Drama and the Succession to the Crown, 1561-1633

Drama and the Succession to the Crown, 1561–1633

Lisa Hopkins

DRAMA AND THE SUCCESSION TO THE CROWN, 1561–1633

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Christopher Marlowe and the Succession to the English Crown

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One King, Two Kingdoms?

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Chapter 1

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7KLVFRXOGEHVHHQDVGLUHFWO\HFKRLQJWKHUKHWRULFRIWKHTXHHQKHUVHOIZKHQVKH WROG3DUOLDPHQWWKDWLQWKHPDWWHURI0DU\¶VH[HFXWLRQµ\RXPXVWWDNHDQDQVZHU ZLWKRXWDQVZHUDWP\KDQGV¶35 Gonorill’s words might thus be seen as coming DV FORVH DV DQ (OL]DEHWKDQ SOD\ FRXOG WR UHIHUULQJ GLUHFWO\ WR LWV TXHHQ DQG RI UHPLQGLQJWKHDXGLHQFHRIDQHSLVRGHLQKHUOLIHZKLFKVKHKHUVHOISUHIHUUHGWR GLVFXVVDVOLWWOHDVSRVVLEOH 6RPHRIWKHVHPRWLIVPD\DSSHDUWRVKDUHIHZVXUIDFHFRQQHFWLRQV+RZHYHU QRWRQO\ZDVRSHQGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHVXFFHVVLRQIRUELGGHQVRWKDWUHÀHFWLRQVRQLW PD\SHUIRUFHEHREOLTXHLQVXEVWDQWLDOGLI¿FXOWWRSLQGRZQEXWLVVXHVDVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH VXFFHVVLRQ ZHUH LQH[WULFDEO\ LQWHUZRYHQ ZLWK WKH ZLGHU TXHVWLRQV RI UXOH DQG WKHVH ZHUH FRPSOH[ SHUYDVLYH DQG VXVFHSWLEOH RI PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW PDQLIHVWDWLRQV,GRQRWPHDQWRVXJJHVWDPRQROLWKLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQEXW,DUJXH WKDW LI 7DPEXUODLQH LV LQWHUWH[WXDOO\ FRQQHFWHG ZLWK D JURXS RI SOD\V H[SOLFLWO\ FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHVXFFHVVLRQWKLVLVQRDFFLGHQWEXWUDWKHUDQ indication rhat 7DPEXUODLQH too is interested in the issue, and that in the charged SROLWLFDOFOLPDWHRIWKHVDQGVLWVRULJLQDODXGLHQFHVZRXOGSUREDEO\KDYH EHHQUHVSRQVLYHWRFRQQHFWLRQVDQGVXJJHVWLRQVZKLFKSRLQWHGLQWKDWGLUHFWLRQ 7KLV LV DQ DVSHFW RI WKH SOD\ WKDW KDV QRW DWWUDFWHG SDUWLFXODU FULWLFDO DWWHQWLRQ QRGRXEWEHFDXVHRIWKHODUJHUWKDQOLIHDQGRYHUSRZHULQJQDWXUHRIWKHFHQWUDO character: when there is a Tamburlaine on stage to be looked at it, we hardly seem WREHLQYLWHGWRFRQWHPSODWHZKRRUZKDWPLJKWFRPHDIWHUKLP$QG\HWWKHSOD\ GRHVLQIDFWLQYLWHXVWRMXVWVXFKFRQWHPSODWLRQDQGLWGRHVVRLQWHUPVZKLFK FDQRQO\EHVHHQDVQRWRQO\EHDULQJRQ(QJODQGEXWDVUDLVLQJZLGHUTXHVWLRQV DERXWWKHSULQFLSOHVJRYHUQLQJVXFFHVVLRQLQJHQHUDO,QWKH¿UVWSODFHLWGRHVVR E\LWVRZQUHOHQWOHVVO\VHTXHQWLDOVWUXFWXUHDQGLQGHHGQDWXUHWKHRIWHQGHSORUHG 34 6HH3DXO
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35

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'LGR4XHHQRI&DUWKDJH has a childless Dido willingly mothering the son whom KLVDFWXDOIDWKHU$HQHDVQHJOHFWVDQGYHU\QHDUO\DEDQGRQVDQG7KH-HZRI0DOWD KDVERWK)HUQH]HDQGKLVVRQ/RGRZLFNDQG6HOLP&DO\PDWKDQGE\LPSOLFDWLRQ KLV IDWKHU WKH 6XOWDQ 2QO\ Doctor Faustus RIIHUV DQ DSSDUHQW H[FHSWLRQ WR WKH UXOH EXW LQ IDFW LW WRR DGGUHVVHV WKH LVVXH RI VXFFHVVLRQ KHDGRQ ZKHQ )DXVWXV says ‘([KDHUHGLWDUH ¿OLXP QRQ SRWHVW SDWHU QLVL¶ ,L  WKDW LV µWKH IDWKHU FDQQRW GLVLQKHULW WKH VRQ XQOHVV ²¶ 8QOHVV ZKDW" 8QOHVV SUHVXPDEO\ KH LV XQ¿W±ZKLFKEULQJVXVQHDWO\EDFNWRWKDWFHQWUDOTXHVWLRQRIZKDW¿WQHVVWRUXOH DFWXDOO\FRQVLVWVRIDQGRQZKDWEDVLVDSRWHQWLDOUXOHUPLJKWWKHUHIRUHEHGHHPHG LQHOLJLEOHWRVXFFHHG7KLVLVRQHTXHVWLRQZKLFK7DPEXUODLQH does not, indeed GDUHQRWDQVZHUEXWLWSHUKDSVHQFRXUDJHVLWVDXGLHQFHWRDVNLW,QVRGRLQJLW FKDOOHQJHVWKHYHU\WHUPVRQZKLFKWKHZKROHGHEDWHDERXWWKHVXFFHVVLRQZLWK LWVP\RSLFIRFXVRQKHUHGLWDU\ULJKWZDVEHLQJFRQGXFWHGIRUZKDWLQWKHHQG ZRXOGLWPDWWHULI\RXKDGXQTXHVWLRQDEO\WKHEHVWULJKWRIGHVFHQWIURP-RKQRI *DXQWLID7DPEXUODLQHZHUHWRFRPHDORQJDQGVLPSO\VZHHS\RXDZD\"

