf о!' rhe Rag, complained, "We listened ro flipped out diarribes аЬоис ош own Ьеащу and the coming of а new era. "5 Of LiPS's niI1eteen papers, his was опе of only six that senr represenrarives to the gathering, out о!' С

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91

which сате а vague and hubristic mission statement сЬас was described as "nothing less сЬап а ... repea! оЕ Western civilization. ТЬе following ]uly, EVO editor and UPS cofounder Walter Bowart sent оис а bizarre !etter со UPS editors, in 'l.vhicll Ье vastly inflated сЬе power оЕ (Ье "Psychede!ic Movement," and called for hippies (о build ап аlliапсе with сЬе Republican Party.)9 То Ье sure, 50те were untroubled Ьу UPS's direction. Тhroughош (Ье late 19605, psychedelic millenarians 5aw !ittle need for Бпе!у honed institu­ tion5. Others Ее!с сЬас regardle5s оЕ i ts deficiencies, UPS remained syтbolical!y important. Ву viгше оЕ it5 пате а!опе, сЬеу said, UPS generated а "sen5e оЕ nationa! community сЬас new papers cou!d p!ug into and Еее! just а !itt!e less isolated in their еffогts."БО Оп the осЬег hand, ]ohn Вгуап, editor оЕ Los Angeles's Ореn СНу, was 50 рис off Ьу сЬе Srinson Beach affair rhat he 5епс а circular letter cal1ing for UPS to hold апосЬег, better-p!anned meeting. "I feel that it i5 past time that some kind оЕ а truly effective altemative infor­ mational network Ье established to provide fi.Jller coverage of what's hap­ pening in cities outside our own," he wrote. bl Wayne Iiansen, of' Boston's Avatar, sent а similar letter со UPS editors, acknow!edging сЬас relations between several papers had grown testy and calling for UPS to extricate itself Еroт EVO's control. "1 Ьоре that еуегуопе will see the importance оЕ all оЕ us coming together and ease сЬе fears of comperition Егот orher member news­ papers," Ье said. "Everyone seems со Ье doing differenr versions of the 5ате thing, There is по reason for us со Еее! competirive."bl It was amid these fissures and rensions сЬас LNS organized сЬе firsr movement-wide gathering of' сЬе underground press, which сЬеу held in Washington, DC, in ап abandoned lof't оп Corcoran Streer оп Ocrober 20, 1967-the day before а massive raBy against the Vietnam War was scheduled ас rhe Penragon. 6 ) "We saw сЬе meering а5 ош chance to сетепс into опе тоуетепс сЬе independenr journals which had sprung ир acr05S сЬе counrry," Mungo recalled. 64 A!rhough сшпоис far 5urpassed expecrarions, rhe meering quickly degenerated into а "circus ot- circa-I967 Моуетепс роlitiсs,"б) Bloom arrived wearing scarlet поusегs and а Sgt. Pepper jacker and, afrer ceremoniously burning his draft card, began trying to chair rhe meeting,66 Soon thereafter, avant-garde filmmaker Kenneth Anger inter­ rupted шт Ьу wandering around сЬе room, insulring people, alld spouring paranoid gibberish, Momenrs later, Bowart addressed сЬе group со under­ score rhe imporrance оЕ UPS, ас which point several orhers angrily accused Ыт оЕ embezzlement. Afrer rhat, someone launched into ап incongruous poetry reading, thereby prompting what Mungo de5cribed as "а lengthy Easr-Wesr роепу competition between the New York Indian f'orce5 of сЬе

92

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Е\!О

and

сЬе

Scm Fmщi.rСI} Omcle Hari-Krishna heads."I" Опе disappointed

,шепdее

later recalled, "Chaos reigned; сЬе community of papers сЬас we lюресl would develop, did пщ.'·"~ Said апосЬег: "Periodic atremprs ro assert leadership, Ьу Marshall, Ray, осЬег LNSers, and delegares fют сЬе tlоог, merely created iп rheir \vake пе\v expressions of еасЬ person's 'thing' in reaction (о сЬе las(."69

However badly tl1e meeting flopped, LNS's organizers glеапеd ап lesson--one сЬас would later Ьауе tremendous implications for its Ьisroгу. As ~1ипьо рllt it, "Our conception ofLNS as а 'democraric organiza­ (ion,' o\vned Ьу rhose ir served, \vas clearly cidiclI10US; атопg rhose it served \уеге, iп fact, теп \vhose уегу lives \уеге devoted со сЬе principle сЬас по organizarion, по iпstitшiоп, \vas desirable."'tI Dorothy Dеviпе, а srudепr :троrrапt

герогсег fют Wellesley College who had high hopes for LNS, said тисЬ сЬе same thing: "~farshall and Ray had tried, Ьш failed, со create а democratic, member-directed, organization. Tlleir centralized leadership will рюЬаЫу continue along \vith tl1eir mailed releases. And somehow, having seen сЬе members," she added, "it seems Ьессег this way. "-1

ТНЕ DAY AFTER ТНЕ FAILED MEEТING,

LNS's small sraff of reporrers headed

for а lшgеlу pllblicized anriwar гаНу. It began реасеаЫу ас сЬе Lincoln Ме­ morial, \уЬеге upward of IQO,OOQ citizens mingled оп ап unseasonably warm аftеrnооп, апd ended violently ас сЬе sreps of сЬе Репtаgоп, as а рhаlапх of American soldiers bartered lшпdгеds of УОllпg dетопstгаroгs with ЫНу clubs апd rifle blltrs,- 2 Моге thап jllst а srudy iп сопtгаsts, гЬе "Battle of гЬе Репtаgоп" al50 had тапу of сЬе dreamlike, distorted qualities we associare with сЬе sшгеаl, Village Voice герогсег ]ack Newfield called it "а day of опе аЬsшditу

piled оп апосl1ег. Reality and fiшtasу, сгисЬ and llnrruth, were lost in сЬе chaos. Norman Mailer later echoed Newfield in ms Pulitzer Prize­ \viппiпg Armie,r u/ {IJе Night, where Ье described сЬе cally as "ап атЫь110Щ еvепt \vhose vall1e or аЬsшditу тау поt Ье established for tеп or twenty years, or indeed ever. ,.- I Noring сЬе rallY'5 size апd сЬе ггетепdоиs гапgе of acriviry

сЬас

таgаziпе

rook place "in тапу places ас опсе," edirors ас сЬе pacifist \ИN doubted сЬас а [иН апd ассшаtе аССОl1пt of сЬе еуепс was еvеп

possibIe. Of сошsе, попе of rhis prevenred Ne\v Left раrrisапs [гот гidiСl1liпg сЬе сопvепtiопаl news covecage of сЬе Репtаgоп demonstration, wmch сЬеу said \vas facrнally iпассшаtе, biased, апd inflammarory. According со сЬе let't­ wiпg G/{ardian, mainstream news aCCOl1nrs ''had ro Ье enrirely discarded. ТЬе media "created а foresr of iпассшасу \утсЬ wOl1ld Ыiпd сЬе best effofts of ап hisrorial1," Mailer added. Опе рroЫет was сЬе lack of геlеvisiоп "АН ТНЕ PR01EST FП ТО РRНй"

93

cameras оп hand ro documenr the soldiers' Ьгшаlitу. Although that very week large protesrs in Califomia and Wisconsin had seen consideraыe vio­ lence, по опе rhollght it necessary to offer live coverage оЕ the Pentagon siege. -8 "Network execнtives explained they rнled out live eoverage becallse сЬеу feared [Ьас their presence wOllld lead demonstrators to perform Еог the cameras," historian Melvin Small writes. Demonstrarors also complained сЬас the ptinc media exaggerated the unfllliness оЕ а few гаьы-rousегs•. "With few exceptions," Small writes, "the media concentrated оп the violent and сЬе sensational ... virtually ignoring сЬе peaceful aspeets оЕ the largest Washington antiwar protest ro date. 80 This polarized and confusing situation afforded LNS а perfeet OPPOrtu­ nity [о showcase how its геропаgе wOllld eounter that оЕ the daily press. Although highly critical оЕ the distortions сЬеу perceiyed in major newspa­ pers, LNS could scarcely claim to Ье а more "objective" altemative. То the contrary, the grollp avowed its partisanship, maintaining that its own па­ kedly ideological approach \vas, ас worst, по more disturbing or inconsistent \vith the canons оЕ eontemporary journalism than whac they found in the mainstream media. Said опе LNSer, "We ... try for ап honest subjectivity that \vi11 еопуеу а sense of what it's like со Ье оп our side of the story."HI А few LNS journalists тау еуеп have gone so far as to assume that their own righteousness оЕ their cause and the ршitу оЕ fundamental пР'-"""" their motivations-bestowed upon them а kind оЕ speeial insight or angle оп "пuth" that cOllld по! Ье communicated through the cold arithmetic of facts. For instance, Mungo опее brashly argued that the underground press \vas important not for its aesthetics, fairness, ог professionalism, bllt becallse it described СЬе world {roт а privileged viewpoint. Straight jошпаlists, he said, couldn't еуеп conceive оЕ the ways that their bourgeois lifescyles limited their conseiousness. As llpholders of conformity and tradition, stuek "in lifelong competition with other теп for trifling honors and material goods," salaried journalists could only Ье expected со represent the world as it appeared со them {гот their limited cultural perspective. In а erlleial passage 1П Famous Long Ago, Мllлgо argued that professional reporters eOllldn't write tfllthfll11y if they tried, Еог they had compromised the1r right to tfllth as well as eight hours of their day. They \vill write seriolls аССОllлts of the Chamber оЕ Commerce dinner, the Ргеsidелt's press сопЕегепее, the Тhалksgiviлg {оосЬаll game, тilliолs оЕ faets withollt even оле simple tfllthful pieture оЕ the slavery ofEveryman in "this dog-eat-dog world" they inhabit.

94 '

SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

Ву contrast, underground press jошпа!ists perceived сЬе truth differ­ tntly because сЬеу inhabited а separate moral and etllical universe--one whicll mos[ of society \vould condemn, Mllngo has said his world \vas аЬош "get­ [ing ир in [11е morning around 2:00 Р.М.":

Oiscovering opium, Having sex with someone you just тес. And уош best friend. Longing for jUS[ ап inch of hones[ bIack soil under уош toes \у1lеге уои could [aise опе honest CllCllтЬег. Begging dimes ас сЬе ai[port, , .. Апапgiпg сЬе aborcion of а cilild you're пос sше уои fathered, Bouncing checks, Gecting stoned and meeting Cllrist. Get­ ting busted for getting sconed. Wопуiпg about tоmопоw сЬе day after tomorrow. 5plicting со Могоссо. Getting а11 sick and sпuпg ош оп Oemerol. Tiring оЕ уош scene and leaving it. Looking for а little sense, реасе, ог justice among powerful теп and failing со find сl1ет. Looking to score, Playing music everywhere уои go. Eating whatever уои сап get. And writing аЬош everything сl1ас l1appened со you just as it happened. Si In short, Mungo cl1ampioned а kind of standpoinc epistemology сЬас later L)ecame fasIlionable witl1 certain anthropologists, feminists, and critical сЬе­ orists. Тшth, 11е said, is "simply сЬе way уои see сЬе world."sJ Altl10ugh mosr ofLNS's wrirers attempted to героп scruplllously and ассшаtеlу Егот а left­ \ving perspecti уе, сЬе group's coverage of сЬе Penragon protest veered sl1arply enough Егот mainstream accounts сЬас it тау Ье worrh considering wherher апуопе in L1\S consciously distorted сЬе facrs in ап ассетрс ro сопуеу some kind moral, symbolic, ог impressionistic truth. Eirher way, their aggressive coverage of сl1е Bactle оЕ сЬе Penragon was ап enormous Ьооп to сl1е organi­ zation. Jts reporrs \уеге said ro I1ауе run in оуег опе l111ndred ne\vspapers, and Norman Mailer glloted liberally Егот гЬет in his best-se11ing ассоипс of сЬе demonstration, For countless activists, LN5 Ьесате сЬе leading sошсе оЕ opinion 011 \уЬас happel1ed сЬеге. Ап апау оЕ swirlil1g tensions l1ad preceded сЬе Pentagon МагсЬ. First, сЬеге l1ad Ьееl1 аl1 escalation of rl1eroric il1 гl1е 1\ew Left. Througl1out сl1е Еа11, spokespersons Еог 50S had boasted оЕ а sea chal1ge in сЬе anciwar movemenr's strategy: ir wOllld тоуе "From Protest to Resistance." 5imilarly, сЬе event's sponsors billed сЬе гаНу as ап opporrunity со "Confronr гЬе \Xlarmakers." Oeploying а military тегарЬог гЬаг \vollld Ьауе Ьееп апасЬета со тисЬ of гЬе al1tiwar тоуетеnr гЬе previous spril1g, маВЕ
95

called upon the Narional Guard со assist ап anxious сопriпgепt оЕ military policemen, paratroopers, U.S. marshals, gоvеrnmепt security guards, апсl mеtroроlirап police ro guard DC, and it was rumored сЬас troops had Ьееп рш оп alert as far away as tl1e Rocky Моuщаiпs S6 Never before in American hisrory had 50 mапу troops Ьееп песе5sагу ro dеfепd сЬе capital city from its оwп citizens. The march's огgапizегs kпеw, however, сЬас сЬеу also needed ro keep сЬе moderate wing оЕ the реасе тоуетепс оп board, апd so they огgапizеd а two-part dеmопstгаtiоп for October 21. ТЬе first ЬаlЕ ог сЬе [аНу, dеsigпеd to attracr liberal protestors and their families, was а conventional mass pro­ " said test ас the Liпсоlп Memorial. ТЬе assembly was ап "Аmегiсап опе observer, made оГ "oldet people with graying hair and grim quite at Ьоте among сЬе тоге пumегоus уоuпgstегs ог college age," апd еуеп "some children, playing аmопg the placards."8- But in order ro tap the пе\\' militancy ot- сЬе уошh тоуетепс, organizer5 also 5ecured ап ипшиаl permit that асшаllу allowed for what would normally Ье сопsidегеd "civil disobedi­ епсе" ас сЬе Репtаgоп later that afternoon. Accordingly, between аЬош 2 РМ and 4 РМ, а noisy throng оГ dеmопsпаtогs crossed the Arlington Memoria! Bridge for а stапdоff at the U.S. Dерапmеnr ог Dеfепsе. Here, hippies and radical srudents predominated.~R The Pel1tagon's Nопh Parking Lot served as the official "шс оГ[' point-the spot where those who wished to avoid апу tel1se cOl1frontations could eitl1er шrn around, or, if they preferred, view the action ас the Реп­ tagon Гroт а distance. This was also сЬе area where а group оГ hippies performed а well-publicized "exorcism" ог the Penragon. H9 Before the exor­ cism begal1, though, а cOl1til1gent ог about опе thousand radicals broke away Егот the mass ог protestors апd dashed through the Virginia woods. Some said they hoped со "storm" the Pentagon, Ьис if this was ever апу­ one's plan, it was nullified when they reached the сор оЕ the steps at the Pentagon Маll, where they found themselves confronted Ьу а stolid !iпе оЕ armed marshals, Several \vho were present [есаН the scene as almost uп­ bearably tепsе. "1 was very afraid сЬас the marshals would Ье provoked inro fiгiпg tear gas inro rhe crowd which, had it pal1icked and artempred со Нее back aown the steps, would almost certainly have паmрlеd people iп rhe sшgiпg mass thar now poured ир сЬе srairs," SDS national secretary Greg Calvert recalled. 90 As the lшргесеdепtеd standoff continued, and the warm afrernoon tшпееl cooler, both sides sent countermanding sigl1als со опе another. Protestors alternately taunted, consoled, and tried to educate the soldiers, who, Ьу turns, displayed stoicism, sympathy, and Ас least опе hippie

96

I

SMOKJN{;

ТП!,""RJТЕRS

!,ШlОuslу

placed flowers in the barrels of soldiers' rifles 91 Sometime around 7 1'.\1, joyous chants of "Join USI Join Us! Join Os!" erupted [roт the crowd, Else\vhere, angry emotions spilled оur. Among the New Leftists who harassed [[1е soldiers \vere some women who stood before them and opened their bIouses; others cursed as they threw wilted flowers аг the soldiers. In а ges­ шге of mass defiance, hundreds of young people burned their draft cards right before the soldiers' уегу eyes-this ас а time when draft-card-burning carried something тоге than а whiff of scandal. "In the gathering dark it looked like а dusting of firefJies over the great sЬгuЬ of the Маll," Mailer \vroteY2 The соuр de tbldtre сате midnight, when Penragon officials sum­ moned the press inside the building for а final briefing, and members of the 82nd Airborne Division-soldiers who had already served tours of duty in Viernam-replaced the "more fгigЬtепеd reserves" who Ьаd Ьееп standing guard.'!i Ас аЬоис 2:00 АМ, the so!diers a!igned themse!ves into а V-formation and slowly wedged their way into tl1e {roпс ranks of demonstrators. Amidst the shours of"Move! Моуе! МОУЕ!" {roт the GIs, and cries of"Go !imp! Go limp!" from rhe protestors, опе could hear sickening rhumps: the sound of billy clubs and rifle Ьшts striking human skulls. 94 As some activists fled the scene, others flooded into the fronr ranks to take their р!асе, locking arms and bracing themse!ves. А]] night long, mi!itary vans hau!ed off the demon­ strators to пеагЬу [огtoп Prison. Predictably, LNS's coverage focused оп the тоге militant уошhs who gathered ас the Pentagon. The Rag's Thorne Dreyer wrote what тау have Ьееп the most wide!y circu!ated LNS report to соте оис of the march, ап exuberant, emotiona!, firsthand ассоиnt in which he signa!ed his disregard for journalistic conventions with his !ead sentence: "Оп October 2 I, I967," he wrote, "the white left got its shit together." After noting that тапу had Ьееп "dubious" аЬоис whether the protest wou!d truly exemplify а new phase of mi!itant resistance, Dreyer rapturously asserted, "А new stage is ироп us," The thrust of his article \vas to emphasize the protest's favorable effects оп a!most еуегуопе invo!ved. ТhоugЬ he admitted thar а few radica!s had tried со provoke "violent confrontations" with the GIs, l1е dismissed tl1eir antics as point!ess and srupid ЬеЕоге vivid!y describing the ways сl1ас осl1ег marcl1ers Ьаd gently геасЬеd оис со сЬе soldiers, Неге, Dreyer гаtсЬеtеd ир his already sentimenta! prose Ьу guoting demonstrators ас their most maudlin. "We said we're оп (l1е same side," Dreyer wrote. 1t's t110se generals [we're against], t110se officers сl1ас make уои соте ош l1ere and stand in the cold and Ьеас оп us, wl1en tl1at's not what уои "ALL ТНЕ PROTESТ 'lТ ТО PRINT"

97

reaHy wanr to do.... Look at us. \X7e've got food. Grass-we'd love to шrn уоu оп. We're digging each other. And we're doing something that we believe in. Won't уоu join us? Describlng the scene of thousands of demonsrrators spontaneously chanr­ ing со the soldiers-"Join Us! Join Us! Join Us!"-Dreyer said, "Ап amazing magic was created."95 Ву

contrast, James Reston of the Nеш Y01'k Times held that "everybody seemed ro have lost in the anri,var siege of the Pentagon this weekend." The march had Ьееп taken over, he said, Ьу а "militant minority" of "pugnaciou5 young activists" who personally vilified Lyndon John50n with placards reading "LBJ the Bиccher," and "Johnson's War in Viешаm Makes America Puke." "It is difficult со героп pllblicly оп the llgly and vulgar provocation of тапу of сЬе militanrs," Resron claimed (perhaps disingenllollSly). 'They spat оп some of the soldiers in the front line ... and goaded them with the moSt vicious personal slander."% Meanwhile, а news ассоипс in the ТiшеJ charged rhar troops and federal marshals had arrested demonstrators "with а minimum of physical force,"9- In the Washirzgtorz Post, Jimmy Breslin mаiп­ tained that several thousand "troublemakers , . , рис а deep gash inro the апtiwаг movement." The worst of them, he said. were "dropour[s] and drifters and rabble," including some who even "went ro the bathroom оп the side ot the Pentagon building." In his view, the protestors were responsible for the violence that was llnleashed against them, for they had "turned а dеmопsrrа­ tion for реасе , . , inro а sickening, club-swiпgiпg mess,"9~ Undollbtedly а11 of this hаррепеd-thе goading and tаllпtiпg of the 501­ diers as well as the protestor's gепtlе рlеаdiпgs for реасе and uplifting chants. The mainstream and underground press simply "emplorred" the Barrle оС the Pentagon differently, emphasizing and ascribing sigпifiсапсе ro those events that helped thern to tell the storie5 they wished to се11. Theorists who address the ,vays that narrative strllсшгеs undergird historical wгitiпg сап help us to understand how journalists cOllld present sllch polar accounts. As Науdеп White remarked, "most historical sequences сап Ье ernplotted in а nllmber ot different ways, 50 as to provide different interpretations of those evenrs and to endow сЬеrn with diffегеш meanings," In сегtаiп respects, the competing versions presented Ьу LNS оп the опе hand and the Neu' York Times and Washingtorz Post оп the other resernble White's сhагасtегizаtiоп of Michelet апd Tocqlleville's contrasting ассоuпts of the French Revolution. "Neither could Ье said to have had rnore cornrnand оС сЬе 'facts' contained in the record; сЬеу 5irnply had diffегеш notiOn5 of the kind of Story сЬас best Бнес! the facts they knew. "99 98

SMOK!NG

ТУРI'WШТЕНS

There тау, however, Ье some caveats со this argument, In ап unsigned .. :'\5 report, Bloom claimed that "two, perhaps three, American military теп '; С!1е liш: оС поорs ас the Pentagon took оСС their helmets, lay do\vn their 'lIПS, and joined the demonstrators sitting-in оп the Pentagon steps,"HIO conrrast, the mainstream press was either unaware оС LN5's claim ос ,iJwilling (о enrerrain it as а possibility. It simply wenr unmenrioned. Today, ~ Is impossible со know \vho was соссесс, although there's по doubt that ',J!10П аЬош the defections circulated throughoUt the crowd in the ,:,югs, Dreyer еуеп referenced them in his arricle: \vhen demonstraeors heard :iblt а soldier had defected, he wroee, "ehe reaction was overwhelming, We ',tl1ed and cheered and lс shook the wlюlе place,"lol Вис Bloom's ассоипс was :;1Оге definitive, Не maintained thac опе soldler ассиаllу managed со gec losc п а crowd of demonstrators who helped со сопсеаl him, whereas ас least опе )cher fleeing soldier was "quickly apprehended," only со disappear back "into :11e Беа of helmet$," In response со а military spokesman's denial that this :Hppened, LN5 scoffed, "Еуеп if the defeccors саппос Ье specifically idenri­ :led Ьу пате, rank, and serial питЬес," it was certain that they existed: 'The recollection оС witnesses i5 (00 vivid," Altogether, LN5 presenred testimony :'гот fош activists who claimed ro have Бееп the defections, along wich others \\'ho offered corroborating testimony of а 'Ъеlmеtlеss soldier being marched ru [а] paddy wagon," U ndoubtedly, LN5 had а stake in believing that сепе­ ",ade soldiers had dropped their weapons and tried (о ;о1п the protes(Ors. 'From the demonsrrators [J;c} point оС view" LN5 wrote, "the effectiveness of (11i5 campaign was made dramaeically clear-beyond аН expectaeions-by (}1е defeccions." Ho\vever, еуеп rhough LN5 publicly soughr оие "addicional (estimonies from апу \vienesses," neirher side еуес proved irs case. ТЬе controversy is worch examining, chough, in light of the grounds ироп which some of the New Left's media activists defended the ше о( тУСЬБ. АЬЫе Hoffman тау have Ьееп the movement's chief theorist оС (11e ways chac тусЫс personas or еуеПСБ could Ье used (о advance the move­ теПС'Б aspirations, Ьш Mungo also \уаБ пос completely against fudging сЬе [Cuth оп behalf оС а поЫе саиsеУН In 1970 he ассиаllу defended ап instance \vhere someone planted а false story in the Boston Avatat·, alleging И.5. atrocities in а Vietnamese village. Of сошsе, it i5 well known that some American soldiers committed heinous war crimes lп Vietnam, Ьш this рас­ ticular ассоипс \уаБ а pemicious and inf1ammatory lie-a terrible affront (о еуесу established соуепапс in journalism.lo~ Nevertheless, Mungo main­ tained that because such rhings happened elsewhere, rhe srory rerained а kind of impressionisric honesty, еуеп if it wasn't phororeallsrically ассшаtе, Не later insisted, however, that сЬе srory аЬош GI defections was пос а АН ТНЕ PROTESТ FП ТО PRlNT

99

deliberare fabrication. "1 remember being absolutely convinced myself tl1at tшs l1ad l1appened, alrl1ougl1 in сшсl1 1 did not see ir," l1е said. "It jusr kind of spread like а rumor."]O) LNS counrered сl1е mainsrream coverage of rl1e Barrle of (l1е Penragon in several more respecrs. Wшlе сЬе prinr media empl1asized сl1е violence ас сl1е protest, rather сЬап (l1е тогаl and political considerations (l1ас propelled some 100,000 citizens со participate in pubIic antiwar acrivities, LNS offered сl1е fuH rranscript of а speech ас сl1е protest Ьу Gary Rader, а special-forces reservist \уl10 had burned !1is draft card сl1е previous spring. I06 And in ап effort со counteracr геропs сЬас soldiers l1ad shown "admirable restraint in сЬе face of exrreme provocation," LNS distribured tesrimony from two апоп­ ymous soldiers wЬо wimessed сl1е рrorеsюгs being treared roughly, and who aHeged (регЬарs implausibIy) сl1ас around 40 percenr of rЬеiг fellow ser­ vicemen Ьаd secrerly sутраrЫzеd witЬ сl1е demonsrrarion. 1o - Another LNS mailing presented JOl1g quotations from several of сl1е March's atrendees сl1ас reburted various aspecrs of rhe abovegroul1d press's "slanred" news reporrs, wшсh were designed со Ье [ип as boxes or sidebars il1 local papers thar тау have lacked сЬе resources со ger appropriate quotes from рапiciраl1ts from tl1eir OWI1 communiry. ]08 Sril1 another piece ridiCl11ed сЬе Pentagon's ludicrous claim that (Ье noxious сеас gas сЬас wafred rhrougЬ сЬе air ас the dетопsпаtiоп l1ad пос Ьееп discl1arged Ьу U.S. soldiers, Ьщ ratl1er Ьу сЬе pro(escors, agaimt themselves, in ап ассетрс (о discredir сЬе military. (Tl1is in spite of the fact (l1а( the Washington Post's OWI1 reporters "saw military police tl1row а( leasr three (ear gas grel1ades. ")10') Finally, MUl1go wrore шs own first-person accoun( of how he Ьесате опе of сl1е 647 demol1strators wl10 were аш;srеd ас the March. Оп rheir \vay from сЬе so-саНеd "rransirion" [аНу il1 сl1е Norrh Parking Loc, а cluster of сl1е evel1t's prominel1c personalities, including Dellinger, pediatrician Benjamin Spock, academic Noam Chomsky, and wrirers Robert Lowell, Normal1 Mailer, al1d Dwighr Macdol1ald, approached сl1е Pentagon's rigl1c flank, wl1ere chey confronted а gachering of croops. As Spock was delivering а movil1g srory abouc having оп се written а letter со а soldier who opposed (he war, only (о Ьаvе сl1е letter returned со Ыт, marked "Verified Deceased," Mungo heard а sergeal1t give аl1 order: "Push 'ет out I10\У." 110 Ас first, сl1е soldiers gently tapped them with what Dellinger cal1ed "symbolic bIows," Ьщ witШI1 а few momenrs, another group of military теl1 arrived оп the scene, "flailing and beatil1g" everyone witшп their ral1ge. l ; 1 MlII1g0 \vrote: 1 felt аl1 irresistibIe force plllling ту right leg ouc of i(s socket, а Ыl1у

clllb over ту head, and two bodies wrencЬing ту left arm so far

IOO

SMOKlr-;С; TYPLWRIТERS

j

I

behind

ту

head that 1 let out what must have

Ьееп а

blood-curdling

shout. Seconds before 1 also lost ту glasses, 1 turned со see Dellinger and Lowell, Chomsky and MacDonald [sic}, hunched up under the flailing arms

оЕ

the marshals, and Spock, getting repeatedly kicked in

the side, still talking. With regard

со опе

detail, though, Mungo was either confused or exag­ ас

;erating. In his memoir, Spock never mentioned being assaulted

the

Pentagon [а11у, nor is the incident mentioned in the secondary literature that lbls Ьееп written about him. 1l2 Spock was sixty-four years old ас the time оЕ [!1е Pentagon rally, and had he [еаllу Ьееп "repeatedly kicked in the side" Ьу .т

American serviceman \vhile "still talking"

l'onjure) tl1is likely \vould have

Ьееп а

Later, Mungo describes being hauled оЕ

rhe "black comedy"

the situation

\\,ho arrested them were со

don't have anything kindly assured

а

Tis

оЕ

Thee"

image that is difficult

оЕЕ

ro

Ьесате

sympathetic

а

nearby military

clear: Several

оЕ

оп а

Occoquan, Virginia,

а

со

Со

оЕ

уап,

where

the soldiers опе,

rheir cause! Said

"We

do with the war, you know." Another serviceman

protestor that he'd take good care

\vhile, from the rear пу

аССllа11у

(ап

major news story.

the bus,

а

оЕ

his camera.

Меап­

оЕ "Му

Coun­

prisoner played the melody

harmonica. The

уап

traveled

БЕсееп

sma11 town some

со а

federal prison in

miles south, where Mungo

said he was given а ham sandwich, а cup оЕ соЕЕее, sheets and cowels, and­ as he was escorted со his сеll-а "swift, hard, and utterly unprovoked kick in the ass." The rest

оЕ

the article is

а

seriocomic treatment

house scene, describing Dellinger cheerfu11y sipping his fretting about needing

со [есшп со

pacing back and forth in the

се11.

his teaching duties

ас

оЕ

соЕЕее,

the jail­

Chomsky

MIT, and Mailer

As some prisoners argued over politics,

while others shared stories or sat in stoic silence, Mllngo reca11ed thinking 'Ъоw incredibly mind-blowing it is со Ье with а11 these wildly different people who care what it's like со Ье North Vietnamese and get уош skin seared оЕЕ from fire from the sky."ll; Virtua11y every theme that LNS

developed elsewhere in its coverage-the surprising juxtaposition

оЕ

bru­

tality and sympathy from the military; the camaraderie, ideological diver­ sity, and savage indignation оЕ the protestors-found expression in Mungo's essay. Meanwhile, Mungo's intimate voice and clear political viewpoint contrasted with the sham objectivity that prevailed in conventional news reporrs. LNS's reporting оп the Pentagon reveals the crucial elements оЕ the group's riptide strategy for dealing with the shibboleths and inaccuracies they per­ ceived in the conventional media.

Оп

the

опе

hand, LNS simply trumpeted

ALL ТНЕ PROTEST FIТ ТО PRINT

1О 1

, its own subjectivity. In contrast со tl1e mainstream print media, wl1icl1 described сЬе antiwar counterculture witl1 varying levels оЕ animus and skepticism, LNS actively cl1ampioned сl1е New Left's agenda, burnished its image, and stressed its agency. Уес аС сЬе very same time, LNS \vriters presented chemselves as тоге honest сЬап сЬе aboveground reporrers. Their argument was simple: although neither side was impartial, only сЬе radicals \vould admit со their biases. Finally, from theif privileged position пеаг сЬе fulcrum оЕ сЬе уошЬ rebellion, LNS claimed that сЬеу, rather гhап trained media professionals, were Ьея equipped со сеН сЬе tгшh. As опе LNS writer maintained, "With its scraggly crew оЕ reporrers and editors, {ап uпdегgгоuпd newspaperJ сап hardly amass сЬе facts contained in сЬе big dailies. Вис сЬеу сап сеН it like it is. "1 14 Accordingly, LNS frequently claimed сl1ас its reporting was тоге ассшаtе and reliable сЬап what could Ье found in сЬе mаiпsпеат press. А f1yer сЬас LNS crafted in сЬе aftermath оЕ сЬе Penragon Siege under­ scored rhis point. LIВERATION

News Service provides а сосаНу different altemative media for tlюsе оЕ us who аге fed ир with hearing Time magazine, АР,

UPI, NY Times, есс., а11 saying сЬас there were "some 25 со 40,000

demonstracors" when we ourselves saw ас leasr twice сЬас тапу;

hearing rhem say that "police acred \vith appropriate resrrainr" w11en

we saw the guy пехс со us getting his skul1 busted just because 11e had

long hair; hearing сЬас we "are only bombing milirary installations,"

гЬаt we are "sincerely working for реасе" and that we are "supporting

and defending democraric govemment in Vietnam" when we see ош

govemment desrroying а countryside, waging ап undeclared war оЕ

attririon оп helpless \уотеп, children and farmers in сЬе пате оЕ опе

totalitarian pllppet regime аЕсег апоtЬег, with по sane end in sigЬе ...

IF YOU ТОО ARE REALLY UPТIGHT ABOUT АП THIS, and

\vanr (о get the сшсЬ со as тапу people as convincingly as t11e сшеЬ

сап Ье {cold} ... сЬеп we want со help УОll, because if сЬеге is going со

Ье апу truth and humanity found in today's American Press, it is

going со Ье ир (о us . ... r11e college and under-ground press со print

it, and keep printing it сill we win or fold. 11 ,.

Certainly LNS was thrilled with its Penragon coverage. То Bloom, tl1e simple Еасс that leading underground papers had used "sиЬstапtiаl amounts" of LNS сору proved сЬас rhere was а need for (Ье service. "We have sho\vn already сЬас сЬеге are papers [that} want ош material and these papers аге being read," 11е told а friend.: 16 Mungo рис сЬе mассег еуеп тоге пiuт­ pl1anrly.

НО ш

102

SMOKING ТУРЕWRIП'RS

version of сЬе \veekend was printed, in

рап ог

\vhole, in over

I

.юе lшпdгеd '.;"ос

newspapers wirh а roса! readersl1ip in rhe vicinity of а miHion. bad, we rhought, for ош rhird week."lI C

ВУ FEBRUARY

I968, LNS had installed а new reletype neLwork linking offices JП Berkeley, Chicago, and New York Ciry. Telex machines allowed reporters JCross [Ье globe ro Ые srories from апу \'Vesrem Union office for сЬе price of .1 рЬопе саН. Telerypes were commonplace ас the narion's daily newspapers, .lnd аН of [Ье establishmenr news services-rhe Associared Press, United Press lntemational, and Reurers-used them ro disпiЬurе their сору. "1с was а big deal, а litrle Ыс of а thrill even, [о have LNS imirate this technology of ~be straight press," опе LNSer remem!1eredyH Mean\vhile, nearly twO 11Undred newspapers rook ош subscriptions with [Ье news service at а rate of S 1 5 per тоncЬ. lп retum, сЬе papers received mimeograpl1ed news packets, mailed twice weekly, often оп brighrly colored paper, addressing а wide range of issues, including сЬе draft, antiwar activity, СиЬа, SOS, сЬе black power movement, and the far-our, acid-drenched of [Ье уоисЬ movement. i 19 Testimonials from several underground edirors suggest that if it had пос Ьееп ror LNS, the movement's press would пос have flourished as ir did. ТЬе edicor of the Champaign, Illinois, WalrltS wrote LNS со say it was "essential" that they receive гЬе news service "со do а good job." 120 Ресег Werbe, of Oerroit"s Fifth Estate, said his рарег used ап "exrraordinary" атоипг of LNS material, ildding, "We sometimes ask. . what we used го do for сору before уои people started publishing."'21 ]eff Shero, who moved fгom Austin [о launch New York City's Rat, told LNS, "Your work llas Ьееп important со the timelyness [sic} of тапу llпdегgГОLшd pllblicarions. Уои must [ive. УОll mшt continue."l':.' Arollnd сЬе same time that LNS starred operating in Washington, ОС, another news service called сЬе Sшdепt Commllnication Network (SCN) established operarions in Berkeley and New York. Launched Ьу ап еситеп­ ical gГOllp of religiolls organizations called сЬе U niversiry Christian Move­ тепг, SCN regarded 1rself as а kind of left-wing altemative to USSPA, and аг firsr Bloom and Mllngo regarded them suspiciously. Ouring the first week of I968, thougll, гЬеу gor ro теес "сЬе SCN kids" ас а weeklong conference 1П Cleveland, sponsored Ьу the University Christian Movemenc. ТЬе night before (Ье conference ended, Mungo says, the whole group got 50 5toned in their hotel room rhat сЬеу sang а "beauriful chorllS" of "OM's" for аЬощ ап hour before Бпаllу falling ТЬе following morning, гЬеу set aside their differences, and SCN resolved [о sllbsume its Berkeley office into LNS.l2) Meanwhile, George Сауаllегсо, а Columbia Universiry graduare srudenr who llad abandoned his srudies со !)есоте сЬе manager of SCN's East Coasr "ЛLL ТНЕ PROTEST j'П ТО PRINT"

I

О

3

branch, called LNS's headquarters to ask \vhether they'd like SCN to feed them

сору,

stories

The

dоwп,

апswег

was

ап епthusiаstiс

"yes!" "And so we started а

and very quickly the LNS packets had

sепdiпg

lot of articles from us,"

uпtil еvепtuаllу

his stoгеfroпt office оп upper Broadway Ьеgап fuпсtiопiпg as the New York bureau of LNS. 124 Опсе аgаiп, LNS's timiпg was propitious:

оп

April 23, 1968, whеп ап SOS protest at Columbia Uпivегsitу uпехресt­ edly f!ared iпrо а major геЬеlliоп--duriпg which studепts seized Буе build­ апd

ings

held them for

fuпсtiопiпg

office right iп

who participated them were

аmопg

аЫе

LNS was

ап епtiге аrouпd

week-LNS could boast of hаviпg its согпег.

the

Better yet,

пumеrous

the revolt also doubled as LNS reporters,

the 720 people who

еvепtuаllу

activists

апd

got arrested. As

to provide dramatic Ьеhiпd-thе-sсепеs of the major dailies.

ассоuпrs

оwп

some ot' а

result,

that could

поt

Ье fоuпd iп апу

The

геЬеlliоп

was partly fueled

Ьу

Columbia's

surrоuпdiпg соmmuпitу. Сопsidегiпg

the

пеосlаssiсаl Ьuildiпgs

rested atop

а

large

аrrоgапt

that the

Ьill оvегlооkiпg

impoverished areas of Harlem, its supposedly liberal have

Ьееп miпdful

of the

сопсегпs

of its poorest

behavior to\vard

uпivегsitу's

gorgeous

some of the most

аdmiпistгаtогs

might

пеigЬЬогs. Iпstеаd, [Ье\

оftеп апd

treated Harlem's dепizепs with а toxic mix of susрiсiоп, iпdiffегепсе. сопtеmрt. l25 Worse still, these attitudes were оп display as the uпivегsitу

ехрапdеd

geographically

iп

the early 1960s,

пеагЬу Ьuildiпgs апd еviсtiпg thоusапds

Ьuуiпg

up about опе huпdгес! of геsidепts from their геш­

сопtrollеd араrtmепts. 126 Iп 1961, the uпivегsitу secured а gепеrous, lопg­

term lease from New York's park gуmпаsium iп пеагЬу Могпiпgsidе

геsidепts. Ьuildiпg

for use

of а large

Ьу

сопсгеtе

gепегаl

the

wапtеd

public,

по опе

ever

[о

build

а

small

Ьу

Harlem

роrtiоп

J

of [Ье

ЬоtЬегеd askiпg Нагlеmitб

to give up 2.1 acres of the park

gym.

it

Park which was mostly used

Although Columbia was required to set aside

whether they for the

dерагtmепt, аllоwiпg

iп геtuгп

Аdditiопаllу, [Ье Ьuildiпg's dеsigп

for limited use literally

саllес!

пеighЬогhооd's оvегwhеlmiпglу Аfгiсап Аmегiсап рорulаtiоп со

епtег

through what some said was а back door. 1"" Ву [Ье time work cre\\" fiпаllу broke grouпd at the site, оп February 19, 1968, mапу studепts апс! сitizепs saw the gym as а symbol of Columbia's iпstitutiопаl racism. 12S Studепts tапk,

the

also grew

Iпstitlltе

for

iпfuriаtеd

with Columbia's ties to

Оеfепsе Апаlуsеs ООА).

а

military

Although activists

thiпk

fгеquепtl\'

described Columbia's соппесtiоп [о the IOA as "secret," this was а bit of ап ехаggегаtiоп; in fact, the IOA поtеd аll of its аffiliаtiопs iп its аппuаl PUblil reports. However, апу iпрut

campus 104

!

аdmiпistгаtогs

quietly established

[Ье раrtпегshiр witholН

from faculty or studепts, апd for several years hardly апуопе оп about it. Iп March 1967, whеп а [еат ofSOS researchers Ьеgап

kпеw

SMOK1NG TYPE\'<'RJТERS

t'xposing ColLlmbia's ties to tl1e militагу-iпdLlstгiаl сотрlех, tl1e IDA's affili­ ,ltion \vitl1 Columbia sLlddenly beUlme а contentioLlS iSSLlе. 12Ч It is not l1ard to s<:t' \уl1у: Тllrough its ties to tl1e IDA, tl1e Llпivегsitу l1ао таое itself сот­ plicit iп \vl1at some said was опе оЕ tl1e most LlnjLlSt wars ever fOLlgl1t. Finally, in tl1e montl1s lt'ading up tl1e rebellion, 10саl activists were LJecoming increasingly militant l

.(I

In Marcl1 1968, Columbia SDS elected as

ltS leac!er Mark RLldd, а brasl1 апо cl1arismatic stLIdent \уl10 cl1ampioned ап 'lggressive "politics оЕ conftontation" tl1at SDS l1ard-liners said would l1еlр to mobilizt' otl1er уоuпg people. I ,1 Additionally, ColLlmbia's StLIdent Afro­ American Society (SAS), Wl1icl1 in previoLlS years l1ао primarily functioned as ,\ SLlPPOrt gtoLlp tor isolatec! black stLIdents, l1ао recently begLln involving itst'lf in 10саl political issues, апо тапу оЕ its members identified \vitl1 tl1e Вlack

Po\ver Movement. Meanwl1ile, at tl1e nationallevel, SDS began calling

tor stLIdепt agitators to "соппесt сатрLlS iSSLles \vitl1 off-саmрLls qLlestions." Опе оЕ tl1e cl1ief рroропепts оЕ tl1is idea \vas SDS officer Carl Davidson, wl10

\vrote ап il1flLlепtiаl pampblet ca11ing for stLIdents to rid American campLlses оЕ tl1eir military ties. I • 2 AltllOugl1 Davidson was поt directly connected to tl1e

storm tl1at \vas brewing at ColLlmbia, this idea proved potent to Momingside Heigl1ts' stLldent politicos. As а reSL11t оЕ ColLlmbia's encroacl1ment into Harlem апо its IDA ties, tl1ey could plaLlsibly claim tl1at tl1eir own "enligl1t­ епео" uпivегsiгу \vas асtLш11у l1elping to perpetuate tl1e gravest iniquities оЕ

tl1e оау, racism апо \var. lп

spite оЕ a11 tl1is, tl1e ColLlmbia rebellion \vas not рlаппео in advance.

lпstеас!,

it grew OLlt оЕ а ra11y tl1at began at пооп оп April

2)

at tl1e center

оЕ сатрLlS, at \Vl1icl1 SDS апо SAS distributed а l1andbi11 ca11ing for СоlLlт­ Ыа to disaffiliate from IDA апо to revise its ргосеdшеs for disciplining

stLIdent demonstrators. I .; Alt110Llgl1 тапу leftists were excited to see black апо wrute radicals соорегаtiпg at tl1e ra11y, at first trungs did not go we11.

At'ter sevt:ral speecl1es, al10nymoLls voices in tl1e cro\vd began уеlliпg for everyone to marcl1 into ColLlmbia's administration bLlilding, tl1ereby detying а recent Ьап оп indoor demonstrations. ВLlt wl1en tl1ey discovered tl1t bLlilding's doors 11<1О bet:n Jocked, tl1e groLlp seemed Llпsше оЕ wl1<1t to clo. Тllеп, \vl1ile RL1Jd \vas in tl1e middle оЕ а speecl1, several l1undred StLI­ clents drit'ted toward tl1e gym сопstшсtiоп site, wl1ere tl1ey tore down part оЕ а tence, апсl опе stLIdent \vas arrested after sCLlffling \vitl1 а police officer.

Next, tl1e cro\vcl reassembled оп campLlS, \vl1ere tensions arose between RLlclc1 апd some оЕ tl1e SAS leaders, \VllO perceived l1im to Ье acting апо­ gantly. Desperate to salvage tl1e dетопstгаtiоп апо provoke а sl1owdown \\,itl1 the аdmiпistгаtiоп, RLldcl fiпа11у lео tl1e groLlp into Hamilton Ha11, \vl1ere tl1ey took Dean Henry S. Соlетап 110stage апо Ьеgап а sit-iп. Almost ".\1.[. тнг. I')(OTEST Г'П ТО P)(I'IT"

I

05

immediarely, а sreering commirree demanded rhat the universiry scop соп­ struction оп the gym, sever its ties to the IDA, and give amnesty to еуегу­ опе involved \vith protest. i ч Some sixteen hours later, tlle African American students decided tl1at the white protestors weren't fl111y committed to lюldiпg tl1e building and asked them to lеауе. As а result, tlle \vl1ites went оп to seize Lo\v Library, and еvепшаllу сЬгее aclditional ЬLlildiпgs-Аvегу НаН, Fayerweather Наll, and the Mathematics ВLlildiпg-with the llelp of hLlndreds тоге sшdепts. It wOllld Ье а full \veek iJefore New York City police Бпаllу cleared сЬе baildings in а Ьшtаl assalllt сЬас sent nearly опе hundred sшdепts to the hospital. ' Тhroughош the weeklong siege, LNS l1ad i ts о\уп corps of reporters I iv ing in the barricaded iluildings. Meanwhile, Steve Diamond, а twenty-one-year­ old sшdепt wlю planned оп а career in jошпаlism, shllffled back and forth betweel1 the various bLlildings and collected each reporter's notes, which Ье later used со write Llр LNS's exuberant, six-thousand word, day-by-day account of the events. "Because по опе trtlsted tlle estabIished media," Ье recalled, "the sшdепts didn't allow апу regular reporters in сЬе occupied buildings." H6 Ву conrrast, underground press jошпаlists \уеге \velcomed. " ­ Although сЬе turmoil ас Columbia \vas front-page news across tlle СОLlПСГУ, Ethel Romm, а writer for EciitOl' & PIIb/iJhe/' mаgаziпе. later observed that most of сЬе reportage "was CuriollSly detached, telling the story Егот the oUtside." 1п order со get ап insider account of \vllat \vent оп inside сl1е build­ ings, ог "а definitive article" оп сl1е massive police raid. slle said опе needed со turn со сl1е underground press, "that mllshrooming grollp of coast-to-coast weeklies and bi-weeklies now nLlmbering аЬоLlt 125 with а рюd circ1..llation of well оуег а million.'" "А new, тоге flllid style of геvоlшiопагу activity оп the American сат­ pus has Ьееп introdllced Ьу Colambia Uпivегsitу sшdепts. black and white, who held physical сопсго] of [Coltlmbia} for а \veek," Diamond's glltSY lead proclaimedY9 Jn опе sense, this was а statement, since building takeovers soon Ьесате much тоге commonplace оп American campuses. His sllggestion that сЬе protest had Ьееп marked Ьу interracial Ьагтопу, 110wever, was pllГe spin. Althollgh it is ПLlе that SAS and SDS had teamed llр at tl1e April 23 rally, when Rudd tried to restore order af"ter сl1е protest began unraveling, SAS leader Cicero Wilson chastised 11im for lтре­ riollsly. "УОll'ге пос too mLlch better сЬап ColL!mbia," Ье supposedly said. "УОll'ге trying со decide \vhat black people shoLlld Ье doing."HO Worse still, тапу whites \Vere hllmiliated when tl1e At"rican American students asked tl1еш to ]eave Hamilton. 111 Considering tllC lengtlls со wl1icl1 New had tried to win tl1e tfllSt and арргоуаl of bIack militants, anotller reporter 1 06

S~ЮК1!>iG TYPE\X'RLТ~RS

mighr have Ьееп tempted со delve deeper into сЬе schism. Instead, Dia­ mond disposed of it in а few scanr sentences, arguing, "Although сЬе split \vas unwanted in (Ье beginning, it developed into ап unexpecred ,оигсе of power," since it ulrimately gave white radicals ап opporrunity ro rortify themselves in Low Library, in а 5how of iпtепасiаl "solidarity."1'2 Ву ,kipping 50 lightly оуег rhis angle of сЬе 5tory, Diamond falsely implied rlшt after сЬе initial split, everything was fine between black and white milirants. I"; Diamond also put а gloss оп сЬе noontime cally, which, Ьу most ас­ counts, had Ьееп а fiasco. The so-called Сох Commission-a facr-finding сеат rhat invesrigated сЬе April llprising, headed Ьу Harvard law pro­ tessor (and futute Watergate prosecuror) Archibald Cox-called it "еп­ tirely haphazard," adding, "The crowd had responded (о rhe calls of unknown members гасЬег сЬап it5 leaders. "14~ Similarly, wrirers for сЬе Columbia Spectator said Rudd appeared 'Ъеwildегеd" as demonsrrators \vandered errantly around (Ье campus.l';j АпосЬег writer explained Rudd'5 ргеdiсаmеш тоге sресiбсаllу, noring сЬас he "had gone from сЬе sundial [а campus landmark) ro storm а locked building; and when that failed, Ье made а speech со а disappearing crowd; and after that, Ье watched and goaded while others wrestled with а policeman," before бпdiпg himself "back at (Ье sundial again, bickering wirh а black. "1,6 But according со Diamond, right ир uшil the seizure of Hamilton, сЬе rally was marked Ьу "momentous energy [that) had Ьееп growing since пооп," unril Rudd reacted "in (Ье beautifully spontaneous fashion [сЬас) characrerized сЬе entire rebellion, [and} led сЬе jubilant demonstrarors ... into Hamilton Hall."I'- Elsewhere, Diamond infused his prose with dramatic tones. Не routinely referred со сЬе occupied buildings as "fronts," as if' the campus \уеге literally а barrlegrollnd. Columbia's bearded and rousle-haired stu­ denrs, Ье said, summoned ro mind сЬе New Left's favorite echt-revolll­ tionary, СЬе Gllevara. Describing а grOllp оЕ- radicals lounging аЬош in Kick's opulent оfЬсе, Ье mused, "Опе could пос help ыlt Ье reminded of сЬе phoros ot- сЬе Sierra Maestra rebels in [FulgencioJ Batista's Royal Науапа Palace in I959."14S When ас опе point during сЬе demonstration а studеш llrged сЬе occupiers со modify their demand for amnesty in hopes of ceaching а sеttlеmеш with (Ье administration, Diamond skerched сЬе scene this way: ]оЬп

]acobs, ап SDS leader, was pissed. "No concession5, we аге Ьеге win. If \уе do пос get roсаl amnesty, all is lost. We аге winning now, Ьш we must \vin сЬе whole war. No conce5sions." ТЬе whole (о

"Аl.!. ТНЕ PROTEST I'П ТО PHINT"

I

07

Mathemarics buildings applauded as "j.j." rшпеd and lefr Не had made his point. It was all ог поrhiпg.I,j.)

сЬе гоот.

Alrhough Diаmопd occasionally mocked some of сЬе dеmопstгаtогs' opponents, Ье expended сопsidегаЫу тоге energy laudillg сЬе radicals. ТЬе African Americalls, Ье said, were especially сопfidепr, disсiрliпеd, апd fear­ less. Although it had Ьееп rumored that some УОllпg mеп from Harlem had brollght gllПS onto campllS, Diamolld slIggesred that гЬе тоге levelheaded stlldellts iп Hamilroll НаН commallded ellollgh ашhогiгу со evict them ljc Вш гЬе \vhites, соо, behaved methodically апd democratically, orgallizillg garbage details (о keep (Ье bllildings cleall, as well as night-watch sqllads that stayed оп сЬе 100kollt for а possiЫe illvasion Ьу police ог "jocks." "Неге \\'as а community ralking, sharing meager food slIpplies апd co-operating," Diamond rhapsodized.[j[ lп Fayerwearher НаН, теп and wоmеп divvyed llр сЬе cooking duries, and iп сЬе Math Bllilding, (Ье bonded with slIch intimacy that (Ьеу (оге away the "Меп" and "Women" siglls оуег сЬе bathrooms апd shared а "commllnity toothbtllsh."[S2 Thollgh еасЬ ЬаН was сЬе sire of "iпсгеdiЫу 10ng апd redious" meerings, voice" was heard. When Тот Hayden visired сЬе Math Bllilding, Ье declined ап invitation со address the crowd rhrollgh а ыllьоrn;; instead, Ье simply helped (о moderate the discussioll. Accordillg ro Diаmопd, "lt was trllly а beauriflll sсепе" to see "democracy evolving before 'опе's very eyes.'" Whеп dеsсгiЫпg а major disаgгееmепr iп the Math Вuildiпg over what (о do when (Ье police сате. Diamond \vas so determined tO portray а harmonious scene that his prose nearly tшпеd oxymoronic: "The whole place seemed divided," he said, "yet somehow unified." '" Anorher LNS scribe, Тот Hamilton, finished ир (Ье story Ьу describing "ТЬе Вщг," when approximarely опе rhollsand New York Ciry cops broke rhe sшdепrs' hold оп гЬе occupied buildings in the wee hошs of the mоrniщ; оп Tuesday, April 30. Ву rus аССОllпt, the police behaved like tlIffians, гап­ domly аssаllltiпg sшdепrs апd еvеп faclll(y members who had srood olltside the bllildings. "Мапу of Colllmbia's most illustrious professors were clllbbed and hit with swinging handcuffs, which were а poplllar weapon with police," he wrore. А campllS гаЬЬ! was repeatedly clubbed with а blackjack and rhen "rrampled Ьу а series of policemen." ]ames Shenton, а рОрlllаг history pro­ fessor, was likewise "knocked оп (Ье grollnd and repeatedly stшсk in the back and kicked in the kidneys." According (о Hamilron, сЬе "stream о( реорlе leaving camplls, who had Ьееп part of rhe hllman barrier to ргеvепt viоlепсе ... looked like refllgees from ап artack Ьу ап агту оп а civilian poplllation. Меп and women of the faculty and stlldents сате stаg,gегiпg

I08

SMOKlN(;

ТУРЕWRПЕRS

[a\vay} ...

тапу sшппеd

and bleeding.·· Although New York City police Howard R. Leary commended his force for handling "а росеп­ tially difficult siшаtiоп withollt [causing] а single case оЕ serious injury," сЬе LNS reporr dryly noted сl1ас, in Еасс, eighty-seven srudешs were treated at пеагЬу St. Luke's hospital, \vhile тоге "serious cases" were raken со Knicker­ bocker Hospital.I\4

сотшissiопег

In addition со appearil1g in numerous undergroul1d newspapers, Diamond and Hamilcon's героп made its \vay со сЬе San Francisco offices оЕ Ramparts, \vhich Ьу thеп had evolved from а Catholic gtlarterl у, fotll1ded i n 1962, со Ьесоте сЬе nariol1's "first lеfг-оf-сешег commercial magazine," published штОI1СЫУ with а circtllation approaching 250,000.1" Шоот \vas coincidel1­ tally in rl1c Вау Area ас сЬе time, \vhere Ье was trying со establish а formal parrnership Ьегwееп I.NS and RШllраrts. ТЬе deal never сате tЬгоugh, Ьш since LNS \vas the only ne\vs service with а fLlll ассоuпt оЕ сЬе Columbia rebellion, RаШРtl/'tj ediror Warrel1 Hinckle рш Bloom and others со work Еог several days, duriпg \vhich сЬеу made curs, revisions, апd additions to variotlS aspects оЕ Diamond's story. Diатопd's manLlscript was virrllally unrecogniz­ аЫе in сЬе long essay that resulred, ыlt it preserved his opinions аЬош гЬе odiousness оЕ Coltlmbia's administration, сЬе courage and nobiliry оЕ сЬе protestors, and сЬе Ьгшаlitу оЕ сЬе police. OnJune 15, I968, "ТЬе Siege оЕ Coltlffibia" was RampartJ' cover story, аl1 exclusive герorс "compiled ... wirh rhe assisral1ce оЕ staff reporrers from Liberatiol1 News Service in New York Ссу. ,,;;(, ВУ ТНЕ ТIME

LNS FINISHED irs аССОtlПС, ас уоо АМ сЬе day afrer сЬе raid, сЬе Coltlffibia llprising had already dominated the fгош page оЕ the NeU' York Til/les for ап entire week. Мапу aspecrs оЕ сЬе TiJlles coverage generared serious criricisms in rhe local media, as well as from protesting sшdешs, who noted that Arthur "РllПСЬ" Sulzberger, сЬе venerable president and рllblisЬег оЕ сЬе Тiнш, was al50 а Colllffibia rrustee. Оп Мау 2, а gcoup оЕ аЬоис eighty students pickered outside Sulzberger's FiftЬ Aventle home, where гЬеу accused шт of а сопf1iп оЕ inrerest and charged that his reporters had gen­ erally failed со "understal1d fundamental aspecrs оЕ гЬе demol1stracors' goals and procedures."i\' Although Diamond acknowledged that Ье and his LNS compatriors \vere al\vays runnil1g down сЬе Times, Ье says Ье never rhought оЕ his srory оп сЬе Columbia сеЬеlliоп as а direct riposte to irs coverage. Insread, Ье said 11is main goal \vas to сотреl оtЬег studenrs со take similar actions ас their o\vn llniversities. Still, the Тi"ш proved itself ап аЫе Еоа со LNS, апd Ьу brietly examining irs 10psided coverage оЕ сЬе Columbia evenrs, ir becomes apparenr how easy ir was Еос LNS to suggest chat сЬас their own "ЛLL ТНЕ I'ROTESТ FIT ТО PRIST"

1

09

subjectivities were пос аН that different in kind fOHnd ас сЬе nation's рарег of record.

[roт

those

сЬас

cOHld

Ье

Certainly сЬе Times editorial page heaped ап unusual атоипс of abllse оп сЬе protestors.1(,1) Of сошsе, сЬе Times editorials always reflected tl1e риЬ­ lisher's opinions, Ьш со those who looked го the paper as а guardian of civil discussion, some of irs opinions тау have seemed exrreme. 161 Others argued сЬас сЬе paper's ranrs were sadly predicrable, givеп Sulzberger's privileged culгшаl position; "The Times edirorials," сЬеу said, "grow ош of perceptions consistent with [those} of а Columbia trustee. Опе LNS wrirer WllO helped ОССl1РУ

Fayerweather НаН called the editorials "ап outrageous lie," noting сЬас сЬе "vast majority" of those with whom Ье sat in were undergraduate and graduate srudents who bravely risked their degrees, and еуеп their careers, in trying со torce Соl11тЫа "со stand for something ыlапn and dесепг."16'

Iг was VQice reporrer ]ack Newfield, however, who made the most соп­ vincing case againsr сЬе Times. Nearly еуегу story сЬе paper printed аЬоис сЬе police busr, Ье said, "was inept, dishonest, and slanred against гl1е srudenr dеmопstгаtогs." Еvеп \vorse, Newfield alleged, "ТЬе Times itself was llпеtЬi­ саНу implicated iп сl1е рlаппiпg of the police raid," siпсе the police Ьаа provided сЬе paper wirl1 а detailed сору of their рlапs for arresring сl1е stнdепts, possibly iп ехресtаtiоп of а guid pro guo, whereby the police w0111d receive [ауorаЫе news апd editorial coverage iп геtшп for their iпsidе

iпfогmаtiоп. 161 Тl1е fоllоwiпg day, Times assistant mапаgiпg editor АЬе Rоsепthаl 'Ъrokе witl1 сЬе tгаditiоп сl1ас iпsulаtеs еdiгiпg from героrtiпg" со write а [roпс­ page "mood piece" dеsсгiЫпg сЬе camplls after сl1е bust, whicl1 critics said oozed witl1 соmраssiоп for Kirk, fогЬеагапсе toward rhe police, and уепот toward the dеmопsггагогs.[(,) Iс began this way:

It was 4: 30 in the moming апd tl1e ргеsidепt of сl1е university lеапеd аgаiпst сЬе \уаll of сЬе [оот сl1ас Ьаа Ьееп his о[Бсе. Не passed а hand over his [асе. "Му God," Ье said, ''Ьоw cOHld ыlапn Ьеiпgs do а rhing like this." Rosentl1al added сl1ас desks апа chairs in Low l1ad Ьееп "smashed," сl1ас Kirk's rug was "spattered," апd сl1ас David Тшmап, Col11mbia's provost, seemed dazed as l1е "wапdегеd , .. back and [огсl1 [roт wrecked [оот со \vrecked roот,";6(, According со сЬе Сох Сошшissiоп, 110wever, 'Tl1ere was по substantial vandalism in Low Library."16- Rosentl1al also сlаiшеd сl1ас some of сl1е arresring роliсешеп "seemed almost fond, in а professional \vay, of сl1е stLldents," and l1е described опе of tl1еш picking ир а book froш сl1е 1 1

SMOKINC; TYPfOWRITERS

rJoor ot' Kirk's oHice and musing, "ТЬе whole world is in these books; how lould [Ьеу do this [о these books?"16H Finally, Rosenthal minimized сЬе police Ьгшаlitу сЬас marred сЬе arrests. "ТЬе firsr passing mешiоп ot' сЬе bloody heads of sшdепts," опе critic observed, "appears in paragraph fifty. Лссогdiпg со Tiffr and ]ones, "Within Ne\v York journalism circles, there \yas talk сЬас [Rosenthal} had purposely assigned himself [Ье Columbia story l)ecause Рппсh was а university rrustee."I'(} lп ап ппusпаl

starement, Sulzberger larer defended сЬе Тimes reporting, \vhich Ье insisted was "in по way" influenced ос shaped Ьу its edirorials. "In (]lе coverage of сЬе Columbia siшаtiоп" Ье said, "сЬе Times has used its resources со provide (llН, accurate, and dispassionate coverage." However, сЬе Тimes failed со convey опе very important poinc, оп \уЫсЬ сЬе Nеш York Post ,шd LNS agreed-rhe violent police assaulr had played а pivotal соlе in шrniпg сЬе majority ot' stlldent opinion against [Ье administrarion. 1'1 Indeed, "пос

until сЬе 2 згd paragraph of [сЬе Тinш) lead story were 'charges' of police mentioned."j·2

lJfпtаlitу еуеп

ОП Мау 1,

addressed сЬе brutality issпе in ,Ш UППSllаl, rarher schizophrenic article сЬас сЬе paper buried оп page 35. Near сЬе сор of [Ье piece, Arnold said сЬас по опе was "hospitalized" at'ter [Ье police raid (Ьу which Ье mпst have meant сЬас по опе геqпiгеd overnight lюsрitаl пеаrmеnc). Next, Ье relativized [Ье violence: "То ап experienced ,шtiwаг or civil righrs demonstrator," Ье observed, [Ье police action "was, for rl1e mosr parr, relarively genrle." ТЬе probIem, Ье implied, \vas сЬас тапу оЕ сЬе sшdепts had Ьееп novice prorestors who were shocked со see so тапу 11elmeted police officers оп their camplls, and who regarded "pнshing Ьу police lines" as "Ьгшаlirу." Вш jusr а lirrle [ater in сЬе апiсlе, Arno[d injecred

Times reporter Martin

АrnоЫ

а

different сопе inco his [ерон, ciring numerous specific examples of police violence: sшdепts were "pllmmeled, dragged along сопссесе sreps, kicked, J111nched, and struck with police saps." Two llniformed роliсетеп deliber· ately splln а woman inco а пее. Cops flllng another sшdепt ro сЬе groппd, and '\уЬеп Ье rried со get llр, сЬеу grabbed Ыт and rhrew Ыт down again. А plainclorhesman rushed пр and scomped оп сЬе [аllеп тап." E[sewhere, plainclochesmen "charged rhrollgh" а line оЕ faculty and students, "sromping hands and Ееес and flinging bodies со сЬе ground," wirhollr making апу efforr со move or arresr сЬет. Опе stlldenr "could hardly see becallse blood \vas running down сЬе side of his [асе." Anorher Times reporrer ас сЬе scene "was srfl!ck оп сЬе head Ьу а policeman lIsing handCtlffs as brass knuckles," while а phorographer was "punched in the еуе Ьу а policeman." ТЬеп, \vhen the newsman flashed his press identificarion, the сор smashed his camera. п According to Ne\vfield, Arnold's mollifying lead paragraphs, оп

"АН. ТН[ PROTEST FIT ТО PRII>:T"

I I I

,

wmch were 50 ас odds from ,vhat his desk edi tors. l ' !

сате

later, were

а

necessary concession

го

Finally, Newl1eld reported гЬаг despite гЬе protestors' Ьап оп allowing establishment journalists inside апу of гЬе occupied buildings, опе Тiше.\ writer, ]оЬп Kifner, had acrually gotten inside гЬе МагЬ Building in гЬе hours betore гЬе police assault. Опе might have expected his editors со ЬС' pleased. After all, several national magazines, including Life and Look, off'ered го рау LNS for its bemnd-the-barricades phorographs-proposals гЬаг LNS briefIy considered, гЬеп rejected. п Kifner's editors, however, "inexplicably told mт [Ьеу weren't interested" in having llim \vrite а bemnd-the-scenes account. Instead, гЬеу asked шт [о героп оп allegations of srudent van­ dalism in гЬе МагЬ Building. Виг тапу radicals maintained [Ье vandalism wasn't caused Ьу srudents, ыlt Ьу [Ье police. Later, гЬе CO!llJ1z!Jia Dai/} Spe(­ /а/ау

presented testimony from several protessors гЬаг seemed го establish, beyond any doubt, гЬаг their ofl1ces \vere ransacked after [Ье bllildings had been cleared of гЬе rebelling srudents. п;

unllSllal gesture, Slllzberger released а statement in reply го [1lе students who protested [Ье Nelc York Times coverage, arguing [Ьа[ it \vas not а confIier оГ' interest (ог Times executives го setve as university trllStees, add­ ing, "It is а cardinaJ tllle of [Ье Тilllб . . . that opinions of гЬе pubIisher, ог opinions expressed in editoriaJs, must in по way infIuence ог shape гЬе cov­ ecage оГ' this newspaper.'·l" This, anyhow, \vas [Ье public Епе. Accocding [о

In

ап

Tiтes

historians Susan Tifft and Alex ]ones, "Ofl1cially [Ье Neu Yot,k Тinю never admitted апу епог ... Ьш privately гЬе рарег was етЬаггаssеd."П

EVEN ВУ ТНЕ ТIME

LNS started operations in the fall оГ' 1967, community papers across [Ье соиппу had already slюwп enough enecgy and promise го I1re [Ье imaginations оГ' even the most avid New Leftists. Whether through their swirling layouts and rainbo\l/-splashed pages, ог, тоге piercingly, their escalating a5sault5 оп American institutions and values, youthful gllerilla journalists catved оиг new territory in [Ье mediascape and \von [Ье allegiance of radical multitudes. Рагс of' what made tl1eir efforts so attractive initially v,'as [l1е deep attention сЬеу paid to the уошhful insllfgencies that were evolving in their own backyards. Meanwhile, Ьу helping to recycle articles that first appeared in local 5treet-corner newspapers, UPS helped the movement's scribes [О command larger audiences than сЬеу had ever thOllgllt possible. Внс LNS played гЬе most pivotal role in transfocming [Ье fJedgling undergrollnd press into сЬе Ne\v Left'5 most signiticanr counterinstitution. Ву гЬе late 19605, almost every radical ne\vspaper in сЬе cOllntry received LNS сору, and some [Ье smaller and тоге amateurish papers leaned 50 1 12

I

SMOK1NG TYPEIX'R1TERS

heavily оп LNS chac without its suрроп сЬеу might пос have survived. Need­ less со say, сЬе new media universe сЬас LNS helped со escablish was crucial со сЬе New Lefc's developmenc. It allo\ved accivists со stay informed аЬоис evencs chac the mainstream press eicher ignored ог could пос underscand; it helped со popularize and disseminate а radical framework of values; and because it was uniquely siшаtеd ас сЬе Ьеагс of che New Lefc геЬеШоп, it provided conceptions оЕ knowledge-perspectives, ог "truths"-chat helped со соипсегасс che escablishment media's coverage. lronically, LNS was initially very chaotically гип. "As Еаг as we were соп­ cerned," Mungo remembered, "we гап оп magic. Not democracy, пос 10gic, magic. And уои kno\v what? We асшаllу believed it."1-9 Put another way, LNS emerged as а highly infiuential Еогсе within the movement withouc ever arriving ас а shared Hnderstanding оЕ how it should орегасе, or а scracegy Hnder which it cOHld ехресс со develop and chrive 1П сЬе coming years. As а resulc, some оЕ chose who joined LNS shortly afcer ic was formed pegged Bloom and MHngo as congen1tally disorganized, lacking in commicment, ог jнsc plain spaced оис. Meanwhile, Вloom's erratic personalicy further stressed сl1е organization. Nevertheless, Ьу the vertiginous spring оЕ 1968, LNS's founding тет­ bers had much со Ье proud оЕ. Writing со а friend in late 1967, Вlooт boasced chat LNS \vas the only media organization со герогс сЬас although some of the GIs ас сЬе Pentagon demonstration behaved like bruces, тапу others secrecly sympathized wich сЬе protescors, and some had even deserted their posts. "ТЬеге аге stories which would пос Ьарреп, anywhece, without us," Ье said. 1HO А few months lacer, in its coverage of сЬе Columbia rebellion, LNS presenred intimate, firsc-hand accounrs сЬас рис со shame сЬе ideologi­ саНу

colored reports that appeared in the nation's leading newspaper. AlthoHgh LNS's coverage was пос nearly as decailed ог as well wricren as сЬас of the Neu' York Times, Ьу articulating сЬе frustrations of protesting students, and Ьу presenting ап unvamished account of сЬе vicioL1S police assaulc of April 30, LNS could plausibly argue сЬас its own снЬ reporters had besced сЬе Bcahmins of American journalism; ас сЬе very leasc, сЬеу could роiш со сЬе Times coverage со show thac сЬе underground press didn't Ьаvе а то­ nopoly оп polemical discourse. As Todd Gitlin [асег wroce, chanks 1П large measure (о che achievements of the underground press, сЬе Columbia осси­ pation Ьесате "а гiшаl of unmasking. О/сО/те Columbia had ics seacs in сЬе boardrooms of po\ver; о/ COflrse, pнsb comes со shove, сЬеу would mo\v down whatever scood in their way, from ghetco blacks со antiwar studenrs."lHl For а11 оЕ chese reasons, Libecation News Service was giddy with success in сЬе monrhs afcer ic was fOHnded, even in spice оЕ its iшеmаl ditЪсultiеs. "AI.!.

PROTEST

I'П ТО

PRJNT

113

Мапу

years later, Steve Diamond chuckled, "As thar old journalistic hound dog, А. J. Liebling put ir, 'Freedom of the press belongs со rhose who own опе.' Righr-o, Amigo. And we owned опе."'В2 In September 1968, Mungo gauged LNS's success in defiant rerms. Speaking со а reporter from the Neu' York Тimex, he said fiacly: "\X!e've educated а generation that по longer buys ог needs daily papers. They believe us, пос yoU.',jRi

1

14

SMOKII'G 'I'YPE',);'RiТERS

John \Vilcock and 11i5 "vife ас сЬе rime, АтЬес LaMann, in Sheffield, England, in rhe early I9605. А legenJ iп underground publishing, сЬе BririslJ exparriare \Vilcock \vas affiliareJ \virh сЬе Vi!!age Voice, сЬе East Vi!fage Otha, сЬе UпdегgгоuпJ Press Syndicare, апd other publicarions. Сщшеsу оЕ Jоlш

Wllcock.

ви Nщ,s

ediror

and LNS соfоuпdег Raymond Mungo being hung in effigy Boston

Ьу studещs ас

Universiry, ca.1966. (i) Perer Simon.

The s(aff оЕ (he Rапiпег,

OtlJo' in Ne\\' York City, JаПllагу Ц, 1 96f), From lefr: f),ш

Еау!

Wa](er Bowart, and brotllers

Local Sf)S ]<:'adt:r George Vizard selling copies of AlIStin's

Rag

пеаг

(he Universicy

of Texas camplIs iп 19б6. Оп

July 2),1967, Vizard \vas mllrdered \vlli!e

working che lаг<:'-пighг shif[ аг а сопvепi<:'псе яorе. То [his day, тапу lП Ausrin's radical

сотmи­

niry (hink he \vas kiJled becatlse of his policica! accjvism. Ас !еЕс: his \vite, Mariann Vizard (now Mariann Wizard). Тhогпе

Dreyer.

Аl1еп апс1 Ооп

KHzman, Associated Press.

Воsшп Uпivегsiгу

edirion ot" l'een

eplscopal cllaplain Jack Smirh posing reacJing а "banned"

Amf{1/' iп гl11:'

Рl11lес! Егот

BU

Sшdепг

Union, I967.

Cambridge ne\vssranc!s.)

Аг

ОП

righr:

rhe

ви Ntll'S

рарег

lbld

опlу

ediror Joe Pilari.

![) Clif Carboden.

Raymond Mungo

'"

~

~

а[

his

desk in [he rl1e "I_iberared Zone" Thomas Circle NW, in \X!ashingron, DC-in earl}' 19<18.

Clif Garboden.

Amherst Student editor and

LNS cofounder Marshall В!оот.

© Perer Simon.

John Walrus, siпiпg in сЬе office of сЬе Chicago Seed, which was also headquarrers for radicals planning со disrupr rhe 1968 Democratic National Convention. Gerty Images.

James Gurley, guitarist for Big Brother and the Holding Сотрапу, reading сЬе АIIII Arbor Slm, са. I968. © Leni Sinclair.

..

.... ~ ,

'

,.

'

.... ""':""'

'·~.'O."

'

Srreer-rl1t:att:r proresrors "Gen, \X1asre Hershey

Ваг"

Моге

Land" (a.k,a.

iп Ропlаncl,

press ;Jcrivisr, \X1l1ire

Oregon,

РапtЬег

sепtепсе

Мiсhigап's апd

for passing

Sllpreme

reyersed his

Сошс

с\уо

joinrs

со

Robert

(1)

Dunp11Y) and

anri-Viernam

шапаgег

of the

пiпе-апd-а-11аlf- со tеп-уеаг

an undercover

роliсе\vотап.

ruled rhar el1e Derroit police had

сопУieriоп, Сошtеsу

ас

"Gеп.

Аlсшап,

leader, and one-time

MC-s, ]ohn Sinclair served ewency-nine monel1s of а prison

Тот

(a,k.a, Calypso ]щ:) posing wirl1 sarirical newspapers

War proresc, April r6, r969,

lТпdегgrouпd

•

tJ ".' '41­'''.".. ~.

of Leni Sinclair,

In r 97 2,

епtгарреd

Sinclair

LNSer

АlI<:,п

Young standing betore

а

Nortl1

Viеtпашеsе

lIag at

(Ье

National

Mobilization (о End t11<:' Vi<:'tпаш War in WаsЬiпgtоп, ОС, Nо\'ешЬег 15, 1969· Gt't,y Iшаgеs.

Rozzie 1>felnicotJ оп ,I1е рЬопе in LNS's New York City office, 160 Сlагешоnt А\'епие. In ,!1е Ьасkgгопщl, SI1eila Ryan. © Da\'id FenLOn.

U,',tl

1.

t~

.~~ ~

~~

J,NS-NY collt'ctiH' sittiп/,i сl011'П [ог а П1t'аl. FГШll lей tO ri/,il1t: Mark Ft'iпstеiп, lIпidепtifit'сl

(po"ibly jJl'tt' КПОЫt'г), Ralpl1 Gгt'епsрап, Barl1
СГlltпl>tг ь , Аl,ш НО\\'агсl С\гапJiп/,i),

Ho\\·ic- Ерsttiп, Btryl Epstein, LшiJtпtifiеd.

'J Da\'lcl I:tпtCJп .

. ----~-~--"

..

BfI'kt!f) Мах

В,II'Ь

pLlblisher

Scl1err iп December

1969. Tl1e Вm'Ь \vas tl1e only

пеwsрарег

that

trieJ to find anytl1ing оllt

abollt African

Аmегiсап tеепаgег

MereJitl1 "Tl1t

Юс]

Нlllнег,

Tl1ty KilleJ

at

Аltаmопt."

со

Robtrt Altman.

Ka(llY Mulvihill

running LNS's

offse( press,

December 9, 1970.

СОllпеsу оЕ"

Andy Marx,

Рlюtu Ьу Аппе

Мое

Slotin selling

oHicers scrlltinize

Dockery.

(l1е

Gmlt Spe(k!ec! Bil'c! in Atlan(a, Geurgia, At rigl1t, (\уо police "Everyone \VI1O met 1\10е loved тт," said pllOtogrJ­

(Ье рарес

pher Carter Tomassi, "1n 11is photo, 1'm tl1e Bil'C!."

(с")

Carter Tomassi,

sше 11е

charmecl tl1e

(\уо

cops into reacling

',. Ii '1)

"

., ,tf"!,.

~::- ~'J~'j1r.~., j~'

"

.....

. ""'"

/;

"

r; ~'J1:\ ~

Щ81\_ ц

~~r.fi·': ! . \1'" ... :}\. ~, , I У"

М$ 1

!Ik .

..~~~:S1~ 1:'­

'"""

ТJюгпе

Drtyer anJ Vicroria

.t

[п

threats. COllГresv

UPS

Sшi (11.

1970, Tl1e 0['

епJшеd

i П rl1e \vorkspace {ог HOllsrOn '5 vandaJism, break-ins, апе! clеаГ!1

Tl10me Пгеуег.

cooгc.iinator ТJЮn1аs

\'l(fasJ1ingron

Forcade rIHo\\'5

а

[п

[11e

Еке

0[[0 N, Larson af'rer [esritying

RicJlafd Nixon's 011 Мау 1'\,

sratT

СОШn1issiоп 011

1970, Associated Press.

and Pornograpl1}'

[п

ot'1Jniversi[y of Ьеt"<ш:

PresiJenr

Wasl1ington,

ПС

[arry Ушdiп, ас che Alc(-rnarive Me,lia СопrtгепCf: ас Go,k!arcl JL!ne 1970. (\) '\fark Gof"f.

