The Letters of George Santayana, Book 3: 1921-1927 (The Works of George Santayana, Vol. 5)

THE LETTERS OF

GEORGE SANTAYANA BOOK THREE 1921–1927 Edited and with an Introduction by William G. Holzberger

THE WORKS OF GEORGE SANTAYANA, Volume V Edited by William G. Holzberger and Herman J. Saatkamp Jr.

The Works of George Santayana Volume V, Book Three Herman J. Saatkamp Jr., General Editor William G. Holzberger, Textual Editor Marianne S. Wokeck, Editor Kristine W. Frost, Associate Editor Johanna E. Resler, Assistant Editor

To the memory of Daniel and Margot Cory

Charles Augustus Strong’s Apartment (third floor, with long balcony) at 9 Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris. Original photograph, courtesy of Annegret Holzberger, has been altered with her permission.

The Letters of George Santayana Book Three, 1921–1927

Edited and with an Introduction by William G. Holzberger

The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England

This publication has been supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, a federal agency which supports the study of such fields as history, philosophy, literature, and languages. Additional funding was provided by Corliss Lamont, Emil Ogden, and the Comité Conjunto Hispano-Norteamericano para la Cooperación Cultural y Educativa. The endpapers are facsimiles of a letter from Santayana to George Sturgis dated 29 July 1924 in the Sturgis family papers (*89M-56). Publication is by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University.

A selected edition of The Letters of George Santayana was published by Scribner’s in 1955. Other letters written by Santayana have been published previously in books and periodicals. All information concerning previous publications is included in the textual notes. © 2002 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Introduction,” William G. Holzberger. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopy, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Santayana, George, 1863–1952. [Correspondence] The letters of George Santayana / G. Santayana; edited and with an introduction by William G. Holzberger,—Santayana ed. p. cm.—(The works of George Santayana; v.5) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-19474-0 (bk.3: hc: alk. paper) 1. Santayana, George, 1863–1952—Correspondence. 2. Philosophers—United States— Correspondence. I. Holzberger, William G. II. Title. B945.S2 1986 vol. 5 [B945.S24 A4] 191—dc21

00—048978

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48 1984. ∞ ™

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The Santayana Edition Herman J. Saatkamp Jr., General Editor William G. Holzberger, Textual Editor Marianne S. Wokeck, Editor Kristine W. Frost, Associate Editor Johanna E. Resler, Assistant Editor Editorial Board Douglas M. MacDonald John M. Michelsen Andrew J. Reck Beth J. Singer T. L. S. Sprigge Henny Wenkart

Willard Arnett Hugh J. Dawson Morris Grossman Angus Kerr-Lawson John Lachs Richard C. Lyon Consultants

Jo Ann Boydston Irving Singer Robert S. Sturgis

The Works of George Santayana I Persons and Places: Fragments of Autobiography, 1986 II The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outlines of Æsthetic Theory, 1988 III Interpretations of Poetry and Religion, 1989 IV The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel, 1994 V The Letters of George Santayana, Book One, 2001 The Letters of George Santayana, Book Two, 2002 The Letters of George Santayana, Book Three, 2002

Contents Book Three, 1921–1927 Preface Acknowledgments Introduction by William G. Holzberger List of Letters

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LETTERS

3

EDITORIAL APPENDIX Textual Commentary Short-Title List Textual Notes Report of Line-End Hyphenation Chronology Addresses Manuscript Locations List of Recipients List of Unlocated Letters

367 381 385 441 443 461 475 479 481

INDEX

485

Preface Book Three, 1921—1927 The letters included in Book Three cover the period 1921–1927, documenting Santayana’s life from his fifty-seventh through his sixty-fourth year, a period for him of intense literary activity. The death in 1921 of his half brother, Robert Sturgis, who had for many years very ably managed the family’s finances, resulted in the assumption of that responsibility by Robert’s son, George, who would prove as capable a financial manager as his father had been. Sturgis’s death would also initiate a frequent correspondence between Santayana and his nephew that would prove a rich source of information about Santayana’s relations with his family, including both of his sisters; his sister Susana’s Spanish family, including her husband Celedonio Sastre and his children and grandchildren from a previous marriage; and Santayana’s relationship with George Sturgis himself, his wife Rosamond, and their three sons. In his correspondence with George Sturgis, Santayana is often required to mediate between his nephew and his half sisters, Susana and Josephine, for whom Sturgis was also acting as financial advisor and manager. For Josephine especially, who was always rather vague and for whom money matters were confusing, Santayana interprets her sometimes contradictory requests for remittances by explaining that having a few thousand dollars in the Bank in Ávila, instead of keeping all of her capital more profitably invested in the United States, provides Josephine with a sense of well being and a certain status among her Spanish family and friends important to her happiness. During the boom years of the twenties, Santayana’s wealth and that of his sisters, under George Sturgis’s capable stewardship, multiplies manyfold, and they begin to accumulate substantial fortunes. In the early years of this period, Santayana moves about a good deal looking for a place in which to settle down and live for the rest of his life. During the winter months he lives in various hotels in Rome. The summers are spent with his friend Charles Augustus Strong in Strong’s Avenue de l’Observatoire apartment in Paris, or in Strong’s Villa le Balze

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at Fiesole in the hills above Florence. He also stays with his sisters in Celedonio Sastre’s house in Ávila, or in Venice and Cortina d’Ampezzo. In Paris and Rome he receives and entertains visitors from abroad, including Warwick and Hamilton Potter, the young sons of his old friends the Robert Burnside Potters. He finds these young Americans, and others like them, the products of a general leveling: they are amiable but somewhat plebeian and lacking the grace and distinction of the gilded youth of their fathers’ generation. Other visitors of this period include Hans Reichhardt, the young secretary of Santayana’s friend Baron Albert von Westenholz of Hamburg. Reichhardt visits several times during these years, but his visits are rendered less than completely satisfactory by his very limited ability to speak English and Santayana’s difficulty either in speaking German (which he could read with ease) or in understanding Reichhardt’s halting English. In the spring of 1924 he is visited in Rome by the Philip Chetwynd family (Mrs. Augusta Chetwynd was the sister of Santayana’s millionaire friend, Moncure Robinson of New York City). Early in May of 1924 Santayana takes Mrs. Chetwynd and two of her teenage children for a ten-day visit to Venice. Andrew Onderdonk (an international lawyer) and his mother, and the American philosophers Horace Kallen and Herbert Schneider visit during these years, as well as a number of other American professors who come bearing letters of introduction. In February 1925 Santayana is visited in Rome by George and Rosamond Sturgis. He finds Rosamond attractive and likeable; George, however, shares too many of the characteristics of his late father to please Santayana. In May of that year his old friend Mercedes Escalera and four of her friends come to Rome from Spain on a pilgrimage. Santayana takes seriously his duties as host to all these visitors, but he regrets the time they take from his various writing projects. An important occurrence in the lives of both Santayana and Daniel Cory takes place when Cory, an impecunious twenty-two-year-old American, lately a student at Columbia University and currently living in London, sends Santayana an essay that he had written on Santayana’s philosophy. Santayana, pleased with the essay, responds by offering to pay Cory’s expenses for a visit to Rome, where their first meeting takes place in April 1927. Santayana’s first impressions of Cory are rather mixed: he is uncertain about the quality of Cory’s mind and even whether or not he likes Cory. However, his appreciation of the young man grows as he learns that Cory agrees with his own philosophical principles: he is

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pleased to have a disciple. The relationship that develops between these two men of different generations becomes one of mutual dependence, with Santayana relying on Cory as a kind of confidant and literary assistant for several of his writing projects, with Cory, for the rest of his life, reling on Santayana for financial support. Cory becomes the most important friend that Santayana has during the last quarter of his life. During this period, Santayana is much preoccupied with his literary and philosophical projects. Late in 1921 he completes Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies, one of his favorites among his own works, and the book is published the following year. In 1923 Constable and Scribner’s release a new edition of his previously published poems. Simply titled Poems, this is the last collection of Santayana’s verse published during his lifetime. In 1924 his friend Pierre la Rose designs a deluxe edition of Santayana’s tragedy, Lucifer, which originally had appeared in 1899. Santayana spends the summer of 1926 in Cortina d’Ampezzo writing Platonism and the Spiritual Life, which appears as a short book in 1927. Another of his favorites among his own works, Dialogues in Limbo, comes out in 1926. A lengthy review-article of John Dewey’s book, Experience and Nature (1925), published in the Journal of Philosophy in 1925, costs Santayana six months’ labor and considerable pain. But his major works of technical philosophy of these years are Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923) and The Realm of Essence (1927). Scepticism was intended as an introduction to, and The Realm of Essence the first volume of, Realms of Being (1927–40), the complete expression of Santayana’s mature philosophical system. Ultimately a four-volume treatise, Realms of Being was originally conceived by its author in 1922 as a single-volume work that he expected to complete “in a year or two.” The Realm of Essence required so much effort and was so difficult to write that Santayana questioned the capacity of his aging brain to continue to do technical philosophy. Indeed, during this period, he regularly takes refuge from writing philosophy by working on his novel, The Last Puritan, in which, as he says, he puts everything that he knows, and the composition of which gives him so much pleasure and relief that he dreads completing it. Perhaps it is fortunate that at this time he did not realize that he would over the next thirteen years produce three additional full volumes of Realms of Being (Matter, 1930; Truth, 1938; and Spirit, 1940). Another significant event of this period occurs in May 1924 when George Sturgis suggests that Santayana write an autobiography. At the

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time Santayana is working on a “chronology” of his life and also a book to be called “Persons and Places” which will be about his travels, places where he has lived, and persons whom he has known. He has not considered writing an autobiography per se, believing his life too uneventful to be interesting. But he finds George Sturgis’s suggestion increasingly attractive, and the Persons and Places that is eventually published in three volumes during the mid-1940s and early 1950s is considerably more autobiographical than was originally conceived. In June 1925 Santayana travels to Ávila where he hopes that his sister Josephine will have preserved some family photographs that might be used to illustrate the autobiography. However, the original American and British editions of Persons and Places were, except for a frontispiece photo of Santayana in each volume, not illustrated, and the inclusion of numerous photos had to await publication of the complete single-volume critical edition in 1986. Whereas Persons and Places developed into something rather different and more autobiographical than Santayana originally had conceived, in 1927 he was at work on another project: the revision of a collection of articles which he had written during 1917–27 that he hoped to publish under the title “Symptoms.” The work, however, was never finished or published, although some of the articles were eventually included in Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy (1933). Early in this period, Santayana had begun to think seriously of finding a place in which to settle down. He flirted with the idea of permanent residence in England, a country beloved to him in the early years of his first European travels. But his visit to England in 1923, when he had been invited to Oxford to deliver the Herbert Spencer Lecture on 24 October, proved so disappointing that he afterward ruled England out as a place of permanent residence. During the visit of 1923, he had enjoyed a stay at Cambridge where, at the invitation of his Harvard friend (Class of 1893), Gaillard Lapsley, a fellow of Trinity College, he had been invited to dine regularly in hall at the high table and converse with the learned fellows of that college. It was at Trinity, at a small dinner party in Lapsley’s magnificent rooms in the cloister, that Santayana met and liked the classical scholar and poet, A. E. Housman, whose poetry he much enjoyed and, as he said, always read with tears. Also in 1923, however, Santayana’s visit to an old friend, the Earl Russell (Bertrand Russell’s elder brother), at Russell’s estate (Telegraph House, or “T.U.” as it was called familiarly) in Hampshire, proved disappointing when Russell appeared remote and accused Santayana of disloyalty in siding with Russell’s estranged third

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wife, the novelist “Elizabeth” (Mary Annette Beauchamp, Countess von Arnim). Santayana enjoyed reading Russell’s recently-published autobiography, My Life and Adventures (1923), but was grieved at the cold reception afforded him by this formerly intimate friend. Other old friends of his younger days in England were, in 1923, dead or living in depressingly reduced circumstances. The novelist Howard Sturgis, a cousin of Santayana’s Sturgis siblings and his frequent host at Queen’s Acre (Sturgis’s house near Windsor), had died in 1920, and Willie Haines, for many years Howard Sturgis’s companion, whom Santayana visits in 1923 in Bath, is reduced to living in bankruptcy with his father. These melancholy experiences of England, together with the disappearance of what Santayana regarded as the glorious England of the Victorian and Edwardian eras, with its inimitable charm, civility, and deference, discouraged him about retiring there. Furthermore, the wet and frequently chilly English climate was unsuitable for an aging man suffering from chronic bronchitis. A particularly vehement attack of this everthreatening ailment, in February 1923, drove him for a week into a clinic in Nice. Santayana had often thought of retiring to Spain, the land of his birth and of which he always remained a legal citizen. In the spring and summer of 1925, on a visit to Ávila, he found that his brother-in-law, Celedonio Sastre, had recently suffered the latest in a series of strokes. Celedonio, then in his mid-eighties and much diminished physically and mentally by ill health, was chagrined at being rendered incapable of controlling the affairs of his numerous family as he had always done. Santayana was certain that Celedonio would not live another year. Susana, then seventy-four, was quietly planning for the future following her husband’s death. She intended to make a number of improvements to the house in Ávila that would render it comfortable and convenient for her, her sister Josephine, and her half brother George to live in together. This, Santayana felt, was an attractive solution to his problem of finding a permanent home and settling down. The question of whether this arrangement would have proved satisfactory to all parties must remain moot, for it was not to be. A few years later, on 10 February 1928, Susana died, and her feeble husband lived on, dying at almost ninety in 1930 (the year in which Josephine died also, at seventy-seven). Susana’s death made impracticable and unattractive Santayana’s idea of settling down for good in Ávila. But even if Susana had lived, the issue of religion might well have caused problems between her and her broth-

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er. Santayana several times states his own position on religion in the letters of this period. He describes himself as neither a believer nor a heretic. He perceives religion, he says, from the “inside,” recognizing the poetic nature of religious myth. His sympathy is with the orthodox views, but he does not believe that they describe actual events, are not literally true. Susana, on the other hand (as Santayana says in his letter of 7 June 1922 to George Sturgis), was determined to believe literally in the Christian myth despite the objections of her own considerable intelligence. Indeed, any self-generated incredulity had the effect of redoubling her determination to champion the orthodoxy, a behavior very near to the definition of fanaticism that Santayana gives elsewhere. Therefore, it might have been very difficult for Santayana, despite his deep love for Susana, to reconcile himself to living at close quarters with someone so vehement in her espousal of orthodox Christianity. In any case, Susana’s unexpected death in 1928 prevented this experiment from ever being tried. A significant factor in Santayana’s search for a place to settle down (in addition to those of comfort, convenience, a temperate climate, and ideally the availability of opera, ballet, and theatre) was his desire not to abandon his old friend and fellow philosopher, Charles Augustus Strong. Strong provided an additional reason for Santayana not to retire to England but rather to remain on the Continent. Strong was by this time a widower, paralyzed in the legs and forced to get about in a wheelchair. A small elevator and some wheelchair ramps for his use were installed in Villa le Balze (where they remain to this day, although the elevator is now stationary and used as a storage closet). Strong probably would have been glad to have Santayana live with him permanently, as they had in fact frequently lived together for months at a time in Strong’s Paris apartment. But living with Strong could be difficult. He could be imperious and was forever trying to convert Santayana to his own particular philosophical views, especially to his theory of perception. Santayana’s frustration and irritation with Strong in this regard is particularly evident in their correspondence of this period, which includes, in Santayana’s letters, a continuous, detailed, and extensive discussion of their respective philosophical positions. Another problem for Santayana in living with C. A. Strong was Strong’s daughter Margaret. A young woman who moved in the fashionable worlds of Paris and Florence, Margaret’s rather frenetic way of life frequently disrupted the lives of the two elderly philosophers. It seems that Santayana did not dislike Margaret, was sympathetic regarding her

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personal problems, and wished her well, but he found her presence in the Paris apartment inimical to the atmosphere of calm and quiet essential to his life as a thinker and writer. When Margaret married and left her father’s house, in July 1927, Santayana was called upon to play a significant role in the whole affair. At the time, Strong himself was taking an extensive cure at a Swiss spa, and Margaret and Santayana were living, with a maid-servant who also did the cooking, in the Paris apartment. One evening, utterly unexpectedly, a young man joined them for dinner whom Margaret introduced to Santayana as George Cuevas, saying that he was the fiancé she intended to marry in four days. Cuevas, an impecunious Chilean, had a reputation for moving in fast company. However, after several interviews, Santayana came to the conclusion that he was not a bad sort, understood Margaret, and would probably make her a good husband. So he undertook, through his letters, to reconcile Strong to the match. Next, he participated in the nuptials directly by serving as a witness at the civil ceremony, and then again, some days later, according to the French fashion, by standing in loco parentis at the church wedding, leading the already married bride to the altar and giving her away. Even after Margaret’s marriage, Santayana did not wish to live permanently with Strong, but wanted to be close enough to be able to spend time with him periodically and to provide assistance in case it were needed. His discovery of the Hotel Bristol in Rome was for various reasons propitious. The Hotel Bristol is situated conveniently in the Piazza Barberini, directly behind Bernini’s Triton Fountain, in an attractive and interesting part of the city. It seemed to Santayana just what he needed when he first engaged a room there in November 1923, and it proved so convenient that in February 1925 he decided to make Rome and the Bristol his regular residence, while continuing to head north in the summers to places like Florence (where he could visit Strong), Venice, and Cortina. A regular headquarters in Rome would provide the stability that Santayana needed as he grew older, with the opportunity to continue the life of the wandering student, which was always his ideal. He expanded his accommodations at the Bristol from a single room to a little suite, with a sitting room complete with wood-burning fireplace. He could easily engage other rooms in the hotel to accommodate guests, and could keep a good many of his books about him (the others being stored in Strong’s apartment), though they would have to be crated up during the summer when he would be away from Rome and the suite rented to others. The

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Bristol would serve admirably as his headquarters until about 1940 when it was closed for extensive remodeling and renovation. At that time Santayana would move to Rome’s Grand Hotel, where he would live for a time before entering the nursing home of the Blue Sisters where he would spend the final almost eleven years of his life. While living in Rome during the twenties, Santayana witnessed with approval the ultimately disastrous rise of Italian fascism. He hoped and believed that Liberalism all over the world might be fading away. He admired Mussolini for his successful resolution of certain practical problems, as he also admired what he regarded as the new energy and healthy self-confidence of the Italian people. Though he never liked democracy, Santayana was nevertheless supportive of America at this time and actually defends American civilization in several letters. He admires practical American expertise, describing the nation as a more fitting place for the engineer than for the artist. The problem with America, he says, is not that it is not like Europe, but rather that, not trusting sufficiently the value of its native potential, it vainly tries to imitate Europe. He does not condemn the American way of life, though he does not wish it for himself. Neither does he condemn the Russian Revolution nor regard it as having begun the ultimate destruction of civilization. The results of the revolution, he says, will be different from and in essential ways contradictory to the traditional structure and character of society, but not necessarily worse. Despite these avowals, however, Santayana is obviously concerned that the communist revolution might spread all over the world, destroying the traditional and individual way of life that he valued so highly. William G. Holzberger

Acknowledgments This comprehensive edition of Santayana’s personal and professional correspondence has been over thirty years in the making, and a great number of persons in many different walks of life have contributed to it. It was begun by Daniel Cory in the late 1960s as a two-volume sequel to his 1955 Scribner’s edition of two hundred ninety-six letters by Santayana. I began collaborating with Cory on the project in 1971. After his sudden death by heart attack on 16 June 1972, I worked on the letters with the assistance of his widow, Mrs. Margot Cory, who was his successor as the Santayana literary executor. I continued to work on the preparation of a comprehensive edition of Santayana’s letters until I joined the project to produce a multi-volume critical edition of Santayana’s works headed by Herman J. Saatkamp Jr., General Editor. As textual editor of The Works of George Santayana it was necessary to deflect my attention substantially from the letters in order to help prepare the first four volumes of the edition for publication.1 In 1988 Professor Saatkamp and I decided to incorporate the letters into the comprehensive edition of Santayana’s writings as the fifth volume, and work on the letters resumed. At that time, however, the staff of the Santayana Edition was concentrating on preparation of the text of Volume IV, Santayana’s novel, The Last Puritan, and the focus of attention and principal resources had to be directed toward completion of work on that volume, which was published in 1994. Since publication of the novel, however, the focus of the editorial staff has been on completion of the letters volume. Included in the host of persons who have, over an exceptionally long period of time, contributed in many different ways to this large and complicated project are both private individuals as well as representatives of libraries and other institutions. Many of these persons no longer occupy the positions they did when they contributed to this project, and others are no longer alive. While it is impossible to acknowledge here everyone who helped make this edition of Santayana’s letters a reality, we wish at least to mention those persons and institutions whose contributions were absolutely vital to the successful completion of the project. Foremost, perhaps, among these individuals is the late Margot Cory. Margaret Degen Batten Cory was born in England on 27 November 1900

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and, after many years’ residence in Italy, died in England on 30 March 1995. As the Santayana literary executrix and heir to her late husband’s ownership of Santayana’s literary properties, Margot Cory owned the copyright in Santayana’s letters. Not only did Mrs. Cory agree to the continuation of work on this edition after her husband’s death, but she aided and encouraged its realization in many significant ways. In the early stages she made typewritten transcriptions of hundreds of letters, both to her husband and to others. Indeed, many letters to various individuals could not have been included had not Mrs. Cory, in an age before photocopying machines, first made handwritten copies of letters lent to her husband which she later recopied on the typewriter. Mrs. Cory’s interest in this project was extremely keen, and it is our deep regret that she did not have the satisfaction of seeing the letters volume published during her lifetime. The names of private persons who possess letters by George Santayana are given in the list of Manuscript Locations, and we are very grateful to these individuals for providing, often as gifts, photocopies of their letters. I wish to thank especially those who also contributed valuable information and who aided this project in other ways as well. Foremost is Richard Colton Lyon. Not only has Professor Lyon supplied copies of his own substantial and valuable correspondence, but he has been of great assistance in locating other letters. It was through the kind cooperation of Professor Lyon that I learned the whereabouts of the late Mrs. David M. Little, formerly Mrs. George Sturgis, the wife of Santayana’s nephew. With help from Professor Lyon, Mrs. Little provided copies of letters that Santayana had written to her former husband, who had for many years served as Santayana’s financial manager. Mrs. Little, before her death on 17 February 1976, was of unique service to this project by supplying information about the Sturgis family, and a great many footnotes to the letters are the result of information that she provided. Rosamond Thomas Bennett Sturgis Little was devoted to “Uncle George” both during and after his lifetime in a way that might be expected of few nieces by marriage. Mrs. Little’s son, Robert Sturgis, a Boston architect, is also warmly thanked for permitting inclusion of his letters from his granduncle, for arranging for the deposit of Santayana’s letters in the Sturgis Family Papers in Harvard’s Houghton Library, and for his interest in the comprehensive edition of Santayana’s writings and his continued helpfulness to the editors. The late Dr. Corliss Lamont, a distinguished humanist and author and a life-long admirer of Santayana, was, over the years, a constant friend to

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this project. His direct financial aid to the Santayana Edition, together with his concern and assistance with various problems, were always much appreciated. The extensive collection of Santayana manuscripts and other materials in Columbia University’s Butler Library constitute Dr. Lamont’s gift to Santayana scholarship. Other private owners who have been particularly helpful include Mr. Guy Murchie Jr., whose glosses on the letters to his father have provided information for footnotes to those letters. Professors Justus Buchler and Peter Viereck also supplied helpful information about their letters from Santayana. Several individuals have personally supported this project with generous financial gifts, professional advice, and scholarly research. These include Morris Grossman, Professor Emeritus, Fairfield University; John Lachs, Centennial Professor of Philosophy, Vanderbilt University; Emil Ogden, Ogden Resources Corporation, College Station, Texas; John McCormick, Professor Emeritus, Rutgers University; Henny Wenkart, Professor and Editor, New York City; and Excmo. Sr. D. Francisco Javier Jiménez-Ugarte Hernandez, Spanish Ambassador to Greece, who helped arrange the grant from the Comité Conjunto Hispano-Norteamericana. Santayana Edition Board members who have continuously assisted the project in many and various ways are Willard Arnett, Hugh Dawson, Morris Grossman, Angus Kerr-Lawson, John Lachs, Richard C. Lyon, Douglas MacDonald, John Michelsen, Andrew Reck, Beth J. Singer, Timothy Sprigge, and Henny Wenkart. Many learned and distinguished scholars have contributed directly to the making of this edition. Among my Bucknell colleagues are several who have provided help with editorial tasks. Perhaps our greatest debt is due Professor Mills Fox Edgerton Jr., who has given most generously of his time, energy, and thoroughgoing knowledge of Romance languages. Not only has he translated the Spanish letters to José and Isabel Sastre, and provided numerous translations of words and phrases, but he has searched for Santayana letters during his travels through Spain. On one occasion he acted as my emissary to Santayana’s grandnephew, the late Don Eduardo Sastre Martín, of Madrid and Ávila, in an effort to learn the whereabouts of any Santayana manuscripts or other materials extant in Spain. We are grateful to Professor James M. Heath of the Bucknell Classics Department, who has continually and unstintingly given of his time and specialized knowledge in assisting the editors with the transcribing and translating of Greek and Latin words and phrases and the tracing to their origins of quotations in these ancient languages. Mark W. Padilla, Associate Professor of Classics and Associate Dean of the College

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of Arts and Sciences, has also helped with translations of Latin words and phrases. Professor John Gale of the Modern Languages and Linguistics Department has rendered much the same sort of assistance with French words and phrases, and Professor Marianna M. Archambault and her husband, Professor Paul Archambault of Syracuse University, have also been helpful with questions relating to the French and Italian languages. A friend and colleague in the Bucknell English Department, Professor James F. Carens, member of the Harvard class of 1949, has helped in a variety of ways: by discussing the edition with me, making valuable suggestions based upon his own experience as an editor of letters, by serving as a guide to and about Harvard University, and by reading drafts of the Introduction to this volume and making suggestions for revision that I not only adopted but believe have significantly improved the quality of the Introduction. Peter Hinks, Associate Editor with the Frederick Douglass Papers, Yale University, collated letters at the Beinecke Library. English Department chairmen who have aided in important ways are Harry R. Garvin, the late John W. Tilton, Michael D. Payne, Dennis Baumwoll, and John Rickard. Bucknell University officers who have supported this project by supplying funds for materials and travel, allowing me released time from teaching duties, and providing office space, equipment, and supplies specifically for work on the letters are Wendell I. Smith, former Provost; Larry Shinn and Daniel Little, former Vice Presidents for Academic Affairs; Eugenia P. Gerdes, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences; and former Associate Deans Barbara A. Shailor and S. Jackson Hill. To all of these colleagues I extend deep and sincere gratitude. Texas A&M University officers and faculty who supported our work over many years include John J. McDermott, Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Humanities, who directed the project during the transition from Texas to Indiana; Woodrow Jones, Dean of the College of Liberal Arts; Ben M. Crouch, Executive Associate Dean; Charles Stoup, Senior Academic Business Administrator; Robin Smith, Professor and Head, Department of Philosophy and Humanities; Kenneth M. Price, Professor of English; Robert A. Calvert, Professor of History; and Scott Austin, Professor of Philosophy. Special thanks to Sherman D. Frost for his ongoing support of the work of the Edition. His help with computer-related questions, and maintenance of the Santayana Edition web page is a significant contribution to our progress toward publication of the letters.

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Since its move to Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), the Edition has had the unconditional support of the University and the School of Liberal Arts. In particular, we must acknowledge the diligent work of Marianne S. Wokeck, Editor; Johanna E. Resler, Assistant Editor; Joshua B. Garrison; and Kimberly A. O’Brien, who have become completely involved with the final preparation of the letters for publication. Special thanks to the entire staff of the Dean’s office, who have assisted with our day-to-day work since the decision to relocate. Noteworthy support has come from Gerald L. Bepko, Vice President for Long-Range Planning and Chancellor of IUPUI; William M. Plater, Executive Vice Chancellor and Dean of the Faculties; Mark Brenner, Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education; Curtis R. Simic, President, Indiana University Foundation; Nathan Houser, Director and General Editor, Peirce Edition Project; Paul R. Bippen, Dean, Indiana University-Purdue University Columbus; Janet Feldmann, Director, Library and Media Services, IUPU Columbus; and Steven J. Schmidt, University Library, IUPUI. We are grateful to Nadine C. Martin and Martin Coleman for their assistance with translations and annotations. An eminent textual scholar who has contributed to this edition in significant ways is G. Thomas Tanselle, Textual Editor of The Writings of Herman Melville (a critical edition in fifteen volumes) and a foremost authority on editorial scholarship. Professor Tanselle has been very helpful in responding to queries about editorial matters, and his writings on textual scholarship have served as a fundamental guide to the editors of the Santayana Edition. Thanks to David J. Nordloh for conducting the inspection of Book Three of the letters for the Committee on Scholarly Editions of the Modern Language Association of America, and to Robert H. Hirst, chair of this committee, for his guidance and support. Mr. Harold Kulungian has given me several useful hints and suggestions. He ascertained the correct date of Santayana’s letter to B. A. G. Fuller of 11 January 1905 (misdated in Cory’s 1955 edition as 1904). Hugh J. Dawson of the English Department of the University of San Francisco and a member of the Editorial Board of the Santayana Edition has been a valuable source of information on the location of letters and has made many other notable contributions to this project. His frequent travels and researches in Europe have resulted in the acquisition of copies of three letters to the late Professor Enrico Castelli, whom Professor Dawson interviewed at his home in Rome in 1976. Our thanks also to Professor R. W. B. Lewis, the distinguished biographer of Edith Wharton, and to Dr. Marion

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Mainwaring, a professional researcher who attempted to locate additional letters to Santayana’s Harvard classmate William Morton Fullerton that— in addition to the four letters to Fullerton included in this edition—were believed to exist. I am very grateful to the late Richard Ellmann, the noted biographer and editor, Fellow of New College and Goldsmiths’ Professor of English Literature in Oxford University. During the sabbatical year I spent at Oxford working on the letters edition (1975–76), Professor Ellmann was particularly helpful in discussing the plan for the edition and making suggestions regarding every aspect of the project. Indeed, his edition of the letters of James Joyce, together with the edition of Oscar Wilde’s letters by Rupert Hart-Davis, were the earliest models for this edition of Santayana’s letters. A special note of thanks is due to Professor J. Albert Robbins of Indiana University, who served as Chairman of the Committee on Manuscript Holdings of the American Literature Section of the Modern Language Association of America, in charge of gathering information for the updated edition of American Literary Manuscripts, an invaluable source of information regarding library manuscript holdings. Professor Robbins and his staff responded to my request, early in 1976, for additional information regarding the location of Santayana holograph letters in library collections, by undertaking a “hand search” of file data before their material was computerized sufficiently to make such a search less laborious. The result of their efforts was the locating and acquiring of a substantial number of letters, the existence of which had not previously been suspected. Yet another friend from the beginning is James Ballowe of Bradley University. An accomplished poet, critic, author, and a distinguished Santayana scholar and editor, Professor Ballowe is warmly acknowledged here for his continual interest in and encouragement of this project and for his willingness to be helpful in every way. We are grateful to the late Paul G. Kuntz, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Emory University, for the work he did in collating our transcriptions of Santayana’s letters to Mrs. Bernard Berenson against the originals in the Berensons’ Villa I Tatti (now owned by Harvard University) in Settignano, Italy. Special thanks are due individuals who sent copies or gave permission for their Santayana letters to be photocopied by the libraries in which they are held. These include Robert Lowell (Houghton Library, Harvard University); Robert Fitzgerald; Mrs. Ann P. Howgate (letters to her late husband, George Washburn Howgate, who, in 1938, became Santayana’s

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first biographer); Mrs. Christina M. Welch, daughter of John P. Marquand, and Mr. Carl D. Brandt (Houghton Library, Harvard University); Mrs. Arthur Davison Ficke (Beinecke Library, Yale University); Dr. Cecil Anrep, of Villa I Tatti, at Settignano, Italy, letters to Bernard and Mary Berenson; and Lino S. Lipinsky de Orlov. Max Schwartz, brother of the late Benjamin Schwartz, who, in 1936, with Justus Buchler, edited Obiter Scripta: Lectures, Essays and Reviews, searched through his brother’s papers in an effort to discover additional Santayana correspondence. Mrs. Max Eastman (Lilly Library, Indiana University); Horace M. Kallen (YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York City and the American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio); Lewis Mumford; Milton K. Munitz; and Paul Arthur Schilpp (founder and editor of The Library of Living Philosophers, the second volume of which was devoted to the philosophy of Santayana). Sidney Hook gave permission for the inclusion here of his Santayana letters published in The American Scholar (Winter 1976–77). George Knox helped locate the letters to Carl Sadakichi Hartmann (University of California, Riverside). Father Ceferino Santos Escudero, of the University of Madrid, who compiled a bibliography of Santayana’s writings, supplied copies of the two letters in Spanish to Miguel de Unamuno and J. L. Ochoa; the English translations of these letters were done for this edition by Mr. Henry C. Reed. I am particularly grateful to the late Spanish poet, Jorge Guillén, for permission to receive a copy of his letter from Santayana in the Houghton Library, and to Mary de Rachewilz, curator of the Ezra Pound Archive in Yale’s Beinecke Library, who allowed librarians to check our transcriptions of letters to her father against the original holograph letters before the Archive was officially opened. I wish also to thank Mme. de Rachewilz for her kindness and hospitality to my family and me during visits to Brunnenburg, at Tirolo di Merano, where, in the early stages of the letters edition, I conferred with Mrs. Cory on the project. I am grateful to the late Don Eduardo Sastre Martín, Santayana’s grandnephew, for the interviews in his home in Madrid that he gave to my colleague Professor Mills F. Edgerton Jr. and for his help in obtaining copies of letters in Spanish to his parents, José and Isabel Sastre. Thanks also to Pedro García Martín, Emilio Santos Sastre, and Ana Sastre Moyano, who provided copies of letters and postcards written to Santayana’s sister and brother-in-law and other members of the Sastre family. The late Mr. Hy Oppenheim, a retired lawyer and an avid student of Santayana’s writings, is remembered with thanks for his frequent informative communications

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and for his gifts of copies of Santayana’s works. Thanks, too, to Mr. David Wapinsky, a devoted student of Santayana’s writings, for sharing with us the fruits of his researches into the existence of undiscovered Santayana manuscript materials. Realization of a project of this magnitude would be impossible without the cooperation of a host of librarians, archivists, and technical members of the staffs of a great number of libraries. Many of the personnel who contributed remain anonymous to us. Still others were persons whose names we learned through our correspondence with them and their institutions twenty or thirty years ago. Doubtless many of these persons are no longer associated with the libraries with which they were once connected. For this reason, and because space is necessarily limited in an edition of this size, we are prevented from listing here the names of the scores of dedicated staff on whose conscientious and generous assistance this edition has been so utterly dependent. But I wish to express the profound thanks of the editors to each and every one of these colleagues. We must, however, acknowledge here individually a few persons upon whose cooperation and assistance this project has fundamentally depended. These are the principal librarians at libraries containing major collections of Santayana manuscript materials. Mr. Kenneth A. Lohf, Librarian for Rare Books and Manuscripts of the Butler Library at Columbia University, has had responsibility for the largest and most important collection of Santayana materials. Mr. Lohf and staff, including Bernard Crystal, Rudolph Ellenbogen, and Jean Ashton, have been a never-failing source of cooperation and assistance to the editors, for which we are very grateful. Harvard’s Houghton Library, as would be expected, is another treasure trove for Santayana scholars. I know that Daniel Cory counted the Librarian of the Houghton, Mr. William H. Bond, as a valued personal friend, and we deeply appreciate his kind assistance. Other persons at the Houghton who have been particularly helpful to us are Leslie A. Morris, Elizabeth A. Falsey, Rodney Dennis, Jennie Rathbun, Mrs. Richard B. Currier, and Ms. Deborah B. Kelley. The Charles Scribner’s Sons Archive, in the Princeton University Library, is a huge and invaluable collection of the correspondence of many prominent authors whose works have been published by the house of Scribner. The late Charles Scribner IV has the gratitude of scholars generally for continuing the policy of his company of preserving all correspondence with authors. I am personally in Mr. Scribner’s debt for his unfailingly kind attention to my questions and requests pertaining to publication by his

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company of Santayana’s writings, for permission to receive photocopies of letters from the Scribner Archive and to reproduce and publish them in this edition. Librarians at Princeton who so effectively assisted us in the acquisition of photocopies are Alexander P. Clark, Jean F. Preston, and Don C. Skemer, Curators of Manuscripts; Margaret M. Sherry, Archivist; and Mrs. Mardel Pacheco and Mrs. Michael Sherman of the Manuscripts Division. At the Alderman Library of the University of Virginia we wish to thank Michael Plunkett and Anne Freudenberg, Curators of Manuscripts; Adrienne Cannon, Special Collections; and assistants Elizabeth Ryall and Gregory A. Johnson. At the Humanities Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin, Cathy Henderson, Barbara Smith-LaBorde, Mary M. Hirth, and June Moll, Librarians, have been particularly cooperative in aiding our work; as have Thomas F. Staley and Mr. F. W. Roberts, Directors of the Center; and staff including Sally Leach, David Farmer, and John R. Payne. Mr. Thomas M. Whitehead, Head of the Special Collections Department of the Samuel Paley Library at Temple University, was most cooperative in enabling us to acquire copies of the large collection of Santayana letters in the archive of the London publishing firm of Constable and Company, Ltd. Special thanks are also due to several librarians at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University for their continuous cooperation and valuable services over many years including Ms. Dorothy Bridgewater, formerly Acting Head of the Reference Department; Ms. Carol Park of the Reference Department; Mr. Kenneth Nesheim, formerly Acting Curator, Collection of American Literature; Mr. Donald Gallup, Curator of American Literature; Mr. Peter Dzwonkowski, Assistant to the Curator, who very helpfully collated our transcriptions of Santayana’s letters to Ezra Pound against the originals in the thenunopened Pound Archive; and Mr. Robert O. Anthony, adviser to the Walter Lippmann Papers Collection. The Rockefeller Archive Center houses the majority of Santayana’s letters to Charles Augustus Strong (368). David Rockefeller, Alice Victor, Darwin Stapleton, and Thomas Rosenbaum were extremely generous in providing copies of these letters to the Edition on very short notice. Librarians of specialized collections who have been particularly helpful to us are Ms. Fanny Zelcer of the American Jewish Archives; Mr. James Lawton of the Boston Public Library; Mr. Monte Olenick of the Brooklyn Public Library; Mr. John C. Broderick, Chief, The Library of Congress; Mr. Andrew Berner and Ms. Susan Grant, the University Club

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Library, New York City; Doña Dolores Gomez Molleda, Director, CasaMuseo Unamuno, University of Salamanca, Spain; Mr. Ezekiel Lifschutz, Archivist, and Mr. Marek Web, Archives Department, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York City. Librarians of the Ellen Clarke Bertrand Library at Bucknell University have provided aid in several important ways, and I wish to thank especially Mr. George Jenks and Mrs. Ann de Klerk, former Directors of the Library who provided a room in the Library specifically for work on the letters edition. Other librarians of the Bertrand Library that must be acknowledged here for their special assistance are Mrs. Helena Rivoire, Head of Technical Services; Ms. Patricia J. Rom, Head of the Reference Department; and Mr. Ronald B. Daniels, Head of Public Services. I am also much obliged to the librarians and staff of the Bodleian Library and the English Faculty Library of Oxford University for allowing me the continued use of the resources of those fine institutions while working on the edition during my residence at Oxford from September 1975 to July 1976. We are very grateful to the institutions that have provided the financial support on which the completion of this project depended. First and foremost is the National Endowment for the Humanities. The award of a Research Fellowship for 1975–76 enabled me to devote a full year to getting the project underway. Since 1976 the Endowment has underwritten the comprehensive edition of Santayana’s Works, in which the letters edition is included. Officers and staff members to whom we are especially indebted for their indispensable support are James Herbert, Director, Division of Research Programs, Margot Backas, Michael Hall, George Lucas, Douglas Arnold, Stephen Veneziani, and Alice Hudgins. Other organizations that have contributed importantly to the completion of the letters edition are The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for granting a Fellowship for work on the letters edition to Daniel Cory in 1972; the American Council of Learned Societies for awarding me two separate grants for work on the project; and to the Committee on Scholarly Development of Bucknell University for the award of grants that allowed me to devote several summers to work on the letters edition. We wish also to acknowledge the student assistants who, over the many years of work on this collection of Santayana’s letters, have labored alongside the editors with much-appreciated dedication, performing tasks essential to the completion of this project. The first student editorial assistant to work on the letters project was Keith Washburn, a graduate student in English at Bucknell who helped during the initial stages in 1972. Mrs.

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Robin Hummel Kenner worked on the project from September 1972 until January 1978, beginning during her undergraduate years and continuing on after graduation. Mrs. Kenner, in a pre-computer era, made most of the original typewriter transcriptions of the letters. Kristine Dane worked on the project from July1991 through May 1997, beginning as an undergraduate and continuing to work on the project while pursuing graduate studies. Her contributions to the letters edition were many and various. The other Bucknell students who worked on this edition of Santayana’s letters are listed here in chronological order of their connection with the project, from earliest to latest: Laurie Russell, Karen Hoffnagle, Elizabeth Smith, Kathy Bittner, Afsaneh Bahar, Hugh Bailey, Roberta Visaggio, Jeanne Wiggers, Caroline Keller, Cherri Lee Smith, Beth Lynn Davis, Lori Fraind, Wendy Van Wyck, Michael Wardell, and Jennifer Beck. Let us thank here also Mrs. Ruth Snyder, formerly secretary to the Classics and History departments at Bucknell, who, in the mid-1980s, made our original typewritten transcriptions of the letters from Santayana to Scribner’s editor John Hall Wheelock of the period 1946–52 which had just then been made available. At Texas A&M University graduate assistants involved with the project include Karen Antell, Ann T. Butler, John Cavin, Matthew Caleb Flamm, Luis Guadaño, Kara Kellogg, Nakia S. Pope, Robert Renzetti, Wayne Riggs, Clay Davis Splawn, and James Dan Unger. Special thanks to Denise Johnston Barrychuck, Jodine Thomas, Lori Moore, Margaret B. Yergler, Anne Divita, and Connie Chavez, students and staff who worked with the Edition for extended periods of time. At the University of Tampa, special thanks are given to editorial assistants Shirley Cueto and John W. Jones, and to research assistants Austria M. Lavigne, Jodi Lerner, and Nina Mollica. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the persons with whom I have worked very closely for a long time on this edition of Santayana’s letters and whose collaboration has made possible its completion. First, I want to thank especially my friend and colleague of many years, the General Editor of The Works of George Santayana and Associate Editor of this edition of the letters, Herman J. Saatkamp Jr., with whom I have had the pleasure of coediting the four earlier volumes of the Critical Edition. Not only has Professor Saatkamp been responsible for overseeing and directing all phases of the Works edition, including this volume of letters, but in his frequent travels through this country and indeed all over the world he has sought everywhere and frequently found previously unknown or

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unlocated Santayana correspondence. During those travels he has also spent countless hours in numerous libraries making sight collations of our transcriptions (taken from Xerox copies of Santayana’s handwritten letters) against the original holograph letters. This edition of Santayana’s correspondence owes a very great deal to the boundless energy and enthusiasm for Santayana’s writings that Professor Saatkamp has brought to it, and I am sure that, like me, Santayanans everywhere are very grateful to him. Another person who made a very significant contribution to this letters edition is Donna Hanna-Calvert, who was for several years the Associate Editor of The Works of George Santayana at the Texas A&M University headquarters of the project. Ms. Hanna-Calvert was always a most astute, congenial, and helpful colleague, and I am indebted to her both for her assistance with the letters project as well as for her collaboration on earlier volumes of the edition. I owe her much for making my working visits to the editorial offices at Texas A&M very pleasant, comfortable, efficient, and productive. To the current Associate Editor of The Works of George Santayana (and also of this edition of the letters specifically), Kristine W. Frost, this letters volume and I are very heavily indebted. Ms. Frost has had the responsibility of coordinating and executing the multiple tasks of preparing the text of the letters edition for publication. She has assisted the General Editor and me in every conceivable aspect of the preparation of this letters edition while simultaneously organizing and carrying out collation schedules for future volumes of the Works edition that are currently in preparation, and directly supervising the activities of our student helpers and other editorial assistants. I wish also to express here to Kristine Frost what I know all of us on the edition especially appreciate in working with her: I mean her invariably equable temperament, her unshakable good nature. Working with her is always a pleasure. I want to thank especially my wife, Annegret, for her many years of service to this letters edition (as well as to earlier volumes of The Works of George Santayana) as editorial assistant. She has supported my work on this project in every conceivable way. The help and companionship she provided on the numerous and extensive travels that this work has entailed often transformed difficulty, inconvenience, and hard labor into achievement and adventure. I am grateful to her for all the effort, encouragement, and patience that she has contributed to the completion of this enterprise.

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Our other editorial assistant on the letters edition, Brenda Bridges, at Texas A&M, also richly deserves recognition here and the gratitude of the editors for effectively carrying out many important and demanding tasks, including researching the information for much of the footnote annotation to the letters. Thanks to Ms. Bridges’s astuteness and unflagging perseverance, the extensive and exceptionally valuable collection of letters by Santayana to Charles Augustus Strong—long believed lost or destroyed—were located and copies acquired for this edition. Therefore, to all these kind, cooperative, expert, and industrious persons and magnanimous institutions that have contributed so materially and indispensably to the production of this edition of Santayana’s letters, I extend my deep gratitude. William G. Holzberger Professor of English Emeritus Bucknell University 1

Volumes published to date: I Persons and Places: Fragments of Autobiography (1986); II The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outlines of Aesthetic Theory (1988); III Interpretations of Poetry and Religion (1989); IV The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel (1994).

Introduction William G. Holzberger George Santayana (1863–1952) was one of the most learned and cultivated men of his time. Born in Spain and educated in America, he taught philosophy at Harvard University for twenty-two years before returning permanently to Europe at age forty-eight to devote himself exclusively to writing. He knew several languages, including Latin and Greek. Besides his mastery of English, he was at home in Spanish and French (though he modestly down-played his knowledge of those languages). As a young man, Santayana studied Italian in order to read Dante, Cavalcanti, Michelangelo, and other Italian Platonizing poets in their own language; and, in later life, as a result of his long residence in Rome, he acquired facility in speaking Italian.1 While a graduate student in Germany during 1886–88, Santayana lived with Harvard friends in an English-speaking boardinghouse in Berlin, thereby missing an opportunity to learn to speak German properly. However, he could read the original versions of German literary and philosophical works. He also knew the world, having lived for protracted periods in Spain, America, Germany, England, France, and Italy. A true cosmopolitan, Santayana nevertheless always regarded himself as a Spaniard and kept his Spanish passport current. He possessed many talents and had a multifaceted personality, and each of those facets is reflected vividly in his letters. World famous as a philosopher, he was also a poet, essayist, dramatist, literary critic, autobiographer, and author of a best-selling novel. The numerous letters referring to The Last Puritan, his novel begun in 1889 and completed over a period of forty-five years on 31 August 1934,2 describe the way in which a modest story of college life evolved into a major study of American culture and modern civilization. The letters incorporate a thoroughgoing statement of Santayana’s own critical interpretation of The Last Puritan. Santayana’s letters represent the full range of his interests, knowledge, and achievements, and students of English prose style will encounter in them superb examples of epistolary writing. They are of supreme value to the biographer. Some letters are important for establishing dates of sig-

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nificant events in Santayana’s life and career. For instance, the 13 October 1933 letter to Daniel Cory describes Santayana’s discovery of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger and the similarity of his own theory of essences to Heidegger’s ontology. Other letters illuminate Santayana’s philosophical system. The 1 March 1949 letter to Richard C. Lyon is an excellent example of the “philosophical” letters. In it Santayana states his views on matter, idea, the self, intuition, and other perennial philosophical issues, relative to the views of philosophers such as Plato, Descartes, Kant, Berkeley, Fichte, Kierkegaard, Bergson, and Russell. The second paragraph of the 21 September 1917 letter to Charles Augustus Strong constitutes a succinct and very clear expression of Santayana’s controversial theory of essences; and the huge collection of Santayana’s letters to Strong is in itself a treasure-trove of revelations of the development of Santayana’s philosophical system.3 In fact, we find in Santayana’s letters not only a distillation of his philosophy but also a multitude of new perspectives on the published work. The responses to his correspondents are filled with spontaneous comments on and restatements of his fundamental philosophical ideas and principles. Because Santayana’s philosophy was not for him a thing apart, but rather the foundation of his existence, the letters indicate the ways in which his entire life was permeated and directed by that philosophy. Essential to Santayana’s position is the Greek ideal of the “life of reason,” a conception of the good life as requiring a continual commitment to the pursuit of self-knowledge, discipline, and an unromantic determination to harmonize rather than indulge the passions. It is the ideal of sophrosune or moderation venerated by classical philosophers like Aristotle and despised by modern ones like Bertrand Russell. The fullest expression of Santayana’s philosophical system, which we may observe developing in his letters, is in the four volumes of Realms of Being, published over a period of fourteen years (1927 to 1940). Santayana devotes a volume to each of the four realms: essence, matter, truth, and spirit. These realms are not so much regions or elements of being as they are kinds or representations thereof. Santayana’s formulation of the realm of essence caused him, in the view of several of his critics, to be allied with Platonic idealism; however, Santayana’s essences, unlike those of Plato, are not the ultimate reality. For Santayana essences are merely an infinite number of real though non-existent passive forms. The unconscious and unformed realm of matter is the sole source of power and existence. In Santayana’s view, the embodiment of essences by matter results in the substantial physical world. Unlike Plato, for whom spirit or consciousness exists eternally and independently of matter, Santayana conceived of spir-

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it as conscious self-awareness generated by matter when the vital physical organism (or psyche, in Santayana’s terms) achieves a certain level of organization, as in a human being. Spirit, for Santayana, reluctantly shares the career of the body that has generated it. If it were free to do so, spirit would range impartially over the spectacle of existence. But, because of its ineluctable identification with the career of a specific individual organism, spirit is pulled away from its natural tendency to disinterested observation by the necessity of attending to the requirements of the organism to which it is bound. In Santayana’s letters we see dramatic representations of the predicament of the philosopher whose spirit, in its effort to seek and comprehend the truth of things, necessarily strives to transcend the confinements and limitations of particular perspectives, personal or national allegiances, or historical contexts and observe things impartially under the aspect of eternity. But, because the philosopher is nevertheless an individual and mortal person, subject to the conditions of his environment and physical organism, he must, however reluctantly, be called back to the never permanently escapable present personal, social, political, material reality. That Santayana was keenly aware of this dichotomy is made perfectly clear in his published writings, in his personal life, and in his letters. His striving for a transcendental perspective devoid of personal, national, or ideological bias is seen in his perennial effort to stand aloof from social, political, or professional organizations that would demand of him an allegiance to their particular agendas and make impossible, even intermittently, the perspective of eternity. At the same time, we can see his recognition of the limitations and obligations placed upon every human individual by one’s nationality, genetic inheritance, and psychological conditioning. This recognition is reflected in the fact that Santayana always identified himself as a Spanish citizen, and (despite the ultimately atheistic character of his philosophical principles) a Roman Catholic. It is reflected also in the record of loyalty and devotion to family and friends that we observe in the letters. Perhaps the greatest problem for Santayana, as manifested in the letters, was the life-long effort of the philosopher to reconcile his inclination to live in the eternal with the necessity of the individual human being to live in the here and now. A succinct statement of his positions on religion, science, and poetry is found in the 31 August 1951 letter to Ira D. Cardiff. In that letter Santayana attempts to explain his unbifurcated view of religion and naturalism, and he indicts positivism for unimaginativeness. Because Santayana’s philosophy is one of materialism and naturalism, wherein

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everything—including spirit or consciousness—has a material basis, there can be no personal immortality of the kind traditionally conceived of by religion. The individual spirit is contingent upon the continued existence of the physical organism or psyche that generated it. At the dissolution of that organism in death, the spirit, as a consequence of that disorganization of matter, is annihilated. Except, therefore, where consciousness is temporarily allied to some physical organism, nature is unconscious and indifferent to human interests. There are, therefore, no supernatural beings, no disembodied spirits, no gods. Thus religion does not describe an actual otherworldly realm but rather only this world idealized and represented mythopoetically. For Santayana religion—and even science—is a kind of poetry. Other letters tell us much about Santayana’s literary method and the achievement of his apparently effortless style. We learn from many letters that the effect of spontaneous flow in his published writing is actually the result of a method involving several drafts and much revision leading to the finished work. In the letter of 13 December 1949 to Rosamond Thomas (Sturgis) Little, he quotes the compositional principle of Boileau as representing his own method: “Polish it continually, and repolish it; add occasionally, and delete often.”4 He frequently had two or three compositions going forward simultaneously, moving from one to another as inspiration and interest guided him. Sometimes he used material pruned from one project for the substance of another (for example, the incorporation of the surplus of his Spinoza lecture, “Ultimate Religion,” in his book, The Realm of Spirit, as described in the 14 May 1932 letter to Cory). And, apropos of Cory, the detailed criticisms that Santayana makes of the drafts of essays that Cory sent to him for comment constitute a sort of concise manual for writers, and they reveal Santayana’s unremitting quest, through continuous review and revision, for perfection of diction and form in his own writing. Some letters (for instance, that to the literary scholar and critic William Bysshe Stein of 1 September 1949) reveal that Santayana conceived of the practice of literary criticism as stating the critic’s personal taste rather than making objective evaluations. The letters also document Santayana’s subordination of aesthetics to ethics and his view of the relativism of the latter. Still other letters, like the 15 March 1946 one to Rosamond Sturgis (later Mrs. Little), express Santayana’s traditionalist views on education and American education in particular. In addition to illuminating his ideas, views, and accomplishments as thinker and writer, Santayana’s let-

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ters are especially important in revealing the personal side of the famous author. Nowhere else—not even in his autobiography, Persons and Places— does he express so directly and succinctly his fundamental attitudes and convictions or reveal more intimately the characteristics of his complex personality. Each reader of the letters doubtless will relish in them what he or she is most interested in knowing about Santayana’s life and thought; and many persons will use this edition to consult specific letters as these pertain to certain ideas, persons, or historical events. But anyone who reads extensively in this collection will see emerge the distinctive personality of the writer, in a kind of verbal self-portrait. There are, to be sure, other documents available in which a portrait of Santayana may appear, including the many fine articles and books about him, especially John McCormick’s recent critical biography and Santayana’s inimitable autobiography.5 These descriptions of Santayana’s personality and experience are extremely valuable in fleshing out our image of him as a person and writer. Private letters usually represent the most spontaneous and unguarded form of written expression,6 and, by focussing on Santayana’s letters as illustrative of their author’s personality and character, we discover in them a concentrated and revealing self-portrait. This verbal selfportrait, produced partly by unconscious revelations, contributes significantly to our conception of the sort of individual that Santayana was and, therefore, to our understanding of his writings. That Santayana was a precocious genius is evident from even a cursory reading of his early letters. Among the most interesting are those written in 1886 to his Harvard classmate, Henry Ward Abbot, while Santayana was pursuing graduate studies in philosophy in Germany. The maturity of view, intellectual acuteness, and power of expression in these letters are remarkable. Santayana’s perennial emphasis on the crucial importance of the Socratic principle of self-knowledge and the ethical doctrine of moral relativism7 characteristic of his most mature writings are nowhere more perfectly expressed than in the 6 October 1886 letter to Abbot written from Berlin when Santayana was not quite twenty-three years old. In response to Abbot’s indecision about going into business—as his family evidently wanted—or pursuing instead some other career, Santayana wrote: To do right is to know what you want. Now when you are dissatisfied with yourself, it’s because you are after something you don’t want. What objects are you proposing to

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yourself? are they the objects you really value? If they are not, you are cheating yourself. I don’t mean that if you chose to pursue the objects you most value, you would attain them; of course not. Your experience will tell you that. … but success in getting after much labour what you really don’t care for is the bitterest and most ridiculous failure. Santayana had several other close friends among his Harvard classmates, and the fact that he was socially active during his undergraduate years (or at least as active as his very modest means would permit) is now well known. He had drawn cartoons for and served on the editorial board of the Harvard Lampoon; he was president of the Philosophical Club and took part in Hasty Pudding Club theatricals. But Santayana seems always to have been a rather formal person who resented what he considered undue familiarity. In the 21 August 1882 letter to John Galen Howard, written following their graduation from the Boston Public Latin School, Santayana expressed his unwillingness to be patronized even by the venerable headmaster, Dr. Moses Merrill: … I hope he has not had the impudence of addressing all the fellows by their first names, as he has done me. If he supposed I would be flattered by being treated with intimacy by him, he was greatly mistaken. If I did not deem it unwise to forfeit anyone’s good opinion merely for the pleasure of speaking out one’s mind plainly, I should have answered him and addressed him as “my dear Moses.” Forty-six years later, on 4 May 1928, Santayana wrote to his nephew and business manager, George Sturgis, that he had received a letter from a William C. Sturgis (a member of the prominent Boston family to which Santayana’s mother’s first husband had belonged) of whom Santayana had never heard: He calls me “George”, but I don’t know who he can be. Will you enlighten me? … When you reply please tell me whether he is habitually called William, Will, Willy, Billy, or Bill, so that I may live up to our relationship. Santayana was, of course, on a first-name basis with members of his immediate family, addressing his sister Susan as “Dear Susie,” and he was not so stiff as not to be on a first-name basis with other persons as well. In

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letters to the intimate friends of his youth—for instance, his Harvard classmates—he addressed Henry Ward Abbot, Boylston Adams Beal, and Robert Burnside Potter as “Harry,” “Boylston,” or “Bob.” In later letters written to close male friends usually the person is addressed by the last name only, in the manner more common among men in an earlier time than it is today. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, Horace Meyer Kallen, and Logan Pearsall Smith are addressed as “Dickinson,” “Kallen,” or “Smith.” The Russell brothers ( John Francis Stanley, the second Earl Russell, and his younger brother, Bertrand) are each addressed simply as “Dear Russell.” Daniel Cory was undoubtedly Santayana’s closest friend during the last twenty-five years of his life, yet he is never addressed in any of the hundreds of pieces of correspondence that Santayana wrote to him in any way but as “Dear Cory.”8 In writing or speaking about Santayana, Cory referred to him simply as “Santayana” (though in conversation he sometimes referred to him as “the Master,” in the manner of Henry James’s disciples and scholars). In Santayana: The Later Years, Cory describes his arrival at Santayana’s bedside in Rome, shortly before the latter’s death, saying, “I’m here, Santayana,” so we may assume that once their friendship had been established Cory addressed his elderly friend simply as “Santayana.”9 (We do know that in Santayana’s last years his relationship with the young poet, Robert Lowell, became so friendly that Lowell, thanking Santayana for helping him financially, humorously addressed him in one letter as “My dear Uncle.”)10 Santayana’s editors at Constable and Scribner’s—Otto Kyllmann and John Hall Wheelock, respectively—are always addressed as Mr. Kyllmann and Mr. Wheelock, as is Mr. Scribner when Santayana writes directly to the head of the New York publishing house. Even close women friends of many years—like Nancy Saunders Toy, Elizabeth Stephens Fish Potter, and Mary Williams Winslow—are addressed in the letters as “Mrs. Toy,” “Mrs. Potter,” or “Mrs. Winslow.” The impression of Santayana as an essentially formal man is reinforced by the language of his letters, in which there is a notable absence of slang or obscenity. This is so much the case that one is a little startled to encounter in a few letters even such mild imprecations as “damn” or “damned.” As in his published writings, Santayana’s diction in the letters might be described the way critics have characterized that of Hawthorne and Henry James: “formal but alive.” Santayana’s formal style, however, in no way inhibited the expression of his formidable wit. There is little or no broad humor in Santayana’s let-

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ters, not much in the way of comedy or fun (except perhaps for the 31 August 1887 “Rabelaisian” letter to William Morton Fullerton and the 25 November and 10 December 1904 “Arabian Nights” letters to Mary Whitall Smith Berenson), but there is plenty of wit: dry, ironical commentary that is often paradoxical and ingenious and invariably in the service of some point that he is making. A typical example of Santayana’s irony and wit is found in the letter of 2 April 1923 to George Sturgis, in which Santayana comments on the recent appearance of the Scribner’s edition of his Poems: … a copy Scribner has sent me looks so mean and poverty-stricken that I am afraid they are doing it on the cheap, in order to make money. Money out of poems! I received $1.87 for the first two editions, and was thankful, the publisher having failed in the interval, as was to be expected.11 In another letter to George Sturgis two years later, Santayana comments on “the instability of the female will,” describing his own present dependence upon the decisions of several women friends and relatives as to where and when he may be traveling. He mentions that his friend Charles Augustus Strong is enjoying the electric heating that Strong’s daughter, Margaret, had installed in her father’s Paris apartment against his will, and writes: … probably I shall go to a hotel [instead of joining Strong in the Avenue de l’Observatoire apartment], as Margaret herself may turn up at any moment—another case of La donna è mobile, especially with an auto-mobile, if you will excuse an Italian pun. For Margaret has one of her own much better than her father’s.12 In the summer of 1928 Santayana’s friend, the Yale English professor and popular literary critic William Lyon Phelps, and his wife were planning a trip to Spain, about which Santayana wrote: I admire your courage and that of Mrs. Phelps in going to Madrid in August. We might apply to it a story Strong likes to tell about a delegate’s description of the summer breezes of Chicago: that not content with coming out of the very mouth of hell, they had first blown over the State of Texas. For Texas read the plains of La Mancha, and you will know what awaits you.13

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A final example of the mordant irony of which Santayana was capable is in the 27 March 1939 letter to George Sturgis regarding Bertrand Russell, who, Santayana believed, like Russell’s elder brother, had wasted his genius through personal and political folly: Not that his philosophy would have been sound: he is a born heretic or genial madman, like John Knox or Giordano Bruno: yet he is preternaturally intelligent, penetrating, and radical; so that the more wrong he is the clearer he makes the wrongness of his position; and what more can you expect a philosopher to prove except that the views he has adopted are radically and eternally impossible? If every philosopher had done that in the past, we should now be almost out of the wood. As we encounter Santayana’s wit in the letters, we may occasionally find ourselves laughing out loud, but more often our amused response is of a quieter kind. Santayana’s sense of humor—or, more precisely, his witty and ironic cast of mind—is much akin to that of Henry James (with whom he shares not only a formal style but also other qualities and characteristics)14 and not at all like that of Mark Twain. Concomitant with Santayana’s ironical view of the world was his own capacity for laughter. He likened himself to Democritus, “the laughing philosopher,” and said that his friends told him that he laughed too much. Yet most of the photographs of Santayana depict him as very grim. He did not like being photographed and thought the typical grinning snapshot a very inaccurate representation of someone. Thus, almost all of the extant photos of Santayana—with the exception of a group taken in the Blue Sisters’ nursing-home in Rome toward the end of his life—portray him as an unsmiling and somber man. The same is true of the drawings made from photographs to illustrate the dust jackets of several of his books, one of which, he complained to Scribner’s, made him look “cross-eyed and ferocious.”15 These somber or hostile-looking pictures, combined with his political conservatism and reputation for avoiding society, have contributed to a widespread notion that Santayana was remote and forbidding; “cold-blooded” is a term sometimes applied to him. It is true that the Santayana represented in the letters is unsentimental and toughminded, and his love of solitude and his philosophic resignation give the impression that he was more indifferent and detached from human life and feeling than are most people. But the letters provide considerable evidence that Santayana was capable of profound emotional attachments.

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So far as we know, Santayana never had a romantic relationship with a woman, though there were several women with whom he enjoyed close friendship and lifelong correspondence. Mrs. Toy, Mrs. Potter, and Mrs. Winslow fit this description. And, until her death in 1928, Santayana’s elder half sister Susan was, in complex ways, the beloved woman in his life. However, Santayana—like Schopenhauer and Nietzsche—saw women as fundamentally different from men, as is illustrated by a 17 February 1887 letter to Henry Ward Abbot: A woman, for example, is despised in so far as she is a human individual competing with others for life, especially because her methods of competing are small and mean; but she is loved and even worshiped as the complement of man, as something filling out his life without sharing his qualities. Feminists, with some justification, condemn Santayana as a sexist who characterized women as inferior. Santayana believed that, compared to men, women are generally not as intelligent, interesting, or physically fine; men are the superior gender. This exaltation of the masculine may be derived from Santayana’s own sexual nature. From his letters, from the events of The Last Puritan and his remarks about the novel in the letters, and from the conversation about A. E. Housman reported by Cory,16 it seems clear that Santayana’s sexual orientation was not conventional. The early letters to his Harvard classmate, Henry Ward Abbot, are particularly significant in this regard. On 23 April 1887 Santayana wrote: … I hate my own arrogance and would worship the man who should knock it out of me. Says a Spanish song: I am searching land & ocean For the man that I might love, And whenever my heart finds him Then he will have found his slave. Man or thing—it makes no difference—but heaven grant it be no woman. … Of course all girls aren’t foolish—some are charming and I am tender on two or three myself; but if I ever humbug a woman into marrying me, it will be a piece of selfishness on my part, depend upon it, and not a conquest on hers. The comments of the young Santayana in this letter about women and marriage are common in the banter of young men, but the general tone

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here is not heterosexual, and, for this reason and in light of Santayana’s other writings, we are disinclined to take seriously the statement about his being “tender” on two or three girls. A year earlier, in the spring of 1886 (his senior year at Harvard), Santayana had met the tall, athletic, good-looking, cultivated, and supremely self-confident Earl Russell, and he evidently fell in love with the young aristocrat. His letters to Abbot of 1887 reveal his complete infatuation: … Russell is the ablest man, all round, that I have ever met. You have no idea what a splendid creature he is, no more had I till I had seen a great deal of him. He isn’t good, that is he is completely selfish and rather cruel, although I fancy I made too much of his heartlessness at first. But then both practically and intellectually he is really brilliant. … I know I am making a fool of myself in writing about him. … but I send a note of his so that you may judge for yourself and also have some idea of the men I am seeing here. Pass the note on to Herbert Lyman and let him keep it or send it back to me. I am going tomorrow to stay with Russell again, for he is laid up and wants company. … Don’t tell this round, I beg of you, but I tell you because I am telling you everything to-day. I make an exception of Herbert, because I should have to tell him sooner or later, and he won’t chuckle over it as if it were a joke merely, which it isn’t.17 In a letter to Abbot written a week later, Santayana reveals the abject character of his relationship with Russell: … what I call my “fall from grace and self-control” … is simply this. Russell has a way of treating people which is insufferably insolent and insulting. Never for a moment did I imagine I could allow anyone to treat me in such a way. But I find that instead of caring for my own dignity and independence … I find that I don’t care a rap for my interest in myself or my ways of doing things, but that I am quite willing to stand anything, however outrageous, that comes from a certain quarter. This is what has happened to me. I am a fool to say a word about it—especially when people think that I am talking about trifles. … don’t imagine I am referring to “country matters”.18

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The revelations of these letters to Abbot are franker expressions of Santayana’s willingness to abase himself and accept abuse from Russell than are found in Persons and Places, including the episode he relates there about accidentally pulling the young earl into the Thames and being violently abused verbally by him for clumsiness.19 And Santayana’s willingness to swallow his pride and suffer indignities from Russell seems to have been unending. In the autumn of 1923, when he was almost sixty and planning a trip to England to deliver the Herbert Spencer Lecture at Oxford, he wrote to Russell saying that he hoped there would be a chance to see him. Russell’s reply was: “Do as you like,” and Santayana responded as follows: If you leave it to me, I will certainly come [to Russell’s house in Hampshire]. I don’t believe that anything has really happened to alter our relations to one another which were always tacit and expressed in conduct rather than words. You now say more than you ever said to me, even in our young days, about being “attached to me”; you must have been, in some way which in spite of my cold-blooded psychology I don’t pretend to understand. In that case, why drop me now, when certainly there has been no change on my side except that involved in passing from twenty to sixty? Let me come, anyhow once, and we can judge better whether everything is as usual or whether the barrier you speak of—which certainly is not “Elizabeth” or her affairs—really exists. Shall it be next Tuesday, and if so, what train shall I take? Yours ever20 Santayana did visit Russell, who was indifferent, even frequently mistaking his name and calling him “Sargeaunt,” the name of another of Russell’s friends, a Latin master at Westminster.21 As in the cases of Henry James and A. E. Housman there is no evidence that Santayana was an active or practicing homosexual or that his youthful relationship with Russell (or anyone else, for that matter) was homosexual in a physical sense. Indeed, the Hamlet echo of his warning to Abbot not to construe his attachment to Russell as involving “country matters” might indicate that Santayana regarded his devotion as transcending the merely physical.22

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Only a deep emotional attachment could have enabled Santayana to continue for so many years to tolerate Russell’s unpleasantness and indifference; yet Santayana appears always to have been aware of Russell’s faults. This insuperable critical faculty doubtless sobered Santayana’s affections for other persons about whom he felt less strongly: he had no illusions about people. For instance, he appreciated his nephew, George Sturgis, for his able stewardship of his financial properties, as he had George’s father—Santayana’s half brother Robert—for performing the same service. He frequently closed letters to George Sturgis with “Yours affectionately,” and even signed one to him of 1927: “With much love.” But other letters reveal that he did not care for his nephew any more than he had for George’s father; he found both men lacking in sensitivity and sympathetic imagination.23 But the letters show that Santayana was genuinely affectionate toward several persons. He was very well disposed toward George Sturgis’s first wife, Rosamond, with whom he carried on a long correspondence. Santayana appreciated Rosamond’s thoughtfulness and kindness in sending him packages of food and clothing, after the war in Italy had ended and supplies in Rome remained short. He regularly signed his letters to her “Your affectionate Uncle George.” He was also very fond of George’s and Rosamond’s eldest son, Robert (“Bob”) Shaw Sturgis, who had visited him several times in Rome in 1944 when Bob was there in the U.S. Air Force. His letters to Bob after the war, when the latter was a Harvard undergraduate studying architecture (the field that Santayana had once thought seriously of making his profession), are full of unfeigned interest in the young man’s activities and plans. The grandfatherly affection that the octogenarian felt for his good-looking, intelligent, and artistic young grandnephew is unmistakable in both the letters Santayana wrote to Rosamond and those to Bob himself. If Santayana’s affection for young Bob Sturgis was grandfatherly, his feeling for the young Daniel Cory was fatherly. Santayana first met Cory in April 1927, when Cory was twenty-two and Santayana sixty-three, and a long, intimate friendship began. Cory, who first encountered Santayana’s writings at Columbia University, had left college before completing a degree and had gone to live and work in London. Impressed with an essay that the young man had written on his philosophy and sent to him, Santayana offered to pay Cory’s expenses for a visit to Rome. He was pleased by Cory’s critical acumen, his interest in and grasp of Santayana’s philosophy, and engaged the young man to assist him in

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arranging the manuscript of The Realm of Matter for publication. This was the beginning of a friendship and professional association that lasted for twenty-five years, until Santayana’s death in 1952. Initially, Santayana did not think of Cory’s position of literary assistant or secretary as becoming permanent.24 But Cory, while working for Santayana, made the acquaintance of Santayana’s friend, the American epistemologist Charles Augustus Strong, who also wanted someone to help him prepare his writings for publication, and Cory became Strong’s assistant or secretary as well. Both Strong and Santayana paid Cory a modest monthly allowance. This combined income enabled Cory to live separately, usually in England; but he spent protracted periods living near Strong, either in Paris or at Le Balze (“The Cliffs”), Strong’s villa at Fiesole, near Florence. Cory also made infrequent visits to Santayana in Rome, helping him with his writing projects. For the most part, during their long association, Cory lived far from Santayana, usually in another country, and sometimes several years passed without the two men seeing one another. Despite the separation, however, Santayana continued to send Cory his monthly allowance, with special supplements for medical bills, clothing, and travel. Though he never expected Cory’s dependency upon him to become permanent, Santayana eventually realized that it had and accepted responsibility for supporting Cory as long as he could do so. Before the mail between Italy and the United States was cut off by World War II, he arranged with Scribner’s for Cory to receive the royalties on his books, so that the latter might not be left without resources. In the beginning, Santayana’s appreciation of Daniel Cory was based largely upon Cory’s solid understanding and sincere advocacy of Santayana’s philosophy, as shown in the 21 May 1928 letter to Cory: … you understand the true inwardness of it, and your ways of expressing it are enough your own for me to feel sure that it is not a casual adoption of a technical theory, but a true participation in the Idea. Later, Santayana’s admiration and affection for Cory was increased by Cory’s considerable charm, his talent for reading aloud (a valuable skill in the revision of manuscripts and something that Santayana felt he himself could not do well), his enterprise in addressing himself to the task of propagating Santayana’s views by writing articles on his philosophy for publication in professional journals, and his representation of Santayana in communication with the editors of leading periodicals—such as T. S. Eliot

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of The Criterion and Henry Seidel Canby of The Saturday Review of Literature—about publication of Santayana’s writings in their magazines. He also believed that Cory was someone he could depend on in a personal emergency, someone who would assist him if he became seriously ill. And it was, indeed, Cory who traveled from England to Rome to be with Santayana during the final weeks of his life and who made the difficult arrangements for Santayana’s funeral and burial in the Campo Verano Cemetery in Rome.25 Despite his affection for Cory and his appreciation of Cory’s personal loyalty and devotion to his philosophy, Santayana did not hesitate to criticize him—both in letters to Cory and to others—on several counts: for being a spendthrift; lacking initiative; failing to complete independent literary projects that he had begun (such as Cory’s unfinished autobiographical novel, Michael ); repeating to him unpleasant things that C. A. Strong had said about him (Santayana), thereby exacerbating his always difficult relations with Strong;26 and for wasting “the best years of his life playing golf.”27 The affectionate side of Santayana revealed in the letters contrasts with the cold-bloodedness of which he has been accused (and of which he even accuses himself). This conception of Santayana—as lacking in human warmth and sympathy—may well derive, in part, from his political views and his tendency to perceive things sub specie aeternitatis. He was a true modern in terms of the bleakness of his outlook and in his chronic detachment. There is also something very Spanish in the essential starkness of his view of life. In 1917, during World War I, Santayana wrote a letter to Bertrand Russell that Russell quoted from in his autobiography to demonstrate Santayana’s lack of feeling: As for deaths and loss of capital, I don’t much care. The young men killed would grow older if they lived, and then they would be good for nothing; and after being good for nothing for a number of years they would die of catarrh or a bad kidney or the halter or old age—and would that be less horrible?28 This letter suggests that Santayana did not consider the anguish suffered by the families, sweethearts, and comrades of the soldiers killed in the war, or indeed the loss of life to the soldiers themselves. However it is evident from numerous other letters that Santayana wrote during the period 1914–18 that he was profoundly distressed by the terrible events of this war and especially by the appalling loss of life on all sides. The letters

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show, in fact, that he was so depressed by these events that he found it difficult to think or write. Twenty-seven years later, writing to Andrew J. Onderdonk on 20 January 1945, he was less discomfited by the horrific events of World War II: Perhaps the years since we last saw each other, and the many since we saw each other often—34!—have made me more inhuman than ever; but public and private tragedies move me now much less than they did. I think of all the empires reduced to filthy little heaps of ruins; of all the battles and sieges in the histories, and all the horrible fates of potentates, tyrants, patriots, and saints; and what now happens to us seems almost a matter of course. Santayana believed that, in order to understand the world, the observer must not be too closely attached to it or too actively engaged in it. The social activism of a Bertrand Russell or a Jean-Paul Sartre was anathema to him. His detachment could, on occasion—as in his comments on the two world wars—appear as sheer lack of interest in human well-being. In October 1928 Horace M. Kallen wrote asking Santayana to “sponsor” Kallen’s new book on “the Sacco and Vanzetti letters” or to join a committee that Kallen was forming to protest the way in which the case of the two Italian anarchists had been handled. In a 22 October 1928 letter Santayana refused Kallen’s request, making the following comment: I don’t know whether those men were condemned for what, morally, wasn’t a crime, or whether they were innocent altogether: in any case, it was a scandal to put off their execution so long, and then to execute them. It shows the weakness, confusion, and occasional cruelty of a democratic government: it is more merciful to the condemned, and more deterrent to others, to execute them at once, as do my friends the Bolsheviks and the Fascists. But that, I imagine, is not what your book is intended to prove. Santayana, somewhat chillingly, places the emphasis not upon the possibility that two innocent men were condemned and executed, but rather that they were not executed more quickly once the American court had pronounced them guilty. In several other letters he uniformly refuses requests to participate in public demonstrations to endorse or denounce either side of a particular moral or political issue.

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Santayana’s conservative politics—he described himself as a Tory29— sometimes caused him to take positions that seem mean-spirited. In 1940 Rosamond Sturgis was assisting a young working-class college student with his expenses. In a 10 October 1940 letter to her Santayana authorized Rosamond to have George Sturgis withdraw a hundred dollars from his account to be added to the fund for the student, but he included this comment: … to tell you the whole truth, I don’t like to give in charity to the deserving; it only encourages them to make greater demands on life, to strain, and to increase the half-educated proletariate [sic]; whereas the undeserving merely get a drink, are happy for half an hour, and no worse afterwards than they were before. However, it may be the American ideal to increase the half-educated proletariat until it includes everybody; but would that be a happy result? Again, the apparent callousness and cynicism of Santayana’s remarks in this letter are disconcerting: we wonder at the smug injustice of a social philosophy that accepts the accident of birth as the sole determinant of opportunity and privilege for some and denial and deprivation for others. Santayana frequently has been accused of anti-Semitism, and in several letters we do find unpalatable statements about Jews and Jewishness. On 12 August 1936 he wrote to George Sturgis that he was reconciled to the necessary transitoriness of things, that all conservatisms were doomed because nothing could be kept up permanently, and for example added: The Jews, for instance, aren’t in the least like Abraham or King Solomon: they are just sheenies. And in a 1 May 1938 letter to Mrs. Toy about Walter Lippmann, Sidney Hook, and Irwin Edman, he wrote: Are the Jews going to repent of being anti’s, for fear that soon there should be nothing left to be anti against? After all they have made themselves very comfortable in Christendom, and if nothing but an international proletariat remained, it would not offer them such brilliant careers as professors and prime minister and newspaper proprietors. Mrs. Toy’s response to this letter evidently recommended that Santayana avoid anti-Semitism, for in his 12 August 1938 letter to her he observed:

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I ought to love the Jews, as they seem to be my only friends intellectually, beginning with Edman—not to go back to Spinoza. These remarks of Santayana’s, though critical and contemptuous of what he perceived to be ancient and modern Jewish attitudes, did not prevent his appreciation of virtuous individual Jews. Ironically, Baruch Spinoza was Santayana’s acknowledged master, and there was no philosopher for whom he had greater respect. He appreciated the keen interest in his own philosophy taken by Morris Cohen and Irwin Edman, and he appears to have been fond of his former graduate assistant at Harvard, Horace M. Kallen, to whom, after his retirement from Harvard, he had given his doctoral cap and gown and to whom he wrote numerous warm, friendly letters,30 frequently complimenting Kallen on his publications. To George Sturgis on 31 January 1941 Santayana wrote that his doctor in Rome (Luigi Sabbatucci, who served as his physician from 1935 until Santayana’s death in 1952) had, like himself, never heard of lire miste (evidently a form of Italian wartime currency) “although he is a Jew, and a very nice person.” But Santayana’s most redeeming statement on the matter of racial prejudice is probably that found in his 23 September 1926 letter to John Jay Chapman, an American bigot who had offered Santayana the presidency of “The Aryan Society”: Against whom is the Aryan Society directed? Against the Arabians, the Jews, the Chinese, and the blameless Ethiopians? I confess that I don’t like the Jewish spirit, because it is worldly, seeing God in thrift and success, and I know nothing of the blacks; but the Arabs and the Chinese seem to me in some ways, apart from the costume, nearer to the Greeks than we are in Europe and America: they have taken the measure of life more sanely. Might it not turn out, then, that the Aryan Society, if it stood for the life of reason, was especially directed against the Aryans? Races, like nations, seem an unfortunate class of units to identify with moral ideas. If, therefore, Santayana’s comments in his letters and other writings are perceived by some readers as repugnantly anti-Semitic, others today— including a number of Jewish scholars—argue that such a view is an exaggeration and reject the charge that Santayana was truly anti-Semitic. At the very least, the quotation from the letter to Chapman indicates that he was not a racist.

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Charles Loeser, Santayana’s classmate at Harvard, was from a prosperous Jewish family. Santayana enjoyed Loeser’s company and admired his mastery of foreign languages and expert knowledge of art, which Santayana thought even greater than Bernard Berenson’s. The two young men traveled together and afterward remained friends for many years. The young Santayana also enjoyed the forays he made into Boston society, but most especially he relished the company of other sophisticated or cultivated young men. In some letters we find the elderly philosopher reminiscing about the bachelor dinner parties of the 1890s in Cambridge that had given him some of the most pleasant moments of his life. As he got older, however, Santayana more and more preferred to be alone, and a correlate of this love of solitude was his dislike of controversy, a rather surprising characteristic in a philosopher. On 6 June 1939 he wrote to Mrs. Toy: “I don’t like mental fierceness, even on my own side in philosophy”. Many years earlier, during the summer following his retirement from Harvard, Santayana had written (on 2 August 1912) to his former colleague and department chairman, George Herbert Palmer, that he expected to benefit from conversations in Cambridge, England, with his friends Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore: … whose views are near enough to mine to be stimulating to me, while the fact that they live in an atmosphere of controversy (which for myself I hate) renders them keenly alive to all sorts of objections and pitfalls which I need to be warned of, in my rather solitary and unchecked reasonings. If Santayana enjoyed occasionally discussing philosophical issues with friends (and, in the last part of his life, with many of the persons who visited him at the nursing home in Rome), he decidedly did not enjoy professional conferences. In the 23 September 1932 letter to Mrs. Toy in which he reported on his recent participation in the Domus Spinozana conference at The Hague (6–10 September 1932), Santayana described the meetings as being “like all meetings and international conferences, rather tiresome and futile”; “in the end”, he had written to his sister Susan on 1 October 1913, “every philosopher has to walk alone.” And in the 18 July 1913 letter to the poet Arthur Davison Ficke, Santayana echoed Socrates’ remark to Crito in Plato’s dialogue of the same name: … what does it matter what other people think? If we care too much about persuading them we may disturb

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their peaceful conventions to no good purpose, since they will never get anything straight, while we blunt the edge of truth in our own words. Santayana believed that if his auditors or readers could comprehend intuitively the truth of his views, they would accept them; but if they could not do so, there was no point in attempting to badger people into agreement. One must catch the spark if concurrence is to be genuine and meaningful. Agreement in intellectual matters, he felt, came about more through sympathetic understanding than through debate. Just as he did not like the gatherings of professors at professional meetings, neither did Santayana—with few exceptions—like individual professors; and he didn’t like being one himself. On 6 June 1912, at the time of his retirement from Harvard, he wrote to President Abbott Lawrence Lowell that “although fond of books and of young men, I was never altogether fit to be a professor”. Three years later, on 4 August 1915, he wrote to his former graduate student, B. A. G. Fuller, who was then on the Harvard philosophy faculty, about his disillusionment with teaching philosophy: … I can’t take the teaching of philosophy seriously in itself, either as a means of being a philosopher or of teaching the young anything solid: they merely flirt with that for a year or two instead of flirting with something else. Philosophy is not a science; it might be a life or a means of artistic expression, but it is not likely to be either at an American college. Contrary to the present-day practice of calling every college or university teacher of philosophy—from the greenest assistant professor to the hoariest veteran—a “philosopher,” Santayana made a significant distinction between a “philosopher” and what he referred to as a “mere professor” of philosophy.31 For Santayana the teaching of philosophy was a profession like any other; but, for the true philosopher, philosophy was not only a profession but also a vocation or way of life. In a humorous vein, he wrote to George Sturgis, his nephew and new financial manager, on 14 August 1921: In respect to money-matters, I am a true philosopher (not a mere professor of Phil. 10, 12, etc) and my one wish is not to hear about them, but to cash cheques and be happy.

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More seriously, he says in a 1926 letter to Lewis Mumford regarding Mumford’s discussion of him in The Golden Day: … I feel that you are thinking of me—quite naturally—as just a Harvard professor, author of a book called “The Life of Reason”. Your appreciation seems absolutely just, as directed upon that semi-public personage: but I never felt myself to be identical with that being, and now much less than ever.32 In a 16 June 1934 letter to Harry Austryn Wolfson, Santayana uses his favorite, Spinoza, to make clear his distinction between the philosopher and the “mere professor” of philosophy: I believe there is another reason also why Spinoza seems to me so pre-eminent: that in spite of being traditional, or because he was not distracted by side issues, he was an entire and majestic mind, a singularly consecrated soul. All these trite dogmas and problems lived in him and were the natural channels for his intuitions and emotions. That is what I feel to make a real philosopher and not, what we are condemned to be, professors of the philosophy of other people, or of our own opinions. Spinoza had been excommunicated by the rabbis in 1656 and banished from Amsterdam for his heretical ideas; living on the outskirts of the city, he earned a meager subsistence as a lens-grinder. Several years later, in order to maintain his intellectual independence, Spinoza turned down the offer of a chair of philosophy at Heidelberg. Santayana believed that, by retiring as soon as he could from Harvard, he had achieved a comparable independence. He expressed this idea of the necessary freedom of the philosopher in the 9 June 1937 letter to Cory saying: “you are now a recognised free lance in philosophy, as all philosophers ought to be.” While avowedly not fond of professors, Santayana nevertheless moved among them all his life, as many of his correspondents and many of his visitors during the years that he lived in hotels in Rome were professors. In fact, almost all of Santayana’s friends and associates were individuals of either social or intellectual stature, or both. In some of his letters he distinguishes between what he calls “nice” people (the well-bred, well-educated, and well-to-do) and common or ordinary people. His habit of choosing his friends from among socially prominent Americans and aristocratic Europeans led to accusations of sponging, social climbing, and

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snobbery. Santayana responds to the latter charge in the 8 September 1920 letter to William Lyon Phelps: I protest against being called a snob; what I love is what is simple, humble, easy, what ought to be common, and it is only the bombast of false ambitions and false superiority, that I abhor. There is no indication that Santayana, whatever his preferences for the well-born and well-bred, was ever anything but courteous to and considerate of persons in humble positions. In his letters, Santayana refers to the waiters in the restaurants he frequented as being his friends, and there are references to the servants in the hotels or private houses that he stayed in that express Santayana’s consideration of them and his desire to do the right thing and be thought well of by them. Perhaps Santayana received a certain satisfaction from the names distinguished by European aristocratic titles in some of the lists of persons he sent to his publishers to receive complimentary copies of his books, but there is no evidence of Santayana ever fawning on any Boston Brahmin or European aristocrat— not even Bertrand Russell’s elder brother, where the matter was complicated far beyond mere snobbery. One purpose of this introduction is to suggest the ways in which Santayana’s letters reveal various characteristics of his personality, how a self-portrait emerges from the letters. That portrait is both fascinating and invaluable in giving us a better understanding of the complex personality of someone who was a profound thinker, gifted artist, and sophisticated man of the world. By thus illuminating more subtly and fully Santayana’s personality and character, the letters can deepen our insight into his philosophical and literary works. (And many of the letters address directly the principal ideas and themes of those works.) But though remarkably interesting and informative, the letters make no sensational revelations about Santayana’s personal life. It is not at all the case with him—as it often is with celebrities—that the private individual differs dramatically from the public persona. On the contrary, the evidence of the letters is that Santayana was a person of exceptional integrity, a man with a clear conception of who and what he was and what he ought to be, and one who tried to live a life of reason in accord with this conception of himself. Nevertheless, the personality reflected in the letters is complicated and paradoxical. Some letters reveal Santayana as a political reactionary,

Introduction

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complacent about arbitrary inequalities of opportunity in society, approving of ruthlessly repressive forces like Mussolini and the Italian and Spanish fascists, and—in terms of his remarks about the Jews—insensitive about racial slurs. Yet the letters also show him as someone who rejected totalitarianism on principle, disapproved of capitalism on moral grounds, advocated a kind of state socialism, and was sympathetic to Bolshevism.33 They depict a thinker who aided and abetted creative expression in others even when that expression clashed with his own opinions. They show a man tolerant of irritating traits in family and friends, who frequently suffered annoyance and inconvenience in order to accommodate persons to whom he felt a debt of loyalty. They show us an honest man, generous with his money and time, often contributing to the financial support of relatives, friends, and needy strangers, and taking the time and trouble to write conscientious appraisals of works sent to him by other writers. All in all, the portrait of Santayana that emerges from the letters is that of a man devoted to his work, one who valued friendship and loyalty highly, was considerate and polite, but who quickly comprehended a situation and was never reluctant to speak his mind. We invariably find him giving his correspondents his frank opinions, irrespective of their own views. There is nothing of the boor or bully in this candor, but rather only a desire to be truthful. Santayana’s letters depict a person of rare gifts and remarkable accomplishments, a very private individual, neither curmudgeonly nor arrogant. They reveal a man endowed with great intellectual powers, living detached from and “above” the world, who was nonetheless thoroughly human.

Endnotes 1

Most of Santayana’s correspondence is in English. However, he wrote in Spanish to relatives and friends in Spain, and the 29 April 1945 letter (to Dino Rigacci) is in Italian. 2 Per 6 September 1934 to Cory. 3 The collection of 373 pieces of correspondence from Santayana to his Harvard classmate, life-long friend, and fellow professional philosopher C. A. Strong (1862–1940), over the half-century from 1889 to 1939, is second only in size to the collection of correspondence from Santayana to Daniel Cory (over the quarter-century from 1927 to 1952) totaling 400 items. Until recently, only a few items of Santayana’s correspondence to Strong had been located, and it was feared that the rest had been destroyed when German soldiers occupied the latter’s Villa le Balze, at Fiesole, Italy, during the Second World War. Fortunately, however, the rest was discovered early in 1999, housed in the Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. Strong’s wife,

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Elizabeth, was the daughter of John D. Rockefeller, and the letters were deposited in the Archive by Elizabeth Cuevas, Strong’s granddaughter, in 1994. 4 The letter reads: “Polissez-le toujours, et le repolissez, / Ajoutez quelquefois et souvent effacez.” 5 See especially Margaret Münsterberg, “Santayana at Cambridge,” American Mercury 1 (1924): 69–74; George W. Howgate, George Santayana (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1938); Dialogue on George Santayana, ed. Corliss Lamont (New York: Horizon Press, 1959); Bruno Lind, Vagabond Scholar: A Venture into the Privacy of George Santayana (New York: Bridgehead Books, 1962); John McCormick, George Santayana: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987); and George Santayana, Persons and Places: Fragments of Autobiography, Critical Edition, ed. William G. Holzberger and Herman J. Saatkamp Jr. (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1986). (Further references to the autobiography are to the Critical Edition.) For a concise biography of Santayana as poet see Holzberger, “Introduction” to The Complete Poems of George Santayana (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press; London: Associated University Presses, 1979), 23–82. Daniel Cory, in Santayana: The Later Years, A Portrait with Letters (New York: George Braziller, 1963), makes specific use of his letters from Santayana to illustrate aspects of Santayana’s character and personality. 6 Even in his personal correspondence, so careful and deliberate a writer as Santayana was never wholly spontaneous and unguarded. 7 “Moral relativism,” as Santayana uses the term, must be understood to include more than mere arbitrary choice of behavior. For Santayana, morals are relative to the individual and the specific situation, and the natural sanctions which determine acceptable behavior are immediate and absolute. 8 The letter of 18 December 1928 begins, without salutation: “Of course, dear Cory”; and within the letters to Cory of 21 May 1928, 1 July 1937, and 23 January 1940 we find the phrases “My dear Cory”, “For heaven’s sake, dear Cory”, and “Now, dear Cory”, respectively. But in the 352 letters to Cory that begin with a salutation it is uniformly “Dear Cory.” 9 The Later Years, 321. Cory’s part of the correspondence is unlocated; Santayana usually discarded letters after reading them. 10 Letter from Lowell to Santayana of 8 January [1950]. Santayana kept Lowell’s letters, which are in the Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin. 11 The first book of Santayana’s poems was Sonnets and Other Verses (Cambridge: Stone and Kimball, 1894). A revised, expanded edition was published in 1896. 12 14 May 1925. 13 15 July 1928. 14 Grattan Freyer, the late Irish literary critic, said to me that The Last Puritan was “like the best of Henry James.” 15 “And why has my photo been redrawn so as to make me cross-eyed and ferocious? I know that self-knowledge is often self-deception, but I feel not at all as this personage looks.” (1 February 1936 to Wheelock) 16 “I suppose Housman was really what people nowadays call ‘homosexual,’ [said Santayana].” “Why do you say that?” I [Cory] protested at once. “Oh, the sentiment of his poems is unmistakable, [Santayana replied].” There was a pause, and then he added, as if he were primarily speaking to himself, “I think I must have been that way in my Harvard days—although I was unconscious of it at the time.” (The Later Years, 40) 17 20 May 1887. 18 27 May 1887.

Introduction 19

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Persons, 297–98. 5 September 1923 and undated letter written between 20 September and 24 October 1923. “Elizabeth” refers to the Countess Russell, the earl’s third wife, who had left him in 1918. 21 Persons, 517. 22 There is no evidence that Santayana ever had a physical sexual relationship with either a man or a woman. This suggests perhaps that whatever sexual promptings he may have experienced were sublimated to his thought and art and found expression in his writings. It is also possible that Santayana deliberately embraced the tradition of celibacy advocated by the Roman Catholic Church for members of the clergy (and by the religions of India and China for holy-men and wisemen). He had a great respect for the traditions of the Church and frequently refers to himself in the letters as monklike, saying that he could live happily in a monastery. 23 In a 30 September 1938 letter to Cory, Santayana described George Sturgis as “a nice person, but not very perceptive”; and in a 31 December 1944 letter to Rosamond Sturgis, from whom George recently had been divorced before his sudden death on 20 December 1944, Santayana wrote: “George never gave me any explanation of the estrangement that had arisen between you, and of course I respected his discretion and asked no questions. But I could well imagine that, like his father, he might prove hard to live with in the long run. In fact, when you came to Rome, I couldn’t help wondering how you ever decided to marry him. He was very good, very useful, and very able in many ways, and for me he proved a treasure (literally) in the management of my affairs, as his father had been too. But there was never a resposive [sic ] chord.” 24 For example, in the 2 August 1944 letter to George Sturgis, Santayana wrote: “Cory has been a problem for Strong and me for many years. He too is not a business man, and between us three we managed to land him, at the age of nearly forty, in no man’s land. I feel a certain responsibility for him, as it was as my disciple and secretary that he first turned to philosophy: but I never meant to make our connection permanent.” 25 The Later Years, 325–27. 26 “… perhaps you would do better not to report to either of us any nasty thing that the other may say, or do, in regard to his good old friend. It makes it harder to keep up the amicable tone of our relations. … Do help us to remain friends.” (11 November 1931 to Cory) 27 5 February 1936 to Rosamond Sturgis. 28 [December 1917]. 29 In the 12 May 1946 letter to David Page, Santayana says, while he is well aware that others regard his political views as “Fascism and Phalangism,” that he regards them as “Toryism.” 30 See, for instance, 15 and 25 September 1926 to Kallen. 31 This attitude of Santayana’s was more common in an earlier time. I recall Paul Arthur Schilpp espousing this view in class at Northwestern University during the 1950s. Schilpp made a point of reserving the term “philosopher” for the great figures of the history of philosophy and for contemporary theorists of international reputation. 32 16 December 1926, Lewis Mumford, The Golden Day (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1926). 33 “Something in me tells me that the Russian Bolsheviks are right—not in their conduct, which has been scandalous and silly—but in their sense for values, in their equal hostility to every government founded on property and privilege.” (6 April 1918 to Mrs. Winslow); “I think [Soviet Russian communism] is a splendid experiment. Lenin is as good as Lycurgus or Pythagoras. Let him have his way!” (6 April 1930 to Kallen); 20

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“I am not a modern or liberal socialist: but I feel in my bones that our form of industrial society is very precarious, and that it will disappear, perhaps rather soon, as completely as the mediaeval or the Graeco-Roman civilizations have disappeared.” (4 October 1931 to George Sturgis); “I … agree with … [Karl Marx’s] low opinion of capitalism. … To my own mind, absurd as capitalism is—I live on invisible and unearned money myself, I don’t know why or how—it seems to be only a technical device accompanying industrialism: and the latter is the radical evil.” (15 April 1933 to Hook); “I prefer the Bolschies [to the current British government]; and perhaps everywhere, through one approach or another, it is to State socialism that we are bound” (19 October 1935 to R. S. Barlow); “But my ideal would be a communistic public life, as in the Spartan upper class or as in a monastery, if it went with perfect liberty in thought and in the arts, like painting or writing. And I should limit all the luxuries to public gardens, libraries, churches, theatres and clubs, where each member might satisfy his own taste and develop his own vocation. I have lived myself as far as possible on that plan, and found it satisfactory. But I dread uniformity imposed upon mankind; that is a waste of opportunities and a dull slavery. That is what I dislike in democracy and social pressure.” (9 May 1945 to Rosamond Sturgis)

List of Letters Book Three, 1921–1927 4 January 1921 4 January 1921 10 January 1921 23 January 1921 2 February 1921 9 March 1921 28 March 1921 30 April 1921 9 June 1921 10 June 1921 1 July 1921 2 August 1921 14 August 1921 17 August 1921 20 August 1921 23 August 1921 20 September 1921 20 September 1921 20 September 1921 21 September 1921 30 September 1921 1 October 1921 18 October 1921 20 October 1921 28 October 1921 4 November 1921 [Between 5 and 11 November 1921] [12 November 1921] 16 November 1921 17 November 1921 21 November 1921

John Erskine Elizabeth Stephens Fish Potter Henry James III Charles Scribner’s Sons Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Constable and Co. Ltd. Logan Pearsall Smith Constable and Co. Ltd. Wendell T. Bush George Sturgis George Sturgis Logan Pearsall Smith Wendell T. Bush Mary Williams Winslow John Middleton Murry Charles Scribner’s Sons Gilbert Seldes Alice Cecilia Cooper Constable and Co. Ltd. Charles Augustus Strong Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller Constable and Co. Ltd. Constable and Co. Ltd. George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Susan Sturgis de Sastre Charles Augustus Strong Horace Meyer Kallen

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21 November 1921 22 November 1921 30 November 1921 2 December 1921 7 December 1921 7 December 1921 17 December 1921 1 January 1922 18 January 1922 30 January 1922 30 January 1922 1 February 1922 [Early 1922?] 4 February 1922 6 February 1922 20 February 1922 14 March 1922 21 March 1922 29 March 1922 2 April 1922 4 April 1922 7 April 1922 10 April 1922 25 April 1922 25 April 1922 29 April 1922 8 May 1922 13 May 1922 13 May 1922 20 May 1922 5 June 1922 7 June 1922 8 June 1922 20 June 1922 [Summer 1922?] [Summer 1922?] 4 July 1922 17 July 1922 26 July 1922

Charles Augustus Strong Wendell T. Bush George Sturgis Logan Pearsall Smith Warwick Potter Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis George Sturgis Mary Williams Winslow Charles Augustus Strong Constable and Co. Ltd. Constable and Co. Ltd. Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Constable and Co. Ltd. George Lawton Constable and Co. Ltd. Charles Augustus Strong Mary Williams Winslow Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Constable and Co. Ltd. Charles Augustus Strong Constable and Co. Ltd. Charles Scribner’s Sons Constable and Co. Ltd. Logan Pearsall Smith George Sturgis George Sturgis Boylston Adams Beal Wendell T. Bush Logan Pearsall Smith Constable and Co. Ltd. Logan Pearsall Smith Gilbert Seldes

List of Letters 17 September 1922 4 October [1922?] 5 October 1922 11 October 1922 20 October 1922 25 October 1922 30 October 1922 3 November 1922 3 November 1922 8 November 1922 10 November 1922 14 November 1922 14 November 1922 15 November 1922 16 November 1922 22 November 1922 23 November 1922 23 November 1922 1 December 1922 5 December 1922 13 December 1922 13 December 1922 21 December 1922 21 December 1922 25 December 1922 27 December 1922 30 December 1922 3 January 1923 4 January 1923 12 January 1923 13 January 1923 14 January 1923 18 January 1923 19 January 1923 19 January 1923 20 January 1923 23 January 1923 24 January 1923 26 January 1923

Constable and Co. Ltd Wendell T. Bush Constable and Co. Ltd. John Brett Langstaff Mary Potter Bush Harry Austryn Wolfson Charles Augustus Strong Constable and Co. Ltd. George Sturgis Robert Burnside Potter Otto Kyllmann Charles Scribner’s Sons Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Mary Williams Winslow Zenas Clark Dickinson Otto Kyllmann Charles Raymond Bell Mortimer Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Charles Scribner’s Sons Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Robert Burnside Potter Constable and Co. Ltd. George Sturgis Otto Kyllmann Charles Augustus Strong Constable and Co. Ltd. Otto Kyllmann Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann George Sturgis Otto Kyllmann Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Unidentified Recipient Otto Kyllmann Robert Burnside Potter

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List of Letters

10 February 1923 12 February 1923 12 February 1923 23 February 1923 26 February 1923 27 February 1923 28 February 1923 [28 February 1923] 28 February 1923 6 March 1923 7 March 1923 9 March 1923 12 March 1923 19 March 1923 [25 March 1923?] 2 April 1923 3 April 1923 20 April 1923 28 April 1923 6 May 1923 8 May 1923 [8 May 1923] 27 May [1923] 29 May 1923 [10 July 1923] 12 August 1923 1 September 1923 4 September 1923 5 September 1923 13 September 1923 18 September 1923 [Between 20 and 23 September 1923] 29 September 1923 2 October 1923 16 October 1923 17 October 1923 18 October 1923 20 October 1923 23 October 1923

Charles Augustus Strong Joseph Malaby Dent George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Otto Kyllmann Otto Kyllmann Charles Scribner’s Sons Charles Scribner’s Sons Otto Kyllmann Charles Scribner’s Sons Otto Kyllmann Constable and Co. Ltd. Mary Williams Winslow Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Robert Burnside Potter George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann George Sturgis Lawrence Smith Butler George Jean Nathan Editor of The Dial Susan Sturgis de Sastre John Francis Stanley Russell George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong John Francis Stanley Russell Charles Augustus Strong Kenneth Duva Burke George Sturgis Miss Hanlon Charles Augustus Strong Thomas Moult George Herbert Palmer

List of Letters 24 October 1923 27 October 1923 30 October 1923 30 [October] 1923 31 October 1923 6 November 1923 6 November 1923 9 November 1923 13 November 1923 13 November 1923 20 November 1923 23 November 1923 1 December 1923 1 December 1923 12 December 1923 21 December 1923 25 December 1923 [1923?] 26 December 1923 26 December 1923 11 January 1924 16 January 1924 16 January 1924 16 January 1924 29 January 1924 29 January 1924 7 February 1924 [After 7 February 1924] 8 February 1924 14 February 1924 23 February 1924 28 February 1924 8 March 1924 14 March 1924 16 March 1924 26 March 1924 3 April 1924 18 April 1924

Constable and Co. Ltd. Charles Augustus Strong Gilbert Seldes Charles Augustus Strong Robert Seymour Bridges Constable and Co. Ltd. George Sturgis Robert Silliman Hillyer Wilber Lucius Cross George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Xavier Léon George Sturgis Henry Ward Abbot Pierre de Chaignon la Rose Sterling Power Lamprecht Sterling Power Lamprecht Wilbur Lucius Cross Gilbert Seldes Charles Augustus Strong Henry Ward Abbot Charles Scribner’s Sons George Sturgis Wilbur Lucius Cross Otto Kyllmann Hamilton Fish Potter Hamilton Fish Potter Sylvanus Griswold Morley Alyse Gregory Alyse Gregory Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Benjamin Alexander Morton Carl Sadakichi Hartmann Charles Augustus Strong Frederick J. E. Woodbridge or Wendell T. Bush Charles Augustus Strong

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List of Letters

19 April 1924 22 April 1924 26 April 1924 26 April 1924 13 May 1924 16 May 1924 17 May 1924 22 May 1924 4 June 1924 28 June 1924 29 June 1924 16 July 1924 26 July 1924 29 July 1924 3 August 1924 15 August 1924 15 August 1924 27 August 1924 31 August 1924 11 September 1924 15 September 1924 15 September 1924 21 September 1924 26 September 1924 10 October 1924 3 November 1924 4 November 1924 12 November 1924 28 November 1924 29 November 1924 5 December 1924 6 December 1924 8 December 1924 9 December 1924 9 December 1924 10 December 1924 21 December 1924 25 December 1924 3 January 1925

Curt John Ducasse Elizabeth Stephens Fish Potter Ferris Greenslet George Sturgis George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Susan Sturgis de Sastre Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Curt John Ducasse George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Constable and Co. Ltd. George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Robert Seymour Bridges Charles Augustus Strong Maurice Firuski George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong John Boynton Priestley Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Logan Pearsall Smith Pierre de Chaignon la Rose George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Alyse Gregory Maurice Firuski Maurice Firuski Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Alyse Gregory George Sturgis William Alexander Hammond George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong

List of Letters 6 January 1925 8 January 1925 26 January 1925 1 February 1925 12 February 1925 23 February 1925 11 March 1925 12 March 1925 19 March 1925 19 March 1925 22 March 1925 2 April 1925 2 May 1925 4 May 1925 11 May 1925 14 May 1925 15 May 1925 19 May 1925 2 June 1925 17 June 1925 28 June 1925 30 June 1925 16 July 1925 16 July 1925 8 August 1925 13 August 1925 1 September 1925 15 September 1925 15 September 1925 29 September 1925 10 October 1925 23 October 1925 11 November 1925 21 November 1925 22 November 1925 12 December 1925 24 December 1925 31 December 1925 1 January 1926

William Rothenstein Robert Seymour Bridges William Alexander Hammond George Sturgis Maurice Firuski Otto Kyllmann George Sturgis Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge Pierre de Chaignon la Rose Logan Pearsall Smith Charles Augustus Strong Constable and Co. Ltd. Curt John Ducasse Otto Kyllmann Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Constable and Co. Ltd. Constable and Co. Ltd. Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Robert Seymour Bridges John Francis Stanley Russell William Alexander Hammond Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge George Sturgis Bernard Berenson Warner Fite George Sturgis Mary Whitall Smith Berenson Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller

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List of Letters

6 January 1926 2 February 1926 23 February 1926 19 March 1926 26 March 1926 20 April 1926 16 May 1926 17 May 1926 22 May 1926 31 May 1926 3 June 1926 27 June 1926 19 July 1926 25 July 1926 1 August 1926 1 August 1926 11 August 1926 23 August 1926 30 August 1926 7 September 1926 7 September 1926 8 September 1926 15 September 1926 15 September 1926 17 September 1926 23 September 1926 23 September 1926 25 September 1926 8 October 1926 9 October 1926 22 October 1926 8 November 1926 12 November 1926 20 November 1926 [22 November 1926] 23 November 1926 27 November 1926 28 November 1926 12 December 1926

Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Curt John Ducasse Charles Augustus Strong Rosamond Thomas Bennett Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Susan Sturgis de Sastre Otto Kyllmann Otto Kyllmann Paul Weiss Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Marianne Moore Otto Kyllmann Carl Sadakichi Hartmann George Sturgis Maurice Firuski Horace Meyer Kallen Otto Kyllmann Otto Kyllmann John Jay Chapman Charles Augustus Strong Horace Meyer Kallen Charles Augustus Strong Lawrence Smith Butler Horace Meyer Kallen Marianne Moore Otto Kyllmann George Sturgis Herbert Wallace Schneider Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Otto Kyllmann Unidentified Recipient

List of Letters 16 December 1926 23 December 1926 30 December 1926 15 January 1927 22 January 1927 31 January 1927 4 February 1927 9 February 1927 11 February 1927 14 February 1927 18 February 1927 22 February 1927 28 February 1927 15 March 1927 15 March 1927 [16 March] 1927 17 March 1927 23 March 1927 1 April 1927 7 April 1927 12 April 1927 1 May 1927 8 May 1927 19 May 1927 21 May 1927 21 May 1927 21 May 1927 22 May 1927 25 May 1927 1 June 1927 3 June 1927 9 June 1927 14 June 1927 10 July 1927 18 July 1927 21 July 1927 24 July 1927 28 July 1927 1 August 1927

Lewis Mumford Maurice Firuski Marianne Moore Otto Kyllmann George Sturgis Otto Kyllmann [Marianne Moore] Charles Augustus Strong Edward W. Titus Otto Kyllmann Marianne Moore Otto Kyllmann Manuel Komroff Marianne Moore Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Horace Meyer Kallen George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Charles Augustus Strong George Perrigo Conger Otto Kyllmann Carl Sadakichi Hartmann George Sturgis Van Wyck Brooks Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Otto Kyllmann George Perrigo Conger Charles Augustus Strong George Sturgis Horace Meyer Kallen Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong

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List of Letters

3 August 1927 15 August 1927 24 August 1927 24 August 1927 26 August 1927 30 August 1927 1 September 1927 7 September 1927 3 October 1927 4 October 1927 14 October 1927 23 October 1927 1 November 1927 7 November 1927 15 November 1927 18 November 1927 21 November 1927 21 November 1927 27 November 1927 27 November 1927 27 November 1927 2 December 1927 7 December 1927 8 December 1927 8 December 1927 21 December 1927 23 December 1927 25 December 1927

Charles Augustus Strong Charles Scribner’s Sons George Perrigo Conger Constable and Co. Ltd. Otto Kyllmann Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Otto Kyllmann Charles Augustus Strong Charles Augustus Strong Curt John Ducasse John Middleton Murry Otto Kyllmann John Middleton Murry Daniel MacGhie Cory Boylston Adams Beal Robert Seymour Bridges Constable and Co. Ltd. Lewis George Sterner George Sturgis Charles Augustus Strong Otto Kyllmann Daniel MacGhie Cory John Middleton Murry Logan Pearsall Smith Wesley Fuller Herbert Wallace Schneider

Letters: 1921—1927

To John Erskine 4 January 1921 • Madrid, Spain

(MS: Columbia)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co1 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Madrid, Jan. 4, 1921. My dear Mr Erskine2 It gives me much pleasure to write your niece’s name and mine on the sheet you send me, and I shall be glad it it contributes to the interest of her collection. Yours very truly GSantayana 1

Santayana’s London bank, which he used as a permanent address. John Erskine (1879–1951) was a critic, novelist, musician, and English professor at Columbia University. His niece is unidentified. 2

To Elizabeth Stephens Fish Potter 4 January 1921 • Madrid, Spain

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London Madrid, Jan. 4, 1921

rs

1

Dear M Potter I have before me not only your good letter of Dec. 14, but a photograph of the hall at Antietam Farm,2 and both make me wish that I could transfer myself by some miraculous process into your midst, even if was to remain incognito while there. This soothing idea has been suggested to me before, by my friend Apthorp Fuller, who also possesses a “farm”,3 and I think in an even more savage and remote region than yours: but it seems to follow that I should have to be incognito at both places, and also presumably at my brother’s;4 my old friend Mrs Toy5 would have to be let into the secret; and I might as well be interviewed in New York harbor on board the tooting steamer, and have my portrait in the next Sunday’s ^ ^ papers, with appropriate headlines: Cynic Santayana Sings Home Sweet Home; etc. Besides would my life be safe? My English friends seem to think not, although what I hear from America is all most dulcet and affectionate. Together with your letter I receive one from Cuningham Graham6

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who says: “If you return again to the United States, you will find the new adaptation by Colt of the Browning pistol,7 with the hair-trigger stop, the safest and quickest thing to have about you. Do not venture into the Middle West: there may be a feeling that may translate itself awkwardly.” On the other hand, by the same post, the wife of a professor of philosophy at Columbia writes “We have read with deep pleasure your last book8 . . I delight in its justness . . I am comforted by the ripeness and GOODNESS of its spirit. It makes me hope for things that had seemed lost.” And at the same time a professor of English literature begs me “to write my little niece’s name and yours in her copy.” Life is very complicated, especially if one tries to put two & two — and together: it is simpler if one keeps ^ ^ things apart. I have been trying in Toledo, under the shadow of the magnificent Alcazar and of Cisneros,9 to understand conservative Spain: it is not impossible: but only if you learn it all like a new language, and forget all the facts and all the feelings that it ignores. Bring the irreconcilable ^ ^ things face to face, and one, if not both, become incredible. All you and Bob tell me about the boys10 interests me very much; and I don’t wonder that they are not “artistic” in their tastes. Young people nowadays have taken a new turn. They did not see the light (intellectually, I mean) in the eighteen nineties, as some of us did. That was an age that cried: Give me art or give me pessimism, or give me both. I see vestiges of it among my friends in Florence: they are still impressed with the thought of how beautiful things must once have been; and they yearn to live, at least privately, in that rarer and richer atmosphere. But they are a failure. Things are differently beautiful now, if one has eyes to see them; or rather, it is something different from “beauty” that makes up their interest and charm: it is perhaps their actuality, or their movement, or their humour. Perhaps the most loving and the most perceptive of men among us is not the artist but the humorist. Perhaps your boys won’t miss much if they don’t care for “art”. This is only a bow: another day I will write a letter more like a long visit. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Robert “Bob” Burnside Potter (c. 1869–c. 1936), Harvard class of 1891, became an architect. Santayana’s poem entitled “Dedication of the first sonnets to a friend on the eve of his marriage” was written in his honor. See Complete Poems, 263. Elizabeth “Lily” Stephens Clare Fish married Potter in 1894. The daughter of Nicholas Fish (for years American minister at Brussels), she had been educated abroad, spoke French and German, and learned Italian in preparation for a spring 1897 trip through Italy. See Persons, 379–81.

1921–1927

3:5

2

The Potters’ home at Smithtown, Long Island, New York. Benjamin Apthorp Gould “Bags” Fuller (1879–1956) was a member of the Harvard class of 1900. He pursued graduate study (Ph.D., 1906) with Santayana and later was appointed to the Harvard faculty. “ ’Tween Waters” was Fuller’s country home at Sherborn, outside Boston. 4 Robert Shaw Sturgis (c. 1854–1921) was the fourth of Santayana’s mother’s five children by her first husband, George Sturgis. Robert managed Santayana’s financial affairs. 5 Nancy Saunders Toy (d. 1941) was married to Crawford Howell Toy (1836–1919), Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages at Harvard (1880–1909). 6 Possibly R. Cunningham Graham (1852–1936). 7 Samuel Colt (1814–62) invented a breech-loading pistol which became very popular. John Moses Browning (1812–1926) invented an automatic pistol, a machine gun, and an automatic rifle. 8 Wendell T. Bush (1867–1941) received an M.A. from Harvard (1908) and a Ph.D. from Columbia. He was professor of philosophy at Columbia University and editor of The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods. Santayana had a copy of Character sent to Professor and Mrs. Mary Potter Bush. 9 Alcazar is a type of palace in Spain, generally royal, built in the centuries of Moorish domination. Formed around large courts within strong walls, it stood in the streets of a city and was defensible but not fortresslike. There are alcazars at Seville, Toledo, Segovia, and Córdoba. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros (1436–1517), statesman and archbishop of Toledo, formally created the Complutense University in 1499. 10 The Potters’ sons, Warwick and Hamilton. 3

To Henry James III 10 January 1921 • Madrid, Spain

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London.