36 Robert Greene, -DPHVWKH)RXUWKHGLWHGE\1RUPDQ6DQGHUV/RQGRQ0HWKXHQ  ,,LL

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Matthew Woodcock, )DLU\LQ7KH)DHULH4XHHQH5HQDLVVDQFH(OI)DVKLRQLQJDQG (OL]DEHWKDQ0\WK0DNLQJ$OGHUVKRW$VKJDWH S  William Shakespeare, 5RPHRDQG-XOLHWHGLWHGE\7-%6SHQFHU+DUPRQGVZRUWK 3HQJXLQ ,LY 3 0DUMRULH 6ZDQQ µ7KH 3ROLWLFV RI )DLU\ORUH LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (QJOLVK /LWHUDWXUH¶ 5HQDLVVDQFH4XDUWHUO\6XPPHU ±



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51 Reginald Scot, The Discoverie of WitchcraftHGLWHGE\5HY0RQWDJXH6XPPHUV -RKQ5RGNHUUHSU1HZ0DQFKHVWHU 0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV@S  56 On the connections between 'UHDP and 7KH:KRUHRI%DE\ORQ, see also Taylor, %RWWRP7KRX$UW7UDQVODWHG, S

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Chapter 3

5RELQ+RRGDQGWKH.LQJ¶V7ZR%RGLHV Oberon’s was not the only name in $0LGVXPPHU1LJKW¶V'UHDP with the potential WRHYRNHWKHVXFFHVVLRQGHEDWH,Q$3OHDVDQW&RPPRGLHFDOOHG/RRNHDERXW\RX, SXEOLVKHGDQRQ\PRXVO\LQ*ORVWHUVD\Vµ,DPIRUKLPZHUHKH5RELQJRRG IHOORZ¶15RELQ*RRGIHOOORZLVDQDPHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKERWK3XFNDQGDOVR5RELQ +RRGDVZKHQ5REHUW&HFLOZDVGHULGHGDVµ1RW5RELQ*RRGIHOORZQRU5RELQ +RRG%XW5RELQWKHHQFORVHURI+DW¿HOG:RRG¶ and Look About YouLVRQHRI DFOXVWHURISOD\VDERXW5RELQ+RRGWRDSSHDULQ(OL]DEHWK¶VODVW\HDUV6WHSKHQ .QLJKWREVHUYHVWKDW :KHQWKH/RQGRQWKHDWUHVFORVHGGXULQJWKHSODJXHRI5RELQ+RRGZDV QRWSDUWRIWKHSURIHVVLRQDOUHSHUWRLUH«%XWZKHQWKHWKHDWUHVUHRSHQHGDERRP SHULRGEHJDQDXGLHQFHVJUHZDQGSOD\VZHUHQHHGHGIRUZHHNGD\VDVZHOODV KROLGD\VWKHWKHPHRIWKH(QJOLVKRXWODZEHFDPHSDUWRIWKHHYHU\GD\EXVLQHVV RIWKHSURIHVVLRQDOOLWHUDU\WKHDWUHRIPRGHUQL]LQJ/RQGRQ3

(GZLQ'DYHQSRUWFRPPHQWVWKDWµ6HYHQSOD\VIHDWXULQJWKHOHJHQGRIWKHRXWODZ ZHUH ZULWWHQ EHWZHHQ  DQG  DQG ¿YH RI WKHP VXUYLYH¶4 and Michael 6KDSLUR QRWHV WKDW µ'XULQJ WKH V 5RELQ +RRG SOD\V VHHP WR KDYH EHHQ D UHJXODUIHDWXUHDW3KLOLS+HQVORZH¶V5RVHWKHDWHU¶LQSDUWLFXODU5 In this chapter, , IRFXV ¿UVW RQ WKHVH ODWH (OL]DEHWKDQ GUDPDWL]DWLRQV RI WKH 5RELQ +RRG VWRU\ DQGWKHQRQVRPHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\XVHVRIWKH¿JXUHRIWKHRXWODZWRDUJXH WKDW 5RELQ +RRG LV QRW RQO\ D SDUWLFXODUO\ ÀH[LEOH ¿JXUH LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI succession debate but also one who allows us to chart its continuance well into the VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ 1 $ 3OHDVDQW &RPPRGLH FDOOHG /RRNH DERXW \RX, $V LW ZDV ODWHO\ SOD\HG E\ WKH ULJKWKRQRXUDEOHWKH/RUG+LJK $GPLUDOOKLVVHUXDQWV/RQGRQ:LOOLDP)HUEUDQG  VLJ+Y$OOIXUWKHUTXRWDWLRQVIURPWKHSOD\ZLOOEHWDNHQIURPWKLVSULQWLQJDQGUHIHUHQFH ZLOOEHJLYHQLQWKHWH[W  Stephen Knight, 5RELQ+RRG$&RPSOHWH6WXG\RIWKH(QJOLVK2XWODZ2[IRUG %ODFNZHOO S 3 Knight, 5RELQ+RRGS 4 (GZLQ 'DYHQSRUW µ7KH 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI 5RELQ +RRG LQ (OL]DEHWKDQ 'UDPD George a Greene and (GZDUG , ’, in 3OD\LQJ 5RELQ +RRG 7KH /HJHQG DV 3HUIRUPDQFH in Five Centuries HGLWHG E\ /RLV 3RWWHU 1HZDUN 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 'HODZDUH 3UHVV   SS± 5 0LFKDHO 6KDSLUR µ&URVVGUHVVLQJ LQ (OL]DEHWKDQ 5RELQ +RRG SOD\V¶ LQ 3OD\LQJ 5RELQ+RRG7KH/HJHQGDV3HUIRUPDQFHLQ)LYH&HQWXULHVHGLWHGE\/RLV3RWWHU1HZDUN 8QLYHUVLW\RI'HODZDUH3UHVV SS±

