Socio-Economic Projects in Energy, Transport and Environment

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This booklet contains the abstracts and the administrative data from the socio-economic projects in the energy, transport and environment field funded under the Fifth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (1998-2002) and some initial projects funded under the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006). The projects included

> Policy Instruments and Governance; > Social Acceptability and Human Behaviour. The most recent projects, especially those under the Sixth Framework Programme, are cross-cutting and therefore cover several of the above. The intention is to provide general information for as wide a public as possible within the scientific community.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROJECTS

in ENERGY, TRANSPORT and ENVIRONMENT PROJECT SYNOPSES

> Direct and External Costs;

KI-NA-21328-EN-C

> Modelling and Scenarios;

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROJECTS in ENERGY, TRANSPORT and ENVIRONMENT

are the most relevant examples in relation to the following key issues:

EUR 21328

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research Contact: Marialuisa Tamborra E-mail: [email protected]

SALES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS Publications for sale produced by the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities are available from our sales agents throughout the world.

Interested in European research? RTD info is our quarterly magazine keeping you in touch with main developments (results, programmes, events, etc.). It is available in English, French and German. A free sample copy or free subscription can be obtained from: European Commission Directorate-General for Research Information and Communication Unit B-1049 Brussels Fax (32-2) 29-58220 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/rtdinfo/index_en.html

How do I set about obtaining a publication? Once you have obtained the list of sales agents, contact the sales agent of your choice and place your order. How do I obtain the list of sales agents? • Go to the Publications Office website http://publications.eu.int/ • Or apply for a paper copy by fax (352) 2929 42758

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROJECTS in ENERGY, TRANSPORT and ENVIRONMENT

2005

Directorate-General for Research

EUR 21328

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Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number:

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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005 ISBN 92-894-6640-5 © European Communities, 2005 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium

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ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Foreword European Union Research is often perceived as technology-driven. However, we have to understand that its economic, social and environmental components are equally important, having proven to be supportive both to policy formulation and policy implementation by providing scenarios, forecasts, quantitative assessments and indicators that are generated by models.

Economic and social research has a long tradition in energy, transport and environmental fields from a scientific stand-point as well as in terms of policy support. The latest policy developments in the Climate Change debate at the global and EU level illustrate the prominent role research plays in promoting science-based policy-making while at the same time it is evident that there are knowledge gaps and uncertainties which still need to be addressed by scientific and socio-economic research and technological development.

Over the last few years EU research activities have contributed to filling these gaps and developing further quantitative and qualitative socio-economic tools. Models such as PRIMES, POLES, SCENES and GEM-E3 have been further enhanced in order to better respond to the new policy needs and the latest scientific advances for use in support of recent energy, transport and Climate Change policies. The NEMESIS model has also been strengthened in order to assess the impact on growth and employment of the future Framework Programme. The EXTERNE project has generated external costs that have been used to support environment and health-related policies.

EU funding for this research area is justified by its European added value and its public interest component. Economic and social research in the development of EU policies is prevalent and necessary. Its operational contribution should be preserved and further developed in future research activities. The projects presented in this brochure demonstrate its usefulness and necessity.

Achilleas Mitsos, Director-General, DG Research

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Introduction This booklet contains the abstracts and the administrative data from the socio-economic projects funded under the Fifth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (1998-2002) and some initial projects funded under the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006). This publication follows a previous one called “Socio-economic Projects in Energy and Environment” (EUR 19886), but also includes projects from the transport research area in the spirit of the Sixth Framework Programme which groups together under the same priority “Sustainable Energy Systems”, “Sustainable Surface Transport” and “Global Change and Ecosystems”. This overall priority entitled “Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems” - complemented by the “Scientific Support to Policies” Priority - covers projects that look both at concrete short- and medium-term problems to be solved as well as the development of longer-term potential scenarios. The two publications together are not exhaustive but present a broad range of projects in these areas. The majority of the projects presented here are from the Fifth Framework Programme, with several projects funded in the first few calls for proposals of the Sixth Framework Programme. The most relevant examples of projects in relation to the following key issues were selected: > Modelling and Scenarios > Direct and External Costs > Policy Instruments and Governance >

Social Acceptability and Human Behaviour

The most recent projects, especially those under the Sixth Framework Programme, are cross-cutting and cover therefore several of the above-mentioned issues. This publication is intended to provide general information on EC socio-economic research and results to both the scientific community as well as a wider audience including public sector, non governmental organisations and business stakeholders.

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Contents MODELLING AND SCENARIOS R&D for SD Modelling R&D for sustainable development TranSust Modelling the Transition to Sustainable Economic Structures MINIMA SUD Methodologies for Integrating Impact Assessment in the Field of Sustainable Development

12 13 14

ProPaCC Packaging And Promotion Of Community Climate Change Socio-Economic, Energy, and Technology Research

15

MOSUS Modelling Opportunities and Limits for Restructuring Europe towards Sustainability

16

MIRAGES Macro-modelling of interdependencies and R&D to assess greenhouse gas emissions control strategies

18

TiGrESS Time-geographical Approaches to Emergence and Sustainable Societies HarmoniCA Harmonised Modelling Tools for Integrated Basin Management SAPIENTIA Systems Analysis for Progress and Innovation in Energy Technologies for Integrated Assessment MIDAIR Greenhouse Gas Mitigation for Organic and Conventional Dairy Production

19 20 21 22

VLEEM 2 Very Long Term Energy-Environment Model Phase 2: Assessment of energy RTD strategies for sustainability

24

DYN-GEM-E3 The Dynamics of Innovation and Investment and its Impact on Policy Design in Energy and Environment for a Sustainable Growth in Europe

25

NEMESIS-ETC New Econometric Model for Environment and Strategies Implementation for Sustainable development/Endogenous Technical Change

Cascade Mints Case Study Comparisons and Development of Energy Models for Integrated Technology Systems

26 27

GREEN-X Deriving Optimal Promotion Strategies for Increasing the Share of Res-E in a Dynamic European Electricity Market

WETO H2 World Energy Technology Outlook-2050

28 29

PLANELEC-FUS Potential role of fusion in long-term electricity scenarios worldwide: a quantitative evaluation with a least cost electric generation model

30

TIMES FUS Potential contribution of fusion to global long-term energy environment scenarios: a quantitative assessment by means of technology rich multi-regional partial equilibrium models

31

EXPEDITE EXpert-system based PrEdictions of Demand for Internal Transport in Europe

32

THINK UP Thematic network to understand mobility prediction

33

IASON Integrated Appraisal of Spatial economic and Network effects of transport investments and policies

34

TIPMAC Transport infrastructure and policy: a macroeconomic analysis for the EU

35

DATELINE Design and Application of a Travel Survey for European Long-distance Trips Based on an International Network of Expertise

ETIS-LINK, ETIS-BASE, ETIS-AGENT

European Transport policy Information System

TRANS-TOOLS TOOLS for TRansport forecasting ANd Scenario testing

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Contents DIRECT AND EXTERNAL COSTS SusTools Tools for Sustainability: development and application of an integrated framework RED Review of Externalities Data AQUALIBRIUM European Water Management Between Regulation and Competition

40 42 43

METHODEX Methods and Data on Environmental and Health Externalities: Harmonising and Sharing of Operational Estimates

44

ESPREME Estimation of willingness-to-pay to reduce risks of exposure to heavy metals and cost-benefit analysis for reducing heavy metals occurrence in Europe

EXTERNE-POL Externalities of Energy: Extension of accounting framework and Policy Applications DIEM Dissemination and Discussion of the ExternE Methodology and Results

46 48 49

ELCGRID-FUS Possible contribution of fusion base load power to future electricity grids

50

R&DVAL-FUS Net Present Value of fusion: cumulative R&D costs and long-term revenues

51

MAXIMA Dissemination of external costs of electricity supply – Making electricity external costs known to policy-makers

52

EXWASTE-FUS Review of environmental impacts and external costs of fusion in scenarios including the full closure of the cycle

RECORDIT Real Cost Reduction of Door-to-door Intermodal Transport UNITE UNIfication of accounts and marginal costs for Transport Efficiency

53 54 55

MC-ICAM Implementation of Marginal Cost Pricing in Transport – Integrated Conceptual and Applied Model Analysis

IMPRINT-EUROPE Implementing Pricing Reform in Transport – Effective Use of Research on Pricing in Europe

56 57

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Contents POLICY INSTRUMENTS & GOVERNANCE POPA-CTDA Policy Pathways to Promote the Development and Adoption of Cleaner Technologies Sustainability A-Test Advanced Techniques For Evaluation Of Sustainability Assessment Tools RISCOM II Enhancing transparency and public participation in nuclear waste management Demos Democratic Participation in Urban Governance

60 62 64 65

MANTRA-East Integrated strategies for the management of transboundary waters on the Eastern European fringe – The pilot study of Lake Peipsi and its drainage basin

66

EUROMARKET Water liberalisation scenarios An empirical analysis of the evolution of European water supply and sanitation sectors

INNESTO Instruments and networks for developing logistics towards sustainable territorial objectives

68 69

REGIONET Thematic Network: Strategies for Regional Sustainable Development. An integrated Approach beyond Best Practices

HOMESERVICES Benchmarking Sustainable Services for the Housing Sector in the City of Tomorrow LASALA / Local Evaluation 21: Local Agenda 21 self-assessment for local authorities on-line LASALA-ONLINE PAYT Variable rate pricing based on pay-as-you-throw as a tool of urban waste management

70 71

72 73

RELIEF Environmental relief potential of urban action on avoidance and detoxification of waste streams through green public procurement

74

TOOLSUST The involvement of stakeholders to develop and implement tools for sustainable households in the city of tomorrow

EURENDEL Technology and Social Visions for Europe’s Energy Future – A Europe wide Delphi Study

75 76

CDMEDI Promoting and financing clean development mechanism renewable energy projects in the Mediterranean region

77

SUSTELNET Policy and Regulatory Roadmaps for the Integration of Distributed Generation and the Development of Sustainable Electricity Networks

HyNet A Platform for Hydrogen Energy in Europe

78 79

RISKGOV Comparative analysis of Risk Governance for Radiological and Chemical Discharges of Industrial Installations

80

ERICA Environmental Risk from Ionising Contaminants: Assessment and Management

81

SESSA The European Regulation Forum on Electricity Reforms

82

BOB Benchmarking of Benchmarking BEST Benchmarking European Sustainable Transport

83 84

SPECTRUM Study of Policies regarding Economic instruments Complementing Transport Regulation and the Undertaking of Physical Measures

SUMMA SUstainable Mobility, policy Measures and Assessments

86

HEATCO Developing harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment

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TRANSFORUM Scientific forum on transport forecast validation and policy assessment

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

Contents SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR HarmoniCOP Harmonising Collaborative Planning

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KASSA Knowledge Assessment and Sharing on Sustainable Agriculture

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ACCEPTH2 Public Acceptance of Hydrogen Transport Technologies

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EVATECH Information requirements and countermeasure evaluation techniques in nuclear emergency management

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FARMING Food and Agriculture Restoration Management Involving Networked Groups

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PUBLICAWA-FUS A long-term strategy for raising public awareness of fusion and providing feedback to the fusion R&D community

97

AWASTUD-FUS Awareness of energy systems and fusion in schools across Europe

98

FOCUSGR-FUS Fusion and public risk perception in German speaking countries: empirical evidence from inclusive deliberative methods

99

CROSS-CUTTING I.Q. TOOLS Indicators and Quantitative Tools for Improving the Impact Assessment Process for Sustainability

102

INSEA Integrated Sink Enhancement Assessment

104

MULTAGRI Capitalisation of Research Results on the Multifunctionality of Agriculture and Rural Areas

106

UGIS Urban Development Programmes, Urban Governance, Inclusion and Sustainability PROMPT New means to Promote Pedestrian Traffic in Cities

108 109

SUREURO SUREURO - sustainable refurbishment Europe

110

NEEDS New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability

112

PROPOLIS Planning and Research of Policies for Land Use and Transport for Increasing Urban Sustainability

Accronyms index

114

115

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

MODELLING AND SCENARIOS

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S C E N A R I O S

Modelling R&D for sustainable development (R&D for SD)

CONTRACT: EVG1-CT-2002-00084 EC CONTRIBUTION: €436,440 STARTING DATE: 01/03/2003 DURATION: 24 months EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Nikolaos CHRISTOFORIDES Phone: +32 2 29 90695 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Mr Paul ZAGAME Centrale Recherche S.A. Lab. Erasme, Ecole Centrale de Paris Grande Voie des Vignes F-92295 - CHATENAYMALABRY Phone: +33 1 45565004 Fax: +33 1 45565449 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium > Centre d’Observation Economique, Paris, France > National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Objectives and Problems to be solved The Lisbon strategic objective for the European Union to “become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge based economy in the world capable of sustainable growth” necessitated analysis tools for the people in charge of economic policies. The project objectives were: > To describe sustainable development scenario with the NEMESIS econometric model > To define policy instruments that allow predefined goals to be reached > To assess the cost of sustainable development policies. Emphasis was placed on the role of R&D, innovation and knowledge diffusion in reaching goals of sustainable development. The usual set of sustainable development indicators was extended to technological variables and the European Econometric Model was extended to the USA and Japan as two major innovative countries. An attempt was made to assess the cost for Europe of sustainable development policies without any USA commitment, for in this case, other countries would be penalised because the R&D trajectory of the major innovative countries is not adapted to sustainable development.

Description of Work The work was divided into four main tasks. The first consisted in defining all the concepts and their measurement useful in obtaining research, defining on the one hand, sustainable development indicators, and the other, building the database for the USA and Japan. Three different types of indicators were defined: > Economic, such as per capita GDP, employment and unemployment rates, economic growth and rate of competitiveness > Scientific, such as R&D expenditure, stock of knowledge and knowledge externalities > Environmental, such as emission level and concentration of CO2, NOX SOX and other greenhouse gases. The second task was devoted to extending the NEMESIS model, i.e. developing endogenous growth mechanisms to the USA and Japan in NEMESIS models, then reshaping the environmental module to ensure the coherency between endogenous technical change based on R&D decisions and econometrically estimated at a sectoral level (top down approach) with a bottom up approach based on R&D Available Technology insertion and learning curves for consumption of energy. Finally new developments were integrated into the whole model and validated using analytical simulations. Once validation had been completed, a base line scenario was defined for twenty years incorporating projection for exogenous variables taking into account all the new developments in international negotiations, to determine a baseline forecast and finally assess the sustainable development indicators. The final task involved implementing scenarios for sustainable development, defining policy instruments and assessing the costs for reaching sustainable development scenarios.

Expected Results > Updating of NEMESIS econometric model and extension to the USA and Japan > New integration of Endogenous Technical Change in NEMESIS environmental module > Better understanding of mechanisms for R&D, innovation and diffusion of knowledge, that might be involved in sustainable development > Description of scenarios of sustainable development, at a detailed sectoral level

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for sixteen European countries and the USA and Japan > An assessment of related policy instrument costs

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Modelling the Transition to Sustainable Economic Structures (TranSust)

and Problems to be solved

Objectives

This project aims to identify and build up a network of excellence that provides a communication platform for researchers interested in modelling the transition to sustainable economic structures. Hardly any of the currently available models can claim that they have fully incorporated the essential elements needed to provide a coherent and comprehensive analysis of the policy options for the transition to sustainable economic structures.

CONTRACT: EVG3-2002-00507 EC CONTRIBUTION: € 294,419 STARTING DATE: 01/02/2003 DURATION: 36 months http://www.transust.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Nikolaos CHRISTOFORIDES Phone: +32 2 29 90695 Fax: +32 2 29 63024 e-mail: [email protected]

The project is designed to evaluate the current state of modelling in the framework of this innovative economic paradigm, to bridge the gap between new developments – as the interaction of technological change and stocks of capital – relevant for sustainability and their implementation in models, and to identify and stimulate future research tasks in modelling from a sustainability perspective.

Description of Work TranSust provides a communication platform for researchers interested in modelling the transition to sustainable economic structures. Based on the experience with existing models the following issues are addressed: > sharing of information about existing models in a peer review: The theoretic frameworks on which the major available models are based are compared. In order to prepare a future modelling framework, the strengths and weaknesses of existing models in addressing issues of sustainability are identified. > assessing the comparative advantages of various model designs: Based on a list of policy issues, the ability of the available models to handle these tasks are investigated. Strengths and limitations of available models with regard to specific policy questions thus become visible. > identifying research tasks for modelling sustainable economic structures: The reliability and sensitivity of different models with respect to a few crucial features are tested. Among other things, this involves looking at technological change, risk perception and co-benefits. Recent contributions from economic theory, in particular on technological change and capital theory, are analysed for their potential to improve the modelling of the transition to sustainable economic structures.

Expected Results

COORDINATOR Stefan P. SCHLEICHER Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) and University of Graz Arsenal, Object 20 A-1103 VIENNA Phone: +43 676 591 3150 Fax: +43 1 798 9386 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH, Germany > Institute for Environmental Systems Research (USF), > University of Osnabrueck, Germany > Kiel Institute of World Economics (IfW), Germany > Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Italy > Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) > Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), The Netherlands > Lodz Institute for Forecasting and Economic Analyses (LIFEA), Poland > Centro de Estudios Económicos Tomillo S.L. (CEET), Spain > Cambridge Econometrics (CE), United Kingdom > Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), France

The project activities are expected to provide guidelines as to which economic structures are able to support Union policies that generate economic welfare without creating burdens on social, economic, and environmental resources.

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S C E N A R I O S

Methodologies for Integrating Impact Assessment in the Field of Sustainable Development (MINIMA SUD)

CONTRACT: EVG3-2001-00027 EC CONTRIBUTION: €620,376 STARTING DATE: 1/11/2002 DURATION: 24 Months EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Nikolaos CHRISTOFORIDES Phone: +32 2 29 90695 Fax: +32 2 29 63024 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof. Pantelis CAPROS Institute of Communications and Computer Systems of National Technical University of Athens E3M -Lab 9, Iroon Politechniou str GR-15773 Athens Phone: +30 210 7723641 Fax: +30 210 7723630 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH, Germany > International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria > VITO, Mol, Belgium > Équipe de Recherche en Analyse des Systèmes et Modélisation Économique, France > Oxford University, United Kingdom > Association pour le Developpement des Recherches aupres des Universites de Grenoble, France

Objectives and Problems to be solved The main scientific objectives of MINIMA-SUD are: defining measurable sustainability indices covering widely disparate sustainable development concerns, identifying common instruments that can be used to promote sustainability in different domains, modelling the complete path from instrument application to impact on the sustainability indicator using large models, devising direct and indirect ways of measuring costs of implementation of policies, quantifying the risks attached to the efficacy of the application of instruments using stochastic models, building a decision support tool capable of exploring policy priorities in a quest of minimising risks and maximising the economic, environmental, energy, health and physical environment benefits derived from their implementation, and finally carrying out policy exploration and devising systematic methods of exploring options in a multi-objective stochastic environment.

Description of Work A wide range of sustainable development indicators are included, covering most of the key areas such as climate change, health concerns, pressure on natural resources, transport congestion, social exclusion and regional imbalances. More traditional economic performance indicators are also included in order to constrain the exploration to economically efficient solutions. Then, appropriate policy instruments for influencing sustainability indicators are defined, most of them relating to fiscal measures, standards and R&D actions. An essential element is to provide tools for representing the entire chain from instrument to indicator, for each key sustainability area. The analytical chain provides the expected impacts of a given application of an instrument. This is achieved through the use of large-scale models that are designed to perform a wide range of analytical tasks. As a next step, the costs of applying specific instruments are evaluated. This is essential for policy integration exercises, as it provides the coefficients used on the “budget” constraint. Stochastic modelling finally provides the probability distributions of the impacts of instruments on the sustainability indicators. The main result provides the variance co-variance elements for these impacts. Impact analysis is conducted by introducing a series of “shocks” on the instruments using the large models and the stochastic module in order to provide impacts as required for the policy integration tool. At the heart of the approach lies the construction of a tool for policy integration. The tool offers a large number of possibilities for policy exploration by enabling the construction of pay-off curves. In the presence of divergent policy mixes, “compromise” solutions are obtained by using rules and methods developed for multiple criteria optimisation.

Expected Results This project demonstrates a methodology opening the way to meaningful integration in the difficult field of sustainable development. The policy tool developed performs integrated policy analysis in a novel way for this type of issue and allows for the exploration of options under real-world conditions and uncertainties, in order to arrive at realistic policy mixes of regulatory and economic instruments applied in the pursuit of sustainability objectives.

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Packaging and Promotion of Community Climate Change Socio-Economic, Energy, and Technology Research (ProPaCC) Objectives and Problems to be solved In order to address the issue of climate change policy in both the EU and third countries in the Kyoto context it is necessary to provide input from climate research, in particular the research that is supported by the European Commission (EC). A number of research projects have been carried out under the Fifth Framework Programme between 1998 and 2002, addressing issues related to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The objective of the project Packaging and Promotion of Community Climate Change (ProPaCC) is to structure this research according to issues mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol. This information about the relevant projects will be stored in a database (ProPaCC-database) and made available for interested stakeholders via an internet platform (located at: http://www-iip.wiwi.uni-karlsruhe.de/propacc). The planning of the EU and Asia workshops will be carried out within the first year. The EU workshop has the aim to disseminate information about EC research projects in the Kyoto context. This is mainly done by informing stakeholders about the ProPaCC website where the information about relevant EC projects is accessible. A second objective is to stimulate discussion about open issues and the need for further research in that field. Another workshop, to be conducted in Asia, will bring additional benefit to the ProPaCC project. This workshop aims to disseminate the information about EC research projects within the Asian regions. Especially flexible mechanisms shall bridge the gap between interests of the EU and Asian countries in the Kyoto context.

Description of Work The project is divided into five workpackages: Workpackage 1: Construction of the ProPaCC database and implementation of specific Web pages aimed at diffusing this knowledge database on the Internet. Determination of crucial criteria to identify relevant EC projects (carried out within the Fifth Framework Programme) that should be included in the database. Workpackage 2: Integration of the selected EC projects into the ProPaCC database. Classification of these projects according to Kyoto relevant issues. Workpackage 3: Presentation and discussion of the relevant information for the EU climate change stakeholders (EU workshop). Workpackage 4: Export of EC research know-how in the field of climate change to Asia. Organisation of a workshop related to the export of information and to the implementation of climate policy instruments.

CONTRACT: EVG3-CT-2002-80008 EC CONTRIBUTION: €100,000 STARTING DATE: 01/02/2003 DURATION: 18 months http://www-iip.wiwi.unikarlsruhe.de/propacc EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Per BACKE-HANSEN Phone: +32 2 29 68923 Fax: +32 2 29 52097 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Otto RENTZ French-German Institute for Environmental Research/ Institute for Industrial Production University of Karlsruhe (Technische Hochschule) Hertzstrasse 16 PF 6980 D-76187 KARLSRUHE Phone: +49 721 6084460 Fax: +49 721 758909 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Forschung e.V., Munich, Germany > Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Petten, The Netherlands > Risoe National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark > Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development, Bangkok, Thailand

Workpackage 5: Elaboration of synthesis and suggestions for future community research in the field of climate change.

Expected Results The first major outcome of the project will be the construction of a coherent package of all relevant EC research activities during the Fifth Framework Programme. This package takes the form of a knowledge database, structuring EC research according to the issues mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol. The database provides a brief description of the objectives, approach, results (if available) and main conclusions of the selected research activities. The promotion and potential utilisation of climate research in both the EU and Asia will be the second major outcome of the project. Two workshops (one in the EU and one in Asia) will be organized in 2004 to address particularly the role of flexible mechanisms in the climate change policy and their implications for the industry in the EU. Finally, the conclusions of the workshops and the selection of relevant EC research projects will be used in order to identify suggestions for future EC priority research in the context of the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.

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S C E N A R I O S

Modelling Opportunities and Limits for Restructuring Europe towards Sustainability (MOSUS)

CONTRACT: EVG1-CT-2002-00083 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,250,000 STARTING DATE: 01/03/2003 DURATION: 36 months

Objectives and Problems to be solved This MOSUS project aims to integrate three major themes of European policies within a macroeconomic, multi-sectoral framework representing the interrelation of economic, social

http://www.mosus.net

and environmental domains. These policy themes are:

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Nikolaos CHRISTOFORIDES Phone: +32 2 29 90695 Fax: +32 2 29 63024 e-mail: nikolaos. [email protected]

> Sustainable development, > Competitiveness and social cohesion in the knowledge-based society and > Globalisation and international trade. The 4 key objectives and targets of this project are:

COORDINATOR Mr Günther FISCHER International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Land Use Change Project Schlossplatz 1 A-2361 Laxenburg Phone: +43 2236 807292 Fax: +43 2236 71313 e-mail: [email protected]

1. Assessing and quantifying the European use of resources (scale), including “ecological rucksacks” induced by international trade. 2. Formulating and evaluating sustainability scenarios, linking economic performance with resource use and environmental deterioration. 3. Refining environmental indicators to assess resource productivities, material and energy intensities and labour intensities of resource use for the EU. 4. Elaborating policy strategies and actions that reconcile long-term economic development, international trade and environmental protection.

Description of Work Based on an existing economic model, this project will develop and apply an integrated ecologicaleconomic simulation model in order to quantify the interrelations between socio-economic driving forces and the state of the environment. The analysis will be done within a multi-country, multi-sectoral macroeconomic framework, including trade flows within Europe as well as between Europe and all other economically relevant parts of the world. The model will be the first such tool to directly integrate comprehensive bio-physical data (material and energy flows as well as land use data) in European and global simulations up to the year 2020 and put them in relation to structural indicators of social and economic developments. The work will be carried out in four phases and eight work packages. In Phase 1 (months 1-9, WP 1) the socio-economic factors will be identified, which are most relevant and responsible for causing environmental changes. Scenarios will be formulated, which consider key environmental policy instruments, as listed, for instance, in the 6th Environment Action Programme of the European Union. Phase 1 will also identify the details of necessary adaptations of the existing economic model. Note, that WP 1 will last until about month 21 to allow for iterations on scenarios. In Phase 2 (WP 2 and 3), ranging from about month 719, the model will be extended according to the requirements identified in Phase 1 in order to provide the integrated economic-environmental simulation model. In Phase 3 (months 16-26, WP 4) the model developed in Phase 2 will be used to quantify the current use of natural resources by European economies and to simulate the scenarios formulated in Phase 1. In Phase 4 (months 23-36, WP 5, 6 and 7) the scenario results will be evaluated with regard to their consequences in all three dimensions of sustainability, according to the principles laid out in the “Sustainability Reporting Guidelines on Economic,

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Environmental, and Social Performance”, published by the Global Reporting Initiative in 2000. This analysis will deliver best policy measures and actions for contributing towards sustainability in Europe. Results and recommendations will be disseminated in publications, through CD-ROMs, and will be presented and discussed in workshops with stakeholders from civil society. The project co-ordination (WP 8) will operate throughout the entire duration of the project (months 1-36) and will include regular co-ordination meetings with the members of the MOSUS management board as well as external scientific and societal advisors.

Expected Results Specific expected results of MOSUS: > the project will deliver a comprehensive and consistent database on environmental inputs to European economies as well as to all other economically important countries/regions in the global economy > by attributing environmental inputs to final demand categories, disaggregated by countries and sectors, the project will quantify the physical basis of European economies, including the indirect flows arising from national and international linkages of production and trade > analysis of the economic driving forces on material flows and land use in the economies considered in the simulation model, thus clarifying and quantifying the interrelations in the “socio-economic driving forces-pressures-environmental impact” chain > the project will quantify the relation of resource use indicators to socio-economic aggregates such as GDP and employment, i.e. indicators for resource productivity and labour intensity of resource use as well as its relation to important emission indicators > best policy measures will be validated, which will stimulate innovative technologies and management practises towards higher resource productivity, which is a precondition for reconciling competitive economic development and continuing economic growth on the one

PARTNERS > Department of Geography and Environment, LSE, London, United Kingdom > Centro de Investigacao e Estudos de Sociologia, Lisbon, Portugal > Cendes, National Laboratory for Engineering and Industrial Technology, Lisbon, Portugal > Sustainable Europe Research Institute, Vienna, Austria > Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung mgH, Osnabrück, Germany > Chair of Theory and Analyses of Economic Systems, University of Lodz, Poland > Institute for Sustainable Development, Warzsaw, Poland > Environment Center, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic > Austrian Institute for Economic Research, Vienna, Austria > Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo, Norway > Centro de Investigacao Sobre Economia Portoguesa, Lisbon, Portugal

hand and environmental protection requirements on the other hand > the model will deliver country specific policy suggestions in particular for Eastern Europe and indicate development paths, which avoid the type and scale of environmental problems, which today are faced in many countries of Western Europe

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Macro-modelling of interdependencies and R&D to assess greenhouse gas emissions control strategies (MIRAGES) CONTRACT: EVG3-CT-2001-80002 EC CONTRIBUTION: €293,544 STARTING DATE: 1/05/2002 DURATION: 18 Months EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Nikolaos CHRISTOFORIDES Phone: +32 2 29 90695 Fax: +32 2 29 63024 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof. Paul ZAGAME Centre d’observation Economique 27 Avenue de Friedland F-75008 Paris Tel: +33 1 45565004 Fax: +33 1 45565449

Objectives and Problems to be solved The new strategic goal for European countries “to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economies in the world capable of sustainable developments” initiated the imagining of new scenarios for the future in which education, R&D and technological knowledge would play a reinforced role. The objective of the project is to assess, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, R&D, competitiveness, growth, employment, quality of goods and welfare, market-based environmental policies and R&D policies and then to build prospective scenarios which comply with the Kyoto agreement and which maximise criteria such as growth, employment, competitiveness, quality of goods and welfare. To do this new theories on technical progress and growth have to be taken into consideration.

Description of Work The main bulk of the work is based on the use of two Energy-Environment-Economy models: a General Equilibrium one, GEM-E3, and an econometric one, NEMESIS. These two models are both

PARTNERS > Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium > Société Européenne d’Economie, Paris, France

detailed sectoral models, but based on two different methodologies: Computable General Equilibrium with calibration on a base year for the first one, and Econometric for the second, which is very detailed (30 sectors). These two approaches provide for a better framework of the reality of phenomena. To assess such policies with the academic requirements of today, it is necessary for the production bloc to incorporate new developments on endogenous R&D, innovation of process, policy, quality and spillovers of technological knowledge between activities. The production bloc incorporates all (for GEM-E3) or partly (for NEMESIS) these properties, but they must be recalibrated to harmonise their properties in order to have fully comparable results.

The work is organised in the following way: > preparation, including new calibration of endogenous R&D production module and R&D externalities in both models > definition and building of a common baseline scenario for the two models > implementation of price policies (taxation, subsidies, and tradable permits) for greenhouse gas emissions in the two models for the EU Kyoto compliance. Analysis of results focussing on R&D, competitiveness and growth, externalities and driving out effects of environmental policies. Results in terms of quality indexes and welfare for GEM-E3 > implementation of generic of specific R&D policies (subsidies to private R&D) analyses of results on greenhouse gas emissions, growth and employment. Analyses of driving out effects and technological spillovers > building of new sustainable growth scenarios in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol and which optimise some criteria such as growth, welfare, employment, quality of goods, etc.

Expected Results The innovative character of the proposition lies in the production bloc of the two models that incorporate new mechanisms derived from new theories on technical progress and growth (endogenous R&D, innovation of process and quality effect, technological and knowledge spillovers). The policy cases studied were designed to identify the best policies in the areas of R&D and inter-sectoral diffusion of technological innovations in the presence of environmental constraints: they will give new guidance for future mediumlong term E.C. policies in the area of employment, economic growth and environment.

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Time-geographical Approaches to Emergence and Sustainable Societies (TiGrESS)

Objectives and Problems to be solved Time-Geographical methods provide ways to explore the effects of spatial and temporal constraints on the behaviour of individuals and to understand how qualitatively new socioeconomic structures emerge at higher scales as a result of individual activity. The ability to explore and understand the emergence of new and potentially unexpected structures and dynamics in society will be crucial to Europe’s success in becoming a sustainable society. TimeGeographical methods are unusual in their emphasis on three obvious truths: the corporeality of the human condition, that humans live in a geographical space–time that constrains their actions, and that they are purposive. The TiGrESS project will evaluate the usefulness of Time-Geographical methods for understanding the relationships between environmental change and social-economic driving factors. Three focussed case studies will be undertaken to look at problems of demographics and water resource planning (along the M11 corridor in the UK), the dynamics of the European urban network (the whole of Europe) and sustainable agriculture and land-use planning (around Madrid).

Description of Work > A generic tool will be developed for evaluating and analysing the Time-Geographical data. This software tool, the TiGrESS Proof of Concept System, will be developed by the Consortium and used to receive, summarise, visualise and explore data from both simulation experiments and empirical studies. The TiGrESS system will be designed for dual use: both as a means of visualising data in real-time and for post-processing using dynamic maps and statistical summaries in an interactive environment. > The TiGrESS system will be used to undertake three case studies to produce policy-relevant information and to identify potential pathways to sustainable development through the examination of a range of relevant multi-sectoral and strategic issues affecting the study areas. > The impact upon individual researchers of using Time-Geographical methods to explore the dynamics of environmental change through the socio-economic drivers will be evaluated. Using accepted elicitation methods, a portfolio of data will be collected consisting of verbal protocols, process tracing, and pre- and post-process testing to study the development of scientists’ knowledge bases and conceptual maps. > We will publish and disseminate the results in a series of four high quality scientific monographs, one for each case study and one synthetic volume. Relevant regional and national government decision-makers will be involved as end-users for the results of each case-study.

Expected Results

CONTRACT: EVG1-CT-2002-00081 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,695,366 STARTING DATE: 01/02/2003 DURATION: 36 months http://www.tigress.ac EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Daniel DEYBE Phone: +32 2 29 86656 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof Nick WINDER Department of Archaeology University of Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU Newcastle Upon Tyne United Kingdom Tel: +44 191 222 3557 Fax: +44 191 222 7112 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > School of Engineering and Computer Science, Exeter University, United Kingdom > Research Institute for Knowledge Systems, Maastricht, The Netherlands > Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain > David Lock Associates Ltd, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom > Université de Paris I, Sorbonne, France > Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France > Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom > School of Water Sciences, Cranfield University, United Kingdom

Time-Geography is an open area of research in socio-natural science and the development of integrated tools for Time-Geographical analysis will be a major contribution to European research in the area of sustainable development. The increasing mobility of populations within and between countries, globalisation and the pressing concerns of environmental change and sustainability all cry out for the development of integrated tools that allow us to make sense of spatio-temporal data. The success of our project under Generic Action 7.3 will be measured in terms of the way the TiGrESS System makes helpful insights available to colleagues in a range of policy-relevant fields. The TiGrESS system will be of generic applicability and the consortium proposes to use it extensively themselves and to promote its use within ERA and beyond.