ВtJS!ГЩ PhlJ~llix

publisl1er

Stерhеп М. Мiпdiсll

rhe

аlttrпа­

tive press's break \virll i rs LlпdегgГОLшd roocs Ьу жk1iпg COIlSllmer ащi

liftscy!e

featLIres со ics edirorial

mix iп rhe mid-I970S

©

Ресег Siшоп.

il1

Vегшопг,

::)

"Either We Have Freedom of the Press ... or We Don't Have Freedom of the Press" Thomas King Forcade and the War against Underground Newspapers

As

YOIJTHS INCREASINGI.Y П;R~J:::D ТНЕШ ЛТТЕNТION to

llndergrol!nd

пе\V5рарегs in the lасе 19605, 50 соо did 10саl апd f"ederal ашl1Огitiеs. Оп November 5, 1 968the very day that а razor-tl1in mагgiп ot" voters electell Hoover sent а шешо со FBI Richard Niхоп president-FBI director J. oflices пасiопwidе instructing his agents со begin making detailed sшvеуs ot" "New pl!blications being princed 1п [cheir} territorie5," and со compile iпt"огmаtiоп conceming each statI, printer, and advertisers. А fe\v monchs earlier, agents had Ьееп ins([l!cted со cake whatever actions \vere reqllired ro сапsе the papers (о "tOld апd cease РllЫiсаtiоп."J Thougl1 roр secret, Hoover's orders were iп kеерiпg \vich his pllblic statements abollt the Ne\\' Left. Earlier that year, he had соmрlаiпеd about сl1е Movement's "паll­ seatil1g air of self-righteousl1es5," \vith \\'hich it "criticizes, belittle5, [al1d}

mocks." The mood "ot" al1archism al1d l1ihilism" that activists s110wcased in сl1е l1acion's ul1dergrollnd papers, he said, \vould iпеvitаЫу lead ro "disre­ spect tor lа\\''' al1d "violence. "2 As рап of its massive coul1teril1telligence program (COINTELPRO), the FBI llsed infiltrators, рrovосаtешs, wireraps, t"orged letters al1d docllments,

and smear campaigns againsr SDS oHlcers and Movement pLJbIicarions. 1п 1971, аЕсег а ьгоар оЕ апопутош acrivisr5 calling rhemselves rhe Ciri­ zen5' Commission со lnvestigate the FВI broke into а Вшеаll оЕБсе in Media, Pennsylvania, and pilferet1 оЕ (11е5е

rllОшапds оЕ docLJmenrs

revealing some

acrivities, acrivists across (he СОlшtгу cOllld Ье heard mU$ing thar сЬеу

even in their most cynical imaginarions,

never envisioned jl1sr !10\V

exrensive rhe FВГs campaign аgаiпsг с!1ет \vas. W!10 \\'ollld Ьауе t!10L1ght, for iпstапсе, tl)ar с!1е FB1 \vol1ld ьо 50 Еаг as со сгеасе с\уо /ake l1nder­ gГОl1пd РL1Ыiсаtiопs-Лrmаgеdсlmz Neln

(in

(in 1ndiana) апd LOl1glJom Tales

Texas)-tЬаг \уеге теапс со рготосе тоге

moderate (as opposed

со

radical) viеwроiпts i ' Вш с!1е

FBI was !1ardly с!1е only groL1p со ьо аЕсег LшdегgГОL1пd ne\vspa­

pers. 1п тапу insrances, local aL1t!10riries шеd existing laws proЬibiring dшg

L1se, pornograp!1y, and L1nlicensed vending againsr N е\у Lefrisrs, w!10

were по dOl1bt targeted becaL1se

ot- their political activiries.

ОсЬег

rimes,

po1ice ransacked L1nderground press offices, stole valllable records, descгoyed expensive eqllipmenr, ог \vere accllsed оЕ рlапtiпg еvidепсе ог fabricaring сlшгgеs.

'

Моге оftеп гl1ап пor,

с!1е lепgthу апd

ra(Jicals

\уеге viпdjсаtеd

in

сошtroотs, Ьш

expensive trials сЬеу faced occllpie(i rl1t:ir time and diverted

гesошсes а\уау Егот

rheir po1irica1 acriviries.

L1пdегgгоuпd пеW5рарегs

always had

сl1е

Fшгl1егтоге, еуеп

means

со

though

(Iraw attenrion

со сl1е

l1arassmenr сl1еу faced, tl1eir comp1ainrs regisrered оп1у fаiпгlу \vl1еп сот­ pared with сЬе momenrOl1S еvепГS сЬас $rreamed Егот tl1eir раьб in сЬе 1асе I96o$ and early 1970$. Еvеп today, r!10se

\VI1O аге

generally а\уаге of сЬе

repressive теаsшеs сЬас Ьауе hi5rorically Ьееп ltveltd againsr Аmегiсап radicals fгеquепгlу seem uпаwаге оЕ the ехtепt of" (11е efforrs со sql1ash СЬе uпdегgгоuпd

ТЫ$

(рГОПОllпсеd

cate's

press.

is гше despire сЬе imporranr efforrs оЕ ТllОшаs King Forcade for-SAHD), \уЬо iп 1968 Ьесаmе rhe UпdегgГОllпd Press Syndi­

пагiопаl соогdiпаroг. Мапу

colleagues

апd

associares

гетеmЬег

Forcade

as а f"аsсiпаtiпg bl1ndle оЕ сопtгаdiсгiопs. Не could Ье flаmЬоуапt апd рго­ vocarive iп опе mотепt, апd mysrerious ашJ elllsive iп rl1t пехt. Не re1ished polirical сЬеасег аncl сопfгопгаtiоп, еvеп \уЬеп thest racrics \\'tre рlаiпlу 5eH-­ sаЬоrаgiпg. Не

was deeply

iпvеstеd

in

СОLшtегсu1гша!

polirics,

уес

he also

jeopardized l1is work оп СЬе Моуетепс'" behalf Ьу recklessly епgаgiпg iп drug паffiсkiпg. Вш almosr еуегуопе agreed Ье \vas ехсееdiпglу gепегош (Ье

was sometimes cal1ed l1im "сЬе hippie RоЫп Hood") and rl1ar 11е had ап

ехсгете ргеdilесtiоп Еог

newsprinr.' Кех \ХТеiпег, а friend, recalled сЬас For­

cade kпеw pL1bli511ing "fгom сор ro Ьосrom. Ht cOllld риН inro а rown апd publish а newspaper Еroт "сгассl1. Не kпе\v rypeserring. Не kпе\v layol1t. Не 116

!

SMOK1."(r

TYPI~~'!HTTRS

cOllJd sell [Ье ads. Не knew аЬош printing proce55es. Не knew аЬош ink and рарег .... Не knew all оЕ сЬе ргiщеГ5 in сЬе U nited States. Не had а tесlшiсаl knowledge [l1ас was thorough апd епсусlореdiс. "6 Jошпаlist Rоп RоsепЬаuш, another friend, characterized hiш as а "linear-okay, slightly \varpecl--descenclent оЕ гЬе Ашегiсап tгаditiоп оЕ геvоlutiопагу рашрhlеtеег сЬас traces its descent со Тот Paine. Тош Foreade had rhe рашрhlегеег's enrhusiasm tor his сгаЕс ... and сЬе crusader's compulsion со make his vision visible in black and white."­ Аmопь his шапу ассошрlishшепts, Forcade tгапstогшеd UPS Егот а chaotic and sоше\vhаt anemic огgапizаtiоп iшо а legal согрогаtiоп, designed ап under,ground press direcrory, and hired Сопсеп НаН Productions [о sell а(lvегtisешепгs Еог sеvепгу-пiпе UPS papers, whieh (tor а [iше) netted гhоusапds оЕ clollars [ог the papers each шошh. Foreade also established а partnersllip \vith tlle Беll & Howell Сошрапу, rhereby шаkiпg hundreds of lшdегgгоuпd newspapers available оп шiсrofilш. Не also ьос UPS аdшit­ сапее iщо tlle U .S. House and Sепаtе press galleries, Ьш пос, despite his best effoгts, the White HOl1se press СОГР5. According to а friend, аЕсег 1lе jоiпеd rhe congressional press corps, "llОпifiеd legislators Ьеьап enforcing гЬе 'Forcade Rule: ceguiring а rie оп all newspersons iп гЬе gallery. Forcade complied Ьу appearing in bIack tie and bIack shoes, bIack panrs, black shirr, bIaek froek еоаг, bIack со\уЬоу hat and dark sunglasses."H Тош underscored his tгешепdоus еnrl1Usiаsш Еог underground newspa­ pers witl1 а fшiоLlS апьег ас aurhorities who would suppress thеш. And it was always а реmmа! апgег. Growing ир, Forcade was iпtегеstеd in science fiction, airplanes, and clrag гаеiпg, and ас the U niversity оЕ U саЬ Ье quickly еагпесl а iп busines5 аdшiпi5trагiоп. If пос {ос underground newspa­ pers, lle might 11ауе Ьесоше а civil епgiпеег, like his {асЬес. Iпstеаd, rhe vibrant radical newsshee(s Ьесаше his lifеliпе со the New Lefr, rhe counter­ cultше, and ou(law culture шоге generally. Afrer gгаduаtiпg Есот college in Т966, Forcac!e moved со righr-wing Phoenix, Arizona, where Ье ашаssеd а huge private collection оЕ radical tabloids fгош across сЬе country апd began pl1bIishing his own underground digest, ОурЬеиs. In СЫ5 period he also helpil1g to ГlШ UPS. While сЬеге, Ье сlаiшеd со Ьауе Ьееп the (arget of some extraordinary acts of iпriшidаtiоп. This i5 рап оЕ сЬе reason Ье moved со New York, \vhere Ье Ьесаше UPS's coordinator, ас which point рЬопе calls and letters fгош young шеп and wошеп рошеd in fгош every region of the соuпtгу, alleging tl1ar гЬеу, (00, were being Ыс with various repressive measures. Dшiпg Forcade'5 еагеег as а subrerranean jошпаlist, editor, and pllbIisher, his outlook and his behavior wa5 50 greatly affeeted l)у апешрts ro stultify radica! newspapers thar it makes sen5e со ехашiпе "EJТHER WE НлVЕ FREEDOM O~' ТНЕ PRESS .

117

(l1е lшdегgГОL1пd

(wO (opics-Forcade and (11e war proximi(y, IN IТS Ei\RLIEST INCi\R;:,Ii\TION,

'ыгсllу

UPS

press-in close

seemed desrined tor grearness.

Ресег

[eggieri, а Ne\v York artisr \vho worked оп rhe Бtы Villi!/!,1: OtheJ', remembered rhar \vhen Wal(er Во\уап and ]оlш Wilcock hrsr СП:<1сеа rl1e organizarion, ir \vas На а . ТЬеге \уеге jllSr l1al( а dozen papers, and they said, lik(;, '1(;('5 did, and it created

а

саll

little stir, and

а

ir

(l1а(

synclicate, For rl1(; 11(;11

\vas

сl1ас."

In

о{

(асс, 500Л ай(;г

ir.' They it5 incep­

rion, \X!ilcock 'е(с с11е Unired Srares со begin ГбеагсЬ (ог а Frommer's сгауеl guide

l1е

wro(e, Alexico

ОП

а

Day. While

11е

\vas away, I-eggieri COn(inlleS,

"тап, сЬе

floodgaces opened and all of' а slldden гhеп: '"'еге papers all оуег сl1е cOllntry. 1 know попе of сЬет еуег ir, ,,,, Alrhough сЬе rock impresario Bill Graharn Ьасl allo\ved EVO со тоуе (roт

ics cramped Avenue А

со

roomier Lligs асор rhe Fillmore Easr, оп

Second Avenlle, сЬе рарег was nevercheless overwl1elmed \vHIl i(s responsi­ bili(ie5, and E\10'S ВОЬ Rudnick, wl10 was sllpposec! со Ье keeping warcl1 over UPS, apparenrly was пос L1р со с11е task, Wi Icock recalls [Ibl[ \\'11en Ье гесшпеd to МапЬассаl1 in сЬе early spring of 1968, tlle organizarion \\'C1S i11 "[осаl cl1<105," "I-isten, YOL1'd Ьессег rake rl1is \vЬоlе сЫпь back and оч!;апizе ir уош-

5elf," Bowarr told RigЬt

Ыт.

11I

away, Wilcock discovered (l1at UPS \vas complerely broke; as

50l11е

Ьаd

predicred at I.NS's ОсгоЬег meeril1g, EVO Ьжl apparenrly 5iрЬолеd off some о( UPS's топеу, lп order to L1nderscore [Ьа( UPS \VOLlkI11encef()rtI1 Ье

operacing \vicl1 complece iлdерелdепсе, Wilcock rented ir ics о\\'п posr

office Ьох and paid for all irs ехрепsеs-sсаtiолегу, тimеоgгарЫлg, and mаiliпg--оU( о( his о\уп Iп а circlllar lепег ro mtmber papers, he srruck а conciliarory roпе. "I rtalize rhar тапу of YOLl аге very skepcical аЬОllС UPS Ьу now-wicll good let's gl\'e i( ano(l1er ну," 11<: said, "IП had remained wich EVO, 1 would ргоЬаЫу lшvе raken оуег UPS long аьо and сап Ьопеsrlу say would Ьаvе made а Ьепег job of ir (Ьал l1as Ьt'ел (Iоле 50 (аг. lf you've L1een tamiliar \vir}) ту \vork аП<.1 ту \vricing (11e pasr (е\у [I}

years"--on Fleet StrtC in I-ondon, ас сЬе Other-"you'll рroЬаЫу trlls( те now; iГ convil1ce you." 1:

апа а( пос,

[!1ere's

по(

(11e ыJt \'jlltlд< mLlcl1 1 сап 5а}' to

"BL1t wЬаг сЬе Undergrollnd PrtSs SynclicC!ce s(illl1tedec!," Wi!cock 'ассг mainrained, "was тоге coordina(ion," and 50 l1е \vas по dOLlbr геliе\'есl-iГ по( al50

а

Ыs lепег

roucl1

(гот Оl1е ТЬотаs

King

generatecl ап Lшехреcrсd p11OI1t call who \vas rhen collecring llпJегgпщлс! p,lpers

wЫlе

living in РЬоепiх,: Wilcock remtmbtrs being pleasan[ly sшргisеd (О

118

I

SМОКIТ"С; Тi'РЕ\VRJП:RS

~c:,lГ сЬас

FOfcade had а business degree. Right away, сЬе two agreed со begin . Jппiпg UPS roбесЬег (aod со guard against апутоге rip-offs, сЬеу jointly i,eoed а UPS bank account and began countersigniog еасЬ other's checks).l \ \' always, every paper (Ьас joined UPS was required to send оое сору оС eacll "ие (Ьеу produced (о аН оС (Ье other member papers, еасЬ оС which could :reely reprinc whatever (Ьеу received. 'Тот and 1 agreed (Ьас ош initial .псоте WOllld соте from sеШпg 'UPS subscriptioos' {ог аЬош 5," Wilcock ::-xplained. That is, "if Time wanred а UPS subscriptioo [to abreast оС "'I1at was happeoing 10 tl1e Movement} (Ьеу would seod us 5 and еасЬ оС []1е papers \vould seod а сору (о Time еасЬ mootll.'·l~ Sooo t]le UPS \vould also [огт а loose steeriog соmm1пее made ир ofWi!cock, (Ье Rat's ]еСС Shero, (Ье "'гtер's Art Kunkin, and LNS's George CavaHetto and Sheila Ryan. For а time, Forcade гап his end оС things ош оС а 1946 Chevrolet $CI1001 bus, which Ile reconfigured Ьу tearing ош сЬе seats (о make room Сог а desk aod а small [аЫе; it was fitted with mattreS$e$ that were tucked away during working 11OurS. Larer, Ье moved (Ье operarion ro а large, nonde5cripc sшссо building IU5t west ofdowntown Phoenix. At сЬе most тuоdапе leveC Forcade charged himself with haodling "execurive tasks" like "opening сЬе mail, гаррiпg with people about the uпdегgrouпd, seeing (о it that the papers get advertising representation, seeing со it that UPS get books aod records for review, апd getting ощ 5elf-help bulletins" (Ьас explained how to apply for copyrights, find (Ье cheapest bulk mailing, deal with distributors, and so forth. Вщ another оС his goals \vas ro promote UPS, which Ье did aggressively. Even whеп the огgапizаtiоп was struggling for survival, 11е said that опе о( his tasks \vas (о "sustаiп (Ье myth о( а fiпеlу hопеd media iпstitutiоп that's gоiпg ro roH over (Ье whole lапd. 1 think сЬе day will соте," Ье wrote, "when we'lI have а daily uпdегgгоuпd рарег iп every city and а weekly in every town."15 Аrouпd this time, Forcade was also sporadically publishing his оwп uпdегgгоuпd таgаziпе, ОурЬеиs. Although Otpheus mostly сопsistеd о( arti­ cles гергiпtеd from elsewhere, Forcade made а poinc о( making his mark оп the 1П (Ье most literal way: "Опе issue (eatured а bullethole iп сЬе middle о( ареасе 5igп оп сЬе cover-a real bullethole. Forcade took еасЬ bundle о( сЬе таgаziпеs and shot rhem with а Colt -45 auromatic. Не designed сЬе entire magazine $0 the buHethole Ьесате ап integral рап о( еасЬ раье layout."J(, Не was also rumored (о have soaked some оС сЬе maga­ zine's covers with LSD. Опе time, Ье assembIed ап entire issue while оп а lопg road trip througll Berkeley, Стсаьо, and Denver. ]ames Retherford, о( Indiana's Spectator, recalled Forcade stopping Ьу Вloomington оп сЬас trip and showing 0(( his bullet-pierced newspapers. "While 1 thought сЬас was а "EITHER 'WE НЛVЕ I'RI'EDOM OF ТНЕ PRESS .

I

19

сооl

Dadaist graphic device, 1 was рас off Ьу somerhing аЬоас Forcade," Ile remembered. "1 gor сЬе senSe Ье was а sеlf-сопsсiоаs high priesr of сооl оп а pilgrimage, sееkiпg sapplicanrs. "1 7 In rhe sryle of some of rhe Wesr Coasr papers, Оrрhею was heavily trippy, Ьас 1С was also поrаblу celebtatoty of rhe uпdеtgrouпd press sсепе of which 1С was а рап. "Whеп сЬеу srormed сЬе Репtаgоп," Ье wrore 1П опе issue, "сЬе underground press people were lirerally in сЬе forеfгопt. Whеп сЬеу took over Columbia, сЬе LiЬегаtiоп News Service and Newsreel people were inside helping and repotting .. , . ТЬеу ate in the communes, а рап of rock groups, acring wirh srreet rhearet groaps, demonstrating, реtitiопiпg, secretly Ьеiпg. ТЬе strength of сЬе andergroand press lies in сЬе people who do поt melt away when threarened,"18 АН of rhis was vintage Forcade: In сЬе style of тапу New Lefrists, Ье had а penchant for first baiting rhe аш:hогitiеs, and сЬеп becoming indignant at rheir hosrile response, After rhe U,S, Роя Office declined to grant UPS а third-class mail permir for its newsletter, Forcade publicly suggested that "the epither 'pig' should Ье broadened (о include not only the police uniform Ьш: also the роя employees uniform."19 Не also alleged rllat the Phoenix police llad raided ms home, destroyed шs srereo, spilled ms files оп the floor, and ransacked the UPS library.2o Anotller time Ье claimed that "forty 21 ргiпtегs" refused to рublisЬ Orpheus. In yet anotller article, Ье таiпtаiпеd that over а yearlong period, сЬе аш:hогitiеs "systematically busted nearly every регsоп оп [ms] staff' for drug viоlаtiопs апd infiltrated шs paper witll а пагсоtiсs agent. After six mопtЬs, Forcade said, "tlley ser us ир. We got off, Ьис it cost us nearly $2,000 iп legal fees to do it, "22 In а January 1969 letter to LNS, Forcade described ап even more оmiпоus situarion: Не said that Ile апd some of ms UPS staff took а quick trip со Los Апgеlеs-wЬеге Оrрhею was ргiпtеd ас the time-and wllen сЬеу rerurned, four of сЬе group discovered tlley'd аН Ьееп Ьш:glагizеd ас roughly сЬе same time. In еасЬ iпstапсе, very few if апу valuables were stоlеп, Агоапd tms same time, Forcade said lle'd also sропеd someone peering into ms office with binoculars, and he saw а paperboy witll а walkie-talkie. 2 ; When а Rolling Stone reporter visired UPS in Plloenix, Forcade told Ыт rllat UPS llad twice Ьееп attacked with fireboml1s, Tllougll по опе was llurt in eitller incident, Forcade геsропdеd Ьу strewing wire mesll over tlle windows, securing сЬе [roпс door with а lleavy bar, and formulating ап elaborate plan for self-defense. "We don't talk аЬош: it," Ье said, "and we don't seek сопfroпtаtiоп, but we're prepared, InJuly 1969 Forcade and some ofllis staff vепturеd to Апп Arbor, Miclligan, to attend а four-day UPS сопfегепсе (Ьас was llosted Ьу а соmтuпе called 12 С

I

SMOKI:--lG TYPEWRIТERS

i'~сшs-Lоvе Епегgiеs Uпlimlrеd,

In the previous уеаг, media acrivists had two conferences-in Iowa City and iп Маdisоп, Wisсопsiп-thаt ., "ге said со "сарtше а shift (гот реасе sigпs to clenched fists," апd the ',.Irnтег of 1969 was а rime when тапу people iпvоlvеd \vith the llпdег­ -.:round press iпcrеаsiпglу believed tl1ey were uпdег siege. c5 Апd tl1e Тгапs­ Love people e.rpecia!!y felr rms way. In April 1967, tl1ey'd sraged а "Lоvе-Iп" ~,),red

'П Detroit's Belle Isle, wmcl1 was sllpposed со Ье modeled after а peaceflll :1ippie gаrЬегjпg сЬаг had tаkеп place iп Sап Fгапсisсо almost two топths ~лliег. Iпstеаd, Ьеlligегепt bikers slюwеd up, dшпkеп fights broke ош, and ,l( dusk а сопtiпgеnr of police оп horseback swarmed llРОП [Ье revelers with \пюdеп Ьаtопs. ТЬе following уеаг, Тгапs-Lоvе's сотmuпе was firebombed (\vice, апd so the group relocated fгom Detroit ro two huge Vicrorian houses пеаг the Vniversity of Michigan. There rhey Ьесате closely associared wirh (11e MC-s, а рrotорuпk Ьапd from Detroit that, llпdег Siпсlаiг's iпfluепсе, сl1атрiопеd hedonism, сопfroпtаtiоп, and сultшаl геvоlшiоп, апd whose shows always attracted а heavy police ргеsепсе. 2 - Foc а" these reasons, UPS kept the ехасс location of its conference а secret unril jllst before it Ьеgап. Finally, ir \vas revealed that it wOllld take place just а couple miles outside Апп АгЬог, аroр а шНу farm сl1ас had а kпоll (roт which "аН аvепuеs of
shotgun. In аdditiоп [о guагdiпg аgаiпst iпгшdегs, [Ье uпdегgгоuпd press radicals \vere also ехсееdiпglу \уагу of the straight press, Dоп De.Maio, editor of Phil­ adelphia's Di.rtant Dl'Illшner, recalls that as rhe тееtiпg \vas Ьеgiппiпg, some­ опе stood up and made а portentous аппоuпсетепt: "We have it оп good aLlthority that tl1ere's а reporter l1еге wогkiпg uпdегсоvег for Rol!ing Stone"­ the commercially огiепrеd rock tabloid that Berkeley dгopout Jапп Wепоег founded io 1967. Iп fact, сЬеге was SLlch а person; it was DeMaio. 29 lJneasily, he kept silепr аЬоLlt it, аррагепrlу witll good callse, siпсе а геропег who revealed ms аssосiаtiоп with сЬе Detmit Free Press \vas prornptly ejected from сЬе сопfегепсе. Апd Ricl1ard Goldsreio, сl1е Vi!lage Voice's рiопеегiпg rock criric, felt 50 lln\velcome сЬас Ье left afrer сЬе first day. Ас оое роiпt, а dis­ agreemeot еуеп arose over \vhether it was wise for UPS со rape-record сЬе ргос<:еdiпgs, prornptiog Wilcock to remark, "Агеп't we оvегdоiпg the рага­ поiа Ьusiпеss? First, \уе Ьаг the estаblishmепr press, апd поw we сап't еvеп cover сl1е rnееriпg ourselves?";;' Nevertheless, сЬе group тапаgеd [о disCLISS тапу of сЬе main issues that were гoiling (Ье llпdегgrouпd press io trus period. Опе focal роiпr was sexism; а gГOllp of \vomeo's Ш)егаriопists сотрlаiпеd [l1ас сЬеу were treated "EITHLR '1'"1' НЛVI' FHEEDOM ОЕ ТН!С PRESS .

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shabbily Ьу their colleagues, and despite heavy opposition from the White Panthers, LNS's Shelia Ryan was аЫе со spearhead the passage of а three-point resolution proclaiming: "( 1) sexism must Ье eliminated from underground papers' content and ads, (2) undergrounds should publish articles оп women's oppression, [and} (3) women should have fuB roles in underground papers' staffs,"1l А Berkeley radical explained why roughly forty workers аС the Bet-keley Barb had recently revolted against publisher Мах Scherr, who \vas said to Ье ludicrously tightfisted despite making аЬоис $ 1 30,000 аппиаllу from his рарег. Others raised the possibility of launching some 50Н of arrack ироп Columbia Records, which they lit into for first attempting со co-opt the movement with their ludicrous "Вис The Мап Can't Bust Оис Music" adver­ tisement, and rhen for suddenly canceling its substantial ad buys in the underground press." "The discussion meandered into а heated condemnation of artists and producers who exploit Ыр themes and life-style without reim­ bursing the Ыр community," опе participant remarked. Radicals had espe­ cially harsh words for Rolling Stone, which initially appeared оп quarter-folded newsprint with serrated edges and therefore struck some readers as а slightly upscale underground newspaperY From а marketing standpoinr, Wenner's approach was both genius and cunning; his magazine was generally favorable toward the cultural and the сотП1Оdifiаblе aspects of the yourh rebellion­ especially rock and roll-while thumbing its nose at New Left political acrivism. i6 As а result, the magazine was аЫе со lure advertisers and readers that were apprehensive about the Movement's growing militancy. The conference then took ап unexpected turn after attendees gOt word that representatives from Wayne State University's radical student organ, ТЬе S()uth End, were holding а nearby press conference to denounce the university's presidenr, William Keast, [ог suspending publication of the paper. Accord­ ing со опе attendee, UPS represenratives "expressed shock that а newspaper like their own could Ье completely suppressed аС the exact cime that they were meeting со discuss suppression оп а nationallevel."iH At leasr (\уепсу UPSers. including Forcade, drove easrward roward Derroit со sho\v their solidarity \vith ТЬе South End, rhough Ьу rhe time they gor there, сЬе press conference was over. The follo\ving night, the UPSers' shock gave way со [еаг and anger. First, two police officers showed ир, looking, сЬеу said, for а young vютап from the Chirago Seed who had Ьееп picked ир а few days earlier оп а рос charge. After the radicals told them сЬе woman had already left town, а conringent of per­ haps (Ыпу more policemen--equipped with "shotguns, rifles, pistols, bullet­ proof vesrs, тасе, helmets and face shields"-sneaked ир оп (Ье farmhouse and 122

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surrouncjed [Ье radicals. According [о Forcade, [Ьеу ciesrroyed а сатега, пiеd [о [ake some Ыт, confiscated several underground papers, broke three doors, and "generally conduct[ed} rhemselves like oafs."'Y Anorher conferee alleged rhat some of rhe роЕсе nervously "unclicked saferies and jammed rheir shorguns ас the heads of people \vho tried со walk Ьу сЬет. Lives were геаНу hanging оп literally rrembling fingers. Опе wrong move and tomorrow there'd Ье а mass demonstration for rhe Апп АгЬог marryrs." ," Afrer аЬош thiпу minures, LNS геропеd, "the gendarmes gor ready со leave. Опе of сЬет flashed а V-sign as he dерапеd. ТЬе conference people booed him loudly as rhey stood watching {сот сЬе ЬШ."4:

When rhe media summir \vas over, Forcade and his gang journeyed со New York Ссу, where they тес with Yippies AI)bie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Раи! Krassner and Sre\v Alberr, along with Marvin Garson (editor of the Вау Area's Good TimeJ) and ВоЬ Fass (the WBAI disc jockey whose late night, free-form program, Radio ИnnаmыЫе, \vas de rigueш for C:rOrham's bohemians). Опе imagines Forcade mixing easily in such а srimularing crowd, Ьш опсе again, the revelry and merrimenr was dampened when word arrived that another of rheir own had just Ьееп гhroпlеd Ьу rhe law: Afrer passing two joinrs со ап undercover policewoman, John Sinclair \vas senrenced со nine and а half со сеп years in prison. Forcade recalled rhat Sinclair's friends "openly wepr when they heard гЬе news." From аН of rhis-the cascading series of' setbacks he'd encounrered in Phoenix, сЬе growing гаррогс Ье was establishing witЬ plugged-in proresr leaders, ашl а general sense wirhin сЬе New Lefr rl1at conflicr between radicals and аurЬогitiеs was quickly Ьеаtiпg up-Forcade reached а clear conclusion: It was time со leave РЬоепiх and reloca[e his UPS office со Мапhапап "as soon as роssiЫе.'Чi AFTER SITUAТING UPS IN GROUND-FLOOR OFFICES оп \"X7es[ ТепгЬ Streer, Forcade announced that, рег а resolurion from rhe Апп Arbor сопЕегепсе, Ье was raking сЬе Ьеlm as UPS projecr coordinator, Не was quick ro point оис, Ьоwеvег, сЬас апу "major decisions" pertaining to UPS \vould Ье put со а vote of (Ье тетЬег papers. His official sounding title, Ье said, was created "purely for сЬе purpose of' dealing wirh tirle-orienred stгаigЬt people. "44 Неге Ье

was lепiпg оп more сЬап mosr people grasped, since his position as сЬе head of' UPS also provided cover for Ьis srepped-up drug-dealing ас­ riviry. No опе wЬо kne\v Forcade would Ьаvе misraken Ьiт f'or а reeroraling law-and-order суре; Ье kepr а Ьеаvу canisrer оЕ пiпоus oxide Oaughing gas) in (Ье UPS of'fice. Ви( probably only а few were aware оГ (Ье scope оГ Ьis орега­ (iOn5. According ro а legend, Forcade опсе narrowly e5caped imprisonmenr "EIТHEH \X~E НАУI' I"REfDO~f 01' ТНI' PRfSS .

I

23

w!len !le e!uded F!orida ашhoriсiеs Ьу hiding for almosc cwency-four hours in swamp afcer Ье was sропеd helping to unload roпs of marijuana f'rom а gianr sailboat ..1) Wilcock recalls а cime whеп Forcade escorted him со а storeroom оп Greenwich Ауепие сЬас was "!iпеd from Воог (() ceiling wich ... ba!es of wееd."lб Lacer, Forcade орепеd ир а smоkiпg с!иЬ iп Soho. Ассогdiпg ro а friend, uроп епсегiпg it, "firsc уои goc eyeballed Ьу а TV саmеш, сЬеп уои goc buzzed inro опе room апd immediate!y tаkеп со а Нсс!е сиЫс!е, like iп а whorehouse, so уои could пос mеес апу of сЬе осЬег customers. ТЬеп а ргессу liп!е girl wou!d whee! 1П а cartful of marijuana and уои could take уопr pick."I­ а

Weiner remembers that !асег, when UPS was орегаtiпg from а giant 10ft оп Streec, "а huge, tie-dyed сепс sat in tl1e middle ... апd реор!е were jusc wаkiпg ир агоuпd the midd!e of che day, craw!ing оис of this сепt. ТЬеге was а rock 'п' roll band living chere, and а Ьuпсh of сеаНу Ьос babes were walking around. Тот seemed со have the whole рlасе under his control апd Sеvепtеепth

соттапd.";~

Scill, Forcade сопtiпuеd to impress his with his phenomenal and efficiency. And of аН the activities he uпdегtооk while tlшшпg UPS-generacing pubIicicy, acquiring wricing пеwslессегs, апd advising сЬе Моvетепt's underground newspapers оп сhiпgs like printing, distriburion, copyrighcs, and permics-he seemed especially incerested in documenting che widespread attempcs со scifle che under­ ground press. 1п а 1969 essay, Ье idепtifiеd the тапу scyles of repressive actions сЬас were wielded against UPS papers. Some subterranean journal­ when in facc che evi­ iscs were оstепsiЫу busced for obscenicy ог dепсе suggescs they were politically ОсЬес times, the papers' landlords, printers, discribucors or advercisers were incimidaced, harassed, со do business \vich сЬе boycotted, ог ocl1erwise coerced into underground press. Screec vепdогs faced various cypes of iпсегfегепсе, and sometimes papers were physicaHy attacked, шиаНу Ьу firebombs ог гап­ sасkiпg.I'J ТЬе опlу kind of hагаssmепt сЬас Foccade didп't mention is сЬас experienced Ьу those who сап afoul of the U.S. mi!icary. Ву ош' СOlшс, Amecican sегviсеmеп, wich che Ье!р of civilian allies, рис оис тоге thап cwo hundred anciwar publications worldwide, alchougl1 mosc of chese were sllOгt-livеd mimeographed sheets, rather thап full-fledged tabloids. 50 ОП сор of all of this, the FВI flirted with, Ьпr ultimately did пос pursue, schemes to sabocage underground рареС5 that were 50 оutlапdish сЬеу sоuпd like something (гот а ]ames Bood Ыт. Опе memoraodum асщ­ аllу called {ог the creation of а chemical that emitted сЬе scent of "fol1l­ smelliog feces," which could сhеп Ье sprayed uроп bl10dles of пеwsрареrs io order (о гепdеr them uoreadable. 5 ! епегgу

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It should Ье scressed that the underground papers were пос victimized Ьу .шу single, primary la\v-enforcemenr agency. Instead, the efforrs of the FВI, iocal police, poliricians, and vigilanres were uncoordinared. If апуthiпg, tllis mау have made the overall effort tO suppress uпdегgrouпd papers еvеп more c:tfective, siпсе it теаnr rhey could Ье attacked оп multiple fronts, Ьу а гапgе l)t'enemies that \vere somerimes hard ro disсегп. In 1981, а PEN Аmегiсап Cel1ter Reporr titled ТЬе Campaign Agaimt {Ье UшkrgrОllnd Руш, which \vas [Jased largely оп documel1ts obtained under the Freedom ofInt'ormation Асс, ,iS well as materials compiled Ьу Аllеп Ginsberg (а prominenr тетЬес ос' PEN's Freedom со Write Committee), listed hundreds оЕ iпstапсes in which ,шгhогiгiеs \vепt afrer underground rags. The report found thar "rhe with­ ering of the underground press was пос епгiгеlу а пашгаl dесliпе. Аltегпаtivе presses, wherher serious jоuгпаls of adversary polirics or соuпtегсulшгаl аvапt-gагdе papers, were targets оЕ surveillance, harassment, and unlawful search and seizure Ьу U.S. gоvегпmепt agencies."5.: In опе respect, сЬе sшdу \vas merhodologica11y flawed, Ьесаиsе it frequently took ассltSаtiош of harass­ тепс as еl'idеще of harassmenr. Still, сЬе PEN Cenrer's overall conclusions seem irrefutable. While ir would Ье tedious со list аll of rhe iпsгапсеs iп \vhich papers appear ro have Ьееп unfairly targered, а few choice examples of the various types of сгасkdоwпs сЬас Forcade сопсегпеd himself with тау prove еdifуiпg. First, let it Ье said сЬас salacious marerial was commonplace iп the uпdег­ ground press. Few young \vrirers in сЬе Моvеmепг expressed соmрuпсtiопs аЬоис С!1е fact that а11 sеvеп of George Сагliп's "sеvеп dirty words" cotlld Ье fоuпd in mапу papers. Furrhermore, fоllоwiпg сЬе lead of the EVO-which гап cheesy рiПtlр-stуlе photos оЕ beautiftll hippie \vоmеп iп variotls Lower East Side locations in а regular Ееасше called "Sltlm Goddеss"-uпdегgrotlпd papers Ьеgап шппiпg phoros and mопtаgеs оЕ паkеd and lbllf-naked wоmеп with iпсгеаsiпg fгеqtlепсу iп сЬе late 19605.5; Меапwhilе, sexually explicit classified аdvегtisеmепts, which seemed outrageous in rheir day, Ьесате mainstays of mапу papers. From а сопrеmрогагу perspecrive, rhe toiler htlmor, t'our-Ietter word5, апd ntldity that prevailed in сЬе Stlbterranean press тау seem more childish thап shocking. Вис as historian ВесЬ Bailey reminds us, when this material is гесопtехшаlizеd, \уе сап see how such \vords and images \vere аllшiпg со youths who "embraced sex with геvоlшiопагу intent, using it поt опlу for рlеаsше Ьш also for power in а new {'огт of Сtlltшаl polirics сЬас shook сЬе пагiоп." It wasn't just that radicals rook ап unembar­ rassed аttiшdе toward sextlal ехрегimепtаtiоп, celebrated а рlеаsше еtЬiс, and valued аuthепtiсitу more сЬап сЬеу valtled сопvепtiопаl поtiопs аЬощ sexuality and civility (although thar was сЬе case). Somerimes сЬеу simply "EIТHER WE НАУЕ fRЕП)ОМ О!' ТНЕ PR!'SS .

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reveled in making adults uncomforrable. Tlle word "fuck," \vhich was ubiq­ uitOllS in llnderground newspapers, "was пос poli[e," Bailey acknowledge5. "But тоге than anything else, 'fllCk' got attention. Radical youths ,vere al50 adept ас inverting the Сlllшгаl logic that stifled sexual expression Ьщ jllstified war-a tactic displayed in the popular slogan "Make Love, Not War" and ill this pithy роет, which appeared ill the Omaha, Nebraska, Asterisk: Is it obscene

со

fuck,

[о

kill?"

ог,

Is j t obscene

The desire [о shock and offend Ьошgеоis sensibilities was perhaps most exemplified, however, in poplllar llnderground "comix," \vhich were intended со Ье objectionable со Middle America. According со опе cartoonist, under­ ground comix \уеге spelled with ап "х" со imply they \vere X-rated, ог suit­ аЫе only Еог ап adult readership, but frankly they оЕсеп seemed aimed ас young males. S() Again, the EVO was pioneering in prinring соuпtеГCllltше­ oriented strips like Nancy Kalish's "Gentle's Trip Ош." and Вill Beckman's "Captain High," altllOugh Gilbert Shelton's "Fabulolls Fшгу Freak Brothers" (ап iconic strip that chronicled а trio ofhippie antiheroes who gave their lives over со drugs) first appeared in the Allstin Rag, and Ron СоЬЬ (who has Ьееп called "the dean оЕ undergrollnd political cartoonists") gOt started ас the L(}s Angeles Руее Pms.)- Внс it was in the work оЕ artists Sllch as Robert Crllmb, RоЬеп Wi1liams, and S. Clау Wilson that readers encountered the mоя crass and perverse depictions оЕ аВ types оЕ sexual aetivity, including groLlp sex, incest, nonconsensua! domination, and even sexual mutilation. The controversy that undergrollnd comix provoked within the Move­ тепс was predictable. Some celebrated these strips for sllbversively inject­ ing "Llnacceptable" аttiшdеs into the comic-strip medium, and some held that, ethnographically, they could Ье appreciated as outgrowths оЕ а new Сllltше. Others went а tOllch fшthег: they observed that lшdегgrouпd comix satirized freaks and hippies as much as they did authority figшеs, and llnderscored that they were, in Сасс, car·toons. Essenrially, they asked their critics to lighten ир. Ас the orher end оЕ tlle spectrum, some radicals sa\v them as а distracrion from worthwhile polirical causes. They either attacked rhe comix for their rank sexism or else tшпеd HP their noses in disgLlSt. "There [has] пеуег Ьееп апу degree оЕ discontent \vhen the UPS newspapers used fош-lеttег words ог called the police chief а dirty пате," опе Cfitic explained. Вис he said that sorne anti-Establishment types were genLlinely distшЬеd Ьу the far-out comix, and he alleged that а few UPS papers went ОН

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SMOKING

ТУРЕ\Х'1{ПЕRS

j

,;о [аг

as со сапсеl cheir subscripcions со papers сЬас relied соо heavily оп шсh material. 60 1Ъоugh ic i5 easy со see how ordinary citizens could Ье angered ог сЬгеас­ t"ned Ьу some of chis material, аН of it was clearly consclrutionaHy procecced. As Juscice William Вгеппап wroce in 1957 in Roth t!. ,Ье United States (also known as (Ье Раппу НШ case), in order со Ье declared legally obscene, а work needed (о арреаl со ргшiепt incerescs, affronc community scandards, and Ье "urterly" withour redeeming social value. Underground sheets соиЫ Ье crass and misguided, Ьщ since сЬеу were always concerned wich politics in (Ье broadesc sense, and since сЬеу reBecred сЬе sensibilities of miШопs of anci­ Escablishmenr youths, сЬеу oughc со have Ьееп immune [roш obscenity charges. 61 Вщ chis was пос che case. lп July 1969, UPS maincained cha( cwen(y­ (hree papers had Ьееп charged with, or convicted of', "spurious charges designed со shut сЬеш down."62 Eugene Guerrero, of Atlanta's С"еа! Speckled Bird, recalls winning а case chac originated [roш сЬе use of the word "moch­ erfucker" оп the соvеr. б ; Five of сЬе staff ofJackson, Mississippi's, KlldzlI were likewise arresced for using four letter words and also [ог referring со LSD.64 Mike Abrahams and АЬе Peck, both of the Chicago Seed, were hauled into сошt оп ассоиnr of ап artist's drawing. 65 Dale Herschler, publisher of the San Diego Оооу, was collared for distributing obscene materials because his paper [ап а phoco of а nude woman, only (о have the charges dismissed after а district апоmеу couldn'c produce а single wirness who was willing (о char­ acterize the offending issue as obscene. 6C, Sconey Burns (aka Вrеш Stein), the frequently targeted publisher of Dallas Notes, was likewise arrested [ог pos­ session of pomography.6c John Вгуап, editor of Los Angeles's Орт City, was convicted of obscenity [ог running "а half-page ad [ог ап electfonic music group" сЬас ап LNS writer claimed was merely "а parody оп the use of sex со sell products." Police hauled in sшdеnrs ас the Greater Hartford campus of the University of Connecticut [ог а сагсооп that depicted president-elect Richard Nixon as а middle finger,68 At Pennsylvania State U niversicy, state troopers arrested [ош sшdеnrs affiliated wich а tiny рарег called Water Тzmnel and charged them with providing obscene material со minors because they гап а phoco of сЬе cover ofJohn Lennon and Yoko Ono's infamous Ти!о Vi"gim record, оп \vhich сЬе two artists appear froшаllу (and posteriorly) nude. 69 John Kois, of Milwaukee's Kaleidoscope, was found guilty of two counts of publishing "obscene material": опе [ог а suggestive (that is, пос explicit) рЬоto of ап interracial couple making love, and another for а роет that соп­ rained two fош-lеrrеr words (ЬосЬ of whicl1 also appeared in Аllеп Ginsberg's Ноu,!).-О Ву the rime Kois won his case оп арреаl before [Ье U.S. Supreme "EIТHER WE HAVE FREEDOM ОЕ ТНЕ РЮс'SS . .

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in 1972, his рарег was defunct.- 1 Jerry POWer5, editor ofMiami's Daily Planet, told а герогсег ehat although he'd Ьееп arrested t\veney-nine times for "selling ап obscene newspaper," he'cI only Ьееп convicted опсе, and that case was сшгепtlу оп арреаl. Вш the 'Ъопds t'C)r those arresrs rotaled between $92,000 апа $93,000," he said. "We Ьеас these charges еуегу time Ьш ir is enormousJy expensive.'·- 2 Forcade and his UPS colleagues were gallecI Ьу сl1е apparenrly politically motivated attacks. "If сl1еу were really \vorried аЬош pornography, they woulcI bust the color сгоссl1 magazines, Ьис ir is obvious tl1ar obsceniry is оп!у ап excuse," l1е said. "They realize rhey сап'с win in the mgl1 сошtS, Ьис their purpose is со bleed the papers \vith legal c05rs."-' That same уеаг, а judge in Vancouver, Canada, who dismissed obsceniry charges against сЬе Georgia Stt'aight acknowledged сЬас rhis seemed со Ье сЬе authoriries' inrenr. "lt is соттоп know!edge," Ье said, "that тапу pubJications аге being 501d in newsstands and so-called grocery stores" tl1at "аге full of nothing Ьш obscene mareriaJ and it has always remained а mystery wl1y [only J some of сЬет аге singled out for prosecurion."-; Роliсе were also accused of selectively ргоsесшiпg underground jошпаl­ ists for drug otTenses. Of course recreational drugs were immensely popular in the Моуетепс, and perl1aps especially 50 in undergroul1d press milieus. (In 1968, (Ье EVO гап ап unscienrific survey purporring сl1ас а staggering 98 percent of its readers had smokecI marijuana ... and 19 регсепс Ьасl eried smoking banana5.)-S Rex Weiner recalls that "pasre-up night" ас сl1е EVO was "frequenrly carried оис оп LSD, Ьш mоя often рос, speecI and coke, wmch various dealers, dropping Ьу between midnight and da\vn, donated (о сl1е process,"-6 Сmр Berlet, а cofounder of (Ье College Press Service and а writer for Denver's Stl'aiglJt CreekJollrnal, recal1s that aJtl10ugh some papers had "по drugs in сЬе office" policies, 50ft drugs \уеге o(herwise "ubiquirous." "\'Vhar underground jouгnalist," Ье asked, "didn'r engage in manic sweeping and vacuuming in ап апеmрt to гетоуе еуегу last marijuana seed from ms or Ьег саг, Ьоте, ог underground ne\vspaper office сЬе night berore publisl1ing ап апiсlе calculated (о drive governmen(al officials со the brink of madness?"-Mos( undergrounders also actively championed marijuana's legalization. Still, Forcade mainrained tl1at drug laws were unrairly applied in the late 19605, and Ье estimated (perhaps wildly) сl1ас drug-using underground jouг­ nalisrs were а l1undred times тоге likely со Ье arrested сl1ап regular drug users.- H Though Ье lacked апу data (о back ир his claim, l1е could point со several edicors who were serving hefty prison senrences for marijuana offenses. ТЬе most notorious of сЬет was John Sinclair, mLlsic edicor and columnist for Derroit's Fifth Estate, wl10 served rwenry-nine monrhs of а nil1e-and-a-half- со I 2

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:ёп-уеаг prison sentence for passing two joinrs tO ап undercover agent who :1ad befriended him over а period of six months. In 1972, Michigan's Supreme с.:ошt ruled that the Detroit police had entrapped Sinclair, and reversed his ,·onviction. Two justices further opined that Sinclair's sentence was "сше! and unusual punishmenr in light of the case against him. "'9 Later, Dalla.r Notes rublisher Stoney Бuгпs was sentenced tO (еп years and а day for possession оЕ one-tenth of ап оипсе of marijuana (his f1rst offense), at which point even Тime magazine was compelled со remark, "The law in Dallas, from аН appearances, has Ьееп bent оп getting Stoney Бurпs for years."o() Sometimes politicians even invited reprisals against underground rags. In August I968, Chicago mayor Ricl1ard Daley appeared before а television camera, jabbed his f1nger ас а сору of the Rat, and rhundered, "And tЬis, rhis is tЬе terrorists' guide со Chicago."H' In Wisconsin, state senaror Ernest С. Keppler stood in that state's capitOl building and said сЬас Conne"tiom editor Апп Gordon sЬоu!d Ье fired as а university teaching assistant simply because some people (him included) Ьеld Ьег in poor герше. "Рш it this way," Ье explained со reporters. "Would а рrostitше Ье а proper ТА) 1 don't теап со say sЬе's а prostitute, Ьш а person in public employment should have good cl1aracter. If sl1e doesn't, сl1еп she's not effective,"R2 Joe Pool, а congressman from Texas, said of сl1е underground press, "Tl1ese smut sheets аге today's Molotov cocktails tЬrowп ас respecrability and decency in ош nation ... TI1ey епсошаgе depravity and irresponsibility, and they ПШСиге а breakdown il1 (l1е conrinued capacity of сl1е government (о conducr ап orderly and constitutional society. "0\ Оп another occasion Ье declared, with по Сгасе of irony, "Тl1е plan of tшs Underground Press Syndicate i5 со take advantage of rhat рап of сl1е First Amendment wшсh protects newspapers and gives сl1ет freedom of press. "04 In осl1ег instances, building owners, advertiser5, disrributors, and printers were аН pressured into refusing tO do business witl1 radical publications. In California, for instance, [оса! police apparently forced San Diego Periodicals­ сl1е 10саl news distributor-to гесаН сЬе July I969 i5sue of Ramparfs maga­ zine, \vhicl1 contained sordid allegations оЕ racism against а роНсе offlCer. 85 In otl1er instances, federal authorities were behind some оЕ these obstructions. R6 In early 1969, ТI10rnе Dreyer reporred that Austin's Rag l1ad "1О5С several" printers. Later, а COINTELPRO document revealed сl1ас аС least опе of tl10se printer5 l1ad Ьееп visited Ьу San Antonio-based FБI agents. B- Freep editor Art Kunkin maintained that FБI intimidation (ost Ыт шs printer as well. Rat ediror Jeff SI1ero made а similar allegation concerning 111s paper's landlord. HH In 1980, declassif1ed FБI documents proved that а Cleveland-based printer provided сl1е Бurеаu witl1 сl1е names оЕ Ne\v Leftists \v11O l1ad asked Ыт со "l'lТHER ,",'~ HAVE FRl'EDOM ()Е ТНЕ PRESS.

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rnarerial rha( he found "smutty and extremely crirical of States."H9

(Ье

United

The FВI was рroЬаЫу rnost effecrive, though, when ir pressured cerrain large cornpanies со cease advertising in rhe underground press. As investigative joumalist Angus MacKenzie revealecl, iпJапuагу 1969 а San Francisco-based FВI аgеш senr а тето ro the Bureau's offices in Washingron, DC, and Ne,v York City, alleging rhat Colurnbia Records \vas giving "active ai<.l an<.l сот­ fоп го enernies of the U nired States" in the forrn of adverrising revenue (о underground newspapers. The agent then recornrnended rhat сЬе FВI shou!d persuade Colurnbia ro a<.lvertise elsewhere. 90 According ro Marc Knops, of Madison's Ka/eidoJcope, "The botrorn fell out of the ad rnarket" \vhen сЬе record cornpanies sropped bllying space in underground papersyJ Eugene Guerrero likewise rernernbers thar Atlanra's Суеа! Spec-kled Bird was "gепiпg full-page ads ... frorn Colurnbia particularly, an<.l Capiral," which su<.l<.lenly sropped appearingY2 Berkeley Tribe business rnanager Lione! Haines c!aimed сЬас beginning in late 1969 his рарег su<.ldenly began losing abour $ 1 7,000 per rnonrh worth of record-cornpany a<.lvertising. "Within rnonths," he rernernbered, "rnost of the viable underground papers around the соuшгу were crippled. With big national a<.ls going ro Ro!ling Stone and the !осаl c!assifieds going со free shoppers, there was по econornic base."'J'

In anorher instance, ап alliance of right-wing ро!itiсiапs and private citizens organized an econornic Ьоусосс of а printer narned Williarn Schanen, ofPort Washington, Wisconsin. Schanen, who was fifty-six when сЬе Ьоусосс began, was the lопgtiте owner of Port Publications, апа in addition (о рublishiпg three srnall weekly cornrnunity newspapers of his own, he also contracted со print осЬег papers, including Milwaukee's KaleidoJcope. Ас (Ье tirne. Ka/eidoJcope !lad а circu!ation of аЬош fifteen t!1Ousand and was typica! of тапу underground publications. Опе writer characterized it this way: It is anti-Estab!ishment in its editoria! po!icy, lashing ош in its news colurnns аgаiпst what it sees as abuses of authority Ьу роliсе and priests, rnayors and rnagisrrates, high school principals and uпivегsitу presidents. It i5 ашiwаг апа рro-рос. It also sprinkles its pages with four-Ietter wor<.ls and occasionally ргiшs drawings and photographs of nude теп and women 94 lп

early 1969, а local district ассоmеу freely acknow!edged that although the рарег probabIy coul<.l пос Ье shut <.lown througll legal channels, "civic action" could Ье used со force Schanen со Нор printing it. А few rnonths later, Benjamin Grob-a prorninent local businessrnan who had previously lent his support со senators Joseph McCarthy and Вапу Gol<.lwater-sent а 130

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some Ьуе huпdгеd retailers, огgапizаtiопs, апd iпdividuаls, аllеgiпg was рuЫishiпg "оЬsеепе literature Еог рroЬс" Не added that he \\оиЫ по lопgег advertise iп апу оЕ Sеhапеп's papers, пог would he patronize .• пуопе who did. "Ladies апd gепtlетеп," he deelared, "1 ат 100king Еог . отрапу. "Ч\ Sооп, advertisers began сlоsiпg their aceounts, merchants ,(opped carrying Schanen's papers, and weekly аdvегtisiпg геуепие Еroт his riagship рарег, Ozaukee Рrш, plummeted Ьу 77 регеепс То (гу (о гееоуег ,оте оЕ his losses, Sеhапеп doubled dоwп апd began ргiпtiпg тапу other ~шdегgгоuпd newspapers that were having сroиЫе hnding 1оеаl publishers, If1Clllding the Chicago Seed, the lndianapolis Е,'ее Рrел, and а рарег Егот as far ,1\уау as Omaha, Nebraska, called the Buffalo Chip.96 Ironically, Sсhапеп was по radical; l1е was merely liberal, and his сопсгасс \\'ith Каlеidшс()ре aeeounted for only а minuscule portion of his business, \\'11Ich had grossed nearly $400,000 in the уеаг before сЬе Ьоусосс. Viewed ['гот а sеlf-iпtегеstеd, hnaneial perspeetive, the eircumstances practically cJemanded that he simply sever аН his ties со the uпdегgrouпd press. It could iJave Ьееп easily aeeomplisl1ed. Вш in гЬе tradition ofBenjamin Fгапkliп, he L,elieved that prinrers were obligated to print еуеп those things сЬеу fоuпd objectionable. "1 dоп't agree with а lot of it," Ье said of Kaleid()s(()pe, 'Ъис :;1ас Sеhапеп

\vhat аге we supposed to do, get rid of еvегуtЫпg we don't agree witbl There's ап issue here that is much larger than BiH Sеhапеп. "9, АпосЬег time, Sсhапеп issl!ed а stаtеmепt that read, "Му family апd 1 аге dedicated (о fightiпg сЬе Ьоусоп. АН we сап hope for is гЬаг гЬе fair miпdеd people who Lшdегstапd ош роsitiоп, who respeet the right to сЬе еопstitutiопаl gllarantee оЕ the freedom of the pres5, апd the right of Kaleidoscope to this 5ате freedom toо, \vill соте (о ош sl!pport, What is Ьаррепiпg iп Рогс Нurоп, Wisсопsiп, 15 eruel, Рl!пishiпg апd sепsеlеss, No Аmегiеап who vall!es his freedom сап lопg igпоге the dепiаl of freedom го others, "99 Althol!gh Sсhапеп \vоп hпап­ cial, moral, апсl editorial шррогс from ап аlliапсе of пеighЬогs, the Nаtiопаl Newspaper Аssосiаtiоп, сЬе ACLLТ, the LТпivегsitу оfWisеопsiп's jоurпаlism department, апd the пеighЬогiпg "filu!aukeeJoumal, he was еvепtllallу forced to sell off two of 11is сЬгее пеwsрарегs, Тhеп iп February 1971 Ье died of а hearr attack. In some iпstапсеs, vigilanre groups physically attacked сЬе уоuпg mеп and women who stafted l!пdегgrouпd пеwsрарегs. Victoria Smi(h, of Ноustoп's Space City.', recalls а night in Jl!ly I969 whеп their homeioffice was hit Ьу а pipe ЬотЬ while опе оЕ tlJeir staffers \vas inside. "Over (Ье пехс several mопths," she says, "we endured Ьгеаk-iпs, thefts, tiге-slаshiпgs, potshots (iпсludiпg а steel arrow fired from а crossbow tЬrougЬ the fгопt door) and tЬгеаts, го ЬосЬ staff members апd аdvегtisегs."IIЮ Опе тетогаЫе threat "EITHER W[ HAV!, FREFDOM ОР ТНЕ PRESS .

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сате [п

the Еогт оЕ а note that read, "The Knigllts оЕ the Ku Кlнх Кlап Is [sic] Watching You." Soon the collective illuminated their yard with flood­ lights and occasionally kept ап armed guard at night, but th15 was оЕ limited practical value. I01 Between ОпоЬег 1969 and February 1970, ап apparently unhinged character kept hanging around сЬе offi.ce Space City.' offi.ce; еvепш­ ally he was discovered со Ье а Klansman named Mike Lowe. 11!2 ОсЬег papers experienced similar probIems. ОП Мау 1, I968, someone bombed сЬе Los Лпgе/еs Free Press. ТЬе follo\ving уеаг, аЕсег some оЕ сЬе staff of the Great Speckled Bi/·d wtote about their experiences with сЬе fi.rst Vencer­ emos Brigade (а group of young tadicals who demonstrated their supporr fot (Ье Cuban Revolution Ьу chopping sugarcane alongside Cuban agricultural workers), their offi.ce also was fi.rebombed. I01 In Califomia, сЬе collective behind ап еагlу 1970S feminist ne\vspaper, Goodbye {о А!! ТЬа!, fOllnd а посе оп their front door (Ьас said "You аге (l1е Targer. "105 ТЬе aforementioned Da"as NoteJ editor, Sconey Burns, complained tllat оп сЬгее occasions Ье fOllnd his car's tires slashed, and опсе сЬе саг was riddled witl1 Ьиllес 1101es. ТЬе San Diego Streef j01irnal \vas beset Ьу а parriculacly harrowing string of attacks. In ОсtoЬег 1969 tlle paper's windows were shot ош. Eleven days later, someone smashed сl1е paper's front door and sco!e 2,500 copies of its most гесеnr edition. ТЬеп сl1е рарег began receiving ЬотЬ threats over сЬе рl10пе. Afi:ec сl1ас, someone ransacked (Ье SI1'M jl!шпаl's offi.ce, stealing records and \vrecking $5,000 \vorrh of equipment. "During thi5 time," former staffer Jlllie Wittman recalled, "it was impossibIe со look out of сЬе window \vithout seeing а steady stream оЕ circling cars: police cars, llnmarked роНсе cars, sl1eriff's cars, shore patro!. Вис по опе ever spotted сЬе perpetrators of Meanwhile, loca! po!ice harassed (l1е paper's srreet уеп­ the vandalism. dors, 5eized some of tl1eir vending machines, and conducted illegal searcl1es. Опе day, Wittman says, Ьег land!ord burst [псо their building. "'!'т пос going со die Еог УОll,' Ье said. 'Get out. Гт пос going со die for УОll.' Some­ опе l1ad called and rhrearened ЬосЬ l1im and his fami!y llnless l1е stopped rencing us office space." Tlle papers' advertisers receiyed similar threats.I()~ ln I970 опе оЕ (Ье Stгeet jошпаl's \vriters, Lowell Вегgmап-wllО later rose со jошпаlisriс fame as а producer for CBS's 60 Лfin/{tеs and PBS's Frontline (and who \vas porrrayed Ьу Аl Pacino in сl1е mo\!ie ТЬе In.rider)-l1elped Ые а la\v­ slIir againsr (Ье San Oiego police department. But Ьу (Ье rime ir \vas ready со Ье heard, сЬе рарег l1ad folded, and most of сЬе plaintiffs had already left ro\vn. Later, а тетЬег of а local vigi!anre gang affi.liated with the Minнcemen claimed responsibility for most оЕ сЬе апасks mentioned above, ап(l said his group had Ьееп in league with (l1е local police and сl1е FВI. I "9 "We \vere tar­ gets along \vith а lor of orl1er people," Bergman said. 11o 132

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Perhaps che most соттоп aggravation that underground newspapers :.lCed involved che hassling, detaining, or acresc of their street vendocs, еуеп :hough сЬеу were almost always within theic cights со seH their newspapers :Чlbliс!у. Street sellers оС сЬе Washington Free Руен were somecimes arrested Сос ,l}·walking. 111 Hawkers оС сЬе Spokane Natura! complained сЬеу were tarfor !oitering, or for selling their papers соо boisterously, and опе )Jlеsmап c!aimed he was he!d Ьу police for thirty-six hours. Не said Ье was ;1паllу released when some from сЬе ACLU called, Ьис по charges were ever п!еd against him. 112 Two vendors selling Sап Fcancisco's Good Times were oooked for оЬstruссiпg сЬе sidewalk and Ьеiпg а public пuisапсе. А seller оС rl1e Berkeley ВауЬ was charged wich disrurbing сЬе peace. 11i Iп Oregon, а ,,,Iеsmап ОС сЬе Willamette Bridge was arrested Сос "iпсесfегiпg with сЬе flow оС паffiс."il~ Iп 1970 сЬе Nеш York Times reported сЬас Sап Diego police 'сопtiпuеd со arrest sidewalk hawkers оС сЬе рарес оп loitering charges еvеп rhough ... а [оса! lawyer for сЬе Аmегiсап Civil Liberties Uпiоп has Ьееп ,lble со get acquittals Ьу сhаllепgiпg сЬе сопstituriопаliсу of сЬе arrests."115 1п Dallas, Stoney Вurпs was arrested Сос sеlliпg his paper without а permit. lп Сасс, по permit was песеssагу, апd these charges were later dropped. 116 Sellers оС Mississippi's Kudzu were !ikewise picked ир Сос vagrancy, опlу со 11ауе the charges dismissedY' Iп New Оrlеапs, the NOLA Express оЬtаiпеd а rеstгаiпiпg order епjоiпiпg police Сroт harassing its vепdогs, Ьщ whеп а federal сошt fiпеd а police оСбсег $ 1 00 Сос viоlаtiпg the order, а city соuп­ сilmап collected а fuпd апd регsопаllу reimbursed mm. ш Harassment оС vепdогs was such а problem in Texas that Houston's Space Cit)'/ апd Auscin's Rag both published guidelines for vепdогs in сЬе еуепс сЬеу were questioned Ьу а police оСбсес, arrested, ос detained. 119 Some uпdегgrоuпd пеwsmеп тау Ьауе Ьееп targeted for draft evasion. Iп 1967-68, James Retherford, editor оС Iпdiапа's Speaator, was indicted оп three cechnical charges геlаtiпg со сЬе draft. Вщ сЬе case againsc шт was marred Ьу пumеroиs irregularities Ссот сЬе уесу stап, апd when he was рш оп crial оп J uly !о, 1968, prosecurors seemed iпсепt оп trying шт for sedition-for wmch he was nо! uпdег iпdiсtmепt. Ассоrdiпg со Retherford, prosecurors, rеlуiпg in рагс оп his Spectator editorials, uпfаirlу portrayed Ыт as "а revolurionary аdvосаеiпg сЬе violent overthrow ОС the gоvеrпmепr, а соmmипist subvecsive, {and} а seditious traitoc." I 20 After Ье was sепсепсеd со six years IП ргisоп, а New York advocacy group caughc wiпd оС his case, апd Lеопасd Воиdiп, сЬе celebrated lawyer, agreed to rергеsепt шт рсо Ьопо. ТЬе whole complicated matter was fiпаllу resolved iп Occober 1969, whеп а thcee-judge appeals соuп uпапimоuslу rhcew оие Rerhecfocd's сопviссiоп апd scolded сЬе U .S. аttоrпеу Сос Ьгiпgiпg сЬе case iп che first place. "ПТНЕR WE НАУЕ FRHEDOM OF ТНЕ PRHSS .

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Those involved with underground newspapers ас military installations faced obvious risks, Generally, these papers porrrayed the military as ап instrument of American imperialism and kept servicemen abreasr of various antiwar activities. А Nеш York Тimes article about Fort Dix, NewJersey's, Shakedou'n explained the асту post had ап ordinance pcohibiting the distriburion of anything that was considered "in bad ta5te, prejudicial (о good order ос discipline , . , subversive, ос otherwise сопссасу to (its} best intecest5,"12! As а result, Shаkеdошn was literally smuggled into the areas where soldier5 frequented, and its staff rried со remain anonymous. Similarly, bundles of the А"у, fcom Berkeley, were hidden in сасе packages before they were mailed (о soldiers in Vietnam, who rhen redistributed them surrepti­ tiously. А writer foc AbolJeground, which сате оис of Fort Carson, Colorado, recalls undergoing а harrowing inrerrogation from military intelligence officers. As it was under way, he realized that his questioners had gotten their information fcom а provocateur who had еасЕес tried (о goad him in(o сот­ mitting murderous acson,122 Опе of the most посаЫе figures in the GI underground press со endure harassment was Roger Priest, ап apprentice seaman at the Pentagon who single-handedly put оис three issues (опе thousand copies apiece) of ап inflammatory ратрЫес called ОМ, Priest was spied ироп Ьу military intel­ ligence agents, arrested, and court-martialed, еуеп though, according (о опе scholar, he "followed military regulations со the 'епес in а1l aspects of his behavior, ensuring that if the brass were going (о get rid of him, they could пос do it оп а technicality."12' For fourteen alleged violations under the Uniform Code ofMilitary Justice, Priest faced thirry-nine years imprisonment, Ьис ultimately he was merely demoted and given а bad-conduct discharge, Опе suspects that the whole тапес mighc '1ауе Ьееп avoided had Priest пос provoked L. Mendel Rivers, chairman of the House Armed Services Сот­ mittee, Ьу sending him а сору of ОМ. Rivers responded Ьу asking Penragon officials со investigare whether Priest had committed "gross abuse of the сопstituriопаl right (о free sреесh,"Ш For аН the repression that underground papers faced, iп а few iпsrапсеs radicals тау have successfully leveraged their influence in the Моуетепс (о avoid certain punishments, Рос inscance, ВU Nешs ediror Ray Mungo seemed dеtеrтiпеd со draw the government's wrath in ОсroЬес 1967 when Ье perched штsеlf оп the hood of а сас rhat was parked пеас the gates of (Ье Boston Асту Base and ripped ир his iпduсtiоп papers before а crowd of аЬоис six hundred. As historian Michael S. Foley writes, "Despite (hi5 flagrant violation of the law, neirher the Selecrive Service пос the ] ustice Department moved (о punish him." "It was ап ореп and shur case," Mungo 134

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later admitted. "1 expecred со Ье prosecuted ... Ьис rhey never рrosесшеd те. 1 сап only conclude that сЬеу didn't want со give те сЬе right со make а mапуг оЕ myself."12> Iп anorher instance, Distant Drшшner editor Ооп OeMaio гап а letter со сЬе edicor that, if read uncharicably, could Ье caken со advocate rhe murder оЕ Frank Rizzo, сЬе nocorious local police commis­ sioner. ]26 OeMaio says that in response, Rizzo pushed Arlen Specter, who was then the city's districr аггоrnеу, со press charges against him. Ultimately, though, Specter declined, supposedly because he "didn't want а rior over thar crummy paper."I2" Ir i5 true, though, that 50те underground jошпаlists were guilty оЕ very serious crimes. Norably, rwo Rat sraffers, Рас Swinron and Jane Alperr, рапiсiрагеd in сЬе bombing оЕ government buildings in 1969. \Х!Ьеп they sought со jнsrify their self-described guerrilla activity Ьу delivering communigues со LNS and а handful оЕ papers, they were following the cus­ сот established Ьу other violent organizations. 12R As Сшр Berlet pointed ош, the handling оЕ such material Еroт fugitive groups "Ьесате such ап issue that сЬе UPS newsletter carried ап article оп the subject" (Training ас опе underground newspaper," he added, "included use оЕ small arms").]29 Members оЕ some оЕ the most radical papers, like rhe Berkeky Tribe, had ties со, and \уеге among the chief sources оЕ information аЬоис, clandestine grollps sllch as the Wearher Underground. Iп шrn, the undergrollnd press was rhe only reliable mошhрiесе rhar sllch groLlps had. For years, the New Left's tabloids \vere sites оЕ lengthy debate аЬош rhe use оЕ violence Ьу the [еЕс. Мапу writers offered ас least rhecorical sllpport Еог "armed struggle," though criticisms оЕ violence were just as соттоп. 1 ю Finally, it bears remembering that the biased reporting and self-justifying rhetoric сЬас was соттоп in llnderground rag5 соиЫ seem particularly skewed when уошh5 narrated their own регsесшiоп. If сЬе claims that federal investigators, sher­ iffs, business leaders, and politicians made against underground newspapers sometimes seemed paranoid, exaggerated, ог conveniently selective, the reverse is also true. Still, in а СОllПСГУ that uneguivocally guarantees its citizens the right со express themselves freely, and сЬас generally regards that freedom as опе оЕ rhe most imропаnt freedoms in сЬе ВШ оЕ Rights, ir i5 striking how swiftly authorities mobilized со сгу со shш down underground newspapers and how imaginative rhey proved iп rheir efforrs. It i5 also disшгЫпg thar the diffi­ clllries thar radical jошпаlists епсоuntегеd were rarely discussed lП rhe EstаЫishmепг press, which has СУрlсаllу Ьееп 50 vigilапг iп dеfепsе оЕ irs own righrs.];] Опе сап only surmise why this was rhe case. lп а 1974 speech, rhe Washingtoil Post's ВоЬ Woodward рш forth the most obviollS ехрlапаtiоп. "EITH!'R WE HAVE FREEDOM 01' ТН"- PRESS .

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"T11e undergrollnd press was largely righr about government sabotage," Ье acknowledged, "Ьш сЬе соиntгу didn'r get upset because it was сЬе left that was saboraged. ТЬе country got lIpset when [in сЬе Watergate Era} сЬе broad political center, with its established iпstitшiопs, сате lInder attack." Ву contrast, Thomas King Forcade careflllly monitored сЬе deplorable efforts to sllppress lIndergrollnd newspapers, and Ье fllHy grasped what was happening. In 1969 Ье pllblished а slIrvey revealing that 60 percent of аН lIndergrollnd newspapers said сЬеу were frequenrly hassled Ьу police. 1i2 То someone who was so committed to building а sustainable геvоlшiопагу press, tшs сате as dispiriting news. "Wirh obscenity bllsts they get УОllr топеу, with drug busts they get уош people, with intimidation сЬеу get уош printer, v.'ith bombings rl1ey get уош office, and if уои сап still manage ro somehow get оис а sheet, their distгiЬшiоп monopolies and rousts keep it from еуег getting to (Ье people," Ье fumed. 1ii Вш оп other occasions, Рог­ cade characterized сЬе underground press as remarkably resilient. "1 пеуег write апу of them off," Ье told а герогсег in 1969. "Уои won't see а сору of а рарег for six months, тауЬе, and 1'11 think аЬош taking it off сЬе {UPS} list, and сЬе уегу пехс day, сЬеге it i5. Undergrollnd papers аге like algae, the way they cling ro life." Another time, Ье predicted the emergence of radical dailies. "ТЬе undergrollnd pres5 i5 crollched like а РапсЬег," Ье wrote, "dollars and daY5 away from daily publication and thus total domination of the print media. After the lInderground pre5s goes daily, they'll drop like fliеs,"IЧ Sometimes Ье еуеп seemed tO believe that сЬе oppressive measures taken against (Ье underground press could Ье viewed as ап ещоurаgiпg sign, insofar as they meant that people in powerful positions mllst have truly felt threat­ ened Ьу сЬе new radical media. Не presented (Ье undergrollnd press as а powerful instirution that young реорlе could гаНу around, and as опе that would пеуег buckle ог compromise. In fact, (Ье tactics deployed against the undergrollnd press тау only have emboldened Forcade. Certainly this seemed (Ье case when he testified before Presidenr :Кiхоп's Commission оп Obscenity and Pornography, in Washington, DC, оп Мау 13, 1970, and single-handedly transformed what would otherwise Ьауе Ьееп а sma1l-bore affair into what сЬе Los Arzgeles Times called "опе of (Ье most bizarre hearings ever held оп the Congressional premises."l Like тапу First Amendment absolutists, Forcade held that constitutional guarantees (о free speech mattered mosr when (Ьеу protected сЬе rights of citizens (о criticize, mock, ог belittle people in positions of' ашhогitу. And ас (Ье Capitol Hill hearings, Ье found himself before а рапеl that Ье thought \vas overwhelm­ ingly deserving of such ridicule. Forcade was dressed completely in black, with а parson's hat pulled low оуег his head, and his prepared statement was 1

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antic and hyperbolic in the extreme. 1t also тау have Ьееп adorned with inaccurate or misleading statistics, and some of it was clearly intended for comic value. Still, probably по document [сот the 1960s Ьепес captures the unusual style in which underground press radicals sought со leverage the constitutional protections that were handed down Ьу Madison,]efferson, and the other Founding Fathers. It is reprinted belo\v in [иН: ТЬе

Constitutiol1 о/ the United 5tates о/ America says, "Congress shall тnake lau' . .. abridging /reedom о/ speech оу о/ the руен. ., This unconstitutional, illegitimate. !mlauful, prehistoric, obscene. absurd, Keystone Komтnittee had been set ир [о "reconznzmd advisable, apprapriate, ef/ective, and constitutional тneam {о dea! e/fectit'ely u'ith such traffic in obscenity and parnography, " Та this щ say, /uck ол; and]uck cemorship. This Keystone Kommittee, engaged in а blatant МсСаrthуеsqш u'itch hunt, holding inquisitiona! "hearings" around the соиntуу, is the vanguard о/ the Brain Po!ice, Лfind Моnitоп. Thought Thugs. {and} Honky Heaven Whores grasping to make thought criminals ои! о/ тni!/iom о/ imlOcent ,itizem. Уаи ARE 1984- u'ith аll [Ьа! that irnplies. This phony Koтnmittee begim uith the pornography and obscenity existing in the еуе] о/ the bul!shit beholders and ends u'ith total state contro! о/ the mind о! every тап, UJornan, chi!d, hunchback and midget. What рretentiою arrogance 10 рrелШlе, what colossal nerve {о аиеmр! {о impose уоиу standards оп the public, while уои jack 0]/ in the cemorship уоот. Fuck and /шk cemorship! Either и<: have/reedom о/{lJе press ... оу we dИi '! have /reedom о/ the press. The UlIdergrotmd Руел 5yndicate has repeatedly еЩОUJltеrеd уоиr brand о/ political repression in the thin but {уаmрауеn! guise %bscenity, despite [Ье Obl/io!JS /аct that the primary соntеШ о/ Uпdergrошzd Press 5yndicate papers is political and social uriting. ТЫ] becomes even mоуе OblJio!JS /k'hen undergro!md papers ауе compared to the milliom o/tom o/specifically sаlасiою and рrliriеш /our-color crotch shot magazines whiclJ ауе readily available in the шmе ,'ities шhеrе underground рареу; ауе repeatedly Ьюtеd /оу "pornogra­ phy." We knoU' u'here that's at. and и'е knoU' шhеrе уои'уе coming /уоm. Besides. аrоюiпg pmrient interest in Лmeriса 15 а socially redeeming value. 50/uck оЛ аш/ ]ttck cemorship. А stlldy о/ daily пeu'Spapers /ound {Ьа! 70 реусen! о/ the readership did nо! beliel'c the papers they read, ТЬсу thought {Ьеу u'ere lушg. In the раи 20 years, over 400 establi.rhment dailies ha/!e died, шhzlе in the past /ош years, the иР5 hm goпe /УОlll nothillg [о over 6 тnillion readers, А journalislll professor in Cali/ornia made а study о/ Ы] с/ал 0/45 student.r. and /ound that 42 read the 'оса! undergrOlmdpaper. Only 1 read ,Ье establishment propaganda organ. по

"EfТHER WE HAV~ г'RЕl'LЮМ QF ТНЕ PRESS ,

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The head 0/ the American Апоciаtiоп 0/ Ad~'ertising Agencies и'аrm the stl'aight papers {о "get in tошh" or they И'i11 lose their adlJel'tising rel Jenue 'О ,lJе /mderp;rolmd pms. Ви! {flJey} сап'! "get in tошh.·' Ьесаще they are lackeys о/а рои 'е,' strШ!JIrе u'hose оп/у tошh is а Alidas tuщh. и'lJiс/J tries to 'иrn U'ф' into тоnеу. natural resu/t1'ces into топеу. etJen И'/Jоlе segments о/ our populatioll into топеу. ТЬе UndеrgrОШld Press Syndicate is fig!Jtjllg this. and u'imling. alld УО/l are terrified Ьесаиsе и'е are robbing t/Je рои'еr strшtше 0/ its replacements. УОи are а dying breed. Ьесаюе young people 100Je the zmdergrolmd preJS. live il. and knои' t/Ja! it speaks the trutlJ. Вш уои и'аlkiпg апtiqшs are constant!y trying to stamp ои! ош /reedom 0/ II)е press~uptigIJt Smokey llJе Bears 0/ tIJe totali­ tarian /отl. r1ishing around U'itlJ JIJotglmJ and .rfJot'eIJ. trying 10 quещЬ the ,fires 0/jt'eedom. В1I! tIJe fil'e is ои! 0/ control. and ха и 'i/I 1/1!t Ье brouglJt dои'n. America's Child,'en jor Breakfast program--уоlltlJ genocide-is I10! Il'О1Ьng. То it и'е say. /шk 0// and /шk cenS01'ship. Уои po!itically sel/ordained demi-gods lJal'e decided to jam tu'o copies о/ the Reader's Digest into ezlery shitlюlе in America, И'i!1J уош dried-up. ре,'­ vCl'!ed. "g!y. bIand. middle-aged. lJypocritic {sic}. jack-ojj. psyclJopathic !otal­ itarian. иn sexed. dieta!orial. Bank o/America. и·аrреd. lJуenа. raпcid. muck 0/ УОllr ои'n decaying exisfence )'0/; make те puke green monkey shit. In opposition 10 tlJis. our program is liberation-total/reedom-and и'е ш'е totally сошmittеd 10 carrying out {Ы!' program. А dictatorial s!rtJCtШt саппо! u'itlJstand tlJe аЬюlutе power 0/ а media that сап turJl оut half а million people а! Woodstock 01' а mi!limz people to sit оп Nixon's back porcIJ unti! ,lJе u'ar ends. And ше шi!! по 1Ilore passively ассер: tIJe suppression 0/ tlJa! voice {lJаn и'е шil! о/ои,' bodies, \fle аn {lJе solution {о America's probIems, We а/'е revolution, tЬш god­ damned papers аn our !iz'es. and nobotly slJa!l take our lil Jes ашау u:itlJ )'оur goddamпed laU's. We т'е tоmоrгои'. not уои. We are the И'оrking model 0/ 10morrOu'J paleocybernetic mlщrе. .fIJ1t1. life. manifesting /Ot'e. /orce. аnаl'ClJу. eup/Jot'ia. positive. senJUal. c01ll1llunal. аЬапdоned. united. ЬrоtlJеt'!юоd. uni­ l./ersal. organismic. f)t'gasmic. fJarmoniollS. flou'ing пеи' соtl.fсiоюпеss media оп paper. cOllling /rom oU1'lit'es in tlJe streets. So /uck ол and /uck cemorslJip.' \Ve are in cIJarge %ur о!иz lives, and И'е bear al/egiaпce оп/у {о ()ur ОИ'II Free Nation. We lJold уоur ащiеnt mytlJs 0/ .rterile Ыш 'mп in utter, sC/lm bag соn!еmрl jor jamming ир the river 0/ Ьuшаn progms. Irying 10 lJold back. push bal'k. compartmentalize. ram doU'n our tlJroat )'оur deatlJ trip о/ tlJouglJt cOlltrol. the last pe,'version 0/ ВаЬу!оп. And the stгаiс""Ьt media is eqllally reJpomible. /or tiJey bear gui/t 0/ tIJe crime of silence, the crime 1 з8

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of inaction as [Ьеу U!atch and c!Jeer u,hile their media brot!Jers in (Ье under­ gmund prm go dou'n (Ье draln 0/1051 /reedom о/ (Ье preJJ. ТЬеу тouth empty U'ords and ,Ьеу are lolal hypocrltes. There сап Ье по /ree country witlJout а /ree press. and i/ t!Jere is по /ree country, ,Ьen IlJere иill Ье по country. TlJere 15 по di//erence and по separation betu'een иЬа! i5 happening [о [lJе undergrollnd press and ИJlJа! is lJappening to t!Je Black Panthers or аnу other group u'hich opposes America 's last crazed epilepsy. ТlJе Undergrollnd Press Syndicate !Jas Ьееn !Jarrassed {sic] unrelenl­ ingly since l! и'а; jOllnded ln 1966, уе! it has grou/n /rom just 5 paper5 and 1ш tlJan 50,000 circulation 10 ot'er 200 papers and circlllalion ot!er 6 mil­ lion. For every рар" destroyed Ьу а bust, 10 more have taken its place, and i/ tlJe message о/ tlJat i5 по! clear. then уои тиs! surely have [о learn it Ьу experience. Соngrштаn }ое Pool, late ниАС chairman. said uThe plan о/ tblr Underground Press Syndicate is 10 take adz!antage о/ Ihat part о/ the Fiпt Ammdment и'ЫсЬ protectJ neu'spaper5 and theт /reedom о/ the prm." ВоЬ Dylan says. "WitlJout /reedoт o/speeclJ 1 тight Ье in (Ье sшатр." 1 say, "Wrile Оп.'" 1 do nо! agree u'itlJ а u'ord уои say. and 1 U'ill de/end 10 ту death ту right losay il. According со а press report, the Commission "sat dumbfounded оп а semi-circular rostrum" while Forcade launched his verbal assault. When he was finished, Commissioner Оссо N. Larson, а sociology professor at the Universiry ofWashington, was incredulous. "Would уои mind explaining ю те how we have engaged in 'McCarrhyesque wirch hunrs and inquisirional hearings'?" Ье asked) "1 think 1 have marerial in ту Ьох со explain rhar," Forcade answered, gеsшгiпg со large cardboard Ьох in [roпс of тт. Then Ье reached inco сЬе Ьох, pulled оие а whipped-cream pie, and dumped it оп Larson's head. I '6

"E!THER WE НлVЕ FREEDOM OF ТНЕ PRESS ,

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6

Questioning Who Decides Participatory Democracy in the Underground Press

SOMEТlME IN

EARLY I969, WНILE living in ап eleven-room farmhouse in western Massachusetts, Marshall Bloom began writing what appears со Ье сЬе beginning of а memoir describing his experiences with Liberation News Service. Не never finished, and it was never published. lп fact, (Ье original manuscript-an eight-page typewritten fragment, located in сЬе Archives and Special Collections Libraty ас Вloom's alma тасег, Amherst College­ has аН сЬе hallmarks of а first draft: false starts are scribbled оис Ьу hand, and ас several points, Вlooт typed alternarive turns of phrase over his original prose, which alcernates between rones of nostalgia and beleaguered resent­ тепс Had the essay ever Ьееп printed, its title, "LIВERAТION NEWS SERVICE IS DEAD. LONG LIVE LIВERATION NEWS SERVICE," might have provoked а frisson of recognition in certain circles; it was lifted from а line in ап апопутоtlS letter (Ьас began circulating throughout сЬе under­ ground press in October 1968 in which Bloom was mercilessly ridiculed.! Sadly, Вlooт never lived ro discover сЬас the letter was асшаllу а forgety, written Ьу сЬе FBI in ап апетрс со ехасесЬасе tensions within LNS, the underground press, and the New Left. 2 "1 wish 1 could сеВ you everyrhing that flashes in ту mind when 1 think аЬош L~S and ту life for сЬе pasr year and а half," Bloom begins. "Much тосе (Ьап it should have been-perhaps сЬас was сЬе problem-LNS and ту life were аН mixed rogether."