Madrid, Jan. 10, 1921 Dear Mr James It was a cause of regret to me not to have other and longer letters of your father’s, which I know I had received, to send to you when you were preparing the collection which you have now published.1 Those I was able to send were chiefly of documentary interest, and I think you had better keep them with your other documents. The reason that the most interesting letters I had were no longer in my possession was, I think, that I had lent or given them to other persons who wished to see them, and they may yet turn up. I suspect that my friend Mrs Toy may have one or two of them, but she naturally forgot the fact when looking for such as she or Mr Toy may have received from your father. She

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probably has them among my letters, and though it is too late for your purposes, I am going to ask her if this is not the case. Believe me, with best wishes, Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

William James (1842–1910) was a preeminent American philosopher and psychologist. He taught at Harvard (1872–1907), physiology and anatomy at first; later, psychology and philosophy. James’s relationship with his pupil, Santayana, was one of mutual respect for one another’s intellect, philosophical disagreement, and temperamental antithesis. James’s son, Henry, edited The Letters of William James in two volumes (Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1920). One letter (2 May 1905) to Santayana is included in volume II (228–29).

To Charles Scribner’s Sons 23 January 1921 • Madrid, Spain

(MS: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London S.W.1 Madrid, Jan. 23, 1921 essrs

M Charles Scribner’s Sons1 New York Gentlemen In reply to your letter of Jan. 4, inclosing one from Mrs Turner, of Grand Rapids, Michigan,2 I can only say that I am more interested in finishing the books I have in hand than in correcting my old ones. There are certainly many things that I should put differently if I were now rewriting “The Sense of Beauty”; but, as you observe, I have supplemented what I said there with other considerations in “The Life of Reason”, and the “Soliloquies in England” now appearing in “The Athenaeum” will probably make a small book in which the whole nature of fiction, expression, and representation will be treated in a new fashion. Mrs Turner will find there, I hope, a sufficient sense of what Freud, if not Croce,3 has taught us. And I am at work—slowly—on a much more considerable book,4 in which I endeavour to clear up, as far as I can, all the fundamental questions concerned in these theories. Meantime I am afraid “The Sense of Beauty” will have to serve as it stands. If I live to revise all my works; as Mrs Turner suggests, I might perhaps add a few notes here and there, where my opinion has changed; but

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I think even if I had nothing else to do, /I it would be better not to meddle with the general tenor of an old book, or with its style. It would be patchwork; and some might prefer the author’s early view to his later one. I should be glad if you would communicate this letter to Mrs Turner, for whose interest in my work, as well as for your own, I am very grateful. Yours truly GSantayana 1

Charles Scribner’s Sons published the marjority of Santayana’s works in America. Unidentified. 3 Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian psychologist and the originator of psychoanalysis. Santayana’s library included Freud’s Die Traumdeutung (The interpretation of dreams, 4th ed., 1914). Benedetto Croce (1866–1952) was the best-known Italian philosopher of the twentieth century. The first volume of his philosophy of the spirit was Estetica come scienza dell’ espressione e linguistica generale (1902). 4 Scepticism. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 2 February 1921 • Madrid, Spain

(MS: Rockefeller)

Serrano 7, Madrid Feb. 2, 1921 Dear Strong1 “Critical Realism”2 reached me some time ago and I have read it all through. Apart from your paper and mine I like Rogers’ best:3 he may not be so clever as Lovejoy4 in controversy, but he understands the question better and expresses himself clearly. I should think Lovejoy’s criticism would compel Dewey5 to explain himself. I feel that Dewey has a noble sincerity behind his illiterate oracles, and that Lovejoy has not been willing or not been able to interpret him sympathetically. It would have been better to unearth his real intentions instead of merely carping at his ill-chosen words. I have never studied Dewey myself at all attentively or completely, and I am not sure that I understand him, but I suspect that he is merely attempting to analyse the vision of the human mind, the “experience” (in the proper sense of the word) that a typical American has nowadays of the world. It is all surface objectivism—impressionistic, conscientious photography—without the least attempt at penetrating to substance or to the natural distribution of the facts; so that he is idealistic in that he has only a flat canvass, but realistic in that every thing painted there is a solid object. It is philosophizing in innocent perspective—and that

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is why it is so very curious and so very American; and it may not be incorrect in its own way, and when taken for what it is meant to be. The only error—a tremendous one, to be sure—is the apparent conviction that this impressionism is something deeper or more ultimate than other methods of interpretation, and that it is “philosophy” as opposed to science. True philosophy, of course, is built on science and is only an extension of science, and impressionism and its pictures of round things made flat, is something science can very well dominate and explain. Drake’s paper6 is honest and useful: I like it better on a second reading. His honesty prompts him to point-out the diversity between the two groups among us in respect to the “datum”; but he doesn’t see, or doesn’t care to mention, the diversity in respect to the psychical fact. I think the psychological fact is the intuition of essence, with the history of these intuitions, i.e. of personal experience. The psychical fact is the ground of this mental flux, whether we regard the psyche as composed of “feeling” or (as I think, with the pre-Socratics)7 of matter. In your paper I miss the recognition of personal “experience”, the flux of intuitions that autobiography might record. Isn’t this an undeniable additional existence, besides those which you admit? The experience of a pain or a passion is, to my mind, quite as obviously the mere intuition of an essence as the “experience” of a circle The violence of the feeling is merely the character of the [across] essence given. I feel as if you had not applied the distinction of essence to memory or introspection. Yours ever GSantayana I am thinking of returning to Paris for Easter. 1 Charles Augustus Strong (1862–1940), an American philosopher and psychologist, was Santayana’s longtime friend from Harvard. They lived together off and on for many years. From 1887 to 1889 Strong taught philosophy part time at Cornell University. Later he taught psychology at the University of Chicago and at Columbia. See Persons, 239–42. 2 Essays in Critical Realism: A Cooperative Study of the Problem of Knowledge, ed. Durant Drake (Macmillan, 1920). Santayana contributed an essay entitled “Three Proofs of Realism,” 163–184; Strong wrote “On the Nature of the Datum.” Other contributing authors were Arthur O. Lovejoy, James Bissett Pratt, Arthur K. Rodgers, and Roy Wood Sellars. 3 Arthur Kenyon Rogers (1868–1936), professor of philosophy at Yale University, contributed “The Problem of Error.” 4 Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (1873–1962), born in Germany, was an American philosopher and historian of ideas who taught at Johns Hopkins University. A critical realist, his works fall into two main groups: those on epistemology and those on intellectual history. In his major work, The Revolt Against Dualism (1930), he defended epistemological dualism against the reigning modes of monism. “Santayana always thought

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very highly of Lovejoy’s critique of Pragmatism.” (Years, 130) His paper is entitled “Pragmatism Versus the Pragmatist.” 5 John Dewey (1859–1952) was an American philosopher and educator long associated with Columbia University. His philosophy (instrumentalism) is related to pragmatism. In education he argued for learning by experience, motivated by the student’s need. 6 Durant Drake (1878–1933) was a professor of philosophy at Vassar College. His essay is “The Approach to Critical Realism.” 7 Pre-Socratic is a term applied to those Greek thinkers from approximately 600 to 400 B.C. who attempted to discover universal principles which would explain the whole of nature, from the origin and ultimate constituents of the universe man’s place within it.

To Charles Augustus Strong 9 March 1921 • Ávila, Spain

(MS: Rockefeller)

Avila, March 9, 1921 Dear Strong rd was awaiting me when I arrived here Your philosophical letter of the 3– yesterday, and I will try to answer it point by point presently. But first let me tell you that my sister,1 having seen your post-card about “The Wisdom of the Beasts,”2 wrote to me asking quite seriously if that wasn’t the book of which you and I (among others) were joint authors. ^ ^ Coming now to your protestations, I admit at once that you have made the distinction of essence in the case of introspection and memory quite as truly as in the case of perception; what I meant by saying that you seemed to me not to have applied that distinction in the other field was that you seemed not to have availed yourself of it to clear away old confusions, as in perception, and to return to a more accurate expression of commonsense in the matter, as I think the distinction of essence can help us to do. And this leads directly to my answer to your other points. You say in “a,” “The memory I talk about is not the given-essence of the past plus an intuition that is not given, but the present image that makes memory possible.” Here, if I don’t misunderstand you, “present image”, being contrasted with “given-essence”, is something not given at all; it is the trace of the past in the self, the modification produced by the past experience, and surviving inexperienced, which enables the “givenessence of the past” to appear. This is the fact that the self has experienced or learned something and is ready to recall it: but isn’t it paradoxical to call this fact “memory”? And when you call it “present image” aren’t you

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assimilating it, in a misleading way, to given essences? The beauty of the distinction of essence seems to me to lie just in dispelling this sort of amphibious “present image”, and forcing us to ask ourselves at every step: Am I talking of a datum or of some latent condition for the appearance of data—something that a consistent idealist would discard altogether and that, not being given, can actually be doubted, and ought to be arrived at, if at all, by cogent scientific reasoning? You say further in “a,” “The introspection I refer to is not the givenessence pain but the pain itself, the group of mind-stuff point-instants which the given-essence pain brings before us”. Certainly introspection can’t be intuition of the given-essence pain, for that would be the feeling that that of the pain, what I should call the “pain itself”, the sort of thing — ^ ^ ——— unconsciousness produced by an anaesthetic would abolish. Introspection must be something else, and more complicated, tha/tn the direct feeling of pain. But now when you say that introspection is –has [ for its object?]– ^ ^ “The group of mind-stuff point-instants which the given essence pain brings before us”, I am not at all satisfied with your language. Granting that there may be such mind-stuff point-instants which are the basis or substance of the experience of pain, I can’t see that introspection brings them before us. The direct experience of the pain, taken as a perception, might “bring them before us”, as the tooth-ache does the tooth, or any experience does the self and the whole universe; they would be the ulterior object /t which the pain, if we dwelt upon it and investigated its ground and significance, would lead us to discover. But such completed scientific understanding and elucidation of our experience would not be introspection; nor would it lead us to anything like the given-essence pain in quality. I agree with you that introspection (what I should call introspection) does this: for by introspection I think we naturally designate any intent watching of our experiences as they flow, and of their mutual dream-like relations: for instance, it is in introspection that I become aware that I am thinking of various disparate subjects at once: of you, of my handwriting, of the pink blotting-paper, of the court yard of this house, of my sister in her sitting-room, of the London conference, etc, etc. Such consciousness of what is going on in one’s head is necessarily discursive; it notes things in succession, and in some past phase of their presence, even if they still persist almost unchanged: and this discursive introspection or self-consciousness is very often, I should admit, extremely truthful. Our introspection of a sensation just past renders and prolongs (in a different setting) that sensation almost unchanged: so that introspection can be more accurate and

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adequate to its real object than any other kind of knowledge. But this is so because it remains within the psychological field, repeating in discourse fragments of what was discourse from the beginning. In the same way, I think our notions of other men’s ideas and feelings may often be perfectly adequate. But introspection in your sense, which has for its object “mindstuff point-instants” would not seem to repeat or contain the nature of those elements, but to offer/s us something as different from them as water is different from oxygen and hydrogen— The only other point in which I feel there is some stubborn divergence in our views is in regard to “awareness not being given”. I always have agreed to this, because I see that if the datum is “green” it cannot be “I see green”. But now I smell a rat; for it seems sometimes as if you argued that “I see green” cannot also be a datum; of course it cannot be a datum of mere sight; but just after the datum “green” has been given, and while it continues to be given, the field of consciousness may be enlarged, and my own body and currents from my whole past experience may come within my range, so that I may have for my datum “I see green”. “I see green” is an essence just as “green” is: it may be given just as immediately. Do you agree or disagree with this? I mean to be in Paris before Easter, and shall be delighted to see [across] you and the wisdom of the beasts as soon as you can possibly materialize. Yours ever GSantayana 1

Susan, the second child of Josefina Borrás and her first husband, George Sturgis, was born in Manila, in the Philippine Islands, on 5 June 1851, and christened Susan Parkman Sturgis. The family did not like the name Susan and usually called her “Susana” or “Susie.” On 26 November 1892, at the age of forty-one, Susan married Celedonio Sastre Serrano (c. 1840–1930), a lawyer and small landowner, then a widower with six children. Her relationship with Santayana remained very close; for years he was a summer guest in her Ávila home. She lived to be seventy-seven years of age and died on 10 February 1928. In a letter to Daniel Cory (24 February 1939) Santayana said his sister was “certainly the most important influence in my life.” 2 Strong’s book was published by Constable in London in 1921, and by Houghton Mifflin Co. in Boston and New York in 1922.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 28 March 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

Paris, March 28, 1921 Dear Strong, Here I am, having arrived last Thursday after a tedious journey from Avila. The train I was to have taken at midnight arrived at noon the next day: I had to go back to sleep at my sister’s and say good bye all over again the next day. I then did “get out of Spain”; spent one night at Hendaye, at the frontier, and another at Bordeaux. The apartment was ready, the concierge and Marie1 had received my notices of my intended reappearance, and everything at once began to run smoothly, even the water in the W.C. which on the first day had refused to flow. The place is much transformed and beautified by the purchases that Margaret2 has been making. I see even a lot of nice new old books, and when a box that is to be sent after me from Avila arrives, all the shelves will be practically full. We can then begin to relegate the unbound or deteriorated volumes to some place of darkness. I have received your three philosophical letters, and will take the hint you drop in the last (received this morning) and leave all detailed discussion of your points until we meet: they will all recur in due course some day or other, when we are sitting in a terrasse having our coffee. But we shall not agree. In reading all three letters over again just now, I have been struck by certain presuppositions or habits of your thought which come from a tradition in which I have never felt at home. My sense of what sort of a thing mental life is, and how it is related to the body and to the psyche, is Aristotelian: not only because that is the philosophy which I have always most respected, but because it corresponds to my own self-knowledge and observation of the world. Mind is an expression, an entelechy, of something not mind. But you are rather an heir of Humian or Jamesian principles: you want to weave existence out of psychic stuff. In your last letter there is a passage that at first struck me as very strange: but perhaps it is not strange, if we start with that general programme. You ask why the given essence is not, without further ado, the essence of the object! Why on earth, I said to myself, should it be? If a sensitive plant or an animal in its shell is being rained upon, why on earth should the chill or the fear of death which it may feel be the essence of the rain; whether we conceive the rain as the eyes of men perceive it, as a down-pour of grey drops, or as

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some dynamics of point-instants might describe it? It is simply a preposterous, unnatural suggestion that the essences given to a vegetative thing, like the psyche, should be the essences of the surrounding forces, under the influence of which that psyche is living, and which, when it becomes materially cognitive, it will describe to itself in its own poetic, mytholigal, sensuous language, as the cold devil, or the spirit of the rain, or the patterpatter elf knocking at the door. You see, I spontaneously conceive the mind as an expression of the life of the psyche, turned into a symbol, a terribly inadequate and yet overloaded symbol, of what assails that life from outside. It therefore startles me to hear that you ask for a reason why the given essence is not the essence of the object. Am I wrong in surmising that such a presumption belongs to the psychological metaphysics which conceives the object as, fundamentally, the given idea, the “phenomenon”; and then indeed it would be a mystery how the given “idea” could differ from the given “essence”. This is not a central matter in our controversy: it is something in which, I believe, we are agreed: but it struck me as a sign of that diversity of original outlook which I think makes us differ on other points. You say I am improving in the matter of the inefficacy of consciousness: and certainly in the Soliloquies I have talked a great deal about Mother Psyche, an old busy-body who certainly weilds the housewife’s broom, and perhaps that of a witch also, very efficaciously. But I still believe that “consciousness”, or the intuition of essences, is an event which, being immaterial, is imponderable, not measurable in quantity or position or velocity, nor even intrinsically in date or duration: so that to assign any mechanical efficacy to it is impossible. But of course, it is as good a sign of its circumstances as any other habitual item among them: and it may have a certain prophetic or symptomatic value as to the probable future, which the superstitious regard as a magic efficacy: and this is what people really cling to, and try to disguise to themselves as an experience of power. The question as to the Ego, which you raise, is merely one of names. Homer3 says that the wrath of Achilles sent many souls to Hades,4 but delivered the men themselves to dogs and vultures; there the Ego is the body, and the Soul is a ghost. You may say that what you feel to be your very self is the life or motive principle within your body, your psyche: and then of course you will be the doer of all your acts and the sayer of all your words. It will remain a mystery to you, if your reflection goes so deep, why you are prompted to do or to say such things: your freedom will remain the fulfilment of your inscrutable destiny; but undoubtedly you will be, like any

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other natural agency, a channel of causality and change, a focus of power. There is, however, a sentimental self-consciousness in which a man identifies himself, not with this animal psyche in his body, but with his experiences and brooding thoughts, with his inner discourse: and if you call that the Self, the self will be impotent, except vehemently to be what it happens to be. Certainly when I was young, even when I wrote the Life of Reason, I was given to this “introspective” or romantic way of thinking more than I am now: I lived more transcendentally, more egotistically: and I put off to a distance (without denying them) the hypothetical world and the hypothetical psyche that by their interaction produced this life-long dream in me. I am glad that you like my new manner better: I like it much better myself, and think it more respectable. There is something disreputable in sentimental self-consciousness. Nevertheless, the exercise is possible and (for a critical philosophy) indispensable: and unless you are willing to indulge in it methodologically on occasion, your dogmas will have no logic, no system in them. You will never have studied the order of evidence. And this brings me back to our dispute. Do you deny that consciousness—the intuition of essences—exists? You may not care to follow my argument here, but I am willing to carry scepticism so far as to entertain the possibility that nothing exists at all (as the Indians have maintained); but the moment that, abandoning that extreme negation, we admit that something exists, because we find it, or at least the illusion of its existence, then it follows a fortiori that the finding, the experience, exists, although we do not perceive or recall its existence until after we have posited the existence of something else. This, you see, is the logic of Fichte5 (which I think is good transcendental logic) and shows us that, if we believe in the existence of anything, our belief must exist too, and is first in the order of evidence, though not first in the order of discovery. For what is first in the order of discovery may be an illusion; but what is second, that ——— it is——an illu —— ———— s———— ense sense of discovering something has existed, cannot be an sion, a — ———— ^ ^ illusion, if there is to be an order of evidence at all. Have you seen, in the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,6 Montague’s paper on Variation, Heredity, and Consciousness?7 I admire it immensely, without of course swallowing all its tenets: but I think he has expressed perfectly the way in which novelty and persistence are related. He is (as I have written to him to say) just the sort of pre-Socratic philosopher which the world needs. It is delightful to see scientific speculation so hard at work. You didn’t like Whitehead,8 but I did (again without agreeing altogether) because he helped independently to put nature (the “ether

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of events”) and mind (“sensible and scientific objects”) in their right relations. Montague also has them, as it seems to me, in their place, where they belong: although his desire to make mind a hypostasis of potential energy, rather than of the actual movements or conation of the body, leads him to extravagant conclusions: as that we are never so much alive as when we are dead. His “vectors” are capital; like the “endeavour” of Hobbes;9 because it is events, movements, that subtend the mind, not instants. Yours ever GSantayana 1 The woman who took care of C. A. Strong’s apartment in Paris where Santayana frequently stayed. 2 Margaret (1897–1985) was the only child of Elizabeth Rockefeller and C. A. Strong. 3 Homer lived before 700 B.C. and wrote the first extant Greek poetry. His epic masterpieces are the Iliad and the Odyssey. 4 Hades, the underworld, was the place to which the souls of the dead (good and evil) went. In Homer, Hades is the name of the god, also called Plouton (Pluto), who reigns over the dead in Hades. Achilles, the hero of Homer’s Iliad, became the prototype of the Greeks’ conception of manly valor and beauty. He was the Greeks’ most illustrious warrior in the Trojan War. 5 Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), a German philosopher and political thinker, was an important influence in the development of German Romanticism. His philosophy focused on the ethical. He wrote Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre (Foundation of the complete theory of knowledge, 1794). He held that the essence of the universe is mind and that it posits the material world through a process called productive imagination. 6 A philosophy periodical published by Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, The Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society contains the papers read at the Society’s fortnightly meetings in London throughout the academic year. 7 William Pepperell Montague (1873–1953) was a Harvard-educated philosophy professor whose system was developed in relation to scientific discoveries. His works include The Ways of Knowing; or, The Methods of Philosophy (1925), Belief Unbound (1930), and The Ways of Things (1940). Montague’s paper “Variation, Heredity and Consciousness, A Mechanist Answer to the Vitalist Challenge” was published in The Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. 21 (1920): 13–50. 8 Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947) was an English philosopher and mathematician. His Science and the Modern World (1925), a history of the development of science, explains his idealistic, mystical philosophy. He wrote other books, as well as coauthored (with Bertrand Russell) Principia Mathematica (1910–13). 9 Thomas Hobbes (1588–1670) was an English philosopher who set forth a mechanistic rationalistic materialism. His Leviathan (1651) made him the first of the great English political theorists.

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To Constable and Co. Ltd. 30 April 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, April 30, 1921

Messrs. Constable & Company1 London Gentlemen: At my suggestion, my friend Mr Charles Strong, with whom I live here, intends to send you half a dozen short pieces, which he calls “The Wisdom of the Beasts” in hopes that you will be willing to publish them for him. In case you have not heard of him—because although he is a dis^ ^ tinguished and very solid psychologist, the public to which he has appealed hitherto is very limited—I send you a line to say that the slight appearance of these “Fables” covers a great deal of learning and hard thinking on his part; and whilst I can form no judjmement as to there ———eir / mathematical or physical cogency, I am sure the initiated would be entertained by them. Moreover, the matter of profits need not enter into your decision, as I am sure he would be glad to run any risk of financial loss that there may be in publishing such a short and—in one sense—playful production. I hope soon to submit to you another book of my own “Soliloquies in England” which is almost ready. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1

Constable and Company Ltd. was Santayana’s London publisher.

To Logan Pearsall Smith 9 June 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Congress)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1.

Paris, June 9, 1921 Dear Smith1 Thank you very much for taking such a constant and fruitful interest in my productions, now that your special godchild, Little Essays, has been

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definitely presented and made its bow in polite society.2 The article in the London Mercury is very nice and friendly all round, and I am delighted and surprised to see how thoroughly Arthur McDowall understands me.3 I am used, from my American critics, to a sort of vague estrangement and beating round the bush; here all is simple and direct, and I am quite aware that it is my fault if the technical side of my philosophy is not treated very seriously. I haven’t treated it very seriously myself, as yet, but I assure you there is solidity in it, if its skeleton were properly [illegible]laid bare, as I hope before long to do, as a counter-poise to my excursions into the realm of fancy. Taking your hint, I sent yesterday a Soliloquy—a very pagan and sentimental one on Hermes—to the editor of the London Mercury.4 Others are appearing in New York in the Dial5—a sophomoric paper which I don’t mind, because its foolishness is youthful foolishness. But I can’t stand the perversity of the Nation-and-Athenaeum. What mad ghosts these liberals are! I am not surprised—to make a transition which isn’t one—that both the Russells6 are in love, but my wonder is that they can still pursue matrimony, and that they find anybody, I don’t say to love them, for I quite understand their perennial charm, like that of Cleopatra,7 but to trust or to wed them. When will the public, and the individual, realize, as you and I seem to have done, that in this absurdly over-populated world, there ought to be a large class of celibates to do the thinking /;? a/ And it is far better for the intelligence of the future age that we should not leave children in the flesh—they would all be stark mad and most unhappy—but should only rationalize the atmosphere in which the sturdy average mortal, the child of the merely child-bearing woman, should be brought up. Mankind is faced with t o / wo awful dangers, between which we naturalistic monks may be able to steer them—the danger of losing their traditions and the danger of keeping them. I am hiding in the heart of Paris, having left Strong’s apartment for a while to make room for Margaret and her friends. She is going soon to America, and I don’t yet know whether I shall spend the rest of the summer here with Strong, or go to England. If the latter, you shall hear from me. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 Logan Pearsall Smith (1865–1946) was educated at Haverford College and Harvard University. After working in the family glass-manufacturing business, he entered Balliol College, Oxford University (B.A., 1893; M.A., 1906). He remained in England,

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where he took up a literary career. Robert Gathorne-Hardy’s Recollections of Logan Pearsall Smith describes the decline into insanity that occurred in his later years. 2 Essays was published by Scribner’s and Constable in 1920. 3 Arthur Sydney McDowall (1877–1933) wrote Nature and Men (London, 1923) and Realism: A Study in Art and Thought (Constable, 1918). His article in the London Mercury was “Three Philosopher-Prophets (Dr. Inge, Mr. Bertrand Russell, and Mr. Santayana),” ( June 1921): 164–72. 4 “Hermes the Interpreter,” 28 (February 1922): 374–77. 5 The Dial published articles reprinted in Soliloquies as Soliloquies 13, 18, 33, 34, and 43. 6 John Francis Stanley, 2d Earl Russell (1865–1931) was a barrister and politician who served on the London County Council, was secretary of the Ministry of Transport (1929), and was undersecretary of state for India (1929–31). He was the grandson and heir of Lord John Russell, the reforming prime minister, and son of Lord and Lady Amberley. His brother Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872–1970) was educated at Cambridge and held a variety of posts there. As a philosopher he reacted against idealism with realism and adopted the alternative of logical constructions, substituting wherever possible constructions out of known entities for inference to unknown ones. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. John Francis Stanley was married three times, and Bertrand was married four times. Both had numerous affairs. 7 Cleopatra (69 B.C.–30 B.C.), queen of Egypt, is a great romantic figure of history. Though apparently not beautiful in the classical sense, she was an alluring woman.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 10 June 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple) 9, Av de l’Observatoire Paris June 10, 1921

Messrs Constable & Company London Gentlemen I beg to thank you for the account in regard to Little Essays and the cheque for £53–19–3. I notice you sent the letter to Avila; I am seldom there: my permanent address is C/o Brown Shipley & Co, 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 and my headquarters here in Paris. If, by the way, you intended to send me more than one copy of Character & Opinion in the U.S. I should be very glad to have the others here now, where I keep my books. I am very glad you are to publish Mr Strong’s Fables and we are both much pleased with the aspect of the sample page which you sent him. Yours faithfully G Santayana

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To Wendell T. Bush 1 July 1921 • Paris, France

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(MS: Columbia)

1

9 Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, July 1, 1921

Dear Mr Bush Here is a long Soliloquy2—the longest in the book, if I don’t cut it down— which I venture to send you for your Journal, because it clears up (I hope) some points which people are troubled by in my books, and especially because it contains an answer to a criticism of me by William James and another (or an expansion of the same) by Miller. Miller’s article,3 on the personal side is very flattering, subtle, and delicate; but on the theoretical side it is not fair, and I should not be sorry to have him read this indirect reply. I suppose, with your literary plans for the Journal, you won’t object to the form of personal confession (and boastfulness!) in which this Soliloquy is written. I could have written it more modestly: but being dead, and not caring very much what people say, I prefer to go in for it, and say shamelessly what I really think. Why not? Your young friend turned up once,4 but has not come again, although I thought we had a pleasant time together. I did the talking. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 In the upper left corner of this letter is a note in a hand other than that of Santayana which reads, “The very interesting paper is in the box.” 2 “On My Friendly Critics,” Philosophy 18 (22 December 1921): 701–13. Reprinted in Soliloquies, 245–59. 3 Dickinson Sargeant Miller (1868–1963) studied philosophy at Harvard (A.M., 1892) and earned a Ph.D. (1893) from Germany’s Halle-Wittenberg University. He taught in the Harvard philosophy department from 1899 to 1904. Miller wrote under the name R. E. Hobart. “Mr. Santayana and William James” was published in the Harvard Graduates Magazine (March 1921): 348–64. 4 Irwin Edman (1896–1954) received his academic degrees from Columbia University, where he spent his career teaching philosophy. He published The Philosophy of Santayan: edited, with an introductory essay, by Irwin Edman in 1936. His most popular book is Philosopher’s Holiday (1938).

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To George Sturgis 2 August 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton) 9 Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, August 2, 1921

Dear George1 Your telegram—which I am acknowledging by cable—reaches me this morning: the very last previous news had been encouraging, but of course under the circumstances the worst was to be feared. Your poor father at least had been expecting his end almost daily for years: and now he seemed to be having a spell of complete happiness, and to have felt quite satisfied with the posture in which he was leaving all his affairs, with the situation of Josephine2 and with your approaching marriage. Has this taken place, or has it been put off on account of your father’s illness? You will now begin your married life a little sobered by this bereavement; but it need not be less happy for that: perhaps more so on the whole, because your new life will be your whole life now, and you will enter upon it with a certain seriousness, which the knowledge of the inevitable end always gives, when we have time to remember it. For your two aunts in Spain3 and for me your father, especially, of late years, has been the mainstay of life in money-matters, and also the chief bond we still had with our old family life in Boston. Your aunts will be very much agitated and worried: I am myself so useless a being practically, and so ignorant of affairs, and so selfishly absorbed in my own literary interests, that I shall not be of any help to them. I hope you will reassure them about business matters, and will tell me, too, what I had better do to keep things running as smoothly as possible. Your father has no doubt made arrangements, and I have a paper he sent me to sign in case of his death: I am signing and enclosing it; but I leave it to you to say whether it ought to take effect, or whether your father later had formed a different plan. I suppose your aunts’ property and mine had better be entrusted together to the same trustees, as the investments are parallel.— Give my love to Josephine. Both you and she may always count on the sympathy and best wishes of your affectionate uncle George Santayana [across page one] P.S. I can’t find the paper I was to sign at this moment. I will look more carefully another day, and meantime I hope [across page one

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text] to hear from you on the subject, and also what your aunts have in mind to do. 1

George Sturgis (1891–1944) was the son of Santayana’s half brother, Robert Shaw Sturgis, and his wife, Ellen Gardner Hodges. George Sturgis became an investments counselor and followed in his father’s footsteps as business manager for the family. He married Rosamond Thomas Bennett (d. 1976) in 1921, and they had three sons: Robert “Bob” Shaw (b. 1922), Neville (b. 1923), and Nathaniel Russell (b. 1925) Sturgis. George was divorced from Rosamond in 1944. 2 Santayana’s niece, Josephine Sturgis Eldredge (1896–1958), was the daughter of Robert Shaw Sturgis and Ellen Gardner Hodges. 3 Santayana’s half sisters, Susan Sturgis de Sastre and Josephine Borrás Sturgis (1853–1930). Following the death of Santayana’s mother, Josephine went to live with her sister and brother-in-law in Ávila.

To George Sturgis 14 August 1921 • Paris, France Permanent address

}

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. S.W.1 Paris, August 14, 1921

Dear George th , coming after your telegram, told me just Your good letter of July 25– what I most wished to know about your father’s last day; and I very much appreciate the clear way in which you put everything. In respect to moneymatters, I am a true philosopher (not a mere professor of Phil. 10, 12, etc) and my one wish is not to hear about them, but to cash cheques and be happy. Your father was inestimable to me and to your aunts in this way, because besides being so affectionate and loyal, and taking so much pains, he was very clever at it, and made us far more prosperous than we ever expected to be. I can’t speak for your aunts, although I think your aunt Josephine at least will be of my way of thinking, but my own chief desire is that things should go on as much as possible as they did before, and I will gladly sign a power of attorney in your favour if you will send me one. If you know your father’s books, you must have noticed that your Aunt Josephine and I are not extravagant persons—I hope not miserly, but accustomed to an inexpensive way of living. I am also, at last, beginning to get something out of my books: so that a large income is a secondary consideration for us. What we desire is security, and the absence of care. So that if you will take charge, and incline to the side of prudence, we will

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bless you from the bottom of our hearts. It is also, I suppose, no secret to you that virtue on your part, in this case, is likely to be its own reward, as you and Josephine are our principal heirs—at least, as things now stand: but I warn you that if when accounts begin to come in, I see ruin and starvation before me, I will put the débris of my fortune into an annuity, and when my end comes there will be nothing to dry your tears. I expect to be in Paris, at 9 Av. de l’Observatoire, until the middle of October: but you had better get into the habit of thinking that my address is C/o Brown Shipley & Co because I move about a good deal, and shall probably be much in England in the future; and in any case the delay is not more than a day, if letters from America come by way of London. When you have time and feel like it, I should be glad if you would write about yourself and Rosamond and give me some idea of your life and surroundings. Yours affectionately GSantayana

To Logan Pearsall Smith 17 August 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Congress)

Paris, August 17, 1921 Dear Smith If the neo-pensives wish to pensivate on No 581 of the Little Essays, by all means let them do so. Now and then I get requests of this kind, usually to include my beautiful sonnets entitled (not by me) Faith2 and Sorrow. Bijou Tompkins (Miss) or Selma Holdstern Rosenkranz (Mrs.) would not like their anthology without these jems, and they inclose American postage stamps for the answer, hoping it will be favourable. I thus appear in Dewdrops All The Year Round or High Thoughts Handy and I confess I like it. It can’t make what one has written any the worse, and it is a link with the Zeitgeist.3 I am afraid I sha’n’t get to England for another year, but then it will be for the rest of my days. I have been working very hard getting the Soliloquies into shape. They are practically done now, and I expect before long to start for Italy and spend the winter there.

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Thank you very much for your letter, and the pleasant image of Big Chilling4 which it calls up. Yours sincerely GSantayana C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall. S.W.1 1

“The Elements of Poetry.” Sonnet III, of the First Sonnet Series, beginning “O world, thou choosest not the better part!” 3 A German expression meaning “the spirit of the time.” 4 Smith’s Elizabethan manor house at Warsash on the Hampshire coast of England. 2

To Wendell T. Bush 20 August 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Columbia) 9 Av. de l’Observatoire Paris, Aug 20, 1921

Dear Mr Bush I write to ask you to do me a favour, which is to send me as soon as possible a copy of my article on My Frie n dly Critics; either the proof, if it is ^^ ready, or a type-written copy, or the printed article if it has already come out. To my great joy the Soliloquies are now complete, but I have no clean copy of this one, and can’t send the book to the publisher until I have one. By the way, I wished to make a slight change in one place, where I am afraid my language does not convey my intention. I can’t give the page, but it is where, toward the beginning, I speak of my “detachment”, and say that it does not exclude good-will. Then, instead of “Let them take their own course”, I should like it to read, “I share their joy in their true loves”. That is what I really meant: but it is a small matter, and I shall be almost glad if it is too late to make the correction, as then I shall get the article back soon; and get the whole book—which has been a terrible though pleasant labour—off my mind I am afraid I shall be in Italy in November, but send me a line when you arrive. Yours sincerely GSantayana

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To Mary Williams Winslow 23 August 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Paris, Aug. 23, 1921 Dear Mrs Winslow1 What a kind letter this is which I receive from you this morning! I always felt that you and Fred were the best friends I had during these later years in Boston, and there was no house where I was happier and felt more at home, so that all the kind things you say do not surprise me, although they bring a fresh pleasure, and I believe you mean them. It would be a treat to find myself once more in Clarendon Street, and to see the children in the present stage of their existence—because you and Fred, I know, would be just the same; but it is impossible to combine everything as one would wish, and with the years it becomes harder and harder for me to interrupt the routine into which I have fallen. Robert, like others of the Sturgis tribe, was a very loyal, affectionate, candid soul; he loved whole-heartedly what he felt was good and what appealed to his feelings. Once won over, he spared no pains or trouble, and lived without stint in the life of others. But his misfortune throughout his life was that his perceptions were not equal to his feelings; he irritated people, and that was the reason why he had comparatively few friends, especially among men. I very well remember him as a boy—how pertinacious he was. We had pillow-fights—very unequal contests, as he was twelve and I was three: and as he had been forbidden by our mother—who had a very severe sense of justice—to take away any part of my supper without my consent, he used to put out his tongue and say that, if I liked, I might give him a bite of my omelette; and he did this so persistently, that I sometimes gave him a little—a very little—to get rid of him. He meant this as a lesson in generosity, to teach me to be unselfish; but I am afraid that I was a poor pupil, and that it was only he that learned to distribute his omelette in generous portions to everybody about him. During the last few years he and I have been on better terms than we had ever been on ^ ^ before. He said, after seeing me in 1913 in Paris, that my moral character was much improved; and I too came to appreciate better the value of his strong points, and to rely on his judgement in a way which, I dare say, con-

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ciliated him. He was a treasure in the way of taking all earthly cares off my back and that of our sisters, and we have to thank him not only for being relatively well off, but for the sense of being devotedly and untiringly look ed after, where we were incompetent. I don’t know what will ^ ^ become of us now; but I rely on the momentum he has given to things, to carry them on more or less smoothly until our own end comes—George seems to be a nice clear-headed young man, and has written his aunts and me very nice frank letters about his father’s illness, and death, his own marriage, and our future arrangements. I have been working very hard all summer on the Soliloquies—which will be my next book—and which are now finished. This leaves the field comparatively clear for the magnum opus;2 but as I can never reduce myself to one project, I have taken up again an old one, which is to write a novel. It is to be entitled The Last Puritan, and to contain all I know about America, about woman, and about young men. As this last is rather my strong point, I have two heroes, the Puritan —— one —— and another not too much the other way. To make up, I have no heroine, but a worldly grandmother, a mother—the quintessence of all New England virtues—and various fashionable, High Church, emancipated, European, and sentimental young ladies. I also have a German governness—in love with the hero—of whom I am very proud. I did a good deal on this novel last winter in Toledo, where I was absolutely alone for two months; but I reserve it for slack seasons, and am not at all sure that it will ever be finished, much less published.3 But if I ever have a respectable fragment in good shape, I will have it type-written and submit it to your private perusal. One of my friends—a widow4—tells me she is sure I shall fail in the love scenes. I sha’n’t, because there won’t be any. I am thinking of going to Italy for the winter, in the first instance to Venice, which I don’t know well. My thoughts [across] if not my picturepostcards, will often fly to you from there, as from here. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 Mary Williams Winslow was married to Frederick Winslow, who graduated from the Harvard class of 1895 and became a prominent Boston physician. They had two children, Polly and Frederick. 2 Realms. 3 Puritan was published by Constable in 1935 and Scribner’s in 1936. 4 Probably Nancy Saunders Toy.

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To John Middleton Murry 20 September 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Macksey)

9 Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, Sept. 20, 1921 Dear Mr Murry1 I am about to send the entire collection of my “Soliloquies in England” to Constable who is, I hope, going to reissue them in the form of a book. If you, or Mr Massingham,2 have a copyright to those which appeared in The Athenaeum, and one which appeared in The Nation,3 may I have your permission to republish them? I take for granted that I may, as you knew they were destined to appear together, before I began sending them to you, but the stimulus of publication has led me to compose a great many more than I had in the original collection: and I fear the tome will now be rather ponderous. You have been, in a sense, a godfather to this fat child, and I will send him to you to express his thanks as soon as he makes his formal appearance before the world Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

John Middleton Murry (1889–1957) was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford. He was literary critic for The Times of London (1914–19), and editor of The Athenaeum (1919–21) and The Adelphi (1923–30). He wrote numerous books on literature, politics, and religion. His autobiographical Between Two Worlds appeared in 1935. 2 Henry William Massingham (1860–1924) was a journalist and editor of The Nation from 1907 to 1923. 3 “Society and Solitude,” (26 February 1921): 734–35.

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To Charles Scribner’s Sons 20 September 1921 • Paris, France

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(MS: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Paris, Sept. 20, 1921

Messrs Charles Scribner’s Sons New York Gentlemen th I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 7– suggesting that I 1 should contribute something to Scribner’s Magazine. It would be a pleasure to do so, if I had anything on hand that was suitable, but my “Soliloquies in England”, of which you may have seen some in various reviews, are now exhausted, and I am at work on more long-winded things. However, I shall keep your suggestion in mind, in case an occasion should present itself for me to take advantage of it. Yours truly GSantayana 1

Scribner’s Magazine (1887–1939), founded by the younger Charles Scribner (1854–1930), was a monthly literary journal for educated readers.

To Gilbert Seldes 20 September 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Columbia) 9 Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, Sept. 20, 1921

Dear Mr Seldes—1 Thank you very much for the proofs of my two articles. I return that of the Dickens2 with a few verbal emendations besides the correcti a/ on of misprints: I hope they are not troublesome. I am taking for granted that, if you have a copyright to the various Soliloquies that have appeared in the Dial, you will grant me permission to reprint them in the book, for which, as you and Mr Thayer3 know, they were originally written Yours very truly GSantayana (over)

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th P.S. Since writing this I have received your letter of the 9– enclosing a draft 3921 francs 56/100 for which many thanks— I am far from wishing to find fault with your scale of payments—all my books together don’t yield such sums in a year—but it occurs to me that paying authors by the page is an encouragement to prolixity. Why not have a graduated scale like the income-tax, so much for the first page, less for the second, nothing for the tenth, and a minus quantity after that? This system would be particular ly ^ ^ good for poets. 1

Gilbert Seldes (1893–1970), Harvard class of 1914, was an American journalist, author, and music critic who wrote drama reviews for The Dial (1920–29). He published under his name as well as pseudonyms, especially Foster Johns. 2 “Dickens,” 71 (November 1921): 357–49. Four other Soliloquies were published in The Dial in 1921. 3 Scofield Thayer (1889–1982) was an American writer and editor educated at Harvard and Magdalen College, Oxford University. In 1919 Thayer became editor of The Dial. He also was co-owner of the magazine and director of the Dial Publishing Company. Santayana had known Thayer in Oxford during World War I.

To Alice Cecilia Cooper 21 September 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: UCLA)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London S.W.1 Paris, Sept. 21 1921

Miss Alice C. Cooper1 Oakland Dear Madam Of course it can be only a source of satisfaction to me that you should wish to include one of my sonnets in your anthology, and I am glad the publishers have granted you their permission to do so. Yours very truly GSantayana 1 Alice Cecilia Cooper (b. 1895) was teaching at University High School in Oakland, California. She edited Poems of Today: A Collection of the Contemporary Verse of America and Great Britain (Boston, New York, etc.: Ginn and Company, 1924). The poem selected by her is Sonnet XXIX, beginning “What riches have you that you deem me poor.”

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To Constable and Co. Ltd. 30 September 1921 • Paris, France

3:29

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Paris, September 30 1921

Messrs. Constable & Company London Gentlemen I am sending you today the manuscript of “Soliloquies in England”, of which I have already spoken to you. The collection has grown longer than I anticipated, and has been delayed by that fact, and by the publication of several of the pieces in reviews, some of which, indeed, have not yet appeared. But I have secured copies of them in advance, so as to be able to send you the whole before I leave Paris, as I shortly expect to do. If you decide to publish this book, as I hope you may, it could be made into a companion volume to “Little Essays”. It is, I think, of about the same length, perhaps a little longer. I am sorry it has grown so bulky, but could Yours not bring myself to sacrifice any of the inge/ redients in the dish. faithfully GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 1 October 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

9 Av. de l’Observatoire October 1, 1921 Dear Strong Your card from Pisa, and news which Marie has had from Enrichetta,1 lead me to assume that you are happily contemplating the perfections of your country seat (this elegant diction is due to Tom Jones,2 which I have just read entire) and giving the finishing touches to all the improvements there. Here we have had no change, and pleasant weather. Two pamphlets by Maurice Picard3 have arrived, addressed to me, which I suppose he has sent you also, as they seem to be applications of your doctrine, although the style is so bad that I am not sure of his meaning and have given up all

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attempts to understand it. A card from Mademoiselle de l’Enfernat4 has arrived for Margaret: I suppose it isn’t worth while to send it on. I finally sent off the Soliloquies to Constable yesterday, having at last received proofs from the London Mercury and the Dial, and a typewritten copy of my article from Bush. Various re-writings, corrections, omission of repetitions, paging, etc, have kept that book more or less on my mind, and consumed my time, so that the Realms have not received much attention: but in the next fortnight I hope to do good work. I have not yet decided when to leave Paris. The truth is, I hate to move at all, and wish it were not necessary, but I suppose it would be cold and cheerless here if I stayed on into the winter. Let me know what Margaret’s plans are, when you know them; if I don’t hear anything to dissuade me, I may start in about a fortnight for the south. I went last Thursday to hear The Barber of Seville5 at the Opéra Comique, and (as usual) liked the first act or two very much, and then felt that the performance became inferior and tiresome There was also an absurd and indecedently ugly ballet called Le Bois Sacré.6 I have dined again with Windram,7 and tonight expect to do so with two young English friends, Mortimer and Taylor.8 This is much more fun than the play. The little room upstairs at Poccardi’s has been opened again, and although my old waiter is gone, I dine there now almost every evening, and find it very pleasant, except on Sundays when the crowd invades even that upper chamber. I don’t mind its being a little dearer than Duval,9 having received 3900 and odd francs for my last two articles in the Dial, so that I am more glutted than ever with riches. Next week I mean gradually to begin preparations, so as to be ready to depart when the spirit moves me, getting clothes, passports, etc. in order for the journey. I shall have to go to the American consulate as well, to sign a power of attorney which they have sent me from Boston. Yours ever GSantayana 1

A domestic at Strong’s villa. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) by Henry Fielding. The hero, Tom Jones, is a model of generosity and manly spirit mixed with dissipation. 3 Alfred Maurice Picard’s (1844–1913) works include Values, Immediate and Contributory, and Their Interrelation (1920), his Ph.D. dissertation from New York University. 4 Unidentified. 5 Giacchino Antonio Rossini’s Barber of Seville (1816) is a comic opera. Figaro, a rascal of a barber, aids Count Almaviva in gaining entrance to the house of Bartholo so that the count can woo Bartholo’s ward, Rosine, with whom Almaviva is in love. The count succeeds with Figaro’s help in marrying Rosine despite Bartholo’s precautions. 2

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6 Possibly Le Bois sacré: comédie en trois actes by Gaston-Arman de Caillavet and Robert de Flers (Paris, 1910). 7 Unidentified. 8 Charles Raymond Bell Mortimer (1895–1980) was an English journalist and author. See Persons, 489–99. Taylor is unidentified. 9 A chain of inexpensive restaurants in Paris.

To Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller 18 October 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton) 9 Av. de l’Observatoire Paris Oct. 18. 1921

Dear Fuller Just a line, in hopes of catching you before you sail, to thank you for your letter and to say that I expect to be in Rome too during the winter and am delighted to hear that you and your mother are — to — coming. We shall have many delightful occasions on which to talk over the past and future, and survey existence, both at Harvard and in the vulgar world. I am waiting for Margaret Strong, now at sea, and expect to accompany her in about a fortnight to Fiesole, where her father is, and thence, very soon, to Rome, where I shall be when you arrive, if all goes well Don’t worry about the Realms of Being: they are in hand, but I need solitude and a certain returning of the season, as for the migratory or the breeding instinct, in order to make rapid progress. This summer I worked hard, and finished the “Soliloquies in England” which will make a long book and one rather different from my others, richer, I think, and warmer. It is now in the publisher’s hands. I expect to go to the Hôtel de Milan, in the piazza di Monte Citorio; but if you don’t find me there, you will hear from me Yours ever GSantayana

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To Constable and Co. Ltd. 20 October 1921 • Paris, France Address:

{

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 1

Paris, October 20, 1921

Messrs Constable & Company London. Gentlemen I am sorry that the American tariff is likely to place further obstacles in the way of the sale of English books in the United States; it is a clear case of protecting a local trade at the expense of the education of the country and the preservation of the English language. In respect to my book, however, I am not much concerned: the American sale of Soliloquies in England would in any case not be so large as that of Character & Opinion in the U.S. as the book is longer and does not entice the American reader with the almost irresistible bait of hearing himself discussed. Any arrangement you think fair in respect to royalties will be satisfactory to me, and I gladly accept your suggestion of receiving 15% on the sales in the United Kingdom, and half the profits on any sale you effect in the United States. Your letter seems to presuppose that you had already written to me accepting the Soliloquies for publication, but in that case your letter has miscarried, as I have received only the acknowledgement of the receipt of the manuscript, and your letter of today. If there was another communication, which has been lost, I should be much obliged if you would repeat anything you may have said in it about the Soliloquies or about the form in which you propose to issue them. Would it involve too great a delay or too much trouble to the printers if you asked them to send me proofs in galley form, before the pages are divided? I am afraid that there may be repetitions or redundancies which have escaped me in putting the pieces together, but which I should perceive in reading the proofs, and wish to remove. These changes could be made more freely and economically if they did not involve rearranging the pages of the whole book. I tried to revise the manuscript carefully, but I was (to say the truth) rather stale and weary with it, and much that should have been corrected may have escaped my notice.

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I shall be in Italy during the winter, but chiefly in Rome, so that the delay in returning proofs need not be very great. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1 Before the date line is a note in a hand other than that of Santayana which reads, “Ref. 1 / R.”

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 28 October 1921 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall S.W.1 Paris, Oct. 28, 1921 Messrs Constable & Co London I enclose the agreement for the publication of Soliloquies in England, duly signed1 Yours faithfully GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To George Sturgis 4 November 1921 • Fiesole, Italy C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall London, — W S.W.1.

(MS: Houghton) Nov. 4, 21

LE BALZE, FIESOLE, FIRENZE.

Dear George As you probably know by this time, I have already sent on a ———— joint ^ ^ power of attorney, in favour of you and of Mr Gardiner,1 jointly or separately, to carry on my affairs. I did so supposing that this was what you, as well as he, had in mind, and we re proposing to me. If there is anything ^ ^ in this arrangement that is cumbrous, or that you find in any way undesirable, I shall be glad to reconsider the whole matter, but my impression is that it would be as well to let M–r Gardiner, who in any case has to look after the various trusts established in your father’s will, to keep the books

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for us; it will relieve you of that drudgery; and at the same time you can keep an eye on investments, and see that no changes are made contrary to your judgement. In case of a difference of opinion between you, you might consult me: for although I know nothing of business in detail, I have my instinctive preferences, as for instance, in not having all, nor too many, eggs in one basket, nor too much splitting and varying of investments, in which more risks are taken than are worth taking for the amount of profit in view. I left Paris a week ago and am staying here in Strong’s villa and seeing other old friends I have in the Florentine colony of Anglo-Americans. In a few days I expect to move on to Rome and stay there for the winter. Do send me any snap-shot photographs you may have of yourself and Rosamond, as you promised. It may be a long time before I return to Avila and see the portraits of her that I understand you have sent there. With best wishes, Your affte uncle George Santayana 1 Robert Hallowell Gardiner Jr. worked for Fiduciary Trust Company of Boston until 1941.

To Charles Augustus Strong [Between 5 and 11 November 1921] • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Royal Via Venti Settembre Dear Strong My journey was like il camin di nostra vita,1 with alternations of good and evil. First I had to —— weight ———— ^wait^ more than an hour for the train to arrive, on a very cold and windy platform; but when it did arrive, I found a very comfortable compartment, with only one man, who was always in the passage, smoking. I had tea and dinner in the train, which helped to warm me up. On arrival there were at first no facchini2 and when one arrived and took my valises to the hotel c/ Continental, they told me there were no rooms, in spite of my telegram, because trains from Rome were suspended and no guests had left that day. This explained to me a phenomenon to which, in the excitement of the moment, I had given no attention. As we left the station and came into the street, the way out was blocked by a crowd trying to get in; and one young man asked me, rather

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brusquely, where I had come from. Apparently there is a sort of strike. Being told that there was not a room to be had in the modest hotels near the station, I took a cab and tried the Quirinal and the Grand, and then this one, the Royal, where with some hesitation and talk about having my meals in the restaurant, they gave me a very well furnished clean room. This morning I went all over the place, and not a room to be had anywhere, and all require meals to be taken in the house: finally I decided to try the Marini, where the pension is 55 lire a day, when a room there is disponibile.3 They took my name and address, but I shall go every day to ask, if the disponibility has become actual. This is the place I had in mind, at the beginning, in case a pension was inevitable, since it is in the very centre of things, and not too dear to exclude an occasional truancy. Please keep my letters for the moment: I will telegraph when I actually get into permanent quarters. I have had a very dismal lunch in this hotel, to try it, but tonight I shall go to the Tre Rè, to make up, and defy the worst that can happen to the tyrannized traveller. The town is in a state of orderly revolution—no trains, no newspapers, no trams, fascisti4 marching about, and a general feeling of helplessness. Yours ever G.S. 1

The way of our life (Italian). Porters (Italian). 3 Available (Italian). 4 Adherents of fascism, the political and economic system in Italy under Mussolini that developed after 1922 and lasted until Italy’s defeat in World War II. Fascism in general has been negative reaction against socialism and a reaction of ruling classes to the outcome of the French Revolution. It plays upon national pride and prejudice and often exploits anti-Semitism; it sets itself up as the champion of law and order against the threat of mob rule. In Italy social unrest was mixed with nationalist dissatisfaction over the poor fruits of victory after World War I. The masses were won by paternalistic methods of works and relief, but the real power lay in the hands of the élite. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong [12 November 1921] • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Royal, Rome Saturday Dear Strong As you see I am still in the place where I stranded on my arrival, but they promise me at the Marini that they will give me a room in a day or

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two, and it is arranged that my letters may be sent there forthwith. If anything has arrived for me I should be much obliged if you would forward it there. Rome is in a queer state and would not be at all convenient for you at this moment, as there are no trams and no cabs or taxis. I have grown perceptibly thinner footing it everywhere This hotel, except for the situation and the guests, is not half bad, and I have been taking my meals in the awful dining room, consoled by the very decent food and a note-book and pencil with which I am already provided, so as not to miss the inspiration of the moment, wherever I may find myself. I went one evening to the Tre Rè and was recognized and attended to by my old waiter; but the place was uncomfortably crowded and the food coarse and half cold, so that I am not very sorry not to be obliged to go there too often. The restaurant at the Marini, too, may turn out to be a rum place, I have only peeped into it when it was not in full swing; but for a philosopher I think it will do, and may prove positively congenial. As we are cut off from all communication with the world, I don’t know what may have happened, or when you will get this: but the absence of half the usual accompaniments of modern life is by no means unpleasant in itself, and the streets with only foot-passengers and an occasional motor are decidedly humane and like antiquity. The weather, too, has improved at last, and is almost warm today. I have already done some work, in spite of not being really settled. Yours ever GSantayana

To Susan Sturgis de Sastre 16 November 1921 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Virginia) Hotel Marini, Roma Nov. 16, 1921

Dear Susie Rome yesterday reverted to its usual aspect, with cabs, trams, and I believe most of the scheduled trains; at any rate I was able to move from my first hotel, which was in the modern and foreign part of Rome, to this old one in the centre, which I think I shall like better, although it is not of the first class. The patriotic fascisti who were marching with flags about the town have also disappeared, and if the sun would only shine and it would

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stop threatened ——ing to rain (it has actually been raining a great deal for the last fortnight) I should be quite happy. I write to you at once, now that I am settled and that things have returned to the normal, as I don’t know what you may have heard about the disturbances here. All I saw of them was absolutely innocent, and the streets without carriages and without newspapers were rather improved, and looked more as they must have looked in the good old times. Yesterday, when the first newspapers appeared, it was amusing to see everyone lost in the absolute intensity of his reading, though there was little in them after all; but masculine man has become a paper-reading animal, and hungers for that thin nutriment when he is deprived of it by any chance. I haven’t been able to make out what the strikes were about, or how they have been settled; I shall have to wait for the foreign papers to throw some light on the essential facts. The Italian sheets are filled with the exploits of the fascisti, which as far as I know had nothing to do with strikes, but were a demonstration a propos of the patriotic ceremony of burying the “Unknown Soldier”. I was glad to get away from Fiesole which, as I believe I said in my former letter, is not to my taste, as Strong has been caught in the life of the Anglo-American colony, and no longer lives with his old simplicity. He will probably join me here later when he himself gets tired of [across] living like a rich man. — I want to send a Xmas present to Pepe’s boys:1 should I send Pepe money, or [across page one] send it to you, and in what form, and must I send something for Rafael’s little girls2 also? Love to all from Jorge 1

José “Pepe” Sastre González married Isabel Martín. They had at least two sons, Eduardo (b. 1915) and Roberto (d. 1939) Sastre Martín, and three daughters. 2 Rafael Sastre González married Adelaida “Adela” Hernández. Their children include María Josefa, Adelaida, and Rafael.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 17 November 1921 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Marini, Rome Nov. 17, 1921 Dear Strong I am now thoroughly settled here. I have a very decent room on the third floor, looking out on the via del Tritone, high enough to get the sun (when it shines) and which after the Hotel Brébant seems very quiet. Trams and taxis have begun to run again, and newspapers have reappeared. It was amusing to see every one devouring the first sheets that came out, but there was very little in them. They speak of “disturbances”, but I saw nothing except harmless bands of fascisti with flags and some strike ————icks, marching about to no purpose. The only “trouble” was negative, in the absence of means of locomotion. The restaurant in this hotel is the exact opposite of what I had expected. There is a lounge and a bar at the front where, in passing, I had observed rather nondescript people, and I expected a crowded gay place, with loving couples, etc. Not a bit of it; silence and almost gloom, plain home-like fare, and a few respectable provincial families and commercial travellers. If the food is not too monotonous, it will do very well for me, and I can always go to the Roma (which is just opposite) if I want a change. It is at least no interruption to profound meditation on the Realms of Being to dine in such a place, and so far I rather like it. I have begun to work steadily, and am making progress. The only thing that makes me a little restless is the continued rain and heavy atmosphere—I suppose it is the scirocco. I went yesterday to San Pietro in Montorio to see my favourite Aqua Paula but was caught in heavy rain and found the walk rather exhausting. But I learned the inscription by heart. It reads: PAVLVS • QVINTVS • PONTIFEX • MAXIMVS • AQVAM • IN • AGRO • BROCCIANENSI • SALVBERRIMIS • E • FONTIBVS • COLLECTAM • VETERIBVS • AQVÆ • ALSIETINÆ • DVCTIBVS • RESTITVTIS • NOVISQVE • ADDITIS • XXXII • AB • MILLIARIO • DVXIT •1 I haven’t yet received any letters either forwarded by you or from London, although I telegraphed my new address to B. S. & Co some time ago. Yours ever GSantayana

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1 By order of Pope Paul V, waters were collected from the most healthful, ancient fountains in the land of the Braccians; they were then drawn from the thirty-second milestone to the Aqua Alsientina through both new and restored aqueducts (Latin).

To Horace Meyer Kallen 21 November 1921 • Rome, Italy

(MS: American)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall. London. S.W.1 Rome, Nov. 21, 1921

Dear Kallen It is very kind and friendly of you to send me your new book,1 which I have spent two days in reading attentively from cover to cover. It is full of instruction for me, not only of new facts about the history of Zionism and of the war in Poland, but of matter for political reflexion. You carry me along with you more completely than you did in your former book about public affairs,2 although of course I have not the special interests of Zionism so much at heart as you have, nor your sympathy with labour politics. Not that I have any hostility, in principle, to socialism, communism, or nationalism; but I see the values also which their operation is bound to destroy, and I think that, like any other forms of society, they are to be accepted only when inevitable, and confined to the community to which they are fitted, and by no means to be set up by the philosopher as ideals compulsory at all times and places over all men, as if they were better in themselves than any others. The great obstacle to political wisdom and justice is the difficulty we all experience in thinking in dynamic units and discerning the units which, in any problem before us, are really dynamic. We think instead in aesthetic or moral terms which correspond to no lines of cleavage or motion in nature; and so our eloquence and our prophecies, even our treaties and legislation, come strangely to naught; and we are consumed with astonishment and indignation at what we think the folly and wickedness of mankind, whose actions and sentiments are so strangely oblivious of the units we wished to preserve. I think it is wiser to appreciate what arises and what (of course imperfectly) can actually maintain itself, than to antagonize those other forces (also fertile in moral values) which may prevent those things from arising on which, for some private reason, we have set our hearts. Your book has left some doubt in my mind whether the Jewish Palestine which you desire is possible, and whether it

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would be very pleasing. I can’t imagine Israel industrialized or Palestine (which seemed to me a miserable country when I was there) anything but a place of pilgrimage or penance, like Sinai. And would an artificial industry, if it could become self-supporting in that climate, prove compatible with the spiritual function which the seat of Judaism should have? I could more easily conceive a Zion like Lhassa3 or like the Vatican or like Mount Athos4 simply a religious centre and nursery for the Diaspora.5 But we shall see. What is your address? And what is [across] the New School for Social Research?6 And how are you in health, wealth and spirits? Yours sincerely GSantayana [across page one] P.S. Where did you pick up the phrase “by and large”? I never saw it before. 1

Born in Germany, Horace Meyer Kallen (1882–1974) attended Harvard (A.B., 1903; Ph.D., 1908) and taught English at Princeton (1903–5). From 1908 to 1911 he taught phi-

losophy at Harvard and worked closely with both William James and Santayana. Later he taught at the University of Wisconsin and Columbia. Kallen was one of the founders of the New School for Social Research in New York City. A leading Zionist, he wrote books on philosophy, politics, and education including Zionism and World Politics: A Study in History and Social Psychology (Garden City, NY, and Toronto: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1921). 2 Possibly The League of Nations, Today and Tomorrow: A Discussion of International Organization, Present and to Come (Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1919). 3 The capital of Tibet, center of Lamaism, near the main palace of Dalai Lama. Traditional hostility of Tibetan clergy to foreigners has led Lhasa to be called Forbidden City. 4 Autonomous monastic district in northeast Greece. 5 The dispersion of the Jews throughout the world, beginning with the biblical Babylonian exile; any scattering of people with a common origin, background, or beliefs. 6 In Manhattan, this is a nonsectarian coed institution opened in 1919 for adult education. Its divisions include graduate faculty of political and social science. Founders included John Dewey and Thorstein Veblen; Kallen was one of the first professors there.

1921–1927

To Charles Augustus Strong 21 November 1921 • Rome, Italy

3:41

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Marini, Rome Nov. 21. 1921 Dear Strong Thank you for your letter, and the others you forwarded. I think everything has arrived safely, and B. S. & Co are also forwarding my letters properly. No proof of Soliloquies has yet arrived. I have been reading a book of my Jewish friend Kallen on Zionism—very instructive. This hotel is turning out very satisfactory, and the food, so far, just what I need, and the quiet of the restaurant can be relei ——ieved by adjourning immediately to the Aragno for coffee The weather continues rainy, with a little sun now and then; I go after lunch to the Pincio1 as a rule. One day I went to the Palatine,2 walking up by the long path to the right, under the walls, and found it most solitary, romantic, and beautiful. Here is all the country one can desire, within the walls of Rome A man who told me his name was MacKensy3 and said he had been a pupil of mine stopped me in the street, and informed me that he was “exchange-professor” here, and was going to lecture to them in Italian. What a wealth of exchange professors! Perry4 has written from Paris, regretting not finding us at the apartment; and Bush has written—do not be alarmed—from Valladolid! I will not say anything about the Fables: it is hard for me to see them either as yours or as not yours. They are full of good points, but I have no power to take them in as a whole, or to place them. Some day, when the interest in the details and in the arguments has receded, I will reread them with a fresh mind, and tell you what I think— I see that Painlevé5 is at it again, and says he has various theories of his own, each as good as Einstein’s.6 Poor man, how his head must ache! Yours ever GSantayana 1

The Pincio is a public park in Rome, the site of the Villa Borghese (including flower gardens) and a favorite retreat of Santayana. 2 The seven hills of Rome are the Palatine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine. 3 Unidentified.

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4 Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957) was an American realist philosopher. He attended Princeton University (B.A., 1896) and received his M.A. (1897) and Ph.D. (1899) from Harvard. He briefly taught at Williams College and Smith College, and from 1902 to 1946 at Harvard, where after 1930 he was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Philosophy. 5 Paul Painlevé (1863–1933), a French statesman and mathematician, held several cabinet posts in World War I and was briefly premier late in 1917. He was premier again in 1925, and minister of war (1925–29) and minister of aviation (1930–31, 1932–33). His political career overshadowed his importance as a mathematician and scientist. He made important contributions in the field of differential equations and published writings on mathematics, astronomy, mechanics, philosophy, and politics. 6 Albert Einstein (1879–1955), born in Germany, was an American theoretical physicist who won the 1921 Nobel Prize. He is known for his theory of relativity.

To Wendell T. Bush 22 November 1921 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Columbia)

Hotel Marini, Rome Nov. 22, 1921 Dear Mr Bush Your letter from Valladolid has just arrived, reminding me of your address, which I had forgotten. Otherwise I should not have neglected so long to thank you for the type-written copy of my article for the Journal (of which proof has also come later) nor to answer a letter which Mrs Bush was kind enough to write, just before you left America. As you see, I am in Rome, and I expect to remain here throughout the winter. I find that the pleasures of travel and of new sights are not what they were, and my instinct is always to remain where I am, until driven out. Probably I should have remained in Paris if the apartment were not rather cold in winter and little affected by the wood fires which are all that we are in the habit of having there. Strong is in his villa at Fiesole, surrounded by the AngloAmerican colony into which, at last, he seems to have been absorbed. Have you seen his philosophical fables, entitled The Wisdom of the Beasts? My sister in Avila asked if this was not the title of the book which Strong and I were writing together—meaning “Critical Realism”. The fables show Strong in an entirely new light, and it is very fortunate that now, with his physical impediment, he has this new resource of interest in belles-lettres and in baroque fountains. I expect he will come to Rome, probably to this hotel, later in the winter, for a short stay. Meantime I am working on my big and final book, for which solitude is indispensable.

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The Soliloquies are in the publisher’s hands, and I am in daily expectation of proofs, and proof-reading—which will give me something to do while sunning myself on the Pincio. It is enterprising of you to plunge into Spain, and I hope your experiences in my native land will be agreeable. It is very much a question of chance, of the mood in which one approaches the country: the facts and the monuments are hardly a reward in themselves, unless the romantic or historical imagination colours them agreeably. Sometimes I love Spain, but not always. I suppose, as you are coming to Italy, you will not fail to turn up here, & I look forward to the pleasure of seeing you [across] and Mrs Bush before long. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To George Sturgis 30 November 1921 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Marini, Rome. Nov. 30 1921 Dear George, th with the amusing photographs which I will I have your letter of the 8– send on at once to your aunts in Avila. If they are not shocked, the male members of that family, beginning with your uncle Celedonio, certainly would be, if they were allowed to see them all: but I rely on your aunt Susan to make a judicious selection before submitting them to the masculine eye. For my own part, I find them delightfully sporting, and can well understand what a good time you were both having; and I congratulate you on such a jolly open-air honeymoon. My only objection, or dissatisfaction, is that I can hardly gather what Rosamond looks like in the clothes in which I should be most likely to see her, not frequenting Wyoming myself; and I suppose she is not always thus. But I can see enough to appreciate what a fine figure she must make Very few women could look so well disguised as cow-boys, hardly betraying any of the weak points ^ ^ of the softer sex. I am glad that the matter of looking after our affairs and your father’s books seems to have been settled satisfactorily. When I last wrote I had got the impression that something might have been done contrary to your wishes or expectations; but now I gather that you and Mr Gardiner have

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come to an agreement, by which you are to remain in active charge. This is perfectly satisfactory to me, of course, and pleasanter in that there seems to be less of a change than there would have been otherwise. I suppose you will have money of mine to invest, as with my best efforts I can’t spend more. I drew £30 yesterday, which will last me a month, and just before New Year’s I will draw a larger sum £50 or even £ 100, as my letter of ^ ^ credit is not good after, and I have invited my friend Onderdonk1 to make me a visit. You might ask Brown Brothers,2 at your convenience, to ask Brown Shipley & Co in London to send me a fresh letter of credit for £500 for 1922. I wish you and Rosamond a very happy Christmas and have no doubt my wish will be fulfilled Yours affectionately GSantayana 1 Santayana’s friendship with Andrew Joseph Onderdonk began when the latter was an undergraduate (Harvard, 1910). Onderdonk graduated from the Law School in 1913 and became a Wall Street lawyer and an expert in international law. Santayana had named Onderdonk his literary executor until 1928, when Daniel Cory assumed that role. 2 Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is the oldest privately owned bank in America.

To Logan Pearsall Smith 2 December 1921 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Congress)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Rome, Dec. 2. 1921 Dear Smith In Florence they told me that you were in America having an operation, and I am glad to hear, in spite of the delicate or indelicate character of it, you are on the way to a complete recovery. I hardly expect to be in Florence again this winter, having settled down in the sort of vulgar town hotel which I like—The Marini—to solitude in a crowd, and steady work. This taste of mine for living in the midst of a noisy, vulgar rush of people, most of them ugly, with whom I have nothing to do, will perhaps hint to you why I am not altogether in sympathy with your judgement on America. Not that I disagree with your characterization of it; they say it has changed even in these last ten years, but not essentially. I could perfectly recognize, though the genteel tradition may then have been stronger, that America had “no interest for the life of the mind” was “without a head”,

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and “alien”. But why do you call this condition “lying fallow” and “deterioration”? Isn’t the judgement of the American people rather the opposite, namely that its condition is constantly improving, and its labours splendidly fruitful? Not for the “mind”, which in our lips means, I suppose, the liberal or aristocratic life, the mind turned to pure reflection and pure expression and pure pleasure. But why need all the tribes of men sacrifice at our altar? I agree that it is barbarous and tragic to strain after merely conventional ends, by attaining which nobody is the happier, but everyone is sacrificed to some fetich. But isn’t America happy? The old genteel America was not happy; it was eager to know the truth, and to be “cultured”, and to love “art”, and to miss nothing that made other nations interesting or distinguished; and it was terribly and constitutionally unhappy, because with its handicap and its meagreness of soul and its thinness of temper and its paucity of talent, it could not attain, nor even approach, any of those ideals. But is the new America unhappy? Does it feel that it is living in a desert, and thirsting for the gardens and the trea^ ^ sure-houses of the Arabian Nights? I think not: it wants simply the sort of life it has, only more of it. It wants comfort and speed and good cheer; it wants health and spirits, and a round of weddings, foot-ball games, campaigns, outings, and cheerful funerals; and it is getting them. In the midst of this, as a sort of joke (and you may make a business of joking) there is a patter of sophomoric art and lady-like religion—never mind what, if only it is new and funny. Why not? When I was at Harvard, from my Freshman days on, I “belonged” to the Lampoon:1 and that seems to me a sort of symbol or oracle: I belonged to the Lampoon just as much in the philosophical faculty as I did in the Lampoon “sanctum”. It was all a pleasant hard-working exuberance by the way; there was not, and could not be, anything serious or substantial in it. But notice: all learning and all “mind” in America is not of this ineffectual sophomoric sort. There is your doctor at Baltimore who is a great expert, and really knows how to do things: and you will find that, in the service of material life, all the arts and sciences are prosperous in America. But it must be in the service of material life; because it is material life (of course with the hygiene, morality, and international good order that can minister to material life) that America has and wants to have and may perhaps bring to perfection. Think of that! If material life could be made perfect, as (in a very small way) it was perhaps for a moment among the Greeks, would not that of itself be a most admirable achievement, like the creation of a new and superior mammal, who would instinctively ——— only suck ^only^ the bottle? Imagine a race perfectly adapted

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to elevated railroads and aeroplanes and submarines, with a regular percentage of a neutral sex to serve as “schoolmarms”, and not the least dis^^ satisfaction with the extremes of the weather, the pains of childbirth or toothache (all pains being eliminated) or English as she is spoke by three hundred million Americans! I submit that such a race would be as well worth having and as precious in its own eyes (and any other criterion is irrelevant) as ever were the Chinese or the Egyptians or the Jews. And possibly on that basis of perfected material life, a new art and philosophy would grow unawares, not similar to what we call by those names, but having the same relation to the life beneath which art and philosophy amongst us ought to have had, but never have had actually. You see, I am content to let the past bury its dead. It does not seem to me that we can impose on America the task of imitating Europe. The more different it can come to be, the better: and we must let it take its own course, going a long way round, perhaps, before it can shake off the last trammels of alien tradition, and learn to express itself simply, not apologetically, after its own heart. Of course, I don’t mean that I feel confident that America will ever produce a true civilization of a new sort; it may all come to nothing, as almost all experiments in nature do; but while the experiment is going on it seems only fair to give it a chance, and to watch it sympathetically. I have sent to London for Vera,2 but with the strike of railwaymen which is threatened, I don’t know when I may get it. The proofs of the Soliloquies have not yet begun to arrive—everything is slowly adapting itself to the minimum of labour per man, which is the ideal of the labour parties. Being lazy myself, I rather sympathize with our new masters, the proletariat, but I am sometimes afraid that they will be beguiled, will not really accept the simpler life which their ideal would impose on them, as well as on the rest of us, and will simply succumb to their old masters, or to new ones no less ungentle, after having made all this row for nothing. The longest of my Soliloquies, one on Dickens,3 by the way, has some phrases in it very like those of your letter. You will find it in the November number of the Dial, if you ever see that production. It is frankly sophomoric, and that is why I have enjoyed contributing to it, as I did to the Harvard Lampoon. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 As an undergraduate, Santayana contributed to The Harvard Monthly and the Harvard Lampoon.

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2 Vera (1921), a novel written by “Elizabeth” (pen name of Countess Russell, John Francis Stanley Russell’s third wife), characterizes Elizabeth’s life with Russell at Telegraph House (“The Willows” in the novel). The character Wemyss represents Russell as a vindictive egomaniac. See Persons (484) for Santayana’s opinion of Vera. 3 Charles Dickens (1812–70) is the famous English novelist whose writing is noted for its direct style, remarkable descriptions of character, and sentimental crusades against social evils. Among his works are Oliver Twist (1837–39), Bleak House (1852–53), and A Tale of Two Cities (1859).

To Warwick Potter 7 December 1921 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall. London. S.W.1

Rome. Dec. 7, 1921 My dear Warwick1 It is not often that I get a letter in an unknown hand and have to begin by looking at the signature and I don’t know when I have had such a pleasant surprise as seeing your name has given me. It was not altogether a surprise because your mother had just written telling me of your engagement, and my momentary wonder at the sight of a name that takes me back so many years very soon explained itself. But the real surprise came when I discovered that by chance I knew your fiancée, I who nowadays hardly see anybody, and much less young girls. Yet this little miracle too has its natural explanation, because women arrange everything, and very likely Harriet,2 being already engaged to you or having a shrewd suspicion that she might be before long, got the young Hoffmans3 to ask me to dinner, just we four, knowing that I was an old friend of your family, and then profited by the softness proper to sentimental old men to lead me on to talk of my beaux jours,4 in which your family naturally played a large part, and to say a great many nice things about you, thinking I was doing so quite spontaneously; and then as often happens she was taken in by her own strategem and thought me decidedly agreeable, forgetting that I was agreeable only because she made me so. However, it all came off very well, and was quite delightful, capped as it now is by this pleasant news and this long if somewhat vague vista of pleasant things in the future. That you are to be an engineer has its good side, because that is a living profession I don’t mean merely that you may make a living by it, but that it is in moral and practical sympathy with the age, and with American life. This

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is very important for happiness and for doing something which in the end is worth while, and not wasted effort. You are probably tired of hearing that the friends of your father and mother, and those who like me knew you only as a little boy, wonder that you wish to be an engineer rather than an artist or something more superior and ornamental. I confess that I myself (remembering your blonde curls and that you spoke French habitually) should have expected you to lean to the side of the sensitive, rather than of the practical; but I am glad for your sake that it isn’t so. People of my generation, especially in America, are full of apprehension and dismay at the passing away, as they think, of all fineness, and the flood of rude activity and blunt feeling that seems to be running so high all over the world. But old people have always thought that the world is going to the dogs: and so it always is, their world, but a new world, just as good in some other way, is taking its place. I myself feel some secret sympathy with the brutality of the new ways, and the new arts; it has a firmer hold on the nature of things than had our “culture”. I don’t mean to suggest that if you are an engineer you must be a brute, although that is what we thought in the 1890’s; but only that in this life, as in war, one’s sensitiveness and insight are most fruitful when turned to understanding and oiling a machine that is necessarily brutal, and turning it to the best uses. If you will only arrange material things properly, spiritual things will come of themselves, just as love comes to young people when they are good-looking and in good health and good spirits — This letter will reach you at the Christmas season; I only wish material things had been so arranged that I might bring you all my best wishes in person. Affectionately yours GSantayana 1

Elder son of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Potter. Harriet Amory of Boston. 3 Probably Charles Gouverneur Hoffman and his wife. He was a member of the Harvard class of 1913. 4 Fine days (French). 2

1921–1927

To Charles Augustus Strong 7 December 1921 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Marini, Rome Dec. 7, 1921 Dear Strong I am sorry to hear of your father’s death;1 it is not as if he had been in the condition which most people are in at 85, but perhaps it is a privilege to be cut off before old age has reached its last phases. You mustn’t be concerned about interrupting my work; it wouldn’t matter if you did, for a fortnight, but as a matter of fact you hardly will, because it is only the morning and the late evening, when I can lock myself up in my room and undress, that are propitious times for me in any case/s and you would not prevent me from working then, if I felt like it. Come whenever you like; if you will write proposing a date, I will inquire about a room, and telegraph the result. The only circumstance that I ought to warn you of, perhaps, is this: that I have invited Onderdonk to come and make me a visit here on his way back from America to Vienna, and in his last letter he said he expected to sail from New York early in December, so that he may arrive for Christmas or soon after. I don’t know definitely whether he is coming at all, or how long he would stay if he came. There is another possible interloper—a protégé of Westenholz2—who may turn up; but I shouldn’t be responsible for him, and if you were here, it might amuse you to talk German with him and see what the youth of the day are like in that country. I suppose I myself should not be able to converse with him in any language with comfort. I went one evening to a play at the Argentina, where there is a good company led by Raniero Ranieri,3 but it was the dullest of romantic literary dramas, and I went home bored to death after the second act. The opera begins on Dec. 26, but doesn’t promise much. Bring books, as [across] you will find you have a lot of time to kill, especially as the days are short at this season. Yours ever G.S. 1

Baptist clergyman Augustus Hopkins Strong (1837–1921) of Rochester, New York. Santayana said Albert W. von Westenholz was “one of my truest friends. Personal affection and intellectual sympathies were better balanced and fused between him and me than between me and any other person.” (Persons, 261–65) Santayana met the 2

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German aristocrat at Harvard, where Westenholz was a student, in the early 1900s. Hans Reichhardt of Hamburg was Westenholz’s young friend and secretary. 3 Unidentified.

To George Sturgis 17 December 1921 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Marini, Rome Dec. 17, 1921 Dear George Thank you for the two enlargements of your snap-shots and for your letter of the 1–st instant, just received. I wrote not long ago about our accounts: everything seems to be settled satisfactorily as far as I am concerned, except the detail about the codicil to my will, which Mr Gardiner sent me to sign, appointing you and him my executors in the place of your father. I will attend to this when I can find three suitable persons in one room to act as witnesses—a thing which is not frequent in my present circumstances. But the thing isn’t urgent, as I don’t intend to die for at least ten years—I was only fifty-eight yesterday—and in case of unforeseen accident the court in any case would doubtless appoint these very persons—and no great harm would ensue. What you tell me about your aunt Josephine wanting her whole income surprises me not a little, as I know how disinclined she is to undertake the burden of a more elaborate way of life—and the same thing happens to me. In our old age, she can only live like a younger daughter in the family, and I like a travelling student. Anything else is too much bother for us. I am writing to ask her what is up, if it isn’t a secret. She may be thinking of buying or setting up a separate house in Madrid or in Avila, with the two little old ladies,1 whom we call las maestras, the teachers, because they once kept a school; this is the only new arrangement of which I have any inkling. I hardly think she wants her money in order to invest it in Spain: but that is natural in the case of your aunt Susan, or rather of her husband, because they count on distributing it some day among the Sastre boys, and it would be very cumbersome for them to have the capital in America. They are very deserving young men, and it is pleasant to think that they will be distinctly more comfortable for this inheritance when it comes to them, although, of [across] course, they have no right to it, even morally, as their relation to their step-mother has never been more than correct. [across

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page one] I am sorry to hear that Arthur2 is no better. Please send my best wishes to them when you write. Yours affly GSantayana 1

Unidentified. Arthur S. Eldredge, husband of Josephine Sturgis, was ill and died of tuberculosis in May 1923. 2

To George Sturgis 1 January 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Marini, Rome Jan. 1. 1922 Dear George Your letter of the 16th of December (my birthday, though you fortunately did not make a great point of it) has reached me just on New Year’s Day. Yesterday I had an answer from your aunt Josephine to my inquiries about her proposed disposal of her whole income. Doubtless she has explained the matter to you directly: it is not, as I had supposed, any new expense that she is looking forward to, but the investment of that money, for a year or two, in Spanish Government Bonds. From a business point of view it is no doubt foolish: why not U.S. government bonds? But we must look at the thing psychologically. There she is, among people who know little of business and less of the U.S., who read clerical papers that every day prophesy war between England and the U.S. and the ruin of AngloSaxondom, green Erin1 alone rising triumphant over the waves; and it is impossible for her, who is not well informed or clever or used to taking her own course, not to be a little disturbed by what she hears. If she knows those Spanish bonds are in the house, and can go herself and cash the coupons at the bank, she certainly will feel the snug condition of her purse much more vividly than she does now, and it will seem to her that she has a more direct command of that part of her money. Of course, it will be rather the other way: I need not enter into the circumstances, which are known to you. I have written to her that, on these psychological grounds, I understand and approve of her decision; but that I strongly advise her not to invest in Spain larger sums than she intends to use there for herself, or to leave in her will to Spanish people. There, I need hardly tell you, is the root of the whole matter: but it is a delicate point to discuss; one doesn’t want to interfere, to impute interested motives, nor try to exert influ-

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ence by alleging that other people exert it. When I see your aunt Josephine it will be easier for me to speak plainly, and to discover what her free wishes really are. For the moment, I don’t see how this step can be prevented, even if it were desirable to do so, which I am far from sure of. [across] Best wishes for the New Year from Your afft uncle GSantayana 1

Ancient, poetic name for Ireland.

To Charles Augustus Strong 18 January 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Marini Rome, Jan. 18, 1922 Dear Strong I am very sorry you have had such a siege, but if you were to take to your bed at all you couldn’t have chosen a better time; it has been—here at least—persistently cold and dark. I did have a touch of my chronic catarrh, but staved it off with the gargles before it quite reached the syrop stage. I am now in normal health and seem to feel a breath of Spring in the air. Work has progressed uninterruptedly, although without any great energy: I am confident that I shall be able to complete what I had planned to do this winter before leaving Rome. There will remain a final revision, not possible until I have the whole before me, since one of my chief difficulties lies in placing the different arguments and analyses which I have in mind or on paper: it is like a maze where the path passes very often close to where it passed before, only in a different direction, and it is hard to decide which hedges to preserve and which to break down, so as to simplify the plan. But this plan is now pretty clear, and I am relegating to their places in the later books many a development which would encumber the argument in this introductory part. So that I expect to have soon, not only the first book finished, but large portions of the rest on hand, to join to the manuscript already in Paris. I am rele/ ieved—if your comments are not too much toned down by politeness—that my egotistical article didn’t make a worse impression on you. I have come rather to hate it myself; but the version in the Soliloquies is somewhat shorter and less fatuous. As to Dickens and philosophy itself, you don’t seem to me to say anything that I have not had in mind and replied to already in what my arti-

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cles contain. “Exaggeration”, “farce”, of course; but I took great pains to analyse what this meant, and to appeal to a deeper reality against the purely conventional one which you again invoke. So with my rejection of metaphysics. It is not deeper than physics, but more literary and more mythical, with interpretations of science which are not mere anticipations of it. It is therefore possibly true—I don’t deny that—but not worthy of much credence or serious attention. And you change my thought slightly, yet profoundly, when you represent me as expecting that “philosophy” will soon become scientific. I said I hoped that a scientific philosophy might soon appear: I didn’t conceive that it would unite everybody for ever. In philosophy there is always a moral element, a view of life, which will make the scientific element subordinate.—I have been to hear the Meistersinger,1 and liked it very much—shed romantic [across] German tears over it in my poltrona,2 thinking of 1886 in Dresden when I heard it first. That sort of thing gives me [across page one ] inspiration for the Realms, because it shows how breadth lifts up a work and make the details memorable. Yours ever G.S. 1

Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1868) is a comic opera by Richard Wagner. The hand of Eva Pogner is promised as the prize to the winner of a singing contest. The rivals are Beckmesser and Walther von Stolzing. Von Stolzing, whom Eva loves, is hampered by his ignorance of the petty rules of the songfest. Beckmesser is patterned on Edward Hanslick, a music critic who had annoyed Wagner by refusing to be impressed with his skill as a poet. 2 Theater stall (Italian).

To George Sturgis 30 January 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Marini Rome Jan. 30, 1922 Dear George I have at least two letters of yours to answer, as well as to thank you for the yearly account of my property. You are quite right in thinking that it would be useless to send me all the details about investments and dividends. I see the money is pretty evenly divided among more than a dozen things, which is an element of safety, and I have no means of judging how safe or how productive each of them may be individually. They all seem to be industrial securities—I mean, no government or railway or great wellknown corporation bonds. This no doubt makes for a larger income, but

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it involves more watchfulness. I see you have sold $5600 worth during the year—most of it, I suppose, in your father’s time—but that seems to me a lot, and suggests that there is not always much steadiness in the value of these stocks. The only other thing that it occurs to me to say is that I find nothing deducted for taxes. Are these all taken out at the source, before the dividends reach you, or are these securities all exempt? The totals, both income and value of property, are most satisfactory. As you know, I have no desire to live more expensively than I do, on half my income: but as I get older I may need more for doctors, nurses, and someone to pull me about in a Bath chair: so don’t do anything rash. Thank you for ordering the new letter of credit which is in my possession. Onderdonk didn’t turn up, but he may do so later. I expect to stay here until the first of May at least, as I am extremely fond of the sights and ways of Rome, even without the excitements of a papal conclave which await us presently. I inclose the letter you suggested I should sign. I inadvertently styled myself your affte nephew, and have had to rectify that illusion of extreme youth; but I suppose an erasure is of no consequence in an informal document of this sort Yours affty G Santayana

To George Sturgis 30 January 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton) Rome, January 30, 19221

DEAR GEORGE:— UNTIL REVOKED BY ME, I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE YOU ACT AS MY SOLE ATTORNEY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MY AFFAIRS. I UNDERSTAND THAT SHOULD YOU BE INCAPACITATED FOR ANY REASON, MR. GARDINER IS AUTHORIZED TO ACT FOR ME UNDER THE POWER OF ATTORNEY WHICH I RECENTLY EXECUTED.

nephew Your affte ——— ————uncle George Santayana TO MR. GEORGE STURGIS,

87 MILK ST., BOSTON, MASS. 1

Santayana dated, closed, and signed this typed letter.

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To Mary Williams Winslow 1 February 1922 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Houghton) C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. S.W.1. Rome, February 1, 1922 Dear Mrs Winslow In a previous letter you asked me what news of Boston or Harvard it would interest me to hear, and in my walks I have sometimes asked myself the question again, and haven’t found it easy to answer. It is not that my interest has waned—on the contrary, I feel I should like so much to see (through a peep-hole) all that may be going on and to understand it. But what is going on? My ideas are too vague for the inquiry to start at all. Of course, I can see the electric cars going over the Harvard Bridge and I can imagine others, much longer and swifter, going through the subway; and I can imagine you and Fred and (by a stretch) the children as they must look in your library in Clarendon street; but what is going on under all those appearances? They tell me everything is quite different morally: Boylston Beal,1 the Potters, your dear friend Apthorp Fuller (who is here with his mother) inform me that when at home they feel like fish out of water, and that America is fast going to the dogs—or, more accurately, that it is sinking into a bog of commonplaceness and youthful folly which makes them feel like frustrate ghosts.2 Now, I don’t believe a word of it; and if you will sometimes give me a hint of what has changed, and in what direction, I think I could supply the rest out of my old knowledge. For instance, the other day I got a very nice letter signed “Warwick Potter”, in which the young man who now bears that name informed me that he was engaged to Miss Harriet Amory—a young woman I actually knew, having dined (and sat next to/) her) with her in Paris last summer! Now she had pleased me very much: but not as an Amory might in the old days: for she didn’t seem to come from Boston at all and had never heard of Iago!3 Now would the present Warwick Potter, who is said to adore this mere Gretchen,4 bear the same relation to my old young friend, his uncle,5 as this Gretchen bears to—shall we say—Miss Sally Norton or Miss Fanny Mason6—as they were thirty years ago? You see I remember these ladies: but I don’t ask you for news of them, because they are safe investments, so to speak, and I can fancy how they live and what they feel. I can also fancy Guy Murchie7 with his rich wife in Commonwealth Avenue, and I can fancy my nephew

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George (I have his photo) and his sister at Weston with their respective spouses—also known in photograph. But who are the Fanny Masons and Sally Nortons of today? Are they public speakers, or poetesses like Amy Lowell,8 or devout High-Churchwomen,9 or what? And what is Harvard like? More (or less) athletic, more (or less) virtuously and irresistibly organized into societies for everything except, alas, for mixing the genial cocktail?10 Mrs Toy, who writes to me sometimes, gave me the only intelligible account I have seen of what happened to President Wilson11—I don’t mean medically, but politically, and why the country went back on him, on the league of nations, and on its allies. You, who know my friends (as Mrs Toy doesn’t), could show me how the wind blows in this social quarter—more interesting romantically than the political world, and even more important, because at bottom it controls the turn of public affairs—I mean, that moral changes in society, if they don’t determine political events, certainly colour the result and give it all its importance. Here are a few items that might make me feel which way the wind blows: Do people think at all of Cardinal O’Connell,12 and if so what? Is Mrs Jack Gardin ––ner13 living, and is there anyone like her or like Mrs Whitman?14 What do they say in Boston and Cambridge of Professor MacDougal?15 Are there any notable new buildings, and of what sort? If a Sunday paper should appear with photographs of Sargent’s16 new decorations in the Public Library could you send me that part of the paper? Also any views of Harvard buildings. What has become of Mrs Arthur Richmond and of her son?17 Are they reconciled with his papa, or has he a new one? Is there any great spiritual force in Boston, like Phillips Brooks or Mrs Eddy?18 Is there any bitter socialism, or is it all Jewish and academic? In saying Jewish I was thinking of some successful ———— ones Jews, like my pupil Walter Lippman,19 who only want a chance to thrive themselves; but I remember other Jews, like my friend (also my pupil) Kallen, now a leading Zionist, who are bitter as bitter can be, and quite innocent of the art of thriving. Are the poorer classes in America still hopeful and loyal to the established order, or are their ––re any signs of revolution? I ask all these semi-political questions because I have a feeling that we are approaching a great revolution and impoverishment of the world, such as has actually occurred in Russia, and I look for signs, not so much of its coming soon, but of the angle at which it will attack our old society, and the elements of it that may survive. Of course, I think the revolutionists, if they succeed, will suffer a horrid disappointment, because most of them will have to die off: the two great conditions for improving the lot of

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mankind are a much smaller population and a much larger proportion of people devoted to agriculture. I can’t send you any part of my novel as yet, because I have sworn to dismiss it from my thoughts—at least in waking and working hours—until the Realms are done. I am toiling on these here in surroundings that suit me very well, and I hope in a year or two the book may be finished. I have just read the proofs of the Soliloquies in England, which I hope, in time, will find a sympathetic public, even if a small one. They are much more me than my other books. Publishers are very [across] slow nowadays, so that I can’t say when you will receive your copy. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 Boylston Adams Beal (1865–1944), member of Harvard’s class of 1886, was a Boston lawyer. He served as an officer in the American embassies at Berlin and London (1922–29). Beal and Santayana maintained an intermittent correspondence throughout most of their lives. 2 From Robert Browning’s 1855 poem, “The Statue and the Bust,” line 246–48: The sin I impute to each frustrate ghost / Is–the unlit lamp and the ungirt loin, / Though the end in sight was a vice, I say. 3 Villain in Shakespeare’s Othello. 4 In Goethe’s Faust, Gretchen is the young, simple, lower-class girl whom Faust seduces with the aid of Mephistopheles’ magic. 5 Warwick Potter (1870–93), brother of Robert Burnside Potter, was a student (Harvard class of 1893) and friend of Santayana. Warwick’s unexpected death had a profound effect on Santayana (see Persons, 423). The four sonnets “To W. P.” are in Complete Poems, 125–27. 6 Sally Norton and Fanny Mason are unidentified. 7 In 1895 Guy Murchie received his A.B. and his LL.B. from Harvard. 8 Amy Lowell (1874–1925) was an American imagist poet, critic, and biographer posthumously awarded the 1926 Pulitzer Prize for “What’s O’Clock?”. 9 High Church, an unofficial division of the Church of England and the Episcopal Church in America, places importance upon the priesthood, the sacraments, and the outward forms and ceremonies of liturgical ritual. 10 Prohibition was in effect in the United States from the end of World War I until 1933. 11 Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) was president of Princeton University (1902–10), governor of New Jersey (1911–13), and the twenty-eighth president of the United States (1913–21). He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919, following World War I. That same year he suffered a stroke, from which he never fully recovered, and detached himself from politics for the remainder of his second term in office. 12 William Henry O’Connell (1859–1944), born in Lowell, Massachusetts, was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church; he was ordained in 1884. As archbishop of Boston, his administration was characterized by building for charity and education. 13 Isabella Stewart Gardner (Mrs. John “Jack” Gardner, 1840–1924) was a wealthy woman of distinction and a leader in Boston society. She and her husband patronized artists and musicians and collected old masterpieces in their home, which today is the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.

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14

Sarah Wyman Whitman (Mrs. Henry Whitman). William McDougall (1871–1938) studied physiology, anatomy, and anthropology at Cambridge University (B.A., 1894) and went on to earn medical degrees there. As a Harvard psychology professor (1920–27), he incurred the hostility of both the press and American psychologists with his lectures on national eugenics. He proclaimed the superiority of the Nordic race and made class distinctions in mental endowment. 16 In 1891 Santayana was one of John Singer Sargent’s fellow passengers as they crossed by sea from Gibraltar to Tangiers. Sargent (1856–1925), an American painter, was preparing his decorations for the Boston Public Library and intent on finding figures and especially costumes suitable for his Hebrew Prophets (Persons, 450). 17 Possibly Arthur Lavalle Richmond, Harvard class of 1918. 18 Phillips Brooks (1835–93), an American Episcopalian clergyman, was influential as preacher at Trinity Church of Boston (1869–91). He was made Bishop of Massachusetts in 1891 and wrote “O Little Town of Bethlehem.” Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910) was an American religious leader, editor, and author whose third husband was Asa Gilbert Eddy. The founder of the Christian Science Church, she was pastor of Mother Church in Boston. 19 Walter Lippmann (1889–1974), a distinguished political journalist, was a member of Harvard’s class of 1910 and served as Santayana’s assistant. Lippmann was a leader among the young socialists. He reversed his political position in the early 1930s and in his later career epitomized the American conservative intellectual. 15

To Charles Augustus Strong [Early 1922?] • [Rome, Italy?]

(MS: Rockefeller)

Thursday1 Dear Strong Thank you for this. I am pleased —that with the reviewer2 takes us seriously; but he seems to be exclusively occupied with one point. I see Fuller now and then—unsatisfactory mind: always seems to be really thinking of something else, like a woman. Yesterday he had a young French professor3 in tow who said Einstein was an absolutist, and that his theory should have been called Théorie de l’Invariance! Yours ever G.S. 1 This letter was erroneously published in The Letters of George Santayana, Book One (2001). 2 Unidentified. 3 Unidentified.

1921–1927

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 4 February 1922 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1.

Hotel Marini, Rome, Feb. 4. 1922 Messrs Constable & Company London. I am very sorry at the long delay in returning the proofs of “Soliloquies in England” which I hope have reached you by this time. They arrived only a fortnight ago: the delay was in the post office, here or at the frontier, and although everything arrived safely, the parcel had been opened and was loosely tied together again. I hope the second proof, being less bulky, will fare better. Yours faithfully GSantayana P.S. I despatched the proofs from here on Jan. 28. registered.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 6 February 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Marini Rome Feb. 6, 1922 Messrs Constable & Company London I am very sorry to cause you further delay with the Soliloquies, after all there has been already, but I shouldn’t feel comfortable if I didn’t see a proof of the verses in slip 4, where I have made considerable changes: and I suppose if you send me that, you might as well send the rest too. However, that is the only part that I feel anxious about, as your printer’s proof-reading—apart from a weakness for reverential capitals—is excellent. In case it should expedite matters to send the prologue only, there are the two slight corrections following that I should like to make elsewhere:

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Slip. 115, 6th line from the bottom 1–st word: for “nor” read “not” th line: for “amongst” read “amidst”. Slip. 90 4– You might send me the proof, in any case, directly to the Hotel Marini, Rome, as I shall remain here for two or three months longer, and that may save a day or two in transmission. Yours faithfully GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 20 February 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Marini Rome Feb 20, 1922 Dear Strong th with your article on Schiller-onThank you for your letter of the 11– 1 Strong on Strong-on-Schiller; also for the London Mercury. I am sorry you have had such a bad cold, and so prolonged: the weather here has continued very bad, and I wonder why I thought Rome a nice place for the winter; but it has proved a nice place in one important respect, as far as I am concerned, that I have managed to keep off the usual winter diseases, and have been well and able to work, although not with any energy— During the last fortnight I have been caught in a tangle, finding that what I thought fresh matter for a chapter or two was nothing but the same old subject, and yet not being clear that it had all been said before, nor able to introduce the new paragraphs in to the previous chapters. I ^ ^ am now copying it all off as it stands, and leaving it for a later revision to decide whether it is all a lot of redites2 or not. Isn’t something of this sort the trouble in your article too? The effect on me, I might as well confess frankly, is discouraging. It seems like trying to draw on a pe/ iece of paper that is worn and dirty with much rubbing out of old lines; the hand is not free, the eye is misled; it is hopeless. Why not take a fresh sheet? Why discuss at all, and why with Schiller? As he shows in your paragraph (4) he is nothing but a squeaking automaton: he will always squeak the same thing, no matter how you tickle him. Let him alone. And all this scholastic language does not serve the only purpose that might justify scholastic language: it does not define nor settle anything; it

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is all radically infected. For instance, I was seriously puzzled in paragraph (1) by the words “it –the [ datum]– conveys the object only in the form of a ‘meaning’.” I thought for a while that you were calling the essence a “meaning”—as some of our American friends wanted to do: I suppose now that you were simply troubled for lack of proper words in which to express the fact that the datum is not the object. But then how can it_ “convey” the object? All this needs, I think, to be approached quite differently and to be stated in fresh language. Three or four lines above this passage, I can’t understand how the ego, in your system, is “all experience de-objectified.” That would seem to describe intuitions or mental discourse, the fact that various essences appear in varying combinations: but I understand that your ego is sub-intuitional: how then is it experience at all? I also fail to follow you about the non-existence of meaning psychologically. Is it all behaviour merely? Is there no given essence to mark that behaviour inwardly? Is there no premonition of the object, before the datum is used to describe it, so that we know where that object [across] lies, and that the datum is not all? Cf. the pillar-box. Yours ever G Santayana 1

Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller (1864–1937) was a British pragmatist philosopher who was influenced by James. But Schiller focused on the personal aspect of thinking and regarded knowledge as relatively subjective. Schiller felt the British school had forgotten the truth of Protagoras that “man is the measure of all things.” As a member of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, Schiller had invited Santayana to dinner several times at the High Table in the College Hall. Santayana described him as having the “airs of a professed and shameless sophist” and was mortified when Schiller requested that Santayana write a letter recommending him for the chair of logic at Oxford. See Persons, 506–7. 2 Repetitions (Latin).

To Charles Augustus Strong 14 March 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Marini, Rome, March 14, 1922 Dear Strong Excuse my delay in acknowledging and returning your paper. I read it at once, and with a feeling of great satisfaction. It seemed to me that you might really convert Russell by it. But I was aware of not having taken in every part, (it is extraordinary difficult, at least for me, to fix clearly the meaning that these hackneyed words are meant to convey in each new

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instance) and I wanted to reread it before replying. I have now done so several times, and am even more uncertain. I really have no opinion to give: I am terribly stale on this subject. But here are a few notes made in passing. p. 1. “Distorted”. I think both Russell and the NeoRealists1 hold that the “perspective” –really [ only a segment]– nearest the brain-centre is no distortion; for what should it distort? It is one of the components of the object. You are simply not lending your mind to their view, and they will discard your objections as unintelligent. So below, at p. 8, R. & the NeoR’s would see no difficulty whatever in tactile and visual and auditory elements lying combined in any of the segments. p. 3. In the lens a segment is reproduced which lies farther off along the series of segments forming the object. I think R and the NeoR’s ought to hold the/ at the seeing spirit is in the lens, or rather is the lens-segment ^ ^ incandescent. Holt2 evidently holds this when he compares the “image in consciousness” with a photographic image, and says they are just alike. p. 7. Instead of “appearances are only sensations” etc, would it do to say: “Essences are not sensations, but only the descriptions of objects which sensations serve to suggest”? I think (besides other advantages) this language avoids the danger of suggesting that the sensations are perceived first (which is what most people assume): for how could the mind “use” what it didn’t have in its possession? p. 8. Of course the so-called perspectives are only segments. A perspective implies both an object and a view, and collapses when the two are identified; so that R has no right to that word, and is simply cheating in the game. A perspective is a description of the relations of many segments when this description is modified by the position of the segment in which their effects are gathered together and in which the description thereby arises. p. 9 top. Why not be content with the discontinuous? You must ask R, not why he is content, but how he is able to know, or plausibly believe in, the discontinuous he loves? p. 10. Is this a new use of “datum”? p. 11 top. The belief in the object may simply be false. Datum is a word to shun. Yours ever G. S. P.S. There is no change here.

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1 The New Realists, or Neo-Realists, were a group of American philosophers (including Ralph Barton Perry, Edwin B. Holt, and William Montague) in the early twentieth century who opposed idealism largely on epistemological grounds. The group’s British counterparts were Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore. 2 Edwin Bissell Holt (1873–1946) was an American psychologist and philosopher noted for innovations in philosophical psychology. His essay “The Place of Illusory Experience in a Realistic World” was published in The New Realism: Cooperative Studies in Philosophy (1912).

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 21 March 1922 • Rome, Italy Permanent address

{

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall. S.W.1 Hotel Marini, Rome March 21, 1922

Messrs Constable & Company London Gentlemen, I enclose a letter1 I received some time ago from Duffield & Co of New York, the publishers of my little volume called “Sonnets”.2 I am diffident about my early attempts at poetry, but in America people are very appreciative of “high thoughts”, and as my other books attract more attention, it is possible that such a collection of my verses as is here suggested might find a public. I don’t want to press the matter, but submit it to you again, so as to be able to say to Mr. Hoppin (of Duffield & Co) that I have done so. I also enclose a short list of persons to whom I wish you would send copies of the Soliloquies. Yours faithfully GSantayana Please send a copy of Soliloquies in England, with the author’s compliments, to each of the following addresses, charging it to his account. Earl Russell, 57 Gordon Square. W.C. London The Countess Russell,3 2 Whitehall Court, S.W.1. '' J. Middleton Murry, Esq. C/o The Nation & The Athenaeum 10, Adelphi Terrace. W.C.

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L. Pearsall Smith, Esq, 11 St. Leonard’s Terrace. Chelsea.4 B. A. Beal, Esq, American Embassy, London. Dr Robert Bridges,5 Chilswell, Oxford Peter Warren,6 Esq, Magdalen College, Oxford. G. T. Lapsley,7 Esq, Trinity College, Cambridge. The Hon. Mrs. Chetwynd,8 Pembroke Lodge, Sunninghill, Berks. C. A. Strong, Esq, 9, Av. de l’Observatoire, Paris. 1

Unlocated. This was the origin of Santayana’s verses published by Scribner’s and Constable in 1923 as Poems. 3 In 1891 Mary Annette Beauchamp (1866–1941) had married Count Henning August von Arnim-Schlagenthin (d. 1910). She became the third wife of John Francis Stanley, 2d Earl Russell, in 1916. Her most successful book was Elizabeth and Her German Garden (1898). Later she signed her writings “Elizabeth.” Elizabeth left Russell in 1918. See Persons, 479–86. 4 ‘11 St. Leonard’s Terrace’ has been marked through, and ‘26 Walpole St’ is written under ‘Chelsea’ in a hand other than that of Santayana. 5 Santayana’s “most distinguished” Oxford friend (Persons, 489), Robert Seymour Bridges (1844–1930) was made poet laureate in 1913. The quintessential English gentleman, Bridges was educated at Eton and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He studied medicine in London but gave up practice in 1882. The philosophical poem in four books, The Testament of Beauty (1929), is his finest work. 6 Probably E. P. Warren, whom Santayana describes as “An old acquaintance, … (a Bostonian Oxford man)” in a letter to Strong of 14 August 1915. 7 Gaillard Thomas Lapsley (1871–1949) received his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Harvard (Ph.D., 1897). He taught at Trinity College, Cambridge (1904–29); he was Cambridge University reader in constitutional history prior to his 1939 return to the United States. 8 Augusta Robinson Chetwynd of New York was the wife of Philip Chetwynd and the sister of Santayana’s friend Moncure Robinson. 2

To George Lawton 29 March 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

Rome, March 29, 1922. Dear Mr. Lawton, It is always pleasant to be urged to do something on the ground that one can do it well; and I have some sympathy with your cry: No more metaphysics.1 I am nevertheless at work on a book of philosophy (which I do not like to call metaphysics); it will take a year or two; after that I promise you to renounce the subject—except as an ingredient in pleasanter things. The “Three Proofs of Realism” is only a short paper, and has already

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appeared. But now I come to the part of your advice which I don’t mean to follow at all. Criticism is something purely incidental—talk about talk— and to my mind has no serious value except perhaps as an expression of philosophy in the critic. When I have been led to write criticism it has never been for any other reason; and you don’t know me at all if you suppose me capable of reading up Meredith or Thomas Hardy2 or any one else who hasn’t come in my way, in order to describe them to other people. If you like that sort of vicarious literary nourishment, read Croce, or any other competent person who sets out to express the impression which literature has made upon him. But I should advise you to read the originals instead, and be satisfied with the impression they make upon you. You know Plato’s contempt for the image of an image;3 but as a man’s view of things is an image in the first place, and his work is an image of that, and the critic’s feelings are an image of that work, and his writings an image of his feelings, and your idea of what the critic means only an image of his writings,—please consider that you are steeping your poor original tealeaves in their fifth wash of hot water, and are drinking slops. May not the remarkable sloppiness and feebleness of the cultivated American mind be due to this habit of drinking life in its fifth dilution only? What you need is not more criticism of current authors, but more philosophy: more courage and sincerity in facing nature directly, and in criticizing books or institutions only with a view to choosing among them whatever is most harmonious with the life you want to lead. For as Dryden (or is it Pope?) says, “If you think the world worth winning, think, oh think it worth enjoying.”4 I accordingly intend to devote such years as may remain to me exclusively to philosophy; although I hope the form in which it will be expressed will not lead you to call it metaphysics. Yours very truly GSantayana 1

While a philosophy student at Columbia, George Lawton (1900–1957) had written Santayana, urging him to give up metaphysics and devote his time to literary criticism. [D. C.] 2 George Meredith (1828–1909) was an English novelist, poet, and critic who hated egotism and sentimentality and supported the intellectual equality of women. He believed in the medicinal quality of laughter, that comedy corrects the excesses of sentimentality, selfishness, and vanity. His works include The Egoist: a Comedy in Narrative (1879) and Evan Harrington (1861). Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) was an English novelist and poet who wrote Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1895). 3 Plato (c. 427–347 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher who was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle.

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4 John Dryden (1631–1700) was an English poet, dramatist, and critic who became poet laureate of England in 1668. In All for Love (his version of the Antony and Cleopatra story), Dryden’s lines read, “If the world be worth thy winning, / Think, oh think, it worth enjoying.” Alexander Pope (1688–1744), known for his metrical skill and humorous satire, wrote in the heroic couplet, like Dryden.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 2 April 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Paris, April 2, 1922 essrs o M Constable & C London. Will you please add the following to the list of persons to whom “Soliloquies in England” are to be sent, with the author’s compliments. Yours faithfully GSantayana Baron Albert von Westenholz Sophienterrasse 14 Hamburg, Germany. Mrs Mitchel,1 Bennington House Newstead Road Nottingham Hon. Bertrand Russell 70 Overstrand Mansions Prince of Wales Road, Battersea. S.W. 1

Mrs. Mitchel is unidentified (see 9 July 1920).

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To Charles Augustus Strong 4 April 1922 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Marini Rome April 4, 1922 Dear Strong I am glad to know your plans and I don’t wonder that you have decided not to make the trip to Rome at present. The season has been rather trying, and although of course at any moment the weather may become delightful and Rome may manifest all its glories, I feel myself a growing desire to get away. I have done very little serious work lately, being distracted by some books on America which the editors of the Dial and the Forum have sent me; and I have written short reviews about them.1 Previously, I had the first and second proofs of the Soliloquies, which naturally filled my thoughts a good deal, and lately two visits from Westenholz’s young friend Reichhardt, the latter lasting ten days, and he being at this hotel. Next Monday I expect Onderdonk, who will stay a week. Taking all these things together, and the probable coming on of warm weather, I fear there is not much hope of accomplishing any thing more here this season, on my old momentum. I should therefore like to return to Paris at once, have a change of air and get a fresh start, with the whole MS of the Realms before me—of which I have often felt the need. th May I go to the apartment about the 20– of April, and stay for four or five weeks—until you come? My idea is to go to England for a few weeks during the summer. If you think there is any possibility that you should wish to go to England yourself, I should gladly put off my trip until you went; but if not I might as well go for June, and return in July, when you might be alone in the apartment, if Margaret is going again to America. Please send me a card saying whether it is all right about the apartment, so that I may write to Marie and to Germont. Yours ever GSantayana 1 “Marginal Notes on Civilization in the United States,” The Dial 72 ( June 1922): 553–68, is a review of Civilization in the United States: An Inquiry by 30 Americans, edited by Harold Stearns. “Living Without Thinking,” Forum 68 (September 1922): 731–35, is a review of John B. Watson’s Psychology From the Standpoint of a Behaviorist. The Forum (1886–1950) was a monthly magazine concerned with the discussion of contemporary problems.

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To Mary Williams Winslow 7 April 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Rome, April 7, 1922 Dear Mrs Winslow This is not going to be a regular letter, only a word to thank you for yours and to enclose these extracts from “Soliloquies in England”,1 which in part answer your question as to what I think of Buddhism. You may notice that I make no distinction between it and Brahmanism, between Vendanta and Samkya philosophies.2 This is not wholly an effect of ignorance, but because the differences touch mythology or metaphysics only, and not the wisdom which is all I care for in these (or any other) philosophers. I hope the book of Soliloquies will reach you soon, but I send these cuttings because you might not happen to come across them in the book, in which you may find more alluring passages. The reason why I asked about Cardinal O’Connell was that I am curious to know whether American society has waked up to what the Catholic church is. Some time ago, Jack Chapman3 wrote a little book which showed that he, at least, was alive to the facts. I can well understand preferring the Catholic system to the American, as certain disaffected Jews and young pagans now dare to say that they prefer Bolshevism or free love: but the things are incompatible with America; and America ought to know it. To judge by the plaints of the young rebels, America is quite aware of it in their case. But is America aware of it in the case of the Catholic church? Or is the Americanism of Catholics in the U.S. so thorough, that they are not really Catholics at all? Mrs. Gardner is right about my destiny, except that I am a monk already—with an occasional moral holiday. No chance of my becoming the other sort of monk. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated. One of the six systems of Indian philosophy, Vedanta is a term denoting a variety of radically different schools. The teachings of the Upanisads provide a common ground of scriptural authority. The most archaic of the systems of Indian philosophy, Samkhya can be traced back to the middle of the first millenium B.C. The Samkhya remained one of the leading schools of thought until about the sixth century A.D. 2

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3 John Chapman, O.S.B. (1865–1933), wrote several books about the Roman Catholic church, including Notes on the Early History of the Vulgate Gospels (1908).

To Charles Augustus Strong 10 April 1922 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Marini, Rome April 10, 1922 Dear Strong— Thank you for your card, and the suggestion that I should stop at Fiesole on my way north, but I am anxious to make the journey as unconsciously as possible—to wake up in Paris after forty winks, as it were—and to get a fresh start in work before the Summer sets in. I am going directly, rd , and have written to Marie and the concierge leaving on Sunday the 23– th to expect me on the 24– I am expecting Onderdonk today, who remains for a week. Fuller has been showing me the manuscript of his History of Greek Philosophy1—a very American performance, very airy and easy, for which I feel some indirect responsibility, as it seems to be in my manner somewhat diluted—a green mint grown into an ice-cream soda. But if we abstract from the journalistic tone and the flippancy, it is really rather graphic and not unsound—better than Well’s universal history.2 I was interested in your account of Princess Mary and her husband,3 and their visit to the villa. I wonder why the English royalties are so shy; they must have been brought up in the midst of people. Perhaps they were only led out of the nursery on state occasions, and spoken to shyly by others: and nothing makes one so shy as shyness in other people, especially if they are older. And the aridity of all that these royalties are allowed to ^ ^ see and hear must make them dreadfully dull, unless they have private safety-valves, like King Edward.4 Of course you understand that I don’t mean to stay in the apartment when you and Margaret come, because (as I have often said) there is not room for us to be comfortable, and I need solitude for any real work. But I will see if I find a place quieter than the hotel Brébant, to settle down in, and we can dine together, as we did last year. On further consideration, I doubt very much that I shall go to England at all. Yours ever GSantayana

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1

Published in New York by Henry Holt and Co. in 1923. H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells (1866–1946), a prolific English novelist and author of The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind (London: George Newnes Limited, 1920, and New York: The Macmillan Company, 1921), was one of the most influential voices of his age. 3 Mary (1897–1965), the princess royal of England, was the only daughter of George V and the sister of George VI. In 1922 she married Viscount Lascelles, who became earl of Harewood in 1929. Henry George Charles Lascelles, 6th earl of Harewood (1882–1947), was a British soldier who held diplomatic posts in Rome and Canada and served in World War I. He and Mary had two sons. 4 The eldest son of Queen Victoria, Edward VII (1841–1910) was king of England from 1901 to 1910. He was known as Albert Edward, prince of Wales. In 1863 he married Alexandra of Denmark, and they had six children. A liberal patron of the arts and sciences, he led a notable social group and was a sportsman. His love affairs offended his mother’s moral sense and distressed the proprieties of Victorian England. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 25 April 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller) 9 Avenue de l’Observatoire April 25, 1922

Dear Strong I arrived here last night after a journey not worth describing, and found everything all right. Marie gave me my tea as usual this morning, and I am devoting the day to writing letters, so as to have a clean mind and conscience tomorrow for beginning work. It is cold, and I have a fire in the salon. th and stayed a week. Onderdonk came as he had announced on the 10– The impression I always get when I see my former young friends after they have been for some years in “the world” is a sad one: they seem to have no intellectual interests or clearness left. I don’t mean that I didn’t enjoy seeing Onderdonk, and that he was not the same good friend as formerly, but that I found he couldn’t understand what I said. It was, for a different reason, much as it had been with Hans Reichhardt the week before, and we were reduced to baby-talk. Fuller says he has the same experience. Of course, this refers to Americans only, not to Englishmen. I am delighted with the freshly-painted bathroom, and notice curtains in the passage, and other improvements. Marie is anxious to know whether cette Anglaise1 is coming with Margaret, for she says she can’t endure her, and talks to herself about her in her sleep.

