Discourse & Society http://das.sagepub.com/
Duelling discourses, shared weapons: rhetorical techniques used to challeng...
13 downloads
278 Views
180KB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
Discourse & Society http://das.sagepub.com/
Duelling discourses, shared weapons: rhetorical techniques used to challenge racist arguments Farida Fozdar Discourse Society 2008 19: 529 DOI: 10.1177/0957926508089942 The online version of this article can be found at: http://das.sagepub.com/content/19/4/529
Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com
Additional services and information for Discourse & Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://das.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://das.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://das.sagepub.com/content/19/4/529.refs.html
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
"35*$-&
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT
%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT TIBSFEXFBQPOT SIFUPSJDBMUFDIOJRVFTVTFEUPDIBMMFOHF SBDJTUBSHVNFOUT
'"3*%"'0;%"3
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ $PQZSJHIUÂ 4"(&1VCMJDBUJPOT -PT"OHFMFT -POEPO /FX%FMIJ BOE4JOHBQPSF
XXXTBHFQVCMJDBUJPOTDPN 7PM o
.6 3 %0 $ )6 / *7&34*5: "6453"-*"
" # 4 5 3 " $ 5 2ACISM AND ANTI RACISM CAN BE SEEN AS DUELLING DISCOURSES WHICH CONSTANTLY CROSS REFERENCE EACH OTHER 5SING INTERVIEW DATA FROM INTERVIEWS WITH WORKING CLASS -AORI AND 0AKEHA THIS ARTICLE ANALYSES THE WAYS IN WHICH ANTI RACISM EXPRESSED BY ORDINARY .EW :EALANDERS ENGAGES DIRECTLY WITH DOMINANT RACIST DISCOURSES 4HE ARTICLE EXPLORES SOME OF THE THEMES AND LINGUISTIC DEVICES IDENTIFIED IN 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTERS CLASSIC ANALYSIS OF MIDDLE CLASS RACISM IN .EW :EALAND ARGUING THAT COUNTER HEGEMONIC DISCOURSES CHALLENGING THESE THEMES ARE ALIVE AND WELL AND BEING USED TO RESIST RACISM AT A GRASS ROOTS LEVEL )T SPECIFICALLY ANALYSES CHALLENGES TO THE NOTIONS THAT RESOURCES SHOULD BE USED PRODUCTIVELY THAT -AORI SHOULD APPRECIATE THAT THEY ARE MUCH BETTER OFF THAN OTHER INDIGENOUS PEOPLE THAT THERE ARE LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE WAYS OF PROTESTING AND THAT PRESENT GENERATIONS ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR MISTAKES OF THE PAST )T ARGUES THAT MANY OF THE SAME RHETORICAL DEVICES UTILIZED IN RACIST TALK ARE ALSO FOUND IN THE ARTICULATION OF THESE ARGUMENTS INDICATING THAT COMMON LINGUISTIC RESOURCES ARE THE SHARED WEAPONRY THROUGH WHICH AN IDEOLOGICAL BATTLE ABOUT RIGHTS AND DISCRIMINATION IS BEING WAGED , & : 8 0 3 % 4 ANTI RACISM .EW :EALAND RESISTANCE DISCOURSE RHETORIC
*OUSPEVDUJPO
$ISCOURSE STUDIES EMPHASIZE THE WAYS IN WHICH LANGUAGE PRACTICES PRODUCE AND REPRODUCE UNEQUAL POWER RELATIONS #ALDAS #OULTHARD AND #OULTHARD 6AN $IJK !S SUCH THE ARTICULATION OF RACISM IN PUBLIC DISCOURSE THE MEDIA AND EVERYDAY TALK HAS BEEN A MAJOR FOCUS !BEL !UGOSTINOS ET AL "ILLIG %SSED -C#REANOR A B .AIRN AND -C#REANOR 3TRATTON 6AN DEN "ERG ET AL 6AN $IJK 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER (OWEVER LITTLE WORK EXISTS ON THE FORM AND CONTENT OF RESISTANCE DISCOURSES AND THE LITTLE THAT DOES TENDS TO TAKE A CRITICAL APPROACH SUCH AS IDENTIFYING THE LIMITS OF THE LANGUAGE OF
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