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Harmonised Modelling Tools for Integrated Basin Management (HarmoniCA)

CONTRACT: EVK1-CT-2002-20003 EC CONTRIBUTION: €3,792,405 STARTING DATE: 01/10/2002 DURATION: 60 months http://www.harmoni-ca.info EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Panagiotis BALABANIS Phone: +32 2 29 53630 Fax: +32 2 29 52097 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Dr. Wim DE LANGE RIZA - Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Hoofdafdeling Watersystemen; Afdeling Landelijke Zaken Zuiderwagenplein 2 NL-8200 AA Lelystad Phone: + 31 320 298738 Fax: + 31 320 298508 e-mail: w.dlange@ riza.rws.minvenw.nl PARTNERS > University of Osnabrück, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, Osnabrück, Germany > Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Hydrology, Copenhagen, Denmark > Ghent University, Biomath, Ghent, Belgium > Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Globaler Wandel und Natürliche Systeme, Potsdam, Germany

Objectives and Problems to be solved The WFD provides a European policy basis for water management and the elaboration of policies for river basins. It prescribes the development of river basin management plans focusing on clearly defined objectives. The preparation of such plans is a difficult and complex task, since it involves various types of integration and collaboration: the integration of different physical domains in water management such as hydraulics and ecology; the integration of socio-economics and physics such as economic water demand and water availability; collaboration with various stakeholders, policy development and the public; etc. Furthermore the variety in physical properties, socio-economics, management etc. throughout Europe results that each basin has its own unique characteristics and makes the development of basin management plans all but straightforward. Due to these factors an increasing need is felt for guided use and methodologies of harmonised high quality computer based tools (ICT-tools) supporting the design of river basin management plans and the implementation of the WFD. Current water management systems often lack possibilities for integrated sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, an important necessity when comparing scenarios for management strategies and identifying factors leading to the success or failure of alternative policy measures. The consequence is that an integrative water management focused on whole river basins and considering simultaneously all water users and natural, socioeconomic and legal-political conditions in such basins is not common and consistent throughout the EU.

Description of Work The overall objective of the large scale concerted action 'HarmoniCA' is to create a forum for unambiguous communication, information exchange and harmonisation of the use and development of ICT-tools relevant to integrated river basin management, and the implementation of the WFD. HarmoniCA is a concerted action, meaning the project's innovation is based on reviewing, elaborating and synthesising available knowledge, resulting in new insights, achieving a common understanding of problems, methods and solutions. Though much of the work involves ICT-tools, HarmoniCA is not about ICT-tools as such: HarmoniCA is about harmonisation and guidance on proper development and use of ICT-tools in the light of effective and efficient development of integrated river basin management plans and the implementation of the WFD.

Expected/Final Results The communication, information exchange and harmonisation are geared towards the development of a widely accepted, flexible, harmonised modelling toolbox, including ICTtools, guidance and methodologies, which can be applied by the various stakeholders in river basins. HarmoniCA will deliver a framework for harmonising ICT-tools and guidelines for integrated river basin management.

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Systems Analysis for Progress and Innovation in Energy Technologies for Integrated Assessment (SAPIENTIA)

Objectives and Problems to be solved SAPIENTIA deals with technology dynamics and the impact of R&D actions on technological developments. It employs methodologies based on energy systems analysis in order to capture all the key interactions. Building on previous research on power generation technologies, it extends to cover non-power technologies and to address sustainable development concerns and indicators. It analyses both medium and longer-term technology prospects and, in this way, expands the number of R&D options considered. Going beyond modelling energy technology dynamics, the project involves the construction of an R&D decision support tool capable of performing portfolio analysis in the face of multiple “traditional” and sustainable development objectives. This tool permits the interconnection of impacts of R&D actions and takes into account their uncertain nature. Methodologies are developed to enable its interactive use by non-expert decision-makers.

Description of Work The project involves the identification of candidate technologies and the collection of technicaleconomic and R&D expenditure data concerning them, in many cases using innovative indirect methods. Using such data it estimates ‘learning by experience’ and ‘learning by research’ relations that will be incorporated into all the analytical tools used in the project. Appropriate measurable sustainable development indicators covering the areas of energy CO2 emissions, climate change, health concerns, pressure on natural resources, transport congestion, measures of social exclusion and regional imbalances are identified and the energy models are extended so as to incorporate the whole chain from R&D actions on specific technologies to impacts on these indicators. In order to cover longer-term analysis, the horizon of world energy models is extended. Such extensions involve re-designing model mechanisms. A stochastic model incorporating all the changes to the large-scale models in a reduced form is developed within the project enabling the measurement

CONTRACT: ENK6-CT-2002-00615 EC CONTRIBUTION: €540,600 STARTING DATE: 01/10/2002 DURATION: 24 months http://www.E3MLAB. NTUA.GR/SAPIENTIA.html EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 29 62811 Fax: +32 2 29 94991 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Pantelis CAPROS and Nikolaos KOUVARITAKIS ICCS-NTUA E3M-LAB 42 Patission street GR-10682 Athens Phone: +302 10 772 36 41 Fax: +302 10 772 36 30 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria > CNRS/IEPE, Grenoble, France > ECN, Petten, The Netherlands > IER, Stuttgart, Germany > PSI, Villigen, Switzerland > KUL, Leuven, Belgium

of uncertainties and their interconnections. This model is used for providing the essential stochastic input to the decision support tool. The stochastic together with the large-scale models are applied to perform extensive experiments in the form of R&D “shocks” and after suitable analytical treatment the results are used to provide the essential parameters of the decision support tool. This tool is then used for carrying out “real life” R&D portfolio exploration.

Expected Results SAPIENTIA delivers a rich set of data and analysis on key energy technologies and the interplay involving energy and RTD policy, sustainable development and technological improvement. The project deliverables include analytical results on R&D priorities, portfolio allocation and innovation policy, energy and emission developments (for the EU and the World), and analytical quantified results illustrating mechanisms of induced technological progress. SAPIENTIA assists policy makers and stakeholders in understanding the potential of R&D in addressing sustainable development concerns within an integrated assessment framework.

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Greenhouse Gas Mitigation for Organic and Conventional Dairy Production (MIDAIR)

CONTRACT: EVK2-CT-2000-00096 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,598,631.50 STARTING DATE: 01/05/2001 DURATION: 36 months www.ie-leipzig.de/midair.html EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Daniel DEYBE Phone: +32 2 29 86656 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Achim WEISKE Institute for Energy and Environment Torgauer Strasse 116 D-04347 Leipzig Tel: +49 341 2434419 Fax: +49 341 2434433 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved As part of the post-Kyoto process, greenhouse gas mitigation options within agriculture must be explored. MIDAIR aims to identify region and system specific, cost-effective GHG mitigation measures and strategies for organic and conventional dairy production in Europe. When the MIDAIR project was planned, a description of GHG emissions from dairy production did not exist at the level of resolution needed to complete this analysis, and therefore the first phase of MIDAIR was designed to provide this information. In the second project phase, region and system specific models of dairy production were investigated to identify cost-effective mitigation measures and strategies. Both experimental and modelling work were essential to achieve these goals. Current recommendations for GHG mitigation within agriculture focus on technical measures with a single-gas approach. This strategy is, however, not able to predict side effects on other GHG species or other environmental side-effects, nor does it necessarily identify the most costeffective solutions since it addresses individual sources rather than the entire production system. The model approach was therefore expected to provide an improved basis for practical and policy-oriented decisions concerning greenhouse gas mitigation.

Description of Work The work of MIDAIR was organised in two phases: Phase 1 was to quantify current GHG emissions from representative model dairy farms under organic and conventional management for five different regions across Europe. Experimental studies of methane and nitrous oxide emissions were conducted to provide supportive data and with respect to emission factors, and for validation of model results. In phase 2 different scenarios for GHG mitigation were then explored based on region-specific model parameters, and the effects of different mitigation options were evaluated. Targeted process studies investigated the mitigation potential of specific management practices. Mitigation measures were used to develop mitigation recommendations which also take socio-economic and environmental side-effects into account. GHG mitigation measures are currently discussed with reference to single-gas species, technical feasibility and costs on a European scale. To date, no study has integrated environmental side effects on other GHG species or atmospheric pollutants. MIDAIR aimed to characterise technical, management-related and systemic mitigation measures by their overall GHG mitigation efficiency, environmental trade-offs and socio-economic implications, and intended to recommend efficient and costeffective strategies on a farm and region level.

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Expected Results A significant output of the MIDAIR project is that farm-level GHG emissions are strongly related to the N surplus of the production, irrespective of whether farm management is organic or conventional. The N surplus reflects livestock density and thus the intensity of the production system. This points to extensification as an effective GHG mitigation strategy to reduce the emissions per area, which would also be in compliance with the recent CAP reforms that seek to de-couple subsidies and production volume, but a general extensification would also reduce the agricultural production, and the results indicate that farm N use efficiency is a good indicator of GHG emissions per milk or meat production. An increase in farm N use efficiency can be obtained through a closer N cycle on the farm and by increasing productivity of animals and crops. These options for better management will also reduce GHG emissions. The MIDAIR project has presented an integrated analysis of C and N cycling as influenced by management, and it has provided experimental verification for emission factors used in the description of model farms. The approach has proved to be valuable for evaluating the impact of mitigation strategies at the farm level and on a regional scale. MIDAIR identified region and system specific, cost-effective GHG mitigation measures and strategies for organic and conventional dairy production in Europe. Scenarios with different technical, management-related and system-oriented changes in dairy production were explored and related to abatement costs, socio-economic barriers and environmental side-effects. Cost-effective GHG mitigation recommendations at the regional and dairy production level were elaborated. The GHG mitigation potentials for all dairy regions in Europe were quantified by up-scaling and agronomic, environmental and socio-economic consequences of complete or partial adoption were assessed.

PARTNERS > Institute for Energy and Environment, Leipzig, Germany > Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tjele, Denmark > Silsoe Research Institute, Bedford, United Kingdom > Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, North Wyke, United Kingdom > Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland > Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands > Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Wageningen, The Netherlands > Research Centre of Animal Production, Reggio Emilia, Italy > French Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rennes, France > Institute of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Germany > Federal Agricultural Research Centre, Braunschweig, Germany > Chalmers University of Technology, Trollhättan, Sweden > Federal Research Institute for Agriculture in Alpine Regions, Gumpenstein, Austria > Inst. Agric. Environ. Energy Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria > GAIA Environmental Research and Education Centre, Goulandris Natural History Museum/Gaia Center, Kifissia, Greece > Inst. Soil Biology, Czech Acad. Sci,. Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic > Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy, Stuttgart, Germany

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Very Long Term Energy-Environment Model Phase 2: Assessment of energy RTD strategies for sustainability (VLEEM 2) CONTRACT: ENG1-CT-2002-00645 EC CONTRIBUTION: €558,317 STARTING DATE: 1/10/2002 DURATION: 24 Months http://www.vleem.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 29 62811 Fax: +32 2 29 94991 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved The discussions held among EU experts in preparation for the 6th Framework Programme, as well as the research priorities indicated by the Congress of the World Energy Council, clearly show both the necessity to enlarge the time horizon of prospective studies up to 2100, and the necessity to revisit the usual modelling tools for this purpose. The VLEEM project has been designed to meet these challenges, combining two methodological innovations: a back-casting approach and a re-foundation of the energy-environment modelling structures. Up until now, it has produced an analytical and conceptual framework, a skeleton model and a validation of the approach on preliminary case-studies. The objectives of the second phase are

Coordinator Bertrand CHATEAU ENERDATA Avenue de Vignate, 2 F-38610 Gieres/Grenoble Phone: +33 4 76 42 25 46 Fax: +33 4 76 51 61 45 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Max Planck Institut, Garching, Germany > ECN, Petten, The Netherlands > FZJ, Jülich, Germany > VPL, Klagenfurt, Austria > UU, Utrecht, The Netherlands

> to enhance the overall VLEEM system according to a wider definition of sustainability > to produce a comprehensive, fully documented and user friendly model, > to assess actual energy RTD issues in relation to current energy-environment policies.

Description of Work The work programme is built around five main work packages: 1) Enhancement and extension of the conceptual and analytical framework of the demand submodel: sustainability criteria, economic growth, future transport system, economic exchanges and energy trade among world regions and improvement of the data system. 2) Development of the DACES module for long-term conventional energy demand-side and supply-side technologies, coupling with the VLEEM framework and with the calibration of the POLES model for mid-point (2050). 3) Further assessment of new and innovative technologies already considered in VLEEM, assessment of additional new and innovative technologies related to energy demand and supply, accounting for endogenous technological learning (ETL). 4) VLEEM mathematical and software development towards a comprehensive computerised model, with a user friendly front-end. 5) Assessment of energy RTD strategies, consistent with on-going and foreseeable energyenvironment policy options. This work package will include the “bridging” work between VLEEM, POLES and DACES-2050.

Expected Results Three main results are expected from the project: > a series of monographs on new and innovative energy technologies likely to contribute to sustainability > a computer model in which all the theoretical and methodological innovations developed in the VLEEM project with regards to very long-term modelling will be formalised > a report highlighting opportunities, challenges and strategies in energy RTD towards sustainability in the very long-term The exploitation of these results will take three forms: > development of a Website which will make available all deliverables from the project: report, data accesses, literature, etc. > participation of VLEEM consortium partners in events (seminars, conferences, working groups, networks, etc) dealing with similar questions > organisation of events where the key messages from VLEEM results for national and EU stakeholders in energy RTD policy design and implementation (joint

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The Dynamics of Innovation and Investment and its Impact on Policy Design in Energy and Environment for a Sustainable Growth in Europe (DYN-GEM-E3) Objectives and Problems to be solved This project seeks to improve the modelling of the dynamics of innovation and investment in an applied general equilibrium model and to evaluate its impact for the design of energy and environmental policies. The endogenous process of innovation will be enhanced to cover a greater variety of processes and their pathways. A vintage approach for capital, combined with a 'perfect foresight' dynamic framework, will be introduced for a more correct evaluation of the transition costs and of the implications of time flexibility in policies in terms of cost/benefits. Alternative policy options for issues high on the EU agenda will be explored with the expanded model.

Description of Work On the modelling side, the dynamic framework of investment decisions will be developed. It focuses on the vintage of capital and on the intertemporal dimension. A vintage approach for capital, assuming putty-clay factor substitution will be implemented allowing a better representation of the substitution possibilities between production factors, embodied and disembodied technical change and the penetration of new technologies. For the intertemporal dimension of the model, a ‘perfect foresight’ dynamic framework will be implemented. It will allow the transition costs to be measured (inter-sectoral adjustments and inter-regional) which can be significant relative to long-term gains, especially for energy and environment-related issues involving policy interference over longer time periods. Another aspect in model development concentrates on a further endogenisation of technical change. The question of biased versus neutral technical progress will be explored and the importance of disembodied technical change. For the electricity sector, for which an engineering representation of the production process is implemented, a more micro-economic approach will be explored. Learning

CONTRACT: ENG2-CT-2002-00655 EC CONTRIBUTION: €399,921 STARTING DATE: 01/11/2002 DURATION: 24 Months www.gem-e3.net EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: + 32 2 29 62811 Fax: + 32 2 29 94991 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Stefan PROOST and Denise VAN REGEMORTER KUL Naamsestraat, 69 B-3000 Leuven Phone: +32 16 326 801 Fax: +32 16 326 910 e-mail: Denise.VanRegemorter@ econ.kuleuven.ac.be PARTNERS > PSI, Villigen, Switzerland > ICCS-NTUA, Athens, Greece > UM-MERIT, Maastricht, The Netherlands > ZEW, Mannheim, Germany > CRSA/ERASME, ChâtenayMalabry, France

curve relationships will be introduced in the model in order to capture better the dynamics of technical progress. On a more general level for the development of mutually coherent technologies, the impact of learning on a global level will be explored by modelling the choice of research projects. The uncertainty linked to the outcome of research projects will be taken into account. On the policy side, the project will explore what are the lessons from these developments in terms of policy design by comparing the outcomes for a certain number of policies under the different specifications. Moreover, the model with the new specifications will be used to look at specific issues on the EU agenda (energy efficiency, renewables, climate change and R&D).

Expected Results The GEM-E3 model has been frequently used in the past by the project partners for policyoriented research activities. The new model developments will widen the scope for interesting issues and therefore the range of potentially interested organisations. The multi-purpose nature of GEM-E3 (national, EU-wide, world wide applications, endogenous innovation, alternative assumptions about expectations of agents, new instruments, etc.) makes it an appropriate tool for the evaluation of policies in many domains, also outside energy and environment. The results of the project will be published in academic journals and presented at international and national workshops and conferences (including national and international organisations/authorities).

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New Econometric Model for Environment and Strategies Implementation for Sustainable development/ Endogenous Technical Change (NEMESIS-ETC) CONTRACT: ENG2-CT2001-00538 EC CONTRIBUTION: €960,978 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2002 DURATION: 30 Months http://www.nemesis-model.net EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 29 62811 Fax: +32 2 29 94991 [email protected] COORDINATOR Paul ZAGAME CRSA/ERASME Ecole Centrale de Paris Grande voie des vignes F-92295 Châtenay-Malabry Phone: +33 1 41 13 13 Fax: +33 1.41.13.14.37 [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved Recent results of theoretical and empirical modelling suggest that recognising the endogenous nature of technological change (ETC) modifies the impact of energy-related policies on both environment and economy. With an analysis of ETC a new perspective is given on the potential importance of environmental policy instruments. Models with ETC have only recently emerged as the appropriate way to address sustainability questions; for this reason they require major development to allow for a proper analysis of energy-related policies and technological transitions. The project will develop new insights for technological change in different families of applied models: econometric, general equilibrium and technico-economic ones. The aim is to develop and obtain an econometric model with endogenous technical progress, and to review and compare different approaches with general equilibrium models in order to develop a new method grounded on top-down and bottom-up analysis.

Description of Work The project will use different approaches in order to develop insights into how to encourage technological transformation towards non carbon emitting production and growth: endogenous technical progress in econometric models, in applied general equilibrium models, bottom up

PARTNERS > BFP, Brussels, Belgium > CCIP, Paris, France > ICCS/NTUA, Athens, Greece > CESI, Milano, Italy > VU/IUM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands > FEEM, Milano, Italy > Uni-HH, Hamburg, Germany

technological approach etc. The study will be illustrated by case studies. The NEMESIS model is built on the former E3ME model Database, which showed some weaknesses and needs improvement leading to a re-estimation of the model. Nowadays the economic mechanisms of the neo-keynesian model are no longer in compliance with the new macro-economic synthesis; ETC mechanisms must be incorporated and the supply side of the model must be adapted. The NEMESIS model will be improved to evaluate energy case studies, particularly the abatement of CO2 emissions for all agents, and the electricity production sector which represents a substantial part of CO2 emissions. Taking into account the existing work already achieved in technico-economic and applied general equilibrium models (DEMETER, FUND, RICE, etc.) and with a view to analysing the robustness of policy recommendations, a detailed comparison of results of different models will be made, especially for evaluating the impacts of clean technologies and of environmental policies.

Expected Results This project analyses the strategic socio-economic consequences of generic policy-induced technological change: to what extent can market opportunities be created, for example, in the form of the utilisation of existing niche markets or the conception of new ones? What is the improvement of competitiveness of non-carbon technologies? These questions will include a detailed assessment of current and future energy production cost targets, as well as the market size, pricing and potential sales of new environment-friendly electricity technologies, (expressed in terms of a reduction of pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions).

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Case Study Comparisons and Development of Energy Models for Integrated Technology Systems (Cascade Mints) Objectives and Problems to be solved Hydrogen Technologies are perhaps the only generic technology that can transform the whole energy system. Most detailed energy models until now treat hydrogen as one of the options but are generally inadequate in simulating a potential complete transformation towards a hydrogen-based economy. This project aims at providing such modelling capability in view of analysing the technology dynamics in conjunction with appropriate policies, notably R&D efforts that could facilitate such a transformation. By means of model-based scenarios the timing, extent and possible obstacles to such a transition are identified while its likelihood is assessed. Another aim of the project is to use a wide range of models under harmonised conditions in order to derive robust conclusions on the extent to which policies fostering the development and deployment of hydrogen and fuel cells, CO2 capture and storage, renewables and nuclear energy can contribute to lowering greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on imports.

Description of Work Existing models are extended and radically re-designed so as to describe all possible configurations of a hydrogen economy including all demand categories where fuel cells can be used as well as the different options for producing, distributing and storing hydrogen from different primary sources. The models are used to analyse scenarios assuming favourable trajectories for the technical and

CONTRACT: SSP6-CT-2003-502445 EC CONTRIBUTION: €952.050 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2004 DURATION: 36 months http://een.web.psi.ch/projects/ cascademints.html EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: + 32 2 29 62811 Fax: +32 2 29 94991 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof. Pantelis CAPROS and Nilolaos KOUVARITAKIS ICCS/NTUA E3M-LAB 42 Patission street GR-10682 Athens Phone: +302 10 772 36 41 Fax: +302 10 772 36 30 e-mail: [email protected]

economic characteristics of hydrogen-related technologies (both on the demand and supply side). Special attention is placed on technology clusters where particular breakthroughs may produce cumulative effects. Technology dynamics mechanisms are incorporated into the models to enable them to perform R&D policy simulations (increase in R&D effort produces improvements leading to higher technology adoption and hence to further improvements through experience gained in a virtuous learning circle). Stochastic modelling is undertaken to allow a systematic assessment of the likelihood of different paths towards a hydrogen-dominated energy system. In analysing the robustness of responses to policies a wide range of detailed energy-economyenvironment models are used. Some harmonisation of assumptions is achieved early in the project in order to generate broadly comparable reference cases, against which the impact of policy scenarios is evaluated for each model. The scenarios are carefully designed to enable their full and identical implementation in as wide a range of models as possible. Results are subsequently compared, differences explained and a synthesis is elaborated identifying key policy conclusions.

PARTNERS > ECN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands > LEPII-EPE, Grenoble, France > IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria > IPTS, Seville, Spain > PSI, Villigen, Switzerland > ZEW, Mannheim, Germany > DLR, Stuttgart, Germany > IER, Stuttgart, Germany > ERASME, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France > IEA, Paris, France > U.S. DOE/EIA, Washington, USA > RITE, Kyoto, Japan > NRCAN, Ottawa, Canada > NIES, Tsukuba, Japan

Expected Results The modelling work on hydrogen will result in a set of extended detailed energy models capable of a thorough analysis of the prospects of a hydrogen economy both in the medium and the longer term covering EU countries and the World. In addition it will produce a set of coherent and quantified visions of future energy system configurations and measures of the risks associated with them. These results will be useful to policy makers and other stakeholders concerned with the prospects of the hydrogen economy, especially those involved in the definition of R&D strategies. It is expected that partners will use the analytical tools developed in the project to carry out further studies at industry, national and international level. The main outcome of model result comparisons will be synthesised in policy reports addressing the potential role of technologies in promoting sustainable development. These reports will be published in order to enhance the communication between model experts and policy-makers and build consensus among main model results.

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Deriving Optimal Promotion Strategies for Increasing the Share of Res-E in a Dynamic European Electricity Market (GREEN-X) CONTRACT: ENG2-CT-2002-00607 EC CONTRIBUTION: €586,209 STARTING DATE: 01/10/2002 DURATION: 24 Months

Objectives and Problems to be solved The core objective is to facilitate a significantly increased RES-E generation in a liberalised electricity market with minimal costs to the European citizen. To identify the most important

http://www.green-x.at/

strategies, the dynamic toolbox GREEN-X will be developed. Related objectives are:

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Glyn EVANS Tel: +32 2 29 65047 Fax: +32 2 29 60621 e-mail: [email protected]

> to find a set of efficient and sustainable dynamic instruments integrating strategies for RES-E,

COORDINATOR Reinhard HAAS Vienna University of Technology, Energy Economics Group Gusshausstrasse 27-29/373-2 A-1040 Vienna Tel: + 431 588 013 73 52 Fax: + 431 588 013 73 97 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > IT Power Ltd., Chineham, United Kingdom > KEMA Nederland B.V., Arnhem, The Netherlands > Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark > CSIC, Madrid, Spain > FHG, Karlsruhe, Germany > Wienstrom GmbH, Vienna, Austria > EGLAG, Dietikon, Switzerland > EREC, Brussels, Belgium

CHP generation, DSM activities and GHG-reduction > to address / include major stakeholders and decision-makers in the development process of the toolbox GREEN-X > to disseminate the toolbox and the results to key stakeholders and policy-makers By disseminating the toolbox and the results of this project to policy-makers and various stakeholders, acceptance of an EU-wide promotion system will be improved.

Description of Work The main product of this project will be a computer-based toolbox containing the following features: > a database, allowing dynamic changes and calculating potential and costs of RES-E supply, CHP production, efficiency improvement and fuel switching in the electricity sector as well as the corresponding GHG reductions > a dynamic computer model linking and simulating different scenarios between RES-E, CHP, demand-side activities and GHG-reduction. The output will allow the following results for the EU as a whole and for individual Member States for each specified year • electricity generation of RES-E, conventional electricity, and CHP production • impacts of simulated strategies on generation costs and profits for generators • impact of selected strategies on total costs and financial benefits or disadvantages for EU citizens The analysis will be conducted in a dynamic framework, allowing changes of strategies and scenarios over time.

Expected Results The core result is to provide and disseminate essential information with respect to RES-E deployment, CHP, rational use of electricity and GHG reduction to various stakeholders. The main results will be: > a detailed action plan for policy makers aiming to integrate RES-E with other EU-related objectives such as energy efficiency and climate change abatement. These recommendations will be derived for each country and for the EU as a whole > recommendations for various stakeholders to derive economically efficient portfolios in liberalised electricity markets under the constraints of RES-E development and GHGreduction To facilitate the information and strengthen the decision process, the toolbox GREENX will be available via the internet.

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World Energy Technology Outlook-2050 (WETO-H2)

Objectives “World Energy Technology Outlook-2050” is a co-ordination action whose final objective is to present a world energy/technology outlook for the period up to 2050. In addition to the

CONTRACT: SSP6-CT-2003-501669 EC CONTRIBUTION: €394,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2004 DURATION: 24 months

elaboration of the long-term baseline projections, WETO-H2 assesses various technological breakthroughs likely to occur in the next 50 years in a context of a high value of carbon, and evaluate two European strategies toward sustainability: a hydrogen economy and a reduction by a factor 4 of the CO2 emissions related to energy for Europe. The project relies mainly on the POLES model, a global sectoral model of the world energy system.

Description of work The work is divided into three main tasks > Production of a world energy/technology reference case to 2050 This task involves first the extension of the POLES model to address in a relevant manner energy issues up to 2050. It involves the preparation of the reference case to be entered into the POLES model: i.e. demographic trends, GDP, oil and gas reserves, relevant policies (e.g. energy taxation). Finally, a mean-variance portfolio optimisation is applied to assess the EU-25 reference electricity mix, as produced by the POLES model for financial “risk-reward” efficiency > Analysis of technological breakthroughs and trajectories in a context of high carbon value This task aims at identifying technological breakthroughs likely to occur in the next 50 years in the context of high carbon value, and at assessing with POLES their impact on the energy system evolution and related CO2 emissions > Evaluation of two EU energy strategies toward sustainability The purpose of this task is to evaluate two strategies towards sustainability, involving technological breakthrough: the first strategy aims at implementing a widely based hydrogen economy throughout Europe in the next 50 years; the second one so-called “factor 4” strategy, aims at reducing the CO2 emissions related to energy by a factor 4 in 2050 as compared to 1990.

Expected results and exploitation plans The WETO-H2 report will be largely disseminated and a conference on long-term energy/technology outlook, relevant for CO2 emissions analysis, will be organised. The publication and the conference are dedicated to: providing immediate key information on energy and CO2 issues in the main regions of the world, for those, in the European institutions and in EU national Governments, in charge of energy policy and international negotiations on greenhouse gases; disseminating the results towards all the sectors of the European economy concerned by international energy and global environmental issues; and serving as a reference for international organisations and institutions outside Europe in the debate on sustainable development.

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Potential role of fusion in long-term electricity scenarios worldwide: a quantitative evaluation with a least cost electric generation model (PLANELEC-FUS) CONTRACT: TW2/4-TRE-FESA-A3 EC CONTRIBUTION: €40,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2003 DURATION: 20 Months www.efda.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER GianCarlo TOSATO Phone: +49 89 3299 4194 Fax: +49 89 3299 4197 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved The objective of the research is to explore the global potential of fusion power plants and to quantify their advantages and drawbacks. The problem is to build consistent multi-regional global electric market scenarios for the horizon 2100, including fusion as an energy supply option.

Description of Work Various types of scenarios are envisaged – including business as usual and prescriptive scenarios – considering technical, economical, and environmental as well as social aspects.

COORDINATOR Edgard GNANSOUNOU Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (LASEN/EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Phone: +41 21 693 06 27 Fax: +41 21 693 28 63 e-mail: [email protected]

Forecasting over more than 20 years, which is interesting for the use of fusion technologies, implies the use of robust scenario methods. Identifying the dominant trends of electric market development in the past, understanding the determinants factors and extrapolating them in the future helps obtain robust projections. Trends are identified for each world region. Long-term considerations on energy intensities are used to express the reduction of electricity consumption growth rates due to technological progress in the future. Explorative and normative scenarios are defined in order to explore different demands, primary energy resources and costs, generation technologies and mitigation policies. The research makes use of the PLANELEC/PRO software, developed by LASEN/EPFL. It determines the generating expansion plan, which adequately meets electricity demand at minimum cost while respecting constraints given by the user, such as CO2 emissions. When comparing alternate expansion patterns, the objective function to be minimized is the present value of total costs, including investment cost, operation cost, maintenance and fuel cost. PLANELEC/PRO uses probabilistic simulation to estimate generating system production cost and dynamic programming to determine the optimal expansion pathway. The allocation of natural resources to satisfy the constraint of the demand will be based on recent systemic approaches in order to allow technologies which may not be economically optimal to be taken into account in the energy supply scenarios, and particularly electricity supply. Fusion technologies are defined as candidates and compete with other technologies under environmental and resource constraints. The problem with this approach is that several unknown parameters have to be quantified, such as plant availability statistics or maintenance characteristics and cost.

Expected Results The research will make available to EFDA Associates and electric sector analysts long-term global and multi-regional electric generation scenarios in order to evaluate the potential of the fusion option in comparison with other complementary or competing new technologies.

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Potential contribution of fusion to global long-term energy environment scenarios: a quantitative assessment by means of technology rich multi-regional partial equilibrium models (TIMES-FUS) Objectives and Problems to be solved The project has three main objectives: > to build a new multi-regional global model of economic equilibrium, responsive to energy technology innovations, domestic and international trade energy policies, climate change mitigation and environment objectives > to quantify cost and benefits of a large set of energy demand and supply technologies (including fusion) as well as policies by exploring global long-term energy environment scenarios through energy models; analyses are intended to explore the interplay of key factors, such as economic development, energy security, global environment protection, availability of cheap fossil resources, competition for investment in infrastructure and innovation > to build in the EFDA Associates permanent capabilities of running large technology-oriented partial equilibrium economic programming models, which provide decision-makers and the public at large with independent alternative scenarios

Description of Work As in the previous analyses of the fusion technology as part of the energy system, this research makes use of the MARKAL/TIMES methodology, which is used by the secretariat of the International Energy Agency in Paris, by the Energy Information Administration in Washington, and in around fifty countries across the world. The work starts from improved versions of the software and more powerful input/output data management systems; the software is commercially available, including regular maintenance. The multi-regional global long-term energy technologies model built in this research will > have a time horizon of 2100, > be of partial economic equilibrium (intra- and inter-temporal), > represent endogenous trade of energy-emission commodities, > encompass the whole energy system, including end uses, > represent explicitly hundreds of energy technologies, > include technology learning effects, > detail energy flows with 30 or more commodities > calibrate energy markets and emissions to statistical values

CONTRACT: TW2/3-TRE-FESA-An EC CONTRIBUTION: €320,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2003 DURATION: 24 months www.efda.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER GianCarlo TOSATO Phone: +49 89 3299.4194 Fax: +49 89 3299.4197 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Thomas HAMACHER Institute of Plasma Physics Max Plank Gesellschaft Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching bei Muenchen Phone: +49 89 3299.1469 Fax: +49 89 3299.2183 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain > ENEA, Roma, Italy > IER, University of Stuttgart, Germany > IPP, Garching bei Muenchen, Germany > OEAW, Technical University of Graz, Schiedel Foundation, Austria > ORDECSYS, Geneva, Switzerland > UKAEA, Culham, United Kingdom

The model will be distributed to the Associations and, in a secondary stage, to selected external groups, who propose other supply options – such as fission, renewables, fossil and CO2 sequestration, etc. – or alternative energy distribution approaches – such as the hydrogen second grid, distributed generation, fuel cells, etc. The research groups will explore common scenarios starting from a set of homogenous base assumptions. Common policy analyses will be carried out using the same scenarios. Each group will analyse special policies and options by building different scenarios with the same multi-regional model, according to their domestic needs. Several smaller single region global or local models will be built and used for simpler policy analyses. Since this is a research project, the initial program will be fine-tuned and updated during the execution to take into account the most promising research lines and the achievements of concurrent projects.

Expected Results By the conclusion of the research, the EURATOM associations (see above) and other relevant European groups will have the availability of a large and detailed energy model – which in practice is a large database – for further independent analyses. The reports on scenarios and on the impact of different energy environment and R&D policy options will be of great value for decision makers and the research community.

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EXpert-system based PrEdictions of Demand for Internal Transport in Europe (EXPEDITE)

CONTRACT: 2000-AM.10816 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,705,045 STARTING DATE: 01/05/2000 DURATION: 30 Months http://www.rand.org/randeurope/ hcgprojects/expedite/index.htm EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Keith KEEN Tel: +32 2 29 63469 Fax: +32 2 29 65372 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved EXPEDITE aimed at generating forecasts for passenger and freight transport for Europe for 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, showing which policies can be effective to reach substitution from road and air transport to other modes, and identifying market segments that are sensitive to policy measures. EXPEDITE interacted with the THINK-UP Thematic Network.

Description of Work EXPEDITE reviewed national and international transport models, presented the base-year (1995) data, defined a Reference Scenario for 2020 and intermediate years, defined policies to be

COORDINATOR Gerard DE JONG STICHTING RAND EUROPE Newtonweg 1 NL- 2333 CP Leiden Tel: +31 715245151 Fax: +31 715245191 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Stratec S.A, Bruxelles, Belgium > Universita Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy > Transek AB, Solna, SE > Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway > Consultino and Sales Heusch/Boesefeldt GMBH, Aachen, Germany > iC consulenten ZT GmbH, Wien, Austria > Institut für Verkehrsplaning, Transporttechnik, Strassen-, und Eisenbahnbau, Zürich, Switzerland > Heusch Boesefeldt Verkehrsconsult GMBH, Lorrach, Germany

simulated, and carried out runs with existing models (the SCENES European model and a number of national models for passenger and freight transport). On the basis of this, two new models were created: the EXPEDITE passenger transport meta-model and freight transport meta-model.