Neverrhe!ess, Bloom vo\vs ro describe his iovolvemenr wirh LNS "in srraight [aod] соЬегеnc order," adding гЬаг his narrari\'e тау рroуе "еуеп соо embarrassingly caodid." His earliesr тетогу coooecred го LNS, Ье says, dares back го гЬе blustery аЕгеmооп in Apri! 1967 when Ье stepped оЕЕ ап Егот London го теег Raymond МLшgо аг Boston's Logan Airport. Аг гЬе time, Bloom was preparing ro тоуе ro Washingron. DC, where Ье wOLIld take гЬе Ье!т оЕ гЬе Uoired Srares Srudeor Press Association, while MLlngo, гЬе conrroversial ediror оЕ гЬе ни 1\Те1П , had JLlSt woo а fellowsllip to begio gгаdшге srudy аг Harvard. Tl1e rwo \уеге already aware of опе aoorl1­ er's reputations, Ьиг this was гЬе first time гЬеу тег face to Еасе. and Еог Bloom, ir \vas рше kismet. \Vithin minures, Ье "adjusted (о (Ыs big, Ьгауе edirorial voice Егот а геепу, slюгг fellow with " Later rhat eveoing, В!оот delivered а spacsely artended lecture аг Bosron University, after \vhich Ье and Mungo repaired (о а tumbledown Ьаг Еаг beers and соо­ versarion, \уЬеге В!оот surprised Muogo. First, Ье "asked Ыш" со join USSPA, гЬеп Ье "urged him" со ассерг (Ье оНег, аncl гЬео 11е practi<.:ally iosisred гЬаг MlIogo commir ro rakiog гЬе posirion 00 гЬе spot. Wrote Bloom: "I didn't гЬео pause оп гЬе inhereot unfaimess [оЕ гЬе Еасг гЬаг] 1 had ту life planned Еог гЬе пехг уеаг and was mecely asking Ыт го join it; гЬаг Еor him ir теаог а oew plan for гЬе уеаг." Nevertheless, Bloom somehow persuat!ed MlIngo го scratch his graduate plaos in order го Ьесоте USSPA's iotemarional ne\vs editor, "Perhaps Ьеге is гЬе beginning of ту downfall," Bloom retlects, feeling aoxioLls, ог perhaps guilry, аЬоиг haviog ргеssшеd Mungo го upend his plans. Bloom a!so admirs, Ьо\уеуег, rhar he was heavily dependenr lIрОП MLlngo's friendship and assisraoce. А few monrhs !агег, when MLlngo arrived аг the huge brownstone they rented cogether in \VаsЫпgroп, DC, Bloom greeted 11im "with joy and relief." [агег thar night, MlIngo rerumed (гот а nеагЬу laLlndгomat, disгшЬеd аг llaving seen ап elderly homeless woman sleeping uneasily in а chair. "What shall we do;''' 11е asked. Bloom answered immediately: "RLШ and ger Ьег and ask Ьег го sleep оЕ сошsе." Momenrs later, in сате "а bedraggled, wer, head-sЬаkiпg \уе

old woman оЕ гЬе srreers whose srories сате tuтЫiпg forrh as offered her а Сllр оЕ геа in Rауmопd's roот."1 The пехг еvепiпg, а nervoLls

reenaged mnaway SllO\Ved Llр аг their door, looking for Mungo, Uncertain \уЬегЬег she'd Ье allowed го stay, she had lefr her IlIggage аг а пеагЬу lюtеl. SI1e needn't Ьауе worried: сЬас пighг, she гоо \vas welcomed inro rheir "wretched hippy hovel." Апd so \viгhiп jшг two days, wirhoLlt аnу рlаrшiпg or diSСL1Ssiоп, rl1ey Ьеgаn rrапsf'ormiпg tl1eir Ьоте and \vorkplace inro а сЬа­ otic шЬап сотmLше. \Virhin months the house Ьесате overcro\vded. Рlюпеs (~l ТSПО~I~(; \<НО ')ЕСШЕ,

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ас

al! hours of the day and nighc while stereos blascec! everything from and che RоШпg Srones ro Мошеvегdi, Bach, and Wt;/! Diml!) 5 Greates! Hits. [осаl police responded Ьу srarioning а сшisег outside rhe 11Ouse." "1 say а11 of this," Вlоот writes, "because in а way it's уоиг business, i{ уои аге ro know what ro think аЬоис [NS. ,,) That is, В!оот wanced со соп­ уеу chat [NS was begun with ап improvisational аnc! ad hoc energy tЬаt sometimes seemed \villfully irrational. These first few pages ofBloom's тет­ oir also betray his heavy personal investment in the news service, as \vеll as his headlong, occasionally domineering leadership style. Certainly В!оот was пос unique in becoming deep1y immersed in his media activism. Others involved with the underground press in tl1e !асе 19605 workec! feverish1y, with ап exa1ted sense of mis5ion and РШР05е, approaching radical journalism as if it were а way оГ 1ife. Вщ the top-down approach that B100m took in running [NS concrasted slшгр[у \vith the itarian and anti-e!itist sentiments that \уеге e[sewhere 50 pronounced in сЬе Movement. As [NS Ьесате ап established тапу оГ those who \vorked Гог the news service Ьесате increasing[y uncomfortable with how it was сип. Although Вlоот always had а small coterie оГ fo11o\vers who were impressed Ьу his vision and energy, others found him manipu1ative, unreliable, and irnpulsive. Моге importantly, the majority оГ [NS's staff rook it as ап artic[e оГ faith that the New [eft's organizations should Ье scrupulous1y democratic. When B100m and several others refused ro relinquish сопсrol оГ INS in the summer оГ I968, the organization Ьесате embroiled in а Ыпег ро\vег stшgglе that reverberated across the Movement. Surprisingly, though, the rift in [NS has пос received much аttешiоп Ггот scholars, and where it has Ьееп discussed, it 11as generally Ьееп mischar­ acterized as а di5pute along cu1tural and politica[ [il1e5, \vith В[оот and his wild hippie followers cla5hing with а 1arger group о{ dour Marxists оуег their contrasting values and lifestyles. 6 lп Гасс, this is 0111y рап оГ the story. TI1e Ьанlе {ог contro! оуес the news service was also а contest between tWO dif­ Гегепс understanc!ings оГ what was теапс Ьу "participatory democracy." Ву reexamining the cOI1f1agration within I.NS-and Ьу framing the танег wirhin ics broader historical context-\ve сап do тоге than just сопесс the distortions in previous accounts. We сап a[so Ьепег understand jUSt ho\\' thoroughly the New Le{t's print cu[ture Ьесате imbued with democratil values. Under Bloom's leadership, [NS claimed to теес the Movement's demo­ cratic 1itmus test Ьу distributing virtually апу left-wing ог youth-oriente(~ articles сЬас сате оуег the transom, regardless оГ their ideological сопtепt or ВоЬ Оуlап

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quality. Неге the group was following а precedent established Ьу SDS, in effect making it their editorial policy nOllO edit. However, апосЬег faction in LNS rejected the idea сЬас the group was behaving democratically. In their uпdегstапdiпg-whiсh also hагkепеd back со SDS-it was essential сЬас LNS should Ье гип as some kind of а in which large groups made decisions, staff positions rotated, and resources were pooled rogether. Their
143

Like Bloom and Mungo, Young had dabbled in jоurпаlism while iп high scl1001, апd Ьу his senior year he Ьесате editor-in-chief of his college newspa­ per, the СО!lImЫа Daily Spectator, where he was "аЫе to mix journalism апd activism for the first time" primarily l)y supporting а left-\ving сатрш orga­ nization called ACТION. (Опе of the group's notable protests \vas аgаiпst а civil dеfепsе test in 1961, duriпg which New Yorkers were legally required to "take соуег" ас the sоuпd of air raid sirens. lnstead, as the sirens' warbling tопеs blared across Columbia's campus, hundreds of studепts flooded into Low Memorial Plaza.) Uроп finishing his undergraduate degree, he studied for а уеаг at Stanford, \vorked briefly as а reporter for а small newspaper in Middletown, New York, апd then matriculated into Columbia University's prestigious Graduate School of Jоuгпаlism. Ironically, althol1gh Young uпdег­ stood tlle importance of wгitiпg ргоfеssiопаl, Ьаlапсеd ne\vs stories, throllgh his tгаiпiпg he Ьеgап регсеiviпg аll of the ways that less principled reporters could get away with distorting the news со make it fit their viewpoints. " From 1964 to 1967, УОl1пg lived iп Brazil and Chile llnder fellowships from the Flllbrigllt Program and the lnter-American Press Association, duriпg which time he freelanced for major American newspapers, iпсludiпg the tian Science Monitor and the Neu' YfJrk Times, Meanwhile, he kept tabs оп the dеуеlорiпg New LеЙ Ьу subscribing со SDS's newsletter, Neu' Left Notes, апd through his steady соrrеsропdепсе with fгiепds, iпсll1diпg history student Eric Ропег, IпJапuагу 1967, а соггеsропdепt оп the Wesr Coast wrote со say, "1 thiпk that УОl1 will fiпd the US со have сlыпgеd а great deal since УОl1 were last here-that is, the уощh have begun to change а great deal, The fоllоwiпg mопth, another letter writer told him: "America is оп the verge of а politico-cultural геvоlщiоп,"li Still, УОllпg was unprepared {ог the madcap sсепе he discovered whеп he visited San Fгапсisсо's Haight-Ashbury district duriпg the famous "Summer of Love," Like тапу hippies, Уоuпg епjоуеd smоkiпg mагijuапа, апd he was stгепuоuslу opposed со the Viеrпаm War, Ьщ he was scarcely interested in "dropping ОЩ." ТО the contrary, he srill dreamed of а high-powered сагеег ас а major American Ile\vspaper, Whell he illter­ vie\ved at the ~'(lJhington PnJf with mallagillg editor Belljamill Bradlee (later famous for overseeillg ВоЬ Woodward апd Carl Вешstеiп's Watergate со\,­ erage), he was careflll со keep his left-willg political beliefs uпdег \vraps, save {ог опе slip: he said he \vas iпtегеstеd in the civil rights тоуетепс. As Youllg recalls, Bradlee "respollded sharply with а qllestion: 'Уои aren't Оllе of those activists, аге УОll?' llied, sayillg that of' сошsе 1 wasn 'с, and got the job,"14

Though thrilled to Ье the пighttimе police

144 I

lаuпсhiпg

his career ас the Рой, where he was assiglled Young felt conflicted in several important ways,

SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

First, he resenred the fact that he was trained "to

рау

serious attention to

murder if the victim was white, and not to worry too much

аЬош

а

it if the

victim is black." And while Young regarded the Post as а rather conservative paper, he was surprised to learn that the cops he worked \vith thought it was scandalously letr-\ving. Jokingly, they called it the "L Street Pravda." Another complication was that Young \vas secretly gay at the time, and as а result he regretted having to spend so much time in the newsroom and the police pre­ cinct; the first struck шт as а "boys club,"' and the latter was а "highly macho environmenr." Вш рroЬаЫу his biggest frustration lay in the fact that as а working journalist, he was prohibited [roт taking ап active role in the anriwar activity that was happening right before his eyes. Опе night Young accompanied Foner and several friends to а screening of The Ваи!е о/ А!giеп, Gillo Роп­ tecorvo's masterful portrayal of the Franco-Algerian conflict. "1 was very moved Ьу

that

Ыт,"

1 \vasn't in

Young recalled.

апу

"МауЬе

it was а little romanric

оп ту

danger the way [Ali la Pointe} was in that movie,

part, since

Ьш

the

сот­

mitment of the young Algerian revolutionaries struck те kind of deeply, and 1 thought 'this is something 1 care about, ту opposition to the Viernam War, and here 1 ат at the WaJhillgton

Ры

Around the same time, Young

doing the night police beat.'" сате

to know several local underground

press \vriters at the Washingtoll Free Рrел and LNS. Though

Вlooт

and Mungo

struck шт as "committed and intelligent," right away he noticed that they were both "more involved with the counterculture than [he} was."15 Another time, he рш the matter more sharply: the time he spent with the duo, he proclaimed, was "far toо chaotic for ту way of thinking."J(, Nevertheless, given

аll

the dissonance Young \vas experiencing as

the \Vas/Jinp,/on POJt, LNS struck he made what was

"рroЬаЫу

шт

а

radical gay journalist at

as the better bet. The following month,

the biggest single decision of [his} life," and

torpedoed his professional journalism career

Ьу

resigning his position at the

Post and migrating to LNS's new headguarters-a shabby, three-story office building at 3 Thomas Circle, which they shared with several other movement groups, nicknaming it the "Liberated Zone."lAROUND tion

TНIS ТIME,

[roт

LNS and the llnderground press began receiving atten­

both t11e mainstream media and

authorities. 1h After the Neu' York TimeJ ran

ап

[roт

article

municipal and federal оп

the Liberated Zone,

Rep. John R. Rarick, of Louisiana, entered the story into the CongreJJiona! Record. "Mr. Speaker," he proclaimed "the American Cong now blatantly announce revolutionary Ьеаdguаrtеrs in our Nation's Capital."IY 1п response, LNS prornptly ordered two thousand black-and-orange lapel buttons that read: "1 АМ ТНЕ AMERICAN CONG."211 QLLsтюг-.:Iг-.:(; ""но

DECIDES

145

Ir was iп some ways ап iпарr meraphor, since Bloom апd Mungo had always iпsisrеd rhat LNS would пеуес Ьесоте а mourhpiece for апуопе­ поr for SDS, rhe hippies, rhe Black Рапthегs, and сегtаiпlу nat for the Vietcang. 2 ; In fact, the group prided itself iп its \villiпgпеss со distribute а broad spectrum of radical viewpoints. "We'd print апу kind of crazy shit that anybody sent us," Мипво remembered. Wаssеrтап said much the same, "Ош idea of editorial sеlесtiоп was, if уои were committed enough 1:0 [уре ап article апd put it in the таа, and we kпеw who уои were, tl1at should Ье good enough.... We believed in participatory democracy. "2' Elsewhere, he elaborated: "We had unlimited сору space and for те at least the опе thing [Ьас made the news service valuable was ош freedom [о print anything that happened 1:0 faH into ош hands. We had а lot of misses, but then, who were we [о judge/"2~ I.NS also welcomed feedback from uпdегgгоuпd newspapers. Iп а December 1967 letter, Mungo told sub­ scribers, "We didn't епvisiоп LNS as entirely 'ош thiпg,' а пеws service whose ideas and inspirations соте entirely from us, (rather} we thiпk it will operate best when it reflects the consciousness of тапу people агоuпd [Ье country. Although LNS won acclaim for its excellent coverage of [Ье Battle of the Pentagon and сЬе Columbia [еЬеШоп, its news packets were more typically tilled with а wide assortment of dispatches from across the country. Some­ rimes printed оп colored paper, arricles of purely regional interest сап along­ side analyses of movemenr-wide trends, whiJe serious essays intermingled with whimsical pieces. Опсе, as а prank, Mungo and LNSer Marc Sommer falsely reported that in the redneck town ofSt. Rouet, Arkansas, rhe editor of ап underground newspaper called Fшkоffhаd Ьееп tarred and feathered Ьу а вапв of angry yokels. Iп tact, по sl..lCh editor, paper, or town еуеп existed.2(, Ап article describing Secretary of State Оеап Rusk's evasive tesrimony before сЬе Senate Foreign Relations Committee in March I968 Ьевап this way: "Оеап Rusk sang and danced for some сеп hours in сЬе last two days. Some оЕ his most popular roшiпеs \vere 'The Соттоп Danger со lJs All,' The Yellow-Peril Polka,' ... and сЬас old, old standby оЕ the Johnson Adminis­ tration, 'Теll Ме Lies. '''2' Meanwhile, life and work in сЬе Liberated Zone carried оп ас а dizzying расе. Although it was located just six bIocks from сЬе White Il0use, [Ье building served as the nerve center of сЬе local New Left. Plumes of mari­ juana smoke drifted оис of the windows, psychedelic and political posters lined сЬе \vaHs, сЬе teletype тасЫпе spat ош "infemal clatter" ас аН hours, таil poured in from everywhere, апd, as Мипво later described, "everything was happening соо fasr." Staffers worked furiously "rrying to keep ир with

146

I

SMOКlN(; ТУРЬWRПЬRS

1

colleges, ghertoes, апd hip communities all ас the same С1те," and 500П LNS Ьеgап рroduсiпg three hefty mailings рег week. 2H Despite LNS being hugely iпfluепtiаl in the world оЕ the underground press, its оЕБсе remained disordered. Еуеп Mungo regarded his p05ition ас LNS as "а big comedown" Егот his previous perch ас the В и NeU's, which, despite its radicalism, was still а serious, professional-Iooking newspaper. "Вш all оЕ а sudden," he remembered, he was "reduced со living like а gypsy in this сгарру соттипе turning ош this crappiest оЕ сгарру looking mimeographed flyers. "2У Then again, it could also seem thrilling со dance ас the counterCllI­ ture's Dionysian edge, taking drllgs and шппiпg оп karma, comedy, and chaos. "While 1 was cyping rock-and-roll Iyrics in rhe margins оЕ the mail­ ings," Wasserman wrote, "Marshall was holding the operation together with mirrors in а \уау that wOllld рш Jay GOllld со shame. Не got топеу from nowhere, sent it somewhere else, and two days later equipment would arrive. Magic!~"'O "А lot оЕ what was done ас the news service was done оп acid, пос just marijllana," he added. "Уои know, Marshall used to walk arollnd the оЕБсе naked.'" J the

iпsurгесriоп iп

Others dOllbted \vhether LNS cOllld continlle functioning amid SlIch chaos. When Bloom asked his friend John Diamante со join LNS, Diamante \vas forthright аЬош his reservations. Exhallsted and in debt from having recently worked "ЕиН-сНс" as а геропег Еог rhe Southern Courier, he said he'd Ьесоте cautiolls аЬош '\vhere {his} energy goes," and he basically rold В!оот rhar he didn'r rhink LNS was lIР со the task it set Еог itself. If the news service was tшlу gоiпg со rival mainstream media огgапizаtiопs, l1е said, it \vollld пееd со сгеасе self-sllsraining projects, bllild hllпdгеds оЕ contacrs across rhe соипсгу, and recrllir а reliable, сор-поtсh sraff; rhis, in turп, wOllld reqllire legal Ьасkiпg, ыliпesss sa,'Vy, "thОllsапds оЕ Еогт letters and individ­ llally cгafred поtеs," and cOllntless hours оЕ steadfasr \vork. "То гесшп ro ап old theme," Diamanre wrore, "rhis is пос со Ье accomplished Ьу people flying llр and down rhe stairs, lоsiпg tеlерhопе ПllтЬегs, тisрlасiпg their cool, ог becoming myopic аЬош where people(s) аге headed."'2 Others shared similar concerns. Опе was Sheila Rуап, а герorсег Еог the \'(~shiJlgtoJl Рт Pms who began wгitiпg pieces Еог LNS iп early 1968 аЕсег а hаrrо\viпg siх-mопth jail sепtепсе Еог hаviпg sat iп ас the \VЪitе House. Although hard [у а cookie-cutter сопfогmist, Ьу the wild stапdагds set Ьу В!оот апе! МlIпgо, Rуап тау have seemed ClIlrurally СОП5еrvаtivе. She had аttепdеd Catholic Uпivегsitу, where she'd опlу rarely smoked marijllana (Ъесаusе we didп't have that much time (о"), апd she always knew that еуеп­ шаНу she wапtеd со Ьесоте а wife апd а mother, Меапwhilе, hаviпg steeped herself iп tl1e civil rights тоvетепt, Rуап was impressed with that stшgglе's Qп:sт[()~[r-;(; ""НО DfOCIDES

147

emphasis оп democratic рапiсiраtiоп and consensus bui!ding. Нег idea ог' а good !eader, slle said, was опе H\vho wou!d facilitate сЬе democratic process and геаНу allo\v people ro соте togetl1er and refine their ideas, and Ье!р сЬе best ideas ... еmегgе."Ч Ву contrast, sl1e perceived ап a!rogether different арргоасЬ ас LNS, \Vl1ereby реор!е clustered sycophantically around В!оот. 100 ойеп, (Ье group's accomplishments cou!d Ье traced to а sing!e individual's inspiration, гасЬег (Ьап сЬе who!e group's collective еНОп. YOllng was a!so increasing!y rrustrated \vith LNS. А!tlЮllgh Ьарру to freed himse!f from сЬе sпiсturеs that сЬе Po.rt imposed оп l1is policics

Ьауе

and lifestyle, !le was по cultura! anarchist. Могеоуег, after аЬапdопiпg sllch а promising professional сагеег in order to devote 11imself (о сЬе Ne\v Left, Ье \vas sometimes annoyed Ьу Bloom апd Мuпgо's irresponsibility. Ву way of ехатр!е, Ье recalls сЬас shоп!у after Martin Luther King ]г. \vas assassi­ nated, Bloom, Mllngo, and several orhers foolishly ventured into downto\vn in а black Cadillac hearse сЬас В!оот had !eased-this il1 spite of сЬе fact сЬас сЬе whole group was stoned and in possession of mari­ juапа, and аl!tlюгitiеs had juSt imposed а citywide curfew in ап effort (о quell сЬе large-scale rioting сЬас had recently occurred. Айег police stopped сЬе hearse at а гошiпе checkpoint, сЬе ещiге groпр was arrescecJ Еог vio­ lating сЬе сшfеw, and Mungo and another LNSer, Marty ]ezer, \уеге charged with narcotics possession. Young lamencs that as Mungo narrates сЬе srory in F,llIlOl1S LOJlg сЬе who!e escapade sounds "groovy ... уегу exciting and !ocs of fпп." Buc сЬас уегу nighc, Ье said, "we were supposed ro get а packec ош! And I гететЬег being !eft alone in сl1е office со do а]] сl1е Wаshiпgtоп, ОС,

gшщ-\vогk.

It was in this сощехt сЬас some began qпеstiопiпg B!oom's leadership and holding disспssiопs аЬош сЬе possibi!ity of' moving LNS's headqL1arters from Washingron, ОС со New York City. Тhопgh Вlooт had Ьееп iпstш­ mеща! in getting LNS off сl1е groппd, some c!aimed (Ьас Ьу еаг}у 1968 it was Уоппg who was "greatly responsible for keeping LNS together.'" Otl1ers observed сЬас dшiпg сЬе СоlпmЫа rebellion, LNS had efTeccively Ьееп head­ qпагсегеd in Ne\v York anyhow. In facc, as LNS's biggest story оЕ cl1e уеаг was unfo!ding in Momingside Heights, В!оот and ML1ngo were in сЬе midsr ot' а mопсЬ-lопg sojourn across сЬе соuппу. ТЬоugЬ С!1еу had c!aimed сl1е trip was necessary in order со blli!d conneccions with variollS ппdегgГОllпd news­ papers, пос everyone agreed сЬас сЬас was the best use of their energies, and some sllspecced сЬас сЬеу had someching e!se оп cheir agenda: а vacation. Certainly Мtшgо \vas feeling Ьшпеd ош. ]llSC before Ье !ей, Ье dashed а посе со ]оЬп \X1ilcock, bemoaning сЬе siruation in ОС C'Riots аге bloody serious, тап") and proclaiming, "! тау soon leave О.С and LNS."'~ Тше епопgh, 148

$МUк!"G TYPEWHIТERS

'асег гЬас

spring, Ье and LNS роесгу editor Verandah РогсЬе began шаkiпg plans со starr а сошшuпе in rural Vегшопг. Meanwhile, Mungo and Young began Ьаviпg conversations аЬоиг Вlоош's гесеnr behavior with Cavallerto, who was шапаgiпg сЬе New York office. "What Ray and Allen rold ше," Cavalletto гешешЬегеd, "was rhat Маг­ sball-\vl1О \vas 50ГГ of гЬе аdшiпisrrаtог, гЬе day-ro-day guy-sort of worked Ьу inspiration. Не was а сhагisшаtiс kind of guy Ьщ Ье \vas very disorga­ nized, and 1 trunk Ье had шооd swings, and 50 he'd ger depres5ed."'~ How­ ever close Вl00Ш and Mungo were, шапу years lагег, Mungo confessed that rhere were tiшеs when he found Вl00Ш "iшроssiЫе го Ьеаг ехсерс [ог short periods of гiше. .. Не brooked по opposition \vhatsoever. If you clidn't \vant to do \уЬас Marshall \vanted со do, сЬеге was по гоош [ог сошргошisе.'Ч' Опе fighr Вlоош did 10se, thоugЬ, was оуег whether ог пос LNS ShOllld relocate со New York. Thollgh Ье badly wanred со stay in ОС, Ье \\'as аlшоst entirely withощ supporr. Young, Cavalletto, and orhers successful1y argued that Ьу шоviпg го Manhartan, LNS would Ье situating itself witrun а ЬиЬ of lefr-wing activity, where they could сар inro а wealch of геSОШСе5-шоге people, шorе energy, and шоге prulanthropists со donace badly needed funds. As ап added епгiсешепt, Cavalletto had шапаgеd to find а 1, 70o-sguare-foot office ас т60 Сlагешопt Avenue. Fогшегlу а Chinese геstащаnr, che space was horribly rundo\vn, but it was cheap--only $200 рег шопгl1-апd when lс was final1 у decided thac LNS shollld шоvе сЬеге, Ье per50nally signed сЬе lease, and, with rhe help of Colin Соппегу, а carpenter who hac! Ьееп involved witl1 Studenr СОШШllпiсаtiопs Net\vork, led а шаjог effort [о геfшЬisl1 tl1e place. Over [Ье сошsе of аЬоиг а шоnrh, dozens of volllnceers laid а сешеnr t1oor, installed wiring, and built new walls, which they splasl1ed \vith vivid chartreuse and fllchsia paints. "Everybody dllg into their pockets" to Бпапсе гl1е reno\'ations, Cavalletto гешешЬегеd. 41 Оп (Ье еуе of rhe шоvе, Young dashed off ап оргiшi5гiс посе to Вl00О1. "1 really think we сап сгеасе а good геаш of реорlе in NY," he said. YOllng also l1inred rhar wirh rhe transirion, however, Вlоош should ргераге [ог l1i$ srew­ ardship over LNS со begin со wane. "1 have given sоше гhОllgЬг to а пашгаl division oflabor, since уОll have Ьееп 50П of а 'wheel' in LNS-WASH ... and George has Ьееп 50rt of а \vheel аг LNS-NY," he гешагkеd. "Hopeflll1y \уе сап оvегсоше ош ргоЫешs of hierarchy and шiSГГ1l5Г throllgh division of lаЬог and шuшаl confidence." Alr11011gh YOllng closed his lепег Ьу sayil1g, "1 do пос and did пос Ьоld апу iIl will toward УОll personally," not еvегуопе in LNS \vas 50 convinced of rhis. Wаssегшап 'асег 5peculared rhat rhe шоvе со New York was а SOft of sec-up. "ТЬе heavies were \vaitil1g [ог llS," he said. "Allen YOllng was in charge of che cakeover,"41 Ql:Еsтю:-:'НО !)ЕСШГсS

149

ТНЕ МОУЕ ТО МЛNНЛТТЛN

only exacerbated rensions wichin LNS. ]usc а day or rwo before tlle New York staff was 5cheduled со drive со ОС со pick ир сЬе equipment, Bloom phoned Саvаllепо and tried со саll сЬе whole ching оЕЕ; LNS still owed $2,150 оп its ottset press, Ье said, and сЬе woman from whom сЬеу had bought it would not let it leave town uпсil it was Еиllу paid for. Cavalletto was livid: 'Туе spent а топсЬ, а whole сге\у оГ us, twelve, fifteen people fixing ир сЬе office," Ье recalled. "1 said 'Marshall, how соте уои didn't cell те ЬеГоге, what сЬе help"'H But if апуtшпg, Bloom's attempc со scall сЬе move only hardened Cavalletto's determinatioo со see it tllroUgh, and Ье quickly managed (о raise сЬе necessary топеу, thanks in раге to а lоап from his mother. ТЬеп, оп сЬе drive to New York, Mungo allegedly launched into а lengthy tirade against Bloom, describiog him as "compulsively authoritarian" and еуеп suggesting that it rnight Ье desirable for him to lеауе (Ье organization. 45 According (о Ryan, Мuпgо's characterizacion of Bloom \vas "scaodalously пеgаtivе.'Ч6 Iп

Famom Long Лgо, Мuпgо пеvег admits

Bloom iп this way; in fact, Ье implies that (Ье idea пеуег соиЫ Ьауе occurred (о шm, Fогсiпg Bloom ош ofLNS, Ье said, would have Ьееп "like kiсkiпg Mickey Мапtlе off сЬе Уапkееs.'Т Bloom lасег wrote ап ассtlSаеогу letter (о Mungo, however, io wшсh Ье proclaimed, "1 сап quite ассерс (Ьас сЬеге was а period in \vшсh уои were absolutely сопviпсеd that 1 соиЫ get аlопg with по-опе and Еог [Ье survival оЕ LNS should lеауе."·8 РгоЬаЫу his ЬипсЬ was сопесс. Мапу years lасег,

со Ьеtгауiпg

Mungo wistfully remarked that alchough Bloom "was ао iпtепsеlу bril­ liant geoius aod а wопdегful guy" who Ье "геаllу loved," Ье was also "50 incredibly mentally i11, And it'you kпоw апуthiпg аЬош psychotics, сЬеу'ге hard со Ье around. ТЬеу wear уои OL!t, basically.""; As Mungo and РогсЬе began solidifying their plans со relocate [о Vermont, (Ьеу reached а decision: Bloom \vOLlid not Ье invited со join сЬет. Опсе LNS Ьесате ensconced iп New York, 11Owever, Мuпgо rose [о Bloom's defense, по dOLlbt because Ье \vas tшпеd оЕГ Ьу the ugliness оГ сЬе confrontation сЬас developed between what Ье called "сЬе Vulgar Marxisrs (аН оГ сЬе New York people ехсерс Allen УOLшg) and (Ье VircuOLls Caucus (all оЕ [Ье Wаsшпgtоп people ехсерс Steve Oiamond). ")11 Ву his ассоипс сЬе Marxists began trying (о ршgе Bloom Еroт LNS in ап "llnfair, inhumane, and гшhlеss" таппег. То Bloom's Гасе, Ье says, people "snapped" and "shouted" at Ыт; Ьеhiпd his back, they raised pernicious qllestions SLlg­ gesting Ье was а "стеГ," а "sex регvеп," and а "compulsive liar." Uпdег­ lying it аll, Ье alleges, was ап ideological dispute. ТЬе Marxists craved соnrro! ofLNS 'Ъесаше сЬеу wanted to do а news service сЬас was sllbstan­ rially different t'rom сЬе опе Marshall l1ad created, а ne\VS service which 150

i

SМСЖI!'(; TYPE,",RITERS

would Ье more serious, тоге militant, тоге straight, edited and managed Ьу а collective and not ап individual."51 Wasserman said something similar: "ТЬеу were the politicos (ош пате ror сЬет), we сЬе insufficienrly mili­ tants (theirs for us)." Debate, which carried оп гог about two weeks and ойеп went оп for as long as eight hours straight, [ап through Cadres, Lenin, Marcuse, Cuba, Norrh Vietnam, Algeria, democraric cenrrism, Russia, parrici­ patory democracy, Hairi, the Panthers, ош parenrs, bourgeois democ­ [асу, Mr. LSD, LB], tl1e sanitation deparrment,]ohn Sruart Mill, Bugs Bunny, and (Ье people's struggle (о off Porky Pig. ТЬе walls shook with college rhetoric. ТЬе Vulgar Marxists denied, however, rhar rhe teud had much со do wirh polirics, or сЬас сЬеу held апу grear animus toward сЬе counrerculture. То (Ье contrary, сЬеу claimed (Ьас "personal1iberation" was ап "integral part of сЬе revolutionary process in twentieth-century America" and that LNS shопld рготосе сЬе Movement's cultural politics throпgh "poetry, graphics, photography and joy in media. "', According to ТЪоше Dreyer, а [е\у of сЬе Vulgar Marxisrs "рсоЬаЫу did ;ust as тапу psychedelic drugs" as сЬе Vir­ ruous Caucus, and almost everyone in LNS was heavily into rock and roll. 54 Ryan added сЬас тапу of сЬе Vпlgаг Marxists lived and асе togerher and fosrered а "very vibranr sense of соттппirу, interdependence, and тпrпаl aid. "5) Their goal was пос to ruш LNS into а secrarian groпр thar wопld push some hard ос narrow ideological line, Ьпt rarher со геsспе (Ье ailing news service, improve irs qпаlitу, and transform (Ье sraff into а smoorh1y rнnning collecrive. "Опе of сЬе principles 1 had early оп," Cavallerro said, "was сЬас сЬе people \уЬо did сЬе work should make rhe decisions. ",6 Young echoed rhis senrimenr, adding, "Some of сЬе people сЬас were in Ray and Marshall's сошс, quire frankly, didn'r really do а 10(,")' According со Ryan, rhe artempr со democrarize LNS was borh ideological and pracrical. Ву mid-I968, LNS had obviously grown inco а major operarion, requiring сЬе sпstаiпеd efforr of at least а dozen fпJl-rimе workers. "And сЬе qпеstiоп," she said, "was how do you ger а [ос ог' people со work геаНу hard оп something for по marerial reward~"5H То сЬе Vпlgаг Marxists-some of whom also belonged to SDS-­ rhe answer seemed obvioнs: LNS's own statI shопld help make the decisions thar affected their workplace lives. Shortly arrer сЬе тоуе со New York, the newly combined LNS staf{ gath­ ered [ог rwo exasperating all-night meetings. Ву then, Cavallerto was already running LNS's fшапсiаl operarions, bur rhe Bloom faction conrrolled rhe New Media Pro;ect's board оЕ directors. ТЪе Marxisrs were а larger group, Ьш

QUESTlON1NG WHO DЕСШЕS

.I

51

тапу

among rhem were fresh arrivals (о LNS, whereas rhe Caucus was тоге experienced and (they claimed) betrer connected through bonds of loyalty and friendsllip.5~ The first night, Young explained thar he found Bloom impos­ sible со work wirh and said that he \vished he would leave. Не sropped shorr, however, оЕ asking the enrire staff ro vote оп wherher ог пос Вlooт should formally Ье made со resign, since they had пос уес learned, rhrough their own, wearying experience, juSt ho\v difficult Ile could Ье. Лfгег rhese теес­ ings, Young left New York Еог а rwo-month trip overseas, \vhere he visited London and the Soviet Union and reported оп the World YOllth Fesrival in Sofia, Bulgaria. \X7hile he was away, he dashed off а посе со Cavalletto, apolo­ gizing Еог having ro leave ас sllch а stressful moment, and llnderscoring his hope that LNS could flourish as а harmonious and smoothly functioning сот­ muniry-albeit опе thar mighr not include Вlooт. Young wrote, "LNS is increasingly relevant and important.... \Х7е need (о сгеасе among ourselves good political consciousness, as well as bonds of trust and love. 1 ат very excited аЬоис сЬе possibiliry of building such bonds and doing imaginative radical work .... Let this letter Ье anorher reaffirmarion оЕ solidariry, and cooperation, regardless оЕ сЬе 'Вlooт РroЫет. "'Ы> Лs )uly turned со Лugust, rhe Movement braced itself (ог rhe bloody spectacle that тапу predicted would ешрс at the Democratic National Соп­ vention in Chicago, Meanwhile, in New York Ciry, (l1е weatl1er was hot and sticky, and tensions in New York's шр community \уеге rising, in рагс because of (l1е growing schism Ьепуееп сl1е Viгшоus Caucus and tlle Vulgar Marxists. 61 Both factions "тес in secret, night after night," Mllngo wrote, "and both devised lurid fашаsiеs against the other, and both found the тет­ bers оЕ the other group со Ье base fe11ows. In short, ош few weeks in New York virrually halted а11 the ongoing research and news garhering оЕ (l1е organization, and whipped опе and а11 into а fгешу of personal (шу and рго­ tective loyalty. Wasserman recalls опе tense, crowded, late-night meeting in LNS's Ьаsетеш оЕБсе, wl1en Mungo stood ир (о deliver а speech: "Now Гvе worked witl1 Marsl1all а уеаг, and there аге times wl1en i('s Ьееп геа11у rougl1. Вш сl1ас Вlooт, уои know, 11e's gOt magic. It comes Егот some­ where, and tl1at's wl1at LNS i5, magic." "Вооооот," Wasserman exclaimed. 'They hit сЬе ceiling. Sheila [Ryan] screamed that сl1еу Ьаd magic too, dammit, "(,' Тl1еге was а moment in early Лugl15t, llOwever, wl1en it seemed а5 if сЬе two warring factions migl1t I1ауе arrived at (l1е beginnings of а гаррroсЬе­ ment. In ап unexpected tllrnarollnd, Bloom and several otl1ers annollnced сЬас (l1еу wOllld agree со геSПllсturе LNS's board of directors 50 t!lat it \vould inclllde а11 оЕ сЬе neW5 service's fuJl-timе wockers. Had сl1еу follo\ved tl1rougЬ, 152

i

SMOКI"G TYpj'\XRITERS

th1S \vould have effectively turned control оЕ LNS оуег со the Marxists, \vho Еог а [1те seemed pleased to have "made some progress 1П making LNS more democratic and Ьепег аЫе [о function.,,(,j Вш [!1е Virtuous Caucus wasn't acting in good f"aith. Around this same time, at опе оЕ the tl1eir secret теес­ ings, Bloom рш forth а daring proposal: "1 think we should just take the wl10!e news service out Еroт under them," l1е said, "апd тоуе it up to а Еагт iп the country, тауЬе somewhere iп \\1estern Massachusetts.'"65 the tепsiопs tl1at plagued LNS in 1968 resembled tl10se [l1ас l1ad dogged SOS а few years earlier. As еvеп the Vulgar Marxists сопсеdеd, еvегуопе iпitiаllу uпdегstoоd tl1at wl1еп LNS was fоuпdеd, it \vas primarily Bloom апd Мuпgо's operation. They were сl1е опеs witl1 the moxie [о establisl1 the news setvice at а time when few tl10ugl1t it would succeed, апd \vhether tl1rougl1 hard \vork, fогшitous timing, ог "magic," they quickly IN CERTAIN RESPECTS,

turпеd

it iпro а рillаг iп the underground press, glliding and iпsрiгiпg СОllПС­ less radical papers across the соuпtгу апd greatly аmрlifуiпg [l1е power оЕ the ul1derground press. Bloom, especially, l1ad worked [о esrablish а cнlture within LNS tl1at was nearly as frenetic as his own регsопаlitу ("LNS al1d ту life were аН mixed together"). Fоuпdеd Ьу а small clique оЕ fгiепds, the news service attracted the рапiсiраtiоп оЕ а wider range оЕ writers, edirors, апd photographers wl1o--however tаlепtеd and епthusiаstic-didп't always sl1are сl1е same temperaments and ideologies оЕ its founders. Тl1е personaliry clasl1 Ьеrwееп YOllng апd BlooMllngo is а case in point. "The difference Ьеtwееп АНеп and те struck те in а phrase," Mungo later wrote. "[Не} see5 the revolution as 'сl1е people' а11 wогkiпg together, 1 5ее it as 'the people' аН Ilot \vorking together. "66 \\1hеп

must have

they werel1't ас еасl1 other's throats, both sides in the LNS displlte гесоgпizеd that [l1еу were епmеshеd iп а difficlllt siшаtiоп,

Тl1е comparison [о SOS, 110wever, сап only Ье ехtепdеd 50 Еаг. А few years earlier, [l1е "old guard" iп SOS qllickly геliпquishеd the reins [о its пеwег members, Тше, some оЕ сl1ет gшmЫеd that сl1е tепdегfооts who surged i11[o tl1eir огgапizаtiоп l1ad uпsеttlеd their '\ve-happy-few mystiqlle," bllt Ьу then [l1е old gllarders l1ad already commitred themselves [о еgаlitагiапism,

Having spent years sоliсitiпg broader membersrup раrtiсiраtiоп, they could l1ardly dепу пеwсоmегs а say аЬош how SOS ShOllld Ье шп. Ву сопtгаst, Bloom апd Мuпgо were uпсопviпсiпg as parricipatory democrats. Neither seems со I1ауе sшdiеd сl1е New Letr's early theorists, nor did [l1еу have first­ l1апd iпvоlvеmепt witl1 SOS's political снlшге. 6Н Iпstеаd, сl1еу botl1 Ьесате edllcated апd politicized in tl1eir college пеwsroоms, \vhere they had labored со win the high prestige editorships оЕ their camplls papers. QIJf.STIOISIM, "'НО DЕСШЕS

15.'

Nevertl1eless, as сЬеу began drumming ир entl1usiasm Сог LNS in 1967, Bloom and Mungo offered subscribing newspapers some say 1П determining l10w сЬе news service should function. The depth оС their sincerity, tllOugh, is l1ard со gauge. Given their early accomplisl1menrs and famously refulgenc persona1ities, they тау have Ьееп sensitive со charges оС elitism. In а Decem­ Ьег 1967 'енег [о subscribers, Mungo seemed ас pains го persuade his readers сЬаг, far Сгот being гетосе ог cliquish, LNS was acrually ап ореп and acces­ sible organization, determined со build connections Ьепуееп гЬе nation's Саг­ flung media activists. Those ОС you who were ас the ОссоЬег 20 LNS-UPS meeting ш

Washington will гететЬег how difficult it seemed со gather а national

cooperative in those few hошs, Ьис гЬе need Сог ош union and the

circumstances со achieve it аге mucl1 greater now.... So wl1at we need

is уоu-уош consciousness, уош ideals and уош information оп \уЬас

l1as happened, what you аге doing, and what will follow. If we have

уош influence оп ош minds, we will have уош influence оп tl1e minds

ОС ош ЬroсЬег editors, and оп сЬе joinc LNS-UPS readership оС some­

thing like fош milliоп .... In the пехс few weeks .. we will Ье рго­

posing gentle gatherings оС like souls аrouпd the соипсгу со discuss

how we сап help each other, strengthen ош impact, [and) alter the

Cиcuгe оС trus 10ng, соо long, America .... So \vrite, telepllOne, сопсеп­

сгасе, iпfогm, advise, criticize, suggest, love, теес, coalesce every­

where уои сап ... and stгuggle. 6 '!

Meanwl1ile, under Бloom's iпfluепсе, I_NS сопtiпuаllу prided itself in its ideological diversity and its eagerness со sho\vcase а broad spectrurn оС left­ wing viewpoints. lп November 1967, ап I_NS writer boasted that its staff "mighr Ье considered а microcosm оС сЬе peace-апd-liЬегаtiоп тоvеmепt in tl1e U.S.... Ouг views range Сroт pacifist со insurrectionary, ouг heads fют grassy со austere, оиг sexual habi[s f"ют asceticism [о iпsаtiаЫlitу. А" have unambiguously rejected сЬе two роuпds оС fetid owlsrut in а роuпd bag that is сопtеmрогагу America."-o То ап incerviewer, В!оот опсе ехрlаiпеd that although LNS was consistently lef"t-wing, it gave voice to "тапу views and debates within the mоvетепt сопсеrniпg tacrics апd goals."c: Ву usiпg опlу minimal discretion iп dеtегтiпiпg what types оС material it \vould distribure, LNS initially fаshiопеd ап editorial policy similar го that ОС most underground publications. As опе radical writer рш it, "If уои had something го say, if you \vere dоiпg something you wanted ГО show гЬе \vorld, you just walked inro youг 'оса! underground рарег, and тоге Сге­ quепtlу than поt youг message was circulated."- The stаtетепt also applied

154

SM()K!~G TYPEWRIТERS

...

со соuщlеss

irregularly published leaflets and fly-by-night operations. lп 1967, SDS activists ас Temple Universicy launched а пеwslеttег called Di<1logue Ьу announcing, "We invite and eagerly ассерс апу апd аН апiсlеs from sшdепts ас Temple who believe chey have something ro say. А few топths later, ас the New School in New York City, studещs fоuпdеd Суапра, ап "ореп-епdеd, non-resrricrive underground newspaper," iп which rhey boasred, '\уе аiп'г goc по editor [and} we ain't goc по scandard edirorial policy. "-4 Ресег Shapiro remembered chat San Francisco Scate Universicy's Орen Рmшs, for wl1ich Ье wroce Ыт reviews, functioned "like а loc of under­ gгоuпd papers" because ic imposed "по discipline \vhacsoever оп che writers. Уои could sit dоwп апd say апуthiпg rhac сате inco уош goddamn head, and уои could go оп for Буе pages, and еуегу word of' ir \vould Ье printed. Апу ediror who dared со suggest сЬас it should Ье changed was [considered} а соuпtег-геvоlшiопагу. "-о Meanwhile, а fe\v papers сЬас refused со шгп cheir pages оуес ro сЬе Movement's rank and Ые, such as Madison, Wisconsin's Conne{tions, recognized chey were anomalous. As сЬас paper's coeditor, RоЬеп Gabriner, remarked, "O(her outlets оп сЬе lefr ... Ьауе seldom rejec(ed macerial. We have rejecced quice а Ыс and ош сопсерс of media permics ош s(aff со scrutinize, (еаг арагс, апd reassemble тисЬ of whac we accepc-we асе demanding quality. "-,, When ic сате со сЬе ассиаl орегагiопs and тапаgетепс of radical news­ papers, however, В100т and Mungo seemed wary about the potentia1 hazards of 'ои mlICЬ democratic раrciсiраtiоп. То some degree, their caution тау have resulted from t11eir experience working пеас rhe WasmngtOJl Free Pms, which rented office space two floors below LNS in the Liberated Zone. Although тапу LNSers had close and friendly relations wich that paper's sraff, Mungo had а lo\v opinion of tlleir work, describing сЬе paper as "а bi-weekly special­ izing in lurid co10rs, wrecched typography, апd anguished sпugglеs with the politics of communal1iving."-- As he recalls, the рарес literally had а policy whereby "апуопе who walked chrough сl1е door was allowed а уосе" in derer­ mining ho\v ic slюuld Ье сип. Accordingly, "rhey would have rhese endless, rorturollS meerings that would go оп foc rwelve hours, and anyone-some kid, Мсееп years оЫ \vho lJad jusr gorren off а bus from Ohio-by rhe very пехс day, Ье lJad the same voting power as the ediror-in-chief, and other people \vho had Ьееп there а уегу long time!"-b ОсЬег papers carried tlJeir egalitarianism со similar extremes. Eugene Guerrero, опе of the founders of сЬе Суеа! Spe(k!ed Bird in Arlanta, Georgia, recalled сЬас the entire staff sometimes congregated for long and tedious тееtiпgs simply "со ссу со decide wherher \ve'd сш а paragraph ош of а story or пос. Iп ап efforc со steer clear of апу similar hang-ups, LNS's foul1ders simply gave Bloom carce Мау

QlЕSПОNrж; ""НО DI'CrDF.S

1:;:;

ЫапсЬе со

make cГLlcial decisions аЬОllС сЬе organizarion's srraregy, fllndrais­ il1g, and operatiol1s. No doubt rhis \vas Bloom's preference as well. As Mungo described it, В!оот "had al\vays hand!ed LNS as а personal cause."oo Accordingly, Ье was sometimes demanding al1d manipulative. Не was "compietely сараЫе of inrerspersing long, heartfe!t compiiments of уош work with roral1y Ollrra­ geous demands оп уош life withour changing facial expression," Wasserman rememberedY Раи! Mii1man, ап LNS wrirer affiliared with сЬе Vulgar Магх­ ists, added, "Marshall created inrel1se relarionships immediareiy. (Не] \vas brillianr, 1 think, ас sizing ир а person and either findil1g their vulnerable poinrs, ог rheir seductive poil1rs."'" Afrer observing LNS ир close il1 Wash­ il1gtol1, ОС, al1d сЬеп working brief1y \vith Bloom in New York Sheila Ryan puzzled оуег why LNS's fоuпdiпg members so \villingly ceded control of сЬе news service со Bloom, ЬеЕоге finally concluding сЬас rhey'd embraced а kiпd of "rribal mel1raliry," il1 which Bloom was rheir "chief." When В!оот some­ times boasted, harched outrageous schemes, ог made iгсагiопаl decisions, Ryan says "сЬас jusr conrributed" со his repurarion as а "magical, mysrical" регsопаlitу.Х'

This gгоuпd

Lyman

суре

of top-dowl1

(ог

"tril)al") mode! wasn'r

uпhеагd

of il1

сЬе

Llnder­

press. 1п сЬе most extreme case, а dапgеrous acidhead named Ме! Bosron's Ашtаr сЬас way, before finally turning сЬе рарег inro а

гап

Ьопа

fide cLlIr. Meanwhile, а few owner-editors who got involved wirh сЬе LlпdегgroLlпd press whеп ir was jLlsr Ьеgiппiпg, such as Art КUl1kiп of сЬе Los Ange!eJ РI'Ce Press and Мах Scherr of rl1e Berkeley Barb, гап cheir inf111enrial пеwsрарегs hierarchically. О, lп осЬег iпsгапсеs, papers сЬас experimenced with colJecrive approaches later Ьесате dominated Ьу \уЬоеуег \\'а5 most ralented, experienced, ог asserrive. Рог ехатр!е, whеп Jeff Shero founded сЬе Rat in 1968, Ье had пос planned оп lisring апу job cicles or descripcions оп сЬе

masthead, Но\уеуег, according со Millman, Shero 'асег proclaimed сЬас if was to raise топеу and Ье sLlccessfui, ir needed some cJear al1d cel1rraiized aurl1oricy. "And Jeff \vanted, пееdеd, al1d rhoLlghr ir сопесс сЬас Ье Ье сЬе editor. However, сЬе grear majoriry of rhose involved with сЬе lшdегgrouпd press il1 сЬе Jare 19605 believed сЬас ic was "logically аЬsшd for а рарег сЬас preache[d] egalirarianism со Ьауе а boss. "'6 сЬе рарег

SOS did тllСЬ со еl1сошаgе chis line of rhoLlghr, In addirion со wanril1g to democrarize сЬе larger 50ciery, сЬе organizarion labored ro build а democ­ гасу of' parriciparion in the Movement. Ргот сЬе уегу begil1nil1g, SOS officers welcomed dispurarions of rheir о\уп ideas and proposals, and srressed сЬе importal1ce of group-cel1rered ieadership. 111 I966, SOS aboJished its offices of presidenr and vice presiclel1t in favor of havil1g rhree narional secrecaries. I

56

,МОКl"С ТУРЕ\\

RITERS

Assistant National Secretary Steve Halliwell exp!ained the !ogic behind SOS's anti!eader menta!ity со а student who had just drafted ап оуес!у Ьи­ reaucratic charter [ос а campus chapter of SOS: The опе thing that frank!y disrresses те in уоиг Oec!aration is the emphasis оп tit!es and \vharnot .... It is уегу important that тах­ imum flexibi!ity Ье maintained among the leaders а chapter 50 that реор!е coming in do not feel!ike less than the leaders--otherwise уои get реор!е dependent оп а few people and they don't deve]op the se!f­ sl1staining energies that radica!s тия have if they аге со challenge the system. Participatory democracy on!y works if everyone has а sense of egua! participation in the sуstеm. Я7

Since it was virtually а consensus in SOS that по individual тетЬег should have а high public ргоЫе ог р!ау а dominating role in determining institutiona! policy, SOS's rank and Ые rried го rein in charismatic and tal­ ented individuals. Опе writer contributing го NeuJ Le/t Notes еуеп called Сос SOS's leaders со confine themselves го administrative work and со refrain Сгот еуег telling others what со do. 88 А рори!аг pastime ас SOS meetings and conventions, another \vriter observed, was "throwing stones аг narional officers suspected ОС misuse оС power."89 According со Oick Flacks, SOS's "commitment со participatory democracy strong resistance [о self-perpetuating leadership groups." Even informal !eaders, he said, "felt, and were made со feel, that they should limit their attempts (о influence the organization's development. "90 LNS's Vulgar Marxists тау have shared а similar distrust ofleaders; ас the уегу least, they regarded the Virtuous Caucus's resistance го their efforts to democratize LNS as an affront (о the New Left's fundamental values. It would Ье "ironic," they \vrote, "if а news service [ос а тоуетепг devoted го democ­ гасу allowed itself (о Ье ruled Ьу а person whose only claim was that he was опе оС the co-founders and had corporate power in the eyes оС the state." If the Вlooт faction was allowed со maintain its оп LNS, they said, the entire Моуетепг would Ье forced to rely оп а news service that "was based оп the antithesis оС its principles."91 It is doubtful, though, that those in the Virtuous Саuшs еуег thought оС themselves as antidemocratic. "No-one votes 'по' (о democracy," they once said in а statement. Instead, they stressed that the Marxist's attempt to "democratize" LNS (delegitimizing guotation marks in original) was nothing тоге than а power grab. As they saw it, LNS was in danger ofbeing hijacked Ьу а group of heavi!y ideo!ogical "Johnny-come-latelies," попе of \vhom shared their own imaginative vision of where LNS should Ье headedY' No Ql7ESTIONII'G WHO DECIDES

I

57

dOllbt, given tl1eir notoriety, personal loyaltie5, and general cocksurene5s­ implied Ьу their belief in "magic"-the possibility that they might lose соп­ сго! оЕ LNS pгovoked considerable intlignarion. То Ье overtaken Ьу а gГOLlp ofhLlmorless politicos wOLlld have Ьееп rhe Llnkindest сш оЕ аН. As Diamond later observed, еуегуопе in сЬе ViГШОllS CaLlCLls, 'ЪLl! mainly Marshall, hatl Ьееп basing а whole identity aГOLlnd LNS."9. And уес, in spite оЕ this, the news service геаНу was slipping away. 1п сЬе New Left cosmology, "magic"

match Еог ({етосгасу. If the majorlty оЕ tllOse \уЬо worked ас LNS wanted some say lП determining how it ShOLlld Ье шп, they wOLlld have the was

по

LlndergГOllnd

press's sympathies behind them.

ВИТ ТО

SWIPE LIВЕRАТЮN NEWS SERVICE right ош Егот Llпс!ег its own sraff and тоуе the whole operation со а Еагт ;' It wa5 а ratlical and far-fetched vision, especially considering that this was several уеаГ5 ЬеЕоге the heyday оЕ the back-to-the-lantl mоvеmеш, when Americans formed thollsand5 оЕ гшаl commllnes across the СОllпсгу."5 Вш like тапу оЕ сl1е hippies wl10 wOllJd 50ОП begin fleeing (о cOLlntryside l1avens, В!оот was animated Ьу dlleling feelings оЕ political powerlessness апа grandiosity. 1nitially, Ье had considered LNS со Ье ап "еуег growing, lefr-wing competicor to AP-UPI," Ьш now l1е wanted it to Ьесоте "а w1101e, new геvоlшiопагу idea," resting оп сl1е premise сЬас "revollltionaries [shollld} live сl1е life сl1еу advocate." Ву tЫs, l1е simply теапс сЬас LNSers OLlgl1t со cal-ve ОLlС а тоге enjoyable, bucolic existence, wl1ere tl1eir work wOllld Ье "тоге personally liberating" сl1ап in сl1е stllffy contines оЕ а basement oHiceY6 Ву its "уегу essence," В!оот arglled, LNS sl10uld "signify [l1е New Age, а new way Еог journalists, artists, and pl10tog­ raphers со sl1are, gro\v, and сгеасе cogether."9- Witl1 modem technology­ telepl10nes, telex machines, decen( roads, and assistance Егот сl1е U ni(ed Sta(es Postal Service-l1e was convinced сl1ас LNS cOLlld flourisl1 еуеп оп а гетосе Еагт. Но\уеуег, Ье

icals would

50ОП

need

со

also argued, ratl1er apocalyptically, сl1ас wl1ite rad­ escape сЬе narion's citie5 апуЬо\у. А5 сl1е Моуетепс

intensitied, l1е imagined шЬап cenrers becoming sites оЕ gllerilla сотЬас, either between bIack revolutionaries and the state ог Ьес\уееп bIack-роwег mi!itants and wЫtе vigilanres. In either case, wЫtе city d\vellers \vould Ье callgl1t in (l1е crossl1airs. "Вн! insofar as (l1е cities will Ье а viabIe place Еог radical ac(ion," l1е wгote, "country 511ррОП \vill Ье а vital tЫпg: а place Еог qllick refuge and getaway, [and] а place со grow food Еог сl1е city guerillas."'J'< ОП Allgllst 10, 1968, В!оот, Mllngo, and Wasserrnan ga(l1ered [о pass motions knocking АНеп Young off LNS's board of direccors, and establisl1­ ing сl1ас LNS's new acldress-to wЫсl1 сl1е post office wOllld soon Ье deliv­ ering аН of tl1eir mail-would Ье а РО Ьох in Montaglle, Маssасl1щеtts.'!')

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"Something had to Ье done," Mungo later wrote, "for (о leave bad enough alone meant simply thar Marshall, Sluggo [Harvey Wasserman}, Craig [Spratt}, Lazarus [Quan}, and аН the people who had made LNS whar it was would Ье stripped of апу role within the news service and jusr go looking for а whole new 1ife.... The VlIlgar Macxists had imропеd а sizable grollp of people to help them гип the news service, and we couldn't expect ош little band to l()ng survive in ап atmosphere of hostility and rejection ... fгom their own co-workers." The only solution, he claimed, "was to тоуе rhe news service ... out ofNew York, to some place, апу place, where we could Ье ourse1ves again, and \vhere George Сауаllегго didn't own the 1ease оп the building." This was essentially the logic behind the Great Newspaper Heist-a "Ьиrn scheme" that the Virtuous Caucus гап оп the Vulgar Marxists 1П order го relocate LNS to the СОlшtгу. In Ратою Long Ago, Mungo describes their heist of the news service as harebrained, funny, challenging, and short in the best tradition оЕ Church Street and Thomas Circle. ";О" Re10cating the news service was largely Bloom and Mungo's idea, Ьиг Steve Diamond played а Cfucial гole in executing the plan. А few months earlier, \vhile having breakfast ас а local Chock full о' Nшs, Diamond had noticed а short irem in rhe Neu' York Times indicating rhar rhe Beatles' Ыт Afagica! Mystery Tour-a critically panned psychedelic "documel1tary"-had Ьееl1 pulled fгom its scheduled bгoadcast оп network television.!O! Knowing that New York's rock aficionados wou1d rush го see аnу Beat1es movie, по matter how bad, Diamond whimsically called tl1e Beatles' New York office го ask if he could show it at а local theater as рап оЕ ап LNS fund-raiser. То his aston­ ishment, he was il1vited го соте and talk аЬоиг rhe proposal; rhe уегу пехt day he fоuпd himself siгtiпg acгoss from Nat Weiss, опе of the Bearles' lawyers, iп а plush office оvегlооkiпg Times Squace. After а short сопvегsа­ tion, Weiss iпstruсtеd his assistant го dial ир George Harrison. "1 took а deep breath," Diamond recalled, until fi па 11 у, а familiar voice poured оиг of а sреаkегрhопе: "Ниllо, this is George." "Nat Weiss here. George, Гт sitting here with Steve Diаmопd from ап underground press group called Liberation News Service ... and he's won­ dегiпg аЬоис shоwiпg the movie for а Ьепеfit ..." "Liberation News Service? Oh, 1 know those blokes ..." Harrison said. 'They're good chaps, sure, let them have it."JJ2 Soon thereafter Diаmопd rented space for LNS to show the U.S. premier of Magka! iVIJJterJ Тош at the FiIlmore East, the poplllar club owned Ьу rock promoter Вill Graham. In return for $. I ,000 го гепс the theater, LNS could keep whatever box-office receipts could generate [гот two showings of QL !'STIONI!'>i(;

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the Ыт. Since Diamond was mistakenly thought to Ье пешгаl in the LNS imbroglio, he was charged \vith handling publicity and collecting advance ticket sales, which he deposired in а Polish-American bank оп the Lower East Side. Вш Diamond was acting as а double agent; he асшаl1у sympathized with the Virtuous Caucus, and as [еуепие began accumulating, he and Bloom made several surreptitious trips со New England in search of а farm, uшil блаllу rhey found опе rhar srruck rheir [апсу-а fопу-асге plor of land пеаг Amhersr, ироп which rested а Jarge 150-year-old farmhouse and а Ьаrn. Alrhough Diamond соЫ the LNS collective thar "adverrising costs were higher than expected, ricket sales were lagging, and the Ьепебt was in bad shape," tickecs асшаllу sold briskly enougll that Diamond was аЫе со [иппеl $5,000 to В!оот, wl10 used it со make а down рауmеш оп the $25,000 farm. IOj The benefit screening of Magica! /H)'ster)' Тош, Diamond recalls, was а "smash." Both showings sold ош, generating another $6,000. Insread оЕ sroring the топеу in the Fillmore's safe, as he was supposed со do, Diamond wrapped the greenbacks iшо tinfoil bricks and stashed them in а friend's freezer. Meanwhile, as most of the Vulgar Marxists were enjoying tlle film, the Virruous Caucus was busily preparing ro еуашасе rhe Claremont office. Еуеп though he knew what was going оп uptown, Wasserman сооllу attended the benefit, where he observed that the Marxists were completely unaware of being scammed; еуегуопе was "very friendJy," he recalled. :О! The уегу пехс morning-a Sunday-the Caucus and аЬош twenty оЕ their allies гешеd а large truck with а hydraulic lift and, in а feverish rush of mischievous energy, cleaned ош che entire office. "It wasn't а theft in legal terms," Mungo later maintained, "Ьш it was ап ехпаогdiпагilу frantic mоviпg-рагrу."IО) In addi­ tion ro taking the $4,000 ргiшiпg press and collaror (ro which the New Yorkers had соппiЬurеd $2,150), addressograph, desks, and Ые cabinets, they rook LNS's Rolodex, $180 in cash теапс for рауroН, ПОСб off bulletin boards, and-in ап апеmрt (о ргеvеш (Ье New York cre\v [roт гuппiпg LNS in their аЬsепсе--еvегу siпglе сору оЕ LNS's mаiliпg Jist. "We were smartly thiпkiпg, 'they wоп't Ье аЫе ro get ош ап issue for а while,'" chuck­ led Мlшgо. "It would have Ьееп very difficult Еог tllem со гесопstirutе the епtiге mailing list, wmch was huge." Although Мuпgо апd Porche did пос огigiпаllу plan оп assisting iп the асшаl heist, Bloom was аdаmапt rhat their "good karma" was required, ancJ Ье badgered them into jоiпiпg iп (Ье acrivity. Опсе аН сЬе equipment was loaded onto the truck, Wasserman jammed Duco Сеmепt iпtо the froпt door lock. Ironically, late Sunday morning, rather than rhe dead of night, was the most сопvепiеш rime [or the heist. Since the Marxists generally thought of 160

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rhemselves as " Мипgо ехрlаiпеd, rhey rypically took Sunday off. "Вш rhar was exacrly сЬе opposire of us," Ье elaborared. "We [were willing со work} tw(;'пrу-fош hошs а day, апу day, we worked оп Chrisrmas, 50 рап of ош joke, рагс of ош рап of оur clllture, was rhar ... Sunday wasn't апу differenr than апу other "lO(, Но\уеуег, it wa5 al50 imporranr (Q сЬе CauCllS сЬас сЬ,'У пос Ье rhollght of as rhieves, Ьш гасЬег as LNS's legiti­ тасе titleholders. As В!оот supposedly remarked, "Only criminals тоуе furnirure iп rhe dark."!(J" Ву emp(ying сЬе office in broad daylight, rhey hoped (о gепегаtе the impression that сЬеу were taking сЬе пеw service, rather гhап .rtec,lin,r; i(. WI1еп Cavalletto discovered rhat LNS's еqlliртепt was тissiпg оп SlInday evening, he immediately called Diamond, exclaiming, "We've Ьееп robbed!" Diamond professed shock, Ьш reassured Cavelletro (har ас least the LNS топеу was safe, and would 50ОП Ье available iп the form of а cashier'5 check. In facr, аС thar уегу тотеш, Diamond wa5 preparing (Q Вее (Q New England, апd the $6,000 had already Ьееп turned оуег (Q his girlfriend, Carhy Ншсhiпsоп, who \vas аЬош со deposit it in ап Amhersr bank. The following morning, опе ofLNS's New Yorkers discovered rhat Bloom had аrrапgеd for LNS's rnail to Ье fOf\varded to а РО Ьох iп Мопrаguе. That explained а 10С, Ьш it didn'r сеН rhern where В!оот was liviпg ог where rhe press wa5. Ву рhопiпg the POSt office and pretending (о Ье Bloom's Ryan persuaded rhem sister, desperare (Q сопуеу rhe news of а farnily со release the асшаl address of Bloom's farm. [асег rhat day, rhe posr office gave rhe Marxisr5 50mething equaHy mailing li5t. Alrhough еуегуопе had assurned rhe pOSt оfбсе had diStriЬшеd news packer No. 99 а few days earlier, попе of the mailings had асшаНу Ьееп delivered, because several rnembers of lJp Аgаiпsr the Wall, Motherfucker, а Lower East Side anarchisr col1ecrive, had sшffеd copies of опе of their оwп broadsides iпtо LNS's епvеlоре5; iп 50 dоiпg, rhey caused rhe пеws packets to Ье in viоlаriоп ofLNS's р05саl permir, and 50 all four hundred of rhem were rerurned (о 160 Сlагетопс. As а reslllr, LNS-NY was 50ОП аЫе (о соттипiсагiоп wirh their sllb5cribers. Alrhough сЬеу were determined (о rerrieve the пеws service, rhe New Yorkers found themselves iп а bind. They геаsопеd thar filing сгiтiпаl сот­ рlаiпts аgаiП5r В!оот апd his cohorrs was ош of rhe question, because they had always held that rhe legal issues regarding LNS's согрогасе stшсгurе and оwпегshiр were largely irrelevanr.!O~ Besides, as геvоlш:iопагiеs dedica(ed (о overrhrowing сЬе srare, rhey cOllld scarcely арреаl (о аш:hогiгiеs (о resolve а Моvетепt dispure. Nor were rhey аЬош: (о capirlllare and allow Bloom, who they disliked inrensely, (о гип LNS from а гетосе farm, wl1ere they expected QtiЕSПОNING

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(по( uпгеаsопаblу)

(hat the news service \vould wi(her away. 1<1" That left опе choice: (Ьеу would go ир to Montague аnc! simply take сЬе news service back, Ьу force if neccssary. Some(ime around eight o'clock (Ьа( night, а hastily arranged posse of nearly thirty angry гаdiсаls-iпсludiпg LNS staffers, wri(crs for Rat, тет­ bers of (Ье Newsreel collective (who \vere owed some of (Ье Ьепеfir's pro­ ceeds), Columbia SDS members, and а local, multiracial rock band called (Ье СЬildгеп of God-erammed iшо four large vehicles and set off for wesrern Massachusetrs. ТЬе Viгшоus Caucus larer сЬагgеd сЬас СЬбе поп-LNSегs \уеге recruited as "muscle," wЬегеаs (Ье Vulgar Marxisrs claimed сЬас сЬеу wашеd to assemble а gtoup сЬас symL)olically гергеsешеd а broad tange of Моуетепс opinion. Ei(Ьеt way, а( leasr some of сЬет were in а vengeful mood. "Everybody, 1 теап сЬе enrire sraff, we were jusr ourraged," Dreyer remembered. "So everybody piled in cars and wеш looking for сЬет .... Ас сЬас poinr, we were аН confronrational and figured ir Ьаd со Ье dealt wirh."lji) Having done so тисЬ (о establish LNS's New York office, Сауаllессо гетет­ bers being livid. "ТЬеу took everyrhing, аН (Ье addresses, сЬеу rook abso­ lurely еvегуrЫпg, because in сЬе collective meetings, сЬеу hadn'r won сЬе уосе."lII Ryan, rЬоugЬ, does пос гесаl1 сЬе Ne\v York crew deparring for Monrague wirЬ уегу тисЬ bloodlust. "! tl1ink ту feeling is we \vere gonna са(сЬ 'ет Ьу surprise, and we were going (о (еН сl1ет сЬе пurЬ: (Ьа( this was а bad (hing to l1ауе done, and уои need to give us юте sшffЬасk. Вш I don't feel as if people were епгаgеd or wапrеd со Ьшс МагsЬаll ог do апуrЫпg геаН у, rea!lу bad." 1 That night, Mungo and РогсЬе paid а friendly visit со Bloom at сl1е farm. Around midпigЬt, just as (Ьеу were about (о lеауе, (Ье caravan's rumbling engines and sЫпiпg hеаdligЬts pierced сЬе counrryside's ink-black darkness. Several of сЬе New Yorkers took Mungo's саг keys and usllered сЬе two back inside. "LigЬts flashed everywhere as саг after car pul1ed into (Ье farm drive­ way," Mungo later wrore. "ЕасЬ of сЬе invaders was carrying sотеrЫпg­ sticks, mostly, tЬоugh опе had а knife and а beanbrained fellow named Тот [Hamilton} was waving а теса! rod wildly in сЬе air. Very fe\v words needed со Ье said, it was absolurely evident сl1ас we were hosrages now."l;; Later, Diamond and НurсЫпsоп pulled ир, and сl1еу соо were promptly raken captive. In subsequent starements, ЬосЬ sides in сЬе rift tried to casr сЬе orl1er in (Ье Ьагshеst possible lighr. According (о LNS-Mass, the New Yorkers were brutally violent, bearing пр В!оот, desrroying (l1ings tЬrollgl10Ш the farm­ 110use, and frigl1tening сЬет with threars of worse tЫпgs со соте. LNS-NY admitted engaging in some minimal аmоuш of violence, Ьш mosrly сЬеу 162

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emphasized how nefariously Bloom's group had behaved in the lead-up to сЬе con(ronration, and they insisted сЬас попе of the hostages had Ьееп hшt. '! Nevertheless, through close attention (о сЬе available primary SOllfCes, опе сап gather а rudimentary sense of what happened tl1at The 1\ew Yorkers' primary сопсеrn was to retrieve сЬе printing press, \vhicll was being stored in а neighbor's Ьаrn-Ьш only Bloom kne\v its ехасс whereabouts, and еуеп after Ье was assaulted and bleeding from сЬе nose, Ье refused (о divulge its location. Ву LNS-1\Y's ассоuш, "опе [1\S тетЬег Ьесате ешаgеd ас Marsha11's arrogance and slapped him twice: Marsha11's nose bled briefly."II) Mungo described а тисЬ тоге harrowing scene: "Now Marsha11 was bleeding, scarlet rivers running down his face across his chest and down his legs. Now Marshall was naked and limp. Now his body itself was being rossed, banged againsr а wa11, kicked (о сЬе floor." I!(, О( а11 сЬе 1\е\у Yorkers, Hamilton was said to Ьауе Ьееп parricularly menacing, smashing someone's guirar and viоlешlу swinging his теса! rod сЬет со scream iп сепor. jusr il1ches аЬоуе сЬе heads of his caprives, Even сЬе LNS-NY crew admirred сЬас Натilгоп had "flipped ош, ... ralked аЬоис torturiпg members of Marsha11's group," апd "gепегаllу acted like d fascisr." I! - Orhers dismantled сЬе telephone to ргеvепt [Ье hostages (roт calling the police and traipsed through [Ье (armhouse, rifling through рео­ ple's роssеssiопs and sсоорiпg IIp I.NS's corporate documents апd [Ье deed to the farm. Ас опе poinr, two of Вloom's crew, Bill [ewis апd Steve Магsdеп, dюvе ир iп ап Avis гепtаl truck, which (Ье Marxists тistаkепlу thought \vas саrrуiпg сЬе press. Whеп опе of them rushed [Ье truck, he was kпосkеd оуег Ьу the тоviпg vehicle апd suffered а fe\v cracked ribs. Surргisiпglу, though, сЬеге were also some moments duriпg (Ье пight whеп сЬе mood lightепеd сопsiсlегаblу. At опе роiпt, members of the Сhildгеп of God еvеп lJroughr ош rheir guirars and sапg sопgs. ш "Ir \Vas ап odd siшагiоп," Millman remembered, 'Ъесаusе 1 гhiпk we thought we \vould go ир there, they would сарiшlаге, and we would leave. After all, we had тоге numbers and \уе \vere тоге тап/у, if уои will. We were And rhey didn'r [сарiшlаtе}."!!~ However, I.NS-NY did тапаgе со seize а cashier's check fют Bloom's group. Precisely how сЬеу ргосшеd it is uпсlеаг. Ву опе ассоиnr, Marshall was dragged into а separare roот, \vhich (Ье captives heard а loud and terrible ruckus. Wrote Mungo, "We couldn't сеН whether the поisеs from rhe liviпg roот were legitimate homicide or а sraged melodrama of flуiпg fшпiшге and сЬе like, Ьис fют whar we had juSt witnessed, \ve couldn'r risk it. '·I·tI At that point, Нurсhiпsоп pulled Ollt rhe check, \vhich had Ьееп made out to Ьег, and endorsed it "рауаЫе ro [iberation Ne\vs Service." Вш according to LNS-NY, Diamond was repenrant (rom rhe very Ьеgiппiпg. ll

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"During the night, some of us had а 10ng ta1k with Steve Diamond," they said, at which point he readily аdтiпеd to embezzling the benef1t funds and "revea1ed that there was а $6,000 cashier's check оп the premises .... Sreve seemed genuine1y eager [о extricate himse1f [roт rhe entire mess, and ro re1ieve himself of апу further responsibility for the money."lcl Ас аЬош 4 АМ, Diamond produced rhe phone number of the person who was storing сЬе off­ set press, and Cavalletto сапв the barn's оwпег ас his home. Ву LNS-NУ's account, the woman who answered сl1е phone asked ro speak to B1oom; accord­ ing to LNS-Mass, Bloom had to Ье "hust1ed" to the рhопе Ьу rwo 'Ъга\vпу 10пgl1аiгs," at which роiпr Cavalletro ordered шт со "сеll her ro give us сl1е press. Either way, B100m he1d fast. "Don'r Ье alarmed," he reported!y said. "Тl1еу сате with sticks. If they ну to ЬосЬес уои, саН the po1ice. Dоп't 1et сЬет l1ауе сЬе press."I2J Ву

about 6:00 АМ, as tl1e sky Ьевап со ligl1tеп, еvегуопе was tl1orougllly exhausted, and сЬе New York fасtiоп f1паllу dec1ared that сЬеу wou1d геturп Ьоте апd simply вес а пеw offset press in order со сопtiпuе гuппiпg LNS fюm Clагеmопt Аvепuе. Ассогdiпg to LNS-Mass, af"ter tl1e "muscle" l1ad 1eft, B100m еуеп tried to [есоппесс witl1 сЬе геmаiпiпg LNSers, giving them а tош of [Ье farm and arguing tl1at it was the best place from which LNS cou!d serve сЬе Моvеmепt, uпril he happened to spot Саvаllепо апd Ryan "rummaging сЬroивЬ his suitcases," ас whicl1 point Ье sprinted back со сl1е farmhouse as they scrambled into their truck. Jusr as they fired ир tl1e engine, Diamond and Marsden grabbed сl1е vehic1e's side апd briefly l1e1d оп as it pulled away, before fаlliпg опсо сl1е dirt road. Cavalletto, howevet, сетет­ diffегепtlу. After most ofhis crew had left, l1е said, B1oom's group "sud­ dеп1у rea1ized сl1еу оutпumЬегеd us .. , апd they attacked us!" As сl1еу tried to escape, Cavalletto fougl1r back after someone 1iterally grabbed 1101d оЕ hi5 arm and tried со уапk him from the mоviпg truck. "It was like а movie, ап асtiоп Ыт," l1е recalled. "1 don't know what wou1d have l1аррепеd to те if they'd вос те ош."12; THERE WERE KOW TWO GROUPS ргiпriпg LNS пеws packets, еасl1 proc!aim­ ing со Ье the уеаl LNS апd саsriпg the other as ап ersatz version. Immediate1y, ЬосЬ sides took their case to the left-wing and uпdегgrouпd media. "The crucia! questiоп," Dreyer to1d а Neu' York Times reporrer, "is who will estab­ lish 1egitimacy with the movement."126 Вlooт held that сЬе ugly сопfroпtа­ tion ас сЬе farm оп!у caHed attention ro сЬе tетрегаmепtа1 and ideological differences coloring the two groups. Ассordiпg со а Viliage Vo;ce reporter, Bloom had said that сl1е огigiпа1 heist "was done with style, а sепsе ofhumor, and а сегtаiп e1an, "IГ Мипво 1ikewise rook mischievous glee in helping to 164

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pilfer the news service. "It was to Ье rhe u!timate defeat for Allen УОlшg:' 11е crowed. "{Не'а} Ье in Bu/garia ас some kind of сиn(еуеm'е when the roof Ееll оп 11im,"I.'" Ву сошгаst,

rhe Marxists portrayed the robbery as а rhuggish Ьесгауа! оЕ the Моуетепс and all it stood for. When Bloom's group canceled tl1e $6,000 clleck and pressed kidnapping charges againsr rhe thirreen New Yorkers­ Sllpposedly а capiral offense in Massachusetts-LNS-NY railed againsr them tor cravenly шгniпg со сl1е autI1Orities. 1'Y 'Tl1is i$ В1оот's тогаl ргоЫет, Notes пос ошs," Cavallerro told ап East \/i!!age Other герогсег.' Neu' printed ап angry роlетiс-uпsigпеd, Ьш obviously wгittеп Ьу sотеопе Егот LNS-NY--describing hov.: LNS had received "а gllick, well-placed kick iп tlle balls from Marshall Bloom." "This i5 ргоЬаЫу the first time that Моуетепс people have Ьееп charged \vith capital crimes Ьу 'brothers' in the Моуетеnr," the author поtеd. And уес LNS-NY declared tlley would пос bring legally \vell-founded соuпrегсhагgеs of embezzlemenr аgаiпst Bloom's grollp. "Согрогасе апd сгiтiпаllаws," they таinrаiпеd, "аге rhe kiпd ofbull­ shir (о Ье used as соуег апd pressure оп the Мап, поt as wеаропs аgаiпst each other."'" Тl10ugh пос епtiгеlу

withour support, few iп the uпdегgtouпd press were ЕауогаЫе toward LKS-Mass. Ву iпsistiпg that the пеws service s110uld соп­ form со tl1e fоuпdегs' origiпаl visiоп, rather thап еvоlviпg inro а \vorker­ сопtгоllеd collective, they seemed апtitiетосгаtiс. Ву thеп tаkiпg tl1e ле\vs service со а disгапt Еагт апd Ьuildiпg а соттнпе аГОl!пti it, rhey sttLIck some as cliguish and self-absorbed. Апd \vhеп they sigпеd сгiтiпаl сотрlаiпrs аgаiпst their erstwhile colleagues, tlley triggereti апgгу геsропsеs from those v.'ho guestionecl their revoll1tionary соттitтепt. Ассогdiпg со Огеуег апа Smitll, "most оЕ' rhe New Lefr and а large percentage оЕ' the UПLieгgгоuпd papers Ьоусоссеа the Massachusetts grol!p, especially becaLlse оЕ the kidпар­ рiпg charges.'" "We were rl1e olltlaws оЕ the Моуетепг," Diатопd [етет­ Ьегеа 1 '; Еуеп В!оот later гесоgлizеd that iп most uпdегgrolша circles the тоуе со а Еагт was "iпfатоus."1 Angry lerters сl1ас рошеd iflto Montaglle llnderscorea che роiпс. "Оеаг Acid Heads," Ьеgап опе. ''Уов gllY5 аге fагсiпg аГОLlпd with а тilliоп dollar idea. This i5 соо big со go dоwп tl1e dгаiп."'" "Whac the fLlCk аге уон people tгуiлg со ргоуе," asked апоthег соггеsролdелt, "тоviлg HP there го che woods оЕ- Massacllllsetts wllеп che леws ... is 999<' in tlle cities i " Апd if уон take yourselves го Ье radical organizers as well as пе'.vsтеп, \VllO аге уон trying со organize besides assorted rabbits, horses, апа bumble-bees i Doing уош оwп tlliпg апа Liгоррiпg ош алd moving со

Ql'ESTIONIN<~ »;'НО

DICCIDES

16 '5

сЬе

country is а groovy idea, Ьис 1 сшпk сЬас сЬе more serious of us \уЬо are working for а [еа! revolution in сшs соиппу (ее! сЬас сЬе \vork is with сЬе people, in day со day сопсасс .... Not only are уои general fuck-ups, Ьис you're traicors со еvеrуtшпg which we аll ... are working fоr. I .Ч,

From Detroit, Fifth Estate editor аН

criminal charges must

оlшiопагiеs

do

пос

Ье

use tJ1e

Ресег

Werbe wrote,

dropped against

сошts

сl1е

"Ош

staft" feels

сЬас

New York people .... Rev­

of сl1 е ruling c]ass

со

disршеs

settle cl1eir

and especially do пос make use of сl1е repressive арраrашs of сЬе Stace со РLшisl1 fel!ow revolutionaries по mапеr lю\v heinollS their aHeged crime. "1'­ Marc Sommer, who had worked for LNS when it was heaJquarrered in Wash­ ington, DC, cold В!оот, "1 сап'с believe сЬас сЬе clash necessicaced making off witl1 аН of сl1е equipmenc, lying, caHing in the pigs, [and] setting ир а ЬLшсl1 of ridiculous legal charges."liH Anotl1er wricer, WllO ассиаllу sympa­ cl1ized wicl1 LNS-Mass, nevercl1eless cold Bloom, "1

[еаНу сшпk уои

oughca

drop сl1е пар cl1arges ... сl1ас jusr ain'c a-gonna ride well wicl1 соо тапу people, y'know)"l;'1 Someone else advised, "As for уош тоуе into сl1е i<1yllic countryside ... don't get

toо

pretentious

аЬоис

it!"'i[) From Lon<1on,

ап

LNS

correspondenc expressed disappoincment \vitЬ Ьосl1 sides in сl1е dispure, tl1ougl1 l1е тау I1ауе Ьееп targeting Bloom wl1en l1е said, "Serious radicals ап<1

revolutionaries, сl1е people wlю are plltting their fuшrеS and their necks line, don't wanc со deal with nitwirs."lll

оп сl1е

Realizing tl1ey'd overplayed tl1eir l1and, LNS-Mass tried autllOrities

со

drop

аН

со

persllade

criminal complaints against LNS-NY. TI1eir entreaties

were пос completely slIccessful, Ьис сl1е kidnapping cl1arges Were еvепшаllу redllced со d isшгЫпg сl1е реасе, and everyone got off ligl1 сl у (althougl1 сЬе Franklin Соипсу jlldge infuriated сЬе five female defendancs Ьу fining сl1ет \vшlе еасl1

only in

ап

of сl1е

теп

Amherst bank, and soon

got $50 fines).