@TOLERANCE "LOMMAERT AND 6ERSCHUEREN 9ET WE KNOW THAT DISCOURSE OCCURS IN INTERACTION n IT IS IN FACT INTERCOURSE PRODUCED AND REPRODUCED IN AND THROUGH COMMUNICATIVE INTERACTION "ILLIG 4HE CONTENT OF RACIST AND ANTI RACIST TALK IS OFTEN DIRECTLY OPPOSITIONAL PRODUCING WHAT !UGIE &LERAS HAS DUBBED @DUELLING DISCOURSES 3UCH DUELLING USES A COMMON LANGUAGE WITH PATTERNED FORMS OF SPEECH RECOGNIZABLE TO SPEAKER AND LISTENER 4HESE INCLUDE @RHETORICAL DEVICES FORMS OF EXPRESSION WHICH TAKE ACCOUNT OF AND ARE CONSTRUCTED IN RELATION TO AN AUDIENCES POSSIBLE REACTION %DWARDS 4HE RECOGNITION OF THESE COMMON FORMS ACTS AS @THE VERY GLUE OF SOCIAL EXPERIENCE #HERWITZ AND (IKINS ALLOWING SOCIAL ACTORS TO ENGAGE IN REASONED ARGUMENT WITHOUT THE CHALLENGE OF @TALKING PAST EACH OTHER 3INCE THE PRINCIPLES OF RHETORIC EXIST OVER AND ABOVE THEIR SPECIFIC USE IN A SPECIFIC ARGUMENT "ILLIG #HERWITZ AND (IKINS IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAP THESE PRINCIPLES TO TRACK THE PATTERNS IN THE FORMS OF ARGUMENT SEE 6AN $IJK 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER 4HESE SHARED FORMS OF ARGUMENT ARE PARALLELED BY SHARED THEMES IN CONTENT WHICH ARE STANDARDIZED AND RECOGNIZABLE TO HEARERS AND WHICH BECOME PART OF A CULTURAL REPERTOIRE OF DISCOURSES .AIRN AND -C#REANOR 3COTT AND ,YMAN 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER %ACH CONTAINS WITHIN IT RESONANCES OF OPPOSITION ARGUMENTS !S "ILLIG HAS NOTED @;T=HE ARGUMENT hFORv A POSITION IS ALWAYS ALSO AN ARGUMENT hAGAINSTv A COUNTER POSITION !NTI RACIST ARGUMENTS FOR EXAMPLE CONTAIN CONSTANT SIGNALLINGS OF RECOGNITION OF THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST WHICH THEY ARE CONSTRUCTED 4HUS THE ARTICULATION OF @ATTITUDES ABOUT RACE RELATIONS OCCURS IN A DIALOGIC FORM "ILLIG "ILLIG ET AL SUCH THAT @RACIST AND @ANTI RACIST VIEWS CAN BE PLACED IN JUXTAPOSITION TO FORM A DIALOGICAL COUPLET OR SYMMETRICAL ARGUMENTATIVE PAIR "UT WHAT IS MEANT BY RACIST AND ANTI RACIST DISCOURSES 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER DEFINED RACIST DISCOURSE AS THAT @WHICH HAS THE EFFECT OF ESTABLISHING SUSTAINING AND REINFORCING OPPRESSIVE POWER RELATIONS BETWEEN THOSE DEFINED AS RACIALLY OR CULTURALLY DIFFERENT !NTI RACIST DISCOURSE HAS THE OPPOSITE EFFECT )T IS CONTAINED IN TALK WHICH RESISTS AND CHALLENGES OPPRESSIVE POWER RELATIONS !NTI RACIST DISCOURSE ASSERTS THE VALUE OF DIVERSITY AND THE INJUSTICE OF HIER ARCHIES OF POWER AND WEALTH BASED ON RACIAL OR ETHNIC DIFFERENCE THAT LEAD TO OPPRESSION 2ACIST AND ANTI RACIST DISCOURSES ARE NOT CATEGORICALLY DIFFERENT HOWEVER AS 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER HAVE DEMONSTRATED AND THERE IS CONSIDERABLE OVERLAP IN THE WAYS APPARENTLY @LIBERAL ANTI RACIST SOUNDING ARGUMENTS CAN BE TURNED TO RACIST EFFECT 2ACISM AND ANTI RACISM EXIST ON A @LIBERALCONSERVATIVE CONTINUUM IN REGARDS TO THE EFFECT OF THE DISCOURSE ARTICULATED 4HE FOCUS OF THIS PAPER IS ON THE MORE LIBERAL ANTI RACIST END OF THIS CONTINUUM 2ACISM TENDS TO GET MORE COVERAGE IN BOTH THE MEDIA AND IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH THAN ANTI RACISM !NALYSIS OF RACIST DISCOURSE IN .EW :EALAND HAS BEEN A PARTICULARLY FRUITFUL AREA OF RESEARCH 6AN DEN "ERG ET AL 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER )N THE .EW :EALAND CONTEXT IT HAS BEEN ARGUED THAT GREATER RHETORICAL SOPHISTICATION IS NEEDED TO CONVEY ANTI RACIST CHALLENGES TO THE DOMINANT HEGEMONY 4HUS RESISTANCE IS SAID TO REQUIRE DIFFERENT LINGUISTIC
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT
TOOLS AND GREATER EFFORT AND @THE WORK REQUIRED TO PRODUCE SUCCESSFUL COM MUNICATION IS VASTLY INCREASED AND THE ENTERPRISE PRONE TO FAILURE .AIRN AND -C#REANOR SEE ALSO .AIRN AND -C#REANOR (OWEVER EVIDENCE EXISTS THAT MOST LINGUISTIC STRATEGIES CAN BE USED TO PRODUCE A VARIETY OF ARGUMENTS ALONG THE RACISTANTI RACIST CONTINUUM 4ILBURY &OR EXAMPLE STAKE INOCULATION WHEREBY SPEAKERS MANAGE THEIR APPARENT INTEREST BY AVERRING THAT THEIR ARGUMENT IS NOT THE PRODUCT OF THEIR SOCIAL POSITION CAN BE USED TO SUPPORT ARGUMENTS FOR OR AGAINST ACTIONS THAT MIGHT APPEAR TO BE IN -AORI OR 0AKEHA INTERESTS %XEMPLIFICATION THE USE OF ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES CAN SUPPORT AN ARGUMENT FOR OR AGAINST THE TEACHING OF -AORI LANGUAGE IN SCHOOLS OR THE RETURN OF -AORI LANDS FOR INSTANCE $ISCLAIMERS IN THE FORM OF TENTATIVENESS HEDGING AND CLAIMING AN ARGUMENT IS SIMPLY ONES OWN VIEW CAN PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR BOTH RACIST AND ANTI RACIST OPINIONS #REDENTIALIZING BY REFERRING TO ONES STATUS OR KNOWLEDGE AUTHENTICATES A PERSONS RIGHT TO ARGUE AGAINST AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES FOR -AORI BUT WORKS JUST AS WELL TO WARRANT ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING SUCH POLICIES 3INCE THE TOOLS AVAILABLE ARE SHARED IT CANNOT BE SAID THAT THE WORK OF COMMUNICATING A COUNTER HEGEMONIC DISCOURSE IS VASTLY INCREASED n AT LEAST NOT AT THE LINGUISTIC LEVEL )N FACT THE SHARED LINGUISTIC FORMATS ACTUALLY ENABLE SUCCESSFUL COMMUNICATION AND HENCE RESISTANCE TO OCCUR .EW :EALANDERS ARE ABLE TO ENGAGE IN DISCUSSION ABOUT RACE RELATIONS TO EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS AND @HEAR ALTERNATIVES BECAUSE OF THESE SHARED LANGUAGE STRUCTURES 3O WHILE THESE STRUCTURES ARE THE VEHICLE FOR THE PERPETUATION OF RACIST IDEOLOGIES THEY ALSO ENABLE RESISTANCE
.FUIPEPMPHZ 4HIS ARTICLE ANALYSES QUALITATIVE DATA FROM IN DEPTH INTERVIEWS WITH A NON REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF 0AKEHA AND -AORI FROM BROADLY WORKING CLASS BACKGROUNDS AGED BETWEEN AND YEARS AND LIVING IN THE REGION OF .EW :EALANDS CAPITAL CITY 7ELLINGTON !LL WERE BORN AND GREW UP IN !OTEAROA .EW :EALAND 2ESPONDENTS WERE RECRUITED THROUGH AN INITIAL SURVEY MAIL OUT A LOCAL NEWSPAPER ARTICLE ABOUT THE RESEARCH AND THROUGH SNOWBALLING 4HE RESEARCH WAS PART OF A PROJECT THAT EXPLORED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CROSS ETHNIC FRIENDSHIP IDENTITY AND ATTITUDES TO RACE RELATIONS SEE 4ILBURY 0ARTICIPANTS WERE INTERVIEWED USING A NATURALISTIC CONVERSATIONAL STYLE /AKLEY !S PART OF THE INTERVIEW THEY WERE ENCOURAGED TO EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS ABOUT RACE RELATIONS THROUGH THE PROVISION OF A LIST OF TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION RATHER THAN A SERIES OF QUESTIONS DESIGNED TO PROMPT POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE RESPONSES WHICH MIGHT HAVE @SET UP OR @COACHED PARTICULAR STYLES OF RESPONSE SEE 0OTTER AND (EPBURN 3PEER 4OPICS INCLUDED BICULTURALISM MULTICULTURALISM 7AITANGI $AY PARALLEL JUSTICE SYSTEMSHEALTH SYSTEMSEDUCATION SYSTEMS LAND DISPUTES -AORI LANGUAGE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES -AORI SOVEREIGNTY AND .EW :EALANDS ETHNIC RELATIONS COMPARED WITH THE REST OF THE WORLD 7HILE THE TOPICS WERE NOT FRAMED AS QUESTIONS RESPONDENTS OFFERED THEIR OPINIONS IN THE FORM OF JUSTIFIABLE IN FACT EXTENSIVELY JUSTIFIED ARGUMENTS SEE "ILLIG )NTERVIEWS WERE TAPED AND TRANSCRIBED VERBATIM 5NTIMED PAUSES OF MORE THAN A SECOND
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