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7KHHDUOLHVWRIWKLVODWH(OL]DEHWKDQFOXWFKRISOD\VDERXW5RELQ+RRGVHHPV WRKDYHEHHQ3HHOH¶V(GZDUG,IROORZHGE\George a Greene, perhaps written by 5REHUW*UHHQHLQWKH\HDUKHGLHG$SOD\ZKLFKLVQRZORVWZDVHQWHUHGLQ WKH6WDWLRQHUV¶5HJLVWHULQDQGWKHUHWKHQVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQDVKRUWJDS EHIRUHDSDLURISOD\VE\$QWKRQ\0XQGD\VWDUWLQJZLWK7KH'RZQIDOORI5REHUW (DUORI+XQWLQJWRQIRUZKLFK0XQGD\ZDVSDLGE\+HQVORZHLQ)HEUXDU\ DQGIROORZHGE\7KH'HDWKRI5REHUW(DUORI+XQWLQJWRQIRUZKLFK0XQGD\DQG &KHWWOHZHUHERWKSDLG&KHWWOHZDVDOVRSDLGIRUµPHQGLQJ¶WKH¿UVWSOD\ 6 The $GPLUDO¶V0HQZHUHLQYLWHGWRUHSHDWWKH'RZQIDOO at court during the Christmas VHDVRQ LPSO\LQJ WKDW LW PXVW KDYH EHHQ D VXFFHVV DQG LQGHHG WKH 5RELQ +RRG WKHPHZDVRQHWKDW0XQGD\VHHPVWRKDYHIRXQGSUR¿WDEOHLQJHQHUDO0HUHGLWK Skura points out that $IWHUWKHWZRSDUW'RZQIDOO and Death0XQGD\ZRUNHGRQWKHWZRSDUWVRISir -RKQ2OGFDVWOH LQWKHVXUYLYLQJ¿UVWSDUWRIZKLFK6LU-RKQ:URWKDP SOD\VDUROHOLNH5RELQ+RRG¶V+HSUREDEO\KDGDKDQGLQWKHDQRQ\PRXVLook About You DQGLQWKHORVW5RELQ+RRGSOD\V5RELQ+RRG¶V3HQQ\ZRUWKV  DQG7KH)XQHUDORI5LFKDUG&RHXUGH/LRQ ODWHUDIWHUWKH¿UVW JUHHQZRRGIDGZDVRYHUKHUHVXUUHFWHG5RELQ+RRGIRUKLV/RUG0D\RU¶V pageant, /RQGRQ&RURQDWD

6NXUDIXUWKHUWKLQNVWKDW0XQGD\¶VHDUOLHU-RKQD.HQWDQG-RKQD&XPEHU is also 5RELQHVTXHQRWWKHOHDVWLQWKDWRQHRIWKHWZRIHPDOHOHDGVLVFDOOHG0DULDQ DQG7UDFH\+LOOQRWHVWKDWµWKH5RELQ+RRG5LFKDUG,.LQJ-RKQVHTXHQFHZDV H[SORLWHGHYHQIXUWKHUZLWKWKHORVWVHTXHOIURP7KH)XQHUDORI5LFKDUG &RHXUGH/LRQ¶ There was also Look About You, which Stephen Knight describes DV µZULWWHQ E\ YDULRXV KDQGV DQG WR EH GDWHG LQ  RU SHUKDSV  ZKHQ LWZDVSULQWHG¶DQGIRUZKLFKKHVXJJHVWV$QWKRQ\:DGHVRQ&KHWWOH0XQGD\ DQG 'HNNHU DV SRVVLEOH DXWKRUV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH VXUYLYLQJ SOD\V WKHUH ZDV also $3OHDVDQWSDVWRUDOFRPHG\RI5RELQ+RRGDQG/LWWOH-RKQ entered in the 6WDWLRQHUV¶5HJLVWHULQDQG:LOOLDP+DXJKWRQ¶V±5RELQ+RRG¶V 3HQQ¶RUWKV $OWKRXJKWKHWLWOHSDJHRIGeorge a Greene says, ‘As it was sundry times acted E\WKHVHUXDQWVRIWKHULJKW+RQRXUDEOHWKH(DUOHRI6XVVH[¶DQGD0HVVHQJHULQ

6

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(GZDUGWKH)LUVW mentions ‘Sir 5RJHU0RUWLPRU with all Sussex’,PDQ\RIWKHVH plays are associated with Nottingham, and it is no coincidence that there was also a strong association with the Admiral’s Men, since the Admiral, Charles Howard, was FUHDWHG(DUORI1RWWLQJKDPLQ2FWREHULook About YouIRULQVWDQFHDQQRXQFHV on its title page that it is printed ‘As it was lately played by the right honourable the /RUG+LJK$GPLUDOOKLVVHUXDQWV¶ZKLOHWKHWLWOHSDJHRI7KH'RZQIDOORI5REHUW (DUORI+XQWLQJWRQVLPLODUO\REVHUYHVWKDWLWZDVµ$FWHGE\WKH5LJKW+RQRXUDEOH WKH(DUOHRI1RWWLQJKDP/RUGKLJK$GPLUDOORI(QJODQGKLVVHUXDQWV¶11 In Look About YouWKHROGNLQJ+HQU\VD\VWRKLVVRQ3ULQFH-RKQµ,GRHFRQ¿UPH\RX(DUOH RI1RWWLQJKDP¶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hese two howers it pleas’d his Maiesty 7RXVHP\VHUYLFHLQVXUXD\LQJ0DSSHV 6HQWRXHUIURPWKHJRRGNLQJ)HUGLQDQG That to the Indies, at Sebastians sute, +DWKODWHO\VHQWD6SDQLVK&RORQLH

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+RZHYHUKHVRRQSURYHVWUHDFKHURXV /RUGVRI$OEDQDDQGP\SHHUHVLQ)UDQFH 6LQFH%DOLROOLVLQXHVWHGLQKLVULJKWV And weares the Scottish Diadem, 7LPHLVWRURX]HLPWKDWWKHZRUOGPD\ZRWWH 6FRWODQGGLVGDLQHGWRFDUULH(QJODQGV\RNHVLJ)Y