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Have you read Vahinger on Als ob,2 and do you think one must? Hans Reichhardt has promised to send me Das Kapital by Karl Marx;3 with that I think I shall have incidental reading enough for some time. I picked up in Rome a French book on Language, by Vendryes,4 which is instructive and supplies some hints about Essence. Why did we never talk about de Gourmont?5 He seems to be very much in evidence: I have read only one book (On how insects make love) which had some good tendencies in it— true naturalism—but also some blindnesses. I said good-bye sentimentally to the Tritons of the Villa Borghese6— arrividerci! Yours ever G. S. 1

This Englishwoman (French). A German philosopher and professor, Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933) contributed to the understanding of Kant’s philosophy and founded the “as if” philosophy. His system (Die Philosophie des als ob. System der theoretischen, praktischen und religiösen Fiktionem der Menschheit auf Grund eines idealistichen Positivismus. Mit einem Anhang über Kant und Nietzsche, 1911) was translated into English as The Philosophy of “As If” (1924). He argued that since reality cannot be known, humans construct systems of thought to satisfy their needs and then assume that actuality agrees with their constructions. People act “as if” the real were what they assume it to be. Santayana’s copy of Die Philosophie des als ob is housed at the Villa le Balze. 3 Karl Marx (1818–83) was a German social philosopher and radical leader, the chief theorist of modern socialism. Most modern forms of socialism and capitalism are derived from his dynamic theory of social change. He adapted Hegel’s dialectical method to his own materialistic position to produce the theory of dialectical materialism. His monumental work was Das Kapital. 4 Joseph Vendryes (1875–1960) published Le langage: introduction linguistique à l’histoire in Paris in 1921. 5 Remy de Gourmont (1858–1915), a French critic and novelist, was the leading critical apologist for the Symbolists. He consistently opposed traditionalism and defended new literary departures. His novels, stories, and plays are analytic in their character study. 6 Villa Borghese, now a repository for paintings, was the Roman summer palace built at the beginning of the seventeenth century by Scipione Cardinal Borghese, of the noble Borghese family. 2

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To George Sturgis 25 April 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton) 9 Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, April 25, 1922

Dear George I have just returned to Paris from Italy, and am looking over my arrears of letters in order to start the season with a clear conscience. I am afraid I th in which you haven’t yet answered your interesting letter of February 20– gave me an account of the various investments of which I am the happy but semi-conscious possessor. It all sounds very safe, prosperous, and upto-date, and if I ventured to make any comments, they would be hopelessly trivial and unbusiness-like, and hardly worthy of an old editor of the Harvard Lampoon, since I can think of nothing but double meanings for American vitrified products preferred, and the furnishing of light heat and power to such important parts of the world as Saint Louis, Mo. not to speak of medicine for England Scotland and Wales. I am only sorry that I am not supplying a little medicine to Ireland also. I vaguely remember trying to furnish a little light to little groups of obscure minds in some dark corner of Sever Hall:1 but it never entered my thoughts to supply all Boston with heat and power as well. This only shows how we do our best actions without knowing it, and how we may be laying up pleasant surprises for ourselves against the Day of Judgement. I am glad to hear that you are to build yourselves a house and home. You may not know that I only just missed being an architect2 and have always taken a great interest in houses—in the planning no less than in the architectural effect—and I should be glad if you would send me some sketch—if you have one not too large—of what you are to build, or some photo of it when done. Would you mind sending a check for $25—in my name—to Thorwald S. Ross3 (what a name!) in the enclosed envelope? I have now a bank account in London, but I don’t like to send an English check to the Signet,4 as it would make a queer sum in American money, say $23.01½ cents. I expect to remain in Paris all summer—at least. Yours affectionately GSantayana 1

A classroom building at Harvard University.

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2 Had Santayana not been offered a position in the philosophy department at Harvard upon completing his doctorate there in 1889, his plan was to study architecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Persons, 260) 3 Thorvald Salicath Ross (A.B., 1912, Harvard) pursued a career in manufacturing and business management. 4 Harvard student society of which Santayana was an honorary member.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 29 April 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

9 Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, April 29, 1922 Messrs Constable & Company London. Dear Sirs: Here is the selection1 from my two volumes of verses which I should suggest might be published, if you think the public would be at all interested in poetry of this sort, which I am well aware is not true poetry, although perhaps it is one sort of true literature. I hope before long to send you a list of errata in the Life of Reason together with one of such verbal emendations as I should like to make if it is possible. I think that, apart from material difficulties, it will be better not to make any changes in the thought or spirit of the original, but (as you suggest) to write a “Preface to the Second Edition” in which I can indicate in what direction my mind has changed in these twenty years, and perhaps say something about the scope and intention of the book, as I originally conceived it. I suppose the strikes are delaying the appearance of “Soliloquies in England”. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 8 May 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

9 Avenue de l’Observatoire May 8 1922 Dear Strong I am delighted to hear that you are so satisfactorily at work on the nature of things. It is evident that in the last year or two you have had a second birth—what with Fables, and Latin, and this vigorous campaign in Mind1 and in your own bosom, you seem to be a new man—I don’t mean a different one, but a rejuvenated, reburnished, pugnacious, and courtly version of your old self. It is a providential compensation for your lameness, and it would be a curious thing if, in spite of it, you were now enjoying the pleasantest and most active years of your life. As to your arguments in particular, I must wait till I see them before saying anything: but I am already asking myself whether in reverting to your term “mind-stuff,” you will at all accentuate a tendency which I seemed to feel in you of late (though perhaps it was only because a misunderstanding on my part was being dissipated)—the tendency to regard “stuff” as the function of the psychical and “mind” as its essence. This was your original view: in clarifying the view you had come to adopt instead, I wonder if you are restoring the old in any measure. Everything will be ready for you on the evening on the 31–st but in spite of my desire to spare Marie the presence of cette Anglaise, I shall certainly have decamped. My idea is to try the Quai Voltaire, if I can get a room there, and if not to return to the Brébant which was very satisfactory save for the noise—and even that often seemed a stimulus. I absolutely need a clear field and solitude if I am to do anything like steady work. The outlook is not discouraging: I find that, in the midst of much dry stuff and many repetitions, I have a good deal—all over the book—that will do as it stands, and that the revision, as it proceeds, suggests enough new thoughts and images to make the work interesting. Nevertheless, even the first book is not finished, because a great part of what I have done this winter turns out to belong elsewhere, especially in the realm of matter. The day before yesterday ushered in Spring, not to say Summer. A complete change—heat, sunshine, and greenness all of a sudden. Yours ever G.S.

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1 Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy, originally published in London, later Edinburgh, and now Oxford, was established in 1876 and is issued quarterly. Its editors include George C. Robertson, G. F. Stout, G. E. Moore, and Gilbert Ryle.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 13 May 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Constable)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Paris, May 13, 1922 essrs

o

M Constable & C London

Gentlemen I have your letter of the 10th about the proposed edition of my poems, with the sample pages. I have entire confidence in your experience and taste about the form of the book, and the print is very good, and the appearance excellent in the page containing one sonnet. The other page, in which there are seven stanzas of four lines each, looks to me a little long and heavy. Wouldn’t a shorter page, with more margin at the top, be better? The arrangement you propose about half-profits is perfectly satisfactory. I am writing to Mr Hoppin, of Duffield & Co, informing him of what is going on, and quoting the paragraph in your letter about the sale of sheets to them or to Scribner. The proposed book, as you may have observed, contains nearly the whole of the little book called “Sonnets”, and about one third of the book called “The Hermit of Carmel”; and as the “Sonnets” alone continue to be sold, it seems that Duffield & Co have the larger interest in the matter. I hope to send you the list of errata and the new preface to The Life of Reason in a few days. Yours faithfully GSantayana

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To Charles Scribner’s Sons 13 May 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Paris, May 13, 1922.

Messrs Charles Scribner’s Sons New York Gentlemen: May I ask you, when the American edition of my “Soliloquies in England” is ready, to send copies in my name to the persons in the list enclosed? Today I have received a letter from Messrs Constable & Company saying that they are ready to publish a collection of my verses, taken partly from my “Sonnets and Other Verses” now published by Messrs Duffield & Company, and partly from “The Hermit of Carmel” of which you hold the copyright. The selection I have made includes almost all of the first volume and about one third—some 75 pages—of the second. Messrs Constable are proposing to sell such sheets as you or Messrs Duffield & Co may agree to take for the American edition, to either or both of your firms, as you may decide. Mr Hoppin wrote me some months ago, making a suggestion to this effect: but now that the affair seems to be actually going forward, I thought it as well to mention it directly to you, so that there may be no misunderstanding. Yours very truly GSantayana Please send a copy of “Soliloquies in England”, with the author’s compliments, to each of the following addresses, and charge them to my account. G.S. Prof. Wendell T. Bush, Columbia University, New York City th Miss Frances Gwinn,1 227 East 48– St. '' '' '' Prof. Durant Drake, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Mr & Mrs R. Burnside Potter, Smithtown, Long Island '' '' Prof. Wm Lyon Phelps,2 Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Dr & Mrs Frederick Winslow, 275 Clarendon St. Boston, Mass. B. A. G. Fuller, Esq, Sherborn, Mass.

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Mrs C. H. Toy, 6 Craigie Circle, Cambridge, Mass. The Harvard Union, '' '' The Delphic Club,3 9 Linden St, '' '' The Robbins Library, Emerson Hall, '' '' 1

Unidentified. William “Billy” Lyon Phelps (1865–1943) graduated from Yale (B.A., 1887; Ph.D., 1891) and Harvard (A.M., 1891). A popular teacher (Yale, 1892–1933), he was among the first Americans to specialize in modern literature. Phelps established the first college courses in contemporary drama and the novel and introduced Russian novelists to his students. He wrote books on modern literature, as well as “As I Like It,” a book column for Scribner’s Magazine. His Autobiography With Letters was published in 1939. 3 The Delta Phi Club, which occupied a house in Mount Auburn Street, was called the Gashouse “because all its windows would be lighted up at once by the electricity that was then a novelty; so that it was called ‘The Gashouse’ because of the absence of gas.” (Persons, 349–50) The club was originated by Thoron, Lyman, and Beal of Santayana’s class of 1886. Santayana had no money for dues as an undergraduate and did not become a member until he returned from Germany in the fall of 1888. About 1898 it became a final club, changing its name to the Delphic Club. 2

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 20 May 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Paris, May 20, 1922

Messrs Constable & Company London Gentlemen: I enclose the new preface to The Life of Reason and the list of errata.1 I have taken pains to make no corrections that would involve disturbing the page beyond the words directly concerned. I hope there may be no difficulty in making these changes, and if necessary I should be glad to bear the expense involved. In regard to the Poems, the second specimen page (which I also enclose)2 seems an improvement, and quite satisfactory. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1

Unlocated. Unlocated.

2

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To Logan Pearsall Smith 5 June 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Congress) 9 Av. de l’Observatoire, Paris June 5, 1922

Dear Smith “More Trivia”1 break all the rules about the inferiority of sequels and second parts, because they have all the freshness of the first collection, with more wit and more depth. I like them very much, but they can’t be very well appreciated as a whole: each should be taken singly, and the savour of it allowed to fill the mind and die away naturally, without being confused and jostled by the next impression. Nevertheless, the whole makes a picture of the self-consciousness of the modern man, which is not only delightfully vivid and humorous, but is a great document: because although it represents only one side of yourself, or of any of us, yet it is just the side which the age has made conspicuous. Men have always been the victims of trifles; but when they were uncomfortable, and passionate, and in constant danger, they hardly had time to notice what the daily texture of their thoughts was, in the calm intervals; whereas with us, the intervals are all; and that is what you have painted. As to Guillaume Lerolle,2 20 Av. Duquesne, Paris, after our talk of the other day it came back to me, as in a dream, that I had seen him after that incident about the unanswered letters to me and your correspondance with him; that we had discussed the matter of translating Little Essays, that he had said he must give up the project, and that I had given him “Character & Opinion in the U.S.” in proof at that time, to look over; and I haven’t seen or heard from him since. If you care to write to him (as the above facts may not be accurately reported; my memory of them is curiously dream-like) of course do so; but I think you are quite at liberty to make arrangements with M. du Bos,3 if you feel disposed. Of course, it would be an honour to have such a translation made, and I should appreciate the compliment very much, as well as your interest in the matter. You are an angel to take charge of the matter yourself and leave me for the moment to the Realms of Being.

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Thank you for your very kind words about the Soliloquies, and especially about the allegories, which I somehow feel are my maimed children or ugly ducklings. I am looking for the book I haven’t sent you.4 Do you like La Rochefoucault, La Bruyère, or Stendhal?5 Yours sincerely G. S. 1

Smith’s first book, Trivia (1902), had been published at his own expense. More Trivia was published in New York by Harcourt, Brace and Co. in 1921. 2 Guillaume Lerolle and Henri Quentin translated Egotism (L’Erreur de la philosophie Allemande, with a preface by Émile Boutroux. Paris: Nouvelle Librairie Nationale, 1917). 3 Possibly Charles du Bos (1882–1939), a French critic who combined Catholicism with the influence of Walter Pater to become a leading commentator on the literary production of his time. This translation was not published. 4 See 20 June 1919. 5 François de La Rochefoucauld (1613–80) was a French author renowned for his book, Maximes (1665). Jean de La Bruyère (1645–96) was a French satiric moralist who wrote about human vanity and corruption. His famous work is Les Caracteres de Theophraste, avec les caracteres ou les mœurs de ce siecle (translated from the Greek, 1688). Stendhal, pseudonym of Marie Henri Beyle (1783–1842), was a French novelist known for his vivid characterization and psychological analysis.

To George Sturgis 7 June 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton) Paris, June 7, 1922

Dear George Thank you for your letters of April 30, May 15, and May 24, the first of which crossed with my last to you. Please give Josephine my love and tell her I am sorry Arthur’s health is so deeply affected; but he has youth and no doubt courage, as well as good care, to help him through. As to your aunt Susie’s outburst on this subject, it is nothing to what you would hear everyday in that household. They live in an atmosphere of such intense partisanship in politics and religion that all the patriotism, self-sacrifice, or good policy and insight which they would praise on their own side seem to them criminal on the part of the enemy. Your aunt Susie is intelligent, and ought to be above this sort of thing; but more than intelligent she is, and has always been, enthusiastic and passionate. It has been her charm; but it has driven her to exaggerate her own allegiances and force herself to defend them in exaggerated language. In her heart she doubts and sees that it is, or may be, all make-believe; but this only intensifies her determination to blind herself and to bluff it out. It is very sad, because her con-

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victions have not really brought her any happiness. She was seventy years old yesterday:1 you must overlook this aggressiveness in her language now and then, which is prompted by old scores which she has against things in general. She is hitting back with such weapons as remain to an old woman. I wish human nature and old age were more beautiful. Strong and his daughter Margaret are here now, and I have left the apartment temporarily, as there is not space enough there for family life and philosophy at once. I am in a nice hotel near the Palais Royal, with a cool comfortable room and great quiet, and I am working very well. I dine with the Strongs every day at a restaurant. As to that Italian book, you might as well send it on (to 9 Av. de l’Observatoire) but there is no need of registering it. The author probably thought the Italian postman’s soul could not resist the chance of stealing the book and saving itself; but I shouldn’t mind. Yours affty GSantayana 1

Susan was born in 1851; in 1922 she was seventy-one.

To George Sturgis 8 June 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton)

Paris, June 8 1922 Dear George In writing to you yesterday, my thoughts were so turned in the direction of old age, illness, and death that I quite forgot what should have been the chief subject of my letter, namely, the coming event. I hope it will be prosperous, and that Rosamond will get over that severe but joyful trial as well as Josephine did. It is like seasickness; horrible at the time, but leaving you feeling better than you ever felt before, so that you are soon ready to face the same trial again. You needn’t pay any attention to what I am going to say, and you probably won’t, as it will seem to you a mere prejudice, probably; yet I will tell you what I thought when you said that, if –it–the child was a boy, you had decided to call him Robert Shaw Sturgis.1 Does this s, mean anything to you? There is, of course, your father’s cousin Robert –Gould] [ – Shaw, whose monument decorates the top of Beacon Hill;2 but your father was not called after him, but after his uncle;3 and I don’t know — for ——after what ancient worthy he was named. The middle name, if it is to be reduced in

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practice to a mere letter, seems to me useless and ugly: it is worth having only when it is to be given its full weight and used always as a part of the name you are called by. Three names can seldom hang together as a unit; which is the reason why some people reduce the Christian name to a mysterious initial, as if every body called your boy Shaw Sturgis, and he signed himself R. Shaw Sturgis: but you probably would feel about this as a friend of mine did who said that he would as soon call himself A. Damned Foole. If your young one is to be known as Robert Sturgis, as your father was, why not call him so to begin with, and avoid a needless and (to my mind) ridiculous middle letter? I believe several old friends of mine live in Weston: –[W.]– Cameron Forbes, –[ J.]– Murray Forbes,4 Austin Potter.5 Are any of these neighbours or friends of yours? Yours affectionately GSantayana 1 Robert “Bob” Shaw Sturgis (b. 1922), George and Rosamond’s son, was named after his grandfather, Santayana’s half brother. After graduation from Saint Mark’s School in 1939, Bob attended Harvard University, but his studies were interrupted by service in the United States Army Air Force in Europe. During the Allied occupation of Italy in 1944, he visited Santayana several times in Rome. After World War II he returned to Harvard to study architecture. 2 As an army colonel, Robert Gould Shaw (1837–63) commanded the first black regiment in the field in the Civil War, the 54th Massachusetts. He was slain at Morris Island, South Carolina; a memorial statue by Saint-Gaudens is on Boston Common. 3 Robert Shaw Sturgis (1824–76). 4 William Cameron “Cam” Forbes (1870–1959) coached the Harvard football team and was a member of the Harvard class of 1892. An administrator and diplomat, he served as United States governor of the Philippine Islands (1909–13) and as United States ambassador to Japan (1930–32). He was the grandson of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Santayana was a frequent guest at Naushon, an island in Buzzard’s Bay, Cape Cod, that belonged to Cam’s grandfather J[ohn] Murray Forbes, and at the family estate in Milton, Massachusetts, an impending visit to which is announced in this letter. See Persons, 346–48. 5 Austin Potter (Harvard, 1895) was the brother of Warwick and Robert Burnside Potter.

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To Boylston Adams Beal 20 June 1922 • Paris, France Permanent address:

{

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Paris, June 20 1922 Dear Boylston Let me answer your good letter at once, for fear of putting it off indefinitely. There is nothing changed in my plans or situation. I vaguely look forward to settling down some day in England: but the truth is, I am less and less attracted by the idea when I get to close quarters with it. I know Oxford so well, that I can walk about it at will without moving from my chimney-corner; and they say it is becoming harder and harder to find lodgings there. I might take a cottage in one of the neighbouring villages, and get my old landlady, or some other suitable person, to keep house for me. But I am hardly ready to give up my Continental migrations, and if once I settled down in England, it would be for the rest of my days. Meantime, there is the problem of Strong, whom I don’t like to abandon altogether. You know he is lame, half paralysed in the legs, and has few friends to relieve the monotony of his meditations. His daughter hasn’t turned out very useful to him. She is pretty, but her intelligence as a school-girl seems to have been a false alarm, and she is singularly vague, helpless, and empty. The poor thing cries, sometimes, out of pure ennui: and as to her father, he is not happy unless she is out of the way, because she is not punctual, and constantly changes and rechanges all her plans, to his dismay and exasperation. I too clear out when she is on the scene, because she is incompatible with work and quietness, and besides in the apartment here there is hardly room for three. I go to some hotel, and dine with Strong daily at a Duval restaurant. It is a splendid arrangement for work. The younger generation does not seem so foreign to me as it does to you: the young people I see, I still like, and quite forget my grey hairs in their society. Our own beaux jours were not very beautiful: I am not sure that the war wasn’t a sort of Deluge providentially destinied to drown our generation. We were genteel, we were aesthetic, but we were impotent. Perhaps the future may bring a new simplicity, even if of a brutal sort. Yours ever GSantayana

1921–1927

To Wendell T. Bush [Summer 1922?] • Paris, France

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(MS: Columbia)

9 Av. de l’Observatoire Monday Dear Mr Bush What a fatality seems to pursue us this year! Your note, which you say you sent from Dijon, has never reached me. Are you and Mrs Bush free for dinner this evening? I will call again at seven o’clock—or a few minutes earlier—in case you are. If not, please let me know what day it may be Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Logan Pearsall Smith [Summer 1922?] • Paris, France

(MS: Congress)

9 Av. de l’Observatoire Tuesday1 Dear Smith This is very good news. I am not at all busy, only oppressed by the heat, and I will come for you this evening at 7.30, and we can go to dine in the Champs Elysées. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

‘[1922?]’ is written in pencil in a hand other than that of Santayana.

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To Constable and Co. Ltd. 4 July 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Paris, July 4, 1922 essrs

M Constable & Company London Please send a copy of my “Soliloquies in England” to Dr Luciano Zampa1 Petroia, Gubbio, Italy, and charge the same to my account. G. Santayana 1

Luciano Zampa translated Egotism (L’io nella filosofia germanica. Lanciano: R. Carabba, 1920).

To Logan Pearsall Smith 17 July 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Congress) 9 Avenue de l’Observatoire July 17, 1922

Dear Smith I don’t know what I may have done to frighten Mr Kyllmann1 so much, but if you don’t mind being dragged in into these affairs, it certainly relieves me of a good deal of trouble. I should like to do anything that Mr Kyllmann thinks would be advantageous to the sale of my books; not that I want any money, but that it flatters me that they should be read and that it would be a satisfaction if so devoted a publisher made more respectable profits. In itself however, I will say frankly that the idea of a collection of critical essays, picked out from my present books, does not seem to me necessary: it would seem to eviscerate “Poetry & Religion” and even “Winds of Doctrine” and the “Soliloquies”, as if the rest of what they contain were inferior. This is perhaps true of “Poetry & Religion”, but hardly of the other two books. Of course, it makes no difference to me in what form people read my writings, if they read them at all: and if such a selection would be more popular, it is only a gain from the point of view of pro-

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paganda and of “fame”, just as “Little Essays” have been. But these evidently did not supersede anything else—they were too short for that—and may even have rescued the whole from early oblivion. My answer therefore is that I leave the matter in your hands—“you” being yourself and Mr Kyllmann—if you are willing to wretle with Dent2 and with Scribner. As to fresh essays, there is one that ought certainly to be included, the one on “The Character of Hamlet” which forms the introduction to the Hamlet in Sidney Lee’s edition.3 It is a very Latin view of the subject, and cost me infinite pains. But the publishers are the most intraitable4 I ever heard of—will not even sell copies of the volume (which is very dear) unless one buys the whole set. I have never approached them (The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass) on the subject of reprinting this paper, and should be curious to see what luck you had in it. The only other thing I can think of is a paper (never printed) which I read at Harvard during the Emerson celebration many years ago on Emerson the Poet.5 It doesn’t add very much to what I have said elsewhere, but it is rather amusing. It might perhaps overload the Emersonian chapter in the new book; but you shall see it if you wish, and judge for yourself. Does Squire6 really want anything of mine, or is it your illusion? I have nothing at present. The squibs in the Dial are only marginal notes on the American books they send me. I like the sophomoric [across] atmosphere of it, and feel I am still writing for the Lampoon. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Otto Kyllmann was director of Constable Publishers in London. Joseph Malaby Dent (1849–1926) founded Dent & Sons of London, which published Doctrine in 1913. 3 Born Solomon Lazarus Levi, Sir Sidney Lee (1859–1926) was an English author who was editor of the Dictionary of National Biography (1891). He wrote Life of William Shakespeare (1898) and Shakespeare and the Modern Stage (1906). Santayana’s essay entitled “Hamlet” appeared as the Introduction to Hamlet, vol. 15 of The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, ed. Sidney Lee (New York: Harper and Bros., [c. 1906–8]), ix–xxxiii. This essay was reprinted in Obiter and in the Triton Edition, vol. 2 (1936): 205–24. 4 Intractable (French). 5 “Emerson’s Poems Proclaim the Divinity of Nature, with Freedom as His Profoundest Ideal,” delivered on 22 May 1903 during the Emerson Commemorative Week at Harvard. The lecture was printed in the Boston Daily Advertiser, Emerson Centenary Supplement (23 May 1903): 16. 6 John Collings “J. C.” Squire (1884–1958), a highly influential literary journalist and essayist, established the London Mercury in 1919. He was knighted in 1933. 2

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To Gilbert Seldes 26 July 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Beinecke)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Paris, July 26, 1922 r

My dear M Seldes So far I have received only one draft for my article on “Penitent Art”, the previous one being for “Marginal Notes on Civilization in America”.1 If the second draft arrives I will send it back to you. Thank you for forwarding the letter from the New York editor of La Prensa,2 who is an old acquaintance. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

“Penitent Art” was published in The Dial in July 1922; “Marginal Notes on Civilization in the United States” was published in June 1922. 2 Founded in October of 1869, La Prensa is still a major newspaper of Buenos Aires.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 17 September 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Paris, Sept. 17, 1922 essrs

M Constable & Company London Dear Sirs: In regard to Mr Pric/ tchard’s request to print “Masks” in his Anthology,1 please follow your own judgement and inclination. You can see much better than I what is reasonable in such a case. An author who is asked for permission to reprint something of his is like an actor when an encore is demanded: he is pleased to be forced to yield, even against all rules. It is for the manager to keep order and prevent abuses. You will think me too prolific, but I have another book ready, and hope to send you the manuscript in a week or two. It is the first volume of my system of philosophy, which I have had in hand for many years. I propose

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that it be published separately under the title Scepticism and Animal Faith. A second volume, entitled Realms of Being will complete the work, and I hope to have it ready in a year or two.2 This first volume is not a long book, little longer, I think, than Character & Opinion in the U.S. Perhaps, if you consent to publish it, you could issue it in the same form as that book, which has an alluring aspect. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1 “Masks” was published in The Athenaeum in September 1920 and reprinted as number 31 in Soliloquies. Essays of To-day: An Anthology, edited by Frances Henry Pritchard (1884–1942), was published in 1923 by G. G. Harrap in London. It includes “War,” reprinted from Little Essays. 2 Realms was published in four volumes: Essence (1927), Matter (1930), Truth (1937), and Spirit (1940). Scepticism, introducing the philosophical system, appeared in 1923.

To Wendell T. Bush 4 October [1922?] • Paris, France

(MS: Columbia) Hôtel du Palais Royal, Paris October 4—

Dear Mr Bush Your first note reached me safely, although with some delay, as I am not at the apartment for the moment. (The mad old woman is still there, but she is superseded in all practical matters by another, who is quite com^ ^ petent.) I answered, making an appointment; but as you and Mrs Bush didn’t turn up, I inferred that in the interval you might have left Paris. However, I am glad you are returning, and hope you will let me know as soon as you arrive, and dine with me any day you choose (I have no engagements!) at the Café de la Régence, opposite the Théâtre Français, which is convenient for everybody. I shall probably return to 9 Av. de l’Observatoire on Wednesday Oct. th 11– , after the Strongs leave for Italy. If not, I shall be in this hotel. Yours sincerely GSantayana

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To Constable and Co. Ltd. 5 October 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

9, Av. de l’Observatoire Paris, Oct. 5. 1922 Messrs Constable & Co London I am sending you today the manuscript of my new book. You will observe that I have suggested three slightly different titles, and I should be glad to know which you think the best. I shall be glad to know as soon as possible that the parcel has arrived safely— Yours faithfully GSantayana

To John Brett Langstaff 11 October 1922 • Paris, France

(MS: Unknown)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Paris, Oct. 11, 1922

Dear Langstaff Thank you very much for sending me an invitation to the Presentation of David Copperfield’s Library to The Borough of St. Pancras.1 It proves that you (or someone else) have appreciated my praises of Dickens. His books were a great solace to me during the war, when I read them practically for the first time. I am also glad to know that you are active and already in a Presidential chair. In my own occupations there has been no great change; and I am trying to improve the shining (though afternoon) hour in finishing off all the philosophical and other works which I have had in petto for years. The first volume of my system of philosophy, solving all the riddles of the universe by proving that there are no riddles, is already in the press. I hope to return to England in the Spring of next year, after a too protacted absence, and to see and (perhaps) hear you.

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Gouvy Hoffman and his wife were in Paris a year ago, and very kindly looked me up. I have had a letter from Peter Warren, and Raymond Mortimer is at this moment in the same hotel in which I have been hiding, and we have had lunch together at the café de la Régence today . You see ^ ^ that my pleasant associations with Oxford are still alive. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 Langstaff’s book David Copperfield’s Library was published in London (1924). The dedication reads “Under the special patronage of the boy martyr Saint Pancras, to Jack and Harry and to the children of David Copperfield’s Library in memory of Charles, son of John Dickens.”

To Mary Potter Bush 20 October 1922 [postmark] • Paris, France

(MS: Columbia)

Dear Mrs Bush Yes, with pleasure. I hope this reply will reach you and spare Mr Bush an unnecessary journey, although if he wants to come and discuss philosophy in my den I should be delighted to see him. I leave on Sunday morning. Yours gratefully GSantayana

To Harry Austryn Wolfson 25 October 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Nice, Oct. 25. 1922 Dear Mr Wolfson1 I have spent a very pleasant hour reading your first chapter on Spinoza.2 Thank you very much for remembering me. You know, perhaps, that Spinoza3 is a great force in my private economy, and I daresay I sin in adapting and transforming him to my own uses. It is a legitimate absorption of what one finds nutritive, but it makes it all the more necessary for historical criticism to restore the genuine character of great men’s thoughts, as their own age conceived them. I admire your wide scholar-

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ship, and the way you employ it: in the first place, in order to make an imaginative and even playful reconstruction—what Spinoza’s book might have been; and then to return to the formal and quaint dialectic, to the scholastic flavour, of Spinoza, in contrast to the sentimental turn given to him by Goethe4 & Co I hope you will persevere and make a great success of the work. If in my capacity of former instructor I may make a suggestion, I should advise you to paraphrase here and there certain expressions which may be blind to the reader. For instance, when you say that the universal or the genus was regarded as the cause of the particular, I don’t think any clear idea is conveyed by the words. But cause is a)rxh/, principle; and we can easily understand how space or extension is the principle of the pyramid or of this sheet of paper in its Auseinandersein;5 that is, the genus or universal is implied in the particular and the latter involves the pre-existence of the former, but not vice versa. If “cause” meant determining antecedent, evidently no universal could be the cause of the particulars or the modes which diversify it, since it gives no foothold to the differences and to the occasions proper to these particulars: and Spinoza is himself explicit on this point where he says that each mode depends on the other modes in its own attribute, not on the nature of the attribute—much less of the substance—in general. So in the matter of “being understood through something else”, this understanding is dialectical only. The nature of the thing understood presupposes the nature of the more general essence it is understood through, or by the use of: we must not think of “understanding” either as explanation of origins or as appreciation of ^ ^ individual character.—I am curious to know the secret of this sumptuous printing and publication. But why long §§? If it is in order to [across] suggest the XVII century, you mustn’t speak of having “to be scrapped anyway before we are through”. Suum cuique.6 Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Harry Austryn Wolfson (1887–1974), Harvard class of 1912, was Nathan Littauer Professor of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy at Harvard until his retirement in 1958. His works include Crescas’ Critique of Aristotle: Problems of Aristotle’s Physics in Jewish and Arabic Philosophy (1929) and The Philosophy of Spinoza: Unfolding the Latent Processes of his Reasoning, 2 vols. (1934). 2 “Spinoza’s Definition of Substance and Mode,” Chronicon Spinozanum 1 (1921): 101–12. 3 Baruch (or Benedict) Spinoza (1632–77) was a rationalist whose philosophy finds its fullest expression in his Ethics (1677). Spinoza maintains that one cannot understand the world without understanding it as a whole, a single system that has two names, God and Nature. Together with Plato and Aristotle, Spinoza is one of the chief sources of Santayana’s philosophic inspiration.

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4 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) was a German poet, dramatist, novelist, and scientist. Sources for his work included Greek mythology and German legends. Goethe was, for Santayana, one of the great philosophical poets; that is, poets who effectively express the dominant world view of their era. See Poets, 139–99, and Egotism, 43–53. Goethe’s lifework was the drama Faust (1808, 1831). 5 Relatedness (German). 6 To each his own (Latin).

To Charles Augustus Strong 30 October 1922 [postmark] • Nice, France

(MS postcard: Rockefeller)

New-York Hotel, Nice I have moved today to this other hotel, which is meublé1 so that one may go out for one’s meals, and where I have a little apartment with a bath room worthy of the name of the hotel, and a corner room with sun all day—four windows—on the main street—not the sea-front. I hope to be comfortable, but the weather so far has been execrable—wind and rain—and the place is still in curl-papers. However, I heard a part of La Mascotte2 last night at the Casino gratis. You had better come a little later. G. S. [across] Restaurants here –is–are many and good. 1

Furnished (French). A comic opera in three acts by Edmond Audran (1842–1901).

2

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 3 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple)

New York Hotel Nice, France Nov. 3, 1922 Messrs Constable & Company London Gentlemen I inclose the agreement,1 duly signed, for the publication of Scepticism and Animal Faith. I have added the words “the first part of” to the sub-title, because as it stands it would hardly be correct. This book is only the introduction to the system. Perhaps the words “Introduction to a System of Philosophy”

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would sound better than “The first part of”. They might convey the impression of a separate introductory work, complete in itself, which is just what this book is. If you think so, we could use the title — in —with this modification. As to the proposed large paper edition of my Poems,2 I should be glad to sign the 120 or 125 copies which you mention, if you can send me the pages here, to the New York Hotel, Nice, where I expect to pass the winter. I will put the date on, as well as my name, if you think it would be better, as the whole would not be a matter of more than half an hour—at least, I suppose so, not having written my name over so many times since I was a school-boy. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1

Unlocated. Poems (New York: Scribner’s, 1923 and London: Constable, 1922). A special edition of 100 numbered copies signed by Santayana was issued by Constable in January 1923. 2

To George Sturgis 3 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton) New York Hotel, Nice, France Nov. 3, 1922

Dear George Many thanks for your letter of Oct. 23, and its enclosures. The enclosed half-sheet1 is a reply to the unfortunate creature who sent the begging letter: I think he is probably in real trouble, and as deserving as unbalanced people usually are—deserving of pity if not of anything else. Will you please sen/td this half-sheet to him with a cheque for $25; to Mr Sadakichi Hartmann,2 P.O. Box 341, Gainesville, Florida. I am glad to know that you and Rosamond and the young man are all well and happy. I wrote to Josephine not long ago; you make the best of her situation also, because you are an optimist (as you have a national and hereditary right to be) but I feel that it is rather distressing. As to your Aunt Josephine, I had had a hint from her long ago that she did not intend to draw her whole income for more than a year. She likes to have a small money-bag under her pillow (I speak figuratively) but the $10,000 that she must now have in the bank amply satisfy that craving, and she is satisfied

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to leave the rest in that distant and miraculous fountain of dollars over which you are the presiding genius at this moment. I have written to her once or twice on this subject, but not recently, and always in the sense that she must do what would be most conducive to her peace of mind, and to her pleasant relations with those about her. I came to Nice a week ago or more, fleeing from the chill and rain that had crept over Paris. The rain continued here, but not the chill, and after some hunting I have found a comfortable little apartment, a corner room with sun all day (when the sun shines) and a modern bath-room adjoining. I have my coffee here in the morning, and at noon go to lunch at a very excellent Italian restaurant across the street. I am working pleasantly and feeling very well, and expect to remain here all winter. It is a somewhat expensive place, and I shall draw the rest of my letter of credit during the next two months, and by the 1st of January you will not forget to send me a fresh one. I have received sundry small sums for articles, etc. during this year, so that I haven’t been so very economical as my modest drafts might indicate. It will not be necessary, I think, to make the next letter of credit any larger—£500 as heretofore. If it should be exhausted before 1923 is over, you can always send me a supplementary one, or a draft. Yours affectionately GSantayana 1

Unlocated. Carl Sadakichi Hartmann (1867–1944) was born in Japan to a Japanese mother. His German father brought him to the United States in 1894; he became a naturalized American citizen. Hartmann composed and published verse dramas, poetry, Conversations with Walt Whitman (1895) and A History of American Art (1902). He moved among bohemian circles in Greenwich Village and Hollywood. 2

To Robert Burnside Potter 8 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Nice, November 8, 1922 Dear Bob Warwick has probably told you, by this time, of the repeated confabulations and convivialities which we had together, when he and his young wife were in Paris. It seemed to me I had known him all my life, as indeed I had, or rather all his life: but I mean that, besides the great resemblance

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in expression which there is still to his childish face, he had a simplicity and openness about him that removed all constraint at once. Harriet too is very unaffected and friendly; she will be a splendid wife and mother. In fine, I loved them both at once, and shall regard them as a permanent possession, even if I see but little of them in future. At the same time, they made me think of you and Mrs Potter, and of the saying of Homer that some sons are better than their fathers, but most sons are worse. I don’t know that I should call them worse in this instance according to my philosophical standards, because I think these young people are more normal than our generation (at least, of our sort) and more appropriate to the circumstances in which their lives must be led: remarkably well-armoured and, in one way, insensible, so that they can stand the pace and the emptiness of things without loss of simple faith and heartiness. It is not a matter of youth: because we were more exquisite when we were young, n’est-ce pas? You certainly were more exquisite—you are more exquisite—than young Warwick, and I need not repeat the phrase about Mrs Potter. The new generation is tougher: it is adjusted to more noise, more speed, more good-nature, and more democracy than we could have put up with. In Warwick this modernness surprised me a little, as I had been prepared for another type of mind, because as a boy he seemed pensive. He is that still, but in view of facts, not in view of ideas; and his experiences in the war and in engineering have probably confirmed this characteristic. Intellectually he seemed to me absolutely Grotonian1 (they didn’t have time to make a Grotonian of you: Gordon Bell and Bayard Cutting2 also cut the traces, because they had such irrepressible wits); by Grotonian I mean intelligent but passive, cognizant but not concerned. The social tone of Groton I didn’t notice at all: it is probably out of date by this time. But it survives remarkably in men a little older. During the war, at Oxford, Bronson Cutting and Edgar Wells3 came to see me, and I saw Bronson Cutting again in Rome last year. I can’t express to you the distance, the foreignes –ness, that I felt in him: it was another “world of values”, an estimation absolutely well-informed but absolutely dead. I suppose it is that people’s hearts are set on “heaven and home”. Or is it that they are just living on respectably, considering when they should next go to the dentist’s, and who will win the elections? The devouring automatism of American life is something stupendous. I feel the force of it more and more every day the farther, personally, I get away from it, as large mountains rise as you recede from them, and —— you —— surprise you by looming up as they never did when you lived at their base.

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And this leads me to say why I am writing to you instead of to Mrs Potter. As you know I am writing—or rather brooding over—a novel of the American inner life, lived largely in Europe. My technical resources give out at every turn, and I may have to give the thing up. There is one point where I have an important scene in a yacht—and I know nothing about yachts. You know—or knew—everything about them. Can you tell me of a scientific book about yachts (my novel is to be scientific) that shall tell me how they are planned, how many men are needed for the crew, what servants are usually taken, etc. It is to be a schooner into which auxiliary engines have been put in (is this done?) for cruising in Canadian waters and the West Indies. Elderly eccentric sportsman who likes to go away from home. [across] I have come to Nice for the winter, and am comfortably settled and hard at work on Opus Magnum. Yours ever G. Santayana 1

Referring to Groton School, an exclusive preparatory school, in Groton, Massachusetts. Gordon Knox Bell was a member of the Harvard class of 1893. William Bayard Cutting Jr. (1878–1910) received his B.A. from Harvard in 1900. He served as secretary to the vice-consul in the American Consulate in Milan (1908–9) and secretary of the American Legation, Tangier, Morocco (1909). 3 Bronson Murray Cutting (1888–1935) attended Harvard (1906–7, 1908–10) and afterward had a career in journalism and publishing. He also served as United States senator from New Mexico (1927–35). Edgar Huidekoper Wells received an A.B. (1897) and a law degree (1903) from Harvard and went on to a career in finance. 2

To Otto Kyllmann 10 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple) New York Hotel, Nice, France Nov. 10, 1922

Dear Mr Kyllmann It is all right about the title of Scepticism and Animal Faith, with the sub-title An Introduction to a System of Philosophy. My first impulse on receiving your suggestion of a preface to the Poems was to say no; they are an autobiography sufficiently, perhaps excessively, confidential—at least for a discerning reader: and who cares for the others? But on second thoughts, I have come to the conclusion that a preface would be a good thing, if you don’t mind its not being exactly autobiographical but devoted to these two points: 1–st an apology for republishing such old-fashioned and unpoetical verses, on the ground that no one is

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bound by rules or genres in expression, and that there is no line, either in nd matter or form, between poetry and prose; 2– (and here a touch of autobiography may come in) a word about the temper, the beliefs, and the changes in feeling which these pieces represent. I will set to work on this preface at once, and send it to you in a few days. I think it will make the volume more interesting to the public, and certainly the reviewers will pounce upon it eagerly, without needing to read further. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Charles Scribner’s Sons 14 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Princeton)

Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. S.W.1 Nice, Nov. 14, 1922 Messrs Charles Scribner’s Sons New York— Gentlemen, When the new edition of my “Poems” reaches you, you will find that I have added a preface at the request of Messrs Constable & Co which I trust will supply a part of the attraction which a photograph might have for the public eye; and I have also consented to write my name in 125 large paper copies which are to be issued also. But as to a photograph, I am sorry I can’t agree. Not only do I detest that sort of irrelevant interest (although I know it is human) but in this case I think the portrait, if any, should be that of the author at the time he composed the book, or the major part of it. This is a young man’s voice: it should not seem to issue from an old man’s mouth. On the other hand, a portrait of myself when young, presented to the public now, would be grotesque. You must wait till I die. If my poems or any of my books continue to sell then, you will be at liberty to put in any portraits you like; and I have two which I think would do very well for the “Poems”: one at the age of 22, my Harvard Class-photograph, and the other from a charcoal drawing done ten years later by Andreas Andersen.1 They correspond exactly to the two series of sonnets in the volume. There is no photograph of myself in later years that is at all good, and

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very few bad ones; but I mean to have one done when I return to London which will be in the Spring, if my plans are not changed. This will remain to represent the philosopher, as those other two the poet.—I hope you will excuse this very vain and egotistical letter—it is a sort of last will and testament in regard to portraits—although I am not thinking of dying for the moment. Somehow effigies suggest monuments, although I know there are illustrated supplements to the Sunday papers which would probably serve instead, although not aere perennius.2 You have perhaps heard that the first volume of my system of philosophy, a separate book by itself, called “Scepticism and Animal Faith”, is in the press, and I suppose Messrs Constable will arrange with you (if you are so disposed) for the American issue. Yours very truly GSantayana [across] P.S. It is all right about the royalty. 1

These photographs are in Complete Poems (85 and 101). Latin for “more lasting than bronze” (Horace, Odes, III.xxx.1).

2

To Charles Augustus Strong 14 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller) New York Hotel Nice Nov. 14. 1922

Dear Strong I am very glad you have been having this outing and fresh glimpse of Rome. If I were not so well and so busy (after my fashion) I should envy you, but one of the things I like here is the Italian atmosphere. I hear almost as much Italian as French in the streets, and go every day to lunch at Maffi’s, across the street, which is very nice; a good deal like Poccardi’s.— I enclose a review by Berty1 which is its own excuse for being, and a cutting from the Morning Post2 that may enlighten and amuse you. Yours ever G.S. 1

Unlocated. The clipping is headed “Moscow’s Verdict on Relativity. / Counter-Revolutionary and Reactionary.” The first paragraph reads, “The Moscow Committee of the Russian Communist Party has declared war on Professor Einstein’s theory of relativity which 2

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has been proclaimed a ‘reactionary theory leading to the support of counterrevolutionary ideas.’ ”

To Otto Kyllmann 15 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple) Hotel New-York, Nice, France Nov. 15. 1922

Dear Mr Kyllmann Here is the preface to the Poems. I wonder if you could ask someone in your office to verify the quotation in the last paragraph? I make it from memory, which in my case is very treacherous: I can’t even remember which play it comes from, but it is easily found, being at the very end, in the song to Winter, in one of the comedies, perhaps A Winter’s Tale. I have no books here. –If [ the two lines are not consecutive, dots … after ^ the first.]– 1 ^ I enclose a letter2 which explains itself and which I should be much obliged to you if you would answer—entirely as you think best. If you are anxious not to delay the publication of the Poems, in view of the Christmas season, perhaps it would not be necessary to send me the proof of the preface; the printer’s proof-reading being so careful; and you or someone else with independent judgement might read it over to make sure that no word had been misread so as to spoil the sense. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1

From The Song to Winter in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost (V.ii.922 and 939): “When icicles hang by the wall,” and “And coughing drowns the parson’s saw.” 2 Unlocated.

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To Mary Williams Winslow 16 November 1922 • Nice, France

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(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1.

Nice, Nov. 16 1922 Dear Mrs Winslow Two letters, two sets of Sargent decorations,1 and I don’t know how many months are being put down by the Recording Angel to my debit; but I console myself with the thought that you have had a thick volume of Soliloquies to overhear whenever you chose, and that I have been writing so much else—“Scepticism and Animal Faith: Introduction to a System of Philosophy” is in the press—that I may fairly be excused for neglecting to put pen to paper out of school hours. However, reform is better than repentance, and I will give you some account of myself—although as you know nothing ever happens in my little world. I spent the —— winter ———— ^summer^ very pleasantly in Paris, working on the above-mentioned volume. I wasn’t at Strong’s; because his daughter Margaret was about, and the apartment is too small for three, a maid, a dog, and ten thousand hat-boxes. I found a quiet cool hotel near the Palais Royal, and lived there in a top room like a true philosopher, dining every evening with the Strongs. They are my most constant link with human affairs. Strong himself, in spite of his lameness, has developed a new geniality (in every sense of this word) composes fables, reads the Latin classics, travels by motor, builds baroque staircases in his garden at Fiesole, and altogether plays the part of an opulent man of letters of the eighteenth century. It is a great satisfaction to me to see him so happy, in spite of his physical infirmity, and to find him blooming intellectually in his old age after having been all his life rather cramped in expression and rigidly professional in his interests. I think the Anglo-American colony in Florence has had a great effect on him, and thawed him thoroughly. Perhaps he has also caught from me the idea that a serious philosopher may be playful on occasion. He has just been to Rome in his motor with his architect, who is an invaluable friend and fac-totum, and I expect he will turn up here later in the winter. I have not wanted to go to Italy nor to Spain this year, because I want to finish the big book—and turn to the novel! When that comes on the tapis, if I am as well as I am now, I shall go the rounds again to Avila, Seville, Rome, Fiesole, Venice, etc, because those scenes will not distract me from the fun which I shall be having.

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Composing a system of philosophy is not such an easy matter, and when once the thread of interest and the momentum of the argument are lost it is sometimes weeks before the engine can be made to run again properly. Therefore I need absolute solitude, such as I have here—that is, solitude in casinos, cafés, restaurants, theatres, and rambles in the midst of swarms of idlers, villas, motors, and palm-trees. But to return to the Strongs: there is the question of Margaret. Everybody (including herself) wants her to get married, and she has plenty of suitors and of money; but somehow she doesn’t make up her mind. This prolonged coyness on her part has a curious effect on the lives of two elderly philosophers, her father and myself, because it keeps us both waiting with one foot in the air, until (she having established herself) we may know where to set it down. I for my part should like to settle down somewhere for the rest of my days; but I don’t like to go to England, for instance, and leave Strong altogether; and yet I can’t live with him while she is about, because then I feel I am staying in a rich man’s house, and not sharing rooms with a fellow-student—which is the sort of existence that Strong and I affect when we are alone. This summer I had several visits from strange quarters. The Rev. Dr Zampa came to spend a few days with me on his way from Michigan, where he had been lecturing on Biblical exegesis (in Latin, if you please) at a Polish Catholic seminary back to his native Umbria, to the castle of La Petroia in Gubbio, which is his ancestral seat, and which I am invited to visit some day. He is furious with prohibition and doesn’t find the American Catholic clergy very spiritual: he says they are like the Apostles—before the coming of the Holy Ghost. I also had a visit from young Warwick Potter and his bride, who was Harriet Amory; I enjoy ed ^ ^ their company very much, and thought them both delightfully simple and unaffected. But it seemed to me that they were a little more plebeian than the older generation. Is this generally the case? Now as to the Sargent compositions, of course it is not fair to judge of them without their colour and in imperfect reproductions; but they seem to me very vulgar. What I wanted to discover was how he had finally treated the long walls of the stair-case hall in the Public Library; because he told me himself,2 many years ago, that one long wall was to exhibit the Sermon on the Mount and the other the Reformation. I was really more interested in the idea of the composition, than in the composition itself: the two semi-circles being very imaginative and learned in a historical way. As a painter Sargent belongs to the spiritual world of Zola3; he has the nine-

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teenth century curiosity for things historical, decorative, and exotic; but he has no leaven of his own to make the dough rise. My nephew George Sturgis—with whom I correspond affectionately on business and other matters—tells me that Polly Winslow is “great,” and that young Fred is a nice boy “but” quiet, because he wears glasses. You see George knows I take an interest in them; but his descriptions are imperfect and do not set the reality before me in a satisfying way. But he seems to be a wide-awake young man, and an optimist, like his father. I had an amusing dream about him: he had written a letter, and it began by announcing that one of my investments might not yield the usual interest next year: then it went on, step by step, to make matters worse (and I was astonished afterwards that in my dream I showed so much more business knowledge than I have when awake) by the most ingenious gradual transformations; until at the end he said he had 75 cents left in all; but that it would be all right, because he has put them into the Louisiana lotery, and was sure of the first prize. Then I awoke. I haven’t told him of this dream, because it might suggest doubts of his [across] stewardship which I don’t feel in reality, at least not consciously. Love, best thanks, and best wishes from GSantayana 1

See letter of 1 February 1922. See Persons, 450. 3 Émile Zola (1840–1902), a French novelist, was founder of the school of literary naturalism, a form of literary realism emphasizing the determinative force of heredity and environment on human existence. 2

To Zenas Clark Dickinson 22 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Michigan)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London Nice, Nov. 22, 1922 r

1

Dear M Dickinson Your book—which it was very good of you to send me—has made my chief reading for a week; it has been a genuine pleasure to be transported by it into the discussions which are going on so busily, and in such a splendid spirit, in academic America. You know, of course, that I agree with you—I think at every point—else why should you have sent me the book? And I am particularly grateful to you for treating the old fogeys, like

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Bentham, and Adam Smith, so respectfully.2 That makes up for what seemed to me (having wickedly begun at the end) too much McDougall. I know by sad experience how in-bred controversy is, and how much easier it is to read and discuss one’s colleagues or teachers than remoter philosophers of greater importance: and that this practice makes for progress and a living tradition in particular schools. Watson,3 in particular, seems to me a real master to gather about, and if I were young and in America I should cling to his skirts. And this leads me to a point where you might, I think, be more radical, as I have little doubt you will be in later books, when your position is assured in the learned world and you have travelled further from the Ph.D. You are an automatist like Watson, but (like me) you do not on that account renounce or deny images and feelings. But if the bodily movements do all the work, by means of mechanisms which must be extraordinary/ ily subtle and mobile, isn’t it idle to quarrel about the association of “ideas”, as if this was, or could be, a rival system of causation? It seems to me that Watson (although if he denies the existence of mental discourse he is simply negligible) does well, as a matter of method, to ignore and deprecate literary psychology altogether: in that way, he avoids controversies about units which are not the units of events, but only of expression. The associationists are right, in so far as, in their language, we may really describe and recall much that happens; but the irrationalists4 and believers in instinct are no less right (righter, I think) because they have c— o———aught uld perspectives which throw the facts into groups more suggestive of the biological forces which actually determine them. When you come to the political questions at the end, I think a sharper distinction between the dynamics of action, habit, government, work, etc, and the rhetoric of politics and morals, would have helped you to clearness: because as it is, it looks a little as if you were undecided, ^ ^ whereas it is not you that are undecided, but the rhetorics of literary psychology that are optional and alternative; whilst the material forces that rule events—think of the war and the state of Europe after it!—are not on the scale of ideas or motives or principles at all, but lend themselves more or less, here and there, to expression in those purely literary categories. However, my object is to thank you for what you have done and not to air my own views, already flaunted enough elsewhere. Yours very truly GSantayana 1

Zenas Clark Dickinson (b. 1889) was professor of economics at the University of Michigan, he wrote Economic Motives: A Study in the Psychological Foundation of Economic

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Theory, With Some Reference to Other Social Sciences (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1922). 2 Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) was an English philosopher, jurist, political theroist, and founder of utilitarianism. Adam Smith (1723–90) was a Scottish economist whose works include Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). 3 John Broadus Watson (1878–1958), an early exponent of psychological behaviorism, taught psychology at the University of Chicago and at Johns Hopkins University. After his academic retirement, he lectured in the New School for Social Research. 4 Associationism is the view that disparate sensations, feelings, or ideas are related by connections established in prior experience. David Hartley (1705–57) and James Mill (1773–1836) were among the leading philosophers who held this view. Irrationalism seeks to explain psychological phenomena on the basis of nonrational forces such as instinct and feeling.

To Otto Kyllmann 23 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton) New York Hotel, Nice, France Nov. 23, 1922

Dear Mr Kyllmann No, it merely occurred to me that you might be counting on issuing the Poems before Christmas, as that is the sort of little book people buy to give away rather than to read themselves; but for my own part I am in no hurry, and hadn’t thought of making a Christmas present of the book to anybody. Perhaps now you can send me a proof of the preface, together with the sheets for my signature. I am glad “Scepticism and Animal Faith” is in the press. The page proof will be quite enough; you need not even send me the MS, as it is merely a burden. Possibly you might like to keep it yourself as a curiosity; if so, pray do.1 Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

The manuscript is housed at the University of Virginia.

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To Charles Raymond Bell Mortimer 23 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Nice, Nov. 23, 1922 Dear Mortimer I have read The Oxford Circus1 religiously. No doubt there are points in it which I have missed, not knowing the language of the day, but I have laughed heartily at others, for instance at the nobility of your hero refusing to take a taxi in Oxford. “Rather than that, he had gone afoot”. How very like Lord Curzon!2 But I wish you would initiate me into the mysteries, orthographic and auricular, of ffoulis. Is it pronounced Fools? I also liked your ever-young don, holding his feet in his hands, and wished you had made more of him; but then that is a side of life with which I am well acquainted. Nice has turned out a happy choice for my winter quarters. I am comfortably settled, and have established a daily routine which keeps me well and enables me to do a reasonable amount of work. The place and the weather are undeniably beautiful. I am expecting the proofs of my new book before long. As to plans for the future, there are no great alternatives in my case to choose from, but I think it very likely that I shall go to England in May or June, and spend the long vacation in Oxford, perhaps in my old rooms, remaining until Realms of Being is done. But this will not be my final Hegira,3 as the charms of Paris and Italy will certainly call me back, if my health and spirits continue good. I am rather sorry not to see The Dial, now that you are a regular contributor. I should subscribe, but that I always find that if I subscribe to anything, it becomes a burden, and I wonder why I did so. In respect to Reviews, it is as with country girls, stolen kisses are best. Now that you have written one book you probably will write another4— at least, that has been my experience. If you do, I shall rely on you to let me see it, as I might not hear of it in my ivory tower. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 The Oxford Circus: A Novel of Oxford and Youth (London: J. Lane, 1922) by Hamish Miles and Raymond Mortimer.

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2 George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925), a British statesman, was viceroy of India (1899–1905). 3 The forced journey of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622; any journey made for the sake of safety or as an escape. 4 Mortimer published many later books.

To Charles Augustus Strong 1 December 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

New-York Hotel, Nice Dec. 1, 1922 Dear Strong I am sorry that the sixtieth anniversary of your birth1 finds you so discouraged, but one day makes one no older than any other does—just one day older—and there is no reason why you shouldn’t do your most popular work, as James did, after the age of sixty. It seems to me natural, if you were not to recover entirely, that your legs should get weaker from mere disease; especially if you are heavier. In this respect I notice a change in myself recently, especially here in Nice, that it fatigues me to walk and that I tend to sit down in benches at intervals—a habit of old men which I used to find very ridiculous. I don’t understand why, even if you are less active, you shouldn’t spend the Summer in Paris. If going to cafés becomes difficult and tiresome (as I should think it would be for the whole afternoon) the obvious remedy is to have a carriage, either a small motor or a brougham, always at your disposal; it could take you to the Champs Elisées and the Bois,2 to shops, where it would often not be necessary to get out at all, as the books, etc, could be brought out to you sitting in your carriage. If it was a motor, it would enable you to go even further at will, to Versailles, Meaux,3 etc. for a change of scene and of restaurants. It seems to me that a carriage in your case is hardly a luxury but a necessity and that it would make a great difference in your sense of freedom and dignity. During the last fortnight I haven’t done anything on Realms directly. I have been interrupted by the arrival of books, including Dewey’s Reconstruction and Whitehead’s Relativity;4 the first led me to fill a notebook with a first draught of my “American Philosopher”;5 but I am afraid it was a waste of spirit, as on beginning to copy it, I have lost my interest and may abandon the idea; at least, I am doing so for the moment. Whitehead’s book has some points in it that interest me, but two thirds of it is unintelligible, and the whole is marred by his fundamental confusion

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of essence with fact. What I like is that, in spite of his desire to confuse them, he ends by dividing them very clearly. He also maintains that the flux of events in space-time is single, and the various time-spaces of ^ ^ Einstein are only readings of it. That is not his word, but it is what I gather. I like to read a little of this sort of stuff in view of the Realm of Matter, although of course my treatment will not broach any such questions: but it is well to have some notion of what one is leaving out, so as to give a correct and unmistakable status to what one does say. The weather here is splendid, although sometimes very cold at night. The place is filling up, though this hotel is still nearly empty. I am well and comfortable, but not very keen mentally. Yours ever GSantayana 1

Strong was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, on 28 November 1862. Famous for its beauty and elegance, the avenue of Champs Élysées in Paris extends from the Place de la Concorde to the Arc de Triomphe. The Bois de Boulogne is a park in Paris which borders the western suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine. A favorite pleasure ground, it contains the race courses of Auteuil and Longchamps, as well as promenades and bridle paths. 3 Versailles is a city in northern France, southwest of Paris, which grew around the palace built for Louis XIV. Meaux is the chief city of Brie in northern France on the Marne River. 4 Reconstruction in Philosophy (1920) and The Principle of Relativity (1922). 5 No known book or article by Santayana was published under this title. 2

To George Sturgis 5 December 1922 • Nice, France

(MS postcard: Houghton)

Nice, Dec. 5. 1922 Thank you for these additional old letters of my father’s as well as for your own. I am asking Scribner to send you a copy of my Soliloquies in England, which is more readable (in parts) than my other books. I recommend the one on Dickens and the four on Liberty and Liberalism. Your father had some if not all of my books, and I suppose you will find you (or Josephine) are in possession of them when you settle down in your new house. When is that to be, or has it taken place? Is Weston, Mass, a sufficient address? Merry Xmas. G.S.

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To Charles Scribner’s Sons 13 December 1922 • Nice, France

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(MS: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. S.W.1 Nice, Dec. 13, 1922

Messrs Charles Scribner’s Sons New York Gentlemen, Your suggestion that my new book, Scepticism and Animal Faith, should be set up in America I think comes rather too late, as Messrs Constable & Co lead me to expect the proofs to reach me at any moment. However, this is a matter that I should leave you in any case to arrange with them in whatever manner may be most convenient for both houses. It is not likely that the copyright not existing in America would lead any one to reprint so technical a book—it is the most technical I have yet written—and as to royalties, I do not count on them at all. It would be rather a satisfaction to me to think that people were actually pirating my works. Various indications have reached me of the increased interest in my books which is shown by the rising generation. I don’t subscribe to any press-cutting agency, but my friends occasionally send me reviews, when they think I shall be pleased by them. I also find occasional references to myself in books. It is of course very gratifying, especially as I have always lived on the hypothesis that I could not expect to attract much attention, and should be content to please a small circle of kindred spirits. But perhaps advancing years have made me more human, and able to interest a larger public. Perhaps too the temper of the age has changed in a way which, without moving exactly in my direction, has removed some of the barriers between my way of expressing myself and the prevalent mood. I always felt that the young people would agree with me, if they understood what I meant. Thank you for offering to send me evidences of this change in my favour, but it is hardly worth while that you should take the trouble, unless there is some comment which I should not be likely to see and by which you think I might profit. Yours very truly GSantayana

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To Charles Augustus Strong 13 December 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

New-York Hotel, Nice Dec. 13, ’22 Dear Strong I send you an article1 which explains itself, in case you haven’t heard of these Daniels come to Judgement.2 I am a little less satisfied with Nice than I was when I last wrote. My cough has come on again, and although I hope to stave it off by taking every precaution at once, I think the rapid changes here from the hot sun to the cold and damp night air are rather bad for my sort of complaint: and also for comfort, because I have seldom felt so wretchedly cold as I do here in the evening, in spite of all winter clothes and a great-coat. There is central heating, but not very efficacious at all hours, and I have to wrap up even when the window is closed. However, I am going to stick it out, as I am not sure that I could find anything better, and in a few weeks doubtless the more balmy weather, which I remember at Monte Carlo years ago, will come upon us. Meantime, I am going to try not going out at all at night, but having a light supper in my room, or in the café which there is on the ground floor. I am putting together a chapter on “Essence in the Play of Passion”3 in which I think I make clear my position about that which feels and that which is felt. It approaches your view, but by a Euclidean4 parallel path, never quite coinciding. Yours ever G.S. 1

Unlocated. Chapter twelve of the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament predicts the Apocalypse and ensuing Judgment Day. The expression “a Daniel come to Judgement” is from Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice and has come to refer to someone who is esteemed for his sound decision-making skills. 3 This chapter does not appear in The Realm of Essence. 4 Euclid, also Eukleides, (fl. c. 300 B.C.), a Greek mathematician, whose Elements in thirteen books became the basis of geometry. 2

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To Otto Kyllmann 21 December 1922 • Nice, France

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(MS: Temple) New-York Hotel, Nice, France December 21, 1922

Dear Mr Kyllmann I entirely agree with you about the intervention and proposals of Messrs Scribner. In answer to their letter I wrote to them in effect (I have no copy of my letter) that the matter of royalties and copyrights was quite secondary from my point of view; that I doubted that anyone in America would wish to reprint so technical a book; and that in any case the matter was entirely in your hands to arrange with them as you thought best. For my own part I am glad that you have not arranged with them to have the book printed in America, as I like the English form and paper much better. Please consult your own interests entirely in the matter of allowing them to reprint, or take the sheets printed in Great Britain, as we had anticipated that they would do. If I understand the American regulations, they can reprint eventually in any case, if they choose, and anyone can pirate a book not printed in America, if it is in the English language: so that a French publisher has protection by copyright, but a British publisher has not. It seems sharp practice, but I suppose is to be expected. If, in view of this, you think you might as well let them reprint, of course you are entitled to half the royalty they will give me (if they are so kind): or even more, if your costs are thereby increased. Yours faithfully GSantayana

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To Robert Burnside Potter 21 December 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Nice, Dec. 21, ’22 Dear Bob It is very nice of you to take so much trouble about the yacht in my Novel, and your explanations after Pomeroy1 (whom I must thank also) come in places very near to the critical point, and will be useful. If the novel is ever done, the chapter2 on the “Black Swan” shall be sent to you for revision before I reveal my landsman’s ignorance to the ocean wide. But really, I have misled you about the importance of the yacht in the book: there is to be no cruise (except a trial trip for the engines in Massachusetts Bay) and no description of any voyage. The one important point is the “sailing master”3—a character for which I have many adequate models in my English experience. The yacht and the owner (my hero’s father) are American: but the sailing-master is a young Englishman with a shady past, through whom my young hero, at the age of 16, when he first goes to the yacht (his mother ordinarily keeping him in leash) discovers all the family secrets and many unmentionable things about human nature and the ways of the world. The yacht is merely a background for that momentous episode, which itself has nothing to do with yachting: but I need the setting. The Black Swan is not a big yacht: not meant for social gatherings; rather a floating hermitage, in which to escape from society. I do not need to go into the question of the crew: but I want to have a picture of the facts in my own mind, and what you tell me of the Apache is far, far too elaborate. The story is conceived from the hero’s point of view, everything merely as it enters into his experience, and transforms his Puritanism into a Hamlet-like perplexity. He does not himself know anything about yachts: and his experience on that single occasion need not enlighten him more than I was enlightened by the day I spent on Mr William Forbes’s yacht in Buzzard’s Bay—an occasion which is the more pertinent as Cam Forbes and his father are among the models for my personages.4 I once spent several weeks in a yacht, but it was a smaller one, a steam-yacht, and in inland waters.5 Of course I know that one cannot go to Canadian waters and to the West Indies at the same time; nor at the same season. I meant that the

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yacht was not meant to go round the world in, but for escapades from home-life, such as my early friends used to indulge in when they went shooting to North Carolina or to the Straits of Belle Isle.6 As you may imagine, I have no English library here in which to look up the files of yachting magazines, nor could I really do so even in Paris. If your encyclopaedia is not in ten volumes and you don’t mind sending it to me, I should be really much obliged, and will send it back. I expect to spend the whole winter in Nice, at the “Hotel New York”, from which I am writing, and you could send the book here direct. My opus magnum will be entitled “Realms of Being”, but the first volume already in the press is a separate book called “Scepticism and Animal Faith”. Happy New Year GSantayana 1

Unidentified. The Black Swan episode occupies chapters X–XV of Part Two of Puritan. 3 Jim Darnley, captain of the Black Swan, was based mainly on John Francis Stanley Russell. The novel’s hero, Oliver, is the son of Peter and Harriet Alden. 4 The rich sportsman William Forbes was a principal model for Peter Alden; Cameron Forbes was one of the models for Oliver himself. 5 Santayana made a trip on the interior rivers of France in the Royal, owned by Earl Russell. The journey began on 2 June 1888 at Valence and concluded on 18 June at Paris, where Santayana disembarked. See Persons, 312–13. 6 The Strait of Belle Isle is the northern entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada between Newfoundland and Labrador. 2

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 25 December 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple) Hotel New-York, Nice, France Dec. 25, 1922

Messrs Constable & Company London. My bankers, Brown Shipley & Co, (123 Pall Mall) send me notice that they have received a parcel addressed to me from you, and ask for instructions, saying it is necessarily for them to know the contents of the parcel before forwarding it. I am replying that it probably contains either loose sheets of my Poems (in which I am to inscribe my name) or else proofs of another book of mine

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(Scepticism and Animal Faith) and that in either case I wish them to send it on —by in the most expeditious means, even letter-post if necessary, as I hear that parcels normally take three weeks to reach the Riviera. Last year, I remember, many weeks elapsed before I received the proofs of the Soliloquies, after they had been posted in England. I also have asked Brown Shipley & Co (if the parcel in question is bulky and too heavy to the ordinary post) to return it to you; because I suspect that, if Mr Kyllmann is away or has not mentioned the matter, you may be sending me the manuscript of “Scepticism and Animal Faith”, as well as the proofs; I do not want the manuscript; and if you remove it, you may be able to send the proofs alone, open, as printed matter. Newspapers arrive here regularly from London in one-and-half or two days. I am very sorry if I am causing great delay by being abroad, but I will do my best to return the proofs quickly when I once receive them. It will help if (as I think I have already suggested) you send things to me directly to the Hotel New-York, Nice, France, where I expect to remain all winter. Yours faithfully GSantayana

To George Sturgis 27 December 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

New York Hotel, Nice, Dec. 27, 1922 Dear George Being without note-paper for the moment, I will wish you and Rosamond and Bobbie a happy new year on this business sheet, which is the sort on which I indict my immortal works. The new letter of credit arrived safely long ago. I shall not draw upon it for some months, as I still have £100 on the old one, which I will draw out before January 1–st; and with that and what I have in my pocket there will be enough for the rest of my stay at Nice, or very nearly. I have had a Christmas card from Josephine and Arthur, for which I will thank them some other day. We have been having nasty weather, and I find Nice not so pleasant a winter climate as Rome; the sun is brighter for a few hours, and shines more frequently, but the sea-air in the evening is very cold and penetrating, and I feel insecure, with my bronchitis always ready to break out, and

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have fallen into the habit of having a light supper in my room instead of going out in the evening. In this way I have a freer field for work, and avoid the chilling night air. Of course the weather will grow now balmier and balmier as the days become longer, and precautions will be unnecessary: but my experience this year is enough to convince me that this is not a good place in which to spend the earlier part of the winter. The season, in fact, is only just beginning. We have opera (decidedly good) and all sorts of concerts and smaller shows: but I am absorbed in my own affairs: and when the Big Book1 tires me, I take to thinking out new scenes in the novel, and have actually jotted down a good many fresh pages—although I had sworn not to do so until Opus Magnum was done. However, it is foolish to force human nature; and if my health doesn’t play me false, I hope to have time for finishing all my half-written works, before the end comes. I shall turn out to have been a prolific writer; and if there should ever be a complete edition of my works it will look like one of those regiments in uniform that stand on the shelves of libraries which are not disturbed except to be dusted. However, I have no hopes of rivalling Voltaire whose complete works in 69 volumes I possess in Paris, having got them second hand in a very nice edition (1793, I think) for 400 francs. My friend Strong is gone to Switzerland for a cure, and I expect him here for a while in February. I believe I forgot to thank you for the snap-shot of Bobbie in his Father’s arms. What an upstanding little fellow he is: I think he will take to riding like his parents. Yours affly G.S. [across] P.S. That Harvard should beat Yale at footf/ball is most gratifying. I used to care immensely about this: and one of my projected books (“Dominations and Powers”) is largely based on that experience: it seems to me to explain all politics and wars. 1

Realms.

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To Otto Kyllmann 30 December 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple) New-York Hotel, Nice, France 1922 Dec. —30, 29

Dear Mr Kyllmann It had not occurred to me that you would have any interest in not sending the preface to my “Poems” to Scribner, together with the rest of the sheets; nor do I now understand what that interest is. Messrs Scribner had written asking for a signed photograph to put in the volume; and in giving my reasons for not desiring that, I mentioned that at your request I had written a preface, which I thought might partially satisfy the same curiosity to which a portrait would have appealed; and that this preface would be a godsend to the critics who didn’t wish to read the poems themselves. I took for granted that you would send the preface with the book: so that, having raised that expectation, I should certainly prefer to have you send it, if you have no objection to doing so. I see that misunderstandings can arise from having two publishers for the same book, and in future, as in respect to “Scepticism and Animal Faith,” I shall remember this fact, and endeavour to have all communications between me and Messrs Scribners pass through your hands, so that complications may be avoided. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 3 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

New-York Hotel, Nice Jan. 3, 1923 Dear Strong Good weather seems to be returning after the wintry storms of the last fortnight, and I have now entirely recovered from my cough. The attack was not in itself so bad—not involving so much actual catarrh—as on some previous occasions, but it seemed to shake me more and to be so fatiguing that I called the doctor. He proved to be a young and apparently scientific one and examined me very carefully, simply ordering another syrop and

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aspirations with a pulverisateur to soften the cough. But two or three days later, having had a bad night, I called him again; and this time he said that I had a slight congestion of the lungs—légère pouscée pulmonaire—and that my heart was larger than it ought to be. For the latter he ordered some minute pills of a drug called “strophantus,”1 which is evidently the sort of “dope” which attracts the opium-eaters. I continued to go to Biffi’s across the street every day for lunch, but have been coming home before sunset and having supper in my room—an arrangement which incidentally leaves me a splendid open stretch of time for work, say from four to twelve o’clock. As I have only soup, two boiled eggs, and weak tea, my digestion does not interrupt my train of thought at all seriously. Anyhow, I seem to have completely recovered: but it is a warning that I am not so sound as I had supposed, and that the machine may behave any day, if I am not careful, like Dr Holmes’s one horse shay.2 As you may imagine, I haven’t been making progress with the book; but perhaps by virtue of the strophantus my fancy has been working magnificently and I was never more entertained than during this enforced leisure. The result is that—yielding to force majeure3—I have written (in pencil) the four last chapters of the novel, solving the problem of the dénoument4 in a way which I think satisfactory, and incidentally creating two delightful children, a boy of four and a girl of ten. The novel is not complete yet, and many episodes might be worked up to fill the gaps: but the outline is there, and I think it may not prove a bad thing for the Realms to have that more interesting matter practically disposed of. [across] I hope you are progressing favourably; when you come here in February you will find the place very bright and gay. Yours ever G.S. 1

A tropical shrub that can be used in medicine as a cardiac stimulant and sedative. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1841–1935), Harvard class of 1861, was appointed to the United States Supreme Court by President Theodore Roosevelt. He served there from 1902 until his death. He was a true liberal and greatly influenced many of the foremost lawyers and jurists. The Deacon’s Masterpiece: or The Wonderful “One-Hoss Shay” is a poem by Holmes in The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (The Atlantic Monthly, 1858). A parable on the breakdown of Calvinism, the poem tells of a deacon who wanted a carriage that would never break down, so he built all of its parts with equal strength. A century after its construction, the whole carriage fell apart at once. 3 Irresistible force (French). 4 The final outcome or the unraveling of the main dramatic complication (French). 2

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To Constable and Co. Ltd. 4 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS postcard: Temple)

New York Hotel Nice, France The proofs of “Scepticism & Animal Faith” have reached me safely, and will be returned as soon as possible GSantayana Jan. 4, ’23

To Otto Kyllmann 12 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple) New York Hotel, Nice Jan. 12, ’23

Dear Mr Kyllmann Today I am sending back the first proof of Scepticism & Animal Faith, revised I have begun making an index which I think will add appreciably to the value of the book if ever used by students, as I think it quite possible that it may be in America. Moreover, an index was mentioned, I believe, in the legal agreement between us. I will send it on in a few days. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 13 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

New York Hotel, Nice Jan. 13, ’23 Dear Strong There is no doubt that Val-Mont1 is the place for maturing your philosophic seeds, and I am delighted that you have got your new book2 into a satisfactory shape. It makes me envious, for although I have not been idle, I have nothing complete to show for these two or three months of freedom

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and seclusion. Since I wrote you last, the proof of Scepticism and Animal Faith has arrived and has been revised: I sent it off this morning. There are 308 pages; and I am preparing an index. In print, and after an interval, the style seems to me better. The purple patches3 come in only in the similes and illustrations: otherwise the argument proceeds soberly and I think clearly. When I was ill I also wrote an essay on Towers4 which I had long had in petto: but it is only in pencil and I need to look up one or two matters of architectural fact before having it printed. My cough is gone, but the vestiges of a cold and of a certain general fatigue still remain: I continue to come home in the afternoon and to have supper in my room. The weather is still wintry and cloudy; but I am hoping daily for the improvement which cannot now be long delayed. Although Nice has not proved satisfactory as a winter residence, I don’t feel like going away now that the worst is over and the sun rises earlier and sets later every day: in the Spring my room here will be truly delightful, with sun (which the blinds will soften) pouring in all day from two quarters. But I shall surely never come here again for the early winter; and it occurs to me that if I should feel shaky again next year, and you were going to Val-Mont, perhaps I might go there too. Does one have to be very ill to be admitted? That sort of medical monastery might suit me very well. It also lies conveniently half-way between Paris and Rome, which are evidently the points between which I shall oscillate in the future. I still think of going to England in the Summer, but somehow the thought is melancholy: I feel I shall find nothing equal to my memory of it, and few friends. It is quite possible I may never go there again.5 Fuller writes me from Rome saying his Greek Philosophy, vol. I, has found a publisher—Putnams. What inveterate scribblers we [across] all are! Books and more books. Yours ever G.S. 1

Clinique Valmont is a health clinic located in the small city of Glion sur Montreux in Switzerland. 2 A Theory of Knowledge (London: Constable, 1923). 3 Brilliant or ornate passages. This reference is from Ars Poetica, or Epistle to the Pisos, from c. 13 B.C., written by Horace (65–8 B.C.), a preeminent Latin lyric poet. 4 Unidentified. 5 Santayana visited England in the fall of 1923 and in 1932.

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To Otto Kyllmann 14 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple) New York Hotel, Nice France

—14, ’23 Jan. 13 Dear Mr Kyllmann After sending off the proof of Scepticism and Animal Faith I find I should like to make the further corrections mentioned in the inclosed halfsheet of paper.1 I suppose you will send me a second proof, although there are hardly any important changes to be made in the first; but in any case it might be better to have these additional corrections sent to the printer at once Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To George Sturgis 18 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton) New York Hotel, Nice Jan. 18. ’23

Dear George As you may imagine, your cablegram of the other day was a most unexpected shock, and I am distressed to think that Josephine should have lost her little girl, who seemed such a picture of health and who must have been the one ray of light in that family. I have written to her, but with a feeling that there is very little use in condolences. I addressed the letter simply to Weston, Mass, as I hadn’t the exact address at hand. Yesterday your letter arrived with my yearly account, for which I am much obliged. It is much more than satisfactory; it is invraisemb/ blable,1 and hard to believe quite real. I can only repeat what I understand made you laugh in one of my previous letters about the miraculous fountain of dollars. By the way, I am afraid that my way of expressing myself is too poetical for business. My father used to say that every old man had his own rhetoric: and that is probably my case; and you must study Santayanese as

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a special language, particularly if you want to read the Soliloquies. For instance, when I said you were the presiding genius over that miraculous fountain of dollars I didn’t mean by genius any extraordinary intelligence— although I have no reason to deny that you may not be a genius even in that sense. What I meant was that you were the presiding sprite, fay, gobblin, or demon over the said fountain: in other words, I was talking mythology, which happens to me rather often. So on another occasion when I said you were an optimist, I didn’t mean that you took too rosy a view of matters of fact, but that you were full of the zest of life and confident about the value and the success of what you undertook—a sentiment which is healthy and natural in any energetic person, and characteristic (for obvious good reasons) of America. And certainly so far, in your capacity of attorney, you seem to justify any amount of optimism. Your aunt Josephine will be snowed under by her millions, and I expect will ask you anxiously not to send her any more. Thank you too for the new photo of Bobby. In amount of hair and in the form of his equatorial regions he rather resembles me: extremes meet, but there is a difference between the baldness and rotundity of youth and those of age. To quote my father again, there is a Spanish proverb which says: “Man has two childhoods, one means life and the other death, but in both he has a jolly time.” At this moment, however, I am hardly having a “jolly” time, because I am leading an extraordinarily quiet life, coming home in the afternoon, after a little walk in the sun, and having supper served on a tray in my own room, so as to avoid the evening air which becomes suddenly very cold and penetrating and dangerous to my chronic bronchitis. But I am well entertained nevertheless, at present reading the proof and preparing the /Iindex to my new book, “Scepticism.” I have also written, at odd moments, several chapters of the novel, which I think now will really come off, although not yet for some years. I suppose you have already written telling me how this happened—I mean, little Josephine’s death—and how her mother and Arthur are bar —earing their sad loss. Yours affectionately GSantayana 1

Implausible (French).

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To Otto Kyllmann 19 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple)

New York Hotel, Nice Jan. 19, 1923 Dear Mr Kyllmann I think on the whole it would be as well if you could send me a second proof of the whole of Scepticism. There are always small errors that escape one’s attention, and then suddenly arrest the eye. I have found two (which I note on the enclosed half-sheet)1 since I wrote you last. Moreover, the index—and the title page—would have to be sent to me in any case, so that no additional delay need be involved. The index will be ready in a day or two and shall be sent on directly. Yours sincerely GSantayana P.S. When the first proof was sent, it came by parcel post and I was obliged to go to the custom-house here to get it, which involved some delay. I think it can be sent by ordinary post, as printed matter, open. 1

Unlocated.

To Charles Augustus Strong 19 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller) New York Hotel, Nice Jan. 19, 1923

Dear Strong I am curious to see your new book. From what you say I should judge that it is much more than a collection of your recent papers on Russell, Mrs Steven,1 etc. What is the title? Nice is filling up, and as the 13th of February is Mardi-gras,2 there may be some difficulty in getting a room. They will ask in the first place for how long you want it. But if you will telegraph the day before you arrive, I shall surely be able to get something for the moment, probably in this hotel, and then you can look about for yourself when you are here. Hotels are simply legion, but most of them require one to come en pension. Freedom in that respect is the great advantage of the one I am in.

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Your bacchic song expresses the feelings of my remote past. I shouldn’t feel any privation in not having even coffee, if I could have hot water. In Avila, for instance, I never smoked and hardly sipped a glass of sherry at dinner. Next year we must go to Val-Mont together Yours ever G.S. 1

Karin Stephen. Mardi Gras is the French name for Shrove Tuesday. The last day before Lent, it was the occasion for merrymaking in the Middle Ages. Many cities (e.g., New Orleans, Rio de Janiero, Nice, and Cologne) preserve the custom and hold elaborate carnivals for several days before Mardi Gras. 2

To Otto Kyllmann 20 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS postcard: Temple)

New York Hotel Nice, France Jan. 20, ’23 The sheets of my Poems have arrived safely and quickly—in fact an hour before your note announcing them. GSantayana

To Unidentified Recipient 23 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS postcard: Huntington) Nice, Jan. 23, ’23

I shall be glad to write my name in the books you speak of, if you can send them to me here before April 1–st GSantayana Hotel New York. Nice, France

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To Otto Kyllmann 24 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple) New York Hotel, Nice, France Jan. 24, 1923

Dear Mr Kyllmann Here is the Index to Scepticism and Animal Faith. At the risk of making it rather long, I have tried to turn it into a table analytique,1 which I think the book requires. I hope the sheets of the Poems, duly signed, have arrived safely. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Analytical table of contents (French).

To Robert Burnside Potter 26 January 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Nice, Jan. 26, 1923 Dear Bob Your Nautical Encyclopaede/ ia, which I sent back to you yesterday, has been the source of much amusement, if not instruction. I hadn’t seen an American book of that period for a long time, and it carried me back to the terrible ’80’s, I suppose one of the decades in which taste philosophy and politics were at their lowest ebb. What ugliness! What satisfaction in vulgarity and mediocrity! No wonder the aesthetes had to react, and could do so only absurdly; but the marvel is they reacted at all, and prepared a little fresh air, even if not very fresh, for us to breathe when we came on the scene. Perhaps you will wonder how I find this in an innocent encyclopaedia; but it is everywhere, in the print, the tone, the state of science and invention, the advertisements, and the portrait of the author. It is the essence of what we used to call “jay”—the jayest state of society that ever was! Naturally, I would not gather very much that would serve for my highly distinguished and even spiritual novel; but I gathered that the “rail” is the coping of the bulwarks, not a railing; and this interested me, because

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one of the things in my imaginary yacht which I can’t visualize with certainty is the periphery of the deck. The schooners represented in your antique book seem to have a seat running round the stern, like a launch, as if they had a cock-pit; but I remember that Mr Forbes’s schooner (which was rather smaller than what I have in mind) had a whale-back sort of stern; and I was afraid of slipping off. I want to imagine a deck where one can dine on a summer evening, and afterwards sleep in hammocks. I also looked up gangway and gangplank, because I wished to conceive whether there would be a rope-ladder with wooden cross-pieces, or a regular stair running diagonally down the side, with a square tressle-work hatch or landing-platform at the bottom, and another at the top, as in a man-of-war. But I got no light on this subject: and as to the arrangements below, I learned only that a cabin was a place where the officers slept. No, I shall have to go to sea, to give up yachts in my novels, or to ask Joseph Conrad1 to write them for me How much do yachts cost a year, and what is the boat worth if sold after some years’ use? Of course, my owner can be endowed with all the millions necessary: but as his wife’s establishment ashore is only genteel and respectable, I shall have to accentuate a certain secretiveness in him about money (the trait is already indicated, and hereditary) so as to make the yacht possible if it involves disproportionate expense. You can’t imagine what fun it is to have a novel in petto: philosophy is not nearly so interesting because it is about the actual world—at least mine is; but the novel leads me into such delightful by-paths, and supplies me with such charming friends! I am almost afraid of finishing it, because then the interest will die down, and I shall never write another. All I know—and as you see all I don’t know—will go into this one. I have lately written four more chapters, contrary to my good resolutions of doing nothing but my philosophy for the present; but I caught cold, had my usual bronchitis, which seems to have got down into the lungs, so that I was decidedly seedy for some weeks, and I suspect the doctor gave me some “dope” in my medicine: anyhow, my fancy was very active, and as I could do no steady work, I amused myself by scribbling the novel in pencil. It will all have to be rewritten, but I have done the end, which had been rather vague in my thoughts, and which is now, I think, suitable. It is a real end, because the hero dies; but it is not a sad end, because he didn’t know how to live (I think this is general among virtuous Americans) and the final note is one of gentle satire and general benevolence.

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Nice is not a very good place for winter, the sun being very hot and the shade very damp and cold; Rome is far more clement, and I shall probably return there regularly in the years to come. I am trying to screw up my courage to go to England (for the last time, I say to myself) this summer; but it will be an effort. When Mrs Potter kindly reiterates the suggestion that I should go to America, she little knows how entirely I have ceased to be a traveller for travel’s sake; much as seeing you would reward me, it is not a “case of push”; and it is only in cases of push that I move at all nowadays. A Christmas card came “from Harriet and Warwick”. If I don’t write to them—that is another point in which I have grown lazy—it is not because I don’t remember them or appreciate their attention. I am expecting Strong here for a fortnight of philosophical conversation. The new collection of my verses will appear shortly. I am not sending it to my friends, as it is only a reprint; but you shall have a copy, as being a sort of godfather to the synthetic infant. But I am a little ashamed to send you only the American copy, when a large paper edition is to appear in England: but if I send you one of these—you will have to pay duty on it! If you like, I will send you both, one as a present and the other as a sort of inversion of the paying-guest—something given for nothing to subscribers. You can then pass on the one you don’t want to keep to Warwick, with my best wishes. Yours ever GSantayana 1 Joseph Conrad (Teodor Jósef Konrad Korzeniowski, 1857–1924) was born in the Ukraine of Polish parents. He became both a sea captain and a distinguished novelist, writing in English. His Lord Jim (1900) provided the nickname by which Jim Darnley is called in Puritan.

To Charles Augustus Strong 10 February 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller) Clinique Sainte-Marguerite 2 rue Mantéga, Nice Feb. 10, ’23

Dear Strong Whether it was the grippe or not, my cough last week was accompanied by such a loss of appetite, that it upset me a good deal, leading to vomit-

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ing (with hardly anything to w / vomit) and to moments of considerable distress and exhaustion, so that my doctor suggested that I should come to this clinique, where I could be better watched and have suitable food. I did so last Monday. I haven’t had a bad time, and am feeling decidedly convaslescent and comfortable. The cough is now only occasional and not severe, and my appetite and general condition are good, although naturally I am a little “run-down.” The weather has been wretched, so that my confinement, if a little depressing morally, has not been inopportune. Today the sun is struggling to shine, but not succeeding very well. I mean to stay here another week and then either return to the New York Hotel or go for a time to Cimiez. The Carnaval will then be over and I shall probably find good rooms. Mine were snapped up the moment I left. As to going to Fiesole, although materially I might do so and it would be very pleasant in many ways, it involves an effort and a risk of relapse which I think I had better not take. You have Pinsent1 with you, and I have plenty of reading and writing to keep me entertained. We can meet in Paris when you go there, either in April or later, if you really go to America. The last proofs of my “Scepticism and Animal Faith” are here now, and in spite of this long interruption to my work I feel as if progress might be rapid when I can once more forget the accidents of the flesh— My doctor is a charming man, young and rather Italian, and looks after me very devotedly. I have been reading Laurence Housman.2 How good [across] his verses are! Why had I never read them before? Also a little Freud. Yours ever G. S. 1 Possibly related to the Pinsent family of Birmingham, England. Hume Chancellor Pinsent’s great-grandfather was the nephew of David Hume. Hume Pinsent’s oldest son, David, was at Trinity College in 1910 and attended the meetings that Bertrand Russell hosted. 2 The brother of A. E. Housman, Laurence Housman (1865–1959) was an English novelist, dramatist, and illustrator whose popular success came from his An Englishwoman’s Love Letters (1900). Called “England’s most censored playwright,” he was versatile: a draughtsman, poet, and writer of fantastic stories. His Victoria Regina (1934) was a success in America.

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To Joseph Malaby Dent 12 February 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: North Carolina)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1. Nice, Feb. 12, 1923

My dear Mr Dent It was not for any personal dissatisfaction with your management in the publication of my two books, that I went over to Constable; it was because Mr Pearsall Smith had arranged with Constable (Mr Kyllmann being a personal friend of his) for the “Little Essays”; and as this book was (for me) a great success, and as it presented a good appearance, there were exactly the same reasons for continuing with Constable as for continuing with you. I decided for him because he publishes (and takes a great interest in) my “Life of Reason” (which is my principal work), because he seemed to advertise and sell my books with success, and because, in consequence, I got much more money out of them than before. As to a fresh edition of “Winds of Doctrine”, I think it is very desirable. There are parts of that book that can stand, and have a permanent interest: others, especially the essay on Russell are already out of date. I should be glad to revise the whole, cutting out or condensing most of the Russell article and parts of the Bergson, thus reducing them to what I conceive to be their real importance: and to balance those omissions, I might add a chapter on Freud, and a few pages to the first essay, to carry the survey over the war. It would thus make a fair commentary on my own times, which might have a permanent interest. As I am now in my sixtieth year, and my health is not very robust, I am concerned to arrange my works in the most presentable form, freed as much as possible from dead matter. The only trouble is that for the moment—and certainly this moment will last a year or two—I am at work on my system of philosophy, which I should regret above all things to leave unfinished. Could you then postpone the revision and reissue of “Winds of Doctrine” for a year or two,1 when I might be free to attend to that matter with an easy conscience? Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Reprinted with a new preface, but without revision, in 1926.

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To George Sturgis 12 February 1923 • Nice, France

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(MS: Houghton) Nice, Feb. 12, 1923

Dear George Thank you for all these details about the death of Josephine’s child. I am glad to hear she is expecting another1—that is the best possible comfort for her and will help to tide over these days of anxiety. It also suggests that Arthur is not so ill as we had imagined. It used to be a “thesis” for discussion in my time whether acquired characteristics can be inherited, my philosophy inclining me to support the negative. As Arthur’s trouble does not indicate any predisposition on his part to tuberculosis, I see no reason why his children should inherit it. The doctors presumably know the facts of the case, and if they are not apprehensive, there is no occasion for Mrs Grundy2 to be so. I have had a troublesome attack of my chronic bronchitis, which is the reason why I have not answered you before. Please don’t mention this to your aunts in Avila, as it would worry them to no purpose. I am thinking of moving to another hotel, more in the country, on a promontory by the sea, in a pine wood; the trouble with Nice is that the Sun is too hot, and the shade and the evening seem treacherously cold in consequence. Will you please send a cheque for $50 to C. F. Hood Watertown, Mass, saying it is from me for the Nichols Memorial Fund?3 My memory of the geography of eastern Massachusetts is not very clear, and I don’t know exactly where Weston is, nor Auburndale, but I think of them as lying in a south-westerly direction, west of Milton. Is this right? I suppose you have now moved into your house, and are occupied with the thousand little additions and arrangements which have to be made before the newness wears off and one feels really at home. Yours affectionately George Santayana 1

Arthur Eldredge Jr. (1923–95). Mrs. Grundy is the symbol of rigid conventional propriety which originated in Thomas Morton’s Speed the Plough (1798). 3 Possibly Frederic Clark Hood. Edward Hall Nichols, professor of clinical surgery at Harvard and a Fellow of the American Academy, had died in 1922. Both were members of Harvard’s class of 1886. 2

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To Charles Augustus Strong 23 February 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hôtel New-York, Nice Feb. 23, 1923. Dear Strong I can’t remember whether I wrote to you last Monday, on returning here, or only meant to do so. In any case it will do no harm to repeat that, during the last days I spent at the clinique, I made excursions to Cimiez and to Mont Boron; but the aspect of those “respectable” resorts seemed to me worse than the hospital: I hated the thought of being roped in among all those chattering old ladies wreathed in perpetual smiles, and living as if in a transatlantic liner at anchor in a green field. As my room here was vacant again, I decided to return, and pick up my old routine, which is not unpleasant. My cough has ceased altogether, and I seem to be all right: but I don’t feel very robust, and am easily fatigued. I am still reading Spengler1 and the newspapers, and not doing much work. Let me know when you decide whether you are going to America or not. Yours ever GSantayana 1

Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) was a German philosopher of history. His work The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes; 1918–22) reflects the pessimistic atmosphere in Germany after World War I. He maintained that history has a natural development in which every culture is a distinct organic form that grows, matures, and decays. He believed Western culture was in the last stage of this cycle.

To George Sturgis 26 February 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel New-York, Nice Feb. 26. 1923 Dear George Josephine’s letter, and your last, reached me together a few days ago, and I was glad to receive both.

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The weather and my health have somewhat improved; I don’t cough any more, but feel rather “run down”, which the doctor says is usual after the grippe, and has ordered “Kola” to set me up. On the whole I have decided to stay in this hotel, as those more in the country which I have gone to look at have an atmosphere about them of the old ladies’ genteel boarding-house which does not appeal to my instincts. Here, in the town, I feel freer and can change from one restaurant to another at will. I am going to ask my London publisher to send you four copies of a new edition of my poems which he is bringing out, because if I sent the books to my friends directly they would have to pay duty on them, and it seems an odd sort of present for which a tax is imposed. My idea is that you should pay the duty and then resend three of the volumes, keeping the fourth for yourself (or you can give it to somebody for a present next Christmas, I sha’n’t be offended) and charge me whatever you have to pay. The large paper edition is to sell in London for 15 shillings, and I daresay they will want a dollar or more for each copy at the custom-house. The persons to whom I want them sent are the following. Mrs C. H. Toy, 8 Craigie Circle, Cambridge Mass. Mr & Mrs R. B. Potter Antietam Farm Smithtown, Long Island N.Y. Dr & Mrs Winslow 275 Clarendon St. Boston. There is to be an American edition, but I don’t think Scribners will have any of these large-paper copies. Excuse me for giving you this trouble, but I didn’t know how else to manage. Yours affly GSantayana

To Otto Kyllmann 27 February 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple)

New York Hotel Nice, Feb. 27. ’23 Dear Mr Kyllmann The copy of the Poems has arrived, a day after your letter. On the whole I am rather glad that you haven’t put in the preface,1 which I wrote for it

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at your suggestion; it was not a particularly happy bit of writing, and poems, if they are good for anything, can stand alone, and the more personal to the reader, and divorced from the author, the atmosphere that surrounds them, the better they fulfil their function as poetry. I don’t say this because I object to Edmund Gosse’s criticism of the Soliloquies which you have put in at the end.2 I recognize that you wanted something to introduce me to the English public, and this (though slightly absurd in places) is fair enough and comes from an authoritative pen. But why were you afraid to tell me that the preface didn’t serve your purpose and that you wished to put this notice in instead? It would not have offended or displeased me in the least, and on the other hand I could have asked Mr Gosse to correct a slight error of inattention into which he has fallen. I say in the Prologue to the Soliloquies that my father “read the –English] [ – language with ease, although he did not speak it;” on which Mr Gosse embroiders the theory that my father “emigrated to New York”. My father never emigrated: my mother, whose first husband had been an American, and whose children by that first marriage were Americans, was attracted there to Boston , and I after her. It is a slight matter; but no one would ^ ^ suppose that such a point would be misrepresented in a book of my own, published in my [across] life-time. I also don’t like the cover, nor the yellow back. Couldn’t it be all dark blue? [across page one ] And I have already discovered two misprints! It is annoying, but quite my own fault in not having sharper eyes. Yours sincerely [across text] GSantayana 1 Santayana’s preface inadvertently was omitted from an advance copy of the book sent to Santayana, but it is included in published copies of the Constable edition of Poems. 2 Sir Edmund Gosse (1849–1928) was an English biographer and man of letters. His review entitled “A Spaniard in England” was included at the end of the Constable edition of Poems. The Scribner’s 1923 edition of Poems omitted the Gosse essay and included Santayana’s preface.

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To Otto Kyllmann 28 February 1923 • Nice, France

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(MS: Temple)

New York Hotel, Nice Feb. 28, 1923 Dear Mr Kyllmann Here are the errata1 which I have (so far) discovered in the Poems. They are very annoying, as they make nonsense of the passages involved. Is there any way in which they could be corrected in the sheets already printed? Could it be done by hand, at least in the large-paper edition, or could corrected sheets be printed and substituted for those in which the errors occur? I should gladly bear any expense which might be involved. I am telegraphing to Scribner to suspend publication until he hears from me, and am writing to him repeating what I have just said above, and asking him not to include Edmund Gosse’s review, which is not necessary in America. Of course I should not object to it, or a part of it, as an advertisement, not a part of the book. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To Charles Scribner’s Sons [28 February 1923] • Nice, France

(Cablegram: Princeton)

HC0406 NICE 9 SCRIBNERS NY PLEASE SUSPEND PUBLICATION POEMS LETTER FOLLOWS SANTAYANA

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To Charles Scribner’s Sons 28 February 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. S.W.1 Nice, Feb. 28, 1923

Messrs Scribner’s Sons New York Dear Sirs, In explanation of my cablegram of today, let me say that yesterday I received from Messrs Constable an advanced copy of the new edition of my Poems, and in looking it over found the misprints noted in the enclosed half-sheet. They are very annoying, as they make nonsense of the passages concerned. I know you share my aversion to imperfections of this sort, and I leave it to you to take what course seems to you best. Could the errors be corrected by hand, or could you wait for corrected sheets to be substituted for those in which the errors occur? I should be glad to bear any expense which might be involved. I am writing to Messrs Constable in this same sense, so that I hope any printing done in future will be from corrected plates. On receiving the book I learned for the first time that the preface I had written at Mr Kyllmann’s request, had not seemed to him a desirable one, and that he was not putting it in. I do not regret this at all, and I should be rather glad if you followed his example; but let that be as seems best in your own judgement. On the other hand, Messrs Constable have appended a review of my Soliloquies in England by Edmund Gosse, which I quite understand may be useful to introduce me to the publick —c in England; but it is rather absurd in parts and contains one error of fact (about my father, or me, having “emigrated to New York”) and, if they have sent it to you with the Poems, I wish you would leave it out. Of course I should not object to it, or some part of it, as an advertisement, but it should not be continuous with the text of the Poems. The copy sent me is also in a fancy binding not to my taste. I suppose I may rely on you to avoid that danger. Yours very truly GSantayana

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Poems by G. Santayana Errata1 p. 64, last line, “those” 103, line 11 (at the end) . “horde” 125 '' 9,

should read: ''

''

''

''

whose , hoard.

1

These corrections were made in the Constable and Scribner’s editions of Poems but not before some copies were printed. In one of the Santayana Edition’s copies a slip of errata is bound in before the table of contents. In another, the corrections were made by hand (both Scribner’s, 1923).

To Otto Kyllmann 6 March 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple)

New York Hotel, Nice March 6, 1923 Dear Mr Kyllmann rd I have received —your th three notes of March 1st, 2nd, & 3– , and also ^ ^ the two more copies of my Poems. The principal cause of our little troubles is that I am abroad: if I were in London and we could talk things over, everything would be easier. It is possible that I may be there in the summer. As to the binding of the limited edition, I have no objection to it; but even here I should have liked better something that did not suggest a decorative-art school. I think I see the difference of angle —at in which you and I would naturally — see view such a matter. You wish to attract the eye, to suggest a book of beautiful poems: I think of the book as a sort of minor religious work, that should be in plain black, or plain leather, like a vade mecum.1 The few people who like my verses like them for what they say, as an echo of their own experience, not as polite current literature. I shouldn’t dislike the binding of the ordinary edition at all in itself: it is rather jolly. Only it doesn’t seem right for my book. Now that the misunderstanding about the preface is cleared up, I have re-read it. It is not very good: I ought to have done better; but the truth is that I wrote it off hastily, (as I must have done the proof-reading, I am afraid) without allowing myself time for cold criticism. But it may do some good even as it is. For one thing, it helps to balance Mr Gosse: the reader will see that I don’t regard myself as an airy sceptic, but rather as a doctrinaire: and he can come to his own conclusions. By all means retain Gosse’s

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essay: it will give the critics a hint, even if it refers to the Soliloquies, not to the Poems, which latter, being the work of a much younger man are much more solemn. I send you a sheet of corrections,2 divided into three [illegible]categories: st 1– the three errata which I had sent you before, which affect the sense, and nd other typographical slips, which should be corrected if possible at once; 2– though certainly errors, are not important, and need not be mended in the rd present edition, unless it can be done easily; 3– emendations which I should like to make in the plates (if there are to be plates) in view of any printing in future. In America the Sonnets always had a small regular sale, and may continue to do so. I am not sending any copies of the Poems to my friends, as they already have them. But I should be glad if you could send me four more copies of the limited edition. I shall be here about a month longer; afterwards at 9 Av. de l’Observatoire, Paris. When is “Scepticism” to appear? Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

A handy reference guide (literally, Latin for “go with me”). Unlocated.

2

To Charles Scribner’s Sons 7 March 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall London, S.W.1 Nice, March 7, 1923 essrs

M Charles Scribner’s Sons New York Dear Sirs, Many thanks for the copy of my Poems which you have been good enough to send me A few days after my recent letter and telegram to you, I received other copies of the Poems from London, with the explanation that the preface was not to be left out, but had not been included by chance in the advanced copy they had previously sent me.

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I see you have it too, and even make use of it for the advertisement on the paper cover. I note with relief, on the other hand, that the essay by Edmund Gosse is not appended, as in the English edition. As to the corrections, I see I discovered the errors too late. I have not been very well, and the reading of one’s own verses in proof is particularly hard, because familiarity carries one over—one hears the thing—and it is almost impossible to see, without intermission, the actual letters on the page. I can explain in no other way my failure to observe the errata I sent you, as well as several others, of a minor sort, which I have discovered since. I am arranging with Messrs Constable to have them corrected in the plates, so that if you ever require more copies they shall be letter-perfect.1 If anything can be done to make right the three errors in question, which affect the sense of the passages involved, I should be glad if you would do it in the copies now in your hands. I am not sending copies of these Poems to my friends, as they have the previous editions; but I enclose a short list of addresses to which I should like copies of “Scepticism and Animal Faith” to be sent, when that is published. Yours very truly GSantayana Please send a copy of “Scepticism and Animal Faith,” to be charged to ^ the Author’s account, with the Author’s compliments, to the following: ^ Professor & Mrs W. T. Bush, 1, W. 64th St, New York City Mr & Mrs R. B. Potter, Antietam Farm, Smithtown, Long Island, N.Y. Dr & Mrs Winslow, 275 Clarendon St, Boston, Mass. B. A. G. Fuller, Esq, Sherborn, Mass. The Harvard Union, Cambridge, Mass. Robbins Library, Emerson Hall, Cambridge, Mass The Delphic Club, 9 Linden St. '' '' Mrs C. H. Toy, 8 Craigie Circle '' '' Prof. Wm Lyon Phelps, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 1

Scribner’s set up the book themselves and produced a separate edition.

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To Otto Kyllmann 9 March 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple)

New-York Hotel Nice March 9, 1923 Dear Mr Kyllmann I had the complete proof (the first proof in duplicate)1 here, and did not notice that the one returned lacked those two pages. There is nothing to correct in them. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Of Scepticism.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 12 March 1923 • Nice, France

(MS postcard: Temple)

New York Hotel, Nice March 12, ’23 In regard to the query of the printers about p. ix of the Preface of Scepticism & Animal Faith, the word “electric” is right as it stands. GSantayana

To Mary Williams Winslow 19 March 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. Nice, March 19, 1923 rs

Dear M Winslow You have been very good in satisfying my curiosity about Sargent’s paintings, and also throwing in the incredible Island and campanile of Venice in the River Charles.1 As to Sargent, I feel that he belongs to a past generation, and (being the youngest of men myself) I think him an anachronism. This material fulness and realism, and these descriptive lita/erary intentions, are foreign to “modern art”. We are now spiritual, sim-

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ple, eccentric, combining Il Greco2 with the Russian ballet. I was especially glad to see the design of Sargent’s “Our Lady of Sorrows” because this was what he had talked about in that voyage in which we happened to be in the same ship. But the twenty-five years or more that have intervened, in which he has painted little but fashionable ladies, and perhaps has not gone back to look at the old Spanish images, have had a strange effect on his conception. The face is (at least in this photograph) quite empty and doll-like, and the hand seems to be pressing a bouquet flirtatiously, and not a broken heart. The faces of the good old Spanish images are very beautiful and tragic, a combination of the grand lady and the saint. And how characteristic of him to put in the tall candles into the picture! A mere extraneous feature, but one that strikes the tourist in the Holy Week processions at Seville.3 Well, the winter is past and I am still in Nice, without having accomplished very much. For one thing, the climate has been a disappointment, and I have been under the weather. But perhaps the summer will prove more favourable for work, as last summer did. After all, I may have written enough already, and the books I am so worried about leaving unfinished may be nothing but tiresome repetitions. My nephew George Sturgis writes very intelligent and rather frequent letters; I am acquiring a great liking and respect for him, and he seems to carry on my business affairs for me successfully; at least the invisible fountain of dollars continues to flow freely. As to politics, I watch what happens mainly with an eye to discerning, if possible, whether the great international socialistic revolution is coming or not. Russia and Italy now make me incline to believe that the cataclysm will not occur, and that things will go on very much as usual, with a change of personnel and of catch-words. Fascism is the most significant thing now: I wonder if in England the decent people will not eventually organize and arm against the politicians and restore the nation. Of course nothing is eternal, and the England of the past can never return: but there may be a restoration reincorporating old institutions under new auspices, as has happened several times before. Much of what people complain of in the world after the war does not worry me; on the contrary, if only the “industrial situation” could remain always bad, and the population could diminish, especially in the manufacturing towns, I should think it a good thing. There are now too many people, too many things, and too many conferences and elections.

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I have been reading a new book of Freud’s4 and other things by his disciples. They are settling down to a steadier pace, and reducing their paradoxes to very much what everybody has always known. Einstein I do not attempt to read: I am willing to have a maximum of “relativity”; but I wonder if they have ever considered that if “relative” systems have no connexion and no common object, each is absolute; and if they have a common object, or form a connected group of perspectives, then they are only relative views, like optical illusions, and the universe is not ambiguous in its true form. When I was ill with the grippe (which is what I am supposed to have had) the doctor, I think, gave me some “dope” or other: any how my imagination was very active and I scribbled in pencil four chapters of my novel, including the end: but I have not dared to reread them, for fear they may be pure nonsense. There – is a love scene, but the hero is only 17 and the heroine5 10. However, I thought it a lovely love-scene in spite of what my friend the widow prognosticated6—that my novel would be interesting, [across] but the love-scenes failures. People never believe in volcanoes until the lava actually overtakes them. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 The campanile is a 325-foot-high bell tower located on the Piazza San Marco in Venice, Italy. A replica of the tower stands beside the Charles River in Boston. 2 El Greco (given name of Domenicos Theotocopoulos, c. 1541–1614) was a painter who was born in Crete but studied and painted in Italy and Spain. 3 Holy week begins on Palm Sunday and concludes on Easter. In Seville the religious procession celebrating it dates back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. During the procession there are floats from all of the churches depicting Jesus’ life between the Last Supper and the Resurrection. Any depictions of the Virgin Mary show her in mourning. 4 Beyond the Pleasure Principle was published in London in 1922. 5 Rose Darnley. 6 See letter of 23 August 1921.

To Charles Augustus Strong [25 March 1923?] • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

New York Hotel, Nice Sunday. Dear Strong I didn’t answer your former letter because I was expecting you, or your telegram, from day to day. Don’t be afraid of interrupting my work. I have little heartiness for anything, although physically I feel very well, espe-

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cially when the weather is not unfavourable for a good brisk walk. I have been making no real progress with the book, but only reading and doing odds and ends—rewriting the preface, for instance, which is now in a much worse mess than it was in originally. If you are coming for the sake of the motor-trip (although you will find the roads very dusty here) I should come; but I have always felt that you would find a stay at Nice unsatisfactory. Even now the evenings are too chilly for dining or sitting out, and there is a general restlessness and crowdedness about the place not conducive to moral comfort or quiet. It is like the Boulevard; only now the weather is becoming really lovely, and the sea is at its sparkling best. I am not thinking of going back to Paris for the present. I am comfortably settled, and the good season here is just beginning. I am only sorry that I came in the early winter. If you are not going to America, you might find Nice even more agreeable later on. Slade1 is here. He asked me yesterday whether you had arrived. We agree in liking the Italian end of the town and the château better than the fashionable part. I believe you will now find no difficulty in getting a room wherever you may want it. Yours ever G.S. 1

Conrad Hensler Slade (b. 1871), the most Nordic of Santayana’s American friends, was a member of the class of 1893 and a sculptor. He “was content to live in Paris among poor artists and working people, with none of the comforts or social pleasures among which he had been bred.” At Harvard, Slade had rowed with the varsity crew. Described by Santayana as “very good-looking in the expressionless, statuesque manner” and of a solitary, independent nature, Slade was one of the models for Oliver Alden in Puritan. Slade’s personality and adventures also contributed to Santayana’s conception of the Puritan character Mario Van de Weyer. See Persons, 383–84.

To George Sturgis 2 April 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton) New York Hotel, Nice April 2, 1923

Dear George There has been some confusion in the matter of my new book of old poems. The American edition came out first, without my knowledge, and a copy Scribner has sent me looks so mean and poverty-stricken that I am

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afraid they are doing it on the cheap, in order to make money. Money out of poems! I received $1.87 for the first two editions, and was thankful, the publisher having failed in the interval, as was to be expected.1 The consequence is that I want to send only the English edition which—in spite of some bad misprints—is more presentable. But here, too, I find the unexpected, as there is no “large-paper” edition, but only a difference in the binding. I am sending you two copies direct; please keep one and send the other to Mr R. B. Potter, Smithtown, Long Island, N.Y. I will send you three more gilded ones when I receive them; another for Potter, one for the Winslows, and one for Mrs C. H. Toy, 8 Craigie Circle, Cambridge. Mass. I have often heard of Miss Sarah Dearborn,2 but doubt whether I have seen her for more than an instant among a lot of other ladies. It is quite true that my hair—what there is of it—is white, and very white in most places, and that as my moustache is still darkish I look like the distinguished villain in the melodramas—in that respect. Otherwise, I look exactly like the two sketches3 which I enclose, by my own hand. You must have seen me since I shaved that beard off, an ornament which I only indulged in for a short time. My friend Strong has been here with his motor and I have been having pleasant glimpses of the mountain country behind Nice. I am feeling very well, but not active intellectually. I am only reading and sunning myself Yours affly GSantayana 1 Sonnets was published in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Stone and Kimball in 1894, with a revised edition in 1896. A further revised edition was issued in 1906 by Fox, Duffield and Co., New York, by which time Stone and Kimball had gone out of business. 2 Unidentified. 3 Unlocated.

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To Robert Burnside Potter 3 April 1923 • Nice, France

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(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. S.W.1 Nice, April 3, 1923.

Dear Bob Your verses are a great surprise to me. I had a vague suspicion that you were a sentimentalist at heart (like Boylston Beal and me) but not that your sentiments had found words. If you were less modest you might be a regular poet; you seem to me here and there to give up too easily and to say to yourself that it doesn’t matter and that anything will do, since it is only Digression. But you can write, because the emotion in these pieces is rendered unmistakably: it is only the verbal form that needs polishing or heightening. It would be only a matter of art and practice. I like the sonnet on Howard Cushing1 particularly. You have said all the chief (favourable) things that were to be said, and you have kept up the key. Still, even here a little pruning might be in order. I don’t quite like “dim” as a verb. Have you read “Th —A Shropshire Lad” and “Last Poems” by Housman?2 There is a perfectly simple, but perfectly sure, use of the English language to express strong emotion about ordinary things. Thank you for the two books, I have just finished reading them religiously. I agree with both—except with their philosophy. Walker3 is a good observer, but he is not a moralist. It doesn’t occur to him that the question is whether prosperity—population, machinery, things—is the summum bonum.4 Of course, when the communists pretend that on their system everything would be produced more economically and distributed more justly, they are deceiving themselves; but the error is not important if production is not their true ideal, but they desire rather a reversion to a ^ ^ happy animal life. Walker would not understand St. Francis.5 The Communists would. As to Poor-Einstein, I have no doubt that Relativity is a false scent to follow in astronomy, or in any science: but it represents the intrusion of a philosophic attitude which is right in its place. The argument of Chamberlin6 (in the Introductory Essay) that experience shows that Euclidean space and time are absolute is a bad argument. Experience, ^ ^ and success in construction or prediction, can only show that specious time and specious space are fair symbols for whatever forces or processes may really be going on in nature. There need be no graphic likeness, no resem-

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blance, between symbols and their objects. A change from Euclidean geometry (a set of ideas or symbols only) might conceivably fit things better. But even if it did, the new geometry would be itself only a new symbol, a new idea, not the constitution of nature itself. If Einstein means that Relativity is the absolute order of nature, he is not a man of science nor a mathematician at all, but only a misguided psychologist, composing the universe out of optical illusions. There has been some confusion about the new edition of my poems. The American issue has been out for some time, but I will abstain from sending you a copy of that, because it is much meaner than either of the English versions. These, however, have been delayed by a strike of bookbinders. I am going to send you two eventually, but you will receive one first, and then the other. I am sending them through my nephew George Sturgis in Boston, who is my minister of the treasury, so that those who receive them may not have to pay a fine for the privilege. There has been an American yacht here, the Sea Foam, N.Y.Y.C.7 and I have more than once gone down to the little harbour of Nice to examine her. He deck-house is something dreadful, like a barge at Oxford—almost a house-boat. I think I shall have to rely on my imagination to kindle that of my reader—if I ever have any. I suppose I may keep your verses, but if you intended me to return them, say so, and you shall have them back. Yours ever GSantayana P.S. The bindings of the poems were not chosen by me, and some of my corrections in the proofs were not heeded. There are other changes that I meant to have made and didn’t—why, I can hardly say, unless I was weary of the whole thing. 1

Howard Gardiner Cushing (1869–1916) graduated in the Harvard class of 1891. He spent the next five years as a student of painting at the Académie Julien in Paris, returning to Boston to become a professor and painter. In 1904 he moved to New York, where he maintained a studio until his death. 2 A[lfred] E[dward] Housman (1859–1936) was a leading English classicist, textual scholar, and poet. In 1911 he became Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge University and a Fellow of Trinity College. A Shropshire Lad (1896) was published at his expense and became a best seller. Last Poems appeared in 1922, and More Poems (1936) was published posthumously. 3 Unidentified. 4 The supreme good (Latin). 5 Saint Francis of Assisi, originally Giovanni Francesco Bernardone (c. 1181–1226), was an Italian monk who founded the Order of Franciscans. His approach to religion

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was characterized by its joyousness and its love of nature; he called both animate and inanimate creations his brothers and sisters. 6 Unidentified. 7 New York Yacht Club.

To George Sturgis 20 April 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

New York Hotel, Nice April 20, 1923 Dear George Here are the documents1 you send me, duly signed. Old age in my bones, or a very exceptional season, can alone account for the fact that, in winter clothes and often in an overcoat, I am still cold here very often. However, unmistakable signs of Spring, not to say summer, have appeared, the sun (when it shines) is dazzling and hot, and I walk daily up the delightful paths of the park into which the old castle grounds have been turned. There is abundance of water at the top (I don’t know how it gets there) which runs down in rivulets along the roads; and although these babbling brooks are only gutters, I find them very poetical, and babble poetry to them in response. The trees and flowers are also at their best, and I feel more secure in my health; and since my friend Strong left me (I suppose I told you he had come here for a week with his motor) I have begun to work again, and feel encouraged in that respect, as my vol. II.2 is “getting together”. I expect to return to Paris about the middle of May, and perhaps to go later to England for the end of the summer, but not for the winter, as I am afraid of relapsing into my dreadful bronchitis. Fortunately it doesn’t make much difference to me where I am, if disease and society allow me to philosophize in peace. I hope soon to have good news of Josephine, and to hear of your final settling down in your new house. Yours afftly GSantayana 1

Unlocated. Matter.