ARE INDICATED BY AND SECTIONS REMOVED FROM TRANSCRIPT ARE INDICATED BY ; = 2ECOGNIZING THAT ALL FORMS OF TRANSCRIPTION ARE AT SOME LEVEL COMPROMISED REPRESENTATIONS OF ACTUAL INTERACTION AND EXPRESSION !SHMORE AND 2EED 3MITH ) HAVE USED @FIRST PASS TRANSCRIPTION RATHER THAN *EFFERSONIAN SINCE ) HAVE NOT FOCUSED FOR THIS ARTICLE ON THE INTERACTIONAL ASPECTS OF EXPRES SION AS PER THE INTERVIEW CONTEXT 4HIS IS ADEQUATE FOR THE TASK AT HAND n ANALYSIS OF THE RHETORICAL BUILDING BLOCKS AT THE LEVEL OF FORM AND CONTENT OF ANTI RACIST ARGUMENTS SEE (OLLWAY 0ARTICIPANTS USED A VARIETY OF RHETORICAL DEVICES WHEN EXPRESSING THEIR VIEWS 4HESE ARE OUTLINED LATER BUT MANY HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED PREVIOUSLY BY OTHER WRITERS SEE !UGOSTINOS ET AL "ILLIG #HERWITZ AND (IKINS %DWARDS %DWARDS AND 0OTTER ,E #OUTEUR ET AL 0OMERANTZ 0OTTER 6AN $IJK 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER 4HE POINT TO MAKE HERE IS THAT THE DATA SUGGEST THAT THE DEVICES ARE USEFUL FOR A VARIETY OF ENDS n WITH SOME MORE COMMONLY USED FOR CONSER VATIVE ARGUMENTS SOME TENDING TO BE USED MORE FREQUENTLY FOR LIBERAL ARGUMENTS BUT THE MAJORITY AVAILABLE FOR BOTH SEE 4ILBURY FOR DISCUSSION
%FWJDFTBWBJMBCMFGPSCPUIMJCFSBMBOEDPOTFSWBUJWF BSHVNFOUT s 0RESENTING ONES POSITION AS THE REASONABLE MIDDLE GROUND @) DONT FEEL STRONGLY ONE WAY OR ANOTHER s 2EVEALING THE THOUGHT PROCESSES BEHIND ONES ARGUMENT @) USED TO THINK THAT WAY BUT )VE CHANGED MY MIND BECAUSE s %XEMPLIFICATION USING REAL OR TYPIFIED EXAMPLES @-Y NIECE LEARNED -AORI AND THEN SHE COULDNT UNDERSTAND %NGLISH AT SCHOOL @3EE LIKE IF MY GRAND FATHER OWNED A CAR AND HE SOLD IT YOU CANT GO BACK LATER AND SAY THAT WASNT A FAIR PRICE @)F YOU GAVE AWAY YOUR CAR FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND THEN THEY KEPT IT TO USE FOR SOMETHING ELSE THATS NOT FAIR s #REDENTIALIZING @9OU WOULDNT KNOW BECAUSE YOURE NOT -AORI @3OME OF MY BEST FRIENDS ARE -AORI BUT s 2HETORICAL QUESTIONS @(OW CAN WE BE EXPECTED TO CELEBRATE THEM TAKING OUR COUNTRY @7HAT DO THEY WANT FROM US s $ISCLAIMERS TENTATIVENESS HEDGING @UM 7ELL @) DONT KNOW MUCH ABOUT IT BUT s %MPHASIZING SIMILARITY BETWEEN SELF AND AUDIENCE INCLUDES COMPLICITY APPEALING TO THE LISTENER AS A SHARER OF THE EXPERIENCE @YOU KNOW @YOURE PROBABLY THE SAME YOURSELF s 5SING PERSONAL EXPERIENCE AS PROOF OF VALIDITY @)VE SEEN IT MYSELF s %MOTION DISPLAYS INCLUDES TONE OF VOICE @)T REALLY HACKS ME OFF @OH NOT THIS AGAIN s !PPEALING TO THE @FACTS @,ETS GET THINGS STRAIGHT HERE s 7EAK AGREEMENT @) KNOW TERRIBLE THINGS HAVE HAPPENED @*UST BECAUSE ITS BETTER HERE THAN !USTRALIA DOESNT MEAN ITS PERFECT
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT
s $ICHOTOMIZING IDENTIFYING TWO CHOICES AS THE ONLY OPTIONS @,OOK EITHER THEY TAKE THE FISCAL ENVELOPE AND STOP COMPLAINING OR BE HAPPY WITH WHAT THEYVE GOT NOW @4HEY HAVE TO LISTEN TO US OR THEYLL HAVE A WAR ON THEIR HANDS s )NVERSION @)M WHITE AND MALE n BASICALLY PICKED ON @%QUAL REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT MEANS A SPLIT s $EFLECTIONS @7ELL WE ;WORKING CLASS WHITES= DIDNT HAVE IT EASY EITHER @-AYBE IT WAS A BIT RUDE TO SPIT AT THE GOVERNOR GENERAL BUT THE POINT IS s $IRECT CRITICISM OF ANOTHER POSITION OR INDIVIDUALS ESPOUSING THAT POSI TION @4HEYRE JUST REDNECKS @4HEYD BE BACK EATING EACH OTHER IF WE HADNT COME s .AMING TACTICS @)T WASNT A hGIFTv THEY STOLE IT @4HOSE WHO WOULD BE -AORI s %XTREME CASE FORMULATION OVERSTATEMENT REPETITION EMPHASIS @4HEY SHOULD TAKE THEM OUT AND SHOOT THE LOT OF THEM THEY BLOODY WELL SHOULD THEY SHOULD SHOOT THEM @4HEY DONT UNDERSTAND THEY JUST DONT UNDERSTAND s 3ELF REPAIR @4HEY CAN HAVE THEIR LITTLE CEREMONIES WELL NOT hLITTLEv BUT YOU KNOW @)M ALWAYS A BIT WARY OF 0AKEHA WELL NOT ALL 0AKEHA BUT s $ELEGITIMATION @4HOSE WHO WOULD BE -AORI @7E ARE NOT hALL .EW :EALANDERSv s 5LTIMATUMS @)F IT COMES DOWN TO IT ) KNOW WHICH SIDE )LL BE ON