Expected/Final Results Results of runs with the meta-models and SCENES models for the Reference Scenario and different policies were analysed and showed the effectiveness of policy measures and on (in)sensitive market segments. Freight Transport: Over 1995-2020, under Reference Scenario assumptions, the number of tonnes lifted in the study area will increase by 44% (lorry +39%) and tonne-kilometrage by 79% (lorry +89%). A higher growth is predicted for the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), for long distance transport and for general cargo. Freight 'Good Value' policies for a shift away from road: Most effective:

Next best:

> Intermodality

> Congestion and road pricing

> Interoperability

> Infrastructure tariffs

> Harmonisation of inspection and control

> Cost internalisation

> Harmonisation of the rules on speeding

> Fuel Price increase

> Maximum Speed Limits > Vignette, Eco-points, Kilometre charge Passenger Transport: Over 1995-2020 for the bulk of usual daily travel (trips up to 160 km) the number of tours (round-trips from home) will grow by 5% (car driver +22%) and passenger-kilometres will increase by 10% (car driver +24%) – with a much higher growth in CEEC. Long distance travel (>160 km) increases much faster (car, train and especially air) than shorter distance transport. Passenger 'Good Value' policies for a shift away from road: Most effective: > Congestion and road pricing > Parking Policies

Next best: > Cost internalisation > Maximum Speed Limits > Fuel Price increase

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Thematic network to understand mobility prediction (THINK UP)

Objectives and Problems to be solved The THINK-UP thematic network aimed to draw together results on transport demand forecasting and scenario building and to discuss and compare the methodologies used, the underlying hypotheses and the results obtained. THINK-UP involved a network of transport experts from many different sectors: policy makers, service providers, users, and researchers. Through small workshops and larger seminars the themes of the project were discussed and taken forward. The project considered in particular the issues of passenger and freight transport markets, the institutional context and policy variables, and issues concerning prediction tools and trend estimation. It addressed classification of policy objectives and variables, validation of segmentation of transport markets and the review of European modelling results and specification.

Description of Work > Organisation of clusters on the use of modelling tools, analysis of passenger and freight transport, definition of policy measures, and opening of Europe > Organisation of specialised workshops on these different topics open to researchers, operators and decision makers > Organisation of bilateral meetings with different national administrations, in the form of visits to different national administration > Website and dissemination.

Expected/Final Results > Definition and updating of a common “reference scenario” for Europe, EU members and CEEC countries, including socio-economic variables and transport policy variables (external variables, although the qualification of “external” depends also upon the model used)

CONTRACT: 2000-TN.11236 EC CONTRIBUTION: €850,403 STARTING DATE: 01/05/2000 DURATION: 30 months Home web page: http://www.netr.fr/think-up EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Keith KEEN Tel: +32 2 29 63469 Fax: +32 2 29 65372 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Christian REYNAUD Nouveaux Espaces de Transport en Europe (Application Recherche) 99 bis avenue du Général Leclerc F-75014 Paris Tel: +33 6 22570436 Fax: +33 1 45475606 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Universität Karlsruhe, Germany > The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences, Wien, Austria > NEA Transport Research and Training, Rijswijk, The Netherlands > Network of European Transport Researchers, Villemoisson-sur-Orge, France

> Traffic projections with distinction between international, national and regional traffic, for passengers and freight (basis for projections: O-D basis, regions to regions with modal split corresponding to the reference scenario) > Build a bridge between national systems and with European information systems to ensure an exchange of consistent information and data in terms of transport variables, policy options and scenarios per segment of the market, for both passengers and freight > Confronting European projections with national projections mainly for international flows > Transport sensitivity to policy measures in particular as regards modal split -including sea transport, and for rail, different operating systems > Focus on international flows including intercontinental flows, internal flows of EU, and relations to CEEC countries and Mediterranean countries on major routes; assignment on the European TEN networks > Updating and dissemination of results through the website > Platform for discussion of results, feedback to research and dialogue with other thematic networks.

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Integrated Appraisal of Spatial economic and Network effects of transport investments and policies (IASON)

CONTRACT: GRD1-2000-AM.25351 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,412,474 STARTING DATE: 01/04/2001 DURATION: 33 months http://www.inro.tno.nl/iason EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Catharina SIKOW Tel: +32 2 29 62125 Fax: +32 2 29 54349 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved IASON aimed at: > improving the understanding of the impact of transport policies on short- and long-term spatial development in the EU, such as regional economic development, accessibility, network effects, land use impacts. > developing a unified assessment framework for the European level, integrating the network, the regional economic and macro-economic impacts studied in the IASON, TIPMAC and TransEcon cluster of projects regarding socio-economic Impacts of transport investments and policies and network effects.

COORDINATOR Lori TAVASSZY Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Schoemakerstraat 97 NL-2600 JA Delft Tel: +31 15 2696899 Fax: +31 15 2696854 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Network of European Transport Researchers, Villemoisson-sur-Orge, France > Universität Karlsruhe, Germany > University of Leeds, United Kingdom > Christian-AlbrechtsUniversität Kiel, Germany > Universität Dortmund, Germany > Rijkuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands > NEA Transport Research and Training BV, Rijswijk, The Netherlands > WSP CIVILS Ltd, London, United Kingdom > TRANSMAN Consulting for Transport System Management Ltd, Budapest, Hungary > Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands > Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland

Description of Work IASON developed: 1. Rules for cost-benefit analysis of transport projects and policies, including an overarching assessment framework and approaches to measure network and socio-economic effects. 2. New and improved methods to carry out evaluations: a Spatial Computable General Equilibrium model (CGEurope) and the improved SASI model, which work on the basis of the new IASON spatial database (covering the whole of EU-25 at a high level of detail). 3. Guidance on the suitability of the methods for answering various appraisal questions (such as the economic value of projects and policies, spatial distribution of benefits, impacts on cohesion). 4. Case studies into the socio-economic and network effects of measures proposed in the EU White Paper on the Common Transport Policy, related to the revision of the TENs and Transport Charging. 5. A comparison of results of the case studies with similar calculations using other models and approaches, from the TIPMAC (macro-economy/transport linkages) and TRANSECON (ex post measurements) projects.

Expected/Final Results The results address the following policy-related questions: > Does implementation of the Trans-European networks (TEN) improve cohesion? > How is welfare gain distributed spatially in Europe from TENs implementation? > How does TENs implementation improve the accessibility of regions in Europe? > How does Social Marginal Cost Pricing (SMCP) implementation impact the local economy of regions in Europe? > Will implementation of SMCP policy induce modal shift? > What is the spatial economic welfare gain from TINA Network implementation? IASON contributed directly to developing the Commission's policy on trans-European transport networks, by forecasting the regional economic impacts of TEN projects (effects of TEN investments on welfare distribution, accessibility and indirect economic linkages).

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Transport infrastructure and policy: a macroeconomic analysis for the EU (TIPMAC) Objectives and Problems to be solved TIPMAC combined transport modelling with macroeconomic modelling to study the indirect macroeconomic impacts of transport infrastructure investment and transport pricing policies in the EU. The study focused on Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) infrastructure projects and transport pricing policies, using the EC White Paper ‘Fair Pricing for Infrastructure Use’ as a starting point. Tipmac interacted with the IASON and TransEcon projects, within the cluster on socio-economic impacts of transport investments and policies and network effects in the EU.

Description of Work Tipmac undertook two parallel analyses using contrasting methodologies and models at the leading edge of EU analysis, employing state-of-the-art techniques and knowledge of industrial and consumer behaviour. In one analysis, the SCENES transport network model was linked to the E3ME macroeconometric model. In the other, the ASTRA system dynamics model studied similar scenarios. For TIPMAC and IASON, common scenarios were defined to provide common model input assumptions. All scenarios were revenue neutral, Social Marginal Cost Pricing (SMCP) charges in the SMCP and SMCP+TEN-T scenarios being offset by reductions in personal income tax.

Expected/Final Results SMCP adoption showed both impacts on the transport sector and very significant macroeconomic impacts. The large scale of the revenues makes the accompanying fiscal policy very important. Given the very large scale of these changes, the E3ME/SCENES model showed considerable

CONTRACT: GRD1-2000-25347 EC CONTRIBUTION: €789,382 STARTING DATE: 01/05/2001 DURATION: 31 months http://www.camecon.co.uk/ services/projects/Tipmac/ Tipmac_project.htm EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marion LE LOUARN Tel: +32 2 29 95750 Fax: +32 2 29 55843 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Jonathan KÖHLER Cambridge Econometrics Covent Garden Cambridge CB1 2HS United Kingdom Tel: +44 1223 460760 Fax: +44 1223 464378 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Universität Karlsruhe, Germany > WSP Civils LTD, London, United Kingdom > TRT Trasporti e Territorio, Milano, Italy > Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Delft > Niezalezny Osrodek badan Ekonomicznych, Lodz, Poland

dynamic macroeconomic impacts in the SMCP scenarios, with considerable increases in GDP and employment from the Business as Usual (BAU) in the SMCP scenarios. The ASTRA model also showed increases in GDP. ASTRA and SCENES/E3ME produced fundamentally similar results, both regarding GDP changes and employment changes. The Fuel Tax + TEN-T scenario showed small macroeconomic impacts. The differences between the SMCP scenarios with and without fast completion of TEN-Ts were small for both models. The results for changes in employment by country were similar to those for GDP. The SCENES/E3ME model showed large changes for the SMCP and the SMCP +TEN-T scenarios (employment increasing by 3.3% and 3.5%). Overall changes in CO2 emissions across the EU were very small for all scenarios. TIPMAC innovated significantly in transport policy analysis by combining a full macroeconomic model with a detailed analysis of the transport sector, and comparing the ASTRA and E3ME dynamic macroeconomic models. Efforts in developing common scenarios enabled to assess a range of macroeconomic results from different models.

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Design and Application of a Travel Survey for European Long-distance Trips Based on an International Network of Expertise (DATELINE) CONTRACT: 2000-AM.10016 EC CONTRIBUTION: €3,976,694 STARTING DATE: 01/04/2000 DURATION: 39 months http://cgi.fg.uni-mb.si/elmis/ EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Frank LAURENT Phone: +32 2 29 96915 Fax: +32 2 29 55843 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved Long-distance passenger travel, which takes up a large proportion of the passenger transport sector, has been the domain of individual countries and their institutions. Up to now, just a few Member States carried out passenger mobility surveys but using different methodologies and definitions that rendered international comparisons very difficult if not impossible. Before the DATELINE project, there had been no unified attempt to capture long-distance travel in a homogenous way, creating a harmonized database applicable in all countries of the European Union. In order to be able to plan the future more effectively, it is necessary to provide a homogenous basis on which planning can take place.

COORDINATOR Erhard ERL, Socialdata Institut für Verkehrsund Infrastrukturforschung GmbH Postfach 70 16 29 D-81316 München Tel: +49 89 71 08 1 Fax: +49 89 71 64 20 e-mail: [email protected]

Description of Work The DATELINE project developed a harmonized methodology for a pan-European survey and carried out a first survey testing this methodology. 1. DATELINE developed common definitions and survey methods and worked out compatible questionnaires to be used in the EU-15 Member States and Switzerland.

PARTNERS > Helsinki University of Technology, Transportation Engineering, Helsinki, Finland > Institut Socialdata i Sverige AB, Uppsala, Sweden > Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, DirectoraatGeneraal Rijkswaterstaat, Adviesdienst Verkeer en Vervoer, Rotterdam, The Netherlands > Peter Davidson Consultancy, London, United Kingdom > POLIEDRA-Centri di Conoscenza e Formazione del Politecnico di Milano, Italy > Statistics Netherlands, Heerlen > TIS.PT, Consultores em Transportes, Inovaçao e Sistemas, Lisboa, Portugal > TRIAS Consulting SA, Thessaloniki, Greece > Universität für Bodenkultur, Institute for Transport Studies, Wien, Austria > University of Maribor, Civil Engineering Informatics Centre, Slovenia > University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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2. DATELINE organized the first pan-European passenger mobility survey using the newly developed methodology. Travel information from about 86 000 individuals was collected. The sample might be too small for detailed analyses, but it gives already interesting results on a more aggregated level (e.g. national or European). The data provides valuable information about travel patterns of European citizens, the modes of transport they choose, their reasons for traveling, the number of journeys, the average distance and duration of journeys, etc.

Final Results The methodology and the experiences collected during the survey are well documented in the project’s deliverables. The survey results have been fed into a database and an origin-destination matrix has been built. In addition, the project created a website (http://cgi.fg.uni-mb.si/elmis/) containing all the information about the project, a synthesized presentation of the project’s results and a software (ELMIS) that allows to extract data and to make analyses in a user-friendly way.

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European Transport policy Information System (ETIS-LINK, ETIS-BASE, ETIS-AGENT)

Objectives and Problems to be solved Although the basis of good policy is good information, the general situation regarding transport data in Europe is one of fragmentation of datasets and sources, missing data, lack of standardization/harmonization between datasets and duplication of information collection

CONTRACT: GTC2-33058 GMA2-32051 - GMA2-52035 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,533,093 - €1,663,722 - €1,125,214 STARTING DATE: 01/08/2002 01/12/2002 - 01/02/2003 DURATION: 36 - 33 - 24 months

(making it difficult to identify, access and use available data). Currently there is no single source

http://www.etis-eu.org

of data giving policy-makers a reliable picture of EU transport sector developments.

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Anna PANAGOPOULOU Tel: +32 2 29 67894 Fax: +32 2 29 54349 e-mail: [email protected]

The European Transport Policy Information System (ETIS) aims to support policy-makers by providing them with access to information gathered from various sources which has been appropriately validated, harmonized and aggregated. ETIS aims to facilitate development, monitoring, and assessment of transport policy and of in transport sector developments, and progress towards policy goals of the EU and the Member States. ETIS will realize these objectives by improving both the quality and quantity of information available to policy and decision makers.

Description of Work ETIS-BASE, ETIS-AGENT and ETIS-LINK are jointly responsible for completing a pilot version of ETIS in 2005. ETIS-BASE collects, validates, harmonizes and aggregates data for developing a reference database covering EU25, Switzerland and Norway; ETIS-AGENT develops a user-friendly policy-driven software environment to store and update the data in the reference database, while allowing analysis and reporting of the database information; ETIS-LINK facilitates coordination of the projects and interaction with relevant transport sector stakeholders. A Steering Group of experts from governments, industry and research monitors and guides the process.

Expected/Final Results ETIS will provide a reference database with indicators, data variables and meta-data; a software environment for accessing and using this reference database; and guidelines for harmonizing data collection and validation, information sharing and future ETIS exploitation. ETIS will be useable by analysts and policy-makers to support their information needs. The ETIS pilot will focus on information needs regarding Trans-European Transport Network policies.

COORDINATORS ETIS LINK: Adnan RAHMAN RAND Europe Tel: +31 71 5245180 Fax: +31 71 5245191 e-mail: [email protected] ETIS BASE Ming CHEN NEA Transport research and training Tel: +31 70 3988460 Fax: +31 70 3954186 e-mail: [email protected] ETIS-AGENT: Antonis RAMFOS Intrasoft International S.A. Tel: +30 210 6859701 Fax: +30 210 6859166 e-mail: antonis.ramfos@ intrasoft-intl.com PARTNERS of the ETIS projects > Stichting RAND Europe, Leiden, The Netherlands > NEA Transport Research and Training, Rijswijk, The Netherlands > Intrasoft International, Luxembourg > AGILIS SA, Athens, Greece > AJI Europe, Sèvres, France > Axmann Geoinformation, Gänserndorf, Austria > Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland > Istituto di Studi per l’Integrazione dei Sistemi, Roma, Italy > MDS Transmodal Limited, Chester, United Kingdom > MKmetric Gesellschaft für Systemplannug MbH, Karlsruhe, Germany > National Technical University of Athens, Greece > Nouveaux Espaces de Transport en Europe (Application Recherche), Paris, France > The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences, Wien, Austria > University of Karlsruhe, Germany > Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland

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TOOLS for TRansport forecasting ANd Scenario testing (TRANS-TOOLS)

CONTRACT: TREN/04/FP6SSP/S07.31816/502644 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,199,998 STARTING DATE: 01/10/2004 DURATION: 24 months

Objectives and Problems to be solved Transport policy-makers use results of models amongst others to forecast transport and assess outcomes of different policy scenarios. Unfortunately, from a European policy-making perspective, there are a number of problems with current transport models.

http://www.inro.tno.nl/transtools/ index.html EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marion LE LOUARN Phone: +32 2 29 95750 Fax: +32 2 29 55843 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Arnaud BURGESS Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Schoemakerstraat 97 PO Box 6060 NL-2600 JA Delft Phone: +31 15 2696903 Fax: +31 15 2696854 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > NEA Transport Research and Training, Rijswijk, The Netherlands > TRT Trasporti e Territorio, Milano, Italy > Universität Karlsruhe, Germany > Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Germany > Joint Research Centre, Sevilla, Spain > Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby > Istituto di Studi per l’Integrazione dei Sistemi, Roma, Italy

The latest state-of-the-art research in developing and combining pan-European models will be further developed and refined by parties with extensive experience in this field. TRANS-TOOLS is a logical extension of previous modelling exercises such as performed in the IASON, TIPMAC and SCENES projects and the TEN-STAC study. TRANS-TOOLS will enable to organise the strategic European tools on a ‘Common Modelling Platform’ to allow an efficient use of such tools and a smooth integration of these with national dimensions.

Description of Work The European network-based transport model will be based on the ideas consolidated in the modelling experience of the consortium partners; features of currently available EU models will be added, based on EC policy needs. The SCENES model approach will provide appropriate suggestions for the treatment of passenger transport and the interaction of local and long distance traffic; the VACLAV transport network will be a suitable basis for to develop an efficient transport assignment model; the NEAC model will provide information describing freight transport; SCENES will constitute a reference for the treatment of intermodal transport, as well as SLAM for logistics. TRANS-TOOLS’ innovations regard: > New set up of a demand/supply model > Intermodality for passenger/freight > Inclusion of intercontinental flows (mainly for freight) > Full coverage of Central and Eastern Europe (Accession countries and countries bordering the enlarged EU) > Integration of the new Member States at a level similar to those of EU-15 > Feedback infrastructure development-economy (as the issue of indirect effects on the economy and on network level is important, especially where investment has substantial influence – notably for new Member States) > Logistics/freight chain explicitly included > Coupling method with local traffic (to address congestion effects on long-distance traffic) > Approach resulting in a software modelling tool on network level

Expected/Final Results > Model specification and calibration results > TRANS-TOOLS software, complete with user and technical documents > Three transport scenarios for 2010, 2020 and the longer-term > Final conference on project results

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

DIRECT AND EXTERNAL COSTS

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Tools for Sustainability: development and application of an integrated framework (SusTools)

CONTRACT: EVG3-CT-2002-80010 EC CONTRIBUTION: €400,000 STARTING DATE: 01/03/2003 DURATION: 18 months http://www.asirabl.com/sustools.htm EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marialuisa TAMBORRA Phone: +32 2 29 50312 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Dr Ari RABL Association pour la Recherche et le Développement des Méthodes et processus Industriels Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris Centre Energétique Boulevard Saint-Michel 60 F-75272 Paris Phone: +33 1 40 51 91 52 Fax: +33 1 46 34 24 91 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved Using the best elements of life cycle analysis, sustainability indicators, impact pathway analysis, risk analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and multi-criteria analysis (MCA), an integrated approach will be developed that can be applied in a coherent manner to a wide range of policy issues. The objectives are: 1) develop an integrated approach to assess, in a consistent and comprehensive manner, the numerous complex tradeoffs involved in environmental policies. This approach will use elements of life cycle analysis, sustainability indicators, impact pathway analysis, risk analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) 2) test this approach with 2 case studies, to evaluate the environmental and socio-economic consequences of possible policies in the EU: reducing impacts of nitrate fertilizer, and examining the options for treating waste 3) involve the stakeholders (via e-mail and workshops) to determine weighting factors for the MCA and disseminate the results 4) implement the approach in Eastern Europe

Description of Work The study, by a multidisciplinary team with a long experience in working together on environmental problems, will begin by reviewing the advantages and limitations of several tools commonly used for the appraisal of environmental policy – life cycle assessment (LCA), impact pathway analysis (IPA), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), risk analysis (RA), cost-benefit analysis (CBA), sustainability indicators, and multi-criteria analysis (MCA). Problems that may arise in their use will be identified. Based on this review an integrated framework will be developed that can be applied in a coherent manner to a wide range of policy issues. The key steps are: (1) for each policy option under consideration, define system boundaries and perform LCA; (2) quantify physical impacts and external costs (using IPA results of the ExternE project series, making new calculations as necessary; (3) obtain data on abatement costs; (4) make indicative estimates of induced costs, using partial-equilibrium analyses; (5) perform a CBA, comparing the quantified costs and benefits of the policy options; (6) perform a MCA with the main steps: > choice of criteria > multiobjective programming to take into account the main system constraints (natural, economic, technological or legislative) > use stakeholder input to determine weighting factors for the criteria > evaluation of policy choices

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The key idea of the integrated approach is to assess costs and benefits (CBA), based on a combination of LCA and IPA, supplemented by stakeholder involvement and MCA to take into account impacts that could not be monetized. The proposed framework will be tested with two case studies, to evaluate the consequences of possible policies in the EU, at EU and local level: > Examining the options for treating waste that remains after source reduction and recycling > Reducing the impacts of nitrate fertilizer in view of sustainable agriculture The framework will also be implemented and tested in four countries of Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Romania.

Expected Results Major expected results are publishable reports on > The methodology of the integrated approach

PARTNERS > Laboratory of Industrial and Energy Economics, National Technical University of Athens, Greece > Department of Economics and International Development, University of Bath, United Kingdom > VITO, Mol, Belgium > Dr Mike Holland, Reading, United Kingdom > Environment Center, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic > Institut Vivendi Environment, Paris, France > Department Hybrid Systems and Management, Institute of Control and System Research, Sofia, Bulgaria

> The guidelines for using the integrated approach > The application to each of the two case studies > The report on stakeholder involvement > The implementation in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Romania > The dissemination of results to stakeholders.

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Review of Externalities Data (RED)

CONTRACT: EVG3-CT-2002-80003 EC CONTRIBUTION: €279,999 STARTING DATE: 01/11/2002 DURATION: 12 months http://www.red-externalities.net EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marialuisa TAMBORRA Phone: +32 2 29 50312 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Ing. Andrea RICCI Istituto di Studi per L’Integrazione dei Sistemi Via Flaminia 21 I-00196 ROME Phone: +39 06 3212655 Fax: +39 06 3213049 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > CENERG, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, France > Electrowatt-Ekono OY, Espoo, Finland > Dr Michael Holland, Reading, United Kingdom

Objectives and Problems to be solved The final objective of the project is to evaluate the state-of-the-art on externalities research and the level of knowledge achieved so far on the general issue of external costs, based on an extensive review of literature and documentation in Europe and in other parts of the world. These studies would highlight the way that external costs analysis has been used, the way that uncertainties have been dealt with, and differing views on valuation. A major outcome of the project is a database containing externalities data drawn from all relevant sources identified and analysed. This accompanying measure promotes a wider and successful uptake of the external cost accounting approach within policy and the decision making processes. More specific scientific, technical and socio-economic objectives are: > to highlight best practice in the calculation and use of external costs data > to assess the extent to which externalities data can be used across a variety of important policyrelevant areas of environmental analysis, including some areas where it is yet to be widely applied > to identify the main areas where externalities analysis needs to be refined

Description of Work The work involved first the collation of externalities data to identify and bring together research and policy studies that developed or used environmentally related external costs analysis. Then, externalities data were reviewed and organised both by sector and burden and their applications in studies of various sectors were assessed. The context of each analysis was described and where possible, views of stakeholders on the usefulness of the analysis gathered. A review of key problems in externalities analysis and in the calculation and application of externalities data including the assessment of uncertainties complemented the analysis. Finally, an externalities database was developed. The ultimate objective was to develop a computerised searchable database storing data collected. In view of the assessment of the state-of-the-art on the externalities studies outside the European Union, contacts were made with key analysts, policy makers and organisations outside the EU to discuss the use of externalities. A workshop with key stakeholders was held to disseminate the findings of the study.

Expected/Final Results The main results from the project include the gathering of externalities data, a review of data and applications, identification of a quality control mechanism and critical issues and database implementation. The workshop aimed at disseminating the findings of the project, in particular among policy-makers. RED was certainly a significant step forward in facilitating access to date on externalities and harmonising existing data. It will therefore help decision-makers to take informed decisions on the basis of quantitative data and make a wider use of marked based instruments as stated in the EU Strategy of Sustainable Development. RED will be further extended and developed in an FP6 project called METHODEX to cover additional areas and enhance the “benefit transfer” exercise.

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European Water Management Between Regulation and Competition (AQUALIBRIUM)

Objectives and Problems to be solved Private sector participation in water management generates controversy in the public. Above all, controversy questions effect the possibility of the identification of potential risks and dangers with regard to a liberalisation of water markets (e.g. a reduction of quality standards, increasing consumption, the regional rule, neglect of the costly wastewater treatment) and the design and implementation of technological modernisation and information, participation of customers as well as the factor of user awareness and acceptance of new developments in this sensitive sector. In addition to this, strategies of water management have to consider a broad variety of tensions within socio-economic terms, like, for example, the tension between urban and rural environment, agricultural and industrial production, central and decentralised organisation of supply and disposal services, productive and reproductive (household) economic conditions. Sustainable water management has therefore to take into consideration this variety in regard to the relevant legal, institutional and constitutional circumstances of the different countries. The purpose and overall objective of the AQUALIBRIUM project has been to elaborate a comparative study of national strategies for private sector involvement in the water sector in 15 EU member states in the light of the recent situation of the current debate and national strategies on this issue.

Description of Work AQUALIBRIUM collected data and information on the current debate and national strategies for public-private partnership in respect to fundamental ideological positions, actor-specific perspectives, the pros and cons in discussion, recently taken initiatives and experiences. Secondly, it organiSed the assessment and evaluation of the a.m. national strategies with the aim to outline advantages and drawbacks, devise best practices and identify topical issues and knowledge deficits.

Expected/Final Results

CONTRACT: EVK1-CT-2001-80003 EC CONTRIBUTION: €296,655 STARTING DATE: 1/1/2002 DURATION: 12 months http://www.aqualibrium.de/en/ main.htm EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Giuseppe BORSALINO Phone: +32 2 29 94061 Fax: +32 2 29 52097 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof. Dr. Meinolf DIERKES Nexus Institut Fuer Kooperationsmanagement Und Interdisziplinaere Forschung, Knesebeckstrasse 1-2 D-10623 Berlin Phone: + 49 303 1809511 Fax: + 49 303 1809512 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Office International de l’Eau, Limoges, France > Instituto de Direction y Organization de Empresa, Alcalà, Spain > Fundacion AGBAR, Barcelona, Spain

AQUALIBRIUM has provided a multi-dimensional “map” of the current debate and the state of affairs in public-private partnership in water management covering all Member States of the European Union. Benefits and impacts of the project are expected in two directions: On the one side, a secondary data analysis is intended to give a detailed theoretical disputation of water management with regards to private sector participation in terms of sustainability on the EU level. Referring to this, the survey of primary data information with the help of expert interviews provided an overview with concrete information about the state-of-the-art in practical terms on the spatial and institutional level and its connections to private households and consumers concerns on a country level. An expert conference and an extended consultation of the consortium offered an immediate exchange between both work areas, the theoretical disputation and the state-of-the-art in practical realisation. Furthermore, by assembling representatives of various institutions, organisations and countries in the research process, AQUALIBRIUM represented a starting point for a thematic European network of water management experts in the field of public-private partnership and provided a consistent contribution to the development of methods for unbiased in-depth analysis of private sector participation in water management. The publication of the outcome of the projects “Aqualibrium- European Water Management between Regulation and Competition” (ISBN 92-894-6428-3) is available on the following website: http://www.oieau.fr/aqualibrium/

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Methods and Data on Environmental and Health Externalities: Harmonising and Sharing of Operational Estimates (METHODEX) CONTRACT: GOCE-CT-2003-505368 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,200,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2004 DURATION: 30 months www.methodex.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marialuisa TAMBORRA Phone: + 32 2 29 50312 Fax: + 32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved In order for economic activity to be sustainable, it is essential that environmental and social externalities are taken into account. Indeed, ‘getting the prices right’ is one of the key indicators of EC sustainability strategy. Major advances have been made in recent years in the analysis of externalities, particularly through DG Research’s ExternE Project. This project has involved a large and multi-disciplinary team of experts, providing sustained input for over ten years. The project has advanced a methodology combining life cycle analysis (LCA) and ‘the impact pathway approach’, for assessing externalities in the energy and transport sectors. The approach evaluates environmental or social effects in terms of physical impacts and then goes on to quantify these impacts in economic costs.

COORDINATOR Paul WATKISS AEA Technology Environment, Policy Group Harwell Business Park Didcot OX11 0QJ United Kingdom Phone: +44 870 190 6592 Fax: +44 870 190 6327 e-mail: [email protected]

The ExternE approach and results have seen very widespread use across Europe in policy making. The methodology has been widely used by DG Environment in looking at cost-benefit analysis of proposed EU legislation. Finally, the environmental costs have started to be used in internalisation strategies, i.e. to correct prices to account for externalities, through the design of taxes, charges or subsidies. This project will make a major contribution to the development and wider use of externalities in sectors other than transport and energy. This responds to the increasing recognition that externalities in other sectors (agriculture, industry and waste) have received little attention to date. The study also deliberately looks at the extension and transferability of externalities to the enlarged EU. Finally, it has a focus to improve socio-economic policy tools for sustainable impact assessment, and particularly for externality applications, to help to increase the consistency and robustness of decision-making.

The project has two key aims. > Firstly, to extend a consistent externalities approach into agricultural, industrial, waste and other sectors, based on the ‘best practice’ used in the transport and energy areas > Secondly, to provide a ‘toolbox’ to allow policy makers to use a consistent and harmonised approach for externality numbers in all areas, ensuring transferability and uncertainty are taken into account

The objectives of the project are to Advance best practice in external cost assessment, and extend the ExternE analysis to agriculture, industry, waste and other sectors. Specific objectives of the work-plan are: > to provide an inventory and critical review of existing externality studies in the sectors of agriculture, industry, waste and other non-transport and energy applications > to harmonise the methodologies in these sectors, ensuring consistency with existing best practice approaches and methodologies in the transport and energy sectors, and for the first time providing an integrated and common methodology for all areas of economic activity > to undertake additional analysis to improve the methodologies for new sectors and demonstrate their applicability in a policy context with case studies in the agricultural, waste and industrial sectors. Where possible, this will use existing research models. Note for agriculture, this will include analysis of external benefits > to assess the transferability of the results and data, including application to new member states. To this end, the research team includes a number of partners from

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> to engage policy-makers to maximise the usefulness of the study output (data and tools for externality assessment). The study will seek input from policy-makers on how to improve the access to, and usefulness of, these methods and data through workshops and through the development of a policy toolbox for using the data. > to identify the major gaps in current knowledge that limit application of high quality externality studies for these new sectors and put forward research recommendations to fill these gaps > to make the key information in the new sectors available in the RED (Review of Externalities Data) database (www.red-externalities.net), developed for DG Research > to develop a ‘toolbox’ for policy analysis using externalities, that will facilitate future application of good quality externalities work. This will include key areas of development in areas of uncertainty and global warming. It will provide guidelines for presenting the results of particular studies in standardised format > To disseminate the results to stakeholders by electronic communication and by convening workshops with interested parties

Expected Results The strategic impact of this project arises through the harmonisation of tools for quantifying the external costs across a wide range of sectors. It has been noted by members of the project team that fundamental errors are still being made in externalities analysis, undermining the wider credibility of the analysis. A better understanding of external costs will serve to hasten the rate of environmental

PARTNERS > Association pour la Recherche et le Developpement des Methodes et Processus industriels (ARMINES), Paris, France > Univerzita Karlova V Praze, Prague (CUEC), Czech Republic > E-Co Tech AS, Oslo, Norway > Michael Holland, Reading (EMRC), United Kingdom > Institut fuer Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER), Universität Stuttgart, Germany > Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, United Kingdom > Istituto di Studi per l’Integrazione dei Sistemi (ISIS), Rome, Italy > University of Bath, United Kingdom > Universität Hamburg, Germany > Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warsaw, Poland > Clean Air Action Group, Budapest, Hungary

improvement where such analysis is applied. In the absence of such methods the decision making process comes down to the subjective judgement of those whose responsibility it is to reach decisions, who in many cases may have limited knowledge of the environmental and social problems that need to be addressed. A numeric perspective on the relative magnitude of different effects provides a more structured basis for debate. By providing a mechanism for improving the quality of analysis of environmental impacts and costs, the decision making process in this area will become better informed. By standardising the externalities approach, the methods should also become better established across Member States, which will in turn facilitate more effective debate on developing legislation, planning applications and so on. The outputs of this work will be useful to policy makers, analysts and researchers in relation to agriculture, industry, waste management and various other fields. The study involves a number of innovative aspects: > it gathers data and will harmonise externality estimates in the areas of agriculture, industry and waste (i.e. non-energy and transport externalities) > it will develop recommended consistent approaches and demonstrate these with case studies for these new sectors > it will develop specific tools to aid analysts derive future estimates, and to develop a better understanding of the estimates that already exist > it will identify the gaps in knowledge in these new sectors and make, and prioritise, research recommendations to make the analysis of externalities analysis into these new fields more complete The project will contribute to the development of standards, policies and regulations through dissemination of good practice in externalities assessment.

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Estimation of willingness-to-pay to reduce risks of exposure to heavy metals and cost-benefit analysis for reducing heavy metals occurrence in Europe (ESPREME) CONTRACT: SSP1-CT-2003-502527 EC CONTRIBUTION: €892,078 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2004 DURATION: 36 months http://espreme.ier.uni-stuttgart.de EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marialuisa TAMBORRA Phone: +32 2 2950312 Fax: +32 2 2963024 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof Rainer FRIEDERICH IER - Department TFU Universität Stuttgart Hessbrühlstr. 49a D-70565 Stuttgart Phone: +49 711 78061-0 Fax: +49 711 7803953 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved High concentrations of heavy metals (HM) in the environment (air, water and soils) have been the cause of concern for many years, as HM can have significant harmful effects on ecosystems and human health. Recent studies carried out for the EC have identified potential risks due to HM exposure of the European population and underlined the need for comprehensive policy action. In this context, it is vital for policy makers to know the options to reduce HM emissions, the impacts this will have both on HM concentrations along the full impact pathway, and finally the costs and benefits of different options, in order to establish effective and efficient measures to achieve the air quality targets for HM as identified e.g. by the World Health Organisation (WHO). To this end, a comprehensive analysis covering all key heavy metals (Hg, Pb, As, Ni, Cd and Cr), all relevant sources and their release paths through all environmental media (chemical transformation and transport, deposition to different surfaces and accumulation in water and soils) has to be carried out. This analysis needs to comprise both a detailed assessment and compilation of state-of-the-art emission control options (technical measures as well as behavioural changes) and their costs and models and tools to conduct a sophisticated cost-benefit analysis. The project aims to develop methods and tools to support European environmental policy making in the specific case of reducing the harmful impacts of heavy metals. Heavy Metals (in particular mercury, cadmium, chrome, nickel, lead and arsenic) from various sources contribute to ambient concentrations in air as well as to the accumulation in water and soils, thus leading to the exposure of the European population to HM levels causing a variety of adverse health effects. As the problem spans different environmental media (air, water and soil) and at the same time has a transboundary scope due to the transport and dispersion of HM emissions to air across the hemisphere, it is vital to take a cross-media and trans-national approach. This is of particular importance, as effective policies to reduce HM emissions in a harmonised way across Europe will need to be integrated and targeted to find efficient and effective bundles of abatement measures to achieve an overall optimal policy mix. To achieve this, the proposed project will conduct an in-depth systems analysis to identify key sources, analyse and model dispersion, chemical transformation and transboundary transport with state-of-the-art models. Furthermore, by coupling chemical transport models (CTMs) with sophisticated water and soil models, the full impact pathway of HM in the environment can be assessed. The assessment is completed by conducting cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses (CEA/CBA) taking into account e.g. the willingness-to-pay of European citizens and latest findings on the quantification of external effects. In the context of the project, a feasibility study to assess macro-economic models to identify potentials for their application in the context of heavy metal abatement strategies will be carried out as well. This integrated and comprehensive assessment of the identified abatement strategies finally leads to detailed results to aid the design and implementation of European HM control strategies. In the course of the project, preliminary results – as far as they are available according to the project workplan – will be made available to the EC DG Environment to support the drafting of the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution in early 2005.