Here, as in *RUERGXF ZLWK LWV WUHDFKHURXV )HUJXV RI $OEDQ\ WKHUH LV D FOHDU ZDUQLQJWKDWWKH6FRWVDUHQRWWREHUHOLHGRQEXWWKH%DOOLROQDUUDWLYHDOVRUDLVHV DQRWKHULVVXHSHUWLQHQWWRWKHVXFFHVVLRQZKLFKZDVWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHURU QRW6FRWODQGZDVDVHSDUDWHODQGIURP(QJODQGEHFDXVHLILWZDVWKHQ-DPHV9, DQG , ZDV WHFKQLFDOO\ DQ DOLHQ DQG VR H[FOXGHG IURP WKH VXFFHVVLRQ XQGHU WKH WHUPVRI+HQU\9,,,¶VZLOO7KLVZDVVRPHWKLQJUDLVHGLQDWUDFWVXSSRUWLQJ -DPHV¶VULJKWE\$OH[DQGHU'LFNVRQZKRDUJXHGWKDWµDWKRXJK6FRWVPLJKWGHQ\ it, all Englishmen had long claimed that Scotland was held as subject to England DQGWKHUHIRUHWKH\FRXOGQRWQRZLQVLVWWKDW-DPHVZDVDQDOLHQ¶ Scotland also IHDXUHVSURPLQHQWO\LQGeorge a Greene, where Kendall warns that ‘Iames, the .LQJRI6FRWV:DUUHVKDUGYSRQWKHERUGHUVRIWKLVODQG¶VLJ$Y DQGODWHU Cuddie declares, )DWKHU\RXNQRZHWKHDQFLHQWHQPLWLHRIODWH %HWZHHQHWKH0XVJURXHVDQGWKHZLO\6FRWWHVVLJ%U

)LQDOO\LWLVREOLTXHO\HYRNHGLQ7KH'RZQIDOO and The DeathE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKH ZRUNVRI6NHOWRQZKRLVSUHVHQWHGDVERWKWKHDXWKRURIWKHSOD\DQGWKHDFWRURI )ULDU7XFNLQFOXGHG$%DOODGHRIWKH6FRWW\VKH.\QJH and $JD\QVWWKH6FRWWHV 7KHTXHVWLRQRI6FRWODQGZDVREYLRXVO\DYLWDORQHIRUWKHVXFFHVVLRQGHEDWH JLYHQWKHFDQGLGDF\RI-DPHV,EXWWKDWPLJKWQRWKDYHEHHQWKHRQO\UHDVRQIRU LWVSURPLQHQFHLQWKH5RELQ+RRGSOD\V6WHSKHQ.QLJKWQRWHVWKDWDQHLJKWHHQWK FHQWXU\SHGLJUHHGUDZQXSE\:LOOLDP6WXNHOH\OLQNHGµ5REHUW(DUORI+XQWLQJWRQ¶ WRWKH6FRWWLVKERUQHDUOVRI+XQWLQJGRQLQGLVWDQWFRXVLQKRRGLQGHHGKHVXJJHVWV WKDW0XQGD\FRXOGFRQFHLYDEO\KDYHNQRZQWKDW%DUQVGDOHLQ5XWODQGZDVD¿HIRI WKH6FRWWLVKHDUOVRI+XQWLQJGRQ13 This is particularly pertinent to the succession GHEDWHIRUWZRUHDVRQV)LUVWLWZDVWKURXJKGHVFHQWIURPWKHGDXJKWHURI'DYLG (DUORI+XQWLQJGRQWKDW-RKQ%DOOLROFODLPHGWKH6FRWWLVKFURZQDQHYHQWZKLFK DVZHKDYHVHHQLVUHFDOOHGLQ(GZDUGWKH)LUVW0RUHSHUWLQHQWO\WKHUHZDVDOVRWKH PDWWHURIWKHODWHUGHVWLQDWLRQRIWKH+XQWLQJGRQWLWOH7KH¿UVW7XGRUHDUO*HRUJH +DVWLQJVZDVWKHJUDQGVRQRI:LOOLDP/RUG+DVWLQJVZKRIHDWXUHVSURPLQHQWO\ in 5LFKDUG,,,ZKHUHKHWULHVEXWXOWLPDWHO\IDLOVWRSOD\DNLQJPDNLQJUROH7KH VHFRQG HDUO )UDQFLV PDUULHG .DWKHULQH 3ROH D JUHDWJUDQGGDXJKWHU RI µIDOVH  6XVDQ'RUDQµ7KUHH/DWH(OL]DEHWKDQ6XFFHVVLRQ7UDFWV¶LQ7KH6WUXJJOHIRUWKH 6XFFHVVLRQLQ/DWH(OL]DEHWKDQ(QJODQGHGLWHGE\-HDQ&KULVWRSKH0D\HU0RQWSHOOLHU ,QVWLWXWGH5HFKHUFKHVXUOD5HQDLVVDQFH SS± 13 Knight, 5RELQ+RRGSS

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61

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XQFHUHPRQLRXVO\µ6D\FDQ\HORXHPHH,DP:LJPRUVVRQQH¶VLJ(U DWZKLFK HYHQWKHJULHIVWULFNHQ0DWLOGDKDVWRODXJK $V ZHOO DV WKLV PHWDWKHDWULFDO VHOIFRQVFLRXVQHVV PDQ\ RI WKH SOD\V DOVR HPSOR\ VLPSOHU IRUPV RI GLVJXLVH 'LVJXLVH LV D IXQGDPHQWDO SDUW RI WKH 5RELQ +RRGWUDGLWLRQGDWDEOHEDFNDWOHDVWDVIDUDVA *HVWRI5RE\Q+RGH, which was ¿UVWSULQWHGDERXWEXWLVVXUHO\ROGHU31 In Look About You, there are so many LQVWDQFHVRILWWKDW)UHG(-RQHVSURSRVHGWKDWWKLVPXVWEHWKHVDPHZRUNDVDQ DSSDUHQWO\ORVWSOD\NQRZQRQO\E\LWVWLWOHRIThe Disguises-RQHVSDLQVWDNLQJO\ OLVWVDOOWKHYDULRXVGLVJXLVHV 6NLQN RSHQV WKH SOD\ LQ WKH PDNHXS RI D KHUPLW +H DQG *ORXFHVWHU DV WKH SULQFLSDOPLVFKLHIGRHUVHPSOR\RQHGLVJXLVHDIWHUDQRWKHU6NLQNXVHVVL[DQG *ORXFHVWHUIRXU$QG5LFKDUG-RKQ/DG\)DXFRQEULGJH5RELQ+RRG5HGFDS DQG,VDEHO-RKQ¶VZLIH DUHGLVJXLVHGYROXQWDULO\RULQYROXQWDULO\7KHUHDUH WKHQLQDOOVL[WHHQGLVJXLVHV