%FWJDFTBWBJMBCMFQSJNBSJMZGPSDPOTFSWBUJWFBSHVNFOUT s #OUCHING ONES VIEW AS VOICING THE MAJORITY OPINION @) DONT THINK WERE BEING UNREASONABLE s 0ROVERBS CLICHÏS @!T THE END OF THE DAY @%VERYONE GETS DONE OVER ONCE IN THEIR LIFE @9OU CANT TURN THE CLOCK BACK s !CCEDING A GENERAL PRINCIPLE IN ORDER TO DENY A SPECIFIC INSTANCE @9ES PERHAPS WE SHOULD GIVE LAND BACK BUT YOU CANT EXPECT PEOPLE WHO HAVE LIVED ON IT FOR GENERATIONS TO BE TURNED OUT OF THEIR HOMES s $ISCREDITING A SPECIFIC INSTANCE TO DISCREDIT THE WHOLE PRINCIPLE @4HEY GAVE A -AORI SCHOLARSHIP TO THAT BLONDE GIRL s )NCOMPREHENSION @) JUST DONT UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY WANT s 3TUDIED USE OF VAGUENESS @4HEY WANT THIS AND THEY WANT THAT
%FWJDFTBWBJMBCMFQSJNBSJMZGPSMJCFSBMBSHVNFOUT s #LAIMING SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE @-OST PEOPLE DONT KNOW THIS BUT @)F YOU ACTUALLY GO AWAY AND RESEARCH IT s 2ECOUNTING ONES OWN RESISTANCE ARGUMENTS @4HEY WERE SAYING -AORI SHOULD STOP THESE LAND PROTESTS AND JUST GET JOBS SO ) SAID TO THEM s %XPLICIT USE OF FACTUAL DETAIL @4HE 4REATY OF 7AITANGI ACTUALLY SAYS )T IS WORTH BRIEFLY ADDRESSING THE QUESTION OF WHY SOME OF THE DEVICES APPEAR TO BE MORE APPROPRIATE IE TENDED TO GET USED MORE OFTEN FOR MORE CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL ENDS %XAMINATION OF THE DEVICES PRIMARILY USED TO MAKE MORE
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
CONSERVATIVE RACIST ARGUMENTS SHOWS THAT THESE ARE BROADLY FOCUSED ON GEN ERALITIES IN THE FORM OF DIFFERENT STYLES OF EXPRESSING @TAKEN FOR GRANTEDNESS SUCH AS VOICING A MAJORITY OPINION USING PROVERBS INCOMPREHENSION AND VAGUENESS 4HEY ARE SET UP SPECIFICALLY TO AVOID DETAIL AND NEW INFORMATION AND TO PRESENT THEIR POSITION AS THAT OF THE @COMMON PERSON n AN UNTHINKING MAJORITY POSITION WHICH NEEDS LITTLE JUSTIFICATION (OWEVER THE DEVICES USED PRIMARILY TO MAKE ANTI RACIST ARGUMENTS DO THE OPPOSITE n THEY TRADE ON THE EXCLUSIVITY AND DETAIL OF THE KNOWLEDGE BEING IMPARTED 4HIS IS PROBABLY A PRODUCT OF THE FACT THAT ONE IS A MAJORITY OR HEGEMONIC VIEW THE OTHER A MINORITY OR COUNTER HEGEMONIC VIEW REQUIRING THE PROVISION OF @MORE INFORMATION AS IT WERE (OW EVER MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS OF A WIDER CORPUS OF DATA WOULD BE NEEDED TO MAKE GENERALIZABLE CONCLUSIONS OF THIS NATURE AND IT MUST BE RECOGNIZED THAT THE MAJORITY OF THE DEVICES WERE FOUND TO BE USED FOR BOTH DISCOURSES $OMINANT RACIST THEMES ARE EASILY RECOGNIZED AND HAVE BEEN DEALT WITH EXTENSIVELY BY OTHER AUTHORS SEE !UGOSTINOS ET AL -C#REANOR A B .AIRN AND -C#REANOR 6AN $IJK 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER 4HESE ARE RHETORICALLY SELF SUFFICIENT NORMATIVE THEMES n THE BUILDING BLOCKS AT AN @INTERPRETATIVE REPERTOIRE LEVEL 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER JUST AS THE RHETORICAL DEVICES OUTLINED EARLIER ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS AT A LINGUISTIC LEVEL 4HESE THEMES INCLUDE .EW :EALANDERS ARE ONE PEOPLE DEM OCRACY RULES EVERYONE SHOULD BE TREATED EQUALLY EVERYONE CAN SUCCEED IF THEY TRY HARD ENOUGH INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM IS SACROSANCT CULTURAL DIVERSITY IS GOOD