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Description of Work The approach takes into account the latest research findings on pollution and impacts from heavy metals in Europe, such as the EC position papers on Ambient Air Pollution by As, Cs and Ni Compounds (Working Group On Arsenic, Cadmium And Nickel Compounds – European Commission 2000) and on Ambient Air Pollution by Mercury (Working Group on Mercury – European Commission 2001). Furthermore, the results of a study from ENTEC (2001) on the Economic Evaluation of Air Quality Targets for Heavy Metals are taken into consideration. In order to assess the damage of heavy metals from their sources to environmental and health impacts in the long term, the project takes into account the accumulative, time-integrated impact of heavy metals by identifying critical loads and limits of concentration of heavy metals in different environmental media. This is done through the compilation of detailed emission inventories for all relevant heavy metals (base year 2000 and scenario for 2010), improving the quality of the current datasets in terms of resolution (temporal, spatial and substance) and accuracy, and applying the well established chemical transport model (CTM) from the EMEP MSCE to model dispersion of HM in air and deposition to water and soils. In order to model exposure of HMs for humans, animals and plants, a sophisticated water and soil model is applied. To identify emission reduction strategies, cost-benefit (CBA) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) are carried

PARTNERS > NILU Norsk institutt for luftforskning, Kjeller, Norway > Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom > Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland > IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Stockholm, Sweden > Meteorological Synthesizing Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation > Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy > Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic > Etzel Müszaki Szolgáltató Bt, Budapest, Hungary > NILU Polska, Katowice, Poland

out. On the one hand, options and measures are identified to reduce the occurrence of negative impacts from environmentally or epidemiologically harmful heavy metals, the costs of their implementation and related aspects are analysed in detail, and scenarios for achieving compliance with air quality limit values for HM are designed. These abatement options are assessed as to their performance with regard to cost-effectiveness to achieve the targets, and used to evaluate abatement costs vs. avoided damage costs from reduced levels of HM in a comprehensive CBA. Finally, a comprehensive integration of technological and micro/macroeconomic approaches to account for both the effectiveness of measures (including technologies and behavioural changes) and the efficiency in terms of costs is required for a truly integrated assessment of costs and benefits. Up to date, such an integrated framework bringing together state-of-the-art models and including latest results on the monetary valuation of damages has not been established for the assessment of heavy metal abatement. Hence, in a last step, a feasibility study will be conducted which shall assess the ability of currently available macroeconomic models to evaluate the effects of heavy metal abatement strategies.

Expected Results > Inventory datasets for the six heavy metals in the study > An analysis of abatement options for the heavy metals > Maps showing the concentration of heavy metals in the atmosphere and at ground level > Assessment of available models and databases for their ability to analyse the macroeconomic effects of heavy metal abatement strategies

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Externalities of Energy: Extension of accounting framework and Policy Applications (EXTERNE-POL)

CONTRACT: ENG1-CT-2002-00609 EC CONTRIBUTION: €349,581 STARTING DATE: 1/10/2002 DURATION: 24 months http://www.externe.info/index.html EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 29 62811 Fax: +32 2 29 94991 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Ari RABL ARMINES 60, Boulevard St-Michel F-75272 Paris Cedex Phone: +33 1 40 51 91 52 Fax: +33 1 46 34 24 91 [email protected] PARTNERS > IER, Stuttgart, Germany > VITO, Mol, Belgium > NTUA, Zografou Campus, Greece > Bath, Bath, United Kingdom > CUP, Szentendre, Hungary > PSI, Villigen, Switzerland > ENSMP, Paris, France > MEERI, Krakow, Poland

Objectives and Problems to be solved The project has four principal objectives: 1) improving and extending the methodology of ExternE, by updating epidemiology and monetary valuation, making new sensitivity studies, and extending the scope to analyse energy supply security and developing a new approach, based on multi-criteria analysis, for impact categories that have defied quantification so far. The results of ExternE are reviewed by experts 2) providing an assessment of new technologies for power production, residential heating, and transport 3) implementing the methodology in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland to determine the external costs of energy production and of transport in these countries 4) involving policy-makers and stakeholders in the dissemination of the results, using two-way communication via an internet site and e-mail

Description of Work 1) The dose-response functions for health impacts and the monetary values of ExternE are updated to take into account the world-wide research published in recent years. The scope of ExternE is extended by estimating external costs due to the risk of energy supply disruptions. A further extension is made towards quantifying impact categories for which monetisation has remained elusive (visibility, damage to monuments of cultural value, etc) or is intrinsically problematic (nuclear proliferation, risks of terrorism, etc). For this purpose an approach based on MultiCriteria Analysis (MCA) is developed. It is close in spirit to real life decision-making and enables intangible aspects that are difficult to translate into monetary terms to be ranked. 2) A life-cycle externalities analysis is carried out for new technologies such as fuel cells, (including the impacts of hydrogen production), “clean coal” (e.g. integrated gasification), renewables, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles and many others. Residential heating is also analysed. 3) The ExternE methodology is implemented in accession countries of Eastern Europe to determine the external costs of electricity and transport. 4) Stakeholder involvement is solicited by electronic communication (internet site and e-mail). Comments on the results of ExternE are solicited with standardised questionnaires, to facilitate responses by the stakeholders and the interpretation of these responses. Policymakers are consulted, to make sure that they get the type of information they need (e.g. many policy applications need typical values rather than site specific values). Recommendations are developed for appropriate typical values.

Expected Results The methodology of ExternE is improved and validated, and its scope extended (to energy supply security and other impact categories that have not yet been considered). The majority of new technologies for power production, residential heating, and transport are evaluated. The methodology is implemented in Eastern Europe. A permanent internet site for ExternE is created. In addition to the usual dissemination activities of publications and presentations at workshops and conferences, the stakeholders and policy makers are involved in the dissemination, using two-way communication via internet site and e-mail. Thus the project can improve the taking into account of external costs in environmental policy

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decisions in the EU, at all levels (local, regional, national and EU).

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Dissemination and Discussion of the ExternE Methodology and Results (DIEM)

Objectives and Problems to be solved ExternE provides a method for estimating the external costs of energy conversion and transport. DIEM opens up the ExternE user network and methodology to a wider audience. It

CONTRACT: ENK6-CT-2002-80652 EC CONTRIBUTION: €149,991 STARTING DATE: 01/11/2002 DURATION: 18 Months

has the following specific objectives:

http://www.externe.info/diem.html

1) to organise expert workshops to discuss and review the major sources of uncertainty – dose-

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 29 62811 Fax: +32 2 29 94991 e-mail: [email protected]

response functions and monetary values – with the major experts in these fields to come to conclusions on which functions/values to use according to current best knowledge 2) to disseminate the recent ExternE methodology and results from workshops in the light of new developments, to harmonise the methods used as far as possible and disseminate these to the users of the methodology 3) to build up a permanent ExternE Internet page that contains information about methodology and existing results 4) to make the methodology and the results more widely known to stakeholders and policy makers and provide a forum for discussions

Description of Work 1) Two workshops are organised, one for dose-response relationships for impacts on human health and one for monetary valuation of externalities from energy and transport. The major experts in the respective fields are invited to discuss and review the currently used relationships/values and to come to conclusions on which relationships/values to take according to current best knowledge and which to take for sensitivity analyses. 2) In another workshop the information about new developments in the methodology is exchanged, the usefulness of these developments is discussed and – as far as possible – the methods used for estimating external costs are harmonised. Participants of this workshop are

COORDINATOR Rainer FRIEDRICH and Peter BICKEL Universitaet Stuttgart - IER Hessbruehlstrasse, 49a D-70565 Stuttgart Phone: +49 711 780 61 12 Fax: +49 711 780 39 53 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > ARMINES/ENSMP-CENERG, Paris, France > University of Bath, Claverton Down, United Kingdom > VITO, Mol, Belgium > E-CO Partners as, Oslo, Norway > IOM, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

teams, which are actively involved in carrying out external cost calculations. 3) A new, permanent web site for ExternE is established. This web site forms the backbone of the dissemination activities, providing information on methodology and results. 4) A workshop for stakeholders and policy makers is organised to make the methodology and the results more widely known and to provide a forum for discussing expectations and reservations. These groups are sometimes still not sufficiently aware of the methodology and how to use it for their purposes. Furthermore some may have encountered difficulties, either in practical terms or with the acceptance of the methodology. There is therefore a need and benefit to focus on making the ExternE methodology more accessible to potential users and making its strengths more apparent.

Expected Results The ExternE methodology for estimating external costs of energy conversion and transport is harmonised and disseminated to teams carrying out external cost calculations and to the public. Stakeholders’ and policy-makers’ awareness and acceptance of the methodology are increased. To do so, expectations from and reservations towards the methodology are discussed, as well as the possibilities of the methodology including advantages and problems. This helps to encourage specific policy applications at EU level, as well as in countries, regions and at other levels both inside and outside the EU.

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Possible contribution of fusion base load power to future electricity grids (ELCGRID-FUS)

CONTRACT: TW2/3-TRE-FESA-A EC CONTRIBUTION: €26,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2003 DURATION: 24 months www.efda.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER GianCarlo TOSATO Phone: +49 89 3299 4194 Fax: +49 89 3299 4197 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Thomas HAMACHER Institute of Plasma Physics Max Plank Gesellschaft Boltzmannstr. 2 D-85748 Garching bei Muenchen Phone: +49 89 3299 1469 Fax: +49 89 3299 2183 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Department of Electrical Engineering, Rostok University, Germany

Objectives and Problems to be solved The objective of this study is to analyse under what conditions and at what cost as a longterm projection, the network would be able to supply reliable and stable electricity at all times of the day and for every demand. The aim is to identify stable and least/low cost settings of the electric network for the future, when large base load units such as fusion power plants will supply electricity to the net, together with numerous distributed power plants (fuel cells) and intermittent sources (wind and solar). The scope of this study will be concentrated on the EU.

Description of Work The research begins with the complete model of the European net in use by the Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE). Making use of the DIgSILENT software tool developed by the Department of Electrical Engineering of Rostok University, a refined model of the future European electricity network will be developed. The existing model of fusion plants, which is still preliminary, will be strongly enhanced in this research by a module that represents the time dependence of the reaction of the plasma, the heat release by the “blanket” and the “divertor” in a scale comparable to the time functions of the grid. Models of other technologies such as coal, gas, fission, wind and PV plants already exist. The model of a solar thermal plant is going to be developed. The simulations will take into account the present background of an increasing liberalisation of the electricity market, which is already driving power suppliers to new philosophies for dispatching and power plant use which might be stretched even more in the long-term. Fusion has to fit in the newly developed strategies.

Expected Results As a result of the analysis of future European electric grids the possible role of fusion and of a large number of intermittent electricity sources or distributed production, such as wind and solar PV, should be assessed. In fact in a sustainable perspective, large centralised base load plants should be supplementary to distributed and intermittent sources. The results of the studies can provide information for technology development, especially with respect to plasma control and blanket design.

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Net Present Value of fusion: cumulative R&D costs and long-term revenues (R&DVAL-FUS)

Objectives and Problems to be solved The study aims to identify the combinations of fusion power plant concepts and speed and intensity of fusion research, development and deployment, which maximise the net present

CONTRACT: TW3/4-TRE-FESA-C EC CONTRIBUTION: €20,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2003 DURATION: 20 months

value of fusion as an energy supply option.

www.efda.org

The economic case is not immediately obvious, in part because of the significant time between

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER GianCarlo TOSATO Phone: +49 89 3299 4194 Fax: +49 89 3299 4197 e-mail: [email protected]

the investment in R&D and the expected return in energy supply. On the one hand it has been argued in the past that returns expected only after several decades are reduced so substantially by discounting that the investment cannot be worthwhile; on the other hand it is argued that the future benefits are so large that almost any amount of expenditure today is worthwhile. A true economic assessment must take account of both the discounting of future benefits and also a realistic assessment of the size of those benefits.

Description of Work Firstly the fusion development process is broken down into key stages associated with decision, construction and successful operation of the main components of a fusion development

COORDINATOR Ian COOK UKAEA Fusion Culham Science Centre Abingdon OX14 3DB United Kingdom Phone: +44 1235 466441 Fax: +44 1235 466435 e-mail: [email protected]

programme, ITER, IFMIF, DEMO, etc. The movement from one key stage to the next is represented by a set of probability ranges and distributions, which are linked to internal technical/management development and to external events, such as global economic failure or positive developments in other energy systems which might stop the programme. The model of the future energy market that is used is based on the many other studies that exist rather than on new modelling. Also the cost of electricity and the possible contribution of fusion to the electricity supply mix are introduced in a probabilistic way, allowing ranges with a specified probability distribution. The whole problem is then solved using a Monte Carlo technique to investigate different paths through the development and implementation of fusion power. The results are given as probability distributions. The results depend on discount rates.

Expected Results As a result the study will determine the implications of the power plant conceptual studies for the value of fusion as an energy option, including calculating the Net Present Value (NPV) of fusion research, development and deployment. The output will include determining a probabilistic description of fusion's introduction into the energy market, as a function of assumed speed and intensity of development and deployment, using the PPCS power plants as reference points. This will further allow the Net Present Value of fusion development and deployment to be determined under a range of assumed conditions. The model can in future be used to optimise the development path and enumerate the value of bringing forward aspects of the development, or the whole programme, to an earlier date, even at the expense of increased cost or risk. It is already clear that delays in decision-making, which are included in the model, have a large impact on the calculated NPV.

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Dissemination of external costs of electricity supply - Making electricity external costs known to policy-makers (MAXIMA) CONTRACT: SSP6-CT2004-502480 EC CONTRIBUTION: €585 909 STARTING DATE: 1/5/2004 DURATION: 18 Months http://www.externe.info EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI DI VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 296 28 11 Fax: +32 2 299 49 91 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR: Prof. Dr. Rainer FRIEDRICH Institut fuer Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Universitaet Stuttgart, Hessbruehlstr. 49a D-70565 Stuttgart Phone: +49 711 78061 12 Fax: +49 711 7803953 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS: > ARMINES, Paris, France > University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom > CESI, Milano, Italy > ESD, Wiltshire, United Kingdom > GLOBE Europe, Brussels, Belgium > HELIO, Paris, France > University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom > WWF, Brussels, Belgium > EdF, Chatou, France

Objectives and Problems to be solved Quantification of externalities from electricity production has made considerable progress, however, internalisation of external costs has not been implemented broadly, due to lacking information on the concept and its application as policy aid. Even though the Impact Pathway Approach (IPA) developed in ExternE is accepted as the best way to calculate energy external costs, results show considerable uncertainties and variations with different basic assumptions in certain areas. The scientific task of reducing uncertainties is currently addressed in several projects; identifying the assumptions to be used for decisions however requires consensus with stakeholders. The main objective of this project is to translate and present the concept of externalities, the quantification approach and results outside the scientific community. Furthermore, a discussion of pros and cons between representatives from energy industry, policy and NGOs will be initiated with the aim of reaching a consensus on methodology and values.

Description of work In the first step a concept for internalisation of external costs of electricity production is developed and optimal internalisation strategies are identified. Then, external cost values as required by the internalisation instruments are calculated with the Impact Pathway Approach, based on the latest scientific knowledge. This includes the synthesis and comparison of existing results on the external costs of energy in Europe, also in the new Member States. In two workshops with stakeholders from NGOs, policy and energy industry the approach, the values and the internalisation instruments are presented and pros and cons as well as possible reservations towards the concept and specific results are discussed. Based on the discussions, arguments to overcome reservations are exchanged and suggestions for converging opposing standpoints are made by explaining the underlying calculation process and justifying specific assumptions used. Thus prepared, a third workshop is held with the aim of reaching consensus as far as possible. Issues on which no consensus can be reached are documented, and implications of diverging views on values as well as conclusions and decisions are explored. These “final” values and strategies are disseminated to policy makers and to the public. Main dissemination activity is a large symposium with politicians and other stakeholders.

Expected results and exploitation plans MAXIMA will provide an accepted scientific methodology for implementing electricity external costs into European policy and will provide a consensual set of external cost estimates. This will be disseminated to stakeholders and the public by conference presentations, publications (among others on the Internet) and by a large symposium for presenting the validated concept and results to policy-makers.

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Review of environmental impacts and external costs of fusion in scenarios including the full closure of the cycle (EXWASTE-FUS) Objectives and Problems to be solved This research intends to re-evaluate in physical as well as in monetary terms the externalities associated with the decommissioning, restoration of site and recycling of material from future

CONTRACT: TW3/4-TRE-FESA-C EC CONTRIBUTION: €48,000 STARTING DATE: 01/10/2003 DURATION: 14 months

nuclear power plant concepts, including fusion.

www.efda.org

The externalities of electric power plants including fusion have been compared so far through

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Giancarlo TOSATO Phone: +49 89 3299 4194 Fax: +49 89 3299 4197 e-mail: [email protected]

the impact pathway methodology, following the rules established by the ExternE project of the European Commission. However, that exercise has been difficult, because emissions dispersions impacts and damage are different and their final conversion to monetary values not always well founded. This project aims at more robust analyses by limiting the comparison to technologies with impacts and damage commensurable in physical units, not only in monetary values.

Description of Work The activity will firstly concentrate on the collection of data of mass, volumes and radiation activity related to waste from a selected number of future nuclear power plant concepts. Among

COORDINATOR Riitta KORHONEN VTT Processes PL 1602, FIN-02044 VTT, Helsinki Phone: +358 9 456 5799 Fax: +358 9 4567026 e-mail: [email protected]

them will be: the ITER experimental reactor and its first order extrapolation to a commercial fusion power plant (water cooled) and a representative of generation III nuclear reactors which will be available in 15-20 years time (advanced EPR). In the longer term (30 or more years) a couple of helium cooled fusion power concepts and a couple of promising concepts suggested for the development of generation IV nuclear reactors will be considered.

PARTNERS > TEKES-VTT Energy, Helsinki, Finland > VR-Studsvik Eco & Safety AB, Nykoeping, Sweden

The research will then analyse radiation doses and environmental impact from the plants under different recycling options – permanent waste disposal without recycling, with simple material recycling and with complex material recycling. Emissions, damage, direct and external costs of different technologies will be evaluated through the usual impact pathway methodology. In this research project, activities will be updated during execution to take into account the most promising research lines. The monetary evaluation of externalities will be benchmarked with the ExternE values calculated in the previous studies of SERF (Socio-Economic Research in Fusion).

Expected Results As a result of the study trade-offs between direct and external costs of different technologies and options will give insight about optimal fusion power plant designs when environmental impacts are considered. The resulting evaluations should provide the fusion research community and more broadly energy analysts with material to consider fusion as a candidate for electricity generation when the next generation IV (or V) nuclear reactors will enter the market. The study should also provide pointers for improving the methodology to compare and evaluate externalities.

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Real Cost Reduction of Door-to-door Intermodal Transport (RECORDIT)

CONTRACT: GRD1-1999-AM.11047 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,492,426 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2000 DURATION: 30 months

Objectives and Problems to be solved The ultimate objective of RECORDIT was to improve the competitiveness of intermodal transport in Europe – notably through the reduction of cost and price barriers that currently

http://www.recordit.org

hinder its development – while respecting the principle of sustainable mobility.

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Catharina SIKOW Phone: +32 2 29 62125 Fax: +32 2 29 54349 e-mail: [email protected]

Achieving this goal will generate direct benefits in terms of:

COORDINATOR Andrea RICCI Istituto di Studi per l’Informatica e i Sistemi Via Flaminia 21 I-00196 Roma Phone: +39 06 321 26 55 Fax: +39 06 321 30 49 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Universität Stuttgart, Germany > Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, Mannheim, Germany > Gruppo Clas, Milano, Italy > TETRAPLAN A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark > Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom > Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussées (LATTS), Paris, France > Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Delft > National Technical University of Athens, Greece

> reducing the negative environmental impacts, as well as health and accident risks associated to the transport activity > increasing the quality of life (less congestion, reduced barriers to the use of space) and, in general, enabling better working conditions and safety for those involved in the transport of goods

Description of Work The RECORDIT project: > Designed a comprehensive methodology for the calculation of real (internal + external) costs of intermodal freight transport and for understanding cost formation mechanisms. > Validated this methodology through its application to three meaningful European corridors. > Analysed current charging and taxation systems to understand price formation mechanisms. > Carried out a cost comparison for intermodal and all-road alternatives. > Assessed current imbalances and inefficiencies. > Developed a decision support module to foster generalisation. > Identified and analysed technical and organisational cost reduction options. > Formulated recommendations on public policies and business actions to reduce real costs and to internalise external costs.

Expected/Final Results The RECORDIT contribution was twofold: > on the one hand, it identified priority areas where intermodal costs could be reduced through a better organisation of services and a more effective and systematic use of efficient technologies; > on the other hand, it supported the EU pricing reform, whereby users are expected to pay for the full costs arising from the production of the transport services, through the incorporation in prices of the so-called negative externalities generated by those services (environmental damages, congestion costs, accident risks, etc.). The project also delivered an interactive software enabling to estimate the costs (internal and external) of freight transport services along any intermodal or all-road corridor.

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UNIfication of accounts and marginal costs for Transport Efficiency (UNITE)

Objectives and Problems to be solved Fair and efficient pricing of transport infrastructure use is a fundamental aspect of a sustainable transport policy that takes account the full social costs and benefits of transport. UNITE supplied policy-makers with the framework and state-of-the-art cost estimates to progress this policy. Core objectives included: 1. developing pilot transport accounts for all modes, for the EU15 and additional countries; 2. providing a comprehensive set of marginal cost estimates relevant to transport contexts around Europe; 3. delivering a framework for integration of accounts and marginal costs, consistent with public finance economics and the role of transport charging in the European economy.

Description of Work First, the overall UNITE methodology was established and the accounts approach and marginal cost methodology created. These provided fundamental inputs into the integration of approaches.

CONTRACT: GRD1-1999-AM.11157 EC CONTRIBUTION: €3,247,275 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2000 DURATION: 33 months http://www.its.leeds.ac.uk/unite EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Catharina SIKOW Phone: +32 2 29 62125 Fax: +32 2 29 54349 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof. Chris NASH Institute for transport studies, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom Phone: +44 113 343 5325 Fax: +44 113 343 5334 e-mail: [email protected]

PARTNERS > Deutsches Institut für cost methodologies, with parallel work on integration of approaches – with substantial Wirtschaftsforschung e.V., Berlin, Germany methodological development for both the accounts and the marginal cost approaches. > NEI B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands The final phase addressed future strategies to further develop core aspects of the project, and > Katholieke Universiteit results consolidation. Leuven, Belgium > TIS.PT, Consultores em Transportes, Inovaçao e Sistemas, Lisboa, Portugal > Universität Karlsruhe, Germany > Swedish National Road and Key outputs included: Transport Research Institute, Borlänge, Sweden > theoretical development of alternative frameworks for the integration of transport accounts > Universität Stuttgart, and marginal cost estimates Germany > Ecole nationale des ponts et > empirical results on the transport and economy-wide outcomes from alternative integration chaussées (LATTS), Paris, France > Herry Consult GmbH, Wien, approaches Austria > Universidad de Las Palmas de > pilot transport accounts for 18 countries (EU-15, Estonia, Hungary and Switzerland), years Gran Canaria, Spain 1996, 1998 and 2005, all significant passenger and freight modes > Istituto di Studi per l’Integrazione dei Sistemi, Roma, Italy > guidance on future approaches to the development of transport accounts > JP Transplan Ltd, Helsinki, Finland > Stratec S.A, Bruxelles, Belgium > methodology advancing the state-of-the-art in marginal cost estimation > Systema Systems planning & Management Consultants SA, > empirical estimates of marginal costs for key cost, benefit and revenue categories, various Athens, Greece contexts around Europe, a wide range of passenger and freight modes > Government Institute for Economic Research (VATT), > guidance on transfering marginal cost estimates to new contexts Helsinki, Finland > Ecoplan, Economic Research and Policy Consultancy, Bern, Switzerland > INFRAS, Zürich, Switzerland > Ekono Energy Ltd, Helsinki, Finland > Linköping University, Sweden In the second phase, emphasis moved towards the implementation of the accounts and marginal

Expected/Final Results

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Implementation of Marginal Cost Pricing in Transport – Integrated Conceptual and Applied Model Analysis (MC-ICAM) CONTRACT: GRD1-2000-AM.25475 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,771,871 STARTING DATE: 01/04/2001 DURATION: 27 months http://www.mcicam.net EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Catharina SIKOW Phone: +32 2 29 62125 Fax: +32 2 29 54349 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved MC-ICAM addressed policy reform in pricing, aiming at (i) defining optimal (full, first-best) end states in the short, medium and long term compared to current situations – for all main passenger and freight modes, covering both urban and interurban issues, and taking account of relevant technological, institutional and national contexts (ii) Determining the necessary or optimal (second-best) implementation steps – in terms of recommendations for actual pricing measures (policy packages) and for modal and geographical priorities

COORDINATOR Dr Esko NISKANEN / Prof. Chris NASH Institute for transport studies University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom Phone: +44 113 343 5325 Fax: +44 113 343 5334 e-mail: [email protected]

(iii) Carrying out in-depth modal level analyses (urban, interurban road, rail, air, water) of the current pricing and other regulatory issues, and of the barriers to marginal cost pricing in different mode

Description of Work MC-ICAM examined optimal implementation (or transition) paths from a low pricing situation to a situation with socially optimal pricing, in which users bear the full marginal social cost of their activities. The optimal path is determined by the relative strength of technological, institutional,

PARTNERS > Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands > Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium > Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Delft > Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway > ADPC SPRL, Rixensart, Belgium > University of Tel Aviv, Israel > Research Centre of the Athens University of Economics & Business, Greece > Technische Universität Dresden, Germany > Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Borlänge > Istituto di Studi per l’Integrazione dei Sistemi, Roma, Italy > University of Antwerp, Belgium > Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary > WSP Civils Ltd, London, United Kingdom > The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel > Strafica Ltd, Helsinki, Finland

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acceptability of other barriers and constraints as well as decisions concerning the use of pricing revenues. MC-ICAM evaluated the different paths by examining how they affect social welfare over time, the technological/institutional changes which they generate/require, and the political support for marginal cost pricing which they induce over time. To complement theoretical analysis, selected geographic areas were examined, providing both descriptive studies (of institutions, attitudes, acceptability, etc.) and numerical estimates of optimal implementation policies. Policy recommendations on how to implement marginal cost pricing were produced.

Expected/Final Results For comprehensive synthesis and comparison, key results of the urban and interurban case studies were presented in parallel, and discussed under five headings (key dimensions of pricing): > impacts of pricing system as a function of its scope > optimal prices in phased implementation > impacts of differentiation > impacts of the use of revenues > long-term impacts through land use

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Implementing Pricing Reform in Transport – Effective Use of Research on Pricing in Europe (IMPRINT-EUROPE)

Objectives and Problems to be solved This Thematic Network is aimed at: (i) bringing together policy-makers, operators, researchers and other stakeholders in order to promote the implementation of fair and efficient transport prices (ii) organising high profile, international seminars where the needs of policy-makers and the findings of research were synthesised and debated (iii) producing high quality reports summarising research and putting forward recommendations on how to implement the required pricing reforms

Description of Work IMPRINT-EUROPE served as a link between research and policy development and implementation, with the aim to assist the implementation of pricing reform in transport based on marginal cost principles. This was done both by drawing on the findings of previous and new research under the 5th Framework Programme and by learning from the experience of the small number of countries which have implemented pricing reforms based on marginal cost pricing.

CONTRACT: GTC1-2000-AM.28034 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,278,710 STARTING DATE: 01/04/2001 DURATION: 36 months http://www.imprint-eu.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Catharina SIKOW Phone: +32 2 29 62125 Fax: +32 2 29 54349 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof. Chris NASH Institute for transport studies University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom Phone: +44 113 343 5325 Fax: +44 113 343 5334 e-mail: [email protected]

Through active dissemination, the IMPRINT-EUROPE network has striven to ensure that the results of research and policy debates come to be known and used by the wider transport policy-making, operating and research communities across Europe. Through the consortium and the network members and experts, IMPRINT-EUROPE brought together the key issues and state-of-the-art in the field of implementation of pricing reform in transport. The following seminars were organised in the course of the project: > Seminar 1: “Key Requirements for Implementing Pricing Reform in Transport" > Seminar 2: "Implementing Reform in Transport Pricing: Identifying Mode-Specific Issues” > Seminar 3: "Implementing Reform in Transport Pricing: Constraints and Solutions. Learning from Best practice" > Seminar 4: "Implementing Pricing Policies in Transport: Phasing and Packaging”

PARTNERS > Istituto di Studi per l’Integrazione dei Sistemi, Roma, Italy > Forschungs- und Anwendungsverbund Verkehrssystemtechnik, Berlin, Germany > Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Delft > Government Institute for Economic Research (VATT), Helsinki, Finland > Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary

> Seminar 5: "Charging for Heavy Goods Vehicles" > Seminar 6: "Implementing pricing policies in transport – With special regard to NAS countries" > Final Conference

Expected/Final Results The key areas in which IMPRINT-EUROPE reached conclusions regard: > Measurement of marginal social cost > Impacts, acceptability and phasing of pricing reform > Key Issues for Newly Associated States > Priorities for action > Priorities for future research

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

POLICY INSTRUMENTS AND GOVERNANCE

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Policy Pathways to Promote the Development and Adoption of Cleaner Technologies (POPA-CTDA) CONTRACT: SSPI-CT-2003-502487 EC CONTRIBUTION: €882,178 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2004 DURATION: 24 months http://www.popa-ctda.net

Objectives and Problems to be solved Innovation in cleaner production systems is recently regarded as one of the main economic multipliers of the 21st century and a central instrument in decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. Still, it is acknowledged that there is much to be done to transit from concept to implementation, in both the development of a new technological stock and

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Nikolaos CHRISTOFORIDES Phone: +32 2 29 90695 Fax: +32 2 29 63024 e-mail: [email protected]

policies that encourage innovation towards cleaner integrated technologies. In the promotion of the development, adoption and use of cleaner integrated technologies it is of primary concern to know with clarity the structure and weight of incentives and disincentives and the capacity of diverse economic and social actors to engage in environmental innovations. There are some European Community policies already promoting new environmental

COORDINATOR Dr Carlos MONTALVO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy TNO Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Applied Research Schoemakerstraat 97 PO BOX 6040 NL-2600 JA DELFT Phone: +31 152695490 Fax: +31 152695460 e-mail: [email protected]

technologies in a variety of ways. But much of the potential of environmental technologies is not realized because of different barriers that hinder their use. The Commission is developing a comprehensive Action Plan to address the barriers that hinder the wider diffusion of environmental technologies and to promote their development and use. POPA-CTDA is intended to give critical input to the design of the European Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP) in the priority sectors outlined in the Gothenburg European Council: Transport, Agriculture, Energy and Industry. The aim of POPA-CTDA is to assess the issues driving and barriers slowing the development and uptake of cleaner technologies across the energy, agricultural, transport and industrial sectors of the economy. POPA-CTDA will clarify what are the barriers impeding progress of cleaner technologies and what policy initiatives, and additional research tasks, are needed to address these barriers. The output of this policy targeted research will be of particular use to policy makers looking for new tools and insights into how to encourage innovation and use of cleaner technologies and hence help in the practical implementation of sustainable development. This POPA-CTDA proposes to explore the drivers, barriers and policy context for cleaner technologies in each of the sectors, complemented by an in-depth analysis of 8 technology-specific case studies.

Description of Work The overall aim of POPA-CTDA is to contribute to the design of comprehensive and integrated environmental and technology policies to promote pro-environment innovative behaviours in firms across EU Member States and New Member Countries. Although the identification of drivers and barriers is of primary importance to POPA-CTDA, once they are soundly identified, strong emphasis will be placed in policy design. The work will involve: 1. mapping, measuring and prioritising the barriers hampering and drivers fostering the development and use of new environmental technologies. 2. integrating the sources and drivers of firms’ environmental innovative behaviour in a single and testable model in order to test hypothesis of causality between barriers, drivers and propensity to innovate and actual past innovative behaviours. 3. simulating the most likely policy mix targeted to abate current barriers in order to foster innovative behaviours in firms. 4. assessing the cost effectiveness of selected technologies and proposed policy measures. 5. exploring the likely generic effects of cleaner integrative technologies on the ecoEuropean industry in the sectors of interest of POPA-CTDA. 6. submitting to expert critical analysis of POPA-CTDA insights on barriers to technological uptake and development, policy recommendations to address these barriers and suggestions for the research agenda.

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7. developing and disseminating practical working recommendations on policy initiatives, changes in policies and, where relevant, methods and process of policy making that will encourage greater uptake of cleaner technologies and greater pro-active efforts at innovation / development of cleaner technologies. 8. developing and disseminating suggestions for new initiatives needed to complement the existing research agenda on cleaner technology development and uptake. 9. providing the basis for the development of a new statistical system of behavioural indicators (mainly for business activities) at a European level that would enable the long-term monitoring of environmental and innovation policies implementation outcomes. The analyses will combine extensive survey work into the reasons behind innovation and business engagement in technology development and uptake, with stakeholder and expert consultation. The analysis will differentiate between countries and industrial, economic and regulatory settings. Conclusions on required policy instruments will distinguish between national and sectoral differences and consider the possibilities as well as limitations of transferring policy measures

PARTNERS > Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Forschung, Munich, Germany > Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Austria > The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, Szentendre, Hungary > Institute for European Environmental Policy, London, United Kingdom > Göteborg Universitet, Sweden > Joint Research Centre of the Commission of the European Communities

from one country or case study to another. Special effort will be placed on the design of policy measures that define new environmental and technology policy pathways to tackle barriers that hamper the development and diffusion of cleaner technologies. This will be done in a interactive fashion with a broad range of stakeholders from the EU-15 and the new Member Countries.