2

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To Charles Augustus Strong 28 April 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller) New York Hotel, Nice April 28, 1923

Dear Strong It is too bad that the journey to Val Mont should have been in vain but I think the moment for unravelling a tangle, when one has got caught in it, has to be waited for patiently; you can’t make it come by puzzling, since puzzling is just the cause of the difficulty. Couldn’t you lay the whole thing aside for a time? I suppose that is just what your trip to Rome, in search of the principle of Deceit, is meant to facilitate. The weather here continues to be almost wintry, and I am in no haste to leave, as I have reading enough, and manage to do a little on the Realms, especially in the morning, when the sun shines and I rise at eight o’clock. I had thought of leaving for Paris on the 14th of May, probably stopping for two nights or more on the way: but I don’t want to interfere with Margaret’s free field, and if she is passing through Paris at just that time, I could without the least inconvenience put off my return for a few days. Please let me know if you have notice of any further change in her plans. I certainly shall not be gone when you arrive. I may not go to England at all, and if I do it will be in July, when I can go directly to Oxford and settle down, perhaps in my old rooms. Before July Oxford would be crowded As to monism and time I shall not be able to offer you much help, as I relegate all that to the men of science: and I am not clear about what “the nature of relations” means. I have thought a little about implication amongst essences; but that is probably not your problem. I have begun an article on Freud, and have sent my translation of Calderon1 to the London [across] Mercury. I mean to write about Spengler also; “The Downfall of German Philosophy.”2 Yours ever G. S. 1

Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Henao (1600–1681) was a Spanish soldier as well as a playwright. In 1651 he became a priest. He wrote several dramas based on the point of honor. Most of his works written at the end of his life proclaim the vanity of life and the emptiness of human existence. The philosophical play La vida es sueño is considered his masterpiece. Santayana’s translation is “Imitation of Calderon: The Lament of Segismundo in La vida es sueño,” London Mercury 9 (November 1923): 13–14.

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2 In 1928 Santayana completed an essay called “Spengler,” published in The New Adelphi (March 1929) and in The Idler and His Works (edited by Daniel Cory, New York, 1957).

To Charles Augustus Strong 6 May 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller) New York Hotel, Nice Sunday May 6 ’23

Dear Strong— Don’t you think it might hurt Margaret’s feelings, having an apartment in Paris, which she has taken pleasure in furnishing and adorning, to have to be in a hotel for the days she is there? I quite see that it might be more convenient in the rue de Rivoli, and perhaps more amusing; but it does seem a little queer. I should much rather not seem to be the cause of keeping Margaret and her friend out of the apartment. As for me, too, a hotel is practically better, and last Summer I did good work at the Hotel du Palais Royal, I propose that after a week or two with you at the apartment, I should in any case move out: they can still go to the rue de Rivoli if you prefer, but I shall not seem to be the impediment to their coming to the apartment. This arrangement also has this advantage for me, that the question of going to England or not can be solved on its own merits and without reference to the need of being alone for working. It is warm but pleasant here. I am absorbed reading “My Life and Adventures”1 by Earl Russell. Elizabeth is simply not mentioned, nor his second divorce. Mollie2 figures as the Lady Russell. It looks as if he had gone back to his vomit. [across] I will see on Monday about trains and let you know when I leave Yours GS. 1

London and New York: Cassell, 1923. Countess “Mollie” (Marion Cooke Cumbermould) was Russell’s second wife (Mrs. Sommerville when he married her). Santayana describes her in Persons, 476–81, as “a fat, florid, coarse Irishwoman of forty [in 1895], with black curls, friendly manners and emotional opinions.” Their 1900 Nevada marriage was legal according to American but not English law, and Russell spent three months in jail as a bigamist. They legally married in England in October 1901. After fifteen years of marriage, he and Mollie divorced. 2

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To Otto Kyllmann 8 May 1923 • Nice, France

(MS: Temple) Nice, May 8, 1923

r

Dear M Kyllman I am returning to Paris, where my address is 9, Ave. de l’Observatoire. I have received the four copies of my poems, special edition, and also five copies (which I didn’t expect) of the ordinary edition. Thank you very much. When Scepticism appears, you might send my copies directly to Paris, and also a copy to the persons in the enclosed list.1 Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To Charles Augustus Strong [8 May 1923] • Nice, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

New York Hotel, Nice Tuesday——— Dear Strong I can’t quite decide whether to make the journey to Paris by the night train or to stop over to sleep at Marseille; but in either case I will arrange th , either in the morning at the same time as you (very to arrive on the 15– nearly) or in the evening at 10.30. I will let you—or if it is too late I will let the Concierge—know which. Your article on Mrs Stephen, like almost all you do, has two parts, one of which I like very much, while the other is obscure to me. All your criticism of her is excellent; but when you come to the third part our old disagreement makes itself felt: and apart from my own view, I am not sure that you improve your case against Mrs Stephen by introducing an alternative metaphysic, which the reader will probably find hard to understand Yours ever GSantayana

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To Otto Kyllmann 27 May [1923] • Paris, France

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(MS: Temple)

9 Av. de l’Observatoire Paris, May 27 Dear Mr Kyllmann Thank you very much for the six copies of Scepticism, and for the account and the cheque which arrived at the same time. The book looks very well. Could you have a copy sent to Mr Bertrand Russell, if you can discover his address, which I do not know at present? Yours sincerely GSantayana

To George Sturgis 29 May 1923 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton)

9 Av. de l’Observatoire Paris, May 29. ’23 Dear George th , enclosing one to your I have your two ‘cables’ and your letter of the 9– aunt Josephine. I had never seen Arthur,1 except in photographs, nor had we exchanged any letters, yet I had a clear impression of his character, and liked him. My idea—which is perhaps only a fancy of my own—is that he had a manly simple way of facing events, enjoying what was to be enjoyed, and not setting up any demands for special good luck or special privileges. He was a victim of the war, and the form in which the sacrifice came to him left time for a happy young marriage, and a long illness in which there were probably many compensations and pleasant interludes. I imagine that if he could have seen his destiny, as we philosophers say, “under the form of eternity”, as we can see it now that it is over, he would have accepted it gladly, as much better than that which awaited many another young man, and much better than that which many an old man makes for himself by living too long in this world, and getting stale in it. As for Josephine, she has had a lot of trouble and sorrow, and deserves, and doubtless has, everybody’s sympathy. Let us hope that all will be as well in future as it can be. I will write to her one of these days.

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Your aunt Josephine has not consulted me as yet about the matter broached in your letter, and I don’t know in what form her Spanish bonds are deposited—probably together with Celedonio’s at the branch office of the Bank of Spain in Avila. Certainly, in the event of her death, you must not pay taxes in Spain for all her property. Is there no way in which what she has in Spain could be bequeathed separately, to cover the legacy she is leaving (I suppose) to Mercedes,2 etc. without involving her American money at all? Your proposal is excellent, but I am not sure that your aunt will understand the advantage of it. Yours affectionately GSantayana 1

Arthur Eldredge died on 20 May. Mercedes Ruiz de la Escalera was born c. 1855. See Persons, 36–39.

2

To Lawrence Smith Butler [10 July 1923] • [Paris, France]

(MS: University Club)

Dear Lawrence1 I recognized your hand-writing, and have seldom opened a letter with greater pleasure. You will find me here. Let me know where you are and on what day you will lunch or dine with me and I will come for you, as your hotel will probably be more convenient than this place. Yours affectionately GSantayana 1

Santayana met Lawrence Smith Butler (1875–1954) during an 1895 Atlantic crossing. After graduation from Harvard in 1898, Butler studied at the Beaux Arts and became an architect. He cultivated his fine tenor voice, studying with Jean de Reszke in Paris. But, like Oliver Alden (of Puritan), he could only sing what he felt and, hence, failed to become an artist vocally. See Persons, 381–82.

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To George Jean Nathan 12 August 1923 [postmark] • Paris, France

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(MS postcard: Cornell)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123, Pall Mall, London The title “The Smart Set”1 suggests a world where I don’t belong: but if you will send me a number, and if I have any thing on hand that would ^ ^ seem suitable to such a superior environment, I should be glad to let you have it. GSantayana 1

The Smart Set (1890–1930) was a monthly magazine founded by William D’Alton Mann as a journal for New York society. In 1914 George Jean Nathan and H. L. Mencken assumed joint editorship. The magazine was purchased by Hearst in 1924. Nathan (1882–1958) was a drama critic who, with Mencken, founded The American Mercury in 1924, where Nathan served as editor until 1930. He also wrote many books on contemporary theater.

To the editor of The Dial 1 September 1923 • Paris, France

(MS: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Paris, Sept. 1, 1923.

To the Editor of The Dial New York Dear Sir, I write to you impersonally, not knowing whether Mr Thayer has returned,1 and supposing that in any case you might read the inclosed paper2 on the last phase of Freud and communicate with him about it. I have been reading other German philosophers of the day, and taking notes, and if these matters are not too technical for you I may have occasion later to send you short articles on other worthies of that tribe. Yours truly GSantayana. P.S. I should like to subscribe to The Dial. You might send the bill for the subscription (which I have no direct means of paying) to my nephew Mr

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George Sturgis, 87 Milk St. Boston, or deduct the amount from the cheque you send me, if you are going to send me one. This, by the way, may be in dollars, as my bankers accept such cheques. 1

Scofield Thayer was editor until 1926. “A Long Way Round to Nirvana: or Much Ado About Dying,” The Dial 75 (November 1923): 435–42. 2

To Susan Sturgis de Sastre 4 September 1923 • Paris, France

(MS: Sastre Martín) 9 Ave. de l’Observatoire, Paris September 4, 1923

Dear Susie I see you are puzzled by the title of my last book. It has nothing to do with religion: by “animal faith” I mean the confidence one has, for instance, that there will be a future, that you will find things where you have hidden them, etc. It is a technical book and not intelligible unless you have a very analytic mind, but I will send you a copy if you wish. Meantime I enclose a review which appeared lately in the London Times,1 which will show you how respectfully it is now the fashion to treat me. I don’t know who the reviewer is, but he is moderately competent. Margaret has descended upon us but is threatening to depart to Copenhagen to stay with Madame de Fontenay, wife of the French minister there. th I expect to stay until Strong leaves for Italy, about the 15– instant. Of course you know that my address will be C /o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. Love to all from Jorge I suppose Manuela2 has left you. I will answer he letter another day. 1 Probably “Mr. Santayana’s Philosophy,” The Times Literary Supplement (23 August 1923): 549–50. 2 Manuela Ruiz de Santayana y Zabalgoitia, a cousin of Santayana.

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To John Francis Stanley Russell 5 September 1923 • Paris, France

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(MS: Unknown) Paris, Sept. 5. 1923

Dear Russell, After four years’ absence I am returning to England in a fortnight, to remain at least until October 24, when I am to give the Spencerian lecture1 at Oxford. I hope there may be a chance of seeing you in the interval. Yours ever GSantayana 1

“The Unknowable,” the Herbert Spencer Lecture, was delivered on 24 October 1923 and published by The Clarendon Press that year. It was reprinted in Obiter, 162–88.

To George Sturgis 13 September 1923 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton) C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall London, S.W.1 Paris, Sept. 13. 1923

Dear George I tremble to think how many weeks may have passed since I last wrote, in spite of various letters and photos from you, which I have been very glad to get. I am particularly glad to have a glimpse of Rosamond, and to see Bobbie growing up. You also seem a very stalwart person nowadays, and still with all the fine air of youth. I too keep young, in spite of white hairs, and have lately had a good spell of working-weather, when composition seemed to come easily. I am leaving Paris for England on the day after tomorrow. This decision has been brought about by an invitation to deliver a lecture at Oxford, called the Herbert Spencer Lecture. It is to come off on October 24, after which I don’t know whether I shall stay in England or not. It will depend on circumstances, chiefly on my state of health. You know that England has a great fascination for me, or at least had, although I don’t like their official classes, either political or academic; but my friends there are some dead and some estranged or in reduced circumstances so that visiting them is not as it was; and a man of sixty is never in himself so welcome an arrival

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as a young friend. However, if I find an opportunity to settle down in comfortable lodgings, and feel that my bronchitis is not threatening to reappear, I may stay in England all winter, and try to finish my Big Book. Otherwise I expect to go to Italy. This is not a letter, only a certificate of continued life and affection from your Uncle George

To Charles Augustus Strong 18 September 1923 • London, England

(MS: Rockefeller)

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s: . ON gram Tele , LOND O L DI L ne: PIQU Telepho ENT. EG R 160

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall S.W.1 Sept. 18, 1923 PICC A———— DILLY HOTEL ————, ——— —— ——— PICCADILLY & REGENT LONDON, W. 1.

STREET,

Dear Strong I crossed over from Boulogne to Dover yesterday in fine weather but in a very crowded boat. However, the formalities were not annoying and I arrived here, not at all tired, at 4.30. England seems very unexciting—no emotions in it or in me. Have a splendid room in this hotel, which I had been to once before and liked. Hope all is well with you. Yours G.S.

To John Francis Stanley Russell [Between 20 and 23 September 1923] • [London, England] (MS: Unknown) Brown Shipley & Co., 123, Pall Mall, S.W.1. Dear Russell, If you leave it to me, I will certainly come.1 I don’t believe that anything has really happened to alter our relations to one another which were always tacit and expressed in conduct rather than words. You now say more than you ever said to me, even in our young days, about being “attached to me”; you must have been, in some way which in spite of my

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cold-blooded psychology I don’t pretend to understand. In that case, why drop me now, when certainly there has been no change on my side except that involved in passing from twenty to sixty? Let me come, anyhow once, and we can judge better whether everything is as usual or whether the barrier you speak of—which certainly is not “Elizabeth” or her affairs2—really exists. Shall it be next Tuesday, and if so, what train shall I take? Yours ever GSantayana 1

Russell’s response to Santayana’s 5 September 1923 note offering to visit him was, “Do as you like.” (Persons, 518) 2 Russell believed Santayana to be siding with his estranged wife (see Persons, 515–16).

To Charles Augustus Strong 29 September 1923 • Cambridge, England

(MS: Rockefeller) September 29, 1923 UNIVERSITY ARMS HOTEL, CAMBRIDGE.

Dear Strong— After a week in London I have been for four days to Telegraph House1— actually driven there by his lordship in a new glass car. I asked no questions on the way, and received no information as to what awaited me, thinking I should very likely be greeted by “Mollie” with all her old Irish cordiality. Not at all. In the hall stood a man-servant and two maids at attention—and not a soul besides! We had good weather and took some drives, and discussed only indifferent subjects, barely touching on politics (on which we don’t agree). Russell was unchanged save for whiter hair and a somewhat more subdued manner. There was a cat and four dogs (not counting a big one in the stables) and we went one day to tea at a widow’s,2 who I suspect may be the star now in the ascendant. From Telegraph House I came yesterday to Cambridge, but find no lodgings, and they are driving me out of this hotel in three days, on account of the Newmarket races,3 when everything is taken long beforehand by the sporting gentry. I may go for a few days to stay with Lapsley at Trinity College and then to Oxford where I hope I may have better luck. It is horrid to be on the move and I long for quiet and solitude. Yours ever G.S.

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1 John Russell’s cottage near Hampshire Downs, within sight of the sea, was called Telegraph House because it had once been a signal station by which messages went from Portsmouth to London. 2 Unidentified. 3 Newmarket, an urban district in Suffolk West in England, has been a racing center since the early seventeenth century.

To Kenneth Duva Burke 2 October 1923 • London, England

(MS: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London Oct. 2. 1923 Dear Mr Burke1 Many thanks for you letter and cheque for $75, for A Short (but not inexpensive) Way Round to Nirvana I am also much obliged to Mr Thayer for putting me on the free list of subscribers to The Dial. Yours very truly GSantayana 1

Kenneth Duva Burke (1897–1993) was a literary and philosophic critic who was awarded the National Medal for Literature in 1980. He served The Dial in various capacities, including that of music critic. Burke is considered to be one of the most brilliant theorists of rhetoric. His publications include Language as Symbolic Action (1966).

To George Sturgis 16 October 1923 • Cambridge, England

(MS: Houghton)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London Cambridge, Oct. 16, 1923.

Dear George I am not surprised at the difficulties you encounter in the matter of your aunt Josephine’s Spanish bonds. In transferring that money to Spain she virtually separated it from the rest of her property, and for some reason must have wished to do so. She is not very clear in her ways of expressing herself, and perhaps it would require an expert psycho-analyst to discover (even to herself) what her real motives were. But I think in some way she

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must have intended that, after keeping that money by her during her lifetime, in order to feel that her pocket was not empty, it should pass, as her clothes would, or her other personal possessions, to those her surrounded her death-bed. I dare say this is not what could happen legally, and that her American will covers all her property anywhere; but I wish some means could be found of letting her bequeathe her Spanish money to her Spanish friends, instead of the legacies which I understand she has provided for them out of her general estate. Couldn’t a codicil to her will make such a division? Or couldn’t she make a separate Spanish will covering her Spanish property? After all, the important point is to give personal satisfaction to all concerned, beginning with your aunt Josephine herself. Are laws made to prevent that, or can something be done to reconcile the means with the end? I am going to Oxford this week, and then to Bath to see an old friend.1 It is not certain, but I shall probably leave [across] England, on my way to Italy, about Nov. 1. Best wishes for the new comer.2 Yours affly GSantayana 1

Willie “The Babe” Haines Smith (b. 1870), who had been Howard Sturgis’s companion, was living with his father near Bath. 2 Rosamond Sturgis was expecting their second son, Neville.

To Miss Hanlon 17 October 1923 • [Cambridge, England]

(MS: Princeton)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Oct. 17, 1923 Dear Miss Hanlon1 Many thanks for the October Century with Mr Carl van Doren’s article.2 It is very good: I could wish it simpler, but I appreciate the consideration with which I am treated. Yours very truly GSantayana 1

Unidentified. Carl Clinton Van Doren (1885–1950) was a professor at Columbia University (1911–34) and literary editor of The Nation (1919–22) and The Century (1922–25). The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine (1881–1930) published a number of serialized nov2

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els and Civil War papers. The article is “Tower of Irony: George Santayana, Ambassador to the Barbarians,” The Century 106 (1923): 950–56.

To Charles Augustus Strong 18 October 1923 • Cambridge, England

(MS: Rockefeller)

Cambridge, Oct. 18, 1923 Dear Strong Your book arrived yesterday, and I have just finished it. The general impression I receive is that of a pleasant, mellow, personal conversation; you say various things, some technical, others simple, because they are in your mind (or on your mind) and they all have the agreeable quality of wise observations, boiled down to their essence. The quotations complete this impression: they are very good in themselves, apt enough, and give evidence of wide sympathies and good taste. I think you will probably leave in your readers’ minds a trace of your doctrine, not necessarily by converting them, but by making them aware that here is one more sage with a hypothesis about the universe which it is interesting to record, if not as a scientific possibility at least as a proof of the ingenious diversity of human opinions. As to making your view plausible to me personally, your book doesn’t advance matters at all. I find no arguments at all for it, the assertion that if substance were not feeling knowledge would be unconscious being purely gratuitous. Reaction and adaptation, without consciousness, could be called knowledge only by a behaviourist: and if you say in one place that behaviourism is absurd, in other places you seem to adopt it. But my chief difficulty, as always, is with your fundamental conception of “immediate experience”. As I told you not long ago in conversation, I think the phrase unfortunate; it will perhaps win over some critics but it will be only in order to attack the other elements of your system. They will understand, in spite of your warnings, that you mean elementary consciousness. The arguments you invoke to show that consciousness and knowledge must be secondary, apply to experience too. Experience, even conceived in behaviourist terms, seems to demand the affection of one thing by another. Would you perhaps say that it is the mutual tensions between the points of substance that make the essence of that substance into experience—into responsive modification? But then you would need a deeper substance to have or to undergo the experience. I cannot conceive how atoms of feel-

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ing (changeless ones, I understand) can facilitate the genesis of experience by changing their order, even if an order of atoms of feeling can be conceived at all, which I doubt strongly. Moreover I am convinced, as you know, on general grounds, that feeling is just as much a symptom of vicissitudes in a complex organism as are consciousness and knowledge. You do not feel without organs or occasions; you do not experience without being in some predicament and undergoing some organic change. The notion that the substance composing your organism is feeling in its elements, is simply a bit of surviving idealism: the only plausible ground for it is the theory that only consciousness can exist. ^ ^ I am leaving for Oxford tomorrow morning, and have secured rooms for a week at the King’s Arms,1 where I hope to be more comfortable (having a fire all day in my bedroom) than I have been here. The insidious chill of bedrooms and bathrooms in these modest lodging-houses, combined with very changeable and rainy weather, — are is very trying. I have had a touch of my bronchitis, but by staying two days in the house (my sitting room is excellent) I seem to have got rid of it. Dinner in hall is materially excellent, but I haven’t made any very pleasant acquaintances—that is, such as establish easy relations. Lapsley gave a little dinner-party in his magnificent rooms, to which he asked Benson,2 the Master of Magdelene (Cambridge) and Housman; and I am hoping this evening to see Broad.3 Housman is a nice quiet keen little man with grey hair and moustache— very nice, but like most people here hard to get on with fast. MacTaggart4 has been truly amiable; even complimented my verses and said he liked one line of mine as much as any line anywhere, and quoted it: “Truth is a dream, unless my dream is true”.5 I told him I was an undergraduate— Sophomore—when I thought that, but I was none the less flattered. Lapsley, in his emotional way, very kind and very nice: I feel he is a true friend—Altogether I am glad I came to Cambridge, in spite of the close shave about my health, and some discomfort. Yours ever GSantayana 1

The tavern in Puritan visited by Jim Darnley and Oliver Alden. Arthur Christopher Benson (1862–1925), English writer, was the eldest son of Archbishop Benson and a master at Eton (1885–1903) and at Magdalene College, Cambridge (1915–25). He wrote several books. 3 Charlie Dunbar Broad (1887–1971) was an English philosopher who was elected to a fellowship at Trinity (1911). His works include Euclid, Newton, and Einstein (1920) and Perception, Physics and Reality: An Enquiry into the Information that Physical Science can Supply about the Real (1914). 2

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4 John MacTaggart Ellis (1866–1925), an English philosopher, was made a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1891 and later appointed lecturer in moral science (1897–1923). Three of his five books are on Hegel. 5 Sonnet V from Sonnets and Other Verses was originally published in 1896 by Stone and Kimball.

To Thomas Moult 20 October 1923 • Oxford, England

(MS: Leeds)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1. Oxford Oct. 20. ’23 1

Dear Sir Your note has just reached me after going to Paris and being readdressed I should be much pleased to have you include my verses in your collection. Perhaps you had better ask Messrs Constable & Company for their permission, as the copyright belongs to them. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1 Thomas Moult (d. 1974) was an English literary journalist, author, and editor. One of his projects was a series of annual anthologies, Best Poems of [year ]. In the 1923 edition (London: Jonathan Cape, Ltd.), Santayana’s “A Minuet on Reaching the Age of Fifty” is included (pages 32–33). See Complete Poems, 184–85.

To George Herbert Palmer 23 October 1923 • Oxford, England

(MS: Wellesley)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. Oxford Oct. 22/3, ’23 Dear Professor Palmer Your letter fills me with mixed feelings of pleasure and regret. Let me thank you for your expressions of interest in my poems, which although they belong almost exclusively to a distant past, still represent pretty well the fond1 of my feelings. It is pleasant to think of you in your old place maintaining unimpaired the traditions and the influence of the days when we were all together.

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As to the request of the Phi Beta Kappa, I am sorry but it is out of the question for me to undertake such a journey at present; nor could I promise to produce a longish “Poem” for a given date, even counting as I should on a kind and indulgent public. I have many literary projects pressing for execution, and I am not sure that life and strength will remain to me long enough to carry them out, even avoiding all distraction and almost all social engagements. The very kindness of America would bowl me over, and I understand the pace there is quicker than ever. ^ ^ [across] Believe me, with grateful memories of your life-long kindness, /vVery sincerely yours GSantayana 1

Depth.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 24 October 1923 • Oxford, England

(MS: Temple)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Oxford Oct. 24, 1923

Please send one of the signed copies of my “Poems” (those bound in white) to Randolph Chetwynd Esq1 New College, Oxford, and charge it to my account. GSantayana 1

Randolph (b. 1904), elder son of Augusta and Philip Chetwynd, was studying at New College.

To Charles Augustus Strong 27 October 1923 • Bradford-on-Avon, England

(MS: Rockefeller)

Turleigh Mill, Bradford-on-Avon, Oct. 27, 1923 Dear Strong On the last evening I was at Cambridge I sat next to Broad at dinner. Great disappointment. Small, bald, youngish man, with muddy complexion, features like Goldsmith,1 and a few brown hairs trained to pass over his not very clean cranium, like the fingers wide apart through which a flir-

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tatious lass peeps at the passer-by. Began by attacking Poincaré;2 and when I tried to switch him off to philosophy, I could get nothing out of him. In Oxford, I had a possible room at the King’s Arms, but the food there was not very appetizing. Dined at Oriel with a civil person named Ross,3 the president of the Philosophical Society, and read the first Chapter of Realms. I wasn’t in good form, there were annoying people (Schiller & Co) coming in late, and although some of the comments afterwards were semiintelligent, I had to hope that those who said nothing were not so stupid as those who talked. Joseph4 was particularly odious. My Spencer lecture,5 being much too long, occupied me to the last minute in cutting it down and rearranging it: even the final form (I hope you have received a copy) proved too long and in reading it I left out three or four pages in the middle about the “logic of idealism.” The audience was largely composed of ladies and dusky youths, Indians & Japanese, but Professor Stewart6 was in the front row, and also my host Mr Poulton,7 who being a scientific person (much excited at having received 12,000 butterflies that afternoon) was also genial, free from prejudice, and laughed heartily at all my jokes. The peroration went off splendidly—I was in form that time—and I felt that the lecture had been a success in the inner circle, although it will have no effect at all in the official philosophical world of Oxford, which indeed took no notice of it. The nice side of my visit was seeing at lot of Randolph Chetwynd and some of his friends: they were really very nice company, and far more interesting than their elders. I am going back to Oxford for another week, this time to the Clarendon, where the food is better. Here I am in a pleasant country; Willie [across] Haines Smith and his father are very friendly and live very comfortably (motor, etc) in spite of bankruptcy. My [across page one] cold is still knocking at the door, but in spite of the very bad and changeable weather, I have warded off any further positive attack of bronchitis. Yours ever G.S. 1

Unidentified. Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934) was a French statesman and writer who was appointed premier in 1912. He served as president to the Republic from 1913 to 1920, leading France through the war years. Reappointed premier during the reparations crisis, he held office from 1922 to 1924 and from 1926 to 1929. He was elected to the French academy in 1909, and his chief work is Au Service de la France: Neuf années de souvenirs (1926). 3 Sir William David Ross (b. 1877), a British Aristotelian scholar and moral philosopher, was knighted in 1938. A fellow of Merton College (1900–1902), he was elected a fellow of Oriel, where he was provost (1929–47). He also served as vice-chancellor of Oxford University (1941–44), president of the Classical Association, chairman of the Council of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, and president of the Union Académique 2

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Internationale. He edited the Oxford translations of Aristotle (1908–31). His Aristotle (1923) is well known. His main contribution to philosophy, The Right and the Good (1930), is in the field of ethics. 4 Unidentified. 5 Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) was an Englishman who applied study of natural sciences and psychology to philosophy, finding in the doctrine of evolution the unifying principle of knowledge and applying it to all phenomena. He did not deal with the “unknowable” but instead dealt with those things which could be compared with and related to other things. 6 John Alexander Stewart (1846–1933), White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford (1897–1927), was a professorial fellow of Corpus Christi College. He is known for his Notes on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle (1892) and The Myths of Plato (1905). 7 In Persons Santayana says of Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton (1856–1943), “… when I called at his house by appointment an hour before the time for the lecture, his wife said he was so sorry but he had been called away to receive 4,000 butterflies that had just arived from South America. He turned up later, however, and took me to the Natural History Museum, not to see the butterflies, but to read my lecture … . He wore no gown and instead of introducing me said simply, ‘Oh, you might as well begin.’”

To Gilbert Seldes 30 October 1923 • Oxford, England

(MS: Columbia)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London Oxford, Oct. 30, 1923 Dear Mr Seldes I have read Bertrand Russell’s book,1 but hardly care to revert to it or to write a review. My ideas of politics are so contrary to his that it would be hard for me say anything that didn’t seem ill-natured about his strange madness whenever he touches any human subject. Besides, I think I have already written too much about him. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Russell published three books in 1923: The ABC of Atoms, The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, and A Free Man’s Worship.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 30 [October] 1923 • Oxford, England

(MS: Rockefeller)

Clarendon Hotel Oxford Nov. 30, 1923. Dear Strong I returned yesterday from Bath, my cold having got rather worse, and I have decided to leave England as soon as I conveniently can, and to be in Florence next week. I take for granted that you are at home and that I may come to the villa. If not, will you please telegraph to the Hôtel du Palais Royal, Paris, where I mean to stop for two or three days. I will myself telegraph as soon as I know the exact date of my arrival. Should any accident intervene, no great harm will result, because if I don’t find Aldo1 at the station I will simply go to the Savoia in the Piazza Vittorio Emmanuele and come up the next day to Fiesole to make inquiries. Turleigh Mill, from which I wrote you the other day, was a charming spot, [illegible]d in a stone hamlet with fields, hills, a river, and a canal all huddled together most picturesquely; but all desire to prolong my stay there was removed by my cough, which though not severe was ominous, and by the general lack of freedom that one feels in other people’s houses, however friendly the host may be. I could neither have worked freely, nor made myself really comfortable in my dressing-gown and slippers. I find there is a providentially convenient through train to Dover, passing south of London, with a restaurant car; so that tomorrow afternoon I hope to be watching the waves from the Lord Warden Hotel, in readiness to cross the next day or (if it is rough) to make a trip to Canterbury until the weather improves. Yours ever GSantayana 1

Strong’s chauffeur.

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To Robert Seymour Bridges 31 October 1923 • Dover, England

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(MS: Bodleian)

Dover, Oct. 31, 1923 Dear Bridges Your delightful “experiment”1 reached me this morning, just when I was lamenting leaving England without having been to see you. I left Oxford immediately after my lecture, hoping to return for a longer stay; but meantime the bronchitis that is always knocking at the door forced its way in, and I am fleeing to Italy, in hopes of not having such a winter as the last was, when my health hardly allowed me to do anything worth mentioning. “Polly” is so interesting in himself, that your metrical devices are lost, so to speak, in the general pleasure and interest which one feels in reading. I suppose this is the greatest triumph of composition; but it leaves one in doubt whether it is the art of versification or the simple vision of Polly that produces the effect. Many of your lines, however, convince me that the alexandrine, without rhymes, might be a good substitute or variant for the blank verse of English tradition. My glimpse of England after four years has left me with mixed feelings. I fear my English days are over. Nothing I could now see or feel would be likely to equal the memories I have of other days, which, if not the beaux jours of England, were at least my beaux jours, and which it is almost a pity to overlay with sadder impressions. Oxford is very much itself in spite of obvious crowding, and the flocks of women on bicycles which come round the corners of New College Lane Sunt lacrymae rerum2 but so mixed with pleasure that all regrets become impertinent. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

This was a poem by Bridges called “Polly,” of which a few copies were printed privately in 1923 and distributed to his friends. It was reprinted in New Verse (per Sir Edward Bridges, son of the poet laureate). [D. C.] 2 Part of a line from Vergil’s Aeneid, 1.462: “Sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt” (There are tears for things, and things mortal touch the mind). This sentiment is expressed in the final lines of the penultimate stanza of Santayana’s “The Poet’s Testament”: “And heavenly laughter, shaking from its wings / Atoms of light and tears for mortal things.”

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To Constable and Co. Ltd. 6 November 1923 • Fiesole, Italy

(MS: Temple)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Fiesole, Nov. 6, ’23

Messrs Constable & Company London. The enclosed,1 which I return as you request, has naturally interested me very much, as nothing of mine has as yet appeared in my mother tongue. But I know nothing of the Editorial Voluntad2 (a barbarous title!) and am writing to friends in Spain making inquiries. Until I hear, I should like not to make any absolute contract; but if you think proper, you might reply that I, for my part, look with favour on the project provided they can satisfy me that the translator will be not only capable, but sympathetic to the spirit of my writing, and provided he is willing to let me read the proof, or better the M.S. and suggest any changes that occur to me. I don’t want my English to be turned into newspaper Spanish, nor to have as a publisher any house identified either with clerical or with anticlerical propaganda. Yours faithfully GSantayana. P.S. Business questions I leave to you. I require no royalties for myself. 1

Unlocated. Editorial Voluntad was a publishing house in Madrid. There is no record of their publishing translations of Santayana’s works. 2

To George Sturgis 6 November 1923 • Fiesole, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Villa Le Balze, Fiesole Florence, Nov. 6, 1923 Dear George Only a line to ask you to send to the inclosed address,1 in my name, $25 with a promise of four more such installments during the next four years. Deo volente!2

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I arrived here yesterday after a good journey from England—Channel like glass—but still suffering from my bronchitis. This villa is now a very beautiful and luxurious place and I am splendidly looked after. When I have had a week or two of complete repose I am going on to Rome to settle down for the winter. I am awaiting news of you and Rosamond and the rest of your family. Yours G S. 1

Unlocated. God willing (Latin).

2

To Robert Silliman Hillyer 9 November 1923 • Fiesole, Italy

(MS: Syracuse)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Fiesole, Nov. 9, 1923 My dear Mr Hillyer1 That anyone should resent a change in one of my sonnets is in itself such exquisite flattery that I can’t resist telling you why that change was made. “Garden rear”2 has a ridiculous familiar sense—and only one—to an English mind, and as my new collection was made for the English edition (Scribner’s is only a reprint) it was imperative to avoid such a snag. Certainly the original, if the double entendre is not suggested, was better. Nor is this the only case where I have been forced to make unwelcome changes in order to avoid comic effects. Yours very truly GSantayana 1

Robert Silliman Hillyer (1895–1961), an American poet, graduated from Harvard in 1917. After World War I he returned to Harvard, where he was a professor (1919–45). He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1933 for his Collective Verse. 2 In the first edition of Sonnets number XV begins, “A wall, a wall around my garden rear, / And hedge me in from the disconsolate hills.” Santayana changed the opening line to “A wall, a wall to hem the azure sphere,” thus avoiding an expression that might provoke the contraction of an eyebrow in England. [D. C.]

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To Wilbur Lucius Cross 13 November 1923 • Fiesole, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. Fiesole, Nov. 13. 1923

Wilbur Cross Esq1 Editor of the Yale Review. Dear Sir It would be a great satisfaction to me if you wished to publish a chapter of my “Realms of Being”; but I am afraid what I have at hand is rather too technical and presupposes acquaintance with “Scepticism”. However, in a few days, when I hope to have settled down for the winter, I will look over the MS and it is possible that I may find something which I might venture to send you.2 Yours very truly GSantayana 1

Wilbur Lucius Cross (1862–1948), a scholar and educator, was governor of Connecticut. He received his B.A. and Ph.D. from Yale and taught there from 1894 until 1930. He edited the Yale Review from 1911 until 1940. 2 “A Preface to a System of Philosophy” appeared in Yale Review 13 (1924): 417–30. This was reprinted with changes as “Preface to Realms of Being” in Essence, v–xix.

To George Sturgis 13 November 1923 • Fiesole, Italy

(MS: Houghton) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole Florence, Nov. 13, 1923

Dear George My best congratulations on the safe landing of young Neville. I am glad he is not to have a middle name and the one you are giving him (apart from family associations) is a very pretty one. The two boys will make a convenient pair, and if they have good tempers, as they probably will in view of their healthy and decent parentage, they ought to pull together nicely through life. Having a twin, or a quasi-twin,1 brings in anticipation some of the advantages of marriage or of having two eyes instead of one. The smaller boy, in this case, will also be able to wear out the elder’s

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clothes, when they are outgrown too fast. These details of domestic economy are pleasant in themselves, even if the saving is not urgent. This brings me round to money-matters, which you discuss in your letter of Nov. 2, reaching me this morning together with your “Cable”. I don’t think there is any such thing as trusts, leaving money in trust to one person for the benefit of another, in Spanish law. I believe it is a feudal and northern tradition, unknown to Roman law and to the code Napoléon2 on which modern Spanish law is modelled. You could ask any lawyer who has a little marginal learning whether this is not the fact. My idea was that instead of legacies for life—the lives in question will all be very short—your aunt Josephine should leave lump sums to her Spanish friends: she might do so possibly in the form of gifts in her life-time, or even of cheques, to ^ ^ be delivered to them upon her death. I think Mercedes, Eugenia,3 and the two old ladies (“las maestras”)4 in Avila would much prefer lump sums. The money your aunt Josephine has in Spain (or so much as she decided to keep there) would thus have disappeared at her death, and you would have no trouble at all about recovering it. As to your aunt Susan’s will, I suspect she thinks, if she should survive her husband, there would be occasion for a complete reconsideration of its provisions; whereas, if she should die first, the only right and simple thing to do would be to leave everything to him. This is not inconsistent with asking him to provide annuities or gifts to such persons or charities as interest her particularly. I don’t know what the provisions of her will are at present, but from things she has dropped in conversation, I gather that the above is what she now would do if she drew up a new will. As it is not unlikely that she may survive Celedonio,5 and have a free hand, I can understand the delay in her action at this moment. [across] I have the same dislike to broach ing these questions with your ^ ^ aunts which you express. Perhaps in the Spring I may go to Avila: then I could feel the ground better. I am now [across page one] moving to Rome, but am not sure what my address will be there. Write C/o Brown Shipley & Co Yours affly GSantayana 1

The boys were sixteen months apart, Robert having been born on 8 July 1922. Code Napoléon or Code Civil, the first modern code of France, was promulgated by Napoleon I in 1804. It reflects the modern civil law, which prevailed generally on the European continent. The code follows the Institutes of the Roman Corpus Juris Civilis in dividing civil law into personal status, property, and the acquisition of property. Not only was it applied to the territories under Napoleon’s control, it also exerted a strong influence on Spain and on all European countries except England. 3 See letter of 30 November 1912. 2

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4

See letter of 17 December 1921. Susan died at age seventy-six on 10 February 1928; her husband was ninety years old when he died on 12 May 1930. 5

To Charles Augustus Strong 20 November 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Albergo Corso Umberto Nov. 20. 1923 Dear Strong Thank you for forwarding my letters. I telegraphed my new address to London at the same time as to you, so that I hope you will now have no more trouble on that score. My cold is entirely well—that is, I don’t cough or spit—but I still feel the constant danger of catching cold and having a relapse. This place is not a hotel but a maison meublée,1 and very shabby and third rate: the morning coffee is the worst and scantiest I remember to have had anywhere. But I couldn’t resist the temptation of seeing the Piazza Colonna and the front of Santa Maria in Via2 both from my window, and having the full sun all day, with perfect freedom for meals, and the ristorante Roma only a few steps away. So here I am, and have been so far able to work nicely. The noise, though bad at times, stops at night, and does not interfere with work by day, if I shut the window. However, I don’t expect to be here long. I am merely waiting for something to turn up. The Hôtel de la Ville made me melancholy: no sun in the rooms available, middling food, and a sort of comfortless newness in the whole place. I decidedly prefer being down here. Young de Bosis3 came to lunch yesterday, and Vivante4 is coming today. Fuller has not yet turned up. I have been to the opera (Rigoletto5 at the Adriano) and to a Neapolitan play, and have seen the Queen of Spain6 returning from the Vatican in a white mantilla: I have also been to Saint Peter’s and more than once to the Pincio and the Villa Borghese. Also once to the Museo delle Terme to see the new Venus,7 which left me rather cold. Even a Venus should have a head. You will be sorry to hear that the inner room at the Aragno has been done up in white and modern frescoes—cheap beyond words—but it seems to be always nearly empty, so that it remains a convenience.

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Let me know if you decide to make the trip to Naples soon, because if you do I should be tempted to go ahead now to Bertolini’s and wait for you there. Otherwise I must look for something here a little more comfortable for the winter Yours ever G.S. 1

Furnished house (French). The Piazza Colonna is a square in Rome that has at its center the Column of Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antonius. Near the square is the Church of Santa Maria in Via. 3 Lauro de Bosis (1901–31) was a philosopher, poet, and political activist. 4 Leone Vivante (b. 1887) was a prolific writer on art, thought, and literature. 5 Rigoletto is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi (1851) based on Victor Hugo’s drama Le Roi S’amuse (The King Amuses Himself). The opera is set in sixteenth-century Mantua instead of the court of Francis I of France, and the main character is Rigoletto instead of Triboulet. 6 In 1906 Alfonso XIII married Princess Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. 7 Santayana probably is referring to the headless statue of Aphrodite at the Museo Nazionale delle Terme. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 23 November 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Rome, Nov. 23, 1923

Dear Strong I am moving again, this time to the Hotel Bristol (at the head of the Via del Tritone) where I am to have a good sunny room facing the Palazzo Barberini,1 and half-pension for 70 lire a day; and I am free to take either lunch or dinner at the hotel, as I like. It is a compromise in every respect, but I am in hopes that it may work well. It is not so shabby as this place, and not so art nouveau as the Hôtel de la Ville. My cold seems to be definitely cured, for the time being, the very rainy weather we have been having not having caused any relapse. Vivante is a surprisingly young man, very, very mystical and tran^ ^ scendental, who is not easy to understand either in English or Italian. He took me to lunch at the Castello dei Cesari, and then to see his wife, a very Madonna-like young person with smooth hair, carrying a big child. They live in a large separate house and seem to be rich. You will never get Vivante to perceive any matter of fact steadily: but he is very sweet in his imbecility. Yours ever GSantayana

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1 The Barberinis were a powerful Italian family of Tuscan extraction who settled in Florence early in the eleventh century. In 1623 Maffeo Barberini was raised to the papal throne as Urban VIII. The fine Barberini palace and library in Rome give evidence of the Barberinis’ wealth and magnificence. The ruthless way in which they plundered ancient buildings to adorn their own palaces is the origin of the saying, “Quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini” (What the barbarians did not do the Barberinis did).

To Xavier Léon 1 December 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Sorbonne)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London Rome, Dec. 1, 1923 1

Dear Sir, I am asking the publishers to send you directly from London a copy of my last book, “Scepticism and Animal Faith.” It is not a new edition, but the beginning of a sort of system, my previous books having been rather unsystematic in their subjects and occasions. Should the reviewer whom you have been good enough to choose care to see any of my earlier volumes, I should be happy to send them too. Believe me Sincerely yours GSantayana 1

Xavier Léon (1868–1935) founded the Sociéte Française de Philosophie (1901) and organized international congresses of philosophy. He, in collaboration with Élie Halévy, established the principal French philosophical journal, the Revue de métaphysique et de morale (1893), and served as its editor until his death. His works include Fichte et son temps (Paris: A. Colin, 1922) and other books on Fichte’s philosophy.

To George Sturgis 1 December 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dec. 1, 1923 Dear George I am glad to have the happy advent of number two confirmed by letter, and to know that you think my idea about your aunt Josephine’s Spanish funds not impracticable. I believe I have written to you again on that subject, so that I need add nothing today.

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After trying two other hotels I am at last comfortably established, probably for the winter. This is an old established house in a central position, and I have a decent room with a southern exposure and a grand façade— the Palazzo Barberini—to admire opposite at a suitable distance. I am on what they call half-pension, that is, I have everything at the hotel except one meal a day, either lunch or dinner, which I am free to take at some restaurant. As Rome is well supplied with these, and I like the change of scene and of food which one can get by browsing about, this arrangement of a half-pension suits me very well. I pay 70 lire a day, little over three dollars, which is not unreasonable: but prices are raised in the Spring, which is the tourist (and pilgrim) season. Will you discover—if you don’t know it—the address of your cousin Maud Sturgis—one of the John Sturgis “girls”,1 as we used to call them—and send her the enclosed letter,2 which will explain itself if you take the trouble to read it. It seems that she and her sisters took a house in England last Summer in order to invite their English relations, one after another, to come and stay with them, and hearing that I was in England, they and some of these English cousins who already knew me, thought of me too. “The Babe” (now agèd 53) is Willie Haines Smith, who used to live with Howard Sturgis3 at Windsor, where I always stayed in my palmy days when I passed on my way to Spain to visit my father. My friend Strong is now here for a few days, and his motor lengthens the radius of my afternoon-excursions very much. Yesterday we went out to the Campagna4, which is a place full of emotions for learned people, besides being a fine landscape. I have also two or three Italian friends (who speak English) and am expecting B. A. G. Fuller, whom you may have heard of at Harvard. Yours affly GSantayana [across] P.S. Before Jan. 1st I will draw the rest of my credit, and you might ask Brown Bros. to have a fresh letter for £500 sent me. There is no hurry, as I shall be largely supplied. 1

John Sturgis, a Boston architect, and Robert Shaw Sturgis, Santayana’s half brother, were cousins. John’s father was Russell Sturgis, brother of Santayana’s mother’s first husband, George Sturgis (1817–57). See letter of 18 October 1897. 2 Unlocated. 3 Howard Overing Sturgis (1855–1920), a novelist, was the son of Russell Sturgis (1805–87), a wealthy Bostonian living in London, and his third wife, Julia Overing Boit. Howard, a cousin to Santayana’s half brother and half sisters, was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Santayana first met Sturgis in 1889 at the Cotuit

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house of Lucy Sturgis Codman. Afterwards, Santayana made almost yearly visits to Howard’s house, Queen’s Acre, near Windsor Park. 4 Campagna di Roma was a popular residential area surrounding Rome during the Roman Empire. It was deserted for centuries due to the high incidence of malaria and a poor water system. All that exist today are the remnants of tombs and aqueducts.

To Henry Ward Abbot 12 December 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Columbia)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Rome, Dec. 12. 1923 Dear Harry Someone has sent me a clipping from the Boston Transcript1—what an odour of old maid comes from those words!—in which you resuscitate some old memories of ours and incidentally supply your address. There has long been a suppressed impulse in my nervous system—not strong enough to produce any Freudian phenomena—to write to you, and ask what has become of you in these thirty years, and also what has become of our friends Herbert Lyman Ward Thoron, etc.; for although Boylston Beal has sometimes mentioned them, I see him rarely, and usually when political matters are so absorbing that we have no time for private gossip. As to me, you know all that can be told and probably can guess the rest. My health is good, and I manage to avoid most of the troubles that most people bring upon one another, by keeping to the life of a wandering student, which has been my ideal from my earliest days. I do nothing that seriously disturbs my digestion or my agreeable isolation; and I read and write when the impulse comes, and not under pressure. Sometimes my literary projects become something of an incubus, and I ask myself whether I shall live to carry them out: but what does it matter? I have already had my say: although I confess that I am still young and enthusiastic enough to feel that what I have in petto is far better than anything I have yet done, and that it must see the light. You may be surprised to hear that the most lively of these embryos is a novel. I began it long, long ago—in the early ’90’s—as a story of college life: that part has now receded into a mere incident; not that my heroes have become much older, since on the contrary I have gone back to their childhood and parentage, but that the scene has widened, and the fable—it is all a fable—has become more organic, knit

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more closely around the central motif, which is Puritanism repenting, but unable to reform. Haven’t you written any novels? It is the only living art, and now it seems possible to print what in earlier days we hardly ventured to whisper. Your old friend GSantayana 1

The Boston Daily Evening Transcript (1830–1941) was representative of the conservative New England tradition and considered to be a leader in reporting cultural activities in Boston and elsewhere. The clipping mentioned here is unidentified.

To Pierre de Chaignon la Rose 21 December 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: New York)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Rome, Dec. 21, 1923 Dear la Rose1 It is a great pleasure to receive your letter. From time to time I have felt an impulse to write, or to send you a book—particularly the Soliloquies— but the small impediment of not knowing your precise address or some other trivial obstacle has always intervened. Not long ago Lapsley and I spoke of you at length, and with a unanimity of sentiment which he and I are now developing on a good many subjects—Anglicanism not included, although even there we seem to have an inexpressible depth of agreement beneath the tacit disagreement of our opinions. I mean that I think I know why he believes, and he thinks he knows why I disbelieve. It is a sympathetic opposition. As to the occasion of your letter, what could be more grateful to a parent than the resurrection of a dead child? I have not yet received Fituski’s books,2 but I am sure the outer form he would give to Lucifer would be more than satisfactory. Not long ago some one sent me a copy with a request that I should write something in it, and before doing so I reread the whole—which I hadn’t done for many years. My impression was that I had done what I meant to do, but that here and there feeble or unfortunate phrases occurred. I should not venture to suggest revision of the style—I should do it much less convincingly now; but perhaps in the proof we might change a word here and there, to strengthen the rhythm or avoid platitude. If you have marked any very bad places, I should be much obliged if you would point them out. Duffield has the copyright, but as he

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has disposed of that of the Sonnets I expect he would make no bones of getting rid of Lucifer as well.3 As to the $200 which you offer me, I should much rather take nothing, and let the money remain to insure Mr Fituski against loss in his venture. I have much more money than I need in my manner of life, which is that of the perpetual travelling student: so that do not let money be mentioned in this pleasant affair.4 Since you say you have 20 volumes of mine (which I think is more than I have written) I infer that you have various editions of the poems: if you have not the nice one (in white and gold) of the English edition published last year, will you let me know and I will have one sent you? Or would you prefer the English edition of the Soliloquies? I meant to send it you (it is probably much nicer than the American) only there is the circumstance of passing the custom-house—which, however, I can get round without trouble. I am at work on many things, including a novel [across] about which I should be particular ly glad of a chance to talk with you. Don’t you ever ^ ^ come to Paris? It would be such a pleasure. Yours sincerely GSantayana. 1

Pierre de Chaignon la Rose (b. 1871) was one of Santayana’s Harvard friends (A.B., 1895) and a lecturer in Harvard’s English Department (1897–1902). Santayana described him as a man of excellent taste and talent as a designer (he designed the 1924 edition of Lucifer). (Persons, 407–8) 2 Maurice Firuski worked at Dunster House, the publishing firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which issued the new edition of Lucifer in 1924. 3 In July 1922 Duffield sold to Scribner’s the rights to Sonnets for $200, including Lucifer at no extra charge (per correspondence between F. S. Hoppin of Duffield and Maxwell Perkins of Scribner’s, Scribner Archives, Princeton University Library). 4 Dunster published a revised version of Lucifer in 1924. The headpieces, initial letters, and end papers were designed by and the typography arranged by La Rose.

To Sterling Power Lamprecht 25 December 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Dartmouth) Hotel Bristol, Rome Christmas Day 1923

Dear Mr Lamprecht1— Your letter reached me too late to make any arrangements during your first stay in Rome, but I write now hoping you and Mrs Lamprecht have survived your trip to Sicily (which must have been very wet) and that I may have the pleasure of seeing you.

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If you don’t mind letting me come to lunch some day, instead of to dinner, it would be rather more convenient for me, and perhaps I might show you something afterwards which the guide-books do not emphasize, although I am aware that you are probably better investigators than I in the matter of sights. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 Sterling Power Lamprecht (b. 1890) attended Williams College, Union Theological Seminary, and Columbia (Ph.D., 1918). He taught philosophy at the University of Illinois and at Amherst.

To Sterling Power Lamprecht [1923?] • [Rome, Italy]

(MS: Dartmouth)

Dear Mr Lamprecht I am very sorry I have an engagement for lunch, but I will come to dine with you and Mrs Lamprecht with pleasure if you will tell me the place and hour—and I suppose, unless you are in a very grand place, I needn’t dress. It is too bad that you are so hurried here, or we might have arranged other meetings Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Wilbur Lucius Cross 26 December 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, December 26, 1923

Dear Sir, As I promised in my previous letter I have looked over the manuscript of “Realms of Being”, but the chapters that are at all in shape are so technical that (after seeing the number of the Yale Review which you kindly sent me) I am afraid they would scare away your readers. I am therefore sending you the Preface, which is comparatively comprehensible and will give those who care to read it a general idea of what I am after.

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If it would not involve too much delay to send me the proof, I should be glad to see it,x as my manuscript is rather in a mess; but being my own typewriter I am appalled at the labour of making a clean copy. I hope, however, that it is legible: and if you prefer to entrust the proof-reading to some person on the spot, I have no objection. Yours sincerely GSantayana [left margin] xYou need not return the MS, proof alone will do.

To Gilbert Seldes 26 December 1923 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, Dec. 26, 1923

Dear Mr Seldes, Here is a first “Dialogue in Limbo”, of which I can send you one or two more1 if you want them, not all with the same Ghost. I hope there are no improprieties (according to present standards in America) in this dialogue: but if there are, you may expurgate it. I shall always be able to restore the truth of nature when the things reappear in a book, as I suppose they will ultimately. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

“The Sorrows of Avicenna,” The Dial 76 (March 1924): 250–56; “On SelfGovernment,” The Dial 77 (March 1925): 181–92 and 78 (April 1925): 302–12; “The Wisdom of Avicenna,” The Dial 79 (August 1925): 91–103, which appears as chapter IX, “Homesickness for the World,” in Dialogues.

To Charles Augustus Strong 11 January 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome Jan. 11, 1924 Dear Strong Nothing has occurred since you left to ruffle the surface of my stream, but Fuller has arrived, and then Zampa (who came to make himself and

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his unemployment present to the mind of Cardinal Galli)1 and MacArthur2 has also turned up, but only for one or two days. I now go to Ranieri’s every day to lunch, on account of the informality and home-likeness of it, and the nice way in which I am treated there. There are several English a habitués, but I don’t speak to them. This week a young Philadeplphian, / cousin of the Sturgis’s,3 has been here. I took him to lunch at the Ulpia for a change, and found it emptier than ever. Its existence is a mystery. I have finished various papers, including three Avicenna dialogues, one of which I have already sent to the Dial, and I have done some work on the big book, not unsatisfactory but somewhat inconclusive—I mean, that I can hardly say, so far the thing is finished and complete. However, I have sent the Preface to the Yale Review, as a beginning of actual publication. Your philosophical partnership with Drake is a happy event and I am glad you have converted him where he was still recalcitrant—for “agreement” seems to mean agreement with you. Does “emergent” mean that something comes to light which existed in the same form under the surface (as the word really demands) or does it mean that something of a new and unprecedented quality appears under certain conditions? If the latter, “emergent” is not a correct term. I am glad you are to have something to occupy your time and your mind next Summer, and when Drake is in Paris it will be a change for you from too much of my exclusive society. Whether I am at the apartment or not at that time, I will leave you to / wo to enjoy the privacy of the Duval together every evening, which will also be a change for me. I have had no more cough, and feel quite encouraged about my health, although fat and lazy. Yours ever GSantayana 1 Possibly Gallo Galli (b. 1889), who wrote a great number of books on a wide range of philosophical topics, including Spirito e realtà: Studio de filosofia come positivismo spiritualistico assoluto (1927). 2 Possibly John Roofe MacArthur, who graduated with Strong in the Harvard class of 1885. 3 The family of Santayana’s “Uncle Robert” resided in Philadelphia. See Persons, 74–75, 88–89.

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To Henry Ward Abbot 16 January 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Columbia)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, Jan. 16, 1924. Dear Harry As another thirty years will put us beyond the possibility of writing letters (in spite of monkey-glands) I am going to answer you at once, while the iron is hot. It is very flattering to be so faithfully read by an old friend— how did you discover the Spencer lecture? I find that old friends and old pupils usually think they know me well enough as it is, and leave my writings alone. But you were always a literary gourmand (or gourmé) and I see you haven’t changed at all in this respect nor in your erotic preoccupations. My hero (in the novel) whose name is Oliver (after Cromwell) Alden (after John Alden of the Mayflower and Longfellow’s Poem, his supposed ancestor)1 is a natural Puritan, and it is not his sexual suppressions that make the thread of the story, at least not on the surface, but his general discovery that it is wrong not to live naturally, not to tell the truth about ^ ^ important things, as well as about trifles, and not to make hay while the sun shines. But he is very much too fine in texture and feeling to be happy in his world, or to succeed in the things (including love-making) which it expects him to attempt: and so he peters out—which is so terrible a quiet tragedy that I have actually cried over the writing of it! But I mustn’t describe my chicken while it is still in the realm of essence only, and I don’t know when the book will be done. For the moment I am absorbed in the System and, at odd times, in the Dialogues in Limbo, which will begin to appear in the Dial at once, and will probably compose my next book. They are a general criticism of things modern from an ancient (or normal) point of view: and they are purple—more so than the Soliloquies, I think, which I regard as my sincerest book so far: because colour with me, as with Latins generally, is more spontaneous than form, although it may not be thought so by northern critics. Besides, in my old age, I have become far more sentimental and even benevolent. I couldn’t write now those sublimated love sonnets, nor Lucifer (of which they talk of making a new edition): they were a perfectly sincere conviction, but they were not an actual experience; they were an evasion of experience, on the presumption (quite just when you are young and on a high horse) that expe-

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rience would be a ghastly failure. The lady of the sonnets, far from being the one you absurdly mention, is a myth, a symbol: certainly she stands for Somebody, not always for the same Somebody, and generally for a hint or suggestion drawn from reality rather than for any specific passion; but the enthusiasm is speculative, not erotic: I had been convinced by Plato and the Italian Platonists: I had not been obliged to make the Pilgrim’s Progress2 in person. Love has never made me long unhappy, nor sexual impulse uncomfortable: on the contrary in the comparatively manageable form in which they have visited me, they have been great fun, because they have given me an interest in people and (by a natural extension of emotion) in things, places, and stories, such as religion, which otherwise would have failed me altogether; because in itself, apart from the golden light of diffused erotic feeling falling upon it, the world I have been condemned to live in most of my life would have been simply deadly. I have never been anything but utterly bored and digusted with the public world, the world of business, politics, family, and society. It was only the glimmer of sport, humour, friendship, or love falling over it that made it tolerable. In the last ten years, in spite of the war, I have been able to keep out of that insufferable medium, and have consequently been much happier. Here in Rome, for instance, the world is pleasing: it seems always to have cared for things worth having; it is congenitally beautiful, born to enjoy itself humanly, and straightforward in its villainies and its sorrows. I walk about, knowing no one and speaking to nobody, and I feel that everybody understands me; and what is more and greater, that everybody is at work for the sake of the very things I am inwardly at work about, human lib^ ^ erty and pleasantness breaking through the mesh of circumstances and laughing at it. The political atmosphere here is good also: I am in great hopes in respect to the Latin world: the German and Anglosaxon shams have been discredited—representative government, for instance—and people are daring to be themselves. The church too is a good thing—much better than “science”,—and a part of the game. You don’t tell me anything about your way of life, or about our old friends. What you say—or hint—about the power of Gompers3 surprises me. I thought the U.S. was in the hands of the big business men. Or is Gompers on their side? I understand little of what I hear about America nowadays; but the people I see are so full of health, good-will, pleasantness, and money that I can’t believe things can be seriously wrong there— I mean, granting the American postulates—work, progress, democracy, and whoop-her-up. Those who rebel against America are doomed to fail

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even in what America is busy about, and of course in everything else. Everything good in the ultimate sense will long come from Europe only, and from Latin Europe, because the Graeco-Roman tradition is the only life of reason afoot. Remember what Norton used to say so sadly: Primum Graius homo!4 And last, too, in the spirit. Your old friend GSantayana 1

Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) was lord protector who ruled England with an iron hand. As a member of Parliament from 1628 he stood firmly with the Puritans and was active in the Puritan cause. John Alden (c. 1599–1687) was a Puritan settler and judge in Plymouth Colony who came to America on the Mayflower in 1620. He was a neighbor and friend to Miles Standish. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–82) was an American poet whose romantic legend, The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858), was based upon Alden’s marriage to Priscilla Mullins. 2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress (1675) describes spiritual struggle. 3 Samuel Gompers (1850–1924) was the English-born American labor leader who helped found the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (which became the American Federation of Labor). 4 Primum Graius homo mortaleis tollere contra / Est oculos ausus primusque obsistere contra. (The translation of this Latin verse reads, “A Greek was he who first raised mortal eyes / And lodged his daring challenge to the skies.”) Lucretius 1.67 [D. C.]

To Charles Scribner’s Sons 16 January 1924 • [Rome, Italy]

(MS: Princeton)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Jan. 16, 1924 Messrs Charles Scribner’s Sons New York. Gentlemen, My nephew Mr George Sturgis, of Boston, sends me an account by which I see, that you have paid me during the past year $759.45 in royalties! Although in the immediate future there will probably not be anything new to stimulate the sale of my books, I write to ask you to send me any cheques hereafter due directly to C/o Brown Shipley & Co, as I now have an account with them and can deposit American cheques there. Yours very truly GSantayana

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To George Sturgis 16 January 1924 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Jan. 16, 1924 Dear George Apropos of your aunt Josephine’s will, I am delighted to be congratulated by you on my good business head: it is the first time in my life that this has happened, and will probably be the last. If my perspicacity remains unimpaired, however, I see by your account that both the income of my investments and their value decreased somewhat, since the totals which seem about equal to last year’s include in the income account $760 of royalties, and in the capital account, $4000 of savings. It is perfectly natural and inevitable that there should be oscillations in these totals, and as I spend so much less than my income it makes absolutely no difference to me, even if the reduction should be greater and should be permanent: but here is an instance of the advantage there is in not walking near the edge. Of course, the 6% commission is all right: I feel rather that it is too little for such complete freedom from care and anxiety as I enjoy. My late friend Moncure Robinson1 (who hob-nobbed only with Vanderbilts Morgans and dukes)2 used to say I was the richest person he knew, because I didn’t spend half my income: but it would be truer to say that I am “beyond riches and poverty”, because I eat, drink, spend, and keep no accounts, and yet nothing happens. Or rather, the unexpected happens in receiving in one year (apart from Constable’s cheques) $760 from Scribner for my literary productions! By the way, in view of this sum (which will be reduced very much next year, I expect) I have written to Scribner to send me my royalties direct in future; because my account at Brown Shipley’s is getting near to the point (£1000) at which they begin to give interest, and it seems foolish to leave all that money there without getting any return. I might draw most of it out, but I prefer to add to it, and have that little nest egg hatched, even if the brood is rather measly, because at any moment I may want to set up a little establishment of my own, and a lump sum at hand would be convenient. My way of living half with Strong and half alone in hotels, has great advantages in that freedom from care and from possessions which I value so highly: but there is instability in it, especially so long as Margaret Strong continues to hover over us, an unmarried

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angel; and as I have now passed my sixtieth birthday, I shouldn’t mind a fixed abode. But the trouble is all in the inclination of the earth’s axis, which makes it impossible to live anywhere all the year round. It might be possible in England, if a catarrhal old man could live in England at all; but almost anywhere else, either in summer or winter, one is practically obliged to decamp: and then what is the use of settling at all? However, I foresee that if a furnace is put into the apartment at 9 Avenue de l’Observatoire, as there is talk of doing, I might stay there at any and every season, when I chose. I have received an invitation (declined with thanks) from Prof. Palmer to read a poem at the Phi Beta Kappa at the next Harvard Commencement, the said poem to be about Beauty, and to occupy not less than ten and not more than fifteen minutes in the reading: for which I should receive $50, travelling expenses, and the honour of appearing on the same platform with the President of Yale,3 the Orator of the occasion. This is what comes of being really a great man. I am glad all goes so well at home and at Josephine’s. A cousin, Warwick Scott4 (Maisie’s son) has come to see me here, and has given me [across] news of that end of the family. Thank you, by the way, for forwarding my letter to Maud Sturgis. Yours affly GSantayana [across page one ] P.S. Thanks also for the new letter of credit, which has reached me safely. 1

Moncure Robinson (d. 1920), a member of the Harvard class of 1898, had been a wealthy New Yorker. 2 Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794–1877), who gave one million dollars to found Vanderbilt University in Nashville, was the American railroad magnate in control of the New York Central Railroad. The Morgans were American financiers and philanthropists. John Pierpont Morgan (1837–1913) built early family fortunes into a financial and industrial empire. 3 James Rowland Angell (1869–1949), American educator and psychologist, was president of Yale from 1921 to 1937. 4 Son of Maisie Sturgis and Edgar Scott. See Persons, 75–76.

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To Wilbur Lucius Cross 29 January 1924 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Beinecke)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Jan 29, 1924. Mr Wilbur L. Cross Editor of the Yale Review Dear Sir, I am glad you find my “Preface” acceptable, and I enclose the corrected copy. There were some marginal headings in the M.S. which I quite understand it may not be easy to print, although they could be let into a blank square cut out of the text, as was done in my “Life of Reason”. I don’t wish to put you to any inconvenience, as they are of little importance in such an article: but as I am carrying out this system throughout the book, and have no other copy of the Preface, I should be much obliged if you could have the marginal summary copied and sent to me. No indication of the place opposite which each appears is necessary: I simply should like a record of the phrases, as they may be better than what might occur to me if I rewrote them. When the article appears will you please send a copy to each of the address es on the adjoining half sheet, and charge them to me? ^ ^ Yours very truly GSantayana Mr C. A. Strong, Fiesole, Florence, Italy. Baron Albert von Westenholz, Sophienterrasse, 14. Hamburg, Germany. Mr R. B. Potter, Antietam Farm, Smithtown, Long Island, N.Y. Mrs C. H. Toy, 8 Craigie Circle, Cambridge, Mass. Robbins Library, Emerson Hall, '' '' Mr B. A. G. Fuller, Sherborn, Mass.

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To Otto Kyllmann 29 January 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol Rome Jan. 29, 19243 Dear Mr Kyllmann In respect to the request from the publishing house “Voluntad” in Madrid, about translating some one of my books, I have had several communications direct from Spain, and lately one from the proposed translator himself, D. Antonio Marichalar.1 The house seems to be of a superior, if somewhat dilettante, type, under the auspices of rich ladies, Catholic but not bigoted, and hyperaesthetic. Their printing is excellent, and the prospective translator seems to be a brilliant young man, quite competent in style and in capacity. I am therefore disposed, for my part, to accede to any arrangement which you may wish to make with them, if they approach you again with any definite proposal. Mr Marichalar tells me he has been in doubt as to which of my books would be most acceptable to the Spanish public, and asks my advice in the matter. I am suggesting to him Three Philosophical Poets. If he should choose that, or Egotism in German Philosophy which he mentions particularly, you would not be concerned for the present: but I write in order to keep you informed of what is afoot, and in case now or later you should be asked again to consider this matter. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Antonio Marichalar, Marqués de Montesa (b. 1893), was a Spanish man of letters who was particularly interested in Santayana’s writings. He wrote “El español-inglés: George Santayana” (Revista de Occidente 3 [1924]: 340–59). Marichalar translated some of Santayana’s essays, but no translation by him of a Santayana book could be located.

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To Hamilton Fish Potter 7 February 1924 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Houghton)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Hotel Bristol, Rome Feb. 7, 1924 Dear Hamilton1 Your father tells me you are to be soon in these parts and I hope you will not fail to look me up and discover the reality of the family myth which I must be in your eyes. My movements are a little uncertain, but I shall probably be in Rome until May, and there is no better place. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

The younger son of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Potter, Hamilton Fish Potter was a member of Harvard’s class of 1924.

To Hamilton Fish Potter [After 7 February 1924] • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dear Hamilton I have written to you to Paris, at your father’s suggestion, but now I hear from your mother that you are coming directly to Rome. My hotel is in the Piazza Barberini, at the foot of your street. Please come to dinner or lunch as soon as you can—dinner (as you are) at 7.45, lunch (which I take out) ^ ^ at 12.45 or earlier, as at about that time I leave my hotel. Don’t come at any other hour, as I am always either out or invisible. I am looking forward with some excitement to seeing you and hope you are staying in Rome long enough to see something of the place and to let me see something of you and hear something of your family. Yours sincerely GSantayana

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To Sylvanus Griswold Morley 8 February 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Berkeley)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Pall, London, S.W.1

Rome Feb. 8, 1924 Dear Mr Morley It was very kind of you to send me your translations from Anthero de Quental,1 of whom I had never heard! I have been reading them with much interest, and might send you a complimentary word of thanks, and stop there. But as your work reminds me of many an effort of my own to render Romance verse into English, you will forgive me if I add something of a confession which at least will show you how truly I appreciate the difficulties with which you have struggled so manfully. The term “poetry” is a false universal: there are as many poetries as there are languages, or even poems. Now English poetry is not conversation: it is a sort of bubbling over of sentiment into words, essentially new and incoherent words, like genuine prayer, or genuine swearing. It may be overheard: it is not intended to be understood by any hearer. If he understands it, it will be by a happy accident, in that his own incoherent emotions are aroused in the inverse order to that in which similar emotions in the poet precipitated the words he reads. If there is not this intimate, irrational, private quality and spontaneity in expression, English verse is not poetry. In Latin languages, on the contrary, “poetry” is essentially rhetoric: it is an effusion; it is a torrent of eloquence in the vernacular; and even if it be a soliloquy it is (like my “Soliloquies”) intended to be persuasive. The colour is the colour of things; the music is a rapid accompaniment, mere calligraphy; the perfection of it lies in transparency, sincerity, adequacy. When it is over, you expect applause: you wipe your forehead, smile through your tragic tears, and say to yourself, There! I’ve done it! Now my feeling is that this sort of thing can hardly be rendered into English except in prose. Your preface, for instance, conveys the message of your author more naturally than do your translations. Of course, the translation may be a poem in itself: but only if it is more, or at least other, than the original. And in that case it would probably be much briefer. Swinburne2 might have orchestrated the “Hymn to Morning” in his own style; or it might have been expressed in uninterrupted prose, carrying the reader forward compellingly but arranged as you arrange it, one expects too much at each step, and expects

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something new at the next step, and one is disappointed. I mean that each part is not poignant enough for English poetry of this calibre, and the “poetry” is in the way if one is interested in the man’s real feelings. I hope you will excuse the impertinence of these [across] reflexions, which are only a proof of the interest which your book has awakened in me. Yours truly GSantayana 1 Antero Tarquínio de Quental (1842–91) was a Portuguese poet who tried to revivify Portuguese literature. He is best known for his sonnets, which constitute a spiritual autobiography. Sylvanus Griswold (Small) Morley (1878–1970) was professor of Spanish literature at the University of California, Berkeley. Morley’s translation Sonnets and Poems of Anthero de Quental was published in 1922. 2 Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) was an English poet whose work represents a blending of classical themes with flamboyant romanticism. His literary criticism helped popularize older English dramatists.

To Alyse Gregory 14 February 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Rome, Feb. 14, 1924. My dear Miss Gregory1 Today I am sending you a second Dialogue with Avicenna2—the last with that worthy—in which there are no improprieties but perhaps a little atheism. I forgot, in posting it, to include a note, suggesting two things. First, if the dialogue is too long it can be easily cut in two and published in two issues. The second half begins at the words: “The Stranger. And what— if it is not too much to ask—was the gloss”, etc. Second, there are a few Oriental words about the orthography of which I have no sure knowledge as my Arabic is confined to a French translation of the Arabian Nights, and English usage may demand a different spelling of Emir, Kadi, Suk of Shirah, etc. If you are an Orientalist, or have one in the office, I hope you will exercise your judgement in this matter—which is not of much importance. I hope soon to send you a Socratic dialogue or two,3 and one or two with Democritus4 which I think you will find amusing.

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I am here without books or dictionaries and far from learned friends, hence my helplessness in matters of science and grammar. Yours very truly GSantayana 1 Alyse Gregory (1884–1967), managing editor of The Dial, was married to Llewelyn Powys, an English essayist and journalist. She wrote several books. 2 Avicenna (980–1037) was a Persian philosopher and physician who sought to reconcile Aristotelian thought with Islam. He wrote Canon of Medicine. 3 “On Self-Government.” In the Socratic dialogues The Stranger (Santayana) converses with the shade of Socrates. Socrates (469–399 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher who regarded the pursuit of philosophy as essential to an intellectual and moral life. His method of inquiry was known as dialectic, the systematic examination of statements and their implications. 4 The first five of the Dialogues are with Democritus and were unpublished until their appearance in the book. A materialist, Democritus (c. 460–c. 370 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher who held that the world was made up of tiny particles, imperceptible to the senses but indivisible and indestructible. He maintained that the true nature of things can be discovered only by thought, for sense perceptions are confusing.

To Alyse Gregory 23 February 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Feb. 23, 1924 Dear Miss Gregory You will think me irrepressible, but since the enclosed dialogue, in two parts, is ready, I am sending it on for you to deal with at leisure. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 28 February 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Feb. 28, 1924 Dear Strong I am very glad to have news of you and to know you are making progress in working out your theory. The point you mention about the “apparent image” being an essence other than the fuller or more unseiz-

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able one attributed to the object, of course is in harmony with my analysis: in fact this absolute sensuous image is the palmary instance of a given essence. Before scepticism or introspection has focussed this unequivocal datum, it is extremely uncertain what we have before us, and people think they see what the only conceive; or think they have as a given essence ^ ^ what they have only as the unknown essence, what ever it may be, of an object posited: for I think the given essence in belief (of course there is a given essence there too) is nothing less than our whole momentary We/tltanschauung,1 within which the very elusive sense of an object meant and partly specified (by the “apparent essence”) is only a detail. I have kept well in spite of the continued bad weather: no snow here, but much rain and no balminess even when the sun shines. I have done nothing on the big book, but have been assiduously at work getting the Dialogues in Limbo ready for the press. Four have already gone to The Dial, and I have three or four more practically done. I foresee that a volume of these dialogues will be my next book. Thank you for the review of Fuller’s book. He had already shown it to me, but in a rather worn and rumpled cutting, and I will give him yours, so clean and fresh, which I am sure he will be glad to have and to keep. It is certainly very friendly, and naturally pleases him very much: and there has been another even more enthusiastic by Kallen, but in some obscure Bolshevik sheet. All this pales, however, in view of a much bigger feather in Fuller’s cap; he has been appointed professor of philosophy in the University of Cincinnati, with $6000 a year, and work, both in amount and subject, entirely at his discretion. He is of course in high spirits about it, especially because it will cause the nose of the Harvard Department to be considerably lengthened. I am glad Margaret is so gay and has done so much for the apartment, and I am much obliged to her for my prospective share in the benefit. As to Naples, by all means let us put it off. I am in no mood for trips, and it would be a pity to go without Pinsent. [across] They have asked me to give a course of lectures in Madrid! Of course I have declined, but am in hopes of getting some thing translated into Spanish. Yours ever G. S. 1

World view (German).

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To George Sturgis 8 March 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome March 8 1924 Dear George Here too there is nothing in particular to report. The winter has been rather rainy and cold, but this old-fashioned hotel is well warmed, the sun when it shines pours in at my window, and I have kept well and done a reasonable amount of work. Probably I shall stay here until May, or as long into May as is convenient and then return straight to Paris—although another plan is running in my head which I won’t trouble you with unless it matures. You may receive some book-bills of mine from the Harvard University Press or from Firuski of the Dunster House Bookshop in Cambridge, and I should be much obliged if you would pay them and charge whatever it is to my account. This Firuski and Pierre la Rose—whom you may have heard of in your college days—are going to get out a fancy edition of an old poetic effusion of mine called Lucifer, and on this acount I have got into relations with them. La Rose is an old friend, but Firuski had not set up business in my time. I am sorry about the codicil to my will, but I think it is in Paris. In any case I could hardly gather that concourse of witnesses—how many are they, only two?—which iron law seems to require. I know no white man here but Fuller. Fuller, by the way, is in high feather, because having been invited not to continue at Harvard, he has now been invited to begin at Cincinnati as full professor with $6000 a year, and only such and so much work as he wishes to undertake. It is a fair revenge, and will cause the nose of the Harvard Department of Philosophy (as they say in the Arabian Nights) to be considerably lengthened. Fuller is also being much praised for a breezy History of Greek Philosophy1 which he has published, and which is really very good of its kind, although I tell him it ought to have been entitled Cook’s Tours through Ancient Thought, personally conducted by America’s Greatest Humorist, B. A. G. Fuller. I too am growing famous and have been asked to give some lectures in Madrid! It is out of the question for various reasons, but I am pleased to be asked.

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I hope Rosamond and the young hopefuls are flourishing as usual. Yours affly GSantayana 1

Published in New York by Henry Holt and Co. in 1923.

To Benjamin Alexander Morton 14 March 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Virginia)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 1 123 Pall Mall, London Rome, March 14, 1924 r

2

Dear M Morton It was very kind of you to send me The Veiled Empress and I have read not only the last three pages, but the whole book, and gazed long at the illustrations, especially the Cross Street and l’Impératrice. My father and mother—though before my birth—lived for many years in the Tropics, and the quality of that life has a fascination for me almost as if I had tasted it in person. The rest of your narrative is not too romantic to be credible, and as to your theory of history—which is what you wish me to speak of—I think it is certainly right on its negative side, but its positive side is hardly made explicit enough to be accepted or rejected absolutely. By the negative side I mean your disbelief in grand impersonal principles governing events: that is a pure superstition proper to a certain moralistic philosophy of history, essentially Jewish and adopted by the Hegelians. It is not to be found in the great ancient historians who, like Homer and Shakespeare, see in public affairs only the play of private passions. Saint-Simon3 is another ^ ^ observer who testifies to the same fact—indeed, it is the natural and orthodox view: so that I hardly think you should call it “new”, although no doubt you may have rediscovered it. At the same time I should suggest this doubt or rather this complication: the circumstances under which individuals act, as well as all their religious or national prejudices, belong to their background; so that both in its sources and in its effects their private passion may not be merely theirs, but that of their age or class; and in this way something typical or generic may be found in the parts played by leading men. Herodotus sees history as a duel between Europe and Asia, and we may see the same continued in our day, as between personal and national individuality on the one hand and the great average on the other. But I

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think these are only optical effects or total perspectives, not causes. Now the ambiguity which I still find in your view relates to the causes of personal decisions, on which we agree that public events are dependent. Are these decisions merely personal and metaphysically “free”, or could we, ^ ^ with sufficient information, trace them back to inevitable instincts, plus circumstances? Your Aimée, for instance, is represented, by you as caring for Martinique, Josephine,4 France, and Christianity: so that her personal initiative has ultra-personal sources, and she is a sort of meeting-place of influences rather than an absolute arbitrary creator of her own will. That the human brain and heart are the central office, so to speak, where all messages are received and resent, and that without such delicate personal, often inexplicable redirection of forces there would be no human life, morality, or history, I think is certain; but I am afraid we should get into hopeless difficulties if we tried to stop at the conscious origins of our actions and feelings. Consciousness is a very superficial thing. I have wondered a little how seriously you take the suggestion that Napoleon’s divorce5 sounded the knell of his fortunes. It also seemed to me probable that Mahmoud,6 in making peace with the Russians so unaccountably, was following the British policy of a balance of power: because it would have been useless to get his provinces back if he had had a French High Commissioner—or Napoleon himself—in his own capital. I can hardly imagine a Sultan seriously shocked, like a good American husband, at the wickedness of divorcing a childless wife. Yours very truly G Santayana 1

‘Santayana Very fine mss’ is written here in a hand other than that of Santayana. Benjamin Alexander Morton (b. 1878) received a bachelor of laws degree (1896) from Harvard and pursued a career in law and finance. The Veiled Empress, an Unacademic Biography was published in New York in 1923. 3 Count Claude Henri de Saint-Simon (1760–1825) was a political writer and founder of French socialism. 4 Josephine (Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, 1763–1814), empress of the French, was born in Martinique. She married Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796. 5 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) was emperor of France. He divorced Josephine, who was childless, in 1809. The following year he married Maria Luise, the Austrian emperor’s daughter, by whom he had one son, Napoleon II, in 1811. After his second abdication of the throne he surrendered to the British, hoping to find asylum in England, but was exiled to Saint Helena, where he died of cancer. His body was returned to Paris in 1840 and is entombed under the dome of the Invalides. 6 Mahmud II (1784–1839) was the Sultan of Turkey (1808–39) who led his country through the revolt of Greece and two wars with Russia. 2

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To Carl Sadakichi Hartmann 16 March 1924 • Rome, Italy

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(MS postcard: Dartmouth)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. Thank you very much for “Confucius”1 which I have read with interest. The grim humour of some bits and the decorative colour of others convey the intended effect, but I am puzzled by the whole, and the end seems incongruous. I like the Emperor and Empress best: I thought of Aubrey Beardsley,2 who was one of the ancestors of the novel manner—the aesthetic caricature—in all the arts. I recognize the justification of this method, tho’ too old and mild to adopt it; but I don’t see why ungrammatical or vulgar phrases should be lugged in. I don’t want to be reminded of the Bowery3 when reading about Confucius.4 Rome, Mar. 16, ’24 GSantayana 1

A book by Hartmann published in 1923. Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (1872–98) was an English black-and-white illustrator and writer who was art editor of the Yellow Book (1894–96). He is known for his erotic drawings and his connection with the decadents of the 1890s. 3 The Bowery is a section and street of lower Manhattan in New York City. By the 1860s it had many fine theaters; later it became notorious for saloons and dance halls, and eventually for derelicts. 4 Confucius (551–479 B.C.), a Chinese ethical teacher who urged social reform, encouraged a system of morality and statecraft to bring about peace, justice, and universal order. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 26 March 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome March 26 1924 Dear Strong I didn’t answer your long philosophical epistle because although there were perhaps some new minor points in it, the position seemed unchanged as a whole, and I could have said only old irritating things if I had attempted to traverse your various statements. It is much better that we should drop this subject. When your joint book is out I shall have time to

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study it and try to profit by it, before my own is published; so that it will not be too late to convert me, if that is your intention. It is still cool and cloudy here and I hate the thought of moving for the present. I have got back to the big book, and also have been doing bits of the novel at odd moments—at table, or in the Pincio. I don’t feel like interrupting this favourable spell: although perhaps if the Chetwynds turn up, and Hamilton Potter whom I am also expecting, the literary current may be turned off, and I may feel more willing to interrupt everything. But in any case I see no object in going for a week to Fiesole. You had better go at your own convenience: Margaret I suppose will return to Paris before the end of April, and I think I should in any case not stay in the apartment, because you are full of this problem of re-stating your theory, and I am full of quite different matters, and we should only tire one another to no purpose: and even if we forced ourselves not to revert to the old, old discussion, there would always be an unpleasant strain in not reverting to it. In fact, considering that Drake is coming to Paris later, it has occurred to me that I might stay in Italy all summer, going to Venice, and then to the Dolomites and the Lakes (I have never been in either place) and I could join you in Fiesole, for a long stay, when you returned. This is no fixed plan, but only a notion, and I should like to hear what you think of it. Perhaps, if I had another six months of straight quiet work, I might do wonders both with the Realms and the novel. The Dialogues I regard as finished, although there may be a second set eventually. I am glad Margaret is going to Madrid and hope [across] her impressions of Cosas de España1 will be agreeable. Yours ever G. S. 1

Spanish things. Several books have this title, including Cosas de España (1905) by Prosper Mérimée.

To Frederick J. E. Woodbridge or Wendell T. Bush 3 April 1924 • Rome, Italy (MS: Columbia) C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, April 3, 1924 Dear Mr Woodbridge or Mr Bush May I count on your indulgence in printing this long article, although it repeats what was printed in the Journal years ago?1 It is, however, very

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much developed, and I suspect most of your present readers have never read, and would never be likely to read, the old article. The marginal summary, I think, is of some value; but it is not essential in an article, and may be left out. Or you might introduce it in the form of a first sentence, in italics, at the opening of the paragraph in which it figures. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 The article is “Some Meanings of the Word ‘Is’,” Philosophy 21 (3 July 1924): 365–77. The earlier version appeared in the 4 February 1915 issue, 66–68.

To Charles Augustus Strong 18 April 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol, Rome April 18, 1924. Dear Strong Your plan is excellent and I am very glad you have made up your mind to take Aldo and the car to Paris. It will make all the difference in your comfort and freedom there. As for me, though I recognize that the trip to Paris would have great advantages, I think I had better stick to my idea of going to Venice for as long a stay—a mere continuation of my routine here— as the weather and other circumstances will permit; whether I shall then go to the Tyrol or the Lakes, or to Paris, can be decided when the moment arrives. I have not been working so hard as to need a holiday, and the excitements of a motor trip and of a series of different inns would be more an interruption than a rest for me in my present mood. On the other hand, for you all that will be a pleasant stimulus: and in Paris, with the car, you will not be so confined and will not miss a companion. So that I think you had better not count on me. If I should go to Paris in mid-summer, and you were returning in the same way to Italy in October, it might be a better moment for me to join you and enjoy the journey. The Chetwynds have turned up, but all is not plain sailing with a family of children. The mother is all anxiety and all interruptions; Randolph has become a superior person and turns up his nose at every thing not according to his set views; and now Joan, the youngest, is in bed with a fever and rash, and they are somewhat alarmed.

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It is a relief to hear that the last page of my “Preface” pleases you, because I had some qualms about it. It came to me all at once, like a poem, and afterwards I was not sure that it was intelligible or that I quite understood it myself. Your approval confirms me in the feeling that it had better stand as it is, without being tampered with in cold blood and perhaps spoilt. I have sent Chapter I, on “Some Meanings of the Word Is” to the Columbia Journal, in which the old article under that title appeared originally. Several chapters following are entirely finished, and I see the top of the hill in front of me—I mean the completion of the part on “The Realm of Essence”. The other three parts, I think, will take shape more readily. I have received a book on Causation by Ducasse1 of Seattle in which he shows convincingly that causation is not a matter of laws but of substantial derivation of particular from particular. I have [across] always believed that, without expressing it clearly. I put it, by the way, in my own words, not in his! Yours ever GSantayana 1

Curt John Ducasse (1881–1969) attended Washington University (B.A., 1908) and Harvard (M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1912). He wrote Causation and the Types of Necessity (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1924). Though Ducasse took no courses with him, Santayana conducted his doctoral oral exam in metaphysics.

To Curt John Ducasse 19 April 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Brown)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, April 19, 1924 r

Dear M Ducasse It is no ordinary note of thanks that I owe you for your book on “Causation”, because at an age when one has abandoned the hope of learning anything new, you have really taught me something which I hope to keep by me and to incorporate into my philosophy—namely, that causation is not a law but an observable derivation of fact from fact in particular instances. In one sense, like Columbus’ egg,1 this is not new to me; and you say Mercier and Joseph2 have pointed it out; but though I have seen both gentlemen (and they are very different) I have not studied their writings, and it is not probable that I ever shall. In fact, something of the

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sort is said or hinted, by the way, in my “Scepticism and Animal Faith”; but I can’t give you a reference, as I have no books here. If I remember, I say there that when not an arbitrary assignment of magic influence, cause is “the principle of generation in nature”; but this phrase (if it is this phrase) is loose and ambiguous. I meant, however, that the birth of thing from thing is causation—which is what you, in your clearer and more explicit language, now confirm me in believing. Heartily as I agree with your main thesis, I had a feeling that perhaps you were not in dramatic sympathy with Hume3 and Mill4 in their analysis, and avoided the issue that was uppermost in their minds. Even at the end, when you enumerate the senses in which one may ask “why” effect follows on cause, you do not mention what I suspect was their problem, namely, what internal relevance there was between cause and effect, to be the reason for their sequence. People expect to have an insight into this connexion, such as they have in action, or in an answer to prayer, or obedience to an order given, or the execution of a plan. In such cases an image of the consequent is a part of the antecedent, and seems to announce and usher it in; in deduction also the consequence follows because it is contained in the premises. On this ground too identity of substance binds the material and the product in nature more closely together than if they were unsubstantial disjointed perceptions. The change of forms remains unexplained, which you rightly say is all that requires a cause; yet the continuity of substance, which needs no explanations, partly reconciles the observer to that change (which it also keeps within limits) and so gives him a feeling that causation is intelligible, or ought to be so, beneath its actual working. People, in a word, desiderate a dialectical or moral unity in natural sequences, and it was the absence of this —— dise ——desideratum the Hume and Mill pointed out. There is a point at the end, in respect to the nature of philosophy, which I am not sure I understand. Is it a mere valuation on the part of the idealist that makes it “true” that the model of nature is within his mind, not his mind an item in the world of nature? Can the opposite valuation on the part of the materialist render the opposite equally “true”? And is the “liberalistic” view that both are true, or that neither is? And if the latter, what is the “true” liberalistic relation of mind to matter? I am puzzled by the (very prevalent) habit of calling truth a value. There may be a value in discovering the truth, or some part of it: but what I understand by the truth (and I think I am following your maxim in this and sticking to current

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usage) is something waiting to be recognized and perhaps valued, but not ambiguous or variable with human interest in it. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 Columbus’s egg refers to an easy task once one knows the trick. Christopher Columbus (c. 1451–1506), in reply to a suggestion that others would have discovered the New World had he not done so, is said to have challenged the guests at a banquet in his honor to make an egg stand on end. All having failed, he flattened one end of the egg by tapping it against the table so that it stood up, thus indicating that others might follow, but that he had discovered the way. 2 Désiré Joseph Mercier (1851–1926) was a Thomist philosopher and Roman Catholic cardinal. Joseph is unidentified. 3 David Hume (1711–76) was an influential Scottish philosopher whose works include Treatise of Human Nature, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. An empiricist influenced by Newton, Hume wanted to apply the experiential method to the principles of human mind to develop a science of human nature. He thought only naturalism could avoid the skeptic’s argument. 4 John Stuart Mill (1806–73), an English philosopher and economist who formed the Unitarian Society, was a member of Parliament who advocated women’s suffrage. System of Logic (1843) established his philosophical reputation. Utilitarianism (1863) expounds his alterations to Benthamism and includes his distinctions among types of pleasure. Mill followed in the empiricist tradition but avoided the skepticism of Hume and the theology of Berkeley by positing a theory about how knowledge of the external world is generated. This led him to conclude that matter is nothing more than a permanent possibility of sensation.

To Elizabeth Stephens Fish Potter 22 April 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, April 22, 1924 rs

Dear M Potter It is some time now since Hamilton came and went and you have probably heard from him something about our interveiws. I felt, as in the case of Warwick last year, that I had known him all my life, and he is, if anything, even easier to accept familiarly, as someone who of course has always been there. I had expected more of a gilded youth, the glass of fashion and the mould of form; and when I told him so, and said I was going to write to you in those terms, he naturally laughed, and said he really had—in his youth—taken great pains about his clothes, and still wore some of his father’s waistcoats. But of course I had other things than clothes in

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mind; but I often find that people don’t quite understand my rhetoric, and I don’t find it easy to convey what I feel otherwise than through those figures of speech. It was the same again with Warwick: for children of yours and of Bob’s both the boys are more unpretending, more like the standard young man, than seems natural; but it is due, I suppose, to the pressure of democracy and the vast unison of American life; nor is there anything to regret in it, when the prevalent type takes on so much sweetness and charm as it does in them. Toward the end, I did catch in Hamilton some slight echoes of the paternal manner, and even the waistcoats, when minutely scanned, did turn out to be of a superior and rare quality: but evidently the soft pedal has to be put on when any passage, nowadays, is in danger of seeming florid. Perhaps the next generation, after socialism and industrialism have petered out, may see a new crop of exquisite aesthetes and incroyables.1 Hamilton treated me very affectionately and made me forget my years, or what is better still, made me glad to have them as an asset, which after all they are if one is willing to play with them. I am thinking of staying in Italy this summer, as Strong is to have his motor car and another philosophical friend2 in Paris, and won’t miss me, while I am in the midst of a long pull at my opus magnum which I hope may bring it to completion, so that I should like to continue the routine of my life here, which agrees with me very well. My idea is to go to Venice first (where I have not been since we were there together at the Casa Frollo) and then to Cortina d’Ampezzo, and possibly to the Lakes, returning here for the winter. [across] I wish there was some chance of seeing you, but I see you are obdurate. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

French dandies. Durant Drake.

2

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To Ferris Greenslet 26 April 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London.

Rome, April 26, 1924 Dear Mr Greenslet1 Of course it will be a satisfaction to me that you should include the verses you mention in your anthology,2 and I am glad that Mrs Richards has found something to her purpose in my book. I don’t know whether it would interest her to know that these lines were written at Gibraltar in 1887. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Ferris Greenslet (1875–1959) was an editor for the Houghton Mifflin Company. The Magic Carpet: Poems for Travellers, selected by Mrs. Waldo Richards (Gertrude Moore Richards, d. 1927) was published in Boston in 1924. Santayana’s Ode V is included, subtitled here “The Mediterranean.” This was published in Sonnets, in Poems, and in Complete Poems, 144–46. 2

To George Sturgis 26 April 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome April 26, 1924 Dear George Would you mind paying the enclosed bill, as I can’t do so very well directly! The plan I had in mind when I last wrote has matured and I have practically decided to remain this summer in Italy, going in a few weeks to Venice, then to Cortina d’Ampezzo in the Tyrol (now Italian territory) and perhaps later to the Italian lakes, returning here again, if all goes well, for the next winter. I have been well and comfortable in this hotel, and I think in my present mood, and while work is uppermost in my mind, I can hardly do better than to return here. My friend Strong will not miss me in Paris, as he too is busy and is going to have another philosophical friend, Professor Drake of Vassar, with him

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for a part of the summer. They are thinking of writing a book together which will at last solve the riddle of the universe. He is also going to take his Italian motor-car and chauffeur1 with him to Paris—a thing he has never done before for some unaccountable reason—and that too will contribute to give him a more varied round of occupations, as he can go on excursions and take his friends out for an airing in the Bois de Boulogne or beyond. You know he is partly paralysed, so that walking more than a few yards is impossible for him. Josephine sent me a book about Arthur2 which I liked very much. I am glad she and her little boy are doing so well under the circumstances. Your star seems to be luckier in every respect, and I have no doubt you are making the most of the sunshine. America is now so obviously at the top of the tree, so far at least as prosperity goes, that you must all feel more than ever that it is the land of opportunity. Here too life seems pretty decent, and there are immense compensations for the comparatively small scale of business in the old world. You had better address me C/o B. S. & Co as I don’t know what hotels I shall be at, or for how long. Yours affty GSantayana 1

Aldo. No book about Eldredge could be located.

2

To George Sturgis 13 May 1924 • Venice, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Venice, May 13, 1924 Dear George Thank you for your letter of April 28 with its enclosures. I am answering Scofield Thayer’s inquiries. I hardly think my autobiography would be interesting, as there have been no events in my life and I have known few distinguished people. My novel will contain most of my observations on human nature, freed from personalities; and besides I am writing something which I call “Persons and Places”1 in which I mean to give some account, historically accurate but selective, of some scenes and characters that have remained in my memory.

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I tremble to think what nonsense Miss Munsterberg2 may be writing about me and my father and mother: and Thayer will not be much nearer the mark. Perhaps I will after all follow your suggestion in composing if not an autobiography, at least a chronology of my life, with a few notes about the leading facts, so as to correct the inventions that may see the light in the impertinent press. I foresee that when I die there will be a crop of stories, most of them sentimentally benevolent and reminiscent, and some a little spiteful, about my supposed life and character: and although all this will blow over in a few weeks, it may be as well that there should be an authora/itative document to which anyone may appeal who may be really interested in the facts. If I write such a chronology I will send you a copy, because (as this incident shows) you too are not very well informed about this branch of our family history. I came to Venice from Rome about a week ago, accompanied by two of the Chetwynd children, a boy of eighteen and a girl of sixteen.3 Their mother, formerly Augusta Robinson of New York, and sister of a great friend of mine, was detained in Rome by the illness of another child, and was glad to have me take charge of the two elder ones, so that they might not miss seeing Venice. It is rather a curious experience to stand in this way in loco parentis to two young persons, and I find it pleasant enough, especially as they look after me much more than I look after them: but I shall not be sorry when, in two or three days, I regain my usual bachelor solitude. I had not been in Venice for twenty five years, and find it charming and very cool. [across] I expect to remain for a month or two. Yours affectionately GSantayana [across page one] P.S. Will you please send $25 in my name to the Hasty Pudding Club building fund.4 I see no further address given, but I suppose there is a treasurer. 1

Published by Scribner’s and Constable in 1944. Margarete Münsterberg published three articles on Santayana: “Santayana,” The Nation 109 (5 July 1919): 12–13; “Santayana at Cambridge,” American Mercury 1 (1924): 69–74; and “Santayana and His Pilgrim’s Progress” (a review of Puritan), American Mercury 38 (May 1936): 115–20. Her biography of her father, Hugo Münsterberg, His Life and Work (New York and London: D. Appleton and Co., 1922), contains comments on Santayana and descriptions of his Harvard career. 3 Philip Jr. and Betty. 4 Founded in 1795, the Hasty Pudding (a Harvard social club housed in Stoughton Hall) held its first theatricals in 1844. Santayana portrayed a female ballet dancer in an 1886 production. 2

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To Charles Augustus Strong 16 May 1924 • Venice, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Venice, May 16, 1924 Hotel Bauer-Grünwald Dear Strong I came here ten days ago—sooner than I expected—and under strange though (as it has turned out) very pleasant circumstances. Until this morning I have been accompanied by two of the Chetwynds, Philip and Betty, aged respectively eighteen and sixteen. Randolph had gone back to Oxford and Joan, the youngest, was in a private hospital with scarlet fever, and as I saw that the others were much disappointed at having to stay in Rome and miss their intended tour, I suggested that they might come with me to Venice. They and their mother jumped at the idea, and there was nothing left for me but to carry it out. I have had a nice time, keeping in my room as usual in the morning, and sometimes leaving them to do their sight-seeing alone in the afternoon as well: but we had our meals together, and spent the evenings in the piazza or in a gondola or in talk. They are very nice children—Betty quiet and Philip lively, and they have very nice manners and have behaved very well. The only unpleasant part was having to dine in this German hotel in a hot room on not very good fare: but that is now over, and I have made an arrangement by which I can have both my meals out, and have already begun to make trial of the Venetian restaurants, which seem to promise well. I have a curious little room on the ground floor, looking out on the terrace and the Grand Canal, where in spite of some passing and voices in the morning, I enjoy great inner privacy, and find I am able to work well. Venice is lovely, but warm and suggestive of swells: I don’t know how long I shall like to stay, but there is no need of deciding until the time comes. For the present I am quite happy. I hope your trip was not fatiguing and that Aldo will make himself over into an expert Parisian and enable you to spend your afternoons pleasantly and with more freedom than in other years. Don’t hesitate to ask Drake to the apartment if you would like to have him there. If I come to Paris later, I should in [across] any case prefer to go to a hotel, as during the last two summers. What of Margaret? Yours ever G. Santayana

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To Susan Sturgis de Sastre 17 May 1924 • Venice, Italy

(MS postcard: Sanchez Sastre) VENEZIA—

CANAL GRANDE PRESO DAL PALAZZO DON CARLOS CON LA CHIESA DELLA SALUTE

Hotel Bauer-Grünwald, Venice, May 17, 1924. I came here ten days ago with some friends (who have now left) and am comfortably settled for as long a time as the weather may remain agreeable and work may be possible. Venice is extremely attractive and I have a hermit’s cell overlooking the Grand Canal, but quiet internally. Love to all from Jorge

To Charles Augustus Strong 22 May 1924 • Venice, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Bauer-Grüenwald Venice May 22, 1924

Dear Strong Margaret’s letter (which I return)1 is just what I should have expected of her visit to Madrid under such auspices: she has got an impression of the outsides of the top. You will soon reconcile yourself to the universal light gray of the apartment, and it must be nice to see it all so clean. But have the telephone and the chauffage central2 been smuggled in also? The Germans are certainly numerous here, and as this hotel is their own, one who comes to it can hardly complain of their presence. I looked everywhere, when the Chetwynds left, for a better place, but could find nothing: the rooms are well kept, the first breakfast is appetizing (with Vienna rolls) and I take my other meals out, so that the Teutonic invasion does not annoy me. In the late afternoon I explore “Venice on foot,” guided by a book with that title3 which I got in Rome and which I have cut up into sections (each with its own map) which go conveniently into the pocket. I have also found a very pleasant modest restaurant, where I eat at a little table with a shaded lamp close to the street-door (which is wide open) and where there are only Italians and an occasional elderly British

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pair who have come on their travels after the marriage of their last daughter. It is warm, but as yet quite tolerable, and the evening in the Piazza is a great sight. I am making progress in the Book, though as yet there is no sensational result to announce. I have nothing to read for the moment, but don’t mind so much as there is so much to look at, and I go to bed (by the lights in the terrace outside) as soon as I get back in the evening from a stroll by the sea-front, the Piazza, and the cafés. When I am ready to go to Cortina I will order some books to be sent there from Oxford as there I shall not be able to lead the life of a flâneur and a boulevardier4 If Cortina turns out to be a failure, you will see me in Paris, but let me repeat that you mustn’t abstain from giving my room to Drake or to anyone else who may turn up, as I should go in any case to a hotel. Yours ever GSantayana 1

Unlocated. Central heating (French). 3 Venice on Foot, with the Itinerary of the Grand Canal and Several Direct Routes to Useful Places was written by Hugh A. Douglas. 4 Saunterer and a frequenter of the boulevards (French). 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 4 June 1924 • Venice, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bauer Grünwald Venice, June 4, 1924 Dear Strong I am sending you a play by Giordano Bruno,1 although it is indecent in parts, so that you may read at least the last scene. Manfurio is better than anything in the Mariage Forcé.2 I am having an enchanted floating existence here (not that I ever take a gondola) and wish it could last for ever. Venice is more excite/ ingly beautiful than anything I have ever seen—and I had been here twice before without seeing it! The weather has threatened twice to become oppressive, and then has relented. I have found a second nice restaurant—out in the middle of a little piazza in front of the Teatro Fenice,3 where I now go to dine, surrounded by towering old walls and a deep saphire sky. Nevertheless, I have written to have my letters sent to the Hotel Cristallo, Cortina d’Ampezzo, as at any moment I may be driven away by heat.

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Work continues lazily. Yours ever G.S. 1 Giordano Bruno (1548–1600) was an Italian philosopher. After studying at the university of Naples and entering the Dominican order, he renounced his vows and fled from his native land in 1576 to begin his career as a teacher of controversial philosophical subjects. 2 Le Mariage Forcé by Molière (1664). Molière, pen name of Jean Baptiste Poquelin (1622–73), was a French comic dramatist. 3 Teatro la Fenice is an opera house.

To Curt John Ducasse 28 June 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Brown)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Cortina, June 28, 1924 r

Dear M Ducasse I have not yet thanked you for your article in defence of “Ontological Liberalism”, with which I entirely agree (save perhaps at one point, about which a word presently) and which interests me particularly now that I am at work on “Realms of Being”. Your analysis of the problem, exhibition of the verbal character of it, and of the eulogistic meaning of “reality”, seem to me all admirably true and clear. But now as to the point of possible divergence. If “real” is a eulogistic term relative to private interests, it should be left (shouldn’t it?) to the tender mercies of poets and newspapers, and when we use it in our speculations it should be in our concomitant capacity of human babblers, without giving it any importance, except rhetorically. As you probably know, or will when you read my first chapter of “Realms of Being” in the “Journal”, I am in the habit of using the word “existence” instead of “reality” (because the “non-existence –––t” is non / t indifferent to me) for a presumptive sphere, defined by me as that in which beings have external and variable relations, or in other words, as contingent and in flux. Being defined in this way, the existent is or includes all ^ ^ that is dynamic, and therefore all that interests practical people in their transitive thoughts; and it includes all action, movement, and conduct. It might be called Americanly real. But (as you show) it need not be real for the oyster, the poet, or the mystic. Now, is it or is it not incompatible with

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“Ontological Liberalism” to confine the word “existence” to this dynamic realm, to nature? Is this contrary to good English usage? And if so, is not some name of the kind to be given to a sphere which, in one sense, forces the recognition of its emphatic reality and arbitrary limits upon everybody, since it conditions the existence even of his most rapt contemplation or most passive pleasures? Yours sincerely GSantayana

To George Sturgis 29 June 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Cristallo Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. June 29, 1924 Dear George Will you kindly send a cheque for $100 in my name to the insatiable people whose circular is enclosed?1 After two weeks I find Cortina very congenial. There is much cloud, rain, and thunder, but beautiful clear intervals “coolth” (as a poetic friend2 of mine calls it) and material comfort. The village school-master, a Sicilian about thirty years of age, bursting in his skin, is giving me Italian lessons, and as he knows no other language, not even Latin, I am at least obliged to practice conversation, and he is a jolly creature, and keeps me from being entirely — a———— lone solitary, because I leave the old English ladies, Argentine tourists madly motoring, and misguided American females severely alone. I expect now to stay here all summer, and hope to accomplish great things in the way of literary labour, perhaps to finish the first part3 of my “big book” and the novel! Yours affectionately GSantayana 1

Unlocated. Probably Joseph Trumbull Stickney (1874–1904). After his graduation from Harvard in 1895, he studied for seven years at the Sorbonne and was the first American to receive its degree of Docteur ès lettres. He was appointed instructor in Greek at Harvard (1903–1904). A poet, he is best known for his Dramatic Verses (1902). 3 Essence. 2

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To Charles Augustus Strong 16 July 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Cristallo, Cortina July 16, 1924 Dear Strong I am glad to hear such good news from you in every way, and the fact that Drake is writing the book1 on his own responsibility is fortunate for you, as it saves you no end of anxiety, and leaves you free to sum up your views and dot his i’s and cross his t’s (if you feel so disposed) in a subsequent book or paper of your own. I have no doubt that his book will play a valuable part in the contemporary American movement, but it may not absolutely settle everything for ever. Movements are all like that of the Earth: e pur s/ei muove.2 My own work is going on slowly but steadily; I have a chapter on “Essence & Feeling” which might, if you saw it, spoil the article you say you have in mind about Essence and Intuition in my phi/slosophy. I will therefore not send it to you, especially as you don’t like to read advanced sheets. The weather here has become delightful, and the place is filling up with Italian and other trippers and tourists; but I am quite comfortable and satisfied to stick it out until the middle of September, when I understand things come to an end here—until the winter season. The valley is really most wonderfully beautiful, varied, and sublime: there are moments, especially in the evening, when only poetry could do it justice. Materially, too, it is a nice place: healthy, sturdy, prosperous peasants, pleasing houses, good first-class family fare at the hotel, great cleanliness, and sufficient quiet for work. I am not altogether alone, either, because I am taking a daily lesson in Italian from the village schoolmaster, a fat youngish Sicilian whose Christian name is Rosario (a woman’s name in Spanish) for whom I write an exercise and with whom I have an hour’s conversation, necessarily in Italian, since he doesn’t know a word of anything else, not even Latin. I talk to him about the most advanced subjects, as best I can, because his own lights and subjects are naturally rather limited; and though I feel that I am too old to learn anything new, I daresay at the end of the summer I shall have acquired a little more ease in the language. I had asked Onderdonk to come from Vienna to make me a visit, but he says he is tired of mountains, and wants to come to some big town when

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I leave this place: so that I expect he will join me in September or [across] October. I am thinking of going through Trent and Verona to Bologna and Florence and (if it is still hot there) to Siena, where I haven’t been for an age. Yours ever G.S. [across page one ] P.S. I wonder if you could send me my old Baedeker for “Italy from the Alps to Naples”.3 I believe I have one in our common collection. Also [across page one text] please give Drake my regards, and a copy of “Scepticism” (if he wants it). 1

The Mind and Its Place in Nature (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1925). And yet it moves (Italian). A reference to Gallileo’s defence of the theory that the earth revolves around the sun. 3 Karl Baedeker (1801–59), a German publisher and founder of Baedeker guidebooks, published Italy from the Alps to Naples: Handbook for Travellers (New York: Leipsic, 1904). 2

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 26 July 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Cortina, July 26, 1924

Dear Sirs, Whenever anyone asks for permission to quote from any of my books, you may assume that you have my consent. It is for you to decide whether the quotation amounts to an infringement of copyright: although I should think, in most cases, citation of extracts would be a valuable advertisement, and that it would be in your interest to agree to it; unless, indeed, you find that the more an author is quoted, the less anyone will wish to buy his books. Yours faithfully GSantayana To Messr Constable & Co

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To George Sturgis 29 July 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Cortina d’Ampezzo July 29, 1924 Dear George Following a suggestion of yours I have begun to write an Autobiography, and almost at the beginning I feel the need of a document which you may possibly have seen among your father’s papers. It is a testimonial of friendship and admiration presented to your great grandfather José Borrás by the citizens of Winchester, Virginia, in 1832 or thereabouts.1 If I remember it was rather yellow and torn, and you had better not send it to me; but its phraseology is quaint and old-fashioned, and if you have it at hand and could have it copied, I should be much obliged. This residence of José Borrás in Virginia was the source of my whole connection with America, the English language, and the Sturgis family: because the reason my mother married your grandfather George Sturgis of Manila was that she spoke English and had sympathetic feelings towards America, where she lived in her early childhood: and the rest all follows from that marriage. I am staying on here, surrounded by rugged Alps, because I find I am comfortable and can work easily. The first part (there are to be four in all) of my “big book” is finished, and I believe the rest will be easier to put in shape. It rains a great deal and though the sun is hot at midday (when it shines) cool if not cold weather soon comes on, and the nights are always fresh. It is a most beautiful valley, and in my walks I sometimes feel a wonderful elation, as if I were a real poet and lover of nature, which I have always believed I was not. Yours affty G. S. 1 An 1835 document signed by President Andrew Jackson appoints Borrás American consul at Barcelona. See Persons, 7–8.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 3 August 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Cristallo, Cortina August 3, 1924 Dear Strong Since I last wrote we have had some Summer days: now it is raining again and chilly, but I think I can manage to stay on certainly until September 1st and perhaps longer. Although not always comfortable, the season has been good for me for work. I don’t think I shall go to meet you in Genoa: I would rather go to Verona and Bologna, or even back to Venice, if I can’t stay here. I shall be glad to join you at the villa a few days after your own arrival. I shall be almost without clothes, and shall have to have them made at once in Florence. Pinsent said there was a good tailor. By the way, I suppose, as you travel by motor, you will send your trunk separately by rail, and it occurs to me that perhaps it might not be too much trouble for you to send on to Florence with yours, a bag of mine, ^ ^ a large kit-bag, the one I left at the apartment when I returned from England last year. It is locked and full of clothes. If the key is necesary to open it at the frontier, I think Marie would be able to find it among a bunch of small keys which I believe are in the red pocket of another halfempty Gladstone bag in the trunk room. It is a small long key with three little prongs. If you don’t find it, I could send you the one I have. Or could the examination be made in Florence? It is a compliment that they should have discussed essences in England at all, and of course they would ridicule the whole idea, because if entertained it would destroy their whole philosophy, which consists in believing that appearances are substances. As to Broad in particular, since I saw him I have lost all interest in anything he may think. I am a little puzzled, however, when you say “you are not sure about essences in perception”. I suppose essences must be there; what is perceived must have some character: but perhaps you mean that you are not sure that the datum is not more than an essence, that it is not a thing having that essence. If you take this line you merely return to the traditional English view which conceives that experience, perception, or sensation is a fact conscious of its own ^ ^ nature and existence: and neo-Realism only changes that view by not calling those facts perceptions. Of course I am in an entirely different camp: and it is the idealists, rather, who will agree with me at this point: my quar-

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rel with them is in cosmology, not in the analysis of experience. I believe in what they regard as fictions: but I agree that they are fictions in their ^ ^ own persons; fiction or myth being the only possible knowledge of fact. Yours ever G.S.

To Robert Seymour Bridges 15 August 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Bodleian)

Cortina d’Ampezzo August 15, 1924 My dear Bridges Little do Brown Shipley & Co imagine that they are an impediment to communication, but that is because they do not expect to have poets for clients. They think on the contrary that it is a blessing for correspondents not to have to think where their wandering friends may be at the moment, but need only send a line to Pall Mall, and it will reach them at the farthest limits of the earth or in the most remote and obscure hiding-place. However, if the thought of this intermediary, like a central telephone office, puts your friendly impulse in an unpleasant suspense, you may always imagine that I am in Avila—that is an address easily remembered and quite sufficient, as every foreign letter that comes to the place is taken to my sister’s house. In fact, I am hardly ever there, as both the climate and the family [‘X’ in margin] life which I am constrained to lead are rather ^ ^ trying. My other permanent address is 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire in Paris: but this is harder to remember exactly, and as I am not there except at rare intervals, a letter might be lost. I am glad that, in spite of the disconcerting medium, you wrote to Brown Shipley & Co, for here is your very kind letter, safely in my hands without undue delay. This safe arrival of letters committed to a letter-box has always been a source of a mystic wonder to me: although I profess to be a materialist, it is hard for me to preserve a “realizing sense” of the material world and all its mechanical connexions: it seems a strange tale. Your boldness in going to America at all rather astonished me, but once having taken the plunge I can well imagine that you found it tolerable, and even appealing to that vague tenderness for mankind which I suppose is in all our hearts. Often, in these hotels in which I live, I am annoyed at the American parties that loudly take possession of the next table, and deluge

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me with commonplaces and bad slow jokes, and then, if something obliges me to “make their acquaintance” and, as it were, to become one of their party, I immediately lose all consciousness of their trying tones and sentiments, and am entirely absorbed by a sort of contagious kindness and hearty simplicity which reigns among them. I am glad to know that you and Mrs Bridges have not only survived the ordeal, but profited by it in health and energy. How nice and quiet Chiswell must seem! You speak of my “desertion of England.” I don’t feel that I have deserted: I have got my discharge. There is no place I should rather spend the rest of my life in, if my free inclination were omnipotent: but I should have to make myself younger, less sensitive to chill and damp, less disinclined to travel (because I shouldn’t like to give up my other haunts, Avila, Rome, Paris) and able to find a place, simple but comfortable enough, in which I could work without interruption. When I was in England last year I was not well and not comfortable. Possibly it was for this [‘X’ in margin] reason that I felt that everything was somewhat changed, materially and ^ ^ morally: less peace, less deference, less facility in obtaining services or small comforts. It was very like America. If I lived in England now I fear I should feel that sort of pressure which drove me away from America— that same difficulty in escaping and being at peace. The resource of living quite in the country is not open to me, unless I took a house and servants, which of itself would be perdition. Of course, I hope soon to return to Oxford, but in the summer, and when I have no definite work in hand. At present I am deep in “Realms of Being”: but even under the most favourable circumstances, it is hard to remain faithful to such a task, and last winter in Rome, for instance, I turned to quite another project, and wrote some “Dialogues in Limbo”, which will probably see the light before the other book is finished. I think I have heard of Mencken, but who is Owen Young?1 My Americana are very ancient. You don’t know how pleasant it is to hear a good word said of my chapter on Royce.2 I did enjoy writing it, not only “maliciously” but also imaginatively, in trying to call up the complete figure and tragedy of such a man, a patient voluminous straggling mind, with a sort of childish insistence and stubbornness in fundamental matters—puzzled and muddled, and yet good and wise. It is not a complete picture—I hadn’t the facts before me and could not have made public use of them in any case: but I think there is enough to sketch the personage in outline, and strike the characteristic note. Of course, his friends and disciples were angry: it was

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so unlike an obituary notice. One (a pragmatist, I [‘X’ in margin] suppose) said that my account would be true in twenty-five years, but was utterly ^ ^ false today. Here there are so many English people that when I go to tea in “The English Tearooms”, I might almost be at the “George”. I peeped in there when I was last at Oxford, but found it so disgustingly changed that I immediately went out again. Cortina is a good place for the pedestrian, I don’t mean only for the Alpine adventurer, but for the peripatetic philosopher; clouds and frequent rain keep the summer cool—almost too cool; and the noisy Italians in the hotel do not seriously disturb me in my own corner. Besides, I like Italians. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 H. L. Mencken (1880–1956), was an American social, cultural, and political critic and essayist (see letter of 12 August 1923). Owen Young (1874–1962) was an American lawyer, industrialist, political advisor, and diplomat. 2 Character, chapter IV.