IN ITS PROPER PLACE INJUSTICES SHOULD BE CORRECTED WHERE POSSIBLE RIGHTS SHOULD BE GIVEN TO @REAL -AORI THERE ARE GOOD -AORI AND BAD -AORI PRACTICALITY -AORI SHOULD APPRECIATE WHAT THEIR COLONIZERS HAVE BROUGHT THEM RESOURCES SHOULD BE USED PRODUCTIVELY -AORI ARE MUCH BETTER OFF THAN OTHER INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THEY SHOULD APPRECIATE IT THERE ARE LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE WAYS OF DOING THINGS THE PAST IS PAST ONE CANNOT TURN THE CLOCK BACK PRESENT GENER ATIONS CAN NOT BE BLAMED FOR MISTAKES OF PAST GENERATIONS
-ANY OF THESE THEMES APPEAR QUITE @LIBERAL OR PROGRESSIVE PARTICULARLY THOSE TOWARDS THE BEGINNING OF THE LIST 4HEY CAN BE HEARD AS VALUING FREEDOM AND EQUALITY 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER 4HEY ARE GENERALLY UTILIZED HOWEVER FOR QUITE CONSERVATIVE ENDS SPECIFICALLY TO PRESERVE THE STATUS QUO IN TERMS OF EXISTING POWER IMBALANCES 4HOSE TOWARDS THE BOTTOM OF THE LIST ILLUSTRATE THE DIALECTICAL PROCESS OCCURRING BETWEEN DOMINANT AND RESISTANCE IDEOLOGICAL CLAIMS DEMONSTRATING THE DIALOGIC NATURE OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARTICULATION OF VIEWS ABOUT RACE ISSUES 4HEY HAVE DEVELOPED IN RESISTANCE TO PRO -AORI COUNTER IDEOLOGICAL CLAIMS FOR RESTITUTION OF ALIENATED LANDS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES TRADITIONAL RESOURCE RIGHTS AND CALLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BICULTURAL NATION )N THE INTERVIEWS UNDERTAKEN AS PART OF THE CURRENT RESEARCH CHALLENGES TO ALL THESE REPERTOIRES WERE MADE )T IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PROVIDE ANALYSES OF ALL OF THESE HERE SO FOUR EXAMPLES HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR DETAILED DISCUSSION 4HESE ARE THE FINAL FOUR THEMES OR DISCURSIVE REPERTOIRES ASTERISKED ABOVE
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT
A3FTPVSDFTTIPVMECFVTFEQSPEVDUJWFMZ 4HE IDEA THAT RESOURCES SHOULD BE USED PRODUCTIVELY HAS A LONG HISTORY IN !OTEAROA.EW :EALAND "ALLARA SEE ALSO 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER AND COMPLEMENTS THE NATIONAL IMAGE OF HARD WORKING COLONISTS TOILING TO MAKE A HARSH LAND PRODUCTIVE )TS USE DEMONSTRATES HOW CONTEMPORARY EXPRESSIONS OF RACISM DRAW FROM TRADITIONAL STEREOTYPES OF CERTAIN GROUPS OF PEOPLE AS BEING MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN OTHERS "ANTON )N THE EXTRACT BELOW THIS @STANDARD STORY IS DIRECTLY RESISTED BY 2OB A WHITE .EW :EALANDER 0AKEHA MARRIED TO A -AORI WHO EXPLAINS SOME OF THE FACTS BEHIND A WELL KNOWN LAND PROTEST THE 2AGLAN GOLF COURSE @OCCUPATION )N RESPONSE TO A QUESTION ABOUT WHETHER HE EVER DISCUSSES RACE RELATIONS WITH HIS -AORI OR 0AKEHA RELATIVES 2OB REPLIED THAT HE TENDS NOT TO BUT OCCASIONALLY IS IN A POSITION TO @SET PEOPLE RIGHT WHEN HE HEARS MISINFORMATION BANDIED ABOUT (E PROVIDED AN EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF THE SORT OF DISCUSSION HE OCCASIONALLY HAS DETAILING THE WAY IN WHICH HE OC CASIONALLY CORRECTS PEOPLES MISUNDERSTANDING OF THE HISTORY BEHIND THE DISPUTED LAND 4HE EXTRACT IS TAKEN FROM HIS ACCOUNT OF A PUB CONVERSATION WITH SOMEONE WHO WAS @YACKING AWAY EXPRESSING A CONSERVATIVE VIEW 2OB CONCLUDES HIS EXTENDED EXPLANATION WITH THE FOLLOWING CHALLENGE TO THE NOTION THAT RESOURCES SHOULD BE USED PRODUCTIVELY 2OB n ; = 4HE GOVERNMENT OF THAT DAY THEY DIDNT GIVE IT BACK THEY MADE A GOLF COURSE AND YOU KNOW THATS THATS CRIMINAL YOU KNOW AND UH WELL THATS THATS HOW ) SEE IT IT )3 CRIMINAL AND UH WELL NO MATTER ,IKE SOME PEOPLE SAY @/H IF YOU GIVE IT BACK OH THEYLL ;-AORI= TURN IT INTO GORSE OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT EH !ND WELL THATS THATS JUST LIKE WHAT THEY DO WITH THEIR OWN LAND IS WHAT THEY WANT TO DO WITH IT YOU KNOW )TS LIKE MY PLACE HERE IF ) DONT CUT MY LAWNS WELL THATS UP TO ME MM