Expected Results The outcomes of POPA-CTDA will offer an additional paradigm of policy making by taking an approach of constructive conflict resolution. Most environmental problems have as a main feature a conflict between the individual interest in the short-term with the societal and individual interest in the longer-term. In this respect innovation towards the development or adoption of cleaner technologies could be a risky endeavour that could often play against the interest of those firms engaging on it, as the risk of failure is high. By addressing the sources of this conflict the policies designed as a result of POPA-CTDA will aim to induce behavioural change instead of trying to regulate the behaviour of actors. Further potential impacts cover the increased understanding of the barriers to clean integrative technologies. Recommendations for, and subsequent implementation of key policy recommendations should lead to a greater uptake of clean technologies, where otherwise endof-pipe solutions or indeed no solutions would have been in place (e.g., had there been insufficient evidence of benefits or inappropriate policies). This is more likely to lead to significant growth in win-win investments that offer economic benefits as well as environmental benefits and fewer trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives. The use of clean technologies should also lead to more environmental media-integrated solutions to pollution control and hence help implement the agreed philosophy of integrated pollution prevention and control. Finally there should be greater resource use efficiency by tackling the environmental challenge during the production process (directly within sector choice of technology or indirectly through household choice of better products), helping decouple economic growth from resource use and pollution. Finally, POPA-CTDA should prove valuable in helping the EU Member States to implement the sustainable development strategies as well as helping meet targets. For example, addressing barriers to clean technologies in the transport and energy fields, whether in industry or household choices, should offer a necessary support to existing policies and measures to implement the Kyoto protocol and meet the EU and national greenhouse gas reduction targets.

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Advanced Techniques For Evaluation Of Sustainability Assessment Tools (Sustainability A-Test) CONTRACT: GOCE-CT-2003-505328 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,300,000 STARTING DATE: 01/03/2004 DURATION: 30 months http://www.sustainabilityA-test.net EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Daniel DEYBE Phone: +32 2 29 86656 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Dr Marjan VAN HERWIJNEN Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1087 NL-1081HV Amsterdam Phone: +31 20 5989594 Fax: +31 20 4449553 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved To realize progress towards the ambitions on Sustainable Development, the EU and others should set wise objectives and make sure that the implementation is taken care of in an effective way. This requires proper policies and a consistent implementation process. To make equitable decisions on which policies to develop and to review the progress made towards the sustainable development goals, tools (i.e. methodologies, models, approaches and appraisals) are needed that support strategy development, ex-ante sustainability impact assessments as well as policy reviews.

The strategic objectives of the project are: 1. to provide a consistent and peer-reviewed appraisal of the potential of common and emerging tools (i.e. methodologies, tools, approaches and appraisals) for sustainable development related assessments in support of the various stages of policy 2. to make the appraisal of the tools vis-à-vis key aspects of sustainable development 3. to provide and apply a common framework for the evaluation of the tools 4. to increase insights in how the various scientific tools relate to the requirements of participation and consultation 5. to disseminate the results widely among assessment practitioners as well as users 6. to identify important and promising issues for targeting subsequent research 7. to build on the considerable knowledge with regard to integrated environment assessment that is available among the members of the European Forum for Integrated Environment Assessment (EFIEA) and in international organisations

Description of Work The project consists of 5 work packages (WPs). The first 6 months in the project will be used to prepare a short draft description and analysis of applications of all tools based on a literature review. “Preliminary tool overview and evaluation papers” on all tools will be prepared, including a first evaluation of the different tools for different policy questions in the areas of climate change, water and agriculture & land-use based on a literature review and expert knowledge inside and outside the consortium. This phase will also include an evaluation of how far predictions of past applications of tools have been in line with outcomes of different policies (degree of fitness). Special emphasis will be paid to modelling and simulation tools and monetary assessment tools. The literature evaluations will focus on three areas: climate change, water and Agriculture & land-use. In the first 3 months a smaller Design and Integration and Synthesis (I&S) group will identify the key aspects of sustainable development that should be addressed by modern assessments and against which the various methodologies and the results of phase 2 will be evaluated. In the second phase of the project a case study on agriculture and land-use will be undertaken, by applying a selection of tools to the case study. The exact case study definition and method used to apply these tools to the case study will be defined in phase 1.

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In the third phase the “I&S team” will compare and combine the results from the first two phases and make a “tool-by-tool” appraisal of all methods. This will result in: > an overview of the different methodologies that can be used in assessments related to sustainable development > a comparison between the different methodologies in terms of what they can best be used for, considering content (for example time horizon) as well as practical aspects (for example, resources required) > a conceptual framework of the relation between the different tools and concepts The I&S team will also take a fresh look at the initial vision of the key aspects of SD as defined in the first phase, and refine it where necessary. The resulting framework helps us understand how the methodologies relate to each other and what types of questions they can or cannot answer. Conceivably it will also be used to discuss the combination of methodologies in complex assessments, serving different decision contexts. Dissemination activities will ensure that the results are spread as widely as possible.

Expected Results The outcome will be an overview and evaluation framework of methodologies, models, approaches and appraisals (the “toolbox”), and give better insights in how these different tools are defined and how they relate to each other. This will be presented in an evaluation matrix, showing which tools can be part of which methods or approaches to measure and assess the three pillars of sustainable development (SD) and strategy definition, with focus on state of the art modelling and simulation tools, monetary assessment tools and stakeholder analysis and modelling. The measurable end result that is aimed at will be a framework that gives: 1. an overview of the different possible sustainable development assessment tools 2. the pros and cons of each tool under different circumstances; (including a description of what tool, method or form of appraisal can be best used in which circumstances; what a tool or method can deliver and what it cannot deliver, comparison of costs, time horizon etc.) 4. an analytical evaluation framework of the relation between the different tools and concepts

PARTNERS > University of East Anglia, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, United Kingdom > Universität Osnabrück-Institut für Umweltsystemforschung, Germany > Institute for Rural Development Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany > Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, The Netherlands > Czech Environmental Institute, Czech Republic > Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany > Joint Research Centre, Italy > Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden > Universiteit Maastricht, ICIS, The Netherlands > Unversität Kassel, CESR, Germany > Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, ICTA, Spain > Ecologic, Institute for International and European Environment Policy, Germany > Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, FEEM, Italy > Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt und Energie GmbH, Germany > Institute for Environmental Science and Management, University of Latvia > University of Twente, The Netherlands > University of British Columbia, Canada

5. adjusted and partially combined tools for improved decision support for sustainable development assessment and strategy definition. The evaluation hinges on two basic questions: > whether the application of a given method or tool, as part of assessments, can address the various key aspects of sustainable development (for example, irreversibility), and > whether a given method or tool, as part of assessments, matches the information requirements of the various policy processes to be supported (for example, timeliness or country-level breakdown) After this project there will be deeper insights for policy-makers and those carrying out sustainability impact assessments, what tools they can use best in decision-making or assessment processes, given the available resources and the desired scope of the process. This can clearly improve the quality of the decision-making or assessment process and thus improve sustainability assessments and the sustainable development strategy definition.

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Enhancing transparency and public participation in nuclear waste management (RISCOM II)

CONTRACT: FIKW-CT-2000-00045 EC CONTRIBUTION: €799,821 STARTING DATE: 01/11/2000 DURATION: 36 months http://www.karinta-konsult.se/ RISCOM.htm EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Neale KELLY Phone: +32 2 29 56484 Fax: +32 2 29 54991 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Magnus WESTERLIND Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate P.O. Box 6048 SE-10658 Stockholm Phone: +46 8 6988684 Fax: +46 8 6619086 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, Stockholm, Sweden > Karinta Konsult HB, Taeby, Sweden > Electricité de France, Paris, France > IRSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France > United Kingdom Nirex Ltd., Chilton, United Kingdom > The Environment Agency of England and Wales, Bristol, United Kingdom > Posiva Oy, Helsinki, Finland > Nuclear Research Institute Rez A.S., Prague, Czech Republic > Galson Sciences Ltd., Oakham, United Kingdom > University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom

Objectives and Problems to be solved The project represents a major effort in five countries to promote the development of a “European approach” to public participation and trustworthy decision processes in the area of nuclear waste management. It uses a methodology for integrating scientific, procedural and organisation aspects within a consistent framework for improved transparency. The project provides a “map” of values in performance assessment, a review of dialogue processes and hearing formats, a diagnosis of organisational structures and an understanding of the organisational impact on transparency. Possibilities and limitations of the Internet as a means for communication on social issues in the context of large industrial projects is also highlighted. A series of workshops give ample opportunities to communicate approaches, methods and results across the European Union.

Description of Work Some eleven organisations (including waste management organisations, regulatory bodies, universities, utilities, consultants) from five European countries have participated in the project. Each of the participating countries are at different stages in the decision-making process for selecting disposal facilities and this has enriched the project through the diversity of contexts. The RISCOM model, which has previously been applied in Sweden and to a limited extent in the United Kingdom, is at the heart of the project and has been used to evaluate transparency in decision-making, in particular with respect to technical and scientific issues, normative issues and authenticity. A number of different approaches or procedures for achieving effective public participation and transparency have been analysed and some experimentally tested. An evaluation has been made in each of the three countries (France, Sweden and the United Kingdom) of how structural and organisational issues within the national nuclear waste management system (ie, both within and between organisations) affect transparency. The findings, while specific to the countries and organisations evaluated, will have broader relevance. Particular attention is given to value laden issues in performance assessments to enable a better distinction to be drawn between what are facts and values. Greater clarity on this matter has the potential to promote more effective communication between all parties when evaluating and drawing conclusions from the results of performance assessments. Workshops were held periodically as the project progressed to enable timely exchange and feedback with end users and others actively engaged in these issues. The approach being adopted by the project is unique in integrating substantive, procedural and organisational issues within a consistent framework for improved transparency. It has the potential to make a substantial contribution to identifying what is needed to achieve more transparent and trustworthy decision processes, both in the area of waste management and more generally.

Expected Results The results of the project will be disseminated through published reports and a website: (http://www.karinta-konsult.se/RISCOM.htm). The project provides a “map” of values encountered in performance assessment, a review of dialogue processes and hearing formats, diagnosis of organisational structures and understanding of the organisational impact on transparency, consensus statements from a group of key actors, production and evaluation of a school website. Recommendations will be made on procedures and strategies for improved dialogue processes, hearing formats and performance assessment. The project has six work packages: Public values and performance assessment (WP-1); Organisation field study (WP-2); Team Syntegrity meeting (WP-3); Dialogue processes (WP-4); Hearing formats (WP-5); and Workshops (WP-6).

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Democratic Participation in Urban Governance (Demos)

Objectives and Problems to be solved The Demos Project links city councils and research organisations in seven European countries in innovation on citizen participation in local government. Demos responds to concerns about

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-2001-00066 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,253,000 STARTING DATE: 01/02/2002 DURATION: 29 months

citizen apathy and mistrust of government, and to opportunities to revitalise local democracy.

http://www.demosproject.org

Cities across Europe recognise the need for innovative mechanisms for devolved, participatory

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Brian BROWN Phone: +32 2 29 63628 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

local governance but past experience shows there are no easily-applied models which can engender productive local participation in governance in all municipalities. The record in many cities has been one of initial enthusiasm for devolved governance followed by failure to achieve practical, sustainable outcomes. These recurring failures have resulted in disinterest and even cynicism about governance on the part of citizens, and a discrediting of the concept of devolved participation amongst politicians and officers in local governments. Demos participants believe that healthy local democracy is the foundation of democratic participation at all levels, including that of the European Union and the project actively contributes to key EU policies on governance, urban issues, sustainable development and social inclusion.

Description of Work Demos seeks to foster understanding of effective options for enhanced citizen participation in urban governance by piloting and assessing a range of practical initiatives ranging from decentralised, neighbourhood-based initiatives to city-wide e-governance. Up until now research has not widely assisted local municipalities in breaking the cycle of failed initiatives described above. Research has tended to be carried out in a disinterested or neutral observer model, commenting on failed initiatives at a time when it is too late to constructively influence those initiatives. Demos takes an action research approach to provide continual assessment of pilot actions tested in the partner cities and constructive feedback and training. Dissemination of the replicable learning resulting from the project is designed to contribute to the development of European policy and practice.

Expected/Final Results The Demos website includes a database and report of Good Practice in Citizen Participation in Local Government along with reports detailing the conceptual framework, and an assessment framework of indicators of achievement in citizen participation in municipal governance. Guidelines for pursuing innovations in local governance will be showcased at the project’s final conference to take place in June 2004. www.demosprojectconference.org.

COORDINATOR Ms Sara THIAMP City of Edinburgh Council, Department of Corporate Services 12 St Giles Street Edinburgh EH1 1PT United kingdom Phone: +44 1314693835 Fax: +44 1314693933 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > City of Utrecht Council, The Netherlands > Aberdeen City Council, United Kingdom > City of Turku Council, Finland > ENA Chios SA, Island of Chios, Greece > Krakow City Council, Poland > City of Antwerpen Council, Belgium > Stadt Solingen, Germany > Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom > Stichting Verwey-Jonker Instituut, Utrecht, The Netherlands > University of Turku, Finland > University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece > Katholieke Hogeschool Mechelen, MEMORI Research Institute - Mechelen, Belgium > Eurocities, Brussels, Belgium > Convention of Scottish Local Authorities, United Kingdom > Deutscher Städtetag, Germany

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Integrated strategies for the management of transboundary waters on the Eastern European fringe - The pilot study of Lake Peipsi and its drainage basin (MANTRA-East) CONTRACT: EVK1-CT-2000-00076 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,907,377 STARTING DATE: 01/02/2001 DURATION: 36 months http://www.mantraeast.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Hartmut BARTH Phone: +32 2 29 56452 Fax: +32 2 29 52097 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Dr. Per STALNACKE JORDFORSK - Centre for Soil and Environmental Research 1432 Aas Norway Phone: +47 649 48100 Fax: +47 649 48110 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved The aim of the project was to analyze and develop strategic planning methodologies and scientific tools for the integrated water management in transboundary watersheds located on the existing and future borders of the European Union. In accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive the project has developed recommendations for institutional mechanisms and policy instruments for decision making on water management of transboundary watercourses and international lakes located on the fringes of the European Union Several lakes and rivers cross the boundaries between countries. Management of transboundary waters is complicated since there is not one government to manage international waters and bordering states may have different languages, cultures, as well as different water management legislation and institutional structures. The number of agreements on transboundary waters in Europe is approximately 160 and shows an increasing trend. The special importance of building cooperation on transboundary waters through development of trust, personal contacts, and understanding has been fully recognized.

Description of Work The MANTRA-East project will improve the scientific approaches and strategies for the integration of ecological, socio-economic, information and policy aspects of water management, particularly emphasizing eutrophication and nutrient-related environmental problems in the Eastern European fringe areas. The research program was structured according to four different modules: > Module 1 “Ecological Status and Strategic Nutrient Tools” > Module 2 “Environmental Information for Policy- and Decision makers” > Module 3 “Policy Instruments and Institutional Mechanisms” > Module 4 “Integration, synthesis and end-user participation” and benefited from knowledge and expertise coming from a number of different disciplines. Lake Peipsi, the largest international lake in Europe, was selected as a first pilot region. It is shared by one EU-accession state (i.e. Estonia) and one non-EU state (i.e. Russia), and thus of high relevance for the future environmental management of transboundary waters on the European fringe. Vistula Lagoon was selected as the second pilot region because it is one of the largest international estuarine basins in Europe. It is shared by one “new Member State (i.e. Poland) and one non-EU state (i.e. Russia).

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Expected/Final Results The MANTRA-East actions/activities and expected outcome were: > improve the scientific approaches and strategies for the integration of ecological, socioeconomic, information and policy aspects of water management, with an emphasis on eutrophication and nutrient-related environmental problems > scientifically evaluate and improve upon approaches and strategies for the management of transboundary lake and river basins on the Eastern European fringe > develop strategies for effective transboundary water management under conditions of transition and uncertainty including the management of environmental issues in border regions of the enlarged EU > evaluate the WFD criteria and work out a set of informative parameters, which could be used in ecological status assessment of lake and river basins located on the Eastern European fringe > evaluate and assess the riverine and lake response of nutrient loads to large-scale decreases in anthropogenic activity as well as the future consequences of such changes > improve upon and stimulate the development of models that are suitable for the analysis of nutrient fluxes at the river basin scale > perform the first comprehensive pan-European study of the role and use of environmental information within transboundary water region

PARTNERS > Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden > University of Tartu, Estonia > Utrecht University, The Netherlands > Estonian Agricultural University > Russian State Hydrometeorological University > Przedsi_biorstwo Badan I Doradztwa Gomor SP Z O.O., Gdansk, Poland > Institute of Hydro Engineering - Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk > Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland > Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Lelystad, The Netherlands > Center for Transboundary Cooperation, Tartu, Estonia > Linkoeping University, Sweden > Tallinn Technical University, Estonia

Details and final reports can be found on the website of the project.

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Water liberalisation scenarios: An empirical analysis of the evolution of European water supply and sanitation sectors (EUROMARKET) CONTRACT: EVK1-CT-2002-00113 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,620,259 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2003 DURATION: 36 Months http://www2.epfl.ch/mir/ page18246.html EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Giuseppe BORSALINO Phone: +32 2 29 94061 Fax: +32 2 29 52097 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof. Wim VAN VIERSSEN International Institute of Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Ihe-Delft Management and Institutions Dept. Westvest 7, NL-2601 DA Delft Phone: +31 15 2151701 Fax: +31 15 2122921 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Water Institutions and Management Competence Centre MIR, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute for Technology Batiment Odyssea, Ecublens, Lausanne, Switzerland > Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium > ECOLOGIC - Institute for International and European Environmental Policy, Berlin, Germany > Université de Paris VIII Vincennes à Saint-Denis, Saint Denis, France > Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et Forets, Montpellier, France > Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain > Università Commerciale “Luigi Bocconi”, Milano, Italy > Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands > University of Birmingham, United Kingdom > International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands

Objectives and Problems to be solved The consortium will address a main issue which has not yet been analysed at an European level, i.e., the possible and even likely liberalization of the water sector. Without taking a proor an anti-liberalisation position, this research will look at the implications of this liberalisation process in economic, ecological, social, legal, and institutional term studying the likelihood, the nature, and the forms water liberalisation may take in Europe in the foreseeable future. It will provide recommendations for local, national and European policy-makers, as well as for water professionals, on how to manage such a process.

Description of Work The project will contribute, from an empirical point of view, to better water management by providing an in-depth case-study of the European water market in the U.K., France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. EUROWATER -Institutional Mechanisms for Water Management in the Context of European Environmental Policy – tackled, in a somewhat comparable way, similar issues under the third Framework Programme (1990-1994). The project would also aim at providing a new theoretical understanding of the interactions between the water supply and sanitation sector’s dynamics, the enterprises’ behaviours and strategies, and the emerging regulatory activities. More precisely, this research project wants to offer a better understanding of the three dynamics and their interactions both from an empirical and from a theoretical point of view. Trying to report, for example on: > How the enterprises’ strategies and behaviour affect the sectoral dynamics and structure (e.g., concentration processes), as well as regulation and the behaviour of the regulators > How the evolution of the water supply and sanitation sector influences the enterprises’, as well as the regulators’ behaviour at various levels (national, local, EU) – sectoral dynamics > How legislation and subsequently regulation drives the enterprises’ strategies and behaviour and subsequently the sectoral dynamics

Expected/Final Results The results of this research will constitute a first step towards understanding the current dynamics that are transforming the water sector nowadays. Environmental, financial and even institutional pressures are moving the water sector towards a more market-based approach, which will lead to important implications in economic, ecologic, social, political, organisational, institutional and legal terms. This study will crystallize the potential choices national and in particular EU policy-makers will have to make in order to establish a more comprehensive and integrated water management policy. Moreover, the current de facto and possible de jure liberalisation of the European water sector is a sensitive thus potentially ‘politicised’ issue. The research project will contribute to “depoliticize” the issue and highlight the underlying logic and problems encountered with the liberalization of water services. During the fourth phase of this project interviews and feedback consumer groups will be collected. Dissemination towards consumers will essentially be done with general public conferences and through newspaper articles. Finally, this research also aims at providing a new theoretical design for the study of international political economy and in particular the role of transnational

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Instruments and networks for developing logistics towards sustainable territorial objectives (INNESTO)

Objectives and Problems to be solved The present logistics restructuring process is dominated by macro-strategies imposed by larger companies and logistics operators, which have led to negative impacts in a number of industries and geographical areas. The INNESTO project is focused on developing innovative territorial solutions through the integration of different disciplines and interests with the participation of key stakeholders: organisational efficiency (small and medium sized enterprises), quality of services (logistics and transport operators), spatial planning (public authorities) and quality of life (social communities). The overall goal is to improve the quality of life in a specific local context and optimise the connection between networks of local production and markets of consumption. This is achieved by meeting the following specific objectives: > To provide a common theoretical and operational framework for Sustainable District Logistics (the SDL approach) in order to reduce logistics costs (economic, social and environmental), integrating the concepts of Sustainable Development, Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility within business and district planning > To develop new ICT-based technical and social tools for supporting local capacity and strategic decisions > To test these tools in different territorial areas to demonstrate their efficiency in adding value to local diversities and resources > To exchange experiences and to disseminate the results to a wider European audience.

Description of Work

CONTRACT: EVG1-CT-2001-00054 EC CONTRIBUTION: €704,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2002 DURATION: 30 months http://www.districtlogistics.net EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Per BACKE-HANSEN Phone: +32 2 29 68923 Fax: +32 2 29 63024 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Dr Filippo STRATI Studio Ricerche Sociali Via G.B. Amici 20 I-50127 FIRENZE Phone: +39 055 5000606 Fax: +39 055 5002202 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Province of Arezzo, Italy > Roskilde University, Denmark > EURES, Freiburg, Germany > NEA, Rijswijk, The Netherlands > Grupo Entorno, Sevilla, Spain

A number of methodologies are integrated within the SDL approach, e.g. SQM (Sustainable Quality Management) analysis, scenario workshop development, participatory involvement of local stakeholders, networking and communication exchange between study sites, decision support framework.

Expected Results Experimenting with the SDL approach and tools, the research teams developed hypotheses of innovative actions in five local case studies. These are 1) energy production from biomass and urban waste (Vega de Guadalquivir, Spain); 2) global and local logistics of small and medium sized enterprises (Viborg, Denmark); 3) cross-border inter-modal (waterways, rail and road) co-operation between public and private sectors (Trier / Luxembourg – Germany); 4) virtual networks between independent transport companies to increase transport efficiency (Northern Brabant, The Netherlands); 5) an integrated “Sustainable accessibility plan” (Casentino Valley, Italy). An extensive set of indicators has been created to evaluate longterm logistics perspectives. Stakeholders have participated in specific groups aimed at developing a Local Context Analysis (Local Advisory Group), a District Logistics Analysis (Local Project Group) and to identify development visions and paths (Local Scenario Workshop). An Internet-based system (SDL.development) is put in operation to implement the INNESTO analysis methods. A Communication Platform has been used to favour ongoing mutual information among the INNESTO partners along with the project web site accessible to the generic public. At the end of the project, dissemination as well as tool development will continue through a European SDL Network and the related European SDL Charter, which will be launched by a final European Conference in Italy in June 2004.

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Thematic Network: Strategies for Regional Sustainable Development. An integrated Approach beyond Best Practices (REGIONET) CONTRACT: EVG1-CT-2001-20003 EC CONTRIBUTION: €925,493 STARTING DATE: 01/02/2002 DURATION: 24 months www.iccr-international.org/ regionet EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marialuisa TAMBORRA Phone: +32 2 29 50312 Fax: +32 2 29 63024 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Dr Ronald J. POHORYLES The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Studies in the Social Sciences Schottenfeldgasse 69/1 A-1070 Vienna Phone: +43 1 5241393 Fax: +43 1 5241393200 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > CURE, University of Manchester, UK > Institute for Ecological Economy Research (IOEW), Germany > Graz University of Technology, Austria > ProSus, University of Oslo, Norway > Széchenyi István University of Applied Sciences, Hungary > Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland > University of Tours, France > University of Trento, Italy > University of Thessaly, Greece > Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria > CIR, France > University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic > University of Lisbon, Portugal > Centre for the Enterprises and the Environment (CEMA), Catalonia, Spain > South East Regional Authority, Ireland

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Objectives and Problems to be solved The overall objective of REGIONET was to provide an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to support the implementation of sustainable development in regions across Europe.

Description of Work One key activity within REGIONET was the organisation of workshops on regional sustainable development: Workshop 1: “Regional Sustainable Development: The Role of Structural Funds”, 9-11 September 2002, Seggau, Austria The main aim was to elaborate on the experiences made in the regions with sustainable development and how this has been promoted through the Structural Funds. Workshop 2: “Regional Sustainable Development: Strategies for Effective Multi-level Governance”, 29-31 January 2003, Lillehammer, Norway This workshop critically assessed the conceptual nature and current reality of decision-making for regional sustainable development in Europe. Workshop 3: “Regional Sustainable Development: Evaluation Methods and Tools”, 11-13 June 2003, Manchester, United Kingdom The objective was to compare existing evaluation methods, tools and indicators for the purpose of fostering regional sustainable development. Workshop 4: “Regional Sustainable Development: Results of the REGIONET Project”, 14-16 January 2004, Brussels, Belgium The final workshop synthesised and integrated knowledge gathered in the course of the whole REGIONET project and tried to establish regional partnerships.

Expected Results Generally, there is an extremely varying way of defining and understanding of what sustainable development means on the regional level in Europe. The individual needs for development on a sub-national level determine to a large extent the shape of policies and programmes in the regions when they are translated into action. The ecological dimension of sustainable development is overwhelmingly stressed in the performance of RSD in the regions. The economic and social dimensions of sustainable development figure less prominently on the regional efforts for RSD. Moreover, the understanding of RSD refers largely to rural areas. Agglomerations and big cityregions are missing even though they are the most critical spatial setting for sustainable development issues. The workshops showed that RSD in Europe needs new forms of management on the regional level. It is, however, still open for discussion what these new management units should look like. The LEADER action groups are one good example of how a policy tool has a direct impact on the formation and new constellations of actors or new development networks. The accession countries show a very heterogeneous structure when it comes to the question ‘who is the region’. The range of recipients of EU development aims and programmes vary from regional voluntary groups of actors with specific development aims to national governments. The topic of evaluation methods and tools also brought some important conclusions. An integrated framework should link together different evaluation methods and tools with other dimensions of the policy process. The ideal of an integrated framework is likely to remain out of reach in the sense that no one method or tool can deal with all possibilities at all levels in a large organisation. However, it is possible to envisage an integrated framework which is like a connected set of tools rather than one tool which can do any job.

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Benchmarking Sustainable Services for the Housing Sector in the City of Tomorrow (HOMESERVICES)

Objectives and Problems to be solved This project focuses on how to reduce environmental burden, create jobs, and make companies more competitive by replacing products with services that fulfil the same needs of the consumer. Previous studies show that consumers must be able to use such services (e.g. car sharing) as conveniently as products owned by themselves. Therefore, the project concentrates on the conditions necessary for providing these services directly at home. Studies show that co-operative marketing strategies of housing organisations and service providers must be applied in order to develop convenient and cost-efficient services. Therefore, the principal actors in this field are the:

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-2002-00100 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,051,528 STARTING DATE: 01/10/2002 DURATION: 24 months http://www.sustainablehomeservices.com EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Vincent FAVREL Phone: +32 2 29 93710 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

l. housing sector 2. service providers, and 3. users themselves

Description of Work

COORDINATOR Dr Christine JASCH Rechte Wienzeile 19/5 A-1040 Vienna Phone: +43 1 5872189 Fax: +43 1 5870971 e-mail: [email protected]

The main objective of this project is to stimulate the introduction of sustainable services, which are provided directly at the client’s home. These services are called homeservices in this project. The HOMESERVICES project is focused on: 1. describing the present situation of technical, social, knowledge or mobility-oriented services which are or may be provided directly at home by the housing sector or any other institution 2. analysing the environmental, economic, and social effects of these services 3. analysing the tenants’ attitudes towards these services 4. evaluating representative housing pilot projects in the participating cities in order to analyse which factors facilitate or hinder the development of innovative buildings with a broad set of services 5. analysing the services’ obstacles and promoting factors 6. benchmarking the housing sector and other suppliers as providers of services, based on the balanced scorecard approach

PARTNERS > National Laboratory for Engineering and Industrial Technology (INETI), Lisbon, Portugal > Institut fuer Zukunftsstudien und Technologieberwertung Gmbh (IZT), Berlin, Germany > Helsinki School of Economics, Department of Management, Helsinki, Finland > Prospektiker S.A., Instituto Europeo de Prospectiva y Estrategia, Zarautz, Spain > Interfacultaire Vakgroup Milieukunde UVA b.v (IVAM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

7. comparing 12 European cities 8. developing an ideal scenario 9. creating a service catalogue and carrying out workshops with possible providers and other actors in order to guarantee the dissemination of results

Expected/Final Results We assume that a market for services directed towards households and individuals exists, but that it has to be accessed through innovative concepts. Due to the proximity to the residents, the housing sector may play a key role in promoting sustainable services by > initiating these services > offering these services in co-operation with small and medium-size service providers, and > creating the structural framework for offering these services

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Local Evaluation 21: Local Agenda 21 self-assessment for local authorities on-line (LASALA/LASALA-ONLINE)

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-2002-80015 EC CONTRIBUTION: €425,894 STARTING DATE: 01/02/2003 DURATION: 15 months http://www.localevaluation21.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Vincent FAVREL Phone: +32 2 29 93710 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Stefan KUHN ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainable Development European Secretariat Urban Governance - Local Agenda 21 Team Leopoldring 3 D-79098 Freiburg Phone: +49 761 36 892 0 Fax: +49 761 36 892 69 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Northumbria University, Sustainable Cities Research Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom > Abo Akademi University, Institute for Comparative Nordic Politics and Administration, Abo (Turku), Finland > Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciencias de Technologia da Quinta da Torre, Departamento de Ciencias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Lisboa, Monte Caparica, Portugal > The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, Szentendre, Hungary > Focus Lab Srl, Modena, Italy

Objectives and Problems to be solved After more than ten years in which local authorities across Europe have been leading planning processes, developing policies and implementing projects for local sustainable development, research and tools for evaluation have become necessary. For the 2,000 local authorities that have expressed their commitment to sustainable development by signing the Aalborg Charter, this can only be realised through self-evaluation. It needs to be based on standardised, researchbacked tools that integrate the perspective of both the local authority and stakeholder organisations.

Description of Work The LASALA project developed a framework for self-evaluation of Local Agenda 21 processes which was used by more than 150 local authorities. It constituted the first scientific evaluation of Local Agenda 21 processes on a European, comparative level. The LASALA-online Accompanying Measure established Local Evaluation 21 as on-line, easy-to-access platform for self-evaluation. The self-evaluation is based on a set of criteria derived from the Public Administration Evaluation Model which were adapted for the topic of sustainable development. They also take into account the Aalborg Charter commitments and the European Common Indicators. They are assessed through 2 questionnaires aimed at the local authority and stakeholder organisations. A web site (www.localevaluation21.org) provides easy access as well as a software for automatic processing of input and generation of feedback reports.

Expected/Final Results Local Evaluation 21 is a free, fully automated on-line facility which delivers analyses on processes and progress in the field of local sustainable development to public authorities, policy makers and researchers on local, national and EU levels. Local Evaluation 21 provides an evaluation framework for local authorities to self-assess their activities in the field of local sustainable development and to benchmark their responses against the results of other cities. Through feedback reports with individual analysis and recommendations, local authorities can identify successes and areas requiring further work. This will enable them to improve their understanding of governance and decision-making processes and to focus their sustainability efforts. Local Evaluation 21 also provides a valuable information source on prerequisites for the successful promotion of sustainable urban development policies as well as the identification of general trends and changing dynamics of the local sustainability scenario. In order to ensure wide exploitation, Local Evaluation 21 is available in 20 European languages. It has been developed in close cooperation with major European local government networks and the European Sustainable Cities and Towns Campaign. National promoters and local authorities have been involved in piloting and promoting the tool within all European Union countries.

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Variable rate pricing based on pay-as-you-throw as a tool of urban waste management (PAYT)

Objectives and Problems to be solved The project addresses the environmental concerns of waste-caused pollution and secondary materials utilisation, by increasing our knowledge of the effectiveness and suitable design of variable rate pricing as a policy option for reducing household discards, particularly those destined for final disposal. Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) substitutes flat rates and is meant to act as an incentive to households to divert an increased portion of its discards away from traditional disposal to recycling. The project aims to create new working relationships between urban centres that have experimented with PAYT and cities who indicate that they are considering this scheme, and

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-2000-00021 EC CONTRIBUTION: €964,664 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2001 DURATION: 34 months http://web.tu-dresden.de/ intecuspayt/ EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Viorel VULTURESCU Phone: +32 2 29 64684 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

between the research sector and users to insure the issues addressed correspond to user needs. In combination with the tools that will be provided to decision makers the project is expected to become a catalyst to achieve a breakthrough in sustainable organised waste management schemes based on the polluters’ responsibility to pay for the environmentally benign disposal.

Description of work The work is divided into two essentially parallel research lines: one focused on the potentials of Pay-As-You-Throw by mainly synthesising available knowledge in order to establish the general framework, limits of feasibility and applicable steering mechanisms with regard to implementation; the other is directed at the analysis of user needs and the problems encountered in examples of PAYT already implemented. The objective is to define workable solutions that may become the basis for recommendations to decision makers and the subject of demonstrations.

Expected/Final Results Deliverables include the analysis of user concerns and needs compiled in a document called “What decision makers want to know about PAYT” and the consolidation of corresponding findings of the research translated into a guidebook for urban decision-makers and stakeholders involved. Impacts expected from this project may therefore take a wide spectrum. With the review of available knowledge and experience a comprehensive overview on the state-of-the-art, problems encountered and main factors with regard to the implementation of PAYT in European cities will already be provided in an early stage of the project.

COORDINATOR Prof. Bernd BILITEWSKI Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Sites Treatment Pratzschwitzer Str. 15 D-01796 Pirna Phone: +49-351530021 Fax: +49-351530022 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > National University of Ireland, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cork, Ireland > Intecus Gmbh, Dresden, Germany > University of Economics Prague, Department of Environmental Economics, Prague, Czech Republic > Institut fuer Oekologische Raumentwicklung E.V, Department of Building Ecology, Dresden, Germany > Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki, Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering, Thessalonki, Greece > Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Political Sciences and Sociology, Barcelona, Spain > Danwaste Consult A/S, Koepenhagen, Denmark > Commission of the European Communities, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Sevilla, Spain

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Environmental relief potential of urban action on avoidance and detoxification of waste streams through green public procurement (RELIEF) CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-2000-00035 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,121,017 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2001 DURATION: 33 months http://www.iclei.org/ecoprocura/relief/ EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Viorel VULTURESCU Phone: +32 2 29 64684 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved Public procurement in Europe adds up to some 12% of total GNP. It therefore offers a big potential for promoting sustainable production, closing material cycles and avoiding waste. Despite the strategic potential, the innovations triggered in the economy still appear to be marginal.