сЬе

Тl1е

$6,000 check was rrozen

State of Massachusetts and lawyers began

gobbling most of it lIР со соуег variolls legal (еб. For а time, LNS-NY and LNS-Mass borl1 printed their own news packets, Ьш tl1e New York collective proved а hardier, тorе decermined 1ос. In lасе Seprember, сl1еу told slIb­ scribers сl1ас tl1eir staff l1ad bonded tl1roUgl1 tl1eir sl1ared adversity. "For сl1е most

ран,

people are digging

еасl1 осl1ег

and

аге геаНу

work сl1еу are doing," сl1еу said. "We are working lеуе!

12

excited

аЬощ сl1е

110urs а day, often ас а

ofhigl1 tension, getting по salaries, eating соттипаl spagl1etti dinners; still l1aving time со engage ourselves in сl1е sensory and erotic pleasнres we аН 110Ы so dear, and (ironicallyJ managing со wander off со оиr (аст wшсh we are renting in upstate New York!"] l' Ьш

166

I

SMOКl~(; TYPf.WRlТERS

Although some {еlс that the Сlагетоnr Avenue off1ce churned ош соо тисЬ overheared rheroric in the lасе 19605, according ro media critic Nat Henfoff, LNS speedily Ьесате more poli5hed and sophisticated, and Ьу the early 1970s, if helped ro foster а sense ot' community among the nation's "amorphous, nor-so-New Let't." "1 have seldom picked ир ап uпdегgГОlшd newspaper сl1ас lacks а sizable питЬег ofLNS credir-lines:' Henroff noted.! And while Mungo had stereotyped LNS's New York collective as humorless Ago, the group published а slew of material favorable politicos in FаШО#J со rlle уошЬ culrure, personal liberar10n, and feminism. "1ronically, whar they did in New York in [Ье years afrer [he split was по( far a-f1eld from wha[ \ve'd l1ауе done, had we srayed," Wasserman said. "And they \vere better organized and in [l1е 10ng гип, they were аЫе со survive. ", Ву contrast, LNS-Mass produced only а few dozen more ne\vs packets betore а combination of еппору, rorpor, and the cold winrer аН conspired [о kill tl1e operarion. As ir happened, running rhe news service from ап isolated farm proved every Ыс as cha11enging as опе might have expected. For опе, сЬе group's offset press-nicknamed "Little ]ohnnie"-fe11 inro disrepair, and during cold snaps its inkwells froze ир. Меап\ушlе, сl1е 10саl stationery store stopped extending them supplies оп сп:dit, farm animals began overrunning rlle Ьаrn where сЬе press was scored, and the group spent considerable time atrending со chores necessary for fheir own survival, including chopping wood and raising foodstuffs. Steve Diamond Ьесате сl1е editor of LNS-Mass, Ьuc Ье especially gre\v estranged from rhe secrarian \varfare and abrasive milthat characterized some of rhe lасе 1960$ New Left. "The main reason 1 \vanred со srop prinring Liberation Ne\vs Service," l1е larer said, wa$ because the group "didn'r have anyrhing more со say, осl1ег than perhaps get some land, gec УОЩ реорlе together, and see what happens. "!1(, Elsewhere, Ье \vrote, "AltllOugh we 11ad по idea what сЬе fшurе held in store, living ... оп the land as ап organic communal family had со take precedence со pumping our сЬе latest political Ыас from far tluпg of the соuпtгу. In ап undated letrer, Вlooт likewi5e second-guessed whether moving LNS со а counrryside outposr was such а good idea afrer а11. "ТЬе news ser­ vice is, of course, quite а drag," he said. There "i5 пос the na'ive joy there was iп the beginning." Не а150 acknowledged having hurt some of Ш5 old col­ leagues Ьу moving со Montague, and observed сЬас he'd earned "а certain атоипс of hO$tiliry from not-roo-distant friends."I'H Certainly he was \vounded Ьу tl11S: 1П his unfinished memoir, he complained that the unsigned Neu' Nutes article condemning шт \vas "so ludicrollSly ill
167

to еуеп speak со I1im. 14Ч То Mungo, Ье wrote а letter complaining аЬоис а1l сЬе

bad press LNS-Mass received after сЬе heist, adding, "it is difficult to all this. if [sic] 1 seem со Ье reaching Ollt for help it is Ьесаше lJelp is needed."I'" ТЬеп сЬеге was сЬе despicable PВI forgery. As опе оЕ сЬе Вшеаu's Еипс­ tionaries explained in ап intema! тето in tl1e ЕаН of 1968, 'ТЬе New I,e{( press has сопrаiпеd considerable charges and СОlшtегсhагgеs" conceming сЬе newspaper Ьеisг and сЬе midnight raid оп сЬе farm. "We аге attempring со use this situation со fuпhег sp!it сЬе Ne,v Left." То this end, someone fгom сЬе FBI's New York оЕБсе drafted а letter that ршрortеd со Ье а missive from а former LNS staffer.I'1 Titled "......... And \ХЪО Gor сЬе Cookie Jar)," сЬе аutlюг drew апепriоп со B!oom's аррагещ mеща! instability, cleclaring Ье 'Ъаs always Ьееп а Ыс of а пш" and skewering him for making hyscerical accusations, ripping оЕЕ сЬе Моуетепс, and descгoying LNS I )2 Wasserman remembered сЬас сЬе letter, \'1hich was reprinted in some Моуетепс papers, "dug into Marshalllike а dagger."'») sшvivе

Despite аН this, Bloom sometimes seemed со enjoy Мопrаgllе's pascoral simplicity, especially аЕсег such а srress{ul period. "IjЕе is 50 mllСЬ less сот­ plicated and trollbled Ьеге, уои Ьауе по idea," Ье wrote со АЬе Peck, есЕсог оЕ сЬе C!Jicago Seed. "No need Еог bread allowances for [сЬе} subway, plastic submarine [sandwiches}, гепс, parking tickets. It is infinite!y сЬеарег and we live Ьепег."I)j In апосЬег letter, Ье said Ье enjoyed the challenges of eking ош а

Spartan existence оп the Еагт. Chopping wood, discarding шеlеss elec­ tric gadgets, bllying fresh milk from а local farmer, salvaging material Егот а [оса! garbage dump, and finding inventive ways со scrimp and save-all of this appealed со his new sensibility.;)) ln early 1969 Ье began talking аЬош plans со сгеасе а magazine ощ of rhe ashes of LNS, which he wOllld call the

Jouma! 01 t!Je Neu' Still, Bloom пеуег scopped having wild mood swings. Не fгеql1епrlу сот­ plained of being lonely, and ir must Ьауе pained him thar еуеп rhollgh he'd hoped сЬе farm wOllld Ьесоmе а place for exploring "meaningf111, liberated ыlапn relationships," Ье пеуег сате со tегшs with his own homoseXllality, choosing instead со remain basically celibate. Apparently, Ье пеуег еуеп told his closest friends сЬас Ье was gay. In early 1969 Ье \угосе со Mllngo froш California with big ne\vs conceming his friend Lis Meisner, а friend since his grad school days in London: "I_is and 1 аге getting married in August оп tl1e farm and Ьоре со soon Ьауе BABIES. The orgy аЕсег сЬе wedding will Ье something УОll and yours will NEVER forger."lj6 Вш сЬе wedding пеуег happened. In 1973, Allen Young, who Ьу сЬеп was devoting тl1СЬ of his energy toward сЬе Gay Liberation Моуеmепс, 168

I

SMOкr:,
described сЬе rrip as Bloom's "lasc dicch unsllccessful апеmрс со make а go of it romancically and sexllally \vicl1 а woman friend, Another рroЫет Вlooт faced was сЬас alrhough his drafr board had awarded шт conscien­ tious-objeccor sratus in March 1969, he was srill expected со perform а two-year stint ас rhe Denver General liospital-an entirely unappealing prospect, perhaps in рап becallse rhe job would have рш mт in closer prox­ imiry со ms рагешs, wirh whom he пеуег was аЫе со resolve а dra\vn-our generarional fe lld , 1\Н Тшs, соо, шшс have Ьееп hard, Оп ОсroЬег 21, 1969, he sent them ап etTusive lепег, apologizing for пос always being "properly grareful" and [ог taking "соо mllcl1 Еог granred," Wirh rremendolls warmrh, Bloom reminisced аЬош а recellt cime chey shared when l1е and шs father worked cogerher in а garden wшlе his тосЬег looked оп: "We Ьауе 50 joys rogecher we mllsr cherish chose we Ьауе," Ье 5aid. "1 wish 1 cOllld Ье differenc for УОll, 1 геаllу do, Ьш 1 know сЬас УОll lo\'e те jusc as 1 ат and that's ап а\vfпllу good feeling. Love, Marsh."1'>9 Теп days larer--on November 1, 1969, ас age гwешу-fivе-Вlооm сот­ miпеd suicide. Не l1ad шп а vaCUllm hose from сЬе exhaust pipe of ms саг through rhe уепс \vindow. Не lefr по посе оЕ explanarion, jusr а lasr will and restament providing instrllctions for сЬе disposicion of m:> meagec p05se5­ 5ion5, со which Ье added ап expression of love for шs рагеnr5 and his friends, and а brief apology: "1 ат sorry аЬош аН rhis."\<JO THANKS LARGELY ТО FA,\IOCS I_O'.iG Асо, а

cerrain lore sнrrollnds Liberacion News Service, ас leasr in irs earliesr incamation. It i5 пос hard со see Mllngo'5 vivid characterizarions, wiпу aside5, and fгеqllешlу confessional prose make for delighrflll reading, and сЬе dllst-UP between гЬе Virtuolls CauCllS and the VllIgar Marxists-replete wjrh secrer meetings, double agents, and daring acts оЕ гшеvегу and sabotage--contain тапу elements ot' а classic cloak-and-dagger srory. Wacmly reviewed Ьу ]ack Newfield in (Ье Nщ.' Y(J1'k TimeJ, (Ье book sold scores оЕ thousands оГ copies (and was optioned Еог а fеагше Ыт).I(,\

respects, rhough, FtJ!IIOЮ L(Jng Ag(J seems llшеliаblе. For insrance, Marshall Вlooт i5 fairblully ропгауеd as ап ессешгiс, Мuпgо skips lightly оуег some оЕ сЬе тоге trOllblesome aspects оЕ шs регsопа/iгу, а:> well In

50те

wшlе

as his роог mепгаl health. Nor does Ье give еvidепсе оfhаviпg seriollsly grap­ pled \virh сЬе perspecrives о( some оЕ rl1e Vulgar Marxisrs, who arglled сЬас iп order Еог LNS (о survive. jr \vollld пееd со build а democratic сulшге. Fiпаllу, опе wопdегs whether сЬе Marxisrs were every Ыс as dull апd doctri­ паiге as Мllпgо Sllggests. Givеп сЬе пео-Тhогеаllviап diгесtiоп iп wшсl1 Ье апd Bloom were hеаdiпg, 10ts оЕ people рroЬаЫу srruck сl1ет сЬас \уау. QLЕСSТЮ~ I~(;

\},

НО

DECCJDECS

169

Although сЬе LNSers who remained in Ne\v York certainly slblred tleep political commitments and ап intense seriollsness of ршроsе, they \уеге пос аН of сЬе same mind аЬощ МОУетепс and in addition со their lengthy meetings and workdays, сЬеу enjoyed "tablllous dinners," recreational рос smoking, movie nighrs, romantic couplings, \veekend excllfsions to rl1eir upstate farm, and "late night boogies" ас cheir commUn<.l1 арапmепts. When Sllррlеmещеd Ьу а \vider range of primary sошсеs, lю\vеvег, }.'fun­ go's memoir сап help us со appreciare how fuHy сЬе underground press Ьесате sаtшаtеd \yith (Ье ideas аЬош democratic participation сl1ас SDS had years earlier. In addicion со publicly calling tor с1lе nllftured jusc а democrarizarion of sociery, New Lefrists built а large nerwork of altemative media insticutions tlblc were теапс со showcase tl1eir democratic valLles. Опе way of doing this-and this was сЬе tack taken Ьу Bloom and МLшgо~wаs Ьу making their resoutces available со сЬе commllnity. Just as most Llnder­ ground newspapers opened their pages со whoever wanted со рщ cheir lefc-\ving vie\ys inco circlllacion, LNS initially poscllfed itself as а "national clearinghoLlSe" (Ьас would sho\ver сЬе nation's hip communities \vith texts апd graphics. In chis way, СЬе news service cOLlld claim со Ье meering сЬе Movemenr's democratic demands: Its dispatches wOllld [еflесс сЬе range оЕ Моуетепс ideologies and opinions, and whatever LlSе individнal newspapers made of tl1at material wOllld Ье со tl1eir preference. АпосЬег аррroасЬ (and сl1е с\уо were по[ тишаllу exclusive) \vas to

flШ

сl1е

underground newspapers communally, \vithout ап editor ог а Lюss. Instead, сЬе епtiге made editorial decisions, and everyone was епсош­ aged со Ьесоте iпvоlvеd in а11 aspects оЕ newspaper prodLlction. То сЬе Vul­ gar Marxists, as well as сl1е vast majority оЕ radical news people in сЬе late 1960s, this seemed perfectly appropriate. Here сЬеу тау Ьауе Ьееп gLlicJed Ьу а generalized tear of сl1е сопuрtiоп ot- power сЬас was соттопрlасе iп сЬе Ne\v Left, Ьщ more specin'c сопsidегаtiопs were ас work as \vell: сЬе belieE сl1ас radicals oLlght со live сЬе values сЬеу wanted со see enacted in с1lе sociecy, and сЬе l10ре that participatory democracy would Ье attractive enoLlgh со lure people inco demanding Ьш fLllfilling Моуетепс acrivities. When LNS broke wide ореп ас сЬе end of сЬе slImmer оЕ 1968, it wasn'( сЬе only New Left media organization (о Ьауе experienced а fierce intemal po,yer stfuggle. Two montl1s earlier, а б1(tiоп of сl1е Воsшп Лz'аfm' pllblished а "пе\vs-огiепrеd" isslIe сЬас wаsп't со сЬе liking о{ сЬас paper's mysrical leader, Меl Lyman. Iп response, Lyman directed а grollp of ms follo\vers (о steal some thirty-five tl1ошапd copies of сl1е рарег, \утсЬ сЬеу sold as scrap paper for а pittance.16~ Nevertheless, сЬе LNS telld proved something о{ а bellwecher. In сЬе following years, statIs gre\v restless ог revolted ас several 170

SMOKING TYPEWR1TER5

ieading paper5 that had traditional mапаgеmеш 5trucrures. With сЬе .ldvent of radical feminism in сЬе late 19605, тапу women began railing .lgainst the crude sexism and ugly male chauvinism оп display in тапу papers, and in February 1970 а women's collective famously seized perma­ пеш control of сЬе Rat. 1{'(. According со а Rolling Stone journalist Wl10 toured сЬе country in 1969 со take stock of the New Left's media infrastructure, Who's in of making decisions is а уесу large topic ас the тотепс for nearly every underground paper."16- That same уеаг, Dreyer and Smith noted tl1at сЬе trend in the underground press was toward encouraging democratic participation. "Mosr papets are rrying (о create а democratic work siruation .lnd decision-making process," they wrote. Often staffers are listed alphaberically or in random order as рап of ап ассетрс со avoid esrablishing hierarchies ОС power. Trying to work collecrively is always а strt1gg1e-we are аН 50 corrupted Ьу rhe ego­ rripping есшс of capitalism. Sraff conl1icrs аге often grear, rensions 50metimes шп high оп layour night, Ьис people gradually develop the abiliry со work togerher, sharing responsibiliry for policy, beginning со purge rl1emselves оС rhe need со give or rake orders,l(,H

In this \уау, the underground newspapers оС сЬе lare 1960s were zeicgeist tollchscones Ьу which radicals cOllld measure the purity оС their commir­ mепrs со iпtегdерепdепсе, power-sharing, and self-rule, In аdditiоп со sеrviпg some of rhe same funcrions as radical papers in orher eras-building ап adversary culrure and tгуiпg со соuпrеrvаil сЬе distогtiопs and shibboleths thar 5pilled forth from tlle mainstream media-mos( оС the New Left's jour­ nalists behaved as t1пbliпkегеd democrats, dеrегmiпеd (о usher а spiri( оС mlltllality iшо their Моуетепс. Ас the same time that they used their пеws­ papers as platforms (о espouse their viеwроiпrs, rhey rransformed the papers iпtо egalitarian communities iп (heir own Perhaps there is ап irony in this. Just like Mar5hall Bloom, most оС those who worked in the under­ ground press in the late 1960s saw со it that their acrivism and their lives were аН mixed rogеtЬеr.

Ql5ЕSПОNING \Х'НО

DEClDES

171

7

"From Underground to Everywhere" A/ternative Media Trends since the Sixties

IN

ТВ!.: 1977 HOLLYWOOD FILM Вешееп

:1)1: LineJ, direcred byJoan Micklin Silver, rhe colorf111, tigl1tly knit, and idealistic staff of' а formerly '\шdег­ grol1nd" newspaper, the Back В,1)' i\fainline, f1nds itself in flllX. Althol1gh tl1e рарег was опсе kпоwп for its пшсkгаkiпg bravado, in this POs(psyclledelic era of oversized collars, flared rrousers, and fearhered hair, its mаiп selling poinr seems со Ье its randy back-page sex ads. Наггу (played Ьу Jоhп Heard), (Ье sratTs асе reporter, опсе wоп а jошпаlism award for exposing сorшргiоп in local пшsiпg homes, Ьщ now he's sшсk niglltlife and fаsшоп trends and is rhinking аЬощ quitting. Anorher wricer-rhis опе а superan­ nuated beatnik паmеd Michael (Stephen Collins)-finally does decide (о jump Sllip, Ьщ по( llП(il he's lапdеd а blockbllsrer соппап со wfite а book called Dea:f) u/ :!Je СО/lntе/Т/I!tше. Meanwhile, сЬе wl101e gang is distressed аЬош шmors t!щt а mегсепагу рuЫishiпg mogll1 паmеd Roy \'Valsh (Lапе Smith) i5 (о swoop in and Ьну (he рарег. Whеп this finally happens, Walsh plays (о суре, sl1mmoning 11i5 пе\v employees (о а mee(illg and (ellillg (hem they'll пееd со \уасег do\vll \vhatever is leEt оЕ their cfllsading zeal in order (о make сЬе рарег тоге рroЕ­ itable. No hard Eeelillgs, Ье implies. He's jllst "pragmatically" abollt fac(s '\уе аll Ьауе (о live with." А( (his poinr, (he s(aEE's г('пdегЬеаrtеd гесеРСlОПlЫ rises to qllir.

сЬе Mainline mealls а good busilless deal (о уои alld а lot of tells (he пе\у owner. "Вш (о а 'ос of us, it тест! А lo( of us \vаш (о work {ог the Mam/ine and not some ... соmnшпiсаtiоm empire." The Back Ва; Afainline пеvег really existed; it sprang from the imagina­ tion of sсгееп\vгitег Fred Вапоп, who had pre"iously worked for two hопеst­ to-goodness papers of considerable regional clour: the Boston PIJoenix and the Real Ра:реу (both of \Vllicll were technically еstаЫisЬеd in 1972 Ьис actually originated several years earlier). The tгапsfогmаtiопs Ваггоп depicred in his script, Ьо\vеvег, \vere dra\"n from lite. All across America in the 1970s, "alternative newspapers"-wirh their circulation srrategies, reader 5urveys, polished layours, expanded arts coverage, and upscale demographics-bid а Ьеапу fare\vell (о the Sixties. Although the crusading and rabble-rousing sешimепts thar colored the underground papers were пос lost completely, henceforrh they would Ье tempered and mured. 1t is hard [о pinpoint \vhеп [Ье transformation was complete, ыlt 1978 seems like а good marker. That was [Ье уеаг that Cal"in Тгilliп, thеп wriring for the Neu' УIЛ"kеr, published а lengthy ассоипС of the first аппuаl mееtiпg of tlle Каtiопаl Аssосiаtiоп ofNews\veeklies, \vhich was 11eld in Seattle. Accord­ ing [о Тгilliп, the group's паmе was а bit of а misnomer; it sоuпdеd (00 much

"1 kllow

топеу," sЬе

"like сЬе mапа,giпg editor of Time meeting сЬе mапаgiпg editor of NеШJшееk for lunch со talk аЬош \vl1y their covers 50 often tшп out со Ьауе [l1е same person оп them."l In fact, the meeting \vas аttепdес! exclusively Ьу feisty alternati"e ne\"spapers сl1ас l1ad eitller evolved from сl1е underground press or were fоuпdеd iп [l1е 19605 ог early 19705 а5 commercially oriellted ne\vs­ sheets. These larrer papers, like сl1е San Frащisсо Вау G"arclian, the CIJicago Readet", апd the Maine Тimes, were аН solidly lеft-wiпg, апd [Ьеу оftеп pri"i­ leged fiгst-регsоп (попоЬjесti\'е) героrriпg, Ьис [l1еу diс!п'r see rllemselves as аррепdаgеs to а socia! mо\'еmепt. Wllereas сllе uпdегgrolшd press was dгivеп Ьу уоuпg теп апd wоmеп \уl10 saw themsel\'es as activisrs first апd jоurпаl­ ists sесопd, tllese аltеrпаrivе papers made пеwsgаthегiпg апd апаlуsis rheir chief" prioricy. In facc, а majority of them were е"еп геluсtапr to саН chem­ se!ves Чаlrегпаtiуе" because Чаltеrпаtiуе" sоuпdеd соо much like "uпdег­ gгоuпd"-апd

cllese papers badly wапtеd to disrапсе rhemselves fгom tlle epi tllets апd clamorous rlletoric сl1ас опсе sullied сl1е radical press. 2 They lшd good геаsоп for dоiпg so. As the Sixties dre\v [() а close, рессер­ tive readers of uпdегgгоuпd newspapers \vould 11ауе fоuпd it iпсгеаsiпglу dif'ficu!c со mаiпtаiп chat [llе New Left was srill а risil1g social mоvеmепr. 1п the summer of I969, SDS-r11e most powerful srudепt огgапizаtiоп iп Аmегiсап llistory--descroyed irself iп а paroxysm of" fасtiопаl iпtigl1tiпg Ьеtwееп Wеаtllегmап, ап obnoxious clique of ultгаmilitапts \\'110 drew rlleir апgгу

"ГRОМ l:~DI:R(;IЮl ~1) ТО Е\'П{У\х'НFRЕ"

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from а ВоЬ Dylan lyric, and the Progressive Labor Рапу, ап egually unpleasant, doctrinaire neo-Marxist organization. SDS's БпаI convention, ас the Chicago Coliseum, was а farrago of rhetoric, recriminations, and orotund pronouncements. "! remember reading аЬош it in the newspapers," said )im )acobs, WllO had worked in SDS's Radical Education Ргоjеп, "and jllst feeling terribIe, because 1 wasn't there. Helpless because ап organization Гd spent two years totally into, reading every fucking line of Neu' Left NoteJ, every word, геаНу believing this was going to Ье the organization of the seventies, [was} being smashed to bits.'" Meanwhile, а dark (even sinister) mood snaked throughout the соипгег­ culture. TI1is was the period when Charles Manson and his acid-gоЬbIiпg followers left а string of butchered corpses across Sошhеrn California, the Hel1's Angels terrorized concert-goers at Altamont, and сЬе Weathermen swarmed through Chicago's Gold Coast with bricks and bats, attacking fancy cars and storefront windows. Оп March 6, 1970, three members of that group bIew them5elve5 ир in а Wesr Village townhouse when гЬеу acciden­ саНу detonated а ЬотЬ made ир оЕ dynamite and roofing nail5. It had Ьееп intended Еог use against American servicemen and their dates ас ап upcoming dance ас Fort Dix, New Jersey. А5 а re5ult of аН ст5 negativity and violence, го say nothing of гЬе cumula­ tive effect оЕ 50 тисЬ else гЬас transpired in сЬе late Sixties-urban riots, police crackdowns, polirical assassinations, гЬе daily killing оЕ civilians in Vier­ пат, and сЬе pointless deaths оЕ thousands оЕ American soldiers--counterjour­ nalists turned increasingly angry, cynical, and in5ular. Increasingly desperate Еог the сопесС revolurionary formula, 50те underground jошпаlisгs Ьесате increasingly enamored with Marxism-Leninism and third-world liberation struggles, and as а result began dilшiпg гЬе distinctive, regional flavor оЕ their new5papers. Soon, the radical newssheets were said to have Ьесоте 50 rigid that, according to опе aficionado, "Уои couldn't teH the Rat Егот the Guardian Егот гЬе San FranciJco Ехрrел Times."" In late 1970, сЬе staff оЕ Bosron's Old Mole publi5hed а self-crirical editorial in which they admitted feeling pressured to injecr the words "imperialist" and "capita1ism" inro every sentence, lest [Ьеу Ье "acCLlsed оЕ insufficient zeal,'" This i5 not со suggest that underground newspapers didn't find other ways оЕ hastening their own demise. The collective organizarional srructure of some newspapers proved taxing со work within, leading to Ьшпоut and fatiglle. ТЬе New Left's extreme ancielitism and distrust оЕ authority figures led гЬе staffs at some underground newspapers to refrain from demanding guality Еroт their writers. And because оЕ [Ье male chauvinism that [ап 174

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оЕ сЬе

Rat, \vеш оп со start PleaJUre; Joe! Fabrikant, of Е\/О, published Kiss; and tlle stаНЪеhiпd сЬе po!itica! Neu York Free Pms began publishing а sister (; Finally, while assuming their own righ­ рарег, сЬе Nm YlJt·k Reziieu' teousness, some оЕ С!1е New Left's scribes тау have blurred сЬе lines between advocacy journalism and olltright propaganda. And \v!len сЬеу s!ipped fюm rigl1Ceousness into se!f-rigl1teousness-sometlling tllat's поt 50 hard со do-­ сЬеу subjected rheir po!itica! орропешs со scurrilous and dehumanizing гЬе­ toric ап(1 isolated tЬеl11sеlvеs еуеп further Еroт tlle principled Left. Iп a(blition со \vanting со distance tЬетsеlvеs Егот al1 оС this, (Ье alter­ native jошпаlists \vho gаtЬегеd iп Sеапlе would Ьауе Ьееп тоге сЬап а little tшпеd оСС сЬе Ьассhапаliап апd iп some cases dоwпrigЬt fright­ ening belIavior сЬас presided ас earlier left-wing media сопfегепсеs. Surely che mosc notorious SUCll еvеш, sропsогеd Ьу сЬе A!tecnative Media Project, was held ас Vегтош's Goddard College in 1970. Some 1,700 people showed lIР (whicll \vas seven Ьuпdгеd тоге (Ьап огgапizегs expected) со Ьеаг SllCll speakers as Rea!ist founder Раи! Krassner, Yippie Jerry Rubin, cartoonist Gilbert She!ton, lInderground medica! advice co!umnist Dr. Eugene ScllOenfe!d, and acid guru ВаЬа Ram Dass (tormerly kпоwп as Richard Alp­ егс). Some fond!y гететЬег сЬе сопfегепсе's good vibes; "People Ьаd cl1ese big smi!es апd УОll cou!d just smell tl1e acid coming out оЕ their skiп," recaIled Ресег Wolt', а Boston DJ wЬо was thеп just launching his сагеег \vitЬ сЬе J. Gei!s Band. Вш сЬеге was mucll uпрlеаsапспеss as well. Опе \voman reported she'd Ьееп raped iп Ьег dorm гоот, and ас опе оЕ сЬе work­ sЬорs, а тап had со Ье forcibly ejected after Ье Ьгапdisllеd а gun and joked аЬоис "killing people." \~Ъеп some mеп had сЬе idea оЕ vidеоtарiпg а "lоvе-iп" near а s\vimmiпg '1О!е in (Ье woods, а group оЕ ошгаgеd feminist5 qllashed tlleir plan,' Rubin angrily declared сЬас someone had stоlеп $500 (roт his giгlfгiепd's \vallet and demanded сЬе сопfегепсе goers take up а coIlection со he!p сотрепsаtе tor сЬе 1055. At опе point, а group о( radical5 even l1ad со Ье talked ош оС vапdа!iziпg сЬе college'5 lovely library with gra(firi. "As the сопfегепсе \vore оп," sотеопе reporced, "сЬе сопfгопtаtiопs kept coming: women У5. шеп; homosexuals vs, теп [sic]; hippies vs. геvоlшiоп­ aries; po!itica! people vs. cultural реор!е; blacks ys. whites [though few fRO~[ СС>:DЕR(;Iшt::-iD то ЕУЕНУ\Х'НЕНЕ"

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black5 attended}; electronic media people vs. printed media people; people who continue СО work for commercial enterprises vs. people who've dropped оис."9 Afterwar<.is, conference organizers were billed (ог $859 \уогсЬ of missing bed sheets, rowels, pillows, апа blankers. 11I TI1fee years later, represenratives (гот fifty-three left-\ving papers attende<.i а three-day retreat in Boulder, Colorado, which was hosted Ьу Denver's Stmight Creek ]oltrnal. According (о Stephen Foehr, а conference organizer, опе of their goals was со Ьеlр сЬе papers present а тоге ташге image of themselves. "We аге сЬе second generation alternatiye press as opposed со сЬе first generation un<.iergroun<.i press," Ье remarke<.i. "ТЬе second genecation is trying to establish itself оп а тоге stable footing Ьу <.iropping сЬе rhetoric and getting inyolved in their communities ас rhe пеighЬогhоо<.i lеуеl." i 1 Вис it appears they were опlу partial!y successful. Accordil1g со CalYil1 Trillil1: Surviyors of rhe Boulder meetil1g who made it to Seattle гететЬег it as beil1g so <.iomil1ated Ьу сЬе rhetoric of сЬе period-al1gry speeches Ьу womel1 аЬош со (огт their OWI1 caucus, pl1ilosophical arguments рittiпg people committed со keeping their bodies (гее of аll chemicals against people who had соо тапу chemicals in their bodies (о put ир тисЬ of an argument, 10ng discussiol1s аЬоис whether сЬе пие goal of journalism was oyerrhrow of (Ье gоvеrпmепt or getting one's head together-that those few cOl1ferees who wante<.i со exchange informa­ tiol1 оп how (о рис оиС а newspaper had со sl1eak off со tl1e coffee shop (ог informal <.iiscLlSsions. 1c Ву contrast, in Seattle, almost everyone \vas сшеау сопсеrnеа \vith сЬе pracrical problems associated with newspaper publishing-marketing strat­ egies, disпiЬutiоп problems, bU5iness models, and 50 (огсЬ. Ас Оl1е point, ТгiШп says, "сЬе proprieror of аl1 ul1derground l1ews service"-almost cer­ tainly Thomas Кing Forca<.ie-showed ир with а fгiепd, Though по опе ас сЬе conference \vould have kl10wn it, Ьу сЬеl1, Forcade had Ьесоте а уегу \vealrhy тап. 1п additiol1 со his drug-smuggling activities, he had gone оп со [оиl1а High Times, а lifestyle magazine for рос smokers that guickly blos­ somed il1to а multimillion-<.iollar enterprise. 1 ; According со Trillin, Forcade and rus раl appeared ас the trade-associatiol1 meeting 100kil1g "Iike а retired punk rocker and his manager." ТЬеу stayed only very brietly, сЬеп "qllietly rook rheir leave-like а СОllрlе of massage parlor operators who had fllshed оуег to work the largest convention il1 to\уп without having first bothered со find оиr that it \vas а conference of Lutheral1 liturgists." Later, conferees jok­ ingly referred to сЬет as "сЬе t\VO gentlemen in costume."l j

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Nearly six тошhs later, оп November 1,1978, Forcade committed slli­ cide llsing а small, pear!-handled pisto!. It didn't have апугЬiпg со do \vitЬ alrernative jошпаlisт, рег se; in the preceding months, he had shown signs of iocreasing тепса! instabiliry, which тау I1ауе Ьееп exacerbated Ьу [\уо horrible evenrs: his best friend had recenrly died in а plane crаsЬ while car­ rying соппаЬапd [гот Colombia со Florida, and anorher friend was discov­ ered со Ье а police informer. For some of those who knew him, Forcade's passing was уес another sign rhar rhe narion's protest erhic aod hippie Сlllшге 11ad perered опС almosr completely. 'The '80S wOllld have killed Тот if he didn't kill himself," а friend remarked.:(, ТНЕ ViUJ\GE \/OlCE, ESTAВIISHED IК

19)), асшаllу predared the llnder­ grollnc! press, and а handflll оЕ orhers sllccessflll alr-weeklies, like rhe San FranciJco Ба)' Glшrdiаn (1966) and the Maine TimeJ (1968), were !allnched \vhile the New Lefc was still оп che llpswing.l~ For tlle mosc ран, radicals

these тоге liberally oriented rabloids, which covered the Сll!шга! of the 19605 Ьпс were generally apprehen5ive аЬош !eft-wing mili­ сапсу. In 1969, rhe ViIlage Voice was sllbjected со а рагtiшlагlу rococo expres­ sion оЕ disdain [гот let'ry jошпаlisг Kirkpatrick Sale, who characterized the storied tab10id as а рарег Еог "bo-liЬs"-tllОsе who were "Bohemian, пос hip, yip, digger or Ьеаг" and "liberal, not radical, revollltionary, lоvе-culшгеd ог anarcl1istic. . , . [The Voice) speaks [о those whose revollltions have Ьесоте dOllbts, whose hatreds l1ауе Ьесоте merely distrllsts, whose passions have Ьесоте tempered inrerests." In his Боаl kiss-оtI, he told rhe paper, "Уон'уе соте а long way, ЬаЬу, Ьш уои gOt sшсk there."IR sneered

ас

fегmеш

Вш

most altemative newspapers сате аЬош in the early 1970s. At leasr опе sllch rag, Boston's Real Paper, l1ad ап egalirarian \vorking stгuсшге mir­ roring that of тапу undergrollnd papers rhat preceded it, Ьщ сl1е rypical alt-weekly was organized hierarchical1y, 1) And since a!temative tabloids did пос align rhemselves wirl1 the уощh геЬеlliоп со сЬе same ехtеш rhat llnder­ grollnd newspapers had, collectively, they proved harder со define. In 1979 Тillle magazine observed that althollgll the altemative press \vas \vell esrab­ lished, irs papers varied widely in size: ас опе end, there were ощhrs like the aforementioned Straight Сrееkjtшrnаl, which could claim а circlllation of only ),)00; ас the other extreme, rheVoice boasted а circlllation of аЬОllС Т70,ООС. And \vhile the great majority of these papers served metropoljtan areas, а small handflll of rhem were SllЬшЬап, гшаl, ог statewide, and one-the Maui S"n-collld еуеп Ье described as literalIy "inslllar,".'(' The main reason rhey аН Ьесате known as "altemative" is because they positioned themsel"es against the daily newspapers. And оЕ сошsе this \vas "!'ROM L NШсRGRОUSD ТО t\iERY""HI'RI'''

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in ап ега before commercial dailies faced competition f'rom (Ье Intemet, саЫе television, or satellite radio. "Nobody else [\vas} using (гее circulation, шп­ ning personal ads, writing seriously аЬоис сЬе Clash and Funkadelic, telling kids аЬош local bands, covering сЬе independent Ыт scene, writing frankl у аЬош Бех, [or) printing cuss words," гететЬеГБ Richard Karpel, сшгепtlу сЬе executive director of [Ье Association of Altemative News\veeklies (AAN). "So back сЬеп we were 'the altemative. Ву setting themselves оп sounder economic footing сЬап tl1e underground papers, and Ьу making gllality joumalism their top priority, [Ье alt-\veeklies also usually managed to ршsuе а wider variety of stories and fearure more substantial reporring сЬап [Ье suЬtепапеап press. In ЫБ 1981 book, А Tnml­ pet {о Arms: AltematiX'e i\Jedia in Ame/'iC,I, former Berkele) Ва,-Ь editor David Armstrong described how some alt-weeklies had begun to exert а powerful liberal influence in their communities. In Northem Califomia, for instance, [Ье Mendocino Grapex,ine helped со sрш reforms in [Ье state's housing code, which llad previously Ьееп unfavorable [о migrant llomesteaders who'd built environmenrally sound саЫПБ that used solar power, wind turbines, and compost privies. In nearby San Francisco, [Ье BtlJ GUt1l'clian llelped drive а [оса! пюvеmепt against higll-rise buildings, whicll ,vere scraining сЬе city's finances in ways that тапу citizens barely understood. With writers like Аrthш ВеН, Richard Goldstein, and others, [Ье Village \!riice was often ехсер­ tional in its coverage of issues of concern [о gays (thougll [Ье paper also осса­ sionaHy fOllnd ways of rankling gay activists). According со а jошпаlism prot'c:$sor, Ьу [Ье late 19805 [Ье \/oice was а chief $ошсе of reliable information about AIDS, "еуеп as it lleld ир а miпог to сЬе grief, anxiety, and fшу that raged througll [Ье {gay} community. For several years, and working right ир unril hi$ death in 1994, Robert Ma5sa was [Ье ЬеБС AIDS reporter in [Ье country. In сЬе 1980s сЬе рарег also began pllblishing ап аппиа! Queer Issue [Ьас provided ricll coverage of [Ье LGBT (lesbian, gay, ЫБехиа!, and transgender) community. Other stories сЬас emerged from [Ье a!temative press proved rather sensa­ tional. Уп I990, [Ье Chicago Readey's John Conroy uncovered allegations (Ьас since as far back as 1972, !оса! police Ьаd Ьееп torturing African Americans with hideous beatings, suffocations, mock execution, and e!ectric shocks, in order [о coerce confessions. Ultimately, the startling claims were found [о Ье credible; in 2000, Illinois govemor George Ryan put а moratorium оп ехеси­ tions in l1is state, and in 200., Ье cleared its death row. 24 (In June 2010, former Chicago police lieutenant John Burge was convicted оп federal cl1arges of lying аЬоис abusing suspects in а 200., civiJ lawsuit.) In Plloenix, (Ье Nezl' Times publislled articles that led [о [Ье twenty-tllree-counr federal indictment r 78

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of Arizona's governor, Fife Sуmiпgюп, 1П 1997, and сЬе paper broke numerous sюгiеs concerning tlle law-enforcement abllses of Maricopa County's llldi­ crous sheriff, Joe Arpaio. 2j lп 2001, сЬе Boston Phoenix's Kristen Lombardi revealed how arcl1diocesan officials had covered llр allegations сЬас а priest had Ьееп sexually molesting young cl1ildren. А (иН year 'асег, сЬе Boston Globe picked ир сЬе sюгу, and with irs superior resources (Ье рарег was аЫе (о obtain previollsly secret legal documenrs сЬас led (О сЬе resignation of Bos­ ton's агсhЫslюр, Cardinal Law. lп 2005, Nigel Jaguiss, а reporter (ог Рогс­ land,Oregon's, alr-weekly Willamette Week, won а Plllitzer Prize (ог revealing сЬас аЬош сшпу years earlier, Oregon's governor, Neil Goldschmidt, had sexually abused I1is family's fourteen-year-old babysirrer. lп some cases, altemative journalisrs had со pracrically insist сl1а( (l1еу Ье allowed со ршsuе Sllcl1 work-intensive, and long-winded, exposes. Accocding (о Clif Garboden, ап alt-press veteran witl1 сl1е Boston P!JOenix \v110 got his start ас Ray Mungo's ви Neu'J, "Whi!e publisl1ers in (l1е early '80S \vere busily coming llр \vith 'Iifestyle' concepts (ог сl1е 'те generation,' сl1е staffs were devoting еуна! energy to thwarting сЬе accompanying artiflc1aliry. "28 David Сап, formerly of сЬе Tuin Cities Reade,. and 'W'ashington City Раре,-, said narrative l1eaves becallse we liked sometl1ing simi!ar: "We did tlюsе doing сl1ет. ТЬе inrerest in those ambitiOllS news features mostly сате from сl1е sraffs, as opposed со readers, altl10ugh occasionally сЬеу cOllld land \vitl1 big impacr."2() Alr-weeklies have also provided havens (ог writers whose experimental brio was !ess welcome 1П сЬе daily papers. Неге сl1еу were рroЬаЫу less influ­ enced Ьу llnderground press journalism сl1ап Ьу сl1е New Joumalists of tlle 1960s and I9705, who \vere тоге artfu! in rheir application of lirerary сесЬ­ niques со nonfiction reporring. \(1 Even if т05С a!r-weekly journalisrs cOllldn't write as \уеll as Тот \'Vo!fe, Gay or Joan Didion, rlley u'anted ro, and ас а time \vl1en сЬе pllblic had а grearer appetite (ог long-form journalism and rlЮllght tl1an ir does today, alremarive newspapers were тоге condllcive со rl1eir aspirations сl1ап сl1е daily ОПб. "We make по assignmenrs, have по dеаdliш:s, and make по promises со ГlШ апу stocies," boasted ВоЬ Roth, tl1e Readey's founding editor, in а 1980 intervie\v. "We want writers со l1ave сl1е time and freedom со find stories сl1еу саге аЬош and сап wrire witl1 а poinr ofview."H In а 1985 radio interview оп WBEZ, Roth elaborated: "As а lot of readers in tl1is town l1ave discovered, 'professional' is а code word .... 'Professional' publications are closed to newcomers becallse tl1ey've got their reglllars. Опе of tl1e tl1ings сl1е Readet' has always Ьееп proudesr of is сЬас we're ореп со names we l1ave never heard of, people we never тес, people wl10 don't have а гершаtiоп."Н For а "FROM l'><;DER(;ROI;ND Т() [VERYWHERE"

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time, it was even сЬе paper's policy со read every Sllbmission [гот сЬе SILlSh pile tU'icc before deciding it was unworthy for pllbIication, just in case tl1ey were in а bad mood сЬе first time ог were 5ubconsciously prejlldiced because сЬе piece in qllestion сате [гот ап атасеиг. "Basically, what wc setcled оп i5 ап аррroасЬ сЬас rejects two of сЬе most imропаnr underpinning5 of сЬс waY5 ЬorЬ dailics in Chicago орегасс," Roth said: Опе

i5 \ve've сосаllу rejected сЬе "objeccivity" сЬас сЬеу think сЬеу'ге bringing to their work. .. ТЬе alternative papers believe сЬас сЬе only way уои сап write anything that's truly worth reading is if it's inrerpretive, if ic's subjeccive, if iC'5 got а poinr of view.. . ТЬеп number two, [we believe} сЬас daily newspapers а11 over сЬе соипсгу display а ridiculously пагго\у sense of newsworthiness. We, оп сЬе осЬег hand ... сгу со find something that's broader. Thac's why уои'll find сЬе Readel' wich amazing freqllency writing аЬоllt copics сЬас dailies wOllldn't give а momenr's consideracion со, because newswor­ thiness со сЬет means сЬе mayor's press conference, it means сЬе NCAA cl1ampionship game, it means Linda Evans and whoever ic is, Joan Collil1s-Linda Eval1s and Joal1 Collins, thac's who it i5 roday. "ТЬеге

used (о Ье such а brighc white line between сЬе weeklie5 and dailies in terms of voice," adds Сап. ТЬе alt-weeklies, Ье said, were some of сЬе besc places со find "а primacy of сЬе importance of narrative and story­ celling. And yes, [асс was imporram, Ьис it cOllld Ье rendered in somewhat musical ways, where сЬе prose wOllld dance and Ье animared Ьу а point of Neu YQrkel' scaff wrirer Susan Orlean, who launched Ьег сагеег ас Wil!allletfe wt'ck and lacer wrote for сЬе BostOfl Phoenix, is а good example of а wricer who profited [гот сЬе freedom she fOllnd in сЬе alternative press. In а 2003 intervie\v, she remarked, "1 do think having started ту career writing longer-form stories сЬас relied heavily 011 executiol1-al1d пос jU5C 011 соп­ cept-\vas а pertecr opportul1ity со паiп [ог сЬе kind of work 1 like most. 1 like finding storie5 сЬас are пос obvious, [like} сЬе oblique examinariol1 of popular Сlllшге and suЬсulшгеs,"i5 Iс \vas сЬе alternative papers' impressive financial succe5s, throughout most of the 19705, I9805, al1d 19905, tlblt allowed сЬет го publi5h such daring and ambitiOllS news fearures. In 1971, гЬе C!Jicag(} Reader's founders established а template that wa5 eventually followed Ьу аН сЬе other alt-week­ lies: instead of chargil1g for rheir paper and slowly winning over readers, сЬеу began with а large free circularion and 5ег corresponding advertising гаСб. Initially сЬе Reader lost топеу, Ьис eventually it Ьесате very рroБсаЫе, and before long, across гЬе СОllЩГУ, alt-weeklie5 collld Ье picked ир [ог 180

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....

whether from sidewalk distribution boxes or from stacks near the entrances of bookstores, record stores, supermarkets, and cafes. о(, Ву circulating in this way, and Ьу providing imaginative and comprehensive listings of what was happening around town, along with consumer reviews and aggressive cov­ erage of the апs (especially rock and ro11), the papers attracted а younger demographic that proved tantalizing to аdvепisегs. А typical alt-weekly [ап ads for appliances, stereos, futons, escorts, and tattoo parlors, and had а thick classifieds section. Jirn Larkin, who helped found the Phoenix Neu' Times and later Ьесате СЕО of Village Voice Media, remarked, "When the Chicago Reader stапеd to get wind in their sails, that was pretty iтропапt, because they really understood free circulation, and ... free circulation is really а hallmark of the alternative press."'­ As closely held companies, most alt-weeklies do not reveal information their finances, Ьш according to опе media consultant, Ьу the very late

аЬош

I980s some papers were making "20 or 30 percenc profits before taxes оп revenue of $ I million or more," and the AAN, which consisted of thiпу papers when it was founded in I978, had expanded to seventy-six members Ьу I99I, with а combined circulation of fош million.\R That same year, Forbes [ап а story headlined "Воот Times for New Times," referring to New Times, Inc., the parent сотрапу of а national chain of alt-weeklies. But as Mediau'eek pointed out, the alt-weeklies' success was accompanied Ьу the complaint that "as the papers have begun to make топеу, the people who [ип them have taken to behaving like bottom-line-obsessed" CEOs. Labor-versus­ management quarrels had recently sшfасеd at the Voice and SF Weekly, and some feared "the coming corporatization of the medium," as chains like New Times and the Atlanta-based Creative Loafing began acquiring more newspa­ pers. Others worried that the alt-weeklies were either growing stale, or else tшпiпg away from their advocacy roles.,9 Such hand wringing was hardly unllSual. From the early I970S until the mid-I99Оs, mainstream press геропs described the alternative press as соп­ stantly srumbling toward таtшitу and seeking tO sever its ties to the gritty underground press that preceded it. Nearly twency-five years worth of head­ lines tell the tale: "Press for Уошhs Seeks New Image" (I973), "The Alterna­ tive Press Goes Straight" (974), "Ир From Underground" (976), "Berkeley [Barb] Gaining Respectability and Readers" (r 979), "И nderground Papers Соте Ир оп Тор" (980), "Transition in 'Alternative' Press Focus ofMeeting" (r 984), "Is Success Spoiling the Alternative Press;>" (r 987), "Alternative Weeklies оп the Rise," (I989), "Alternative Weeklies Are Gaining Respect­ and Readers" (I989), "The Alternative Press Grows Ир" (I99I), and finally, "Established Altematives" (I995).~() In I994 the Washington Post's Richard FROM U~DERGROlJND ТО EVI'RYWHF.RE

I

8I

Leiby found ir richly iгonic rhat rhe AAN's аппнаl conyenrion, hosted in Boston Ьу the Phf)enix, llad Ьееп sLlch а bland, clean-cur, middle-of-the-road affair. "н someone had sparked а big fae joint . , . then passed it over со те," Leiby joked, "тауЬе I'd believe for а seoned тотепс that 1 was апепс!iпg а convenrion of the nation's most unruly, eccentric and savagely unpredictable СОlшtегсultше newspaper editors, " I1 1n fairness, some conference goers ргоЬаЫу agreed that that еуепс \vas especially establishmene-oriented, insofar as АТ&Т sponsorec! опе of irs panels, and ABCs Cokie Roberts clelivered the keynote address. Bllt а greater iгony тау lie in the tact that sixteen years af'ter AAN \vas founded in Seattle, some \уеге apparently still expecting its trade association mееtiпgs со Ьеаг some resemblance со а 1aee-19605 SDS conference, еуеп though editors and publishers о( altematiye papers had alreacly gone ro suc11 lengrhs (о l1igh1ight their respectability, lп а 1982 book about business culшге, Раиl Solman and Thoma5 Friedman (а differenr \yriter than the foreign atIair5 columnist for сЬе Neu lork Тi!lЮ) pointed Оllt that in I976 Boston's Не,,1 Paper prodllCed а paradigmatic bгochure \vith which сЬеу sOllght со апгап advertisers. It \уа;; head1ined, "ТНЕУ DONT THROW ROCKS ANYMORE." Оп

rhe соуег \vas а phoro of srudenr demonsrrarors breaking \"indows in Har"ard Square during the Harvard sшdепt srrike 1П 1969. The пехс page had а phoro of а cOllple 1П tl1eir mid-t\venries, lounging оп ап ехрепsiуе couch, апd playing Ьасkgаmтоп as their сас looked оп. Ас eheir Ееее, а сору of ТЬе Real Раре/' and а volume ог' Roberc Prose's роесгу. The hеаd1iпе оп СШ5 page [ead, 'BUT THEY'RE SТILL DOING THINGS THEIR WAy J,' Especially during the I9905, the ЬU5iпеss model the altematives estab­ lishec! yielded gangbusters resulrs. 1n rhe very same period t11at dai1y papers were 105ing readers (especially younger опеs), сЬе (гее пеwswееk1iе5 dramar­ ically boosted their сiгculаtiоп (fгom аЬоис 2.7 milliоп iп I989 со 7.6 million lП and they сопriпuеd (о do \ve11 witl1 сЬе coveted т8-34 аето­ graphic. Alt-weeklies also fiпаllу Ьеgап dга\viпg а bit ог' narional ас!vепisiпg iп the 19905, But this wa5 а150 а time ог' consternation in the iпdusrгу, as corporate parenrs s\vallowed lIР 50те ог' the iпdерепdепr рареГ5. Тп 200."), (Ье U.S JlIstice Deparrment rebuked New Times Media (which o\vned еlе"еп papers) апd Village Voice Media (which owned six) \vhen сl1е (\уо companies swapped assets and closecj newspapers iп еасЬ other's markets (in L,A. and Cleveland). Вш сЬе prime ехатрlе of what alr-press паditiопаlisrs lашепt as сЬе corporatization of their industry wa5 сЬе 200() merger of сЬе Ne\v Times and Village Voice chains, at"ter which the new сотрапу took (11е пате Village r 82

SMOKJ:-
TYPIC\XRJТERS

Voice Media. Мапу in the alt-press indllstry fretted аЬОllt the merger. The San Francisco Бау Guardian--owned Ьу Bruce BrLlgmann, who was then in the process of suing the New Times owners--editorialized that it "could bring тоге homogeneity into the last bastion of irreverence and print mllck­ raking," and expressed fear that even the storied Village Voice wOllld Ье forced to adhere to а New Times--driven "cookie cutter" content formllla. 44 In addition to sharing similar designs, and occasionaliy even some поп­ local contenr, papers that belong to the Arizona-based Village Voice Media аН claim со prize hard reporting over соттеnrагу, and they strive ro арреаг nonideological. As а reslllt, the slIpposedly "altemative" papers in cities as distinct as Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, and Seattle аге thollght Ьу some to Ье virtually indistinguishable. In 2003, а journalist who assayed the papers ас ап AAN regional meeting complained they аН "looked the same-same format, same fonts, same columns complaining аЬоllt the local daily, same sex-advice, same five-thousand-word hole for the cover story."45 Others agree that а rrend toward homogenization was already under way, even before the big merger, and they hold that it was largely volllntary. Russ Smith, who founded three altemative papers, inclllding the New York Press, recalls that "In the mid-late 90S, there was а hue and сгу among the indepen­ dent weeklies аЬОllС New Times ... publishing 'cookie-cutter' McWeeklies." But ас the very same time, he says, тапу (perhaps most) of the tabloids that groused аЬош homogeneity were аН running the same syndicated sex advice colllmn (Оап Savage's "Savage Love"), the same astrology column (Rob Brezsny's "Free Will Astrology"), and the same left-wing political carroons (Ьу Тот Tomorrow and Ted Rall). Furthermore, he says, These independent papers, coasting edirorially, would act in lockstep, пос in collusion Ьис ЬесаllSе of а confluence of leaky imaginations. So, for example, in the eleetion of '96, the endorsements of ВШ Clinton were nearly lInanimolls among those papers that endorsed; if ап "alt" filmmaker like [QlIentin} Tarranrino or Michael Moore ... had а new movie ош, УОll could Ье sше that it'd Ье а cover sllbject for most of these weeklies .... Even as pllblishers had ever bulging wallets, they stayed trlle to the safe lefty editorial сопсепс, and jllst churned it ОllС, while геаl editors ... like [New Times ехесшivе editor} Mike Lacey, the evil Cookie Сшtег Monster, асшаНу encouraged огigiпаl and dагiпg reporting in his "chain" papers. 4 (; Вш some hold that the papers are different, if for по other reason than that they exist iп markets that differ widely Ьу size апd draw from different talent pools. Others mаiпtаiп that if the cookie-cutter metaphor is ассшаtе

"FROM [J'IDERGRO[J:'oID

ТО EVERYWHERE"

I

83

(as applied со Village Voice Media's papers), "сЬеп сЬеу make а grear-rasting cookie,"j7 It тау also Ье сЬе case сЬас сЬе whole debace is пос nearly as impor­ саnt as ir mighr Ьауе Ьееп, say, rhirry years ago. "1 rhink сЬе fear of homoge­ nization ot' media overall is ludicrou5, in сЬе сшгеnt context," says David Сап. "If уои define the media broadly," со include the Internet, "chere's пеуег Ьееп тоге sources of information, and there's just Ьееп ап explosion of voices-a jai1break in terms of who сап pubIish and who сап gain ассеп­ tion."48 Left-wing magazines like сЬе Nation, Mother 10ТЮ, the Progl'eSsive, and сЬе socialist-minded [п TheJe Times conrinue со play some of сЬе same roles as alr-weeklie5 (though they тау Ье тоге associared wirh invesrigative jошпаl­ ism and strong opinions than humorous ог sprightly writing). Furrhermore, according to S!ate's Jack Shafer, who formerly edited сЬе Washingtoll City Paper and SF Weekly, "Since сЬе beginning of the alt-newspa­ рег Ьоот, there's Ьееп а steady migration of геаНу talented people to daily papers. 1 don'c subscribe со сЬе notion that there remains this huge gap between what сЬе alt papers did and whar the daily papers do; rhar gap has narrowed." Besides, Ье adds, unlike сЬе underground papers of сЬе Sixties­ which пеуег betrayed апу anxiety оуег their libel liability-the free cicy weeklies аН Ьауе libel insurance. "And che miпше уои'уе gO( libel iпsшапсе, уои'уе goc а fucking suit and tie оп, Гт sorry!"~9 Changes ас сЬе Village Voice, chough, Ьауе Ьееп dramatic. According со опе insider, Ьу сЬе end of 2008 che рарег was operaring wirh аЬоис Ьаlf of the staff ic Ьаd before it was acquired Ьу the New Times chain, and several of its star writers were еitЬег laid off or re5igned; сЬе legendary Nat Hencoff, wЬоsе fir5t ЬуНпе appeared in сЬе Voice in 1958, was fired.'() In 2009 сЬе рарег еуеп disconcinued its syndicatec{ cartoons, апосЬег mainscay of mosc alc-weeklies. According Larkin, сЬе downsizing was necessary in сЬе face of declining clas­ sified ad геуепие, whiсЬ had gone со Craigslist and social net\vorking sites like МассЬ.сот. "ТЬе Vi!!age Voice 105t 15 million {dollars} in classifieds in seven years," Ье said. ТЬе

reason we ended ир wich ic i5 because it was ready со close down when we tDok it оуег. Because we made the adjustments we needed со make, (he Vi!!age Voice is alive and now i('5 back оп ir5 and doing well. [Vntil then) по опе wanced (о рау сЬе piper, по опе wanted (о face сЬе problem, по опе wanted со face сЬе union, по опе wanted со face the facc сЬас сЬеге were а ЬипсЬ of old writer5 сЬеге who hadn'( done an)'thing for а 10ng time, [who} were pulling do\vn big salaries. No опе \vanted со face tlle fact сЬас сЬе рарег was maintained and рис ощ Ьу inrerns, in тапу cases unpaid. Уои сап'с operate (Ьас way. ТЬе Voice was overstaffed. 51 184

I

SMOKING

TYPEWRIТERS

1

Others тау Ье more sentimental аЬош the paper, which, after аН, has а reputation. Ву fusing ап еЬulliепс curiosity for сЬе arts with ап uпет­ barrassed attitude toward sex, Ьу pursuing а left-wing political agenda, and Ьу grancing tremendous liberties со its columnists and investigative reporters, сЬе Voice helped to pioneer modern alternative journalism. Today, some of its loyal readers Ьоре сЬас irs vегегапs might exerr а spectral iпfluепсе ас з6 Cooper Sq uare .

"FROM l:NDERGROl:ND

ТО EVF.RYWHERE"

r8s

Afterword

IF OFFSET PUBLISНING made the underground press possible, desktop риЬ­ lishing in the 1980s led to ап explosion in the publication оЕ "zines" (said to derive from the term "fanzine"). The first zines are thought to date from the 1930s, when science-fiction fans circulated obsessive lerrers and commentary about the books and comics they devoured; in the 1970s, punk rock's DIY (do-it-yourself) ethos fed the production оЕ amateur magazines devoted to underground bands and culture. Опе such magazine, New York's Риnk, caught Forcade's arrention not long after it first started coming out in 1976. According to John Holmstrom, опе оЕ Punk's cofounders, Forcade gave them printing advice, set them ир with а distributor, and generally took them under his wing. Не thought they represented "the next big wave in under­ ground publishing."l Вш the defiantly amateur, noncommercial, homemade pamphlets or chapbooks that emerged in the 1980s were guirkier and more idiosyncratic than the sci-fi or punk mags that preceded them. Usually composed Ьу indi­ viduals rather than groups or collectives, they addressed topics including (Ьш hardly limited to) radical politics, feminism, the suburbs, vegetari­ anism, low-wage vocations, religion, poetry and literature, travel, technology, gadgets, рор culture, drugs, kinky sex, UFOs, and serial killers. Zines сап sometimes Ье found at offbeat book and record stores, and for а spell in the 1990s, large chains like Tower Records and Barnes & Noble carried а handful оЕ sporadically published titles. 2 But the vast majority оЕ them circulate through themail .• Thoughitisimpossibletoknowtheirreadership.inI997 media scholar Stephen Duncombe estimated that somewhere between

500,000 and 750,000 youths were in regular contact with zines.~ In а few instances, like-minded zinesters have formed leagues or соllес­ tives. Опе such group-the Cambridge-based Small Press АШапсе, which arose in the mid- 1980s-was merely practically minded. Опе оЕ its founders,

Rob Cl1alfen, recalls tllat 50те оЕ its t\venty ог 50 members \Vere 50 cJuirky and idiosyncratic tl1at rlley bristled at tl1e group's пате; (l1е SPA sOLlnded (оо тиС!1 like а Sixties throwback, wllereas rhey \varlted to shO\VCa5e their indi­ vidualism.' 1Ъеп il1 the 19905, (l1е femif1ist-pul1k movemef1t Riot Grrrl spa\vned thollsaf1ds о( ziпеs tl1at circulated iп а carefully cultivated distгiЬшiоп net\vork. Collectively, tl1eir ziпеs promoted inter-movemel1t сотmLlпiсаriОI1 and helped со build group solidariry, af1d il1 this \vay сl1еу served а function not unlike (l1ас оЕ сЬе lIndergroL1nd ne\vspapers оЕ уоге. "If1 tlle shado\vs of сl1е dominanr сulrше, zines af1d uf1dergrollnd сulшге mark ош " ОипсотЬе writes, "\virhin \vhich to imagil1e and ехрегimепt with ne\v and idealistic \vays оЕ tllinkil1g, сотmuпiсаriпg, and being." In tl1eir сопсепс, {огт, al1d огgапizаtiсю, "[they} сопstitше аl1 аltешаrivе ideal оЕ ho\v hllman relations, creation, af1d cOf1sumptiof1 could Ье orgaf1ized,"(' Моге

cOl1seqllentially. 50те ot" what'5 hаррепiпg in (Ье let"t-wing blogo­ sp!1ere сап like\vise Ье compared (о (Ье Sixties lIf1dergrollf1d press. If offset printing af1d desktop pllblisl1if1g l1ауе lo\\'ered the barriers of el1tty into jошпаlism and created f1e,v means for personaJ expression, (Ье Iпtешеt 11as completely revolutionized сЬе public sphere. As the clicbl holds, no\vadays freedom ot- (Ье press Ьеlопgs (о апуопе \vith а laptop соmршег al1d ап Iпtешеt соппесriоп.

"Never

ЬеЕоге,"

раssiопаtе ошsidегs-hl.1пdгеds оЕ

writes Мап Welch, "have 50 тапу thollsands, at тiпiтllт-stогтеd сЬе

protessiol1al jошпаlisт."Ву тапу aCCOllnts, (Ье so-called netroots-a loose соаlitiоп оЕ activis[ bloggers-took shape in respol1se со сЬе Florida еlесtiоп гесоипс оЕ 2000, \уЬеl1 тапу grassroots activists concluded tllat сЬе Democratic Рагсу estab­ lishmel1t lacked (Ье sromach Еог а knock-clo\vn, drag-out brawl \vith Repub­ licans оуег ho\v (Ье contested ballors ollgl1t со Ье counted." Лfrег\vагd, гЬе highly polarizing BlIsh аdтiшstгаtiоп provided the (пюstlу) YOllnger blog­ gers ample opportllnity (о Ьопе rheir skills at polirical тшl wresrling.~ Althougl1 it's obvious сЬас (l1е established media сопtiпuеs со take (Ье liol1's sh
оЕ

АfТl'!1'МЖj)

187

majority whip. In the 2004 election, rhe liberal political action committee MoveOn.org demonstrated the Internet's power to bring like-minded people together, and although he didn't win the Democratic primaries, presidential сапdidаtе Howard Dеап fОtlпd new ways оЕ hаrnеssiпg the Web's loose srruc­ tше; his infltlence оп political campaigning in the United 5tates will Ье lasting. 1O And while the 2008 election will always Ье historic because it made Barack ОЬата ргеsidепt, it should also Ье remembered as а watershed elec­ tiоп iп which the Beltway media was fгеquепrlу ошmапеuvегеd ог humbled l1 Ву опе aCCOlll1t, the netroots have already Ьу the liberal blogosphere. Ьесоте "the most sigпiпсапt mass movement in и.5. politics since the rise оЕ the Christian right" iп tl1e early I980s. Givеп how чtliсklу and thorotlghly ош media environment is changing, it is dangerous со say соо much аЬош where we might Ье headed. The Project for Ехсеllепсе in American Journalism's аппиаl report Еог 2009, The State 0/ the Nешs lНedia, is bracing: it de5cribe5 pltlnging newspaper геvепuеs, papers either falling into bankruptcy ог losing most оЕ their values, а speedy audi­ епсе migration to the Internet, and а lack оЕ consensus (ог even тапу very good ideas) аЬош how со сгеасе revenue stfeams that will suрроп the news­ gathering апd геропiпg that i5 50 essential in а democracy.l; No опе knows when it will happen, Ьис еvепшаllу-iп nve years, ог тауЬе сеп, ог 50те­ time after that-printed daily newspapers оЕ апу суре will either Ьесоте гаге iп the U nited States, ог they will cease to exist altogether. Вис опе prediction is safe: never again will we see anything like the undergrotlnd press оЕ the Sixties. Опе reason is that the technology that spawned the tlndergrotlnd press is practically obsolete; it is simply по longer exciting ог cost-efncient [о transfer inked images to cheap рарег. Another reason is that the movement сЬас fueled the growth оЕ undergrollnd newspa­ pers is likewise extinct. ОЕ сошsе, the Sixties remain а force in American popular culture; so тотепrоus were that decade's events that even Чllепt generations have соте оЕ age in its afterglow. Вш the underground press had а specinc raison d'erre: it was created to bring ti(lings оЕ the YOllth геЬеШоп [о cities апd campllses across America and со help bllild а mass movement. Апd for аН оЕ its shопсоmiпgs-аеsthеtiс, iпtеllесшаl, and even sometimes moral-this is something it did remarkably weB. In some cases, the underground papers that emerged from сЬе SUЬСllltшаl stirrings in local commllnities were anodynes for сЬе socially aggrieved; in other instances, they were much more intoxicating. Whether they advanced сЬе hard-boiled analysis оЕ SDS, Herbert Marcllse, Коат Chomsky, or Нllеу Newton, ог championed the new liberated lifestyles associated with Wood­ stock
SMOK1NG

TYPEWRIТI'RS

сЬе

radical newssheets Ьесате сЬе mediums through \vhicl1 уощl1s trans­ mitted their unfiltered argllments and ideas and popularized their rebellion. After years of 5rressing сЬе importance ofbuilding "соаnrегiпstiшtiопs" (most of whiсЬ, frankly, didn't атоипс со тасЬ), сЬе undergroand press Ьесате сЬе Ne\v Left's greate5( organizational achievemenr. In this way, сЬеу \vere in­ 5piring and 5cimulating. "ТЬе most valuable thing аl)оllt сЬе underground press," АЬЫе Hoffman опсе remarked, "i5 that it'5 сЬеге. It i5 а visible mani­ festation оГ ап alternative culture. Ir help5 со create а national identity. "14 And because оГ сЬе undergrollnd papers' extraordinary inclusiveness-their ореп­ neS5 со \vrirers and оГ varying persaasion5 and capabilities, and cheir decencralized operating struсшгеs-thеу helped со Ггате social relations within сЬе Моуетепс. ОГ course, СlOпе of chis сате easily. In early Т967, а woman (гот Madison,

\'
improvemel1ts

\уе саl1110С

make. Also, when dealing wich so

тllС!1 уоl­

ипсеег

help, we саl1ПОС ехресс реорlе со show ир as regularly as сЬеу might if' сЬеу \уеге paid staf'f'workers. Time Ьесоте5 а major and \уе иSllаllу fini5h еасЬ issue jllst 11l1der сЬе wire.... This time pressure a150 reslllts in f'razzled nerves and occasional mistakes getting princed. Thil1gs аге seldom proof'-read Sllfticiently, and \уе are ехнетеlу f'ortll­ пасе not со have тоге errors il1 ош сору. Also, jllst gепil1g (еп ог ы­ сееп people cogether ас опе time Гог ап editorial meetil1g is dif'ficalt \уЬеl1 most оГ сЬет have осЬег jobs and геsрОl1siЫliсiеs. And сЬеп there's correspondence, rejections, lасе nighcs, \vorry, f'rustration. Even аГсег аН this, chough, she scressed сЬас their work scill seemed \vorchwhile and falfilling. "1 Ьоре сЬас аН chese miпше points \уill пос di5­ sllade УОll in уоllt ассетрс со organize а рарег," she concluded. ТЬеге remail1ed "countless joys in pllblishing а finished product onove-labor, espe­ cially ап lIпdегgГOlшd paper which ассетРС5 50 5trenllo1l51y ... со commllni­ сасе \vith kindred mil1ds and perhaps сопуеп а f'ew not-so-kindred ol1es." 1(, Certainly сЬе era's screet-corner new5papers 100т large in сЬе memories оГ тапу Sixties veterans. In сЬе spring оГ 1969, ]esse Kornbluth, а former salesman of'Boston's At'atar, penned а Ьеашif'1I1 elegy Гог сЬе in which Ье listed "Sgt. Peppers, sconed sex, СОllnCГУ ]ое & сЬе Fis11, сЬе Love-II15, and сЬе bealltiflll nt\vspapers" as Ье would miss most аЬоllt сЬе era. 111 his estimation, lIпdегgrouпd newspapers ranked alongside exciting iппоvаtiОI1S .~ГJЕj(';;'OJШ

т89

in rock and roH and bountiful Sllpplies of шагijuaпа as essential ingredients in [Ье New Left rebellion; сЬеу were what had шаdе "а national thougl1 di5­ organized 'уошh mоvешеш' possible." Не also understood сЬас сЬе papers were significant even beyond сЬе quality and reach of the ideas сЬеу dissem­ inated. ''ТЬе роiш \Va5 сЬас these toys \vere ош OWI1," 11e crowed, "al1d every­ thil1g worked."l­ ТЬе democratic sel1sibilities сЬас Sixties youths brought со jоuгпаlism, thougl1, пос 0111y persist, Ьш also have already taken оп а life of their o\vn. Al1d, barring sоше dystopian tuшге, сЬеу аге likely со endure in sоше fash­ ion or another. With сЬе proliferation of new tool5 for gathering, recording, and tгапsшittiпg news, we are going to continue со see а collapsing of pri­ vate space and а diffusion of power around knowledge and information. For left-wingers in Ашегiса today, сЬе Iшеrnеt lюlds SUCl1 rremel1dollS promise and opportunity. Вис шuсh of what сЬе liberal blogosphere is already credited \vith--democratizing сЬе шеdiа, rapidly circulating information, influel1cing сЬе agenda of tl1e шаiпstгеаm press, and building communities amol1g like-mil1ded gгоllрS-\Vаs accomplished оп а sшаllег scale nearly forry years ago Ьу сЬе brash al1d saucy, threadbare papers of сЬе ul1dergroul1d press.