6RPH RI WKH PRVW QRWDEOH RI WKHVH RFFXU ZKHQ /DG\ )DXOFRQEULGJH GLVJXLVHV *ORVWHUDVKHUKXVEDQGVD\LQJµ%URWKHU,OHIXUQLVK\RXZLWKEHDUG KD\UHDQG *DUPHQWV OLNH P\ KXVEDQG¶ VLJ (Y  5RELQ GLVJXLVHV KLPVHOI DV D ZRPDQ 6NLQNH GLVJXLVHV KLPVHOI DV *ORVWHU VLJ *U  DQG -RKQ VD\V µSHUFKDXQFH WKH +HUPLW,V6NLQNHDQGWKHHIHDQG+HUPLWDOLQRQH¶VLJ+U  ,GHQWLW\LV DOVRIUHTXHQWO\ULGGOHGDQGIUDJPHQWHGLQWKHVHSOD\V HYHQZKHQ QRWDFWXDOO\GLVJXLVHGVLQFHDSSDUHQWO\FKDUDFWHUL]LQJWUDLWVDQGDWWULEXWHVKDYH DWHQGHQF\WRDWWDFKWKHPVHOYHVPRUHRUOHVVDWUDQGRPWRDEHZLOGHULQJUDQJHRI RWKHUFKDUDFWHUV0HUHGLWK6NXUDQRWHVWKDW in 7KH3LQQHURI:DNH¿HOG where Robin has been reduced to a clownish tagalong, it is the urban pinner who takes on Robin’s position as noble outlaw when he DWWDFNVWKHZLFNHG(DUORI.HQGHOO0HDQZKLOHWKHZLFNHG(DUOZHDUV5RELQ¶V NHQGDOJUHHQ5RELQ¶VUROHLVVLPLODUO\GLVSHUVHGLQSOD\VOLNH6KDNHVSHDUH¶VTwo *HQWOHPHQRI9HURQD and +HQU\,9WKDWHYRNHWKHOHJHQGZLWKRXWLQFOXGLQJ5RELQ +RRGKLPVHOIRQVWDJH+RWVSXULVWKHUHEHOLQ+HQU\,9, while Shakespeare’s +DO WKH ³WUXH 3ULQFH´   ÀLHV WKH FRXUW WR EHFRP>H@ D ³IDOVH WKLHI´ E\ EHFRPLQJDKLJKZD\PDQRQHRI³'LDQD¶VIRUHVWHUV´+ +DOMRLQVWKH HYHQIDOVHUWKLHI)DOVWDIIDVRUWRI)ULDU7XFNIURPWKH0D\JDPHVZKRVLQJV DERXW/LWWOH-RKQDQG6FDUOHW+ DQGFRPSDUHVKLVPLVWUHVVWR0DLG 0DULRQ+± 33

Similarly, Prince John in 7KH'RZQIDOO says ‘Then Robin Ile weare they kendall JUHHQH¶VLJ.U ,QDOOWKHVHLQVWDQFHVDFKDUDFWHUµERUURZV¶RQHRUPRUHDVSHFWV RIDQRWKHUFKDUDFWHU¶VLGHQWLW\DQG\HWIXQGDPHQWDOO\UHWDLQVWKHLURZQ 31

Nelson, 7KH5RELQ+RRG7UDGLWLRQLQWKH(QJOLVK5HQDLVVDQFHS )UHG/-RQHVµLook About You and The Disguises’, 30/$6HSWHPEHU  ± 33 6NXUDµ$QWKRQ\0XQGD\¶V³*HQWUL¿FDWLRQ´RI5RELQ+RRG¶S 

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Another thing that makes Robin Hood particularly suitable as a succession ¿JXUHLVWKDWKHLVD¿JXUHRIUHEHOOLRQEXWDOVRSDUDGR[LFDOO\RIOR\DOW\LWLVQR FRLQFLGHQFHWKDWDV0HUHGLWK6NXUDREVHUYHVµ7KH5RELQ+RRGOHJHQGZDVRQH VLWH IRU UHKHDUVDOV RI WKH GHEDWH RYHU VXEYHUVLRQ DQG FRQWDLQPHQW LQ WKH V DQGV¶343HWHU6WDOO\EUDVVDUJXHVWKDWWKH¿JXUHRI5RELQ+RRGLVLQJHQHUDO DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFDUQLYDOHVTXHDQGZLWKFKDULYDUL35 and certainly Robin Hood FRXOGHDVLO\EHVHHQDVDQRSSRQHQWRIUR\DODXWKRULW\6WHSKHQ.QLJKWREVHUYHV WKDW 5REHUW &HFLO µLQ D OHWWHU « UHIHUUHG WR WKH *XQSRZGHU SORWWHUV DV ³5RELQ +RRGV´¶36DQG'RQQD%+DPLOWRQQRWHV(OL]DEHWK¶VUHIHUHQFHWRµWKHKHDGRIWKH ,ULVKUHEHO)HDJK0F+XJK2¶%\UQH>DV@³WKHKHDGRIVXFKDEDVH5RELQ+RRG´¶ +RZHYHULQ7KH'RZQIDOO+XQWLQJWRQPDNHVDZKROO\FKDUDFWHULVWLFDVVHUWLRQRI XQZDYHULQJOR\DOW\WR5LFKDUG Iohn, on a sodaine thus I am resolu’d, 7RNHHSHLQ6KHUHZRGGHWLOOWKHNLQJVUHWXUQHVLJ'Y