Description of Work The project can roughly be divided into a scientific phase and a more implementation-oriented phase. The first phase will develop the methods and carry out assessments and calculations, while

COORDINATOR Christoph ERDMENGER International Council for Local Environment Initiatives - European Secretariat, EcoProcurement Programme Leopoldring 3 D-79098 Freiburg Phone: +49 761 368 920 Fax: +49 761 368 9249 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Vereniging, Institute for Environmental Studies, The Netherlands > Interuniversitaeres Forschungszentrum fuer Technik, Arbeit und Kultur, Graz, Austria > Center for Environmental Studies, Budapest, Hungary > Miskolc City of County Rank, Miskolc, Hungary > International Council for Local Environment Initiatives Canada, Toronto > International Council for Local Environment Initiatives Asia Pacific Secretariat, Tokyo, Japan > Kolding Kommune, Kolding, Denmark > Technische Universitaet Dresden, Fakultaet Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Dresden, Germany > Dk-Teknik Energi & Miljo, Environment Department Lca, Soeborg, Denmark > Technische Universitaet Wien, Institute for Public Finance and Infrastructure Policy, Wien, Austria

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the second phase will develop, discuss and implement policy recommendations. The scientific phase will start with an international survey on national approaches, which is followed by in-depth surveys on the city partners. The implementation phase will start with the development of draft policy recommendations and tools. Recommendations for urban environment policies, product policies and trade and internal market policies will be addressed at a European level. Draft European purchasing guidelines for specific product groups will be provided to the purchasing communities. A specific tool will be developed in the form of a “code of orientation” addressing the legal dilemma of internal market rules which are blind to environmental criteria.

Expected/Final Results The project will improve the current situation on the scientific side by delivering methods, calculations and of course urgently needed data. Additionally, Status Reports and Priority Assessments will be published for the six partner cities from different parts of Europe. Within the project, recommendations for European and local policies will be derived. Strategically, joint purchasing power will achieve not only marginal changes but also shifts on the supply-side of the market toward sustainability. The project will assist this by developing a “Cities for Green Purchasing Campaign”. For this a manual on green purchasing will be written together with an ambitious agenda to set the results in action. Outside the project, the results on methods and calculations will enable scientists all over Europe to make their own surveys on potentials for certain authorities and certain product groups. Local authorities will be able to benefit from the experiences of the six participating cities and their status reports.

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The involvement of stakeholders to develop and implement tools for sustainable households in the city of tomorrow (TOOLSUST) Objectives and Problems to be solved With the aim to contribute to sustainable consumption behaviour in cities, Toolsust has three main objectives: 1. Describe the present situation for households in selected European cities – Frederikstad (N), Groningen (NL), Padua (IT), Guildford (UK) and Södermalm (SV) -– and discuss which part households and consumers play in the strategies of sustainable European cities, and the involvement of stakeholders in this process. 2. Analyse the possibilities and tools for significant short term changes, linked to three elements: the significance of environmental and consumer information, the consequences for quality of life, and the importance of participation in the decision-making process for all stakeholders. 3. Involve relevant stakeholders in the discussion of the potential and need for long term changes in household behaviour within the framework of factor four and related to the process of European Sustainable Cities.

Description of Work

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-2000-00036 EC CONTRIBUTION: €826,281 STARTING DATE: 01/12/2000 DURATION: 36 months http://www.toolsust.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Vincent FAVREL Phone: +32 2 29 93710 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Eivind STØ National Institute For Consumer Research Po Box 173 1325 Lysaker Norway Phone: +47 67599870 Fax: +47 67531948 e-mail: [email protected]

ToolSust has concentrated on the following important consumer activities: > Use of energy within households > Recycling of glass, paper, textiles, toxic waste and organic waste > Shopping behaviour of organic and local food and eco-labelled products > Transport related to shopping behaviour. First, a qualitative and quantitative picture of the environmental situation in the five cities considered was drawn. Qualitative interviews with local stakeholders were combined with a quantitative consumer survey. Then a quantitative household metabolic approach to the environmental impact of consumption, focusing on both direct and indirect energy-use in various types of households in the five cities was developed. The next step concentrated on possibilities for short-tern changes in three of our cities; linking

PARTNERS > Universita degli Studi di Padova, Department of Sociology, Padova, Italy > University of Surrey, Department of Psychology, Guildford, United Kingdom > University of Groningen, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Groningen, Netherlands > Defence Research Establishment, Environmental Strategies Research Group, Stockholm, Sweden

the changing potentials to consumer information (Fredrikstad), quality of life (Padua) and participation (Guildford). Finally, the focus was put on potentials for long-term changes within a back-casting approach. Stakeholders in all five cities are involved in drawing positive images of the future.

Final Results The environmental impact of household consumption in European cities was analysed on the basis of statistical data at local and national level, quantitative consumer survey and qualitative interviews with stakeholders and consumers. Toolsust contributed substantially to the discussion about household metabolism on the basis of which the EAP-model to measure the environmental impact of consumption at the city level was developed and applied. Green household budget, an internet-based information tool for short-term changes in consumption pattern was developed and tested. The back-casting approach was developed as a tool for long-term changes in the environmental impact of consumption.

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Technology and Social Visions for Europe’s Energy Future - A Europe wide Delphi Study (EURENDEL)

CONTRACT: ENG1-CT-2002-00676 EC CONTRIBUTION: €435.584 STARTING DATE: 1/10/2002 DURATION: 24 Months http://www.izt.de/eurendel/ EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: + 32 2 296 28 11 Fax: + 32 2 299 49 91 e-mail: domenico.rossetti-divaldalbero @cec.eu.int COORDINATOR Timon WEHNERT IZT Schopenhauerstrasse 26 D-14129 Berlin Phone: + 49 30.80.30.88.13 Fax: + 49 30.80.30.88.88 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > BREC/IBMER, Warsaw, Poland > UCLB-IEFE, Milano, Italy > PROSPEKTIKER, Zarautz, Spain > RISOE, Roskilde, Denmark

Objectives and Problems to be solved EURENDEL assesses long-term developments in energy technologies, their potential and expected impacts. The perspective taken integrates a technology push with a social pull approach embracing a time horizon of 30 years. The liberalisation of the energy sector, the increasing amount of transnational research as well as rapid technology developments challenge today's innovation systems and demand a greater integration and cohesion into EU-wide innovation strategies. EURENDEL employs a Union-wide Delphi survey to cover the need for reliable information on long-term trends and developments. Thus the project provides orientation knowledge and technical foresight to promote a sustainable European energy sector.

Description of Work The core of EURENDEL is a Europe-wide Delphi survey with two rounds of expert consultations. The Delphi method is an appropriate approach not only to gain a consensual-based technological foresight, but also to integrate technological, social and economic perspectives of sustainable development. According to these two main focus points, EURENDEL simultaneously examines how social requirements and technological developments exert influence on the speed, thrust and centre of innovation. The knowledge gathered allows an analysis of both what might happen in the future and what has to be done to secure long-term competitiveness and enhanced quality of life. In a first step, the state-of-the-art of energy technology development in the EU Member and Accession States is defined. Future relevant issues are identified in expert interviews. In contrast to this technological push perspective, a social pull approach is endorsed, by analysing socio-economic trends. Concerns and opportunities regarding social developments are gathered in a “Futures Workshop” to extract future social demands. The most important issues are accentuated as Delphi statements. They provide the basis for a standardized questionnaire, which is mailed to 2,000 European experts. The data gathered is analysed and subsequently returned to the participants for re-evaluation. A thorough evaluation of both rounds is conducted to assess the major European-wide technological trends, social requirements, challenges and possible solutions.

Expected Results A consensual and systematic assessment of future energy technology developments on an EU level including the expected range of diffusion, chances and constraints is carried out. EURENDEL provides orienting knowledge and technical input to the European Union considerations with respect to installing an appropriate framework which promotes a sustainable development of the energy sector. Additionally, it advances a better understanding of the dynamics and determinants of technological development in different energy environments. It supports enterprises in their efforts to develop customised products and gives industrial and municipal decision makers a basis of information for energy related planning. During the survey process all findings are open to public access on the project web-site. In a series of national and European wide workshops, the results of the survey are disseminated and a lively discussion on appropriate measures to strengthen the EU innovation system is promoted.

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Promoting and financing clean development mechanism renewable energy projects in the Mediterranean region (CDMEDI) Objectives and Problems to be solved The objectives of CDMEDI are to elaborate a CDM user’s guide for the implementation of CDM projects using renewable energy projects in the Mediterranean region and to organise a high level Euro-Mediterranean conference on how to implement and finance such projects in the region in order to largely disseminate the user’s guide and the results of the CDMED (contract ENG2-CT1999-00001) and the MED2010 (contract ENK5-CT2000-00307) projects. The final objective is to support the development of renewable energy projects in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean region through the CDM and help European countries to achieve their Kyoto targets. This will contribute to sustainable development both in the Northern and in the Southern Mediterranean region.

Description of Work CDMEDI is structured along four main work packages and the related deliverables. The first work package deals with the analysis of the ways to implement and finance CDM projects using renewable energy technologies in the Mediterranean region. A user’s guide is elaborated and largely disseminated to the relevant actors. A two-day high level Euro-Mediterranean conference will be organised at the end of the project in order to present the user’s guide, the results of the CDMED and MED2010 projects and to promote the implementation of CDM projects in the Mediterranean region. A Steering Committee is set up with representatives from European and Mediterranean organisations, Ministries and

CONTRACT: ENK6-CT-2002-80645 EC CONTRIBUTION: €119,439 STARTING DATE: 01/12/2002 DURATION: 12 months http://www.ome.org/cdmedi/ PDF/abstract.pdf EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 29 62811 Fax: +32 2 29 94991 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Giuseppe Maria SFLIGIOTTI and Houda ALLAL OME 7 rue Soutrane F-06905 Sophia Antipolis Phone: +33 4 92 96 66 96 Fax: +33 4 92 96 66 99 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > ENEL GREENPOWER, Rome, Italy > ANER, Tunis, Tunisia

energy companies. This Committee has an active role in the preparation and the follow-up of the Conference. In parallel, a stakeholders dialogue is initiated with several European and Mediterranean ministries in charge of environment and energy (Italy, Tunisia, etc.), energy companies (EDF, ENEL, etc.), European associations (EURELECTRIC, etc.) and Mediterranean associations (MEDENER, etc.).

Expected Results The expected results of the CDMEDI project are the elaboration and widespread dissemination (also with a website) of a CDM user’s guide for the implementation of CDM projects using renewable energy projects in the Mediterranean region and the organisation of a high level Euro-Mediterranean conference on how to implement and finance such projects in the region. This would allow the implementation of CDM projects using renewable energy technologies in the Mediterranean countries, in accordance with the objectives of the European Union, the Mediterranean countries and the Kyoto commitments.

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Policy and Regulatory Roadmaps for the Integration of Distributed Generation and the Development of Sustainable Electricity Networks (SUSTELNET) CONTRACT: ENK5-CT2001-00577 EC CONTRIBUTION: €998,000 STARTING DATE: 14/01/2002 DURATION: 30 months http://www.sustelnet.net/ EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Glyn EVANS Phone: +32 2 29 65047 Fax: +32 2 29 64288 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved Technological developments and EU targets for RES penetration and GHG reduction are decentralising the electricity infrastructure and services. However, no initiative exists to consider the opening up and regulation of distribution networks to ensure effective participation of RES and DG in the internal market. This project provides the analytical background and organisational foundation for a regulatory process that satisfies this need. The main objective of the SUSTELNET project is to develop regulatory road maps for the transition to an electricity market and network structure that creates a level playing field between centralised and decentralised generation and network development, and facilitates the integration of RES,

COORDINATOR Martin J.J. SCHEEPERS ECN P.O. Box 37154 NL-1030 AD Amsterdam Phone: +31 224 56 44 36 Fax: +31 204 92 28 12 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom > Öko-Institut, Freiburg, Germany > FEEM, Milano, Italy > Tech-Wise A/S, Fredericia, Denmark > IZES, Saarbrücken, Germany > Enviros, Prague, Czech Republic > KAPE, Warsaw, Poland > MAKK, Budapest, Hungary > EGU Power Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia > ECON Centre for Economic Analysis, Copenhagen, Denmark

within the framework of the liberalisation of the EU electricity market.

Description of Work The project is divided into two parts. The first, analytical part identifies the long-term historical and future technical, socio-economic and institutional dynamics that shape the European electricity supply systems and markets. This increases the understanding of the structure of the current European electricity sector and its socio-economic and institutional environment. The underlying patterns identified in this way provide the boundary conditions and levers for policy development to reach long-term RES and GHG targets (2020-2030 time frame). A review of selected Member States (MS) and Newly Associated States (NAS) regulatory regimes and an analysis of their impact on the integration of DG and RES are made on a system level. In the second phase, criteria are defined for the development of electricity policy and network regulation. MS and NAS regulatory regimes are benchmarked against these criteria and a prioritisation and agenda for regulatory changes is established. Finally, a policy and regulatory road map is defined that sets out the regulatory steps that need to be undertaken to achieve medium to long-term RES and GHG goals and which will offer guidance in harmonisation issues and the relative role of the EU as well as individual MS and NAS regulation and policy-making over time. To deliver a fully operational road map a regulatory process is initiated throughout this project. This process will bring together MS and NAS electricity regulators and policy-makers, distribution and supply companies, as well as representatives from other relevant institutions. Thus it ensures a good connection with current industry, regulatory and policy practice, creates ‘buy in’ from the relevant actors and thereby enhances the feasibility of implementation. The actors in the regulatory process will review, debate and augment the proposed regulatory road map in sound board meetings and workshops. The contributions from these meetings and workshops will be processed into the final version of the regulatory road map.

Expected Results The SUSTELNET project will result in: > criteria, guidelines and rationales for electricity policy and regulation > benchmarking of current MS/NAS electricity policy and regulation against these criteria and guidelines > roadmaps for the design and implementation of electricity policy and regulation for selected EU MS/NAS in order to promote a transition to a sustainable electricity supply infrastructure and market structure > an outline and agenda for a continued regulatory process

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A Platform for Hydrogen Energy in Europe (HyNet )

Objectives and Problems to be solved HyNet’s goals are to advise the EC on hydrogen energy related research through a consortium of interested and relevant stakeholders from industry, institutes and the regions as well as to disseminate the progress to the public via an Internet page and a European product, services and expert database. As hydrogen will become the universal sustainable energy carrier and fuel in future energy systems widely based on renewables, many technological, socio-economic and policy research topics are affected. Issues range from hydrogen production, infrastructure including transport, distribution and storage, as well as safety, transition scenarios and taxation to dissemination, education and training.

Description of Work The task of changing unsustainable patterns of development in European energy systems (growing dependency on imported fossil fuels, increasing energy consumption and deteriorating air quality)

CONTRACT: ENK6-CT-2001-20537 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,072,609 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2002 DURATION: 36 months www.HyNet.info EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER William BORTHWICK Phone: +32 2 29 65025 Fax: +32 2 29 55697 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Ulrich BUENGER Daimlerstrasse 15 D-85521 Ottobrunn Phone: +49 89 608 110 42 Fax: +49 89 609 97 31 e-mail: [email protected]

has long been a challenge. There is therefore an urgent need to enlarge and diversify the energy supply using clean and renewable sources and to increase the efficiencies and cost effectiveness of energy conversion technologies. The goal of achieving sustainable energy systems is one of the priorities of current European research. Hydrogen has long been considered the important universal energy carrier and storage medium to endorse the use of cleaner and reliable energy sources. As hydrogen is a gaseous energy carrier in ambient conditions technical and economic challenges have to be overcome to make it a widely used energy carrier alongside electricity. The introduction of hydrogen energy will be an enormous task. The infrastructure build-up will require an effort comparable with the installation of the transport and distribution network for natural gas in the 60s and 70s. When the vision was stated by the High Level Group on Hydrogen in Fuel Cells (HLG) in June 2003 the hydrogen infrastructure implementation plan needed to be developed in detail. An important part of it will be the R&D plan to utilise efficiently the available financial resources and expertise throughout Europe.

Expected Results HyNet will contribute as a consensus platform by pulling together the European expertise in research to find answers to the questions raised by the gaps and needs analysis. To focus the R&D efforts towards realistic commercial goals in favour of an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable phase-in of hydrogen energy, industry has committed its active

PARTNERS: > L-B-Systemtechnik GmbH, Ottobrunn, Germany > BMW AG, München, Germany > Bp International Ltd., Mottershead, United Kingdom > Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cienttificas, Zaragoza, Spain > Linde AG, München, Germany > Messer Griesheim GmbH, Krefeld, Germany > Norsk Hydro ASA, Oslo, Norway > Raufoss ASA, Raufoss, Norway > Shell Hydrogen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands > Technischer Überwachungsverein Nord e.V., Hamburg, Germany > TÜV Süddeutschland e.V., München, Germany > Vandenborre Technologies N.V., Turnhout, Belgium

participation in this definition phase towards a common European approach.

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Comparative analysis of Risk Governance for Radiological and Chemical Discharges of Industrial Installations (RISKGOV) CONTRACT: FIKR-CT-2001-00168 EC CONTRIBUTION: €395,549 STARTING DATE: 01/10/2001 DURATION: 30 months http://www.riskgov.com/ EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Neale KELLY Phone: +32 2 29 56484 Fax: +32 2 29 54991 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved The objective of RISKGOV is to improve the governance of radiological risks related to public exposure to environmental radioactive discharges from nuclear installations. For this purpose, the project will pay special attention to innovative approaches concerning quality, legitimacy, efficiency and practicability of the decision-making processes on risk within the governance of hazardous activities in Europe. Building on the results of the TRUSTNET European Concerted Action on risk governance, RISKGOV will: > Analyse the elements determining the quality of governance systems for radiological risks

COORDINATOR Thierry SCHNEIDER CEPN Route du Panorama 18 F-92263 Fontenay-aux-Roses Phone: +33 1 46 547 659 Fax: +33 1 40 849 034 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Mutadis, Paris, France > IRSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France > Health and Safety Laboratory, Sheffield, United Kingdom > University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom > KTH, Stockholm, Sweden

associated with environmental discharges from nuclear installations > Compare them with the elements determining the quality of governance systems of chemical risks associated with environmental discharges from non-nuclear installations > Provide guidance and operational recommendations from this analysis for the improvement of existing governance systems for radiological risks.

Description of Work The research is being carried out by an interdisciplinary team of six organisations from France, Sweden and UK. A common interdisciplinary framework for analysis has been developed based on the conclusions of TRUSTNET, a project carried out under the auspices of Euratom FP4. This framework provides the basis for analysing a number of case studies. These have been chosen to identify and characterise the key elements for determining the quality of the decision-making processes related to the assessment and management of risk at the local, national and European levels. A common interdisciplinary assessment of the systems of risk governance will be performed based on a comparative analysis of the different case studies. It will include an international and “inter-sectorial” (radiological and chemical risks) comparison. This comparative analysis will: > Refine, as necessary, the common interdisciplinary analysis framework > Examine the underlying causes of success and failure in risk governance and lessons to be learned for the future governance of discharges from industrial installations > Lead to the development of operational guidance on how governance systems for radiological risks could be improved

Expected Results The results of the project will be disseminated through published reports and a website (www.riskgov.com).

The results are expected to: > Contribute to resources being used more safely, effectively and efficiently by promoting the development of decision-making and information systems which are characterised by openness and trust > Promote more efficient protection through the involvement of stakeholders in both decision-framing and decision-making > Contribute to improved acceptability of decisions through governance process that better involve stakeholders, thereby enhancing openness, accountability and mutual learning

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Environmental Risk from Ionising Contaminants: Assessment and Management (ERICA)

Objectives and Problems to be solved The objective of ERICA is to provide an integrated approach to scientific, managerial and societal issues concerned with the effects of radiation on the environment, with emphasis on biota and ecosystems. The project builds on the achievements of the FASSET project (carried out under the auspices of Euratom FP5), which provided a basic framework for the assessment of the impact of radionuclides on the environment.

Description of Work The objectives of the ERICA project will be fulfilled through the development of a user-friendly assessment tool with risk characterisation methodologies coupled with communication strategies aimed at decision-making. This involves filling gaps in scientific data, expansion of the current radiation effects database, and extrapolation issues, e.g. from known effects on individuals to effects on populations. The tool will be tested and applied to a series of case studies and supported by stakeholder interaction. The development of science-based managerial guidance, including methodologies for stakeholder involvement in assessments, will be based on a number of meetings with end-users representing a wide range of different interests in the protection of the

CONTRACT: FI6R-CT-2003-508847 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1.500.000 STARTING DATE: 01/03/04 DURATION: 36 months EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Neale KELLY Phone: +32 2 29 56484 Fax: +32 2 29 54991 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Carl-Magnus LARSSON Swedish Radiation Protection Authority Department of Waste Management and Environmental Protection S-7116 Stockholm Phone: +46 8 729 72 52 Fax: +46 8 729 71 08 e-mail: [email protected]

environment from radiation. Emphasis will be placed on disseminating the progress of the work through continuous interaction with end-users. A workshop will be organised towards the end of the project to demonstrate to end-users how the integrated approach developed within this project can be practically applied within a European dimension. The research and development will be carried out in four main work packages: > Supply of an assessment tool which will enhance the quality and robustness of the assessment methodology > Supply of risk characterisation methodologies for ecologically meaningful estimates of risk > Supply of managerial guidance together with stakeholder involvement to support the protection of the environment from ionising radiation > Application, testing and refinement of the assessment methodologies based on their application to case studies on various ecosystems.

Expected Results ERICA will further develop and enhance the framework for assessing the impact of radiation on the environment developed within the FP5 project, FASSET. This framework will largely underpin the scientific and technical basis for standards for protection of the environment which are under development by various national and international organisations.

PARTNERS > Svensk Kaernbraenslehantering AB, Stockholm, Sweden > Facilia AB, Bromma, Sweden > Sodertorn University College, Huddinge, Sweden > Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Oslo, Norway > CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain > Environment Agency, Bristol, United Kingdom > University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom > Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, United Kingdom > Westlakes Scientific Consulting Ltd., Moor Row, United Kingdom > British Nuclear Fuels, Warrington, United Kingdom > Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki Finland > IRSN, Clamart, France > GSF - Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany > The Agricultural University of Norway, Aas, Norway > Electricité de France, Paris, France

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The European Regulation Forum on Electricity Reforms (SESSA)

CONTRACT: SSP6-CT2004-502479 EC CONTRIBUTION: €472,000 STARTING DATE: 1/4/2004 DURATION: 18 months www.sessa.eu.com

Objectives and Problems to be solved SESSA aims at contributing to the development of a sustainable European energy system and an appropriate regulatory framework for EU through research in economics and economic engineering. In addressing these topics SESSA will put electricity at the core of European energy sustainability. All

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI DI VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 296 28 11 Fax: +32 2 299 49 91 e-mail: [email protected]

relevant regulations, including RTD energy policies, will be addressed in the perspective of making the energy internal market a success and a corner stone of sustainability. Only a robust, coherent and harmonised regulatory framework can ensure workable and fruitful interactions between the various parts of energy systems and RTD both at the Member States' and the EU level. The SESSA objectives are: to improve the existing knowledge on the ongoing regulations and policies, to develop and compare benchmarking methodologies, to make proposals for the

COORDINATOR: Jean-Michel GLACHANT Ecole des Mines de Paris 60 Boulevard Saint Michel, F-75272 Paris Phone: +33 140911864 Fax: +33 140911865 e-mail [email protected] PARTNERS: > Ecole des Mines de Paris, Paris, France > University of Hull Business School, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom > Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge, United Kingdom > Department of International Economics, Berlin, Germany > Institute of Economics, Bergen, Norway > Instituto de Investigacion Tecnologica, Madrid, Spain > Center for Operations Research and Econometrics, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

implementation of the best practices in the EU, to gather and facilitate interaction between high level academics and decision-makers.

Description of Work SESSA will organise five conferences: Refining market design; Addressing market power and industry restructuring for consumers benefits; Ensuring EU energy enlargement to new Member States; Harmonising effective regulation; Investing for sustainability. The SESSA leading institutions organise five academic workshops and five stakeholder conferences on these topics. The academic workshops are devoted to the review and analysis of existing and proposed regulatory policies. The stakeholder conferences will give to decision makers like industry and consumer representatives or national regulatory bodies the opportunity to express their views on these topics. Prior to each workshop, SESSA Experts provide a report with their contribution on a specific topic. After each conference and workshop a report will be written, which will include the relevant contributions and conclusions. For all five specific topics, SESSA will benchmark national experiences, identify best practices in EU and abroad and draw guidelines for their implementation. The outcome of the several specific conferences and workshops will be disseminated through two final conferences and a final report. On one hand, the SESSA participants will make a critical review of the considered practices, the results of the benchmark analysis, the studies that will be performed on specific regulatory schemes and the proposals for novel approaches and their implementation. On the other hand they contribute to the exchange of experiences and the dissemination of the results at the conferences and workshops.

Expected Results and Exploitation Plans SESSA will assess electricity reforms and policies and will identify what are the best practices in the EU (and abroad) in regulating for sustainable energy. By assembling more than 20 research teams and 40 stakeholders from 16 different countries, generating research reports and stakeholders interaction and consensus, SESSA will help collecting data, documents and case studies on the actual regulations and policies including RTD regarding energy sustainability in the EU-25 and abroad (notably Norway, Switzerland and USA). It will deliver an extensive benchmarking in this area and recommendations before the opening of European electricity markets to all domestic customers

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Benchmarking of Benchmarking (BOB)

Objectives and Problems to be solved BOB aimed to assess how performance measures and benchmarking can support the development and implementation of a European sustainable transport policy (towards improved quality, efficiency, safety and sustainability of the European transport system).

Description of Work BOB is the “laboratory” of BEST – a thematic network on benchmarking. BEST created a forum of experts to promote knowledge on best practices in the transport sector, identifying best practice state-of-the-art, examples of successful benchmarking in transport, a methodology and criteria to apply benchmarking, and the value of benchmarking for policy. The results of the BEST workshops were tested practically in the three BOB case studies on rail passenger transport, road safety and airport accessibility, and conclusions and recommendations were drawn.

Expected/Final Results

CONTRACT: 2000-AM.10031 EC CONTRIBUTION: €808,381 STARTING DATE: 01/06/2000 DURATION: 36 months http://www.bestransport.org/ cadrebobwhat.html EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marian IBARRA GIL Phone: +32 2 29 54507 Fax: +32 2 29 55843 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Ad ROSENBRAND NEA Transport Research and Training Sir Winston Churchilllaan 297 P.O. Box 1969 NL-2280 DZ Rijswijk Phone: +31 70 39 88 388 Fax: +31 70 39 54 186 e-mail: [email protected]

The main outcomes of each pilot project were: > railways case on passenger transport In the rail pilot, the effectiveness of services was evaluated through a benchmark indicator on “punctuality”. This was used both to compare the performance of a railway service on a time base and to compare the performance, in the form of best practices, of railway services involved in the pilot. The performance of railway services was made transparent, and ways to improve services identified. > road safety case The main challenge of the road safety pilot was to benchmark non-quantitative entities like road safety and policy. Within “prospective” and “retrospective” perspectives, the quantitative benchmark indicator “Casualties per billion vehicle/km” was used. The resulting Road Safety Transition Curve sets out how road safety evolves from nearly entirely retrospective road safety policies and fairly high casualty rates towards more prospective policies and lower casualty rates. > airport accessibility case

PARTNERS > Organisation Gestion Marketing, Bruxelles, Belgium > Centre d’Etudes sur les Réseaux, les Transports, l’Urbanisme et les constructions publiques, Lyon, France > Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway > Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands > Ingenieria y Economia del Transporte SA, Madrid, Spain > Forschungs- und Anwendungsverbund Verkehrssystemtechnik Berlin, Germany > Warsaw University of Technology, Poland > University of Antwerp, Belgium

This pilot focused on the public Access System to airports. To benchmark accessibility, the Modal Split of Passengers (MSP) indicator was defined. MSP describes the share of public transport in the total travel to and from an airport. The higher the MPS score, the more sustainable the transport flow is thought to be. MSP can also be used to define “best practices” (e.g. how to increase the MSP value by improving airport operations and/or airport public transport facilities).

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Benchmarking European Sustainable Transport (BEST)

CONTRACT: 2000-TN.10011 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,311,275 STARTING DATE: 01/05/2000 DURATION: 36 months http://www.bestransport.org/ cadrebest.html EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marian IBARRA GIL Phone: +32 2 29 54507 Fax: +32 2 29 55843 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved The objectives of the BEST project were to: > develop the potential of benchmarking at a European level in the field of transport > provide a European framework for benchmarking in the transport sector > raise awareness on techniques and benefits of transport benchmarking > compare European benchmarking projects with those in other regions of the world > organise conferences on key issues for transport benchmarking > produce recommendations to the European Commission on the development and application

COORDINATOR Yves MATHIEU Organisation Gestion Marketing Avenue d’Auderghem 92 B-1040 Bruxelles Phone: +32 2 737 9680 Fax: +32 2 737 9699 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > NEA Transport Research and Training, Rijswijk, The Netherlands > Centre d’Etudes sur les Réseaux, les Transports, l’Urbanisme et les constructions publiques, Lyon, France > Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands > Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway > Ingenieria e Economia del transporte SA, Madrid, Spain > Forschungs- und Anwendungsverbund Verkehrssystemtechnik Berlin, Germany > Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

of benchmarking in fields covered by transport policy > provide input to the BOB “sister” project (three practical benchmarking pilots)

Description of Work The structure and activities of the network were based on the following approach: > series of six conferences addressing specific benchmarking topics > recommendations: findings and conclusions of the conferences were used to produce recommendations to the European Commission on how to maximise the potential benefits of benchmarking in implementing sustainable transport policies in Europe > links to BOB: BEST provided input to the three BOB pilots; in turn, their results were fed into BEST > dissemination activities: project brochure, regular newsletters, website, presentations at relevant events, articles in a range of publications

Expected/Final Results > creation of a comprehensive network of transport policy makers and other stakeholders > increased awareness of the potential of benchmarking in the transport sector > increased understanding of the use of benchmarking in relation to policy > production of new material about benchmarking > recommendations to the European Commission > comprehensive website on transport benchmarking > increased benchmarking activities in Europe > development of an innovative approach to conferences For each conference, a conference report and set of recommendations were produced. The first report and set of recommendations focused on the state of the art of benchmarking in all sectors; the second focused on the art of benchmarking in the transport sector; the third on criteria and indicators; the fourth on methodology; and the fifth on benchmarking policy. The final report and recommendations were based on the material of the whole BEST project and reached overall conclusions on the potential and role of benchmarking in the area of European sustainable transport policy.

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Study of Policies regarding Economic instruments Complementing Transport Regulation and the Undertaking of Physical Measures (SPECTRUM) Objectives and Problems to be solved SPECTRUM aims to develop a theoretically sound framework for defining combinations of economic instruments, regulatory and physical measures in reaching the broad aims set by transport and other relevant policies:

CONTRACT: GMA2-2000-32056 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,894,166 STARTING DATE: 01/09/2002 DURATION: 36 months http://www.its.leeds.ac.uk/ projects/spectrum/index.html

> developing a theoretically sound framework to analyse trade-off between policy objectives and identify optimal combinations of instruments to achieve them > analysing and assessing transport packages, providing quantified evidence on the use of alternative instruments in managing capacity and likely practical impacts. Fitting individual instruments in a policy, defining their degree of intensity under various constraints > generalisation – synthesis of evidence and transferability of alternative transport management packages and their wider social impact > providing guidance and recommendations helping policy-makers to achieve a better balance between different, often conflicting objectives

Description of Work This multi-dimensional problem (urban/inter-urban, transport/wider policy objectives, passengers/freight, all modes, high/low level impacts, broad range of transport instruments) was structured in three areas. > developing an overall high level framework for determining operational indicators for objectives, treating the various dimensions of equity, assessing policy measures in a consistent way, considering their transferability and identifying integration, synergy, complementarity and substitution attributes > two parallel ‘analysis and assessment’ Work Areas addressed the interurban and urban contexts, forming packages of instruments from reviewing individual measures’ impacts. Case studies explored the empirical outputs of the packages. Assessments of the impacts then fed back to the high level framework, forming the final comprehensive framework (with results from a theoretical study of synergies and impact measurement guidance)

Expected/Final Results > framework for analysing trade-off between objectives and identifying optimal combinations of instruments, based on welfare economics and cost-benefit analysis (impacts for equity,

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marion LE LOUARN Phone: +32 2 29 95750 Fax: +32 2 29 55843 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Dr Susan GRANT-MULLER University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies 36-38 University Road, L52 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom Phone: +44 113 343 5357 Fax: +44 113 343 5334 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Antwerp University, Belgium > Oxford University, United Kingdom > Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland > Technische Universität Wien, Austria > Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain > Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary > Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium > Istituto di Studi per L’Integrazione dei Sistemi, Roma, Italy > Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway > Gdansk University, Poland

freight, passengers, safety and externalities) > analysis and assessment of transport packages. Quantified evidence on the use of alternative instruments in managing urban or inter-urban capacity and likely practical impacts of different approaches > generalisation: synthesised evidence; transferability of alternative transport management packages and their wider social impact (for range of contexts including similar/non-similar sites and accession countries) > guidance and recommendations linked to identified EU policy priorities, including suggestions for complementing and substituting economic measures with regulation and other instruments

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SUstainable Mobility, policy Measures and Assessments (SUMMA)

CONTRACT: GMA2-2000-32061 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,344,548 STARTING DATE: 01/11 2002 DURATION: 28 months http://www.summa-eu.org/ EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marion LE LOUARN Phone: +32 2 29 95750 Fax: +32 2 29 55843 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved The conflicting demands on transport should be accommodated by policy-makers by balancing the positive and negative impacts of transport. The SUMMA project supports policy-makers in doing so by helping to develop more efficient and effective transport policies that cater to the need for mobility while reducing the adverse impacts of transport to acceptable levels. SUMMA aims to operationalise the concepts of sustainable development and sustainable mobility in the transport sector, and to define policy measures to improve its sustainability, by defining and determining indicators and threshold values for economic, environmental and social impacts

COORDINATOR Adnan RAHMAN Stichting RAND Europe Newtonweg 1 NL-2333 CP Leiden Phone: +31 71 5245151 Fax: +31 71 5245191 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Kessel & Partner Transport Consultants, Freiburg, Germany > Gaia Group Oy, Turku, Finland > Universität Stuttgart, Germany > Transport & Mobility Leuven, Belgium > Synergo, Zürich, Switzerland > SUDOP PRAHA A.S., Prague, Czech Republic

of transport. Specific objectives include: > Assessing the scale and scope of the problems of sustainability in the transport sector > Defining and operationalising sustainable mobility and transport > Developing a system of indicators for monitoring sustainable transport and mobility > Assessing policy measures in the EC White Paper on European Transport Policy, as well as policy measures that can be used to promote sustainable transport and mobility in regions and cities.