To Charles Augustus Strong 15 August 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Cristallo Cortina Aug. 15, 1924 Dear Strong I am sending you (in a separate parcel) the key to my kit-bag, and am ^ ^ sorry to have given and to be giving /syou so much trouble. I thought I had an extra key; and there is this circumstance, that even when unlocked the bag sticks, and some force and patience are required to pull it open. This is because it has been knocked out of shape in a previous journey. It is old, and I don’t care in what condition it arrives, if the contents are not lost. It contains my only whole pair of trousers, urgently needed for dencency’s sake until I can have clothes made. Also beautiful quasi-silk skyblue pyjamas. I shall be glad to read your five type-written pages, although I foresee that I shall find the same old difficulty in understanding your categories. Perhaps Drake’s exposition may enable me to catch your point of view from a new angle, and turn it more successfully into my own language. The whole question is, I think, rather one of logic than of facts Of course, essences are not facts at all: and I shouldn’t ask any one to put essences in

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that plane—that would be metaphysics—but at most to understand why, in the presence of posited facts, I find it enlightening to distinguish the given appearance from the presumptive reality. I am now in the midst of the “realm of matter,” which I am treating very sceptically and romantically indeed; nothing that the Einstein people can object to, except a little “malicious” sympathy with their hypothesis. The Dial has been very slow with my Dialogues. The second Avicenna appears this month and they have two Socrates dialogues still to print. I am not going to send them the others, but to get the book out—it is practically ready—as soon as those two are in print. It is cold here, but very exhilarating, and I hope to stay several weeks longer. Yours ever GSantayana

To Maurice Firuski 27 August 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

Cortina, Aug. 27, 1924 My dear Mr. Firuski Will you please send me a copy of “Culture and Democracy in the U.S.”, by Horace M. Kallen, Boni & Liveright?1 Perhaps you had better register it, and send it directly to Villa Le Balze Fiesole, Florence, Italy where I expect to be next month. Italian post-offices are a little careless sometimes. I have not heard from Mr. la Rose since I returned the sheets of “Lucifer” some months ago. I hope they arrived safely. Yours very truly GSantayana If you know of any books, such as Mr. Kallen’s that you think would give me light on what is going on, spiritually I mean, in America, I should be very glad if you would send them, or at least a notice of them, so that I might order them, as I read no American papers (except the Dial!) and might easily miss something of moment. I have Mr. Babbit’s diatribe against democracy,2 which I largely agree with, and for that very reason hardly need to read.

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1

Culture and Democracy in the United States (New York, 1924). Irving Babbitt (1865–1933) was an American teacher, critic of romanticism, and advocate of new humanism based on classical traditions. He wrote Democracy and Leadership (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1924). 2

To George Sturgis 31 August 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Cortina d’Ampezzo August 31, 1924 Dear George The fine photograph of Rosamond and the boys arrived on the day after I had written to you, and I put off thanking you for it until the next occasion for a letter. I am very glad to see how Rosamond really looks in daily life: you are to be congratulated on having found a half—I won’t say so much better than the other—but so fit, to make good any deficiencies which your own half might have had, if it had had any. As to the boys, the phases of life pass by very rapidly at that age, but they both have an air of meaning to fight their way through the world, regardless of all obstacles, and of being able to do so. Health and energy! Yes, but people in the evening of life feel that there is a sort of danger in these privileges: so few people with strength know how to use it in securing something worth having, or in aiming at something attainable. The document which you send me is very useful for my purpose: it settles dates, and it suggests that your great grandfather, though appointed American consul, had not become an American citizen (as I had supposed) as he is described as “of Spain”, and nothing is said of his naturalization. This is a point of interest, as it relieves him of any reproach in having afterwards taken office under the Spanish government.1 This document, however, is not the one I had in mind: possibly my memory has played pranks and there was no other; but in my mind’s eye I see a testimonial of good character, democratic virtue, and noble sentiments, given (as I said) by his “affectionate fellow citizens”. It doesn’t matter; the smile I had hoped to excite in the reader will be reserved for another occasion. My “big book”, in one sense, has been complete for a long time, in as much as the last page is in existence: but it is a mass of incongruous and sometimes inconsistent stuff, and has to be revised and rearranged. It is this revision that I am now at work on, and hope to finish within a year.

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Meantime, another book, “Dialogues in Limbo”, may appear: some of them are coming out in The Dial. It is now wintry here, but I am staying on, having a room with a German “oven” in it, and finding the air bracing. Yours affly GSantayana 1

Borrás was a Spanish subject. After a change in government occurred both in France and in Spain, his friends obtained for him what promised to be a lucrative post in the Philippine Islands. Despatches from Spain, sent after his departure, had reached Manila before him; he learned that in Madrid there had been a change of ministers and that the post promised to him had been given to someone else. The Captain General of the Philippines found another post for Borrás, an absurdly modest one. He was sent as governor to a small island–Batang–inhabited only by natives, and he died shortly thereafter. See Persons, 30–35.

To Charles Augustus Strong 11 September 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Cortina Sept. 11, 1924 Dear Strong Since the first of September we have had a complete change of weather, summer again after what seemed like winter. I have often thought of your journey and rejoiced that it was favoured by such an unexpected turn in the weather. I hadn’t supposed that you would reach Fiesole so soon, and as Onderdonk is not coming (he has gone to America on business) I have been staying on. Most of the people have left, but Cortina is at its best, and I am in the midst of a chapter, so that I feel inclined to remain a few days longer. I am writing to London to have my letters sent to the villa, and will send you word, by letter or telegram, when I fix the day for starting. I ^ ^ suppose you are not expecting anyone else, so that a day sooner or later will make no difference How classical you have become! No wonder, with your residence in Italy and your Latin reading. But aren’t you going rather far in condemning flying buttresses? No doubt the motive was only economy—economy in carrying out an extravagant plan; and you may condemn this as not worthy of Aristotle’s magn/ianimous man. But I have always believed that the frankness of exhibiting such a device, and using it decoratively, had been rewarded by the effect. Sometimes the light and shade play wonderfully among those buttresses, and the labyrinthine effect is in itself poetical. As to thin columns, I agree: I have never liked them. When poeple

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speak of “lightness” and “clarity of design” in Gothic churches, I feel that they are picking out the faults: the true beauties are loftiness, intricacy, mystery, and tenderness of detail, so that one lovely nook after another is found nestling in the vast ill-defined whole. “Clarity” should go not with “lightness” but with elegance and modesty on the human scale. Yours ever GSantayana

To John Boynton Priestley 15 September 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Texas)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Cortina d’Ampezzo, Sept. 15, 1924 J. B. Priestly, Esq1 Dear Sir, Your book,2 which I have read entire, has given me rare pleasure, and I admire the courage with which, in criticizing those of us who are still living, you have faced the hard choice between truth and courtesy. Courtesy has carried the day: not that everything you say is not, in detail, admirably true, but that it is impossible to tell, or perhaps to find, the central truth about a man without holding him at arm’s length, treating him as an insensible object, and assuming the attitude, socially offensive, of a superior who sees all things under the form of eternity. Your sympathy and comradeship of mind forbid you to do that: and if thereby we escape, perhaps, ultimate humiliation at your hands, we also fail to receive the crown that the gods may have in store for us. For instance, in the case of A. E. Housman, it seems to me that with all your wonderful sympathy and insight, you don’t say the final, the unifying, word. I was panting for it, expecting it to come, on page 83; but it isn’t there. Of course the “contradiction” you are there considering is not a real one: what then is the secret of that double sentiment? Isn’t it hopeless love? I don’t mean love not returned, or cut off by ill luck: I mean the lacrimae rerum,3 the hopelessness of loving anything, because beautiful as it is, it exists, it is in flux, and we who love it are mortal also: and the very pang that rises in joy and wonder dies in despair. I cannot read Housman without tears, tears at the simplest things, rather than at the gruesome touches here and there: it is not death that is piteous, it is life. For that reason to love life and to love death are not contradictory.

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In the midst of the one we are in the other, and to love anything really is to transpose it into the eternal world, into which we would gladly follow it. I allow myself this sfogo4 (as the Italians here call it) because I wish to indicate in this other instance the sort of limitation which I feel there is in your account of myself—extraordinary/ ily generous and intelligent as it is. You do not reach the centre, you do not discover the heart pumping —— the — the blood through those devious veins and arteries. There is no through ——— ———— ^ ^ contradiction in what you quote and comment on in p. 175. In recognizing the equal legitimacy of every creature, with his innate ethics, I do not renounce my own: the contradiction would come if, professing to admire integrity in lions or barbarians, I allowed my own integrity to be polluted or dissolved. The same principle, applied more generally, is at the root of my “detachment” and “condescension”. Rogers5 (whom you quote just before) is perfectly right in attributing my “lack of influence” to these qualities; he is considering (as the critic in the Times is too) my uselessness to contemporary professors. But that is not because my philosophy is in the air. My philosophy is normal human orthodox philosophy, such as has come down from the Indians through the Greeks, to Spinoza. It is simply not Protestant philosophy. The problems of Protestant philosophy do not exist for me: I regard them as products of a confusion of thought, of a heresy. Catholic philosophy differs from the normal only in that it accepts sacred history as well as natural history as the true account of the facts: but when the facts are agreed upon, one way or another, philosophy has no real difficulty in discovering what to say. It has said everything essential already. To invent a philosophy would be not to have understood. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1 John Boynton Priestley (1894–1984) was a British novelist, playwright, reviewer, critic, and essayist. After infantry service during World War I, he took honors in English literature, modern history, and political science at Trinity Hall, Cambridge University. In 1932 he began producing plays, often experimental in character. He also was a successful radio broadcaster. 2 Figures in Modern Literature (London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, Ltd.; New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1924) discusses Santayana as a man of letters, 165–87. 3 Part of a line from Vergil’s Aeneid, 1.462 (see letter of 31 October 1923). 4 Outburst. 5 Arthur Kenyon Rogers wrote English and American Philosophy Since 1800: A Critical Survey (New York: Macmillan, 1922). Pages 351–57 refer to Santayana.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 15 September 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Cristallo, Cortina, Monday, Sept. 15, 1924

Dear Strong The weather here continues so warm and beautiful that it seems a pity to leave and to interrupt the work going on under such favourable conditions. But I will fix a date—since this can’t last for ever—say Monday next, the 22nd for my departure. I have to spend one night on the way, at Bologna, and should then arrive in Florence on Tuesday, the 23rd at 13.12. I shall have had lunch in the train, and that being your time for luncheon, I hope you won’t come to the Station, but send Aldo, who knows me, and can take me up with my luggage, which is only bags. If I should, for any reason, decide to start earlier, I will let you know. Otherwise you may expect me on that day. The idea, which smiled on me from a distance, of stopping at Trent and Verona, or at Padua, loses its charm when time-tables, hotels, and changes of trains are narrowly considered: and when it is so Summer-like here, I am afraid it may be sultry in the valley. I shall therefore make a bee-line for your hospitable roof. This hotel is now almost empty, and they moved me two weeks ago to one of their best rooms, with a German stove in it; but just then the weather turned, and there has been no occasion to light it. I have been reading D’Annunzio’s latest book “Le Faville del Maglio”, tomo primo:1 an extraordinary hodge-podge not always intelligible to me, but with many beauties in it. Also Papini’s Dizionario dell’ Omo Salvatico2—absurd and perverse, but also containing some good things. It suggests, as the Bolshevists do in the opposite camp, that the Dark Ages may be really coming back; our philosophies may then be lost like the books of Livy,3 but we shall have enjoyed them none the less in our day. [across] Yours ever GSantayana 1 Gabriele D’Annunzio (1863–1938) was an Italian poet, dramatist, and novelist. His oratory had much to do with bringing Italy to join the Allies at the beginning of World War I. In 1937 Mussolini appointed him president of the Royal Italian Academy, but he did not live to preside over it. His Le faville del maglio was published in Milan in 1924 (tomo primo means “first volume”; only volume 1 was ever published). 2 Giovanni Papini (1881–1956), an Italian philosopher and critic, adopted idealistic pragmatism as his philosophical standpoint. In 1903 he founded the philosophical

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journal Leonardo. His fiction has a philosophical basis. His Dizionario dell’omo salvatico was published in Florence in 1923. 3 Livy (Titus Livius, 59 B.C.–A.D. 17) was the Roman historian whose life work became the 142-volume History of Rome. Only thirty-five of the original works and a few fragments survive.

To Charles Augustus Strong 21 September 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Cristallo, Cortina Sunday, Sept. 21, 1924 Dear Strong The summer weather continues in such force that I hesitate to abandon the mountains for the valleys, and think that both the journey and my visit to you at Fiesole will be pleasanter if put off until a little later. Shall we say th rd instead of on the 23– ? Let until next week, so that I may arrive on the 30– me know, if this is convenient, because I am a little in doubt, not hearing from you for so long, how matters stand with you. Possibly you and Margaret too may wish to make some trip. If so, or whatever else may be in your mind, let me know frankly, as I could easily adjust my plans, which are all in the air, to any arrangement you wished to make. There is no change here, except that both the hotel and the country are much more attractive than in August—warmer, less crowded, and more beautiful. I have finished my chapter, but of course I have begun another. Never mind my letters, if any, as there is probably nothing in them at all urgent. Yours ever GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 26 September 1924 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Cristallo, Cortina Sept. 26, 1924 Dear Strong You may expect me on Tuesday, the 30th at 13.12: if there should be any impediment, which I don’t expect, I will telegraph

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After the rain of the day before yesterday, the weather here has grown much cooler, though still fine, and I hope to find the journey not too hot. I have become very apprehensive of journeys, startings, and stopping at hotels; my instinct is to remain where I am, if I can once manage to feel at home, and settled into a pleasant routine. I suppose Margaret has been at the Lido, not in Venice itself, and that she will soon find the sea-side uninteresting, and will come home. Nothing is more dismal than a circus breaking up. Here on the contrary, the departure of the gay contingent has seemed to restore things to their natural calm, as when the party of noisy tourists goes out of the church. The month of September here has been really wonderful. Perhaps some year you would like to come here before returning to Fiesole. With a car you could see everything and be perfectly comfortable. A bientôt. G.S.

To Logan Pearsall Smith 10 October 1924 • Fiesole, Italy

(MS: Congress)

October 10, 1924 VILLA LE BALZE FIESOLE TEL.

14-35

Dear Smith I have delayed answering your letter until my plans had taken shape. It now seems likely that I shall stay here a week or two longer, and then go to Rome with Strong, in his motor. In that case I hope to find you and the Berensons still there. Strong will return in a few days to Fiesole, but I expect to settle down in Rome, at the hotel Bristol, for the winter. I was comfortable there last year. It will be very nice to see you again. Yours sincerely GSantayana

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To Pierre de Chaignon la Rose 3 November 1924 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Morgan)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Nov. 3, 1924 Dear la Rose Today at last, sitting enjoying the golden warmth and light of a glorious afternoon in the gardens of the Villa Borghese, I have succeeded in making a version of the lines of Catullus1 which you had copied. I have been carrying them in my pocket for some time and had some scraps of translation ringing in my head, but the thing had never taken shape until this moment. It is a very Italian piece, childish, full of repetitions and sobs; and I have tried to catch something of its passion, while letting other things go. My friend Strong brought me here a week ago in his motor, and on the way we stopped to lunch with the daughter of Bayard Cutting, who is settled in a farm near Monte Pulciano with her young and charming husband Marchese Antonio Origo.2 Strong has returned to Fiesole, and I am looking forward to six months of peaceful existence and work. Rome is a particularly pleasant place to me: I like the solidity of its stones, the nearness of the green country, the troupes of theological students of all nations, the soldiers and sailors and Facisti, and the combination of modern comfort with a suggestion of grandeur and a great deal of Bohemian freedom and simplicity. Vale.3 Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Entitled “A Fragment from Catullus,” Santayana’s translation of the lines beginning “O misero frater adempte mihi,” (You, brother, snatched, and I bereft,) was sent to the editors of The Latin School Register, who had been seeking contributions from distinguished alumni. The translation was published in the Register in 1928. Gaius Valerius Catullus (c. 84–c. 54 B.C.) was a preeminent Latin poet and lyricist. 2 In 1924 Iris Margaret Cutting (b. 1902) married Antonio Origo (b. c. 1891), a Catholic Italian and son of Marchese Clemente Origo. The couple developed a farm below Siena into a splendid estate called La Foce (The Mouth). 3 Farewell (Latin).

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To George Sturgis 4 November 1924 • Rome, Italy FIESOLE

•

(MS postcard: Houghton)

PANORAMA DI S. FRANCESCO

Hotel Bristol, Rome. Nov. 4. 1924. Thanks for your letter of Oct. 22nd.—I came here with Strong, by automobile, about a week ago and am established exactly as last winter, I hope for six months. Strong has returned to Florence, and left me to my own resources. It is still summer here and I am very well. G.S

To Charles Augustus Strong 12 November 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS postcard: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol, Roma Nov. 12, 1924. I am glad to know you arrived safely, and found the fruits of your labours matured in your absence. It will be interesting to see how far Montague has moved.—My alarm about a cold was needless, as it turned out to be nothing; but I had a feeling for a moment that I had been imprudent, and perhaps it will serve to prevent some future accident from lapsing from the realm of essence.—Apropos of health, I went yesterday to an Italian dentist “to the Royal Family” for an appointment, and as he ^ ^ was unoccupied at the time, he took me in hand at once and cleaned my front teeth in five minutes, charging 30 lire. I suppose dentistry, like architecture,—is here a matter of façades.—Except for a day or two of rain, we have been having summer weather, and I am in high spirits. Last night I went to hear Lucia1 at the Quirino, given pleasantly enough without serious pretensions. It is the only day I have been out in the evening.—I have read “Cranford”2 for the first time and sent it to my sisters in Avila to remind them of Boston. G. S. 1 Lucia di Lammermoor (1835) is an opera composed by Gaetano Donizetti with libretto by Salvatore Cammarano based on Sir Walter Scott’s The Bride of Lammermoor (1819). 2 Cranford (1853), a story by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, deals with the life of the peaceful English village of Cranford, inhabited chiefly by old ladies who practice elegant economy and a quaint social decorum.

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To Alyse Gregory 28 November 1924 [postmark] • Rome, Italy

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(MS postcard: Beinecke)

I wonder if you could send me (directly to the Hotel Bristol, Rome) another proof of my 1–st article on “Self-Government”, and two or three nd proofs of the 2– article, as soon as these are ready? I don’t ask for them because I wish to make any changes; but because I have no clean copy of them, and wish to send them as soon as possible to the publisher so as to get the volume of “Dialogues” under way. G. Santayana Hotel Bristol, Rome. Nov. 29, ’24.

To Maurice Firuski 29 November 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

Rome, Nov. 29, 1924 Dear Mr. Firuski Thank you for the three volumes just arrived which look interesting, although Small’s Economics1 is perhaps more ponderous than what my stomach can digest by way of hors-d’oeuvres. Will you kindly send me (here to the Hotel Bristol, Rome) a copy of Professor Dixon’s “Racial History of Man”?2 I am reading Stoddard’s “Racial Realities of Europe”3 which I find entertaining, although I am ignorant of what he continually calls “modern science” (except that I know that some people’s heads are longer than others) and should like to know what this science “has proved”. Another thing. I should like to send my old friend Mrs. C. H. Toy (at 8 Craigie Circle, Cambridge) a Christmas present, and hardly find anything here that she would not have to pay duties on if I sent it. I wonder if you could choose a book—something she would not be likely to buy or to read in a book-club, and that yet might interest her? All the better if a little ornamental and not cheap. If you are in doubt or have no time to think of such difficult problems, you might pass my request on to Pierre la Rose, and I shall be much obliged to both of you for your assistance. Finally, please send my bill for everything to my nephew George Sturgis, 87 Milk Street, Boston, who will pay it for me.

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I left my friends at Fiesole a month ago, and am settled in Rome for the winter. If my peregrinations confuse you at any time about my address, it is always safe to write C/o Brown Shipley & Co. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Probably Albion Woodbury Small (1854–1926), whose works include The Relation of Sociology to Economics (1895). 2 Roland Burrage Dixon (1875–1934), American anthropologist, taught at Harvard University (Ph.D., 1900). He was a member of the American delegation at the Paris Peace Conference and served as president of the American Anthropological Society. His book, The Racial History of Man, was published by Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1923. 3 Theodore Lothrop Stoddard (1883–1950), a member of Harvard’s class of 1905, wrote Racial Realities of Europe, which was published by Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1924.

To Maurice Firuski 5 December 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

Rome, December 5, 1924 Dear Mr. Firuski Since my note of the other day I have come upon a book which is just the thing I should like to give for Christmas presents: “The Pleasures of Architecture” by C. & A. Williams-Ellis,1 London, Jonathan Cape, Ltd. 11 Gower Street. If you have it on hand, and have not found anything better for Mrs. Toy, you might send it to her in my name; and also please send a copy (indicating that it comes from me) to R. B. Potter, Esq. Antietam Farm, Smithtown, Long Island, N.Y. If you have not this book in stock, you might send for two copies and despatch them to Mrs. Toy and Mr. Potter when they arrive—it doesn’t matter that it should be long after the holiday season. But this does not cancel my request that you should choose something for Mrs. Toy for Christmas. All the better if she gets two books instead of one as they are not perishable goods. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Sir Clough (b. 1883) and Amabel (b. 1894) Williams-Ellis’s book was published in 1924.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 6 December 1924 • Rome, Italy

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(MS postcard: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol, Roma Dec. 6, 1924. Thank you for your letter, and also for the pamphlet on Neo-Critical Realism. The latter has not illumined me. It seems as if the old method of angry controversy were better for sharpening one’s ideas than is negociation with a view to peace. You seem to be looking for a “formula” which both sides can accept, by each giving it his own meaning. The whole subject seems to me impossible, because there are radical vices and ambiguities in the terms.—As to my cold, it has not reappeared. We have lately had much rain, but very mild weather. I have lunched repeatedly with the Berensons, who are now going home. I expect Hans Reichhardt (Westenholz’s friend) on the 22nd to stay until Jan. 1–st If you came at the same time you could talk German with him. Let me know if you do, because I don’t go now to the Aragno, having returned to Raniere’s: but of course, I would join you [across] at Aragno’s any day you came There seems to be no difficulty yet about rooms. Yours G. S.

To Otto Kyllmann 8 December 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dec. 8, 1924. Dear Mr Kyllmann “Dialogues in Limbo” will, I hope, be ready in about a month. I am now at work on the final revision. What has delayed me is not the need of this so much as an accident, namely, that “The Dial” to which I sent four of the Dialogues many months ago has only published two as yet, and I have no clean copy of the other two. However, I have already written to New York asking for proofs or copies of these two dialogues, and as soon as they arrive I will send you the MS (half is in print) of the entire volume. “Realms of Being”, the sequel to “Scepticism & Animal Faith” is also well advanced and I expect to finish it within a year; or if not the whole,

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at least a substantial part which might perhaps appear by itself, leaving the moral part for a second volume. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Alyse Gregory 9 December 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS postcard: Beinecke)

Hotel Bristol, Rome In continuation of my postcard of the other day, may I ask you, if the second dialogue on Self-Government is not to be had in proof as yet, kindly to have the MS type-written and to send me the copy at once? I am sorry to give you this trouble, but the publisher is clamoring for the book, and it is being delayed only by the fact that I have no clean copy of these two Dialogues. I should therefore be grateful for copies of both. G. Santayana Dec. 9, 1924.

To George Sturgis 9 December 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dec. 9, 1924. Dear George Of course your aunt Josephine must have got mixed up in writing that letter. My first impression is that she meant to ask for 5000 pesetas quarterly instead of 8000 pesetas semiannually, 8000 pesetas being, at the present rate of exchange, about equivalent to the $1200 that you have been actually sending her every six months. She may want this slight increase for presents and charities, since she has no occasion to spend on herself, and the sum she contributes to your aunt Susie’s household expenses can’t have grown larger. It is your aunt Susie rather than I who could explain to you the true inwardness of the mystery, if there be any mystery other than some slip of the pen. The course you have taken seems to me sensible, and in any case will serve to cover the interval until you receive an explanation directly from your aunt Josephine. Of course you know she has never been able to fol-

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low the intricacies of logic; yet in her old age she has developed a certain sharpness of wit in special directions, and I suspect that she had some definite notion of what she wished, only became confused in expressing herself. Thank you for the snap-shots, which are excellent, and which I will send at once to Avila. My automobile trip with Strong was only from his house at Florence, where I had been staying. We stopped two nights on the way, at Siena and Viterbo. I had gone from Cortina to Florence previously alone by rail. Motoring is splendid for seeing the country, but I find the material side of it—sitting in the carriage and going to different inns—rather trying after a day or two. I shall be drawing the rest of my credit, £200, this month; it will last for a long time, but you might send me a fresh letter of credit (for £500) at ^ ^ your convenience. Like your aunt Josephine I have hopelessly fixed habits of not spending. However, they have put up the price a little in this hotel, and I expect a German friend1 as a guest for Christmas, and of course I deny myself nothing that would really give me pleasure—but most things no longer would do so. You will also probably get a book-bill of mine from the Dunster Bookshop in Cambridge, which I should be much obliged if you would pay. The Society (or League) of Nations is now sitting here, and it is supposed to be an “Anno Santo”2 or sort of Jubilee Year in religious circles; but I observe no great change in Rome in consequence. I usually go to lunch at a small restaurant in a side street, where there are usually the same people every day—English, for the most part—and everything is very cosy and familiar, including Beppino, the proprietor’s son and chief waiter, who turns down my coat-collar and chooses a good pear for me out of pure affection; but yesterday we were startled by an invasion of American reporters who talked so loud that they set all the other tables shouting too in rivalry in French and German (the British remained inaudible) and the general hubbub became frightful, so that Beppino, noticing my distress, explained apologetically that this was all due to the League of Nations, which he called La Conferenza della Discordia. Bobbie looks like the most vigorous of the little angels which one sees here painted on ceilings as if swimming in mid-air. He seems able to kick pretty hard. Yours affectionately GSantayana

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1

Hans Reichhardt. Holy Year (Italian).

2

To William Alexander Hammond 10 December 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Cornell)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dec. 10, 1924 Dear Mr Hammond1 I should be very glad to see Mr Marshall’s book on The Beautiful,2 and if you will entrust it to me I have no doubt that I shall be able to say something about it that will do as a notice. Should I be inspired to extend the notice to a regular article,3 I suppose you would have no objection. Yours sincerely GSantayana. P.S. You may address me for the present as above, as I expect to remain here all winter. 1 William Alexander Hamilton (1861–1938) was an author and editor of the Philosophical Review. 2 Henry Rutgers Marshall (1852–1927) was an architect and writer on aesthetics. His works include The Beautiful (London: Macmillan and Co., 1924). 3 “The Mutability of Aesthetic Categories,” Philosophical Review 24 (May 1925): 281–91.

To George Sturgis 21 December 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dec. 21. 1924. Dear George I have just received a letter from your aunt Josephine, and I will translate a part of it for your edification—not quite literally because her syntax is not always classical even in Spanish. It is apropos of my birthday, December 16, and says “This is to congratulate you, dear Jorge, also for the reputation you have acquired as an author and philosopher. Now you might stop writing and rest your brain. I thought what I wrote to George quite simple because I

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supposed it was time for him to send me a quarterly remittance at the end of the year, and I asked him for less, because I have $1000 in the Bank of Spain not drawing interest. Perhaps I was wrong on the first point, and no remittance was due at New Year’s. I also have little less in the Central Bank of Avila, where I mean to transfer something from the other bank, since the Central Bank is the one I draw on for my expenses.” The rest of the letter is about the grandchildren of Celedonio. From this it would appear that the course you took will solve every difficulty, and that the figures in your aunt’s letter were a jeu d’esprit.1 Her intention was to diminish the amount of your drafts, which she imagined had been quarterly, not semi-annual. Please don’t mention in writing to Avila that I have reported her words to me on this subject. It would confuse her further to feel that she was cross-examined, and since she became strong-minded in religious matters, she is sensitive about her intelligence and independence in other directions as well. Yours affly G.S. 1

An ironically inaccurate calculation (French).

To Charles Augustus Strong 25 December 1924 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome, Christmas Day 1924. Dear Strong The anno santo has actually begun with a small barricade in front of Saint Peter’s, which I saw by chance because I went to lunch there—sitting in the sun in front of a trattoria, without a coat, and quite warm on Dec. 23rd. I don’t think that I shall want to move before the month of May or June: but if you want a change the obvious thing is for you to come here. I am glad Margaret is so lively, and a trip to Egypt is the sort of thing she will enjoy, with interesting changes of scene and variety of people. Romanones1 is an old aristocrat who has played all his life at politics out of deviltry and ambition, a clever rogue, but not for a moment to be trusted or to be taken seriously. Even the disjointed report in The Times shows what a farce and scandal the sort of governments were in which he

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and his rivals spoiled one another’s game, and said it was the luck of the cards or a stupid partner that did it. I doubt whether either in Spain or in Italy much can be done to mend matters, because industrialism and frivolity had / ve not yet spent their force. There may first have to be a great catastrophe. I /ienclose an article of Dean Inge’s2 which seems to point out very clearly that a catastrophe is inevitable. Of course every society is always destroying itself—what some people call “progress”—so that by a “catastrophe” I don’t necessarily mean rivers of blood, but only the disappearance of present institutions and a change of problems. Hans Reichhardt is now here but looks after himself and I see him only at meals. Yours ever G. S. 1 Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres, conde de Romanones (1863–1950) was a Spanish politician from the Liberal Party in Madrid. 2 The clipping is headed “British Infertility: An Imperial Problem.” The first paragraph begins, “The letter which the Bishop of Gloucester has this week addressed to the Press calls attention forcibly to a fact which has long been familiar to students of vital statistics. The Bishop has been visiting North America, and finds that, both in Canada and the United States, the British race is failing to keep up its numbers.” Subheadings are “Population and Wealth” and “Class Standards of Living.” William Ralph Inge (1860–1954), an Anglican prelate and author, was dean of Saint Paul’s Cathedral (1911–34). He lectured in universities and was known for originality of thought and pessimism (which explains the appellation “the gloomy dean”).

To Charles Augustus Strong 3 January 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome Jan. 3. 1925 Dear Strong, Will you kindly enclose this note1 to Margaret in your letter when you next write to her? I had no idea she was passing last night through Rome, until I received her message through the porter, saying she was leaving at 8.40—I suppose on her way to Egypt. The Chetwynds have taken a house near St. John’s Wood in London, in a garden of two acres, and have asked me to go and spend July and August next with them. I should have lodgings in the neighbourhood and take my meals at their house. I have accepted condi ti onally, because I feel that it ^^ is a question of now or never, and I don’t like to abandon all hope of going to England under more favourable circumstances than last year, and of

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erasing the dismal impression which that journey left on my mind. If I put it off, the Chetwynd children will be quite grown up and beyond the plastic age which makes it possible for an old man to amuse them. However, I will decide nothing until the time comes, only I wanted you to know of the project in case there is anyone whom you would like to ask to the apartment in Paris for the Summer or any part of it. You must not let the idea that I might occupy my old room stand in the way of any other plan, as I should probably go to a hotel even if I was in Paris. There is no change here, and I am pegging away slowly. Yours ever G.S. 1

Unlocated.

To William Rothenstein 6 January 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Rome, Jan. 6, 1925 r

1

Dear M Rothenstein I hope to be in England during July and August of this year, and if you are then in London, it would be a pleasure to see you again and to sit for a drawing, if on seeing me as I am you still felt that amiable impulse Yours very truly GSantayana 1

Sir William Rothenstein (1872–1945) was an English lithographer recognized chiefly for his studies of famous people.

To Robert Seymour Bridges 8 January 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Bodleian)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Jan. 8, 1925 Dear Bridges Of course I had nothing to do with the choice of a collective present1 for your birthday, nor with the idea of such a present, but I was very glad

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to join the others when I heard of it, for the very reason that it seemed a way of concentrating the “fuss” and sparing you separate and endless congratulations; but I am afraid you had to endure them as well. However, it is all over now and I hope that this somewhat impertinent celebration has not left you too much fatigued or feeling at all older. Your poem in the London Mercury2 has a magnificent breadth and a saturation (especially in the unrhymed parts) which is always a marvel to me in English poetry of the genuine sort. I have tried, in my literal rationalistic way, to unravel the exact meaning of your dream. Is it that the church is the only refuge for spiritual minds? In a very different way— through the more and more frankly confessed mythical character of exact science—I too have been recognizing of late that the church is a normal habitation for the mind, as impertinent free thought never is. But there remains the old misunderstanding, the forcing of literature into dogma, and the intolerable intolerance of other symbols, where symbols are all. Here in Rome, in the Pincio and the Villa Borghese, I often watch with amazement the troops of theological students of all nations, so vigorous and modern in their persons, and I ask myself whether these young men can truly understand and accept the antique religion which they profess— especially the Americans (very numerous) with their defiant vulgar airs and horrible aggressive twang. Could the monks of Iona and the Venerable Bede have been like this?3 Was it perhaps after some ages of chastening that the barbarians could really become Christian and could produce a Saint Francis? It is probable that I shall be in England during the coming summer, and I shall not fail to spend at least a few days in Oxford, when I hope to see you. In July and August it may be possible to erase the unpleasant impression which October and November left on me when I was last in England.4 Here I lead a very pleasant regular life, seeing only an occasional pilgrim who comes to peep into my cell. I have finished a volume of Dialogues in Limbo which are still simmering in my mind, so that I can’t judge whether the dish will be at all appetizing when served up cold to the public. Meantime, I have plenty of other projects to occupy me, and Rome, for comfort and for stimulus, is everything that I could desire. I will send you my new book, but publishers are very slow, and I may appear in person before my missive. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Bridges’s 80th birthday gift was a clavichord (per Sir Edward Bridges). [D. C.]

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2 Published in November 1924 as “Come si quando,” the poem’s title was not corrected to “Come se quando” until much later. Monica Bridges had observed that it contained numerous Dantean similes introduced by “as if … when,” “like as … when,” and similar phrases. She complained of too many “come se quandos” (as ifs, whens). (See Donald E. Stanford’s In the Classic Mode: The Achievement of Robert Bridges [Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1978], 115–18.) 3 Famous as the early center of Celtic Christianity, Iona is an island (one of the Inner Hebrides) off western Scotland. Saint Columba landed there in 563 and founded a monastery. In 1203 a Benedictine monastery was established. Sovereigns from Scotland, Norway, Ireland, and France are buried at Iona. The Venerable Bede (c. 673–735) was an English historian and scholar who was a monk at a Northumbrian monastery. His best-known work is the Latin Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731). 4 In 1923.

To William Alexander Hammond 26 January 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Cornell)

Hotel Bristol, Rome, Jan. 26. 1925 Dear Mr Hammond My review of Marshall has grown, as you see, into a formidable article, which I hope is not longer than those you like to publish. If you find there is time to send me a proof, I should be glad to revise it, as I am afraid my MS is rather in a mess: but if there is not time, may I ask you to commend the proof-reading to some sensible person who will know what I meant to say? Yours sincerely GSantayana.

To George Sturgis 1 February 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Feb. 1. 1925 Dear George I have received in due course your letters of Jan. 5 and 9, and the letter of credit, as well as the yearly account of my investments, income, expenses, etc. All seems to be well; thank you very much for everything.

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My existence here runs on in its usual course and so agreeably that I am seriously inclined to make some permanent arrangement by which I should have a little establishment of my own in this hotel or in some ^ ^ other like it—a sittingroom where I can have my books and mementoes about me, a bedroom and a bathroom. Of course in summer it would hardly be possible to stay in Rome—although the Pope1 does—and in old age one is much less oppressed by warm weather. But I discovered last year what nice places Venice and Cortina are in summer, and there are of course many resorts in the Apennines2 and by the sea, if ever I felt that the journey to Paris was too much for me. In this way I should be settled comfortably for the rest of my days. A hotel is expensive, because they don’t like to give more than one room to one person; but it has great advantages in the matter of service and heating and food on the premises; and it is also a very convenient way of having friends to stay with one, as there is nothing to do but to engage another bedroom. I have actually had a guest, Reichhardt from Hamburg, for ten days and expect Onderdonk later in the season. It gave me no trouble and was hardly an interruption to my work, while I had the pleasure of a little congenial society. I may not carry out this plan at once because I have been invited to spend two months with friends—the Chetwynds—in London next summer, and your aunts expect me to visit them also in Avila: and if I go to Spain in the autumn I shall be tempted to stay for the winter, going perhaps to Algeciras in December and January, and then to Seville for the spring, which there begins in February. In that case I shouldn’t return to Rome until the following winter; but I shall make inquiries before leaving this year so as to feel that I have an anchor to windward, and a definite plan in case my journey should prove unsatisfactory. I am very well, but lazy and fat. My literary work goes forward slowly; I have been reading more than writing of late; I let my instinct and mood govern me in these matters, as after all I have already written a lot, and there is no occasion to force myself to be loquacious at the expense of the public unless I have something important aching to be told. Rome is half empty. There has been a scare about the Anno Santo or about political troubles (which don’t exist) or about both, and the ordinary tourists have largely stayed away. It is a pity, because we have been having a mild and glorious winter. The state of my affairs seems to be flourishing, and I suppose you have not been a worse steward of your own house than of that of your old relations, so that I am glad to think that you must be prospering too. It is a

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great convenience to have money, if it isn’t so much (as in the case of my friend Strong) as to let one in for all sorts of luxuries which are in one’s way. But we are not, in our family, [across] in serious danger of being buried under a mountain of money. Your affly G. S. 1 Pius XI (Achilles Ambrose Damian Ratti, 1857–1939) became pope in 1922, chosen as a compromise between the candidates of conflicting groups of cardinals. He negotiated the official independence of the Holy See by the Lateran Treaty (1929) and was outspoken against Mussolini and fascism. 2 Mountain range along the length of central Italy.

To Maurice Firuski 12 February 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

Rome, Feb. 12, 1925 Dear Mr. Firuski The three copies of Lucifer have arrived safely and have filled me with satisfaction. I don’t know when I have seen a more beautiful book and the poem seems to justify its existence better when presented in such fine attire. I will write to Mr. la Rose about it more at length, and meantime I should be glad if you would send a copy in my name to each of the addresses enclosed and charge them to my account which my nephew will pay. Yours sincerely GSantayana A copy of Lucifer, from the Author to Mrs. C. H. Toy, 8 Craigie Circle, Cambridge, Mass. Mr. & Mrs. R. Burnside Potter, Antietam Farm, Smithtown, Long Island, N.Y. Professor B. A. G. Fuller, 317 Pike Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Baron A. W. Westenholz, Sophienterrasse 14, Hamburg, Germany.

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To Otto Kyllmann 23 February 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol Rome Feb. 23, 1925 Dear Mr Kyllmann Today I am sending you the MS of “Dialogues in Limbo”, which I hope may arrive safely. I am always a little nervous when I commit the labour of so many days to the post, and I should be glad to have the receipt of it acknowledged at once. The letter which I enclose1 may interest your printers and be of some use to them. I have noted the points on which I feel some personal preference. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To George Sturgis 11 March 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome March 11, 1925 Dear George You will be amused (if not annoyed) at the difficulty in which I find myself in trying to answer your question about the money I have received from America, over your head, during 1924. Since I was a schoolboy, and had an allowance of $100 a year for clothes and all other expenses, I have kept no accounts, and now have only the stubs of my cheque-book to go by, which are in £, s. & d. and moreover, owing to my cheque-book being exhausted early last year, even that record does not go back to January 1, 1924. However, by the help of memory and presumption, I reach the following result which you may swear to as honest, according to my best knowledge and belief, although not as absolutely accurate.

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From The Dial (/f 4 articles) $300 Yale Review, 1 '' 100 Harvard U. P. (“Three Poets”) 80 Scribner (royalties) 250 Your father’s legacy 400 Total $1130. You will know whether income tax has been paid by Mr Gardiner1 on the last item, in which case, of course, it ought not to be included in this return. In future I will take pains to note in dollars the sums I receive and not to throw away old remnants of cheque-books, so that my yearly report on this subject may be absolutely correct. In fact, it now occurs to me that by writing to London for my pass-book, I can obtain an accurate record for last year. I will do so, and send you word in a week or ten days It will be interesting to see how near it comes to my calculation. As you see, the royalties from Scribners are far from being the whole of what I receive, apart from your remittances, from the U.S. so that in any case you would have to rely on me for a complete report of my income. I might as well continue to receive the money from Scribner direct, and I like to do so, as it helps to swell my London account, on which I draw for a certain class of expenses such as tailors and charities and books. Strong has been in Rome [across] for a week, and now I have a new friend, an Argentine,2 with whom I sometimes walk and talk Spanish! Otherwise, no change. Yours affecty G. S. 1

Robert Hallowell Gardiner Jr. Unidentified.

2

To Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge 12 March 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Columbia)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, March 12 1925

Dear Woodbridge Yesterday I received Dewey’s book,1 several days later than your letter announcing it, and I have read half the first chapter, which suffices to show

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me that this is a far more thorough and elaborate presentation of his philosophy than any he has given us hitherto, and I shall be very glad to study it and write an article for you about it.2 As this may take some time, the subject being exceedingly difficulty/ and thorny, perhaps you might like to publish some other notice of the book first. Please don’t hesitate to do so, as mine is likely to be about the subject-matter quite as much as about Dewey, and two different reviews of so important a book might not be out of place in your Journal Thank you for remembering me on this occasion. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Experience and Nature (Chicago and London: Open Court Publishing Co., 1925). “Dewey’s Naturalistic Metaphysics,” Philosophy 22 (3 December 1925): 673–88.

2

To Pierre de Chaignon la Rose 19 March 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: New York)

Hotel Bristol, Rome March 19, 1925 Dear la Rose I have been waiting for a moment of inspiration in order to describe to you my feelings about the new Lucifer, but weeks and weeks are passing, and I must not put off thanking you, even if perfunctorily, for all your devoted labour and art in executing this generous project. It makes a beautiful book and seems to lift the poem itself into a new category. Nothing remains except that someone should make an opera of it—it would be, duly abridged, a splendid libretto—and that some other wizard should design the stage-settings in the style of Bakst.1 I have often, in secret, thought of it actually on the stage: there is an absence of female parts, but Turel2 could be a soprano, and in the fifth act there are the goddesses, while of course the angel choir could be feminine too. And this leads me to speak of details. When you wrote that you had printed the chorus in blue, I had some misgivings; but on seeing the pages, with the red caption in the corner, and the long rather narrow page (to which I am quite reconciled) I was really delighted: those are the best pages in the book; and I instantly composed a motto: ’Tis Taste that prints the mystic verse in blue,

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And robes the Angels in their azure hue. As to the misprints you mentioned, “He Drinks,” is harmless—might even be taken for a subtle Catholic protest against Prohibition—and “ursurps” does not occur, as I had feared, in the Invocation (which many will peruse) but later on, in a passage which few readers will ever reach or notice. But there is another misprint in the Preface “independent on” for “of”—not serious, but still a blemish in what we should have wished to see quite perfect. Westenholz, by the way, to whom I asked to have a copy sent, says that this Preface is an ‘“Abschwächung”3 of the whole idea of Lucifer … not to shock poor blessed souls of Northerners!’ And I thought I had made a bold profession of atheism, and deprived the pious reader of the comfort of saying: “But his Christ was right after all.” Do you understand what Westenholz can have meant? I will ask him but his reply may not be very clear-headed. The black binding with its gold ornament pleased me very much, and also the gorgeous Pompeian lining: it would do very well for the lining of the black cloak which Lucifer should wear in the Opera. If this was a concession to the fashion of the hour, I without being aware of the fashion entirely approve of it. Also of the title-page: and the monogram repeated here seems to me the best and boldest of your designs for letters. The others are in no less perfect taste, as are also the head-pieces, but I think you err if anything on the side of safety and delicacy: I seem to miss emphasis, concentration, and variety in the pattern of the blacks and whites. The ^ ^ red tail-piece at the very end is an exception: here you have given Mephistopheles the last word in a fashion which I can only call naughty. Or perhaps you let yourself go because there you are in the atmosphere of editions, copyrights, and publishers’ announcements, and the sacred theme of the book has become irrelevant. As you know, my idea of Lucifer is that (like my “Poems”) it is a book of devotion—thank you, therefore, for the black and gold—and should properly be a small volume, in fine clear print, with decorations (if any) themselves favourable to meditation and concentration of spirit. But granting o / the folio, and the necessary absence of pictorial decoration—nobody alive could illustrate Lucifer, even in headpieces or small friezes such as I might fancy, like those in the small Virgil that Joe Stickney once gave me4—I am wholly satisfied with your sympathetic presentation; and in itself, as printing and typographical design, it will no doubt receive on all hands the commendation it deserves.

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I am not myself a connoisseur in the matter, but all my instincts are flattered, and the book is an unmistakably precious and beautiful object. “Dialogues in Limbo” are in the press, but I have no notion when they will appear. Yours sincerely GSantayana P.S. A fourth copy of Lucifer has reached me [across right margin] safely. Many thanks. 1

Léon Nikolaevich Bakst (1866–1924) was chief painter of scenery for the Russian ballets. 2 Turel is a devil, under Lucifer. 3 A boned-down version (German). 4 See Persons, 386–87.

To Logan Pearsall Smith 19 March 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Congress)

Hotel Bristol, Rome March 19, 1925 Dear Smith Of course “Little Essays” is no more my exclusive property than a title like “Poésies Nouvelles” of “Recollections” or “Autobiography”. I shall be much flattered if Algar Thorold,1 or you, or both, want to adopt it for another book of selections. An unknown admirer—a lady—wrote to me at the time, however, protesting against such a misleadingly modest and frivolous caption for so much wisdom, and attributing it to your evil influence! Such is the insight of earnest critics. This morning I have received a letter from an old friend, a sort of disciple, who says: “I do not fail to see, but thoroughly enjoy, how very much you have done in the direction of adapting your philosophy to the needs of Teutons and cooperative man.” Is there any ground for this ambiguous compliment? I am not aware of any adaptation, except to the evidence of things as they continue to march past, and I am not aware that the character of the procession has much changed: but a man is not able to survey his own career fairly, because his perspectives change as he changes. Let it be as God wills. I was sorry to miss you here, but I saw much of the Berensons, and a hint from B. B. set me reading Sorel,2 whom I find nutritious even if halfbaked. I am now reading, and expect to review, a ponderous tome by

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Dewey, the pragmatic philosopher of Columbia, who also wishes to rear the truth on the sands of industrialism. I am going to call him the “Latest Oracle of the Zeitgeist:” and I have a feeling that these are swan-songs, because industrialism may be short-lived. It is possible that I may be in England during the summer, in which case I will look you up. G. S. 1

Algar Labouchere Thorold (1866–1936) was the son of Anthony Wilson Thorold (1825–95), Bishop of Rochester (1874–90) and of Winchester (1890–95). The younger Thorold was a journalist, editor, and philosophical writer who married Teresa Mary Mansel in 1894. 2 Georges Sorel (1847–1922) was a French pragmatist philosopher and social theorist who supported the Russian Revolution. His works include Les illusions du progrès and La décomposition du Marxisme (Paris, 1908).

To Charles Augustus Strong 22 March 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Rome, March 22, 1925 Dear Strong Perhaps it would be as well not to send me Drake’s book, unless you think there is some special point in which some comment of mine might be useful—in matters of vocabulary, for instance: but in view of a general unification of our theories I think it would be better to wait until his work has been polished as much as possible. I am at this moment struggling with Dewey’s “Experience and Nature” which I am to review for the Whited Sepulchre—a formidable task; but I don’t regret having undertaken it, because it seems that, after intense application and infinite patience in suspending judgement on opinions evidently absurd in form—according to my understanding of words—a certain order and naturalness begin to appear in his theory, which has many elements in it which I like extremely: and I am in hopes of being able to sum it up in words that without irritating the author will show the affiliations of his position and render it intelligible even if not final or complete. Until this is done, I could hardly devote myself seriously to another enigmatic system—my own meantime being furthered only indirectly, if at all, by the interruption. Your epitome under six points has suggested to me a really new aspect of your whole theory. I seem now to see the minute parts, not as active feelings or monads, but as little sparks or particles in an objective field, the whole specious in its plane of existence, although not perhaps actually

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imagined by anyone, except by the author of the theory. These minute objects, like the threads which make up a cloth, might then be grouped into coloured patches, perspectives, etc, by selective active attention darting through their midst. This interpretation, however seems to break down at point No 6, because if the manifold summated is internal to the self, the action relevant to the fictitious aspects created would be internal to the self also, and vegetative: it would not suggest projection to surrounding groups of substance, as is requisite for animal perception. The fiction, then, should properly have no substance at all, but only [across] an organ: i.e. an act ^ ^ joining the animal body with the body which stimulates it. This of course is my way of conceiving fiction. Yours ever G. S.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 2 April 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol, Rome April 2, 1925 Messrs Constable & Co London I am advised by my bankers, Brown Shipley & Co, 123 Pall Mall, that they are holding a parcel sent by you, which they are not able to forward without knowing its contents and value. I am writing to them to consult you or return it to you, as I don’t know what it can be unless it is a book or proofs. If it is the proof of Dialogues in Limbo there is no need of sending the manuscript with it. The proofs alone, in an open cover, will pass the Italian post office more easily, and are quite sufficient for my purposes. Yours faithfully GSantayana P.S. I expect to remain here for at least six more weeks.

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To Curt John Ducasse 2 May 1925 • Rome, Italy

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(MS postcard: Brown)

Rome, May 2, ’25 Thank you very much for your two articles. I agree with the thesis of the one on Teleology; a movement culminating in some interesting phase must be either a result of various automatisms or an instance of automatism. Mechanism, if we value the issue, may always be called teleology. The teleology that is impossible is only that which represents the result as a cause. As to your Liberalism in Ethics, although I agree with every part of the argument, I feel some dissatisfaction with the general conclusion You seem to leave out the authority of a man’s own nature over his casual preferences, in other words, self-knowledge. I entirely agree that different natures have no moral authority over one another; but folly in judgement and action is nevertheless possible if a creature ignores the interests or the facts which he would wish to take into account if /Ihe remembered them. G. Santayana

To Otto Kyllmann 4 May 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple) Hotel Bristol, Rome AMay 4, 1925 /

Dear Mr Kyllmann Are you sending me a second proof of Dialogues in Limbo? I ask, partly to make sure that you have received the corrected first proof, which I sent back some three weeks ago, and partly to advise you that I shall probably leave Rome about June 1–st after which I shall be at 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris; but my permanent address remains as always C/o Brown, Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1. As the corrections in the first proof of the Dialogues were all brief and simple, perhaps you don’t think it necessary to submit the second proof to my vigilant eye; in that case, I append a few more slight errors1 which that vigilant eye has detected, so that the printers may correct them. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 11 May 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol, Rome May 11, 1925 Dear Strong I am glad your trip has been so quick, as that suggests smooth running and no accidents. Your long philosophical letter has also arrived but I won’t attempt to discuss it, as my notion of your notions is still sadly confused. My Spanish friend Mercedes is coming on a pilgrimage with four of her friends, whom I also know, during the last week in May. I shall probably not leave Rome until after they are gone. You may expect to see me at the Duval any day about June 4–6; I won’t go to the apartment as even if Margaret is not there, I wish to leave the field clear for her, and for my own sake to make no arrangement until I know better what awaits me during the summer. I hate indecision, and yet circumstances prevent me from forming any clear plan. I am not going to England—so much at least is settled, as Mrs Chetwynd seems to have changed her projects—couldn’t really think of staying in London all summer, going on July 1–st to Dartmoor,1 or (on second thoughts, it’s so much nicer) to Ireland instead, while Philip must go to Baden-Baden to learn German! Moreover the poet has asked me to stay at Chilswell2, and that would be hard to avoid, and who knows but they might ask me to Garsington also! But the bombshell is that Mrs Toy is visiting in England and Switzerland during the whole summer. I am waiting to hear whether she is stopping in Paris; if not, I might have to go to Switzerland to see her, and once there I might be tempted to stay on until it was time to return to Italy. In that case I don’t know whether my proposed trip to Avila would be dropped or made at once, in June. Anyhow the summer will be useless for work, and the winter has been very nearly so. Lately I have had an attack of my cough, not a bad one, but enough to make me feel that I have less power of resistance than formerly. It is over now, [across] but I shall have to be prudent in the autumn. Yours ever G. S. [across page one ]. A large parcel containing new clothes may have come from Whitaker’s. Please tell Marie not to let the moths get into it.

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1

Mountainous wasteland in Devonshire, southwest England. Chilswell, located on Boar’s Hill, Oxford, was the home of Robert and Monica Bridges. 2

To George Sturgis 14 May 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol Rome May 14. 1925 Dear George Will you please send $20.00 for the enclosed subscription. The Spring here has been unusually cool and rainy. I am still wearing winter clothes, and expect to stay at least until June 1–st when I shall go to Paris; but all my plans are unsettled, owing to the instability of the female will, on which for the moment I seem to be dependent. I was going to England to stay with the Chetwynds—but Mrs Chetwynd is going to Dartmoor—no, on the whole, to Ireland. I was going to Switzerland to see Mrs Toy (who has suddenly invaded Europe) but Mrs Toy has grown homesick and doesn’t know what she will do or where she will be. I was going to Spain, but heaven knows what may happen first. In any case, Mercedes, with three lady-friends and the unhappy husband of one of them, rd announces that she will arrive in Rome on a pilgrimage on May 23– I am clay in the potter’s hand; but I daresay in time I shall recover my independence and return to my natural and reposeful level. Strong is already in Paris, having gone in his motor-car from Florence in 8½ days, and says he is expecting me at the apartment, where he is much enjoying the electric heating which his daughter Margaret had installed there against his will: but probably I shall go to a hotel, as Margaret herself may turn up at any moment—another case of La donna è mobile,1 especially with an auto-mobile, if you will excuse an Italian pun. For Margaret has one of her own much better than her father’s. Yours afftly GSantayana 1 Literally, “the woman is fickle.” This is a song title in Rigoletto, an 1851 opera by Santayana’s favorite composer, Giuseppe Verdi.

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To Constable and Co. Ltd. 15 May 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol, Rome May 15, 1925 Messrs Constable & Company London Thank you for the second proof of Dialogues in Limbo in which I have still found three or four errata. I am sending the proofs back with the necessary corrections, which I repeat on the enclosed half-sheet for greater safety. Yours faithfully G. Santayana Errata in second proof of Dialogues in Limbo page, line 88, 4, for “put,” read “puts” (without the comma) and for , after “commanding” read ; 159, 23, for “Atheus” read “Athens” 162, 1 for “soliquizing” read “soliloquizing”.

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 19 May 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Rome, May 19, 1925 essrs M Constable & Company London When Dialogues in Limbo appear, will you please send copies in my name to the persons in the enclosed list,1 charging them to my account. Will you also send a copy of my “Little Essays” to the Polish personage whose address is on the slip I enclose, and who says he wishes to translate my “philosophical works” into Yiddish.2 The “Little Essays” will do for a beginning. I have already written to Mr Kyllmann about my probable movements, but I may repeat that I expect to go to Paris about the 1–st of June. If the

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Dialogues appear during the Summer, you might send my own copies to me at 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1

Unlocated. Slip unlocated. There are no known Yiddish translations.

2

To Charles Augustus Strong 2 June 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Rome June 2, 1925 Dear Strong Most of the clouds have passed: Mercedes and her fellow-pilgrims have departed, after agonies of uncertainty about lost luggage, most of which was recovered; and poor Mrs Toy, scarcely arrived in England, was so very homesick, bored, and ill, that she went back directly to blessed Boston! This is the second time this has happened, and I think I know the reason, but it is too psychological and complicated for a letter. Finally, Onderdonk, who again seemed on the point of appearing, has again given it up: so that I am preparing for departure, and will add a postcript if I get an answer today about a place in the train. My delay, apart from the presence of my Spanish friends, was due to a desire to see how long Rome proves habitable in summer. It is now warm, but not intolerable, and there are thundershowers when it has got a bit oppressive. I also wanted to finish my review of Dewey before leaving, but I am now resigned to any fate as far as work is concerned: I seem to be becalmed. Thank you for repeating the suggestion that I should come to the apartment, but it is hardly worth while as I am not sure that I shall stay more than a few days. My idea is to go to Spain at once, and return to Paris later in the summer, when I shall have a clear field before me and may be more in the mood for work. I have written to Avila, and shall decide when I receive the answer. I expect to go in Paris to the Hôtel du Palais Royal, which is quiet and retired and fo / ar from the boulevard, yet within easy reach of Poccardi’s and the Duval. I am having my letters sent to you, however, in case there is no room at that inn. Yours ever G. S.

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th P.S. I leave on Tuesday the 9– th Margaret, I hope, will be on the same train, arriving on Wed. 10– at 2.30?

To George Sturgis 17 June 1925 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Paris, June 17, 1925 Dear George Here are the signatures you ask for. The news of Josephine’s engagement1 is very welcome as it seems to promise a happier and more normal future for her, and also for her little boy. I am actually starting for Avila at the end of this week and shall be able to give you more intelligent hints about the affairs of your two aunts than have been possible before. Thank you for the snap shots of Bobby & Neville. I seem to see a resemblance in them to your father when he was a little boy. Have you those early photos of our family, or are they in your aunt Josephine’s possession? Now when I am in Avila I will try to get hold of such as are interesting enough to be reproduced in my “Autobiography” on which I hope to do a little scribbling while in Spain. Yours affly GSantayana 1

Josephine Sturgis Eldredge married Raymond Brewer Bidwell (1890–1969); their children are David Dudley and Jane Sturgis.

To Charles Augustus Strong 28 June 1925 • Ávila, Spain

(MS: Rockefeller)

Novaliches 6, Avila June 28 1925 Dear Strong My journey here was like that from Rome, uneventful, but hot and uncomfortable. I arrived punctually at 7.15 in the morning and saw one of my adopted nephews and the two little boys, aged 10 and 9, waiting for

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me. My Sisters were much as usual, but my brother-in-law is failing fast, mentally more than physically, so that he is no longer the dominating force in the family which he used to be. That circumstance would give me more freedom if other circumstances did not intervene, but the children— of whom I am very fond—feel that my room is their rightful play-ground; and there are arrangements and civilities which otherwise keep me from having any long time safely to myself. This is the first time for a week that I have put pen to paper, and I have not read even the newspapers. Besides we have had a small domestic tragedy, the youngest grand-child, a girl of three months, died the day before yesterday, and today we had the funeral, at which I figured as one of the chief mourners, walking behind the little white hearse, and receiving, together with the other men of the family, the condolences of all their friends; the ladies meantime remaining assembled in the parent’s house. It would take too long to describe all the details, but it was a touching ceremony, and interesting as a relic of ancient manners. The weather here is ideal, cool and sunny, with occasionally a little shower, and the country greener and less austere than I have ever seen it. We went to the farm the other day in an auto, and had a most interesting afternoon. In the town, too, there are many things which I enjoy revisiting. I have been in the cathedral at the hour when it is most deserted, and found it more impressive than ever, also at a grand Gothic chapel where I saw the tomb of my young friend Fernando de la Cerda,1 whom you had a glimpse of a long time ago, I believe, in Paris. Altogether, I am happy and interested here, but utterly idle. Unless things change, and I am able to do a little work, I shall have to leave for conscience’ sake, and ignominiously bring back the heavy tome of Dewey’s philosophy without having written my review of it. In any case, I shall stay until July 15: I will let you know when the moment arrives. I have found a class photograph of you among old family papers, a very flattering one. Yours ever G.S. 1

Unidentified.

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To George Sturgis 30 June 1925 • Ávila, Spain

(MS: Houghton)

Avila June 30, 1925 Dear George I have now been a week in Avila and can give you some account of the true state of the family. Your aunt Susie, although suffering from the same lameness and incapacity to move about with comfort, is less stout than when I last saw her and generally in better health and spirits. She is making plans for the future, which is a sign of renewed youth. Her husband, on the contrary, is visibly failing in mind and body, and feels rather helpless and bored, accustomed as he is to direct everything, and feeling bitterly his present incapacity. But he has no particular pain or discomfort, eats and sleeps well, and may live for some time, unless a new stroke of paralysis should overtake him on the heels of the recent one, when he lost the faculty of speech, which he has regain/sed only imperfectly. As to ^ ^ your aunt Josephine she is much the same and spry in her own fashion; but she sometimes says childish things and has a very short memory. The family make a good deal of her, out of kindness mingled with hope of small benefits, and she seems to be content with her situation and her small interests. She says that what she wanted in the way of remittances was $600 a quarter: but her thoughts are rather hesitant and contradictory when it comes to figures, and she may soon say something different. You should not hesitate to use your own judgement in the matter, because she agrees with the rest of us in being very much pleased with the way in which you are managing our affairs, and ––with in your affectionate interest in us. She was 72 years of age yesterday, and received presents from the various members of this family, and from some of her protégés. Several of the children are ill with hooping-cough, and the youngest of Pepe’s children, a little girl of 3 months, died the other day. I officiated at the funeral as one of the principal mourners—the ladies not appearing—and accompanied her uncles and a cousin or two to the cemetery. Eight grandchildren remain, and Teresa,1 the wife of Luis, is expecting another. Mercedes, whom I had seen in Rome, was in this house when I arrived, but left after a few days. My total impression is that Celedonio will not live for another year, and that there is every likelihood that your aunt Susie will survive him. In that case, as she has told me now and as I surmised, she will immediately make

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another will, which will, I hope, simplify the business of liquidating her estate, which you looked forward to with just apprehension. She means to leave her property to her husband’s family, but she will be comparatively free to [across] distribute it as she likes, without interference from the side of Spanish law. I expect to return to Paris in two weeks. Yours affly G. S. 1

Teresa Fernández de Soto.

To Charles Augustus Strong 16 July 1925 • Ávila, Spain

(MS: Rockefeller)

Avila, July 16, 1925 Dear Strong Your letter and the photographs of Le Balze have arrived. Thank you very much. The two views of the terrace are admirable for giving a true idea of the house, and that of the corridor is beautiful, although it suggests a larger edifice than actually exists. There is no further change in this family. My brother-in-law and another grand-child who was seriously ill are holding there —ir own well, and I am planning to leave for Paris in the middle of next week, but I can’t say exactly when I shall arrive as I am going this time by stages, in the hope of avoiding a crowded train and a chance companion for the night. I expect to stop at San Sebastian and at Bordeaux, and to be in Paris about th the 26– . For a day or two I mean to stop at the Hôtel du Palais D’Orsay, until I see you and decide upon more permanent quarters. I have sat down to work almost every morning, but have practically accomplished nothing, and the article on Dewey is still in an amorphous state. It seems to me as if perhaps my faculties were waning, and that I ought not to write any more philosophy. The weather has been cool, with some rain, and as this is a house all in pieces, with an open courtyard to cross and all degrees of exposure to sun, damp, draughts, and close air, I have caught a cold which has had the usual sequel of a bronchial cough. Being armed with Experience and all the requisite medicines, I have kept it down within moderate limits, and it is now almost in abeyance, but there is no security against a recrudescence

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so long as I am not absolutely free to avoid occasions that may aggravate it. Nevertheless this time, I don’t sing “If ever, ever, ever” and fully expect to return to Avila before long, perhaps for a long residence, if my sisters [across] should be living by themselves in their own house. Yours ever G. S.

To George Sturgis 16 July 1925 • Ávila, Spain

(MS: Houghton)

Avila, July 16, 1925 Dear George Your various letters have arrived for your aunts and me, and I have shown your aunt Susie the private one about her will. We have agreed that, under the present circumstances, it is better for her to wait. If she should die before her husband—which is most unlikely, as he had a bad stroke of paralysis three years ago, and has had three partial ones since—it would not make much difference whether there was an American will or not, as your aunt Josephine and I, if any portions were assigned to us, would certainly not accept them in contravention to the Spanish will. Your aunt Susie has consulted a Señor Arnaz,1 who has been minister of Justice, and who told her that, by diplomatic channels if not otherwise, the execution of the Spanish will could be obtained in the U.S. This Spanish will has been made under pressure from Celedonio and his ideas of family unity and marital authority. I understand that it leaves everything to him; but there are some legacies to other persons and to charities. Your aunt has not been able to tell me whether these legacies are made directly, Celedonio being only residuary legatee, or whether they are only recommendations made to him, for gifts to be made by him in her name for the good of her soul: ^ ^ I think the latter is more probable, and the Spanish term mandas (sendings or commissions) rather suggests it. In that case, if she made a will now in English, it would have to be simply leaving everything to her husband. This is not at all in conformity to her true wishes. If, as you think probable, her Spanish will were not accepted for probate in America, and she was pronounced to have died intestate, I (and I suppose your aunt Josephine) would immediate ly surrender our shares to Celedonio or his ^ ^ children: the only difference would be that you and Josephine might retain your portions. This would be regarded by the Sastre family as unfair, but you could snap your fingers at their claims, especially as your aunt Susie herself would never, of her free will, have left everything to them. In the

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improbable case then of your aunt Susie dying before her husband, her ^ ^ wishes would be just as well carried out without an American will as with one, made in the only form in which she could now make it. But supposing that, as is to be expected, Celedonio dies first, the situation would entirely change, and it would be easy for your aunt Susie to go to Madrid (by auto if not otherwise) and to arrange everything according to her true wishes and to the best legal advice from you and from others. I should myself be glad to come to Spain in that event and give such assistance as I could in the matter. I don’t know whether your father or your aunt Susie herself has informed you of a step which she took when your aunt Josephine’s will was made. She asked your father to arrange that instead of a third of your aunt Josephine’s capital, she (your aunt Susie) should be left only a life-interest in that share, so that on her death the whole of your aunt’s \ Josephine’s money (except my share) would go to you and your sister. Your aunt Susie thinks that in this way she has virtually left you something in spite of the necessity of leaving everything to her husband, if a serious row was to be avoided at home. I am glad the family tree is still budding, and (by the way) I was pleased to see in the Sturgis family book that you were in charge of collecting fresh data: it suggests that you take an active interest in your father’s tribe, which has certainly a pleasant history. I don’t know what the younger generations are like (just nice Americans, machine-made, I suppose) but their elders were good-looking, generous, sanguine, not intellectual, and occasionally rich. Yours afftly GSantayana [across] P.S. Of course I am at the house in Avila, where I have two rooms called de Jorge. Luis & his wife are at Zorita, and we are often only five at table. I leave next week for Paris. 1

Unidentified.

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To Robert Seymour Bridges 8 August 1925 • Paris, France

(MS: Bodleian)

9 Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, Aug. 8, 1925 My dear Bridges, You are such a good friend that you understand one’s silence as well as one’s words, and I needn’t apologize for not writing and thanking you for your previous (engraved) letter and the photograph attached. I am glad my Dialogues do not seem to irritate you or offend your feelings, as I fear they may those of many a reader—if many people read them. They are not, of course, being mine, a work of erudition or even of retrospective fancy, and I am not at all sure that the extant sayings of Democritus and the rest will justify everything that I put in their mouths. I use them only as Platonic types for points of view which are natural to my own mind, braver and more truly ultimate than my accidental personal opinions, such as I assign to The Stranger. And there are two things which I should be much pleased if people found in this book, although I am afraid they won’t: one is a connected doctrine and theme, the other an assimilation in spirit, though not in language, between Greek and Indian philosophy. I have long thought that the earlier Greeks had virtually the same wisdom as the Indians, and that it was only an accident of race and rhetoric that they seemed physiologers rather than religious mystics. My Democritus is intended to establish between his “atoms & void” on the one hand and his “normal madness” on the other precisely the same opposition and connection that the Indians established between Brahma and Illusion. I think myself that this is the only right physics or metaphysics: but it is only half of human philosophy. Socrates (who is nothing in physics, or a mere child) is brought in to supply the other half, the self-justification of Illusion, because it is the moral essence and fruit of life; and the “Secret of Aristotle” (which I am much pleased that you take to kindly) is the means of harmonizing the two points of view, and proving them to be not only consistent but indispensable to one another if the nature of things is to be understood at all. Socrates defends human morality against religion no less than against naturalism (which are not fundamentally enemies) and he is right politically: but both science and religion, in thee /ir profound unison, make this political humanism and ant-morality seem rather small and accidental. Both science and religion, not being on the human scale, do violence to the human

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point of view, which at the same time they show to be excusable and inevitable in a spirit expressing an animal life and generated by it. Is this a hard saying? If not, why are people so slow to understand it? I have been in Spain and expect to return to Rome for the winter, but my local habitation [across] makes little difference to my way of life. I still hope to return to England, which means Oxford and Chilswell, before very long. Yours ever GSantayana

To John Francis Stanley Russell 13 August 1925 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Paris, Aug. 13. 1925

Dear Russell Your note seems to reproach me for not having written since my last visit to T. H,1 two years ago. I left England immediately after my Oxford lecture and have not returned, having fallen into the habit of spending my winters in Rome and my summers here or in Spain, where I was last month in the bosom of my family—or what remains of it. My two old sisters are living in Avila, and it is not improbable that I may end by retiring there myself for my last years. For the moment, however, I continue my customary round, except that England attracts me less for various reasons. However, it is probable that I shall turn up there before long in the summer, and I shall not fail in that case to let you know and to make an attempt to see you. Meantime there is nothing of interest to report. I devote myself chiefly to sleeping, eating, taking the sun and air, and occasionally (as you see) writing a book. There are still two or three volumes which I hope to publish, if my life and mental powers don’t give out in the interval. One is a novel, to be called “The Last Puritan”, in which my observations on American life, and on love and friendship in general, are to be enshrined; but I doubt whether it will ever be finished. Although it is largely drawn from real life, you will not appear in it, at least not in a recognizable form. There is one personage in whom something of you—or of what I have put together in my own mind under your name—may be reproduced: but only abstracted characteristics which a foreigner might attribute to any unconventional Englishman.

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I suppose you are too busy to think of coming abroad, but if you should ever do so a word addressed to B. S. & Co will always reach me. Yours ever G Santayana 1

Telegraph House.

To William Alexander Hammond 1 September 1925 • Paris, France

(MS: Cornell)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1.

Paris, Sept. 1, 1925 My dear Professor Hammond You may be pleased to hear, if you don’t know it already, that Mr Marshall wrote me a very kind letter about the review of his book in the Philosophical Review, saying that he was grateful, if not satisfied; in any case, it seems to have been of some use in consoling him. Of course we are all old fogeys now in the eyes of the moderns. I wonder, by the way if you could have one or two copies of the number of the Review in which my article appeared, sent to me C/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London. If one was sent me at the time, it must have gone astray, and I should like to have it at hand in case of any future collection of such papers being prepared for publication. Strong, in whose library I am writing this note, wishes me to give you his kind regards. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 15 September 1925 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

Paris, Sept. 15, 1925 Dear Strong I am very glad to know that your trip was so pleasant and that you are comfortably settled. You escaped a continuous fortnight of rain, chill, and

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darkness. Yesterday was the first fine day we have had, and today is the second. Here everything is as usual; I find the electric screens very comforting to the feet when it is damp and chilly. Marie gives me more than enough good food and is otherwise very attentive. I have spoken to her about her wages, and told y/ her you had mentioned the matter to me, and said you intended to send her her winter pension of 5 francs a day, as from Sept. 1st and that I would give her 10 francs a day in addition while I remained here. She said she was much obliged, and that this arrangement would make her comfortable for the time being, but that later, as her husband only earns about 15 francs a day, owing to interruptions caused by his illhealth, she might find it hard to make both ends meet: and she thought that if Mademoiselle would follow your generous example and give her another 5 francs daily during the winter, it would be a great help. I have been rereading old stuff of my own (which I mean to take to Rome with me or to destroy) and also Saint Simon, beginning at volume 1: but you will be surprised, perhaps, to hear that the review of Dewey is still unfinished. However, I am less impatient with myself about it than I was, because it is now in an advanced and promising stage, and although the effort spent has been wholly disproportionate, there will be something satisfactory to show for it—something like the chapters on James and Royce in the American book. Montague has written asking me to review a book1 of his that is coming out soon, but I have refused to promise anything. Yours ever GSantayana 1 The Ways of Knowing; or, The Methods of Philosophy (London and New York, 1925). Santayana did not do this review.

To George Sturgis 15 September 1925 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton) 9 Ave de l’Observatoire, Paris September 15, 1925

Dear George It was a great pleasure to receive the cablegram with the double news nd1 and now your letter of the same day giving me more of September 2– particulars. I am glad everything came off so well, and I appreciate your remembering me at such a busy moment. If you ever take, or if you have,

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any snap-shots of Josephine and her new husband I should be glad to see them; I count on seeing one before long of Nathaniel Russell Sturgis, although at his age—except for his parents—he will partake more of the species than of the individual. And, by the way, I don’t object at all to this mouth-filling name, because he will grow up to it and meantime you can call him Nat; and a traditional name like that is like a title, not a personal combination made to suit. But I hope you don’t look forward to his having as numerous a progeny as his patriarchal namesake2 and ancestor, because the world, at least in my opinion, is already overpeopled. I am living for the nonce in Strong’s apartment, where I am alone with the bonne, as he found the rain and darkness oppressive and started on September 1–st for Fiesole, in his motor-car, where he has already arrived. His legs are weaker and weaker, and he now has a wheeled-chair, in which he pushes himself about the house. About October 15 I expect to go to Rome, where I have already engaged rooms at the same hotel where I was last year—the Bristol—but this time I am to have a whole suite, and am taking a box of books so as to feel more honourably lodged, and this involves financial consequences, of which I will write you later. It is quite true that, if I had gone to Spain in the autumn, I might have stayed for the winter in Andalusia: but I thought it safer to go in early summer and return to Rome, where I know what [across] awaits me. I have no recent news from Avila. Yours affectionately GSantayana 1

On this date Josephine Sturgis Eldredge married Raymond Bidwell, and a third son, Nathaniel Russell Sturgis, was born to George and Rosamond. 2 He was named after Nathaniel Russell Sturgis (1779–1856) of Mount Vernon Street, Boston. The elder Nathaniel fathered twelve children, one of whom was George Sturgis (1817–57), Santayana’s mother’s first husband.

To Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge 29 September 1925 • Paris, France

(MS: Columbia)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Paris, Sept. 29, 1925

Dear Mr Woodbridge Although I warned you that “it might take some time”, I little thought that my article on Dewey’s book would have taken six months to write. Never did I tackle anything so stiff; and there were also journeys and other

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outside matters that interrupted me, and made it harder for me to return to the mill. I have written much more than I am sending you, but at crosspurposes; and even this is so long that I have divided it into two parts, so that you may distribute it over two numbers of the Journal. I hope it may amuse Dewey and not offend him, because I have come away from reading his book—twice, most attentively—liking him better than ever.—If you can spare the time to send me the proof, of course I should be glad; but perhaps it is not strictly necessary, if your secretary will do it for me. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 10 October 1925 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

Paris, Oct. 10, 1925 Dear Strong I have taken my compartment in the fast train to Rome for next th and expect to arrive on Sunday evening. If you wish me Saturday, the 17– to look for approachable rooms elsewhere than at the Minerva, when you come to Rome, of course I should be glad to do so. The book you asked for has been posted, and I put in a portrait of Frazer1 which came in this week’s Mercury, thinking you might be interested to see what he looks like.—I am not taking any books to speak of to Rome, only a few extra copies of my own recent books, and some old manuscripts. You and Margaret will not see any change in the shelves. As to Margaret, if she arrives on or before the 16th she will find me here, and I should be delighted, not only to see her, but to hear any secrets which she may be inclined to divulge My article—divided into two for convenience, as it is rather long—was despatched some time ago, and I have been luxuriating in the sense of freedom and a light conscience. Besides copying some passages from old note books that may serve for the big book, I have done nothing but read Saint Simon and Destouches:2 the latter is sometimes very good and amusing. Onderdonk has been hear —re for a few days with his mother, a Viennese Jewess of sixty, very flirtatious and friendly, but a good soul: reminded me of “Mollie” (Lady Russell) and of my matchless landlady at St Jermyn Street3 in the good old days. I took them to the Théâtre Français

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to see (by chance) Monsieur Brotonneux and L’Enigme.4 I liked the first in its way. But, as the German lady sighed, When will art return to the Beautiful?5 Yours G.S. 1

Possibly Sir James George Frazer (1854–1941), one of the founders of modern anthropology. He did much to make the agnostic tendencies of his field of study acceptable. The Golden Bough (1890–1915) is his twelve-volume study of the beliefs and institutions of mankind, offering the thesis that man progresses from magical through religious to scientific thought. 2 Philippe Destouches was the pen name of Philippe Néricault (1680–1754), a French dramatist. Famous for Le Philosophe marié (1727), Le Glorieux (1732), and other sentimental comedies, he sought to make comedy morally edifying. 3 The genial and motherly Miss Bennett. See Persons, 270–71. 4 Monsieur Brotonneau was co-authored by the team of Robert de Flers (1872–1927) and Gaston Armand de Caillavet (1869–1915). Probably Paul Hervieu’s (1857-1915) L’Énigme pièce en deux actes, en prose. 5 Neither the drama “L’Enigme” nor the farce “Monsieur Brotonneau” features a German lady. This line may refer to Andrew Joseph Onderdonk’s Austrian mother, who might have made this remark in her native German.

To George Sturgis 23 October 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome, October 23, 1925 Dear George It is a good idea of yours, if you can leave your children and your business in safe hands, to come with Rosamond for a trip to the Old World, but I wish it could have been in the Spring or summer, rather than in February and March. When the time comes, I will see if it is feasible to leave Rome in order to meet you: the Riviera is not very far away, but once there I should hardly feel like returning to Rome, so that my working winter season would be sadly cut short. That is the chief obstacle which I foresee to joining you. On the other hand, all would not be loss to you if you decided to come to Rome, because there is no place better worth seeing, and you would find the climate far better than that of Avila or of the Loire at that season. It is a pity that you shouldn’t both come and stay here at least a week: but I understand that your time is short, and your trip to Avila will take up a good deal of energy—not speaking Spanish—as well as of time. In France, on the beaten track, you will have no difficulty in get-

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ting on without much command of the language, because at the hotels you can speak English and on the road everybody will know what you want without much explanation. But the family in Avila, except your two aunts, will be reduced to pantomime—as you know from your previous visit, which I suppose you remember distinctly. I am established here in a little suite quite luxuriously, and am enjoying a warm Indian summer after the chills of Paris. It is a mere continuation of my way of life, such as it was during the last two winters, and I find the routine of it very pleasant. As yet no friends have turned up: but I saw Onderdonk (with his queer gay mother) in Paris, and American professors turn up at intervals with letters of introduction, and [across] give me a chance of playing the part of ancient sage visited by inquiring pilgrims. Yours affectionately GSantayana.

To Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge 11 November 1925 • Rome, Italy (MS postcard: Santayana) Rome, Nov. 11, 1925 In the proof of my article on Dewey, which I sent the day before yesterday, I am afraid I overlooked a bad printer’s error in Rack B 13-1 (slip. 24), second paragraph, 12 lines from the end, where the full stop after “secondary” should be a comma, and “That” (following) should be “that”. May I trouble you to have this change made? With apologies, GSantayana

To George Sturgis 21 November 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Nov. 21, 1925 Dear George I am very glad to hear that you are hoping to come by way of Naples and Rome. It is the right way of approaching the Old World, by the Straits of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean. England is only a half-way house to America and blunts the impression of contrast. When you reach Rome, unless Raymond and Whitcomb1 have decreed otherwise, I wish you and

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Rosamond would come and stay with me here at the Hotel Bristol. You wouldn’t interfere with my sacred solitude in the least, and we could see more of one another with less trouble than if you went somewhere else. I don’t dress before twelve or one o’clock, so that you would have the whole morning in which to explore Rome independently; we could meet by appointment to lunch at some restaurant; after which I might show you one or another of my favourite haunts; and afterwards in the evening we could meet again for dinner at the hotel, with bed conveniently near at the first symptom of drowsiness—I was going to say, at the first yawn, but I suppose that it would never come to that in so select a circle. The only obstacle might be, as in the case of cabins in the Duilio, that there should be no room in the/is inn; but if you will let me know when you are coming, and whether you prefer one or two rooms, I will do my best to get what you need—and you shall have a bathroom if possible, but I can’t promise: at the worst you could come and use mine, which has a separate door to the passage. I see that Raymond Bidwell is a stalwart young man, and that Nathaniel Russell Sturgis has a will of his own. Thank you for the photos.—Please send $25 to the Latin School Association, with the enclosed paper.2 When you send me a new letter of credit, (about which there is no hurry, as the present one will provide funds until February at least) I wish you would have it made out for £800 instead of £500, as heretofore. I suppose this will still be well within my income, and is required in consequence of my new establishment here, which naturally costs more than the single room with which I have been satisfied in the past, and with which I could easily be content again, if it were necessary. But the present arrangement is certainly more suitable to a person of my age and dignity, and gives me more elbow-room, so that there is no reason why I shouldn’t indulge in it if I am able to afford it. You will see my quarters—more appropriate perhaps for a prima donna or grass widow than for a hoary philosopher; but I have taken things as I found them: the idea of furnishing rooms in my own way, though pleasing in prospect, never tempts me when it comes actually to taking an apartment and encumbering myself with goods and chattels: here nothing is mine, and I can leave at a moment’s notice without dragging any chains or cares away with me. From Avila I have no news other than that Luis has had a second little girl. This restores the number of grandchildren to nine, six girls and three

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boys, and although they belong to three different households they make a single ladder in their ages and heights. Yours affectionately GSantayana P.S. I am drawing £100 in a few days, and shall draw the rest of my credit, another £100, before the new year. 1

There was a steamship line owned by Harry Howard Raymond (1864–1935). Unlocated.

2

To Bernard Berenson 22 November 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: I Tatti) Hotel Bristol, Rome Nov. 22. 1925

Dear Berenson It is pleasant to hear that the Dialogues have entertained you. Why don’t you cut yourself a fresh quill and give us again a little of your own wisdom? There is a subject which I should be tempted to attack if people would listen to me, as they would to you, I mean aesthetic arrogance. We are living in an age of emancipated specialists, or of people who give out ^ ^ that they are specialists; and the public is not served, but bidden to believe and obey. These specialists, in other matters, are often persons of no culture or judgement, but one in physics, another in logic, another in economics, another in art, assure us that they are each of them infallible. There is Roger Fry,1 for instance, and there is a book by an American business man2—I can’t remember his name—who has been baptized in the Jordan of Futurism and has founded a college. Some of his analyses of pictures show attentiveness, but his head seems to have been completely turned by a sect of Parisian painters, essentially amateurs and irresponsible, who will admit that nothing is “art” but what they practice. You know the man I mean, probably: he casts some aspersions on you, by the way, for treating painting as if it were literature! Couldn’t all this stir you up to some philosophizing on the “art” of criticism? The liberty of craftsmen to amuse themselves and invent what toys they will, is one thing; the function of adorning a civilized city with the monuments and elegances which express its instinct, is quite another. But the result of anarchy in our society seems to be a crop of small persons who, by sheer effrontery, make themselves tyrants in their respective fields.

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Strong, who has been here, has probably told you that I have returned to my winter quarters. Let me know if you and Mrs Berenson come to Rome [across] Yours ever GSantayana 1 Roger Eliot Fry (1866–1934), born into an English Quaker family, began his education in science at the University of Cambridge. He then turned his interest toward art and became a critic and painter. 2 Unidentified.

To Warner Fite 12 December 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Rome, Dec. 12, 1925 Dear Professor Fite It was very kind of you to send me your beautiful big book on Moral Philosophy,1 in which I see that there is a treasure of pleasant discourse on many subjects. I have only dipped into it as yet, but my eye has fallen on your strictures on poor Dewey, with whom I have been lately wrestling on my own account. I think you are hard on him; he is doing such a difficult pioneer’s work in reducing the human intellect—sadly idle and good-fornothing so far—to a working instrument, all muscle and no fat. The poor creature never did such a terrible penance in his life before, but I think it will do him good. I have also happened on the page where you quote my peroration on Spinoza, and it seems to me that you misinterpret a little what I had in mind. By the little gnostics and circumnavigators of being I didn’t mean any one who claimed to have an experience of God: Spinoza claimed this himself most emphatically, and on the same page I repeat the saying of Renan that probably nobody ever had a better right than Spinoza had to that distinction. Every essence, being a portion of eternal inalienable Whatness, is in one sense a divine thing: and every existence, in another way, is a proof of God’s presence through its power, its brute objectiveness. By little gnostics I meant people like Hegel2 or like orthodox theologians who profess to know all about God and the universe, that is, all that is fundamental: they do not experience God’s presence in the night, but circumnavigate his nature and put him “in their pocket”.

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I also notice that you praise my countryman Unamuno:3 but /syou should have done it in your chapter on the wisdom—or the folly—of the Serpent. He is not sound. Believe me, with many thanks for your gift, Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 A naturalist, Warner Fite (1867–1955) was an author and philosopher who taught at Harvard (1911–12) and Princeton (1915–35). Moral Philosophy: The Critical View of Life (New York: The Dial Press, 1925) was later published as The Examined Life: An Adventure in Moral Philosophy (London: Methuen, 1926). 2 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) was a German philosopher and proponent of idealism. His system is presented in Phenomenology of Mind (1807), Science of Logic (1812–16), Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817), and Philosophy of Right (1821). Hegel rejected the existence of finite objects in space and time, establishing instead a rational unity, the Absolute. The quest for understanding the Absolute proceeds according to the Hegelian dialectic in which positing something (thesis), denying it (antithesis), and combining the partial truths in each (synthesis) results in a new thesis. 3 The distinguished Spanish poet, novelist, playwright, and critic Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (1864–1936) was educated at the University of Madrid and became professor of Greek at the University of Salamanca. Del sentimiento trágico de la vida en los hombres y en los pueblos (Madrid, 1913) is his best-known work.

To George Sturgis 24 December 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton) Hotel Bristol, Rome Xmas Eve, 1925

Dear George The people in this hotel promise to have a double room and bath reserved for you for Feb. 6 to 10 inclusive. The house is now full, but apparently there is a clear sky ahead. I am very glad that the matter is so easily arranged. You will not disturb my meditations in the least, quite the contrary. A German friend1 of mine is spending his holidays with me—he is a school-teacher—and although communication is not very easy, his English being broken and my German — on ——not in commission, I find it very pleasant to have a little society and the stimulus of another mind. The new letter of credit has arrived. Thank you very much. It is nice to know that I shall still be keeping well within my income in spite of my spurt of extravagance.

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Best wishes for the new year and the Eastward voyage Yours affty GSantayana P.S. I shall draw the remainder of my old letter of credit, £100, in a few days. Then I may not draw again until you return to America. 1

Possibly Hans Reichhardt.

To Mary Whitall Smith Berenson 31 December 1925 • Rome, Italy

(MS: I Tatti) Hotel Bristol Rome December 31, 1925

Dear Mrs Berenson Why didn’t I answer your previous kind letter? Because for a month I have had no note-paper and have forgotten every day to get it. But now a fresh box has been actually acquired in your honour. I well remember the luxury and freedom which I enjoyed at I Tatti when I was last there, and I am particularly sorry not to renew those delights now that your brother1 is there. Isn’t he coming to Rome later? But as my father—who had some nautical experience—used to say, I am here anchored with four anchors, Sloth, Prudence, Work, and Minor Engagements; and they are impossible anchors to drag at this moment. As to work, about which the whole net is supposed to be woven, it really amounts to very little. I sit down to it every morning, but without tangible results; my brain seems to be drying up. However, this is no reason for travel, at least to Florence, because if I went there, how could I come to stay with you, who besides your domestic society (such society!) have so many friends coming and going, and how could I abandon Strong who I suppose is all alone? I have heard nothing of Margaret’s movements or decisions but I understood that if nothing materialized in Paris she meant to go to America Thank you very much for writing again, it is very kind of you, but inertia is the primary force in nature, at least in mine. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Logan Pearsall Smith.

1921–1927

To Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller 1 January 1926 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol Rome Jan. 1st 1926 Dear Fuller Your greetings reach me precisely for the new year, and I see that my own good wishes, although unuttered, have been fulfilled and that you are getting on swimmingly. Have you seen Abel Hermant’s little book on “Platon”?1 The first part is charming, but his rope soon gives out, and he has no idea of the political and religious grandeur of his subject. My negligence in writing has not been as bad as it seems. I ordered the new edition of Lucifer to be sent to you, thinking it would do as a return Xmas card, but Firuski informed me afterwards that he had not sent it because you had already subscribed. Then I thought the Dialogues would soon appear, and would do as a substitute, but they were long delayed—by the Dial2 and then by the English strikes in the printing trade—so that it can have arrived only after months and months. Either sloth or old age are gaining rapidly upon me, and I sometimes doubt whether the Realms or the novel3 will ever see the light—but I have brought forth so often when I despaired of deliverance, that I may perhaps perform the miracle again. Your guess that I was at the Bristol was correct, but this year I am indulging in a complete apartment, and have a boudoir (its blue silk elegance can’t bestow another name on it) with a bedroom and bath, and I have a few more books and things about me than on other years. I might settle down here altogether, except that I may at any moment decide to make Avila my head-quarters, if my sisters should move to a house of their own when my brother-in-law dies; he is 85 and very feeble, so that the end may come any day. I was in Avila last summer for a month—July—and was both happy and comfortable there—not to speak of the ambiente4 of domestic affection to which I suppose an ancient philosopher ought to be indifferent. I have read Broad, Dewey, Montague, and now Drake (alias Strong)5 and feel rather fed up with scholastic “problems”; I think people nowadays are more sane and reasonable than they used to be, but they have, like Polonius,6 a most plentiful lack of wit. For the Cambridge7 people the intellectual world begins and ends in Cambridge, and for the Americans it is a Department meeting. Do get out your second volume and give us a little

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oxygen to breathe. One of my greatest pleasures has been the three volumes of Plotinus, with the new French translation, which have so far appeared in the Collection Budé.8 How splendid it all is, with only a touch of ancient old-fogydom here and there, to give us the right perspective! Another true satisfaction for me is the new regime in Italy and in Spain, American in its futurism and confident hopes, but classical in its reliance on discipline and its love of a beautiful finitude and decision. That dreadful loose dream of liberalism seems to be fading away at last! Poor France and England are paying the penalty for having drugged themselves so thoroughly with that verbal poison. Have you read Charles Maurras, Enquête sur la Monarchie?9 I have no faith in the possibility of restoring the France which he dreams of, but perhaps something new and possible may arise when things have got so bad that they can’t get worse. With best wishes for this and many a new year, ^^ Yours ever GSantayana 1

Abel Hermant (1862–1950) wrote Platon (Paris: B. Grasset, 1925). Under Scofield Thayer as editor after 1920, The Dial became the most distinguished literary monthly in the United States to champion modern artistic movements. Several “Dialogues” appeared in The Dial in 1924 and 1925 before Dialogues in Limbo was published by Scribner’s and Constable in 1925. 3 Essence was published in 1927, Matter in 1930, Truth in 1937, and Spirit in 1940; The Last Puritan, Santayana’s novel, was published in 1935. 4 Atmosphere (Italian). 5 Strong collaborated with Drake on Mind and Its Place in Nature, but the book was authored by Drake. 6 In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Polonius, a pompous old courtier, is lord chamberlain to the king and father of Ophelia and Laertes. 7 University of Cambridge in England. 8 Plotinus (c. 204–c. 270) was a Greek philosopher of Neoplatonism. His treatises were arranged into Enneads (groups of nine), which were written during the last seventeen years of his life. Guillaume Budé (1467–1540), a French Renaissance humanist and meticulous scholar, had a role in founding the Bibliothèque Nationale and Collège de France. Émile Bréhier translated Plotinus into French (accompanied by Greek texts, with notes) in six volumes (Société d’édition “Les Belles lettres,” sous le patronage de l’Association Guillaume Budé, Paris, 1924–38). 9 Charles Maurras (1868–1952), a French political writer and critic, propounded his nationalistic and monarchial views in Enquête sur la monarchie, 1900–1909 (Inquiry into monarchy, Paris: Nouvelle librarie nationale, 1909). In 1938 he was elected to the French Academy. An active collaborator with the Germans, Maurras was sentenced in 1945 to life imprisonment. 2

1921–1927

To Charles Augustus Strong 6 January 1926 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome Jan. 6, 1926 Dear Strong Last night I finished Drake’s book. You must have foreseen, when you refused to send me the proofs, that I shouldn’t like it; it is dreadfully inferior, in depth and closeness of thought, to your own expositions of your theory, and at the same time it is less yours than I had expected. You may agree with it all, as I agree with most of it (apart from the atrocious vocabulary); but Drake evidently has no speculative insight or sweep; different views which recommend themselves to him are reproduced literally, without that fusion into an original tint and total of which he speaks. I recognize even scraps of myself; and his behaviourism and physiology are just drawn from textbooks or from current authors, without change. I should think, by the way, that these last elements might be those which, on the whole, would remain in the reader’s mind, and that Drake, if he is noticed at all, will be set down as a crude behaviourist and nothing more. If I had not searched for the “feeling” to be infused into matter, and dwelt on those few passages especially, I might have passed your part of the theory over entirely, attributing the “psychic” and “mental” states and the “consciousness” merely to the habit of using psychological words figuratively to describe material facts. There is indeed a good deal about the non-existent data, or appearances, which occupy attention during mental discourse; but as these are reduced to groups of blurred existent units, I can’t see that the apparition of appearance (or of existents) is in the least accounted for or even acknowledged; the chapter on the unity of consciousness treats, not of intuition or actual thought, but only of the varying scope of attention: on which subject it seems to me excellent. Attention itself, like cognizance, remains apparently an observable relation between an animal body and its environment. When, however, I fix upon the places where the psychic essence of matter is described, I am left as hopelessly unsatisfied as in our frequent discussions. The sense of being alive in the depths of our bodies comes from being alive in fact: how should inorganic matter possess it? And if the atoms do not possess it, but only the organisms which they form, how are the atoms psychic? In the chapter on fusion (as often in your talk) I seem to catch a glimpse quite another view (which I call

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Anaxagoras) drawn rather from the neo-realist quarter; for there “fusion or summation is merely a name for the fact that the datum is relatively simple” –[p. 111]–; and later –[p. 120]– we read that we might have intuition of existing units, (!) if our senses were fine enough. It would seem then, that these units cannot be feelings but must be dots: minima sensibilia.1 You differ from Anaxagoras in suggesting that they are all similar; so that the invention of colour, pain, etc is left by you exactly to the same moral or fanciful exuberance in nature to which a mere materialist would leave it; whereas the prudent Anaxagoras, having once been guilty of hypostatizing given essences, thought he might as well hypostatize them in their variety. But, if I understand your meaning, the sensible ———— pre——— sence or existence ———— of the elements paves the way to the sensible presence of their groups, without requiring the sensitive organism to rise to intuition on its own account. This neo-realist view of fusion is not, however, the one which seems to prevail in your treatment or in Drake’s: am I entirely misled in entertaining it at all? The prevalent idea seems to be the other, that actual feeling lives, in a seminal state, in each of the atoms and constitutes its whole substance. But on this view, you ought to be a monadist: the growth of the organism and of its reactions might develop that sensibility in the atom: but it would be the atom, not the organism, that would possess it. On these alternatives and doubts, which are the interesting and dark points of the theory, Drake throws no light whatever: perhaps he doesn’t suspect that they arise at all. By leaving out such questions, and all criticism and dialectic, he makes his book easy reading: and if what you desired was to spread your views rather than to justify them, perhaps his cooperation may be useful. But I am afraid his simple and chatty manner, and his unnecessary abuse of words, will hurt you with the great heretics whom you wish to convert. I add a rhyme To a Stammering Philosopher G. S. You say “qualitification”, Why don’t you say sensitivity? That is mystifica-cation, This would mean legibi-bility. You add “complexification” To my seni-silli-nility. 1

The smallest of sensory perceptions (Latin).

1921–1927

To Charles Augustus Strong 2 February 1926 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Feb. 2, 1926 Dear Strong Here is your article, which I was waiting for before answering your long letter. Your patience in ruminating over these points is admirable, and I think perhaps you may still see your way to further restatements, because it seems to me that there remain traces, at least in your phraseology, of points of view which you have given up in theory. Your article is clearer to me than your letter. In the letter I found nothing new, except the insistence on “actuality”, (which I should call existence, actuality being, in a technical sense, limited to intuition); and of course I should agree that no intuition and no appearance could arise unless there were an existent and living organism to produce it. In the article what has most interested me is paragraph (1) on p. 44. In using “awareness” –and [ later “consciousness”]– for knowledge of external fact, or alleged knowledge of it, aren’t you in danger of having to maintain that pain is unconscious, and that we are “aware” of its small parts but not of its specious essence? Certainly in pure feeling the sense of existence is at its maximum and the description of this existence at its minimum— which is the reason for calling it feeling rather than intuition; but the sharpness, badness, and alarm of it must be given, if attention and not merely reaction is to be turned upon the aching member; and of course it is this aching member, or the outer agency affecting it (the “bad smell”, for istance) that is the object of our reaction and belief, the thing existing besides the intuition or feeling. This feeling, the intuition of sharpness etc, must be unitary, if it is to be conscious; and I still fee ——ail to see any plausibility in the existence of little parts requisite to compose it. I like your remark on p. 53 that “the organism does not merely cause the appearance to arise, but enjoys it.” This is an important point which I have neglected to consider expressly: appearances or angelic intuitions floating about on the loose would not be expressions of animal life in me or you: it is the same difficulty that besets the Humian “ideas”. They must be moored to the organism, not merely by a temporal concomitance, but by inner relevance: they are taken from it as a centre, in its interests, through its organs, and are woven into that personal life in which the per-

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ception of the organism, its environment, in perspectives centred upon it, its memories, and its passion are all woven constantly together. But it is not incumbent on the observer, looking at the organism and imagining the appearances open it, to imagine them growing up in that organism materially, by a sort of substantial vegetation: they are, by hypothesis, spiritual facts, unobservable, and not to be moored in nature at all save by inner relevance to particular natural predicaments, a relevance to be discovered only sympathetically, not empirically, by evoking a similar appearance in our own fancy. This leads me to say that in this article, especially in the later pages, I have felt more than ever the strangeness of your approach and of your problems. You seem to look on appearances (e.g. visual images) as if they were parts of the same world with things; and you trouble yourself about “inversion”! I don’t want to argue about this: it would be useless. I only mention it as a reason for not arguing: there is too great a divergence in our preconceptions: you are an empiricist and I am a scholastic. Onderdonk has been here: my nephew George Sturgis and his wife [across] are coming next week: work is not going well. But I am reading Alexander with some profit, I hope: he too is an empiricist: but a/ I advise you to be wary in adopting his “enjoyment”. It is not your “sentience”. Yours ever G. S.

To Curt John Ducasse 23 February 1926 • Rome, Italy ROMA

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(MS postcard: Brown)

CAMPIDOGLIO ED ARA COELI

Rome, Feb. 23, 1926. Thank you for your exposure of the tinkling Bell.1 I think, however, that the criticism of this school is better than its art; and that if insignificant form could be made arresting permanently and profoundly, as it can be in nature and in architecture, it would be beautiful or sublime or comic, and therefore worth creating. We are governed by an Aesthetic Soviet of Desperadoes:2 we shall escape [across] someday, but they never will. G.S. 1 Clive Arthur Howard Bell (1881–1964), an English critic of art and literature, was a member of the Bloomsbury Group. He married Vanessa Stephen, Virginia Woolf’s sister. His major works include Art (1914), Since Cézanne (1922), Proust (1929), and Account of French Painting for the Winter (1931). 2 Santayana wrote an article, “An Aesthetic Soviet,” which was published in The Dial (82 [May 1927]: 361–70) and reprinted in Obiter.

1921–1927

To Charles Augustus Strong 19 March 1926 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome March 19 1926 Dear Strong I am very glad to hear how things are getting on with you. Do you suppose that there is any wonderful secret in Relativity, apart from mathematical calculations, which is beyond the understanding of the most willing mind? I doubt it: but of course we have to be silent until one of the Fach1 lets the cat out of the bag; it is the new system under which we live, the Soviet system, where a self-appointed committee of experts tell the world what it is expected to believe under pain of excommunication. My own dulness has lately yielded to a spell of interest and capacity to work, partly a last spurt of despair, partly perhaps the Season, and partly the stimulus of a new author whom I have come upon by chance hear ——re in a shop-window: René Guénon. He has written an “Introduction générale à l’étude des doctrines hindoues”, “Orient et Occident”, and “L’Homme selon les doctrines du Vedanta”2. I have read the two last and am beginning the first which has only just reached me. He is a complete convert to a sort of esoteric orthodoxy which he maintains has always existed in the oriental world, even among the Mohammodans, and which he calls la métaphysique pure:3 it seems to be the realm of essence with a sort of essential hierarchy introduced into it. His criticism of the West is severe but deserved. Anyhow, I am more hopeful than I was a month ago of finishing vol. I, of the Realms this season. Probably I shall find, when the moment to leave Rome arrives, that it is not quite ready, as the Realm of Essence has to be revised a little, as well as the Realm of Matter to be completed. In that case I think I shall go to Cortina: but that would not prevent me from going on to Paris as soon as the work was done. I can’t go to Florence, and am not sorry if you don’t feel like taking the trip to Naples: but do come here for a change. It will also [across] be a pleasant change for me to have a chance to talk philosophy. My nephew George Sturgis and his wife, and other friends, have been here but they are innocents. Yours ever G.S. 1

The complete German phrase is “einer vom Fach” (a specialist in the field). René Guénon (1886–1951), a French philosopher, took the name Abd al-Wahid Yahya in 1912 when he converted to the mystic Islamic tradition of Sufism. His books 2

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were published in 1921, 1924, and 1925. Translated from French the titles are Introduction to the study of Hindu doctrines, The East and the West, and Man and his becoming according to the Vedanta (Santayana incorrectly notes this French title, it should read L’Homme et son devenir selon le Vêdânta). 3 Pure metaphysics (French).

To Rosamond Thomas Bennett Sturgis 26 March 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton) Hotel Bristol Rome March 26, 1926

Dear Rosamond Forgive me for leaving your nice letter so long unanswered—also George’s card from Paris. I was hoping to hear something of your impressions in Spain, and from what George says, as well as both his aunts, who have now written, I gather that you got on tolerably well. I hope the trip as a whole was pleasant enough to leave you with a profound and irrepressible desire to come again. If you have found the children well, and stocks not hopelessly demoralized by the panic—of which I have heard only a first alarm, perhaps exaggerated—you can both of you congratulate yourselves on the result, because you have not only had a holiday and a change, but you have given your old relations a great deal of pleasure. Let me whisper in your ear that you, personally, were a little disappointing at first, because we expected a roaring Amazon,1 carrying everything before her and sweeping us old people off our feet: but nothing of the sort. You turned out to be remarkably feminine for these times, what in Victorian [illegible]days would have been called very attractive, and so far from Herculean that sometimes you seemed a little frail, and I was afraid you did more than was good for you. However, now that you are safe at home you can have as lazy and sleepy a time as household cares allow and the long summer in which to get fat and sunburned. It seems to me here as if it were only yesterday that you left, and I am counting on another & longer visit, to your affte Uncle George 1 In Greek mythology, the Amazons are a nation or race of female warriors. The term “Amazon” also means a tall, strong woman.

1921–1927

To Charles Augustus Strong 20 April 1926 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome April 20 1926 Dear Strong I have been dreadfully remiss in not thanking you for your two post cards and your article. I am glad to know about Fiuggi, and I mean to write and inquire about the time when the hotel is open, etc. and possibly I may go for the day to /rlook about and see what the place promises. It will probably not be so cool or so beautiful as Cortina, but it is nearer, and might be more diverting. The texture of your second article seems to me very good, and you say a great many things with which I agree heartily; but, as you know, your statement of the problem rubs me the wrong way, because it seems to assume (for instance, in the second short paragraph on the first page) that there ought to be intuition of things, and that if appearances differ from things, the difference must be explained by some supervening operation, in the nerves if not in the mind, by which the natural intuition is transformed into the actual one. Now I think that only the ——actual na one is natural, that there never was any other, and that the complexities of — the —— material objects have no business, and no tendency, to reveal themselves to animals grazing among them. Your conclusions seem to me sensible and true: but you raise a problem which, at least in form, is artificial, and the extreme difficulty of following your reasoning and your analysis, in certain places, comes from the fact that there is no such subject-matter as that which you are studying so laboriously. E.g. on p. 151, near the middle, you speak of “our inability to resolve” read ——d and blue; whereas I should say that there is nothing to resolve them into: their causes meet for the first time in that simple intuition: they never could have appeared in their complexity; and they are discovered only ultimately, by intellectual construction and symbolic representation. Why then make a problem of their not appearing at first as they are? Yours ever G.S.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 16 May 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome May 16, 1926 Dear Strong After much hesitation I have decided to go to Cortina at the end of June, and I am afraid there is little chance that I shall get to Paris this summer. I hope you will find or invite some one to keep you company for a part of the time. Perhaps Pinsent might make you a longer visit than usual, if he is not too busy to go North. They tell me that there is now a lift at the hotel Cristallo, and running water in the rooms. You might come there in September, if you are tired of Paris. The crowd is then gone, the weather (two years ago) was ideal, and the scenery all that one could desire. Or if the villa is not ready in October and you wanted to spend a fortnight at the Italian Riviera or at Naples, I could join you almost anywhere before settling down again in Rome What I have heard of Fiuggi suggests that it is a crowded noisy place, not too cool, and I am afraid of trying it when I wish to be quiet and to feel the stretch of time clear before me. “The book” in one sense is going badly; I find that revision becomes rewriting, and that nothing is ever really finished: on the other hand, I am encouraged about the quality of the work, and feel that it will be satisfactory if it can only come to an end. I am also carrying on the novel; and as this is much more interesting to me, it will help to fill in the gaps when I get stuck in the big book. There is to be a new edition—unchanged—of Winds of Doctrine for which I have written a short preface. Old Dent is dead; this is his son’s doing. I have received the first account of the Dialogues: about 500 copies have been sold in England and 2000 in America Constable’s Cheque ^ £73 (including both) Such reviews as I have seen have not been very ^ intelligent. Yours ever G.S.

1921–1927

To Susan Sturgis de Sastre 17 May 1926 • Rome, Italy ROMA

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BASILICA DI S. PIETRO (INTERNO)

Hotel Bristol, Rome May 17, ’26. Your card from Paris has just reached me. I am sorry you have been worried, and hope my letter arrived soon after. It is very cool here as yet, I shall probably stay until the end of June when I go to Cortina. I now dine out and lunch in the hotel, as the evening abroad is pleasanter. Love to all from Jorge

To Otto Kyllmann 22 May 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Rome, May 22, 1926 Dear Mr Kyllmann In regard to the enquiry about a book entitled “Materialism & Morals”,1 I can say nothing. Is the book supposed to be by me? Possibly, years ago, I may have read some paper or given some semi-private address under this title. There is no such book that I know of, or any publication that I remember Yours sincerely GSantayana p. t. o. P.S. Do you think the death of Sir Sidney Lee might enable the publishers of his Shakespeare’s Works to let us reproduce my introduction to Hamlet? It is a paper which cost me great pains, and which continues the same sort of Latin criticism of English literature that I ventured upon in other places: Poetry of Barbarism, Religion in Shakespeare, Shelley,2 etc. I should like to rescue that essay on Hamlet if it were possible and republish it in some future collection of critiques & reviews. 1

Part V of Essays is titled “Little Essays on Materialism and Morals.” “The Poetry of Barbarism” and “The Absence of Religion in Shakespeare” constitute chapters VI and VII, respectively, of Interpretations; the essay on Shelley (“Shelley: or the Poetic Value of Revolutionary Principles”) first appeared as chapter V of 2

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Doctrine. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822) was an English poet whose works include Prometheus Unbound, Epipsychidion, and Adonais.

To Otto Kyllmann 31 May 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Rome. May 31, 1926

Dear Mr Kyllmann The publishers and printers of Sidney Lee’s Shakespeare were The Riverside Press, of Cambridge, Mass. They let me have a single copy of the Hamlet, but would not even sell me any more copies of that volume without the rest of the complete works. Fancy how many persons can have seen that poor Introduction! I am not sure whether the Riverside Press is still in being or is now the Harvard University Press. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Paul Weiss 3 June 1926 • Rome, Italy ROMA

(MS postcard: Southern) -

FONTANA DI TREVI

Rome, June 3, 1926. Thank you for your letter & your review.1 Have you read Paul Valéry?2 I find this in him: C’est pour moi un principe d’éthique … de considérer les opinions des autres, et particulièrement les miennes, comme aussi stables que le temps qu’il fait aujourd’hui.3—I had rather leave you, ten years hence, to criticize your own criticisms than — to — attempt to criticize them now. Let me only say that Plato thinks myth necessary in physics, not in morals. [across] Yours etc. G. Santayana 1

Paul Weiss (b. 1901) is a philosopher and founder of the Review of Metaphysics. Whitehead was his dissertation advisor. Weiss served as editor of Peirce’s Collected Papers and is noted for his book Being and Other Realities. Weiss’s review of Dialogues is “The Man Who Was Seven” (The New Republic 46 [12 May 1926]).

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2 Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules Valéry (1871–1945) was a French poet, essayist, and literary critic. His works include Propos sur l’intelligence and Variété, a collection of essays in five volumes. 3 The translation of this French statement reads, “It is for me a principle of ethics to consider the opinions of others, and particularly my own, as being as stable as today’s weather.”

To Charles Augustus Strong 27 June 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Rome, Sunday, June 27, ’26

Dear Strong I am very glad to have a word from you, as it was a long time since I had heard anything. And it is pleasant to know that you have had so many chances to talk philosophy with great minds in the movement. I leave for Cortina tomorrow evening , going directly in 24 hours, via ^ ^ Verona, Trent, “Bobsano”; I change just before the Austrian frontier—my train going on to Munich and Berlin—and take the side line down to Cortina. If the weather is good, I expect that the scenery all that day will be magnificent. The book is going on at the same snail’s pace—or crab’s pace—but I am not discouraged, because I think I am improving it; and I am taking the novel with me as well, in case the spirit is more willing or the flesh less weak in that direction. I have begun a general revision of the novel, making it, as I go, ready for the printer. Will you do me a favour and ask Aldo or Marie to see if they can have the small object (mentioned in this half-sheet)1 (a handle with two small ^ ^ rubber wheels inserted, for rubbing the gums) sent to me to Cortina? I have not been able to find it here, and it is useful in keeping my gums from getting sore and retreating dangerously. It used to cost, I think, 16 francs— it may be a little more now. I still have one of these instruments, but it is getting worn. June in Rome, until the last day or two, has been very cool: I have been going out to dinner instead of to lunch, and have found the evenings delightful. Yours ever GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

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To George Sturgis 19 July 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Hotel Cristallo Cortina d’Ampezzo July 19, 1926. Dear George Your letter of June 14th and the formal announceme/tnt of your new business connection are before me, and from what you say I gather that the new arrangement gives you satisfaction and promises well for the future. You will live in a hotbed of information about investments and the march of events, and you will doubtless make good use of your tips. As to your aunt Susie’s deed of trust, it seems to me all a question of legal expediency and practicableness: if such a thing can be arranged, it is evidently simpler than the old arrangement. But Celedonio, I suppose, would not be told—he would never have had any confidence in such an outlandish thing as a trust, and nowadays he wouldn’t even understand the theory of it; and if he should survive your aunt, he would have the surprise of his life on finding that she left no property whatever. Still, if you sent him the entire capital, perhaps he might be consoled, even if not placated. In the other eventuality, perhaps there might be questions in Spain about the joint property of the married pair, increased capital (bienes gananciales1) being according to Spanish law possessed half-and-half by husband and wife, apart from any will of either. But your aunt Susie knows this better than I do, and if she sees her way clear, of course it is not for you to trouble about Spanish technicalities. If the thing is legal in America and the substantial result is favourable to the Sastre family, they would not care (the sons, I mean)2 about the machinery by which the result was secured. As to my own will and testament, I am meditating a complete change (as I think I told you when you were here) but have not quite made up my mind about it. As things stand now, I don’t think I should care to divert a considerable sum for the Harvard Fellowship3: that would become reasonable if ever I inherited (from your aunt Josephine) or made (by the novel) a further appreciable sum. Meantime, the changes I should make in my will are not considerable, at least in substance: although it has occurred to me that I might leave your aunts out of my will altogether, as not need-

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ing or wanting money, certainly not your aunt Josephine: and your aunt Susie would perhaps prefer a life-interest to an inheritance; it would be a way of making you and Josephine her heirs to that extent, without the intervention of her Spanish family. Tell me what you think frankly. You know my general wishes in the matter, and it is chiefly a question of the appropriate means. When I get your suggestions, I will deliberate overnight, and make up my mind to something definite. I have now been here, at Cortina, for three weeks and expect to remain for the rest of the summer. My book4 gets on very slowly, but I have plenty of entertaining books, besides the pleasure of the walks in the country, to keep up my spirits; it has been very warm for this place and the exercise I think is good for my superfluous flesh as well as for my sluggish spirit. I have a private bathroom, though no sitting-room; but I am comfortable and like the semi-domestic half-English food which they give us here. Love to Rosamond from your affectionate Uncle George 1

Marital estate (Spanish). Celedonio’s children by his first marriage were Antonia, Antonio (d. 1928), Rafael (d. 1940), Luis (d. 1937, Rafael’s twin), José “Pepe,” and Eduardo Sastre González. Eduardo died sometime before February 1928. 3 The fellowship was established at Harvard in 1952 after Santayana’s death. 4 Matter. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 25 July 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Cristallo Cortina, July 25 1926 Dear Strong I have just finished “Sous le Soleil de Satan”1. Is the author a young man? If so, I think he may do very good things. I like his ideas (when they are ideas) and his prejudices: the portrait of Anatole France2 at the end is excellent. So the other minor characters: even the Devil is plausible, if you fall back on mediaeval ways of conceiving him. But there is a lot of rant and confusion: I had some difficulty in following the thread of events or emotions in places, and felt like skipping, or dropping the book altogether. Neither the hero nor the heroine is intelligible. It looks as if the author himself didn’t know exactly what was up. That the world is given over to

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the devil and that there are shady sides and bitter dregs in every life is perfectly true: but we must distinguish the part which is inseparable from existence of any sort—from flux and finitude—in this evil, and the part that is remediable. No doubt a very exacting spirit might rebel against existence itself: but I don’t know what he could find to substitute for it. Certainly this book suggests nothing: it does not represent religion as offering any real refuge: even there all seems to be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Why so tense, little Sir? The Drakes are gone after staying five days—I am writing an article about Platonism and “Spiritual religion” apropos of a book of Dean Inge’s on that subject. It is an interruption, but I have definitely dropped the reins on the neck of my weary old Pegasus, and am letting him amble as he will. I shouldn’t accomplish any thing better by applying the bit and spurs. And you? Yours ever G.S. 1 Georges Bernanos (1888–1948) wrote Sous le solei de Satan (Under the sun of Satan) (Paris: Plon-Nourrit et cie, 1926). 2 Anatole France is the pseudonym of the French writer Jacques Anatole Thibault (1844–1924). His works include L’Ile des pingouins (Penguin Island), an allegorical novel that satirizes French history. France was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature.