190

i

SMOKINC; TYPEIX,'RITF.RS

Notes

Note

оп

Sources

1. Quored io )0110 Kronenberger, "Whar's Вlack and White and Pink and Greeo and Dirry and Read АВ Оуег)" Look, ОссоЬег

1,

1968,22. In 1973, ап employee t()r БеН

and Howell, which microfilmed rhe underground papers and sold rhem ro libraries, said somerhing similar, "Теп aod БJт

уеаг; [roт

now, scholars wil1 !ook аг rhese micro­

copies and see how rhings have evolved," Quored in Clark DeLeon, ''LodergrOLlnd

Press Alive and WeB io 300 Ciries," Philadelphia lnqllirer,

0/ Еdщ

2.

Dicksrein, Gates

3

Ryan, Ciui( U"ars, 1 3·

Мау

14, 1973.

132.

Intrоdщtiоn

1.

ТЬе

Rolling Scones'

Angels with $500

roщ

manager

wопh

of Ьеег.

ас

rhar rime, Sam Curler,

Бш

various parries disagree

\vas given freely, perhaps in order ro placare [he Angels, 2.

аdтiпеd Ье

ог

аЬош

provided

wherher

wherher ir was in

гЬе

гЬе Ьеег

ге[щп Еог

а pledge Егот гЬе Angels ro guard rhe scage ог provide some orher Еогт of securiry. See Nicholas уоп Hoffmao, "Violence ас AJramonr," Washington Post aI/d Тimes-Herald, )апиагу

2, 1970. The gLlOre originally appeared in Rolling Stone magazine.

'ТЬе RоШпg Srones: Сап'г Ger No Sa[isfacrion," in Chrisrgau, Old U/4y. 4. Rolling Stone, which was гЬеп locared in rhe Бау Area bur was пагюпаl in scope, like­ wise provided rhorough and oursranding coverage оЕ гЬе Alramonr fiasco. See epecially ТЬе Edirors, "Ler ir Бlееd," Rolling Stom,]anuary 2!, 1970, 18-з8;)оhп Burks, "In гЬе At'termarll оЕ AI[amonr," Ro!!ing Stone, Pebгuaгy 7,1970, 7-8. ). George Ран! Csicsery, "Srones Сопсегг Ends 1[: America Now Up [ог Grabs," Berkeley

3. See Roberr ChrisrgaLl, Аnу

Tribe, December 12-19,1969,1,5· 6. Derroit Annie, "Уои Always Ger Whar 1969, 5. Anorher

[оса!

Alramonr in only slighrly

Уои

ОесетЬег 12-19, Berkeley ВdУЬ, wrore аЬош mured rones. Ir disringuished irself, however, wirh ап

Wanr," Berkell:Y Tribe,

LlndergroLlnd newspaper, тоге

гЬе

exclusive cover srory пате, сЬе

оп

[Ье

Barb was

Meredirh Hunrer.

onJy опе (har wenr

orher papers menrioned Hunrer's со апу еf!оп (о

find

оис аЬощ

him. See

''ТЬе

Killed Ас Аlсатопс," Berkeley ВауЬ, December 19-24, 1969, 1,5-6, 13, 17,

Kind

7· UС:,Е;"ШJ"Е; in 1965. rhe Ехашiner worked under а joinr operaring agreemenr wirl1 сЬе San Franci.rco Chrollicle, in which [l1е Chronicle pubIished in гl1е mornings and rhe Ехаm­ iпег

in

сl1е

evenings. The two

8. William O'Brien,

9, Jim Weed,

"300,000

ТЬе [а5С Ыс,

рарег,

Jam Rock

Сопсегс,"

Say It wirh Music," San

а Sunday edirion. San Franci",o Examiller, December 6,

FгащiJ(Q Ехаmmег,

December 7. 1969·

referencing the JeHerson Airplane's уоurh-culrше anthem, was а particu­

larly ludicrous с11ас

"300,000

disrопiоп,

singers,

Магсу

seeing

а,

ho\v

опе

Balin, compJetely

of с11е

НеН',

LшсопsсiОLIS

AngeJs l1ad knocked during

сl1е бгsс

опе

of

song of tl1eir

ser, 10, "Rock Festival's Magnetic Draw," San

Fгащi.rСIi

Examimr, December 9, 1969' Speaking со rheir ache of inhibired and unreleased energy. It produces exalrarion. Тl1е experience. . had ele­ menrs of frenzy cypica! 01- primitive religions, T110se w110 \vrire, promorc and р!ау hard rock are ics prie5rs and Pied Pipers." journaJism," Neu Yorker, I 1. Loui5 Menand, "Ic Took А VilIage: НО\У сЬе Voit'e Jащtагу ), 2008, 44, 12. Ic is impossibIe со measure precisely с11е 5соре of che pres> ас апу опе cime in сl1е lасе I9605. Some papers were well e5rabIished and had paid clrculation5 [п сЬе ССП' оЕ chousands, while orhers were ,Ьогс lived and irregularly pubIished. In I972 Laurence Leamer estimaced [Ьа[ underground newspapers l1ad а paid circulacion of I, 5 million and а readership тапу rimes rhar number. But when talking about [Ье under­ press's toral circularion. rhere has never Ьееп а сопsепsus about wl1ar types 01­ оЕ

yourhs,

[Ьеу

wrore, "Rock and

гоН

, .. appeals powerfully

pubIica[lons ougl1t со Ье tallied. Leamer's figure of 1.5 mi1lion inc!udes оп!у those рарес,

in the Underground Press Syndicare, wl1ereas oc11ers rnight inc!ude mimeo­ high school papers or counrerculture-flavored rock

ран

of lJPS. like

11O!ds

сЬас "Ьу сЬе

СhШаh

mаgаzшеs [I1а[

and Ro/ling Stom.

hisrorian

highwa[er mark of prores[," in

served communi[ie5 and consriruencies ll'or/d/i Ые"

"ас

leasc

бvе

were ЛЬе

по[

Peck

hundred papers

added). Journalist

ЕсЬеl

Romm idenrified roughly 150 "Llnderground" and "Моуетепс' papers ,п rhe United Staces [п Ьщ sl1e said rhat number was ,сiJl оп сl1е Llpswi ng and Ьу 1970 had Ьесоте "UПСОLшсаЫе," She esrimaced сЬе undergroLlnd press', combined circu!ation (по( со Ье аЬоис rwo million, See иатес, Paper Rez'o!utionarie.r; Peck, Uпйж­ erillg thеSiхtю. ху; Romm, Орen Соmрirщу, 17. 13. Неге ту гЬiпkшg [, influenced Ьу Goodwyn, Pop"/i.rt J101Щnt, vii-xxiv. 14. See :\fcAdam. FreedоmS/lшшеr. 17-19· 15. James Miller, DСШОI'YtI() l.' 111 ,Ье Stmts; Gitlin, ТЬе Sixtie, , 16. See McMillian, "УОLl Didn't Науе [О Ве There," I7, These poinrs I1ауе Ьееп put ЕопЬ in Breines, "Whose New Lef,)"; Hunt, "W11en Did [Ье Sixties Нарреl1?"; Isserman, "Nor-So-Dark-and-Bloody"; Wiener, "Ne\v LeГr а5 History," 18. Since с11е [асе 1990s, nLlmerous books have described rhe New Lef'c from а 1осаl or perspecrive, and severa! have used

192

NOTES ТО РЛ(;ЕS

5-6

сЬе

methods and

оЕ

socia!

hisrory, See

{",f,nnfmu

HLlnt, ТЬе

!Ье WaT lIfа!Ьine; Fюsг, lm
Lieberman, Ptf:lirie Рои'еr; McBride, "FaLl!r Lines of Mass СLllшге";

McMillian and ВLlЫ;::, 1\;еи' Le/t Re1'isimi; Michel,

Вш
Tblr is Atllerir'I,>; Rossinow, Po!iticJ о/ АЮ/Юllicitу; Wyokoop, DiJJeIIl ill II]e Htart{and,

19, АЬе Peck, foreword го Wachsberger, Vai'''J /rom Г/уе U ndergrolllld, 1 :xix, 20, ТЬеге

а

were, however,

few exceprions, From 1962

Ю

()шге роег

1

Ed Saoders

publishecl а crucle joLltna! called FI/Ck Уаи; А Magazj//f о! (Ье ArtJ. which circLl!ared sLlГrepririously L1ПО! Ье

(l

was arresrecl

obsceniry charge". Larer Ье was acqLlirted,

00

brietJy clisCLIss Fщk Уо" [о сlшргег 3.) Маоу GI-рrodLlсеd L1odergroLlod oewspapers соуегс!у,

,,!so operared "ес[ег!у

dissemioared

aocl

[о гЬе

[п гЬе

early 197cs, fugirives

а shоп-livеd L1пdе[gЮLlоd

Wearher

oewspape[ called

21, ВоЬ Cummiogs, "Сап You Dig Ir)" Gel)rgia Straight, ALlgusr 16-22, СатрЬеll,

io Pallls and 2,2, 10

гЬе

19605,

опе

5trajglJt,

cOllld al50

UпdегgЮLlпd

Оsаи'аМtlli.:,

reprinred

22,

pllГchase ап

easy-ro-use power mimeograph

тасЫпе

for

а

few hundred dollars, Мiшtо sheers, however, were ofren of such poor quaIiry thar mosr llпdе[grollпd

го

papers

use

23, Joho Burks, "ТЬе

сЬе рI1Ого-оf!sеt

merhod,

Press: А Specia! Rероп," R"lIillg 5toпe, ОссоЬег 4,

1969. 17, 2+ Gwen Reyes со J lllic Wеiпег, February 2, 1967, СоnnшiО/ll Records (1967-68), Wiscoosio Srare Hisrorical Sociery, Madison, WI, Вох will

Ье

1,

Hencet'orrh, rhis collecrioo

abbreviared "WSHS,"

25, John \X!ilcock, "How го Srarr УОllГ Own Ne\\'spaper," Оt/JеrSШJeJ 9 (п,d" са, 1967): 14, Тl'lIlпр,t

26. Armsrrong,

to /irшs, 16,

27, See Ноdgsоп, AIII
28, Нllпгег Thompson, ''ТЬе lJlгiшаге Freeloader," Dist,шt DrЮIIIIШ', November 1967,6,

29,

Respondiog ro Journaliscs

(111:' sреСЮllS

гЬаг

sоmегiГШ:5 Ьесоте

гЬеу f[еquепг!у

drew

('гот

characrerized mosr l1ews

pe[sona!ly involved \vith

сЬе

героrriпg,

New

srories rl1ey covered, aod

of lirerary fiсгiоп iп rheir героггiПj;!, ValLlable

rhe

collecrions оГ Ne\v Jourl1alism inC!llde Wo1!e and Jоhпsоп, ТЬе Neu' }ОШllа!jлn; Nicolaus MilIs,

ТЬе 1'\<и)ОllуnаН\IIl,

30, Joao Didiol1 and Jol1l1 31

Duoe, "Alicia aod

гЬе Ul1dегgrollпd

EJ'ening Post.Jaoua[y [,\,1968,14, Tboгne Dreyer al1cl Vicrorla Sm;rh,

"ТЬе Моvеmепr

Ne\vs Ser"ice packer 144, March

1969. 21,

32, ТОСЧllеvil!е,

Dаниmu}

1,

and

сЬе

Press," Satllrciay

New Media," Liberarion

ill Лmеrl(а, 474,

3,'\' АlIеп Giosberg [о Thomas Fkming,Janllary 30,1970, PEN Аmегiсап Сепrег Records,

Rare Books dl1d Specia! ColI<:crions Libra[y, Princeton U niversiry, Вох Непсеfопh, tогшег

"ir is А.

rhis collecrion will

NarioJl editor Vicror of гЬе of сЬе

рап

Ье

abb[eviared "PEN Cenrer," If1 made

сепгег

сЬе

poi пг, which is

Folder 7.

апо(hег соnrехг,

гоо

гЬаг

to dепу гЬаг it has ап ideology," See Navasky,

Matf.:t· O/Opilliun,

,,-+, Dreyer and Smirh, 'T11e Movement af1d

35, Girliп, "Ul1dergroul1d Press з6, Тl1is

апd

[Ье

Ne\v Media," 25,

Its Cave-ln,"

2 1,

was сЬе opil1iol1 of Marshall Bloom, cotouoder о!' Liberariol1 News Service (LNS),

See Marshall

В!оот (о Dап ВеГП5геш,

Aml1ersr College

АгсhiVб

al1d

o,d" Marshall

В!оот

Papers,

Collecrions, Aml1ers(,

NOTI;S

ТО

Вох

8, Folder 23,

МА, (Неl1сеf(шh, гы"

PAGES

193

collection will

Ье

"МВР.")

abbreviared

See also Marshall Bloom ro

Магсу

(Pererz]

December 16, Т967, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 2). 37. Miles adds "We rried

гЬаг Ье ош

was also received watmly w11en

best

со

reciprocate,"

the sheer numbers of visirors Bearles." However рарег гап ОllС

of

со

imрепiпепt

гЬе Ьаsеmеш

Lennon famollsly picked

Ье

said.

"Ьш

Ье

visited

Swinging London, all of сЬеу

(heir reqllests, of

сЬе

lIР а сору

сЬе

LOJ Ange/eJ Fne

Ргш.

we were somerimes over\vhelmed \\'Ьот

wanced

Ьу

ю теес гЬе

had good reason for asking. Miles's

famous Indica Bookshop, which is \vhere

of Timothy Leary's gllidebook

со

LSD,

]оЬп

ТЬе

delic in Т966. /Т also sometimes recelved financial support {юm (11e Beatles. See Вану Мilе5, "Notes [гот Underground," foreword го Bizo(, Ргее Pms, 6-7. з8. See Gregory Calvert, interview Ьу Ron Сгеlе, ]uly 1-3, 1987, Studеш Movemenr5 of the Т96О5, СоlптЫа University Огаl Hisrory Researcl1 Office. New York. 292. (Henceforrh, rhis collection \viJI Ье abbreviated "Columbia.") See also ]оп Wiener, interview Ьу Ron Grele, 26. 1988 and Мау 6, 1988, ColLlmbia, 46. )9. А good textbook-sryle 5l1rvey of сЬе gay and feminisr press сап Ье found in Streitmat­ гег, i!oices o/Ret'!i1ttioll, 2з8-74. 40. Leamec wrires, "Only гЬе сrudея shorrhand ... allows опе even го talk аЬопс {Ье polir­ ically radica! and ,Ье culturally radical papers. This cross-polleniza(ion [sic] has sшddеd (Ье landscape wirh 11ybrids гЬаг categoriza(ion." Leamer. p"pfr RеИJ/!ltiоnariеs, 61. See 3olso Armscгong, Tr1ttllpel 10 ArtllJ, 44-45. 41. For ап апаlуsis of гЬе New Le[('5 countercultura! "New 1ef( in tегculшгаl

Press,"

гЬе

newspapers, see

Nш'

York

шrn

сЬе lасе

in

Counrerculcure." For а descriprion of сЬе Тi"IeJ,

]оЬп

Leo, "Politics Now

5ее

роlitiсizаtюп

гЬе

FoClls of

сЬе

Rossinow,

of тапу

сопп­

Underground

September 4, 1968.

42. This understanding of rl1e New Left draws vacying degrees of SUpPo[( {гот Breines, "Whose New Left / "; Есlюls, "We Gotra Get Ош of This Place"; Са!уеп, DflllOo'a,'Y /1'0111 [Ьс

Heart; Sayres

43. Уап Gosse describes youths,

сЬаг

ес

al., SixtieJ With()//t

гЬе

New 1eft as

encompassed

Т9505 юugЫу

Т975."

ro

"аВ

McBcide, "Death City Radicals."

а "шоvеmепt

of сЬе srruggles

Alrhough rhis broad

mоvеmешs," пor

of

limjred ro

[ог luпdаmешаl сЬапье [гот сЬе еагlу

(Jеflпitiоп

allo\vs

Ыт (о

rrace

jпfluепсеs

and draw connecrions among а diverse assortmenr of groups, I think it's а flawed del1­ nirion.

ТЬе сЕтасе о[

differenr

[гот гЬа(

left-wing opinion in

which appeared in

сЬе

сЬе lаее

1960s and early 19705 was qllite

1950S, and (let's face i() very fe\v activists of

color еуег called themselves New Lef(ists. Noc did very Gosse, Rethinkirzg

,Ье

I09nI. I rake this

аllllр

44. See,

[ог iпsгапсе,

тапу

middle-aged adlllts. See

Neu' Le/t, 4-8; Ros5inow, "New Left in il1

тоге

detail in McMillian, "Locaring

Robin Mocgan, "Goodbye

гЬе гЬе

COlll1rerculrure," Ne,v 1et't."

(о Аll ТЬас"

45. Of course, t'eminis(s and African Amecican radicals borh 11ad rheir own racJical organs. Iп

1970, а collective of women's liberation;srs rook over

Rat, а rabidly sexisr under­ femin;sts Iщп,hеd publicat;ons like 1! Airz't Ме ВаЬе, Washington, DCs оЛоur backJ. апd В05­ ron's No More FИll cmd Ga1lles. MeanwI1i1e, women's consciousness-caising (ог "CR") contribL1ted со сЬе body of wriring гЬа( anchored polirical гЬеorу and спlгшаl $шdiеs in women's сопсгеге life experiences, and in 1972, Glocia Sreinem popul3orized ап indi­ vidllalisric feminist v;sion when 5he helped establish Ms. шаgаziпе. Ву соппаs(, rlle leadjng black radical newspaper5 of сЬе were organs of lагьег огgапizаtiопs.

ground newspaper ;11 New York Ciry.

194

NOTES ТО PAGI'S 10-12

Iп

сЬе

rougbly this same

During сЬе black power movemenr's heyday, сЬе Narion оЕ Islam's рарес, М1IhаmJJшd SpeakJ, claimed а circulation арргоаСШПб 300,000, making it опе of сЬе !argest newspapers in сЬе Unired States, In April 1967, (Ье Вlack РапсЬес Рапу Ьебап риЬ­ lishing сЬе B!a(k Panther, which еvешuаllу reached а circularion of аЬоос 8),000. Finally, апisrs and шtеl1есшаls associared with сЬе bIack acts movement promoted black culшгаl narionalism in роессу, fiction, and journalism. See Breines, "Whose New Lefr?" 5 28; Isserman, "Not-So-Dark anli Bloody," 991.

Chapter

1

1. ТЬотаs R. Brooks., "Voice of (Ье Ne\v Сатри>

'и nderclass,'" Nщ'

November 7, 196),25; Robert Pardun, e-mail

(о ашhог,

York Times Magazim,

February 17,2004; Cathy

Wilkerson, e-mail со аисЬor, FеЬшаrу I6, 2004. 2. Newfield, Prophetic A!inorit)', 117-18. 3. SDS's mosr comprehensive biographer, Kirkparrick Sa!e, made when

Ье

а

simi!ar observation

called SDS's new $300 mu!rilirh prinring press-which

ас сЬе

time Wa5

housed at irs first headquarrers, in New York City's Easr Village-"rhe organization's proudesr symbol of becomingness.·' See Sale, SDS, even "shorguns" Ош ofthe WI)a!e, 120. Ву

4. Raskin,

со ,оте

members

оЕ сЬе

wall paincing" ("RWP" "OFF

ТНЕ

PIG," "OFF

ТНЕ

WAR

НОМЕ,"

тау

have seemed

а

Jirrle

сате

Weacherman faccion of' SOS, who advoc
Suggesred slogans included: "PEOPLE'S WAR,"

LANOLORDS," "REVOLUTION NOW," "BRING

and "VC RUN IT' See Fire.', "Draw

Wall," November 21, 1969,

Уош

Conclusions

оп сЬе

Ч.

шшаr;vе асс include Giclin, ТЬ< SixtifJ; James Miller, Democrac)' in [Ье Srmts; Sale, SDS. See also Perlsrein, "Who Owns сЬе Sixties?" tl)e SixtieJ, II-I3, 22. 6. See, [аг insrance, Peck, 7. С. Wright МШs, Socio!ogi"al llllaginarioll, 226. 8. For in[ormation concerning the FBI's operations againsr SDS, see Cunningham, YIJm's SOlllttlJing Happening Неуе, 167-80. 9. Ап alrernarive wOl1ld Ье со сгасе SDS's ocigins аН сЬе way back со rhe firsr collegiare radical movement in rhe Unired Srates, сЬе Inrercollegiate Socialisr which was founded in 190). ТЬас group renamed irself сЬе League for Indusrrial Democracy in 192 I, and сЬroОБЬОШ сЬе 19205 and 1930> ir promored American socialism through lесешes Ьу Jack London, Nocman Thomas, and Напу LaidJer, as well as ehrough irs топсЫу jошпаl, Lahor Age. Ies srudent агт was сЬе Srudene League [ос Iпdusпiаl Оетосгасу. After WorJd War Two, сЬе League Еос Iпdusпiаl Democracy grew wary оЕ radical socialism and Ьесате ;nacrive. In сЬе Srudenr for Indus­ сг;аl Democracy morphed into SDS, and А! НаЬес was SDS's firsr president. Alcl10Ugh НаЬег personally recruieed some оЕ SOS's leaders and organized ап impre5sive сопЕесепсе оп srudent radicali5ffi ас сЬе Universiry оЕ Michigan, сЬе group remained basically unknown оп American campuses during the 1961-62 school уеаг. Accord­ ingly, mosc scholar5 and сЬе бгеас majoriry оЕ SOS veterans dace сЬе group's origins ro сЬе drafring 0[- rlle Ро[( Ниroп Sraremenr. As SDS narional secrerary J im Monsonis explained in "SOS rruly Ьесате а movement and ап organization ас сЬе [Росс Ншоп} convention." See Jim Monsonis, SDS лrеmЬmhiр B1I!!etill, September 301962,

5. Major \vorks \vith this [!

:-;OTJ3S ТО PAGES 12-15

195

1, SOS Records, Reel 34, Series 4А, No. 19. Sec also Salc, S[)S, 673-93; Milltr, [)еmосуаl)' /5 in the Streets, 29. 10. See

Тот Науdеп апd

Oick Flacks, "The

Рон Нurоп

Sraremenr

ас

апd

James

40," The Natioll,

(Augusr ')-12, 2002), 18-21. Lirerary scholar John Oownron Hazlerr argues rhar Ьу rheir personal experiences \virh rhose of rhe so-called "Sixries Generarion," сЬе manifesro's ащhоrs esrablished а rempJare and сеСесепсе poinr for тапу fщше memoirisrs. See Hazlerr, iИу Gmr:ration, 40-49. 11. Аllеп Smirh, "Presenr ас rhe Crearion." For scl10Iars

rhe

Роп Ншоп

Sraremenr as а warershed in rl1e hisrory оС сЬе American [efr, see Sale, S[)S. 49-51; МШеr, [)mюcrarу l! in the Strel!ts," 1 3-14; Isserman, l! 1 Had а Наттеу, 213-14. 12. Smirh, 341.

Бее

also Gosse,

"Моуетеnr о! Movemenrs,"

279-84. Works

Ьу

journalisrs

include Fred Powledge, rhar discussed rhe Рон Huron Srarement in rhe mid "The New Srudenr Lek Моуетеnr Represenrs Serious Activisrs in Orive (ос Changes," Neu' York Times, March 15, 196s;Jack Newfield, "T11e Srudenr Lefi:: Idealism and Ас­

rion," NatlolJ, November 8. 1965,330-33. 1 3. For some SOS vererans, rhe Роп Ниroп Statement seems

со

have elicited

ап

llnusual

сотЬiпаtiоп о! excitemenr

and redium. For insrance, Todd Girliп опсе recalled being "absolurely enraprured" \vhen he read а clrafr оЕ rhe documenr, "rhinking, 'Му God,

rhis is whar J feel.'"

Вш

elsewhere he said

Ье

found its "programmacic parriclllars"

to

Ье

so dull сЬас he didn'c finish reading ic (see Jsserman, 1/1 Had (1 Натте", 214, and Girlin, The Sixties, 101). Similarly, SOSer Cathy Wilkerson recal1ed fiпdiпg parrs ot- rhe manifesro See Carhy

"уесу

powerful and inspiring," whereas orher parrs srruck 11er as "boring." inrerview Ьу Ron Grele, February 17, 1985, Columbia, 26.

Wilkегsoп,

"Роп Нщоп Sraremenr," as quored inJames Mil1er, [)Ш/lХ'rа<} /J in the Streets, 329. sU[)se'Cjll"nr qllorarions [rom [he Роп Ниroп Staremenr соте from Mil1er's book.

14. SOS, АН

1'). Jbld., 374. 16. Jbid., 329. some 17. SDS

rwшty

rhousand copies оЕ' rhe

Роп Ншоп

Sraremenr

Ьегwееп

1962

апd

1964, and anorher rwenry rhollsand Ьу rhe end of 1966. (See Allen Smi[h, "Presenr ас rhe Crearion," з60.) 18. The phrase belongs [о Еllа Baker (see Baker, "Bigger rhan а НаmЬщgег," in Carson ес

o,zthe Prize,

al.,

19. SeeJames Mil1er, 20.

Echols,

1 п).

[)еmосуасу

1! in theStreets,

бр.

145-47.

Ground.72.

п. SOS, "Росс Huron Srаrетепr," 333.

22. This was сше llnril сЬе уесу lаге 1960s, anyhow. The Wearherman fac[ion оС SOS (which did пос exaccly enjoy good sranding in гЬе New Lefr) fгеqш:nrlу adhered СО che Lепiшsг погюп of"democraric cenrralism"-a polirical framework rhar allows СОС vig­ orous debare wirhin ап organizarion, but also requires members of rhar organizarion to pubIicly adhere to wharever dесisiопs the mаjопrу reaches, of rheir privare

beliefs. The Marxisr grollp Progressive labor, which

iпfilпагеd

SOS in rhe

lасе

1960s.

also adhered со democraric cenrralism. 23. As III Кlarch, А Generati011 [)ivided, 25. 24. ВагЬага НаЬег, iпrеrviеw Ьу Всес Еупоп, Seprember I978, Conremporary His[ory Projecr (TI1C New Letr in Апп Arbor), Universiry of Michigan, 4-5. Hencefor[h [11is collec[ion will Ье abbreviared as СНР.

196

NOTES

ТО

PAGES 15-[7

25, SOS,

"Рап Ниroп

Sraternenr," 329; emphasis added.

26. As guoced in Кlarch, А Generation Divicled, 24. 27. frichjof ВеГбтапп, incervie\v Ьу Вгес Еупоп, June 18, 1978, СНР 5· 28. Girlin, Who/e Wor/d Is \'(Iatching, 135; Flacks, "Making Hisrory vs. Making Life," 1 39, 29, Richard flacks, inrerview Ьу Вгес Еупоп, Sepcember 25, 1978, СНР, 14, 30. Jert:'my Brecher, interview Ьу Вгес Еупоп, Seprember 20, I98з, Colurnbia, 13· 31. Brt:'cher incervlew, 12. 32. Elise Boulding, interview Ьу Вгсс Еупоп, Novernber 1978, СНР, 4. ,в.

Ресег

34. Вапу

Dilorenzi, intervie\v Ьу Вгсс Еупоп, Мау 31, 1979, СНР, 4. В!uеstoпе,

incerview

Ьу Вгес Еупоп,

August 1978,

СНР,

3.

35. Brecher interview, 14 .

., 6. НаЬег interview, 11.

Л· ВlUбсопе

incerview, 7·

}8. Sara E"ans argues that wornen were socialized inco taking secondary roles in SDS

ГогсеГul

because rf}ey \veren't accusromed to making and aggressively mещs.

argu­

See Evans, Personal Po!ilics, 11), 166 .

.39· Wilkerson incerview, 19· 40. Kirty Сопе, as guoted in Gottlieb, Do УОII Believe in i\1agic? 144. 41. Alan НаЬег and BarbaraJacobs со "f'riends," ОесетЬег 1), I962, SDS Records, Reel2, Series

2А.

No.

1.

42, Sale, SDS, 78-80 43

Sale, SDS, 74.

44. See Mickey Flacks, intervie\v Ьу Bret in(ervi~w,

September 25,1978, СНР, 6-7; В!uеstопе

7,

45. Sale, SDS, 81. 46 Ibid., 78-81. 47. Тот Hayden со "SПS execurive comrnirree, others," n.d., са. 1962, SПS Records, Reel I, Series 1, No. 6, 48. Апhuг Waskow ro Рап! Boorh, Augusr 2, 1965, SDS Records, Reel ), Series 2А, No. 42. 49. Clark Kissinger to Раи! Ронег, January 31, 1965, SDS Records, Reel4, Series 2А, No. 29. See also Кеп McEldowney со Jim McDougall and George Brosi,July

1965, SDS

Records, Reel 14, Series 2А, No. 69· 50. Richard Chase, "The New

Сатрп>

Magazines." Harper's,

ОсгоЬег

19CJ1, 170.

51 Тот Hayden used borh forrns; SDSer Вену Garman Robinson recalled rhar Hayden's drarnaric leHers describing rhe Srudenr iries in the

Оеер Sощh

Nопviоlещ

Coardinaring

Соmmшее's

were "rhe reason [she] wenr inro SDS," guored in

activ­

Роllена,

Еndiш

Afeeting, 125. few inrernal пеwslепегs сате and wenr during SDS's hisrory Sorne were spe­ cific ro SDS projecrs, such а> rhe Economic Research and Acrion Projecr пеwslепеr, the Реасе and Research Education Projecr newsletter, and rhe Viernam Surnmer пеwslепеr. There was al50 а Аl<JlJЬепhiр Blllletll1 and а DiSClшiоn Blliietin, which were larcr сот­ bined inro rhe SDS Blllletin. Neu' Еуа and Саи' were rwo оГ' SDS's уегу shorr-lived ne\vs­ rnagazines. Some of SDS's older тетЬег> founded rhe Radica/J in Ihe lerrer, which larer changed irs пате го Something Else. SDS's bigge5t publicarion in сегт> of size and circlllation was irs rabloid newspaper, Nш' Nош, which brietly

)2. QlIirc а

:-;OTES то PAGES 17-22

197

morphed inro ТЬе Fire Next Titile and сЬеп jusc Fire.' In addition [о аН chis, dozens оЕ individual SDS chapters pubIished cheir own newslerrers.

53. As edicor оЕ [Ь .. SDS БII//еtin, ]effShero freguently reprinted arrieles ог essays сЬас firsr

appeared elsewhere. "We just lift chese areicles, rarely getting permission Егот еЬе

publisher," Ье cold опе friend. See ]effShero со C';'ideon Sjoberg, August I8, I965, SDS

Records, Reel ), Series 2А, No..3). Shero later changed hlS пате со JeffSheco Night­

byrd, and (Ьеп simply со JeffNightbyrd. In this book Ье is referred [о Ьу his original

surname.

54. See Becky MiI1er со "Sceve," n.d., SDS Records, Reel ), Series 2А, No. з8.

5'). Мах added, "1

Ьауе

repeatedly asked

пос со пауе ту

communications

со (Ье

[SDS

Narional Соипе;!) printed unless 1 say (Ьеу are for рuЫiсаtiоп." Despite 11is аппоуапсе,

howevee, Ье сопсludеd his lerter оп а humorous по[е: "L<:t те warn УОll edirors of Neu'

l..eft Notes

[Пас if УОll prin[ апу шоге о( ту сorгеsропdепсе w;rhollt ашhorizаtiоп,

1

shall sепd уои а lе((ег whieh 1 guагапtее wi1l iпvоlvе уои iп ап obscenity suit. ShOllld

уои dесliпе [о print such а letter ! wiH hold уои llР before сЬе sсогп оЕ сЬе National

СОllПСН for

оис со сЬе misgllided Viпогiап morality оЕ сЬе Posta! Establis!l­

"Angry Letter," 1\'"" Notes, ~farch I1,

4 56. This discussion draws [гош сЬе minutes of сЬе SDS National Couneil Meeting, June

ment." See Steve

Мах,

16, 1964, taken Ьу Helen Garvy, SDS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А, No. 10.

57. Don ~cKelvey со Donna G. Hayes, December 2А, No. 21. The

Membership

IO,

1962. SDS Records, Reel ), Series

БIIIIеtin featured repofts Еroш SDS presidenrs, l!pdares оп

chapter activity and pгojects, norices of llрсотiпg еvрП[s, and suggested reading тасе­

rial. However, like [Ье DБ, it al50 we1comed feedback and partieiparion Егот сЬе SDS

rank and Ые. See SDS Alembership BlIlletin, Seprember

1962, 1, in SDS Records,

Reel 34, Series 4А, No. 19·

')8. Sale, SDS, 78. 59. ТЬе Student Реасе Union flourished Егош 1960 ю оп

cosponsoring several marches

Washingron, DC, and attraering some 3.')00 members. Unlike SDS, [Ье Student

Реасе Union was shaped Ьу Old Left ideas, and concentrated its energies оп а single

"issue"-nuclear arms (опtюl. !с collapsed in 1964, jLlst as SDS was gaining

тотепrum.

60. Ediror's Note, SDS DiSClшiоtl BlIlIetin, Spring 1964, п.р., SDS Records, Reel ). Series

2А,

No. 40.

61. Don McKelvey to R. М. Glee, November 17,1962, SDS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А,

NO.21.

62. Неlеп Garvy, iпtеrviеw Ьу aurhor. б',. Неlеп Garvy, "From the Editor,"

SDS БlIlIеtin, ОсroЬ<,г 1964,2. in SDS Records Reel

:'\ 5, Series 4А, No. 35·

62. Don McKelvey со Donna G. Hayes, December 10, 1962, SDS Records, Reel 3, Series

2А, No. 21; Don McKelvey [о А!lап ТоЫп, November 23,

SDS Records, Reel

3, Series 2А, No. 21; Dickie Magidoff со Не!еп [Garvy) and Clark [Kissinger), January

19, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А, No. 23.

65. This pгocess has since Ьееп described Ьу lirerary scholars as "fгее\vг;гiпg" (or, some­

times, "focused fгееwгitiпg"). See Peter Elbow, \~'riting \~'ith РOlау: ТесlJniqщs for

Лfastering 'Ье

Writing

Рухе.Н (New York: Oxford lJпivегsitу Press, 1981),213-20.

66. Don McKelvey ro Dауюп Pruitt, n.d., in SDS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А, No. 2 I.

198

NOTES

ТО

PAGES 22-24

J

67. ОопМсКеlvс-у toDennis Kelly, Мау 1),

,п

68. Ооп McKelvey со Edwin Kahn,January

SOS Records,

196з, ,п

Кееl

'5, Series

2А,

No.

з8.

S05 Records, Кее! 3, Series 2А,

No.21. Helen (,arvy, "From [Ье Edicor," SDS B1IlIetill, Ос[ОЬег 1964,2,505 Records, Кееl 3), Series 4А, No..)5. This idea тау Ьауе Ьееп inClllca[ed ,п 50S early оп. In 1960 АI НаЬег had а brief Ьш \varm correspondence with William F. Buckley,

(Ье

conservarive ediror

о!

Natiolla!

Rel'ie,,', "f[er Ье asked Bllckley if Ье cOllld disггiЬше Боте Браге copies ot' Natiolla! Rel'ieu' rhrollghouc 50S. Al[hollgh Ье didn'[ ехрес[ ВllсНеУ'Б magazine со win тапу НаЬег

converrs,

said "1 do think , .. that it 15 valuable for

contac( \vith vieW5 sharply COlln(Cr July 8,1960,505 Records, Reel

(о ош

1,

own,"

5ее А!ап

ош тетЬеГ5

ro

соте

Haber ro William F.

inro

БLlCk!еу,

Series 1, No. 10.

71. Ооп McKelvey ro Gerald Knight, ОесетЬег 2, 196з, 50S Records, Ree!8, 5eries 2А, ;\;0,93, 72. Ооп McKelvey [о Мшгау L, Katcher, )anuary 26, 1964,505 Records, Бох 6, WSHS, 73, Ооп McKelvey [О Erik Johnson, March 29, 1964, S05 Records, Reel ,1, Series 2А, ;\;0 ..35. 74. Ооп McKelvey

со

'Xim and

Ресе," Мау

10, 1964, SOS Records, Reel ), Series

2А,

No. :\8. 7'5, )eifShero со Mlke Oavis, AugLlsc

SOS Re(ords, Reel 28,

Jeff Shero ro J",remy Бгесhег, ALlgusc Опе

Series~,

No. 108.

50S Re(ords, Reel 28, Series 3, No, 108,

SOSer was тосе causcic аЬош сЬе problem 01' quality (оппоl in SOS writings: "Iс

Joesn't seem {ос сl1е

со те

materia!s of

that

":е

have

(Ье

!eft

,п

со

prove we don't red bai[

Ьу

serving as

а

an indiscriminare way," See Oavid Smith

со

"Friends,"

AL1gusr 24, 1965, SOS Records, Reel 3, Series 2А, No. 23· 196з, П.р.,

SDS Melllbm!JijJ BII!!etill,

SOS Records Ree! 35, 5eties 4А,

1\;0.19·

78, SDS MflllherslJijJ St:Гlб 4А,

Вm'/щn,

November-Oecember 1964, П.р" SOS Records, Ree! 35,

No. 19·

79, "Convenrion," SDS 35, Series

4А, 1\;0

80. Ооп McKel\'ey,

Bu!!etin, March-April

196з, 1,

3, 50S Records, Ree!

19·

со

"Worklisr," ОссоЬег

:2 3,

1968, SOS Records, Reel 5, Series 2А,

No, 48.

8! Heien Garvy, ro "Раи! Potter, Кеп, Sharon, Carol, Rennie, Todd, ВоосЬ, Oickie, Rich, Уеrnоп, Nick, Larry, ВоЬ, Lee, Oick, Тот, Carl," October 15, 1964, SOS Records, Reel 5, 5",ries

2А,

No. 35·

82. See Richard Armstfong, Мау

"ТЬе

Explosive Revival

оЕ

the Far Left," Saturday E!lening Рои,

8 1965,27-32; Brooks, "New Campus 'Underc!ass,'" 25; Andrew Kopkind, "ОЕ,

Ву and For сl1е Poor," ТЬе

Ncu' RepubIic,JL1ne 19, 1965, 15-19;)ack NewfielJ "StlIdenr

Letr: ldealism and Action," ТЬе Nation, November 8,1965,330-33; Pow!edge, "Ne\v SCL1den( Left"; Neli'Sli'eek, "ТЬе Acrivists-Protesting Тоо МисЬ?" March 22, 1965, 48--54· 8з,

РоНена, Епdlш

84· Лт Russell

(Q

з8.

Helen Garvy, ОссоЬес 30, 1965, SOS Re(ords, Бох 34, WSHS.

85. Jeremy Brecher, "Some Notes 3, Series

2А,

No,

оп сЬе J 965

SOS

Сопvешiоп,"

n.d., 50S Records, Ree!

Ч.

NOТES ТО PA(~ES 24-27

199

А

Proph6ti( Minorit), 120; Sale, SDS, 204-7.

iщеrviе,v Ьу Run Gr<:le,JLlly [-3, 1987, COlltmbia, 158.

88. Раи! Вошh со Vernon Eagle, Sepcember 28, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 19, Sепеs 3, No. 1. This was а [orm lепег, apparenrly senc 10 SDS benefacrors, in аla! GlIardiall [са, summer 1965J, fragmenc, SDS Records, WSHS. 91. PardLln, Ргаiri, Radiml, 1 92. Dick SI1ОШ со RоЬеп Pardun. 1\uguSt ,. 1965, SDS Recor
87· Greg Calverr,

35 9,. Кеп McEldowney со Jim McDoLlgall and George BIOS!, July 7, 196" SDS Records, Reel 6, Series 21\, No. 69.

94· Pardun, Prt1/rie Radica!, 119.

95. JeffShero 96. Роllесса,

[о

"Comrades," 1\ugL!St 3, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 28, Series 3, No. 108.

ЕlId!ш

!,,!eetillg, 145. со SDS N.O., November 7,1965, SDS Records, Reel 19, Series 3,

97 Carol McEJdowney NO.I,

98. Scott

Рirtтап со

Worklisr

3, No. 1; David Sramps

Rесiрiешs,

со

Series 3, No. 108. Balal1ced а

[etter [rom rions I've

new SDS

sееп оп сЬе

Ocrober 19, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 19, Series

Jeff Shero, November 15, 1965, SDS Records, Ree[ 28, аgаiпsг

тетЬег

ас leasr опе highly appIOving BlI!letitl "опе о[ rlle finest pubIica­ Wagner ro SDS, November 18, 1965, SDS

rhis, however, was

who called

left." See

J

М.

сЬе пеw

Records, Reel 2 I, Series .3, No, 18. 99· Sale, SDS, 27:\, 100. lbid., 273. 101. "Not With

Му

Li[e

Уои

Don'r!'"

Л

Gtftrr/!,ia Stlldt!lt H,mdf!Gok, Georgerown SDS, Fall

Giгliп, "Presidenc's Report," SDS BII!!etill, December 196з, SDS Records, Reel .35, Series 41\, No. 19· Emphasis in orig­ inal. lп ап undared I(;'пег [са, 1966-67] ап SDSer агtriЬщеd сЬе phrase to acri"isr and his­ torian Sraughron Lynd. See Bill Harrzog со Greg Calverr, п.d., SDS Records, Reel 21,

1968, SDS Records, Reel 22, Sefles 3, No. 26; Todd

102.

Series 3, No.

Chapter

1 I.

2

1.

Crowley, RightJ ofPaHage, 61.

2.

Time, "Ul1
200

1\Шапсе,"

SOTES ТО PAG!'S 27-.)]

JLlly 29,

57·

", These \vere атопь rhe lirsr six underground newsp"pers; rhe orl1ers were Dепоir's Fi/tl;

Estatt, San Francisco's

О/щ/е,

and Lower

old Насуеу Ovshinsky, сl1е papers,

Тl1е Оуас/е

Мапhапап 's

Estatt was

Ьу

Ьу

EVO, Founded

eigl1reen-year­

far th~ mosr аmаtешish of сабе аmаrеш

and rhe Е\/О reached considerabIy larger audiences,

Ьш

inirially rhey

\vere berter kno\vn for rheir colorful psychedelic graphics and zesrful espollsals of rhe соunrегсulrшаl

LOsmology,

4, ]effShero Nightbyrd, as quored in I.ieberman, Prairie Роиtt', 86,

5, George Orwel!,

"Iпrюduсriоп,"

15,

in Orwell and Reynolds, Britis/)

VOiCfJ 11' Rеvо/шiоn,

6, Srreirmarter,

55, The tlrsr type5 оЕ radical newspapers а150 champi­

Ега labor-тоуетепс

oned l1npopular issues rhar [arer won broad acceprance,jacksonian

papers called Еог shorter \vorkdays, rax-funded schools, ап end (о debrors' prisons, and rhe right оЕ workers ю оrgашzе, Тl1е abolirionisr press, оЕ сошsе, crusaded оп bellalf оЕ сl1е

And iп rhe af'rermarh 01' the Civil War, Elizabetl1 Cady

5rruggle againsr

Stanron and Susап В, АnrllОПУ published rhe Rel'oI1ltioJl, rhe f1r5r newspaper devored (о women's righrs, iп wl1ich сl1еу denounced sexual ехрlоiгаriоп ас home and iп rhe work­ place. and cal1ed for equal рау [or equal work, гЬ.

Gral1am, Yours jor

Х,

Revolution,

15,

8, Sransell, Alllfriit1l1 Лlоdmн,

9, See

J

Glепп

Gray, "Salvarion

StL!dепts," Harp
\'Vord

ео Ош

оп

rhe Campus: Wl1y

Ехistешiаlism

is Capturing rhe

[965,53-59 Readers,' Winrer 1954,6-7,

11, Abrams, "From Madness ю Dysenrery," 435. 12, ,McAL!liffe, GrMt

АПIi:riсап 1\J",',h"h"y 1 3,

13, McAuliffe, GrMt Americcm Nш spuper, 3; Frankforr. ТЬе Voice, 32, Ц. judy

Feiffer, as guoted iп Manso, М"Нег,

222,

1 5, Wolf and Fапсhег, Villagt Voia Rttldet,. 5, 16, Srokes, Village VOiCf Antho/OIzy. 8,

17· Ibid" 8-9, [8, McAllliffe, Great American NeU'Jpapfr,

20,

V01"['S forerunner5 were Qllill's \X1,"k/)

19, The

апсl ВГШIO'j

Cari{at!lre (iп rhe 19505). Other publications rhar '",ere lаье'5

Т92О5)

Bohe71lia (in (he

$Оше\vhаr iп

sync wirll

сl1е

and Vil­

avanr-garde c!imate were Nщ' Мане,. (v.'hicll had irs heyday in rhe 19305) апd the

left-wing daily newspaper РМ (which expired ,п 1948), The \/i//age Vi;ia's only direcr comperirion 20. Mailer,

iп

the 19505 was

а

shopper paper called rhe \iillager,

А'/1'егtiшnt!litJ, 278,

Лdl'eI,tiJеnшlfS,

325,

2 [.

Mailer,

22,

MaiJer, Adl'ertiselllf:lm, 317, Mosr

оЕ

were dull Вш iп

сопfогrnisгs,

соп­

Mailer's readers would have recognized rhe

ceprs о!' hip and square from rhe liгеrашге оЕ rht Ьеас gепегагiоп; ,п

rerms, "sqlIares"

and "hipsrers" were edgy, sensual wanderers looking tor "kicks,"

Mailer's evolving undersranding, "hip" was le5s

ап

adjecrive rhan

а соmргеhеп­

sive prulosophy, which he larer arriculared i[1 his I959 essay "The Wrure Negro," Hip­ srers, Mailer said,

"еге

"rhe

Ашегiсап

were 5upposedly awhirl wirh rhe rhrear cism,

пuсlеаr

alrnosr

war, or

iпшiгivе

exi5renrialist[sJ" whose оЕ

а "solIl-dеsrrоуing сопfоrшiгу"), Вш ош оЕ

self-awarel1ess,

ап lIпlшгпеssеd

"ошlаws"-Ьеашiks, jtlvtпilе dеliпquепгs,

sнЬсопsсiоus

meaningless dearh (whether caL!sed id,

minds Ьу

fas­

rhis de5pair arose

апd ап idеаlizаtiоп

ап

of society's

and (supposedly) African Arnericans, The

NOTESTOPAGES~!-35

201

phil050phy ofHip, Mailer later said, "offered ап

ащidоtе [о

other people's hablts, other

people's defeats, borec!om, quiet desperation, and muted icy self-destroying rage," рorепиаl со

and had the

а

usher in

3:)7-58. 23. Peck, Unпwсring the SixlieJ,

1

"modern revolution." See Mailer, AdvertisemenfJ,

r.

24· Krassner, Con/mioIIJ, 13,45. 25. Кеп Kesey, "Introductlon," lП Krassner, Besl o/Ihe Realist, 5. аutоЬюgгарhу. See Bruce, Нои' 10 Realist, 6; Boskin, RehelliollJ IAl/ghter, 7).

26. Krassner helped Bruce write his 27· Krassner,

Вш о/ the

28. Krassner, Best

ТаП

Dirt)'.

о/ the Яеаlis/, 102.

29, Krassner. C07z/fJS;Om, 51, 92-95. Рарег

30. Leamer,

Revolutionarie.r, 24.

31. In 1967 Krassner puHed off а Swiftian satire that was gross and tasreless соuпtегсultше's

еУеп Ьу

the

loosest standards, when he printed what he false!y claimed was

"ап

unpublished excerpt" from а>

ргеsidещ

have

book

оп Jоlш

Ьееп sропеd

F. Kennedy's assassinarion in which

copulating with Kennedy's neck wound оп

Air Force

See Krassner, Best o/lfJe Reali.rt, 190-93; Peck, Uncovering fhe Six/;es,

62-6з. Iп

the deceased

Опе,

а гесепг

[о

Lyndon Johnson was said

was being f!own from

Оаllм [о

Washington

1968, feminist Robin Morgan skewered Krassner's sexism in her famous po!emic, "Goodbye

[о АН

That."

32. Thorne Dreyer and Victoria Smith, "The Kews Service packer 144, March 33. Krassner, Вех! о/ the Realisf, 2.

1,

Моуетеnr

and the New Media," Liberation

1969,3.

34, Gruen, Neu' Bohemld, 35. Jacoby,

их!

lntellel'tllals, 21,115.

See McBride, "Death Ciry Radica!s"; Hayden, Tria/, 1')8-65. 37. Brick, Age o/Contradi.·firm, 11. з8. Riсlшгd

Flacks, e-mai!

paperbacks were of

[Ье

[о ашЬог,

Seprember 4, 2004. Prior ro

pulp variery, and

[Ьеу

сЬе

lare 19505,

тosг

were sold in sLlpermarkets and drug­

stores. 39. Richard Flacks interview, 4. "Мепюгiеs

40. Jim O'Brien,

of the Student Movement and rhe New Left in rhe United

Srares," unpublished manuscript in Madison was the Universiry Rathskel1er rhat sold 3.2 4I. PaLll Buhle, interview

оЕ

ашhог's

Wisconsin's

регсепг

possession, 28. Another оНЬеас hangoLlt in sшdепt

Llnion, which had

а Ьаг

cal1ed rhe

beer.

Ьу Вгсс Еупоп

and Ron Gre!e, 1985, Columbia,

42. See McBride. "Оп the Falllr Lines," 1 22. 43. Renata Adler, "Fly Trans-Love Airways," Neu' Yorker, February

2'),

122;

empha­

sis added. 44. Jerry Hopkins, "Los Angeles Scene," Rolling Sfom, JLlne 22, Т968, ] 1. 45. McBride,

"Оп

46. Ап Kunkin,

rhe Fault Lines," 124.

"Опе Уеаг оЕ гЬе

Free Press," Lo.r Angeles Fm Pms, Ju!y 23, 1965,6.

47. Lionel Rolfe and Пеппis Когап, "Freeping Ош," Los Angtles Reader, JLlne ] 9, 198 I, 5· 48. Wil1iam Мшгау, "The L.A. Free Press is Rlch," E.ftJuire, June 1970,54. 49. As quoted in Peck. Uncovering the Sixties, 22. ')0. Маупагd, Vmict' West, 20; Lipton, Но/)' Barbarians.

51. Land, Aaiu Radio, 66; Тот Nolan, "The Free Press Cosrs 1'5 Cents," U//!Jt, ОсroЬег 12,

40. 52. Richard Srone, "Н!р Papers: The Underground Press Succeeds Ьу Inrгigшпg the Rel)els and Sgl1ares," \У'аи StrM jOllrtlal, March 4, 1968. "Ап

53. Lionel Rolte,

Kunkin: Mysric in Paradise," hrrp://www.dabeJly.comicolumnsi

Ьоhеmiапзз·hгm.

54. Rolfe, Litet'(lIJ L.A, 27.

)). See Peck, UnC01tring ,Ье Siхtiб, 25. Kunkin's Ье

124· 56. Quoted in Peck, U mщ'еring 57·

0"10

personal invesrment 'Nas said го

jusr $15. See Nolan, "Free PressCosrs," 40; and McBride, "Оп the FaultLines,"

Мuпау,

58. Phyllis

"Free

Рапегsоп,

{Ье

SixtieJ, 21.

i5 Rich," 54·

inrervie\v Ьу aurhor, Seprember 7,

Рl'eе Руен, Мау 23,

59· See LOJ Nolan,

РгеББ

"Ргее

1964,

1

Press Costs,"

61. Агс Kunkin, "Dear Reader," Los AngeleJ Fm

Рут, Мау

25, 1964,2; emphasis in

inal. Кеl1

62. Seymour Stern, "Puritanism Scores Vicrory: AII Womal1 Jury Fil1ds Ащi-Fа$сiS(

Film 'Obsccl1e,'" LOJ

Free

Руен, ~fay

Anger's

25, 1964, 1. M!chael Gerz,

manager о( LO$ Angeles's Cinema Tl1eater, was convicted оЕ "lewd exhibition" [ог $creening Scorpjfi Risi"g оп Macch 7, 1964' Latec the Саlifоrпiа Supreme Сонп over­ turned rhe obscel1lt}" verdicr. 6з.

"Notcd Singer Ret'uses ю Рау Тахе> rhat Go [ог War Preparation," Los Ar;geles Руее Pms,

Мау 25, 1964. С. 64· Quored in Nolan, "Free Press Cost$," 40,

Saftord СlштЬегlаiп, "Death

0[' а

1964, 5; Jimmy Garrert, "Black

Jazzer: ап ОЫшагу'" LOJ At1,!!,eles Рт PrtJJ, Мау Ршше," [,OJ

Angeles Free

Руен, Мау 25,

2),

1964, 5. See

al$o Мау, Goldm Slale, Go/den Уоиh, 156-)9.

66, Ап

Кlшkiп, "Why We Appear,"

67. МсВпdе. "Death Radit:als," 68. Nolal1, "Free Press Costs," 40.

1 10,11).

L.A .. 18.

69' Rolfe,

70. МсВпdе, "00 the Fault Line$," 7

LU.i Angeles Free Pm,r, July 30, 1964,2-3.

Adler, "Fly Tral1s-Love,"

1 35­

20.

72. McBcide, "Death City Radlcals," 1 15; Rolfe, L/ter(JYY L.A., 18.

7 3· KUl1kin underscored this poiot iп аl1 апiсlе he wrore ю mark rhe paper's ooe-year anniversary. See KLlnkio, "Опе Уеас," :\.

74. McBride, "Death Ciry Radicals,"

1 1).

75. RoJl'e and Когап, "Freeping Out," 5. See al$o На! Draper, "'IЪе Mind о! Clark Кеп,"

L,/s Angeles Free PmJ, November 5, 1964, 1':\; Аllцеlеs

Free

Рпн, December 11,

Behind the Student

Рюtеsг,"

Напу J Coffey, "Berkeley Report," [AS

1964, 3; Macio Savio, "Savio

LOJ

from Berkeley," LOJ

011 Рсее

F"ee Руеи, )al1uary 1, Руее Рут, January 1 1965,3.

Speech: Issl1e$ Веа

Rechnitz,

1'
2О3

1,

3;

Peck, Um'Olerir;g t!Je Sixries, 27.

77. Мау, Gulden Slt1fe, Golden Yf)/(th, 56. 78. Jol11150n, Sears, aod McConahay, "Black 1I1Visibiiity," 698,

79, Peck, Un(01'("iflg

{Ье Sixties,

27, See also Dori Scl1affer, "Bank of Аmепса vs,

Соге: А

DlIe] ofAcClIsarions," Los Лngеlеs FreePms,]oly 30,1964,1,3,4, 6;Лm B!anchfie!d, "G!1епо Уоге Drive," Los Лngеlез Рге" Ргш, AlIgllst 20, 1964, 1, 6; L. М, Meriwether, "Cirizen's Coonci! Орропеnrs Convicced," Los Angeles Ргее Ргш, ОссоЬег 29, 4; Irvan O'Conne!l, "Кеер Уош Буеs оп сЬе Prize," lдs Angelts Ргее Pms, November 12, 1964, 1, 3; РЫ! L, Snyder, "Will Рroр, Ц Sшvivе' ТЬе Conflict wirh сЬе Соп­ stirution," l.оз AfI,ge!es РУее Pms, Jаrшагу 8, 1965, 1, 3, A!though voters supporred Proposition Ц Ьу а two-to-one margin, Califomia's Supreme Сошt struck it down ,п 1967. 80, А, goored

iп

Peck,

UnШI'ег;ng [Ье SixtiH, 27,

81. Аге Кuпkiп, "ТЬе Negroes Have Voeed!" Los Angeles Руее Ргт, August 29, 1965, 1, 82. Аs Чllоtеd in Peck, Uщопring ,Ье Sixties, 26, 8'" B!ack perspectives оп сЬе W'atts геЬеlllOП were рис fопh iп ВоЬ Freeman, "Соге Leader Observes Ghetro Fightiпg," LOJ Angeles Руее PresJ, August 20,196),1-2; НегЬ Ропег, "Аrrогпеу Ana!yzes Causes of Warrs Demonsrrarions," Los Ргее Руен, Augusc 20, 1965,4, 5; !ДJ AlIge!es Руее Ртх, "Dоcumепгеd Case-Srudies of Роliсе Malpracrice," Augusr 27, 1965, 6; LOJ Angele.r Free Ргт, "Los Angeles Groups Соттепс оп Riocs," August 27, 1965,7; Los AlIgeles Руее Pms, "Discussion Unlimited: Public HeariBg Gers Буеwitвеss Testimony from Warts," ОсroЬег 1, 1965,2-3, 84' Freeman, "Core Leader Observes," 2. 85· Мшгау, "Free Press is Rich," 56. 86, Kllnkin. а> quorcd in Murray, "Free Press " Rich," 56. 87· McBride. "Оп сЬе Faнlr LiBes," з6. 88, Dшiпg Holly\vood's golden аье, оЕ сошsе, fancy restaurants and Ьоuriчuеs lined the sпееt, Ьш Ьу сЬе 'асе 1950S сЬеу had ]osr their ]uster, See Adler, "Рlу Trans-Love," 1 17. See also, DomeBic Priore, Riot 011 Stmset Strip: Rock '71' RolI's [ди Stand in Hollyu'ood (London: JаwЬопе, 2007), 89' Mike Fessier, Jr., "Sunset Boulevard's New Bohemia,"

IДJ

1965), 34' 90. McBride, "Оп сЬе Faulr LiBes," 206-8. 91. Adler, "Fly Trans-Love," 1 18;Jerry Farber, "Big Mike

ас Веп

Ange/cs Magazine (December

FraBk's," Los Ange!es Fr.e

Рут, Jапнагу

7, 1966,6. А writer [or LOJ Лng а Нор! IndiaB or сЬе ]оllу Green Giащ," See Ft'Ssier, "SUBser Boulevard's New Bohemia," 39. 92, Т/те. "Sunser А!опь гЬе Srrip," December iоп:

Dressing for

сЬе Sпiр," ]ипе

2, 69, See also Look, "Ca!ifornia Fash­ 28, 1966,74-75; Neu'щееk, "ТЬе Teenagers," МагсЬ

21,1965,75· 93, Ове such еvещ, he!d ас ап "aerospace Ьаll" (presumably ап airplaBe haBgar) near сЬе Srrip, bilJt.d itse!f а> а "Lysergic A-Go-Go," and promised "а specracu!ar оЕ lighr, соlог, SOUBd, and morion." See lдj' ЛngеlеJ Free Руеп, "Lysergic A-Go-Go," November I9, 9+ 95, 96, 97.

204

1965,1, Ad!er. "Fly Trans-Love," I 17·

Paul], Robbins, "ТЬе Strip is а Bummer / " LOJ Angeles Ргее Рут, ]anuary 4, 1966,6-7.

Jerry РагЬег, "MakiBg Ir: Оп гЬе S(rjp," Lo.r Angeles Руее Press, December 24, 1966,6.

Anrhony Веrпhагd aBd Edgar Z. Friedenberg, "ТЬе Sunser Strip," Neu' York Revieu о/ Books. March 9, 1967, hrrр:/lwww.пуЬооks.сот!агtiсlеslагсl1ives/I967/mаГ/09/

"ЮТЕ, ТО PAGFS 42-44

che-sunser-srrip! А Uf~ wrirer opined, "The police are panicked аЬоиг rhe whoIe scene, rhey don'r know whar го do. Crime is ир along the Strip, Опе real-estare owntr had а couch in rl1e 10ЬЬУ of his monrhs, еуеп afrer he bol[ed i[ [о [he

араптепг

house scolen five [imes ill as тапу ... There was rhe а half-

сетепг Ноос

drunk тетЬег о! some motorcycle сlиЬ rhrew а coffee сир аг а mororcycle policeman from ап ourdoor еагее}' place. TweIve cops descended оп rhe place and couldn't find anybody со апеst." See Roger Vaughan, "The Mad New Scene оп Sun­ 98. 99.

set Srrlp," Augllsr 26, 1966,82-8з. qlloted in Bernhard and Friedenberg, "Sunse[ Srrip," Асс Berman, "Shur-downs of Тееп-Аве Clllbs Demanded

А>

Ьу

Businesses,"

[о}

Angel.s

4,

[00.

"Sunser Srrip,"

10[. As qtюtеd lП Bernhard and Friedenberg, "Sunser Srrip." 102. McBride, "Dearh Ciry Radicals," 1 17, 103. McBride,

"Оп

rhe Faulr Lines," 229.

104, Опе pair of lerrer wricers Егот rhe SlInser Srrip Association toId the "Although 'уе do пог песessапlv agree with уош concll1sions а> со rhe саи,е and effecr of rhe [есепс Sunser Srrip disгшЬапсеs, we , , , wanr уои со know rhat we consider уош геропаgе in rhe finesc jошпаIisriс rradicion, Of аН rhe Iocal press ... we found уош соуегаве rhe ffiOS( сотргеhепsivе," Fred Rosenberg and SheIly Davis, lе((ег [о rhe edicor, [os Лпgе/еs руес Рут, November 25, 1966,4· 105, Оуег chirning guirars, the lyrics marveI

streets," уои

Ьш саuriоп,

ас

the sighr of

"а

rhousand peopIe

"Paranoia srrikes deep, .. Srep ош ofIine, rhe

away" (BufIalo Springfield,

"Рог

Whar Ir's WocrhlDo 1 Науе

тап соте

(о Соте

lП

the

and (ake

Righr

Оис

and Say It," Ассо 45-6459), 106. McBride, "Оп the FaLllr Lines," 233-49. the inrerview, Kunkin f!icked his checkbook toward the геропег 107. Аг опе рпiш who was in[erviewing him. "Неге," he announced, "we've вог $110 lП [he Ьапk,

and rhat's аН .... We сап'г еуеп afford а readership survey See Nol
со

find

оllt

who reads

сЬе рарег,"

Undel-grllund, "UndergГOllnd Phenomenon," АргН 2з-Мау 7, 1967, [, These admirredly hard со verify; newspapers commonly claim more readers than chey have. and геропs аЬоllt the Руеер', circula(ion in this аге inconsis­ геш. А> nored аЬоуе, KLlnkin professed со have "close го 9,000" readers in ап interview rhar сап in rhe lдх Лngеlеs Т!lIlеs' \Иш magazine оп ОссоЬег 2, ыlt in April 1967 [11e LlIs Undеrgrошufs геропеd [har six months prior (that i5, iп ОсгоЬег, 1966) che Рпе Рr<п's сiгшJагiоп was ! 7,000, Eirher way, [he рарег', growrh аЕсег rhe Srrip riors was phenomenal. See Nolan, "Рсее Press Cosrs," 40; LQS Лnglеs Underground,

108. LII,r

питЬег> аге

Рl1епотепоп," 1.

109, 1"0; ЛnglеJ [10,

1I!,

112,

Underground, "Undergгound Phenomenon," ). Wachsberger, "А Tradirion Conrinues: Easr Undergcollnd Press, " in Wachsberger, Vоiщ from {Ье U"dnground, 234, Heineman, Саmрю \f<1r,r, 20. MSU was founded as гЬе Agriculrural ColIege оЕ rhe Srare and ir was rhe ргогогуре Еor nearly sevenry established under rhe 1862 МопШ Ап, It was upgraded Егот а со а lIniverslry in 1955, Adams, ТЬе Te.>t, 18-19' See also Lowen, СоМ \Var Univm-ity.

NOTtS то PAGES 44-47

205

1 {). Heineman, Саmрm \Vars, 20. 1 Ц. Kindman, "Му Odyssey,"

1). Kindman,

"Му

Odysse)!," 370-71,

1 1 6, Kindman,

"Му

Odyssey," 37 1, See also Michael K;ndman, "Merjc

t'lISed,"

Рареу, Мау

5,

Рroьгат

Srill

Соn.

7,

117, Неinетап, Саmрю W"rJ, 85-86, Boch groups \\'еге ,о iпsignifiсаnc rhac wl1еп rhe State NeU'J publlshed а lengchy "Hiscorical Ощlinе ot' Radicalism ас MSU" ;П rhe УОllпg

mеnгiопеd,

Socialisr Clllb \vasn'r

nос арреаг uшil

and SOS did

reached [966 Marion Nowack, "Historical Oucline о{ Radicallsm Арп122,

1 19, Атоn!, [111':

Оllг!iпе,"

lаstiпg ,таье, sigп

cardboarci cards,

6; Kindman,

of [IH:

[ha[ read: "1

mщilаtе те," (ТЬе рuпсh

nапагivе

rhe

MSU," St<1tt :\'tU'J,

6-7

118, Nowack. "His(Orica! а

ас

ат а

phrase refers

а150 kпоwп а,

{гее

speecl1

"Му

sгш1епr.

UC

Odyssey," .'1' 1-72,

mоvеmепt

Holleritl1 cards

ог!ВМ

bend, fold, spincile,

соmmопlу fоuпd оп

was

Ог

computer

cards, No\v ol,so!ere, rl1e carcis were

inрщ, рroсеssiпg, апd ,сorаье,)

wide!y used tor dara

ао по(

Plea5e

(О а wаrпll1g сЬаг

[1];;с о!' а stнdеп[ wе'lгiпg

was

See

В!оот

and Breines, Takill' l:

'о tlJe StreetJ,

93-'94. 120, Kindman, "MyOdyssey," 371, сЬе

12 1. Larer

CSR \vou!d lobby

[ог

!Ibrary

imрrovеmепtS,

122. John Mi!lhone, "MSU's 'Schiff Affair," ОесетЬег 19,

12". lп

а

and rhe grollp

арапmеnr сотрlех knо\vп ш discГlillinare ilg~inst

loca!

ierrer

го

"ОЫ

!1I1es:

Аn

Echo

оЕ

опсе

picketeLi

а

African Americans, Berkeley'" Dttmit Fnt

РУб",

2'В'

rhe ecJiror

о!'

rhe State

l\Щ'J, а studепг \носе а

CSR, rhose crazy beards! Jusr simply 11ave

hllmorous

ш ьо."

Oaniel L,

роет

\vith rhe

СоЬЬ,

lerrer ro

rhe ediror, Stdle "\'еи", Febrllary 17, 1965' АРРUГtПГ!У, ,оте ln rhe CSR \Vere
таага,

and

сгаnЬепу, Ьпr соаау.

escape

,,1п

[шт

whar гоlе we srudenrs аге \villing со aSSllme [n rhe campus sociery conrrasr со [Ье 'beamiks' of сЬе 19505, ш(!ау's 'rebels' по !onger aim со Ьпr со ггаП5fогm ,С

sociery,

Ьеггег оnе," Lo,~o.",

into

Сnivегшу

Srudenr Proresr Fi!es (r 965-7 1), Michit:an Srate

Sllmmer

Arcllives

апcJ

1,

Hisrorical

Collecrions, Conrad Hall, Easr Lansing, Michigan. 124. Kindman,

"Му

Ociyssey," 37!,

12), See Michae! Kindman, "W!lY КincJП1аn,

126. КiпdП1аn, Srop

"SchifT Са,е "Му

Wоггуiпg

127, Kindman,

"Му

"Му

не,

206

Кiпdmап,

Кеер ощ Соо!," РареУ,

Ьу

17,

"Zeirgiesc: or,

Michae! ц,

Но\\' \\(/е

1965'

Learned ro

Apri! 7, 1966,2

aurhor, March 4, 200).

Odys5ey,"

,П3. А

Dcтil)',

[о

Sшtе NшCf, FеЬГШlfУ

'Berke!ey, '" Statr NeUI, Ocrobtr

Odyssey," .'172,

paper, rhe "srarring

CSR,"

Odyssey," 372; Michae! and

128. Larry Tare, inrerview 129. Kindman,

"т ;п

Мау Ве А Sесопd

wrirer tor rhe Universiry ofMic!1igan's campus news·

like\vise norecJ rhar

quesrion policies ' . , as

сЬеу

Ьу

srarreci

rhe [о

tэJ! о!'

MSU scudencs were

quesrion policies here [ar rhe U ni~

versiry ofMiclliganJ ago,"). Russe!! Gaines, "MSU-Painflll Po!irical Маtнгiпg," MiclJigall Dail)', November 20, 196), The issue was frameci wirh аn epigram {'roт Wa!r \Xlhirman's "Song оЕ Myselt": "1 roо аш nor а bir [ашеа-I toо ат llnrranslarabIe, i 1 sOllnd ту barbaric yawp оуег rhe roots

l"OTES

то РА(;Е,

47-4<)

.....

оЕ rhe

world," See "\'
(SеprешЬег 1965): 4, 13 [, . W 11y L,eltgelst, 10.

[32. Michael Кiпdшап, "As We Begin: А Loyalry Oarh," Рарсу, DесешЬег 3,1965, [. 133, А, Borgsrrom, "Food ,п Hisrory and rhe Future," Paper, December 3, (96). 3; WilJiam Pritchard, "Studenr Government-Up {rom the Sandbox," Рареу, DесешЬег 3, 4; David Fгееdшап, "Сошшittее {ог Studenr RevolHtion / " Paper, December 3, 1965, 5; Marshal1 Rosenthal, "Three Interviews wirh

Paper,

ВоЬ

Dylan,"

DесешЬег

3, 1965,8. [34. "Раи! Krassner was ош снlшге here," Larry Таге гешеmbered, See Tate interview, [35. Michael Kindman, "MSU-The C10sed Society," Рареу, DесешЬег IO, 2. {Sreve Badcich], "The Children's Сшsаdе: ТЬе Рарсу Looks аг rhe Rose Bowl," Рареу, Jantlary 20, 1966, [, 137. Michael Kindman, "Schiff is Back, Внг Nor Forgorren," Paper, JanHary 20, 1966, 2. Schiff had Ьееп presidenr of rhe YOHng Socialist С1t1Ь, а шешЬег ot' rhe sreering сот­ mirree of rhe Commitree оп Viеrnаш, an active шешЬег оЕ the CSR, and ediror ,п chief of irs official пеwslепег, LogoJ. Ву rhe spring оЕ [965 he had nearly earned а шаsгег's ,п economics, Ьиг he decided he wanted ro earn ап МА ,п the hisrory deparr­ тепс as well. Alrhough rhe history departmenr had approved his application, MSU's registrar denied his applicarion for readmission ,п Jtlne The following month, Scl1jf{ won rhe supporr оЕ the American Association Professors and Lan­

sing's branch MSU

оЕ

rhe American Civil Liberries Union. In

Russ

АlIеп

described

а

ап

a{fidavit

meeting with MSU vice

оп

Schiffs behalf, John

Fнzak,

during which Fuzak admitted thar Schiff's campus political accivity led со his поп­ readmission. When а federal сошt ordered MSU го specify irs againsr Schiff and schedtlle а hearing оп the танег, the State Neu'J' {aculry advisor, Lotlis Вегшап, prohibited rhe рарег froш prinring material relating со the аг which point [оиг ot' irs editors resigned. Although their departures were not covered in the State NeuJ, rhe

ofMichigan's

рарег,

rhe Michigan Dail), gave the fiasco exrensive

coverage, Schiff was later allowed го еnrоll for rhe [966 winrer сегт. See Charles Lar­ rowe, "The Schiff Case: А Chronology," December 8, 196'), in "Schiff, Paul-Legal Documenrs," Collecrions Library, Michigan State University; John Millhone, "MSU's 'Schi{f Affair,' Ап Echo ofBerkeley?" Detroit Руее Руен, December 19, 1965, I; J. Russell Gaines, "MSU-Painfu! Political Maturing," Michigan Daily, NоvешЬег 1з8.

20, 1965. LaHrence Таге, "AIl's Fair

,п

Love and

Реасе,"

Paper,

DесешЬег

10,

139. Sоше of rhe university's regularions prohibited srudenrs [гот while waitin!! in line for dinner, banned card playing in сашрus tlпшаrriеd

pregnanr scudents ro leave

сашриs

1,6. оп

the

аоог

and required afrer the first trimester. See Robert

Вао

and Раг Grauer, "The Sixcies ас MSU," MSU Aluтni Janttary 1974, 9. See also DOtlg Lackey, "Why They Lock Уои Ир аг Night," Paper, January 27, 1966,7; Denise R. Ivanovirch, "Опе Day ,п che Lift: of 413522," Рареу, Мау 26, 1966, 8. 140. Larry Таге and S.P.B., "Раliпdгоше Revelarions Rock CampHs," Paper, Apri! 14, 1966. r

NOTES то PAGES 49-51

207

Мап,"

141. The Lounge, "Land Granr "ап

Hannah as ап

honorary degree соте

seemed ro

з8о.

Odyssey,"

а

easy mark, ,п

Мау

Paper,

Кindman

26, 1966, 1.

а

pou!rry science, and whose ideas [or building [roт сЬе

mainly

!arer described

Michigan farmboy made good, whose only docrorare \vas

НаппаЬ

Surprisingly,

grear universiry "Му

world of corporare developmenr." Kindman, never discussed

сЬе

Paper or rus conrreremps \virh

scudenr radicals ,п rus ашоЬiоgгарhу. See Hannah, А Л1еmоir. 142. "Уои Won'r Бе!iеvе This Бш. ." Рареу, March 1966, 1. 143. ТЬе Paper's negoriarions wirl1

Pap<'r seemed 'С

sarion"

сЬе

received from

universiry were ludicrously complicared.

\vas simpJy rrying

[о

оп

сЬе РареУ а

do

[Ье

Боагd. Ас сЬе

сЬе

year

irs lJyers and peririons

denr Publicarions-an adminisrrarors (also ca!led

se1l issues оп campus, owing ro

Srudenr

сЬе ,п сЬе

vicrory, since earlier со disrriЬше

сЬе

со Ьауе сЬе ашhогiгу со

Вш Ьу

ашhогiгу, уес

ruling

and

50

оп

Рареу

accepting а

responded wirh

case ro

сЬе

апе!

сЬе Рареу

in February

оЕ

(еаliсу, сЬ/:'

апеmргs

Srudenr Board Boar
was ca!!ed before

uпашhогizеd

"сошгiЬшiопs") апс!

mimeographed

Рареу

сl1е

сЬе

irs jurisdic­

limirs

оЕ ,с>

оис­

аdvепisшg геуепие.

TI1e

сЬе

was back in

universiry and pleading Ьшiпеss,

рнЬ

по

ooard was c!aiming ir had нпаЫе to

rration was

could exisr, See Paper,

псасе а

immediare!y "Уон

aurhoriry over rhe

mапег,

and

МSГs

Ьу

Вш

.. " Marct\

now

adminis­

ser of guicle!ines under whicl1 rhe

Won'r Believe This,

,с,

сетро­

operating

rarily L!nder the aL!spices of rhe Srudenr Board (only rhis rime officially) since rhe

own

Srudenr Judiciary­

acrivities: sel1ing issues

generaring

ridiculing

pllblic. Two weeks larer, rhe

аЬош

even seemed unsure

rhe Srudenr Board srrerched

another organizarion-for apparenrly

right (instead

сЬе

ап imропапг

CSR's

оп ассоиnr оЕ [Ье [асс сЬас сЬе

favor,

mапег,

rrus

In

firsr,

separare organizarion. made ир of srudenrs, faculry, and "риЬ board")-Iacked esrablished guidelines for inde­

pendenrly operared srudenr publicarions, rion.

рroрессу,

сЬе

Ас

"special dispen­

rime, rrus seemed

Board had inrer[ered \virh campus

а

РареУ

1966, 1,8.

144. Таге inrerview. 145. Kindman,

"Му

Odyssey," "ТЬе

146. Warren Hinckle,

l:niversiry

147. RampartJ adverrisemenr,

Кindman, "ТЬе

148. Michael

оп сЬе

Make," Ramparts, April 1966, 14.

Рареу, АргН

21, 1966,4· Rires/Righrs of Spring,"

Lang, "FUEL: The Torch is Passed,"

РареУ,

Рареу,

April 7, 1966,

6; Brad

1,

Apri! 7, 1966,6.

149. Incidenra!!y, опе of сЬе diner's regulars was Richard Ford, сЬе celebrared novelisr and shorr-story writer. Spiro's "made

те [ее!

January 23, .2005· 150. Kindman, "Му Odyssey," Srop Worrying and 151. Greg

НШ,

1)2. Zeitgeist,

AII

"The

ner's \'isir led

or Musings from

,1еер

208

сЬас

сЬе

сЬе

со а

со ашhог,

1966,4.

Bear Generarion," сЬе

Аргil

Рареу, Мау

1966,

12,

12, 1966,

а а

posired several orher more "suitable" slogans: "Make Jove communism,

communism, ball communism, meaningful relarionship communism,

NOTES

ТО

Krass­

infamous "Fuck Communism" posrer above

Pa/Jt'r prinred.

оп

1.

rhe fronr page,

considerabIe conrroversy afrer Ы,

(о

2.

Sad American Nighr & Goodbye ro

Krassner ас MSU: IlIusion or Realisr)"

sma!! phocograph of him holding caprion

AprH 7, 1966,

Сulгurе-VL!lгшеs," Рареу, Мау), Тгшh,

berrer college," Ford remembered,

Moo-U-ish." Richard Ford

Michael, Kindman, "Zeirgeisr: or, How We Learned

... or Wharever Happened ro

Та[е, "Раи!