Description of Work First, SUMMA develops a system of indicators for monitoring developments in the transport sector that are important for the sustainability of the transport sector. Policy-makers can use this system for proactively deciding when and where policy action is needed. Second, SUMMA operationalises the concept of sustainability so that it can be used to assess the impacts of various policies on the sustainability of transport and mobility. Third, SUMMA will provide policy makers with a consistent framework for making trade-offs, where appropriate, among the economic, environmental and social components of sustainability, an inherent part of choosing from among different policies. Finally, SUMMA will provide policy makers with an assessment of policy options for promoting sustainable transport and mobility. The work is structured along five steps: 1. setting the context for defining sustainable mobility and transport 2. developing indicators for sustainable transport and mobility 3. Preparing the building blocks for analysis: calibrating, modifying and linking the models 4. Analysing and assessing policies 5. Disseminating results.

Expected/Final Results Operational working concepts of sustainable mobility that can be used for transport policy and modal policy planning and definition. Indicators and target values for the three elements of sustainability. Dissemination material (including website, newsletters).

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Developing harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment (HEATCO)

Objectives and Problems to be solved To establish in Europe a widely accepted and harmonised set of guidelines for the strategic environmental and economic impact assessment of EU transport projects and policies, in

CONTRACT: FP6-2002-SSP-1502481 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,299,837 STARTING DATE: 29/02/2004 DURATION: 27 months

particular to: > develop a set of harmonised guidelines for project assessment and transport costing on the EU level regarding Value of time and congestion, Value of accident risk reduction, Costs from health impacts and other nuisances due to pollutants and noise, Wider economic effects, Infrastructure costs, General cost benefit analysis (CBA) aspects. After analysing the national assessment practice in EU-25 countries, agree common definitions and consistent valuation methods. The framework will be based on welfare economics and CBA > help achieve convergence of national guidelines in an international framework by organising interaction with policy makers and other relevant stakeholders > conduct surveys for selected impacts, covering main gaps in monetary valuation identified in the analysis of existing practice, through contingent-valuation studies in countries with different geographical, cultural and traffic conditions > demonstrate the assessment framework by applying it to selected TEN transport infrastructure projects and comparing results with those of existing CBAs

Description of Work Based on previous developments (e.g. EUNET), review and analyse current project assessment practice in the EU-25 countries. Compare existing practice (in assessing the value of time and congestion, accident risk reduction, health impacts and nuisances from pollutant and noise emissions, infrastructure costs) to theoretical and empirical evidence from the literature. Harmonise guidelines in interactive cycles involving EU-25 representatives. Conduct surveys to address the main gaps in monetary values and transferability/comparability of values between countries. Apply the harmonised guidelines to 3 TEN transport infrastructure projects, illustrating differences to existing CBA evaluations.

Expected/Final Results A set of harmonised guidelines for project assessment and transport costing on the EU level in the areas of Value of time and congestion, of accident risk reduction, Costs from health impacts and from other nuisances due to pollutants and noise, Wider economic effects, Infrastructure costs and General CBA aspects.

http://www.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/ public/en/organisation/dept/ proj_desc.php?pid=267 EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Catharina SIKOW Phone: +32 2 29 62125 Fax: +32 2 29 54349 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Rainer FRIEDRICH Universität Stuttgart (Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung) Keplerstrasse 7 D-70174 Stuttgart Phone: +49 711 780 61 Fax: +49 711 780 39 e-mail: rainer.friedrich@ ier.uni-stuttgart.de PARTNERS > Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary > COWI AS, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark > E-CO Tech a.s, Oslo, Norway > Ecoplan, Economic Research and Policy Consultancy, Bern, Switzerland > Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain > HERRY Consult GmbH, Wien, Austria > Istituto di Studi per L’Integrazione dei Sistemi, Roma, Italy > University of Leeds, United Kingdom > National Technical University of Athens, Greece > SUDOP PRAHA a.s, Prague, Czech Republic > Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Delft > University of Bath, United Kingdom > Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Linköping, Sweden

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Scientific forum on transport forecast validation and policy assessment (TRANSFORUM)

CONTRACT: FP6-2002-SSP-1-502002 EC CONTRIBUTION: €899,657 STARTING DATE: 15/02/2004 DURATION: 36 months http://www.transforum-eu.net EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marion LE LOUARN Phone: +32 2 29 95750 Fax: +32 2 29 55843 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Jan VAN DER WAARD Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, DirectoraatGeneraal Rijkswaterstaat, Adviesdienst Verkeer en Vervoer (AVV) Boompjes 200 PO Box 1031 NL-3000 BA, Rotterdam Phone: +31 102825767 Fax: +31 102825642 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland > Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain > Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Delft > Centre for Research and Technology - Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece > TRL Limited, Wokingham, United Kingdom > Centrum dopravního vvzkumu, ´ Brno, Czech Republic > Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité, Arcueil, France > CETE Lyon, Bron, France

Objectives and Problems to be solved Assessment tools supporting the transport policy decision-making process, developed both at European and national levels, need to be checked against: > Scientific consistency, according to Common Transport Policy (CTP) objectives > Availability, consistency and harmonisation of data needed > Appropriateness in matching users and stakeholders’ needs > Increased good governance > Relevancy as regards general EU objectives > Inclusiveness. TRANSFORUM will facilitate this process by: 1. establishing a scientific forum of experts; 2. facilitating the forum in a consensus-based assessment and validation of results both from national and European research projects; 3. developing recommendations to ensure compatibility and convergence between tools used in transport policy assessment at European and national levels, and identifying best practices; 4. disseminating project results and encouraging their uptake.

Description of Work TRANSFORUM focuses on transport policies dealing with interurban and international mobility of goods and passengers. It will screen and discuss project-results dealing with support to policymaking, such as indicators for monitoring, scenarios, models and assessment techniques, integrating the environmental, regional, spatial, safety, quality of life and socio-economic impacts of transport policies. TRANSFORUM will organize several forum sessions, and a virtual E-forum for on-line discussions, thus bringing together scientists, policy-makers and stakeholders.

Expected/Final Results The TRANSFORUM results will be threefold: > support and “critical facilitation” of on-going FP5/6 projects (scientific validation of results and confrontation of results with the requirements of potential end-users) > best practice recommendations, and descriptions of approaches to ensure compatibility/convergence between methods/models used in policy assessment > recommendations for the future of policy impact assessment methodologies The validation will result in a commonly accepted, transparent set of transport policy assessment ‘tools’. These will be attractive to use because they have been looked at from the end-user's point of view and agreed as being the best available in the current state of advancement of knowledge. This should help national and European policy-makers to match their proposals more closely to the expectations of society, facilitate the convergence of the objectives of diverse Administrations and Organizations, and promote the implementation of CTP.

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

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Harmonising Collaborative Planning (HarmoniCOP)

CONTRACT: EVK1-CT-2002-00120 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,885,581 STARTING DATE: 01/11/2002 DURATION: 36 months http://www.harmonicop.de EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Giuseppe BORSALINO Phone: +32 2 29 94061 Fax: +32 2 29 52097 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Prof. Rainer KUNZEL Universitat Osnabrück, Institut für Umweltsystemforschung, FB 6 Albrechtstr. 28, D-49069 Osnabrück Phone: +49 541 9694100 Fax: +49 541 9694969 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved Stakeholder and public participation (in the following referred to as PP) in river basin management planning is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of the European water framework directive. A successful implementation implies that environmental objectives are achieved in an economically efficient and socially beneficial fashion. However, the scientific knowledge base regarding understanding and design of multi-scale stakeholder and public participation processes of social learning is quite fragmented. One has recognised as well for years the presence of a huge gap between outcomes of integrated models and river basin management practice, but there has been little success in bridging the gap. Too often information is seen as objective input into decision-making, ignoring issues such as uncertainty and implicit policy choices. Rarely is information and are information tools seen as a means to promote and inform discussions between stakeholders and thus foster social learning. An improved understanding of processes of social learning is a prerequisite to implement novel management strategies and to bridge the science policy gap.

Description of Work The overall objective of the HarmoniCOP project is to increase the understanding of participatory river basin management in Europe. To do so the following specific objectives have been formulated: > preparation of a “Handbook on public participation (PP) methodologies” > provide insight into social learning in a multi-phase multi-level context > increase our understanding of the role of information and information tools > compare and assess national PP experiences and their background > involvement of national and subnational governments and major stakeholder groups > the project will make an important contribution to interdisciplinary research by closing knowledge gaps that currently exist in the scientific understanding of stakeholder participation, the importance of social learning for river basin management and the role of ICT tools. The innovative aspect of the research can be summarised as follows: • it will be the first to give a comprehensive overview and analysis of the state of the art in participatory RBMP in Europe, using a social-learning perspective • it will be the first to address the scale issue in PP and RBMP in a systematic way • it will be the first to approach information and information tools as a means for social learning in participatory RBMP • it will be the first to do all this while considering the different national contexts – cultural, geographical, institutional and legal • the methodologial approach is based on case studies and action research in a number of selected basins encompassing a wide range of environmental and institutional settings

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Expected/Final Results The handbook on PP will provide a base for the development of improved integrated models and decision support tools. Users will be developers of integrated management models and decision support tools in both academia and business, river basin management authorities and consortia who will find guidance on how to design a stakeholder process for developing a river basin management plan. This will support the implementation of the public participation provisions of the Water Framework Directive. The project will lead to the accumulation of human (build up of individual expertise) and social capital inherent in the network of researchers and stakeholder groups.

PARTNERS > Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Marne la Vallée, France > University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares Comunidad de Madrid, Spain > Ecologic - Institute for International and European Environmental Policy, Berlin, Germany > Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Génie rural, des Eaux et des Forêts, Montpellier, France > WRC PLC, Swindon, United Kingdom > Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands > Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary > Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sant Cugat Del Valles, Spain > Katholieke Unversiteit Leuven, Research and Development, Louvain, Belgium > University of Maastricht, The Netherlands > Università degli Studi di Udine, Italy > Colenco Power Engineering Ltd, Baden, Switzerland > Stichting Waterloopkundig Laboratorium, Delft, The Netherlands > Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Lelystad, The Netherlands

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Knowledge Assessment and Sharing on Sustainable Agriculture (KASSA)

CONTRACT: GOCE-CT-2004-505582 EC CONTRIBUTION: €750,000 STARTING DATE: 01/09/2004 DURATION: 18 months EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Per BACKE-HANSEN Phone: +32 2 29 68923 Fax: +32 2 29 63024 e-mail: [email protected]

Objectives and Problems to be solved In particular during the second half of the 20th century, much of the research both on farm tests and extension operations was conducted to develop alternative agricultural practices, technologies and approaches in order to build up sustainable agriculture. Most of these initiatives and investigations were in North and South America and Australia where conservation agriculture covers over a million hectares. Many scientific research papers already confirm its positive effect on-farm and off-farm economic, social and environmental effects and much scientific research is currently in progress throughout the world in order to refine agro-ecological

COORDINATOR Francis FOREST Phone: +33 4 67 61 56 41 Fax: +33 4 67 61 60 e-mail: [email protected] and Dr Rabah LAHMER Phone: +33 4 67 61 75 69 Fax: +33 4 67 61 71 60 e-mail: [email protected] Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement Avenue AGropolis- TA 74/09 F-34398 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5

systems by improving their resilience, profitability and dissemination conditions. In spite of these trends, conventional agriculture is still dominant in the EU countries where agricultural land covers about half of the territory. In numerous situations, negative impacts on the environment resulting from current European farming practices are recognized and some degradation forms quantified (ECAF). In recent decades, certain measures taken in the framework of the CAP or national policies tentatively contributed to tackling these environmental degradation issues. Agro-ecological systems and technologies are still poorly adopted in Europe. A recent cross analysis of the attitude of farmers and experts in 6 EU member states and Switzerland towards no-tillage systems emphasized an existing contradiction between research results and the opinion of experts and farmers. It clearly showed the lack of knowledge of EU farmers and experts compared with US farmers and experts participating in the study.

PARTNERS > Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France > Fondation Nationale pour une Agriculture de Conservation des Sols, France > Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark > Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany > Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research, Institute of Soil, Germany > Norwegian Crop Research Institute > Environmental Network Limited, United Kingdom

The overall objective of KASSA is to build up a comprehensive knowledge base assembling international experience on sustainable agriculture and emphasising pathways, conditions and challenges to be considered by European stakeholders (farmers, researchers and policymakers) in order to improve agricultural sustainability in Europe. KASSA will make it possible to learn from past and ongoing research activities and technology implementation to identify gaps, scope for the collaboration of potential stakeholders and the major social, cultural, technical and economic issues. This will lead to bringing to the fore the major research questions to be addressed, and the practical learning and capacity building conditions to support agricultural sustainability strengthening in Europe and Southern countries.

Description of Work KASSA will be achieved through an inventory and analysis of experience and results on sustainable agricultures, the synthesis and sharing of lessons learned in Europe and Southern countries and gap analysis and fill-in. KASSA will be built on 3 successive tasks each followed by a validation meeting: 1. comprehensive inventory, assessment and critical analysis of existing knowledge on sustainable agriculture 2. learning from local/regional past and ongoing experience 3. refining findings An external panel of experts will contribute to the critical analysis and validation of KASSA results before their final delivery. The prospects for sustainable agriculture in Europe will be addressed at the time of the closing international conference. KASSA results and findings, recommendations and the major future research actions will be delivered at that time.

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Expected Results KASSA intends to use inventories, assessment, cross analysis, refinement and the sharing of findings on sustainable agriculture research results and practical lessons in order to achieve the following: > reinforce the capacity of the European Research Area (ERA). It will provide major new relevant and on-site based research items and approaches contributing to agriculture, the environment and the sustainability of natural resources. This might help ERA to play an effective role as interface between societal needs and policy requirements > enhance the knowledge and initiative capacity of European farmers and extensionists. It will provide reliable practical information that might help to match new, profitable economic strategies and the adoption of new technologies for the combined sustaining of agricultural activity and protecting the environment and natural resource > increase awareness and promote the commitment of NGOs, farmer organisations and the private sector through free, easy access to a website information system on sustainable agriculture (knowledge and prospects) > contribute refined relevant key information that may help policymakers to develop and implement a new agricultural and environmental policy that matches the requirements of sustainable development Moreover, KASSA's achievements will provide an updated, state-of-the-art view of sustainable agriculture in Europe and other countries. This will provide a reliable basis for the development of new concepts and site-specific technological strategies for sustainable resources management. The information assembled will form a reference database of great interest for land-use modelling purposes; it will give the European scientific community an opportunity to initiate the setting up of a comprehensive logical and conceptual framework aimed at collecting and formatting biophysical and socio-economic patterns in support of policy-making. The results will be widely disseminated beyond the EU and participating countries and research teams. In addition to the reports released (publications, CD-ROM), easy access to information will be provided on a web site, in an appropriate format directly meeting the requirements of stakeholders: farmers and extensionists, researchers, civil society representatives and policymakers. The project Central Coordinator will operate and update this web site beyond the project duration. In the context of globalisation, European countries undoubtedly have an interest in contributing to the development of global/local solutions aiming at agricultural and environmental sustainability, food security and safety, poverty alleviation and economic and

Estonian Agricultural University, Estonia > Research Institute of Crop Production, Czech Republic > National Scientific Centre “Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research”, Ukraine > Consejo Superior de Inverstigaciones Cientificas, Spain > Universitat de Lleida, Spain > Instituto Tecnologico Agrario de Castilla y Leon, Spain > Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologico Agraria y Alimentaria, Spain > Instituto Tecnico y de Gestion Agricola S.A., Spain > Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Morocco > Centro Internazionale Crocevia, Italy > National Agricultural Research Foundation, Greece > Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, Mexico > Centre for Advancement of Sustainable Agriculture, India > Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute, Vietnam > Instituto Agronomico do Parana, Brazil > Fundacao de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Brazil > Universidade Federal de Goias, Brazil > Embrapa-Centro nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo, Brazil > Asociation de Productores de Oleaginosas y Trigo, Bolívia > Asociación Argentina de Productores en Siembra Directa, Argentina

>

social viability. Developing an interconnected initiative, KASSA will mobilise substantial European and Southern research capacity as well as CGIAR(1) programmes. This should lead to the identifying of fundamental processes, factor interactions and resulting impacts that will jointly benefit agriculture in Europe and in Southern countries. Gap identification may enable progress in knowledge and strengthen technological innovation and expertise capacity in support of agricultural viability as well as Europe-South solidarity in addressing challenging issues.

(1) Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research

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Public Acceptance of Hydrogen Transport Technologies (ACCEPTH2)

CONTRACT: ENK5-CT-2002-80653 EC CONTRIBUTION: €350,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2003 DURATION: 30 Months http://www.accepth2.com/ EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Joaquin MARTIN BERMEJO Tel: +32 2 29 58332 Fax: +32 2 29 64288 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR David HART Tel: +44 20 7594 9300 Fax: +44 20 7594 9334 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > ICSTM, London, United Kingdom > LBST, Munich, Germany > USAAR, Saabrucken, Germany > Institute of Transport Studies, UC Davis, San Francisco, USA > The Department of Transport, Perth, Australia > Murdoch University, Perth, Australia NB: Only the first 3 of these 6 partners are EC funded

Objectives and Problems to be solved Hydrogen fuelled buses are being tested in selected cities world-wide, with a view to achieving full commercialisation. However, the successful introduction of these vehicles will depend not only on technical maturity, but also on public acceptance of hydrogen fuel and technologies. While there is strong industrial and political interest in the introduction of hydrogen vehicles to the market, a belief among many experts persists that the wider public might not accept hydrogen fuel for safety reasons. In this context, the overall aim of the project is to support the future introduction of hydrogenfuelled buses (HBs) by conducting a systematic evaluation of public perceptions, values, and intended and actual use of HBs. This evaluation will permit an assessment of both the public acceptability and the economic viability of HBs. The research will be carried out through detailed surveys of public perceptions and economic preferences which will be conducted both ‘before’ and ‘after’ high-profile HBs demonstration projects held in five cities: London, Munich, Luxembourg, Perth (Australia) and Oakland (USA). Public perceptions and acceptance of hydrogen technologies will be critical to the success of these HB demonstration projects. However, there have been very few comprehensive studies into economic values and public perceptions of fuel cell and/or hydrogen-fuelled vehicles. Most research assessing the potential for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the transport market has only looked at the strict technical and financial feasibility of the technology and not at its wider economic impact. The project will address this lack of data by evaluating public perceptions and acceptance of hydrogen vehicles, especially fuel cell buses, and measuring economic preferences towards the use and uptake of these vehicles. The study will also assess how knowledge, perceptions, values and use vary across different population segments within each city and across the populations of the five cities.

Description of Work HB demonstration projects will be held in many cities; the project is based on five of these: London, Munich, Luxembourg, Perth (Australia) and Oakland (USA). The London and Luxembourg studies will assess the influence of the EC-funded Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) project, developed under Framework Programme 5. This demonstration project is introducing DaimlerChrysler Citaro buses with Ballard fuel cells and compressed hydrogen fuel into each of those cities (as well as 8 other cities within the EU). The Munich study will assess the effect of the H2 ICE project being run in Ottobrunn, while the Perth study evaluates a similar bus to the CUTE project but funded by the Western Australian Government. The Oakland study will assess the effect of a fuel cell bus project using Van der Hool buses and UTC fuel cells.

Expected results This project has been conceived as a means of contributing towards the long-term strategic objectives of introducing hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles into vehicle markets. The project concentrates entirely on buses, as these are considered to be the most appropriate vehicle type for early demonstration projects for two reasons. Their set routes and large size mean that the reduced vehicle range associated with H2 vehicles and the current lack of significant refuelling infrastructure is less problematic for buses than for other vehicle types; and many people will travel on each HB, thus gaining first hand experience of hydrogen vehicles. In developing a detailed understanding of public perceptions and values of HBs, the project will contribute towards an understanding of how best to develop, present, and ultimately market hydrogen vehicles and technologies. The integration of the results into policy design will assist with the achievement of specific policy objectives. The results of the project will therefore become a useful tool for stakeholders wishing to enhance market opportunities for this new generation of cleaner and quieter vehicles.

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Information requirements and countermeasure evaluation techniques in nuclear emergency management (EVATECH) Objectives and Problems to be solved EVATECH has been established to enhance the quality and coherence of response to nuclear emergencies in Europe by improving the decision support methods, models and management processes in ways that take into account the needs and concerns of the different parties involved. Specific objectives are: to develop the countermeasure evaluation subsystems (ESY) included in RODOS and ARGOS systems; to help the decision-makers judge the relative merits

CONTRACT: FIKR-CT-2001-20193 EC CONTRIBUTION: €595,983 STARTING DATE: 01/12/2001 DURATION: 36 months http://www-iip.wiwi.uni-karlsruhe.de/ forschung/technik_html/ projekte/ evatech/evatech_projekte.htm

of different strategies through the provision of better tools; to survey, document and compare emergency management processes and duties of the parties involved in several countries and find practices which could be shared; to define the information needs of a variety of users of decision support systems within the emergency management process; to deepen insight on value judgements which are brought into play by different stakeholders; to develop methods for

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Neale KELLY Phone: +32 2 29 56484 Fax: +32 2 29 54991 e-mail: [email protected]

stakeholder involvement in exercises and emergency planning which will enhance public confidence and understanding with regard to nuclear emergency management.

Description of Work The project has been divided into four work packages: > development and improvement of software for the evaluation subsystem and its integration specifically into the RODOS and ARGOS decision support systems. The software will first be tested in a test environment and later in the workshops in work package 4 > processes of management of nuclear emergencies will be surveyed in four participating countries. Modern process modelling techniques will be used to produce a generic process model for emergency management; this will then be used to describe emergency management arrangements in the UK, Belgium, Germany and the Slovak Republic > generic methodologies will be developed for carrying out decision making workshops and experts from all participating countries will be trained to facilitate national workshops > scenario-focused decision-making workshops will be arranged in each participating country using a common accident scenario. The workshops will be attended by a diverse range of stakeholders in emergency management

Expected Results Full documentation of the evaluation subsystem will be provided. Emergency management processes in several countries will be documented and modelled with recommendations on good practice. A training seminar for facilitators of decision-making workshops will be arranged and template methodologies for conducting the workshops will be documented.

COORDINATOR Raimo MUSTONEN STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority P.O. Box 14, SF FI- 00881 Helsinki Phone: +358 9 759 884 92 Fax: +358 9 759 884 98 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom > National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, United Kingdom > Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany > University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany > Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Salzgitter, Germany > Danish Emergency Management Agency, Birkeroed, Denmark > VUJE Trvana Inc., Trnava, Slovak Republic > Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol, Belgium > Institute of Atomic Energy, Otwock, Poland

Seven national workshops will be arranged and the results of the decisions in comparable emergency situations will be reported.

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Food and Agriculture Restoration Management Involving Networked Groups (FARMING)

CONTRACT: FIKR-CT-2000-20064 EC CONTRIBUTION: €299,890 STARTING DATE: 26/10/2000 DURATION: 48 months http://www.ec-farming.net/

Objectives and Problems to be solved FARMING aims to set up a network of stakeholder working groups in 5 Member States, involving more than 50 individual stakeholders, to assist in the development of robust and practicable strategies for restoring and managing agricultural land and food products,

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Neale KELLY Phone: +32 2 29 56484 Fax: +32 29 54991 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Anne NISBET National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) Chilton Didcot Oxon OX11 0RQ United Kingdom Phone: +44 1235 822 761 Fax: +44 1235 833 891 e-mail: [email protected]

contaminated by radioactive material, in a sustainable way. Wide-scale contamination of the food-chain following a nuclear accident could have considerable consequences for European farming and food industries. Accidental releases of radioactivity do not respect national boundaries and subsequent contamination of the foodchain is likely to affect several Member States. The need for good lines of communication between countries is therefore imperative, as has been highlighted by the BSE crisis, problems with dioxin-contaminated animal feed and foot and mouth disease.

Description of Work Stakeholder groups have been established in the UK, France, Finland, Belgium and Greece based on prior experience with a group in the UK. These groups will: > establish lines of communication between those organisations which, in the event of a nuclear

PARTNERS > Inst. Nat. Agr. ISP/INAPG, Paris-Grignon, France > STUK, Helsinki, Finland > CEN/SCK, Mol, Belgium > University of Ioannina, Greece

accident, would be involved in decisions on the need for intervention in agricultural systems in the medium to long-term, and their implementation > provide a forum for the dissemination of relevant information on agricultural countermeasures > debate and judge the practicality of various countermeasure options, as part of pre-accident planning, and to distil the implications for government and the agriculture and food industries; and to identify where further work is required Participation in the stakeholder groups is diverse and includes governmental and nongovernmental organisations, the farming and food industries, retailers, consumers, etc. Each group acts autonomously in its own national context but experience is shared through regular exchange where pan-European issues addressed.

Expected Results The practicality of restoration strategies will be debated at a senior level and in a European context, taking into account regulatory views, social and political factors and industrial constraints. This will promote the level of authoritative advice given to government at various levels and enhance the credibility of information communicated to members of the public. A series of reports will be produced to consolidate principal findings from a European perspective. A website (www.ec-farming.net) has been established which has proved an efficient communication mechanism both inside and outside the project. A workshop will be organised in the final year of the project to describe state-of-the-art restoration strategies and to advertise the existence of the stakeholder network.

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A long-term strategy for raising public awareness of fusion and providing feedback to the fusion R&D community (PUBLICAWA-FUS) Objectives and Problems to be solved The goal of this research is to find out effective ways of raising public awareness on fusion in the long-term. The objective is to build a bridge between the fusion community and the public at large, through the techniques of Socio Economic Research using as a bi-directional communication channel the communication of the results of previous Socio-Economic Research on Fusion (SERF). SERF studies completed so far have been of the utmost importance to demonstrate the attractive features of fusion power. The problem is to find effective ways to maximize their impact by communication their contents and main messages to international energy and environmental specialists, who can incorporate this information in energy studies of a broader scope.

Description of Work In the energy world, the focus shifts towards long-term thinking. The time span of scenario studies is extending: from several decades to as long as a century. While fusion did not come into the picture in earlier scenario studies, it certainly should play a role in the longer time span

CONTRACT: TW4-TRE-FESA-C EC CONTRIBUTION: €116.000 STARTING DATE: 01/07/2003 DURATION: 16 months www.efda.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER GianCarlo TOSATO Phone: +49 89 3299 4194 Fax: +49 89 3299 4197 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Niek Lopez CARDOSO FOM - Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen P.O. Box 1207 NL-3430 BE NIEUWEGEIN Phone: +31 30 609 69 99 Fax: +31 30 603 12 04 e-mail: [email protected]

studies. Since research programs in the coming decades will shape the energy world for the larger part of the century, a closer collaboration with the energy world in general is needed. Furthermore, making sure that comments and opinions coming from outside the fusion community reach the fusion Research, Development and Deployment community could enhance the effectiveness of fusion RD&D. This feedback from various sources can be used to adjust the focus of fusion studies. The study will selectively collect and prepare the material and the information contained in the SERF reports in a way that is understandable and useful to the groups mentioned above. The work entails the collection of reports on fusion and its socio-economic advantages produced across the world, the dissemination of the main messages and findings, within and outside the fusion community, to international energy and environmental conferences and meetings, and the preparation of an extended analysis of feedbacks to the fusion community from outside.

Expected Results The final result of the activity should be to diffuse between energy environment and economic specialists the knowledge of the fusion option and of its characteristics. A second and symmetric result of the task inside the fusion R&D community will be a better knowledge of the drawbacks of fusion in its present concept as perceived from outside and hints to focus future R&D activities in order to answer, if necessary, the concerns raised.

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Awareness of energy systems and fusion in schools across Europe (AWASTUD-FUS)

Objectives and Problems to be solved

CONTRACT: TW3-TRE-FESA-C EC CONTRIBUTION: €32,000 STARTING DATE: 01/06/2003 DURATION: 10 months

Socio-economic Research in Fusion (SERF activities) have shown so far that fusion power plants may become an important producer of base load electricity at the end of the century under

www.efda.org

favourable circumstances. The allocation of large R&D investments for fusion would greatly benefit from support of decision makers and public opinion. Therefore it is important to ensure

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Giancarlo TOSATO Phone: +49 89 3299 4194 Fax: +49 89 3299 4197 e-mail: [email protected]

the inclusion into consideration of fusion by relevant international energy – environment organizations and in public debates. Objective of this task is to ensure the inclusion into consideration of fusion research in general and of ITER sitting in particular by different groups of high school students in selected countries involved into ITER program (Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Spain) and, for

COORDINATOR Gaetano BORRELLI ENEA, CR Casaccia Via Anguillarese 301 I-00060 Santa Maria di Galeria (Roma) Phone: +39 06 3048 4018 Fax: +39 06 3048 4925 e-mail: [email protected]

Spain and France, involved into the proposal for an ITER site. The problem of this experimental social science research is to understand the effectiveness of the tools used so far to teach energy related problems and solutions to high school students and to provide hints that improve the communication of the rationale for large R&D investments on new energy options, such as fusion.

Description of Work The starting point is the school information kit “Couldn’t be without it!” prepared by EFDA in the framework of EIROFORUM, bearing the title: “Energy, Powering Your World”. It is now available in English, French, German and Italian. The following steps are envisaged: > to open a “working group” inside the EFDA website > to contact high schools in each of the involved countries, where the effectiveness of the toolkit will be assessed > to circulate questionnaires among students and teachers in order to evaluate the awareness of short and long-term energy problems in general and of the need to develop new and better technologies, such as fusion > by convening a meeting of representatives from the schools, to debate the issue and to compare the most important findings in each class / school results

Expected Results The study will provide guidance to improve the effectiveness for students and teachers of the new issue of the school information kit “Couldn’t be without it!”. Furthermore it will suggest more effective ways to communicate to young generations the energy environment economic problems we face today and the rationale for carrying out large RD&D efforts in the field of new energy technologies.

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Fusion and public risk perception in German-speaking countries: empirical evidence from inclusive deliberative methods (FOCUSGR-FUS) Objectives and Problems to be solved The objective of this research is to evaluate public risk perception of several energy, safety and environment related issues, such as global climate change, biodiversity and long-term energy supply such as fusion, carrying out focus groups in German speaking countries. The central problem is to identify which attitudes influence the perception of fusion most and how they are related to the other issues. This research broadens the experimental analyses of public opinion on fusion conducted among others in Italy (Porto Torres) with the European Awareness Scenario Workshops technique and in France (Cadarache) with focus groups.

Description of Work The task carries out social activities and empirical research on the public perception of fusion in comparison to: > other (present and future) energy sources > other emerging technologies (gene technology in medicine, drug production, agriculture, food

CONTRACT: TW4-TRE-FESA-C EC CONTRIBUTION: €48,000 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2004 DURATION: 12 months www.efda.org EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Giancarlo TOSATO Phone: +49 89 3299.4194 Fax: +49 89 3299.4197 e-mail: [email protected] COORDINATOR Wolfgang KROMP OEAW / IRR Tuerkenschanzstrasse 17/8 A-1180 Vienna, AUSTRIA Phone: +43 1 427722 111 Fax: +43 1 4277 9221 e-mail: [email protected]

production), and > certain areas of high public interest and risk awareness of both natural and man-made origin (climate change, biodiversity, land use, urbanisation, transportation) including the corresponding public attitudes towards risk and novelty The perception of an innovation as being novel can affect the way related risks are perceived and vice versa. Underlying attitudinal factors could be as important for novelty as for risk perception. In risk perception they modulate basic patterns like severity, familiarisation, sensibility,

PARTNERS > IRR of the University of Vienna, Austria > IIASA, Laxenburg. Vienna, Austria > ICCR, Vienna, Austria > Centre for Energy Policy and Economics, Zurich, Switzerland

and naturalness or situation related patterns like voluntarism, controllability, equity, and thrust in authorities. Especially regarding the long-term aspect of energy supply security the study will combine research on public risk perception and communication with specific cultural value patterns and the intense debate on sustainable development. Since the guiding principle “sustainability” is much more general than the risk approach, the novelty concept will be added to the concept of risk. In this way participants will have a chance of evaluating and comparing losses against benefits. Possible hazards should be discussed in relation to possible benefits. Risk reductions should be discussed including possible secondary benefits (resolving a risk situation could be a chance to gain secondary benefits). The study will involve different stakeholder groups and interested parties. The empirical research will be carried out through three different social techniques: qualitative interviews, Risk Perception and Novelty Questionnaire, Focus Groups.

Expected Results This study identifies and investigates independent variables, which influence perception and in turn possible future social amplifications of risks. For example, the risk of unreliable energy supply in the future, being it primary energy or electricity, is dependent on decisionmaking processes of today. In public, energy supply security is mostly understood as a phenomenon of limited oil and gas reserves present and corresponding energy price volatilities. The research will investigate how risk perception and energy supply security are related to electricity, in view of future fusion’s contribution. It will be found out as well how exogenous factors impact future risk perceptions. Finding underlying attitudinal factors may allow to infer how the public could react if energy supply security should decrease in the future.

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

CROSS-CUTTING

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Indicators and Quantitative Tools for Improving the Impact Assessment Process for Sustainability (I.Q. TOOLS) CONTRACT: SSP1-CT-2003-502078 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,232,998 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2004 DURATION: 24 months www.zew.de

Objectives and Problems to be solved Interlinkages between the different domains of European policies are not yet well understood and to a large degree not utilised. The improvement of policy coherence can be achieved by careful evaluation of the effects of these policies. The estimates of economic, environmental and social

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Marialuisa TAMBORRA Phone: +32 2 29 50312 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

impacts inside and outside the EU of each policy proposal can help the policy makers in identifying likely spill-overs – good and bad – into other policy areas and in taking them into account. Against this background, the Impact Assessment (IA) procedure was introduced by the European Commission with its Communication on Impact Assessment (COM(2002)276final). The Introduction of IA responds to both the Göteborg commitments of the European Commission to implement the EU Strategy of Sustainable Development and its Laeken commitments to

COORDINATOR Klaus RENNINGS Centre for European Economic Research PO BOX 103443 D-68034 Mannheim Phone: +49 621 1235 207 Fax: +49 624 1235 226 e-mail: [email protected]

promote better law-making. The I.Q. Tools project aims to support the process of ex ante policy appraisal in the European Commission, in particular the process of IA. The tool to be developed by the project will allow desk officers to assess the potential effects of policy initiatives on the economic, environmental and social dimensions of sustainability and the significance of these impacts. It will consist of a quantitative modelling component and a qualitative tool. Against this background, project objectives are to: > improve and link existing tools for desktop use in the screening/scoping phase of SIA. IQ TOOLS synthesises the two streams: an I-Tool (with I for indicators) with electronic checklists including the whole range of indicators and a Q-Tool (with Q for quantification) including a model for quantitative assessment of basic impacts > make both parts of I.Q. TOOLS available for desk-top use, i.e. for use of desk officers in the Commission. I.Q. Tools will be implemented in a web-based version > test the software for selected European policy initiatives

Description of Work The main outputs of the project will be: Manual of best practices Experiences with policy appraisal tools will be reviewed at the European level, for selected Member States and for other countries, on the basis of IAs that were carried out in 2003 and 2004. In-depth case studies will be carried out for the European IAs on Joint Implementation/Clean Development Mechanism, Trans-EuropeanNetwork (TEN), railway liberalisation, sugar directive, services in the internal market and unfair commercial practices. List of impacts A list of priority impact areas will be provided. An impact inventory will also provide information about the character of these impacts, if and how they are measured, and what data is available. The list should help desk-officers to identify and structure the impacts associated with a given policy proposal. I.Q. Tools will provide a decision-support tool for IA. The specific decision-support tool will be a web-based desktop software which uses the impact list as described above for a practical appraisal of Community policies. This constitutes Part I of the I.Q. Tool (I for Indicators and Impacts). The project consortium intends to use the IASTAR methodology as developed by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (www.jrc.es/projects/iastar) as a starting point.