To Otto Kyllmann 1 August 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Cortina d’Ampezzo Aug. 1, 1926

Dear Mr Kyllmann Thank you very much for the trouble you have taken about my Introduction to Hamlet, and I am much p/eleased to think that it can be republished at will, on the very easy conditions which Mr Orcutt1 imposes, of a mere acknowledgement. But your letter suggests that I have some immediate intention of publishing a new collection of essays. That is not the case. What I may have said to you was a mere rumination on what I think would be ultimately desirable, if my writings were ever to be arranged logically, in a final edition: but probably there is no likelihood of that, and certainly no immediate occasion. Even if you (for it would have

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to be you) cared to arrange such a book of essays, you would run up against the obduracy of J. M. Dent & Sons, who have the Shelley—an essential link in the chain; and as Mr Hugh Dent2 has woken up and has issued a new edition of Winds of Doctrine,3 for which I wrote a short preface, it is likely that he might not be so obliging as Mr Orcutt in America. What I have vaguely in mind is a book under some fresh title suggesting that it contains a Latin view of English literature (possibly that itself might do) and composed of “The Absence of Religion in Shakespeare” (with an addition which I should like to make about Henry VI.), “Hamlet”, “The poetry of Barbarism”, “Shelley”, and “Dickens”.4 Meantime, in quite another direction, I may before long have a sufficient accumulation of articles and reviews which, revised and collated, might make a book, say “New Winds of Doctrine”. But don’t take me too seriously: I am suffering from an incapacity (I hope temporary) of getting anything finished: I rewrite, and rewrite, and repeat myself without end, without coming to any conclusion. The first volume of “Realms of Being” has been almost ready for a year, but not ready: and it is so with shorter things. I am sorry, but I must wait for a change in the wind. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Possibly the author William Dana Orcutt (1870–1953) (A.B., Harvard, 1892). Hugh Dent (1873–1938), chairman of Dent and Sons, was interested in the Everyman editions of the works his firm printed. 3 Reprinted with a new preface in 1926. 4 This project was not completed. The essay on Charles Dickens first appeared in The Dial (71 [November 1921]: 537–49). It reappeared as Soliloquy 18 in Soliloquies and again in vol. 2 of the Triton Edition. 2

To George Sturgis 1 August 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Cortina d’Ampezzo August 1st 1926 Dear George I have your letter of July 20, with enclosures about those sketches signed G. S. which are troubling the sleep of Mr C. C. Eaton.1 As he wants to know whether they are really emanations of my genius, I see no way open except to let me see them: otherwise I should ask you to keep them or burn them, according to your taste. The name Felton,2 which he mentions, carries me back to Lampoon3 days. Conway Felton, now no more,

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was one of our inner circle; and if the books in which these drawings were found came directly or indirectly from him, it is very likely that they are mine. An expert in handwriting could also tell by the initials. I now write G.S. conjoined, but I think in those days I left the letters separate: G. S. The style of my drawing is also inimitable, for its badness, at least in the touch: I overdo the first impression, in which there is sometimes some character: and I also have an instinctive eye for composition, not common among Lampoon artists. Conway Felton himself had a vigorous, coarse, masculine way of drawing, which I understand was the origin of the children’s page in the Sunday papers. If I understand the question which that ill-judging Judge has settled, it amounts to this: that $280 have been transferred from the capital of the trust left by your father for my benefit during my lifetime, to the account of my personal capital in your care. I am sorry; but as you say, it is not a great matter. My time here passes pleasantly enough, but I seem incapable of finishing anything. I read all sorts of things,—I have just finished “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes”4—and begin enthusiastically various articles and chapters, but get embroiled in the abundance of my repetitions, and have to leave the thing unfinished. I suppose it is an effect of old age, fatigue, and too much chewing the cud in solitude. Love to Rosamond from G.S. 1

Possibly Charles Curtis Eaton (A.B., 1902), who was librarian (1921–29) and then assistant dean of the Graduate School of Business Administration at Harvard. 2 Cornelius Conway Felton (d. 1890), a member of Harvard’s class of 1886, received an LL.B. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1888. 3 On the basis of a cartoon that he submitted in his freshman year (1882), Santayana was elected to the editorial board of the Harvard Lampoon. He supplied cartoons for the Lampoon throughout his undergraduate career. 4 Anita Loos (1894–1981) wrote Gentlemen Prefer Blondes: The Illuminating Diary of a Professional Lady (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925). This is a satire on the gold diggers of Hollywood which inspired a play (1925), a sequel (1928), a musical comedy (1953), and a movie (1953). She also wrote Gigi (1952), a play based on the novel by Colette.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 11 August 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

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(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Cristallo, Cortina, August 11, 1926.

Dear Strong My idea is to remain here until the end of September. If I feel like stopping at way stations—as I may if I am doing the novel—it might take me a week or a fortnight to get down to Rome. I could join you in Florence, but under the circumstances it would be better for me to stay in the town, where we could dine together as in Paris. I remember being very comfortable in summer at the Savoia. You have my sincere sympathy in the prospective loss of Enrichetta and Guiseppe. It will never be the same without them, but I daresay you will manage and, as I read between the lines of your letter, you won’t mind a change of cooking. I am still at work on the intruding subject suggested by Dean Inge’s book; but the thing has grown into an independent essay. It will do for the last chapter of the New Winds of Doctrine which I expect to get together before long—a collection of my articles with omissions, additions, and ^ ^ variations. It has been very cold here, with snow down to the line of the woods on all the surrounding mountains, but I have kept well and comfortable. I have Whitehead’s book on Science and the Modern World,1 but have not yet begun it. I will send it to you when I have read it, and if you don’t want it you can simply put it aside for me to pick up later. Would you consider finally going to Naples in October? I have a feeling that I don’t want to stay all winter again at the Hotel Bristol. A change of scene might stirr up my sluggish mind, and Naples, with perhaps Capri or even Taormina might do it. Would it be too much trouble to have another “masseur gingival Shamb” sent to me here? The other, beautiful ly packed, turns out to ^ ^ have a serious defect: the screws holding the little rubber wheels protrude and tear the inside of the cheek. I am still using the old one. I repeat the directions on the enclosed half-sheet,2 so that you may hand them to whoever does the errand.

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Where is Margaret? Yours ever G.S. 1

Science and the Modern World: Lowell Lectures, 1925 was published by Macmillan. Unlocated.

2

To Marianne Moore 23 August 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Cortina d’Ampezzo Aug. 23, 1926 Dear Miss Moore1 It is not likely that I should have anything new to say about Shelley: when I have a free season I hope to turn to Wordsworth,2 but at present I am preoccupied with other things. Before long, however, I hope to have something for you of a slightly different sort—“The —An Aesthetic Soviet”— and meantime I continue to feast on the various condiments of The Dial, which is one of my few wires to the world of the living. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 Marianne Moore (1887–1972), an American poet educated at Bryn Mawr College, was acting editor of The Dial (1925–29). She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her Collected Poems (1951). 2 William Wordsworth (1780–1850) was an English poet known for his worship of nature, humanitarianism, democratic liberalism, and interest in the common people. In 1843 he was appointed poet laureate. He is buried in the church field at Grasmere.

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To Otto Kyllmann 30 August 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

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(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Cortina d’Ampezzo, August 30, 1926

Dear Mr Kyllmann My laziness or incapacity of the last months has yielded lately to a spell of clearer mental weather and I am sending you, under a separate cover, a MS which has outgrown the limits of an article, for which it was first intended, and has become a little book.1 It is about “Platonism and the Spiritual Life”, and contains, I think, meat for reflection. Those who read at all with pleasure, will perhaps wish to read it again: I mean, it is not to be presented as a little book of controversy or “actuality”—although suggested by Dean Inge’s Hulsean lectures2—but as spiritual reading for the philosophically pious. Do you think it could be published in a small volume, somewhat after the manner of a prayer-book—the print not too large, the page decidedly small (there could be margins at pleasure) perhaps a rubric or red letters here and there? I have divided it, I hope not too artificially, into short sections, on purpose to invite the eye to pause, and to make it easier to pick the book up and read a page or two anywhere at odd moments. I may be deceived by the afterglow of composition, which is quite recent, but I think the thought justifies and rather requires that sort of treatment. The binding, too, ought to be smooth black cloth, to go into the pocket easily. Please don’t let the matter of profits intervene, as I should be glad to make any arrangement about publication which you think fair. Let it be a nice little book. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Platonism. A course of lectures on Christian evidences, etc., delivered annually at Cambridge since 1777, the Hulsean Lectures were instituted and endowed by the Rev. John Hulse of Cheshire. William Inge’s 1925 and 1926 lectures at Cambridge outlined what he called “a third type of Christian thought,” Christian platonism. These were published as The Platonic Tradition in English Religious Thought (1926). 2

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To Carl Sadakichi Hartmann 7 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Dartmouth)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London Cortina d’Ampezzo September 7, 1926

Dear Mr Hartmann Your “Japanese Rhythms”1 have reached me: I see they are a work of love on your part, and that of itself helps to carry me pleasantly in imagination to the East, which I don’t know but (perhaps for that reason) think I should love. Yours truly GSantayana 1

Japanese Rhythms: Tanka, Haikai and Dodoitsu Form was a 1926 mimeographed limited edition.

To George Sturgis 7 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. Cortina, Sept. 7, 1926 Dear George The two sketches intended for the Lampoon but evidently rejected as “unsuitable”, or not good, or not comic enough, are certainly by me: now what am I to do with them? I hate old relics: but perhaps, as these don’t take up room, I may put them in a portfolio I have in Paris with other documents which I have not quite liked to throw away. I can’t find the letter written to you by the librarian of the Harvard Business School: could you have a note—or telephone message—sent to him to say that I have received the drawings, that they are by me, and that I am much obliged to him for his attention. And now that I am troubling you with business, another request: Will you please send a cheque for $3.00 to Mr. Sadakichi Hartmann, Beaumont, California, with the note enclosed? He has (unasked) sent me a book which has a nice cover, separable and useful for

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other purposes: but he is ——— not to be regarded as an object of charity, and ^ ^ the price asked is not too high. The summer has passed pleasantly: little rain and weather very warm for this place. I have not made much progress in my regular work: but quite unexpectedly I have written a whole new book, actually finished and sent off to the publisher’s last week! It was to have been an article on a new book of Dean Inge’s, but grew into 120 pages, so that it can appear in the form of a small volume. It is on a quasi-religious subject: “Platonism and the Spiritual Life.” The Pragmatists won’t like it. My plans are vague: probably I shall return to Rome in October. Yours affectionately GSantayana

To Maurice Firuski 8 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy (MS postcard: Unknown) C

/o Brown Shipley & Co. 123 Pall Mall, London Sept. 8, 1926 Could you send a copy of Percy Lubbock’s “Earlham” ( Jonathan Cape, London)1 to Mrs. C. H. Toy, at Ware Hall, Cambridge, Mass., and charge it to my account? I haven’t heard from you or from Mr. P. la R. for a long time. Yours truly GSantayana 1

Percy Lubbock (1879–1965) was an English essayist, literary critic, and biographer best known for The Craft of Fiction (1921). Earlham (an account of his Norfolk childhood holidays) was published in 1922.

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To Horace Meyer Kallen 15 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: American)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. Cortina d’Ampezzo, Sept. 15, 1926 Dear Kallen I am delighted at this prospect of seeing you, and of hearing the many things which you will be able to tell me about unknown America. Of course, I live surrounded by Americans who have all more or less recent tidings to give of the Happy Land; but your point of view is more speculative and you will better understand my questions. I have fallen out of the habit of going to England. The climate, material and moral, no longer suits my aged temperament. I am not much even in Paris, although I expect to be there late next summer, on returning from Spain—possibly for a few days in June also, on my way to Avila, where I have my only blood-relations and a true refuge from the world of snobs— I mean, intellectual snobs, because naturally the others don’t fall in my way. In Avila nobody has heard of anything, and it is a great relief. But meantime I expect to be chiefly in Rome, at the Hotel Bristol, Piazza Barberini. It is possible that during the winter I may make some trips, to the South or to Florence: send me word in advance, /ai f you come so far, and we can easily arrange a meeting. In the years since I have heard from you directly, my impression has been that you were not having a very easy time: that you found contrary currents about you. I am glad that at last you are able to take a holiday and, in spite of congresses, perhaps to take a little rest. But you will find little rest here morally, although materially, perhaps, the pace may be slower. Yours sincerely GSantayana [across] P.S. I remain at Cortina (Hotel Cristallo) until Oct. 1: then for 10 days or so, I expect to be in Venice (Hotel Danieli): then in Rome.

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To Otto Kyllmann 15 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

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(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Cortina, Sept. 17\5, 1926 Dear Mr Kyllmann I telegraphed this afternoon as you suggested, “Sheet proposal satisfactory”. I should very much prefer to have the American public receive the book as printed in England; even so, I am afraid it will present a less attractive appearance on account of the America n way of cutting down the ^^ page and binding. My “Poems”, which were supposed to be reprinted in fac simile,1 cut a very sorry figure in Scribner’s edition, compared with yours; but it sold well, which is a sort of bitter-sweet compensation. As you know, the matter of royalties, especially for a small and quasi-religious book like this, is indifferent to me: it would in any case be a small matter, one way or the other. You needn’t give me any royalty at all, if you can thereby make the book more attractive to the eye and the pocket of the public. On the other hand, I confess I am not altogether satisfied with the specimen pages which you send. They follow my suggestions, so that I ought not to find fault: but I am not a connaisseur in the art of printing, and my suggestions, when carried out, don’t please me. Could you, with your experience, or who ever is the Expert to whom you entrust such things, try something different? Disregard the suggestions I made in my previous letter, and start afresh as you would have done if I had said nothing. If you ask me what it is that I don’t like in these specimen pages, I can’t answer clearly. Perhaps the page is too long and narrow, the print faint and weak (it makes me squint) and the title page not bold enough, too feminine, as it were. What I had in mind was wholly different—a strong black and white effect, like black-letter. When you return from your holiday, I hope to hear again from you about [across] these matters. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Make like (Latin).

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To Otto Kyllmann 17 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Cortina Sept. 17, 1926 Dear Mr Kyllmann I should be very glad to have the Indian branch of the Oxford University Press include my “Little Essay” on War1 in their book of modern English Essays. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Essay number 103 in Essays.

To John Jay Chapman 23 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Cortina, Sept. 23, 1926 Dear Mr Chapman1 I will telegraph tomorrow morning, as you request, and hope the delay in reaching me here has not put you to any inconvenience. Your request that I should be President of the Aryan2 Society is most flattering, but it is also a little amusing, because it suggests that you think me a personage entirely different from what I am. Of course Sir Geoffrey Butler3 does not know me, nor I him. I have not been in England, save for one flying visit, for these eight years; even when I was kept there by the war, I led the same utterly retired life that I lead everywhere. I am not a person in public life or in the public eye; nobody knows me except possibly by name or through my books, and I should be the most unsuitable choice you could make for a President. Even if this were not so, and I was moving (as you seem to suppose) in the midst of the London Intelligentsia, it might have been difficult for me to accept your invitation. Against whom is the Aryan Society directed? Against the Arabians, the Jews, the Chinese, and the blameless

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Ethiopians? I confess that I don’t like the Jewish spirit, because it is worldly, seeing God in thrift and success, and I know nothing of the blacks; but the Arabs and the Chinese seem to me in some ways, apart from the costume, nearer to the Greeks than we are in Europe and America: they have taken the measure of life more sanely. Might it not turn out, then, that the Aryan Society, if it stood for the life of reason, was especially directed against the Aryans? Races, like nations, seem an unfortunate class of units to identify with moral ideas. If you had called your Society the Society for the Preservation of Traditions, or the Lawgivers Club, or something indicating the love of order as against the thirst for chaos, I might, as far as my sympathies are concerned, have been heartily with you: but even then, not as President. Even in the same church some are born to be monks and others to be bishops: I was born to be a monk. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 John Jay Chapman (1862–1933) graduated from Harvard in 1885 and became a controversial dramatist, writer, and critic. 2 Aryan is a term used by the German Nazis to designate, with no scientific basis, the Indo-European race from which the German people were descended. The Nazis claimed that German superiority depended on the purity of the race. 3 Probably Geoffrey Gilbert Butler (1887–1929), who wrote books on international law.

To Charles Augustus Strong 23 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Cortina, Sept. 23, 1926 Dear Strong The season is so persistently fine and warm that I am almost sorry to have to leave this place: but the hotel is getting empty and on October 1st (as I remember from my former visit) it goes into curl-papers altogether. It seems early to return to Rome, and hardly the occasion to visit you in Florence, which for its own sake does not attract me. I am therefore going for a fortnight to Venice—hotel Danieli—and from there I can make straight for Rome in a sleeping-car, which is apparently the only means of travelling now in Italy with any comfort—motors being excluded. In Rome, I hope soon to see you. Since you don’t feel like going on to Naples, I will put it off too, hoping that perhaps in February you may be inclined to make that trip. I could go down with you (or at the same time by train), we

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could see the sights together—better still if Pin/scent could join us—and I could stay on in the South when you returned, if I felt inclined, as I now think I should. It is hard for me to uproot myself from any place, but once having broken away, I feel rather disinclined to return to the old routine, and I am going to tell the people at the Bristol that this year I will keep my rooms only until February. My work is going on better, and I think it would not suffer from a change of environment. I mean to linger at Naples, Capri, or Sorrento, possible even Taormina, until it is time to travel north. I could then visit you at the villa if it was ready and there was room. [across] I have promised my sisters to go to Avila for July: after that Paris. Such are my present plans. Yours ever G. S. [across page one ] P. S. Specimen pages of “Platonism & the Spiritual Life” have already arrived, but they are dreadful, and I have asked for others.

To Horace Meyer Kallen 25 September 1926 • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

(MS: American)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London S.W.1 Cortina, Sept. 25 1926 Dear Kallen In November I shall undoubtedly be in Rome, which is not out of your way to Palestine, at least as the bird flies, and your kindness in wishing to see me will be rewarded by seeing Rome also, while if the Pope,1 I, and Mussolini2 get on your nerves, you can take ship at Naples or Brindisi for Egypt, which I suppose is still a way-station to the Promised Land. When I made my pilgrimage in 19053 it had to be by water, landing at Jaffa4 in a small boat amid rocks and breaking waves; but now I believe you go by train in a few hours from Zuez to Jerusalem. But you know all this better than I: all I can do is to assure you that Rome in November is in itself very pleasant and that I shall be very glad to welcome you there. I live by rule, as in a monastery, never go out in the morning or evening, but have lunch at 12.30 or l o’clock at some restaurant, then take a walk until tea-time, and then return to my hotel, where I dine upstairs in my cell. If you will make a similar arrangement for your meals, which they call half-pension, I hope you will come and lunch with me every day, while you remain in Rome, and then I can show you, not the sights, but the pleasant places where I

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take my constitutional, and we can discuss eternal and temporal matters in the mild golden light of autumn—very like that of Limbo. It may be a relief to you after the agitation and hopeless confusion which you will have found in England. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Pius XI. Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) founded fascism in Italy. When King Victor Emmanuel III asked him to form a cabinet, Mussolini transformed his government into a ruthless dictatorship. In the Axis partnership, Mussolini became a puppet of Hitler and in 1940 entered World War II. Overthrown and arrested in 1943, he was freed by a rescue party. Italian partisans captured him and his mistress, shot them, and then hanged their bodies. 3 See Persons, 451–67. 4 Tel-Aviv-Yafo, Israel. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 8 October 1926 • Venice, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Danieli, Venice October 8, 1926

Dear Strong It is now a week since I arrived here and I find Venice very agreeable— warm, but not too much infested by flies or mosquitoes, or even by tourists. A friend of Westenholz’s, who speaks very good English is here and we usually dine together, so that I have enough society. I expect to stay for another week, as was my original plan—possibly until Sunday the th If you don’t see me earlier, or hear to the contrary, you may expect 17– me to turn up at the Aragno on Monday the 18th for lunch—for I suppose you still lunch there. If not, I will look you up later at the Minerva Yesterday I went sight seeing, on foot, to the Findecca and the Island of San Giorgio Maggiore, crossing by the ferry, and I was surprised at the small size of the Tintorettos which I remembered as vast epical designs. The interior of Italian churches is cold, and leaves me cold: these festive buildings are better as distant features or backgrounds in the landscape. San Giorgio as I see it at this moment from my window through a slight haze is certainly a poetical object: near to, and inside, it seems only an architect’s model in an old curiosity shop.

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Mrs Toy has send / t me some newspaper cuttings about the philosophical congress at Harvard: it seems even less interesting than I should have expected— I gave your copy of Sous le Soleil de Satan to the Schneiders at Cortina (a Columbia professor & his wife): but I will get another in Rome—nothing easier. Yours ever G.S.

To Lawrence Smith Butler 9 October 1926 • Venice, Italy C

(MS: University Club)

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.l Venice, Oct. 9, 1926 Dear Lawrence Your business address and the neat appearance of your type-written letter, involving an animate as well as an inanimate typewriter, open vistas of you in a new atmosphere. Are you working really hard and building Babylonian skyscrapers? I hope this will not prevent you from coming to see me—you will need a rest—and please don’t bring either the animate or the inanimate typewriter with you. No, I have not seen “The Story of Philosophy”1 and have forgotten if they ever asked me for a photo. I now have been reproduced especially for reproduction by Swain & Co, New Bond Street, London, W. to which your friends the publishers can send for a portrait of me in my 60th year; it is not good, too much touched up, but will serve for the public. My real portrait is the drawing by Andreas Andersen of which I suppose you have a copy; at any rate the Potters have, and would lend it to Simon & Schuster if they preferred it to the new photo. I don’t send you one of these because those I have are in Paris, quite out of reach. I have been spending the summer at Cortina d’Ampezzo, very pleasantly, and have stopped here in Venice for a little change before settling down again at the Hotel Bristol in Rome. You will probably find me there, at least until February, when it is possible that I may go to Naples etc. for the rest of the season. Next summer I have promised to go again to Avila, but shall be in Paris on the way there and back. Yours aff–ly GSantayana

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P.S. Like a lady, I forgot the object of this letter until it was finished. Of course I shall be glad to read your journal of the trip round the world, but why should I, who am not a circumnavigator, write a preface for it? What should I say in it? However, if on seeing it I should be inspired, the thing might be done. This summer I have written a whole book—a little one—on the spur of the moment, thinking it would be merely a review of Dean Inge on “ The Platonic tradition in English religious thought,” but it grew into ^ ^ an independent treatise of my own on how to become a saint without lettng anybody know it. It is to be called “Platonism and the Spiritual life” and is very Indian. You may not like it all, because it is not specifically Christian, but I will send you a marked copy, where the orthodox pages shall have a little red cross at the top. 1 William James Durant (1885–1981) received his doctorate in 1917 from Columbia University. His book, The Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the Great Philosophers of the Western World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1926), was an immediate success when it was published.

To Horace Meyer Kallen 22 October 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: American) Hotel Bristol, Rome October 22, 1926.

Dear Kallen As you see, I am already in Rome, and I shall be delighted to see you any day that you are able to turn up. Strong is here, at the hotel Minerva, pending some repairs which are being made in his villa; we can go after lunch and have coffee with him, as I know he will be glad to see you. If you will call for me on the first day you are here at 12.15, we will drive or walk, according to the weather and to our feelings, to some restaurant and fortify the flesh a little to help it bear the disappointments of the spirit. My thoughts, too, often go back to the Harvard of our day, but I can’t say that they are accompanied by any desire of living then —at ^day^ over again. The past is better as past than it was or would be as present. I don’t say this because I think all presents bad: I am enjoying my old age very much; but I like the safety of distance, the lack of urgency, in the view of the most

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pleasing object.—But we can moralize at leisure by word of mouth when you are here. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Marianne Moore 8 November 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Hotel Bristol, Rome, Nov. 8. 1926 Dear Miss Moore I enclose an old skit1 which I have found among old papers and touched up a little, thinking that perhaps it might amuse your readers. If you don’t want it, could I ask you as a personal favour to send it back to me, as I have no other clean copy? “An Æsthetic Soviet” has met with an accident, but I think will recover, and be ready for you before long. Yours sincerely GSantayana

1 “Overheard in Seville: During the Procession on Maundy Thursday, 1913,” The Dial (April 1927): 282–86.

To Otto Kyllmann 12 November 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Rome, Nov. 12, 1926 Dear Mr Kyllmann This specimen page will do very well: I like the print (which is like that in “Scepticism & Animal Faith”) and the shape of the printed part; my only doubt is about the added length of the paper, and about the need of a running title at the top. Since the book has no chapters with titles, the running title seems unnecessary, and the numbering might be at the top instead. I think the reader, if he forgets what he is reading about, might as well turn

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to the title-page or to the back of the cover. Isn’t a quadrangular page of print of better effect with a clear margin all round? According to a calculation which I have made there would be something over a hundred of these pages in the whole book.1 Something would depend, of course, on the amount of space left clear between the numbered divisions. When the title-page is in proof, I suppose you will let me see it. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Santayana’s recommendations were followed; the book is ninety-four pages long.

To George Sturgis 20 November 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Nov. 20, 1926. Dear George Don’t notice this girlish notepaper. It goes with my grass-widow’s room, and I have no other at hand. I was glad to hear that Josephine had had another boy1 and that both mother and child were doing well. You seem to run to boys in your gen^ ^ eration. And I am also glad to know that Rosamond’s operation has been successful and that you are in a football humour. I have seen by chance in a friend’s Paris “New York Herald” that Harvard beat Yale, so that your feelings must have been altogether festive. It is a long time since I ought to have replied to your letter, in which you answered my questions about my proposed new will. The delay comes of a real incapacity on my part to reach any decision. Soon after writing to you it came over me in the still watches of the night—between naps, for I wasn’t at all sleepless—that I had overlooked two important points. One was that in my will as it stands I leave, or mean to leave, one third of my property to your aunt Susie or her step-sons: whereas according to my proposed new will, I should be leaving nothing to the Sastre family after your aunt’s death. Now neither of these results seems to me fair. One third of my present fortune is too much to leave to the Sastres: but I want to leave them something, because I am fond of them, their house is a sort of second home for me, and a legacy would make a real dif-

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ference in their comfort and in the education or settlement of the children, who are my special friends. In fact, I should prefer if possible to leave presents to the grandsons2 directly (there are now three only) rather than to their parents or to the girls.3 If there should be more grandsons of Celedonio later I could provide in a codicil for the new-comers. If, then, I make a trust, it must be after providing legacies—say $5000 apiece—for those three boys. That is the first point. The second point touches the proposed Harvard scholarship. I had thought of waiting until I was richer, if I ever am: but it now occurs to me that, as far as your Aunt Josephine’s money is concerned, it makes no difference whether I inherit it and then leave a part to Harvard, or whether you inherit my part of your aunt’s fortune entire but receive less from ^ ^ me upon the previous sad occasion of my demise. I might then just as well establish the fellowship at once. If I die before your aunt Josephine, you and your sister Josephine get so much less as my residuary legatees: but then, when your aunt Josephine dies, you get her money entire. If on the contrary, she dies first, my own chest is repleted, and the fellowship or scholarship comes out of the lump sum. The result is therefore identical in either case. Isn’t this so? But here a different circumstance intervenes, and upsets all my project. I had suggested in a careless moment to my friend Strong this idea of a scholarship for Harvard, in recognition of the one we had enjoyed in our youth:4 now Strong has been here in Rome for some weeks, and I find that he is leaving his entire fortune, perhaps $1,000,000 for that purpose! What will be the use of my pittance—I had thought of $25,000. or $30,000—in comparison? He says I must act independently, that possibly he won’t leave all his fund to Harvard but distribute it among various universities: but in any case the wind is taken out of my sails, as his foundation will provide for just those elderly philosophers or impecunious but virtuous poets whom I wished to befriend. I am therefore in some perplexity, and not unwilling to let the thing lie, until I see new light. We had already talked, when you were in Rome, about the question of having my next year’s letter of credit in dollars instead of pounds, and I had agreed that it was more sensible. It would not affect in any case my right to use B. S. & Co as a post-office, because I have a bank account there independently of the letter of credit, very useful in cashing and paying cheques for books, clothes, charities, etc. I will draw the rest of my present letter of credit at the end of the year and shall be well-provided for some

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time. There is therefore no hurry about the new letter. It might be for $4000. I am settled here as you found me last year and leading the same life, except that more friends seem to be turning up than usual. With love to Rosamond & the children from G.S. [across] P.S. Please send $100 in my name for the Phi Beta Kappa memorial, as inclosed. 1

David Dudley Bidwell (b. 1926). Eduardo and Roberto Sastre Martín ( José’s sons) and Rafael Sastre Hernandez (Rafael’s son). 3 Adelaida “Adelita” and Maria Josefa “Maripepa” Sastre Hernandez (Rafael’s daughters) and Josefina and Maria Teresa Sastre Martín ( José’s daughters). 4 Strong and Santayana shared the Walker Fellowship, which was awarded jointly for postgraduate study of philosophy in Germany. 2

To Herbert Wallace Schneider [22 November 1926] • Rome, Italy

(MS: Southern)

Dear Schneider1 I was sorry not to get to the Pincio yesterday, but Sunday is not a good day for me, as I take the opportunity of going to some theatre if there is anything that attracts me, and yesterday I went to a cheap but not unpleasant performance of La Traviata.2 Perhaps you and Mrs Schneider will come to the Casino on Thursday or Saturday, if it is pleasant. I shall make a point of being there. How dreadful of Strong to discover that there are two kinds of intuition, one that is intuition and one that is not! Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Herbert Wallace Schneider (1892–1984) was educated at Columbia University, where he taught philosophy from 1918 until 1957. He wrote numerous books on philosophy and religion. 2 La Traviata (The lost one) (1853) is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), based on the drama La Dame aux Camélias by Alexandre Dumas fils (1802–70).

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To Charles Augustus Strong 23 November 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Bristol Rome Nov. 23, 1926

Dear Strong I take this large and professional sheet1 in view of answering all the points of your long letter, on which I have made marginal notes. I do it, so that you may not think I neglect your admonitions; but I hardly expect that it will be of any use in clearing up our differences. 1. Isn’t what you call my agnosticism simply what they called “critical realism”? 2. You say that appearances are not created out of nothing. My view is that of Christian theology: they are created out of nothing, but not by nothing, not by chance or spontaneously: they are created by something else. In other words, their substance is outside of them, not within them; they are contingent, not necessary or congenital effects of what precedes: facta, non genita. Your contrary view is monistic or pantheistic: it does not admit, with me and the Indians, that appearance is illusion and that nothing given exists. It is partly for this reason, no doubt, that you value your theory. You wish to be, at least in some measure, an empiricist, a positiv/eist, a philosopher of the Left. 3. By “a sensuous nature” I take it that you mean some concrete fact or instance of sentience, not the abstract nature of sentience, which would be a non-existent universal. Now I ask myself: Has this concrete instance of sentience no character save “being”? In that case its concreteness and existence ———— ———— ^individuation^ would depend on its position in space-time; and space-time, not instances of sentience, would be the true principle of existence or “being”. If on the contrary each instance of sentience has a special inner quality differentiating it from other instances, like a monad, then its “being” is simply its essence, and again it depends for its existence on its position and relations in rerum natura.2 In either case, a fact or instance of sentience cannot fulfil the function of bestowing existence upon itself or upon appearances. The principle of existence, I think, cannot be any absolute or static being, whether pure Beings or sentience conceived as self-centred and self-existing. It must be the very fact of passage or flux, involving the establishment (by an unsynthesizable succession) of contingent or irrelevant relations between its assignable terms. It will not suffice

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for your point-instants to “be”, each in itself: if they are to exist, they must vindicate their existence by pushing and generating one another. Existence must be enacted: it cannot be given or conceived. Perfection cannot exist; only imperfection. 4. You introduce your theory of “intuition by means of projection”. I have assented to it, thinking of “projection” behaviouristically: but it now occurs to me that a distingno is needed. Projection cannot precede intuition if it be the projection of the terms which presently appear in intuition. That which precedes intuition is only reaction. When this reaction has put some term before the mind, it may also cause –it– that term to be regarded as ^ ^ the object upon which reaction is taking place, thus (erroneously) projecting it and believing it to exist. 5. You suggest that I probably object to your transferring “being” from the appearance to the subject. No: the appearance, in my opinion, has no being but essence; existence is in the psyche to begin with. What I object to, if anything, is the transference of –it– “being” to the appearance. This, ^ ^ however, is only technically an error, the appearance being honoured by proxy as if it were the external object: and it is quite porper to recognize existence there, since the external object is collateral with the self, and in the same field of action. 6. You say that the sort of existence attributed to a sound as it is heard is empirically given. No doubt there is a sense of existence when we hear a keen sound: it comes from the reverberation in the body (of which more presently) and, until contemplative freedom is attained, — it is this felt exis^ tence is probably transferred to the sound heard or (more correctly) to the ^ source of the sound, to the sounding object. But of course you do not expect me to believe that the given essence therefore exists, or that existence is ever “given” to intuition at all. It is continually pres[illegible]sing and being enacted; but in exact proportion as intuition shapes and contemplates the ———— essen—ce of sound, —this it becomes an essence in the realm of ———— sound, an eternal theme, and the sounding object first, and the process ^ ^ of hearing afterwards, drop out of consideration. I went to hear La Traviata yesterday and observed this. 7. I agree that there is an exact parallel between external perception and the sense of one’s own existence, which I think is simply internal perception. My insides are perceived, not visually, but in an unmistakably cognitive way. My existence is not given, since it is a natural process, an event, and not an essence: but it is continually experienced: we long ago called it a disturbance, tension, or trouble: you now call it a “stirring,” which seems

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much the same thing. Felt intensity is an essence, or an element in an essence; it may be erroneously projected into things, to make a metaphysical hybrid called force or energy; in things there cannot be anything similar to felt intensities, unless these things are beings dramatically conditioned, as we are conditioned. But force or energy may be a good name, and intensity may be a good dramatic symbol, for the precipitancy or volume of material processes. You see (as I have often told you) that your “being” or “stirring”, which I recognize to be a real and constantly pressing fact, seems to me to be simply the seething of animal life in us, and no possible primary existence. I agree that this sense of our bodily existence is habitually projected, in part, into the images of sense or into the objects which they announce: whence the normal madness of positing given essences as existing, and substituting them merrily for the unknown material processes going on in the self and in the rest of nature. 8. You set me on the horns of a monstrous trilemma: I must either say –1– [ ] that intuition is a ———— form mode of being to which essences are raised, ^ ^ called incandescence, in which case apparently I should agree with the ^ ^ neo-realists, and also, somehow regard intuition as a datum of experi^ ^ ence; or –2] [ – that intuition is a “bi-polar” act which “apprehends” essence attributable to the brain, and that intuition is not a datum of experience; or –3] [ – ——I as must oscillate between these views and remain “unclear” in my own mind. Neither –1] [ – nor –2] [ – as you state them, express es my view: –2] [ – on the ^ ^ whole would come nearer, but for the unintelligible word “bi-polar”, and the suspicious word “apprehends”. Act is the right classical term for the sort of being, actuality, proper to intuition: but it is not “bi-polar” if that means a transition between two objects of the same sort; for the organ is a psyche, and the result of its operation is the intuition of some essence, a wholly non-existent term. This situation is exactly what I meant to indicate by “incandescence”, which has nothing to do with any change in essences, which are all eternal and unchangeable. It is the psyche that grows incandescent, as the arc-lamp does, not the essence or the light thereby man^ ^ ifested: the essence of light is not plunged in darkness until the psyche or ^ the wire (without light at home) throws some light upon it. It is the psy^ che that is plunged in darkness until, by its friction, it manages to call down the essence of light into its orbit, and for a moment sees what light is. The hypostatic essences of the neo-realists are meant to obviate the need of intuition: if you forget yourself, or admit only a transcendental ego, you

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may suppose that essences can intuit themselves: but then they are ^ ^ hardly essences (except for being all surface) since they come and go and exist in external relations. They are things as the gnostic conceives them, things obvious through and through. I can’t understand how you could attribute to me a view that essences hypostatized in this way were equivalent to essences given in intuition, when half of “Scepticism” is devoted to proving that the data of intuition do not exist; nor have I given you any excuse, I am sure, for supposing that intution can be a datum of intuition: such data are essences, and intuition is an act, an event, the fact that to some animal some essence appears. This fact is implicated, no doubt, in appearance: but a particular intuition, if absorbed in its object, cannot know that –it– this object is an appearance ^ ^ or that an intuition is requisite to its specious presence. The deliverance of intuition is the essence simply, without any historical, psychological, or material setting. It is for this reason that intensely contemplative minds call essences the only true beings, and regard all else as confusion and falsehood. Intuition might be said, quo ad nos3, to raise (or call down) essence to a new status, that of specious being: but, as all good Platonists say, it is not the essence that descends, for it remains eternally where it was, but a sensitiveness to it that is awakened in the incarnate psyche for the time being. And, as I like to add, it is entirely the natural life of this psyche that determines which essences it shall call down, and for how long, and on what occasions: as a poet’s genius determines what words he shall spout. As to your new apartment I can only say: il a tort d’être en retard; mais il a raison d’être beau.4 Yours ever G.S. 1

This letter is written on lined paper larger than stationery sheets. In the nature of things (Latin). 3 By which to us (Latin). 4 It is wrong to be late, but it is right to be beautiful (French). 2

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To Otto Kyllmann 27 November 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Nov. 27, 1926 Dear Mr Kyllmann A Spanish friend, Don Antonio Marichalar, is writing an article about me in a new Madrid review called “Residencia”, and intends to translate for it one of the “Little Essays” (or part of one) drawn from “Egotism”. –They [ like “Egotism” because it is the most Catholic of my books, and they are quasi-believers.]– I have told him to go ahead and that I would take the responsibility of getting permission or paying fees, if either be requisite, both as regards you and as regards Dent. When I see the length and nature of the translation made—it may be only such a quotation as any review may contain—I will write to you again about it, if it seems worth while. As to the page for “Platonism and the Spiritual Life”, I am very sorry to be giving you so much trouble. The second specimen page will do as it stands: my suggestions about leaving out the headings, putting the page-number in the upper corner, and not having so much empty space at the bottom of the page, were only suggestions; it seems to me that the last point is merely a question of usage; if so much margin does not seem an affectation, it is a positive luxury: people can use it for annotations. As to the running-title my feeling was that, besides being useless, it detracted from the soberness and concentration that might be expressed in a solid rectangular page of print, but I may be wrong; it is perhaps a mere fancy, and I shouldn’t wish to insist upon it if it causes inconvenience. Yours sincerely GSantayana

1921–1927

To Otto Kyllmann 28 November 1926 • Rome, Italy

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(MS postcard: Temple)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Nov. 28, 1926 I had just posted my letter of yesterday when yours arrived with the new specimen page for “Platonism and the Spiritual Life”. I like this form very much better, and hope you will go on with it without further trouble. The proofs, without the MS, can be sent to me directly to the above address up to March 1st 1927. G. Santayana

To Unidentified Recipient 12 December 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: New York)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Rome, Dec. 12, 1926 Dear Sir, I am naturally much pleased that you should wish to include anything of mine in your Anthology, and if the passages from the Life of Reason (I haven’t the volumes here) are as short as that from the Dialogues, I hardly think the publishers—Constable for England, Scribner for the U.S.—would expect more than a formal notice: but you had better ask them the question which you put to me about the permission extending to America. Mine of course is not geographically limited, but I am not sure what Scribner would say. They hold the copyright for the Life of Reason. I suppose you don’t intend to attribute the two points of faith which you mention in your preface to all the persons quoted in the book. As the passage you have chosen from my Dialogues shows, if you consider it narrowly, I am myself distinctly opposed to the second point, and think it contrary to the first, at least in the sense in which I should accept the latter; because spirit and the supremacy of spirit transport us to the eternal world, and away from evolution, history, or the region of purposes; which I think presuppose particular animals already existing and having special interests in an alien world. But I am only the more pleased that, in spite of

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this difference in doctrine, you have felt that I shared your interest in a spiritual reawakening. Yours faithfully GSantayana

To Lewis Mumford 16 December 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co. 123 Pall Mall, London S.W.1 Rome, Dec. 16, 1926 Dear Mr. Mumford1 A copy of your “Golden Day”2 has reached me without any visible indication whether I owe it to your personal kindness or to that of your publishers: but in any case I prefer to address my thanks to you. To them I could only have said that this is the best book about America, if not the best American book, that I have ever read—an opinion which they could quote, if they liked, for purposes of advertisement.3 But your very sound judgements—as they seem to me—about various matters, make me wish to add something on two points, more in friendly confidence than in a critical capacity. And, by the way, I wonder whether you are one of the Mumfords that were well-known oarsmen at Harvard in my day,4 or a son of one of them or some more distant member of that family; this is not merely impertinent curiosity, but leads directly to the first matter which I wish to touch upon. You do not know me personally: do you know any old gentleman—there are still several about—who was my personal friend? Perhaps not: at any rate, in the very complimentary notice, in quality and quantity, which you take of me in your book, I feel that you are thinking of me—quite naturally—as just a Harvard professor, author of a book called “The Life of Reason”. Your appreciation seems absolutely just, as directed upon that semi-public personage: but I never felt myself to be identical with that being, and now much less than ever. What you say, about my roots being at best in Mrs. Gardner’s5 Boston, is true of him, not of me: my own roots are Catholic and Spanish, and though they remain under ground, perhaps, they are the life of everything: for instance, of my pose as a superior and lackadaisical person; because all the people and opinions which I deal with, and try to understand, are foreign and heretical and transitory from the point of view of the great tradition, to which I belong.

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The other matter which I have in mind regards your own philosophy, and the high place which you assign to Emerson and Whitman.6 It surprises me a little that you should feel that I have no intellectual sympathy with Walt. When I was young I passed for one of his ardent admirers, wrote a “Dialogue” in his praise in the Harvard Monthly,7 when in its first year, or soon after, and have never changed in that respect. You don’t seem to me to distinguish between types of imagination or sentiment, and doctrine about the universe. In the former capacity, Whitman’s attitude seems to me fresh, manly, large, and healthy: in the latter (if he figures there at all) he would be a mere rhetorical prattler and sentimentalist. The moral world, for me, is a part of the human world, which is itself a detail in nature: variations in the moral world are as legitimate, and may be as welcome, as changes in art or in language: but does the universe change, or can a serious philosophy change, with the moral weather? Yours very truly GSantayana 1 Lewis Mumford (1895–1992) was educated at Columbia, New York University, and The New School for Social Research. He became editor of The Dial in 1919 and in 1920 edited The Sociological Review in London. Author of numerous books and articles on politics, religion, architecture, and literature, Mumford described himself as a social philosopher. 2 The Golden Day (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1926). 3 Boni and Liveright released an abridged and edited version of the letter as an advertisement for Mumford’s book. 4 Possibly James Gregory Mumford (class of 1885) and George Saltonstall Mumford (class of 1887). 5 Santayana describes Isabella Stewart Gardner as one of the “two leading ladies in Boston of my time” (the other being Mrs. Whitman). See Persons, 363–65. 6 Born in Boston and educated at Harvard, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82) was a poet, essayist, and philosopher. He wrote Nature (1936) and from 1842 to 1844 edited The Dial. Walt[er] Whitman (1819–92) was an American poet whose themes include love, death, nationalism, and democracy. His most famous work is Leaves of Grass (1855). Santayana was influenced by Whitman, calling him and Browning barbarians in his essay “The Poetry of Barbarism.” Yet Santayana composed two poems subtitled “after Walt Whitman.” “Had I the Choice” and “You tides with ceaseless swell” were published in Complete Poems, 404–5 and 410–11. 7 “Walt Whitman: A Dialogue,” The Harvard Monthly 10 (May 1890): 85–92. The Harvard Monthly was founded in 1885 by A. B. Houghton and was dedicated to the publication of the best work by the Harvard student body and faculty. Santayana was a member of the original editorial board, and many of his early works first appeared there.

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To Maurice Firuski 23 December 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown) Rome, Dec. 23, 1926

Dear Mr. Firuski I am glad to hear that Charles Pierce1 left copious materials yet unpublished, but I am not at all the person to undertake editing any portion of them. Find some young philosopher or mathematician, in whose career such deserving work might be of use and profit. I saw Pierce only once, at a lecture after a dinner at Wm. James’s. He had a red nose, a straggling grey beard, and an evening coat that seemed lopsided and thirty years old. As to his life, save that it was retired and, they say, bibulous, I know nothing: but if you can enlighten me, I shall not be incurious. As a philosopher Pierce has come late to be recognized, but his quality is unmistakably good, far better logically than Wm. James’s, and anything speculative from his pen would be welcomed, I think, by the learned public. Where did you get the impression, I wonder, that I am planning a translation of Don Quixote?2 Many years ago Updike3 proposed such a thing to me: I tried the first page and found it impossible: moreover the extant translations are excellent. My novel has been lying fallow, but I hope to devote myself consecutively to it as soon as I have dispatched volume one of my “Big Book”— “The Realms of Being”; and this I hope will be before I leave Rome this winter. Meantime I have composed a little book, now being printed, which may interest you in your spiritual exaltation, since it is precisely about “Platonism and the Spiritual Life”. It is very short, but very sublimated: written all at one go last summer at Cortina. Please give my best wishes to la Rose, and tell him that it would give me real pleasure if he would write to me about anything, or send me anything that he may have published. Is it true that “Lucifer” is sold out? If so, congratulations. Yours sincerely, GSantayana 1

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) was an American logician, scientist, and philosopher. He lectured on the philosophy of science at Harvard and published papers on logic as well as the first full statement of pragmatism (which differs from James’s). 2 Don Quixote is Miguel de Cervantes’s classic work (1605). Quixote’s chivalric romanticism is contrasted by the practical realism of his traveling companion Sancho Panza.

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Though Don Quixote is a satire on the exaggerated chivalry of the seventeenth century, some critics have perceived the main character as an idealist who is continually mocked and defeated in a materialistic world. Others have interpreted the novel as an attack on the Catholic church or on contemporary Spanish politics. 3 Possibly Daniel Berkeley Updike (1861–1941), who worked for Houghton Mifflin & Co. until he founded Merrymount Press in Boston in 1896.

To Marianne Moore 30 December 1926 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, Dec. 30, 1926.

Dear Miss Moore Here is the “Æsthetic Soviet”, or what remains of it; for the operation which it had to undergo was nothing less than a division into two; it had turned out to be a pair of Siamese twins; one half is rescued, but I am not sure whether the other half—which I have christened “The Revival of Intolerance”1—will survive the divorce. As the MS is rather in a mess, and I have hardly the freshness of perception needed to straighten it out at present, I should be particularly obliged if you could let me see the proofs: I might wish to make some slight but important corrections. Thank you for the proof of “Overheard in Seville”, and for your kind appreciation of this skit. It is not a “fantasy”, however, in the sense of being invented: most of it was really overheard. Yours sincerely GSantayana When this article—“An Æsthetic Soviet”—comes out, please have a copy of that number of The Dial sent to the following persons, and charge them to the author. G. S. Don Antonio Marichalar, Independencia 2, bis, Madrid, Spain. Mr. Julio Irazusta,2 C/o Banque Anglo-Sud-Américaine, rue Scribe, Paris, France Baron Albert von Westenholz, Sophienterrasse, 14, Hamburg, Germany. R. B. Potter, Esq, Antietam Farm, Smithtown, Long Island, N.Y.

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Mrs C. H. Toy, Ware Hall, Cambridge, Mass. D. M. G. Cory,3 Esq, 52 Cranley Gardens, S.W. London, England 1 “The Revival of Intolerance” was never published. The manuscript is in the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. 2 Julio Irazusta wrote numerous books on Argentine culture and politics and articles on George Santayana. 3 Daniel MacGhie Cory (1904–72) served as an occasional secretary to Santayana and Strong.

To Otto Kyllmann 15 January 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Jan. 15, 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann Here is the corrected proof of “Platonism”: I have had to make a few changes in the text (having discovered one or two errors of memory on my part) and there are other trifling corrections; perhaps it would be better to let me see a second proof before printing: but do as you think best. As to the MS, I have no use for it: destroy it, unless there is somebody who wants it as a relic. Yours truly GSantayana [across] P. S. In any case, I should like to see a proof of the title-page, and to know what binding is proposed.

To George Sturgis 22 January 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Rome, Jan. 22, 1927 Dear George I have received your two letters, the new letter of credit for $4000, and my yearly account, for all of which many thanks. Reduced to the terms which ultimately interest me, the account amounts to this: that my last year’s income was about $7000, of which I spent one half; and that the other half, together with the non-recurring extra “income” of another $7000, was added to my capital, which is now about $140,000. This, according to my standards, is a vast sum, and I am naturally highly pleased

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at being so comfortably off in my old age. I am following your advice in not being too economical, and have had guests here—a very easy way of amusing myself—in the persons of two of the Chetwynd children, nephew and niece of my late friend Moncure Robinson. Betty Chetwynd, aged 19, has now returned home to London, but Randolph, aged 23, is staying on, and is excellent company, without interfering at all with my habits or being, I hope, too much bored, as he does what sightseeing he likes in the morning and goes to teas, dinners, and dances when he is asked by his other friends in Rome, of which he has a good many. Of course it is all right about your commission on the extra “income”. As to my will, I will write another day: I am still a little vague about what to do. In the near future I may have occasion to consult Strong, your aunt Susie, and Onderdonk (who made my present will for me) and to come to a final decision. The proofs of my new short book (“Platonism”, etc.) have now been despatched, but I don’t know when the meteor will appear to astonish Cambridge, Mass. With love to Rosamond and the children Yours affectionately GSantayana

To Otto Kyllmann 31 January 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol Rome Jan. 31, 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann I am sending the second proofs of “Platonism & the Spiritual Life” back under a separate cover. There are only two small corrections to be made and it will hardly be necessary to send me a third proof of the body of the book. But I find that the title-page is still the same as in the original project which I asked you to give up. I have suggested in the proof leaving out the trivial ornaments and straightening the indications at the bottom of the page: so simplified, I think the title-page would be at least dignified and inoffensive. But I should have no objection to any other straight-forward arrangement, such as there is in the title-pages of my other books. My unfortunate desire that this book should be a particularly beautiful one has given us a lot of trouble. I am sorry, and I promise not to do it again! There is also the question of the binding? What is it to be?

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I inclose a list1 of persons to whom I should like copies to be sent in my name. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To [Marianne Moore] 4 February 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS postcard: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Please send a copy of the March number (if it contains my dialogue “Overheard in Seville”) to Mrs C. H. Toy, Ware Hall Cambridge, Mass. and charge it to my account: or if that piece doesn’t appear in March, the number in which it does appear.1 G. Santayana Feb. 4 1927 1

It is in the April 1927 issue of The Dial.

To Charles Augustus Strong 9 February 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Rome, Feb. 9, 1927 Dear Strong I was glad to hear from you at last: my letter had seemed to discourage your hopes of useful correspondence. The only point that seems to call for fresh comment is about “specious” essence. A triangle does not lose its triangularity when not thought of: but it ceases to be speciously triangular. “Specious” is only a term used to vary the monotony of “given”, “apparent”, or “intuited”. It is not a category of some essences in their own realm as distinguished from other essences there. I should therefore not say that Platonic ideas retained their specious character when not contemplated.

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They retain their essential character—the only character they have—but lose their specious presence or actuality. Randolph Chetwynd remained here for four weeks, Betty only ten days. Of course, this long visit has made him a more important person in my private world than he was before—a real friend instead of a boy friend; this makes a fresh bond with England to replace some of those which were growing so slack. The Chetwynds say I must go and stay with them; but I am sure it would be a mixed pleasure all round, and I hardly think I shall ever do so. My work hardly gets on at all, but I am reading Keyserling1 and about him—not the Diary: I have also read Salomon Reinach’s Lettres à Zoé2: on the whole less amusing than I expected. I suppose you have seen the book: a history of philosophy for young ladies. The second proof of my new little book—only 94 small pages—has been read, and I suppose it will appear in the Spring. I have also two pieces coming out in the Dial. I am putting off the trip to Naples—may give it up altogether unless you come and fetch me. But I suppose you are interested in your fresh quarters and arrangements at home. Let me know your plans when you have any— Yours ever GSantayana 1

Probably Die Philosophie des Grafen Keyserling by Heinrich August Karl Adolph (1927). Lettres à Zoé sur l’histoire des philosophies (1926).

2

To Edward W. Titus 11 February 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Columbia)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1, London. Rome, Feb. 11, 1927 Mr E. W. Titus1 Paris. Dear Sir I like the appearance, as well as the substance, of Mr Dunning’s book,2 and if I had anything of the sort you require, I should be tempted to submit it for your consideration, especially as I expect to be in Paris during the Summer, and we might consult together about the details. I have

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indeed the MS of several poetical plays3 which have lain idle for thirty years: they belong to the time and somewhat to the style of my “Lucifer”, although less pretentious. They would be too long for your purpose, and would require revision, so that even if you were inclined to consider any of them, I could not promise to let you have it at once. Some day, however, I mean to unearth these old papers and set them in order—against ulterior accidents. Whether any of them is worth publishing is another question which I am willing to leave to my executors. Yours faithfully GSantayana 1

Edward W. Titus (b. 1880) was a publisher in Paris. Ralph Cheever Dunning wrote Rococo: A Poem (1926), which was published by Titus. 3 “Philosophers at Court” and “The Marriage of Venus” were revised by Santayana and published posthumously in Testament. The manuscripts of two other early poetical plays, “The Flight of Helen” and “The Triumph of Zeus,” housed in the collection of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University, have not been published. 2

To Otto Kyllmann 14 February 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol Rome Feb. 14, 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann By all means let us have the black smooth binding. I very much prefer it to the others. I am sending the dummies back, and on the title page in the one with leaves I have again suggested bringing “London” & “1927” to the centre of the page. Don’t you think it would look better? This, of course, in addition to leaving out the ornaments, as indicated. Yours sincerely G Santayana

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To Marianne Moore 18 February 1927 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Beinecke)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1, London

Rome, Feb. 18, 1927 Dear Miss Moore Today, long after I had sent back the proof of my article “An Aestheti Soviet”, I am surprised to receive the MS of the same, with a scribbled request to send it back. What would be the use of that, and what was the use of sending it to me at all? I will not destroy it, in case there is some mysterious destiny in store for it. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Otto Kyllmann 22 February 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol Rome Feb. 22, 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann Thank you for the two proofs of the title-page to my new book. It is very good. I return one of them for reference Yours sincerely GSantayana

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To Manuel Komroff 28 February 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Columbia)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1; London

Rome, Feb. 28, 1927 Dear Mr Komroff1 I have put off thanking you for your book,2 until I had had time to read it—a very profitable thing for an old man who wishes to understand the temper of the younger age. I never liked my own ———— nineteen ———— eighteen-nineties, and I hope the nineteen-twenties or thirties will do better things. The glimpses you give of China and Russia are pleasant: let us hope those countries will not lose their spiritual virtues in their eagerness to borrow our worldly virtues from us. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 Manuel Komroff (1890–1974) was an American novelist and short-story writer who studied engineering, art, and music at Yale. He later wrote musical scores for movies and worked as an art and film critic. A socialist, Komroff edited English-language newspapers in both Russia and China. In 1924 he joined the staff of publishers Boni and Liveright and continued to publish fiction, mainly historical novels. 2 Probably The Grace of Lambs: Stories (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925).

To Marianne Moore 15 March 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Beinecke)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1. Rome March 15 1927

Dear Miss Moore Here is the MS. of my article. I didn’t know you made a collection of your contributors’ originals: but aren’t most of them type-written? Or is it only those of old fogeys like me that are preserved as curiosities? In any case, I should be sorry to interfere with the completeness of your museum. Thank you for generously sending the copies of The Dial at my request to those friends of mine, without charging them to me. I hope you may

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have your reward in the form of enhanced reputation among persons who wouldn’t be apt to see The Dial otherwise. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 15 March 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Bristol, Rome March 15 1927

Dear Strong It will be very nice to see you whenever you feel like coming. I have no thought of leaving, and probably shall give up the idea of Naples for this season. Next winter perhaps, when the direct line is open! As to the summer, if you are to be in Paris in June, I could very well join you there, at least for two or three weeks. My visit to Avila will be in July: that is, if I go at all: for I have observed in my sister’s letters that she keeps silent on the subject, and it may be that it would be inconvenient for her to receive me this year. She is 76 and her husband 87! I mean to write later saying that there are reasons (really only the above reason) why it might be better for me to postpone the trip until next year: but that I will come if they think it best. In this way they can put me off under cover of letting me have my own way. Spanish manners are very cautious. In any case I should be in Paris again in August, and it is possible that I may go on to England; that depends rather on the Chetwynds and their arrangements. If Randolph should be left alone in London, and not able to come to Paris, I might be persuaded to go and stay with him in their empty house. He would be at his work all day, and we should dine at restaurants together in the evening. It might be very pleasant, and I might work on the novel. I am very sorry you are still waiting for your room and the lift to be ready. One expects delay, and extra cost, in all building, but this is excessive—especially now without Scioperi.1 Yours ever G.S. 1

Strikes (Italian).

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To Charles Augustus Strong [16 March 1927] • [Rome, Italy]

(MS: Rockefeller)

Dear Strong I send you another article of Paul Souday’s,1 marking a passage about the realm of essence which may amuse you. Paul Valéry is excellent on the subject, although unsympathetic: he says himself, in his Ébauche d’un Serpent, that l’univers n’est qu’un dèfant dans la puretè du Non-être.2 But the other Paul (I mean Souday) is rather a philistine in philosophy and doesn’t see the point. I have Valéry’s poems at last: they are wonderful; the only original and interesting poetry being written in any language How are you? Yours ever G.S. 1

Paul Souday (1869–1929) was a French philosopher and critic whose works concentrate on Gide, Molière, Proust, and Valéry. The article was published in the 10 March 1927 edition of Temps and is headed “Les Livres.” The passage Santayana marked reads, “… l’obscurité est profonde, profond est le silence, donc ‘ce qui n’est pas est le profond de ce qui est’–et la profondeur, chère à tant d’esthètes, est ‘le lieu d’objets inconnus d’une connaissance inconnue’.” Translation: “... darkness is deep, deep is the silence, thus ‘what is not is the deep of what is’—and the deepness, dear to so many aesthetes, is ‘the place of unknown objects from an unknown knowledge’.” 2 Valéry published Le Serpent in 1922. “Sketch of a Serpent and Other Poems” is based on this work. The translation of this French statement reads, “The universe is just a defect in the purity of non-existence.”

To Charles Augustus Strong 17 March 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome March 17, 1927 Dear Strong I very much prefer the plan suggested in your letter to that in the postcript. It is out of the question for me to leave Rome on April 1–st. Before I leave (and this is my principal reason for not going to Naples) I want to send off vol. I. of the Big Book, “The Realm of Essence,” which I have almost completely rewritten but to which I wish to add an appendix —on ——

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t———— hree concerning three contemporary equivalents for my theory which — have lately come to light: viz. Ge/ uénon’s version of the Hindu Brahman, Whitehead’s chapter on “Abstraction” in his “Science in the Modern World”, and Husserl’s “Phaenomenologie”.1 The latter (which I am just beginning to study) is wonderfully coincident with my notions, although approached from a/the psychological side. Possibly it might appeal to you. I think a short notice of these three writers, with some quotations, will very much conciliate the readers—at least the professorial readers—of my “Realm of Essence” and make them see that it is no hobby or madness of mine, but an obvious Columbus’ egg which their worships had never thought of erecting on its own bottom. Come to Rome now, or as soon as you feel inclined, and then in June I will join you in Paris. When I said I would come to make you a visit at the villa, it was under the impression that you might not go to Paris at all this summer. Since you are going, I would much rather stay with you there, where I feel more at home than at Fiesole. I am reading Congreve2 for the first time: he is less licentious than I expected, and infinitely more witty. I laugh aloud like a madman at many of his sallies. And his English is admirable—a great treat and lesson for me after most of what I am condemned [across] to read—beginning with the new “Morning Post”. Yours ever G.S. 1

Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) was the German philosopher who founded the phenomenological movement. 2 William Congreve (1670–1729), an English dramatist, was known for his comedic plays.

To Horace Meyer Kallen 23 March 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: YIVO)

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/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, March 23, 1927 Dear Kallen Strong, who is here again, tells me that you are to be married, and to a most agreeable lady.1 I am very glad to hear it. I hope and believe that you will come at last into a long delayed and long deserved happiness. Your book on religion2—which I am much obliged for, and have been sedulously reading—is not that of a happy man. I wish you had postponed

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writing it until after your marriage! You know I never could see in James’s compilation anything but the abnormal varieties of religious experience. Normal religious experience is the assurance that one is living in a world the economy of which is authoritatively known, so that conduct, sentiment, and expectation have a settled basis. If we distinguish (which requires a dogmatic assurance on our part) between the true and the illusory parts of such a religion, the illusory part, when it is worth considering at all, seems to me to be poetry: that is, it is an imaginative fiction, rich in emotions, which serves nevertheless to adjust mankind to its fate, and to lend form to it’s relations to things, such as worldly life and eternal truth, which are not easily expressed in commonsense language. Both the moral economy and the poetry enshrined in a normal religion seem to be ignored in your book. You view everything from the outside, as if pathological. Your own experiments in getting at It are as little religious as possible: so is your list of examples of “religious experience”. Of course all life and thought involve/s somatic feelings and a nervous system somehow at work; but what I should call religion begins only at the point when rudimentary sensations or trances are interpreted rationally and made points of attachment for the poetry and the moral economy proper to a religious tradition. There is a great obscurity, to my sense, in your philosophical first principles. Are you a mere humanist, without any physics? Why then don’t you consider the Catholic church, for instance, as just as respectable and acceptable a view of the world and as good a method of human life, as ^ ^ that of the contemporary Intelligentsia? Certainly the church has the advantage humanly: it is richer in fruits of every description, much riper and of sweeter flavour. I can’t help feeling that your tartly external and perpetually insulting attitude to this church is founded on your love of truth: you hate her for her very excellences, because you are convinced that they are deceptive. I agree with you there; but then the very naturalism on which that agreement is based, if you steadily accepted it (as Spinoza did, for instance) might lead you to regard those deceptive charms historically with more sympathy and understanding: because the natural predicaments of man and his history made them inevitable and dramatically right. Spinoza (also James) didn’t understand the Catholic church or the paganism of the Greeks and Romans: but that was only an accident of his training: he was not a man of culture, as you are or ought to be. Why, in a word, are you so angry with human nature, if human nature, for you, is the absolute substance and only principle of things?

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I hope you will send me anything you may write about your impressions of Soviet Russia. There is another moral economy which I should like to see succeeding and rounding itself out, like the Catholic church. Yours sincerely GSantayana P. S. I have noted a few slips of the pen (or printer’s errors) which you might like to revise: p. 29. at the bottom. Your words sound as if the laity communicated under both elements. The priest only takes the wine. p. 48. “laisser faire” = necessity? p. 62. “booming, buzzing”, wasn’t it “blooming”? p. 24. is contemplation “passive”? p. 213. “corpus meus” should be “meum”. p. 12 “Descent of Man”: don’t you mean “The Origin of Species”?3 1

Rachel Oatman Van Arsdale. Why Religion (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1927). 3 The Descent of Man (1871) and The Origin of Species (1859) by Charles Darwin. 2

To George Sturgis 1 April 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton) Hotel Bristol Rome April 1, 1927

Dear George th from the Harvard Club. You Thank you for your letter of March 16– speak of reading stories to Bobbie, in which Neville takes a mystical interest too. It happens that the Harvard Lampoon has been sending me specimen numbers in the hope that I may subscribe. I want to do so for the sake of Auld Lang Syne1 and in order to show goodwill to the younger generation, but I find that I can’t understand a word of it, and the pictures are not modern enough for my taste, if I attempted to enjoy them mystically, like Neville, without understanding the joke. It occurs to me that you might subscribe in my name (and at my expense) but have the copies sent to you for the boys. They will some day go to Harvard,2 I suppose, and they might as well begin early to understand the secrets of the place. There is no change here. Randolph Chetwynd staid with me for the whole month of January, my friend Lawrence Butler was here for a few

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days, and lately Strong has made a long visit to Rome, and I have lunched and driven with him daily about Rome and the Campagna. In May I expect an unknown disciple named Cory, who is coming on a pilgrimage on purpose to make my acquaintance—fancy that! Apart from these distractions, I have been doing nothing but my usual reading and writing and strolling in the Pincio—and have been twice to the Zoo, remembering our visit there when you and Rosamond were here. As to the Summer, I expect to be in Paris, and may go to Avila if I think they would really [across] like me to come. With much love Yours afftly GSantayana 1

“Auld Lang Syne” (days gone by). The song (published in 1796), usually attributed to Robert Burns, is really a restyled version of a much older song. 2 Robert Shaw Sturgis was in the Harvard class of 1944. He received his A.B. in 1947 and his M.Arch. in 1951.

To Charles Augustus Strong 7 April 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Bristol, Rome April 7, 1927

Dear Strong I am deep in Husserl, whose German is of the worst and most rébarbatif1, but I can understand it when technical: his thought is conscientious. There are one or two figurative phrases that trouble me, and I have no German dictionary. Can you tell me if Klammern2 and einsuklammern3 refer to parentheses, brackets, or quotation marks? It is his phrase for what happens to a projected object when it is reduced to an essence. He is far too nice to call it “abstraction”! And also, please, is auszuschalten4 to exclude, omit, oust, or exactly what? I want to be exact and etymological, as I am going to translate the passages which I quote: the original is too dreadful. I am afraid you had unsettled weather during your trip: however, you will now have a chance to enjoy your room and garden at their best. I enclose the notice5 of a book that may interest you if you have not seen it already. Yours ever G.S.

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1

French for “unpleasant,” “off-putting.” Parentheses (German). 3 From the German einzuklammern for “to place in parentheses.” 4 To turn off or to exclude (German). 5 Unlocated. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 12 April 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Bristol Rome April 12 1927

Dear Strong Many thanks for your letter and for Dewey’s explosion, which I have sent back. After all, I haven’t needed to say anything about Husserl’s Klammern: what he means, however, is not a synthetic bond but an insulating cordon. When an entity is put in parenthis, it is no longer viewed in external relations, but as a framed picture: i.e. as an essence. I have found my Postcript easy and entertaining to write: it is almost done. I am sorry that Dewey should have been so much enraged by my article: I meant to be friendly and sympathetic, but magis amica veritas.1 Yet I am not sorry that he wrote his reply, because I have gathered something from it, partly from his denial that he thinks the immediate alone real, and partly from his assumption that by substance I understand something not in space and time and not distributed as things are distributed, in other words, that I dont think it is matter but is some metaphysical being. Would you have got the same impression from my book (Scepticism) or is it merely Dewey’s extraordinary intellectual deafness and blindness? He can’t think: he can only see things move: and for that reason he wonders how I, who sometimes see things moving too, can also think about them and see the dialectical and eternal relations of their essences. As to his nonimmediatism and empiricism (which he calls naturalism) I now seem to gather that each nucleus in the flux is an immediate reality to itself, and that it runs over into foreground and background, until there it becomes the next nucleus, also immediate to itself: the non-immediate being the path of transition from one immediate to another. But of course, if anything of this sort is in Dewey’s mind, it is a hopeless mess: the points and passages are either immediate to themselves pervasively, and then their relations are not: or else some or all represent these relations within their ^ ^

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field of immediacy: or else the whole thing is “objective idealism” or “subjective realism” and we are shut in in transcendentalism. Cory, my unknown disciple, has turned up. He is tall, nice, and only 22, but not [across] very clever—a sort of agreeable “grind”. He will come to see you in a month or so, when he goes north. Yours ever G.S. 1

More a friend of truth (Latin).

To Otto Kyllmann 1 May 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS postcard: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Thank you very much for the six copies of “Platonism” etc, which have arrived safely. I think the appearance of the book is satisfactory, and am glad to see it safely come into the world GSantayana Rome, May 1, 1927.

To Charles Augustus Strong 8 May 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller) Hotel Bristol Rome May 8 1927

Dear Strong This1 is to introduce Mr Daniel MacGhie Cory who, as you know, is not only my only living disciple but can also discourse to you about Summation. Yours ever GSantayana 1

This note was hand delivered.

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To George Perrigo Conger 19 May 1927 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Minnesota)

Hotel Bristol Rome May 19, 1927 Dear Mr Conger1 I expect to be here about a fortnight longer, after which I shall be in Paris. In either place I shall be glad to see you. You might have introduced yourself without the intervention of Prof. Whitehead, but I am glad to have a word from him for other reasons. If you wish to see me in Paris, please write to 9, Ave. de l’Observatoire, and I will make an appointment. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

A specialist in comparative religions, George Perrigo Conger (1884–1960) received degrees from Union Theological Seminary, Cornell University, and Columbia University. He chaired the Philosophy Department at the University of Minnesota for many years. His books include The Ideologies of Religion (1940), Epitomization: A Study in Philosophy of the Sciences (1950), and Synoptic Naturalism (1960).

To Otto Kyllmann 21 May 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple) Hotel Bristol Rome May 21, 1927

Dear Mr Kyllmann Today, at last, I have sent off the MS. of “The Realm of Essence”, which I hope you will receive safely. I should be much obliged if you would acknowledge the receipt of it at once, as I am always a little nervous when a MS is in the post. I expect to be here until June 2nd: thereafter at 9, Ave. de l’Observatoire, Paris. This book is the continuation of “Scepticism and Animal Faith”: it ought evidently to appear in the same outer form. There is a detail which I am afraid may give some trouble; I mean the marginal summary or commentary, like that in “The Life of Reason”. I think it is a help to readers, and enlivens the pages. It is for you to say whether there is room for it in the margin or whether, as in the “L. of R”, it had better be placed in an indentation in the text of the page.

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I had hope d to make a single volume of this and “The Realm of ^^ Matter” which is to follow, if my plan is carried out. But I don’t want to wait any longer, and this will make a convenient volume by itself. Perhaps in later years, if there should be new editions, the two could be joined in one volume of thinner paper. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Carl Sadakichi Hartmann 21 May 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Oregon)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Rome, May 21, 1927

To Mr Sadakichi Hartmann Beaumont, California Dear Mr Hartmann I have not received any of your passports,1 nor do I know anyone who wants at present to cross that frontier—if you mean immortality in another world/,—or who cares a fig for it in this world, if the papers will only talk about him now. It hadn’t occurred to me that an aesthetic Soviet should have a financial side: I was thinking of unanimity, not of communism. But of course there ought to be provision made for genius without a market. The trouble is that if society supported the artist, it would expect to educate him in its own beliefs and tastes, and to see these honoured in his works. The heretic and the stranger would be starved out, if not stoned. There is perhaps more mercy in our anarchy. At any rate, I am sending you a small token of the aspiration to comradeship—since as you say comradeship does not exist—and shall be glad if you will send me one of your passports in exchange, as I am an inveterate traveller, even in spirit. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Passport to Immortality (Beaumont, California: Privately published, 1927).

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To George Sturgis 21 May 1927 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Houghton) Hotel Bristol Rome May 21, 1927

Dear George Will you please send a cheque for $25 to Mr Sadakichi Hartmann at Beaumont, Cal.? with the enclosed note. He is a half-Japanese waif, and ^ ^ ill, and though I don’t much like his work, I think he is a good object of charity—as who isn’t? Today is rather a red-letter day in my calendar, as I have sent off Vol. I, of the “Big Book” to the publishers in London. If it doesn’t sink in the Channel you will see me taking more and more the form of a misty sage, like the Afrite issueing from Sinbad’s bottle1—of ink. nd In about a fortnight—probably on June 2– —I expect to leave directly for Paris, where I shall be all summer, unless something unexpected should call me elsewhere. Your aunt Susie seems not to be sure that it would be best for me to visit them this summer: so I sha’n’t go unless she should especially urge me to come. Strong talks of a cure in Switzerland: in that case I shall be alone at 9, Ave. de l’Observatoire, and mean to devote my lazy hours to the Novel. Love to Rosamond and the young hopefuls from your affectionate Uncle George 1 An Afrite is a monstrous giant in Arabic mythology. In a well-known story in the Arabian Nights, Sinbad is a Baghdad merchant who acquires great wealth by going on seven voyages.

To Van Wyck Brooks 22 May 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Penn)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1. London Rome, May 22 1927 Dear Mr Brooks1 Although I am not sure whether I owe the pleasure of reading your book on “Emerson & Others” to your initiative or that of your publishers,2 I would rather thank you personally for it, because I have one or two

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things which I should like to say, as it were, in private. Your pictures of Emerson are perfect in the way of impressions: not that I knew him (he was dead, I think, when I first reached America, aged 8); but that, whether true to the fact or not, they are convincing in their vividness. But just how much is quoted, and how much is your own? Am I to believe—I who haven’t read the Journal3 and know little of the facts—that Emerson was such a colossal egotist and so pedantic and affected as he seems on your pages 39 and 40? Or have you maliciously put things together so as to let the cat out of the bag? Sham sympathy, sham classicism, sham universality, all got from books and pictures! Lov/eing the people for their robust sinews and Michaelangelesque poses! And for the thrill of hearing them swear! How different a true lover of the people, like Dickens! You apologize because some of your descriptions applied to the remote America of 1919: I who think of America as I knew it in the 1890’s (although I vegetated there for another decade) can only accept what I hear about all these recent developments. On the other hand, when you speak of the older worthies, you seem to me to exaggerate, not so much their importance, as their distinction: wasn’t this Melville4 (I have never read him) the most terrible ranter? What you quote of him doesn’t tempt me to repair the holes in my education. The paper I have most enjoyed— enjoyed immensely—is the one on the old Yeats.5 His English is good: his mind is quick. One more little protestation. Why do the American poets and other geniuses die young or peter out, unless they go and hibernate in Europe? What you say about Bourne6 (whom again I haven’t read) and in your last chapter suggests to me that it all comes of applied culture. Instead of being interested in what they are and what they do and see, they are interested in what they think they would like to be and see and do: it is a misguided ambition, and moreover, if realized, fatal, because it wears out all their energies in trying to bear fruits which are not of their species. A certain degree of sympathy and assimilation with ultra-modern ways in Europe or even Asia may be possible, because young America is simply mod^ ^ ernism undiluted: but what Lewis Mumford calls “the pillage of the past” (of which he thinks I am guilty too) is worse than useless. I therefore think that art, etc. has a better soil in the ferocious 100% America than in the Intelligentsia of New York. It is veneer, rouge, aestheticism, art museums, new theatres, etc that make America impotent. The good think/ gs are football, kindness, and jazz bands. Yours sincerely GSantayana

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1 A Harvard graduate, Van Wyck Brooks (1886–1963) became a leading American literary critic and historian of American culture. His major work is the five-volume Makers and Finders: A History of the Writer in America, published during 1936–52. Brooks perceived a division in the American character (idealistic and materialistic), deriving from Puritanism, which is paralleled in Santayana’s analysis of American culture, particularly in Puritan. 2 E. P. Dutton & Company had sent Santayana an advance editorial copy of Emerson and Others. 3 Emerson’s Journals, edited by E. W. Emerson and W. E. Forbes, originally were published in ten volumes in Boston from 1909 to 1914. 4 Herman Melville (1819–91) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and poet. 5 William Butler Yeats (1865–1939) was an Irish poet and dramatist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. 6 Randolph Silliman Bourne (1886–1918) was an American literary critic and essayist. Van Wyck Brooks edited The History of a Literary Radical (1920) about Bourne.

To Charles Augustus Strong 25 May 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol Rome May 25 1927 Dear Strong Thank you for your card. I am glad you liked Cory—not that I altogether like him myself—but he is going to make himself useful in clearing my Augean stables1, and it is as well that he shouldn’t be disagreeable to my friends. I have told him to come to the apartment—he is in Paris, at the Pension St. Philippe, 123 rue du Faubourg St Honoré—if he wants to borrow any of my books. I haven’t quite decided on the date of my departure, th probably towards the end of next week—about June 4– If Margaret is still to be at the apartment at that time, I won’t come there for the moment: if you could send me a line when you know her plans, I should be much obliged, so as to be able to telegraph for a room at the Hôtel Le Pelletier, where I was quite comfortable formerly. “The Realm of Essence”, Book First of “Realms of Being”, has been sent off and the excellent Constable has telegraphed the safe arrival of the manuscript: so there is a great load off my back. I am amusing myself—it is very pleasant here—writing a philosophical autobiography as requested by Montague, Lloyd, etc. Are you going to contribute? The project is of the kind that often falls apart, and I should have hesitated to accept the invitation if it hadn’t in any case been my intention to write an Autobiography, of which this can form a part: more

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personal matters can be inserted afterwards, or simply treated in separate divisions. Will you please ask Marie if the new concierge is informed of my existence and of my name. There may be letters, etc. arriving for me, and he (or she, or they) might refuse them as being addressed to a personne inconnue.2 You are probably having a very pleasant journey: at least I hope so. Yours ever G.S. 1 In Greek mythology, Augeas kept his enormous herds of cattle in the Augean stables. As one of his Twelve Labors, Hercules was ordered to cleanse the stables, a seemingly insurmountable task. He did so by diverting a river through them. Metaphorically, to “cleanse the Augean stables” means to purge of intellectual, moral, or religious corruption that is ostensibly impossible to eliminate. 2 Unknown person (French).

To Charles Augustus Strong 1 June 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Rome, June 1, 1927 Dear Strong I am leaving on Sunday and hope to arrive in Paris on Monday afterth If you are not in when I arrive, Marie will tell me what are noon, June 6– your present arrangements, and if they are as of old, I will come at 6.30 to the Duval as usual. If you have a sort of supper at home, I will wait for you, and we can agree upon some combination. I take note of the fact that you don’t wish me to stay away in order to leave the field free for Margaret, while you are at the apartment; and I act accordingly, although I think it is a little strange that she should be squeezed out, so to speak, if it is convenient for her to have a pied-à-terre1 in the apartment, –if–even if she spends most of her time at Saint Germain or at Versailles. Let us not discuss the question of essences or “the spiritual life.” I have said all I feel—and perhaps more than I feel when I am not warmed up to the subject—in the little book, and I quite understand that it can appeal only to those who are predisposed to that sort of sentiment. You would agree with Abbot (an old classmate of mine at Harvard) who writes me

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that he has often found heads without ideas, but never ideas without heads. What more is needed to damn all Platonism? A bientôt. G.S. 1 Temporary or second lodging (French); the phrase literally means “foot to the ground.”

To Otto Kyllmann 3 June 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Rome, June 3, 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann Yes, all your proposals, and the specimen page of “The Realm of Essence” are perfectly satisfactory. I am pleased to see that the matter is going forward so fast. I should like to receive the “galley” or “slip” proof open, without the ^ MS : as I shall probably be in Paris, at 9 Avenue de l’Observatoire, all ^ summer, the delay will not be great, and I shall have a young man near me, a sort of secretary and disciple,1 who will help my jaded eye to detect repetitions and contradictions: for in a book written at intervals during many years, they are almost sure to exist. I suppose corrections at that stage, if they involve omissions or additions, are more easily mare —de than after the pages have been divided. The 15% royalty and half the American profit is a generous arrangement for a technical book Yours sincerely GSantayana [across] P. S. Do you know who wrote the review of “Platonism” in the Times? It sounds clerical.—Thank you very much for the telegram, which relieved my mind. 1

Daniel Cory.

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To Otto Kyllmann 9 June 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Paris, June 9, 1927. Dear Mr Kyllmann Here is the announcement1 of the Realm of Essence which you, or rather the American publishers, have asked for. I hope it may not frighten away more readers than it may attract. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To George Perrigo Conger 14 June 1927 [postmark] • Paris, France

(MS: Minnesota)

9 Ave de l’Observatoire 3rd floor Dear Mr Conger I went some days ago to your first hotel, and unfortunately misunderstood your new address,1 and thought you had left for good. I am very sorry for the delay. Could you come and see Mr Strong and me here tomorrow Saturday after lunch, and perhaps we can arrange a further ^ ^ meeting—: We shall expect you; don’t take the trouble to reply. Yours sincerely GSantayana P.S. I suppose you know that Mr Strong is paralysed in the legs. 1

Conger had moved to the Hôtel de l’Orient on rue de l’Abbé Grégoire.

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To Charles Augustus Strong 10 July 1927 • Paris, France

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(MS: Rockefeller)

Paris, July 10, 1927 Dear Strong I enclose something1 that may amuse you if you haven’t seen it. Here all goes on as before. Margaret dined with me, at Lapérouse, one evening last week and was very amiable and seemed well and happy: but ordinarily I see very little of her—she hardly ever is at lunch, and I dine out—and she has given me no openings for any discussion of her plans or affairs. The apartment is full of objects which she has been buying for Saint Germain and u/ I understand that she expects to move there before her uncle and aunt arrive, at the end of this week. Hans Reichhardt is here, and dines with me; but his English is unintelligible, and I can’t get him to say more than an occasional sentence in German, because when I reply in English, he struggles back into that language, and at once gets stuck. Cory has brought (to one of our meetings in a café) a young friend of ^ ^ Miller’s, named Morgan who looks like a sort of idealized Red Indian, and is a sort of Mill or Miller philosopher. He will make a good pro/sfessor: but Cory seems to me to have real intuition—when he sees things as I do. Yours ever G.S. 1

Unlocated.

To George Sturgis 18 July 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Houghton)

9, Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, July 18, 1927 Dear George I have your letter of July 6, and a previous one also, and have seen with pleasure that all goes well with you. As for me, I am as usual. I arrived after the excitement about Lindberg;1 found Strong here, who left for Switzerland not long after; and later Margaret Strong has been here, but we lead a strange life together in this apartment, hardly ever seeing each other. I believe she is moving into her new house at Saint Germain in a

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day or two, but her ways, like the Lord’s, are past finding out. Don’t think I say this in any spirit of complaint: she gives me no trouble, and supplies me with food and service, which I don’t pay for when she is here; but she hides in an odd way; it is suspected that she is secretly engaged to be married, and altogether she is a puzzle to her friends. This week I am absorbed in the proofs of my new book: but I mean to return presently to the novel. A German friend dines with me (at restaurants) every evening: he is a friend of my friend Baron Westenholz of Hamburg, and my guest in Paris, although I had to get a room for him at a hotel near by, as I couldn’t put him up in the apartment, occupied by Margaret, her dog, her maid, and sundry bales and heaps of carpets, stuffs, blankets, antique furniture, and bandboxes in ever corner, on all the chairs, and behind every door. My own room, I need hardly say, is sacred, and I live happy in it, like a monk in his cell. It is decided that I shall not go to Avila this summer. Your aunt Susie and Celedonio wrote giving me a formal invitation—too formal, perhaps— but it seemed to me safer not to accept it, as it was at least possible that I should have been in their way and given them too much trouble. This decision leaves me free to remain here quietly until the middle of October when I shall doubtless return to Italy, either directly to Rome, or stopping on the way to pay a visit to Strong at Fiesole. Love to all from GSantayana 1 Charles Augustus Lindbergh’s (1902–74) famous transatlantic flight occurred on 20 May 1927, when he flew from New York to Paris in thirty-three and one-half hours.

To Horace Meyer Kallen 21 July 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: YIVO)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1

Paris, July 21, 1927 Dear Kallen Scribners, and formerly Dent, have always been somewhat refractory in the matter of reproductions, and I am not sure that representations on my part would do much good. If they are not satisfied with a general indication, such as I suppose you could easily give, of the length of the passages

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you intended to select, and of their character—technical ones, I suppose—I should be inclined in your place to let the matter drop. It would give you a lot of trouble, and the result might not be satisfactory, either from your point of view or from mine. But it is for you to judge: I don’t feel that I have any moral right over littera scripta.1 I am sorry the/ at “Why Religion” is persecuted: as far as my memory goes you said nothing outrageous about Christian Science:2 but every craze at present exacts profound respect from the intellectual democracy: even experts in folly must be called masters. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

The written word (Latin). Christian Science is a religion based on principles and divine laws formulated from acts and sayings of Jesus Christ. It was founded in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy. The Mother Church, the First Church of Christ Scientist, was established in Boston in 1892. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 24 July 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller) Paris, Sunday, July 24, 1927

Dear Strong Today Margaret came here to lunch and introduced me to George Cuevas1, who came to lunch too, and to whom she told me she was engaged to be married. He is rather different from what I had supposed— not good-looking, not very young, not very small, but modest in appearance and manner, rather like a youngish priest, and making the impression of a decidedly serious, sensible person, perhaps a trifle common, but not at all showy, flighty, or loud. He is a Chilean, not an Argentine, he said; we spoke chiefly in Spanish, which Margaret seems to understand very well, and on the whole I got a good impression of his sentiments and tone, although to my mind he seems commonplace and insignificant. Dangerous, is the last thing I should think him: and though he might have been holding himself in a little, for fear of what I might say to you about him, I can’t conceive of him as a lady-killer or as a fortune-hunter, unless it were in a very timid Tartuffian2 way. During a few moments when she left us alone, he spoke of her in a way which showed that he appreciated the emotional difficulties of her temperament, and that he was conscious of the difficulty, and of the need, of making her more happy and normal.

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On this side, I think he may prove a very good husband for her—perhaps the very one that she needs. A more brilliant man might not have the patience or the modesty to support and watch her in her changing moods. He says—and Marie seems to think—that he helped her last year out of a very unfortunate situation to which she had been reduced by Lady Mitchelham. Whatever may be the truth of that, his attitude seems to be, in this respect, affectionate and intelligent. I haven’t said anything about this matter until today, because I hadn’t seen him or spoken to him until today, and I didn’t wish to base any remark on the reports of servants. I am sorry if this turn of affairs causes you disappointment or anxiety, but the situation was [across] strained, and now at last may be cleared up, and solved after a fashion. Yours ever G.S. 1

Jorge Cuevas (1886–1961) later became the Marquis de Piedrablanca de Guana and was known for his work as a ballet impresario. He became an American citizen (1940) and founded the American Ballet International (1944), and he bought the Nouveau Ballet de Monte Carlo in Europe (1947). 2 Tartuffe, a comedy by Molière, was banned in 1664 after it was first performed. It was later published in 1669. “Tartuffian” is derived from the noun tartuffe meaning “hypocrite” and is used to refer especially to one who affects religious reverence.

To Charles Augustus Strong 28 July 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

Paris, July 28 1927 Dear Strong Since my former letter I have seen Margaret and her fiancé several times, and had several long talks with him. In some respects my impressions are less favourable, in that he has a (for us) disturbing variety of acquaintances, experiences, and sentiments, and he seems too anxious to defend and to ingratiate himself. But I am confirmed in the feeling that he is as likely as anybody to make a good husband for Margaret, and that whatever people may say against him—even if true—ought not to interfere with her action, if she desires it and feels that it is the best solution, at least for the present, under the circumstances. I understand that her uncle has arranged the financial side of the affair so as to prevent any claims on his part to her property: and if later she was not happy with him, and there was a separation, she would at least have had this experience and might be better able to arrange her life sensibly and according to her real tastes.

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As to your project of coming here, I suppose you know that the wedding is expected to take place next week, and that they are thinking of a wedding trip, not of settling down at once at Saint Germain. But I think you would find it pleasant here and, if you were in the mood, not at all too crowded for motoring about. Yours ever GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 1 August 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

Paris, August 1, 1927 Dear Strong Mr Aldrich1 came to lunch with me here today, and told me what the result, so far, of their investigation (carried on in part through the French police) has been in regard to Cuevas. In respect to him directly it seems to be nil, except that he is known to move in circles of doubtful morals and manners: but the damning fact is that a certain Soto,2 in whose establishment Cuevas works or figures, is a notorious emulator of Oscar Wilde3 and “M. de Clarolus”.4 I think I made some impression on Mr Aldrich in the direction of making him see that this inquisition, with its appeal to the secular arm, was not to the point. Margaret knows those reports, and has known that circle for a long time, and they have no influence on her decision to marry her friend; and delay would only prolong a painful situation, and lead her to marry him in spite of the opposition of her friends instead of merely without their consent. That the money left to her in trust and all future legacies will be intercepted if she takes this step, is also expected by her: there seems to be a sufficient remainder absolutely her own. One result of an immediate marriage may be that Cuevas (in his own interest) may bring some order into her affairs, which seem to be so casually manage[illegible]d. It is a pity the/ at Margaret’s reticence and fear of disapproval have kept her from announcing earlier this determination of hers, which ^ ^ I understand is of long standing. I hope therefore you will not be unduly distressed by the reports of Larkin,5 and will see things from the [across] point of view of the young people themselves. Yours ever G.S. 1

Unidentified. Unidentified.

2

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3 Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) was an Irish writer whose most popular play is The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). 4 Unidentified. 5 Unidentified.

To Charles Augustus Strong 3 August 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

Paris, August 3, 1927 Dear Strong The civil marriage took place this morning at the mairie of the district, place Saint Sulpice, at 11.30. Besides the young people and me, there were present Señor and Señora Edwards1 and a nephew of theirs. The six of us had lunch afterwards in a private room at the Foyot, and everything went off nicely. The ceremony in particular seemed very dignified in its simplicity, and almost religious. Besides your letter and telegram, there had been yesterday a long telegram from old Mr Rockefeller2 protesting against haste and asking Margaret to take the first boat and go consult with him. I also had a visit this morning (when half my face was shaved) from Mr Larkin, who had nothing new to say, but to whom I gave a lecture on their employment of the French police (private detectives would have been enough) and in particular on the phrase: quels sout /sces sentiments euvers la France3 which was included in the interrogatory addressed to Cuevas’ friends. This question, which has nothing to do with the marriage, shows a desire to raise prejudice against the accused in the minds of the French officials, or to excuse their intervention in a private interest—servility towards John D. Jr.—under colour of patriotic zeal. Larkin got very red when I mentioned the police, and said that that had been no doing of theirs: but how else ^ ^ were they set in motion? By the de Fontenays? ^ ^ As to the alliance itself, and the character of Cuevas, my later impressions have become more favourable. Señor Edwards says he will write to you (and to old Mr Rockef/feller) to explain his appearance as parrain4 for Cuevas without your formal consent to the match. I therefore need not repeat the very favourable things he said about him. As he , Cuevas, ^ ^ becomes more frank with me, I begin to feel that he is “not a bad sort”; of course he is not a gentleman in the English sense; franchement caunaille5 in some moments, but also full of nice impulses and a sort of merry good

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sense; and like accused people generally, he tends to defend himself too much and to extoll his own virtues. He is certainly not the person that ten years ago we should have thought the right husband for Margaret: but she has gone through a great deal, and our ideal statesman or scholar would not find life possible with her, nor she with him. With Cuevas she now seems to get on as well as possible—not perfectly—and he seems to be aware of the sort of indulgence and of control which she requires. Of course this sort of equilibrium may not last long: I have no great hopes for the remote future: but as I said in my other letters, it is the only solution for the present. Any alternative would have been worse. Would you like them to go to see you at Val-Mont for a day? They are ready to do so, if you are ready to receive them. They are also talking of going to New York to see Mr John. D. Senior, and perhaps to go on from there to South America, where the Cuevas family apparently are very well known and esteemed. I made a mistake in my previous letter in saying that the notorious Soto was the head of the establishment in which Cuevas has worked: the head 6 is Prince Isongzoff (or something of that sort): but Soto is an old friend of / his. Margaret is calm and looks very well. Yours G.S. 1

Agustín Edwards (b. 1878) wrote many books about Chile. John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (1839–1937) was Margaret Strong’s grandfather. He was an industrialist and philanthropist married to Laura Celestia Spelman. Their children were “Bessie,” Alta, Edith, and John D. Jr. His Standard Oil Company dominated the United States oil-refining industry, and he founded the University of Chicago (1892). His philanthropies promote public health and scientific progress. 3 French for “What are his feelings toward France?” 4 Sponsor or godfather (French). 5 Openly vulgar (French). 6 Unidentified. 2

To Charles Scribner’s Sons 15 August 1927 • Paris, France

(MS postcard: Princeton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London, S.W.1 Paris, Aug. 15, 1927. A friend has just pointed out to me a bad error in “The Sense of Beauty” which I am afraid has escaped us for all these years.

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On page 9, in the second line of the German quotation, “euch”1 should read ihr. The mistake seems to have come from repeating mechanically the word “euch” from the first line, where it is right.—Can you have this corrected, if it has not been done already?2 GSantayana 1 The quotation reads, “Im ganzen haltet euch an Worte, / So geht ihr durch die sichere Pforte / Zum Tempel der Gewissheit ein.” The translation reads, “If, overall, you stick to words, you will pass through the safe door to the temple of certainty.” Euch means “you”; ihr means “it.” 2 The correct form appears in the Triton Edition, vol. 1 (1936).

To George Perrigo Conger 24 August 1927 • Paris, France

(MS postcard: Minnesota)

9, Ave de l’Observatoire Aug. 24, 1927 It will be very nice to see you again on Monday. Mr Strong will probably have started on his journey to Florence, but if you will come at about half past four o’clock, I shall be very glad to give you a cup of tea. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 24 August 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

9, Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris Messrs Constable & Co London. My bankers, Messrs Brown Shipley & Co, of 123 Pall Mall, advise me that they are retaining a parcel, probably proofs, addressed by you to me, and that they must know its contents and value before forwarding it. They sent the first proofs without demur: and I am sorry that now this delay should — o————arise. ccur I have asked them to communicate with you, and if necessary to send the bundle back to you, with the request from me that you should readdress it directly to me in Paris, at 9 Avenue de

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l’Observatoire. I had, I think, suggested that you should do so, as I shall be in Paris until October at least; but prob/lably I did so in a private letter to Mr Kyllmann which may not have reached the person in charge of forwarding proofs to authors. Yours faithfully GSantayana August 24, 1927.

p. t. o

P.S. You doubtless remember my request, made on purpose to avoid these complications, that you should send me proofs open and without the MS.

To Otto Kyllmann 26 August 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

9 Avenue de l’Observatoire Paris, Aug. 26 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann I should be much obliged if you would send me the slip proof of The Realm of Essence, in which I had made my corrections, as that will save trouble in revising the new page proofs. If rolled and left with open ends I think the sheets will pass easily and quickly through the post, like a newspaper. Yours sincerely GSantayana

To Charles Augustus Strong 30 August 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Rockefeller)

Paris, August 30, 1927 Dear Strong Here is the telegram1 received yesterday and opened as you suggested: but I don’t gather what their precise address will be at San Raphael. Can you tell me what it is, as I should like to answer their previous letters. It looks as if you might be having too much of a good thing on your trip: the sun is blazing here in earnest. Yours ever G.S.

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1 A French telegram (dated 29 August) from Nice, addressed to Strong in Paris, reads, “NOUS SOMMES HOTEL NEGRESCO PREMIER SEPTEMBRE ARRIVERONS SAINT RAPHAEL MILLE TENDRESSES DE MARGARET AND GEORGE.” Translation: “We are at Hotel Negresco. Will arrive Saint Raphael September 1. A thousand tender thoughts from Margaret and George.”

To Charles Augustus Strong 1 September 1927 • [Paris, France]

(MS: Rockefeller)

Dear Strong Here is a new telegram1 received this morning, which will tell you all I know of the young people After two days of summer, we have returned to cloudiness and uncertainty in the weather. It is perhaps as well that you left. G.S. Sept. 1, 1927 1 A telegram (dated 31 August) from Margaret and George in Nice, addressed to Strong in Paris, reads, “MARGARET PREFERE RESTER HOTEL DU CAP ANTIBES SERONS LA DEMAIN ESPERANT VOUS VOIR ATTENDONS NOUVELLES TENDRESSES.” Translation: “Margaret prefers to stay at Hotel du Cap Antibes. Will be there tomorrow. Wishing to see you. Waiting for news. Tender thoughts.”

To Otto Kyllmann 7 September 1927 • Paris, France

(MS: Temple)

9 Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, Sept. 7, 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann A day or two ago I sent you the second proofs of The Realm of Essence, corrected, and today I enclose the MS of the Index. There were a score of misprints or small corrections in the book, but your printer’s proof-reading is so good that perhaps it is not necessary that I should revise it again. But I suppose I had better see a proof of the Index, to verify the references. Yours sincerely GSantayana

1921–1927

To Otto Kyllmann 3 October 1927 • Venice, Italy

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(MS: Temple)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1 Venice, Oct. 3. 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann I am sending back today the proof of the Index to “The Realm of Essence”; it has been delayed a little because it had to follow me here from Paris, from where I was driven out prematurely by the bad weather. I expect to settle down in Rome, at the Hotel Bristol, in about a fortnight, for the winter. Thank you also for my account to June 30th and the accompanying cheque. Yours sincerely GSantayana P.S. I have discovered a superfluous comma on p. 16, at the end of the 12th line from the bottom, and have noted it in the proof to the Index. I mention it again, in case that is not the proper way of reaching the printer concerned.

To Charles Augustus Strong 4 October 1927 • Venice, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Danieli, Venice October 4 1927 Dear Strong As you doubtless have heard, I fled from Paris a fortnight since on account of the bad weather and the symptoms of a permanent cold, making straight for Venice, but I was allowed to stay here only two or three days, as every room everywhere was engaged for those hydroplane races. I accordingly moved for four days to Padua, the nearest place I could think of that might be interesting and that I had not seen. It was pleasant there; but sights leave much less impression on me than they did forty years ago, and even the domes of Sant’ Antonio caused no great thrill in my bosom, nor the chapel entirely covered by frescoes of Giotto.1 What really pleased

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me most was the Café Pedrocchi, new / o-Greek & pseudo-marble, and beautifully Napoleonic, more like a Roman house to sit and live in (as the Paduans do) than anything I have ever seen. On returning here I established myself comfortably, and expect to remain ten or fifteen days longer, and then move to Rome. Jorge Cuevas tells me that you “are expecting me”, but as I told you in Paris, it falls in better with my arrangements to go straight to Rome and see you there, where I suppose you will turn up in November. I have sent off my “Life”, and am working in a lazy way on “Symptoms”: the bits on Spengler & Keyserling are finished, and other parts well advanced. Somehow the novel, just now, is not on my mind Yours ever GSantayana 1 Giotto (full name Giotto di Bondone) was a Florentine painter, sculptor, and architect born c. 1266. The thirty-eight frescoes in the Arena Chapel at Padua, which depict scenes in the lives of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary, are considered to be the greatest of Giotto’s works.

To Charles Augustus Strong 14 October 1927 • Venice, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Venice, Oct. 14, 1927 Dear Strong I am very glad that you are confirmed in your satisfaction, so far, with Margaret’s marriage: it seems to me to have been the only available way of giving her a true companion and guardian who could influence her actions from moment to moment without being out of sympathy, or expecting her to lead a life which she fundamentally disliked. Above all, as you said, he is affectionate, and she is happy at once if she feels that she is loved I am tempted to say something about the philosophical part of your letter, although you know my disbelief in the value of controversy on these points. What is required is clearness in the respective conceptions: as to which is true, if any, we can leave it to God or to the horse sense of mankind. Now, I have felt for some time that your views were changing, and although of course my first choice would be that you should agree with me heartily and completely, if this is impossible, my second choice

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would be that you should take up an entirely different position from mine: there might then be either diversity without real conflict, or a fundamental difference of attitude or judgement, and not, what is most annoying, mutual misunderstandings. It wouldn’t surprise me if, on the point you mention, misunderstandings stood between us rather than a real disagreement. I should agree that “the datum of perception” is not an essence. The phrase “datum of perception” can be understood only in the sense in which we speak of “data of ethics”— the elementary facts which make up our knowledge in that field. The “data of perception” would then be things, or the events in one’s life. But when I maintain that “data” are essences and that nothing “given” exists, I am using the term in a much stricter sense. By a “datum” I mean something which exists only speciously, and is exhausted by being given; so that there can be no such thing as a “datum of perception” at all. The deliverance of perception is the existence of an object: but this, by my definition, cannot be given: it can only be posited, as existing on its own account; and it is on its own account, if at all, that it exists. There can be “data” of intuition or feeling; there cannot be “data” of perception, but only objects. The data in perception are the essences which feeling or intuition is then manifesting in their entirety and raising to specious existence as terms in that perception: but the object of the perception (isn’t this what you mean by its “datum”?) is a fact outside the perception: whereas a “datum”, in my sense, can never be a fact outside intuition or feeling (which is simply intuition of a simple essence: for you understand that I am speaking of conscious feeling). I don’t know whether this explanation does more than re-iterate what you know already to be my view: but I thought it worth while to repeat it, since your use of the phrase “datum of perception”, as if it were unobjectionable, suggests that my meaning of “datum” and “given” was not at the moment before your mind. Miller used to be a hopeless victim of psychologism, not seeing that if the moments of life have no ulterior objects, consciousness of living must itself have no ulterior object, and the psychological flux must be only the “idea” or “datum” of a psychological flux, abusing the Cherub in his timeless ecstasy. I hope you have succeeded in bring this Cherub to earth, and making him recognize the omnipresence of animal faith, eventu — in his own warblings.

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th I expect to reach Rome on Monday morning, the 17– , and shall be glad to see you there soon. Yours ever G.S.

To Curt John Ducasse 23 October 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS postcard: Brown)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London Rome, Oct. 23, ’27 Thank you very much for your articles. The one on Probability confirms the agreement which I felt, and the light I received, from your book on causation.1 I can only say ditto. As to the article on Drake’s book I am also in general agreement with you, but shall have to reread it to make sure of all the points. Although Drake, Strong, and I have much the same view in “epistemology”, I don’t always follow them in “metaphysics,” nor (thank God!) in language. It is also a matter of language in which I should quarrel with the first part of your review. It may be true that (often) in English being and existence are synonymous, but not in good philosophic tradition: consider the “ontological proof”, for instance. Existence is being in external relations, and therefore precarious. That there are x’s, or any characters, whether noted or not, is never contingent. A forth-coming book of mine on “The Realm of Essence” will [across] make my own use, I hope, at least clear, if not acceptable. GSantayana 1

Causation and the Types of Necessity.

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To John Middleton Murry 1 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Newberry)

C

/oBrown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1

Rome, Nov. 1, 1927 Dear Mr Murry Your kind letter and review in the New Criterion, as well as the prospectus of the New Adelphi1 are before me. I should like to see a number of the latter before making a reply to your request for an article, and I e/ inclose a cheque for 10 s. for a subscription for a year. The fact is that I am preparing a volume to be entitled Symptoms,2 composed of various articles and reviews written during the last ten years: not all of these have been published, and I might send you one if its length and character seemed suitable to the temper of your Review. For that reason, I want to see it first. A heretic, I should say, had to be a believer; he had to maintain a principle while denying some of its consequences. I am a free-thinker or sceptic: and my sympathies in religion are with the orthodoxies—not with one, but with each in contrast to its heresies. I am therefore not a heretic; but you are right that my share in the spiritual life is more vicarious than personal, if a complete ascetic renunciation is understood to be involved in it. Such insight as I may have comes from poetic indolence, or speculative ecstasy. I can feel the sweetness of saying No, and the greater joy of leaving the daisies growing in the field rather than plucking them to wilt in my buttonhole.—I thought my little book3 made my position quite clear: but I have a more formal treatise, about to appear, called The Realm of Essence, in which I speak more than once of my personal attitude towards the ambition of those who aspire to be pure spirits. I do not share it. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

The Criterion (1922–39), an influential literary periodical launched as a quarterly and edited by T. S. Eliot, became the New Criterion during 1926 and the Monthly Criterion in 1927. On the verge of folding in 1927, publication (of The Adelphi, a monthly journal started in 1923) resumed as The New Adelphi, a quarterly. In 1930 Max Plowman and Richard Rees took over publication under the name The Adelphi (incorporating The New Adelphi), which ran until 1955.

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2 For some years Santayana abandoned this proposed collection of magazine articles and reviews but in 1933 published some of them under the title Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy. 3 Platonism.

To Otto Kyllmann 7 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Nov. 7. 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann Brown Shipley & C–o, 123 Pall Mall, tell me they have a parcel of books from you which they are holding for instructions. I am asking them to send them back to you, and if they are copies of The Realm of Essence, will you please have one copy only sent to me in Rome directly, keeping the others for the present? I enclose a list1 of persons to whom I should like to have copies sent, and charged to my account. I hardly expected publication so soon, and shall be glad to see the volume. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To John Middleton Murry 15 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Macksey)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, S.W.1.

Rome, Nov. 15. 1927 Dear Mr Murry I have received your letter and the first number of The New Adelphi, which I find interesting, and I enclose a paper which is to be the leading one in my new book, “Symptoms”.1 I hope you will find it not too long and otherwise suitable; but if, as is likely, you can’t find room for it in one of the immediate numbers of your Review, may I ask you to have it copied, I mean type-written, and to send me either the copy or the original, so that the MS of my proposed book may not be delayed, in case I

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have it otherwise ready for the publisher before this article comes out? Of course, the book itself /cwill take much longer—perhaps a year—to issue. I ask —— you —— this favour, because here I have no one to copy manuscripts in English. Yours sincerely GSantayana P.S. My address in Rome, good for this whole winter, is Hotel Bristol. 1

“Revolution in Science,” originally published in The New Adelphi in March 1928 (pp. 206–11), was reprinted in 1933 as chapter III of Turns.

To Daniel MacGhie Cory 18 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

Hotel Bristol, Rome November 18, 1927 Dear Cory Thank you for your two letters: you needn’t worry about not working hard enough over the Realm of Matter. You are justifying your existence; and I am myself so absorbed in other things that I don’t feel like turning to our rather messy wine-press and trying to tread it with you. Later we will return to that, and I feel that your assistance has already had its effect in clearing my own view of what the book should be. “Symptoms” is going well, in the sense that I am advancing in rewriting the articles concerned, and composing blood-red sunsets and purple passages for it: but it is not nearly ready. I have sent the first chapter, on “Revolutions in Science” to Middleton Murry, who had asked for something for his New Adelphi. The Realm of Essence is just out, but I haven’t seen it. Nor Russell’s book,1 which I have sent for. Strong has been here for a few days, caught cold, and gone home. Yours sincerely G.S. 1

Both Analysis of Matter and An Outline of Philosophy by Russell were published in 1927.

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To Boylston Adams Beal 21 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123, Pall Mall, S.W.1 Rome, Nov. 21, 1927 Dear Boylston You may not find my last book worth reading—it goes off rather at a tangent, but the matter had been on my mind for years, and had to be discharged somehow. It was hard work, and I am relei —ieved to feel that it is despatched. I sent it rather as a substitute for the visits which I should like to be paying you. Curious how little freedom one has, when one is the freest person in the world. All my love for England has somehow congealed into a memory, with a great dread of destroying it by any new impressions. My last trip, in 1923, when I went to give the Herbert Spencer lecture at Oxford, was very unpleasant. Howard Sturgis, whom I always used to visit, was dead: Russell, the wicked earl, I saw, but found curiously estranged, saying I had been “disloyal” to him, and at the same time showing that he had entirely forgotten the degree of confidence which he had reposed in me in the early days, and even the events which might have convinced him that I was entirely devoted to him. This is a pathological forgetfulness in part; but it goes with other changes which make it more painful than pleasant for me to see him. Then Oxford was dismal, and but for Randolph Chetwynd, who was very attentive and (except for his opinions) seemed like the young Oxonians of other days, I saw no one who gave me the least pleasure. At Cambridge, Lapsley was my mentor, and also very attentive; they made me a member of the High Table pro tem,1 and otherwise were civil: but I was driven out of my hotel (I like hotels) into dreadful lodgings and caught a bad cold which completed my misery. From Oxford, the day after my lecture, I took a through train which there is direct to Dover, and thence here to Rome, where my cold was soon cured, my griefs softened, and my eyes gladdened by all sorts of agreeable sights. I live at the Hotel Bristol (which I think you used to frequent) and have comfortable rooms looking towards the Palazzo Barberini; the noise from the Square reaches me, but the bit of garden in front, and the air of retirement, help one to imagine that all is peace. I go out for lunch, at some restaurant, and then walk in the Pincio and the Villa Borghese; in the evening I dine in my dressing gown in my own sitting-room. In Summer

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I go to Paris, sometimes also to Avila, or else to Cortina d’Ampezzo, in the Dolomites, which I have found perfect for my purposes, and on the way perhaps stop for two or three weeks at Venice, which I also find a congenial background. Essentially, it makes no diffference in my life where I happen to be, if only I am comfortable materially and undisturbed. My writing and reading keep me well occupied—I still have enough in prospect to occupy me for the rest of my days. In fact, I shall leave much undone, but it doesn’t matter, as I have already had my say. Last summer I played an odd part in a sort of half-clandestine marriage. Margaret Strong, who hasn’t turned out at all like her father, has married a Chilean named Jorge Cuevas. She was always with him, but refused to introduce him to me, or to let her friends know that she was in Paris at all. We were living alone at the apartment, she and I, her father being at his favourite sanatorium in Switzerland,2 but I hardly ever saw her. Finally, one day, at lunch, I saw the table set for three, and the servant told me that at last the young man was going to be shown. So it happened: I said, “You are engaged?” and she said yes; and it transpired that they were to be married in four days and that I was to be the witness, sponsor, and substitute papa! A Chilean politician and banker, Agustin Edwards, was the other sponsor and the thing went off well enough, poor Strong telegraphing his blessing at the last moment!—Now, when you return home to live, you will be freer to travel, and I hope [across] to see you here next year. You will find Rome delightful. Yours ever GSantayana 1 Refers to the elevated table in the dining hall of an English college where the master and fellows sit. The tables at which the undergraduates sit are lower than the high table as a reminder of the established echelon. “Pro tem” from “pro tempore” is Latin meaning “for the time being.” 2 At Val-Mont.

To Robert Seymour Bridges 21 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Bodleian)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Nov. 21, 1927 Dear Bridges How nice of you to write, and how splendid that you should be composing a philosophical poem in numerous Books! But you are wrong in attributing to me a similar fertility in prospect: there will be no more of

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Essence: there will probably be another volume on The Realm of Matter, and possibly a third, of mere fragments, on the other two Realms, that is, Truth and Spirit. In a sense, perhaps, they are all about Essence, and essence is all about them: but a scholastic philosopher must make distinctions. I believe I never thanked you, except in my thoughts, for your beautiful little book of “New Verse”.1 I liked and like it very much, but these matters are indescribable, and had better be left to the intuition which we may have of tacit sympathy in others for that which goes on in ourselves. If you see Lady Ottoline,2 please tell her that I am no letter-writer, otherwise I should have thanked her for her kind missives of long ago about Dante,3 etc. England has become almost as difficult and remote for me as America, otherwise you would see me at Chiswell, asking for a glimpse of your Sibylline leaves Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

New Verse Written in 1921 (Oxford, 1925). In 1902 Ottoline Violet Anne Cavendish-Bentinck (1873–1938) married Philip Morrell, who became a Liberal member of Parliament. Lady Ottoline’s manor house at Garsington, southeast of Oxford, was a gathering place for the intelligentsia. Unconventional, she was mocked and caricatured by writers whom she had befriended. 3 Dante (Alighieri, 1265–1321) was an Italian poet who wrote The Divine Comedy. 2

To Constable and Co. Ltd. 27 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS postcard: Temple)

Nov. 27, 1927 I have not yet received a copy of my new book “The Realm of Essence”. You may remember that I asked you to keep five of the six copies you had sent to my bankers, when returned by them, and to send me one only, directly to Rome. If this has not been done, will you please have it done now? G. Santayana Hotel Bristol Rome, Italy.

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To Lewis George Sterner 27 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Penn)

C

/o Brown Shipley & Co 123 Pall Mall, London

Rome, Nov. 27, ’27 Dear Sir,1 I should be much pleased to have you quote any sonnets of mine that seem to you to deserve it. As to your other requests, I am sorry that I can’t do anything. You probably know much better than I whether sonnets are still written by anyone who has anything to impart. Yours truly GSantayana 1 Lewis George Sterner (b. 1894) wrote The Sonnet in American Literature for his Ph.D. dissertation (University of Pennsylvania, 1930).

To George Sturgis 27 November 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Houghton)

Hotel Bristol Rome Nov. 27, 1927 Dear George Apparently, to judge by what you say in your letter of Nov. 15, it is a long time since I have written: I am sorry, and I can’t say it has been because I was too busy or because I had nothing to say, which are the grown-up and the childish excuses for such delinquences. In Paris I spent rather an exciting summer, being a party to a sort of run-away match. Don’t be alarmed; it isn’t I that was married, but Margaret Strong; only in the absence of her father I had to officiate as sponsor, or witness, or giver-away, or whatever you call it. There were two weddings,—a week apart—which was an absurdity in itself: after the first, one, at the mairie,1 I gave the party a breakfast: we were only six persons, and it went off very well. At the second wedding, which was in the American Episcopal Church, I had to lead the (married) bride up the aisle, in the conventional fashion. People said: Voilà le papa!2 but I felt like a fool and rather like a fraud. The Chilean chargé d’affaires3 gave a reception for us afterwards, and the bride was much admired with her “golden” eyes and her nun-like

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tulle veil. I ought to have said that the bridegroom is an impecunious but rather fashionable Chilean named Jorge Cuevas, who has knocked about Paris for ten years (he is about 35) and has a rather doubtful reputation. Margaret had seen a great deal of him for a year or more; but she is undecided and not quite normal; and she hid him as if their engagement or courtship had been something out of the way, until suddenly she announced that she was going to marry him in four days. The Rockefellers ( John D. Jr. was then in France)4 were up in arms and did all they could to prevent the marriage, while poor Strong in Switzerland was left out in the cold, except for my letters. He finally telegraphed his consent and blessing at the very last moment: and now, having seen his son-in-law, he is quite reconciled or rather positively pleased. In fact, the young man is not a bad sort, it is she that is the problem. They are at Luxor in Egypt for the winter, so that all here is peace for the present. I am sorry we can’t have another bottle of Asti Spumante: I never indulge in it myself when I am alone. I will draw the [across] rest of my letter of credit ($1000) before New Years, and shall be in no hurry for the new one; but send one, for $4000, when it is convenient. Yours afftly G. S. 1

Town hall (French). French meaning “There’s the father!” 3 Envoy (French). 4 John D. Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960) was a philanthropist. 2

To Charles Augustus Strong 2 December 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Rockefeller)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dec. 2, 1927 Dear Strong Your letter sounds a little discouraged: the weather (here, at least) has been horrid since you left, and it isn’t easy to lose oneself in any agreeable task. I have sent an article to Middleton Murry (who asked for it) for his review The New Adelphi: it is about “Revolutions in Science”, and is meant to be the first chapter of “Symptoms”. But I have got stuck in Chapters II & III, and don’t know whether to make them one or two or to drop them altogether. Perhaps I may abandon “Symptoms” for a while and turn to the “Realm of Matter”. Russell’s latest book ought to have helped

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to revive interest in this direction, but I have been disappointed. It is nice to see him insisting on his newly acquired conviction that “percepts are in our heads”: it ranges him among my examples of latent materialism in idealists. But does he conceive his whole philosophy, in the moment when he is most aware of it, to be a single constituent of the series of events which make up one of the electrons in his brain? It seems monstrous (to use one of his words) to give so rich a substance (to use one of my words) to so minute a phenomenon. It would seem to me more plausible to say that his awareness of his philosophy was an event engaging a great many gyrations of a great many electrons: it would therefore have no punctiform locus in space-time, and could not be identified with a single constituent of the physical world. But I agree with him, and with you, that the mental world, in so far as it has a locus in nature at all, has it in the head—or in objects arranged, like books and pictures, to excite certain events in the head. As to the mental or moral world in itself, Berty is a poor witness: here is a book entitled “The Outlines of Philosophy” in which there is nothing but spleen, behaviourism, relativity, and babies. He has come down terribly in the world: I suppose this is a set of lectures cooked up for America: there is nothing in it that he hasn’t said as well or better elsewhere, and there is an unreadable amount of improvised commonplaces, and chance polemics. I have had to skip a good deal: but I haven’t missed here and there an extraordinarily witty passage, like that about the behaviourist seeing the rat not seen by his friend, and thinking that he must give up that bootlegged whiskey. I have read a very good account of Russia as seen recently by a ^ ^ Russian exile, who had slipped in among smugglers: also a long article by Kallen on Bolshevist religion: also, at last, Claudel1 on “Violence”. This last is pathological. Cory is thinking of leaving Paris and talks of coming South. If you want to see him, I have no doubt [across] that an invitation to Le Balze would help to fetch him. I don’t particularly want him to come to Rome now. Yours ever G.S. [across page one] P.S. Cory’s address is 123 rue du Faubourg St, Honoré. 1 Possibly Paul Claudel (1868–1955), a French dramatist and poet whose writings are thematically concerned with the human spirit.

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To Otto Kyllmann 7 December 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Temple)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dec. 7. 1927 Dear Mr Kyllmann “The Realm of Essence” has now reached me. Thank you for sending this second copy: I don’t know what can have happened to the first, as my other copies, sent to friends here, reached them safely. Two which I had forgotten are on the enclosed half-sheet.1 Will you kindly have them sent? The book makes an imposing appearance Yours sincerely GSantayana 1

Unlocated.