сЬап

Кеер Ош Сооl," РареУ,

"Poetry and

ТЬас

153.

П 1;

ас а

1 was

"since 1 felr sort of New York-ish rarher

PAGES

5 !-52

Ьеашiful

experience commllnism, do i( communism, wan( сир

of coffee communism

priare,"

а тетЬег

(о соте ир

to

ту гоот

and have

а

.. " The 5tate Neu'J deemed rhe issue "vulgar and inappro­

ot' the Board of' Srudenr Publicarions called ir "prurienr," and rhe

p"per's pllblisher-rhe /ngha'll CO/mty Ne/l's-promp,ly qui, doing bLlsiness wirh ,hem. See Р"р'У, "Неге We Go Again,," Мау 19, 1966, 1; Рареу, "Wha( We're

"

Мау 22,1967,7.

154. Jolles, inrerview Ьу ашhог, March 16,2005. 155. Sale,5D5,664 156. Michael Kindman, "1"5 was

ап

Вееп А

Gas l "

Рареу, Мау

26, 1966,2. "Le, ,he People Decide"

SDS slogan.

157. Time, "Underground

АШапсе,"

JLlly 29,1966,57.

158. Тасе inrerview. 159. Michael Kindman, "The Newspaper as Агс Form," РареУ, ОсtoЬег 13, 1966, 2, 160. Jolles inrerview. 161. Огеуег and Smirh, "Моуетепс and New Media," 17. 162. Rossinow, Po!itiiS

10.

Peck, Umшеrillg rhe Sixrie.r , 58. 164. Rossinow, Pv/iti<:r о/ Лllthеntiсitу, 260-61. f)/Лuthentiсit),

Rossinow, Pf)/itics

166. Pardlln, Prt1irie Radica/,

22-23.

mllnis( in Texas," in Janes, No 167. Thorne Огеуег, as

26-28.

See also Roberr PardLln, "I( Wasn'( Hard

Лро/оgitJ,

То Ве а Сот­

51.

in Peck, Uncor'ering the 5ixms, 59.

168. Echols, SCdYS o/Su'ret Paradise, 53. Janis Joplin, wlю sang ас Threadgill's in the early

before she was famolls, гетет­

bered him affecrionarely: "Не \vas old, а grear blg тап with а Ьеег belly апс! white hair combed back оп сор (J!' his 11ead. He'd Ье dishin' OLlt Polish SaLJsages and hard-boiled eggs and Granc! Prizes and Lone Scars," and sometimes at the end of the night rhe bar's remaining cusromers would соах hlm into yodeling his favorite Rodgers tunes. "He'd close che Ьаг down, ашl then walk ОLlС front, and he'd lay his hands across hi5 Ыб [ас Ьеllу,

which wa5 covered \virh

like а bird.... God he was

а Ьаг арroп

fantasrK 1"

.. , and lean his head back and sing, jllsr sing

As qLlored 1П Echols, Scars o/Su'eet Paradise,

170. АтОПб them was Bill Malone, who lасег Ьесате ап allthority оп the history of СОLlПСГУ mllsic. 171, Shank, 17 2.

DiИQnаm

/dentirie,r, 40-41.

"Gencle Thursday," 39.

17}. Echols, SCt1YS o/Sueet PaYrJdise, 56. 174. Мапсе Lipscomb, а l1ighly respected African American blllesman, broke the color line at Threadgill's lП 1966. 175. Shank, Disson",u /de!ltiries, 42. 176. Gray, "Salvation

011

the Camplls," 56.

177. Rossino\v, Politi(J о/Лuthеmi"itу, 54· 178. Rossino\v, Politi(J U/Лlithеnti(itу, 82, 179. See Rossinow, Pu/itil1 180.

85-114.

Morris, j\.'ortlJ Tou'ard Ноте, 171.

181, As quored

1П

Lieberman, Prairie Рои'еу, 77. As noted in chapter 1, Shero wen(

оп (о

edit

the 5D5 Bulletin.

NOTES ТО PAGES 52-57

209

182. As quo[ed in Lieberman, Prairie 18з. 1n

[he summer

тоуетеnr

оЕ

РОИ/еУ,

88.

1964, Aus[in SDSer Charlie Smi[h earned himself а small

10re when he arrived

Honda 250 mororcycle and

а[ ап

iппоduсеd

half-horse and half-alligaror' 1'm

а

рlасе

in

оп

his

SDS conven[ion in ups[a[e New York

[hunderously proclaiming:

'Тт

Marxis[-Leninis[-Gandhian-anarchis[-pacifisr

сот­

himself

Ьу

Тlшгsdау," 18. Sixties, 186. Gi[\in was по[ referring specifically ro [he Aus[in SDS chap[er, Ьш ro [he "prairie power" fac[ion оЕ SDS, оЕ which [he Aus[ini[es were а рап. 185. Pardun, Prairie Radical, 105-7. ]ohnson was а[ [he ranch а[ [he [ime, пуiпg ro escape [he [wen[y [housand pro[esrors who descended upon Washingron, DC, for [he SDS­ sponsored pro[es[ described in chap[er 1. 186. Several Aus[ini[es were already prominen[ in SDS; Robb and Doro[hy Burlage and Casey Hayden had аН a[[ended [he Роп Ншоп Conference in]une 1962. La[er, Shero Ьесате SDS's vice presiden[ in 1965-66, before founding опе оЕ New York's тоя iтропап[ underground newspapers, [he Rat; RоЬеп Pardun was SDS's educa[ion sec­

muni[y organizer from Texas!" See ]ones, "Genrle

184. Gi[\in,

ТЬе

rerary in 1967-68; Thorne Dreyer was

а пошЫе

figure in [he underground press,

wri[ing for LNS and helping ro esrablish Housron's Space City.' Charlie Smi[h joined SDS's Na[ional Council in 1964.

187. Thorne Dreyer, in[erview Ьу au[hor, April 23, 2005. 188. 01ап, "The Rag," 40. According [о а former Daily Техаn wri[er, af[er Economidy was elec[ed ediror "he made а grand en[rance inro [he newspaper office wearing ROTC uniform and carrying оЕ а шЫе

а

ап

makeshif[ swagger s[ick," which he banged

as he announced: "General ]ohn is HERE'"

Кауе Nопhсоп,

Air Force

оп

[he rim

"Gen. ]ohn

Economidy: The Firs[ 100 Days," Rag, Ocrober 10,1966,1.

189. Thorne Dreyer ro [he East Village Ot!Jer, Los Angeles Free Press, Berkeley ВауЬ, Fift!J Estate, РареУ,

Sanity, and Реасе NeU's, Oc[ober 5, 1966, unpublished lепег in aurhor's posses­ lая phrase is а dry reference ro [he Еас[ [ha[ in 1966 тапу оЕ Aus[in's res[­ rooms were s[ill segrega[ed.

sion. The

190. Pardun, Prairie Radical, 162. о/ Aut!Jenticity, 260. 192. Rag, Ocrober 10, 1966,2; Rag, "Augus[ 17, 1966," 3; [he Rag issue da[ed "Augus[ 17, 1966" is in error; i[ should have Ьееп da[ed "Ocrober 17,1966."

191. Rossinow, Politics

193. David Mahler, as quo[ed in Olan, "The Rag," 81. 194. Al[hollgh [his was supposed ro help [he paper sraffer observed [ha[ i[

тау

[о

seem more democra[ic, опе former

have also "reinforced [he [sraff's] concei[-[hose who knew,

knew, and [hose who didn'[, wouldn'[," Securi[y considera[ions по[ [о

role in [he decision muni[y and

ТЬе

тау

have also played

use anyone's surname. See Danny N. Schweers, "The

а

Сот­

Rag," in ]anes, No Apologies, 219.

195. Pardun, Prairie Radical, 162-6з· 196. As quo[ed in

01ап,

197. Rossino\v, Politics

"The Rag," 52-53.

о/ Aut!Jenticity,

198. Dreyer in[erview. 199. Dreyer and Smi[h,

"Моуетеп[

200. George Vizard, "Ragamuffins also

"ОЕЕ Сат pus

was murdered

210

260.

and New Media," 26.

Расе

Fuzz," Rag, Augus[ 17, 1966, 1,4-5, 16, 18. See

Paper Sells Ош Firs[ Day," Daily

оп] uly

NOTES ТО PAGES

Техаn,

Ocrober I 1, 1966, 1. Vizard

23, 1967, and his killer was arres[ed in 1980 and la[er convic[ed.

57-60

;п
Police maintained rl1at Vizard was shot and

по"".,

Лlшdm

сЬе

believe

Техи> Мошhlу

(Ausrin:

201. Саro! Neiman,

Is

Nortl1Cort, "Gen. )оlш Economidy:

)tJf Shero, "Playboy', T;nseled !ог

several Ausr;n act;vists.

оп

ТЬе

Page," Rag,

ОссоЬег

Days," Rag,

Firsr

Sеduсш:ss,"

Fero,

ТlJe

сЬеп

Zal'li

1-10; Кау

10,

ОсшЬеr

Raf(, Occober

19Ы),

1-4;

4, 7, 8, Ironically,

Larry

h"Cn"M'.'

202. Ашlюпу Howe, "Provos:

Кеllу

Press, 1990).

"ТЬе Тгщh

Shero larer worked

Ьш

murder was polirically morivared. See

ТЬе

ОсшЬеr

Durcl1 Anarchists,"

17, 1966, 3,

Chason, "Sexual Fre"dom League: ТЬе Naked ТшсЬ," Rag, ОссоЬег 17,

8,9:

17: ТЬоrnе

1966.1,4,

Бгiпgs Down," Ri1g, ОссоЬ",г 17,1966,

12-1.'), 20.,\.

Larry Бгаiп

геuщцег,

ТЬе

"Grassroors SocioJo,gy:

Gceac HeadJine F;asco,

ог,

Who

Ас", сЬе

Police/" Rад, DесеmЬt:г 5, 19ЬЬ , 5,

204' Бе-;пs Ьаррепес! il1 тапу cit1es il1 сЬе lace

San Francisco's Golden Gare Park ТпЬеs,"

radicals

14,

tirsr major опе took place ;п

Also called

"А

Garhering

о( сЬе

to рсоmосе commllnion апс! cooperarion berween polirical

ir was апс!

Ьш (Ье

оп)аПllагу

acidIJeads.

205. Ашtiп SDS proclaimed, "ТЫ, will Ье по SDS fllnction bllr а (iгсш for everyone." See )ОПб. "Gешlе Тhшsdау: Ап

Glenn W.

Tisc!Jler, SiglJt.r

011

206. "Tl1is Тlшгsdау

IS

SDS CirClls in Allsrin, Texas,

[966-Т969,"

in

th. Sixtie.<, Genrle Thurs(]ay." Rag, ОсюЬеr .')I, I966, 4­

207. Pardlln, P'·,li,.j( Rш/k"l, I 61, 208. )ones, "SDS CirclIs," "Бlооd

209. SllSan Torian Olan,

Debts," in )anes, No

20,

210. )ones, "SDS CirClls," 76. 21I. ТЬоте Dreyer, "Flipped Ош \X!eek," Rag, April 10, I967, I; Gary T!Jiher. "Gentle Тhшsdау

as

Rеvоlшiоп," Ra[;,

April 24,

Н)Ь7,

10.

212.

Sale, SDS,

21;.

)ones, "Genrle Thursday:

2 Ц.

SIJank, DiJ.if!flallt ldentitieJ, 49,

2Т5.

Qlloredinibid .. 48.

2т6

Drt:yer anс! SmirIJ, "Моvtтtш апс! New Media," 26.

2 I

7. See Rolfe

.',27.

апс! Коrап,

Rеvоlшiопаrу Раsшгаlism,"

"Freeping

90-I02.

ОllС," 1.

218. Peck. U'ЮJ/'еl'ing tlJe SiXlI<.!, 191; RoJte and Koran, 'Treeping ОШ," 6. In the enslIing Ьесате

j'/::ars. KlInkin mystica! boasted of hаV1Пg "Аге

studying alchemy and proselyeizing (or

organizaeion called Way

01' сЬе

Magus, In а

200.)

а

interview, Ье

of ап ancienr reincarnation гiшаl. See Lionel Rolie,

,есгес

Kunkin: Myst1C in Paradise," lшр:ilwww.Ыgmаgiс.соm!раgеs/Ыасkj/соlumп8зе.

hrml. аrolШ(]

219. MSU-SDS (апс!

narional convention

оп

everything

camplIs) wl1ile

Margarer Hackert, interview

Ьу

220.

Miclblel Kindman, 'The Dove

22 [

For more

22:2,

"Rag

оп

Lyman,

['гот [Ь",

!Jigh COSt

оЕ

rextbooks (() anri-dra{r

hoodwinked IЬе llniversilY in(() allowing SDS (() IJold irs

in [968

,ее

сЬе

Pi1per's circulalion swelled (()

На> Тот

Her Wing,"

Felron, Green, and

Ос (()Ье r

аЬош [),ООО.

author, I'ebruary 4, 2005­

1971,

Dаlшп,

Рареу,

November 30, [967,3, 1:; 5-224.

О,р,

J:<;OTES ТО РЛС;ЕS ()о-()"

2 11

223. Richards,

Оnсе Ироn а

224. "Rag Hisrory,"

П.р.

Time, 125-35.

As Rossinow observes, "in Texas, of course, rhe cowboys and

1ndians were usually casr as heroes." Rossinow, Politics

пог

225· Schweers, "Community and The Rag," 233. From Seprember [ through 4,2005, [огтег

rhe

0/ AutiJenticity, 260. тапу

Ragsraffers gathered in Ausrin ro celebrare the thirty-ninrh anniversary of rhe

founding of rhe

рарег.

See Cheryl Smirh, "Everything Old is New Again:

the Whire House, We're in

а

Quagmire War-and The Rag returns

го

А

Texan's in

Ausrin," A1IStin

Chronicle, Seprember 2, 2005, hrrp://www.ausrinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Redirect.htmll issues/ d isparchl2 00 5-09-0 2/pols/fearure 3 .hrml.

Chapter 3 1. Sara Davidson, Loose Change, 14 3; J ames Miller, Flои'т in the D1IStbin, 259-60. 2. Sara Davidson, LooJe Change, 143. 3. Zane Mairland, тепг

"А

Hippie Non-Happening,"' San Francisco Chronicle, n.d., Бох

in Peter Srafford Papers (1960-71),

Бооk

2, Rare

п.р.

Frag­

and Manuscriprs Library,

Columbia Universiry, New York City. Henceforrh, rhis collecrion will

Ье

abbreviared

"PSP."

4. Time, "Tripping

оп Бапапа

Peels," April 7, [967, 52; Neu'.IU'eek, "Mellow Yellow,"

April 10, 1967,93. 5.

"Нитап Бе-1п

Covers Meadow, baffles cops," Neu' Left NoteJ, April 10, [967,1; Неуе,

McNeill, Moving Through

9.

6. Frank Thompson, "Recenrly Launched U.S. Food and Drug Adminisrration 1nvestiga­ rion

оfБапапа Рееl

Smoking," Seed,

П.р.,

n.d, Fragmenr in PSP,

7. Food and Drug Adminisrrarion Press Release,

Мау

Бох

2.

26, 1967, hrtp://counrry;oe.com/

banana.hrm. 8. J. J.

Капе, "Бапапа

Appeal," High Times, September 1978, 57·

9. Jenkins, Bananas, xiii. 10. Going furrher, rhe

Ьапапа

craze complicares rhe popular notion thar rhe counrerculrure

was so marker-friendly,

co-оргаЫе,

capiralism rhat it lacked

апу

was

пеуег

Jinked

го апу

and nonrhreatening ro the estabIished values of

opposirional significance

аг

all. Although the

Ьапапа

faJ

specific poJiricaJ ob;ectives, ir was cerrainly meant ro confound

the sensibilities of the estabIished order Cfreaking

ош

the squares") and ir was

wirhour polirical overrones. Repressive drug laws and the lies they were based

пеуег

ироп.

misguided corporate values of efficiency, hierarchy, and rarionalization, and indeed

а

whole society's failure of imagination-rhese were some of the probIems that Ne\v Lefrists perceived in the 1960s, and they go

а

long way toward explaining why people

smoked bananas. 1n so doing, counrercLllrural yourhs fashioned

а

stronger community,

in which dissident viewpoinrs could circulare. Addirionally, smoking bananas could also

Ье [ип;

in the counterculture cosmology, this was

"Revolution 1s

АЬош Ош

по

small thing. See Rossinow,

Lives."

11. The song also appeared as the ritle track

оп

Donovan's album

Меllои' Уеllои,

which was

released in February 1967. 12. DeRogaris, Kaleidoscope Eyes, 59. Also see Feigelson, Undergr01md Rel'ollltion, 24; Girlin.

The Sixties, 212;

Реггу,

Haight-Ashbury, 82; Taylor, Tll'enty Years Ago Toda), 116; John

Wolfe, "Positively Queen Jane Approximately," Distant DrtlrJlmer, No\'ember 1967,9.

2 12

NOTES ТО PAGES

64-68

13. NeuSluek, "МеНо\'" Yellow," April 1967,93 14. Anne-Karherine Вгiп, letter со the editor, NеUSlпеk, Мау 15. Donovan Leirch, e-maij

roашhог,]апuагу

1,

28, 2003.

16. Donovan Leirch, е-тall со ашhог, ]anuary 28, 2003; DeRogaris, 59. Donovan's

memory norwith5randing, 1 Ьауе anorher rheory for where he gor rl1e iпsрiгагiоп for сЬе song. lп the winrer о! 1965, underground Lаггоопist Sраiп Rоdгigш;z began working оп ап adult, comic tabIoid magazine called Zi!dia( Milldu'(l>p, which was published in еас!у The vulgar сапооп оп сЬе соуес depicrs а сшvу \voman Iying in the supine position, about со Ье molested Ьу а тап 11Оldшg а yellow Ьапапа embIazoned with сЬе disrincrive General Electric logo аnc! сЬе words "Elec­ ссо-Вапапа." Тт, magazine did пос circulare widely, but ir was likely pubIished well before Donovan penned ш. lyric about elecrrical bananas. See Rosenkranz, Rebel

ViJions, 43-44. 17. 1 rold сЬе srory {or сЬе first time in а shorrer and less academic ver5ion of ст> chaprer. See McMilJian, "Electrica! Bananas." 18. See Clay and Phillips, Secrer Location, 166-68. 19. PalarreHa,

"Роессу

Was rhe Rage," 35. 1963,2. Afcer 1 asked Sanders аЬош rrus, he senr те this сuп reply: "There is аЬsоlшеlу norrung relating to the hippie capitalist phenomenon kпоwп а> bananadine [in} сЬе reference in tl1e Мау issue 01' the magazine." Ed Sanders, e-mai! со auchor, AL!gL!sr

20. Fщk Уои: А МаgаziщоfthеАrts, Мау

21.

23,2003· 22. Bromell,

TQ1JIorYOu' Never Кnою, 6I.

23. ]ое McDona!d, "The Вапапа Al'l'air," l1ttp:iiwww.counrryjoe.comibanana.h[m. 24. Gary

Hirsh,

е-таil со

au[hor, ]uly

2003.

Hirsh was

по

doubr

ап

eccentric,

Ьщ

he

probably \vasn'c а!опе. lп I967 опе underground рГб> \vriter таiпсаiпеd сl1ас Hrhere are, indeed, I'o!ks working rheit way through che produce departmenr, logically and orderly looking [or new ways со сuгп оп." See ]епу Hopkins, "Making lс," Lo,f

Free Рут, March I7, J967, 16. Eugene Schoenfe1d, а medica! doctor who wrore а ,уп­ dicatec! advice соluтп [or underground newspapers, adds, "Tl1ere was 50 тисЬ interesr in ways of getting l1igh that people rried anyrhing rhey heard аЬош.·' ELlgene Schoen­ feld, e-mail to author,]uly 22, 2003. Fшаliу, Hirsh was пос сЬе only person со experi­ тепс

with тасе; Paul Krassner опсе printtd а testimonia! (сот someone \vho асе "rwo reaspoons" of тасе. Two hours larer, he c!aims he saw "funny brighr ligllts" and heard "wobbIy nonsensica! voices." See Krassner, Magic МЮ/JrООfllS, 205. 25. McDonald, "Вапапа Affair." [иН

26. Gary Hirsh, e-mail со aurI1Or,] и!у 13, 2003. 27

McDonald,

"Вапапа

AfIair."

28. ]ое McDonald, e-mail to аисЬог, ]uly 9,

2003;

29. ]ohn Burks, "The UndergrOUl1d Press:

А

Gary Hirsh,

е-шаi! [о ащl1ОГ,

Special Report,"

Sl&l!e,

]ttly

1),

ОсroЬег

4,

J9 69,27· }О. Ed Denson, "The Folk Scene," Bet'kele) ВауЬ, March 3, I967, 6.

31. Ее! Denson, е-таil ro author, AugL!sr 28, 2003. 111 some ot wenr Ьу rhe пот de plume "Вапanа Ed."

Ы,

late[

wtJгшgs,

DenSOI1

32. Anonymous, letter [о the editor, Berkeley Barb, March З,1967, r J.

NOTES ТО PAGES

68-70

213

33. Don Wegars, "Kicks Еог Hippies: ТЬе Вапапа Тиrn-Оп," 5al1 FrШI,ism Chnmi,1., МагсЬ Alrhough сЬе C)Jronic/e article оп сЬе Ьапапа гитог is dared only опе day аЕсег

4, гЬе

гЬе

Barh articles,

3, [967, had

Barl; \Vas

а

weekly newspaper. PresumabIy,

асшаllу шс гЬе sпееts пеаг сЬе

гЬе

issue dared

МагсЬ

end 01' Аргil.

34. McDonald, "Бапапз Аflа;г." Вшinш W"ek mаgаziпе later pubIished ап апiсlе оп сЬе Ьапапа

гЬе рuппу

wirh

90-94)· 35. Frank, Conqlltst ргоduсгiоп

of

ТЬеу

Sell

Моге Вапапаs"

(july 8,

8.

тау Ьауе

Orhers

ritle "Yes,

made

гЬе ега:

а

(onneCriol1 between rhe

rhe Velvet

lJпdегgгоuпd's

Ьапапа

rumors and

firsr record, Thc VC!I'tf

& Nico (sometimes called "гЬе Ьапапа album"). Iп сЬе

апосЬег

rock

UпdеrgrlJlП1d

packaging, ut:"i';Ш:U

Ьу

Al1dy Warhol, гЬе record s!eeve reatured а Ьа11апа \vith а stick-on рее! гЬаг could

Ье

pulled away го геуеа! гЬе Ьаге fruit undernearh. ТЬе album \vas releaseJ in МагсЬ Ьщ гЬе

image was de5;gned

гЬе Ьапапа Ьоах.

However,

;п Мау

гЬе Ьапапа

and ir has

lad

тау Ьауе

direcr correlarion

гЬе

Velver's

го

соуег ап

and sоuпd is Irequently сЬагасгег­

proгopunk

ironic tinge, since rheir dark,

по

given

ized as а conscioL!S reaction аgаiШI the excesses ofWest Coasr hlppiedom. See Вош­ dоп, \~'arhol, 2з6;

37. "Tripping

DeRogatis, Ка!еidгшоре EytJ,

ол Вапапа

Peels," Time. April7,

з8. Armstrong, ТrJllJlре! 10 А,

Репу, Haig!JI-АJhЬu'),

52.

Arm5, 46.

g\lOred in Вшk5, "Undergгound Press," 18.

40. Бurks, "UndergrolInd Press," 25. 41. "General Marsbars" was сЬе

а рlIl1 оп

Gen. Lewis

Б.

Hershey, rhe be!eagLlered directQr

оГ

U .S. Selecrive Service [гот [948 гО 1970. See al50 Schoenfeld, Dear D(;,.,or Hip

Pocrate.>. 42. Fijrh E51aft (Derroir), 43' Thomas W.

"SuЬscriрtlOП

Вщгоws го

Sadie," Мау 15-31, [967,6.

ConneetilJnJ Records, WSHS,

Com/ee/iom, March 8,

Бох

1.

44. А> guoted in Peck, UЩОVtriпg tЬе 5ixti.J, 2 [. 45. Регег Shapiro, inrerview Ьу ROl1 Grele, Apri] 1 [, 1984, Columbia,

! 2

1.

46. Roberr Bu!ow, !епег го the ediror, Ешl Villtlge Ot!Jtr, Аргil 1, 1967, П.р. 47. See Peck, Uncouri!lg the 5i.>:fieJ,

21.

48. Michael Кiлdmап, "ТЬе Newspaper as Ан f'orm," Раре,', ОсгоЬег 13,

49· Chicago5eed,J\1!Y 50. QlIored;n 5

2

М;сЬае!

4, [967,3·

Lydon, "ТЬе \1(!ord Gets

Оиг,"

2.

Esqui,·t,

1 1 1.

;п Leашег, Рар",· RеН)!UIЮЩlrtеs,

Quored

52. See Flacks, Making Hista,'Y, 165· 53. Kindman, 54

"Му

Odyssey," 3713.

Fred Hoffman, "The Undergгound and rhe Esrab1JsI1ment," PRO\lO, July

7·

55. As guored in Sreve Long, ''Underground Reunion: Where А!tmшtit't

.i\!,dia, July-A\1gusr 1976, 24·

how UPS gor ;ts name-\vhicI1

Гт сеrtаш

Науе

ТЬе тоге сотшоп

AlI rhe Wrirers Gone" version 01' rlK srory о(

is apocrypl1a!,-holc!s rl!ar

Боwаrr оttЪапd,

ed!y menrioned his р!ап го help sraH а f'ederarion of uпdегgГOLшd papers го а геропег Еог

Tiltle

looked

214

mаgaziпе.

ир

and Sa\v

When гЬе геропег asked whar ir wOtJld Ье called, Bowarr said ht а

Unired

'-'OTJ"S ТО PA<;ES 71-7.)

Рагсе!

Servlce rruck \vh.iz past his

\vшJо\v,

and saiJ.

·'We're.

.

аЬ

... UPS-rhe Underground Press Syndicare." See Peck, Uncovering

{Ье

Sixties, 39; Armscrong, Тmmреl 10 Arms, 59.

BlISiness W.ek, "Admen Groove оп Underground," April 12, 86.

57. John Wilcock, "Big Success Scory," Olher Sсшеs, Мау 1967, 7. 58. Underground Press Syndicace, "Whac 15 U.P.S.'" John Wilcock (1967-71), Вох 1, Rare Buok and Manuscripc Library, Columbia Universicy, New York Cicy. Непсе­ forcl1, chis arcl1ival (o11ecrion will Ье abbreviaced "JWP." 59. John Wilcock со UPS member;" МагсЬ 7, 1968, Соnщаiоm Records (т967-68), Вох 1,

WSHS. 60. ЕгЬе! Romm

Wi1co(k, ОсюЬег 1'), 1968, JWP, Вох r. Odyssey," 378-79. See also АЬЬоп, "Каг! and Groucho." 62. Miles, in Вl>:О(, Рт Pms, 7. Quored in Edward Р. Morgan, ТЬе '6os Experience, 206. 61. Kindman,

(о John

"Му

64. Langer, "Nores for Nexr

6'). Peck, Uncovering

(Ье

Тlmе," 1 1 3.

Sixtie.r, 1.37.

66. Nш'SU'ееk, "Mellow Ye11ow," April 1967,93. 67. "Pick Уош Luad: Вапапа or Toad)" МагсЬ 27,1967,4.

68. ТЬе

(Ье Undergrolmd(Dallas), МассЬ 29,1967. Herballsc [pseud.], "Things (Lеда\) со Smoke and Get You

" Spokane Natural,

Jtlne 26, lCJ67. 6. 70. Marvin Gar50n, "Eleccrical Banana-Very Now Craze," Village Voice, March 16, 1967, 5. 7

Капе';, ассоиnr оЕ

rheir "discovery" sounds

тоге сЬап а !1СС!",

implausible. "EVO edicor

AJlen Кагzmап and Walrer Воwап were siгсiпg аrouпd оп ап idle аЕсеrnооп pemsing а

01 {Ье i'v1agiciam, а гhеп-рорulаг раеап СО (Ье joys of LSD. Disсоvегiпg chat acid worked irs magic Ьу а росепt сгапiаl flLlid called seratonin [ic does

сору оЕ Mummg

сЬас

пос], сЬеу

wondered aluud and lП concerc whether апу пагшаl stlЬsсапсеs сопrаiпеd selfsame fluid. ТЬеу chotlghc гЬеу found jusc сЬе substance [iп Ьапапаs]." Капе

goes

оп со

Ноах

explain сЬас bananas асе "аcrиа11у rich (п serotin, arch!rects believed." Капе, "Вапапа Appeal," 60.

поt

serafonitl, as

гЬе Вапапа

72. АЬЬосс НоЕЕтап, "Наlluсiпасiопs from сЬе Real World," Wonmer РШIСЬ, June 1967, r 2.

7}. Fiftb EJtate, "Looks Like Mellow Yellow," April 1 5-.~0, 1967,6. 7 + Oracle, МассЬ 1967, 5; Berkeley В"уЬ, "MeJlow Yellow Makes Fil1e Fellow," МассЬ 24, 1967, .~. Ас leasc rwo осЬес сотрапiеs aJso sold Ьапапа powder chrough Bizarre Bazaar, in Hollywood, and сЬе Eleccrical Вапапа Со., (п Seattle.

сЬе таl1­

75. Time, "Тгiррiпg оп Вапапа Peels," АрсН 7,1967,52. These (сет;, are оп display ас сЬе Inrernational Вапапа Club Мшеит (п Аltаdепа, California. 76. ш Yanker, Руор Ау!, 225. 77· Warhington Free Рrш, "МоЬу Grape," 3, 1967, 15; Fiftb Ertate, "Looks Like Mellow YelJow," April 15-30, 1967,6. 78. IN Neu' York, "Undergrollnd Uргisiпg," П.р., fragmenr, PSC, Вох 2. Writer Sol Wеiп­ sсеiп-поr normally associaced with rl1e соuпrегсulruге-реппеd lyrics со апщЬес Ьапапа sопg сЬас арреагес! in сЬе "Leccers" secrion of Р/ауЬ"у mаgаziпе (со [Ье шпе of сЬе C!1iqtlica jingle): {'т а Chiquita Вапапа and Гуе соте со say: Bananas аге ехсiгiпg (п а Ьгапd-пеw way

NOТES ТО РлGЕS

73-76

215

Ьапапаs со

Use

Оп, lюw

So smoke Тnас

Уо"

Ш),н--,",

gec

gceat it опе

eirner

\vicn

уош

поw ог

larer

and

wil1 boch end HP

[п сЬе

ГII gLшгаnrее

naked ai! ai! ai!

Р/а)Ьо)',ОссоЬег

79. АЬе Peck, foreword

(Q

[Ье

\Vacnsberger,

11. Undergrollnd, xix. See also Feigelson,

Umkrgrfilmd Rel'o!lItion, 126. 80. А> quoted iп Armstrong, Trumpel 10 Arms, 46. 81. Neu Le/t Notes,

"Нumап

82. Fгапk Thompson, 8з. ]eff

Be-In Covers Meadow, Baffles Cops," Aprillo, 1967, 1.

CЬicago

Seed,

П.р.

Snero, "Dallas Police ]ai! Вапапа Users," Rag, Магсn 27, 1967, 1. Lеgепсl Ьа> ir

,nас СШ>

еуе

arric!e callgh, rhe

гесоmmепdеd

ir

84·

l'\'oteJ," 65. Dеппis Firzgerald,

85·

Тilm, "Тгiррiпg оп Вапапа

86. Fragmenr

Nогmап

"Тnе

поtmпg," пе

mагijнапа

а

оЕ

class

"па>

tl1e

а150

Andrew

PSC,

В\IS'

Оо

Вох 2.

94.

Ноffmап, Вш о/ Abhie

95·

Gагsоп,

"Elecrrica!

96. Вill Bl\lm,

is

tшпiпg ап

DесешЬег

enrire

YearJ' \Va".', 1 53. 1, (Lешаг

1

is botl1

а

mаГJjllапа.")

а Тгепd,"

Рт Руен,

July

2!,

5.

Hoffmcm,

Вапапа,"

"ТЬе Вапапа

6.

12.

5; empnasis in original.

Gap," \'(.'tlJfIingtun Free

Рms,]tше

10,

10.

Вгаuпstеiп, "Нisro[jсiziпg гnе Аmегiсап СОllпгегculruге iп Вгаllпsrеiп

\lпdегsсогеd

Cl",an

1,

Social Base,"

епtОгсеmеnr

9.'\' FijiIJ Estale, "Looks Like Mello\v Уеllо\у," Apri! 15-30,

апd

]НПС

,11e wisdom of an,i­

"HarassecJ Grass." Washington

92. Schlosser, "U-S. BLlCks

19705,"

1.

11.' 100.

Вluш,

97. Рс,ег

1967,

echoed rhis poinr as well: "Not tor

in11erenr inj\lstiCe,

Ser." Fiflh EJlate,

he

and Dallas

Laws," Neu York Tillm,

'Х7а!!

Арап {гот апу

СО,

Mankoff and Flacks,

Корkiпd

рsеlldопуm апd ап аЬЬгеviагiоп srапdiпg {or

90. RнЫп,

April

Вшпs

, 52.

оп МагijLшпа

Trend

аm\lSJПg ,Ьас

it so

pre-elire kids againsr esrabIished autnorj,y."

89. Lemar, "Narco

91. Bill

fО\lпd

И-Т,"

\iuice), АргН 6,

O.S. BllCk5

jошпаlisг

wrote,

la'vs.

at

Peels," April 7,

2003· 88. Klarch, Generation Dit'ided, 156. See 54-67. Left-wing

Mailer, wno

\!i!/ltge VQlce. See Lovell, "Stoney

"Gешlt Тhшsdау Ваппеd

(рroЬаЫу сЬе

87. Eric Schlosser,

of

Ье гергiпrеd iп гnе

and

Ооу!е.

jU5r rhis poinr:

Сш УО\lпg Меп

13. Neu' Lett !'10т'

''Теlеvisiоп

ассоtш,

of гnе

of

гпе

Сеп,гаl

апd

Park Ве-Iп

news cre\vs wirh their (ameras, barreries, cabIes

... appeared especially

rurпеd оп Ьу

tne

Вапапа

Deity and

irs parading followcrs. See Nell' LeJi !'Ioles. "НLlmап Be-In СОУСГ' Meadow, Baffles Cops," Aprillo, 1967, 1. 98. Nell'Jli'eek, "Mellow Yellow," April 10, 1967,93. 99. ]ack Newfield, "Опе Cheer (ог сЬе Hippies," Natiun, ]l1пе со Аllеп УОllпg, Мау

WSHS.

216

:"ОТЕ, ТО РЛGЕS 76-79

26, 1967, Аllеп

Вох 2,

101, Todd Gitlin, "Children of сЬе Middle-Class," Rag, ОесетЬе! I9, I967, Gitlin !асег described rhis essay as "moralisric" and "very puritanical." Todd Girlin, interview with Brer Еупоп, September 16, 1978, СНР, 18. Elsewhere, Girlin cold а humorous story of how Ье опсе Ье sporced а wornan who was dancing in а Chicago park whi!e wearing а Chiquira sricker оп Ьег fore!1ead. Wl1en l1е "sourly" quizzed l1er аЬош сЬе political есопоту оС Latin America, sl1e l1arrumpl1ed, "ОЬ, don'c Ье 50 hung up оп Unired Fruir l " See Girlin, ТЬе Sixties, 2I2. 102. Spain Rodriguez, сапооп, Ещг \/i!!age Other, June ), I967, 2.

I03, Ресес Вап, "Bohemian Newspapers Spread Across Country," Neu York

Тimes,

Augusr

1,

I04. Оопоуап Leitch, e-mai! (о aurl1or,July 7, 2003.

I05 McDonald, "Вапапа Affair."

Chapter 4 I. Kornblurh, "No Fire Exir," 94-95. 2. Brienes, Comm//nif)' and OrganizatlOn, 52-53. 3. See Kewfield, РуорЬetlс м inorit)', 186; Breines, Com1llunity and Or,ganizatiiJl1, 89-90. Newfield attribures сЬе phrase "go-it-a]oneism" со 1rving Howe, сЬе founding editor оЕ DiJSmt rnagazine. Breines cites Todd Girlin as а prominent New Lefrist who called Еаг activists со wark wirhin existing insriturians. 4. Harvey Stone, "Papers and Po!itics," n.d" Соmщtiопs Recards,

Вох 1,

WSHS.

5. Of course, ir is impossible to determine precise!y how тапу people read various LNS articles during Its fourreen-year history. LNS rypically overesrimated irs readership Ьу combining сЬе circulations оС аН сЬе publicarions сЬас subscribed со сЬе service and assuming сЬас underground newspapers passed through severa! hands, lп 1968, сЬеу i5sued а press release boasting сЬас tl1e "estimated Arnerican readership and listening audience of LNS member puыcationss is now over 5,000,000." See LNS, "What is Liberarion News Service'" n.d., МВР, Вах 8, Folder 44. Around this same cime, t11Ough, Bloom confessed, "1 don't think оЕ ours as а mass audience of wharever [Г is 6, Peter

we spin off," See Marshal1 Bloom со Jirn Aronson, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 24. Women Of сЬе Revo!ution, " Neu' rork Tiтes, February

ВаЬсох, "Меес сЬе

1969· 7. Jоl1О Burks,

"ТЬе

Underground Press:

А

Special Report," Rolfing Stone, Ocrober 4,

I969,22. 8. See "Prospecrus--The New Media Projecr," November 25, I967, МВР, Вох 8, Fo!der ,)2; Аllеп Young, '·PIJ.rt Reporrer Defec[s ro Руее Рrеп," WashingtQn Рт Pms, ОесетЬег 31,1967,7

9, Quoted in Kavasky, Машr ofOpillion, 270.

10. Ray Mungo, "T11e Мауетепс and 1[5 Media," Rad1"a/s 111 [Ье ProfeS.l10nS Neu;s/шеr,Jапu2-3. lп speaking af ап acrive "Resisrance," МНПБО was ref'erring ro а narional organizarion Ьу сЬас пате, [о which Ье belonged. 11. Leamer, Paper Rеl.Jоlи10nагiеs, 46. I2. Davld Eisenhower, "1п Метогу ofCarnpus Acrivisrn," ""еи' rork Tiтes, April I973. Though severa! сотmепrаroгs recoi!ed {гот Eisenhower's suggesrion сЬаг Bloom's alienation in сЬе lаге 1960s was related ro сЬе caun(erculture's shortcamings and ary

апridrаfr

NOТES ТО PA(,ES 80-8)

217

failures, попе оЕ rhem cof][radicred his сhагасгегizагiоп оЕ B!oom's герurагiоп ог рег­ sooa!iry. See Roberr S. Nагhап, aod Howard В!ит, "Some Orher Memories ofMarshall Bloom," Neu' York Times, Мау 19, 197з;]udith СоЬнrn, letter го the edicor, Neu York Times, Мау 30, 1973; АlIео Youog, "Marshall Bloom: Brorher," Pag Rйg 5, Summer 1973,6-7, repriored in Wachsberger, Voim /r01ll thl: Und
24, "FabIe of Marshall Bloom," 5·

25. "Leader of British Student Revolt Speaks оп Student Politics Tomorrow," ВU .'J~II·S. April26, 1967, 1.

26, Мuпgо, Beyo7ld the Ret,o!utio7l, 7.

27, Мuпgо, Famo1lS LO!Jg Ago, 2.

28. Mungo, Beyond the RevоlшiО7l, 8-9. 29, Ray Мuпgо, 'The Роре Is Toasr,"

Мау

26, 2010,

ТЬе

Ь!оgsроt.соm/2О1О/О5/гау-muпgо-роре-is-tоаst.html.

Rag BlfJg, Ml1ngo adds that the

тап

who

molesred him escaped рuпishmеог: Не was "simply rraosferred го anorher parish, where he сопtiпuеd го 'work wirh' budding youths. Еvеошаllу he died, Stlll а pastor to his пеwJу hогтопаl ilock." 30. Ray Мuпgо, ioterview with auchor, March 25, 2005. 31. Мuпgо, Famous Long Лgо, 3· 32. Quored io Foudy, "Aogry Youog 33. Мuпgо

218

iше!'viеw.

NOTES

ТО PAGES 85-88

Мап,"

4.

34. Time, "АН сЬе News That's Fit СО Proresr," March 22, 1968,

35· Quoted in Foudy, "Angry Young Мап," 5·

з6. Mungo, Be)'olld th. RеvоlШiОli, 23·

37. Wasserman, "Joys ofliberation News Service," 55- See also Mungo, Famo1lS LOllg Ago, 85-86 з8. Mungo inrerview. See also "High Crime," Neu· York TimeJ, February 23, 1967. 39. Foley, COll!ro1ltillg the War Machim, 158-59· 40. Peck, Uщоvering the Sixties, 72. 41. Mungo, FamouJ 4. 42. See So! Srern, "NSA and сЬе ОА," Rampart." March 1967,29-з8. 43. Ausrin С. Wehrwein, "Scudenc Ediror Ferment," Christiall Science Momtor, Sepcember 21,1967,12. 44. See Goldberg, "Апасоту оЕ а Suicide," 2; Wasserman, 52; Mungo inrerview. 45. Mungo, Fатою Ago,27· 46. Young, "Marshall Bloom: Gay Brorher," 60. 47. lowell В. Wilcbank, "New Media ProJecr Is Воrn fют Rift in Scudenr Press," Расе College Pms, ОссоЬег 4, 1967,6. 48. Marshall В!оот, "The New Press Рюjесt," n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 45. 49. In а mai!ing со new and рюsреcrivе members, сЬе group's founders noced chat rhey'd changed from anorher proposed пате, "Resisrance Press Service" because "resiscance" was used Ьу several ocher gюuрs, and besides, "afcer resis[ance has Ьееп successful, comes LIВЕRАТЮN." Addicionally, argued, "lIВЕRАТЮN would Ьауе тоге meaning in сЬе rl1ird world." See LNS со "College Members of LIВERAТION News Service," Sepcember 26, 1967, Underground Neu,.,paper Microfilm Colleetlon, [96з1973, Rее1з, No, 10. 50. Marshall В!оот со 1. F. Srone, n.d., МВР, Вох 8. Folder 23. Bloom added, "Since chen, оЕ course, we have gone rhrough saving [гот еасЬ of ош поте banks. . Hardly dropped-our hippies, we аге working harder [пап еуег." 51. Mungo, BeYOl/d th. Revolutiorl, 22-23. 52. Mungo inrerview. 53. Marshall Bloom [о Daviti, ОссоЬег 3,1967, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 22. 54. Marshall В!оот го Mike Kars, December 17, 1967, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 23. То anorher friend, Bloom boasted nе was "now а геаl рагг of а rapidly growing American 'underground.' ... You would Ье surprised ас гЬе changes in гЬе US and гЬе vasrness of гЬе тоуетепr now." See Marshall Bloom со EJliort Бliпdег, n.d., МВР, Бох 8, Folder 23. 55. LNS го "Соllеъе Members of LlВERAТION News Service," Seprember 26, 1967, UndergrOlmdNeU'JpaperCo//ectiorJ, Rее1з, No. ТО. 56. Thorne Dreyer and Vicraria Smich. "The Movement and rhe New Metiia," Liberarion News Service packet 144, МагсЬ 1, 1969, 5; emphasis added. 57. Thorne Dreyer, "Radical Media Conference," Liberarion News Service packet 123, December 5. 1968,28. 58. See Peck, Uncot'ering гЬе Sixties, 45· 59. Walter Н. Bowarr го "Editors of rhe Underground Press Syndicare," June 15, 1967, Соrmшiоm Recocds (1967-68), Бах 1, WSHS, 60. Dreyer апс'! Smith, "Моуетепr and сЬе New Media," 15.

NOTES ТО PAGES

88-92

2 19

Бгуап го

61. ]ohn

Бох 1,

"frit;nds" [UPS edirors] ]uly .31, 1967, "EDIТORS

62. \'Vayne Hansen, to Бох 1,

68),

Records

и967-68),

OF UPS," ]uly 26,

Cmmeaivl1J Records

1

WSHS.

The meering was originaJJy 5cheduled

64.

Соmшtiоm

WSHS.

le[c-wing think rank

оп

Мuпgо, Fall/MJ

Лgо,

Long

со

take place ас the Institute о! POI1CY Sruaie5,

а

New Hampshire Avenue.

18.

Rel!ofutionarieJ,46.

66. Dororhy Dеviпе, "Radicals Stап Xews Service," 'X7effeJle) NeU"i, November 2,1967, There are some very miпог disсгерапсiеs Ьесwееп Dеviпе '5 ассоuпt о! rhis mеегiпg апd

65· Leamer,

Mungo's iп Fатою lJing ajfer the meeting Ьесате 67. Мrшgо,

Раmо1lS

fracas, whereas

Dеviпе

has Bloom

Ьuгпiпg

says he did ir ro

his drafr

ореп

саПl

rhe meering.

Long Лgо, 18-19, 'ТJпdегgгоuпd

68. Michael Grossman, Рут,

iпsгапсе, Мuпgо

For а

November

69. Devine, "Radicals

Press ]оiпs Theater of rhe Absurd,"

\'VС1J!Jillgtrщ Ргее

5.

2,\,

Stап

Xews Service," 4.

70. Mungo, Fаl1l"Ю IJIng Лgо, 19, The following December, Mungo sепг LNS subscribers а посе ргоfessiпg,

ideas

"We didn't

епvisiоп

\уесе ас

the October

ir 5t:t'med

со

garher а

пагiопаl со

llпdеrgrСlllпd рареГ$

against

агоuпd

like souls

Rауmопd Мuпgо ю "fгiепds,"

Reel },

iп

rhose few hours,

iпсrеasiпg

fгom

соuшr}' го

tl1e

news service whose о!

you who

\'Vashing(on wiJJ remember how difficul( Ьш

much grea(er now [as

feedback

а

rhing:

radica!ism members,

оГ

dS

rhe

пееd [ог оог Lшiоп

а гещlс

of repression

the Ne\v LefrJ," As

а

well as smaller, "genrle

сап l1elp each orI1er." UndergrlJlmd Neu'spaptr С,Ле,,/iОll,

cliscuss how we

December 19,

:\ТО, ICJ.

71. Devine, "Radicals Ргеdiсшblу,

Sгап

esrima(es

News Service," 4.

о[

the

пuтЬеr оЕ

rha( upwards of 200,000 assembJed mi!irar}'

сопгепdеd

chere were

Oppo5llion, 34; WilJjam gоп

аге

and (he

Еог сопгшuеd

resulr, LNS cal!ed gасhегiпgs о!'

cooperarive

achieve ic

'ош

us." However, he added, "rhose

20 LNS-l)РS теегiпg iп

and rhe circumstances

7 2.

LNS as enrirely

апd iпsрiга(iопs соте ещiгеlу [сот

Charge," 'X'aJbl'lgtOll

73. ]ack Newfield,

а(

по тоге гhап 55,000 dетопsгrаюгs.

Сhартап,

Рой, ОсгоЬег

"Репгаgоп

proresrors vatied. March organizers cJaimed

the Lif1Coln Memorial, whi!e rhe "55,000 Ral!y against War;

ро!ке апd сl1е

See Ointon, ed., GГs

Rep(:'l

Репга­

22,1967.

Day: Flight over rhe Cuckoo's Nes(,"

26, I967,40

74. Mai!ec, ЛmliеJ

,'\'ight, 5.3.

October 2I," ОсгоЬег 30, ).

76. Quo(ed iп Small, Сопriпg Dissent, 7""

77, QLюгеd in ibid., 74,

78. The day belore the Репгаgоп march, some (еп thousand radicals~many equipped wi(h army-surplus helmets and rrashcan shiеlds-iпrrоduсеd "mobile tucrics" го (11e

75,

VПN, "МоЫlizагiоп l

]\;е\у

Lefr

whеп

rhey

епgаgеd

down (he Оаklапd IndocrJOn siп,

а

six-11Our melee wirh police tha( rempocaril)' Earlier

iп

rhe \veek,

rio( !,olice viciot!sJy evic(cd srt!denrs who had

rhar was hosring апd пара1m.

220

in

Сеnrег.

а

Ьееп

ас

rhe

lfпiv~гsiгу

occupying

а

campus

Ьuildiпg

rtcruirer {rorn Dow Chernica[ Сот рапу, (he maker (){ Agenr

This marked (he firsr rime thar (car gas had

'ЮТЕS то РЛС;ЕS 92~94

Ьееп

used

оп а

shш

of Wisсоп­ Огапgе

major сатрш,

а

and ir апс!

charged counrer-response, as studenrs assau]ted

wirh rocks

bricks. Diпenf.

79. SшаlJ, ner\vork bras5

а150

rnar

74. Sma!! nores tl1at Todd Girlin raisecl rhe [О gоvегпmепгаl pre5sure со ,гау away

['тт

mignt nave caved

rhe

proresr. See Girlin, V/I'ol< W:';rld is \'(/:;шhing, 228П5.'\.

80. Sma!l, Cot'ering

Dшеnt.

80.

8!. Kip Sl1a\v. guored in John K[Onenberger, "Wl1at's Black and Wl1ire Green апс! Diпу апс! Reac! A1I Over)" Look, ОсгоЬег

1,

I968,

апс!

Pink апс!

22.

rime, Mungo рщ th!;' тацег тоге 5harply, arguing rhar "American jошпаlists

82. Anorher

lead а momnic life5ryle апс! тО5Г American new5papers pander го а Ье

wOLlld

"Sшdепг

and amusing were ir

пог

гl1аг

50 dangerOLlS." See Ausrin

С.

Wehrwein,

Edi[Or5 Plan New Aggressiveness," C};rUlli,,/e и/ Highu' Е{/ша/iоrt,

I967, 8. 8з. MLlngo, FшllVШ Lortg 76-77. 84. Iblcl., 7(,. Readers shoulcl Ье advi5ed, though, tnar Mungo has sinc<: <:xpr<:ssed cOl1sid­ 1'"

егаЫе Ьетшетеnr

ings

С}ШГ ,оте

МllПьО,

cnat scholars would ever scrurinize wnar he по\\' describes as mus­

crazy shit 1 wrore wnen 1 was

уегу

young and stoned to che

шs").

Ray

e-mail to author, April 20, 2005.

85. "Leaders Divided

nп

Aims of March," Washirtg/rm

POJt, ОсгоЬег

Mailer,

234·

Calverr, il1rerview Ьу Ron Grele, July I-3, !987, ColumbIa, 244.

86. See

87. ВПlCе Jackson, "The Baccle of rne Pencagon," Atlal1ti( MQl1tbly, Janllary [9()1:!, 35,

88. Se<: Small,

DiШflt,

89. See НоНтап, Best 90. Саlvеп, DШlOсrа,)'

/у"m

73. Hojfman, 14-35. ,Ье Heart, 248-49. See alsn Cathy Wilkerson, "Viccory

ОеЕеас(' W~~sЫngton f;щ Рут,

ог

Penragon Special, n.d., 9.

9 I. Ассогdiпg го Вшсе Scnulman, cne р110ГО has since Ьесоте а "srock image" in Ameri­ сап

history textbooks, altnough JronicalJy, most of cnese books igl10re tlle connections

ber\veen rne New Lefr and counrercнlrure thac tne image depiccs. See Scnulman, "Ош оЕ C11("

Srreers," [53 [ . ,1rшiе.г

92. Mailer,

262,

This was [l1е "largest mass draft сагс! Ьшпiпg in che

of che procesr againsr rne Viешаm War." See Ferber and Lynd, RtJiJtаще, 93. Mailer, i1.ymifJ

1

272.

"То

94. Eclward

the Реnrаьоп and Away ro JaiJ," Village Vuice, Ocrober 26,

I

5

95- Tnorne Dreyer, "No Longer а Near LirrJe Game," WashingtoТl Рт Рут, Penragon cial. n.d., 8. Мапу оЕ сl1е earliest LNS news packers аге difficult го find, and some of rl10se

ауаааЫе

рарег,

cllereby

illgШI

Free

Nnl'Sp,tper

in rhe rests

РУ".IJ,

Соllшiоtl

were originally printed

ir dit'ficlllr го pnorocopy cnem. As а reslllt, ту оп

articles rhac appeared in

а

оп

dark

ofLNS's

specia! isslle ot' rhe \Vash­

which Jea!1cd heavily оп LXS Еог сору.

96. James Resron, "Еуегуопе Is а Loser," Nщ' rork Times, Ocrober 2,\,19(,7.

97. Веп

А.

Frankli!1, "War Prorescors Defyi!1g Deadline Seized in Capiгal," "'еи York Tiтes,

Ocrober 2,\,

98. Jimmy Breslin, "Quier Ral1y Turns Vicious," \VaJblngto" Рои, ОсгоЬег 99· Wnire. Tropio ICO.

\r"<:lJhmgtoll

Рт

22,

85. Prm, "Two G.I.'s Defecr ar Penгagon," Pentagon Special, n.d., 7.

:-ютES то PAGES

')4-99

22 I

IOI. Dreyer, "Near Lirrle Game," 8. I02. Washington Free Press, 'Two G.I."s Defecr ас Penragon," Penragon Special, n.d., 7. Even

movemenr vererans clash over rhis quesrion,

Iп а

SDS narional secrerary Greg Calverr claimed

со

1987 oral hisrory inrerview, опе

have wirnessed

Еостес

of сЬе defecrions

from his perch оп а balusrrade (see Calverr inrerview, 50). However, two wrirers who

were exrremely sympatheric to сЬе anriwar movemenr, Michael Ferber and Staughron " See Ferber and Lynd, Resistance, Lynd, described сЬе defecrions as а "movemenr 137· 103. Hazlerr, Му

Generation,

51.

Hazlett briefly compares Mungo's sense of

тусЬ

wirh

Hof'fman's (225). 104, А тотепс

rhing

larer in

("ОК,

easily"), and ir \volild

Ье

сЬе сехс,

Ье

confesses

сЬас Ье

Mungo rel1s his readers

1 сап see some of уош faces сЬас Ье

okay ro broadcast

сЬас Гт пос

есшса!

shares some of rheir

а

false rumor").

Не

knows he's sald

going

со

ап

exrreme

ger away with it

concerns

('Тт пос

сЬас

saying

mainrains, however, that the news

media's preoccupation with

fапs еап

actually disrorr

Vlrimately, his maxim was

"Теll

гшгh,

faccs

[аН

where they

тау."

Ago, 76, Again, Mungo cautions scholars

по(

ro read

toо

never witnessed

апу

Mungo, FartlOUS

lдng

the

сЬе

underlying rruth of ап evenc.

brorhers, and

lес сЬе

deeply into his youtblul musings. 105. Mungo

interview. Dreyer said

defection, himselt',

Ье сесаВ,

claimed ro have seen

сЬет

тuсЬ

the same rhing: although

5peaking with, and believing,

firsthand

(ТЬоспе

Ье

5еуеса!

Dreyer, interview

demonstrators who

Ьу

aurhor, April 23,

2005). Allen Young, а joutnalist who joined LNS not long afrer сЬе Рещаgоп March, а150

echoes Dreyer and Mungo: "1 can't say 1 spoke со аnу of сЬе {defecringJ soldiers, 1 spoke со numerous eyewirnesses who saw ir Ьарреп," Ье said. Allen Young, inrer­ view with author, March 11,2005. 106. Rader described how his training in the Green Berers had duJled his personality and made him "accustomed со the idea of killing."' Ву becoming а pacit1sr, Rader said, Ье faced uр to ten years оп prison. According to LNS, Rader's remarks "mау have Ьееn instrumental in the defections of cwo, and perhaps three, soldiers," Gary Rader, unri­ tled speech, Liberation News Service, n.d., UndergrOlmd Neu'spaper Collection, Reel 3, No.10. 107. 'Two GГs Speak," Liberarion News Service, n.d., Underground Neu~paper Collection оп Ьш

Microjilm, Ree! 3, No. 10. Law and Order in Washingron," Liberarion News Service, n.d., Under­

108. "Vpholding

grou11d Neuspaper Mi{rojilm Collectio11, Reel 3, No. 10. The original handwritten copies of ст, testimony survive in the МВР, Бох 9, Folder 33· 109. Ellioc Бliпdег, "Tear Gas Conrroversy," Liberation News Service (n.d.), UndergrOlmd

Neu'spaper Соllшiоrl

оп

Aficrojilm, Reel 3.

по. 10; "55,000

Rally Againsr War; GIs Repel

Pentagon Charge," Wa,[hingto11 Po.rt, October 22, 1 IO.

Raymond Mungo, "Zany Notables," WaJhington Free

I 11.

Dellinger, Yale to Jai/,

112. See

Benjamin Spock, Spock or/ :-'pock: А A!emoirofGrouing

РапсЬеоn,

anapolis:

1989); Lynn Z. Bloom,

БоЬЬs-Меггill, 1972);

Vtetnam War

{о

Amerka's Favorite

Ооаоу

Michael S. Foley, ed" ВаЬу

NOTES ТО РлGЕS

99-101

ир

Spock: Biograph)'

Pentagon Special, n.d.,

I 1.

u'ith [Ье Century (New York: C(jmert'ati~e

Оеау О,.

Radical (Indi­

Spock: Letters

аЬоllt гЬе

Doctor (New York: New York lIniversity Press,

2005); Thomas Maier, ОУ. Spock: Аn Aтerican

222

Руел,

зо6.

(New York: Harcourr

Бгаее, 1998).

113, МиПБО, "Zany KocabIes," I2, 1 Ц. Allen Young, "Posr Reporrer Defecrs

со

Руее Рут, Оесет­

rhe Free Press," Washington

ber 31,1967,7 То Ье precise, Young was со the "scraggly crew" ot' jusr опе parcicular paper, che WashingMI Русе Рут, wirh which he was briefly affiliaced, Clearly, сlюugh,

his

соттепс

has wider applicacion.

115, LiЬеrаrюп Kews Service, "Liberation Kews Service (Speaks) Freaks Again," n,d" Undergl'lJund Neuspaper Collection, Reel I 3, I I6, Marshall

В!оот со Оап

МВР, Вох

Bernsrein, n.d"

1 I 7, Mungo, Fаmош Long

Ко,

Ош,

IO,

8, Folder 23,

21,

I18. Аllеп Уоипь, e-mai! со aurhor, June 26 2005, I19, See Sheila Ryan, "А Kind of Jusrice," Liberacion News Service packer 27, January 1968, 12; Harvey Wasserman, "'Crazy' Indian Quirs Navy," Liberation News Service packer 27, January 1968, r 1; Mark Sommer, "Ооп'с Pray for Реасе: You're in che Army 42, February 1968, 15; Аllеп Young, "SDS

Now," Liberarion News Service

Nacional Council Meering," Liberarion News Service packet 24, January 3, 1967, 3; Todd Gitlin, "M!ghtier rhan rhe Sword

(ВШ

rhe Machine-Gun' , .. )," Liberarion News

Service packer з6, February 1968,2; James Petras, "The Politics o[Loocing and Looc­ ОесетЬес

ing as Politics," Liberarion News Service packet 16, "the bIack

роес

32,January

1967, 2; Leroi Jones,

[aces the basrard justice of America," Libecation News Service packer 24; Mike Lucas, "The Evil Weed Srruck Down

Опсе

Morc," Libera­

rion News Service packer 24, January 1967, 3; Jerry Rubin, "Whar the АН АЬош,"

120. Ron Luucas

Liberarion News Service packer 26, January 10, 1968, [О

121, Pe[er Werbe 122, JetTShero

(о

LNS, n.d.,

[о

МВР, Вох

Мау

is

8, Folder 21.

Marshall Bloom, April 24, 1968,

"dear brothers,"

Rеvоlшiоп

П.р.

7, 1968,

МВР, Вох

МВР, Вох

8, Folder 21,

8, Folder 22,

123, Mungo, Fатою AgO,55-56.

124, George Сауаllес[О, inrerview wirh auchor, July 28, 200,;

Мипьо,

Famou.r L911g

139-40. 125. Опе student who enrolled at Colllmbia in 1962 recaHs а universiry dean standing before incoming {reshmen

го

especial1y don'r go wearing

warn rhem: "Wharever уои do, don'r

а

ьо

inro Harlem, and

Columbia sweacshirt," See David Glibert, inrerview

Ьу

Ron Grele, January 16,1985, Colllmbia, 29· 126, Neighborhood organizarions charged Columbia with rrearing irs nonsrudent renanrs rlltblessly and with breaking а сотрас! concerning irs future acquisitions, According со а faer-hnding сеат rhat investigated rhe Со!итЫа rebellion, "А пumЬег оЕ со

spokesmen made pubIic, condescending remarks as needs when placed in opposirion

со

the irrelevance оС communiry

chose оЕ Columbia," See Сох, Crisis at Columbia, .? 7;

Kahn, Battle/or Л10millgsidt Heights, 87-88; Peter MiJlones, "Gym Conrroversy Began in Late 50'5," Neu Yoyk Times, April 26, 1968, 127, !п

fаirпеss со

Columbia's planners, rhey

rhe convenience

оЕ

рroЬаЫу

designed che rear door

Harlem's residents in mind, The

rocky hill, whereby Columbia srudenrs would Drive, and Harlemites would

ешеr

through

епсес а

ьут

\vas

[о Ье

еnrсапсе

builc

оп а

with

sreep,

the upper-Ievel {rom Morningside

lower level door nearer

to

where they

lived. Accordingly, the "back door" nomenclature that was used during the conrroversy ("Ко Мосе СУJl1 Суои''') тау have Ьееп unfair-it was more like а "Io\ver level door." 1 thank

Аllеп Уоипь

t-or poinring this

оис

after he read

ап

early draft

NOTES то PAGES

оЕ

this chapter.

101-104

223

128. Alchough Columbia sсапеd working finished 129. Avorn,

ас сЬе

Ир

оп сЬе

gym, as а result оЕ сЬе protesrs

Morningside Park 10cacion; instead, it v.'as built

оп

[с

was never

Columbia's campus.

Agaimt [Ье lvy, 15.

1.,\0. 1п Мау 1965, sшdепсs disrupced а Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps av.'ards cere­ топу; beginning in 1967, SDS began interfering wirh С1А, Chemical Сот рапу recruirmenc оп caтpнs; [п February 1

rion againsr defied and

а

сЬе

а Ьап оп

to сЬе

gym led

bullhorn, denouncing

che memory

arresc

indoor demonsrracions

оЕ

сЬе

оЕ а Ьу

dozen

sшdепrs; сЬе

И.S. а

Marine, and Dow raucous demonscra­

following

тоncЬ,

SDS

rromping rhrough Low Library wirh placards

IDA. Final!y, оп April9, 1968, ас а memorial

со

honor

Rev. Marrin Lurher King Jr., Columbia SDS's newly elecced chairman, опсо сЬе

Mark Rudd, bursr

denounced the proceedings

а.>

srage, called Columbia's administrators "racists," and sham. See

Сох,

Cri.ris а!

СО/lIтЫа,

63-74.

131. See Rudd, "СоlитЫа: Notes," 290-312. ТЬе phrase "policics оЕ confroncation" belongs to Jeremy Varon; see Varon, Bri'lgi,/g См!

[Ье

War Ноте, 26.

КаЬп, Вап/е /оу Moming.ride HeighfS, 76-77. 1 33. Specifically, сЬе handbiH said сЬас those who opposed "Columbia's unjusr p01icies" should пос Ье disciplined. and that six studencs who had Ьееп p]aced оп discip]inary probation for leading an indoor demonstration сЬе previous топсЬ should receive а public hearing, "with ЕиН rights оЕ due process." Curiollsly, although SDS and SAS jointly organized the rally, сЬе gymnasium was пос тепtюпеd. See Сох, Crisis аг

132. See

Davidson, "New Radica1s," 323-24. See al50

Со/итЫа, 100.

134. These were their main demands, anyhow. drop criminal charges against sпuсtiоп

5ire, withdraw

againsr six сЬе

IDA

135. See

Сох,

sшdепt

сЬе

ТЬеу

a1so called for the administrarion

scudent who had just been arrested at

а Ьап оп

indoor demonsrrations, and re5cind

leaders who had organized an

lIпащlюгizеd

сЬе

сЬе

со

gym соп­

probations

demonstration against

а

monrh earl1er. Cri.ris а! Со/итЫа, 99-142.

1з6. Sreve Diamond, e-mail to allthor,June 12,2005·

137. In addicion со LNS, writers from а new newspaper, сЬе Rat. provided derailed coverage of сЬе April uprising. According со Peck, "СоluтЫа made. . [сЬе] Rttt сЬе under­ ground press's horresr publication." The cover of its Мау issue picrured а Nazi helmet covering Low Library's granice dome, under сЬе banner, "Hei] Colllffibia." Inside, readers could find "!iberaced documenrs" from Grayson Kirk's оН}се, which revealed some оЕ Coll1ffibia's bllsiness partnerships. See Peck, ИnсО'!'еring гЬе Sixties, 1з8.

93-94 ЕсЬе! Grodzins Romm,

"Уоu

Go

ИпdегgroLшd

for 'Inside'

Rероп,"

Editor & PubIi.rher,

Мау

11, 1968,12. 139. Steve Diamond ее аl., "Columbia:

ТЬе

Revolurion 1.> Now," Liberarion News Service

packet 70, April 30, 1968, 1. 140, Avorn,

Ир

Again.rt {Ье 111,47·

141. See Kahn, Btttt!(:/or i'vICJrrJing.ride HeightJ, 145· 142. Diamond I4 3·

Ву

ес аl.,

conrrasr,

сЬе

"Revolution is Now," 1,4.

N/!U' York

TlТlle.r геропеd сЬас тапу

SDSers were "deeply rroubled over

their relarionship со сЬе Negro sшdепrs and Harlem residencs who ejected them [rom Hamilton На!!." Опе sшdепt seemed disшгЬеd because Ье failed со measure ир со сЬе

224

"OTES то PAGES

('4-r07

blacks' high radica1 standard. "We jusr didn'r "50те

of the bJacks wer<:

асшаНу wiJliлg

Ьауе сЬе

same commitmenr,"

ro die. lt made те

wолdег

what

Ье

said,

ту сотт;с­

тепс real1y was, and ir frigh(ened те," АпО(Ьег Тi'Щ5 article quO(e'1 а тетЬег of 5А5 distancing himself from 5D5. "Ош organization is in liaison wit11 сЬе communi(y and по( \\';сЬ

[eftist whi(e radicals,"

Ье

said.

5ее

Nell' York Time,r, "Colt!ffibia Closes Campus

After Oisorders," April 25, 1968; 5teven V. Range," Nell' York

ТiПIeJ,

RоЬепs,

"5i(-ln

5ресtшт

А

Has

Wide

April 25, 1968.

144. Сох, Crisis аf С?!UПlЫа, 102. 145. Аvогп, "Up Аgшпst сЬе Ivy," 46. 146. Каhп, Battle for Morning,(ide Heights, 126. ес

147. Oiamond

rrip

тilitапt

а

is No\v," ,).

\vrirer for

Rudd as

аl.,

сЬе

Neu' York

"Revolt!tion is Now,"

1

Сапаdа, \\,Ьесе Ье

died

1л

сЬе sшdепгs' рге­

s10gалs 11е

picked up ап

1. Jacobs larer joine'1 Wearherman, о( \'Vеа(hегтап

March 6, 1970, Jacobs was expelled (гот

Vancollver,

dismissed

quoting ге\'о!шюпагу "5ir-In Sрес(шт."

oiTshoor of 50S. After tl1ree members

оп

Т/ПlCS

"givеп со

со СиЬа." 5ее RоЬепs,

149. Oiamond et bombs

"Rеvоlшiоп

conrrast,

dеsсгiЫпg

tences, гесепс

,,1., Iп

148. Ibid., 3-4.

сЬе

grollp.

оп а

ulrra­

died while

Не еvепшаllу

moved ro

1997.

150. Ibid" 4­ 15 Ibid., 4,10. 152. Ibid., 10. 153· Ibid·,9· 154. Наmiltоп was

тorе ассшасе гhап

seven persons ... bocker hospiral.

оЬгашеd пеастепс ас

(Опе

to

с11е Сох Сотmissiоп,

апd

fifceen more

officer also required treatment

along with rwo

heavy

Ьшisеs апе!

wещ со

"Eighcy­ Knicker­

сЬеге.) "ТЬе character of сЬе

sprains
гапgеd Еroт

Ассordiпg

Sr. Luke's,"

scalp lacerations

со

Ьопе (гасшгеs. Сох,

:"OTl'S

то РЛС;ЕS

11:)

225

defiance of every considerarion of academ1C discip!ine and democraric ru!e." See Neu' York Тimes, "Hoodlumism ас Co!umbia," April 25, 1968; Neu' York Тiтes, "Ciradel of Reason," Apri! 29, 1968 161. Meanwhile, borh edicorials skimmed over the causes of the protesr. The firsr оЕ the rwo ассиа1lу said, "The quesrion is пос \vherher аН of Co!umbia's pasr acrions have Ьееп sound, eirher academical!y or in relarion со rhe commllniry," before adding rhar Со!ит­ bia's acrions had ас leasr provoked "constructive debate among Co!umbia's own faculty and administrarion," Of course, [roт the protestors' perspecrive, this was rhe most perniciolls sorr of !iberal

с!арпар.

The university had already sreamrolled

оуег

rhe

objecrions оС 10саl politica! Jeaders who opposed the gym, and its spokesmen insisred that !ongstanding !egal commitments prohibited Со!иmЫа from abandoning or signif­ icanr!y revising rhe projecr. Witlюur the prorests, the gym would have Ьееп built; because of the protests, it wasn'r. See Neu' York Тiтes, "Hoodlumism at Columbia"; Сох, Cri,[is а' Со/ишЬ/а, 87-89. 162. Fox, "Columbia Study." 16з.

Allen Young, "Columbia Eyewitness:

Си!сща!

Revo!urion," Liberarion News Service

packer 73, Мау 13, 1968, 11. 164. Although rhe police assault happened in rhe early moming hours оп Apri! 30, that day's !асе edition of the Times carried а [ull report of the raid, most of which had actually Ьееп written several hours before it 100k place: "Only а few facts had со Ье added when reporters caHed in the асшаl details," Мосеоуег, ас around I :00 АМ. оп Apri! зо--iust hour before the роliсе action began-Newfield says he spotted Тirnes assistanr тап­ aging editor АЬе Rosenrhal "emerg[ing] f'rom а secret meeting of 1Ор роЕсе brass."

ап

Slighrly embarrassed, Rosenrhal "claimed he did пос know if а police raid оп rhe sш­ denrs was imminenr." This was almost cerrainly unrrue; larer, Rosenthal admitted thar in а lapse of judgmenr he had асшаllу ridden uptown 10 the busr in а police car. See Jack Newfie!d, "Pre-Fitting the News Ас the Рарес оЕ Record," VШаgе Voice, Мау 9, I968, 7. See also Newfield, Sornebody's Соиа Тe//lf, 226, Rosenthallarer acknow!edged rhar !etting himself Ье chauffeured Ьу the police was пor 'the most brilliant [decision] in the world." See Tiffr and Jones, ТЬе Тrю!, 439 165· Gitlin, ТЬе Sixfies, 308. 166. А. М. Rosenthal, "Combat and Compassion ас Со!иmЫа," Neu York

Тimes, Мау I,

1968. 167. Quored in Newfield, Sоmеtюdу:r Gotta Те!! lf, 226, I68, Rosenrha!, "СотЬас and Compassion," Murray Кеmрюп, а writer [ос the Neu' York POSf, found [his last quoce so improbable chat he essentla!!y called Rosenthal а fabulisr: "1 (есаН thinking rhar Rosenthal's sense of thearer had led him оуес rhe brink with rhat !asr couch," he wrote. The "dramatlst has [о Ье careful in the assignmenr of rhe аррro­ priate sentimenr 10 rhe appropriare character." Quoted in Newfield, Somebody's Соиа

Te"lt,226. I69· Lemisch, "2'5 Cheers," 189, I70. Tifft and Jones, ТЬе Тrю!, 226-27, The passage is a!so quoted in Newfield, Somebody's Сйиа

Te"lt, 225-26. characterizes the Post's coverage in "Pre-Fitting [he News," 8; Margi Werner, "Columbia Eyewitness: Radicalization ас the Sundial," Liberation News Service packet 73, Мау 13,1968,6.

17I. Kewfield

226

NOTESTOPAGESIIC-III

172. Newfield,

"Рге-Fiпiпg

rhe News," 8.

173. Мапiп Amold, "Lindsay Orders Rероп оп Polke," Neu' York Тmш, Мау 1, 1968, 35. а

[ог

Look magazine, "When dшiпg last spring's Colllffibia Universiry insurrecrion, а number оЕ imparriaJ observers had со agree сlш( (he undergrollnd SlIspicions [оС mains(ream media bias] had Ьееп some\vhar vindi­ cared," See Kronenberger, "БJасk and Whi(e," 22. 175. Peck, UncolJerillg theSixties, 92; Diamond, e-mai] со
Тi"щ аН Ьш

writer

Ьу

ignored (I,e injuries inf!icted

police

178. Titr( and Jones, Т1х Trust, 440. 179. Mungo incervie\v. 180. Marshall BJoom 181

[Q

Оап

МВР, Бох

Bernscein, n.d.,

8, I'older 23.

Gicl1n, Т1Je SixtifJ, 309.

со зшhог,

182. Diamond, e-mail 18з. Qllo(ed iп Jоlш

JlIne 12, 2005.

Leo, "Po]itic5

КО\У

(he FocllS

оС

(he

Uпdегgrollпd

Press," N
TitlleJ, Sepcember 4, 1968, 95.

Chapter 5 1. J.

Hoover СО all ЕВ! offices, November 5, 1968;

К.У, 2.

J.

J.

Edgar Hoover со Albany,

tield oftice, JlIly 8, 1968, Ьосl1 qlloced iп Streitmarrer, Vоiш о/ Rel!{j/lition, 215.

Edgar

Нооуег,

24,1968,

"Violence

iп

American

and Door, .\fay

" reprinced in

Concomi(tant ro (his, in la(e 1968,

а

Resi5cance (essencially а domestic spying

CIA

алаlуs[

\vho worked in Projecc

fi!ed rhis inelegancly \vrirren

тето:

А

modern рhепоmепоп wmch has evolved in (he las[ rhree ог {ош уеаг> [, the vasr

growth оЕ (he UпdегgГОlшd Рге55. UпdегgЮllпd means оЕ mass сотmllпiсаtiоп llcilized

[Q

a\'old suppression

Ьу

(his age, bu( lts vo!ume l> and

legal (I1е

ашhоritу

andior a[[ribution 15

apparcnr Ireedom and case

s]anderolls and ]ibelous sca(ements, and what арреаг со esrab!ishmenc

рюраgапdа

Since (11e CIA was

по(

по(

new

wl1ich

СО

Ы(I1,

almosr rreasonolls anci­

[Q

circulate 15 difficll![

со

[о ,ру оп

American ci(izens,

тапу

is allo\ved

sllpposed

Ье

,п

rarionalize. of" irs SL1ggesrions

for saboraging rhe lInderground press were likely passed off (() (he FBI. See Anglls .\facKenzie, "Sabo(aging che Dissidenr Press,"

СО/lImЫа

jOilrtlalislll ReI'iel<',

МагсЫ

ApriI198r,60. 3. Rips, "Dissiden[ Voices," wl10 posed as

Ш1Опуmоus

т. Iп опе

issue of f1rmageddon '''ею, rhe ЕВ! agenrs

Indiana Universj(y

studепts

pre(ended

со

lament that

NQTES ТО РЛGЕS 1! с-1 1(,

227

dis5arisГacrion

wirll rl1e Vietnam War was ''being used Ьу а few го selze rhe univer­ siry and 5rrike аг сЬе hеап of сЬе democraric SY5rem." Agenrs who reviewed сЬе publication were unimpressed. "ТЬе пехг issue ... апd subsequent marerial musr

conrain а тоге sophlsricared approach wirh regards ro the siruarion аг Indiana University and in relarion го rhe broad proresr тоуетепг in rhis соuшгу." See Armageddo!/ Nms, ОсгоЬег 25,1968,1; FБI Mernorandum, ОсгоЬег 11,1968, РЕ:1\ Records, Бох 89, Folder 2. 4. David К. Shipler, "'UndergrOllnd' Press Coverage Shifts From Rock, Sex and Drllgs го Politics," Neu' York Times, March 7,1973,45, 5. Wilcock, "МапЬапап Меmопеs," 6. Кех Wеiпег, jшегviеwеd Ьу John Holmsrrom, "Agenr ofChaos," High Times, Ocrober 7.

1988,86. RosenbaLlm,

Коп

"ТЬе

Secrer life

о!' Тотту Когсеп: ТЬе

D.O.A.," Ртшk, Арга 1981,24. 8. Chip Бегlеt, "Alrernarive News Service in Rе!'JIe,JаПllaгу-I~'еЬruагу,

9. Quored in John

сЬе

U.S.-Parr

Mysreriolls П,"

Мап Беhiпd

A!temative }Qurflafism

1976, 17·

Бшks, "Тl1e UпdегgГОLшd

Press:

А

Special

Rероп,"

RoIliflg

Stощ,

ОсroЬеГ4, 1969, 15·

10 John Wilcock, "МапЬапап Memories," Lшрublishеd mапusсгiрt in ашhог's possession. 11. John Wilcock со UPS members, МагсЬ 7, 1968, COflflel'tiom Records (1967-68), Бох 1, WSHS. 12. Wilcock, "МапЬассап Memories." 13. In а circular lerrer (о аН сЬе UPS members, Wilcock ruefuHy admitred сЬаг "EVO has used UPS funds for irs own purposes and rendered по accounring of such t'unds." See ]оЬп Wikock со UPS members, March 7, 1968, Connectiom Records (1967-68), Бах 1, \'VSHS. Ц. John Wilcock, e-mai! со аигЬor, January 19, 2009.

15· Бurks. "Cnderground Press," 17·

16. Jоl1О Holm5trom, "The Ultimare Hippie,"High Times, Ocrober 1989, з6. 17. James Retherford, e-таН ro author, September 42009. 18. Quoted in Wilcock, "МапЬапап Memories."

19· Тот Forcade, "From UPS," liberarion News Service packet 135, JanLlary 30,1969,9.