2OBS EXPLANATION REVOLVES AROUND THE INEQUITY OF THE ORIGINAL BREACH OF TRUST WHEREBY LAND LOANED FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE USE AS AN AIRSTRIP DURING THE WAR WAS THEN RETAINED BY THE GOVERNMENT FOR RECREATIONAL USE SPECIFICALLY A GOLF COURSE SEE $URIE FOR DETAILS 4HE USE OF THE TERM @CRIMINAL IS A NAMING TACTIC A COMMON DEVICE IN THE ARTICULATION OF RACIST DISCOURSE FOR EXAMPLE WHERE PROTESTERS ARE LABELLED @RADICALS @TROUBLE MAKERS AND @STIRRERS .AIRN AND -C#REANOR 0OTTER AND 7ETHERELL 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER )N THIS CASE THE NAMING TAKES THE FORM OF AN @EXTREME CASE FORMULATION 0OMERANTZ WHICH FORCES THE HEARER TO VIEW THE ACT IN A PARTICULAR WAY n IT CLAIMS THE MORAL HIGH GROUND BY CHARACTERIZING THE ACTION AS NOT ONLY MORALLY REPREHENSIBLE BUT ILLEGAL IN TERMS OF 0AKEHA DEFINITIONS OF LAND OWNERSHIP (OWEVER 2OB DOES SOFTEN THE FORMULATION %DWARDS WITH HIS DISCLAIMER SAYING IT IS SIMPLY HIS OPINION ALTHOUGH HE DOES REAFFIRM THE CONSTRUCTION IMMEDIATELY 4HIS SOFTENING IS TYPICAL OF THE EXPRESSION OF UNPOPULAR OR PROBLEMATIC VIEWS AND FUNCTIONS IN THE SAME WAY AS HEDGING TO MAKE A CONTROVERSIAL VIEW LESS EMPHATIC AND THEREFORE LESS THREATENING 2OB ALSO USES EXEMPLIFICATION TO ILLUSTRATE AND SUPPORT HIS ARGUMENT 3INCE IN A SUBURBAN CAPITALIST SETTING ONES RIGHT TO PROPERTY OWNERSHIP IS NOT CALLED
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
INTO QUESTION IF ONE DOES NOT USE THE LAND PRODUCTIVELY 2OB SUGGESTS THAT IT IS UNREASONABLE TO DEMAND GENERALLY THAT LAND MUST BE USED IN PARTICULAR WAYS 2OBS EXPOSITION OF THE GENERAL LIBERAL PRINCIPLES OF FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE TOGETHER WITH THE RIGHT TO USE ONES PROPERTY AS ONE SEES FIT APPEALS TO NEO LIBERALECONOMIC RATIONALIST DISCOURSES ACCEPTABLE TO THE MAJORITY OF LISTENERS "ILLIG 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER (IS DIRECT RESISTANCE OF THE DOMINANT DISCOURSE IS FRAMED AS AN ARGUMENT AGAINST @WHAT SOME PEOPLE SAY 4HIS CONSTRUCTS 2OB AS A COMPETENT MEMBER OF .EW :EALAND SOCIETY WHO IS APPRAISED OF CURRENT OPINION BUT IT ALSO SETS UP HIS ARGUMENT AS A CHALLENGE TO THE STANDARD STORY A STORY USED BY @SOME PEOPLE TO SUPPORT THEIR CONSERVATIVE VIEW )T CONTRASTS WITH ANOTHER DEVICE COMMON IN RACIST DISCOURSE OF SPEAKING FOR ALL AS THOUGH ONE IS SIMPLY VOICING A MAJORITY VIEW 4HIS CONTRASTING APPROACH IS A COMMON FEATURE OF ANTI RACIST DISCOURSE AS WILL BE SEEN IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES )T IS SOMETIMES FRAMED AS AN ACTUAL INSTANCE OF SPEECH AS IN THIS CASE AND SOMETIMES AS GENERALITIES ABOUT WHAT @THEY THE MAJORITY THINK 3UCH FRAMINGS OF SOCIAL REALITY FUNCTION AS COMMON SENSE KNOWLEDGE WHICH IS @TREATED AS GIVEN %DWARDS AND ARE INCLUDED IN THE MONOLOGUE SPECIFICALLY IN ORDER TO SET UP THEIR DIRECT CONTEST ATION SEE ALSO ,E #OUTEUR ET AL FOR AN !USTRALIAN EXAMPLE ! FEATURE OF RESISTANCE DISCOURSES SUCH AS THIS IS THEIR APPEAL TO FACTS WHICH ARE MISSING FROM STANDARD VERSIONS 4HIS PROVISION OF FURTHER INFORMATION POSITIONS THE SPEAKER AS SOMETHING OF AN EXPERT ON THE TOPIC $EVELOPING %DWARDS AND 0OTTERS ARGUMENT THAT VAGUENESS CAN SOMETIMES FUNCTION