To Daniel MacGhie Cory 8 December 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS postcard: Columbia)

Hotel Bristol Rome Dec. 8. 1927 I am glad you are going to London, and when I have your address there I will hasten to send you Chap. I of Matter, revised but not copied, so that you may have it type-written, two copies, of which you may keep one and send me back the other: and we can keep this up until the book is all straightened out. As I am interested in Symptoms, Matter will certainly not be finished this winter: that was why I thought of next summer as a good time for continuing our work. I foresee (it is not an intention) that I shall go to Cortina again: Paris will be, morally, too hot for me. You understand: Egypt will have moved to Saint Germain, and Saint Germain is not far from the Observatoire.1—Here we are having sad wet weather but not cold, and I am reading more than writing. A Merry Xmas but I shall write ere that. G.S. 1

Cory lived in Paris. Margaret and Jorge Cuevas were in Egypt, but Saint Germain was the quarter in Paris where they lived. Santayana had been staying in Strong’s apartment at 9 Ave. de l’Observatoire in Paris.

1921–1927

To John Middleton Murry 8 December 1927 • Rome, Italy

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(MS: Macksey)

Hotel Bristol, Rome Dec. 8. 1927. Dear Mr Murry Thank you for the copy of my article on “Revolutions in Science”. There are one or two phrases in it that I should like to correct: I suppose you will send me the proof when the time comes. It might be better to address it to me directly to Rome, Hotel Bristol, where I shall be all winter. You are easily victorious in your article “Concerning Intelligence” in The New Criterion;1 at least a person who said long ago that religion is poetry can’t help thinking so. But it seems to me that you aren’t just to St. Thomas.2 Words had a precise meaning in his mind; “faith” excludes “reason” because it is a name for the supplement, beyond proof, in which our sensations are bathed: Praestet fides supplementum Sensuum defectui.3 Moreover, the whole world to him was like a children’s theatre, that could be delightfully pulled to pieces and put together again, not with a loss of illusion, but with a masterful knowledge of why and how the illusion came about, and was intended. The earthly and the heavenly, the rational and the miraculous made one tapestry: the distinctions were not arid, because they were internal to the work of God, and friendly. Yours sincerely GSantayana 1 John Middleton Murry’s article, “Concerning Intelligence,” was published in The Monthly Criterion in December 1927. 2 Canonized in 1323, Saint Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–74) was an Italian scholastic theologian and philosopher whose Summa Theologica (1265–73) defends “the truth of the Catholic faith against the pagans” by making clear the distinction between the realms of reason and of faith. His synthesis of theology and philosophy forms a cornerstone in the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. 3 The Latin verse meaning “Faith for all defects supplying, / Where the feeble senses fail,” is from the Tantum Ergo stanzas of St. Thomas Aquinas’s poem Pange Lingua.

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To Logan Pearsall Smith 21 December 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Congress)

Hotel Bristol, Rome December 21, 1927 Dear Smith My memory is not good for references, and I am without books here; but all your quotations have a familiar sound, and I have no doubt they come from something of mine—from what book or article I can’t tell you. I am sorry to be so useless, especially when you are overwhelming me with your constancy to my muse, and paying me the compliment of associating my words with those of such great wits. I shall be curious to see your anthology1 and it may induce me to read Hazlitt, Halifax, and Selden,2 who are all un / nknown to me. But it is hopeless, so late in life, to fill up the lacunae in one’s education. I tried the other day to read Moby Dick,3 but in spite of much skipping, I have got stuck in the middle. Is it such a masterpiece as they say? On the other hand, I am not too old to enjoy some novel authors: and what do you suppose was my joy at finding the theory of essence beautifully expounded in the last volume of Proust, (the second of Le Temps Retrouvé)4 and made, in a manner, the pivot of his immense work! Do read it, page 14 to 20, if you haven’t yet done so. My excursions into the other world are not so remote from experience as you seem to think: we live in that world; we only move in this one.—What you say of your neighbour who likes my philosophy makes me think of another disciple of mine who is now in London. He is a young American named Daniel Cory, who is a sort of unattached student, and has understood my books—at least the later ones—better than anyone else that I know of. As he has nothing urgent to do, I have got him to help me in straightening out the MS of the Realm of Matter, which is to be my next, and I hope, culminating, book. I am going to take the liberty of giving him a card to you, and perhaps you can also introduce him to your neighbour: anything he learns from you or from him in the way of judicious criticism of my works or ideas, will be useful to him and indirectly to me; because he isn’t shy, though devoted, and tells me where I go wrong. Cory is also a disciple of Berty’s and is studying under him in London. Rome is very like London in these dark, cold days: but a sort of Socratic sign, saying No!5 intercepts all my projects of crossing the Channel. Yours sincerely GSantayana

1921–1927

3:363

1

A Treasury of English Prose (London: Constable, 1928). William Hazlitt (1778–1830) was a penetrating and erudite, early-romantic critic and one of the great masters of English prose. George Savile, Marquess of Halifax (1633–95), was an influential member of the court of Charles II. He was an opponent of Roman Catholicism and wrote many political tracts. John Selden (1584–1654) was an English jurist, scholar, and orientalist known for his treatises, many of which were written in Latin and dealt with questions of law. His best-known work is a collection of his sayings compiled by his secretary after his death. 3 Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851), a novel by Herman Melville, is a story of whaling as well as a symbolic study of good and evil. 4 Marcel Proust (1871–1922) was a French novelist whose life work was Remembrance of Things Past, though he died before the last three books were published. The second volume contains “Cities of the Plain,” “The Captive,” and “The Sweet Cheat Game.” 5 An allusion to Socrates’ daemon, who warned him when Socrates was about to do something wrong. 2

To Wesley Fuller 23 December 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

Rome, December 23, 1927 Dear Mr. Fuller1 It is hardly possible for me to write anything for the Latin School Register: too much time and space separates me from that world. Yet I don’t like to disregard your request, and I am sending you a few lines of translation from Catullus,2 which I happen to have at hand, as a token of remembrance and good wishes. Yours truly GSantayana A FRAGMENT FROM CATULLUS O misero frater adempte mihi, etc. You, brother, snatched, and I bereft, My whole life crushed, no drop of sweetness left, My whole soul buried in your grave, My soul that lived but by the love you gave! All my life’s pleasures, with you dead, My studies all, my joy in all is fled. Why speak, why call? I am not heard. Your sweet voice, brother, answers not a word. Never till death, never that face again, Never that smile: yet love shall still remain.

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1 Wesley Fuller (1912–1958), Harvard class of 1933, worked as a reporter for the Boston Traveller, was a marine pilot in World War II, and became assistant director of Bell Telephone Laboratories. Fuller wrote the following to Daniel Cory, “I was a Second Classman at the Boston Latin School and a member of the staff of the Latin School Register, our school publication. I … set about seeking contributions from our most distinguished alumni. Naturally I wrote Mr. Santayana … It was in response to this request that I received the reply I am sending on to you … Needless to say, it was the highlight of the issue, indeed of the year [1928] and, I suspect, of many, many alumni issues. I do not believe it has ever been published elsewhere.” Santayana attended the school for eight years. 2 See 3 November 1924. The fragment of Catullus’s Poem 68, from which Santayana produced this translation, reads as follows: O misero frater adempte mihi! / Omnia tecum una perierunt gaudia nostra. / Quae tuus in vita dulcis alebat amor. / Tu mea, tu moriens fregisti commoda frater. / Tecum una tota est nostra sepulta anima, / Cuius ego interitu tota de mente fugavi / Haec studia, atque omnes delicias animi, / Alloquar? audiero numquam tua verba loquentem? / Numquam ego te vita frater amabilior, / Aspiciam posthac? at certe semper amabo. See Poems 215.

To Herbert Wallace Schneider 25 December 1927 • Rome, Italy

(MS: Unknown)

Rome, Christmas Day, 1927 Dear Schneider, No: I can’t write a review of Woodbridge’s Realm of Mind;1 it would require re-reading and a terrible struggle to become clear as to what it means. My experience with Dewey was enough: no more such reviews in this short life. I believe I have sent you my Realm of Essence, but the American edition seems to have been delayed a good deal. Only today, I get the first acknowledgement—from the Harvard Union. The English edition has been out for many weeks. I am now at work on the Realm of Matter and also on a collection of essays and reviews to be called Symptoms. Strong was here in November, but—incredibile dictu2—we deserted the Café Aragno for a trattoria3 in the Piazza di San Pietro where we went to enjoy the sunshine, and sat in the shade by preference. He had ill luck in catching a cold, although the weather was then glorious, and I am afraid went home discouraged—also because I refused to be converted to point-instants of psychic energy constituting the material world. I am reading a book called The Mind and Face of Bolshevism;4 it is my own philosophy—but, oh, so changed! Yours sincerely, GSantayana

1921–1927

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1 Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge (1867–1940), a Canadian-born philosopher, was a professor at Columbia (1902–37). His influence is responsible for the revival in the United States of Aristotelian trends of thought. A self-described realist and naturalist, he argued that life and mind are products that develop in the natural world. He cofounded (with Wendell T. Bush) the Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods (later The Journal of Philosophy) in 1904. His Realm of Mind (1926) was published by Columbia University. 2 Incredible to say (Latin). 3 Restaurant (Italian). 4 The Mind and Face of Bolshevism: An Examination of Cultural Life in Soviet Russia by René Fülöp-Miller (London, 1927).

EDITORIAL APPENDIX

Textual Commentary I. Summary Statement of Textual Principles and Procedures for The Works of George Santayana A. The Works of George Santayana and Editorial Scholarship The volumes of The Works of George Santayana are unmodernized, critical editions of George Santayana’s writings. This scholarly edition is “unmodernized” because it retains original and idiosyncratic punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and word division in order to reflect the full intent of the author as well as the initial texture of the work; it is “critical” because it allows the exercise of editorial judgment in making corrections, changes, and choices among authoritative readings. The editors’ goals are to produce texts that accurately represent Santayana’s final intentions regarding his works and to record all evidence on which editorial decisions have been based. Except for the Letters and Marginalia volumes, The Works of George Santayana pertain typically to materials composed by Santayana that he intended for publication and dissemination in a printed form. For these writings there may exist a holograph manuscript, a typescript, printers’ proofs, two or more editions, and multiple impressions of editions. In such cases the term “critical edition” indicates the task of comparing these various forms of the text in order to ascertain and perpetuate the author’s “final intentions” regarding his work. When the genealogy of the text has been established and the relationships of all pertinent documents determined, the editors choose the document that will serve as copy-text for the critical edition. In the absence of the holograph manuscript, this is normally the document which is closest to the author’s hand. Two independent sight or machine collations are performed against the copy-text for each form of the text produced by Santayana or published during his life-time.

B. Transcribing, Editing, and Typesetting The Works of George Santayana Transcribing, editing, and typesetting the copy-text(s) to reproduce a critical text as accurately as possible is the primary goal of the Santayana Edition. This reproduction of The Works of George Santayana is, therefore, done electronically and, beginning with Volume Five, the books are produced with QuarkXPress, a commercial electronic typesetting program. First the text is

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carefully transcribed (a literal transcription indicating internal variants will be produced if the copy-text is the holograph manuscript or a typescript corrected by Santayana). As part of the initial transcription the editors identify the various text elements (chapter headings, subheadings, marginal headings, standard paragraphs, extracts, poetry lines, footnotes, and the like), each of which is rendered visually distinctive with the help of QuarkXpress, making systematic use of the program’s template features. Each transcription then receives at least two independent sight collations against the copy-text to ensure its accuracy. Various software programs aid the editors in locating, counting, and compiling material needed in making editorial decisions. Together with a “Word Book” indicating Santayana’s usage and spelling of problematic words, they are used to identify patterns of punctuation and spelling and all line-end hyphens in the copy-text. In addition to the copy-text, files consisting of the front matter, textual notes, various appendixes, references, and index are compiled and organized using a variety of software programs. These files are placed into the QuarkXPress program and the pages produced are proofed twice for accuracy and checked against the text as necessary. Use of the QuarkXPress desktop publishing program enables the editors to send proofed pages to MIT Press for printing. Before the book is printed, a check of the blueprints (contact prints of the negatives) is made. At this stage, alterations to the text can quickly be identified by focusing principally on a comparison of line and page breaks. Differences in lineation or pagination signal changes within the lines that must then be scrutinized carefully. The desktop typesetting employed in The Works of George Santayana greatly facilitates the editing and publication processes because it maintains the accuracy of the textual record, keeping it free from the errors or alterations almost invariably arising from retyping a document. In having direct control over the printing process, then, the editors also safeguard the integrity of the critical edition text. The final critical edition of a text is, except for emendations dictated by editorial policy, identical to the thoroughly proofread transcription of the copy-text.

II. Publication History of the Letters Santayana probably never intended his correspondence to be published, and did not write letters as he wrote works for publication. The intent of this volume is to present the letters in a form that will give the reader an experience close to that of reading the original letter. Therefore, these published letters are, as much as possible, exact copies of the holograph original. That is, they are diplomatic (or “noncritical”) transcriptions, reproducing all of the characteristics of the autograph letters, including misspellings, mispunctuation, grammatical errors, slips of the pen, and such alterations as cancellations and

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insertions. The printed form of the letters adheres to the characteristics of the originals in all of these particulars. The exceptions to this practice of exact transcription and reproduction are lineation, pagination, and other physical features of his letters which it is clear Santayana did not intend to carry any meaning. The editors subscribe to the view of modern epistolary scholarship that “a scholarly edition should not contain a text which has editorially been corrected, made consistent, or otherwise smoothed out. Errors and inconsistencies are part of the total texture of the document and are part of the evidence which the document preserves relating to the writer’s habits, temperament, and mood.”1

A. Earliest Publications A few hundred of Santayana’s letters have appeared unsystematically, in whole or in part, in a number of periodicals and books. Recipients of the letters, editors of periodicals, and authors of books on Santayana recognized the quality and interest of the letters and were desirous of putting them before the public, but it was not until 1955 that a book-length collection of Santayana’s letters became available. The first volume of Santayana’s letters was collected and edited by Daniel Cory and published by Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1955. The idea for a collection of Santayana’s letters began to take shape in the autumn of 1952 when, in a 21 October letter to Daniel Cory, Scribner’s editor John Hall Wheelock suggested the undertaking of such a project.2 Cory agreed to edit the collection and write an introduction for it, and he and Wheelock worked together at the task of gathering the letters. The Scribner’s edition of The Letters of George Santayana is a handsome and well-made volume and an excellent selection of Santayana’s letters. Cory and Wheelock made every effort to present the 296 letters to 86 recipients (constituting a wide variety of persons) as Santayana wrote them. A deliberate effort was made to preserve Santayana’s spellings (American in the earlier letters and British in the later ones) and punctuation. Except for a few mistranscriptions from the holographs, the text of the 1955 edition is accurate (for a more detailed description of the Scribner’s edition of The Letters of George Santayana, see Letters, Book One, [MIT], 424–25).

B. The Comprehensive Edition of Santayana’s Letters: Origins and Development The project for a comprehensive edition of Santayana’s letters was originated by Daniel Cory (for a more detailed version of this section, see Letters, Book One, 426–28). His association with Santayana began in 1927, when the philosopher engaged the young man to serve as a literary secretary or assis-

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tant, reading his manuscripts and advising him on technical and compositional elements. This relationship—with many separations and interruptions—lasted until Santayana’s death on 26 September 1952. Santayana bequeathed to Cory his remaining unpublished manuscripts—and the rights to his literary properties generally—and named him his literary executor. Cory placed Santayana’s manuscripts in four university libraries that were to become principal centers for Santayana manuscript materials: the Butler Library at Columbia University, the Houghton Library at Harvard University, the Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin, and the Alderman Library at the University of Virginia. He also began editing and publishing the essays, poems, and plays not published during Santayana’s lifetime. In July 1971 Cory began to make arrangements with an American university press for a new and enlarged edition of Santayana’s correspondence. He then had on hand about 700 letters not included in the Scribner’s volume, and a new two-volume edition was envisaged. At the same time William Holzberger was working on a critical edition of Santayana’s poetry (published as The Complete Poems of George Santayana by the Bucknell University Press in 1979), and, while doing his research, he located and collected copies of approximately four hundred unpublished Santayana letters in twenty-one libraries. In 1972 Cory entered into a collaboration with Holzberger to produce the new edition. After Cory’s sudden and unexpected death later that year Margot Cory succeeded her husband as literary executor and approved the idea of continuing work on the letters edition. Early in 1977 Holzberger joined the project initiated by members of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy to produce a critical edition of all of Santayana’s writings. Subsequently it was decided to incorporate the letters edition into the Critical Edition of The Works of George Santayana.

III. Textual Principles and Editorial Procedures for The Letters of George Santayana A. Collection of the Letters The goal of the editors has been to identify and collect all of George Santayana’s correspondence for publication in The Works of George Santayana. Although substantial numbers of his letters have been found, many more are missing, some known to be destroyed, and others unlocated (for a list of unlocated letters, see pages 481–84).

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The search for Santayana’s letters, begun by Daniel Cory in the early 1950s and ongoing by the present editors, has resulted in the location of more than three thousand pieces of correspondence. These include letters, notes, postcards, and a few telegrams and cablegrams; the texts of all of these are contained in this edition. Daniel Cory’s method of locating and collecting the letters was to publish advertisements in leading journals and reviews, to visit libraries known to contain principal collections of Santayana manuscript materials, and to write to individuals who he believed might have corresponded with Santayana. Later, in the 1970s, William Holzberger consulted both the first and second editions of American Literary Manuscripts: A Checklist of Holdings in Academic, Historical, and Public Libraries, Museums, and Authors’ Homes in the United States 3 to generate a list of institutions reported as holding Santayana manuscripts. Letters of inquiry were sent to libraries at sixty-three institutions. In addition, fresh advertisements for Santayana letters were run in a number of leading literary publications, including The Times Literary Supplement (London), The New York Times Book Review, The New York Review of Books, and American Literature. Letters of inquiry were sent to more than fifty individuals believed to have received correspondence from Santayana. Also, scholars familiar with this project have kept an eye out for Santayana letters in the course of their research efforts, and this has resulted in the acquisition of several valuable pieces of correspondence that otherwise might not have been acquired. This continuous effort to locate Santayana letters in the libraries or files of institutions and in the possession of private individuals has resulted in the identification and acquisition of over two thousand more letters than the original thousand that Daniel Cory and John Hall Wheelock had accumulated at the time the selection was made for the 1955 Scribner’s edition. The title of the present edition, The Letters of George Santayana, is the same as that of Cory’s selected edition. It is the best title for such a collection because it suggests comprehensiveness without implying absolute completeness. Although every effort has been made to locate and acquire all of Santayana’s letters, that remains a goal impossible to achieve. We know that Santayana himself destroyed the letters he had written to his mother, and he made references to other letters that remain unlocated. However, this comprehensive edition is as complete as many years of work can make it, and it certainly represents the principal corpus of Santayana’s correspondence.

B. Arrangement of the Letters The letters are arranged chronologically, from earliest (to Susan and Josephine in 1868) to latest (to Daniel Cory, 3 August 1952), a period of about eighty-three years. This chronological progression, together with division of the letters into books of approximately equal length, constitutes the sole organizing principle for the edition.

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Except for the period covered in the first two books (1868–1920), Santayana’s history is not clearly marked either by a sequence of periodic residences or dominating events. Therefore, any division of Santayana’s life and letters into episodes seemed artificial and undesirable. Because of the gap between the earliest extant letter and the next earliest one (21 August 1882) and the fact that, as would be expected, fewer of the early letters have survived, the first book covers a much longer period than subsequent books. The organization of the letters in Volume V of The Works of George Santayana is as follows: Book One, [1868]–1909; Book Two, 1910–1920; Book Three, 1921–1927; Book Four, 1928–1932; Book Five, 1933–1936; Book Six, 1937–1940; Book Seven, 1941–1947; and Book Eight, 1948–1952.

C. Transcription of the Letters 1. Transcribing the Texts from Originals or Photocopies of the Original Holograph Letters In the case of correspondence the original handwritten document (holograph manuscript) is the only extant authorial form of the text (the boards of this book provide a typical example of Santayana’s letters). This holograph manuscript, therefore, constitutes the copy-text for the vast majority of the letters included in this edition. In those instances where no holograph is extant, the editors have had to choose a form of the letter which seems to be the closest and most likely to reproduce the missing original. For some letters this is a transcription typed by the recipient specifically for an earlier edition of the letters or for deposit with a library or another individual. For others it is a typed transcription prepared by Daniel or Margot Cory or William G. Holzberger for the edition of letters which Cory, and later Holzberger, anticipated publishing; these transcriptions were done against originals borrowed from the recipient or photocopies thereof. And for some letters the only extant form is a previously published version. Fortunately, most of these “published version” letters are included in the 1955 edition of Cory’s The Letters of George Santayana, where, for the most part, it was Cory’s intent to publish them without alteration. When using these alternative forms in lieu of originals, the editors still have been conservative in making emendations. Based on the editors careful comparisons between transcriptions of letters where the original or photocopy survived and those where the letter was lost, the attempts at making the transcriptions more standardized for an earlier publisher (i.e., underlining titles rather than leaving the quotation marks used by Santayana, deleting or standardizing the format of addresses, dates, or signatures) are considered to be earlier editorial alterations and thus not part of the original letter. Also those errors in transcription or typesetting which seem to be merely typographical in nature are not reproduced as part of the critical text.

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Since the editors’ aim is to provide the reader with a literal, or diplomatic, text, their task lies in correctly reading and transcribing this copy-text first and then in assembling and reproducing the letters critically in printed form. Wherever possible, exact transcriptions were made from orignal holograph manuscripts or photocopies of them. All transcriptions were made by members of the editorial staff of the critical edition. The essential principle guiding transcription was to record everything that Santayana wrote on the holograph. This meant that any revisions that Santayana made—cancellations and insertions—were noted.The 155 letters for which original holographs have not been located are noted as ‘(MS: Unknown)’ in the headnote.4 The textual notes contain more specific information about the actual source for the letter.

2. Plain-Text Transcription This edition of Santayana’s correspondence is a “plain-text” edition. As the editors of Mark Twain’s letters (1988–) explain, “plain text” differs in intent and in form from the two other principal types of transcription of texts: “clear text” and “genetic text.”5 Transcriptions in “clear text” are devoid of editorial symbols; information regarding authorial revisions is provided in footnotes or in appropriate sections of the editorial appendix. Transcriptions in “genetic text,” however, through the use of arbitrary symbols (such as angle brackets and arrows), attempt to report any and all revisions that the author made on the holograph. “Plain-text” transcription is like “clear text” in avoiding arbitrary mechanical symbols, but like “genetic text” in presenting the creative process at work within the original document. The concept of “plain text” is to represent authorial revisions by signs more natural and less arbitrary, thus making a clearer and more immediately intelligible text for the reader. The editors, by means of plain-text transcriptions, have attempted to represent the original holograph letters as nearly as an efficient printed format will allow. The goal has been to enable the reader to approximate the experience of reading the original holograph letters. To this end, the texts of the letters have not been altered (except in rare instances, where meaning would otherwise be obscured): misspelled words are left uncorrected; no changes are made in grammar; and punctuation is neither altered, added, nor deleted. The letters for which an alternative form of a letter is copy-text are carefully reproduced, though without any plain-text transcription, with appropriate emendation and regularization based on the editor’s familiarity with Santayana’s style of writing and composing letters. Whatever the copy-text for a specific letter, any changes or emendations of it are reported in the textual notes, and errors are listed and marked ‘[sic ] ’ to provide assurance that they represent accurate readings of the copy-text, not editorial inattention.

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Cancellations: single-character words, or single characters within words, cancelled on the holograph letter are indicated by slash marks. See 9 March 1921 to Charles Augustus Strong (‘that/n’), where Santayana wrote the ‘n’ over the ‘t’, or 20 September 1921 to Gilbert Seldes (‘correctia / on’), where ‘o’ was written over ‘a’. Cancellation of two or more characters as words, word fragments, or within words is indicated by a horizontal rule through the cancelled for after’), where ‘after’ matter. See examples at 8 June 1922 to George Sturgis (‘— was written over ‘for’; at 1 February 1922 to Mary Williams Winslow (‘Gardin — ner’), where ‘ne’ was written over ‘in’; and at 6 March 1923 to Otto Kyllmann th your’), where the ‘y’ was written over the ‘th’. (‘— Insertions: single characters, word fragments, words, or phrases inserted on the letter are indicated by the use of inferior carets. See for example the letter of 4 January 1921 to Elizabeth Stephens Fish Potter (‘tooting steamer, ’), 16 ^ ^ November 1922 to Mary Williams Winslow (‘I enjoy ed their’), or 30 April ^ ^ 1921 to Constable and Co. Ltd. (‘although he is a distinguished’). Both lin^ ^ ear and marginal insertions are indicated in this way, with marginal insertions further described in a textual note. Insertions above cancellations: words written above cancellations are indicated by a combination of the horizontal rule and the inferior carets (‘—— winter ———— summer ’, 16 November 1922 to Mary Williams Winslow), and the revision ^ ^ is also further described in a textual note. Cancellations within insertions: are indicated by the combined use of slashthe thro— ugh the’, 15 September es or horizontal rules and inferior carets (‘—— — ^— ^ 1924 to John Boynton Priestley). It should be remembered that although plain-text transcriptions, through the employment of type-identical signs, bear a greater resemblance to the original handwritten letters than do transcriptions using the traditional editorial symbols, they are not in fact type facsimiles of the holograph letters. Plain-text transcriptions do not reproduce the original lineation, pagination, or any nonverbal characteristics of the manuscript unless the author intended these features to bear meaning, as for instance in quoting poetry. (The purpose of plain text is not to reproduce the holograph letters pictorially, in the way of facsimiles.) The plain-text transcriptions of Santayana’s letters in this edition are intended to represent the original holograph letters in type in such a way that any revisions are immediately identifiable and the texts completely legible. Other signs used in this edition for transcribing Santayana’s correspondence include: —[ —] Broken brackets: indicate matter bracketed by Santayana on the holograph. [ ] Editorial brackets: supply text the editors think necessary for sense or describe textual conditions (the latter signaled by italic type). * or x Asterisks or superscript ‘x’: designate Santayana’s footnotes.

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Superscript numerals: indicate editorial footnotes.

D. Emending and Regularizing the Letters Although the editors’ aim is to publish the original document unchanged, some emendations are made in the copy-text. With certain exceptions corrections and alterations of words or spelling or punctuation are recorded in the textual notes. Santayana’s nonlinear placement of text along the margins of his manuscript pages has been standardized, with appropriate editorial explanation. See, for example, the letter of 16 November 1921 to Susan Sturgis de Sastre, ‘tired of [across] living’, where the text beginning with ‘living’ is writ-

ten cross-wise in the blank margin; and that of 18 January 1922 to Charles Augustus Strong, ‘gives me [across page one] inspiration’, where Santayana returns to the first page of the letter and writes in the blank margin; and ‘I hope [across page one text] to hear’, where Santayana has actually cross-writ-

ten over words already on the page. Accidentally repeated words are removed from the text, and such emendation is further described in the textual note. Santayana very often did not close a paragraph with final punctuation, particularly at the end of a letter. This has not been altered, and since it is so common the editors have chosen not to note every instance in the textual notes.

1. Santayana’s Spelling Santayana generally preferred British spelling forms, although American spellings are common in his early letters and manuscripts. No effort has been made to standardize spelling; words are reproduced as Santayana wrote them. He was a good speller and only rarely misspelled a word. (A curious exception is his repeated misspelling of the word ‘parliament’, in which he regularly metathesizes the ‘ia’ to ‘parlaiment’.) Notwithstanding Santayana’s competency in spelling, one of the idiosyncracies of his handwriting makes it generally impossible to distinguish between ‘s’ and ‘z’ in words that contain the letter sequence ‘is’ or ‘iz’. In those cases the editors provided the spelling that reflects Santayana’s unambiguous use of the same word elsewhere and the rules observed by British scholarly presses at the time (Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford, by Horace Hart, nineteenth edition, 1905, and thirtieth edition, 1936) in accordance with his stated preference for British spelling.

2. Santayana’s Punctuation The letters are generally conscientiously punctuated. But certain marks of punctuation used by Santayana have always troubled his editors, partly because of the difficulty of determining the specific mark of punctuation represented in his handwriting, and also because of certain idiosyncratic usages.

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For instance, Santayana’s colon and semicolon are frequently indistinguishable. That, of course, is characteristic of many writers’ handwritten manuscripts; but sometimes Santayana also used the colon where the semicolon is generally called for (as shown in his published writings for which he had read and approved proofs). Daniel Cory said that Santayana once told him that this unorthodox use of the colon was due to a habit of “thinking in opposition.” The procedure of the present editors has been to read a colon where clearly indicated on the holograph letter and commensurate with Santayana’s habitual usage; but where the punctuation mark is unclear on the holograph and is situated where a semicolon would be standard usage, we have read the mark as a semicolon. (Thus, our practice sometimes differs from that of Cory in Letters [1955] and The Later Years [1963], where he has in certain instances read colon and we have read semicolon.) One or two other punctuation problems have bedeviled Santayana’s editors. Santayana’s period frequently resembles a hyphen, and it has been read, by Daniel Cory and Bruno Lind, as a dash. Santayana’s dashes, however, are generally longer than this “sliding period,” which perhaps resulted from writing rapidly with an old-fashioned, holder-and-nib-type pen. Santayana also appears to vacillate in the letters between the British custom of placing on-line punctuation either inside or outside of quotation marks depending upon whether or not the on-line punctuation is part of the meaning of the matter quoted, and the American practice of uniformly placing it inside except for semicolons and colons, which are always placed outside the quotation marks. In every clear instance, we place the on-line punctuation either inside or outside the quotation marks, according to where it occurs on the holograph letter. However, when—as often happens—the on-line punctuation falls directly beneath the quotation marks, we place it inside the quotation marks. Except for this practice, no effort has been made to standardize the form.

3. Letters in Languages Other than English The comprehensive edition of Santayana’s letters contains forty-six items of correspondence by Santayana written in a language other than English. Santayana wrote in Spanish to members of the family of his half sister, Susan (her husband, and her stepsons and their wives in Ávila). There is also a formal letter in Spanish to Miguel de Unamuno. There is one letter in Italian to Dino Rigacci of 29 April 1945. Letters written in a language other than English appear in the original language of composition in the letters text, with a fairly literal English translation given in a footnote.

4. Recipients, Provenances, Addresses, and Dates A headnote is added to each letter, indicating the recipient, date and place of composition, and manuscript location (typically giving the name of the insti-

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tution of higher learning if it houses one collection with correspondence by Santayana, but giving the name of a particular library or collection if the institution serves as repository of Santayana materials in more than one place):

To Mary Williams Winslow 16 November 1922 • Nice, France

(MS: Houghton)

A key to the manuscript location is found in the List of Manuscript Locations. ‘MS: Houghton’ means that the original holograph letter is in the Houghton Library, Harvard University. The textual notes give more information about particular collections. If the correspondence is a postcard or telegram, that will be indicated following ‘MS’.

To George Sturgis 5 December 1922 • Nice, France

(MS postcard: Houghton)

Also, an effort has been made to identify many, if not all, recipients with short biographical footnotes. Dates editorially supplied are placed in square brackets, uncertain dates being followed by a question mark. When the letter is written on printed stationery, the printed address is included in small capitals. Printed postcard captions are handled the same as printed stationery (SMALL CAPITALS), with no distinction being made. No account is taken of envelopes, except when used to establish the date of a letter, the recipient thereof, or Santayana’s address. If a letter is dated by a postmark, that date is given in the header followed by ‘[postmark]’.

5. Signatures The usual signature on the letters is the writer’s standard ‘GSantayana’. The early form of his signature was ‘G. Santayana’ (as found, for instance, on the holograph of the letter to C. A. Strong of 26 February 1917). Later, he dropped the period following the first initial, carrying the stroke from the G to join the first letter of his last name.

E. Editorial Footnotes to the Letters The policy of the comprehensive edition of Santayana’s letters regarding annotation is essentially to limit explanatory footnotes to supplying factual information likely to make the letter more intelligible or meaningful to the

378

Editorial Appendix

reader. However, some effort has been made in the case of letters dealing with events of great historical importance (e.g., the First and Second World Wars, or the Spanish civil war) to provide historical information that will help the reader place the letter in the historical context and for that reason perhaps better understand it. This principle of a fuller understanding has also informed our practice in regard to providing translations of foreign words or expressions in footnotes. Santayana read and spoke several languages, and he makes frequent use of words, phrases, or quotations in the letters from these languages, including Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. In order to facilitate the fullest possible understanding of the letters, we have included translations of foreign terms and phrases in the footnotes except in those instances where the foreign term or phrase is very commonplace or its meaning completely obvious. English translations of titles of books or articles in foreign languages are also provided in the footnotes if the work was translated. We have made fairly extensive use of information about Santayana’s life supplied by Daniel Cory in his book, Santayana: The Later Years: A Portrait With Letters (New York: George Braziller, 1963), frequently quoting directly from the book in footnotes. Any footnotes by Cory included in this edition are identified by the bracketed initials ‘[D. C.]’. The procedures for identifying persons mentioned in Santayana’s letters follow a standard routine. Full identification in the footnotes occurs at the first mention of the name. Subsequent occurrences of the name are noted in the index, which allows for cross-referencing. Names are first checked in authoritative dictionaries and encyclopedias (including the Dictionary of American Biography, the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Oxford Companion to American Literature, The Oxford Companion to English Literature, and the Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Harvard University, 1636–1925) and also in the “WorldCat” database of “FirstSearch” in the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). In those instances in which no reference could be found, the notation “unidentified” appears in the footnotes and index. Lists of errata in Santayana’s published works, sent by him in or with letters to his publishers, are included with the letters with which they were transmitted. Such information may be useful to the reader of these letters in correcting his or her own copies of Santayana’s works. W.G.H. H.J.S. M.S.W.

Textual Commentary

379

Notes 1

G. Thomas Tanselle, “The Editing of Historical Documents,” Studies in Bibliography 31 (1978): 48. 2 Wheelock to Cory, 21 October 1952, Scribner Archives, Princeton University Library. 3 Edited by Joseph Jones, Chairman of the Committee on Manuscript Holdings, American Literature Group, Modern Language Association of America, et al. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1958). Second edition edited by Professor J. Albert Robbins, Chairman (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1977). The editors are grateful for the kind assistance provided by Professor Robbins in 1977 before the second edition of American Literary Manuscripts went to press. 4 Among the letters for which no holograph could be located and for which no photocopy is extant are twelve letters to Daniel Cory that Margot Cory copied by hand. These are not among the rest of Santayana’s letters to Cory in Columbia University’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library. They are dated 18 November 1927, 13 June 1933, 2 September 1933, 5 December 1934, 7 December 1934, 9 June 1935, 26 September 1935, 20 September 1936, 14 October 1937, 30 April 1938, 11 May 1938, and 18 May 1938. Similarly, we have not been able to locate the original holograph of the letter to Cory of 13 September 1950 and have had to transcribe the extract from it printed in Santayana: The Later Years (1963). 5 Mark Twain’s Letters, ed. Edgar Marquess Branch, Michael B. Frank, and Kenneth M. Sanderson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 1, xxvi-xxvii, and xlv, footnote 1.

Short-Title List The following short-title list includes the works most frequently cited in the footnotes. Primary Sources Beauty The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outlines of Aesthetic Theory. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: A. and C. Black, 1896. Critical edition edited by William G. Holzberger and Herman J. Saatkamp Jr. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1988. (Footnotes refer to critical edition page numbers.) Character Character and Opinion in the United States: With Reminiscences of William James and Josiah Royce and Academic Life in America. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd.; Toronto: McLeod, 1920. Complete Poems The Complete Poems of George Santayana: A Critical Edition. Edited by William G. Holzberger. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press; London: Associated University Presses, 1979. Dialogues Dialogues in Limbo. London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1925; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926. Doctrine Winds of Doctrine: Studies in Contemporary Opinion. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: J. M. Dent & Sons Limited, 1913. Dominations Dominations and Powers: Reflections on Liberty, Society, and Government. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd, 1951. Egotism Egotism in German Philosophy. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915; London and Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons Limited, 1916. Essays Little Essays: Drawn From the Writings of George Santayana by Logan Pearsall Smith, With the Collaboration of the Author. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1920. Genteel The Genteel Tradition at Bay. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: “The Adelphi,” 1931. Gospels The Idea of Christ in the Gospels; or, God in Man: A Critical Essay. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; Toronto: Saunders, 1946. Hermit A Hermit of Carmel and Other Poems. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901; London: R. Brimley Johnson, 1902. Interpretations Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Black, 1900. Critical edition edited by William G. Holzberger and Herman J. Saatkamp Jr. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1989. (Footnotes refer to critical edition page numbers.)

382

Editorial Appendix

Letters The Letters of George Santayana. Edited by Daniel Cory. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1955. Lucifer “Lucifer, A Prelude.” In Sonnets and Other Verses. Cambridge and Chicago: Stone and Kimball, 1894. With changes becomes Act I of Lucifer: A Theological Tragedy. Chicago and New York: Herbert S. Stone, 1899. Obiter Obiter Scripta: Lectures, Essays and Reviews. Edited by Justus Buchler and Benjamin Schwartz. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1936. Persons Persons and Places: Fragments of Autobiography. Critical edition edited by William G. Holzberger and Herman J. Saatkamp Jr. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1986. Background Span Host

Persons and Places: The Background of My Life. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1944. The Middle Span. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1945; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1947. My Host the World. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Cresset Press, 1953.

Platonism Platonism and the Spiritual Life. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1927. Poems Poems: Selected by the Author and Revised. London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1922; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923. Poets Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1910. Puritan The Last Puritan. London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1935; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936; Critical edition edited by William G. Holzberger and Herman J. Saatkamp Jr. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1994. (Footnotes refer to critical edition page numbers.) Realms Realms of Being. Four volumes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1927-1940. Essence Matter Truth Spirit

The Realm of Essence: Book First of Realms of Being, 1927. The Realm of Matter: Book Second of Realms of Being, 1930. The Realm of Truth: Book Third of Realms of Being. Scribner’s, 1938; Constable and Toronto: Macmillan Company, 1937. The Realm of Spirit: Book Fourth of Realms of Being, 1940.

Realms (1 vol.) Realms of Being. One-volume edition, with a new introduction by the author. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1942.

Short-Title List

383

Reason The Life of Reason: or, the Phases of Human Progress. Five volumes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd, 1905–1906. Common Sense Society Religion Art Science

Introduction and Reason in Common Sense. Volume 1, 1905. Reason in Society. Volume 2, 1905. Reason in Religion. Volume 3, 1905. Reason in Art. Volume 4, 1905. Reason in Science. Volume 5, 1906.

Scepticism Scepticism and Animal Faith: Introduction to a System of Philosophy. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1923. Soliloquies Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1922. Sonnets Kimball, 1894.

Sonnets and Other Verses. Cambridge and Chicago: Stone and

Testament The Poet’s Testament: Poems and Two Plays. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953. Truce Revised limited second edition published as Lucifer, or the Heavenly Truce: A Theological Tragedy. Cambridge, MA: Dunster House; London: W. Jackson, 1924. Turns Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy: Five Essays. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933.

Other Works Harvard Morison, Samuel Eliot. Three Centuries of Harvard 1636–1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1936. Philosophy Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods (later The Journal of Philosophy). New York: Journal of Philosophy, Inc. Santayana McCormick, John. George Santayana: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. Shakespeare The Works of William Shakespeare. Edited by William A. Wright, 9 vols. New York: AMS Press, 1968 rpt. of 1891–1893 edition. Years Cory, Daniel. Santayana: The Later Years: A Portrait with Letters. New York: George Braziller, 1963.

Textual Notes Numbers on the left (i.e. 3.6) refer to Critical Edition pages and lines (Volume V, Book Three). Line numbers refer to the text of the letters themselves. No heading or editorial footnotes are included in the count. The virgule ( / ) between words on the right of the bullet indicates a line break in the copytext. !

4 January 1921 • John Erskine • Madrid, Spain

!Copy-text: MS, Erskine Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

3.6 !

glad it it • [sic]

4 January 1921 • Elizabeth Stephens Fish Potter • Madrid, Spain

!Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (Autograph file), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

3.14 3.15 3.26 4.7 !

wish that I • wish that that I even if was • [sic] Cuningham • [sic] GOODNESS • [four underlines]

10 January 1921 • Henry James III • Madrid, Spain

!Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1092.10), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

23 January 1921 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Madrid, Spain

!Copy-text: MS, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

7.1 7.2–3

/Iit • [‘it’ over ‘I’]

patch-work • patch- / work

3:386 !

The Letters of George Santayana

2 February 1921 • Charles Augustus Strong • Madrid, Spain

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

8.21 !

circle The • circle / The [sic]

9 March 1921 • Charles Augustus Strong • Ávila, Spain

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

9.19 10.8–9 10.12 10.14 11.5–6 !

“given-essence”, • “given- / essence”, given-essence • given- / essence of thing — that • [‘thing’ above ‘of —’] that ^ ^ that/n • [‘n’ over ‘t’] “mind-stuff • “mind- / stuff

28 March 1921 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

13.5 13.21 14.12 14.29–30

!

mytholigal • [sic] weilds • [sic] something • some- / thing it is—an illus— ion, a — sens— e sense • [‘a — sens— e sense’ above — —— ^ ^ it is—an illus— ion, ] — ——

30 April 1921 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

16.13 16.13 !

judjm / ement • [‘e’ over ‘m’] [sic] there —eir • [‘eir’ over ‘ere’]

9 June 1921 • Logan Pearsall Smith • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

17.8 17.22 17.22 17.27

[illegible]laid • [‘l’ over unrecovered character ] thinking;/? • [‘?’ over ‘;’] a/ And • [‘A’ over ‘a’] to/wo • [‘w’ over ‘o’]

Textual Notes !

3:387

10 June 1921 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

1 July 1921 • Wendell T. Bush • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Journal of Philosophy Records, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

2 August 1921 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

20.18 !

money-matters • money- / matters

14 August 1921 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 188–89. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

17 August 1921 • Logan Pearsall Smith • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

22.23 !

jems • [sic]

20 August 1921 • Wendell T. Bush • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Journal of Philosophy Records, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

23 August 1921 • Mary Williams Winslow • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (MS Am 1352), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 189–91. !Emendations and textual notes: !

24.12 25.7 25.20 !

everything • every- / thing clear-headed • clear- / headed governness • govern- / ness [sic]

20 September 1921 • John Middleton Murry • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, collection of Dr. Richard A. Macksey, Baltimore, Maryland. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

3:388 26.8 !

The Letters of George Santayana republish • re- / publish

20 September 1921 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

27.8 27.12 !

something • some- / thing However • How- / ever

20 September 1921 • Gilbert Seldes • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

27.20 !

correctia/on • [‘o’ over ‘a’]

21 September 1921 • Alice Cecilia Cooper • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, University of California, Los Angeles. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

30 September 1921 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

29.16 !

inge/redients • [‘r’ over ‘e’]

1 October 1921 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

30.16 30.17 !

tiresome There • tiresome / There [sic] indecedently • [sic]

18 October 1921 • Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

20 October 1921 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

Textual Notes !

3:389

28 October 1921 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

4 November 1921 • George Sturgis • Fiesole, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

33.16 33.21 34.12

W S.W.1. • [‘S’ over ‘W’] —

anything • any- / thing snap-shot • snap- / shot

! [Between 5 and 11 November 1921] • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

34.20 34.21 34.26 !

camin • [sic] ht wait • [‘wait’ above ‘weig ht ’] weig — — — — ^ ^ c/Continental • [‘C’ over ‘c’]

[12 November 1921] • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

36.6 !

everywhere This • everywhere / This [sic]

16 November 1921 • Susan Sturgis de Sastre • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Collection (#6947), Clifton Waller Barrett Library, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library. !Previous publication: Letters, 191–92. !Emendations and textual notes: !

37.1 37.16 !

threatened —ing • [‘ing’ over ‘ed’] a propos • [sic]

17 November 1921 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

38.10 38.15 38.16

strike —— ——icks • [‘icks’ over ‘rike’] nondescript • non- / descript home-like • home- / like

3:390 !

The Letters of George Santayana

21 November 1921 • Horace Meyer Kallen • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

40.6 !

Lhassa • [sic]

21 November 1921 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

41.9 41.16 41.18 !

relei —ieved • [‘ie’ over ‘ei’] MacKensy • [sic] “exchange-professor” • “exchange- / professor”

22 November 1921 • Wendell T. Bush • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

42.6 !

type-written • type- / written

30 November 1921 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

43.23 43.24 43.28 !

understand • under- / stand open-air • open- / air make Very • make / Very [sic]

2 December 1921 • Logan Pearsall Smith • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: Letters, 192–95; Smith, Unforgotten Years (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1939), 283–88, excerpt. !Emendations and textual notes: !

45.28 45.39 46.1 46.2 !

anything • any- / thing only suck only • [transposition by Santayana] — ^ ^ submarines • sub- / marines “schoolmarms” • “school- / marms”

7 December 1921 • Warwick Potter • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

Textual Notes 47.25–26 !

3:391

profession I • [sic]

7 December 1921 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 97, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

17 December 1921 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

1 January 1922 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

51.17–18 !

Anglo-Saxondom • Anglo- / Saxondom

18 January 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

52.28 53.16 !

rele/ ieved • [‘i’ over ‘e’] and make • [sic]

30 January 1922 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

30 January 1922 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: typed letter, dated and signed by Santayana, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

54.28 !

hew uncle • [‘uncle’ over erased ‘nephew’] nep— —

1 February 1922 • Mary Williams Winslow • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (MS Am 1352), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

55.9

peep-hole • peep- / hole

3:392

The Letters of George Santayana

56.2 56.3 56.17 56.19 56.27 56.27 56.31 !

photograph • photo- / graph today • to- / day Gardin —ner • [‘ne’ over ‘in’] MacDougal • [sic] ones Jews • [‘Jews’ over ‘ones’] — Lippman • [sic] their —re • [‘re’ over ‘ir’]

[Early 1922?] • Charles Augustus Strong • [Rome, Italy?]

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 87, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

58.3 !

with that the • [‘that the’ over ‘with’] —

4 February 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

6 February 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

20 February 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

60.27 60.30 !

pe/iece • [‘i’ over ‘e’] automaton • auto- / maton

14 March 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

61.24 62.9 and 13 61.14 !

extraordinary difficult • [sic] NeoR’s • [sic] the/at • [‘at’ over ‘e’]

21 March 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

Textual Notes !

3:393

29 March 1922 • George Lawton • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS unlocated, last known in collection of Dr. George Lawton. Published version is copy-text. !Previous publication: Letters, 195–96. !Emendations and textual notes: !

65.4 and 20 65.6 65.28 65.29 !

philosophy • philosophy reading up • reading up truly • truly, GSantayana • [not present]

2 April 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

4 April 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

67.16 67.27 !

any thing • any / thing Germont • [sic]

7 April 1922 • Mary Williams Winslow • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (MS Am 1352), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

68.9 !

Vendanta and Samkya • [sic]

10 April 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

69.13 !

indirect • in- / direct

25 April 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

71.1

Vahinger • [sic]

3:394 !

The Letters of George Santayana

25 April 1922 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 196–97. !Emendations and textual notes: !

72.8 72.12–13 72.14 72.27 !

semi-conscious • semi- / conscious light heat and power • [sic] England Scotland and Wales • [sic] Thorwald • [sic]

29 April 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

8 May 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

74.33 !

sunshine • sun- / shine

13 May 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Constable and Co. Ltd., London. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

13 May 1922 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

20 May 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

5 June 1922 • Logan Pearsall Smith • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

78.22 79.2 79.5

correspondance • [sic] somehow • some- / how Rochefoucault • [sic]

Textual Notes !

3:395

7 June 1922 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

79.12 79.13 79.14 80.1–2 80.13 !

outburst • out- / burst household • house- / hold self-sacrifice • self- / sacrifice seventy years old • [sic] postman’s • post- / man’s

8 June 1922 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

80.22 80.27 80.31 !

seasickness • sea- / sickness it • [‘the’ over ‘it’] —the for • [‘after’ over ‘for’] —after

20 June 1922 • Boylston Adams Beal • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (MS Am 1371.8), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

82.15 82.22 82.31 !

Meantime • Mean- / time rechanges • re- / changes destinied • [sic]

[Summer 1922?] • Wendell T. Bush • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

[Summer 1922] • Logan Pearsall Smith • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

4 July 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

17 July 1922 • Logan Pearsall Smith • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

3:396

The Letters of George Santayana

85.5 85.17

wretle • [sic] overload • over- / load

!

26 July 1922 • Gilbert Seldes • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

17 September 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

86.18 !

Pric/tchard’s • [‘tc’ over ‘c’]

4 October [1922?] • Wendell T. Bush • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

87.20 !

everybody • every- / body

5 October 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

11 October 1922 • John Brett Langstaff • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS unlocated. Last known in the collection of John Brett Langstaff. Published facsimile is copy-text. !Previous publication: Langstaff, Oxford—1914 (New York: Vantage Press, 1965), 38–39, in facsimile. !Emendations and textual notes:

88.27–28 !

protacted • [sic]

20 October 1922 [postmark] • Mary Potter Bush • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

25 October 1922 • Harry Austryn Wolfson • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

90.2

reconstruction • re- / construction

Textual Notes !

3:397

30 October 1922 [postmark] • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS postcard, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

91.7 91.9 !

However • How- / ever • [‘are’ over ‘is’] is —are

3 November 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

91.18 92.3 !

sub-title • sub- / title • [‘with’ over ‘in’] in —with

3 November 1922 • George Sturgis • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

92.21 !

sent/d • [‘d’ over ‘t’]

8 November 1922 • Robert Burnside Potter • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (Autograph file), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

94.8 94.30–31 !

should call them • should call / call them foreignes ——ness • [‘ne’ over ‘es’]

10 November 1922 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

95.24–25 !

autobiographical • auto- / biographical

14 November 1922 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

96.30 96.33

Class-photograph • Class- / photograph photograph • photo- / graph

3:398 !

The Letters of George Santayana

14 November 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

15 November 1922 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

16 November 1922 • Mary Williams Winslow • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (MS Am 1352), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 197–200. !Emendations and textual notes: !

99.13 99.20 99.30 101.15 !

winter winter ————’] —— ———— ^summer^ • [‘summer’ above ‘—— word) composes • [sic] fac-totum • [sic] lotery • [sic]

22 November 1922 • Zenas Clark Dickinson • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Z. C. Dickinson Papers, Bentley Historical Library, The University of Michigan. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

102.14 102.23 !

extraordinary/ ily • [‘ily’ over ‘y’] could ————aught • [‘aught’ over ‘ould’]

23 November 1922 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

23 November 1922 • Charles Raymond Bell Mortimer • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Raymond Mortimer Correspondence, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

1 December 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

105.16–17 106.3 106.3

Champs Elisées • [sic] in • [in margin] ^ ^ and the various • and the / the various

Textual Notes !

3:399

5 December 1922 • George Sturgis • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS postcard, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

13 December 1922 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

13 December 1922 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

108.11 !

great-coat • great- / coat

21 December 1922 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

109.8 109.14 !

anyone • any- / one reprint • re- / print

21 December 1922 • Robert Burnside Potter • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (Autograph file), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

110.33 !

inland • in- / land

25 December 1922 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

111.21 112.2 112.7 !

necessarily • [sic] in • [‘by’ over ‘in’] —by heavy to • [sic]

27 December 1922 • George Sturgis • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

113.26

footf/ball • [‘b’ over ‘f’]

3:400 !

The Letters of George Santayana

30 December 1922 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

114.2 !

29 • [‘30’ over ‘29’] —30

3 January 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

114.30 115.6 115.6 115.7 !

syrop • [sic] opium-eaters • opium- / eaters Biffi’s • [sic] sunset • sun- / set

4 January 1923 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS postcard, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

12 January 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

13 January 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

14 January 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

118.3 !

13 —14 • [‘14’ over ‘13’]

18 January 1923 • George Sturgis • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 200–201, excerpt. !Emendations and textual notes: !

118.23 119.5–6 119.22 119.27 119.31–32

invraisem/bblable • [‘bl’ over ‘b’] gobblin • [sic] extraordinarily • extra- / ordinarily /Iindex • [‘i’ over ‘I’] bar —earing • [‘ear’ over ‘ar’]

Textual Notes !

3:401

19 January 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

19 January 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

120.20–21 120.22 120.25 !

Mrs Steven • [sic] Mardi-gras • Mardi- / gras something • some- / thing

20 January 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS postcard, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

23 January 1923 • Unidentified Recipient • Nice, France

!Copy-text: MS postcard, Department of Manuscripts, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

24 January 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

26 January 1923 • Robert Burnside Potter • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (Autograph file), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

122.14 122.17–18 122.20 123.10 !

Encyclopaede/ia • [‘i’ over ‘e’] taste philosophy and politics • [sic] reacted • re- / acted tressle-work • [sic]

10 February 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

125.1

w/ vomit • [‘v’ over ‘w’]

3:402 !

The Letters of George Santayana

12 February 1923 • Joseph Malaby Dent • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, J. M. Dent and Sons Records, #11043, in the Southern Historical Collection, Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

12 February 1923 • George Sturgis • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

127.9 !

predisposition • pre- / disposition

23 February 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

26 February 1923 • George Sturgis • Nice, France

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

27 February 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

130.2 130.6 !

anything • any- / thing something • some- / thing

28 February 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

131.5 !

nonsense • non- / sense

[28 February 1923] • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Nice, France

Copy-text: Cablegram, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

28 February 1923 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton !

Textual Notes

3:403

University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: 132.24 132.25 !

publick —c • [‘c’ over ‘ck’] error of fact • error of / of fact

6 March 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

133.9 133.12 133.16 133.17 134.4 !

• [‘y’ over ‘th’] th —your everything • every- / thing in • [‘at’ over ‘in’] —at see view • [‘view’ over ‘see’] — [illegible]categories • [‘categories’ over unrecovered characters ]

7 March 1923 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

9 March 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

12 March 1923 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS postcard, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

19 March 1923 • Mary Williams Winslow • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (MS Am 1352), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 201–2. !Emendations and textual notes: !

136.23 137.1 137.4 137.26 137.32 138.18

lita/erary • [‘e’ over ‘a’] Il Greco • [sic] twenty-five • twenty- / five incline • [sic] reincorporating • re- / incorporating overtakes • over- / takes

3:404 !

The Letters of George Santayana

[25 March 1923?] • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

138.24 !

anything • any- / thing

2 April 1923 • George Sturgis • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

139.26 !

without • with- / out

3 April 1923 • Robert Burnside Potter • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (Autograph file), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

141.9 141.16 142.18 !

anything • any- / thing Th • [‘A’ over ‘Th’] —A He deck-house • [sic]

20 April 1923 • George Sturgis • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

28 April 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

6 May 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

145.11 !

Royal, I propose • [sic]

8 May 1923 • Otto Kyllmann • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

146.2

Kyllman • [sic]

Textual Notes !

3:405

[8 May 1923] • Charles Augustus Strong • Nice, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

146.15 !

Marseille • [sic]

27 May [1923] • Otto Kyllmann • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

29 May 1923 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

147.29 !

everybody’s • every- / body’s

[10 July 1923] • Lawrence Smith Butler • [Paris, France]

!Copy-text: MS, The University Club Library, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: The top of this letter is torn. The date and place of composition were on a typed transcription and a list of letters provided by the University Club Library.

!

12 August 1923 [postmark] • George Jean Nathan • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS postcard, George Jean Nathan Collection (#4615), Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

1 September 1923 • Editor of The Dial • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

4 September 1923 • Susan Sturgis de Sastre • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, collection of Señora Eduardo Sastre Martín, Madrid, Spain. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

150.24 !

he letter • [sic]

5 September 1923 • John Francis Stanley Russell • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS unlocated. Published version is copy-text. !Previous publication: Letters, 203. !Emendations and textual notes: !

151.7

GSantayana • [not present]

3:406 !

The Letters of George Santayana

13 September 1923 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

152.1 !

However • How- / ever

18 September 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • London, England

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

[Between 20 and 23 September 1923] • John Francis Stanley Russell • [London, England] !

!Copy-text: MS unlocated. Published version is copy-text. !Previous publication: Letters, 203. !Emendations and textual notes:

153.8 153.9 !

ever • ever, GSantayana • [not present]

29 September 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cambridge, England

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

153.22 153.26 !

somewhat • some- / what Newmarket • New- / market

2 October 1923 • Kenneth Duva Burke • London, England

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

154.5 !

you letter • [sic]

16 October 1923 • George Sturgis • Cambridge, England

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

155.1–2 155.3 155.5 155.6

lifetime • life- / time those her • [sic] anywhere • any- / where bequeathe • [sic]

Textual Notes !

3:407

17 October 1923 • Miss Hanlon • [Cambridge, England]

Copy-text: MS, Carl Van Doren Papers, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

18 October 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cambridge, England

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

157.20 !

Magdelene • [sic]

20 October 1923 • Thomas Moult • Oxford, England

Copy-text: MS, The Brotherton Collection, Leeds University Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

158.5–6 !

re-addressed • re- / addressed

23 October 1923 • George Herbert Palmer • Oxford, England

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Wellesley College Library, Wellesley, Massachusetts. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

158.13 159.10 !

Oct. 22/ 3, • [‘3’ over ‘2’] v/ Very • [‘V’ over ‘v’]

24 October 1923 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Oxford, England

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

27 October 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Bradford-on-Avon, England

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

160.22 !

at lot of • [sic]

30 October 1923 • Gilbert Seldes • Oxford, England

!Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

161.7 !

me say • [sic]

30 [October] 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Oxford, England

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

3:408

The Letters of George Santayana

162.2

Nov. 30, • [sic]

!

31 October 1923 • Robert Seymour Bridges • Dover, England

Copy-text: MS, Dep. Bridges 115, fols. 62–63, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. !Previous publication: Letters, 204. !Emendations and textual notes: !

163.4 163.23 !

without • with- / out Lane Sunt lacrymae • Lane / Sunt lacrymae [sic]

6 November 1923 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Fiesole, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

6 November 1923 • George Sturgis • Fiesole, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

9 November 1923 • Robert Silliman Hillyer • Fiesole, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Robert Silliman Hillyer Papers, Syracuse University Library, Department of Special Collections. !Previous publication: Letters, 205. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

13 November 1923 • Wilbur Lucius Cross • Fiesole, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

13 November 1923 • George Sturgis • Fiesole, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

20 November 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

168.11 168.17

anywhere • any- / where something • some- / thing

Textual Notes !

3:409

23 November 1923 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 98, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

1 December 1923 • Xavier Léon • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Bibl. Victor-Cousin, MS.366, Universites de Paris, Bibliotheque de la Sorbonne. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

1 December 1923 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

171.23 !

afternoon-excursions • afternoon- / excursions

12 December 1923 • Henry Ward Abbot • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: Letters, 206–7. !Emendations and textual notes:

172.11 !

Lyman Ward • Lyman / Ward [sic]

21 December 1923 • Pierre de Chaignon la Rose • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Miscellaneous Papers (Santayana, George), Rare Books and Manuscripts Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

173.21 174.3 174.10 174.11 174.13 174.13 !

Fituski’s • [sic] Fituski • [sic] one sent you? • [sic] send it you • [sic] however • how- / ever without • with- / out

25 December 1923 • Sterling Power Lamprecht • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Dartmouth College Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

[1923?] • Sterling Power Lamprecht • [Rome, Italy]

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Dartmouth College Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

3:410 !

The Letters of George Santayana

26 December 1923 • Wilbur Lucius Cross • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

26 December 1923 • Gilbert Seldes • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

11 January 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

177.5 177.6 177.11 177.16 177.19 177.22 !

Philadep / lphian • [‘l’ over ‘p’] Sturgis’s • [sic] However • How- / ever something • some- / thing something • some- / thing to/ wo to • [‘w’ over ‘o’]

16 January 1924 • Henry Ward Abbot • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: Letters, 207–9. !Emendations and textual notes: !

178.11–12 178.16 179.15 179.24 179.25 !

preoccupations • pre- / occupations not to • [in margin] ^ ^ digusted • [sic] understands • under- / stands inwardly • [in margin] ^ ^

16 January 1924 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • [Rome, Italy]

Copy-text: MS, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

16 January 1924 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 210–11. !Emendations and textual notes: !

181.8

somewhat • some- / what

Textual Notes 181.17–18 181.27 182.3 !

3:411

Vanderbilts Morgans and • [sic] without • with- / out anywhere • any- / where

29 January 1924 • Wilbur Lucius Cross • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

29 January 1924 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

184.9 !

hyperaesthetic • hyper- / aesthetic

7 February 1924 • Hamilton Fish Potter • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

[After 7 February 1924] • Hamilton Fish Potter • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

8 February 1924 • Sylvanus Griswold Morley • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Banc Mss 77/85 c, reproduced courtesy of The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

186.2 186.5 186.16 187.1 !

Pall Pall • [sic] Anthero • [sic] understands • under- / stands something • some- / thing

14 February 1924 • Alyse Gregory • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

23 February 1924 • Alyse Gregory • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

3:412 !

The Letters of George Santayana

28 February 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

189.5 189.9 !

what the only • [sic] Wet/ltanschauung • [‘l’ over ‘t’]

8 March 1924 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

190.11 190.25 !

book-bills • book- / bills undertake • under- / take

14 March 1924 • Benjamin Alexander Morton • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Collection (#6947), Clifton Waller Barrett Library, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library. !Previous publication: Letters, 211–12. !Emendations and textual notes: !

191.27 192.18 !

background • back- / ground Mahmoud [sic]

16 March 1924 • Carl Sadakichi Hartmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Special Collections, Dartmouth College Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

26 March 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!3

April 1924 • Frederick J. E. Woodbridge or Wendell T. Bush • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Journal of Philosophy Records, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

18 April 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

195.24

mid-summer • mid- / summer

Textual Notes !

3:413

19 April 1924 • Curt John Ducasse • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Brown University Archives. !Previous publication: Letters, 213–14. !Emendations and textual notes: !

197.27 197.27 !

dise desideratum • [‘desi’ over ‘dise’] — the Hume • [sic]

22 April 1924 • Elizabeth Stephens Fish Potter • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

198.11 199.1 !

someone • some- / one understand • under- / stand

26 April 1924 • Ferris Greenslet • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1925), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

26 April 1924 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

13 May 1924 • George Sturgis • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

202.1 202.10 202.24 !

Munsterberg • [sic] authora/ itative • [‘i’ over ‘a’] twenty five years • [sic]

16 May 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

17 May 1924 • Susan Sturgis de Sastre • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, collection of Paloma Sanchez Sastre, Madrid, Spain. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

3:414 !

The Letters of George Santayana

22 May 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

204.11 205.8 !

Bauer-Grüenwald • [sic] sea-front • sea- / front

4 June 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

205.22 205.23–24 205.27 205.27 !

excite/ingly • [‘i’ over ‘e’] without • with- / out saphire • [sic] Nevertheless • Never- / theless

28 June 1924 • Curt John Ducasse • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Brown University Archives. !Previous publication: Letters, 214–15. !Emendations and textual notes: !

206.21 206.21 !

existence —t • [‘t’ over ‘ce’] non/ t • [‘t’ over ‘n’]

29 June 1924 • George Sturgis • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

207.21 !

ne solitary • [‘solitary’ over ‘alone’] alo— —

16 July 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

208.11 208.14 !

e pur se/i • [‘i’ over ‘e’] [sic] phis/losophy • [‘l’ over ‘s’]

26 July 1924 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

209.23

Messr • [sic]

Textual Notes !

3:415

29 July 1924 • George Sturgis • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 216. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

3 August 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

15 August 1924 • Robert Seymour Bridges • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Dep. Bridges 115, fols. 64–67, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. !Previous publication: Letters, 217–18. !Emendations and textual notes: !

212.15 213.7 !

However • How- / ever Chiswell • [sic]

15 August 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

214.17 214.22–23 214.29 !

/syou so • [‘y’ over ‘s’] dencency’s • [sic] facts Of • [sic]

27 August 1924 • Maurice Firuski • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS unlocated. Typed transcription by Margot Cory is copy-text. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

215.26 215.31 !

GSantayana • G.Santayana Babbit’s • [sic]

31 August 1924 • George Sturgis • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

216.17 !

grandfather • grand- / father

11 September 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

217.23

magni/animous • [‘a’ over ‘i’]

3:416 217.25 !

The Letters of George Santayana Sometimes • Some- / times

15 September 1924 • John Boynton Priestley • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

218.11 218.18 219.5 219.6–7 !

Priestly • [sic] without • with- / out extraordinary/ ily • [‘ily’ over ‘y’] the through —— —^——— ————^the • [‘through’ over ‘the’ then ‘the’ over ‘through’]

15 September 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

220.16 !

Summer-like • Summer- / like

21 September 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

26 September 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

10 October 1924 • Logan Pearsall Smith • Fiesole, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

3 November 1924 • Pierre de Chaignon la Rose • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. MA 2931. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

223.10 223.18 !

something • some- / thing Facisti • [sic]

4 November 1924 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

224.4

automobile • auto- / mobile

Textual Notes !

3:417

12 November 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

224.14 !

Apropos • A- / propos

28 November 1924 [postmark] • Alyse Gregory • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS postcard, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

225.9 !

Nov. 29 • [sic]

29 November 1924 • Maurice Firuski • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS unlocated. Typed transcription by Margot Cory is copy-text. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

226.4 226.6 !

C

/o • c/o GSantayana • G.Santayana

5 December 1924 • Maurice Firuski • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS unlocated. Typed transcription by Margot Cory is copy-text. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

226.24 !

GSantayana • G.Santayana

6 December 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

227.3 227.5–6 227.12 227.14 227.15 !

Neo-Critical • Neo- / Critical negociation • [sic] Jan. 1–st If • [sic] Raniere’s • [sic] came There • [sic]

8 December 1924 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

9 December 1924 • Alyse Gregory • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

3:418 228.6 228.7 228.10 !

The Letters of George Santayana Self-Government • Self- / Government type-written • type- / written therefore • there / fore

9 December 1924 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

228.23 229.5 229.36 !

household • house- / hold snap-shots • snap- / shots mid-air • mid- / air

10 December 1924 • William Alexander Hammond • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Department of Philosophy Records (#14/21/109), Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

21 December 1924 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

230.17 231.7 !

birthday • birth- / day grandchildren • grand- / children

25 December 1924 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

231.26 232.4 232.5 !

for you to • for you / you to had/ve • [‘v’ over ‘d’] /i enclose • [‘e’ over ‘i’]

3 January 1925 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

6 January 1925 • William Rothenstein • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, The Papers of Sir William Rothenstein (bMS Eng 1148), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

Textual Notes !

3:419

8 January 1925 • Robert Seymour Bridges • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Dep. Bridges 115, fols. 68–71, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. !Previous publication: Letters, 219–20. !Emendations and textual notes: !

233.24 234.33 !

nothing • no- / thing Meantime • Mean- / time

26 January 1925 • William Alexander Hammond • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Department of Philosophy Records (#14/21/109), Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

1 February 1925 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

237.4 !

Your aff ly • [sic]

12 February 1925 • Maurice Firuski • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS unlocated. Typed transcription by Margot Cory is copy-text. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

237.16 !

GSantayana • G.Santayana

23 February 1925 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

11 March 1925 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

238.20 239.2 239.14 !

cheque-book • cheque- / book

/f 4 • [‘4’ over ‘f’] days It • [sic]

12 March 1925 • Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Journal of Philosophy Records, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

240.6

subject-matter • subject- / matter

3:420 !

The Letters of George Santayana

19 March 1925 • Pierre de Chaignon la Rose • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Miscellaneous Papers (Santayana, George), Rare Books and Manuscripts Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. !Previous publication: Letters, 220–22. !Emendations and textual notes: !

241.33 241.36 !

o/ the • [‘t’ over ‘o’] Virgil • [sic]

19 March 1925 • Logan Pearsall Smith • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

22 March 1925 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

2 April 1925 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

2 May 1925 • Curt John Ducasse • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Brown University Archives. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

245.8–9 245.13 !

conclusion You • conclusion / You [sic]

/Ihe • [‘he’ over ‘I’]

4 May 1925 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

245.16 !

A / May • [‘M’ over ‘A’]

11 May 1925 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

246.19 !

Baden-Baden • Baden- / Baden

14 May 1925 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

Textual Notes 247.11–12 247.14 247.15 247.23 !

3:421

homesick • home- / sick lady-friends • lady- / friends rd May 23– I • [sic] auto-mobile • auto- / mobile

15 May 1925 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

19 May 1925 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

2 June 1925 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

249.14 249.28 !

postcript • [sic] fo/ ar • [‘a’ over ‘o’]

17 June 1925 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

28 June 1925 • Charles Augustus Strong • Ávila, Spain

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

251.8 251.14 251.26 !

newspapers • news- / papers parent’s • [sic] conscience’ • [sic]

30 June 1925 • George Sturgis • Ávila, Spain

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

252.13 252.23 252.26

regains/ed • [‘ed’ over ‘s’] in • [‘with’ over ‘in’] —with hooping-cough • [sic]

3:422 !

The Letters of George Santayana

16 July 1925 • Charles Augustus Strong • Ávila, Spain

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

253.15 253.16 253.16 254.2 !

brother-in-law • brother- / in-law grand-child • grand- / child there —ir • [‘ir’ over ‘re’] Nevertheless • Never- / theless

16 July 1925 • George Sturgis • Ávila, Spain

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

255.2 !

without • with- / out

8 August 1925 • Robert Seymour Bridges • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Dep. Bridges 115, fols. 72–73, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. !Previous publication: Letters, 222–23. !Emendations and textual notes:

256.33 256.34 !

thee/ ir • [‘i’ over ‘e’] ant-morality • ant- / morality [sic]

13 August 1925 • John Francis Stanley Russell • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

257.33 !

reproduced • re- / produced

1 September 1925 • William Alexander Hammond • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Department of Philosophy Records (#14/21/109), Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

15 September 1925 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

259.6

y/ her you • [‘h’ over ‘y’]

Textual Notes !

3:423

15 September 1925 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

259.30 260.1 260.5 260.12 260.13 !

everything • every- / thing snap-shots • snap- / shots mouth-filling • mouth- / filling motor-car • motor- / car wheeled-chair • wheeled- / chair

29 September 1925 • Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Journal of Philosophy Records, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

10 October 1925 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

261.30 262.1 !

hear — re • [‘re’ over ‘ar’] Monsieur Brotonneux • [sic]

23 October 1925 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

263.1 !

without • with- / out

11 November 1925 • Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, collection of the Santayana Edition. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

263.16 !

overlooked • over- / looked

21 November 1925 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

263.28 264.12 264.28

otherwise • other- / wise the/ is • [‘is’ over ‘e’] elbow-room • elbow- / room

3:424 !

The Letters of George Santayana

22 November 1925 • Bernard Berenson • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Bernard Berenson Archive, Villa I Tatti, Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, Florence, Italy. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

12 December 1925 • Warner Fite • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, General Manuscripts, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

267.1 267.1 !

countryman • country- / man /syou • [‘y’ over ‘s’]

24 December 1925 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

267.16 !

• [‘not’ over ‘on’] on —not

31 December 1925 • Mary Whitall Smith Berenson • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Bernard Berenson Archive, Villa I Tatti, Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, Florence, Italy. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

1 January 1926 • Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Paper (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

269.24 269.25 !

head-quarters • head- / quarters brother-in-law • brother- / in-law

6 January 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

2 February 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

273.24 273.26 274.19

istance • [sic] fee ——ail • [‘ai’ over ‘ee’] but a/ I • [‘I’ over ‘a’]

Textual Notes !

3:425

23 February 1926 • Curt John Ducasse • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Brown University Archives. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

274.24 !

however • how- / ever

19 March 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

275.13 275.16 !

hear —— re • [‘re’ over ‘ar’] “L’Homme selon les doctrines du Vedanta” • [sic]

26 March 1926 • Rosamond Thomas Bennett Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard Univeresity. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

276.18 !

[illegible]days • [‘days’ over erasure]

20 April 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

277.7 277.17 277.25 !

/r look • [‘l’ over ‘r’] na • [‘ac’ over ‘na’] —actual read ——d • [‘d’ over ‘ad’]

16 May 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

278.27 !

both) Such • both) / Such [sic] ^ ^

17 May 1926 • Susan Sturgis de Sastre • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, collection of Paloma Sanchez Sastre, Madrid, Spain. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

22 May 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

3:426 !

The Letters of George Santayana

31 May 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

3 June 1926 • Paul Weiss • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Special Collections/Morris Library, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

27 June 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

19 July 1926 • George Sturgis • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

282.7 282.18 282.33 283.13 283.13 !

announcemet/nt • [‘nt’ over ‘t’] whatever • what- / ever Meantime • Mean- / time bathroom • bath- / room sitting-room • sitting- / room

25 July 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

1 August 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

284.22 285.15 285.16 !

pe/ leased • [‘l’ over ‘e’] anything • any- / thing without • with- / out

1 August 1926 • George Sturgis • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

286.3 286.11

handwriting • hand- / writing ill-judging • ill- / judging

Textual Notes 286.17 !

3:427

Gentlemen • Gentle- / men

11 August 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

287.11 !

Guiseppe • [sic]

23 August 1926 • Marianne Moore • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

288.12 !

The An • [‘An’ over ‘The’] —

30 August 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

289.20 !

afterglow • after- / glow

7 September 1926 • Carl Sadakichi Hartmann • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Dartmouth College Library. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

7 September 1926 • George Sturgis • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

8 September 1926 • Maurice Firuski • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard unlocated. Typed transcription by William G. Holzberger is copy-text. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

291.13 291.21 !

C

/o • c/o GSantayana • G.Santayana

15 September 1926 • Horace Meyer Kallen • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

292.20

a/if • [‘i’ over ‘a’]

3:428 !

The Letters of George Santayana

15 September 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

293.3 293.11 !

17 \5 • [‘5’ over ‘7’] bitter-sweet • bitter- / sweet

17 September 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple Univerity Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

23 September 1926 • John Jay Chapman • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (bMS Am 1542), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

23 September 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

295.22 295.23 296.1 !

therefore • there- / fore fortnight • fort- / night Pins/cent • [‘c’ over ‘s’] [sic]

25 September 1926 • Horace Meyer Kallen • Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy

Copy-text: MS, American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

8 October 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

298.1 !

send/ t • [‘t’ over ‘d’]

9 October 1926 • Lawrence Smith Butler • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS, The University Club Library, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

298.12 299.9

type-written • type- / written anybody • any- / body

Textual Notes !

3:429

22 October 1926 • Horace Meyer Kallen • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

299.24 !

then —at • [‘at’ over ‘en’]

8 November 1926 • Marianne Moore • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

12 November 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

301.4 !

Something • Some- / thing

20 November 1926 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

301.31 !

something • some- / thing

[22 November 1926] • Herbert Wallace Schneider • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Special Collections/Morris Library, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

23 November 1926 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 6, Folder 99, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

304.19 304.24 305.10 305.16 305.24–25 305.28 305.30 306.17 306.22 307.1 307.12

positive/ ist • [‘i’ over ‘e’] exist———— ence individuation • [‘individuation’ above ‘exist ence ’] ———— ———————— ^ ^ it that term • [‘that term’ above ‘it — —’] ^ ^ it “being” • [‘“being”’ above ‘it — —’] ^ ^ it is this felt existence is • [‘this felt’ over ‘it is ’; ——— ——— ^ ^ ‘existence is’ in margin] pres[illegible]sing • [‘sing’ over unrecovered characters ] it • [‘this’ over ‘it’] —this form mode • [‘mode’ above ‘form ———— ————’] ^ ^ as • [‘I’ over ‘as’] —I then • [in margin] ^ ^ it this object • [‘this object’ above ‘it — —’]

^

^

3:430 !

The Letters of George Santayana

27 November 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

308.17 !

page-number • page- / number

28 November 1926 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

12 December 1926 • Unidentified Recipient • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Berg Collection of English and American Literature, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

309.13 !

anything • any- / thing

16 December 1926 • Lewis Mumford • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS unlocated. Last known in the collection of Professor Lewis Mumford. Typed transcription by Mumford from original is copy-text. Another partial typescript sent as a press release is housed in the Montrose J. Moses Papers, Special Collections Library, Duke University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

310.5 310.18 311.16 !

C /o • c/o well-known • well- / known GSantayana • G. Santayana

23 December 1926 • Maurice Firuski • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS unlocated. Published version is copy-text. !Previous publication: Letters, 223–24. !Emendations and textual notes:

312.3, 6, and 11 312.26–27 312.30 !

Pierce • [sic] anything • any- / thing GSantayana • [not present]

30 December 1926 • Marianne Moore • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

15 January 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

Textual Notes !

3:431

22 January 1927 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

314.21 !

non-recurring • non- / recurring

31 January 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

4 February 1927 • [Marianne Moore] • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

9 February 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

11 February 1927 • Edward W. Titus • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, James Gilvarry Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

317.29 !

anything • any- / thing

14 February 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

18 February 1927 • Marianne Moore • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

319.5 !

Aestheti • [sic]

22 February 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

3:432 !

The Letters of George Santayana

28 February 1927 • Manuel Komroff • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Manuel Komroff Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

320.7–8 320.8 !

teen eighteen-nineties • [‘eight’ over ‘ninet’] nine— — nineteen-twenties • nineteen- / twenties

15 March 1927 • Marianne Moore • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

321.2 !

otherwise • other- / wise

15 March 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

[16 March 1927] • Charles Augustus Strong • [Rome, Italy]

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

17 March 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

323.2 323.6 !

Ge/ uénon’s • [‘u’ over ‘e’] from a/ the • [‘t’ over ‘a’]

23 March 1927 • Horace Meyer Kallen • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York City. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

324.10 !

it’s relations • [sic]

1 April 1927 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

Textual Notes !

3:433

7 April 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

12 April 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

327.5 327.7 327.9 !

anything • any- / thing parenthis • [sic] Postcript • [sic]

1 May 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

8 May 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

19 May 1927 • George Perrigo Conger • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Conger Papers, Manuscripts Division, University of Minnesota Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

21 May 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

21 May 1927 • Carl Sadakichi Hartmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, University of Oregon, Libraries, Department of Special Collections. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

330.17 !

/,—

• [‘—’ over ‘,’]

21 May 1927 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

331.11

issueing • [sic]

3:434 !

The Letters of George Santayana

22 May 1927 • Van Wyck Brooks • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania. !Previous publication: Letters, 224–26. !Emendations and textual notes: !

332.10 332.11 332.31 332.32 332.37 !

Love/ing • [‘ing’ over ‘e’] Michaelangelesque • [sic] ultra-modern • ultra- / modern young [in margin] ^ ^ think/ gs • [‘gs’ over ‘k’]

25 May 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

333.10 333.22 !

June 4th— If • [sic] Autobiography • Auto- / biography

1 June 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

334.11–12 334.12 334.20 334.26 !

afternoon • after- / noon June 6th— If • [sic] if • [‘ev’ over ‘if’] —even classmate • class- / mate

3 June 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

335.18 !

mare —de • [‘de’ over ‘re’]

9 June 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

14 June 1927 [postmark] • George Perrigo Conger • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, George Conger Papers, Manuscripts Division, University of Minnesota Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

Textual Notes !

3:435

10 July 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

337.9 337.17 !

u/ I • [‘I’ over ‘u’] pro/s fessor • [‘f’ over ‘s’]

18 July 1927 • George Sturgis • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

337.25 338.13 !

Lindberg • [sic] in ever corner • [sic]

21 July 1927 • Horace Meyer Kallen • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York City. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

339.6 !

the/at • [‘at’ over ‘e’]

24 July 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

339.26 !

fortune-hunter • fortune- / hunter

28 July 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

1 August 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

341.10 341.26–27 341.27

today • to- / day manage[illegible]d. • [‘d’ over unrecovered character ] the/ at • [‘a’ over ‘e’]

3:436 !

The Letters of George Santayana

3 August 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

342.15 342.25 343.11 343.18 !

/s ces • [‘c’ over ‘s’] Rockef/feller • [‘e’ over ‘f’] Val-Mont • Val- / Mont Isongzoff • [‘z’ over ‘g’] /

15 August 1927 • Charles Scribner’s Sons • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS postcard, Author Files I, Box 130 of the Scribner Archives, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

24 August 1927 • George Perrigo Conger • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS postcard, George Conger Papers, Manuscripts Division, University of Minnesota Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

24 August 1927 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

344.21 345.2 !

• [‘arise’ over ‘occur’] o—arise ccur — probl/aby • [‘a’ over ‘l’]

26 August 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

30 August 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

1 September 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Paris, France

!Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

Textual Notes !

3:437

7 September 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Paris, France

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

3 October 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

347.8 !

fortnight • fort- / night

4 October 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Venice, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

348.1 348.3 !

• [‘o’ over ‘w’] newo-Greek / anything • any- / thing

14 October 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Venice, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

349.24 349.35 !

understand • under- / stand in bring this • [sic]

23 October 1927 • Curt John Ducasse • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Brown University Archives. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

1 November 1927 • John Middleton Murry • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, The Newberry Library, Chicago. !Previous publication: Letters, 226. !Emendations and textual notes: !

351.7–8 351.19 !

e/ inclose • [‘i’ over ‘e’] understood • under- / stood

7 November 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none.

!

!

15 November 1927 • John Middleton Murry • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, collection of Dr. Richard A. Macksey, Baltimore, Maryland. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

352.22

type-written • type- / written

3:438 353.2 !

The Letters of George Santayana c/will • [‘w’ over ‘c’]

18 November 1927 • Daniel MacGhie Cory • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS unlocated. Copy-text is William G. Holzberger’s typed transcription of Mrs. Cory’s handwritten copy. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

353.17 !

blood-red • blood--red

21 November 1927 • Boylston Adams Beal • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, George Santayana Papers (MS Am 1371.8), by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

354.7 354.7 355.1 355.4 !

somehow • some- / how relei —ieved • [‘ie’ over ‘ei’] else to Cortina • else to / to Cortina background • back- / ground

21 November 1927 • Robert Seymour Bridges • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Dep. Bridges 115, fols. 74–75, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

356.10 356.14 !

letter-writer • letter- / writer Chiswell • [sic]

27 November 1927 • Constable and Co. Ltd. • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

27 November 1927 • Lewis George Sterner • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

357.8 !

anyone • any- / one

27 November 1927 • George Sturgis • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Sturgis Family Papers, by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University. !Previous publication: Letters, 227; Years, 25–26, excerpt. !Emendations and textual notes: !

357.16

grown-up • grown- / up

Textual Notes !

3:439

2 December 1927 • Charles Augustus Strong • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Box 7, Folder 100, The Papers of Charles Augustus Strong, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

359.24 !

bootlegged • boot- / legged

7 December 1927 • Otto Kyllmann • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, Special Collections, Temple University Libraries. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

360.7 !

half-sheet • half- / sheet

8 December 1927 • Daniel MacGhie Cory • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS postcard, George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes:

!

360.19 !

foresee • fore- / see

8 December 1927 • John Middleton Murry • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS, collection of Dr. Richard A. Macksey, Baltimore, Maryland. !Previous publication: Letters, 228. !Emendations and textual notes: none. !

!

21 December 1927 • Logan Pearsall Smith • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS, Logan Pearsall Smith Papers, Manuscript Division, The Library of Congress. !Previous publication: Letters, 229–30. !Emendations and textual notes:

362.6 362.7 362.11 362.14 362.29 !

something • some- / thing overwhelming • over- / whelming un/nknown • [‘nk’ over ‘n’] masterpiece • master- / piece anything • any- / thing

23 December 1927 • Wesley Fuller • Rome, Italy

!Copy-text: MS unlocated. Published version is copy-text. !Previous publication: Letters, 230–31. !Emendations and textual notes:

363.4 363.9 !

separates • [sic] GSantayana • [not present]

25 December 1927 • Herbert Wallace Schneider • Rome, Italy

Copy-text: MS unlocated. Typed transcription in the George Santayana Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, is copy-text. !Previous publication: none known. !Emendations and textual notes: !

364.21

GSantayana • G. Santayana

Report of Line-End Hyphenation In quotations from the present Critical Edition, no line-end hyphens are to be retained except the following.

7.2–3

patch-work

118.6–7

half-sheet

9.21–22

“given-essence

142.11–12

book-binders

10.8–9

given-essence

158.5–6

re-addressed

11.5–6

“mind-stuff

160.7–8

semi-intelligent

13.6–7

patter-patter

164.16–17

anti-clerical

18.9–10

head-quarters

211.18–19

half-empty

21.10–11

money-matters

214.23–24

sky-blue

25.29–30

picture-postcards

229.20–21

Book-shop

42.14–15

Anglo-American

242.28–29

half-baked

51.17–18

Anglo-Saxondom

259.11–12

ill-health

53.27–28

well-known

261.2–3

cross-purposes

60.12–13

Schiller-on-Strong

266.14–15

good-for-nothing

65.16–17

tea-leaves

327.21–22

non-immediatism

72.8–9

up-to-date

Chronology William G. Holzberger This chronology is based upon various sources of information about Santayana’s life and work, including his autobiography, entitled Persons and Places: Fragments of Autobiography, originally published in three volumes as Persons and Places, The Middle Span, and My Host the World (in 1944, 1945, and 1953 respectively); his letters; the biography by Daniel Cory, entitled Santayana: The Later Years; and my conversations with Cory. It is also indebted, however, for its dating of Santayana’s transatlantic journeys and other travels, to a large printed map of Europe sent to me by Santayana’s grandnephew, Don Eduardo Sastre Martín, on which, in the early years of the twentieth century, Santayana carefully inscribed, in red ink, the dates of his voyages, the names of the transatlantic steamships on which he traveled, and the routes that he followed. 1847 or 1848 Agustín Ruiz de Santayana (c. 1814–93), George Santayana’s father, is appointed Governor of Batang in the Philippines. 1849 On 22 August Josefina Borrás (c. 1826–1912), George Santayana’s mother, marries George Sturgis (1817–57) of Boston, aboard a British warship at anchor in Manila Bay. They have five children, but only three survive to adulthood (Susan Parkman, 5 June 1851; Josephine Borrás, in 1853; and Robert Shaw, in 1854). The other two ( Joseph Borrás, who was called Pepín, born in 1850, and James Victor, in 1856) die in infancy. 1856 Josefina and George Sturgis, with their surviving children, visit America. They sail from Manila to Boston aboard the Fearless, a journey of ninety days. Agustín Santayana is also aboard, on leave from his post at Batang and bound for Spain via America and England. 1857 George Sturgis dies in Manila at the age of forty. His brother, Robert Sturgis, gives Josefina ten thousand dollars.

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1858 Josefina Sturgis sails for Boston from Manila. Her youngest child, James Victor, aged one year and seven months, dies on the journey, in London. Josefina and her three surviving children remain in Boston for three years. 1861 or 1862 Josefina and her children return to Spain. They live in Madrid with the parents and family of Mercedes de la Escalera y Iparraguirre. 1862 In Madrid Josefina Borrás Sturgis marries Agustín Santayana (whom she had known during their years in the Philippines). 1863 On 16 December, at No. 69, Calle Ancha de San Bernardo, Madrid, George Santayana is born. (He retains his Spanish citizenship throughout his life.) 1864 Santayana is christened Jorge Agustín Nicolás, on 1 January, in the parish church of San Marcos, Madrid. The first name is given by the godmother, his twelve-year-old half sister, Susan (Susana), who chooses the first name of her own father, George Sturgis. 1866 Santayana’s parents and the four children move from Madrid to Ávila. Afterwards, Santayana’s half brother, Robert, is sent to live in Boston. 1868 or 1869 Santayana’s mother, with Susan and Josephine, leaves Ávila for Boston, in obedience to her first husband’s wish that his children be brought up in America. George Santayana, age five, is left with his father in Spain. 1872 In his ninth year, Santayana and his father leave Spain in June, bound for America, where the boy is to be raised and educated. They sail from Liverpool on 4 July on the Cunard steamer Samaria. Santayana’s first American residence is his mother’s house at No. 302 Beacon Street, where his father remained for several months before returning permanently to Ávila. Santayana attends his first American school, Miss Welchman’s Kindergarten on Chestnut Street. 1873–74 During the winter of 1873–74, Santayana is at the Brimmer School, the public grammar school of the district. In the autumn of 1874, he transfers to the Boston Public Latin School, where he spends eight school years.

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1876 Santayana travels to Philadelphia with his half brother, Robert, to see the Centennial Exhibition. 1880 In June Santayana, age sixteen, is awarded the Poetry Prize at the Boston Latin School for his poem “Day and Night.” He regards the event as his “emergence into public notice.” During the ’80s Santayana regularly attends mass at the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Boston. 1881–82 Santayana’s senior year at the Boston Latin School. He becomes founding editor of the Latin School Register, the student paper, in which he anonymously publishes poems. In the autumn of 1882, he matriculates at Harvard College. Throughout his undergraduate years, he lives in room No. 19, Hollis Hall, the Harvard Yard. On weekends he visits his mother, who now lives in Roxbury, Massachusetts. During this freshman year, he discovers Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura, which he studies in Latin, but he fails algebra and does poorly in his course in Greek, taught by Louis Dyer, whose book, The Gods in Greece, is to influence him considerably. In the Greek course, he reads the Bacchae of Euripides, from which he takes his personal motto: To\ sofo\n ou) sofi/a which, in translation, becomes the second line of his famous Sonnet III: “It is not wisdom to be only wise.” He becomes cartoonist for the Harvard Lampoon. 1883–84 Santayana’s sophomore year at Harvard. In June 1883, at the age of nineteen, he makes his first return to Spain to visit his father, sailing alone from New York to Antwerp and traveling from there to Ávila by train. He also visits relatives in Catalonia, where, at Tarragona, he contracts a mild case of smallpox. Nevertheless, he manages to see a number of major Spanish cities and also visits Lyons and Paris. Returning to America in October, from Antwerp, he resumes his studies at Harvard. At first he is advised by a skeptical William James against going in for philosophy. At the Church of the Immaculate Conception, he meets Ward Thoron, who becomes his closest friend during their undergraduate years. 1884–85 Santayana’s junior year at Harvard. He is initiated into two undergraduate societies, the O.K. (on 22 April 1885) and the Hasty Pudding. 1885 He becomes a founding member of the editorial board of The Harvard Monthly, the avant-garde college literary magazine founded by classmate Alanson Bigelow Houghton. The first issue of October 1885 carries a sonnet by Santayana, and he continues to publish poems in the Monthly until 1903.

446

Editorial Appendix

1885–86 Santayana’s senior year at Harvard. He meets Charles Augustus Strong, who had come from the University of Rochester to study philosophy for a year at Harvard. Together they found the Harvard Philosophical Club. They are awarded jointly, by the Harvard Philosophy Department, the Walker Fellowship for graduate study in Germany. The stipend of five hundred dollars is to be divided between them. The issue of The Harvard Monthly for April 1886 contains what is to be Santayana’s most anthologized poem, his Sonnet III, beginning, “O World, thou choosest not the better part!” He is introduced to John Francis Stanley, 2d Earl Russell (“Frank”), age twenty, who is visiting America after being “sent down” from Balliol College, Oxford, in May 1885 for an alleged misdemeanor. Russell, elder brother of philosopher Bertrand Russell, becomes Santayana’s most admired friend and the model for Jim Darnley of Santayana’s novel, The Last Puritan (1935). Santayana’s Bachelor of Arts degree is awarded summa cum laude and in absentia, Santayana having sailed for Cherbourg after taking his last examination. In July 1886 he returns for the second time to Ávila, where he spends the summer with his father. In mid-August he is at Göttingen, Germany, and later that autumn (September) spends four to six weeks at Dresden. He also journeys to London, visiting that city for the first time, in company with Strong. They sail from the port of Bremen in northern Germany. In October 1886 Santayana is in Berlin for the start of the winter semester. 1887 In late March (at the close of the winter semester at Berlin) Santayana and Strong travel to England for a holiday. Santayana spends two days with Earl Russell aboard the latter’s steam yacht Royal, sailing down the Thames from Reading to London. In April Santayana first visits Oxford, where, through Earl Russell, he meets poet Lionel Johnson, then a student at New College. On 18 June Santayana is in London. He visits Winchester, Russell’s school, in company with the young nobleman. On 20 June he views the procession for Queen Victoria’s Jubilee (the fiftieth anniversary of her reign) from a room in Buckingham Palace Road engaged for the occasion by John D. Rockefeller. The company includes Rockefeller’s eldest daughter, Elizabeth (“Bessie”), and Charles Augustus Strong, to whom she had become engaged that spring. During the summer, Santayana makes his third return to Spain. He is in Ávila in July and August. On 2 September he takes a ship from Malaga to meet his sister, Susana, on Gibraltar for a few weeks to tour southern Spain before returning to Germany. From that autumn until the following spring, Santayana continues his graduate studies at Berlin. (His December address in Berlin is Pottsdamerstrasse 123III.) The current German psycho-physiological approach to the study of philosophy is uncongenial to Santayana; also he is apprehen-

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sive about writing a doctoral dissertation in German. He decides to return to Harvard to complete his doctoral program. 1888 He joins Earl Russell at Valence, France, on 2 June for a seventeen-day canal journey through Burgundy aboard the Royal. On 18 June they reach Paris, where Santayana leaves Russell. In August, following his summer stay in Ávila, he visits Russell at his house, Broom Hall, situated at Teddington. After over two years abroad, Santayana returns to America, sailing from Liverpool to Boston on the Catalonia. Josiah Royce rejects the suggestion of Schopenhauer as the subject of Santayana’s dissertation, recommending Lotze instead. Until the following autumn (1889), Santayana lives with his mother in her house in Roxbury, Massachusetts, working on his doctoral dissertation. 1889 Santayana completes his dissertation on Lotze’s System of Philosophy and is awarded Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees by Harvard University. During the summer he stays with Julian Codman and his family at Cotuit, on Cape Cod, where he meets the novelist Howard Sturgis, cousin to his relations. That autumn, at the rank of instructor in philosophy, he begins his twenty-two-year teaching career at Harvard. During the academic year 1889–90, Santayana lives in rooms in Thayer Hall in the Harvard Yard. He becomes an honorary member of several college clubs, including the Delta Phi or “Gas House” (later the Delphic), the Zeta Psi (called “The Spee”), and the Signet Society. He meets Henry Adams at the historian’s home in Washington, D.C., where he is taken by Ward Thoron. 1890 In June Santayana sails from New York for Liverpool. During the summer he first visits Queen’s Acre, novelist Howard Sturgis’s home near Windsor Park, England, which he is to visit almost yearly until Sturgis’s death in 1920. He spends part of July and August in Ávila. Sailing from Liverpool on 3 September on the Teutonic, Santayana returns to America and moves into rooms at No. 7, Stoughton Hall, the Harvard Yard, where he will spend six winters. About this time he begins his “Poetry Bees”: regular meetings held in his rooms with a group of student friends for the purpose of reading aloud from the celebrated poets. This practice is continued for several years before being discontinued and is revived in 1910–11, with Conrad Aiken as the leading light among the student members. Also, at about this time, Santayana, William Vaughn Moody, Norman Hapgood, Boylston Beal, and others, as a lark, found the Laodicean Club at Harvard, and Santayana is elected “Pope” by the membership.

448

Editorial Appendix

1891 Santayana sails from Boston to Liverpool in June aboard the Cephalonia. He makes his first visit to Telegraph House (or “T.H.”), Earl Russell’s estate on the South Downs in Hampshire, England, where Santayana is to be a regular visitor until 1923. He visits Ávila in August and returns to Boston in September. 1892 Santayana spends the summer in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In the autumn he makes his first visit to Yale, where he is invited by William Lyon Phelps to watch the Harvard-Yale football game. Santayana is writing “nothing but poetry” at this time. On 26 November his half sister, Susana, then forty-one, marries Celedonio Sastre of Ávila, a widower with six children. On 16 December, Santayana’s twenty-ninth birthday, he gives a dinner party for a group of Harvard friends: “one of the pleasantest memories of my life.”1 1893 On 10 June Santayana sails from New York for Gibraltar on the Fulda.2 Crossing to Tangiers, he meets the American painter John Singer Sargent on board ship. During the summer, he is in Ávila, where he witnesses his father’s death at seventy-nine. He leaves Ávila on 22 August for London and returns to New York, sailing from Southampton on 3 September. He spends two weeks with Strong in New York on his arrival. Back in Cambridge in October, he learns of the death of the closest of his younger friends, Warwick Potter (who had graduated from Harvard that spring), from cholera in the harbor of Brest during a voyage aboard a friend’s yacht. The body is returned to New York, where Santayana attends the funeral. He writes the four “To W. P.” sonnets. About this time he is approached by Herbert S. Stone and Hannibal Ingalls Kimball, young Harvard men who offer to publish a collection of his poems. He also attends the New York wedding of Robert Burnside Potter, Warwick’s elder brother. At the end of this year Santayana undergoes his metanoia, or fundamental change of heart, resulting in a renunciation of the world. This is brought about by a combination of disconcerting events, including Susana’s marriage, his father’s pathetic death, Warwick Potter’s death, the end of youth (signaled by his thirtieth birthday), and the prospect of an undistinguished career and life in Protestant America. 1894 Santayana remains in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for the summer. Earl Russell, en route to San Francisco, spends a week with him in Cambridge. Santayana’s first book, Sonnets and Other Verses, is published by Stone and Kimball in Cambridge and Chicago.

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1895 In Cambridge, Massachusetts, until June, Santayana again sails from New York to Gibraltar on the Werra. During the summer, he visits Earl Russell at his “ugly villa” at Maidenhead, England, and meets Mrs. Marion Sommerville, who is later to divorce her husband and become Russell’s second wife (“Countess Mollie”). During this summer, Santayana also travels in Italy with Charles Loeser and makes a one-hundred-fifty-mile walking tour through France to Switzerland with Guy Murchie. He returns to Cambridge in late September, sailing from London to New York on a cattle steamer. 1896 Santayana’s first book-length prose work is published by Scribner’s: The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outlines of Aesthetic Theory. The second edition of Sonnets, containing the thirty new sonnets of the Second Sonnet Series, also is published by Stone and Kimball in this year. Andreas Martin Andersen makes his charcoal drawing, which becomes Santayana’s favorite portrait of himself. On 28 June Santayana sails from Quebec on the Parisian, bound for Liverpool and a year’s leave of absence from Harvard. He plans to spend a year in advanced study at Cambridge University. From late July through early September, he is in Oxford. Early in October he visits Bertrand Russell at Haslemere, England; in September he begins a four-week stay in Maidenhead, England. He also appears in court in Winchester on 9 or 10 October to testify on behalf of Frank Russell, against whom charges were brought by the Earl’s estranged first wife, Mabel Edith, and her mother, Lady Lena Scott. Afterwards, Santayana goes immediately from Winchester to Cambridge, where he is admitted as an advanced student to King’s College, with the standing of Master of Arts. His Cambridge friends include Nathaniel Wedd, G. Lowes Dickinson, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, and J. M. E. McTaggart. He studies Plato under the direction of Henry Jackson of Trinity College. That December Santayana testifies on behalf of the “wicked Earl,” as Russell’s notorious courtroom adventures caused him to be designated by the journalists, at the trial of Lady Scott and her codefendants for libel, held at the Old Bailey in London. They are convicted and sentenced to eight months at hard labor, but Russell intercedes to reduce the severity of Lady Scott’s punishment. Santayana spends the Christmas holidays in Paris with club acquaintances at Harvard, who are studying at the Beaux Arts. 1897 In January Santayana returns to King’s College, Cambridge, England. He spends April and May traveling in Italy with Mr. and Mrs. Robert Burnside Potter, visiting Florence, Venice, and Rome. On 22 June, in company with the Rockefellers (as in 1887), Santayana views Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee procession (the sixtieth anniversary of her reign) from a room in Picadilly

450

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taken by John D. Rockefeller for the occasion. During the summer Santayana sees Lionel Johnson again, in Earl Russell’s London rooms in Temple Gardens. His study at King’s College is finished during July and August, and, after fifteen months abroad, he returns on 2 September 1897 to Boston from Liverpool in the Gallia. He resumes his teaching duties at Harvard and lives with his mother in her house in Longwood, Brookline, Massachusetts, walking to classes. 1898 Despite Harvard President Charles William Eliot’s disapproval, early in the year Santayana is promoted from instructor to assistant professor for a five-year period at an annual salary of two thousand dollars. The promotion is endorsed by William James, Hugo Münsterberg, and Santayana’s other colleagues in the philosophy department. He takes up permanent residence on Brattle Street in Cambridge to “do one’s share in maintaining or establishing the academic traditions of the place.”3 In June he sails to England for his summer holiday abroad, but he is dismayed by the ignominious defeat of the Spanish fleet at Manila Harbor and Santiago in the Spanish-American War. He returns in September, sailing from Liverpool to New York. 1899 Santayana’s Lucifer, a mythological tragedy, is published in Chicago and New York by H. S. Stone. Santayana sails from New York to Southampton in June and spends the summer at Oxford completing work on the manuscript of Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. He visits the Robert B. Potters at Sainte Marguerite and then spends two weeks with Susana and her family in Ávila before sailing to Quebec from Liverpool in September. 1900 Santayana spends the summer abroad, sailing in June from New York to London. He visits a number of cities in France, including Chartres, Orleans, and Toulouse, and then settles in Oxford for most of the time. Returning to America from Southampton in September, he moves into rooms at No. 60, Brattle Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he continues to live until mid1904. He meets Baron Albert von Westenholz (“one of my truest friends” [Persons, 261]) when the young German aristocrat appears at Harvard. Interpretations is published by Scribner’s in New York and A. & C. Black in London. 1901 The last collection of new poems by Santayana, A Hermit of Carmel and Other Poems, is published in New York by Scribner’s (and in London by R. B. Johnson in 1902). Henceforth, Santayana writes little poetry, concentrating

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instead on philosophy. He spends the summer abroad, sailing for England in July and returning in September. 1902 Santayana again spends the summer abroad, sailing in June from New York to Southampton and returning from London in September. 1903 Santayana is reappointed assistant professor for a second five-year period, at the same annual salary of two thousand dollars. Again the summer is spent abroad, with Santayana sailing from New York to Southampton in June. In mid-August he leaves Oxford for Portsmouth, to visit Earl Russell. He returns to Cambridge, Massachusetts, from Hamburg in September. 1904–6 Santayana spends twenty-seven months abroad, including his only sabbatical leave (1904–5), traveling in Europe and the Middle East. In mid-July 1904 he sails from New York to Plymouth, England. That September, he sends the last batch of manuscript for The Life of Reason to the publishers and then sets out from Paris for his “first real travels.” He visits Rome and Venice with Charles Loeser. After spending a few weeks at Naples in December, he visits Pompeii; then he goes on to Sicily, where, at Syracuse, he reads the first proofs of The Life of Reason. He returns from Sicily to Naples and sails for Greece. He is in Egypt in January 1905 and travels by boat up and down the Nile. From Egypt he travels to Palestine and Tel Aviv, spending three weeks at Jerusalem. He visits Damascus and Baalbeck, then travels from Beirut to Athens and through Greece, which, in its modern form, disappoints him. He sails from Piraeus to Constantinople, concluding his odyssey with Budapest and Vienna. Never again will he travel “for the sake of travelling.” (Persons, 467) While still in the East in 1905, Santayana is invited by Harvard to become Hyde Lecturer at the Sorbonne for 1905–6; he accepts, thus extending his holiday for a second year. During this period he lectures on philosophical subjects at Paris and the provincial universities. The five volumes of The Life of Reason; or, the Phases of Human Progress are published during 1905–6 by Scribner’s in New York and Constable in London. Santayana rejects an offer of a position on the philosophical faculty of Columbia University. He returns to America in September 1906, sailing from Southampton to New York, and resumes his teaching duties at Harvard. 1907 Santayana is promoted from assistant professor to full professor, and his salary is doubled to four thousand dollars per year. In June he sails from New York to Hamburg and returns to Boston from Liverpool in September.

452

Editorial Appendix

1908 Santayana sails from Boston to Plymouth in June and spends time in England and France before returning to Boston from Cherbourg in September. 1909 Santayana is elected to membership in the National Institute of Arts and Letters (later the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters). He spends the summer in Europe, sailing in July, from Boston to Liverpool, on the Lusitania, and returning from Liverpool in September aboard the Mauretania. 1910 In February Santayana delivers a course of lectures, on “Three Philosophical Poets,” at Columbia University. On 13 April he addresses the Century Club in Chicago, and from 14 April to about 24 April he repeats his course of six lectures on the “Three Philosophical Poets” at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. These lectures constitute the book Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe published later in the year by Harvard University Press, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and by the Oxford University Press, in London. Santayana sails from Boston to Liverpool aboard the Lusitania in June, and he makes his penultimate transatlantic crossing in September, sailing from Hamburg on the Kaiserin Augusta Victoria. 1911 In April Santayana delivers his final lecture at Harvard. He receives an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Wisconsin. From Madison, he travels to the University of California at Berkeley, where, beginning in June, he teaches in the six-week summer session and has his only experience of the American West. 1912 Santayana makes his final transatlantic crossing (thirty-eighth), sailing aboard the Olympic from Boston on 24 January, bound for Plymouth and a holiday in Europe. He plans to return to Harvard in September 1913, but in fact he has left America for good. On 5 February Santayana’s mother dies. His share of the inheritance, coupled with his savings, enables him to resign his professorship, which he does with a letter to Harvard President Abbott Lawrence Lowell of 6 June. In February he visits Cambridge University, where, as Bertrand Russell’s guest, he sleeps in the clock tower of Trinity College. During the spring he lives in Spain with Mercedes de la Escalera (an old family friend) in her home in Madrid. At this time, Santayana’s bronchitis becomes chronic, and he suffers from it periodically during the rest of his life. In May he moves into C. A. Strong’s Paris apartment at No. 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, which, until his settlement in Rome in 1928, becomes his prin-

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cipal residence. At this time, his sister Josephine Sturgis is taken by her brother Robert to Spain, where she will remain permanently. 1913–14 Winds of Doctrine: Studies in Contemporary Opinion is published by Scribner’s in New York and Dent in London. Santayana is in Ávila during December 1913 and spends the period January through May 1914 in Seville. He is back at Strong’s Paris apartment in June. In July Santayana crosses the English Channel “to do some shopping, and see a few friends,”4 travels to London, and early in August, to Cambridge. World War I breaks out, and Santayana returns to Oxford, where he remains essentially throughout the war, until the end of April 1919. During this period he often visits Earl Russell at Telegraph House. At Oxford Santayana also becomes friends with Robert Bridges, the poet laureate, and, through Bertrand Russell, with Lady Ottoline Morrell, whose Manor House at Garsington (near Oxford) is at this time a gathering place for the British literati. 1915 The controversial Egotism in German Philosophy is published by Scribner’s in New York (and, in 1916, by Dent in London). Santayana is accused by his critics of writing propaganda. 1918 During the winter Santayana gives the Third Annual Henriette Hertz Lecture, before the British Academy in London. The lecture is published as “Philosophical Opinion in America,” in the Proceedings of the British Academy for 1917–18, and later appears, in 1920, as chapter five of Character and Opinion in the United States. 1919 Robert Bridges tries unsuccessfully to persuade Santayana to remain in England. He wishes to arrange a lifetime membership for him in one of the Oxford colleges with which Bridges is affiliated, Corpus Christi or New College. Santayana is still considering a permanent residency in Oxford, but wants to travel for at least a year. At the end of June, after considerable difficulties obtaining a French visa, Santayana returns to Strong’s Paris apartment to write. He declines an offer from Professor Wendell T. Bush to lecture at Columbia. In late November he accompanies a crippled Strong to his Villa Le Balze at Fiesole near Florence. 1920 During this year Santayana begins his practice of passing the winters in Rome, but continues to spend the summers in Paris, Ávila, Glion, at Lake Geneva, or Cortina d’Ampezzo. Little Essays: Drawn From the Writings of George

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Santayana by Logan Pearsall Smith, With the Collaboration of the Author is published by Constable in London and Scribner’s in New York. Character and Opinion in the United States: with Reminiscences of William James, and Josiah Royce, and Academic Life in America is published by Constable in London, Scribner’s in New York, and McLeod in Toronto. His work continues on Soliloquies and Realms of Being. 1921 Santayana spends the winter months in Spain (Toledo and Madrid) concentrating on his writing. Several of the English soliloquies are published separately in the The Dial, the The Athenaeum, and the Journal of Philosophy. At the end of March he returns to Paris, and in October he travels to Rome. 1922 After a winter in Rome organizing the Realms of Being, Santayana spends the summer in Paris working on the manuscript of Scepticism and Animal Faith. Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies and the revised second edition of the five volumes of The Life of Reason are published by Constable and Scribner’s (Life of Reason by Constable in 1923). 1923 The introduction to Santayana’s system of philosophy, Scepticism and Animal Faith, and the last collection of Santayana’s poetry to appear during his lifetime, Poems: Selected by the Author and Revised, are published by Scribner’s and Constable. Santayana has by now changed his mind about retiring permanently in England, partly because of the winter climate and partly because of his dissatisfaction with the current tone of life there. On his penultimate visit to England, Santayana delivers the Herbert Spencer Lecture at Oxford (entitled The Unknowable and published by the Clarendon Press). He makes final visits to Cambridge and to “T.H.,” where Earl Russell is now alone, his third wife, the novelist “Elizabeth” (Mary Annette Beauchamp, widow of the German Count von Arnim) having left him in 1918. 1924 Santayana declines Professor George Herbert Palmer’s invitation to read the Phi Beta Kappa poem at the Harvard Commencement exercises. A revised version of his tragedy (originally published in 1900) is published as Lucifer; or the Heavenly Truce: A Theological Tragedy, by Dunster House, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1925 Dialogues in Limbo is published by Constable in London (and by Scribner’s in New York in 1926).

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1926 Santayana writes a short preface to the 1926 reprint of Winds of Doctrine (New York: Scribner’s; London: Dent). During the summer, in a room in the Hotel Cristallo, in Cortina d’Ampezzo, he composes, “at one stretch,” (Persons, 529) Platonism and the Spiritual Life. That autumn Santayana begins the annual practice of spending all or part of the months of September and October in Venice, staying at the Hotel Danieli, en route back to Rome from Cortina. 1927 Early in April Santayana meets Daniel Cory, age twenty-two, who has come from England at Santayana’s invitation to meet the philosopher in Rome. In August Santayana officiates as a “substitute papa”5 at the wedding of Margaret Strong (daughter of C. A. Strong and Elizabeth Rockefeller) to George Cuevas, in Paris, by giving the bride away. The first volume of Santayana’s system of philosophy, The Realm of Essence: Book First of Realms of Being, is published by Scribner’s in New York and Constable in London. 1928 Early in January Santayana declines the offer, from President Abbott Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, of the Norton Chair of Poetry for 1928–29. His half sister Susana dies in Ávila, on 10 February, in her seventy-seventh year. At the end of August Strong gives up his Paris apartment, in which, for many years, Santayana has lived as Strong’s guest. Early in September Santayana makes a penultimate visit to Spain. Avoiding Ávila, he goes to Mercedes de la Escalera in Galicia to ascertain the state of mental and physical health of his sister Josephine, who is living with Mercedes, and to advise her regarding her will. About this time, at a suggestion from his nephew, George Sturgis, Santayana begins composing his autobiography. 1929 By the first of September Santayana has finished work on the manuscript of The Realm of Matter. Again settled at the Hotel Bristol in Rome, in October he begins work on The Realm of Truth. 1930 Celedonio Sastre Serrano, husband of the late Susana, dies in Ávila on 12 May. At the end of May Santayana makes his final visit to Spain in order to settle the affairs of his surviving sister, Josephine, as well as his own. He gives his father’s house in Ávila to the Sastre brothers, Celedonio’s sons. After his return to Rome, Josephine dies in Ávila, on October 15, at the age of seventy-seven. The Realm of Matter: Book Second of Realms of Being is published, by Scribner’s in New York and Constable in London, and “A Brief History of My Opinions” appears in volume two of Contemporary American Philosophy: Personal

456

Editorial Appendix

Statements, edited by George P. Adams and William P. Montague, and published by Macmillan in New York. 1931 John Francis Stanley, 2d Earl Russell, dies at Marseilles on 3 March at the age of sixty-five. Santayana reverses his intention to visit Ávila in the spring or summer, both because of disinclination and the worsening political unrest in Spain, presaging the impending civil war. The Genteel Tradition at Bay is published by Scribner’s in New York and by the Adelphi in London. In December Santayana receives and declines the offer to become William James Professor of Philosophy at Harvard. 1932 Santayana attends the philosophical congress commemorating the tercentenary of Spinoza’s birth, held at The Hague on September 6–10, where he delivers a lecture on Ultimate Religion (published in Septimana Spinozana, by Martinus Nijhoff, at The Hague, in 1933). He also goes to London, where he attends a meeting held there to commemorate the tercentenary of the birth of John Locke. On 19 October he gives an address on “Locke and the Frontiers of Common Sense,” which becomes the first of five essays constituting Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy (published in England by the Cambridge University Press and in New York by Scribner’s in 1933). 1933 Evelyn Tindall, an Englishwoman who is secretary for the British Legation to the Holy See in Rome, is first mentioned as typing Santayana’s manuscripts. Beginning with The Last Puritan, she continues her work with Santayana for almost twenty years. 1934 On 31 August Santayana completes work on his novel, The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel. Begun in the early 1890s as a story of college life, the work has been in progress for more than forty years. 1935 In the spring Santayana declines the invitation of President James Bryant Conant and the Harvard Tercentenary Committee to attend the Commencement exercises in June and receive an honorary Doctor of Letters degree. He also declines the subsequent offer to receive, together with sixty other scholars, an unspecified honorary degree to be presented at Harvard during the summer. He regards these offers as merely grudging recognition of his achievement by official Harvard. The Last Puritan is published by Constable in London (on 17 October) and by Macmillan in Toronto. The

Chronology

457

Scribner’s edition, published in New York in 1936, becomes a Book-of-the-Month Club bestseller. 1936 The first six volumes of the Triton Edition of The Works of George Santayana, Scribner’s deluxe limited edition of the collected writings in fifteen volumes, are published in New York. Santayana writes a general preface and autographs sheets which are placed at the front in volume one. (The remaining nine volumes are published during the period 1937–40.) Obiter Scripta: Lectures, Essays and Reviews, edited by Justus Buchler and Benjamin Schwartz, and Philosophy of Santayana: Selections From the Works of George Santayana, edited by Irwin Edman, are published by Scribner’s (Obiter is also published by Constable). During June and July, Santayana makes a final visit to Paris. 1937 On 29 May Santayana’s favorite grandnephew, Roberto Sastre (son of José [“Pepe”] and Isabel Sastre) is killed while fighting on the Falangist side in the Spanish civil war. The Realm of Truth: Book Third of Realms of Being is published in London by Constable (and in New York by Scribner’s in 1938). 1938 The first book-length biography, George Santayana, by George Washburne Howgate is published in Philadelphia by the University of Pennsylvania Press. 1939 World War II breaks out in Europe. Santayana is refused a regular long-term visa by the Swiss officials and decides to remain in Italy. Daniel Cory stays with him at Cortina d’Ampezzo until the end of August. (Their next meeting will be at the Blue Sisters’ nursing home in Rome, early in September 1947, eight years later.) In the autumn the Hotel Bristol in Rome, Santayana’s home for many years, is closed for reconstruction. Santayana decides to spend the winter of 1939–40 in Venice, a decision that, because of the severe cold and dampness of Venice in winter, he afterward regrets. In September he learns of the suicide of his friend Baron Albert von Westenholz. 1940 On 23 January, at Florence, Charles Augustus Strong dies at the age of seventy-seven. The Realm of Spirit: Book Fourth of Realms of Being is published by Scribner’s in New York and Constable in London. The Philosophy of George Santayana, volume two of The Library of Living Philosophers, Paul Arthur Schilpp, Editor, is published in Evanston by the Northwestern University Press. The book, composed of critical essays by several hands, contains also Santayana’s rejoinder entitled “Apologia pro Mente Sua.”