7KHFRPSOH[LWLHVRIWKHLVVXHDUHZHOOFDSWXUHGLQGeorge a Greene, where the (DUORI.HQGDOZKRPERWK0HUHGLWK6NXUDDQG(GZLQ'DYHQSRUWUHODWHWR5RELQ +RRG EHFDXVH RI WKH ODWWHU¶V SUHIHUHQFH IRU NHQGDO JUHHQ may declare ‘Then OHWYV¿JKWDQGG\HIRU(QJODQGVJRRG¶VLJ$U EXWLVLQIDFWUDOO\LQJWKHPHQ DJDLQVW WKH NLQJ QRW IRU KLP LW LV OHIW WR *HRUJH WKH IULHQG RI 5RELQ WR VD\ µ:HDUH(QJOLVKERUQHDQGWKHUHIRU(GZDUGVIULHQGV¶VLJ$U )RU'DYHQSRUW WKLV LQYLWHV XV WR UHDG George a Greene LQ WHUPV RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ UHVLVWDQFH theory, since 0HUY\Q-DPHVDQGRWKHUVKDYHVKRZQWKDWSRSXODUXSULVLQJVZHUHWRVRPHGHJUHH DQDFFHSWHGZD\RISHWLWLRQLQJWKHJRYHUQPHQW8VXDOO\GLUHFWHGDJDLQVWORFDO QRELOLW\RUDJHQWVRIWKHNLQJWKH\ZHUHDOZD\VFRQVHUYDWLYHLQQDWXUHPDGH LQUHVSRQVHWRVRPHYLRODWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQDOQRUPVDQGEDVHGRQXQTXHVWLRQLQJ OR\DOW\WRWKHVRYHUHLJQ«,IGeorge a GreeneYLRODWHVWKHSUHFHSWVRIOHDUQHG UHVLVWDQFH WKHRU\ LW LV HQWLUHO\ ZLWKLQ WKH ERXQGV RI D SRSXODU EXW QR OHVV GDQJHURXVWUDGLWLRQ

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Nelson, 7KH5RELQ+RRG7UDGLWLRQLQWKH(QJOLVK5HQDLVVDQFHS 6LREKDQ.HHQDQµ5HFXVDQW,QYROYHPHQWLQD5RELQ+RRG3OD\DW%UDQGVE\&KXUFK
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Nelson, 7KH5RELQ+RRG7UDGLWLRQLQWKH(QJOLVK5HQDLVVDQFHSS Tom Hayes, 7KH%LUWKRI3RSXODU&XOWXUH%HQ-RQVRQ0DLG0DULDQDQG5RELQ +RRG3LWWVEXUJK'XTXHVQH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S 46 7LPRWK\5D\ORUµ³3OHDVXUH5HFRQFLOHGWR9LUWXH´:LOOLDP&DYHQGLVK%HQ-RQVRQ DQG WKH 'HFRUDWLYH 6FKHPH RI %ROVRYHU &DVWOH¶ 5HQDLVVDQFH 4XDUWHUO\  6XPPHU  ±  William Sampson, 9LUWXV 3RVW )XQHUD 9LYLW /RQGRQ SULQWHG E\ -RKQ 1RUWRQ  VLJ'U  3KLOLSSD%HUU\DOVRWUHDWV-RQVRQ¶VPXFKHDUOLHU&\QWKLD¶V5HYHOVDVDVXFFHVVLRQ SOD\ µ9DFDWLQJ WKH &HQWUH RI 3RZHU &\QWKLD¶V 5HYHOV WKH 3URSHUW\ RI 6WDWH DQG WKH Accession Crisis’, in 7KH6WUXJJOHIRUWKH6XFFHVVLRQLQ/DWH (OL]DEHWKDQ(QJODQG, edited 45

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he has put you to’,WKHSUHPLVHDSSDUHQWO\EHLQJWKDWLWZRXOGFKHHUDQH[SHFWDQW PRWKHUPRUHWRVXJJHVWWKDWKHUFKLOGZLOOVXUHO\EHPDOH$FRQFRPLWDQWRIWKLV LV WKDW LQ KHU ZULWLQJ IHPDOH UXOHUV RU FRQVRUWV RWKHU WKDQ KHUVHOI DUH JHQHUDOO\ princesses: she addresses her stepmother, Katherine Parr, as ‘most gracious and VRYHUHLJQ SULQFHVV¶ ZKLOH VKH KHUVHOI LV DOPRVW LQYDULDEO\ D NLQJ RU D SULQFH H[FHSWRQWKHUDUHRFFDVLRQVZKHQLWVXLWHGKHUEHWWHUWRDIIHFWIHPLQLQLW\ 7KHTXHVWLRQRIJHQGHUZDVDOVRJLYHQFRQVLGHUDEOHSURPLQHQFHLQWKH3RUWXJXHVH VXFFHVVLRQGLVSXWHZKRVHLPSRUWDQFHWR(QJODQG,GLVFXVVLQWKHQH[WFKDSWHU,Q KLVMXVWL¿FDWLRQRIKLVRZQFODLP'RP$QWRQLRSUHWHQGHUWRWKH3RUWXJXHVHWKURQH DIWHUWKHGHDWKRIWKH&DUGLQDO.LQJ+HQU\DVVHUWHGWKDWµWKHNLQJGRPHRI3RUWXJDOO IDOOHWKQRWE\VXFFHVVLRQWRWKHZRPDQQRUDQ\HRWKHUGHVFHQGLQJRIKHU¶DQGDIWHU listing the other claimants, declares that $OVR ZKHQ WKH SHRSOH RI 3RUWXJDO YQGHUVWRRGH WKH ULJKW RI VXFFHVVLRQ RI WKH NLQJGRP ZDV FRPPLWWHG WR H[DPLQDWLRQ DQG FRQVLGHULQJ WKHPVHOXHV KDG ODZIXOOSRZHU ULJKWWRHOHFW FKRRVHD.\QJHIRUDQGLQGHIDXOWRIDODZIXOO KHLUH0DVOHGHVFHQGLQJGLUHFWO\RIWKH0DVFXOLQHOLQHWKHUHIRUHWKH\H[KLELWHG DVXSSO\FDWLRQWRNLQJ+HQU\WKDWKLVPDLHVW\ZRXOGYRXWFKVDIHWRJUDXQWWKHP O\FHQFHWRSURSRXQGHDQGDOOHDJHWKHLUULJKWLQWKDWEHKDOIHDQGWRH[KLELWHD SOHDZKLFKHWKH\KDGPDGHWKHUHRI