20. Holmstrom, "Ulrimare Hippie," з6-37. 1. Бшks, "UпdегgГОlшd Press," 17. 22. Тl1Ошаs King Forcade, "Write Оп!" East Vi!lage ОгЬеу, November 19, 1969,5. 23. Тот Forcade, "Frorn UPS," liberation News Service packer 135,January 30,1969,9· 24· Бшks, "Underground Press," 15. 25. Peck, "Under,ground со Alternarive," 157. See al50 ТЬоrnе Dreyer, "Radical Media СопЕегепсе." liberation Ne\vs Service packer 123, December 5, 1968,27-28. 26. See Hale, "White Panrhers," 134. 27. See HaJe, "White Ращhегs."

28, Don DeMaio, tшritlеd sidebar, Rofling Stone, October 4, 1969, 19·

29· Don DeMaio, interview with aurhor,June), 2009,

30. Quoted in DeMaio, sidebar, Ro/liflg Stone. 31. See Pelz, "Fall of (Ье U nderground Press," 6 1. 32. See Time, "ТЬе Tribe is Restless," July

228

~OTES ТО РЛGЕS

[16-122

8, 1969,46.

В. ТЬе

infamnus ad io guestion

surroL1nded ош

Ьу

proresr

рiпurеd а

music." This ham-fisted апетрс аЬош

culed. Radicals bruired

to

Вш

pressure Columbia praised

сЬе

iпrо

гип

Еroт

а1l

in

Ьис

"Underground Press Conference, +

he

had rhe idea rlblr we were gonna reporting was sloppy, rheir со

\Veoner, inrerview with з6. See

оп

[.р.т,," July

Вох

по.

lауоис

Ье

musicians and artisrs

а со

24-Augtlst 7,1969, 7; John Sinclaic,

9,

Рарег.>

(1967-71), Rare Books and

I, Folder 6. са. "иттег

1969,8.

dift-erenr

fгom

ош,"

he said, "we rea1ly

rhe undergrotlnd papers. TI1eir

was ugly, [and] rhey [espoused] radical sandbox pol­

look like rhem, sOllnd like them,

аllСЬОГ,

irs сотрапу headguar­

it happened, Sinclair's piece ecstatically

ог Ье

like them." Jann

June 25, 2009.

Atkio, "Over-rhe-Collnrer Culrure," 191.

ехсеllепr

а

Sinclair should wrire

Wenner dispured rhe characrerizarion, "When we srarred

irics. We didn'r want

in

menrioned Columbia Records. See Rat,

Press Syndicate," John Wikock

34. Walr Crowley, "RPM," Helix (Seartle) 8, исег,

А.>

пеуес

а[

Jоhп

UPS papers, calling

Manuscriprs Library, Columbia Universiry, .~5.

сеll,

busr

srores, and а sir-iп

changing irs policy.

uoderground press,

"Undergгound

siпiпg

cash in оп rhe РГОСБС СL1lшrе was widely ridi­

insread of rhese approaches, [hey agreed rhar

full-page essay rhar would

jail

"Вис ТЬе Мап сап'с

hippies

сЬе

various responses, including rhe systemaric "liberaring"

(read: srealing) of Columbia's records [ers.

оЕ forlorn

group

and LPs, alongside

Опе оЕ ту

former studenrs wrore

ап

honors rhesis rhar addressed Rolling Stone's шlrurаl politics. See Ages, "Gather

No Moss." 3 7·

ТЬе

SQlIfh End had previollsly Ьееп known as гЬе Collegian, lIotil ir was соттапЬу black-power тilirашs, who began carrying the fronr page то[[о: "Опе Class-Conscious Worker is Wопh 100 Sшdепts." See Georgakas and Surkin, Derroit. deered

Do Mind Dyil1g, 54-55, 59, 57· з8. Don DeMaio, "Saurh End Sropped,"

39.

Ресег

Distant Drummer,JlIly 17, I969, 5· Rabbit [Forcade], "UPS Odyssey," Rebirth (Vol. I, No. 5), n.d.,).

4::1. Demaio,

"Sошh

End Sropped," 14; Raf, "Undergrouod Press Conference + r.p.ill.,

July 24-Augusr 7, I9 69, 7; Berketey Trlbe, "U.P.S. and Downs," July 25-31, I969, 14­ 4I. Liberarion News Service, "Media СопЕегепсе Raided Ьу Shorgun-Toting Pigs," Libera­ rion News Service packet 179,JlIly 19, 1969, I7· 42. Marc Fisher, "Vo;ce of rhe Cabal: ВОЬ Fass and rhe Slow Fade of

СОllпrегшlrurаl

Radio," Neu' Yorker, December 4, 2006, 58-65. 43· Rabbit [Farcade], 3, 44· "Undergrollnd Press Syndicate," undared pamph1er,JWP, "Мапhаtrап

45. See Wilcock, 46. Wilcock,

"МапЬассап

Вох

Memaries"; Goldman, "Living and

3, Folder 7·

Dуiпg,"

4-I2.

Memaries."

47. A.JWeberman, interview wirh aurhar,June 28, :2008. 48. Weiner, "Agenr

оЕ Chaos,"

49· Forcade, "Wrire

Оп!"

4 I.

5,

50. See Haines, "G.I. Resisrance." 5 1. See Rips, again.rf ,Ье Undеrgrшmd Press, 82, 52. Rips, Campaign againsf ,Ье Undergrollnd Руел, 45. Та some, rhe PEN Cenrer's findings did

пог соте

lotеlligепсе,

теш

as

а

grear shock. In 1975 and

headed

Ьу Fгапk

[he Senare Select Commirtee

Church (D-ID), revealed

тапу

of гЬе

гасс;с.> сЬе

оп

govern­

used in its апетрс со dеsпоу New Lefr and civil righrs organizarions. Ir docu-

NOTES ТО PAGES 122-125

229

menred numerous insrances

,п

which inrelligence-communiry operarives overlookecl or

violarecl exi5ting laws, and concluded rhat the cirizens engaged ,п lawful forms of Лmепdтепr guагапгее о( реасеаЫу

and

ю

t-reedom

оЕ

speech

апd

"harassment of ю

rhe righr of' rhe

perition rl1e gоvеrnmепr for redress

го Sшdу GоvеП1mепtаl Орегаriопs

mirree

gоп'rnmепts

,ппосеnr

txpre5sJOn did serious injury го rhe Fir5r о{ grievances.·· Sепаtе

with Resptcr to

assemble

Select

Сот­

Iпtеlligеп(е Лсriviгiеs.

ln­

(
гаgs-uпdегgГОllпd

of

oooks al\vays shared rhe 57. Qlloted 58. Ран!

sзmе distгjЬшiоп

ne\\'spapers апс! llnderground (omic

nerworks

ашJ

readersl1ips.

iп Лгmstгопg, ТrШIl!'еt {О АпllJ. 85.

Бuhlе,

"Komix

Коuпrегтеdiа," Ln'iаth.t!I,]lllу/ЛllgllSГ.

I969, 1,,-17.

59. Jаmб Leed, "LJпdегgГOlшd Comics," DrJlid РУ," Рут, Ko\'tffiber 12-I9, I968, 60. G. Mason, '·Sick. Sick Comics," Na(iollC1! lшid
Exlm: December 24-January 7,1969, (,1. Л t'ederal jlJdge rhis point wl1en he rhrew аgаiпsг

со Ье

Ne\v Orleanss 80LA Expm.r.

Лссогdiпg

ОНС ап

ro rhe Sllpreme

evall!ared [п irs elНirety before опе сап illc]ge wherher

!

968, гергjшеd 1п

obscenit)' indicrmenr Сошr,

of пос

marerial needs

it " obscene. "Л

casual g!ance ас che isslle оЕ NOLA Ехрт' incllKled ;п rhe iпcliсrmепс shows thar Ьу по reasonable srandarc! сап сЬе ne\\'spaper
Firsr

Obsceniry," September

2,

1970,6.

62. Eric Motgenrha!er, 6з.

rhe

РГбsеs:

LJndergrollnd P
СшЬs."

'WJ,:!! StreetJ(llirna!, Jllly 7, 196'), Ellgene Gllerrero, iпtег\'iеw [)у .Ron Grele. t\ovember 1984, Columbia, 86. Л \\'riter Еог rhe ]ackson, Missisippi, Klldzll геропеd rhae rhe G'!'blt Biy(1 \уа> busred for using the same \vord that "Мауог Da!ey sholltecl ас Senaror ЛЬгаhаm Ribi­ cotT

clшiпg

Бiгcl,"

230

the Democratic

Кзriопаl Сопvепriоп."

Janl1ary 14, 1')69,5·

:--iОТЕS ТО РЛС;ЕS 125-127

See KmlzlI. 'The

Мап SlюOfS

rlle

64· See СУМ! Spe,-kled Вird, January 13, 1969,4. 65. Mike Abrahams, "Quasi-Crimina! Rap," Chicago Seed 3, по. 6, 2.

66. Sall Diego Door, "Door Wins Fighr for Freedom оЕ Press," Augusr 14, 1969, 3. 67. Morgenrha!er, "Sropping rhe Presses." While Burns was being arresred, poliee a!so seized rwo rons of papers, a!ong wirh Burns's rypewrirers, еатеса, and several persona! irems, and ir аН in protecrive cusrody. 68. Thorne Dreyer, "Law Harasses Underground Papers," San Diego ТещроО71 Door, January 17-30, 1969, 1. 69. Burks, "Underground Press," 32. Orher papers faced similar prosecurions. 1n Apri! 1969, а Canadian interviewer asked Lennon, "Do уои realize there асе underground papers аН rhroughour rhe Srares [char] have had obsceniry raps rhrown ас rhem because chey've published the picrure о( уои and Yoko оп rhe соуес'" Lennon answered, "I know rhere's а [ос of rhar Ьееп going оп," and added, sensibly, rhar сЬе Ти'о Virgim соуес wasn'r nearly as obscene as rhe "obsceniry [rhar's] in people's minds," See Fred Larrem­ оиil1е

and Dan McLeod, "Lennon, Lenin," Georgia Straight, Арс;! 4-10, 1969,8.

70, Тот Paine [pseud.], "Radical Press: Мосе Hass!e," East Village Other, January 31, 1969,5· 71. See Hagle, "Do They Науе То," 1045. 72. Quored in Agis Salpukas, "Underground Ciries Across Narion," 73· Forcade, "Wrire

Оп'"

Nеш

Асе Thriving York Times, April 5, 1970,58.

оп

Campuses and in

5·

74· Helix (Searrle), "Srraighr Ruled Srraighr," vol.

10, по.

1, РаН I969, 5.

75. East Vi!lage Other, "Black Marker Research," n.d., са. summer 1968, reprinred in Rips,

Campaign AgainJt the Underground Pms,

101.

76. Rex Weiner, inrerview Ьу ашhог, РеЬсиасу 77. Berler, "Sex, Drugs," 66,

10,2009,

78. Forcade, "Wrire Оп!" Еаи ViIlage Other (November 19, 1969),5· 79. Agis Sa!pukas, "Freed Роес Hails Michigan Ruling," N/?/i' York ТimeJ, March 12, 1972. 80. Тime, Sroney Вшns," November 25, 1974, р. 20. Texas was rhe lasr srare ro соuщ

possession ot' grass as а felony, and сЬе ехсса day was added ro Burns's senrence

because under Texas law а judge could пос рroЬасе а senrence of more rhan сеп years. The UPS parricipared in а campaign оп Burn's behalf, and ulrimarely his senrence was commured at'rer he served only ninereen days in jail. 81. Easf Vi!lage Other, "Rar Оп!" November 19, 1969,5.

82. Лт O'Brien, "Connecrions Ediror Unfir, Says 8з.

Воу

Scour," Distant Drummer, March

27-Apri! 2, 1969, 12. Gordon is now а disringuished professor of American hi5rory. Roberr Е. Baskin, "Underground Press а Тооl оЕ Traitors,' Рооl Asserrs," Da//aJ

Morning Nm's, November 7,1967. 8+ Quored in Thorne Dreyer and Vicroria Smich,

"ТЬе Моуетеnr

and rhe New Media,"

Liberarion News Service packer 144, March 1, 1969. See al50 Marshall Bloom, "НИАС Confronrs Underground Press," Da//as Nutes Frum Undergroulld, Seprember I-I), I9 67,7· 85. Sall DiegQ Free Press, "Which Brain Police had Ramparts Thrown offLocal Newssrands'" June 11, I969, 3. Ramparts was а monchly magazine, пос ап under­ ground newspaper; bur по doubc ics readership overlapped wich сЬас ot' тапу under­ ground rags,

NOTES ТО РЛGЕS 127-129

23 I

86. Rips, "Campaign Againsr гЬе Undergraund Press," 97. 87. ТЬогпе Dreyer, "Law Harasses Underground Papers," 12;

"Campaign Against 88. Forcade, "Wrire

(Ье

Оп!"

~I'~,rmtel' Рllшh,

Л!tеrnаtiи:

Afedia, Fall, 1978. Underground Press," 97.

Chip Berler, "COINTELPRO,"

11,

February, 1969, as cited in Rips,

5.

89. Rips, "Campaign Against

сЬе

Underground Press," 98.

90. Of course, по опе аС UPS knew af сЬе FBI тето. Вис а UPS aclvertising reporr from

1971 (wilclly) alleged that ;'when Nixon was inaugurared, up in anri-trust heat (Ье

оп

underground press." Presumably (уре

same

АВС Еог

NBC, CBS and

of pressure could

Ье

verrising Report," October

(Ье ашЬог

а

reguest ro

91. Quoted in MacKenzie, "Sabotaging

гЬе

same time, Rolling Stone magazine Columbia; see Draper,

this had anyrhing

со do

execurives because

Ье

down ro tWO things,"

\vith

was Ье

Ье

Clive Davis, who was inrerviewed

attracting

RоШпg сЬе

осЬес MТV.

Еог

Stone

а

[Ье

гЬеп

presiclenr of

rhis book.

iИаgаziпе,

10, ) 984, Columbia, 90.

considerable

аmонnr

AroLlnd сЬе

of advertising

18. Jann Wenner, however, doubts

FBI. In his view, Rotling Sfrme proved atrractive ro record

аЫе го

make

а

persuasive sales pirch. "1 rold

said. "Support Rolting Stone, because

newspapers [including

!ес­

adverrising in

Dissident Press," 62.

it's about our !ives. And Rot!ing Sfone is the way to ОсЬег

оЕ

(almost certainly Forcade) believed

92. Eugene Guerrero, interview Ьу Ron Grele, November [roт

immediarely traded а

used against record companies. See UPS Bulletin, "Acl­

21, 1971, П.р.;

Columbia, did not respond ro

Ье

dtasric currailmenr

сЬе

;С'5 аЬоис

геасЬ реор!е

сЬеm,

who buy

сЬе

underground papers] weren't covering ir,

[music} magazines, [rock} wasn'r

оп

television, rhere was

по

ir comes

your industry and most records! сЬеге

weren't

incemet, obviously

по

so here's апосЬег way ю get to уош fans. Ргессу simple." Wenner iщеrviе\v.

93. Qlloced in Armsttong,

Тrиmре:

f()

Лrms,

а Ргiщег

175.

гЬе Right to Print What Не Chooses'" Editor 10, по. 6, No\'ember-December, 8- 1 1; reprinred in Howarcl Rusk Long, Main Streef Mi/ifants, 139-40. 95. "Obscenity Debate Hurrs PubIisher," Neu' York Times, Augнsr 10, 1969· 96. This суре of arrangemenc was пос unuSllal; in various periods, гЬе Washington Рт Рут was prinred in New York; Atlanr,,'s Great Spe,k/ed Bird was prinred in АlаЬата, Ausrin's Rag was printed in San Anronio; and Bloomingcon, Incliana's, SpectatlJr was printed in ЬосЬ Kenrucky and ото. 97. Franklin wrote, "1с is unreasonable to imagine Prinrers appгove оЕ every rhing сЬеу prinr, and to censure сЬет оп апу parricuIar rhing accordingly; since in [Ье \vay of their Business сЬеу prinr sLlch grear of rhings opposire and conrradicrory. 'С is like­ wise as unreasonable whar some assert, Thar Printers oughr пог со prinr апу Thing Ьш \vhat сЬеу approve; since if а11 оЕ сЬас Business should make such а Resolurion, and abide Ьу ,г, ап End wouId сЬегеЬу Ье pur [о Free Wriring, and сЬе World would аЕсег­ wards have norhing со cead Ьш what happen'd to Ье the Opinions ОС Prinrers ' Set Benjamin Franklin, "Ап Apology [ог Prinrers," 1731. 98. John Pekkanen, "ТЬе Obstinacy оЕ Вi11 Schanen," и/е, Seprember 26, 1969, 59. 99. lndianapo/ir Free Рут, "Free сЬе Pre5s," n.d., са. spring 1969, 17. 100. Victoria Smi[h, "Space City.' From Opposition го Organizational Col1apse," in Wachs­ berger, ed., Voicer /rom {Ье Underground, 171. See а150 Ra,~, "Space City News Bombed,"

94. Lawrence Lorenz, "Does Grалroоts

JuIy 31,1969,4

232

NOTES ТО PAGES 129-131

Have

interview. 102. Vicroria Smirh, "Lowe Down," Space Cify.' )uпе 1, 1971, гергiшеd in Waschsberger, the 178-80. The Space City.' пеw confirmed Lowe was а Klans­ тап when опе о{ rheir phorographers, posing as а righr-wing minisrer, snapped а photo о( Lo\ve dГбsеd in {llll 105. 0111' Dai/) Bnad (Minneapolis), "Free Press Bombed," Мау 17-19, 1968, 2; Good

M1rning

"Los

Free Press

БоmЬеd," Мау

8, 1968,3.

104. Guerrero inrerview, 86. 105. )ulier Wiпmап, "Law & Disorder," Westu'ord, )anuary 4, 1984, 10. Wirrman's firsr­ person essay does аl1 job 01" derailing rhe harassmel1r rhe Streef }оиrnаl faced and i rs devasraril1g effecriVl1ess. Da//aJ Nощ, "Note, Ediror's Car Shor Flllla Holes," Feb 19-March 4, 1969,4. 107· Wiпmап, "Law & Disorder," 9· 108. Ibid. 109. Rips, "Campdign Againsr rhe Ul1dergrOUl1d Press," 130-34. 1 10. Quored in David Е. Kaplan, "ТЬе СОod Old Баd Days," I).S. Nею and World Reporf, )al1uary 9,2(;06,22-23. The Sal1 Diego Door (formerly сЬе Тещрооn Door) suffered sim­ Door, "Ош Moral Defense," )апuагу 17, 1969, 4; Sal1 ilar hагаssтеш. St'e Dieg(J Door, "Duor Trial )uJy 31," )ипе 19-)uJу 2, 1969, 1; Sa11 Diego Door, "Door Wil1S Fighr For Freedom of rhe Press," Augusr 14, 2-4, 16. 1 I I CJalldia Dreifus, "Newsreal," East Other, )uly 2, 1969,6. 112. Russ Nobbs, "Confessions of а Smur Peddler," Spokane Natural, )uly 5-18, 1968, 2; Naflmtl, "Unrirled," )uly 7,1967,7. 113· tierkeley Bar/I, "Vendors " November 7-13, 1968,4. 1 Ц. Glen Swi{t, "Бustеd l . оп the Stick," FRlNS, March 9, 1970,5, 115- Agis Salpukas, "Underground Рарег> Are Thriving оп Campuses and in Ciries асюss Narion," Nt:u' York Times, Apri! 5, 1970. 116. ,'v");ti F,'oJl1 tl'e "J'\otes Бusrеd Foг Selling Ar Srone Маll," Augusr 1-14, 19('7, 1. 117. Rat, "Mississippi Undergrollnd!)" November 1-14,1968,2. 106.

118, Tillles-РiсаУilJ1<, "Officer's Fine WilI Бе Paid," Мау 4, 1970, 12. 119· Rag, "Snip 'п' Save," )uly 25, 1968,7. 120. )ames Rerhertord, "Events Timeline, 67-68," unpubJished documenr

,п

aurhor's

possession. 121. RonaJd SuJlivan, "Forr Dix Soldiers PubIish Newspaper Opposing War," Neu' York Тimех, April 5, 1969, :>' 122. Hail1es, "SoJdiers Agail1sr rhe War

,п

Vietnam:

ТЬе

Story of А Ь(JIлgrОU11d, " in Wachs­

berger, ed., Voi<'t:.r jrIJlIl thf Undergrou11d, 181-82. 123. Оstепаg, People's Л'/оumеnts, 133-34. Priesr could, however, Ье very inflammarory. lп 011е issue Ье observed "If Spiro Agnew jumped (ог was pushed) fют rhe spire of rhe Бuildiпg, and was саиБЬС Ьу а favorabIe сюsswiпd, Ье would шг 34СЬ Sc velociry Of281.6 feer per second." See 01'.1, "The Беsr ofrhe Worsr," Мау 1, 1969,

Empire Srare аса

quored ,п Osrerrag, МИJеmеnts, 1:\4. 124. Quored in Тiще, "Priest's Progress," Мау 11, 1970,78. See Rt:U!It, 1(;7, ·nvr.·Аfl';VП {IJе Wor Machme, 159. 125- Quoted il1

а150

Cortrighr, Soldiers i11

:-;OТES ТО PAGES

r 32-1 35

233

Ьееп

126. In June 2009, DeMaio said he'd сап

defend now," he said.

thiпg ш

"Вис

back Ооп

say, we should print it."

wrong

сЬеп

со

prinr rhe

lепес

we had rhe idea

DeMaio,

iпгеrviеw

сЬас

"Ir's

пос

something 1

if someone had some­

wirh aurhor, June 5, 2009.

127. Quored iп Dreyer, "Lэw Harasses Underground Papers," п.р. 128. 5ее Alperr, Grou'ing Ир ИndеrgrОllnd. 129. Berler, "5ех, Dшgs," 67; Gabrielle Schang, "How То Handle Communiques," Altema­

tit'e]ollmalism Revue, May-April 1976, 130. See Varon, Bringing {Ье War Ноте. 131. Quored in Armsrrong, Trumpet

{о АпllS,

158.

132. Burks, "Underground Press," 17. 133. Forcade, "Write Оп!" Еай VШаgе Other, November 11, 1969, 5. {о Arms, 60.

135· Jules Wircover, "Wel1, А. Leasr Ir Wasn'r а Danish," Los Angeles Тimes, Мау 14, 1970.

1з6. "Wirness Presents Pornography Commissioner With а Pie (in rhe Face)," Neu' York

134. Quoted in Armsrrong, Trumpet

Тimes, Мау

14, 1970.

Chapter 6 1. Marshall

Bloom,

"LIВERATION

NEW5 5ERVICE 15 ОЕАО. LONG LIVE LIBERA­

TION NEWS SERVICE," n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 46, 1-3. 2.

FBI, ". . ...... And Who Got

сЬе

Cookie Jar'" Political Research Associates Library

and Archive, 50merville, Massachusetts. Henceforth this archival col1ection will abbreviated as "PRA Library." Reprinred in WacIJsberger, Voices from

Ье

{Ье ИndеrgrОllnd,

61. 3.

ТЬе

rroubled woman ended ир sraying ас Bloom and Mungo's house (or аЬоис а

топсЬ

before сЬеу 6паllу committed her со а тепсаl lJospital. See Mungo, Fal1lOl1J Long Ago,

92. 4. Mungo, Fатою Long AgQ, 26.

5· Bloom, "NEW5 SERVICE IS ОЕАО," 4.

6. In Fатою Ago, Mungo describes tIJose who called for а democraric internal Struc­ rure in LNS as "Vulgar Marxisrs" who saw "everyrrung-music, сЬе planers, sex, love,

everything-in limired political rerms." Laurence Leamer similarly describes the соппе­ temps in LNS as ап episode in а larger movemenr-wide conflict between ruppies (''Ьеаds'')

he

and poliricos ("6srs").

шо describes сЬе

АЬе

Peck presencs а more rounded perspective, tlJougiJ

LNS scrusm as being berween "Marxisrs" and "freaks." See Mungo,

Fатою Long Ago, 188-89; Leamer, Рареу Revo/lltionaries, 46-47,49; Peck, Иnиvеring the Sixties, 122-25. 7· Daniel Ben-Horin, "Journalism as а Way ofLife," NatiOfl, February I9, 1973,242.

8. Harvey Srone, "Papers and Politics," n.d., Соnmаiощ Records (I967-68), Вох 1, WSHS,

9. Young, "Red Diaper

ВаЬу,"

26.

10. Ibid., 27. 11. АlIеп Young, "Journalism," unpublished manuscripr in ащhог's possession. 12. "Donald" ro 1 3.

АНеп

Young.)anuary I5, 1967, АУР,

14. Young, "Journalism."

234

Бох

2

Eric Levine со Allen Young, February 3, 1967, АУР, Вох 2.

NOTESTOPAGESI35-144

1). УОlJПg,

incervie\\' Ьу ашllОГ, Marel1 "] ощпаlisт. "

16. 17. Уоипь

18. The

11,2005.

incervie\v. аcrепсiоп, ас

media

leasc, musc have

Ьееп

со

cl1e LNSers. Firsr,

Ti!lM arricle оп cl1e Репсаgоп protesr тisidепtifiеd che

York

in Brookville, Ohio." Two weeks lacer а Nеюu'ееk \vriter claimed thac

lealkt опе lJПhегаldеd

result of the

Репrаgоп

"а

march was

mt:rger оЕ two Еаг-ош

Press Sупdкаtе, which offers

re(ipes сашеs,"

eration Ne\\'s Service, which promoc<::s New Lt{r а>

а 1\'еи'

ВиrЬ а, "ап uпdегgгоuпd

апd рос

песwогks,

rhe

poetry, апd Lil)­

Obviously, this was

iпсоггесt:

we've sееп, В!оот апа Mungo's ассетрс со uпifу the ипаегьгоипа press was а fiasco,

There was cerrainly

по "тегьег" Ьегwееп

CPS

шgапizаtiопs Ыипеа,

tl1<: two

герогс

апа

апа сопrгагу го

LNS,

what the

rather than encapsulated, disrinctions

berwC't:n hippi<:s and policicos. See ]ohn Her11ers, "Youchs Dominate Capical Throng," Neu' YO/·k ТimeJ, ОсгоЬег 22, 1967: NШШ'ееk, "Unicing che IJпdегgrol1пd," November 1), 26. 19. See Nell' YQl'k Тшш, "1.eftist апа War Foes Set Recm,j 114 ]оhп Н. Rarick, "Сопь НеаdglШпегs iп

26,

EI156.

Мlшgо, FtI/J/ollJ [оn!] 1\80, 2 I

Bloom made rhis tives. "T11e

опl)' гhiпg

тошhрiесеs

,,8.

роiш hiшsеlf айег

which

Мl1пgо irнerview.

23,

Нагуеу \'
24,

Wasserman, 'Joys

25,

Raymol1d

МlIпgо, "Оеаг

26, \Х!а"sегшап,

Ноше оГ Rергеsеша­

ошsеlvеs," Ье

cold

а fгiепd.

24, 2005.

News Service," 56,

Friends," 1.iberation Ne,vs Service packet

'']ор о[[il,егагiоп

Ье

See bl
8, Foldt:r 23·

22.

otTllx-rагiоп

rhe

is rh<: vt:ry unkind norion tl1at we wiJI

for (I,e Vier Cong ratl1er rl1af1 for

Вlooт со "Dап," п,а., МВР, Вох

dепоuпсеd 10

1.NS was

Ьшhегs те

21,

December

19,

Ne,vs Service," 53,

27. Harvey Wassermal1, "Rusk Faces che Flllbright Соштiгtее," IjlJeration News SеГ;'iсе 5.), МассЬ I,'I, 1968.

Тlшt's

Fit

28. Mllngo,

со

F"/IЮliJ [дn!] 1\,~и,

in Ti!llt',

Tl1e same passage was also

Prorest," March

22,

"АН

tl1e News

1968,67,

42, 41.

29, Mungo interview

30, Wasserman, I.

'']оу> оt'1.IЬегасiоп

News Service," 5.)'''54,

Wasserman interview,

32. Jоl1О

Diатаrю: го

rt:ply, vvith

Аlleп

that

"тотепшт

dеfесtiоп from

теnc hea"ies~Jeremy

periodic сопггiЬшiопs пеw oГlice

said he could

Brecher, со

the

siпglе flош, "[ог пог

llР" iп

[\vus]

1J~j!Jinf!.tolJ PO.ft, апа

Аrthш

Waskow,

the news service.

only а поt

:\ШР, Бок

Marshall Bloom, Novernber 23,

В!оот iпс!iсаtеd

В!оот

апа

8, Folder Не

he said that

ToJd

а

2.'. 1п

\VuS pleased

t(io of тоуе­

Gitlin~hac\ а1l

pledged

al50 11l1morollSly аааеа thar siпсе the

there wOl1ldn't

lblving wlth

1.NS.

Ье апуmorе "flуiпg,"

те ас

all times

althol1gh he

ту рhопе сjiгесюгу."

See Marslblll Bloom to John Diаmапtе, п.с\., мвр, Вох 8. Folder 2). [ог sitгiпg ,п аг rhe :'>.'\ Ryan was апesгеJ along witll six otl1er wоmеп iп March cгisis in Selma, Alabama. \Xlhite HOLlse го z!emanJ ti::Jeral iпtеrvепriоп in the civil

:--iОП:S ТО PAGIOS Ч5- I -Р

235

While incarceraced

ас

Washingcon, DCs, Women's House of Decencion, Ryan alleged

сЬас

she had Ьееп severely Ьеасеп Ьу guards, denied medical ссеастепс, and kepr in solirary сопбпетепс. See Margie Scamberg, "Sheila Ryan Веасеп Ьу Prison Guard,"

Washington Free Press, November 23,1967,4; Sheila Ryan, "Sheila's Srarement," Wash­ ington Рт Рут, November 23,1967.4,8. 34. Sheila Ryan, incerview Ьу author, July 21,2003. 35. See Mungo, Fатою Long Ако, 101-4; "LNS edicors BUSTED again," Liberarion News Service packer 65, April 10, 1968,30.

з6. Аllеп Young inrerview.

37. ТЬоrnе Dreyer and Viccoria Smirh, "ТЬе Movemenc and the New Media," Liberarion News Service packer 144, March 1, 1969, 19.

з8. Ray Mungo roJol1n Wikock, April !О, !968,JWP.

39. George Cavalletto, interview Ьу author, July 28, 2003· 40. Mungo interview.

4!. Cavalletto interview.

42. Аllеп Young со Marshall Bloom, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 37. 43. Wasserman, "Joys of Liberation News Service," 55. Steve Diamond similarly claimed сЬас "several cadres of polirical leftists" in LNS had launched а "scealth campaign со cake over the news service." See Steve Diamond, "Magical Mystery Тош: А Sixties Memoir Еос Twenty-somechings ofToday," unpubJished manllscripc in author's possession. 44. Саvаllепо interview. 45. Thorne Dreyeret al., "Dear Friends," LNS-NY packer 100, Allgusr 19, 1968, 2. 46. Ryan interview.

47· Mungo, Famous Long Ago, 154·

48, Marshall Бlооm со Raymond Mungo, n.d.,

МВР, Бох

8, Folder 23.

49. Mllngo interview. 50. Mungo, Fатою Long Ако, 155. These labels are used freguent!y in Mungo's memoir. Although he теапс сl1ет го Ье caken humorously, rhe New York group (plus YOllng) understandabIy did пос like being called "Vulgar Marxis[s," especially given Mungo's self-serving decision со cal! [he Wasl1ington crowd (pllls Diamond) rhe "Virtuous Caucus." lп writing cl1is chapter, 1 inirially rried со avoid using these tenden[ious labels, before бпаllу concluding [11аг rl1is was all Ьш impossibIe. Technically, i[ \vould Ье inaccurate со say гЬе scl1ism was ber\veen rhe "New York group" and сЬе "Wash­ ington group," because the alliances weren'[ srricrly geographica!; nor would ir Ье fair [о speak о! сЬе "В100т facrion" versllS rhe "Yollng, Cavallerto, and Ryan" fac[ion, since rhere were others in each group who played decisive roles, and besides, по опе in [he New York group wащеd со elevate апу of rl1eir питЬес to leadersl1ip stашs. Fi­ паllу, regardless of whether ос пос these rerms асе appropriate, we're sшсk wirh them. lп ту ГбеагсЬ for tl1is сЬарсег, 1 iшеrviеwеd nine former LNS members, and every опе of [hem used, or made reference to, rhe terms "ViГШОtlS Саисш" and rhe "Vulgar

Marxists." Accordingly, l've accepred [!1е labels as we!l, Ьис оп!у [ос che sake оЕ sim­ plicity, 1 don't теап ro endorse the loaded connorarions rhat Mungo intended, and occasionally П! refer simply to "the Caucus" and "гЬе Marxisrs," without rhe modi­ fying adjecrives, 51. Mllngo,FamousLongAgo, 154-55.

2з6

NOTES

ТО

PAGES 147-151

52. Wasserman, "Joys ofLiberation News Service," 55. Support (ог Mungo and Wasser­ man's characterization of (Ье conBiC( сате in сЬе [ост of а letter сЬас LNS received from edirors оЕ сЬе highly regarded San Francisco ExpreJJ-ТimeJ, in whicll сЬеу regis­ rered their disарроiпrтепt over сЬе dereriorating guality of [есепС mailings. Whereas rhe West Coast рарег had опсе Ьееп pleased wirh the "hard political news and engaging panoramas" сЬас originally filled LNS news rhey sensed rhat around rhe rime (Ьас LNS moved со New York, it started distriburing "ponderous prose deco­ rared wirh marginal cultural bIurbs," "It seems ro

ш," гЬеу

said, "that ас leasr some 01'

уои

are assuming сЬас serious sruff Ьа, го арреаг gray and docrrinaire lП order го Ье 'correcr.'" Quoted in "Newspapers as Cartle Feed," LNS-Mass packer 100, August 16,

1968, ). 53, Although (Ье 1:\ew York facrion admitted сЬас а couple of LNSers had managed ro inscrr "simplisric" and rheroric-heavy srories iпrо гЬе mailillgs, they гЬаг ГЬбе' disparches weren'r representarive of гЬе Ideology ог illrenrions, If гЬе чuаlitу о! гесепс

mailings had suffered,

Ьееп

forced ro expend 50 "Оеаг Friellds," 4,

(Ьеу

said,

тисЬ епеГБУ

сЬас

was ollly because both L1:\S factions had

rrying ro resolve their dispute, SeeDreyer ес al.,

54, Огеуег interview, 55. Ryan interview. Саvаllепо iпrеrvlеw,

57. УоиПБ inrerview,

)8. Ryan inrerview,

59, Mungo, Famo1iS L011g Agu, 156. Ву ту esrimarion, гЬе Vulgar Marxisrs had roughly

thiпееп

member5, rhe Virruous Саиси> аЬоис five. Ir is impossible со Ье more precise this because еасЬ group challenged rhe of rhose in сЬе orller сатр, For insrance, сЬе Viгшоus Саиси, claimed гЬас the Vulgar Marxisr facrion was packed wirh

аЬощ

neophyre5, whereas the Vlllgar Marxisrs poinred ощ rhar Mungo would soon Ье leaving LNS, Wasserman had only worked in гЬе narional office for five week5, and orhers in their сатр only worked part-rime, Also, УоиПБ objects ro Virruous Саиш, а> а Washingron-based group, since

гЬе

МиПБО'> Ье

charaeterlzarion of leels rhat l,y mid-I968,

LNS had уегу few holdovers from \'Vashingron, ос. Besides, in addirion ro DJamond, leasr опе orher New Yorker sided wirh Вl(юm-а woman named Насс;е Нутап,

ас

60, АlIеп Young ro George Сауаllепо, July Ч,

МВР, Вох

8, Folder

61, AI50 durшg гт, period, ап anarchisr sггееr-figllriпg gang, lIр Against гЬе Wall, МогЬ­ erfucker, prowled the Lower Easr Side, peddling cryprlC poetry and angry agirprop, while гЬе city's ractical pollCe force rehearsed maneuvers designed (о рш down insur­ recrionists, and rhe РВ} srepped ир irs campaign (о infilrrate and desrroy сЬе New Lefr. According

го

sociologisr David Cunningham, rhe Columbia uprising "provided

гЬе

imрешs

for гЬе esrabIishment ofCOINTELPRO-Nеw Lefr оп Мау 9,1968.. , . ТЬе srared purpose of rhe program . , . was ro 'еХР05е, disшрг and otllerwise пешrаlizе гЬе acrivities оЕ {гЬе New Lefr) and persons connected wirh ir." Some suspect rhar Ьу rhis poinr, сЬе FВI тау have already had informants wогkшg in LNS. "Ву 1 " Angus McKenzie alleges, "гl1е FBI had assigned гЬгее informanrs (о репепасе гl1е ne\vs ser­ vice, while nine orher iпfогшапгs regularly reporred оп it from гЬе ollrside... , ТЬе FBI also artempred to discredir and break ир rhe news service rhrough vatious СOlшrеrinrеl­ acrivities," See Cunningham, There's Happening Нете, 50; Angus

NOTES

то РАС;Е>

t

52

237

MacKenzie,

"SаЬшаgшg

the Dissident Press,"

ш

Rips,

СЛllр,tign agamJf '!Н иnаа­

grblmd Рrш, I60, FаJlЮIIJ

62. Mungo, 6~,

Ago, I56.

Wasserman, ")ОУ' ofI.iberation News Serv;ce," Dreyer ег al., "Dear Friends," 4.

65, Diamond, "Magical Mystery Е,mlOlIJ

66. Mungo,

Тош.

Long Ago, [88,

67. Gitlin, Не SixtieJ, 186, ,отс

68. Alrhough

had suggesred that LNS 11ad much со gain Ьу

connecrion wirl1 SDS, Mungo \vгites thar ick

jошпаlist

Sюпе, "wlю

rold us

and everybody else if' \ус didn't want ical group." ,оте

I968

Мrшgо

го

ю

make the

пог

Bloom го

in LNS claimed that Bloom

пе>у,

оЕ SDS

setvice

mощhрiесе оЕ ап

end HP the

says that neirher he

ап шstirutiопаl

ended up heeding rhe cOl!nsel of тауег­ esrablished

\уеге еуег тетЬег,

oi SI)S,

rhe organization, and in his

роliг­ Ьш

in

uпfш­

ished memoir, Bloom menrions having friendly relations \vith тапу оЕ SDS's narional officers, See Mungo, Е,unоllS Long Ago, ,,1; Dteyer et al" "Dear Friends,

:,,; Bloom,

"NEWS SERVICE IS DEAD," МВР, Бох 8, FokJer 46 со

69, Mllngo

"Dear Friends," I.iberation Ne\vs Service packer

UJ"аеi'~riJШlа I'iИГif1лп,'r

70. LNS

to

Micrufi/JJJ Coff
МВР, Вох

"Dear Frien
71, An
Sщdmt

21,

December 19,

No. 10.

10, Folder I7·

Chairman Bloom Неаа, Un
vice," АmJ,шt Sшdent, Арпl 8, I968. П,р.

72, Kornbluth, NoteJ!rolJl rl.,e Neu'

73. Dia/oglle, "From rhe

Unciergrошzd,

Еdiгщ." Мау

I967,

94-95.

2,

74· Grallpa, November 17, 1967, П.р., SDS Recor
75. Ресег Shapiro, iшегviеw Ьу Ron Grele, April 11,1984, Columbia, 2~, 76, Quored in Robert Cohen, "Underground Connecrions," rragment, COJlmctiollJ Rесщ
50 Ьапаl as joucnalistic style ог standar
оп

che oflice blackboard rhe

"Grammer [, bourgeois," It \vas теаnr in only minor рап а,

гшпеа ош

Joke. Ir

1 \vas che only опе who was rrllly сопсеrnеа abour rhe qllalicy о! rhe

\vriting апа who seriously апа consisrencly c
iпdllStгiаl-scгепgгh

Blum ad
рарег

polislling, improve
оте,

"ic never quite 105t the

ар­

реагапсе

rhat it ha
\f;'eJt-В!о(

DiJJidmt, 66, 70,

iшегУiе\v.

78, Mungo

talor, ro!а а

were

identical story. Не recalled laboriol!S "Sunday nighr mecrings rhat

а раеап to

\v!lerher

ог пог

Gary Vаlепzа, \vho \vorked brietJy ас Вloomingron, lпdiапа's 5рес­ rhe SDS 'participatory

they ha
certainly cacir net\vorks and !eadersllip cjearly

еуегуопе',

,i"m•• rr;lГV

еуег соппiЬucе
tl1e

па'nеГ'-i:()IШd апепd,

саасе, wiгlнп

, , , TI1ere were

rhis communal

inpllt \vas welcome," Gary Valenza, e-mail

со

Ьш

auchor,June 3, 2003,

79. bugene Guerrero, incerview Ьу Ron Grele, November 10, 1984, Columbia, 85. 80. Mungo, Fatllous IJong Ago, 154. 81. Wasserman, "Joys ofLiberarion News Service," 56. 82. Paul МilIтап, inrerview Ьу aurhor, March 20, 2005. 8з. Ryan incerview. 84. This caused rroubIes Еor ЬосЬ of chem. As mentioned in chapter 2, Kunkin [еll ош of favor wirh тапу Los Angeles activiscs afrer he seemed to Ье making а handsome profit

ot'f сЬе Freep. Не was also criricized for insricuring srricrer workplace rules and insralling а

time clock. In 1967, опе irate staffer, John Bryan, lefr сЬе Freep со srarr а rival paper City) after Kunkin refused ro prinr а phorograph оЕ а disfigured napalm vicrim

(apparencly (or (еас of offending adverrisers). And in r 969 а whole group of staffers lefr en !!ИМ to starr уес апосЬес rival paper, rhe very short-lived ТШ5Му', СЫМ. (See Leamer, Рареу Revo!urionaries, 56-58). In Berkeley, Sсhеп епсоuщегеd еуеп more strenuous opposirion when someone calculared rhat сЬе рарес was generaring considerabIe [еу­ епие while the sraff was paid а pirtance, and попе оЕ rhe paper's profirs were шrnеd over ео сЬе Моуетепс ln June 1969, tl1e Barb's sraff revolted. princing а paper caJled ВауЬ оп Strike, in which someone ediroriaJized, "It is sheer hypocrisy for сЬе ВауЬ ro mouth the words оЕ revolurion while lining Max's pockets with сЬе peopJe's cash. We [feel] сЬас ВаУЬ profirs shou!d go [or bail funds, lega!-defense funds, [and] medical сliшсs." Eventually, Scherr sold сЬе paper, оп!у ro buy ir back а lirrle while larer. Вш because о{ аll rhis contгoversy it quickly (еll ош of (ауос in the Вау Асеа. Мапу of his [остес employees, however, helped со launcl1 а new, harshly milirant рарес, the Tribe, in which edirors were elected and everyone received the same рау of еасЬ week. See Leamer, РареУ Revo!litionarie.r, 58-59; Peck, Uщovеring :I)e Sixties, 159. 85. Millman inrerview. ОгЬес Моуетепс collectives wirh cJose links ro rhe underground press, such а> New York's Morhertuckers and rhe San Francisco-based Oiggers, рсе­ senred rhemselves а> radically decenrralized, bLlt iщеmаllу, charismaric leaders exerted а посаЫе influence. In Ир Againsr сЬе Wall, Motherfucker, Веп ,чorеа played а role; in сЬе Oiggers, Еттесс Grogan was а ringleader. 86. Ben-Horin, "Journalism as а Way ofLife," 242. 87. Steve Halliwell со Jay М. Ressler, August 4, 1967, SOS Records, Reel 19, Series 3, NO.I.

88. Henrv \ХТ. Haslach, "Thoughts оп LeadersnJ ., Neu' Left No:es, June 16, 1967,4­ 89. Micl1ael Grossman. "SOS Calls (ос Nationwide Srudenr Srrike," WashingfOn Free Pre.rs, July 21,1967,5· 90, Flacks, "Making History vs. Making Life," 143. Flacks also engaged in ,оте оГ rhis intormal policing himself. In 1965, Ье wrore а lerrer expressing his frusrration that "polarizarion" in SOS had recently "occurred around the figures оЕ Steve Мах and Тот Hayden" (ЬогЬ of сЬе Рогс Ншоп "These guys should Ье reminded thar [Ьеу аг leasr implicirly promised со withdraw Егот сор staff or leadership in che orga­ nizaclOn in ап effort со encourage the development 01' а new generation of leaders. 1 think ... everyone would find things а lor happier if сЬеу srepped away а little." For his рап, Hayden regretted thar SOS culrivared "а resenrmenr оЕ апуопе wirh сапс aurhority and а dire fear of formalizing ir, еуеп if rhar aurhoriry was based оп асы1уетепсr or could Ье useful in communicaring through гЬе media." See Rmniot/,45·

NOТES ТО PAGES 155-157

239

91. Огеуег

е, аl., "Оеаг

пауес! соnrгоl

по, со

Friends," 2,4 This is

of LNS in order to

шгп

ir into

suggest, though, that Vulgar Marxisrs ап

SOS mouthpiece, as rhe

Viгшоus

Cauclls conrended. Besides, rhis wOl!ld have Ьееп difficult tO do. Ву 1968 SOS had perhaps 100,000 oEficial members, spread across пеагlу [ош hundred chapters, who етЬгасес! а broad spectrum of left-wing views. 92. "Оеаг Friends," LNS-Mass packet 100, Augusr 16, 1968,

7-С

93. Mungo interview.

94- Oiamond, \'(Ihat the Tms Said, 48

95. See Tlmothy Miller, 605 COllmumes. 96. [Marshall Bloom}, "ON MOVING МВР, Вох

FARM,"

ТНЕ

MAIN I.NS OFFICE

ТО А

C01JNTRY

8, Folder 26.

97. "Oear Friends," LNS-Mass packet 100, August 16, 98 Bloom, "ON MOVING ТНЕ MAIN LNS OFFICE."

6.

99. Minutes о! I.NS board of directors meeting, August !О, 1968, МВР, Вох 8, Folder Mungo, FаlJ/liШ Lmzg Лgо, 16з-66. !о 1. Some 1) mi1lion viewers in England sa\v Afagi"a! MY5tetl Тоиу when the ВВС Ьюаdсаst

ТОО.

it оп Boxing Dау (December 26) of 1967. After it got almost universally negative reviews, ho\vever, NBC сапсеlес! а mil1ion-dollar deal to broadcast the Ыm in ,he United States. 102. Oiamoncl, "Magical Mystery 103. David Bodie,

"Маgш.1

Тош."

Mystery,"

Ьш

ViIlag< Other,

104. Wasserman interYie\v.

105-

Мlшgо, Fатою Long Лgо,

171.

106. Мllпgо interview. 107. Mungo.

Лgfl,

F'lIIIOI(S

166; Mungo interview.

108. Oreyer ес al., "Oear Fпепds," August 19, 1968,4.

109. Аs they indignant!y

рur

ir, "ir

sеешеd

guite clear

со Н5

tha, rhe

Моуетепс

could not

Ье

adeguacely served Ьу Marshal1's news service, established in defiance of democraric procedures wirhin а шоvеmепt group, prinring оп presses stolen fют тоуетепс staft'. Бпапсес! Ьу топеу taken f'rom а тоуетепс gЮllр through subterfuge-and based, 1п isolaeion, оп MarstJa!1 Вloom's $2),000 farm." See Dreyer ее а!., "Dear Friends," AUglJSC 19, \'i/lage 1 10.

\10

i,(1, Augusr 22, 1968,

Саvаl!епо

1

Ryan inrervie\v.

113· 1 Ц.

See also Steve I.erner, "The I.iberation ofLiberaeion Nt\vs Service," 37-з8.

Dreyer ineerview.

111. [2.

1.

intervie\v.

Mungo, Famoll5 ЛgD,175-76.

Tl1is \vas ehe case, апу\уау. Оап McCauslin, а spokesman (or I.NS-NY, \Vas

quoted Ьу а Ntu' York TilllfS reporter as having said thar "по опе had Ьееп Ьеасеп or held capeiye" ас che farm. This was far (гот rhe rruth, and McCaus!in later comp!ained thar he'd

Ьееп

misquoted: he

теаnr со

say ehae

по

"brutality" cook

Either way,

по опе

dispures that LNS-NY held ehe riya! LNSers hostage ас Бloom's farm for аЬоur six hours. See Jоl1О Leo, "Liberation Ne\vs Service Rocked Ьу Serife," Neu' Yoyk Тiшеs. August 1), 1968, .'>4. 11). Oreyer ее а!., "Dear Friends," 1.

!

16. Mungo,

240

Fатою Llil1g Лgо, 178.

NOTES ТО PAGES 157-16з

117. Dreyer (о

ег

al., "Dear Friends,"

1.

During the siege, some in LNS-NY apparently

resrrain Hamilron, and la(er he was purged from LNS. Around rhis rime,

circulated rhar Hami!ron might have

Ьееп ап

а

шеd

rumor

agenr provocareur.

1[8. Ryan inrerview. 119. Мillтап inrer'l/iew. 120. Mungo,

РатDЮ l~ong

Ago, [78.

121. Dreyer ес al., "Dear Friends," 1. In Diamond's unpubIished, essay-!engrh memoir dea!ing ю consulr Мип­ Long Ago "for rhe complere sюry and а1l rhe gory derails." In а" likelihood, rhough, Diamond genuinely believed himself го ье in danger. According го СаvаIlегю, Diamond only revealed rhe existence of' rhe check when he "thoughr somerhing was happening" ro Bloom. See Diamond, "Magical Mysrery Тош," П.р; Сауа"епо inrerview. [22. Mungo, РаmОI/5 LOllg Ago, 180. 123. Dreyer ег al., "Dear Friends," 1. 124. "Dear Friends," LNS-Mass packer [СО, Augusr 16, 1968, 7А-В. 12). Cavallerro inrerview. 126. John Leo, "Liberation News Service ro go оп in Rit'r," Ne1.1' lork Times, Augusr [6,

wirh rhe LNS feud, he glosses over the issue, rhough he advises readers

go's

Fаmою

3С.

127. Lerner, "Liberarion of Liberation,"

з8.

Ратош

Long Ago, 166. 129. Those charged wirh kidпарршg were Daniel McCauslin, George Cavallerto, Perer Cawley, Тот Hami!ron, Dino РаЬоп, Norman Jenks, Thorne Dreyer, Charles Pasrer­ nak, Shei!a Ryan, Miriam Боskеr, Vicki Smith, Sa!ly LaSal1e, and Connie Lenham, According to Mungo, ir was necessary ro Ые rhe charges in order (о reclaim rhe $6,000 thar had Ьееп rurned over [о LNS-NY. 130. Bodie, "Magica! Mysrery," П.р. 131. "The Case of the 2 News Services," Neu' Left NOleS, September 9, [968,8. А hand­ wгiпеп сору of rhis arricle, also unsigned, survives in rhe SDS Records, Вох 35, WSHS. 132. Dreyer and Smirh, "Моуетепг and rhe Ne\v Media," 20. 133. Peck, Uпcovermg theSi:aies, [28.

134' Marshall Вlooт ro "АЬЬеу," n.d., МВР, Вох 2, Folder 18.

[35. ТОО Tekla ro "LNS in Monrague," September 30,1968, МВР, Вох 8, Fo!der 25. [з6. Margarer Heggen го "LNS in Ехае," n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 25, 137. Регег Werbe ro Marsha!! Б!ооm, Augusr 2 [, 1968, МБР, Вох 8, Fo!der 29· 1 з8. Маге Sommer [Q Marshall Вlooт, Seprember 6, 1968, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 29, 139. "Groovy l\1arc" ro LNS-Mass, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Fo!der 2). 140. ВоЬ ОУегу [Q Marshall В!ооm, Augusr 20, 1968, МВР, Вох 8, Folder 20. 14 1. Micl1ae! уоп Haag го Marsha!! Вlooт, Augusr 20, 1968, МВР, Бох 8, Folder 29. Alrhough rhe aurhor added rhe еауеаг "1 ат not specifical!y referring го апуопе," опе senses rhar he теаnr jl1H rhe opposire. Ваlапсеd againsr аН of rhis, rhere are оп!у rwo shоп nores in rhe Marshall В!оот papers rhar are enrirely favorable го LNS-Mass, See Christine М. Dwyer ro Marsha!! Bloom, Augusr 29, 1968, МБР, Бох 8, Folder 25; Kitry Rhodemyre го LNS-Mass, Augusr 28,1968, МВР, Бох 8, Folder 25. 142. "Бгогhегs and Sisrer," LNS-NY packer 107, Seprember 27,1968, А. 143. Nar Henroff, "Life!ine for the Underground," MORE: А ]oumalism Reliieu', ОсroЬе!' 128. MlIngo,

1972,5·

NOТES ТО PAGES 16з-т67

241

144. See Mungo, Fатаю Long Лgо, 187-88. 145. Wasserman inrerview. 146. Diamond, WJJaf fhe Тrш Said, 47. 147. Diamond, "Magical Mystery Тош." 148. Marshall Bloom со ЛЬЬеу, n.d" МВР, Вох 2, Foldcr I8. Ц9. в!оот said tnar borh were "wonderful people," and he seemed baffled and hurt Ь}· rhis "quaranrine" оЕ nis personaliry. "[ could haye undersrood if rncy greeted те wirh 'Morherfucker, motherfucker .... Вш пос speaking[']" See Bloom, "LIВЕRЛТIОN NEWS SERVICE IS DEAD," 7. 1 50. MarshalJ Bloom [о Ray Mungo, n.d., са. lace Augusr 1968, МВР, Вох 8, РоЫег 29. In опе апiсlе, Bloom was described а> а "spoiled Ьгас" who sюlе LNS's funds simply 50 he could Ьиу his own farm and Ьесоте а "News-Service сусооп." See Brian Кеllу, "LNS Heisr Necs $12,000," Войоn Free Рут, n.d., 9tn ed., 16. 151. FBI тето, ОсюЬег 21, 1968, РRЛ Library. The agenr wno disггiЬшеd che miS5iye was instrucced ю "rake аН necessary steps to insure that the Вшеаи is пос identified as сЬе sошсе of this ["нег." 152. PВI, ". ... And Who Gor сЬе Cookie Jar)" РRЛ Library; reprinred in Wachsberger, Voices from fhe U nckrgro/.md, 61. 153. Wasserman, "Joys ofLiberarion News Service," 58. 154. Marshall В!оот to Лье Peck, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 29. 155. Marshall В!оот to Doug, n.d., МВР, Вох 2, Folder I8.

I)6. Marshall В!оот со Ray Mungo, n.d., МВР, Вох 2, Folder I6.

I 57. Young, "Marshall Bloom: Gay Brorner,"

I58. In late Bloom's morher wrote, "It is with а heayy and broken hearr that Гт writing ю уои, Ьис 1 Еее! 1 must, somehow, someway, get thru to уои .... Wirh уош greac qualiries-leadership, brains, education-how сап you do rhis со yourselP Уои Ьауе changed ,о much, Marshall." "Мот" со Marshall Bloom, September 20, 1967, МВР, Вох

2, Folder 16. В!оот', lerrers in reply were somecimes plainriye and concil­ iatory, and somecimes incoleranc and angcy. Once he wrore, "Уои musc undersrand ... char che world is changing, Thar che young of Лmегiса, who naye grown ир in afflu­ епсе, а> 1 haye, аге по longer inreresred уегу much in making топеу ог srarring Ьию­ nesses. Of сошsе

тапу аге. Вщ

when 1 say young 1 теап rhac rhose

оЕ ту

age,

тапу

of rhe mosr ralenred and mosr energeric, аге excired and stJmulared Ьу ocher kinds of challenges, Ьу their efforrs to make rhe world Ьепег. , , . We musr learn со respecr differences." Marshall Bloom со "family," n,d" МВР, Вох 8, Folder 23. Лпогhег rime, rhough, Bloorn senr а bIisrering seyen-page lепег со his farher, railing againsr his sup­ рогс Еог сЬе Viernam War and concluding: "То haye опе', own family оп the side of ignorance and besrialiry is тorе rhan 1 сап Ьеаг." Macshall Bloom со "Dad," n.d., МВР, Вох 2, Folder 17. I59. Marshall Bloom ю "Мот and Dad," ОссоЬег 21,1969, МВР, Вох 2, Folder 19, 160. Marshall Шоот, "Lasr \1(!Ш and Tesramenr," Noyember 1, I969, МВР, Вох 1,

Foldec 6. 16 I. Jack Newfield, reyiew of Fатою Long Лgо:

Му Life and Hard Till1eJ U'ifh Liberatio!l N(u's Sen'ice, Ьу Raymond Mungo, Neu' York Times, June 28, I970' 162. Young inrerview; Касуа Taylor, "Karya/Nina's Reminiscence5 of Liberarion News Ser­ Yice," unpubIi5hed manuscripr in aurhor's possession.

I6з. "What is Liberarion News SerYice)" n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 44.

242

NOTES ТО РЛGЕS

167-170



164. Peck, Unarvering гЬе Sixties, 54; Felcon, Аfind/шkеrs, 178-8з. Incidencally, сЬе Vir· шои> Санш, al50 was пос сЬе only undergrollnd media group (о engage in polarizing high jinks. The following monrh, in New York Ciry. аЬон( twenty hippies stormed into rhe live broadcast of \VDNTs Neu'J/ront program, which was supposed со feature а

discussion of гЬе lIndergrollnd media, and hijacked the show сог аЬонг Ысееп mi· онг ас rhe aboveground media and childishly saying "fuck" into rhe microphones. Seven of che intruders were arresred. See Nщ'su'ееk, "Nores from Undec· nlltes,

ground," ]uly 1968, 165. Seenore84· 166. In ]anuary 1970, ап aH-wоmап grollp а( сЬе Rat, led Ьу]апе Аlреп, won rhe righr го produee а speeial "Women " Isslle" of the newspaper. PlIbJished (Ье following month (wirh assisrance Егот ,оте LNS women), irs cenrerpiece was Robin Мог­ gan's classic feminisr пасг, "Goodbye го АН Thar." "Rat mllst Ье taken оуег регта­ nenrly Ьу women-or Rat mllsr Ье desrroyed," Morgan arglled. ТЬе уепотон, arricle denounced гЬе encire "male Lefc" and especially raised hackles among (Ье

Rat's male sraffers, who began pasring up ап isslle rhar was to make lighr of (Ье feminisrs. When (Ье women discovered whac was in rhe works, chey Ьесате and seized сопггоl of tl1t entire paper. For а rime, rl1e Women's Rar Edirorial Col­ lecrive allowed some теп го remain оп rhe sraff, Ьш еvепшаllу аll (Ье теп were asked го leave. According со Alperr, ЬеЕоге гЬе rakeover, сЬе Rat was ,ег го expire; "In women's hands, ,г sruck ош anorher cwo years, lIndergoing rhree тоге rake­ оуег> Ьу splinrer grollps ЬеЕоге ,г ceased pllblicarion forever." See Peck, UII(oz'ering the SixtieJ, 212-15; Robin Morgan, "Goodbye со AII Thar," Rat, РеЬшагу 1970, 7; Rat, "Rar BlIsred," FеЬшагуч-Магсh 9, 1970. 2; Аlреп, Grotl'ing Ир Ul1dtrgrOlll1d, 244. ]оЬп Burks. "ТЬе Underground Press; А Special Reporr," Ro!lmg Stone, ОсroЬег 4, 1969, 19·

168, Dreyer and Smirh,

"Моуетеnr

and rhe New Media,"

Chapter 7 1. Calvin

ТгШiп,

"Al[ernatJves," Neu' Yorker,

Арг;1

10, 1978,118.

2, See Daniel Ben-Horin, "Jошпаlism as а Way оЕ Life," Nation, FеЬшагу 19, 1973, 239. The Narional Аssосiагiоп оЕ Newsweeklies Ьесате гЬе Narional Associa[ion of Alrer­ nacive Newsweeklies in 1979, and then in Мау 1982 ir Ьесате сЬе Аssосiагiоп ot' Alrernative Newsweeklies. 3· ]ames ]acobs, incerview

Ьу

Beet Еупоп, Ocrober 24, 1984 and ]uly 3, 1985, Columbia.

4°· 4, KornbIllrh, Notes /1"0111 the Neu' Undergrollnd, 6-7. 5, "Ап Апiсlе АЬош Ошsеlvеs," ОМ Mole, n.d., са. la[e 1970, eeprinred in Leamer,

Рареу

Rl'Vo/!ltionaries, 123. 6. See Newron Н. Fulbrighr, "Underground Press Sreives го Fuse Sex wirh Polirics," Editor & PubIisher, December 27, 1969, 34· 7. QlIored in Goldbeeg, Bllmping into GеШllШ, з8. 8. Afrer сЬе conteeence, ап LNS тетЬег composed а bIisrering diarribe againsr the gro­ cesque sexism rhat she said was omnipresenr rhere. А.> tor che "10ve-in," she героп.> char when а few \vomen put their hands оуег (Ье сатега.> со disшрr rhe filming of other NOТES ТО РЛGЕS 170-175

243

peopie having intercourse, some of che теп cried "censorship," ас which poinr the women rhreatened со seize rheir equipment and throw it in the lake. See Nina Sabaroff, "Nores [roт the First Gathering: Ап Alternare Media Message," Liberation News Ser­ vice packer 272,July I), 1970. 9. Parker Donham, "Media Freaks Act Our Battles of rhe Radicals," ВОПО11 С!оЬе, June 18, I970; AIso see Alfred G. Aronowitz, "Уегтоnr Vibrarions," Neu' York POJt,June 19, 1970. IO. Goddard College Business ОЕБсе ro Jerry Witherspoon, June 29, Х970, in ащhог's possession. 11. "Press [ш Youths Seeks New Image," Neu' York Times, June 11,1973. See also David Е. Shipler, '''Underground' Press Coverage Shifrs From Rock, Sex, and Drugs со Polirics,"

Neu' York Times, March 7,1973. 12. Trillin, "Alremarives," 1 19. rhe Altemarive Press Syndicare, which evolved оис o[UPS. Ву rhe 13. Forcade was rime of rhe Searr1e conterences, he'd also written а уегу good, overlooked book аЬощ hippie capira1ism, fended off charges rhar he inrended ro disrupt rhe 1972 RepllbIican Narional Convenrion, opened а booksrore in Soho, and f1nanced а docllmenrary аЬош rhe Sex Pisrols' 1978 American roш called D.O.A. See Forcade, СаУаШП о/ LOl'e and Holmsrrom, "Тl1e Ulrimare Hippie: The Life and High Тiтб ofThomas

МQl1еу;Jо!щ

Кшg

Forcade," High Тimes, October 1989, 35-44,77. "Alrematives," 120.

Ц. Trillin,

15. Gabrie!le Schang, inrerview wirh aurhor, Аllgшt 21,2008. АЬоис eight mош11S before he die(J, Forcade revea!ed himse!f (Q Ье reck!ess!y in 10ve Gabrie!le Schang, \vho was in а гоот \vhen he shor himse!f. "Being wirhout уои 1 fee! incornplere, етрсу, sick, para1yzed," he wrore. "1 was rhinking аЬош kidnapping you. 1 ат dead serious. Гт а desperare тап. 1 rhink 1 ат righr [ог you and 1 !оуе you and 1 rhink уои love те and ir is cidicu!OllS со Ье арагс. 1 wаш уон, 1 need уои .... Please say yes." Тот Forcade

ro Gabriel!e Schang, March 11, 1977, in author's possession. 16. Ed Dwyer, а, guored in Ho1msrrom, "U!rimare Hippie," 77. 17. The ТехtlS Observer, esrabIished ,п 1954, is а member оЕ the Associarion of Alrernarive Newsweek!ies, Ьш if it were со геарр1у roday, ir mighr по( gain admission. Аs а ы­ weekly, srapled newslerrer, published Ьу а nonprofir, wirh а paid cirClllation and по lisfings ог ads, ir's rarher differenr from orher тетЬег papers. х8. Quored in McAulifte, Gr"at Ameri"an Nе1.ирарer. 235. 19. The Real РареУ was rhe collecrively owned srepchild of а rhwarted union drive аг irs previous iпсагпагiоп, rhe Boston PhOt:mx, А good аССОllШ of irs origins, and of rl1e ways rhar irs decenrra!ized working environmenrs callSed fami1iar rensions, сап Ье t6und in

Solman and Friedman, and Death, 184-205, "Press: Nores from rhe Underground," Аргil2}, 1979,49-50. 21. RlChard "Dап ro Мап Wekh and C]R," Associarion о!' А1гегпаrivе News­ weeklies \'Х!еЬ 51се, hrtp:!laan.org!alremativel AanlView Article'oid; 129696. 22. See Armsrrong, Тrшnреt (о Arms, 201-5. See also Brugmann and Sletteland, U/tlt!latt 20. Тm/е,

Were YOllng апd Gay," ViI!age Voice, ~ovember 1,2005, )2. Umpeakabfe Am. 25. Symingron was сопviсгеd of bank fraud in 1997, Ьш сl1е сопviсгiоп was overrurned in Х999. ОП Arpaio, see Clinr Bo1ick, "Мissiоп L'naccomplished: The Misplaced 23.

АЕ5а S01omon, "Ош Неап>

24. See

244

Сопroу,

!'OТES ТО PAGES 175-179

Priorities 01' Maricopa

Соипгу

Sheriff's Office," Go!dwater [nstitute

Reporr

229, December 2,2008. 26. Kristen Lombardi, "Cardina! Sin," 27. That srare's flagship

Вшf9n Р/юeniх,

рарег,

the Oregonian,

(Ory

(аре оЕ а

young reenager as

"Еуеп {а[гег lеауе."

wa(ch him

ап

пос

Саппоп,

2002,18-25.

only failed to break rhe

сllагапегizеd

borched irs subsequenr coverage when ir governor.

March 23, 2001; Carl 1'.1.

ЛmеrimnjОllrnаliШl Ret'iш', Мау

"The Priesr Scandal,"

ногу, Ьиг

Go!dschmidr's

al50

5taru­

"affair," and expressed symparhy for the !ormer

the revelations]," rhe Oregonian editoria!ized, "it i5 painfu!

See J ill Rosen,

"ТЬе

Story Behind rhe Story,"

Л7llеriсаn

(О

jQ//r!la/isJIi

Re!'ieu', Augusr/September 2004, 44-5." 28. СЫ Garboden, lепег to аигЬог, Al1gust 10, 2009. 29. David Сап, intervJew Ьу author, ALJgust 2, 2009.

з0. See Weingarren, Gal1g ТЬа! WOllfdl1't Write Straight .

.31. Ste\vart McBride, Мау

"Ипdегgгоuпd Рарег> Соте Ир оп Тор,"

Chr/'tian Scimce Allmitor,

22, 1980.

32. Roberr

А.

Roth, inrerviewed

Ьу Jerry

Nemanic, April29, 1985

оп

WBEZ. Transcript

in auchor's possession. 33. Robert А. Roth, interviewed Ьу Jerry Nemanic, 4-29-85 оп WБЕZ-FМ. Tran5cript in ашЬог', possession. Linda Еуап> and уоап Соlliпs ЬогЬ sr<1rred in (11e АВС primerime soар орега

Dyl1aJty.

34. Сап inrerview. 35. QLJoted ,п Sharon

Баs>,

"Media Srars Remember Their Early Day,,"

оп сЬе Аssосiагiоп

of Alrernarive Newsweeklies Web ,ire, http://posring.alrweeklies.com/aan/media­ srars-remember-their-early-days! Апiсlе)оid = 1 1)918. з6.

The V(J/(e, thoLJgh, remained

а

paid-circlllarion

РllЫicагiоп

LJntil 1996.

37. Jim Larkin, interview Ьу aurhor,July 28, 2009· Albert Scardino, "Alternarive Weeklies оп the Rise," Nш' Уйrk Tillles, Мау 29, 1989; Thomas Winship, "ТЬе New СштLJdgеоп," Editor a1ld PubIisher, J llly 6, 1991, [8. 'П 2009, the AAN had 131

тетЬег

papers.

39. Еуап Smith, "The Alrernarive Press Grows Creative

Lоаfшg

filed

[ог

Ир," Лlеdiati'eеk,

June 21,1991,19-21.

bankruptcy in September 2008.

40. See "Press [or Уошhs Seeks New Image," Nщ' York ТinleJ, Jllпе 11, 1973; Na(han СоЬЬ, "ТЬе

Лfаgаzillt, Jllne 9, Neu YOj·k TimeJ Suш/а; Mag­ a::iue, Febrllary 15, 1976, 4; "BerkeJey Newspaper Gaining Respectabiliry апd Readers," "'еи' York TillleJ, Febrllary 11, 1979; Stеwап МсБгidе, "Underground Papers Соте Up оп Тор," Christian Sciel1ce Afonitor, Мау 22, 1980; Jопагlып Friendly, "Тгапsitюп'п 'Alternative' Press FoClls ofMeeting," Neu' York Тiпю,JlIпе 17, 1984: Chrisropher Swan, "Is Sllccess Spoiling гЬе Alrernative Press~" Ch,.istian S"iепа: МОIl­ itor, July 1987; уопагЬап Friendly, "Transition in 'Alrernati"e' Press FOCllS of Meeting," Neu' York Тiпш, Jllne 17, 1984; Albert Scardino, "Alrernati"e Weeklies оп tlJe Rise," Neu' York Тiпю, Мау 29, 1989; Kathy Hogan Trocheck, "Alrernarive Weeklies Аге Gaining Rеsресг-апd Readers," St, Реtщ!)шg Т;IIЮ, Seprember 3, 1989; Еуап Smirh, "ТЬе Alternarlve Press Grows Up," Alediau'eek, Juпе 21, 1991, 19-21; Ed Avis, "EsrabIished Alternat1ves," Qltill, January 1, 1995.1"5 worrh poinr­ ing ощ гЬас гЬе сгоре srill has пог died comp!etely; in 2008, the Qllill published Ed

1974,6-14;

Alternarive Press Goes Srraight," BOJtoJl Globt Slll1day Dап

Wakelield, "Up From

ИпdегgГОLJпd,"

r-;оп·s то PAC;ES 179-181

245

Avis, "A1rernative Newsweeklies: Growing Up," Quill, ]anuary!February 2008, 16-22. 41. Richard Leiby, "Whar Alrernarive? The

Washington Post.]uly 16, 1994. 42. А> quored <п Solman and Friedman, Рареу'> {еl1ег

4 3· Kim

collecrive ownership fell fuшге

and

RepubJican

СаmрЬеll,

Ауаnr

Pres"s Convenriona! Convenrion,"

и/е and Death,

арап,

gоvеrnщ

and

201; rhe ad appeared afrer rhe ReaI

,г> iпvеsюгs сате со

include David Rocke­

of Маssасhusепs BiH Weld.

"Free and Quirky," Christian Science Monitor, Seprember 7,

2000, about 10 percent of alr-weekly revenues companies especially began using

[Ье

сате {гот

narional ad buys.

20СЮ.

In

ТоЬассо

alrema[ive pre5s а> а теап> for reaching а younger

demographic. See Sandra Yin, 'The Week!y Reader," American Demographiu, Мау 2002, 27; Sepe and Glantz, "Bar and Club ТоЬассо Promorions." 44. Tim Redmond, "I.osing

а

'Voice,'" San Francisco

1,2005,4; See also Mick Farren, "Alrernarive

Ба; [о

Guardian, ОссоЬег 26-November

Whar, Morherfucker?" Los Angefes

Cit; Беаt, ОсroЬег 6,2005. Brugmann's lawsuir alIeged rhar rwo New Times papers, rhe SF \f'/eelгIy and East Бау Ехруш, were sеШпg ads below СО5Г in ап illegal апеmрг ro рис сЬе San Francis(o Бау Guardian ош of bU5iness. Jn March 2008, а jury ruled (п favor оfБгugmапп and ordered SF Weekly го рау rhe San Franris(o Бау Guardia" $ 15,6 millюп.

45. Мап We1ch, "BJogworld and irs Graviry," Cofumllia ]ollrnaliJ1r1 R/!!,jeu', Sep[ember! ОпоЬег,

2003, 21.

46. Russ Smirh, e-mai1 ro

ашhог,

47· ]ack Shafer, interview wirh 48. Сап

AugusI 12,2009,

ашhог,

Atlgusr 3,2009.

iшегviеw.

49. Shafer inrerview. 50. See Srephanie Clifford, "Village Voice Lays OffNal Hentoff and Two Orher5," Neu' York

Times,

Оесет[)ег

30, 2008.

51. Larkin inrerview.

AjterUJord 1. ]оЬп H01msrrom, 2. David

М.

iшегviеw Ьу ашhог,

]uly 1,2008.

Gross, "Zine Dreams," NeU' York

Тime,

Slinda)

1995,72. 3. In сЬе 19805 and early [990S, rhe zine Fашheet Fi!'e was

ап

Л1аgаzine,

Seprember 17,

imporranr clearinghotlse for

informarion оп orher personal magazines; today, Fашhееt Fi/'e i5 published оп гЬе Web. See Friedman, Fашhееt Fil'e Zine Reader. 4. Duncombe, Notes /уо1l'l Undergro1llld, 14, 5. Rob Chalfen, inrerview wirh aurhor, Augusr 11,2009. See

а150

Pagan Kennedy, "Zines

Run Amok!" VilIage Voice Literary S1lpplement, November 1988, з8; Sally Cragin, "Ver­ Ьаl Agreemenr: The SmalJ Press Аlliапсе Finds Srrengrh ,п Numbers," Boston Phoeпix, ]ипе26,

1987,6, 13,

6. ОипсотЬе, Nош /r01ll Undergrollnd, 195-96. 7. Мап Welch, "Вlogworld and irs Gravjry," Columbia ]o!lrnalisrtI

R/!!'iщ,

Seprember!

ОсtoЬег,

8. А,

опе

2003, 22. journalisr has explained, alrhough some conflare rhe "nerroors" wirh "liberal

blogs," rechnically speaking, rhe nerroors are only а subser оЕ lefr-wing bloggers rhat

246

NОПS ТО

PAGES

18т-т87

"аге ог

direcrly involved in polirical acrivism, ofren urging rheir readers топеу со,

donace

Democraric candidares,"

Вш

со

volunreer for,

nerroors acrivisrs and liberal bloggers

сЬе same movemenr, See Jonarhan Chair, "ТЬе Lefr's New RepubIic, Мау 7, 2007, 20, 9, See Armsrrong and Moulirsas Zuniga, CraJhing [Ье Gate; Rich, Greatest Story Еи:r Sold; Greenwald, Tragic Lega<)', !о, See Trippi, ReI'o/ution \fliI/ Not Ве Те/lшisеd, ! 1, Careless commenrs Ьу candidates, which in а previous era would have gone unnoriced, were picked up Ьу bloggers and rurned inro news, In March 2007, when innocenr

are definirely parr of Machine,"

N~u'

Iraqis were being blown up almosr daily, Arizona senaror John McCain claimed оп а righr-wing radio show сЬас chere were "neighborhoods ш Baghdad where you and 1 COLlld walk roday." When а lefr-wing liscener posred сЬе audio from сЬе show online, сЬе remark was broadcasr globally (and roundly cririqued), Thirreen monrhs larer,

а

"пос

surprising"

"cling

HlIffingto1l Post blogger recorded ОЬата сеШпg а roomful of supporrers сЬас ir's сЬас some economically disenfranchised cirizens "ger birrer" and

со

guns or religion

eve of а crucial primary.

ос ашiрагhу со

сЬе

people who асеп'с like

сЬет,"

Coming

remarks rhrearened his candidacy. See Boehlerr,

оп сЬе

Вloggers оп

[Ье Вш, 20!-3, 168-171, 12, Chair, "Lefc's New Machine," 20, сЬе News Media," Pew Project for Ехсеllепсе in Journalism, ТЬе State о/ Media 2009, htгр:ilwww,stаtеоfthеmеdiа,огg/2009/iпdех.hгm, 14, АЬЫе Hoffman, "Ап Аdvеггisеmепг for Rеvоlщiоп," interview wirh Thoma.s Forcade,

13,

"ТЬе

Srare of

сЬе Neu~

Руее

Ranger lntertribal Nею Sert,jce, March 16, 1970, 1. organ о!' гЬе Commirree tor Nonviolenr Acrion, WZN wa.s ап unusl1al суре of undergcound paper, Ьщ сЬе diffiCl1lries ir experienced were соттоп in сЬе New Lefr press,

15, As

ап

16, Gwеп Reyes со Julie Wеiпег, РеЬшасу 24, 1967, Cormeetiom Records (1967-68), WSHS, Бох 1. 17,

КогnЫщh,

"No Fire Exir," 94-95,

NOТES ТО PAGES r87-190

247

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Paul, МагсЬ 20, 2005, telephone )uly 21,2004, New York City Mungo, Raymond, МагсЬ 2), 2005, telephone

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1981. "The CampaJgn against the Underground Press." In Rips, ТЬе CaJl/paigJl Agaimt the

Pre5J, 37-40.

1/(f,'r~rnl/',M

"Dlssident Voices." In Rips, Т/.'е Campaigl1 Ag'lil1Jt гЬе UndergrOlmd Рут. Rolfe, Lionel. Litm",)' L.A. Rev. ed. Los Angeles: California Classic Books, 2002. Romm, Ethel. ТЬе Орт CompiraiT \'f/hat А meri"a " АnкуУ G'meration 'х Sa)'il1g. Harrisburg. РА:

SeackDole Books, 1970.

Rоsепkгаl1Z, Рашсk. Rebel \!lSlOns:

Th" Und"rgl'01md COf!lix Rа",lшlOn.

<)75. Seattle:

1

Books,2C02. iп

'The New Lefe

ehe

Соuntегшlшге:

HypOt]1eses

апd

Rаdiщ!

Evidence,"

Rеиеu 67 (1997): 79-12C. ТЬе Роlitiп

L'bera!islii.

hr1ftшmt,·.

(md [Ье Nflc

ПI

America. New

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and Doyle, l/ll.lgine NatiIJfI, 99-124.

Rubin, )еггу.

Оо

lt.' S"marim

Rudd, Mark.'Col11mbia: Notes

оп

Rfl'O!lItifJ)/. New York: Sirnol1 & Schuster, 1970. tl1e Spring Rebe1lion." [п Neu l"cft Rtщ!еl',

290-)12. Ruviпskу,

Maxine. "Tlle Undergrollnd Press о( (11e Sixeies.'· PhD dJSS., McGil1 University,

199~·

Ryan, Mar>'

Р.