458

Editorial Appendix

1941 Santayana spends the summer at Fiuggi, returning to Rome in the Autumn. The Hotel Bristol being closed, he lives for a time in the Grand Hotel. Now seventy-seven years old, he finds looking after himself more difficult and, on 14 October, moves into a nursing home operated by the Blue Sisters of the Little Company of Mary, an order of Roman Catholic Irish nuns. The large establishment is situated in the Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, atop the Celius (Monte Celio), one of Rome’s seven hills. This is to be Santayana’s last home, where he will live for almost eleven years. 1942–43 The manuscript of Persons and Places, the first volume of Santayana’s autobiography, is refused by the Italian postal authorities. Scribner’s editor John Hall Wheelock, and Irish poet Padraic Collum, with the cooperation of American and Vatican diplomatic officials, succeed in spiriting the manuscript across national lines and ultimately to New York. Cut off by the war from correspondence with America and England, Santayana continues to write his autobiography and works on the manuscript of Dominations and Powers, a book composed of essays written over a great many years. 1944 Like The Last Puritan, in 1936, Persons and Places becomes a Book-ofthe-Month Club bestseller. On 20 December George Sturgis, Santayana’s nephew and financial manager, dies of a heart attack. 1945 The second volume of Santayana’s autobiography is published as The Middle Span, the title being supplied by editor Wheelock of Scribner’s. Santayana is awarded the Nicholas Murray Butler Medal by Columbia University. 1946 The Idea of Christ in the Gospels; or, God in Man: A Critical Essay is published by Scribner’s in New York and Saunders in Toronto. 1947 Daniel Cory spends nearly two months with Santayana in Rome, living in a room opposite Santayana’s in the Blue Sisters’ establishment. He finds Santayana completely deaf in one ear. On 13 October Santayana gives Cory the manuscript of his Posthumous Poems, inscribing a personal dedication. These unpublished poems and translations, which Santayana had begun revising and transcribing at the end of the war, are published in The Poet’s Testament, in 1953, edited by Cory and John Hall Wheelock.

Chronology

459

1948 Dialogues in Limbo, With Three New Dialogues is published in New York by Scribner’s. 1949 Cory spends the months of April and May helping Santayana with his work on the manuscript of Dominations and Powers. They agree that henceforth Cory should spend the winters in Rome. Cory returns to Rome at the end of October and remains there until the end of April 1950. In December 1949 Cory consults Santayana’s physician, Dr. Luigi Sabbatucci about Santayana’s persistent cough and recent loss of appetite. He interprets the doctor’s circumspect answers as suspicion of serious illness. 1950 Artist Lino S. Lipinsky de Orlov does his series of pencil portraits of Santayana in August 1950. Cory returns to Rome from England in early October 1950 and remains there until early May the following year. He assists Santayana with the final checking and correction of the proofs of Dominations and Powers, and they complete this labor by the beginning of the New Year. In mid-October 1950 Robert Lowell and his wife, novelist Elizabeth Hardwick, visit Santayana in Rome. 1951 Dominations and Powers: Reflections on Liberty, Society, and Government, Santayana’s last book published during his lifetime, is issued by Scribner’s in New York and Constable in London. Santayana receives another visit from Robert Lowell early in the year, and Cory spends about nine months [c. September 1951–May 1952] with Santayana in Rome. They spend the autumn collaborating on the revised one-volume edition of The Life of Reason (originally published in five volumes in 1905–6, the new edition is published by Constable in London and Scribner’s in New York in 1954). Cory observes that Santayana’s deafness is increasing and that his vision, never good, is impaired by cataracts. 1952 On 4 June Santayana falls on the steps of the Spanish Consulate in Rome, where he had gone to renew his passport. He is taken to the nursing home in a taxi by officials of the Consulate. The effects of the fall include three broken ribs, a bleeding head wound, and patches of pneumonia on the lungs. Cory, hastily summoned from England by the Sisters, remains with Santayana until the end of June. Dr. Sabbatucci is amazed by Santayana’s recovery. While recuperating, Santayana receives, as a present from George Salerno (a young American journalist, who had met Santayana while a soldier in the occupation forces), a copy of the poems of Lorenzo de’ Medici. Santayana decides to

460

Editorial Appendix

spend the summer translating Lorenzo’s lengthy pastoral Ombron and Ambra, and he works at this task into the summer, until increasing blindness and illness make further labor impossible. By the third week of August, Santayana becomes desperately ill. Cory arrives in Rome on 8 September and is told by Dr. Sabbatucci that Santayana is dying of stomach cancer. On 26 September, after much suffering, Santayana dies. His wish to be buried in unconsecrated ground in a Catholic cemetery is frustrated by the lack of such a section in Rome’s Campo Verano. The Spanish officials intercede and, on 30 September Santayana’s body is interred in the Tomb of the Spaniards. At the graveside, Daniel Cory reads aloud Santayana’s poem, “The Poet’s Testament.” 1953 The third volume of Santayana’s autobiography, entitled (by the publisher) My Host the World, is published in London by the Cresset Press, and in New York by Scribner’s. The Posthumous Poems, together with two early plays, are published by Scribner’s as The Poet’s Testament: Poems and Two Plays. 1955 The Letters of George Santayana, a selection of two hundred and ninety-six letters to eighty-six recipients, edited by Daniel Cory, is published by Scribner’s.

Notes 1

Letter to Daniel Cory of 11 November 1932. On page 36 of volume 3 of Scribner’s edition of Persons and Places, entitled My Host the World (1953) (and also on the holograph manuscript itself), Santayana’s second visit to Gibraltar is described as follows “… I returned there in 1891, this time from America, and crossed to Tangiers. …” On page 37, he observes that he was again at Gibraltar “two years later.” Evidently, the date of 1891 is a slip, for on the map referred to above in the headnote to this chronology Santayana has indicated that in June of 1893, and again in June of 1895, he sailed from New York to Gibraltar, on the Fulda and the Werra, respectively. The map also indicates that in June 1891 he sailed from Boston to Liverpool aboard the Cephalonia. Santayana had left the map in Spain many years before, and therefore did not have it by him while composing his autobiography in Rome during the 1940s. 3 Letter to Guy Murchie of 17 July 1897. 4 Letter to Mary Williams Winslow of 16 August 1914. 5 Letter to Boylston Adams Beal of 21 November 1927. 2

Addresses The following list of addresses is drawn from the place and date-lines and from the contents of Santayana’s letters, from information provided in his autobiography, Persons and Places, and from other biographical sources. The list includes addresses where Santayana stayed for long and short periods, and it includes trips and visits to various places. Santayana’s habit of changing residence with the seasons, however, complicates the task of accounting for his addresses, and this list, containing estimations as well as gaps and omissions, does not pretend to be complete. It is, nevertheless, reasonably accurate, and used in conjunction with the Chronology serves to inform the reader as to where Santayana was and what he was doing at a given time. The names of clubs at which Santayana dined and from which he wrote letters, but at which he did not actually reside (e.g., the Colonial and Delta Phi Clubs in Cambridge, Massachusetts, or the National Liberal Club in London, England) are not included in this list. Indented dates indicate temporary absence from a permanent address. 1863–66 69 Calle Ancha de San Bernardo, Madrid, Spain 1866–72 ( June) Ávila, Spain (father’s house) 1872

(15 July)–1881–82 (Winter) 302 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts (mother’s house)

1881–82 (Winter)–1882 (September) 26 Millmont Street, Roxbury, Massachusetts (mother’s house) 1882

(September)–1886 (May) Room no. 19, Hollis Hall, Harvard Yard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1883 ( June–September) Visit to Spain; trips to Lyons and Paris, France

1886–1912 Spends each summer in Europe 1886

( July–early August)

462

Editorial Appendix

Ávila (father’s house) (early August) Visits to Paris and Cologne en route to Göttingen, Germany (12 August to end of August) c/o Fräulein Schlote, 16 D Obere Karspüle, Göttingen (September) c/o Frau Sturm, Werder Strasse 6, Dresden, Germany (Autumn 1886) Visit to London 1886

(October)–1887 (February) Schiffbauerdamm, 3II, Berlin, Germany

1887

(late March) Two-day boat trip down Thames, from Reading to London, visits to Windsor, Eton, and Winchester, England (21 April–May) Oxford, England ( June) 87 Jermyn Street, St. James, London, England ( July–August) Ávila (father’s house) (early September) Trip to Gibraltar and tour of southern Spain

1887

(1 November)–1888 (mid-March) Potsdamerstrasse 123III, Berlin

1888

( June) Canal journey through Burgundy, visit to Paris ( July–August) Ávila (father’s house)

1888

(August)–1889 (August) 26 Millmont Street, Roxbury, Massachusetts (mother’s house)

1889

(September)–1890 (Spring) Room no. 29, Thayer Hall, Harvard Yard

1890

(Summer) Visit to Queen’s Acre, Windsor, England (Howard Sturgis’s house), and Ávila

1890

(Autumn)–1896 (June)

Addresses

463

Room no. 7, Stoughton Hall, Harvard Yard 1893 (Summer) Visit to Gibraltar and Ávila, Spain 1895 (22 June–late September) Summer abroad: Spain, Italy, France, Switzerland, England 1895 (December) Naushon Island, Buzzard’s Bay, Cape Cod, Massachusetts ( John Forbes’s house) 1896

(27 June) Chateau Frontenac, Quebec, Canada ( July–September) 26 Banbury Road, Oxford, England (September) Visit to Amberley Cottage, Maidenhead, England (villa of John Francis Stanley, 2d Earl Russell) (October–December) King’s College (1 Silver Street), Cambridge, England (December) Trip to Paris

1897

( January–June) King’s College (2 Free School Lane), Cambridge, England ( July–August) Gibbs Hall (Fellows’ Building), King’s College, Cambridge, England (Nathaniel Wedd’s rooms)

1897

(September)–1898 (Spring) 75 Monmouth Street, Longwood, Brookline, Massachusetts (mother’s house)

1898

(Spring)–1899 (Spring) 52 Brattle Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts

1899

( June–August) Summer at Oxford, visits to France and Spain

1899

(Autumn)–1904 ( June) 60 Brattle Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1900 (Summer) France, 108 Jermyn Street, London, England, and Oxford 1901 ( July–September) Oxford, England (5 Grove Street, now Magpie Lane) 1902 and 1903

464

Editorial Appendix

Summers in Europe 1904

( July)–1906 (September) Twenty-seven months abroad: sabbatical leave and Hyde Lecture program 1904 ( July–September) Travels in England, Belgium, Holland, Germany, and France (24 September–October) Ávila (sister Susana’s house) (November) Villa I Tatti, Settignano, Florence, Italy (the Bernard Berensons’ villa) (25 November–8 December) Grand Hôtel de Russie et des Iles Britanniques, Rome, Italy 1905 ( January–August) Traveling in the Middle East and Europe ( January) Egypt (February) Israel and Lebanon (March and April) Greece (May) Turkey, Hungary, and Germany ( June and July) England (August) Germany (visits Baron Albert von Westenholz) 1905 (September)–1906 ( June) Hyde Lecturer at the Sorbonne and at French provincial universities, Paris address: Hôtel Foyot, Rue de Tournon (September) Compiègne (October–mid-November) Ávila (Susana’s house) (April) Lyons, Montpellier, Cannes, Nîmes, and Orange (29 April–5 May) Toulouse (May) Pau, Bordeaux, Arcachon, La Rochelle, and Caen ( June) Dijon, Morez, Lyons, and Grenoble

1906

(mid-September)–1908 (mid-June) 75 Monmouth Street, Longwood, Brookline (mother’s house) 1907 ( January) Lectures in New York City 1907 (mid-June–mid-September) Summer abroad: Germany, Switzerland, Spain (18 September)

Addresses

465

Arrival from Europe in New York City: Hotel Manhattan 1908

(mid-June–mid-September) Summer abroad: England, France; visit to Queen’s Acre, Windsor, in July (Howard Sturgis’s house)

1908

(mid-September)–1912 ( January) Room no. 3, Prescott Hall, Harvard Yard 1909 (mid-July–mid-September) Summer in England; visit in August to Telegraph House (“T.H.”), Chichester, Hampshire, England ( John Francis Stanley, Second Earl Russell’s house) 1910 (February) New York City (April) Visits Chicago, Illinois, and lectures at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (8 June–17 September) Summer abroad; visit to Ávila 1911 (mid-June–end of August) University Club, San Francisco, California

1912

(29 January) On board the R.M.S. Olympic (February) Visits to Queen’s Acre, Windsor, and to Trinity College, Cambridge (20 February) 7 Bennet Street, St. James, London (28 February) Hotel du Quai Voltaire, Paris (March and early April) Serrano 7, Madrid, Spain (Mercedes de la Escalera’s house) (May–August) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris (Charles Augustus Strong’s apartment becomes Santayana’s principal residence [except during the period July 1914–August 1919] until the end of August 1928.) (September–November) Travels in Italy (Milan, Bologna, Naples, Palermo) with an extended stay in Rome

1912

(30 November)–1913 (early January)

466

Editorial Appendix

Villa I Tatti, Settignano, Florence 1913

(February–mid-March) French Riviera: Nice and Monte Carlo (mid-March–April) Serrano 7, Madrid (May–mid-July) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris (3 July) Hotel de Ville, Brussels, Belgium (mid-August–October) 66 High Street, Oxford (November) 45 Chesterton Road, Cambridge, England (December) Ávila (Susana’s house)

1914

(January–mid-May) Hotel la Peninsular, Seville, Spain (mid-May–June) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris (27 July) Euston Hotel, London (2–3 August) Red Lion Hotel, Cambridge, England (5 August) Visit to Queen’s Acre, Windsor (16 August) Oxford, England (late August–11 October) 3 Ryder Street, London (12 October–14 December) 45 Chesterton Road, Cambridge

1914

(14 December)–1915 January) Old Ship Hotel, Brighton, England

1915

(February–April) 45 Chesterton Road, Cambridge (May)

Addresses

467

66 High Street, Oxford 1915

( June)–1919 (April) 22 Beaumont Street, Oxford (main residence during World War I) 1915 (September) Visits London, Lewes, and North Luffenham, England 1915 (October) Visit to Bournemouth, England 1917 (February–March) 6 Park Street, Torquay, Cornwall, England 1918 (Winter) Trip to London

1919

(end of April) Trip to London (13–16 and 20–25 June) Richmond Hill Hotel, Richmond, Surrey, England (16–20 June) Trip to London ( July–November) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris

1919

(December)–1920 (20 January) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole, Florence, Italy (Charles Augustus Strong’s villa)

1920

(20 January–early May) Hotel Minerva, Rome (during 1920) Final visit to Queen’s Acre, Windsor (May 1920) Florence (early June–September) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris (October) Ávila, Spain (Susana’s house)

1920

(late October)–1921 (3 January) Hotel Castilla, Toledo, Spain

1921

(3 January–7 March)

468

Editorial Appendix

Serrano 7, Madrid, Spain (end of March–end of October) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris (early November) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole, and afterwards the Hotel Royal, Rome 1921

(15 November)–1922 (22 April) Hotel Marini, Rome

1922

(24 April–11 October) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris (part of June and early October spent in the Hôtel du Palais Royal)

1922

(25 October)–1923 (8 May) New York Hotel, Nice, France

1923

(mid-May–mid-September) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris (mid-September–31 October) Penultimate visit to England: London, Cambridge, Chichester, Oxford, Bath, and Dover (6 November–mid-November) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole, Florence

1923

(mid-November)–1924 (6 May) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1924

(6 May–mid-June) Hotel Bauer-Grünwald, Venice, Italy (mid-June–29 September) Hotel Cristallo, Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy (30 September–mid-October) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole, Florence

1924

(late October)–1925 (1 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1925

(1–22 June) Paris (23 June–mid-July) Ávila (Susana’s house) (mid-July–September)

Addresses

469

9, Avenue de 1’Observatoire, Paris 1925

(October)–1926 ( June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1926

(end of June–1 October) Hotel Cristallo, Cortina d’Ampezzo (1–10 October) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice

1926

(10 October)–1927 (5 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1927

(6 June–mid-September) 9, Avenue de 1’Observatoire, Paris (mid-September to mid-October) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice (except for four days in Padua)

1927

(17 October)–1928 (10 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1928

(11 June–end of August) 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris (Strong gives up the apartment at the end of August 1928.) (early September) Trip to Oporto, Portugal, and Bayona, Spain (6–21 September) Hotel Continental, Vigo, Spain (22 September) Santiago de Compostela, Spain (early October) Grand Hotel Miramare & de la Ville, Genoa, Italy (3–16 October) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole, Florence

1928

(16 October)–1929 (May) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1929

(early June–mid-September) Hôtel Victoria, Glion-sur-Territet, Switzerland (mid-September–20 October) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole, Florence

1929

(November)–1930 (20 May)

470

Editorial Appendix

Hotel Bristol, Rome 1930

(22 May–15 June) A brief stay at the Hôtel Royal Haussmann, Paris. After final visit to Ávila, a return to the Royal Haussmann. (16–22 June) Pavillon Henri IV, Saint Germain-en-Laye, France (early July) Hôtel Foyot, Paris (11 July–23 September) Hôtel Vouillemont, 15, rue Boissy d’Anglas, Paris (end of September–21 October) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole, Florence

1930

(21 October)–1931 (10 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1931

(11–22 June) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice (22 June–11 September) Hotel Miramonti, Cortina d’Ampezzo (12–17 September) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice (18 September–23 October) Hôtel de Londres, Naples, Italy (23 October–end of December) Hotel Bristol, Rome (except during the first week of December in the Anglo-American Nursing Home, 311 via Nomentana)

1931

(1 January)–1932 (22 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1932

(23 June–early July) Hôtel Royal Haussmann, Paris ( July–August) Hôtel des Réservoirs, Versailles, France (1–5 September) Hôtel Royal Haussmann, Paris (6–10 September)

Addresses

Hôtel des Indes, The Hague, Netherlands (11 September–20 October) 7 Park Place, St. James, London (final visit to England) (21–24 October) Dover, England (25 October–early November) Paris 1932

(8 November)–1933 (20 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1933

(22 June–early September) Hotel Miramonti, Cortina d’Ampezzo (6 September–20 October) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice

1933

(20 October)–1934 (19 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1934

(20 June–16 July) Villa Le Balze, Fiesole, Florence (18 July–11 September) Miramonti-Majestic Hotel, Cortina d’Ampezzo (12 September–17 October) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice

1934

(20 October)–1935 (28 May) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1935

(29 May–17 June) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice (18 June–10 September) Grand Hotel Savoia, Cortina d’Ampezzo (10 September–15 October) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice

1935

(16 October)–1936 (3 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1936

(4 June–11 August) Savoy-Hotel, rue de Rivoli, Paris (12 August–21 September)

471

472

Editorial Appendix

Hôtel Victoria, Glion-sur-Montreux, Switzerland 1936

(22 September)–1937 (14 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1937

(15–16 June) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice (17 June–13 September) Grand Hotel Savoia, Cortina d’Ampezzo

1937

(14 September)–1938 (17 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome

1938

(18–20 June) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice (20 June–13 September) Grand Hotel Savoia, Cortina d’Ampezzo

1938

(14 September)–1939 (18 June) Hotel Bristol, Rome (Autumn 1939: Hotel Bristol closed for reconstruction)

1939

(19–21 June) Milan and Venice (22 June–3 September) Grand Hotel Savoia, Cortina d’Ampezzo

1939

(4 September)–1940 (19 June) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice

1940

(9 June–6 July) Hotel Ampezzo, Cortina d’Ampezzo (6 July–11 September) Grand Hotel Savoia, Cortina d’Ampezzo (11 September–end of September) Hôtel Royal Danieli, Venice

1940

(end of September)–1941 (c. 20 June) Grand Hôtel, Rome

1941

(c. 20 June–12 September) Palazzo della Fonte, Fiuggi, Italy (12 September–14 October)

Addresses

Grand Hotel, Rome 1941

(14 October)–1952 (26 September) Calvary Hospital, Clinic of the Little Company of Mary, 6, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, Rome

473

Manuscript Locations Academy

American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York NY

American

American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati OH

Amherst

Amherst College Library, Amherst MA

Antiquarian

American Antiquarian Society, Worcester MA

Barnes

Catherine Barnes, Philadelphia PA

Beinecke

The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven CT

Berkeley

The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley

Bidwell

David Bidwell, Geneva, Switzerland

Bodleian

The Bodleian Library, Oxford University, England

Boston

Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts, Boston Public Library, Boston MA

Bowdoin

Bowdoin College Library, Brunswick ME

Bowling Green

Western Kentucky University, Department of Library Special Collections, Bowling Green

British

The British Library of the British Museum, London, England

Brooklyn

Brooklyn College Library, Brooklyn NY

Brown

The John Hay Library, Brown University, Providence RI

Cambridge

University Library, Cambridge University, England

Castelli

Enrico Castelli Gattinara di Zubiena

Chicago

The Modern Poetry Library, University of Chicago Library, Chicago IL

Columbia

Butler Library, Columbia University, New York NY

Congress

The Library of Congress, Washington DC

Constable

Constable and Co. Ltd., London, England

Consulate

Spanish Consulate, Rome, Italy

Cornell

Cornell University Library, Ithaca NY

Dartmouth

Baker Memorial Library, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH

476

Editorial Appendix

DeKalb

The University Libraries, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb

Denson

Alan Denson, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

Dickson

Mr. Carl Byron Dickson, Doswell VA

Duke

William R. Perkins Library, Duke University, Durham NC

Dykeman

King Dykeman, Fairfield University, Fairfield CT

Fales

Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, Fales Library, New York University, New York City

Fitzgerald

Robert Stuart Fitzgerald

Florida

University of Florida Library, Gainesville

Gardner

Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston MA

Georgetown

Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, Washington DC

Gerber

William Gerber, Washington DC

Gilmour

Mervyn D. Gilmour, Portadown, Northern Ireland

Harvard

Harvard Archives, Harvard University, Cambridge MA

Houghton

The Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge MA

Howgate

Mrs. George W. Howgate

Huntington

The Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino CA

Indiana

The Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington

I Tatti

Villa I Tatti, Settignano, Italy

Kansas

University of Kansas Libraries, Lawrence

Kentucky

University of Kentucky, Lexington

King’s

King’s College Library, Cambridge University, England

Lamont

Collection of Lamont family papers

Lango

John W. Lango, New York NY

Leeds

Leeds University Library, The Brotherton Collection, Leeds, England

Lipinsky

Lino S. Lipinsky de Orlov

Lockwood

Lockwood Memorial Library, State University of New York at Buffalo

Loyola

Loyola University Library, Chicago IL

Macksey

Richard A. Macksey, Baltimore MD

McMaster

Mills Memorial Library, Bertrand Russell Archives, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Merriam

John McKinstry Merriam

Manuscript Locations

477

Michigan

Bentley Historical Library, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Minnesota

University of Minnesota Libraries, St. Paul

Morgan

The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York NY

Mumford

Lewis Mumford

Munitz

Milton Karl Munitz

Murchie

Guy Murchie Jr.

Newberry

The Newberry Library, Chicago IL

New York

The New York Public Library, New York City

North Carolina

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Northwestern

Northwestern University Library, Evanston IL

Ohio

Ohio Historical Society, Columbus

Oregon

University of Oregon Libraries, Eugene

Penn

The Charles Patterson Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania State University Libraries, University Park

Princeton

Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries, Princeton NJ

Provincial

Provincial Archives, Province of St. Albert the Great, Chicago IL

Radcliffe

The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge MA

Reading

The Library, University of Reading, England

Redwood

The Redwood Library and Athenaeum, Newport RI

Rigacci

Dino Rigacci

Riverside

Rivera Library, University of California, Riverside

Rockefeller

Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow NY

Rollins

Rollins College, Winter Park FL

Salamanca

University of Salamanca, Casa Museo Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain

Sanchez

Paloma Sanchez Sastre, Madrid, Spain

Santayana

Santayana Edition, Indianapolis IN

Sastre

Sra. Rafael (Adelaida Hernandez) Sastre, Ávila, Spain

Sastre Martín

Sra. Eduardo Sastre Martín, Madrid, Spain

Scotland

National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh

Smith

Smith College Archives, Northampton MA

478

Editorial Appendix

Smithsonian

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

Sommer

Melvin L. Sommer

Sorbonne

Universites de Paris, Bibliotheque de la Sorbonne, France

Southern

Morris Library, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

Spiegler

Mrs. Charles (Evelyn) Spiegler, Forest Hill NY

Stanford

Stanford University Libraries, Stanford CA

Stroup

Timothy Stroup, Annandale NY

Sturgis

Robert Shaw Sturgis, Weston MA

Syracuse

Syracuse University Library, Syracuse NY

Temple

Temple University Libraries, Philadelphia PA

Texas

Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin

Thompson

Samuel Martin Thompson

Tisch

Arthur Tisch, Palm Beach Gardens FL

Trinity

Trinity College Library, Cambridge University, England

UCLA

University of California at Los Angeles

Union

Union College Library, Schenectady NY

University Club

The University Club, New York NY

USC

University of Southern California Library, Los Angeles

Vermont

University of Vermont Libraries, Burlington

Viereck

Peter Robert Edwin Viereck, South Hadley MA

Virginia

Alderman Library, University of Virginia at Charlottesville

Wellesley

Wellesley College Library, Wellesley MA

Wheeler

Samuel Wheeler, Storrs CT

Williams

Williams College Archives and Special Collections, Williamstown MA

Yale

Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven CT

YIVO

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York NY

List of Recipients Book Three, 1921–1927 Abbot, Henry Ward Beal, Boylston Adams Berenson, Bernard Berenson, Mary Whitall Smith (Mrs. Bernard Berenson) Bridges, Robert Seymour Brooks, Van Wyck Burke, Kenneth Duva Bush, Mary Potter (Mrs. Wendell T. Bush) Bush, Wendell T. Butler, Lawrence Smith Chapman, John Jay Charles Scribner’s Sons Conger, George Perrigo Constable and Co. Ltd. Cooper, Alice Cecilia Cory, Daniel MacGhie Cross, Wilber Lucius Dent, Joseph Malaby The Dial Dickinson, Zenas Clark Ducasse, Curt John Erskine, John Firuski, Maurice Fite, Warner Fuller, Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller, Wesley Greenslet, Ferris Gregory, Alyse (Mrs. Llewelyn Powys) Hammond, William Alexander Hanlon, Miss Hartmann, Carl Sadakichi

480

Editorial Appendix

Hillyer, Robert Silliman James, Henry III Kallen, Horace Meyer Komroff, Manuel Kyllmann, Otto Lamprecht, Sterling Power Langstaff, John Brett La Rose, Pierre de Chaignon Lawton, George Léon, Xavier Moore, Marianne Morley, Sylvanus Griswold Mortimer, Charles Raymond Bell Morton, Benjamin Alexander Moult, Thomas Mumford, Lewis Murry, John Middleton Nathan, George Jean Palmer, George Herbert Potter, Elizabeth Stephens Fish (Mrs. Robert Potter) Potter, Hamilton Fish Potter, Robert Burnside Potter, Warwick Priestley, John Boynton Rothenstein, William Russell, John Francis Stanley Sastre, Susan Sturgis de (Mrs. Celedonio Sastre) Schneider, Herbert Wallace Seldes, Gilbert Smith, Logan Pearsall Sterner, Lewis George Strong, Charles Augustus Sturgis, George Sturgis, Rosamond Thomas Bennett (Mrs. George Sturgis) Titus, Edward W. Unidentified Recipient Weiss, Paul Winslow, Mary Williams (Mrs. Frederick Winslow Wolfson, Harry Austryn Woodbridge, Frederick James Eugene

List of Unlocated Letters The following is a list of letters by George Santayana which were known to exist, but have not been located by the editors. To Mr. and Mrs. Jack Ames Prior to 12 Jun 1936 In 21 Jun 1936 to George Sturgis To Sarah Ripley (Mrs. Jack) Ames c. 23 Jul 1936 In 23 Jul 1936 to George Sturgis To Henri Bergson Prior to 13 Sep 1911 In 13 Sep 1911 to Charles Augustus Strong To John Berryman c. 21 Jan 1951 In 21 Jan 1951 to Robert Lowell To David and Carol Bidwell 10 Feb 1950 In 11 Feb 1950 to Raymond Bidwell To Josephine Sturgis Bidwell January 1945 In 13 Jan 1945 to Rosamond Sturgis 7 Jun 1945 In 7 Jun 1945 to Raymond Bidwell c. 20 Mar 1946 In 22 Mar 1946 to Raymond Bidwell To Emile Boutroux Prior to 21 Dec 1916 In 21 Dec 1916 to John Jay Chapman To Wendell T. Bush 8 Nov 1914 Mentioned in letter from Bush of 23 Nov 1914 4 Jul 1915 Mentioned in letter from Bush of 23 Aug 1915 To Lawrence Smith Butler September 1941 Mentioned in Sturgis Family Papers, Houghton Library To James McKeen Cattell c. April 1906 In 11 Apr 1906 to Hugo Münsterberg c. May 1906 In 10 May 1906 to Hugo Münsterberg To James Bryant Conant Prior to 14 Apr 1934 In 14 Apr 1934 to George Sturgis To Daniel MacGhie Cory 9 Sep 1933 (In a letter to William G. Holzberger, Mrs. Cory asked that this letter not be included, the editors never received copy, and it is not at Columbia.)

482

Editorial Appendix

To George and Margaret de Cuevas Dates unknown Two mentioned in 11 Mar 1940 to Cory To Durant Drake c. 21 Jul 1917 In 21 Jul 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 21 Sep 1917 In 21 Sep 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 3 Oct 1917 In 3 Oct 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 21 Oct 1917 In 21 Oct 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 10 Dec 1917 In 10 Dec 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong To Mr. Hoppin Duffield & Co. Date unknown In 21 Mar 1922 and 13 May 1922 to Constable & Company To Jacques Duron 20 Sep 1933 Cited in Duron’s La Pensée de George Santayana, 87 6 Feb 1939 Cited in Duron’s La Pensée de George Santayana, 518 To Josephine Sturgis Eldridge Prior to 3 Nov 1922 In 3 Nov 1922 to George Sturgis To Françoise c. 5 Aug 1914 In 5 Aug 1914 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 9 Aug 1914 In 9 Aug 1914 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 20 Aug 1917 In 20 Aug 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 30 Apr 1919 In 30 Apr 1919 to Charles Augustus Strong To George Grady Date unknown (A letter to George Grady of 25 Jul 1949 is in Special Collections/Morris Library, Southern Illinois University, and the librarian knew of the existence of a second letter to Grady which was sold to a private collector.) To Carl Sadakichi Hartmann c. 3 Nov 1922 In 3 Nov 1922 to George Sturgis To Leslie W. Hopkinson c. 2 Apr 1940 In 2 Apr 1940 to Nancy Saunders Toy To Alanson Bigelow Houghton Two mentioned in 31 Aug 1887 to William Morton Fullerton To John Galen Howard Prior to 21 Aug 1882 In 21 Aug 1882 to Howard To the editor of the Hudson Review Date unknown. In 17 Apr 1952 to John Hall Wheelock To Otto Kyllmann Telegraph of 26 Aug 1935 Mentioned in letter to Kyllmann of same date To Pierre de Chaignon la Rose c. 8 Mar 1929 In 8 Mar 1929 to Maurice Firuski After 10 Mar 1930 In 10 Mar 1930 to Maurice Firuski

Unlocated Letters

483

To Bruno Lind (Robert C. Hahnel) c. 31 Jul 1951 In 3 Oct 1951 to Lind To Herbert Lyman 16 Aug 1940 Mentioned in Sturgis Family Papers, Houghton Library To Manageress of St. James’s Prior to 25 Aug 1932 In 25 Aug 1932 to Daniel MacGhie Cory To Marie c. 10 Dec 1920 In 10 Dec 1920 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 10 Apr 1922 In 10 Apr 1922 to Charles Augustus Strong To Dickinson Miller c. 1 Feb 1934 In 4 Feb 1934 to Charles Augustus Strong To William Pepperell Montague c. 28 Mar 1921 In 28 Mar 1921 to Charles Augustus Strong To Samuel Eliot Morison c. 10 Mar 1930 In 10 Mar 1930 to Maurice Firuski To Andrew Joseph Onderdonk 10 Jan 1940 Mentioned in Sturgis Family Papers, Houghton Library To James Bissett Pratt c. 14 Sep 1917 In 14 Sep 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong To Thornton Delano Roberts Date unknown In 3 Oct 1951 to Bruno Lind (Robert C. Hahnel) To José Rodriguez Feo Date unknown Mentioned in biographies of Wallace Stevens To Mr. Roelker c. 10 Apr 1931 In 10 Apr 1931 to Curt John Ducasse To Arthur Kenyon Rogers c. 14 Sep 1917 In 14 Sep 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong To Celedonio Sastre Serrano 3 Dec 1928 In 4 Dec 1928 to George Sturgis To George Frederick Stout 13 Feb 1912 In 14 Feb 1912 to George Herbert Palmer 23 Feb 1912 In 23 Feb 1912 to George Herbert Palmer To Charles Augustus Strong c. 23 Apr 1920 [telegram] In 23 April 1920 to Strong c. 8 Jan 1929 In 19 Jan 1929 to Daniel MacGhie Cory To Margaret Strong c. 3 Sep 1912 In 3 Sep 1912 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 3 Oct 1916 In 3 Oct 1916 to Charles Augustus Strong c. 13 Jan 1917 In 13 Jan 1917 to Charles Augustus Strong To Carol Sturgis (2d wife of George Sturgis) Date unknown In 10 Mar 1945 to Raymond Bidwell (Written shortly after

484

Editorial Appendix

the death of George Sturgis, probably early 1945.) To George Sturgis Postcard between 8 Jun and 17 Jul 1939 In 17 Jul 1939 to George Sturgis To Josephine Sturgis (sister) 12 Dec 1914 In 14 Dec 1914 to Susan Sturgis de Sastre Prior to 28 Mar 1915 In 28 Mar 1915 to Susan Sturgis de Sastre Prior to 29 Jun 1915 In 29 Jun 1915 to Susan Sturgis de Sastre To Maud Sturgis Prior to 16 Jan 1924 In 16 Jan 1924 to George Sturgis To Susan Sturgis de Sastre 13 Aug 1903 13 Aug 1903 to Susan mentions another postcard sent on this date 24 Apr 1906 25 Apr 1906 to Susan mentions two postcards sent on 24 Apr 1906 24 Sep 1912 Companion to another postcard of 24 Sep 1912 30 Sep 1912 Companion to another postcard of 30 Sep 1912 28 Oct 1913 Companion to another postcard of 28 Oct 1913 To Norman Tweddle c. 17 Jan 1936 In 17 Jan 1936 to Charles Augustus Strong To Unidentified Recipients Prior to 7 Feb 1934 In 7 Feb 1934 to Charles P. Davis Prior to 1 Jan 1936 In 1 Jan 1936 to Otto Kyllmann To James Ward January or early February 1912 In 14 Feb 1912 to George Herbert Palmer To Bentley Wirt Warren Correspondence mentioned in 31 May 1933 to George Washburne Howgate To Luciano Zampa c. 14 Sep 1919 In 14 Sep 1919 to Joseph Malaby Dent

INDEX Abbot, Henry Ward letter(s) to, 172, 178 mentioned, xxxvii, xxxix, xlii, xliii, xliv, 334 Achilles identified, 15n wrath of, 13 The Adelphi (journal), 351n “An Aesthetic Soviet” (Santayana), 274, 274n, 288, 300, 313, 319, 320, 330 Alcazar, 4, 5n Alden, John identified, 180n Mayflower, 178 Alderman Library (University of Virginia), 370 Aldo (Strong’s chauffeur), 162, 162n, 195, 201, 203, 220, 281 Aldrich, Mr. (unidentified), 341 All for Love (Dryden), 66n America(n) books, Santayana requests, 215 business in, 179 Catholicism in, 68 characteristics of, 119 copyright regulations, 109 critics, Santayana on, 17 law, Santayana on, 282 life in, 55–57, 94, 201 the mind, 65 newspapers, Santayana does not read, 215 people in, 45, 48, 63, 179 people, Santayana critical of, 212–13 philosophy in, 206, 208 politics, Santayana on, 270 postulates, 179 professors in Rome, 263 prohibition in, 57n publishers, 293 reporters in Rome, 229 sale of Sonnets in, 134, 140n Santayana interested in, 292

Santayana on, xviii, 44–46, 123, 179–80, 332, 356 tariff, 32 theological students in Rome, 234 universities, 269 yacht, Santayana on, 142 American Literary Manuscripts: A Checklist of Holdings in Academic, Historical, and Public Libraries, Museums, and Authors’ Homes in the United States, 371, 379n American Literature, 371 The American Mercury (magazine), 149n Amory, Harriet. See Potter, Harriet Amory Anatole France. See Thibault, Jacques Anatole Andersen, Andreas, portrait artist for Santayana, 298 Angell, James Rowland identified, 182n mentioned, 182 Anno Santo, 229, 230n, 231, 236 Antietam Farm, 3, 129, 135, 183, 226, 237, 313 Apennines, 236, 237n Appearances and being, 305 creation of, 304 as moored to the organism, 273–74 Santayana on, 273–74, 304 sentience and existence, 304 Arabian Nights. See A Thousand and One Nights Aristotle, 217 Arnaz, Señor (unidentified), 254 Art, Santayana on, 4 Aryan Society presidency, Santayana declines, 294 Santayana on, 294–95 mentioned, l Associationism, 102, 103n Athenaeum (journal), 6, 17, 26, 26n, 63, 87n Attention, Santayana on Strong’s view of, 271–72

486

The Letters of George Santayana

Augean stables, 333, 334n “Auld Lang Syne,” 325, 326n Avicenna (philosopher), 187, 188n Ávila (Spain) no freedom for Santayana in, 251 Santayana does not settle in, xv Santayana does not visit, 338 Santayana might retire in, 257, 269 Santayana visits, xii, xv, 250–51, 255, 269 Santayana’s family in, 264–65 weather in, 251, 253 mentioned, 34, 43, 50, 121, 212, 213, 236, 260

Babbitt, Irving identified, 216n mentioned, 215 Baedeker, Karl identified, 209n Italy from the Alps to Naples: Handbook for Travellers, 209, 209n Bakst, Léon Nikolaevich identified, 242n mentioned, 240 Barber of Seville (Rossini), 30, 30n Barberini family, 170n Barlow, Robert Shaw, lviii Beacon Hill (Boston), 80 Beal, Boylston Adams on America, 55 identified, 57n letter(s) to, 82, 354 as a sentimentalist, 141 mentioned, xxxix, 64, 77n, 172, 242 Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent identified, 193n mentioned, 193 The Beautiful (Marshall), Santayana to review, 230, 258 Bede (the Venerable Bede), 234, 235n Bell, Clive Arthur Howard identified, 274n Santayana on, 274 Bell, Gordon Knox not a Grotonian, 94 identified, 95n Bennett, Miss, 261, 262n Benson, Arthur Christopher identified, 157n

mentioned, 157 Bentham, Jeremy identified, 103n mentioned, 102 Beppino, 229 Berenson, Bernard letter(s) to, 265 mentioned, li, 222, 227, 242 Berenson, Mary Whitall Smith (Mrs. Bernard Berenson) I Tatti, Santayana visits, 268 letter(s) to, 268 mentioned, xl, 222, 227, 242, 266 Bernanos, Georges identified, 284n Sous le soleil de Satan, 283–84 Beyle, Marie Henri [pseud. Stendhal] identified, 79n mentioned, 79 Bidwell, David Dudley, 250n, 301, 303n Bidwell, Jane Sturgis, 250n Bidwell, Josephine Sturgis (Mrs. Raymond Bidwell) (Santayana’s neice) birth of David Dudley, 301 death of daughter, 118, 119, 127 death of first husband, 147 engaged to Bidwell, 250 grieves, 147 identified, 21n inherits father’s books by Santayana, 106 marries Bidwell, 259, 260 mentioned, 20, 79, 80, 92, 112, 128, 143, 182, 201, 250n Bidwell, Raymond Brewer photograph of, 264 mentioned, 250n, 260n Big Chilling (L. P. Smith’s house), 23, 23n Blue Sisters (Little Company of Mary), Santayana resides at, xviii, xli Le Bois sacré, 30, 31n Bois de Boulogne (Paris), 105, 106n Bolshevism, lv, 68 Bolshevists, xlviii, lvii, 220 Boni & Liveright (publishers), 215 Borrás, José (Santayana’s maternal grandfather) not an American citizen, 216 receives recognition, 210, 210n a Spanish subject, 217n

Index Boston Daily Evening Transcript, 172, 173n Bourne, Randolph Silliman identified, 333n mentioned, 332 The Bowery (New York), 193, 193n Brahmanism, 68 The Bride of Lammermoor (Scott), 224n Bridges, Monica Waterhouse (Mrs. Robert Bridges) trip to America, 213 mentioned, 235n Bridges, Robert Seymour his birthday, 233–34, 234n “Come se quando,” 234, 235n identified, 64n letter(s) to, 163, 212, 233, 256, 355 New Verse Written in 1921, 356, 356n “Polly,” 163, 163n reads Dialogues in Limbo, 256 trip to America, 212 his writing, 355 mentioned, 64 “British Infertility: An Imperial Problem” (Inge), Santayana on, 232 Broad, Charlie Dunbar identified, 157n Santayana disagrees with, 211 Santayana disappointed in, 159–60 mentioned, 157, 159 Brooks, Phillips identified, 58n mentioned, 56 Brooks, Van Wyck Emerson and Others, 331 identified, 333n letter(s) to, 331 mentioned, 333n Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 44, 44n Brown Shipley & Company (Santayana’s London bank) Santayana’s account with, 180, 181, 182 service, Santayana on, 212 trouble with mail, 244, 344 Browning, John Moses identified, 5n pistol, 4 Bruno, Giordano identified, 206n his play, Santayana reads, 205 mentioned, xli

487

Buddhism, 68 Budé, Guillaume identified, 270n l’Association Guillaume Budé, 270, 270n Bunyan, John, 180n Burke, Kenneth Duva identified, 154n letter(s) to, 154 Bush, Mary Potter (Mrs. Wendell Bush) enjoys Santayana’s writing, 4 letter(s) to, 89 in Paris, 87 mentioned, 42, 43, 135 Bush, Wendell T. enjoys Santayana’s writing, 4 identified, 5n letter(s) to, 19, 23, 42, 83, 87, 194 in Paris, 87 in Valladolid, 41, 42 mentioned, 30, 76, 89, 135, 365n Butler, Geoffrey Gilbert identified, 295n mentioned, 294 Butler, Lawrence Smith identified, 148n letter(s) to, 148, 298 to visit Santayana, 298 mentioned, 325 Butler Library (Columbia University), 370

Calderón de la Barca, Pedro identified, 144n Santayana translates, 144 Campagna di Roma, 171, 172n Campo Verano Cemetery (Rome), xlvii Canby, Henry Seidel, xlvii Cardiff, Ira D., xxxv Catholic philosophy, Santayana on, 219 Catholicism in America, 68 Catullus, Gaius Valerius identified, 223n Santayana translates, 223, 223n, 363, 364n Causation and the Types of Necessity (Ducasse), Santayana on, 196n, 196–98 Cavendish-Bentinck, Ottoline Violet Anne identified, 356n letter to Santayana, 356

488

The Letters of George Santayana

The Century (magazine), 155, 155–56n Cerda, Fernando de la (unidentified), 251 Champs Élysées (Paris), 105, 106n Chapman, John and the Catholic Church, 68 identified, 69n Notes on the Early History of the Vulgate Gospels, 69n Chapman, John Jay and the Aryan Society, l identified, 295n letter(s) to, 294 Character and Opinion in the United States (Santayana), 4, 5n, 18, 32, 78, 87, 213–14, 259 “The Character of Hamlet” (Santayana), 85 Charles Scribner’s Sons (publishers) The Hermit of Carmel, holds copyright, 76 identified, 7n letter(s) to, 6, 27, 76, 96, 107, 131, 132, 134, 180, 343 releases new edition of Poems, xiii Santayana disappointed in, xl, 139–40 Santayana suspends publication of Poems, 131 mentioned, xxxix, xli, 129, 181, 239, 293, 309, 338 Chetwynd, Augusta Robinson (Mrs. Philip Chetwynd) her children, Santayana on, 195, 203 her children, Santayana chaperones, 202 identified, 64n Santayana invited to visit England, 232–33, 236, 317, 321 in Venice, 204 visits Santayana with children, xii mentioned, 64, 159n, 194, 246, 247 Chetwynd, Betty, 315 Chetwynd, Philip his children, Santayana on, 195, 203 his children, Santayana chaperones, 202 Santayana invited to visit England, 232–33, 236, 317, 321 in Venice, 204 mentioned, 64n, 159n, 194, 246 Chetwynd, Randolph, 159, 160, 315, 317, 321, 325, 354 Chilswell (Bridges’s house), 213, 356

Christian Science, 339, 339n Cisneros, Francisco Jiménez de identified, 5n mentioned, 4 Claudel, Paul identified, 359n mentioned, 359 Clemens, Samuel L. [pseud. Mark Twain], xli Cleopatra, 17, 18n Code Napoléon, 167, 167n Cohen, Morris, l Colt, Samuel identified, 5n pistol, 4 Columbia University, xlv Columbus, Christopher Columbus’s egg, 196, 198n, 323 identified, 198n “Come se quando” (Bridges), Santayana on, 234, 235n The Complete Poems of George Santayana (Holzberger), lvi, 370 The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Lee), “Introduction to Hamlet ” (Santayana), 85n “Concerning Intelligence” (Murry), Santayana on, 361 Confucius identified, 193n mentioned, 193 Confucius (Hartmann), Santayana on, 193 Conger, George Perrigo identified, 329n letter(s) to, 329, 336, 344 to meet with Santayana and Strong, 336 to visit Santayana, 329, 344 Congreve, William identified, 323n Santayana on, 323 Conrad, Joseph identified, 124n mentioned, 123 Constable and Co. Ltd. (publishers) holds copyright to Poems, 158 identified, 16n letter(s) to, 16, 18, 29, 32, 33, 59, 63, 66, 73, 75, 77, 84, 86, 88, 91, 111, 116, 136, 159, 164, 209, 244, 248, 344, 356 and permission to quote Santayana, 209 as primary publisher, 126

Index proofs from, 344–45 release new edition of Poems, xiii and royalities, 164, 278 mentioned, xxxix, 107, 129, 132, 181, 309 Cooper, Alice Cecilia identified, 28n letter(s) to, 28 Cortina d’Ampezzo (Italy) Americans in, 207 Argentineans in, 207 British in, 207, 214 Santayana in, xii, 207, 208, 298 Santayana on, 208, 214, 221, 222, 236, 283 weather in, 210, 211, 217, 220, 222, 287 Cory, Daniel MacGhie assists Santayana, 353 death of, 370 essay on Santayana, xlv friendship with Santayana, xii–xiii, xxxix identified, 314n letter(s) to, 353, 360 The Letters of George Santayana (Scribner’s), 369 as literary executor, 44, 369–70 Michael, xlvii and Realm of Matter, 360, 362 as Santayana’s disciple, 326, 328, 335, 362 Santayana and Strong’s secretary, xlvi–xlvii, 314n, 335 Santayana on, xii, 333, 337, 362 Santayana’s description of, 328 travel plans, 360 his writing, xlvii to visit Santayana, 326 mentioned, xxxiv, xxxvi, xlii, xlvi, liii, lv, lvi, lviii, 11n, 314, 328, 359, 360n, 372 Cory, Margot (Mrs. Daniel Cory) becomes Santayana’s literary executor, 370 mentioned, 372 Cranford (Gaskell), Santayana reads, 224, 224n The Criterion (journal), xlvii, 351n Criticism, Santayana on state of, 265–66 Croce, Benedetto identified, 7n

489

Santayana on, 65 mentioned, 6 Cromwell, Oliver identified, 180n mentioned, 178 Cross, Wilbur Lucius editor of the Yale Review, 166, 166n identified, 166n letter(s) to, 166, 175, 183 Cuevas, Elizabeth (Strong’s granddaughter), lv Cuevas, Jorge identified, 340n investigated, 341 Santayana on, xvii, 339–40, 342–43 mentioned, 348, 358, 360n Culture and Democracy in the United States (Kallen), Santayana requests copy, 215, 216n Cumbermould, Marion Cooke. See Russell, Marion Curzon, George Nathaniel identified, 105n mentioned, 104 Cushing, Howard Gardiner identified, 142n mentioned, 141 Cutting, Bronson Murray identified, 95n in Oxford, 94 in Rome, 94 Cutting, William Bayard, Jr. not a Grotonian, 94 identified, 95n mentioned, 223

D’Annunzio, Gabriele, identified, 220n Le faville del maglio, 220, 220n Dante (Alighieri) identified, 356n mentioned, 356 Darnley, Rose (The Last Puritan), 138, 138n Das Kapital (Marx), 71, 71n Datum, Santayana on, 349 David Copperfield’s Library (Langstaff), 88 de Bosis, Lauro identified, 169n mentioned, 168

490

The Letters of George Santayana

de Clarolus (unidentified), 341 Dearborn, Sarah (unidentified), 140 Delphic Club (Delta Phi Club), 77, 77n, 135 Democracy, Santayana does not like, xviii Democritus identified, 188n role in Dialogues in Limbo, Santayana on, 256 mentioned, xli Dent & Sons (publishers) identified, 85n mentioned, 85, 285, 308, 338 Dent, Hugh identified, 285n mentioned, 285 Dent, Joseph Malaby death of, 278 identified, 85n letter(s) to, 126 The Descent of Man (Darwin), 325, 325n Destouches, Philippe. See Néricault, Philippe Dewey, John dislikes Santayana’s review, 327 Experience and Nature , 239, 240n, 242–43, 251 Fite on, 266 identified, 9n and naturalism, Santayana on, 327–28 Reconstruction in Philosophy, 105, 106n Santayana on, 7–8, 261 Santayana reads, 269 Santayana’s review, 243, 249, 251, 253, 259, 260–61, 263, 327, 364, mentioned, 40n “Dewey’s Naturalistic Metaphysics” (Santayana), 240n The Dial (journal) articles, Santayana requests copies of, 313, 316, 320 “Dialogues” published in, 176, 176n, 177, 178, 187, 188, 189 215, 217, 227, 269 letter(s) to the editor, 149 Santayana on, 288 Santayana requests proofs, 176, 225 Santayana’s articles in, 30, 86n, 274, 274n, 317 Santayana’s reviews in, 67, 67n, 85 Santayana’s subscription to, 149, 154 “Soliloquies” published in, 17, 18n, 27, 28n, 30, 46

mentioned, 104, 215, 239 Dialogue on George Santayana (ed. Lamont), lvi Dialogues in Limbo (Santayana), xiii, 176, 176n, 178, 187, 188n, 189, 194, 213, 225, 227, 234, 238, 242, 244 dialogue with Avicenna, 187 dialogue with Democritus, 187, 188n dialogue with Socrates, 187, 188n errata, 245, 248 proofs, 245, 246, 249 sale of, 279 Santayana requests copies, 249–50 Santayana sends manuscript, 239, 243 Weiss reviews, 281 mentioned, xiii, 176, 177, 178, 187, 189, 194, 213, 215, 217, 225, 227, 228, 234, 256, 265, 269, 309 “Dickens” (Santayana), 27, 46, 286 Dickens, Charles identified, 47n and philosophy, 52 Santayana on, 88 mentioned, 334 Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes, xxxix Dickinson, Zenas Clark identified, 102n letter(s) to, 101 Die Philosophie des als ob (Vaihinger), 71 Die Philosophie des Grafen Keyserling (Adolph), 317, 317n Dixon, Roland Burrage identified, 226n The Racial History of Man, 225 Domus Spinozana, (conference), li Don Quixote (Cervantes), 312, 312–13 Drake, Durant article on, Santayana reads, 350 Essays in Critical Realism, 8 identified, 9n The Mind and Its Place in Nature, 193–94, 201, 208, 209, 214 to be in Paris, 194, 199, 200, 203, 205 philosophical partnership with Strong, 177, 201 Santayana criticizes, 271–72 Santayana does not want to review, 243 Santayana reads, 269, 271 mentioned, 76, 209, 272, 284 Dryden, John All for Love, 66n

Index identified, 66n Santayana quotes, 65 mentioned, 65 Du Bos, Charles identified, 79n mentioned, 78 Ducasse, Curt John Causation and the Types of Necessity, Santayana on, 196, 350 identified, 196n letter(s) to, 196, 206, 245, 274, 350 and liberalism in ethics, 245 Ontological Liberalism, Santayana on, 206 Santayana reads, 245 theory on teleology, 245 Duffield and Company (publishers), holds copyright, 174 sells copyright, 174 mentioned, 63 Dunster House Bookshop (Cambridge), 190, 229 Durant,William James identified, 299n The Story of Philosophy, 298, 299n Duval, 30, 31n

Earlham (Lubbock), 291 Eaton, Charles Curtis identified, 286n mentioned, 285 Eddy, Mary Baker identified, 58n mentioned, 56 “The Editing of Historical Documents” (Tanselle), 379n Editorial Voluntad (publishers) translation project, Santayana on, 164, 184 mentioned, 164n Edman, Irwin identified, 19n visits Santayana, 19 mentioned, xlix, l Edward VII (king of England) identified, 70n mentioned, 69 Edwards, Agustín identified, 343n mentioned, 342, 355

491

Egotism in German Philosophy (Santayana) to be translated, 308 mentioned, 184 Einstein, Albert identified, 42n relativity, Santayana on, 141, 142 Santayana does not read, 138 mentioned, 41, 106, 215 Eldredge, Arthur death of, 147, 148n death of daughter, 119 identified, 51n his illness, 51, 79, 127, 147 Santayana never met, 147 Santayana on, 147 mentioned, 112, 201, 201n Eldredge, Arthur, Jr. identified, 127n mentioned, 127 Eldredge, Josephine Sturgis (Mrs. Arthur Eldredge) See Bidwell, Josephine Sturgis Eliot, T[homas] S[tearns], xlvi Elizabeth. See Russell, Mary Annette Beauchamp Ellis, John MacTaggart identified, 158n on Santayana’s poetry, 157 Emerson and Others (Brooks) Santayana on, 331–32 mentioned, 333n Emerson, Ralph Waldo Commemorative Week, 85, 85n identified, 311n mentioned, 311 Emerson Hall (Harvard), 77 “Emerson’s Poems” (Santayana), 85, 85n England like America, 213 has changed, 213 description of, 162 no emotions in, 152 Santayana disappointed in, xiv, xv feelings on leaving, 163 impressions of, 232–33, 257, 356 his love for, 354 politics in, 270 does not settle in, xiv to settle in, 22, 82, 213

492

The Letters of George Santayana

England (Continued) thoughts on staying, 151–52 does not visit, 246, 257, 292 visits, 151 strikes in, 269 weather in, xv, 157, 162 English critics, Santayana on, 17 language, preservation of the, 32 Enquête sur la monarchie (Maurras), Santayana on, 270 Enrichetta (Strong’s servant), 29, 287 Erskine, John identified, 3n letter(s) to, 3 Escalera, Mercedes de la identified, 148n visits Rome, xii, 246, 247, 249 mentioned, 148, 167, 246, 252 Essays in Critical Realism (ed. Drake) contributors to, 8n Santayana reads, 7 “Three Proofs of Realism,” 8n, 64 mentioned, 42 Essays of To-Day: An Anthology (Pritchard), 86, 87n Essence and existence, 305 and incandescence, 306–7 Santayana on, 349 mentioned, 188–89, 211, 214, 322 Euclidean geometry, Santayana on, 141–42 Europe, Santayana on, 180 Existence and intuition, 273 principle of, 304–5 Santayana defines, 206–7 and sense of one’s own, 305–6 Experience and Nature (Dewey), Santayana reviews, 239, 260, 261

Fascism, xviii, 35n, 36, 38, 137 Fascists, xlviii, lv Feeling versus intuition, 273–74 Felton, Cornelius Conway his drawings, Santayana on, 286 identified, 286n mentioned, 285–86 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb and existence, 14

identified, 15n Ficke, Arthur Davison, li Fiesole Santayana on, 37, 125, 323 Santayana visits, 31, 162, 165, 194, 211, 221, 338 mentioned, 69, 99, 226 Figueroa y Torres, Álvaro de identified, 232n Santayana on, 231–32 Figures in Modern Literature (Priestley), Santayana on, 218, 219, 219n Firuski, Maurice identified, 174n letter(s) to, 215, 225, 226, 237, 291, 312 sends books to Santayana, 225, 226 mentioned, 174, 190, 269 Fite, Warner identified, 267n letter(s) to, 266 Moral Philosophy, 266, 267n “The Flight of Helen” (Santayana), never published, 318, 318n Fontenay, Madame de, 150 Forbes, J[ohn] Murray, 81, 81n Forbes, William, 110, 111n, 123 Forbes, William Cameron “Cam” identified, 81n mentioned, 81, 110, 111n Forum (journal) mentioned, 67n Santayana’s review in, 67 “A Fragment from Catullus” (Santayana), 223n, 363, 364n Francis of Assisi, Saint identified, 142–43n mentioned, 141, 234 Frazer, James George identified, 262n mentioned, 261 French politics, Santayana on, 270 Freud, Sigmund Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 138n identified, 7n Santayana reads, 138 Santayana writes article on, 144, 149, 150n mentioned, 6 Freudian phenomena, 172 Freyer, Grattan, lvi

Index Fry, Roger identified, 266n mentioned, 265 Fuller, Benjamin Apthorp Gould on America, 55 appointed professor at University of Cincinnati, 189, 190 History of Greek Philosophy, 69, 117, 190 identified, 5n letter(s) to, 31, 269 reviews of book, 189 mentioned, lii, 70, 76, 135, 168, 171, 176, 183, 237 Fuller, Wesley identified, 364n letter(s) to, 363 Fullerton, William Morton, xl

Galli, Gallo identified, 177n mentioned, 176–77 Gardiner, Robert Hallowell, Jr. identified, 34n power of attorney for Santayana, 33–34, 54 Santayana’s executor, 50 mentioned, 239 Gardner, Isabella Stewart (Mrs. John “Jack” Gardner) identified, 57n mentioned, 56, 68, 310, 311n Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (Loos), Santayana reads, 286 George Santayana (Howgate), lvi George Santayana: A Biography (McCormick), xxxvii, lvi Germans, in Venice, 204 Gibraltar, 200 Giotta (di Bondone) identified, 348n mentioned, 347 Giuseppe (Strong’s servant), 287 God, experience versus knowledge of, 266 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von identified, 91n mentioned, 90 Golden Day (Mumford), Santayana on, liii, 310–11 Gompers, Samuel identified, 180n

493

mentioned, 179 Gosse, Edmund essay on Soliloquies, 130, 131, 132, 133–34, 135 identified, 130n Gourmont, Remy de identified, 71n Santayana reads, 71 The Grace of Lambs: Stories (Komroff), Santayana on, 320 Graham, R. Cunningham, 3, 5n Greco, El identified, 138n mentioned, 137 Greek philosophy and the ideal of the “life of reason,” xxxiv relationship to Indian philosophy, 256 Santayana on, 256 Greenslet, Ferris identified, 200n letter(s) to, 200 The Magic Carpet: Poems for Travellers, selected by Mrs. Waldo Richards, 200, 200n Gregory, Alyse (Mrs. Llewelyn Powys) identified, 188n letter(s) to, 187, 188, 225, 228 Gretchen (Faust), 55, 57n Groton School, 94, 95n Grundy, Mrs., 127, 127n Guénon, René identified, 275–76n Santayana reads, 275 mentioned, 323 Gwinn, Frances (unidentified), 76

Hades identified, 15n mentioned, 13 Hammond, William Alexander identified, 230n letter(s) to, 230, 235, 258 Hanlon, Miss (unidentified) letter(s) to, 155 Hardy, Thomas identified, 65n mentioned, 65

494

The Letters of George Santayana

Hartley, David, 103n Hartmann, Carl Sadakichi comradeship, does not exist for, 330 Confucius, 193, 193n identified, 93n Japanese Rhythms: Tanka, Haikai and Dodoitsu Form, 290, 290n letter(s) to, 193, 290, 330 Passport to Immortality, 330, 330n Santayana on, 331 Santayana’s support of, 92, 290, 331 Harvard Bridge, 55 Harvard Club, 325 Harvard Lampoon Santayana “belonged” to, xxxviii, 45, 46n mentioned, 46, 72, 285–86, 290, 325 The Harvard Monthly, 46n, 311 Harvard Union, 77, 135, 364 Harvard University business school at, 290 department of philosophy, 190 Hasty Pudding Club, xxxviii, 202, 202n philosophical congress at, 298 Santayana and his classmates from, 334 his class photograph, 96 declined to speak at, 182 his fellowship for, 282, 283n, 302 his friends from, xxxvii, xxxviii, 171 his retirement from Harvard, liii his status as a professor at, xxxiii, 310 thoughts on, 56, 85, 299 his undergraduate years, 45, 310 the younger generation, 325 Strong’s fellowship for, 302 Sturgis’s children to attend, 325 win over Yale, 113, 301 mentioned, 31, 55, 189, 190 Harvard University Press, 190, 239, 280 Hasty Pudding Club (Harvard), xxxviii, 202, 202n Hawthorne, Nathaniel, xxxix Hazlitt, William identified, 363n mentioned, 362 Heidegger, Martin, xxxiv Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich and God, 266 identified, 267n

Hermant, Abel identified, 270n Platon, 269 The Hermit of Carmel (Santayana) as part of Poems, 75, 76 Herodotus’s view of history, 191 Hervieu, Paul, 262n High Table (Cambridge), xiv, 354, 355n Hillyer, Robert Silliman identified, 165n letter(s) to, 165 History of Greek Philosophy (Fuller), 69, 117, 190 History of Tom Jones (Fielding), 29, 30n Hobbes, Thomas identified, 15n mentioned, 15 Hoffman, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Gouverneur, 47, 48n, 89 Holmes, Oliver Wendell identified, 115n mentioned, 115 Holt, Edwin Bissell identified, 63n mentioned, 62, 63n Holzberger, William The Complete Poems of George Santayana, 370 and The Letters of George Santayana (MIT), 371 mentioned, 372 Homer identified, 15n Santayana cites, 13, 94 mentioned, 191 Hood, Frederic Clark identified, 127n mentioned, 127 Hook, Sidney, xlix, lviii Hoppin, Mr., of Duffield & Company, 63, 75, 76, 174n Hotels in Cortina d’Ampezzo, 205, 208, 220, 221, 278, 292, 295 in England, 152, 153, 157, 160, 162 in France, 127 Hotel Bristol, Santayana resides in, xvii in Italy, 162, 292 in Nice, 91, 92, 106, 111, 112, 120, 125, 129 in Paris, 69, 74, 80, 82, 87, 89, 99, 145,

Index 148, 162, 247, 262, 338, 346n in Rome, xi, 34, 35, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 67, 168, 169, 171, 185, 190, 200, 222, 225, 227, 229, 236, 260, 264, 267, 279, 287, 292, 298, 299, 347, 353, 354, 361 Santayana on, 129, 157, 168, 171, 204, 212, 214, 220, 221, 222, 236, 269, 277, 278 in Venice, 203, 204, 292, 295 mentioned, 233 Houghton Library (Harvard University), 370 Housman, A[lfred] E[dward] identified, 142n his writing, Santayana on, xiv, lvi, 141, 218–19 mentioned, xlii, xliv Housman, Laurence identified, 125n Santayana on, 125 Howard, John Galen, xxxviii Hulsean Lectures (Cambridge), 289, 289n Humanism, Santayana on political, 256–57 Humanities Research Center (University of Texas, Austin), 370 Hume, David identified, 198n mentioned, 197 Husserl, Edmund his grammar, Santayana on, 327 identified, 323n his writing, Santayana on, 326 mentioned, 323

Iago, 55, 57n Idealists, Santayana on, 211–12 Indian philosophy relationship to Greek philosophy, 256 Santayana on, 256 mentioned, 68, 68n Inge, William Ralph British Infertility: An Imperial Problem, 232, 232n his Hulsean Lectures, 289, 289n identified, 232n The Platonic Tradition in English Religious Thought, 289n mentioned, 284, 287, 291, 299

495

Interpretations of Poetry and Religion (Santayana), 279, 279n, 285 “Introduction to Hamlet” (Santayana), 85, 85n, 279, 280, 284, 285 Intuition, Santayana on, 277, 305, 306, 307 Iona (Inner Hebrides), 234, 235n Irazusta, Julio identified, 314n mentioned, 313 Irrationalism, 102, 103n Isonzoff, Prince (unidentified), 343 Italian architecture, Santayana on, 217–18 Italian Platonists, 179 Italians, Santayana likes, 214 Italy architecture of, Santayana on, 217–18, 297 Barberini family, 170n Bernini’s Triton Fountain, xvii the campanile of Venice, 136, 138n Church of Santa Maria in Via, 168, 169n life in, 201 the Piazza Barberini, xvii, 185 the Piazza Colonna, 168, 169n post offices in, 215, 244 Santayana in, 23, 25, 33, 347–48 theological students in, 234 Italy from the Alps to Naples: Handbook for Travellers (Baedeker), 209, 209n

James, Henry, xxxix, xli, xliv, lvi James, Henry, III letter(s) to, 5 and the Letters of William James, 5, 6n James, William identified, 6n on religious experiences, 324 mentioned, 312 Japanese Rhythms: Tanka, Haikai and Dodoitsu Form (Hartmann), Santayana receives copy of, 290 Joseph (unidentified), 160, 196 Josephine, Empress of France identified, 192n mentioned, 192 Journal of Philosophy (Columbia) “Some Meanings of the Word ‘Is,’” 194–95, 195n, 196

496

The Letters of George Santayana

Journal of Philosophy (Continued) Dewey’s Naturalistic Metaphysics, Santayana’s review, 240n “Soliloquy” in, 19 mentioned, 206, 240, 243, 261

Kallen, Horace Meyer Culture and Democracy in the United States, 215 identified, 40n letter(s) to, 39, 292, 296, 299, 323, 338 to be married, 323 his philosophy, Santayana on, 324 preface for, Santayana to write, 299 and reproductions, 338–39 reviews Fuller’s book, 189 to visit Santayana, xii, 296–97, 299 Why Religion, 323, 325n his writing, Santayana on, 39–40, 41 mentioned, xxxix, xlviii, l, lvii, 215 Knox, John, xli Komroff, Manuel The Grace of Lambs: Stories, 320n identified, 320n letter(s) to, 320 Kyllmann, Otto identified, 85n letter(s) to, 95, 98, 103, 109, 114, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 129, 131, 133, 136, 146, 147, 184, 227, 238, 245, 279, 280, 284, 289, 293, 294, 300, 308, 309, 314, 315, 318, 319, 328, 329, 335, 336, 345, 346, 347, 352, 360 mentioned, xxxix, 84, 112, 248

La Bruyère, Jean de identified, 79n mentioned, 79 Lamprecht, Sterling Power identified, 175n letter(s) to, 174, 175 visits Santayana, 175 Langstaff, John Brett David Copperfield’s Library, 89n letter(s) to, 88 Lapsley, Gaillard Thomas discussion with Santayana, 173 identified, 64n

Santayana on, 157 Santayana to visit, 153 Santayana’s mentor, 354 mentioned, xiv, 64, 157 Larkin, Mr. (unidentified), 342 La Rochefoucauld, François de identified, 79n mentioned, 79 La Rose, Pierre de Chaignon designs Lucifer, xiii, 174n, 190, 240–42 identified, 174n Lapsley and Santayana discuss, 173 letter(s) to, 173, 223, 240 Santayana invites him to visit, 174 Santayana to send copies of his books, 174 mentioned, 215, 225, 237, 291, 312 Lascelles, Henry George Charles, 70n Last Poems (Housman) 141, 142n The Last Puritan (Santayana) the Black Swan (yacht), 110–11, 111n love scene in, 138 Santayana discusses, 25, 115, 172, 178, 201, 257 Santayana’s feelings on, 123 Santayana’s research on yachts, 122–23 mentioned, xiii, xxxiii, xlii, lvi, 25n, 57, 113, 119, 174, 194, 207, 269, 278, 287, 312, 321, 331, 338, 348 The Latin School Register (Boston), 223, 363 La Traviata (Verdi), Santayana attends performance of, 303 Lawton, George identified, 65n letter(s) to, 64 Santayana’s advice to, 65 League of Nations, in Rome, 229 League of Nations, Today and Tomorrow (Kallen), 39, 40n Lee, Sidney The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, 85, 280 death of, 279 identified, 85n Le Langage (Vendryes), 71, 71n L’Enfernat, Mademoiselle de (unidentified), 30 L’Énigme pièce en deux actes, en prose (Hervieu), Santayana attends, 262, 262n

Index Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, lvii Léon, Xavier identified, 170n letter(s) to, 170 Lerolle, Guillaume, 78, 79n The Letters of George Santayana (MIT) annotation of, 377–78 editorial policy, 367–69, 370–78 Holzberger and, 370 Margot Cory and, 370 origins and development, 369–70 mentioned, 372 Letters of William James (H. James), 6n Lettres à Zoé sur l’histoire des philosophies (Reinach), 317, 317n Liberalism in ethics, Santayana on, 245 Life of Reason (Santayana) errata in, 73, 75, 77 “Preface to the Second Edition,” 73, 75, 77 Santayana on, 14 mentioned, 126, 309, 310, 329 Lindbergh, Charles Augustus identified, 338n mentioned, 337 L’io nella filosofia germanica (trans. Zampa), 84n Lippmann, Walter identified, 58n is Jewish, 56 mentioned, xlix Little Essays (Santayana) “Little Essays on Materialism and Morals” (Part V), 279 Santayana requests copies, 248 and Smith, 16–17, 126 to be translated, 308 and an unknown admirer, 242 mentioned, 18, 22, 29, 242, 294 Livy (Titus Livius), 220, 221n Loeser, Charles, his friendship with Santayana, li London Mercury (journal), 17, 30, 60, 144, 234, 261 London Times, 150, 219 “A Long Way Round to Nirvana” (Santayana), 149, 150n, 154 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth The Courtship of Miles Standish, 178 identified, 180n

497

Loos, Anita Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, 286 identified, 286n Lovejoy, Arthur Oncken and Essays in Critical Realism, 7 identified, 8n Love’s Labour’s Lost (Shakespeare), 98, 98n Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, lii Lowell, Amy identified, 57n mentioned, 56 Lowell, Robert, xxxix, lvi Lubbock, Percy Earlham, 291 identified, 291n Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti), Santayana attends, 224, 224n Lucifer (Santayana) design, Santayana on, 237, 240–42 misprints in, 241 as an opera, 240, 241 Santayana requests copies of, 237, 269 Santayana’s impression of, 173 mentioned, 174, 174n, 178, 190, 215, 242, 312, 318 Lycurgus, lvii Lyman, Herbert, xliii, 77n, 172 Lyon, Richard C., xxxiv

MacArthur, John Roofe, 177, 177n MacKensy, Mr. (unidentified), 41 Madrid Josephine considers setting up house, 50 Santayana invited to give lecture, 189, 190 The Magic Carpet: Poems for Travellers, selected by Mrs. Waldo Richards, Santayana’s verses in, 200 Mahmud II (sultan of Turkey) identified, 192n mentioned, 192 “Marginal Notes on Civilization in the United States” (Santayana), 67n, 86 Marichalar, Antonio identified, 184n review of Santayana, 308 seeks advice on books to translate, 184 Spanish translator, 184, 308 mentioned, 313

498

The Letters of George Santayana

Marie (Strong’s housekeeper in Paris) identified, 15n her wages, 259 mentioned, 12, 29, 67, 69, 70, 74, 211, 246, 281, 334, 340 Marini (hotel), 35, 44 Mark Twain’s Letters (ed. Branch, Frank, Sanderson), 373, 379n “The Marriage of Venus” (Santayana), 318, 318n Marshall, Henry Rutgers The Beautiful, 230 identified, 230n review, thanks Santayana for, 258 Santayana reviews, 235 Marx, Karl Das Kapital, 71, 71n identified, 71n mentioned, lviii Mary, Princess of England, 70n La Mascotte (Audran), 91, 91n “Masks” (Santayana), 86, 87n Mason, Fanny (unidentified), 55, 56 Massingham, Henry William identified, 26n mentioned, 26 Maurras, Charles Enquête sur la monarchie, 270 identified, 270n McDougall, William identified, 58n mentioned, 56, 102 McDowall, Arthur Sydney identified, 18n “Three Philosopher-Prophets,” 17 Meaux (France), 105, 106n “The Mediterranean” (Santayana’s Ode V), 200n Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (Wagner), 53, 53n Melville, Herman identified, 333n mentioned, 332 Mencken, H. L. identified, 214n mentioned, 149n, 213 Mercier, Désiré Joseph identified, 198n mentioned, 196 Meredith, George identified, 65n

mentioned, 65 Merrill, Moses, xxxviii Mill, James, 103n Mill, John Stuart identified, 198n mentioned, 197 Miller, Dickinson Sargeant identified, 19n “Mr. Santayana and William James,” 19, 19n Mind (journal) described, 75n mentioned, 74 The Mind and Face of Bolshevism (Fülöp-Miller), 364, 365n Mind and Its Place in Nature (Drake), 208, 209 Mitchel, Mrs. (unidentified), 66 Moby-Dick (Melville), Santayana on, 362 Molière. See Poquelin, Jean Baptiste Monsieur Brotonneau (de Caillavet and de Flers), Santayana attends, 262, 262n Montague, William Pepperell identified, 15n Santayana asked to review his book, 259 “Variation, Heredity, and Consciousness,” 14 The Ways of Knowing; or, The Methods of Philosophy, 259 mentioned, 63, 224, 269, 333 Monte Carlo, 108 Monthly Criterion (journal), 351n Moore, George Edward, li, 63n Moore, Marianne identified, 288n letter(s) to, 288, 300, 313, 316, 319, 320 Moral Philosophy (Fite), Santayana on, 266 More Trivia (Smith), 78 Morgan, John Pierpont identified, 182n mentioned, 181 Morley, Sylvanus Griswold letter(s) to, 186 Sonnets and Poems of Anthero de Quental, 186, 187n his translations, Santayana on, 186–87 Morning Post, 97, 97–98n Mortimer, Charles Raymond Bell identified, 31n letter(s) to, 104

Index mentioned, 30, 89 Morton, Benjamin Alexander identified, 192n letter(s) to, 191 The Veiled Empress, an Unacademic Biography, 192n his view of history, Santayana on, 191–92 Moult, Thomas identified, 158n includes Santayana’s verse in anthology, 158 letter(s) to, 158 “Mr. Santayana and William James” (Miller), 19, 19n Mumford, George Saltonstall identified, 311n mentioned, 310 Mumford, James Gregory identified, 311n mentioned, 310 Mumford, Lewis Golden Day, lvii, 310–11, 311n identified, 311n letter(s) to, 310 mentioned, liii, 334 Münsterberg, Margarete articles on Santayana, 202 identified, 202n Murchie, Guy identified, 57n mentioned, 55 Murry, John Middleton “Concerning Intelligence,” 361, 361n identified, 26n letter(s) to, 26, 351, 352, 361 and The New Adelphi, 353, 358 mentioned, 63 Museo Nazionale delle Terme, 168, 169n Mussolini, Benito identified, 297n mentioned, xviii, lv, 296 “The Mutability of Aesthetic Categories” (Santayana), 230, 230n

Napoleon I (emperor of France) his divorce, 192 identified, 192n Nathan, George Jean identified, 149n

499

letter(s) to, 149 Nation (journal), 17, 26, 26n, 63, 155n, 202n Neo-critical realism, Santayana on, 228 Neo-realism, 62, 63n, 211 Néricault, Philippe [pseud. Philippe Destouches] identified, 262n mentioned, 261 New Adelphi (journal), 351, 351n, 352 New Criterion (journal), 351, 351n New School for Social Research described, 40n mentioned, 40 New Verse Written in 1921 (Bridges), Santayana on, 356 The New York Review of Books, 371 The New York Times Book Review, 371 New York Yacht Club, 142, 143n Nice (France) nature in, Santayana on, 143 Santayana in, 92, 93, 95, 104, 117, 128, 137 Santayana on, 139 weather in, 91, 93, 104, 106, 108, 112–13, 114, 117, 124, 125, 127, 137, 138–39, 143, 144 Nichols, Edward Hall identified, 127n Nichols Memorial Fund, 127 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, xlii Norton, Sally (unidentified), 55 Notes on the Early History of the Vulgate Gospels (Chapman), 68, 69n

O’Connell, William Henry identified, 57n mentioned, 56, 68 “On My Friendly Critics” (Santayana), 19n, 23 “On Self-Government” (Santayana), 188n Onderdonk, Andrew Joseph identified, 44n his mother, Santayana on, 261, 262n in Paris, 70 to visit Santayana, xii, 44, 49, 67, 69, 208–9, 236, 263 visits America, 217 mentioned, 249, 262n, 315

500

The Letters of George Santayana

Ontological liberalism, 206 Orcutt, William Dana identified, 285n mentioned, 284, 285 The Origin of Species (Darwin), 325, 325n Origo, Antonio, 223, 223n Origo, Iris Margaret Cutting (Mrs. Antonio Origo), 223, 223n “Overheard in Seville” (Santayana), 300n, 300n, 313, 316 The Oxford Circus (Miles and Mortimer), 104, 104n Oxford (England) the George (tearoom), Santayana visits, 214 Santayana on, 82, 163 mentioned, 142, 151 Oxford University, invites Santayana to lecture, xiv Oxford University Press, 294

Painlevé, Paul identified, 42n mentioned, 41 Page, David, lvii Palatine (Rome), 41, 41n Palmer, George Herbert interested in Santayana’s poetry, 158 letter(s) to, 158 mentioned, li, 182 Papini, Giovanni Dizionario dell’omo salvatico, 220, 221n identified, 220–21n Paris Santayana not returning to, 139 Strong and Santayana’s apartment in, xi, xvi, 67, 70, 204, 212, 233, 246, 247, 249, 260 weather in, 74, 83, 93, 346 mentioned, 213, 236 Peirce, Charles Sanders identified, 312n his unpublished materials, Santayana on, 312 “Penitent Art” (Santayana), 86 Perry, Ralph Barton identified, 42n mentioned, 41, 63n Persons and Places (Santayana), xiv, xxxvii, xliv, lvi, 201, 202n, 210, 250, 333

Phelps, William Lyon identified, 77n mentioned, xl, liv, 76, 135 Phi Beta Kappa, Santayana does not lecture at, 159, 182 “Philosophers at Court” (Santayana), 318, 318n The Philosophical Club (Harvard), xxxviii The Philosophical Society, 160 Philosophical Review (journal), Santayana requests copies from, 258 Philosophy, Santayana on, 219 The Philosophy of Spinoza (Wolfson), 89 Picard, Alfred Maurice identified, 30n pamphlets by, 29 Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 179 Pincio (Rome), 41, 41n, 194, 234, 303, 354 Pinsent, 125, 125n, 189, 211, 278, 296 Pius XI, 236, 237n, 296 Plato his contempt for the image of an image, 65 Crito, li and essences, xxxiv identified, 65n mentioned, 179 Platon (Hermant), Santayana on, 269 Platonism and the Spiritual Life (Santayana), design, Santayana on, 318 proofs, 314, 315, 317, 319 review of, 335 and royalities, 293 Santayana finishes, 289, 291 Santayana on, 299, 301 Santayana receives copies, 328 Santayana requests copies, 316 specimen pages, 293, 296, 300–301, 308, 309 mentioned, xiii, 284, 312, 351 The Pleasures of Architecture (Williams-Ellis), 226 Plotinus identified, 270n translated into French, 270 Poems of Today (Cooper), 28, 28n Poems: Selected by the Author and Revised (Santayana) complications with publisher, 114 copyright, 158 duty on, 129

Index errata, 130, 131, 132, 133, 133n, 134, 135, 142 preface to, 95, 96, 114, 129–30, 130n, 132, 133 publication of, 64n, 76, 139–40 Santayana dislikes cover, 130, 132, 133, 142 Santayana receives copies of, 146 Santayana refutes accuracy of review, 130, 132 Santayana requests copies, 134, 140, 159 signed by Santayana, 92, 96, 111, 122 mentioned, 77, 111, 121, 133, 134, 135, 142, 241, 293 Poetry, Santayana on, 186 The Poet’s Testament (Santayana), 163, 163n Poincaré, Raymond identified, 160n mentioned, 160 “Polly” (Bridges), Santayana on, 163 Polonius, 269, 270n Pope, Alexander identified, 66n mentioned, 65 Poquelin, Jean Baptiste [pseud. Molière] identified, 206n Le Mariage forcé, 205, 206n Potter, Austin identified, 81n mentioned, 81 Potter, Elizabeth Stephens Fish (Mrs. Robert Potter) Antietam Farm, 3, 5n her children, 199 identified, 4n letter(s) to, 3, 198 Santayana’s friendship with, xlii mentioned, xxxix, 76, 94, 124, 129, 135, 237 Potter, Hamilton Fish identified, 185n letter(s) to, 185 Santayana on, 198–99 to visit Santayana, 185, 194 mentioned, xii Potter, Harriet Amory (Mrs. Warwick Potter) engagement to Warwick Potter, 47, 55 Santayana describes, 55, 94 visits with Santayana, 100 mentioned, 48n, 124

501

Potter, Robert Burnside on America, 55 his children, 199 not a Grotonian, 94 identified, 4n letter(s) to, 93, 110, 122, 141 Santayana has present sent to, 226 his writing, Santayana on, 141 mentioned, xii, xxxix, 76, 129, 135, 140, 185, 237, 313 Potter, Warwick (brother of R. B. Potter) identified, 57n mentioned, 55 Potter, Warwick (son of R. B. Potter), letter(s) to, 47 Santayana describes, 55, 93, 94 visits with Santayana, 93, 100 mentioned, xii, 124, 198, 199 Poulton, Edward Bagnall, 160, 161n La Prensa (Buenos Aires), 86 Priestley, John Boynton Figures in Modern Literature, 218, 219n identified, 219n letter(s) to, 218 Pritchard, Frances Henry Essays of To-Day: An Anthology, 86, 87n identified, 87n Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (periodical), 14, 15n Protestant philosophy, Santayana on, 219 Proust, Marcel identified, 363n Santayana on, 362 Psychic essence of matter, Santayana on Strong’s view of, 271–72 Pythagoras, lvii

Quental, Antero Tarquínio de identified, 187n mentioned, 186

Ranieri, Raniero (unidentified), 49 Raymond, Harry Howard, 263, 265n The Realm of Essence (Santayana) American edition delayed, 364 announcement for, 336 index for, 346, 347 manuscript, Santayana sends, 329, 331, 333

502

The Letters of George Santayana

misprints in, 346, 347 “Preface to Realms of Being,” 166, 166n, 196 proofs, 335, 338, 345 published, 353 Santayana requests copies, 352, 356, 360 Santayana’s work on, 322–23 specimen page, 335 mentioned, xiii, 196, 275, 285, 350, 351, 354, 355–56 The Realm of Matter (Santayana), xiii, xlvi, 106, 143, 215, 275, 283, 330, 353, 356, 358, 360, 364 The Realm of Spirit (Santayana), xiii, xxxvi The Realm of Truth (Santayana), xiii The Realms of Being (Santayana) articles, Santayana requests copies of, 228 as the magnum opus, 25, 111, 113, 199 preface, 175 Santayana requests proofs, 176 Santayana’s work on, 74, 227–28, 275, 278, 355–56 and the Yale Review, 166, 183 mentioned, xiii, xxxiv, 30, 31, 38, 53, 57, 67, 87, 87n, 95, 104, 105, 115, 126, 144, 160, 175, 178, 189, 194, 196, 205, 206, 207, 210, 213, 216, 261, 269, 312, 330 Reichhardt, Hans identified, 50n in Paris, 70 in Rome, 67 visits Santayana, xii, 49, 227, 229, 232, 236, 267, 337, 338 The Relation of Sociology to Economics (Small), Santayana reads, 225, 226n Relativity, Santayana on, 275 Religion, Santayana on science and, 256–57 “The Revival of Intolerance” (Santayana), never published, 313, 314n “Revolution in Science” (Santayana), 352–53, 353n, 358, 361 Richards, Gertrude Moore (Mrs. Waldo Richards), 200 Richmond, Arthur Lavalle, 56, 58n Richmond, Mrs. Arthur, 56 Rigacci, Dino, lv Rigoletto (Verdi) Santayana attends, 168, 169n

mentioned, 247, 247n The Riverside Press, 85, 280 Robbins Library (Harvard), 77, 135, 183 Robinson, Moncure identified, 182n on Santayana’s finances, 181 mentioned, xii, 315 Rockefeller, John D., Jr. identified, 358n mentioned, 358 Rockefeller, John Davison disapproves of Margaret’s marriage, 342, 358 identified, 343n mentioned, lv Rococo: A Poem (Dunning), Santayana on, 317, 318n Rogers, Arthur Kenyon and Essays in Critical Realism, 7, 219n identified, 8n on Santayana’s philosophy, 219 Rome American professors in, 263 American reporters in, 229 Blue Sisters (Little Company of Mary), Santayana resides at, xviii British in, 229 the church, Santayana on, 179 dentist, Santayana visits, 224 the Grand Hotel, xviii the Hotel Bristol, Santayana resides in, xvii hotels in, Santayana on, 34–35, 38, 41, 44, 171 life in, Santayana on, 179 people in, 44 politics in, Santayana on, 179, 236 restaurants in, Santayana on, 177, 229 Santayana considers settling in, 236 Santayana on, 35, 36, 37, 41, 223, 354 no tourists in, 236 weather in, 38, 67, 124, 169, 189, 190, 194, 224, 281 mentioned, 36, 42, 185, 213, 263 Rosario, Santayana’s Italian lessons with, 207, 208 Ross, William David identified, 160–61n mentioned, 160 Ross, Thorvald S. identified, 73n

Index mentioned, 72 Rothenstein, William identified, 233n letter(s) to, 233 Santayana to visit, 233 Russell, Bertrand Arthur William Analysis of Matter, 353, 353n identified, 18n marriage, 17 and the neo-realists, 62 An Outline of Philosophy, 353, 353n, 359 Santayana on, 358–59 his writing, Santayana on, 161 mentioned, xiv, xxxiv, xxxix, xli, xlvii, xlviii, li, liv, 63n, 66, 97, 161n, 362 Russell, John Francis Stanley, 2d earl his friendship with Santayana, xv, 152– 53 identified, 18n letter to Santayana, 153n letter(s) to, 151, 152, 257 and marriage, 17 My Life and Adventures, xv, 145 Santayana on, 354 mentioned, xxxix, xli, xliii, xliv, xlv, 63, 153 Russell, Marion (“Mollie”) Cooke Cumbermould ( J. F. Russell’s second wife) identified, 145n Santayana on, 153 mentioned, 145, 153, 261 Russell, Mary Annette Beauchamp von Arnim ( J. F. Russell’s third wife) identified, 64n mentioned, xv, xliv, lvii, 63, 145, 153, 153n Russia, Santayana reads about, 359 Russian Revolution, Santayana on, xviii

Sabbatucci, Luigi (Santayana’s physician), l Sacco-Vanzetti case, xlviii Saint Peter’s Cathedral (Rome), 168, 231 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri identified, 192n view of history, 191 mentioned, 259 Samkhya, 68, 68n San Pietro (Italy), 38 Santayana, Agustín Ruiz de (father of

503

Santayana), did not emigrate to America, 130 Santayana, George ( Jorge Agustín Nicolás) acts as tour guide, 263–64 on aging, 107, 143, 178, 213, 216, 236, 286, 299–300 on his appearance, 140, 151 on art, 4, 274 articles, 86 on the artist, 330 on authors, 86 on the benefits of siblings, 166–67 book reviews, 67, 67n on his books, 170 buried in the Campo Verano Cemetery (Rome), xlvii on the Catholic Church, 324 his character and personality, liv–lv on charity, xlix on China and Russia, 320 and Christianity, xvi chronology of his life, xiv, 202 on communism, 141 his comparison of philosophers and professors, lii–liii his conservative politics, xlix considers himself a Spaniard, xxxiii copyrights, 109 his correspondence destroyed or unlocated, 370 publication of, 368–69 mentioned, xxxiii–xxxiv, xxxvi–xxxvii his correspondence with G. Sturgis, xi on criticism, xxxvi, 65, 265–66, 280 on different cultures, 294–95 disagrees with Strong, xvi, 193, 194, 217, 246, 364 discussion with Lapsley, 173 discussion with Strong, 74 dislikes moving, 30 does not subscribe to a press-cutting agency, 107 donates money, 164 enjoys discussing philosophy, li–lii and the English language, 210 on essence, xxxiv, 188–89, 211–12, 214–15, 334–35 on experience, 156–57 finances his income, 239, 314–15

504

The Letters of George Santayana

Santayana, George (Continued) letter of credit, 44, 54, 93, 112, 171, 182, 229, 235, 264, 267, 268, 302, 314, 358 mentioned, 21–22, 53–54, 93, 101, 118, 181, 236, 238, 265, 286, 302–3 fluent in many languages, xxxiii friends in Cambridge, xiv from Harvard, xxxvii in Italy, 171, 175 in London, 236 in Oxford, 89 in Rome, 239 on his writing, 242 his friendship with Cory, xii–xiii, xxxix on his friendship with J. Russell, xv, 152–53 his friendship with Loeser, li on his generation, 48, 82, 94, 100, 320 to give Spencer lecture at Oxford, xiv, xliv, 151, 151n, 178 as a graduate student in Germany, xxxiii, xxxvii as a Harvard professor, xxxiii his health, xv, 52, 82, 105, 108, 112, 113, 114–15, 117, 119, 123, 124–25, 126, 127, 128, 129, 135, 137, 138, 140, 143, 151, 152, 157, 160, 162, 163, 165, 168, 169, 172, 177, 182, 224, 227, 246, 253–54, 354 heretic, defines, 351 his humor, xxxix–xli, interest in architecture, 72 interested in America, 292 on intuition, 277 on Jews, xlix–l, lv on language, 350 learns Italian, 207, 208 on his lecture audience, 160 letters from his father, 106 from J. Russell, 153n translates for G. Sturgis, 230 written in English, 376 written in Italian, 376 written in Spanish, 376 on his life and work, 172 his literary method, xxxvi living arrangments, xi–xii, 181–82, 213,

264, 354–55 on love, 179 his luggage, 211, 214 and materialism, xxxv–xxxvi and metaphysics, 144, 350 money, on the convenience of, 236–37 as a monk, 68 and moral relativism, xxxvii on motoring, 229 mourner at funeral, 251, 252 and naturalism, xxxv–xxxvi on novels, 173 offered monetary compensation for writing, 174 on old friends, 178 on old people, 48, 128, 258 on old pupils, 178 on the older generation, 255 to order books, 205 on overpopulation, 17 his personal ideals, xxxv on perspectives, 62 as a philosopher, 21 his philosophical ideals, xxxv his philosophical letters, xxxiv on philosophy, 219 on his philosophy, 219 photographs of, xli, 96, 298 pilgrimage to, 296 too poetical, 118–19 on poetry, 186 his political philosophy, xlviii–xlix his political views, xviii on politics, 137, 232, 270 on pregnancy, 80 does not like professional conferences, li on the public world, 179 publications “Little Essays on Materialism and Morals,” 279, 279n Little Essays, 22, 29 “The Mediterranean” (Ode V), 200n “On My Friendly Critics,” 19, 19n, 23 Poems: Selected by the Author and Revised, 92, 92n The Poet’s Testament, 163 Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies, xiii, 16, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41, 43, 52 “Some Meanings of the Word ‘Is,’”

Index 194, 196 sonnets, 22, 165 “Three Proofs of Realism,” 64 “Walt Whitman: A Dialogue,” 311 to be published in an anthology, 309 on publishers, 293 quotes his father, 118, 119, 268 reads Bell, 274 Bernanos, 283 Broad, 269 Brooks, 331 Cavalcanti, xxxiii Claudel, 359 Congreve, 323 D’Annunzio, 220 Dante, xxxiii Destouches, 261 Dewey, 269 Dickens, 88 Dixon, 225 Drake, 269, 271 Ducasse, 245 Fite, 266 Freud, 138 Fülöp-Miller, 364 Gaskell, 224 German philosophers, 149 Guénon, 275 Hermant, 269 Housman, 125 Husserl, 326 Italian Platonizing poets, xxxiii Kallen, 323, 359 Keyserling, 317, 348 Komroff, 320 Loos, 286 Michelangelo, xxxiii Montague, 269 Papini, 220 Reinach, 317 J. Russell, 145 Saint-Simon, 261 Sorel, 242 Spengler, 128 Stoddard, 225 Valéry, 322 a real poet, 210 on receiving letters, 212 his relationships, xlv on relativity, 275

505

and religion, xxxv–xxxvi on religion, 324, 351 and religion, disagrees with Susana, xvi on reproductions, 338–39 on resorts, 128 his retirement from Harvard, liii reviews on, 150 royalties, 84, 107, 109, 164, 180, 239, 278, 293, 335 is a sceptic, 351 searches for a place to settle in, xvi his sexual orientation, xlii–xliv, lvii his signature, 377 his sketches, 290 and social classes, liii–liv on society, 232 and the Socratic principle of self-knowledge, xxxvii on Spain, 4, 51 on specialists, 265 and spirit, xxxv on Strong, 74 Strong visits, 49, 140, 143, 227 and the Sturgis family, 210 on teaching philosophy, lii on theological students, 234 and totalitarianism, lv and translations Arabic, 187 French, 187 Spanish, 164 on travel, 42 travel plans Ávila, 167, 246, 249, 250, 292, 298, 321, 326 Bath, 155 England, 22, 117, 144, 145, 151, 155, 162, 233, 234, 243, 257 Italy, 23, 25, 33, 34, 152, 155, 162, 163, 189, 190, 194, 195, 199, 200, 205, 209, 211, 220, 268, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281, 287, 295–96, 298, 317, 347, 360 Oxford, 104, 144, 153, 155, 157, 160, 213, 257 Paris, 99, 125, 139, 144, 146, 150, 162, 190, 195, 205, 245, 246, 248, 249, 253, 255, 292, 298, 321, 323, 326, 331, 333, 334

506

The Letters of George Santayana

Santayana, George (Continued) Rome, 165, 167, 169, 185, 224, 249, 257, 260, 261, 291, 348, 350 Spain, 236 Switzerland, 246 Toledo, 25 Venice, 204 travel plans, Santayana’s advice on, 195 on traveling, 195, 222 as a traveling student, 50, 174 travels with Strong, 222, 229 trouble with travel plans, 247 visits dentist, 224 visits his father, 171 visits Strong, 217, 220, 221 his will, 190, 282–83, 301–2, 315 on women, xlii his work, Josephine praises, 230 and World War I, xlvii–xlviii, 179 on his writing, xiii, 178–79, 197, 208, 221, 234, 236, 257, 259, 268, 278, 281, 284, 285, 296, 317–18, 348, 351 and a writing project, 285 his writing style and his punctuation, 375–76 and his spelling, 375 mentioned, xxxix–xli on the younger generation, xii, 320 on youth, 4, 82, 94, 100, 107, 199, 216, 255 on his youth, 238 Santayana, Josefina Borrás y Carbonell [Sturgis] de (mother of Santayana), 210 “Santayana at Cambridge” (Münsterberg), lvi Santayana: The Later Years, A Portrait with Letters (Cory), xxxix, lvi, 378 Santayana y Zabalgoitia, Manuela Ruiz de, 150 Sargent, John Singer and the Boston Public Library, 56 identified, 58n Santayana on, 100–101, 136–37 Sartre, Jean-Paul, xlviii Sastre, Susan “Susana” Parkman (Sturgis) de (half sister and godmother of Santayana) and Celedonia’s estate, 254–55 concerned about Santayana, 279 death of, xv, xvi deed of trust, Santayana on, 282

and finances, 50 her health, 252 identified, 11n letter(s) to, 36, 150, 204, 279 plans future, xv and religion, Santayana disagrees with, xv–xvi Santayana on, 79 Santayana’s feelings for, xlii her will, 167, 252–53, 254–55 mentioned, xi, xxxviii, li, 80n, 127, 168n, 212, 224, 228, 236, 251, 254, 257, 263, 269, 276, 283, 301, 315, 321, 331, 338 Sastre, Teresa Fernández de (Mrs. Luis Sastre), 252, 253n, 255 Sastre González, Luis, 252, 255, 264, 283n Sastre González, José “Pepe” children of, 37, 37n death of daughter, 251, 252 identified, 37n mentioned, 37, 283n Sastre González, Rafael children of, 37, 37n identified, 37n mentioned, 37, 283n Sastre Hernández, Adelaida, 302, 303n Sastre Hernández, Rafael, 302, 303n Sastre Hernández, Maria Josefa 302, 303n Sastre Martín, Eduardo, 302, 303n Sastre Martín, Josefina, 302, 303n Sastre Martín, María Teresa, 302, 303n Sastre Martín, Roberto, 302, 303n Sastre Serrano, Celedonio his children, 282, 283n death of, xv his grandchildren, 231 his health, xv, 251, 252, 253, 254, 269 identified, 11n Santayana on, 252 and Susan’s estate, 254–55 mentioned, xi, 43, 50, 148, 167, 168n, 282, 302, 321, 338 The Saturday Review of Literature, xlvii Savile, George identified, 363n mentioned, 362 Scepticism and Animal Faith (Santayana) no copyright in America, 107 explains to Susan, 150 index for, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122

Index preface of, 136 proofs of, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125, 136 publication of, 87, 88, 91, 97, 99, 103, 107 Santayana discusses, 197 Santayana receives copies, 147 Santayana requests copies, 135, 146, 147, 170 as a system of philosophy, 6, 86, 91 mentioned, xiii, 87n, 88, 95, 112, 114, 134, 166, 209, 227, 300, 327, 329 Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott identified, 61n Strong’s article on, 60 Schilpp, Paul Arthur, lvii Schneider, Herbert Wallace identified, 303n letter(s) to, 303, 364 visits Santayana, xii mentioned, 298 Schneider, Mrs., 298, 303 Schopenhauer, Arthur, xlii Science, Santayana on religion and, 256–57 Science and the Modern World, 287, 323 Scott, Edgar, 182n Scott, Mary “Maisie” Howard (Sturgis), 182, 182n Scott, Warwick, 182, 182n Scribner’s Magazine (journal), 27, 27n, 77n Selden, John identified, 363n mentioned, 362 Seldes, Gilbert identified, 28n letter(s) to, 27, 86, 161, 176 The Sense of Beauty (Santayana) errors in, 343–44 mentioned, 6 Sever Hall (Harvard), 72, 72n Shakespeare, William, 191 Shaw, Robert Gould identified, 81n mentioned, 80 Shelley, Percy Bysshe identified, 280n mentioned, 288 A Shropshire Lad (Housman), 141, 142n Signet (Harvard), 72, 73n Simon & Schuster, 298

507

Slade, Conrad Hensler identified, 139n mentioned, 139 Small, Albion Woodbury, 226n The Smart Set (magazine) Santayana on, 149 mentioned, 149n Smith, Adam identified, 103n mentioned, 102 Smith, Logan Pearsall identified, 17n letter(s) to, 16, 22, 44, 78, 83, 84, 222, 242, 362 More Trivia, 78, 79n requests to quote Santayana, 362 A Treasury of English Prose, 362, 363n mentioned, xxxix, 64, 222, 268 Smith, Willie Haines bankrupt, xv identified, 155n Santayana visits, 155 mentioned, 160, 171 Socialism, 137 Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, 370 Socrates daemon, 362, 363n identified, 188n his principle of self-knowledge, xxxvii role in Dialogues in Limbo, Santayana on, 256 Soliloquies in England (Santayana) proofs of, 30, 41, 59–60, 112 publication of, 17, 26, 29, 32, 33, 43, 73 review of, 132 sale of, 32 Santayana discusses, 6, 13, 57 Santayana requests copies, 63, 66, 76, 84, 106 mentioned, 16, 22, 23, 25, 27, 31, 52, 173, 178, 186 “Some Meanings of the Word ‘Is,’” (Santayana), 194, 195n, 196 Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy (Santayana), xiv, 348, 351, 352, 352n, 353, 358, 360, 364 Souday, Paul identified, 322n Santayana on, 322

508

The Letters of George Santayana

Sonnets and Other Verses (Santayana) as part of Poems, 63, 64n, 75, 76 “Sonnet V,” 157, 158n mentioned, lvi, 165n, 174, 174n Sonnets and Poems of Anthero de Quental (Morley), Santayana on, 186 Sorel, Georges identified, 243n mentioned, 242 Soto (unidentified), 341 Sous le soleil de Satan (Bernanos), Santayana reads, 283–84, 298 Spain is conservative, 4 Santayana on, 43 Spanish law, Santayana on, 167, 282 Toledo, 4, 25 Specialists, danger of, 265 Specious, Santayana defines, 316–17 Speed the Plough (Morton), 127n Spencer, Herbert identified, 161n Santayana’s lecture on, xiv, xliv, 160, 163, 178, 354 Spengler, Oswald identified, 128n Santayana reads, 128 mentioned, 348 Spinoza, Baruch and God, 266 identified, 90n Santayana on, liii, 89–90, 324 Santayana’s lecture on, xxxvi mentioned, l Squire, John Collings “J. C.” identified, 85n mentioned, 85 “The Statue and the Bust” (Browning), 55, 57n Stein, William Bysshe, xxxvi Stendhal. See Beyle, Marie Henri Sterner, Lewis George identified, 357n letter(s) to, 357 Santayana gives permission to quote, 357 Stewart, John Alexander identified, 161n mentioned, 160 Stickney, Joseph Trumbull identified, 207n

mentioned, 207, 241, 242n Stoddard, Theodore Lothrop identified, 226n Racial Realities of Europe, 225 Strong, Augustus Hopkins death of, 49 identified, 49n Strong, Charles Augustus class photograph of, 251 disagrees with Santayana, xvi, 193, 194, 246, 364 his epistemology, Santayana on, 156–57 essence, Santayana responds to letter on, 9–11 on essence, 211 his fellowship for Harvard, 302 in Fiesole, 31, 42, 162, 217, 222, 223, 260 his finances, 237 his health, xvi, 52, 60, 74, 99, 105, 113, 201, 260, 331, 336, 353, 364 identified, 8n letter(s) to, 7, 9, 12, 29, 34, 35, 38, 41, 49, 52, 58, 60, 61, 67, 69, 70, 74, 91, 97, 105, 108, 114, 116, 120, 124, 128, 138, 144, 145, 146, 152, 153, 156, 159, 162, 168, 169, 176, 188, 193, 195, 203, 204, 205, 208, 211, 214, 217, 220, 221, 224, 227, 231, 232, 243, 246, 249, 250, 253, 258, 261, 271, 273, 275, 277, 278, 281, 283, 287, 295, 297, 304, 316, 321, 322, 326, 327, 328, 333, 334, 337, 339, 340, 341, 342, 345, 346, 347, 348, 358 and Margaret’s marriage, 348 and Mind and Its Place in Nature (Drake), 193–94, 200–201, 208, 269, 270n and neo-critical realism, 227 On the Nature of the Datum, Santayana on, 8 in Paris, 200, 201, 247 philosophical partnership with Drake, 177 his philosophy of mind, Santayana on, 74 receives telegram from Margaret, 345, 346 in Rome, 299, 323, 326, 364 Santayana on, 74, 99 Santayana reads, 214 Santayana visits, 34, 165, 217, 220, 221

Index A Theory of Knowledge, 116, 117n, 120 his theory of perception, Santayana on, 243–44 his transportation, Santayana on, 105 travel plans, 150, 169, 195, 203, 211, 258, 295–96, 344 travel plans, Santayana’s advice on, 139, 278, 341 travels with Santayana, 223 in Valmont, xvii, 343, 355, 358 Villa le Balze (Fiesole), xi–xii, xlvi, lv, 71n, 253, 278, 299, 321, 323, 359 visits Santayana, 49, 139, 140, 143, 171, 227 Wisdom of the Beasts, 9, 11n, 16, 18, 41, 42, 74 mentioned, xxxiv, xl, xlvi, xlvii, lv, lvii, 64, 80, 99, 181, 183, 199, 224, 229, 239, 258, 266, 268, 303, 315, 337, 350 Strong, Elizabeth “Bessie” Rockefeller (Mrs. Charles Strong), lv Strong, Margaret (daughter of C. A. Strong) engaged to Cuevas, 339–40 her engagement, Santayana on, 340, 341 identified, 15n in Madrid, 194, 204 her marriage, Santayana on, 343, 348, 355, 357–58 marries Cuevas, xvii, 342 in Paris, 12, 70, 80, 99, 144, 145, 150, 189, 194, 261, 333, 338 Santayana on, 82, 100, 247, 337, 337–38, 343 travel plans, 222, 231, 232, 268, 343 mentioned, xvi, xl, 17, 30, 31, 181, 203, 221, 246, 247, 250, 259, 261, 288, 334, 360n Sturgis, George (Santayana’s mother’s first husband), 210 Sturgis, George (Santayana’s nephew) and his aunt Josephine’s finances, 154, 228–29, 231, 252 and the birth of Nathaniel, 259, 260n collects family data, 255 his correspondence with Santayana, xi his honeymoon, 43 identified, 21n inherits father’s books by Santayana, 106

509

letter(s) to, 20, 21, 33, 43, 50, 51, 53, 54, 72, 79, 80, 92, 106, 112, 118, 127, 128, 139, 143, 147, 151, 154, 165, 166, 170, 181, 190, 200, 201, 207, 210, 216, 224, 228, 230, 235, 238, 247, 250, 252, 254, 259, 262, 263, 267, 282, 285, 290, 301, 314, 325, 331, 337, 357 manages family’s finances, xi, 236 new house, 72, 106, 127, 143 photograph of, 151 power of attorney for Santayana, 21, 30, 33, 54, 119 and Santayana’s finances, xlv, 43–44, 50, 53–54, 72, 118, 180, 190, 200, 202, 207, 225, 229, 235, 237, 247, 264, 290–91, 303, 314–15, 331, 358 Santayana gives advice to, 80 Santayana on, xii, xlv, lvii, 137 Santayana’s executor, 50, 190 his sons, 191 his sons, Santayana on, 216 travels to Europe, 262–63 visits Italy, 263–64 his wife, Santayana on, 216 his work, Santayana on, 282 mentioned, xiii, xxxviii, xl, xli, l, lii, lviii, 101, 149–50, 230, 275, 276 Sturgis, Howard Overing death of, xv identified, 171–72n mentioned, 171, 354 Sturgis, John, 171, 171n Sturgis, Josephine Borrás (Santayana’s half sister) her birthday, 252 death of, xv and finances, 50, 51–52, 92, 119, 148, 167, 170–71, 228–29, 230–31, 252 her finances, Santayana on, 228–29 identified, 21n her letter, Santayana translates for G. Sturgis, 230 her old age, Santayana on, 229 praises Santayana’s work, 230 Santayana’s concern for, 92, 154–55, her will, 154–55, 167, 181, 255 mentioned, xi, 21, 127, 147, 224, 229, 231, 236, 250, 251, 252, 254, 257, 263, 269, 276, 283, 302

510

The Letters of George Santayana

Sturgis, Maud, 171, 182 Sturgis, Nathaniel Russell (grandnephew of Santayana) identified, 260n his name, Santayana on, 260 photograph of, 264 Sturgis, Neville (grandnephew of Santayana) birth of, 166, 170 his name, Santayana on, 166 photographs of, 216, 250 mentioned, 325 Sturgis, Robert Shaw (brother-in-law of Santayana’s mother) identified, 81n mentioned, 80, 177n Sturgis, Robert Shaw (half brother of Santayana) death of, xi, 20 identified, 5n Santayana on, xlv, 24–25 mentioned, 3, 21, 106, 171n, 239, 250, 255, 286 Sturgis, Robert Shaw (grandnephew of Santayana) identified, 21n, 81n photographs of, 113, 119, 151, 216, 229, 250 Santayana’s affection for, xlv visits Santayana, xlv mentioned, 92, 112, 325, 326n Sturgis, Rosamond Thomas Bennett (Mrs. George Sturgis) and the birth of Nathaniel, 259, 260n her honeymoon, 43 identified, 21n letter(s) to, 276 her marriage to Sturgis, Santayana on, lvii her operation, 301 photograph of, 151, 216 and pregnancy, 80, 155, 155n Santayana describes, 276 Santayana on, xii, xlv travels to Europe, 262–63 visits Italy, 263–64 visits Spain, 276 mentioned, xxxvi, lviii, 22, 34, 92, 165, 191, 264, 275, 283, 286, 303, 315, 326, 331

Sturgis, William C., xxxviii Swain & Co (London), 298 Swinburne, Algernon Charles identified, 187n his poetry style, 186

Tartuffe (Molière), 340n Taylor (unidentified), 30 Teatro Fenice (opera house), 205, 206n Telegraph House ( J. Russell’s house in Hampshire) Santayana visits, 153, 257 mentioned, 47n, 154n Teleology, Santayana on, 245 Thayer, Scofield identified, 28n and “Soliloquies,” 27 mentioned, 149, 150n, 154, 201, 202 Thibault, Jacques Anatole [pseud. Anatole France] identified, 284n mentioned, 283 Thomas Aquinas, Saint identified, 361n Santayana on, 361 Thorold, Algar Labouchere identified, 243n mentioned, 242 Thoron, Ward, 77n, 172 A Thousand and One Nights, 45, 187, 331, 331n “Three Philosopher-Prophets” (McDowall), 18n Three Philosophical Poets (Santayana), 184 The Times Literary Supplement (London), 371 Titus, Edward W. identified, 318n letter(s) to, 317 Santayana considers submitting articles to, 317 Toy, Crawford Howell identified, 5n mentioned, 5 Toy, Nancy Saunders (Mrs. Crawford H. Toy) homesick, 249 identified, 5n Santayana has present sent to, 225, 226 Santayana’s friendship with, xlii, 3

Index travel plans, 246, 247, 249 mentioned, xxxix, xlix, li, 76, 129, 140, 183, 237, 298, 314, 316 Tre Re (restaurant), 35, 36 Trinity College, 64, 64n, 142n, 153, 158n “The Triumph of Zeus” (Santayana), never published, 318, 318n Turner. Mrs. (unidentified), 6 Twain, Mark. See Clemens, Samuel L.

“Ultimate Religion” (Santayana), xxxvi Unamuno, Miguel de identified, 267n mentioned, 267 Unidentified Recipient letter(s) to, 121, 309 University of Cambridge (England), 269, 270n “The Unknowable” (Santayana), 151, 151n Updike, Daniel Berkeley identified, 313n mentioned, 312

Vagabond Scholar: A Venture into the Privacy of George Santayana (Lind), lvi Vaihinger, Hans Die Philosophie des als ob, 71, 71n identified, 71n Valéry, Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules identified, 281n Le Serpent, 322, 322n poems, Santayana reads, 322 mentioned, 280, 322 Valmont (clinic), 116, 117, 117n, 121, 128, 144, 355 Van Arsdale, Rachel Oatman (Mrs. Horace Kallen), 323, 325n Van Doren, Carl Clinton his article, Santayana on, 155 identified, 155–56n Vanderbilt, Cornelius identified, 182n mentioned, 181 “Variation, Heredity and Consciousness” (Montague), 15n The Veiled Empress, an Unacademic Biography (Morton), Santayana evaluates, 191–92 Vedanta, 68

511

Vendryes, Joseph identified, 71n Le Langage, 71 Santayana reads, 71 Venice British in, 204 Germans in, 204 Italians in, 204 restaurants in, 203, 204–5 Santayana explores, 204 Santayana in, xii, 204, 205, 297, 298 Santayana on, 202, 203, 204, 205, 236 weather in, 205 Venice on Foot, with the Itinerary of the Grand Canal and Several Direct Routes to Useful Places (Douglas), 204, 205n Vera (“Elizabeth”) described, 47n mentioned, 46 Verdi, Giuseppe identified, 303n La Traviata, 303 Vergil, 163, 163n Versailles, 105, 106n Victoria Eugenia, Princess of Battenburg (married to Alfonso XIII, king of Spain), 168, 169n Villa Borghese (Rome), 71, 71n, 168, 223, 234, 354 Villa le Balze (Fiesole), xi–xii, xlvi, lv, 71n, 253, 278, 299, 321, 323, 359 Vivante, Leone identified, 169n Santayana on, 169 mentioned, 168

Walker Fellowship (Harvard), 302, 303n Walker, Mr. (unidentified), 141 “Walt Whitman: A Dialogue” (Santayana), 311n Warren, Peter, 64, 64n, 89 Watson, John Broadus identified, 103n mentioned, 102 Weiss, Paul identified, 280n letter(s) to, 280 Wells, Edgar Huidekoper identified, 95n in Oxford, 94

512

The Letters of George Santayana

Wells, H[erbert] G[eorge] identified, 70n The Outline of History, 69 Westenholz, Albert W. von identified, 49n on Lucifer (Santayana), 241 mentioned, xii, 66, 183, 227, 237, 297, 313, 338 Wheelock, John Hall The Letters of George Santayana (Scribner’s), 369 mentioned, xxxix, 371 Whited Sepulchre (Journal of Philosophy), Santayana writes reviews for, 243 Whitehead, Alfred North identified, 15n The Principle of Relativity, 105, 106n Santayana reads, 14 Science and the Modern World, 287, 323 mentioned, 329 Whitman, Sarah Wyman (Mrs. Henry Whitman), 56, 58n Whitman, Walt[er] identified, 311n Santayana on, 311 Why Religion (Kallen) errors in, Santayana on, 325 Santayana on, 323, 339 Wilde, Oscar identified, 342n mentioned, 341 Williams-Ellis, Clough and Amabel identified, 226n The Pleasures of Architecture, 226 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow identified, 57n Santayana discusses, 56 Windram (unidentified), 30 Winds of Doctrine (Santayana) new edition, 126, 278, 285, 287 mentioned, 279, 279–80n, 285 Winslow, Frederick identified, 25n Santayana’s friendship with, 24 mentioned, 76, 129, 135, 140 Winslow, Mary Williams (Mrs. Frederick Winslow) identified, 25n letter(s) to, 24, 55, 68, 99, 136 Santayana’s friendship with, xlii, 24 mentioned, xxxix, lvii, 76, 129, 135, 140

Wisdom of the Beasts (Strong), 9, 16, 18, 74 Wolfson, Harry Austryn identified, 90n letter(s) to, 89 The Philosophy of Spinoza, Santayana gives advice on, 90 mentioned, liii Woodbridge, Frederick James Eugene identified, 365n letter(s) to, 194, 239, 260, 263 Realm of Mind, Santayana declines to write review, 364 Wordsworth, William identified, 288n mentioned, 288 The Works of George Santayana (MIT) editorial policy, 367–69 mentioned, 372 World War I and Oxford, 94 and Santayana, 179

Yale Review (journal) “A Preface to a System of Philosophy” (Santayana), 166n, 175, 183 Santayana requests copies, 183 Santayana requests proofs, 176 and Santayana’s books, 166 Yeats, William Butler identified, 333n mentioned, 332 Young, Owen identified, 214n mentioned, 213

Zampa, Luciano L’io nella filosofia germanica, 84n mentioned, 84, 100, 176 Zionism, 39 Zionism and World Politics (Kallen), 39, 40n

Colophon

This book was designed and set in Baskerville. It was printed on 50-pound acid-free recycled paper and bound in ICG/Holliston Arrestox B 48650 cloth by Edwards Brothers Incorporated.