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Guide on models A model inventory reviews existing tools designed to integrate the different dimensions of sustainable development. It describes the potentials and limitations of existing models, including their interlinkages (e.g. which outputs of a model can be used as inputs in other models). Up to four ad-hoc simulations with different models will also be carried out in this context. Expansion of existing model In addition to the qualitative indicator tool as described above, a quantitative model will be used to analyse interlinkages and indirect effects across specific impacts and separate policy areas or sectors. This constitutes Part Q of the I.Q. Tool (Q for Quantification). Within the project, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model will be implemented, which will provide quantitative results for selected measures and basic impacts. Extensions of the CGE model are planned to respond to additional needs e.g. in the area of carbon storage and imperfect competition. Process of IA and Structure of I.Q. Tools

PARTNERS > Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex, United Kingdom > Avanzi SRL, Milan, Italy > Environmental Policy Research Centre, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany > Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, JRC, Seville, Spain > Institute for European Environmental Policy, London, United Kingdom > Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Germany

The development of the tool will be oriented along the 7 steps of IA as required in the IA Guidelines of the European Commission, with a focus on step 4 “impact assessment” (see figure). The software will be tested for concrete IAs at the European level for specific EU impact assessments. The outputs will be documented in an electronic handbook. The handbook will include the review of best practices, an impact inventory for the qualitative assessment, a guide on models, including a CGE model. 1. Description of Issue 2. Description of Objectives 3. Description of Policy Options 4. Impact Assessment Qualitative Assessment: Manual of Best Practices List of Impacts Quantitative Assessment: Guide on Models Expansion of Existing Model 5. Monitoring 6. Stakeholder Consultation 7. Draft of Proposal

Expected Results In the Communication on Impact Assessment (COM(2002)276final) the European Commission committed itself to perform impact assessment of all major policy proposals. The aim is improved quality and coherence of policy processes, especially those related to the European Strategy for Sustainable Development. Thus the deliverables of I.Q. Tools are practical tools for EU policy making that will be used as ex-ante assessment instruments in the EU administration for assessing and quantifying trade-offs between the three dimensions of sustainability. The project mainly focuses on the EU level but considers experiences and best practices in member states and outside the EU.

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Integrated Sink Enhancement Assessment (INSEA)

CONTRACT: SSPI-CT-2003-503614 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,488,750 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2004 DURATION: 30 months http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/ FOR/ INSEA/index.html

Objectives and Problems to be solved Working group 7 (Agriculture) under the European Climate Change Programme has so far mainly dealt with mitigation potentials of greenhouse gases (GHGs). A thorough integrated economic and environmental assessment in the area of European agriculture and sinks has not yet been carried out. In order to support the international negotiation process and for the development of good policies the Integrated Sink Enhancement Assessment (INSEA) project's

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Daniel DEYBE Phone: +32 2 29 86656 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

objective is to develop an analytical tool to assess economic and environmental effects from enhancing carbon sinks and GHG abatement in agriculture and forestry.

Description of Work

COORDINATOR Dr Michael OBERSTEINER International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Schlossplatz 1 A-2361 Laxenburg Phone: +43 2236 807 460 Fax: +43 2236 807 599 e-mail: [email protected]

The approach is centred on spatially explicit databases that allows the calculation of “costlandscapes”. An engineering approach is used for cost computation of efficient land-based GHG management. Various models are applied to detailed European data sets and less detailed global data sets assessing the marginal abatement cost and long-term scenarios of GHG mitigating measures. Concise policy conclusions from the modelling exercise will aim at supporting the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol commitments as well as post-Kyoto negotiations and longrun scenarios. A spatially explicit approach is advocated, motivated by the fact that LULUCF activities are by their very nature spatial and aggregate non-spatial treatment could lead to biases in the assessment. Furthermore, not only a simple and easily tractable static and deterministic approach is proposed for cost calculations, but also more comprehensive, dynamic, and uncertainty (risk)-based treatments will complement the analysis. Such a multi-dimensional approach is necessary since ecosystems are usually more complicated and complex in their responses than technical systems and therefore robustness and consistency across a variety of decision rules will guarantee sustainable management of natural terrestrial resources.

Expected Results Right from the start, a common database will be made available to all partners and, with some restrictions, to the Outside (see lower box of Figure 1). Common GHG accounting and costaccounting standards will be developed providing input to detailed biophysical models assessing greenhouse gas-mitigation effects due to management change. Likewise, system boundaries and baselines all the way to scenario assumptions shall be harmonized within the project and with ongoing related assessment studies. The next two blocks are about microlevel modelling with an individual farm model on the agricultural side (EFEM-DNDC) and forest-plot models on the forestry side (PICUS). The results from the farm models will be checked for consistency with the regional results – on NUT2 level – from the model AROPAj. In addition, the interplay between these two models, both of which are based on data from the European Farm Accountancy Data Network, will also help to quantify the GHG mitigation implications of reform strategies of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP Reform). Results from the EURO-FOR model—a forest-management model operating on a regional scale—will be downscaled to half degree grids in order to validate results from the stand-level PICUS model. Results from the regional (meso-scale) models from both sectors will then feed into the EU-FASOM and AGRIPOL models, which will be used for aggregate analysis augmented by market effects. EU-FASOM is a dynamic partical equilibrium model of the European combined agriculture and forest sectors. AGIPOL simulates under exogenous constraints of resources and levels of production, the effect of implementing a carbon price in agriculture on a global scale and is used to link

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The agronomics and carbon implications of management change in the agricultural sector will be quantified with the latest version of EPIC and partly with DNDC. Afforestation activities for sink enhancement and the production of biomass for bioenergy will form the system boundaries between the agriculture and forest sector-specific model clusters. A set of first-cut results for one region in the European Union is due by September 2004. These results will then form the basis for incremental improvement to tailor the approach to the requirements of the stakeholders in an iterative process and to increase geographic coverage to the enlarged European Union. The detailed European results together with more aggregate analysis will be available for global analysis by the end of 2005. The INSEA project collaborates in close partnership with a number of international science networks such as: The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (1); and the Global Carbon Project (2) of the International Global Biosphere Program(3); the International Human Dimensions Program(4); and the World Climate Research Program; to improve the understanding of modern integrated landbased GHG management.

PARTNERS > Joint Research Centre, European Commission > Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Germany > Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, Slovakia > Luleâ tekniska universitet, Sweden > Universität Hohenheim, Germany > Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France > Johanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft GmbH, Austria > Universität für Bodenkultur, Austria > Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, France > European Forest Institute, Finland > Universität Hamburg, Germany

(1) www.ipcc.ch (2) www.gcp.org (3) www.igbp.kva.se (4) www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de

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Capitalisation of Research Results on the Multifunctionality of Agriculture and Rural Areas (MULTAGRI) CONTRACT: GOCE-CT-2003-505297 EC CONTRIBUTION: €899,999 STARTING DATE: 01/02/2004 DURATION: 18 months http://www.multagri.net

Objectives and Problems to be solved The essential approach adopted in this initiative is founded on the premise that for agriculture to be sustainable (and considered consequently, as a pillar in sustainable development) its multifunctional dimension must be acknowledged and promoted. The EU society has ratified a European Model of Agriculture that evolves towards this new paradigm. In fact, citizens have

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Daniel DEYBE Phone: +32 2 29 86656 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

acknowledged the importance of agriculture as a provider of non-agricultural related goods and services. It is now required to examine and define more precisely the multiple roles and functions of agriculture(so its multifunctionality), the suitable parameters and indicators to assess them and the (private and public) goods and services provided. For agriculture to play an effective role as an activity that secures better social, environmental

COORDINATOR Mr Dominique CAIROL Cemagref Parc de Tourvoie BP 44 F-92163 Antony Phone: +33 1 40966050 Fax: +33 1 40966134 e-mail: [email protected]

and economic conditions for a sustainable development, then a broader approach to multifunctional and sustainable agriculture and the role it plays in wider rural development needs to be conceived.

Description of Work Although the notion of multifunctionality only recently appeared on international political agendas, numerous social, cultural, technical and research practices have already referred to it previously, whether explicitly or not. The concept of multifunctionality thus finds itself embedded in a broad domain, covering a broad and diverse range of research approaches, scientific disciplines and social practices. But before launching a research programme on sustainable agriculture the previous research work results need to be structured, assessed and revised within a global framework of multifunctionality and sustainable agricultural development to allow relevant questions to be raised for future research. This is the role devoted to MULTAGRI, by capitalising on the results of research carried out on the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas as a way to reinforce and promote sustainable agriculture and integrated rural development. Six steps have been defined to capitalise the results of research by: 1. Evaluating the state-of-the-art of current research. 2. Further analysis and understanding of ongoing research work. 3. Identifying the main institutions and networks involved in this sort of research, inside and outside Europe, with special attention for EU candidate countries. 4. Identifying the different disciplines and scientific approaches that are providing knowledge and conceptual background to this area of research. 5. Providing a conceptual and analytical framework that allows for the identification of fields for further research. 6. Formulating the main lines of recommendations for future research concerning the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas and identify promising approaches and topics for further research.

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In order to structure the broad and diverse range of scientific disciplines, research approaches and social practices that are relevant for the state-of-the-art review of research and for recommending promising lines for future research, six thematic axes of research are defined within the wider topic of multifunctional and sustainable agriculture: 1. Definitions, references and interpretations of the concept of multifunctionality and its contribution to sustainable development. 2. Consumer and societal demands. 3. Knowledge, models, techniques, tools and indicators for examining the multifunctionality of agriculture. 4. Multifunctionality of activities, plurality of identities, and new institutional arrangements. 5. Setting-up and management of public policies with multifunctional purpose: connecting agriculture with new markets and services and rural SMEs. 6. Evaluation of policies with respect to multifunctionality of agriculture: observation tools and support for policy formulation and evaluation.

Expected Results

PARTNERS > Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, France > Institute of Landscape Ecology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic > Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschafts und Landnutzungsforschung, Müncheberg, Germany > Wageningen Unversiteit, The Netherlands > Helsingin Yliopisto, Helsinki, Finland > Institut für ländliche Strukturforschung an der J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany > Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le développement, Paris, France

The results of MULTAGRI will contribute to a better understanding amongst policy makers, stakeholder groups, scientists and society at large of the current and potential impacts of EU policies on the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agriculture and rural development. The MULTAGRI project will organise several European workshops strengthening the European Research Area. The MULTAGRI project will deliver scientific reports with free access on the website. The MULTAGRI project will sketch out, through a final international seminar on sustainable and multifunctional agriculture, the research agenda for future. Most of these events will be on our web-site which also informs the public about the major goals and expected outcomes of the project: http://www.multagri.net

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Urban Development Programmes, Urban Governance, Inclusion and Sustainability (UGIS)

Objectives and Problems to be solved

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-1999-00012 EC CONTRIBUTION: €1,244,600 STARTING DATE: 01/04/2000 DURATION: 36 months

During the last decade, all over Europe urban development programmes have been established with a view to combating urban problems and/or stimulating urban dynamics. These programmes have been set up in a new policy-making context, that of urban governance, the

http://www.ufsia.ac.be/ugis

development of which they have often enhanced. Three problems are addressed in this project.

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Michel CHAPUIS Phone: +32 2 29 54106 Fax: +32 2 29 52097 e-mail: [email protected]

What are the effects of urban development programmes on social inclusion and urban sustainability? How did certain forms of urban governance shape these programmes, their definition, their implementation and their successes and failures? How has the presence of these programmes changed urban governance or even stimulated forms of urban governance (the feedback loop). In the course of the project, attention has been shifted from the first to the

COORDINATOR Prof. Dr. Jan VRANKEN Universiteit Antwerpen, OASeS (Onderzoeksgroep Armoede, Sociale Uitsluiting en de Stad; Research Unit on Poverty, Social Exclusion & the City) Prinsstraat 13 B-2000 Antwerpen Phone: +32 3 220 43 20 Fax: +32 3 220 46 36 e-mail: [email protected]

other two research questions.

Description of Work To answer these problems, the project undertook a multilevel research in 32 neighbourhoods in 17 cities and nine countries in three phases. During the first one, databases of indicators and of urban development programmes were constructed and analysed. This was followed by interviews with ‘local actors’ (at the neighbourhood and city level) concerning the effects of the urban development programmes at a local level. Information from both phases provided the basis for a cross-evaluation. This cross-evaluation was performed by international project teams spending

PARTNERS > Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands > Universität Köln, Germany > Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Magister en Investigación, Gestión y Desarrollo Local Facultad de Ciencias Politicas y Sociología, Spain > Metropolitan Research Institute Ltd., Budapest, Hungary > Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdamse School Voor Sociaal Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, The Netherlands > Uppsala University, Institute for Housing Research, Gävle, Sweden > Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Netherlands > Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 Sciences Sociales, Institut d'études Politiques, France > Danish Building Research Institute, Division of Housing and Urban Research, Hoersholm, Denmark > Fondazione Felicita Ed Enrico Bignaschi e Figli, Milano, Italy

one week in each country; they interviewed central policy-makers and visited the neighbourhoods, assisted by the local partner. Although the comparative perspective is evident, the focus was on the European dimension.

Final Results In addition to the usual products, working documents (such as ‘National Context Reports’) and databases (urban development programmes, indicators), the following results are worth noting. The results have been published in a series ‘UGIS-Collection’: ’Towards a Conceptual Framework’, ‘On the Origins of Urban Development Programmes in nine European Countries’, ‘How to Develop a Successful Urban Development Programme’ (due shortly and already available in German as a working document), and ‘Urban governance, social inclusion and sustainability’ (provisional title, also due shortly). The production of a ‘Handbook for Policy Makers’ has been particularly well received, as demonstrated at the final conference with the attendance of about one hundred stakeholders from the participating countries. This Handbook is intended to provide practical answers in clear and straightforward language to a series of questions such as: How exclusively should urban programmes and policies focus on specific areas? If so, how should these areas be designated? What should be done to avoid displacing problems from one neighbourhood to another? What time span should UDPs cover? What about after the programme has come to an end? How ‘general’ and how ’differentiated’ should contracts be? Does intuition, guts, or political feeling provide a firm enough basis for evaluating urban policies, or are more sophisticated means needed? If so, what are the minimum requirements with respect to databases, qualitative and quantitative indicators, and evaluation procedures? The final chapter presents the reader with a checklist of 30 questions that could assist policymakers in the development of a successful urban development programme. The conceptual and theoretical framework forms a strong basis for further research on the subject from a genuine European perspective, as do the quantitative and qualitative databases and the network of end users and stakeholders.

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New means to Promote Pedestrian Traffic in Cities (PROMPT)

Objectives and Problems to be solved Problems related to extensive car traffic are today particularly acute in European cities. From the 1950s onwards the trend in all European cities has been to become more and more caroriented. This has happened despite many efforts at regulation. At the same time the share of the non-motorised transport means has declined. The increase of the use of cars in our cities is a significant cause for many problems highlighted by European policies concerning, for example, quality of life, equality, parity of access, sustainability and cultural heritage. A revival of walking in cities would be a simple and natural way to remedy many of them. It would reduce

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-1999-00003 EC CONTRIBUTION: €742,000 STARTING DATE: 01/03/2000 DURATION: 45 months http://prompt.vtt.fi EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Eric PONTHIEU Phone: +32 2 29 69945 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

the use of cars and enhance the use of public transport. It would also promote social life in public spaces and improve the parity of citizens. The promotion of walking would also have many other positive consequences such as the improvement of citizens' physical condition and the recovery of the values of their urban milieu.

Description of Work The main goal of PROMPT is to promote walking in cities. Its concrete objective is to develop for that purpose new tools and solutions for city actors involved in urban planning and design as

COORDINATOR Kari RAUHALA VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Building and Transport Lampomiehenkuja 2 C P.O. Box 1800 FI-2044 Espoo Phone: +358 9 456 6274 Fax: +358 9 464 174 e-mail: [email protected]

well as in decision making. The scope of the considerations ranges from the overall urban structure to the detailed street level. The project is based on the analysis of 22 case areas in 16 different cities in the participating countries. The analysis is made according to six different themes: 1. safety, 2. accessibility, 3. comfort, 4. attractiveness, 5. intermodality, and 6. implementation. Although one can promote walking by considering each of these issues one by one, it is crucial to consider how they work together: the whole is not the sum of its parts. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach is applied to find good comprehensive solutions to the problems identified. Different pedestrian categories, climatic conditions, topographies, and locations in the urban structure as well as local cultural values are also taken into account in the analysis.

Expected/Final Results The planners', designers' and decision makers' knowledge about how to promote walking in practice will be improved through the establishment of new tools and solutions and their effective dissemination. Better knowledge, in turn, is expected to increase the share of walking as a means of transport bringing the benefits stated above. An increase in walking would also bring reductions in vehicle and road investments, fewer costs in pollution

PARTNERS > Universita' Degli Studi di Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Progettazione e Scienze Dell’architecttura, Roma, Italy > SINTEF, Foundation for Technical and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Transport Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering, Trondheim, Norway > Ingenieursbüro für Verkehrsplanung W. Hüsler Ag, Zürich, Switzerland > Université de Liège, Centre de Recherche en Architecture et Urbanisme, Section Urbanisme, Département d'Architecture, Liège, Belgium > CERTU, Centre d'etudes sur les Reseaux, les Transports, l'urbanisme et les Constructions Publiques, Département Voirie, Lyon, France > CETE NP, Centre d'Etudes Techniques de l'Equipement, Nord Picardie, Lille, France

abatements, less accidents and injuries and less damage to buildings. However, the concrete impacts are difficult to quantify beforehand. The main beneficiaries will be the citizens themselves.

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SUREURO - sustainable refurbishment Europe (SUREURO)

Objectives and Problems to be solved

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-1999-00008 EC CONTRIBUTION: €5,080,126 STARTING DATE: 01/03/2000 DURATION: 48 months

In the member states there are about 80 000 residential areas and 56 million flats which have been built since 1950. 170 million people live in post-war housing areas.

http://www.sureuro.com EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Adèle LYDON Phone: +32 2 29 60662 Fax: +32 2 29 52096 e-mail: Adè[email protected] Coordinator/Project leader Jan A. BLOMSTRAND Kalmarhem Ltd (P0, P1) P.O Box 305 Larmtorget 3 SE-391 23 Kalmar Phone: +46 40 57 92 50 Fax: +46 40 57 92 51 e-mail: [email protected]

Housing companies need to refurbish their Stock periodically and the demand for sustainable refurbishment is high – from EC and member states. Today there is no integration of refurbishment strategies with sustainability and not enough tenant participation. Many refurbishment processes only focus on technical issues and initial costs.

Description of Work SUREURO consists of six work packages. WP1 developed management tools, WP2 Design and Construction tools and WP3 Technical tools and solutions for sustainable technologies. WP4 are the National Projects with the state-of-art reports and testing results from WP1-3. WP5 will test the models and tools in two housing companies in the Czech Republic and one in Italy. WP6 will provide a knowledge system with tools in a clickable computer system. Guidelines which consider different climate-conditions, laws and regulations are included. This means that they are flexible to accommodate future knowledge and technologies. The models are developed so that all actors in a refurbishment project can use them. The interplay between the actors will be developed and

PARTNERS > NCC Svenska AB, Solna, Sweden > Vatten & Samhällsteknik, Kalmar, Sweden > AKB Housing Association, Copenhagen, Denmark > By og Byg, Hoersholm, Denmark > Byfornyelse Danmark, Copenhagen, Denmark > Finnish Real Estate Federation, Helsinki, Finland > VTT Building and Transport, Helsinki, Finland > Amiedu/Renova Oy, Tampere, Finland > Motiva Oy, Helsinki, Finland > WonenCentraal, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands > TNO Building and Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands > Logirep, Suresnes, France > Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment (CSTB), Service des Structure, Paris, France

lead to a win-win situation for all actors at all levels including the environment. It is important that the projects lead to a healthy and comfortable indoor climate. A main goal is that the refurbishment can be completed within normal costs, allowing the tenants the possibility to stay in their dwellings afterwards. SUREURO considers environmental, social, economical, technical, architectural criteria in all stages. SUREURO consists of seven housing organisations in seven European countries, assisted by research organisations and industrial companies. In 2002, nine organisations in the Czech and Slovak Republic joined the project under the name SUREURO NAS.

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Expected/Final Results SUREURO provides housing companies and local decision makers with practical management tools for integrating sustainable development and tenant participation in refurbishment management processes while maintaining normal and affordable costs for tenants, who are part of the process. SUREURO provides design tools for construction companies, designer and engineers; models for better planning, design and technical specifications of refurbishment projects. SUREURO will provide new, flexible technical concepts for sustainable transformation of existing housing areas. Deliverables include a knowledge-based information system consisting of models and tools for all involved in a refurbishment process and integrated protocols and guidelines. The potential financial and scientific impact of SUREURO is held to be significant. Target groups are: governments, authorities and city planners in the area of sustainability, who can use the results for planning and regulations; housing companies, who can use the models in their future refurbishment processes; tenants and their organisations, who can use the models in their demands for environmental living conditions; and construction companies, designers and architects in co-operation with housing companies. The results are directed mainly at markets in member states, CEEC-countries, NDCs and other developed countries. The continuous dissemination – international seminars and the involvement of independent experts and international organisations – will help to guarantee that the results are taken onboard efficiently

>

Delphis (Dévelopment Détudies pour le Logement, la promotion de l’habitat, l’innovation et le Social), Paris, France > IRS Institute for Regional development and Structural Planning, Erkner, Germany > Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, Department of Housing, Smethwick, West Midlands, United Kingdom > BRE Building Performance Assessment Centre, Watford, United Kingdom. > Blomstrand Consulting, Malmo, Sweden > LUWOGE/GEWOGE, Ludwigshafen, Germany > IWU Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, Darmstadt, Germany > Mestska Realitni Agentura, Havirov, Czech Republic > Statutarni Mesto Havirov, Havirov, Czech Republic > Mestská cast Praha 11, Prague, Czech Republic > Ceské Vysoké Ucení Technické v Praze, Prague, Czech Republic > STÙ-K,a.s., Prague, Czech Republic > The Centre of Building Construction Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic > Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic > Institute of Sociology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic > Delphis Representation office in Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

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C R O S S - C U T T I N G

New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability (NEEDS)

Objectives and Problems to be solved

CONTRACT: SES-CT-2004-502687 EC CONTRIBUTION: €6,800,000 STARTING DATE: 01/03/04 DURATION: 48 months

The objective of the NEEDS project is to evaluate the full costs and benefits (i.e. direct and external) of energy policies and of future energy systems, both at the level of individual

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Domenico ROSSETTI di VALDALBERO Phone: +32 2 29 62811 Fax: +32 2 29 94991 e-mail: [email protected]

countries and for the enlarged EU as a whole. The major research advancements concern the areas of: i) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of energy technologies, ii) monetary valuation of externalities from energy production, iii) transport, conversion and use, integration of LCA and externalities information into policy formulation and scenario building. In this framework NEEDS intends to contribute to the process of policy formulation not only concerning the mechanism and the rules for the internalisation of external costs but also, more ambitiously, through devising

COORDINATOR Andrea RICCI and Stefano FABERI ISIS 21, via Flaminia I-00196 Roma Phone: +39 06 321 26 55 Fax: +39 06 321 30 49 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > AEKI, Budapest, Hungary > AGH, Krakow, Poland > AMBIENTE ITALIA, Rome, Italy > ARMINES, Paris, France > AUTH, Thessaloniki, Greece > CDER, Marrakech, Morocco > CEDRE, La Seyne sur Mer, France > CESI, Milano, Italy > CHALMERS, Göteborg, Sweden > CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain > CNRS-CIRED, Nogent sur Marne, France > CRES, Pikermi, Athens, Greece > CUEC, Prague, Czech Republic > DLR, Stuttgart, Germany > ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland > ECN, Petten, The Netherlands > E-CO, Oslo, Norway > ECONCEPT, Zürich, Switzerland > EDF, Moret Sur Loing, France > ELSAM, Fredericia, Denmark > ENERO, Bucharest, Romania > EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland > EPT, La Marsa, Tunisia > ESU, Uster, Switzerland > FEEM, Milano, Italy > FhG/ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany > GLOBE, Brussels, Belgium

long-term scenarios incorporating internalisation strategies for Europe, and simulating their potential effects on energy demand and supply, environmental performances, and sustainability of the economy at large.

Description of Work The IP is built as a series of “Research Streams”, each addressing a specific area of research. Innovation and scientific and technological advancement are part of each stream as well as in their overall integration. The research areas concern firstly the quantification of social and environmental damage, secondly the medium to long-term perspectives, and thirdly the external costs awareness including outside the European Union. More specifically, the first research area, containing four research streams, addresses the questions of LCA of new energy technologies, of new and improved methods to estimate external costs of energy conversion, of externalities associated with the extraction and transport of energy and of extending the geographical coverage of the current knowledge of energy externalities. The second research area, containing two research streams, deals with modelling internalisation strategies, including scenario building, and with the energy technology roadmap and stakeholder perspectives. The third research area, also containing two research streams considers the issues of transferability and generalisation and of dissemination and communication. Each research stream is independent but a dedicated Integration Stream will interlink all the streams.

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Expected Results and Exploitation Plans The main results of the NEEDS project is the provision of accurate quantitative measurement of the absolute values of external costs, which can then be used to determine the appropriate level of restrictions, performance standards, taxation, etc in the policy-making process. Moreover NEEDS devotes a significant amount of resources to ensuring that the adoption of externality valuation methods is systematically extended to the new EU Member States and to the Mediterranean countries, and that the availability and quality of datasets are brought up to par. In addition, modelling, internalisation strategies and long-term scenarios will cover at least ten individual countries outside the EU 15 borders. Complementary, but no less important research streams provide a mapping of the sensitivity of sustainability performance of technological options, explore the stakeholder perspectives on assessed external costs and work out the transferability of results as well as generalisation issues. Finally, the dissemination activities are built around six Forum events, set up in different countries and regions, which will highlight how externalities could deepen the discussion of energy policy issues by interacting with a wider audience beyond the expert level.

HELIO, Paris, France IFEU, Heidelberg, Germany > IFU, Hamburg, Germany > IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria > JSI, Ljubljana, Slovenia > IMAA-CNR, Tito Scalo, Italy > INE, Reykjavik, Iceland > INFM, Naples, Italy > IOM, Edinburgh, United Kingdom > JRC, Sevilla, Spain > KANLO, Lyon, France > KUL, Leuven, Belgium > LEI, Kaunas, Lithuania > LUND, Lund, Sweden > MEERI, Krakow, Poland > MET.NO, Oslo, Norway > NREA, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt > NTUA, Zografou Athens, Greece > OME, Sophia Antipolis, France > POLITO, Torino, Italy > PROFING, Bratislava, Slovakia > PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland > RISOE, Roskilde, Denmark > SEI, Tallinn, Estonia > SIU-IEM, Gödöllö, Hungary > TTU, Tallinn, Estonia > UA, Antwerpen, Belgium > UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain > UBATH, Bath, United Kingdom > UNEW, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom > UniHH, Hamburg, Germany > UNINE, Neuchâtel, Switzerland > UNWE, Sofia, Bulgaria > UPARIS, Paris, France > USTUTT, Stuttgart, Germany > VITO, MOL, Belgium > VTT, Espoo, Finland > WUDES, Warsaw, Poland

>

>

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C R O S S - C U T T I N G

Planning and Research of Policies for Land Use and Transport for Increasing Urban Sustainability (PROPOLIS)

Objectives and Problems to be solved

CONTRACT: EVK4-CT-1999-00005 EC CONTRIBUTION: €992,200 STARTING DATE: 01/01/2000 DURATION: 38 months

More than three-quarters of the population of Western Europe live in cities. Their quality of life, health and safety are to a considerable extent affected by the urban transport and land

http://www.ltcon.fi/propolis/

use system. Part of the economic efficiency of urban regions is lost due to urban congestion and pollution. Methodologies are needed for predicting and mitigating negative changes and

EC SCIENTIFIC OFFICER Eric PONTHIEU Phone: +32 2 29 69945 Fax: +32 2 29 50656 e-mail: [email protected]

for bringing about positive ones. The PROPOLIS project enables the impacts of urban transport and land use policies to be predicted. Accumulating know-how, developing methodologies and searching for sustainable urban policies is no doubt of strategic importance and a field meriting a European-wide approach. PROPOLIS contributes to the implementation of many of the EU's

COORDINATOR Kari LAUTSO (Lic.Sc.) LT Consultants Ltd. Heikkiläntie 7 FI-00210 Helsinki Phone: +35 89 61 58 11 Fax: +35 89 61 58 14 30 e-mail: [email protected] PARTNERS > University College London, Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, United Kingdom > Stratec S.A., Brussels, Belgium > Universitaet Dortmund, Institut für Raumplanung, Germany > TRT Trasporti e Territorio Srl, Milan, Italy > Marcial Echenique and Partners Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom > Marcial Echenique Y Compania Sa, Bilbao, Spain

policies, especially environment, energy and transport.

Description of Work The objective of PROPOLIS is to research, develop and test integrated land use and transport policies, tools and comprehensive assessment methodologies in order to define sustainable longterm urban strategies and to demonstrate their effects in European cities. The work is executed through developing a set of indicators measuring the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability. Values for these indicators are estimated using enhanced urban land use and transport models and new GIS and Internet-based tools. A decision support tool is used to evaluate the sets of indicator values in order to arrive at aggregate environmental, social and economic indices for the alternative policy options. A time horizon of 20 years or more is used. The innovations of the project are related to the integrated and comprehensive approach and to the combination of strategic interactive land-use and transport models and GIS techniques and their use in seven case cities Helsinki, Dortmund, Naples, Vicenza, Inverness, Bilbao and Brussels. The system is also able to reveal the interactions and multiplier effects by following the impact chains in the complex urban system.

Expected/Final Results PROPOLIS has systematically analysed policy options in seven European cities in order to reach general recommendations for optimum combinations of different policy types. The strategies improve urban sustainability in general and radically reduce urban pollution and congestion without compromising economic efficiency and social sustainability. The benefits at European level are mostly related to the general conclusions and recommendations. The project also produced a set of well-defined indicators for use for benchmarking purposes. The national and local authorities in the case city regions benefit from the project by having updated and enhanced urban models and evaluation systems. The systems are especially well suited for environmental impact assessments. The message from the project is clear. Only radical actions can maintain the current level of sustainability. The land use and transport subsystems must be seen as a whole. The sustainability of this whole system can be improved by offering better public transport services while restricting car use and by providing supportive land use policies. Following these lines will, as demonstrated in the seven PROPOLIS case cities, simultaneously improve the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability and be economically efficient in improving our cities of tomorrow.

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S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P R O J E C T S I N E N E R G Y, T R A N S P O R T A N D E N V I R O N M E N T

ACRONYMS INDEX ACCEPTH2

94

MINIMA SUD

14

AQUALIBRIUM

43

MIRAGES

18

AWASTUD-FUS

98

MOSUS

16

BEST

84

MULTAGRI

106

BOB

83

NEEDS

112

Cascade Mints

27

NEMESIS-ETC

26

CDMEDI

77

PAYT

73

DATELINE

36

PLANELEC-FUS

30

Demos

65

POPA-CTDA

60

DIEM

49

PROMPT

109

DYN-GEM-E3

25

ProPaCC

15

ELCGRID-FUS

50

PROPOLIS

114

ERICA

81

PUBLICAWA-FUS

97

ESPREME

46

R&D for SD

12

ETIS-LINK, ETIS-BASE, ETIS-AGENT

37

R&DVAL-FUS

51

EURENDEL

76

RECORDIT

54

EUROMARKET

68

RED

42

EVATECH

95

REGIONET

70

EXPEDITE

32

RELIEF

74

EXTERNE-POL

48

RISCOM II

64

EXWASTE-FUS

53

RISKGOV

80

FARMING

96

SAPIENTIA

21

FOCUSGR-FUS

99

SESSA

82

GREEN-X

28

SPECTRUM

85

HarmoniCA

20

SUMMA

86

HarmoniCOP

90

SUREURO

110

HEATCO

87

Sustainability A-Test

62

HOMESERVICES

71

SUSTELNET

78

HyNet

79

SusTools

40

I.Q. TOOLS

102

THINK UP

33

IASON

34

TiGREss

19

IMPRINT-EUROPE

57

TIMES FUS

31

INNESTO

69

TIPMAC

35

INSEA

104

TOOLSUST

75

KASSA

92

TRANSFORUM

88

LASALA / LASALA-ONLINE

72

TRANS-TOOLS

38

MANTRA-East

66

TranSust

13

MAXIMA

52

UGIS

108

MC-ICAM

56

UNITE

55

METHODEX

44

VLEEM 2

24

MIDAIR

22

WETO H2

29

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European Commission EUR 21328 — SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROJECTS IN ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND TRANSPORT Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2004 — 115 pp. — 21.0 x 29.7 cm ISBN 92-894-6640-5

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research Contact: Marialuisa Tamborra E-mail: [email protected]

SALES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS Publications for sale produced by the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities are available from our sales agents throughout the world.

Interested in European research? RTD info is our quarterly magazine keeping you in touch with main developments (results, programmes, events, etc.). It is available in English, French and German. A free sample copy or free subscription can be obtained from: European Commission Directorate-General for Research Information and Communication Unit B-1049 Brussels Fax (32-2) 29-58220 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/rtdinfo/index_en.html

How do I set about obtaining a publication? Once you have obtained the list of sales agents, contact the sales agent of your choice and place your order. How do I obtain the list of sales agents? • Go to the Publications Office website http://publications.eu.int/ • Or apply for a paper copy by fax (352) 2929 42758

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15

This booklet contains the abstracts and the administrative data from the socio-economic projects in the energy, transport and environment field funded under the Fifth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (1998-2002) and some initial projects funded under the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006). The projects included

> Policy Instruments and Governance; > Social Acceptability and Human Behaviour. The most recent projects, especially those under the Sixth Framework Programme, are cross-cutting and therefore cover several of the above. The intention is to provide general information for as wide a public as possible within the scientific community.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROJECTS

in ENERGY, TRANSPORT and ENVIRONMENT PROJECT SYNOPSES

> Direct and External Costs;

KI-NA-21328-EN-C

> Modelling and Scenarios;

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROJECTS in ENERGY, TRANSPORT and ENVIRONMENT

are the most relevant examples in relation to the following key issues:

EUR 21328