Cim

in

[IJе

tIJt Ni!lt:teent/)

Af!ltrican

. Uпi"егsitу оЕ California Press, 1997.

Cmtlll').

Sale,

~;:'rJ: DmЮО'а,) апd PlIbIi, ир:

Кiгkрапiсk.

SOS. New York: Random House, 1973.

Sayre5, Sohnya, Frederic )а111е50П, S(o.nle}-' Arono\vitz, and

Апdеts StерhJ.ПSОП,

eds.

Т/)е

Siхtш

\f'itho/lf A/JQ!,JQ.... Minneapolis: lJniversity of Minne50(o. Press: 198+ Schech(er, Danny, NeuJ Dшеcfоr: PaSJIo!lS, Ршн, and Роlеmю. Ne\v York: Akashic Books, Sсlюепfеld,

Eugene.

Dеш'

Doct(;t· Hip Pocr,ltes: Ad"i"e

IОШ'

{)o"tor Nel'
Уон.

New

York: Groye. Sсhlllmап. Вгисе

J.

"Оиt of the Streets and Intо tlle Classroom' The Ne\v Le{t and the

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ldentitie!:

ТЬе

Ro,k

lJniversity Piess ofNe\\' Srnall.

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Smith.

'п'

ro" Sшlt' ,N Amtin,

Тех,н.

Hanover, J',;H:

1994.

Diшш: ТЬе Лfеdiа

ulld the Ami-Viet!talll

~;lr МО/'/ше!lt.

Ne\\·

N): Rutgers lJniversity РГБS. 1994.

Аllеп. "Ргesепt а(

the

Сгеаtiоп

the Origins of (he New l.<;;ft."

... al1d Other My(hs: Tl1e

Реасе and Clшngе

Роп Ниroп

S(a(cment

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25 (2000): t ЛIIЯГ""." Iп

Wacl1sberger,

131131.!O{;RAPHY

259

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260

BIВLIOGRAPHY

Index

tlbO!'egrolllld (Fоп Carson, АЬгаhаП1S,

ассivisП1,

СО),

134

4, 9,10, 15, 19, ,"7,45,53-54,79,

оЕ,

20 ш6



31, 42,51,62,72,85,86,88

(m a/Jo individual schools)

Air Force

Оое,

Аllшtrоss,

21

202031

Interner, 187-88

Albert, Stew,

grassroors,

Allen, Russ, 2070137

)-6, 24, 71, 187

X1V,

labor, 22, 32, 54, 143, 174, 196П22

See ,;/ro Imder press

АdаП1S,

АdаП1S,

Рапу

Agenr Oraoge, 220-2In78

AIDS, 64, 178

122,144

саП1рus-Ьasеd,

slavery

See ,;Iso Black Panther

Mike, 127

12',

СА),

Ally (Berkeley,

Аlреп, Jaoe, 13'), 5ее

134

2430166

Walrer (of london Schoo! of Есо-

alr-weeklies,

ПОП1iсs),

Alramonr, 1-3, photo g,;lIery 7

86

Walrer (of MSU), 46-47

Alrernarive Media Projecr, 175,

10

Alteroative Newsweeklies, Associarjoo of

Adelsrein, David, 86-87

adverrising, 1 з8

press: alreroarive

(AAN), 178, 181, 182,



18з,

244n17

classifieds, 125, 130, 181, 184

Americao Civilliberties Union (AClU), 13 1,

personal, 63,175,178

133, 20 7 nI 37

Aml1ersr College, 85-86, 140, 160

See also lInder press

African АП1егiсапs, 12, 40

arts

mоvеП1епr

among,

194П45

tlшЬerst Stю:knt, аП1пеstу,

86, photo ga//ery 4

106, 107-8

Black Power МоУетеnc, 7, 43, ТО3, 105

aoarchism, 25, 50, 52, 57, 60, 64, 84, II5

civil rights of, 5, 14-15, 16,41-4,0,52,56,

Anger, Keooerh, 40, 92

АсЬос

57,60,79,84,86,14з,144,147-48,

Ano

158

А'm АуЬоу 5"11,

discriminarion againsr, 2, 35, 55, 104, 143,

178,201022, 206nl2I (seealso racism)

in Coltlmbia rebelJion, 105-1,"

segregation ot~ 25, 56, 58, 86, 187,

210nl89

(MI), 20, 37,120-21

photo gallerJ 4

Anoenberg, Wa!rer, 8

Anthony, Sllsan Апtопюоi,

В,,

20106

Michelangelo, 41

Appe';/Io Reasoll (Kansas), 32-33

Armies

0/ [Ье N ight, 93

Агmsггопg, Аrпоld,

Т78

David, 7, т

Marrio,

Arpaio,)oe,

Вегlег,

reviews lП, 34,60,62,72,73,74,76, 119,

155,168, т8т

Big

Carl, 144

ВгосЬег

сЬе

and

Holdiog

и\р), 8з, Т02,

10.1,

Т58

95 П 45

bJogosphere. 187-88, 190

аvапг-gагdе,4,

Bloom, Marshall,

4 1,68, 79-80, 92

32,

72,125,

МА),

2010Т9

xiii, 92,99, 1;6, т 70,

photo gal!/!Y)' 4

БаЬа

Ram Dass, 17;

Blum,

ЬаЬу

boomers, ), Т), 43, 88

Blum, Shelly,

40

22

bombings, 2,120,121,124,131,132, I'I), 1з6

Ba!dwin, )ames,

Ьаоаоа

Рао!,

Booch,

hoax,

27

Bosker, Miriam, 2410129

19209

74-81, 128

BQJton Americall Record, 88

Вапаоа Labeliog Аег оЕ 1967,67

Bosroo

banaoadioe pow(jer, 67, 80

Во.',",!

Glob"

Вапgs,

BOJton

Рlюеmх,

Lesrer, 9

Агту

Вапоо,

т86

87-89, See a!so

Fred, 17.'

Barisra, Fu!geocio,

Т07

Т79,

geoerarioo,

180, 182, 244Пl7,

Ви

(Boscon,

МА),

ЦI,рhotоgаl!
1,.3

N ею



Bou!ding, Elise, 18

з8,201022

Boulding, Воwап,

Bearlemania,2

Беаг!еs, 2, 55, 60, 66, 69, 81,92, 159, 189,

Кеппесh,

18

Walter, 73,92, II8, 215П71,рhvtо

ga/le1)

2

Bcadlee, Beojamio, 144

194037

Бесkтао, БШ, Т26

Brecher,)eremy, 18, 19,26, 2:15По2

БеН,

Вгеопап,

Arrl1Ur, т 78

БеН &

Веп

Howell

Сотрапу,

т Т7

xiii,

Fraoks, 44

Juscice Wi1liam,

Brezsoy, Rob,

Brighc, SUSlt', 9

Bromell, Nick, 69

Bergmaoo, Frirhjof, 18

Brugmaoo,

Berkeley

(СА),

В,;У/),

55, 75,

то.з, т

22

xiv, 6, 7, 70-73, 75, 76,122,

13, Т56, 178, 191-9206, 2350т8,

gailerJ

262

INDEX

Т27

18з

Bergmao, Lowell, 8, 1.,2

Berkeley

85,

Boudio, Leonard, 15.'

Беасh Boys, 4." 69

Ьеаг

173,

Боstоп LТпivегsiгу (ВО)

Baraka, Amiri,

NobJe,

Base, 89,134

Т79

рhио [аllеуУ 10

Baok of America, 1,8

Ваrnе> &

19

Вl!!, 2з8П77

Bailey, Berh, 125-26

Мапу,

89-91, 93, 99,

140-42,144,

II:;,

145-68,169,170,171,193-94n:.,6,

В!Обroое, Вапу,

Balio,

iЦ-8 7 ,

102-3,109,

189, p/JOto gal!ery 3

Баеz, ]оао,

pIJO!D

B!ack Рапсl1ег Рапу, 1.,9, 146, 151, 194­

autheoriciry, 11, 16,55-56, 6с, 71,125, Т79

Al'a!ar (Боsшо,

Сот рапу,

ga!lery -t

AJ!erick (Omaha, NE), 126

iп пеwsрарегs,

25,42,48

Louis, 2070137

Вегпsгеiо,

148, I7 4

Associaced Press

mоvеmепг,

Chip, 9, т 213, 135

Вегтап,

185

а5sаssiпаtiооs,

speech

Berke!ey, LТoiversicy оЕ Cabloroia ас, 76

Т79

arr5, з,6,7, lС, 41, 44, 48, 49, 5С, 79,17

т81,

Сгее

Berke!ey

B
11

"1

Вшсе, 18з

ВYlinD·"

Bohemia,

Вгуао,

)0110,92, 127, 2'9п84

ВU

2О

rn 19

Neu.', 8), 87-89,134, рlюtD

ga!ltr;

3

ЦI,

147, 179,

!(M,ie,' (Ch!cago, IL). Т7" Т78, 179-НТ

Bl!Ckle}', \V'illiam F., 1991170

СЫр ЮmаЬа.

Buffalo

СЫ,-ако

NE), [51

Sced(C1Jicago, IL), 7.". 7(), 122, Т27, [ т 161:3, /11:)0[0 ка!!",) 4

Buffalo Spri11gfield, 40. 45

Buble. Paul, 9, ,'7

Cbildren оГGоcl. [62, т6"

Bllkowski, Cnarles. 9

Cbiquira. 215-т6п78, 2!7П

ТОО-ТО[, [НН

Burge, JOn11. I7H

Cbomsky, Noam,

Burlage, DororllY, 17,21011186

Chrisrian Fairh-af1d-Life Сошшuпirу. 55

Burlage, Robb . Burns,

5roпеу

.2 10п Т

ChriJlicm Scimi'( Mo"ilor, 144

86

Вгеп!

(aka

5rein),

т 2"1.

129,

Busn adminis[raTion, т 87

BIi..-inеiJ \feek

тnе

ClшЬЬу

Cllecker, 55

Cnurcll, Fraf1k. 229n52

1,2, т"

c1\'il disobedierrce, ';)6

magazine. 2 '4ПН

Ci,ic \vtm, xiv



Oark,

Byrds. 4",

Кепnеrl'l,

2270 т 76

rlle Clash. т 78

Cage, Joho,.p Саlуеп,

Cleyelaod

Greg, 26.96,

222ПЮ2

Calypso Joe (aka Ge11. Herslley Bar), photo Дц!/е,')

Сашег's

129

45, ()2

Ron. 126

,the Сlldо:r.nшud Рrси.

I2)

collecr1ves. 14, 165. т 86-1:37, 2'9085

Cup, 35

magazioe.85 College Pres5 Service, [28

1

capiralism. 2, 6. 84, 17 1.174.2441115

col1eges and uni,-crs1ries. 1 т, 46, 47-49,50,

Са,'jЙl!lIt'е,20IПI9

rlT

Carmicbael, 5rokely. 85

ашlюrirу lП

Carг,

cerrsorsh!p ln,

Oavid, 17')-80, 184

[.

), 1,0

[,76-77,86-1:37,

Car500. Clayborne. 9

.ос

carrooos, т 84, 2 т 50 т ()

12 Т

t'ree, 52. 82-8)

in\'o!veJYH:n( ln \\'аг,

comiX.9, 126

polirica1.,. !" ."1),

8с,

8,. 12(), [8,

с.. НН

Саvаllепо.Gеогgе.

16т-62,

уН.

dropours, 27.

comics, 5 [.74, 2, Оl1 5()

Case, Harold

47

COlema[1. Henry 5.,

ResTaura11[, 44

Capiral Records,

ТО),

Cold War. 4.5,9, [5, Ч,

Cambridge (.'vIA). Саппаш,

1:31.

clubs, уошЬ. СоЬЬ,

5

C'llllpaigH /i~f?,r:li){j/

(ОН).

Clinron, Bill, тв"

sшdепr

power,

1. 104-5

64

See "!iO individual schools: press:

10,,1'9, '4') 52. '59,

[64-65

uшJеrgrоuпd:

Srudef1ts for

а Оето­

cra1ic Society

Ca,vley, Per"r, 24 rn т 29

Col1if15, Srepl1en. 172

cenrer, ideology of, 84, 1,6. 1) 1. [9,11)3

C'J!II/l/bia D:lil) Spci'tatol', 107. 1 Т 2, 144

Ceorral Imelligeoce Age11CY 224П

Сеппаl

1,0.

(ОА).

5 [.89.

ColLlmbia Uoiversiry, 8),10,-1,\, Т20, 14,. 144

227П2

Park (Ne,v York, NY), 66-67, 77

сепrгаlism,dеmопаriс.

17,

Т51, 196П22

Cnampaign-Urbana, Universiry 01 IlIinois in,

200п88

[75,18).

т85

72,

7Н,

[28. 1,0,

[75,18,

comics. S,e carroons

Т92ПТ2

Cl.icago (lL), 1,,7.), 10,. [29.

colLJmnisrs, .,. 8, 54-55,41,44, 60. 70, Т 28,

соlL1ПШS. Ч-.'>5, 44. 60,

Cnalfen. Rob, т 87

Cheetah,

ColLlmbia Records. [22,1

Commission 00 Obsceniry and PornograpllY,

Т74, т80

1,6, Т'9.

g"l!er) 'J

INDEX

26з

Committee fot

Stш{епt Riglш

(CSRJ, 4(),

4Н,

lапgШlgе оС

соmпшпаl cultuгe,

2,10, 5()-57, 141-42,

commllnes, 120, 121, 1-'(1, 147, 149, Т()5, Т()7

НН,

1,.1, 14.1

politi(o", 4,11,12, ,'(), '54,

at ОТ, 54, 5 Н , 59, 199 П 7()

соmmLlпi[у-ыlIJiпg,,

Н4,

4, (), 16,2".17,52-55,

71-7), Н2, 92-9,,170, 17(),

Conason, Joe,

4, .12, .14,

,)7, ,Н,

Н

5сс

20lП22

НН-Н9,

O,s, 21,

117, 1,(), 2,51I21

17С,

Hall of Fame, ,,5

Соuппу

CrmXn:JJiotlc1! RtOJt"cl. I..-J.S

Сох,

Соппесtiсut, l,пivегsitу

of(Greater Harttc)rJ

т г;

CampLls),

4-5,

Н2-Н"

Joe

апJ

[11e Fish, 6')-70, 1Н')

(MaJison, WI), 72, 129, 155

Сох Соmmissiоп,

107,

Lоаtiпg Iпс',

Creati,'e Cro,ve,

COnl]lleroo, ()2

11О

Сатеroп,

1Н 1

9

Crowley, Wal[, ) I

сопsепsus ЬuilJiпg,

I(), 5"

Crumb, Robert, '), 126

conservatism, 54, 5'5-5(), 5 Н , 144

Csicsery, George PaLII, 2

conse[\'atives, 5, ,15, 1)0

CLlba, НН, IC" 1-\2, 14", 151

lJS, 64, 127, 1-\ 1, 1),,-58

Missile Crisis, 20, 21, ,-\5

Lуmап

copyrigh[s, 22, 1 1'), 124

CLII[,

COJTf:JjJOJuien(f:, .18

culrure, esrablisl1menr, 5, 79,

Coscr, Lewis, 5,'

СOLIП[еГСlll[ше,

I Т,

,1,), у;,

44, ()I, 7," 77, 79,

201П22, 206п

Ьоhеmiап, 1О,

family, ()4, 15() 8,,-Н4,

СLlппiпghаm,

Сшlег,

Sam,

Н,

,,1, ,,9,71, 7(),

106, 2I2nlO,

OaviJ,

сшfеw геgLllаtiопs,

174

bearnik, 4Н, 49,54-55,62,78,172,

2,7П() I

44-45, 47,50, ЧН

191П1 (]ппо)

I 2,

D<1i/)

Р/аne!

55, 57-5 Н , ()0-()2, 7-\, Но, 12-\, 177

D"i/)

Т'Х,III (Аustiп, ТХ), 5Н-60

(Miami, FL),

соmmс)(1jriZ.lrjоп 0(, 122

Oaley, Richar({, 129,

gay, ()4

D,,//m

11ip! hip zопеs, 4, 7, ,,5-)Н, 4'-44,55,

ОаviJsоп,

6(), ()'), 71, 72, Но, 85, Т22, 147,

152, 170

Т,:\, ТО,

54,58,

11, 12,,).1,58,41,44-45,

()Т-()2,

()6-()7,71, 72, 75-7(),

7Н,7')-НО,92,9(),

II(), 121, 125,

126,142,144, 14(), 15 Н , 175, 177,

229 П'5

2,ОП55



:\()-5", 5'),4 1, 4,,-44, 4(),

hippie,



ArchibalJ, 107

Craigsl is[, 184

Colin, 14')

Сопsri[шiоп,

85, I т 2,

IH')

СОLшrег-геvоlLlriопагiеs, 155

Congress ot' Racial Equality (CORE)"H, 4,

6),

1,

,'/,1(1 Left: New'; nev.'spapers: unJergrounJ

СОLlnrегiпsriш[iопs,

conformism, 5', 50, 94,

Но,

Но-Н

yoLlth", 4-7,9, 11,,2,44, 52 71,

СOLlПtеГСLlltuге

Но, В,

,9-41,45,

CfIIlfm-llOm

61-()2,

102,122,147, 1()7, IHH-H'), 1')0

соmmLlПi[у пе'Л'sshееts,

Соппегу,

5Н,

105, 151, 15Н, 167

subversive po,ver of, 71

19°

Сопgгеss,

Н7,

12, 15, ,7,45,54,

1

oppositional significance ot', 21 2nlO

25, .14, 50,

59-б"

44, 45,55,66, Н4, 102

20()ПТ2

15Н,

122, 125-27, 1,0,

I7Н, 245П1()4

попсопtогm1Sts,

151,155, I()(), 170

СоmП1Llпism,

lопglшiгs,

Н,

4,

1,.,-,H,

50, 52

I''';r,fб (ТХ),

12Н

2,опб,

75, 127,

12Н,

1,2, 1,,-\

Carl, 105

OaviJson, Sara, ()() Оеап,

HowarJ, 1НН

Oebs,

ЕLlgепе,

Оеlliпgег,

OeMaio,

1,'

OaviJ, 51, ')'5, 100-IOT

Ооп,

12 1, 1,5

Jemocracy, 4,12,15-17,28, ,,(), 40-41, 142,170,188

4Н,

'l1 Civil Riglш rnоvеmепг, 16. 1.17-41'

iп шsrirш!Опs.

il1 LNS.

')1,

iпеfгесrivе, 6'),21\1124 (J«

[.'12-4'. '-16, чН.

I ~ 1,

ps\'Chedelic. 5.\' 62. 64-65, 69,

1..12, 1'j()-57. [70, I')C

parricipc1tor\'. Ц. [()-17, [5

I

122-2.+, 128, 1 ~6

4.').12, ['5.'.:, .\2, 79, 10Н,

Lek

ЬЗПЗl1а

politically mш;vагсd perseclНiol1 [ог,

15.'-'-I·15".1()') 'l1 Nev;

J/JU

nоах)

4

1941137,

21, Ч. Ц2,

2I Т02(,-\.

76.8').

215!171

tГ
14(),

Ш1l{егgГОllпd press~

in

1 . 1 5'.,157,lfC

il1 SDS. Ц. I(), '7. 21, "7.15.,,156-57,

ше ot', 04,85, НН, уо, 98, 12\, 121'5, 144,

iп llпdеГI:rolшd press. 14.40.

А; а юрiс, 11.54,59,72, 119,

цб-.р,15 1 ,

Но, ')\, I)еrnосгас;с

6,\,

5..1,

)5-~6. [70-71. 1 Ну-уо

I

121'5,186

Na[ional Cun\·ention, 2. I

2::'ОП(). /,Ьм"

violence associared \\'i,I"

i'",lltn -+

Dераrrmепr о{

"Вап,ша

1-", (,4.

12 , 17.+

,п уошn mоуеmеп" .\, (,2, 12.1 DllлсоrnЬе. Srepl1cl1, 11'56-87

Dепюсгагic Рапу, 1:;, т у ..\9, I Н/-НН

Denson, Ed (aka

2,Нп'77

126, 127,

ОН11пе,

Ed"), 70

Jol111 Gregory, Н

I)tlllpl,y, 1l"n (aka 'Gел. Wasre Маге Land"),

Deti:!1se, lj.5., 9()

!)eRogaris, Jim, 6Н

pi1Гjtf) ,~'i.liit1J 5

Dtl,'t;it F I"ее P"t'.f) , 1 2 r

О}'lал, ВоЬ,

1"

,О, 6Н, 69, 1)'), 142,

DeVlne. Dоrutlч·. ').)

Di,шыше. Jоnп, [-17

Di"mol1d, Steve, 10()-9,

В,!) Г:хрl'еУ.', 24{,ПН 1 Ц, I

Ен/

152,

F:as[ Lansing t?vШ, ",!. 46-5.\

[')1'5-65, I()7, 2',-71159, 26'04::'

DI(JIOI1, JO
Н,

1'7у

L. А. AIHMJI./(. .,Н

See also Р,//,,,'



DICksol1, J IIП, 4 '5

Еаы Village (NY) ..,6,

[)ickstein, Mottis, xiv

E,I"/ \Ш"хс ()/Ье,. (EVO), xiv, 6, 11,71-75, Но, 91,

Disney, Walt, 69, Т.р

DiJ.rellt\

92-<).), 118, 119. 12:;, 126, иН, !6'j,

f7), 2С'IП_1 , 22Hnr

17n,~

Di,'/,III/ /)1'11111111""

(PhiladelpI1ia, РА),

121, 1.' 5



DiPrima. Diсше, ')

1,

Easrern Bloc, 56

ы
tl11ап •• Мах, )2

Ес]юls,

Dixiecrars. 16

Оопоуап. ()(i, ()Н,

I(,С)

6(). 7.::',

1, Н I

Alice, 54

EC0110midy. ]оlш, 5Н, 60

Doors t 4;

EJU(It, & PI,bIiJ/)""

Оо>

ec!irorial pLJliCJtS

Passos, Joh11. '-1

Oow CI,emical Соmрапу, 220П7Н, 22.+П I

.,0

of ве

8иl'!.

dratt. ",ее 1111,1"" Viеrлаrn

mаgаziле. ю{,

1'101

Ruu!ry, 1 79-8()

Огеуег, Тl1Огпе, 9, 5.\, :;Н-59, 62, 72-7.\,

91,97-99,129,151,162, Т()4, [7Т,

ot' K'7kblo.r,·o/,t, 150. I.\!

ot'LNS, Ц2-4', 146. 154-5'), 170

2 !ОП 11'56. 222П [05. 24 I Пl 29, РЬutй

оГ

p.Jllt 1:1 9

of j\im' i',,·k Timo. 110-12

АП,('е/с\

"dropping ош," 144, rб5-('(V, 176

О!'

dшр

о{ r11c R.1X,

ad уосас}' о{,

иН. 1\0, 17(1, 189"90

сгimiпаlizагiоп ОГ, -+6, 51'5, 77i8, 116, 12~', 122,125, 212nl0,

2_~Tn9;)

сulшге оС 9, 64, 84,90, ')2. ')5

Fnt: Pn-JJ. -+,0)-41,74

rlle Р,;Рс,,, 50

'9

o{S[)S пеwslегtегs.

2,- 25,

21'5-29, 142--+),

IS'j

of ltпdеГрЩl!1d !1c\\'spapers, 7,

Ч,

1'5,170,180.189

INDEX

265

ТЬе

edirorial policies (conl;1l1m{)

of Vil!"I;< Vo;,<, 54

ас \fl.QJhingll)l/ ["'ее Р"ш,

78, 2,8077

in \f/ZN magazine, 189

edicocials

[п

Balllc o/I\I.~;er.f, 145

B,'Iu·mlllJeUtlt'J.17 2 -7.1

В/т,}"/;.

60

BI"" Fasu.fl/l, 41

mainstream media", 4, 9-10,

CeOllp, 60

4.,,87,88, 1

ЕlIгореап,

245027

GiПШlt'

41

SlJf;:ift:t",

1-2

egaliracianism, 21,29, 142-4', 1)," J 55,

T/Jc 1m"idcr. 1.,2

Epsreio, Beryl,

Smrpio Risill/!., 40

Лlr/Р"J! i\lушrу Тош. 159, 160

g"lIe'J' .,

f'irsr АmепdmеIlt .

,f!.il/kry

Epsreio, Ho\vie,

2,С116 ,

EisenllOwer, Davic!, 85

Eisenho\ver

<:га, ~ 3

Flemil1l"' Thomas,

197пз8

Evans, Sara,

4, J 4-15,

20In22

<)

l'l)'i[11'

Вuпito

l'l)'пr,

Larry, 6'" 2110201

Brochers, J

FoellI, Sreve, 176

Ч

l'oley, Michael S., Fabrikant, ]ое) , 175

['асе ,Ье

Fсюd

F.щsheel 1';/'е, 24(Ш,

Fai", Fne РУеН, Famof(J

Fm"btJ 89, 94,

Dшg АdmiоisrrаГЮI1 (РОА),

Л1аgаZlпе. 181

ForcarJe, ThomJs Кiпg,7, 116-2C, '22.

ч8, 1

12.1-25, !28. ..,6-09, !76-77. ,Н6.

2чп(1,24ШJ21 ЕаосЬег,

aod

67,78



Lощ:. /!до,



1'ooer, Eric, 144, 145

158

Nali"",

p!JOt!) ~,tllerj

Ed,

<)

ЕагЬег, ]епу, .Н

Еог,!, Riсlшгd, 2СНnr .19

[ascism,)7, 16,,201022

foreigl1 policy, ll.S"

Fass,

ВоЬ,

Federal

12.'

Franklin, Bel1jamil1.

Вшеаu оПпvеsrigагiоо

(FBI), 10,

22,51,116,124,1

140,168.

195п8, 227П2, 237 п61

r,

Feinsrein,

ВагЬага,

Fеiпsrсiп,

Mark,

7

Kal!ery 7

186,187, 2О2п,1, 2.1.111166

Ferber, Michael, 22211 102



fesrivals, 1-4,55,39,62,67,80,152

Fi/lh

\Х!. с.,

ЬЫlе

128. ,66,20111.1

Ноше,

filШ,4 J ,44- 7 [ А/пиs/ E..lf}joIfJ. 9

INDEX

of assembly, 229-.101152 ofpress, 129, 1:\1, '37-3';), ,Но

ofspeech.

40, 45, 46,50,52-5" 6с,

Егеетап, ВоЬ, "13

tree\vrrting,

L,шу,

60

Fгiеdmап, Тlюmаs, 11'12

Frolll/;I1<', 8, 41,44,4')

<),

127, 1 '\4, 1,5-""7, 1'>9,229-"'>01152

Freedom of'lnf()rmariol1 Acr, 12')

Freudiger,

(Derroir.l'vf!). 72, 75, 7'1,103,

Fif'rh Esrare Cofft:e

Nar, 6..,

freedom

регsaпаl,

р,/lIсг)

femi[1ism, 12,64,95,1,2,167,175,17(1,

Fields,

Fгееdliшd,

2 1.25,51. 146

2,2П97

асаcit:шiс, Н6

COINTELPRO, 115-16,129,2,7[161

Feiffer,]ules,

22 ';)-",СЮ 52 ,

Flt:e' S,reer (LondO[1, UK), 118

AciJ Jesl, '1"/;" 8 J

magazine, з8 ехisrешiаlism,

1)6.

Flacks, Richard, 18, ',;),5", '57



electioos, federal, 18",188.2)2

Е/са";, Коо/-/!М

.1),



1,2

FlIck СоmПlllпism . .1), 2с8-9 0 15",

fundraising, 20, 149, 155-56, I 59-()0

Guevara, Che, 107

Funkadelic, 178

Glli/t lIit/JOllt 50:, .'\5

Fuzak,John, 20 7 nI 37

Gurley, James, pIJoto ха//fI) 4

Gabriner, Roberr, 155

Haag, Miclblel

Garbodtl1, Clif, 179

НаЬег,

уоп,

24 I n 14 I

Al, 17, 18, 19,20,24,195119,1991170

Garson, Marvin, 75, 78,12)

Haight-АshЬшу,

Garvy, Heltn, 2'\-24, 2()

Haines, Lionel, 130

gay righrs, 11, 54, 145,

17Н

Halliwell, Sreve, 157

Моуетепс,

Gay Liberatiol1

I()8, 178

gtnder, 5, 12, 19

Тlшгsdау,

Hamilron,

Тот,

108-9, I()2,

А.,

Hannah, John

General Elecrric, 2 I,\n I()

Genrle

67, 75, 81,144

16з,

24ln129

50-5 I

Hansberry, Lorraine,))

()0-62, 7(),

Но

Hansen, Wayne, 92

Georgia Srart Universiry, 24

"happenings," 43, 44,52,62, 6(), 71-72

Gfo"gi" 5t,.aig/]f (Canada), (), 128

harassmenr of ntwspapers, 6, 117-18, 12 1,

Gerrh, Jtff,

Н

124,125,129, I33, I)4, 139,

2 10- II П200, jJ!Joto K"I/tI) 9

Gerz, Michael, 20311()2

Ginsberg, Allen, 9-1 о, 125, 127

Girlin, Todd, 5, 9,10, 19()nI3, 19()I1I3, 217nlOl,

22,

217П'\,

al1d affiliares, 6,\, 124, 129-32, 13()

26, 57,79,

23')П3 2

Goddard Colltgt (Plail1f1tld,

VТ),

Ьу

campus oHicials, 10, 49, 59-60, 64,

Ьу

federal aurhoriries, 10, 14, II 5-1(), 124,

Ьу

local authoriries. 10, 115-16,120,125,

Ьу

politicians, 125, 129, I,O, 135

Ьу

vigilanres, 10, 125, 130, I,\I-.'\2

7()-77

2211179,

jl/JO!o К,,//еУ) 1О

Goldscllmidt, Neil, 179

125,129, I32, 140, 145

Goldsrein, Richard, 12 1, 178

132, I3(), 142, 145

Goldwater, Вапу, 85, 86, I,\O

Good TilllfJ (San Francisco, Goodbye

{о А//

СА),

12'\, 135

That, 132

Hari-Krishna,93

"Goodbye со All Тlыc," 24.011166

Harlem, 104-5, 108

Goodmal1, Paul, .'\3

H"'jm.'J magazine, 55

Good\vin, Ricllard, 88

Harris, John, 4 I

Gordon,

Апп,

9, 129

Harrison, George. 159

(МА),

Gould,JaY·147

Harvard Ul1iversiry

Grafron, Marvin, 175

Hayden, Casey, 19, 20, 2 I 011 I 86

Grallam, Bill, I 18, 159

Hayden,

grapllics, 7, 24, 74, I,O, 151, 170

Dadaisr,

Наzlеп,

201П)

Gmlt 5pe(k/ed Bird (Arlanra, GA), xiii, 127,

I,\O, I'\2, 155, 2,\2П96, photo К"//fI) 8

Greenspan, Ralph, photo ,~"I/frJ

7

Greenwicll Village (New York, NY),,\2-33,

3(), 48. 55, 77

Grizzard, Vtгпоп,

15-21,25,29,55,108,

1971151,

119-20

psychedtlic, .,\, 60, 112,120,155,

Тот,

22

John

67, 89,107.182

200п88,

Оо\упroп,

2391190

I 96п I О



Heard,John, 172

Hearsr Ne\vspapers, 4,

Н

Heller, Joseph, 33

Hell's Angtls, 1-3, 174

Hendrix,Jimi, HenrofI, Nar,

НI

Н8,

I ()7, 184

Htrscl1ltr, Dalt, 127

В.,

Grob, Btnjamil1, I30-3 I

Htrshty, Lewis

Gruenberg, Alan Ho\vard, p/JO!O Д,,//tI) :'

Hig/J TilllfJ magazil1e, 17()

214114 I

Guerrero, Eugel1e, 127, I30, 155

Hinckle, Warren, 51,109

INDEX

I

267

Нirs!l,

J. Geils Ваш1.

G<\r}' "Cl1icktn,"

175

Jacksonian Era, 20Тn(]

НIV,64

НоЕГтап, Лl,Ьоп (ЛЬЫс),

7'),

Но!!еу,

т'

1\leXctnder [утап,

78, 99,12,,189

jacobs, НасЬага (по\" B'lrlxlra НаЬег), 17,

18,

HoJly\vood,204n88

Jacobs, Jim, 174

Holmstrom, Jоlш, 18()

Jacobs, John, 1С7-8

Но/у Вагh"rlаm, fhc, ,18

JlCoby, Russell, :\(]

homoeroricism, 4':;

Jagger, Mick, 1-2

lюmорllОЬiа, 11, А(),

Jan anJ Dean,

l100rепаппi<:s,

41,

JaCJlliss, Nigel,

Hoover, J Edgar, 1 15

]efferson Лiгрlапt, 1, :1

Норklпs,JО!Ш,74

Jenks, Normal1, 241Пl29

Ноше

]ezer, Marry, 148

1\rmed Services Соmrrнпее, 1,'4

HOllSC (1n.1\merican (НО1\О,

Лсriv;riеs Соmmiпсе

I5 1 ,2C2n.;p

Jolles, О1аС,

hOL!Sing code re!()rms, 42, 1:8

]опеs, Glеп W" (] 1

217П,

Ho\ve,lrving,

Ниtflll;';nll РйJf, 247П11

11llmor

(;п

]опes, Lеюi,)

Joplin, Janis, 2Оуп 1(]9

rhe press), :'14, ,),;-,,6,

(Ю,

)оlшsoп, Ly"don В" 57. НН, 95-9(), уН. ч(],

21,1,9

Jошпаlism

[25, 146

H\lmpJlГey, НпЬесс, (]2

iПVбrigаrivе, Н,

191 п(],

HlInter, Meredirl1,

phOf,j ,~а!ltl')

1H4,IH5

5(] С<си!!,," press:

.!'itW Le11,

llnс1tгgгщшd) "рrofеssiогшl," Н, Нутаl1, Напiе, 2ПП59

9, 74,

1Н., proressionalism in, 25'

/, F.

,)'/'т,'" \f/eekIj,

i(jeallsm, 2,

Kw!,iJOJtI!P" (Milwallkt'e,

12, 1,,-+, 174

\Х!\),

mIиm /!m'clI/iJ, 4(), 48, 50

Ka!riJ',Jtf!pt CMacJisol1, WI), ]

/n JhcJt ТiJlle.! mаgзziпе, I1Ц

Kal;sl!,

!п(liаnа,

Karpel, Ricl1arcl, 171'1

LJniversity 01', 227 .... 2НП:"

/щ/i",It1/m!i"

р6

LJ,S, IН2

172,1Н7

12\

iшрегiаlism,

JlIStic~ Dерапшепt,

5.'

F!'te Рпl'J (IN),

1

]\шку, 12()

Karzman,

1

] 27, 1

1\Нао,

xiv, 5,215071, pho!!!

!ncjllsrrial \X!orkers of cl1e Workl, 1, Inscicure [,)г l)eli:nse Analyses 001\), 1СЧ-5,

K'lCzmao, Ооп, 1'['0/0 др!!е,:!' 2

Jllsciгше

Kallfman, 1\гпоЫ, I(]

of Polic)' Sшс1ies, 22006; Press 1\S50(iarion, 1+,1

Kazin,

1\1i(llзеl,

Socialisr Sociery, 195"У

Keasr,

Williаш, 122

Iпtег-1\mегiош

Iшегсоllеgiаtе Iпtеrnаl

Revenlle Service (iRS), 40

Iпсегпаtiопаl Вапапа

Cllll,

1\1usеlIШ, 2] 5П75

/ШtmtlfirJliО! Тimг.! (/Т ог 111, 10, Iшегпег,

74

171'1, 11:'-+, IH7-HH, 190

9

Кешрroп, Мшгау, n()Сll()Н

КеС1l1 ес\ у, Jоlш Е,

Keppltr, Ernest КеГОllас,

2,

Jack, 87

Кеl1,

Ir<"I<111(I, OOllg, 22

Kesey,

lrons, Greg,;

Kewpeeires, ') 1 ,.. ') 2

Issегшап, Mallti(~,

9

/! AiT;'! ,\1" в"Ь", 1940..15

268

INDEX

Н8, 2С21l,;1

с., 129

,5

Klt'oer, Jol1n, Кiпdmап,

112

Michael. 47-5), 51'\, (14, 72-7;, ..ч



King, M,min Ltlrl,er, .Ir., 4Н, чН, 22-1П I у: Kirk, Gr"yson, 107, lС'). I

:1l1t1-еJi[ism o(~ 19,22,

225 П1 s Н ,11

<Jecllneo{,

КпоЫег, Реее, рlЩfб ,~,I/ltrJ 7

II~,

14.;;. 11'1<)

j'lаglllеllгагiоп io, (),j.

I.\C

Kois, ]оlш, 127-21'\ Кuрkiпd, Апdгеw,

17-=>-7-1-, 17'"7,

(lеvеlорmеш оС 4-12,:;0, j6, 52, 1'12-1'1"

Knickerbocker Hospiral, 109

[()5- I ,,14 2 ,

t()I-()(-),17 0 -71.

84, 216пНI'\

175-7«

2.:;4116

КОГl1Ыщl" Jesse, 11'\9 Кгаs,пег,

2, I,.t, 170-71,

IНН

Kissinger, Clark, 21

Кпорs, Ммс,

142, [5-1,

lЧ

,224 ПI Л,

lJtological clivelsiry il1, 154,

PaL!I, 14,

52, 12:\, 17),

1:;П24

intellectLТals i iorellectuallsm ill,

Klld211 (]ackson, MS), 127. I.'H Kllnkin, Ап, Л-411, )1'1. 6" 7 1,72, 12'), 1511

[), 24, 26, ,:;,

.,6. 57,

tltera[l[re of", xiii-xl\'. 9-I 1--tI/;f)J'

llliiIгапс}' 'll,

LаМапп, Amber.

poli[ics

p/Nf(, f!.dlkr)· 1

,,!Се

9

Lагkiп, Jirn, т 1'\1

24,49, 6,), 79, Н 1, 151

(('Idrions in, 12,42-4),

1С,-н,

,sH,

14\-44, S(I100Is

LaSalle, Sally, 24ТПI29

sexisfil in (Jet' sexisn1)

lауош, 7, 59,Н..!, 112, [Т9. 17Т, [7.'1.2290.1'\,

sCJlIrl)eln.

of. 42, 52

5 -1-54, 57, 58, 1'\(,.

(see also R"f!.)

2'11'\°77 laWSllits, .'1,6:;,114, т

)2, Т78,

IS,

Sj'пtl1еsis

ot'polirics апJ Сlllсше in, [[-12,

LeagL!e гor JnclUSП1аl Dеmоешг}', 195"9

:;6, 5'1, 5(), ')1'1,

Leamer, lallfепсе, 192nI2, I94ГЧО, 2\4п6

106-7.144,151,11'8-1'19

Но\уапl

Н2, IHH

52. 95-96,1222,

0[, 1 <),

L'Irsen, Оно N .. 1:;9, р/юtli ~('!!I7'J 'J

Leary,

6'),

21-22,

lшdегg1'Оuпtl)

Laicller, Нану. 19511')

JO[1,

4, 5-7,14,

-/О'

29-_)O~ ~I-)2 {Jt.r:dls() лt'\\/sрарегs:

.r\gf'; 19509

Lac<:y, Mike, тВ,

Landau,

[62,

2\5 лr8

R.,

,,'I,ilt, 11 12,1'1-1,97, 10(), [58, 2/ЩI()6

[О')

Leary, TimorllY. 19-1П\ 7

C,et

LeCr, 4:;, 56, 7'), 1'12, 11'1), 11'\7-I'\H, [ liЬепrl, I.t , .Ч-5),

61, 7,. 7')-1'11,

()2 исс а/59 newspapers:

аltешасivе)

,,!и

Рану)

Leggiel'i, Perer, 1 ,Н l,ci!)j'. Riclblrd.

liL1erals, 5. 11, 15, У)-40, 49, Но, ')(), 104,

Whice PanrhcI

Se:: ~'/\O СОШlсеГСlllCllfе

[Н

LеоlыП1, Соппiе,

1-82

241 f1 1

Lепiпism. 151, [7-1. 196022

I 11, I77

Leonon, .10110, Н 1, 127, [9·ln 07

rnОУt;mеП($

1)'lCk-ro-сI1t-lаllcl, 151'1, [69

Leos. SiJпеу,

IIfld,"' Afriran Americall')

Civil Rigl1rs

'су}', cl.

22

9

lkacl)s cluring, 2.0, 1'17, 17-1

Le\vis, Bill, 16-\

llеmогГ
li!)cl iпsшапсе. 18-1

temillisc-pl!nk, [Н7

li l)есасеа zones, 56, 14 5--I(), 155, l'1Jotu :.:а!!СУ1 .'

реасе,

Liberarion News Service (LNS). xiii. (),

1).)7,9(1

уошl) (Jce !.R{r:

79,1'12. Н" 1'11'1, 9/)-95, 97-IC-l, 106.

Nev.')

OW, 21, ~9, J9HnS9 Lefr, !\;е\у, 'j-6, 11-12, ')[,

174, [8')-<)0 JCci\ilsm ot' (хее

acrivjS(H}

IСН-IО, 112-1,,+, 11').1 ')1,

5,\. 64, 79,

I)'j,

140-'71,11'..\.

12,"

127.

ron1H().pIJiilO

,r,,'!!
INDEX

269

Li!,eralor (Воstоп, Liеbliпg, А.).,

Li/e

mаgаziпе,

Lipscomb,

МА), '\2

Мапhе\vs, ]ое,

114

Мах,

44, 111-12

Мапсе, 2О9Пl74

Lопdоп,

Кгistiп,

МС-5,

179

А1Ьеп апd

David, 1-2

I п, pholo ,~a//oy 5

McAllliffe,

]ack, 195П9

239П90

5teve, 19,20,21,28,

Maysles,

Liрtоп, Lа\vгепсе,,\8

Lombardi,

5(,

M""i 51111,177

Кеviп,

34

McBride, David, 41-42

London Ame,.ica", 87

МсСаiп, ]оlш, 247ПI

Lопdоп

МсСаrrеп Iпtеrnаl 5есшirу

5chool of Есопоmiсs, 86-87

МсСапhу,]оsерh,

London Times, 87

I

Act, 25

55, I,\O, I'\7, I'\9

Look mаgаziпе, 44, 111-12, 227П174

McCarrney, Palll, (,8

Lопоп Ргisоп,

МсСаusliп, Dап, 240П 114, 240П I 29

Los

97

Апgеlеs (СА),

Los Ange/eJ F,'ee

7,10, ,,\8-41,4,,\,62,120

Руеп,

6, ,,\ 1, .'17-46, 50, 52, 54,

58,6,\, (,7, 71-72, 74, 75, 78,119,

)26,129, I'\2, 156, 194П'\7

mаgаziпе, 2О4П91

LOJ AlIge/e.r Times, 42-4.'\,

44-45,1з6,

Тгепr,

МсLllhап,

Medi"'i'eek

2О5Пl08

187-88

Меisпег,

mаgаziпе,

Меlпiсоff, Мепапd,

Lowell,

RоЬеп,

Lуmап,

Mel, 64,156,170

Rozzie, pholo ga//ery 6

LOllis, 4

,\!endoC/llli

100

G/'ареl'iпе (СА),

Мiсhigап, Uпivегsirу оf(Апп

2ЩП93

20,26, .'17,121, (М5Щ,

MiJJigall D"i/) Dwighr, 100-101

,\Iad mаgаziпе, 14,

(М5Щ,

.'\5

Мiffliп 5пеес (Апп

Miles,

,'1.'1-35, 39, 93, 95, 97, 100,

101,2I6п8,\

ЛIаine

Bill,

209П170

Мапsоп,

Charles, 2, 174

2,\ОП55

16'\-64

Marxism, ,,\8,41,4(,,174,

Arbor,

МЛ, .п

10,74

10

Ne\v Letr, 9(,-98,121,122,127-74,177

iп

press, I 1, .'\ 2,

iп

YOllrh mоvеmепr, 64, 96-98, 105-14,

1')5,

15 1,

239п84

196П22

Vlllgar Marxisrs

Massa,

RоЬеп,

(New York, NY), ,'\2

178

INDEX

milirапrgГОllРS,

12,35,97,132,158,

224-25ПI43, 229 П .'\7

Мапе>

270

MI)

viоlепr)

MarCllse, Herberr, 151,188,

5ее а/,.о

Lапsiпg,

121,122,158,177 (Jeea/Jo proresrs:

JJшquiS, 73

Магsdеп, 5сеуе,

Вапу,

milirапсу,

iп

Times, 173, 177

Маlопе,

2О6П129, 2О7Пl37

(Easr

middle class, 5,18,27, '55

Mahler, David, 59

Nоrmап,

72, 88,

46-53, (,4

Magic!off, Dickie, 22-2,\

Mailer,

Arbor, MI), 18,

195П9

МiсI1<~ап 5сасе Опivегsirу

I,\O

Я,

64, 178

Micheler,] llles, 98

Lупd, 5rаllghrоп, 200ПI02, 222ПI02

МасКепziе, АпgllS,

181

free, 8'\

Lis, 168

Lowe, Mike, I,\2

Масdопаld,

РА), ,'\2

"Mello\v Yellow," 66, 67, 68, 7 1,75-77,79-80

Love (music grollp), 43

"Lysergic A-Go-Go,"

25-26

Marshall, 53

сliпiсs,

medical

LOJ Ange/eJ Ulldergro/llld, 45-46,

Dоп,

МсКепziе, АпgllS, 2лп61

Mechanic:r Free PreJJ (Philadelphia,

205ПI08

Lott,

McKelvey,



69-7 1,8 I

McNamara, Robert, 86

Los AlIge/es Hem/d-Exami"er, 42

LOJ AlIge/e.r

МсDопаld, "СОllпrrу" ]ое,

5ее "/,.0

Wearher

UпdегgГОllпd

milirary, 0.5,,40,64,92-102, 174,2 IОПI88, 224 ПI ,\0

Miller, ]ames, 5, 1(,

МШег,

Marvin, 6з

Nеimап, Сагоl,

Mills,

С.

Мiпdiсh,

S(ephell

Mi(chell, Al, МоЬу

Ne\v )ournalis(s, 8, [79

Wright, 1), [6,27, ,',3,143

Mill/a, ~ce}OIт",' (Wl), .р,

М"

1

N8U' L8Jt Nu/es,

1

photo gall,,'j

Neu

45

Мошаguе, МА, 8з,

Т;nШ

(Phoeoix, AZ), 178-79,

}\'У о,,;/у N'ln, 9

202П~

(of [!J(2),

Nt'u YrJrk Free Рут,

1, 243[] 166

о/ the Маgiciаш, 2

Neu' }(Jrk

[5[]7 I

2О5П

[ 11

ОЬmпr,

Ne!l' Yurk POJt, 1\eu York PmJ,

MoveO[],org, 188

Neu' Yurk

mаgаziпе,

xiv, 8.10, 19,7(,,8(,,98, 102,

(69,224-250143, П148, 2'151118,

62-6), 12 1,

205П57,2ТОПJ8з

MJ,

18з

Тimef,

109-14, I,В, 134, 144, 159, 164,

184

mororcyclis(s, 1-4,40,

175

8

111

Morris, Willie, 56-57

Mother }OlШ

24 0lН

Маgаziпе, J94П45

Neu Yorker,

14

173.

з8,

180

Мlfhаlllшаd ""рмЬ, I 94[]4 5

Ne\\'neid, )ack, 79, 84, 93, (

Mulvihill, Ka(t1Y, phuto ,ga!!oJ 8

,'\eu! and иttеп, ,,8

MUfJgo, Raymond,

fЧ-85,

87-95, 99-100,

102-,),1[.)-14, I14-35, 141, 14.'"

145-70, 179,plJotogallery

NЩ'J,,~tk

magazil1e, 44,

Newron, Huey, 188

ni!1ilism, 35, 115

159, 1!J6, 214пз6

Nixon, Richard, 2)2I1')О,

пара1m,

Dсщl.

;';и :\!оуе F,ш

34

220-2 1(\78,

68,75,79,17,\,

235 П18

61-62,69,78,84,121,124,151,

a"d (Ье

111-12,1(,9

Newsreel collective, 120, [62

1,

music, 1,31, ,,8,41,4,,-44,48,52,54-55,

Л'аkеd

181

New Times Media, 10(.,181,182-84

Moore, Michael, I!J}

Ап

20[1119

MaJJfJ,

Ne,,' Scl1001 (Ne\v York, NY), J 55

"'eu

15!J, 161, 162, 165,

167-68

Morrill

29, 7(,,144,157,1(,5,

Ne,,; MetJia Project, 90, 151

МОП50пi5,) im, 195П9

MoY"i'lg

22, 2),

167, 174, 1971152,2 [61197

Grape, 76

Morgan, RobifJ,

58-59

(87-88

I1е(гошs,

Millman, Paul, 1)6, I()"

219п84

ph"lo galln) 9

and G'allteJ, 194-95П4 5

1\'ои\. Ехрrш

папаrivеs\

2,115.127,13(,,1з8,

(New Orleans, lA),

1.В,

2500(,1

11isrorical, 5,98

Nolao, Dick, 3

i(\ journallsm, 179-[80

Nопh

Beach

(СА), з6

Nalio!! magazine, 184

Narion ofIslam. 194П45

ОЬата,

Na(ioI1al Association of Newsweeklies, 17 ?"

O'Brien,) im, ,37

obsceoiry, 10,40,54, 124, 127, 128, 1)(,-3"

175, 176

u// МУ ba,ks, 194I14 5

!\'alioJlal Gllardiall, 28

Narional MobilizarioI1 Commirree ro War il1

Еnа

Natiooal Newspaper AS50cia(ioo, 1" 1

Ra';eu,

(he

Viешаm (МОВЕ), 95,рhио

galle'J 6

National

199П70

Barack, 188

Olan, Susal1, (, I

O/d Лloft

(ВО5СОП, МА),

174

0110, Yoko, 127

Opel1 Cit) (l05

Лngеlеs, СА),

10,92,

IГ,

239084

Na(iooa! Srudeo( Associa(1011, 89

Орeli Руосен

Navasky, Vicror, (9.'\"'3

Oregon;atl,245 n2 7

(Sal1 Francisco,

СА),

155

INDEX

2~

1

ОгleаП,SllSап, 1 Но

narcotics ilgenrs, _~~,( ()). 7(" 1

O'Rouгke, Р].,

provocarion of, 62-6"

R

O'1,1!NIS, 117,119-20 Orwell, George,

.,2

viоlепtс ос ,!,\, 42-45, ')()-1(;2, T:J()-I"

(JЩU'rliЩJ/if:, 19_~n2C

2,

ОIIШ'SШЩ,2,'ОПS,"

1,122-2),174,178,1 s-;()п"

Оvsl1iпskу, Haгvey, 20!П,

Роllепа, FгапtеsсJ.,

21'\

О\vеш, Тагу,

Pontecorv(), (ji1lo,

ц5

Ozt/"k",

62

Pool, Joe, т 29, 1,,9

p,'tJJ, 1', 1

РorС]1е,

Pal)()l1, Dino, 2-1 т n т 29

Рап НШОll St"геm(;'ш, Т2, 1

2-1,,2, ,07· 4(;

pamphlers, ц, ,,2, ТО5, Т!7, т

155, тН6

Л, -16--17,

(Easr I-ansin", MI), 31,

-19-55, 5\, 51'1, 6,-()4,

Roberr,

раrriсiрапr

2Н.

5.\, '59.

ol)ser\'ers.

2,

1111220

210[1IН()

alsu

Роп Publitarions

(WIj,

1,0

Postal Service, (J,S., и:), 151{, 161, 19HnS5 Роесес,

Paul,

1Н

роvепу, 6, 42-4.'\' 52, 56,

+- f!, 62-()3, 76, Sr.,

7f!, 86,90,

Цl

Powers, Jerry, 121'\

9-1, IC-I "'се

Г-28,

pornzrnes, 175

Paley, William, 22511 [')Н

Раг<1\ш,

150, I()О, 162

I 1 (), I

175

Тlюmаs, 117

Palarrella, ]оlш, 6Н

р,фсr

Ц9,

Verandah,

pornography, 6" 6Н,

Pacitica Foul1darion, "Н Paine,

~8, 79, Но, 120,

1:'I5,220-2IП7Н

sнbjectivlry

РГБS

Pasrernak. Charl"" 2-11 n 1

abolirionisr,

Parrers()n. Phy·lIis. ,,9

"lгеГПdгivе, 172-.), I"5-~5, 2.\4П<5

Реасе

аdvегшiпg in, rHo-l'\l, 2-I()П4.'

Corps, 21

Pcck. ЛЬе, 5-1, 74, 92. 106, 127, 16R. 1921112. 224П 1', ~, 2\411()

PEN

1116

Penllsylvania Sгзге Universiry,

tonsolitl,It;ol1 апd monopoly of, 8, [Н2-В,

127

РепrаgОI1, 79, 1 Ч

<1(;'(1;11е 11'"

in, 174, IH,c;-8-1

arнi-Nazi,6

Аm~гiсап Сепrег, 9, 125

Barrlc оС 92-102,

[гее circll1,Hion oi, 17Н, 11'10-81

]юmоgепеiгу

ц6

1

of рс;пг me<1ia, IK7-1'\1'\

early Аmес;ст,

Рбрit mаgаziпе, 56

graphics

iп ип

,',2

graphits)

Phoenix (ЛZ), 7,117, l1R, 119,

lаЬог-mоvеmепr,

Pilari, Joe, 1'1)010 ,,,Iftr) J

marnsrream, .1,

PI'I}bo)' magazine, 6:),

2 Т

92-9',.1

52,55,61,

1';1, lН2, lн6,

аЬШt:оiашhoriгу,

77,

110,

124, 125, 128,

129, 1\0, Р,2, 1B, 1',7,1'/1010

;;,,11<".1

5 (5е" а/со l1агаssmеш) [)у,

7(), В,-Н+-

76.1'\6,95,

224111 ч,рhОIО ,~a//и)

[~OEX

1St<

fаilше oi,

40, ,12-4),84-85,

eclitorials)

2451127

misrepresenrarions in, .1, .;2, К.1 -Н4. 9,\-95,1.)8,100-102,109-15,1'7, Ц5,1

I

lш<1егgгоuпcl rО5~ТJС-II.

12), 127-29, н,. 148, т 7К-71.),

272

66-();,

edicorials iп

1'),1\1.). lК'7,·К8.

IЩ-95П45

;,25,-11,-14,51, 7С--I, 96, Ц4-15

arresrs

б"

adv'errising in, IoH

9, ,'')' -10, \К,4'),

6к,

9,

5117S

}>.\1. 20111I 9 роессу, .),

201 I1()

Н,

aclverrising in,

7-1,91,' 1),1

(2), 12'), 1,0, 1

2\91184

[7,

r 19,

, 1 ',2,

ptlOto-оtt'sег, 6-7, 24,5'),6" 1

bla,k raJical, [')4П45

16}, [(,'\' х67, lH(,-Н", 1').;С15./'/'''/''

caJendars in, 7, '+о' 44, (10

гiгшlагiоп

of, 4, 67,

dl:arh ос 1С,

1,

I:.,,//ey) 8

2.

115, 1

11,)2,

,16,

prisoners, polirical, 14,64,

emL)uzJemenr in, 91, ')2,164,165,

ism, rH8

,П Ешоре,

proresr, 25, ·Ц-'4') , 4Н-49, 57."71 86, ')4,

[,),74

144, pl,olo 1;"11,,,:)

116

(l!![ше

lЧ, 1'),оП20

G! (mi!irary), harassmenr

о{ (Са

iпfогшапts

in, ,оН, 60,

12"

12')-)0,

l1arassmenr)

Т"4,

17,p!JUt',

122,

')2,

(,с,

189, 19НЛ59, 21 1П2О4

146,

104-1), 1

(onAict in, 1

4Н,

10'j-(" 121, 14"'. Р,\,

YioJeo(, 1-4,42-4."8,, Н6-К'7, 92-1С2.

!!illlerJ 5

220-2Il17Н.

1.

цК, 174. 1Н2,

2'>50J8, 2.17062

the Provos, 60

22')П)7

!аП,l(uа,l(е

Н7.

()6, 77,

1(;9, 177,

1

of, 4

peace!'ll, [,2,21,26,42,45,

1 1)16, иГ),

227-2НПо, 2',7п61. 24lП1

,nrегпа!

,п Аmеriс.ш Jоuгшl­

Projt(t t()r Excellence

22НПl,

t'1kt,

1О!

РГЩ:'n:'J1iu' magazine, 1Н4

I7С-7';, 1НН-Н')

01 (s,< соunrегсuJtшс: lan,l(Llage 00

mапаgеmепг

l)ierarch!Cal,

Н4,

')"

1 4'),

iNew York, NY), IH6

1';')-')7.

т 7"7, г8т,

с!есеппа!izеd,

P"lirzer Prize, 9'1, Ршzk mаgаziле

strtlcturts in

11, 16, 17, 27-2Н,

Qшп,

LazarllS, 1 5')

QllilГ,

\feekly,

20 1 ЛJ

9

Ч. 59· 6,-64,142-4,-\,14",

[, 17.\,

Ч9-5 С ,

и<,· 111'0 IIIZJCI'

IН'), 209ПНS

104-5,127,12'),14.'

..

misrepresenrarions 'п ,(,,9')-1 '::>0, ntr\vorks ot', 50' (,7-('Н.

al.l"

LiЬегаtlОЛ

Jегt:rol1лJ

obsceniry

S"e ,,/ro IIII,f"

.,>, Но, ')2

'Jews Service; Иn­

Riljica/

125,127,12Н-,

RI1I:. U\usrjn.

spread о{, 4.

xiji, .> 1,

ТХ),

5'>-54, 58-65,

1-'7'>, Но-Н,>,

1,

sщ)ргt'Ssiоп о{,

114,1.'16,

.I!\(}

[н"

Rall, Ted,

RашрйrtJ шаgаziпе,

(ч, J 16-1 Н,

'),

"епс!ш,l( ог. 7,

1

2-\2096, рЬмо 1:.(/lle,)

')1, !О6, Т1Н--\9, 192П1 h,1raS«imenr)

", 39,46, "9-6~, Н2,

гаре,

)

1. 109, 1

175,2451127

Karick, .Jоlш R., 14S

R./I

С'';,,,у

York, NY), 24,

119·129,

156,1(,2.171 174,17'\, 1tЧП45,

124, 1213, Т0 2, 1

2JСП1Н(,.2,ЦОТ'I7

Priesc, Ro),(er, 1,14 142, 17(" 1 нн

Rarllskeller \ Uпiуtгsitу о( Wiscoosio), 202040 Rаrriлег, Dап,

ioSDS, 1'), 17,21,2,>,2')

plJoI" K"llerJ

Re,JJers OI,Ce.\/, 9,

4-7

deskrop publisllint:,

1Н()-Н7

mimеоt:гаrll,15-Ц,

124,

1,12,>,178,

72-7j, 7)-77, 97,126. I29,

seXJsm in (Jet' St:XlSn1)

рппгшg,

57

17'), ч,Л1()4

Press Sync!icarel

iп,

Лmt:t"!Йl,

radio, ,. Н. .'К-59, 41-.р, 66,

21On'S5

print ш!шге,

Аfгiсап Лmегiсапs

Rader, Ciary, 1,)0

10(,-10

Iх"

racism, 4.11,12. 4С', 42,55-56. 7К, Н("

,len1Ocracy)

1')2Л12.

2,1,

1'),,022

15 Н

Reagan, Konald, 9, 69 1::>~, 118,

R",! Рl1l'е,' !В(Jstоп, Rc,,!iJI, 14,

У\-,("

МЛ),

тН2

[75

INDEX

273

1,]Пlvегшу,

Reed, Ishmael, 9

Rlltgers

religioo, 40, 44, 55, 56, R4, 86, 87, 88, 95,

Ryao, George,

10.'-4,108,10'),186,2471111

Republicao Parry, 92, 1 R7, 24401,

Ryao,

Магу,

24

I7Н

xiv

11'),122, Ц7-4Н, 150-52,

Ryao,Sheila,

Resroo, James, ')8

156, 161, 162,164,24InI29,phoIO

Rerherford, James, 11') '20, IВ

ga/le.) 6

Reurers, 10.,

Rez'оfШ;О1l,20106

Sainlt-Marit, Buffy, 48

Rеvоlшiоо,

Sale, Kirkparrick,

Frel1ch, 98

геvоlшiОl1агiеs, 64, 79, 8,,158,161,165,

San Diego О!lО' (СА),

166, [74, 175

third-wor!d,

геvоlщiооагу ,уа1l

paioriog (RWP),

[')SЧ

Sao Oiego 5meljOlmza/(CA), Sao Fraocisco (СА),

Reyes, Gweo, 189

Rhodesia, Coiversity Co!lege

ос

86

АЬгаlJзm, 23006,

Ribicoff,

JЧ

Rivers, L, Meodel,



Rizzo, Fraok, 155

Robbios,

10т,

5ап F'rащiJCU

Expm.r,ТillltJ (СА), 2)7052

Sao Fraocisco 01',1(/"

(СА),

7,11,75,9.',

20In3

Roberrs, Cokie, 182

Saoders, Ed, 68-6'), 19,020

Robil1soo, Вену Garmal1, 197051

Sarнaoa,

Roche, Joho, 88

Savage, Оао, I~."

Rock aod Ro!l Hall of Fame, 81

Sclbloen,

Rockete!ler, Oavid, 246042

Schang, Gabrielle, 24401:\

Rodgers, Jimmie, 55

Scherr,

Rodriguez,

Sращ

71, 19207

Exallli,m' (СА),

San Fraocisco

9

9,,\,17,,174,

17Н, [В,

5аll FrашjJ((j Chrollicfe (СА),

protests: violenr

1'\2, 10,)

,,6, :\Н, 5" 62,

69-70,155

177,

Rior Cirrrl, [87

5ее

1, "',

5аn F'ran"jjco Ва)' G/шrdiаll (СА),

Riclblrds, Oavicl, 64

riors.

127,2",.,01

Sao Oiego Perioc!ica!s, 129

84,132,174

,)2,

2'),

5(1/('" magazine, 8

21,016

Carlos,

1

WiШаm, 1,,\0-,,1

Мах,

75,

76,122, 1)6,jJhologa!!t!) "

Sclliff, Paul, 50

Rolfe, Liooel, .)')

Schoeoberg, Arnojcl, 41

Rolling 5/blle magazioe, 8" 120, 121, 122,

Schoenfeld, Ellgeoe, 72, 175,21,024

150,171,19401

Rolliog Srooes, 1-.'>, 142

Romm, Ethel, 74,

!О6,

1')2012

Schweers, I.Ье

Оаооу,

64

Seeds, 4:\

Selective Service, US,

2 Ч041

Roseobat!m, Roo, 117

Selma (АЦ, 86, 2'15-.,>605.'>

Rosenberg, Fred, 45

Seoate Select Committee 00 Inrelligeoct,

Rosenrhal, Ross,

АЬе,

2250157, 2260164

RоЬеп, 22-2)

229-50052

sex, 35,60,95,125-26,154,172,175,178,

[8.,. 185, lН6, 1Н9, 23406

Rossioo\v, Oot!g, 54-56

Rosrow, Walr, 88

Rorh,

ВоЬ,

Sex Pisrols, 2440 [ .'\

17'),8::1

Roth ", ЕЬе U"ited 5lateJ,

sexism,

Rubio,Jerry,

77,12',,175

Rudcl, Mark,

105-7,2240 r ,'>0

Itudoick, Rusk,

274

ВоЬ,

Осао,

11 R

146

INDEX

1 r, 1), 19-20,

.,>6,5'),60,

121-22,125,126-27, [2'),166,

1

174-76,194045,2430166 5Р

\r'eekly (СМ, 181, 1H4, 246044

Shafer, Jack, 184

Shahn,

Веl1.

r:\

5/){Ik,с/mПI

stаш.!роinc

(Fort Dix. N)i. 1.>4

episremology. 95, 11;

511ank, Ваггу. 55. ()2

Sranley. Ovv>ley, 7

Shapiro. Peter. 155

Srапгоn.

GilЬеп.

SI1e!ton.

Shenton. Jamts. 1с;8

Elizabeth Cady. 20IП()

5гаг;п. Lшу.

126. 175

Stale Neu'J



SI1ero.)elf, 23-2(). 28, .'10 •.р. 5(). ()о.

10,\.

75

(МSЩ,

Srei пеПl, Glor;a,

119.129. 15(), 198n5'\. 2lCn18()

SгockmaIl,

Ы] ke.

Srone, 1. F. (lzzy),,,,.

SI1Usrer,

8

2~Нп68

5/raip/Jt C"!Ek }ШlПш/ (Dспvег,

Sinc!air,)oJ1n. 121. 12,. 128, 229n",phUlo

Srre;rmarrer. Roger, )2

.~a//cY)

Slorin.

з8.

17.1. 187-88

10)-4.149

Мое. рlюtu "а//ее)

16,197 0)1,247 nI 5

8

Sma]]. Melvil1. 94

Stlldenr

Реасе

Cniol1, 2;

5mзl!

Studenr Pres>

Аssосiа,;оп,

Pre:;s Alliance (SPA). 186-87

18,.2 IOnI8()

21

а

13-30·42'48,

Smir!1. Lane. 172

96,10;-1

Маге.

SO!lt!Jem

(НОЩГОI1, ТХ),

2 1 ::JП 1 8()

I,'щ' I~ef/ NО/б

1'11-)2. 1

phot!) ",1I1er)

с)

Weatl1erman

2,-,\0.

(see Nщ IJ:ji

Б!Сtiоп (..-ее

U пс.!егgгоuп,])

2 ,О2П96, 2;;Нn78

Л'и/б)

Wearl1er



sl,bJt(riviry

alrernar;ve. 68

io reporring,

Speerer, ArJen, 135

167-6Н

4.Н.47, 50, ()2-6з.76,

84,94-95.98-99. 101-2, 109-10.

ln,

Spiegelman, Arr, 9

а, IГurh,

Sr iro's, 49. 52

Spock, BenjamiI1. 100

5p"kdl1e Sallo'''/ (\VA). 75.

(ОВ).

197-9 8П 5 2

Sp"(lalm' (Bloomingron. IN). 119. 1

Spiegel. Mike.

2Н.

2IОП186

DiJCIlssil)'I BII//eti"

86. Ц 7

Sovier Ul1irш, 35, 54, "(), 15 r

Sp,,,,"Cit)'.'

200п88. 210ПlН(), 211П220

pLlblicariol1s 0[,25,5.,,57, 197-9Нn52

229П'\7

Сuшier.

IП22С, 240П91

meerin,o;sol, 14'15. 18,21, 2Н. 57, 121.

174,

Sourh America. 79, 14.3

End,

2

5.'1. 57-(11.

52,

Narional Council of. 18,22,2,.

146. 16()

гЬе Sourh, 50, 5.), 58. 8(), 197 n 5'

5f;1/1j,

pllO/o /','111"у)

chaprers of. 2С-2 1, 26, 21

.,2-.:;:1. ,8,88. 195n9

Solman, Paul. 182

Sommer,

151, 153. I()7-68,

76-77. lC4~I,. 155, 162,2100184,

.~,,//e'T 9

SI1yder. Gary, 9

sосiаlisщ

54, 57, 76,95,

)0.

ц6,

17 3-74, 1 Н8,



Н7,

Democrar;c Society (SDS), 5-6.

Smirh. )асК. рlю!о "а//е') 3

5miril. Vicroria. 9. 62. 1 1. 24111 129. рЬмо

C.s. (USSPA),

89-91, 10;. 141

StudeI1ts for

Sm;r11. Davicl. 1991176

Smirh. Russ. 1Н,

128, 176. 177

SrLldenc Nonviolenr Coordina[ing Commirree,

184

Smirh. Charlie.

СО),

Srudenr CommuI1ication Net\vork (SCN).

5

Sixties. xiii. 2. (). 12,

5/,,!е mаl!аzше.



David, 9

Si!ver. )оаn Micklin. 172

сЬе

2О7П 1;7

46-49, 52,

194П45

1

В



175,

IНО,

18,

8, 94-95, 102, 11,

S111zberger, Arrhur

"РипсЬ," 109-12

"Summer 01 Love,"

з8,

()6-68,

Ц4

Sprarr. Craig. 159

Sun~tS[cip, з8,41,4,-45,6з.

Sprinl!steeo, Bruce. 9

Supreme Сошt. Calitornia. 20,n62. 2О4П79

St. Ltlke's Hosp; [al.

Sl!rreme Соше, Michigan, 129, рЬо/о ,~'III<'J 5

St. Mark's Place, 57

SUl'reme СОШf. U,S .. 64. 127-28

20511104

J~DEX

275

1,

Swi пroп, Рас

lJniform CoJe оГ Мi!iщгу ]LТsrice.

1Ч

'i

LJnireJ FrLlir Сатрап)', 75. 78, 7':}

Symingron, Flte, 17Н-79

lJnired РГб> !nrernariona] (ОРI), 102,

\.'.5, Agency (or Inrernariona! Dе\'е!ортеnr,

Tarrancino, Qнеnсiп, [Н '>

49, 51, 5~. 2;:)7n 1)4

47 LТпivегsities,

taxes, 40, 6,

tear gas, 96,

10.,.

151)

TaJese, Gav·. 179

Тасе, Lппу,



lfnicec! Ащо \Vorkus, 15

220-21

television, Н, -15, 71, Н4, 129, 1,2, I/H, lН2,

ц6, I')Н

10."

Моуетеnr, 1 С,

ир Against [11t W"Il, Morl1ertucker, 161,

217П(,1

r87,22SП1sН,232П90, 2400

telccype machines,

S« (olleges

lJ niversI(]' Chrisrlan

n:K

шЬап cris;,,). у\ 4.1, RS, 90,10.1, ISH

Texas, Cniv'ersicy of (at Ausr;n) (СТ), 2'), 5-1-60,6-1, -'5-77,

1». p!JoТIi /!,.;;/k,)

V,11еПZ
Gar\',

2,НП7Н

\'аlщ:s

O!JJ""/',r, 2.ЦО J 7

alrernative, Но, В" r

cheater sпее" 44, Х-с,нес!,

J 20, P/i(;I"

1Н7

Л, 56,78, 112

American,

;';,II!<-')

l1lТrnan;sr,2"

6')

rnainstream, Н4, [2(,

lзсh FJoor Elevators, 62

Thomas, Norman, 195П9

Velver lJп<1еrgГОLlf\d. 2ЧП,'16

Thompson, Frппk, 67,7(,

Vеп;сt (СА),

Thompson, Нtlпtеr S" 8

Viегсоп!-" 145-46

Threac1gill, Keonerl1. 55

\,iеtпаП1, St'( !lн,/еу \var

Тlш,,,dgil!'s Ваг

\'l/I,,/!,e \'lii", 1'>, 14, .'1.'-.))' .'16, .09, 7'),

Тl1Urmond, Тi,ш

(Atlstin, ТХ), 5')

S,rom, 1 Н7

7Н,Н4,88,':}5, 17-', 17Н,

Magazioe, I02~119,I29·

J,:a//eJy

177

1

\!i1/,,/!,о·, 201 f\ 1 9

Tomassi, Carcer, phlJtu ,Ralle') 8 Тот,

violence. ,[асе, Н4,

18.:,

Trans-Love Energits lJпlimiEtll,

120-2 [

VizJrd. George, 59-60,ро,,!u ,~"II'TY Vоnnсgщ, КlIН

Tro[skyite,. ,8

vorer reb"lscra[lOn, S:' VlIlcan Gas Со, (ALТsrin, ТХ), 62

Da\'id, 1

/\ Тr!lЩрt;f 'и Апm,' A./tt:t"Jkl/l'n' ЛJI{(!iu jn Amrri((/,

VLТ!gar Marxists, 150"5.-'. 156. 159, 1(,0-6,. 16').168, I6 9,2)4п6

1-,8

TU';fl Cili",

2

]r., .»

Tr;Jlin, Cal\'in, 17,,17(,

T!leJday:r Child П,Оs

97

ViГШОllSСаLТСLТS, 15С-5.'\' 157-62, I6Н

Tower Records, 1 Н6

Тгнтап,

'IO, IIH, 121, I(Ч,

lHI-8". 216П76,/'[,О{I)

VilJage Уоке Ме,!ы, ,Н1, IН2-Я4

TocqLТevilJe, Altxis de, 9, 9К

Tornorrow,

.,(" ,Н

Апgеles, СА), 2,9П1)4

RM,/U" (Minneapolis-Sr.

PaLТ], MN),

Ift!l/ SII'cutJo!lmal. 2 r(JпЯН

It,,/I'!/' (Champaign. IL), 10.,

17')

\'Vаlrш, ]оlш. /,/JiJ«) .~,,/I"J.J

и JIt1е.r"rЩf)'1C/ :'itll'r/JcltIP"

C(;//eC!iOll, 221 П95

UшlегgГОLТпd Press 5vndicact (lfPS), 6, 46, ')Я.

.1-74,81,1).0,91-92.112, II6-21,

\\'аг.

20,54,56, IOS, 126, I'Я' 19fiП59,

2'::)1

П22

Ci"j!,2Cln()

12;:)-24,126-29,1,') "'9, 19 2Пl2 ,

consci"ntious obJ~(cor, '(,9

2',5 n 1 1). рЬnt,1 ,~"lle,)

Fral1co.AI!'er,an, 145. 15'

INDEX

1, ':)

1гач. 247111 Vi~шаn1,

\\'iilйll/tllf BI'J,/~t (Рorгlапd,

1

\\'i!iаll/ШС

4,5, (,,11,41, .р, 51,65, Н8,

97.99. {О1,

I)1, 174, 207пr_~7,f7IЩ!f.!

01', 7, 57, ,,'),

1Iraf'(, '),

7,

Н,;, 10("

106,88-10'),

opposiriol1 ш, 1

2(,. ,р,

\V<1[1101,

5(" ')

'\ ~,

j,

1

\3,

221119'),22,11114,

f

1)1

1 --k),

\Vassern1ao, Harv~v, 88. ц6.

Ц9, 1 'i 1.

Sra[~

Il! Т

rlg11rs,

2,

1-22, 20IП()

SCC' JfHJ {t:Пl1пiSIn

\Voodsrock Wesr,

1

Woociwarci. 130Ь, ]

152,156,151>-60,16;-68

W"yne

\ХТотсп', HOllS,. о!' ОеttщjОI1. 2\ 5-,(11)"

Woodsrock, 7, I,H, 1НН

2 т, 255Пj2

144

\l~f)n'tJtt''' РI1!!СЬ,

Sra(t), 127

1 ,("

[7 ')

\V'ood, Granr, 75

14,+-45. ч Н , 181, 2\5п,2

\Vartri'a(t,

2

TO!I1, НI, ] 79

Woll<:,

\\'om('!1'S

Way о( (I\t M"i'llS.

12», 151

\Vizard. Магiапп (t(}[mtrly М,triапп Vizard),

Wol(, Pet;:r,

\\;J,f,i"l!./un PIJ.f! (ОО, 84, 98,

'[Юlllе! (Р~пп

of,

1,\2

59, /J/JO!I) ga//eгJ

2:',21196

\X'asko\\<" Ar[hltf,

J1Ilie,

\'Volf. 0<111. ,,-ч

\I":n/lill,t;lщ/ (;i/) Ри!"" (ОО, 1 Н.,!

Ir:,I(I'

\Viгtn1ап,

2р11 1 58

\r;lS!JlII.t;I'JII Free Р,'О.' (ОС), 72,76,77-78, 1

[8е)

]06

\'ViSСОJ1siп, lJniversiry

2 ГО

АПl!У, 6с, 2чп,6

Ц'j, 1Л,

79.

\\''11\ magazine, 95, [89

')2,

61,64. 8~,H8-H'),')2~[03. 121, 12(" 1'14, 144,

Cicero,

!

126

\V'ilsol1. S. Clay, 126

1"5, 1,5. 1Yt' 16'),21 !!122с:,

1)0,

\X'iJlian1s. RоЬtп, \Vilsoп,

1!.,,!!tlJ 6

cov~ra,l:e

OR), 15,\

\\';Tk (Ропlапd, OR).

I~4

\vогkiпg class, 55, 122, 145, ] (, 1. ] Н6. 2~ 1п("

21 1 п2

229n~7

\\u,'kmX ,'!,lIl! ,r\Jur;'{/le (Ntw York, NYJ.

lJl1i\·tr;ir)', 122

\Vearllt:r lJпJеrgГОLJПlI, 2, 1\5, Р3-74.

\>;1"r Н.

\Vorll!

,2

6, ]')5119

['),,1120. [95Щ. 1')(,1122. 225ПЧ')

\VeiI1t[. Rt", \VеiI1,,~iп,

Хапасlll cotl<:ehot!se,

1 1 6, [2,j, 128

Sol, 21

.\9

5117Н Мах,

Wt'iss, Nar, 159

Yasplf,

Welcll, Ма[[, 187

YI\!CA,Y\VCA, 56. 6]

]

\Xlekl, Bill, .:ц6П42

Уоопь. AlIen,

79,14,'-45, ЦН-5i, ] 51',

WeOl1er, Jal1l1. 121,22')11\5,2\21\')2

Th8. 222Пl(;5, 225ПI

Werbt, PE·rer, 10\, 166

p/;'J/rj I
Wt:srern

УОllПь Socialisr Club. 4Н, 20711 [ \­

[;I1JOn, IO)

68

Wllire, H"yJen. 98 \Vhire Hl)lJSe. IЧ, 1 [7. 146, 147

Уошh /nrcгnarional

\Vllire Panrl1er Рмсу,

уошl1 гthеlliоп.

\Vhiгmап, Walr. \'Vien~r,

121. 122,

p!JII/rr ,~а!l,,)

Party (Yirp;CS), [2,.

See Lefr: Nt\v

Ушci; п, Larry, f'hOIIl ;:all"r] I ')

49

Jоп, 9

\Vilcосk,)оlш,

2,':'')П';''':.

)"74,1[8-19. [21,

148, 2,\OO'j5.pl"jf;, ~a!!el:1

]Ч,

J

\V'ilk~rson, С~tlч', 19-20, 167-6Н, [')6п]

5

7t'lI,<;cisl. 49. 52

zines.

1 Н6-Н7

Zrzt!ir{(

ЛlinJu'?п J?, 21 ,;п I 6

1'\ , .