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6WDLQHVDOVRVXJJHVWVWKDWµ:HFDQVHH-DPHV¶VKDQGHQWHU&DPGHQ¶VWH[W¶ZKHQ &DPGHQZULWHVWKDW%XFKDQDQµDWKLVGHDWKZLVKHGWKDWKHPLJKWKDXHOLXHGVR ORQJYQWLOOKHHPLJKWZLSHRXWZLWKDUHFDQWDWLRQRUZLWKKLVEORXGWKHVSRWVDQG VWDLQHV>PDFXODV@KHHKDGIDOVO\ODLGRQKHU¶)HPDOHQHVVWKHQLVDPELJXRXVO\ PDUNHGERWKDVDVRXUFHRIVWDLQDQGDVDFKDUDFWHULVWLFERWKRITXHHQVDQGRIWKRVH ZKRFODLPWKURXJKWKHIHPDOHOLQH 7KHTXHVWLRQRIWKHUXOHU¶VJHQGHULVDOVRH[SORUHGLQWKHGUDPDRIWKHSHULRG RIWHQLQZD\VZKLFKEHDURQWKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHVXFFHVVLRQ,QSDUWLFXODU,WKLQN LWLVFHQWUDOWRWZRSOD\VRI+HQU\9 and As You Like It, especially since the ODWWHUGUDZVRQDVWRU\ZKLFK,KDYHDUJXHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHUZDVDOUHDG\ associated with the succession: Stephen Knight argues that ‘As You Like It is a FRQVFLRXVO\QRQ5RELQ+RRGSOD\¶REVHUYLQJWKDW 7KH &KDPEHUODLQ¶V 0HQ ZHUH ULYDOV WR WKH$GPLUDO¶V WURXSH DQG LW LV KDUGO\ VXUSULVLQJ WKDW WKHLU UHVLGHQW SOD\ZULJKW 6KDNHVSHDUH SURGXFHG D IRUHVW H[LOH SOD\WRDQVZHUWKHVH5RELQ+RRGDFWLYLWLHVLWLVDPRRWSRLQWZKHWKHULWZDV



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7KH FXVWRP WR ZKLFK KH LV UHIHUULQJ KHUH LV HOXFLGDWHG E\ )\QHV 0RU\VRQ LQ KLV ,WLQHUDU\, when he describes Mahomet III returning to Constantinope to take up rule: 7KHVDPHHYHQLQJKLVEURWKHUVZHUHEURXJKWWRNLVVHKLVKDQGVDWZKLFKW\PH KHZDVVDLGWRKDYHZHSWDQGLQGHWHVWDWLRQRIWKHKRUULEOHODZHWREHJLQQWKHLU UDLJQHZLWKWKHFUXHOOPXUWKHURIWKHLUEURWKHUVZDVVDLGWRKDYHVZRUQHQHXHUWR WDNHDQ\&RQFXELQHQRUWRNQRZDQ\RWKHUZRPDQWKHQKLVRZQH6XOWDQD«+LV VDLGEURWKHUVKDYLQJGRQHUHXHUHQFHYQWRKLPYQGHUSUHWHQFHWREHFLUFXPFLVHG ZHUH OHG LQWR WKH QH[W FKDPEHU ZKHUH WKH &HUHPRQ\ EHLQJ SHUIRUPHG WR WKHP«WKH\ZHUHSUHVHQWO\VWUDQJOHGE\GXPEPHQDQGVRODLGLQ&RI¿QVRI &\SUHV ZLWK WKHLU IDFHV RSHQ WKDW WKH (PSHURU DIWHU WKH &XVWRPH  SDVVLQJ WKURXJKWKDWFKDPEHUWRYLVLWWKLVPRWKHUPLJKWVHHWKHLUIDFHVDQGZLWKKLVH\HV EHKROGWKHPERWKOLYLQJDQGGHDGOHVWDQ\RQHVKRXOGEHSUHVHUXHG

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)LQDOO\KHVD\VWR.DWKHULQHµ6KDOOQRWWKRXDQG,EHWZHHQ6DLQW'HQLVDQG6DLQW *HRUJHFRPSRXQGDER\KDOI)UHQFKKDOI(QJOLVKWKDWVKDOOJRWR&RQVWDQWLQRSOH DQGWDNHWKH7XUNE\WKHEHDUG"¶±  In As You Like ItDSOD\LQZKLFKWKHTXHVWLRQRIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQEURWKHUVLV FHQWUDO 5RVDOLQG VD\V RI 3KRHEH µ:K\ VKH GH¿HV PH  /LNH7XUN WR &KULVWLDQ¶ ,9LLL± DQGLQIDFW5RELQ+RRGSOD\VDUHRIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&UXVDGHV DQGKHQFHZLWKWKH7XUNV,QLook About You5LFKDUGVSHDNVXSIRU*ORVWHUEHFDXVH KHKDVµ'ULXHQRXWWKH6DUDVLQVIURP*DGVDQG&LFLOH)RXJKW¿IWHHQH%DWWHOVYQGHU &KULVWVUHGFURVVH¶VLJ'Y DQGLQ7KH'RZQIDOORI5REHUW(DUORI+XQWLQJWRQ, ZHKHDURI5LFKDUG¿JKWLQJWKH7XUNVVLJ+U 7KRXJKERWKAs You Like It and +HQU\9DUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\WKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKH\VKDUHDQLPDJLQDWLYHIRFXV RQ(QJODQGDQG)UDQFHERWKWKHUHIRUHDOVRUHJLVWHUDSURQRXQFHGLQWHUHVWLQWKH YHU\ GLIIHUHQW ZRUOG RI WKH7XUNV DQG WKLV LV , WKLQN SDUW RI D ZLGHU LQWHUHVW LQ WKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHVXFFHVVLRQ±VSHFL¿FDOO\DVLWSHUWDLQVWRWKHUROHRIEURWKHUV something in which both As You Like It and +HQU\9 are interested, but also more 31 :LOOLDP6KDNHVSHDUH+HQU\,93DUW7ZRHGLWHGE\3+'DYLVRQ+DUPRQGVZRUWK 3HQJXLQ 9LL±  Charles Hughes, 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V(XURSH8QSXEOLVKHG&KDSWHUVRI)\QHV0RU\VRQ¶V ,WLQHUDU\/RQGRQ6KHUUDWW +XJKHV SS



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Richard Dutton too reads +HQU\9 as not just one but two succession plays, an RULJLQDORQHZULWWHQLQZKHQWKHPDWWHUVHHPHGSDUWLFXODUO\LQWUDFWDEOHDQG DUHYLVHGRQHGDWLQJSUREDEO\IURPDIWHUWKH%DWWOHRI.LQVDOH$UJXLQJWKDW PRVWRIWKHHOHPHQWVZKLFKKHWKLQNVEHDURQWKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHVXFFHVVLRQDUH PLVVLQJ IURP WKH TXDUWR 'XWWRQ VXJJHVWV WKDW VXFK HOHPHQWV PLJKW KDYH EHHQ DGGHGLQDIWHUWKH%DWWOHRI.LQVDOH'HFHPEHU UDWKHUWKDQFHQVRUHG LQWKHWH[WVLQFHWKDWFODUL¿HGWKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHVXFFHVVLRQE\UHPRYLQJWKH SRVVLELOLW\RIWKH6SDQLVKXVLQJ,UHODQGDVDVWDJLQJSRVWWRWU\WRLQVWDOOWKH,QIDQWD +HDUJXHVWKDW+HQU\¶VIHDUDERXWWKHVWDELOLW\RI(QJODQG¶VQRUWKHUQERUGHUJODQFHV DW-DPHVDQGWKDWWKHSUHVHQFHRIµ&DSWDLQ-DP\¶GRHVVRWRRDQGSRLQWVRXWWKDW WKHLVVXHRIIHPDOHVXFFHVVLRQUDLVHGE\WKH6DOLF/DZVSHHFKµZDVDFUXFLDOLVVXH ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHPDQZKRDFWXDOO\GLGVXFFHHG(OL]DEHWK¶SDUWO\EHFDXVHµ7KH PRVWUHFHQWVWUXJJOHIRUDYDFDQW(XURSHDQWKURQH±WKDWRI)UDQFH±KDGLQHIIHFW been determined in accordance with Salic Law’41 but principally because James’s FODLPWRWKHWKURQHGHULYHGWKURXJKKLVPRWKHUUDWKHUWKDQWKURXJKKLVIDWKHU  -HDQ&KULVWRSKH 0D\HU µ³7KLV 3DSLVW DQG KLV 3RHW´ 6KDNHVSHDUH¶V /DQFDVWULDQ kings and Robert Parsons’s Conference about the Next Succession’, in 7KHDWUHDQGUHOLJLRQ Lancastrian ShakespeareHGLWHGE\5LFKDUG'XWWRQ$OLVRQ)LQGOD\DQG5LFKDUG:LOVRQ 0DQFKHVWHU0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS±  0D\HUµ7KLV3DSLVWDQGKLV3RHW¶SS 41 5LFKDUG'XWWRQµ³0HWKLQNVWKHWUXWKVKRXOGOLYHIURPDJHWRDJH´7KH'DWLQJDQG &RQWH[WV RI +HQU\ 9’, +XQWLQJWRQ /LEUDU\ 4XDUWHUO\    ±   

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Dutton also sees +HQU\9DVFRQVHTXHQWO\LQWLPDWHO\UHODWHGWRWKHKLVWRU\RIDQ HDUOLHU VXFFHVVLRQ SOD\ RQ  6HSWHPEHU  0RXQWMR\ µKDG PHPEHUV RI KLV VWDIISHUIRUP*RUERGXFLQWKHJUHDWKDOORI'XEOLQ&DVWOH¶S DSURGXFWLRQ RI ZKLFK &KULVWRSKHU 0RUDVK REVHUYHV WKDW µ0RXQWMR\ ZDV GRLQJ PRUH WKDQ HQWHUWDLQLQJKLVJXHVWVKHZDVXVLQJWKHWKHDWUHWRGH¿QHWKHWHUPVRIZDU¶VLQFH µWZRGD\VDIWHUKHZDWFKHG*RUERGXF0RXQWMR\VHWRIIRQFHDJDLQWRSXUVXHD ZDULQZKLFKDVKLVVHFUHWDU\)\QHV0RU\VRQREVHUYHG³WKHFRPPRQVRUWRIWKH UHEHOVZHUHGULYHQWRH[WUHPLWLHVEH\RQGWKHUHFRUGRIPRVWKLVWRULHV,HYHUGLG UHDG´¶43 It is certainly worth noticing that Robert Persons’s A Conference about WKH1H[W6XFFHVVLRQWRWKH&URZQRI(QJODQGZKLFKLVGHGLFDWHGWR(VVH[ZKR VHHPVWREHJODQFHGDWLQWKH¿IWKDFW&KRUXVRI+HQU\9, discusses Hugh Capet DQG&KDUOHVWKH'XNHRI/RUUDLQHERWKQDPHVWREHIRXQGLQ+HQU\9,44 and the idea that +HQU\9 might engage with the succession is boosted by Catherine Grace Canino’s argument that its predecessors the +HQU\9, plays certainly do so: she sees WKH0DUJDUHW6XIIRONDIIDLUDVUHÀHFWLQJ/DG\&DWKHULQH*UH\¶VGRRPHGURPDQFH DQGDOVRVHHVWKH+HQU\SOD\VDVUHODWHGWRWKHµ1HYLOOHFRQVSLUDFLHV¶45 Ultimately, +HQU\9LVXQDEOHWRVXJJHVWDQ\DQVZHUWRWKHTXHVWLRQVLWUDLVHVEHFDXVHWKH\ ZHUHVRH[SORVLYHEXWLWSHUIRUPVDFDUHIXOO\VXVWDLQHGGDQFHDURXQGWKHP I argue that As You Like ItWRRH[SORUHVLVVXHVRIVXFFHVVLRQHVSHFLDOO\DVWKH\ DUHUHODWHGWRJHQGHUDQGSULPRJHQLWXUHAs You Like ItDVKDVRIWHQEHHQREVHUYHG LVH[WUHPHO\LQWHUHVWHGLQEURWKHUVSLWWLQJ2UODQGRDJDLQVW2OLYHUDQG'XNH6HQLRU DJDLQVW 'XNH )UHGHULFN -RKQ +D\ZDUG REVHUYHG LQ KLV DQVZHU WR 3HUVRQV WKDW 

'XWWRQµ0HWKLQNVWKHWUXWKVKRXOGOLYHIURPDJHWRDJH¶SS± Christopher Morash, $+LVWRU\RI,ULVK7KHDWUH±&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S 44 Robert Parsons, $ &RQIHUHQFH DERXW WKH 1H[W 6XFFHVVLRQ WR WKH &URZQ RI (QJODQG, HGLWHGE\:DOWHU--RKQVRQ$PVWHUGDP7KHDWUXP2UELV7HUUDUXP %RRN,SS± 45 Catherine Grace Canino, 6KDNHVSHDUH DQG WKH 1RELOLW\ &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV SS 43

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Chapter 5

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Chapter 6

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