SYSTEMATICALLY IN ORDER TO PRODUCE A PARTICULAR RHETORICAL END SUCH AS THE IM PRESSION OF COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE OR TAKEN FOR GRANTEDNESS !UGOSTINOS ET AL HAVE ANALYSED THE @STUDIED USE OF VAGUENESS P IN CONTEMPORARY RACIST DISCOURSE IN !USTRALIA 4HE DIRECT OPPOSITE OF THIS DEVICE IS THE EXPLICIT USE OF FACTUAL DETAIL BY THOSE ARTICULATING ANTI RACIST DISCOURSES )T SERVES TO CONTRADICT AND CHALLENGE THE TAKEN FOR GRANTED ASSUMPTIONS HELD BY MANY WHICH USE THE VAGUENESS INHERENT IN GENERALIZATIONS AND THE USE OF UNDER DETERMINED TERMS TO DOWNPLAY THE INJUSTICES OF THE PAST OR THE MAGNITUDE OF CURRENT PROBLEMS 4HUS 2OB PROVIDES GREATER LEVELS OF DETAIL OF THE LAND USE AGREEMENT TO COUNTER THE IDEA THAT THE LAND WAS GIFTED UNCONDITIONALLY AND IN PERPETUITY $ESPITE THESE EMPHATIC ASSERTIONS OF A DIFFERENT TRUTH 2OBS EXPRESSION IS GENERALLY TENTATIVE FULL OF DISCLAIMERS SUCH AS @THATS HOW ) SEE IT @YOU KNOW @EH EVEN THE EMPHATIC @CRIMINAL IS SOFTENED WITH A REPEATED @THAT 7HILE THIS MAY PARTLY BE A RESULT OF HIS RATHER GENTLE PERSONALITY IT ALSO SEEMS THAT IT IS A FEATURE OF THE LESS POWERFUL DISCOURSE WHICH MUST APOLOGIZE FOR CHALLENGING THE STAND ARD STORY OF RACE RELATIONS )N THE SAME WAY THAT DISAGREEMENTS ARE A DISPREFERRED OPTION IN MICRO LEVEL INTERACTIONS AND HENCE ARE CHARACTERIZED BY TENTATIVENESS SEE %DWARDS AT A MACRO LEVEL DISAGREEMENT WITH THE STANDARD STORY ABOUT MINORITY RIGHTS IS ALSO MARKED BY HESITATIONS PREFACING AND DISCLAIMERS MAKING IT LESS THREATENING 9ET IN AN IRONIC WAY TENTATIVENESS ALSO FUNCTIONS IN THE OPPOSITE MANNER TO CORRECTION INVITATION DEVICES 3ACKS MAKING COR RECTION OR CONTESTATION DIFFICULT BECAUSE THE OPINION HAS NOT BEEN OFFERED AS
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT
DEFINITIVE /FFERING AN OPINION AS PERSONAL ALSO PRE EMPTS CRITICISM OF THE ARGUMENT AS A GENERALIZED POSITION
A.BPSJBSFNVDICFUUFSPGGUIBOPUIFSJOEJHFOPVTQFPQMF BOEUIFZTIPVMEBQQSFDJBUFUIBU ! FEATURE ENDEMIC TO THE RACE RELATIONS CLIMATE IN !OTEAROA.EW :EALAND IS THE IDEA THAT WHILE THINGS MAY NOT BE PERFECT THEY ARE CERTAINLY BETTER IN .EW :EALAND THAN ELSEWHERE 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER 4HIS TAKE ON THE RELATIVE MORAL RANKING OF .EW :EALAND IN A GLOBAL HIERARCHY OF RACISTNON RACIST COUNTRIES GIVES A POSITIVE SPIN TO ANY CONSIDERATION OF RACE RELATIONS ISSUES ALLOWING .EW :EALANDERS TO SEE THEIR HISTORY AND CURRENT PRACTICES THROUGH A @ROSE TINTED MIND SET &LERAS AND 3POONLEY WHICH SETS THEIR COLONIAL HISTORY ABOVE OTHERS 4HIS FREQUENTLY TAKES THE FORM OF A COM PARISON WITH !USTRALIA .EW :EALANDS TRADITIONAL RIVAL WITH THE NOTION THAT -AORI ARE MUCH BETTER OFF THAN THE !BORIGINES BEING COMMON !LTERNATIVELY COMPARISON IS MADE WITH MORE OBVIOUS EXAMPLES OF ETHNIC CLEANSING SUCH AS THE SITUATION IN THE FORMER 9UGOSLAVIA 4HIS THEME IS OFTEN ARTICULATED WITHIN AN ARGUMENT THAT SUGGESTS -AORI SHOULD BE HAPPY WITH THEIR SITUATION 6ERKUYTEN AND THAT THEIR COMPLAINTS ARE UNJUSTIFIED BECAUSE THEY ARE RELATIVELY LESS BADLY OFF COMPARED WITH OTHERS 4HE ANTI RACIST RESPONSE DIRECTLY CHALLENGES THE PRESUMPTION THAT THE EXISTENCE OF WORSE CASES SOMEHOW EXONERATES .EW :EALAND FROM THE NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT "OTH EXAMPLES BELOW ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE SITUATION OF INDI GENOUS PEOPLE IN !OTEAROA.EW :EALAND IS PERHAPS BETTER THAN IN SOME OTHER COUNTRIES BUT ARGUE THAT THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE SITUATION IS PERFECT OR THAT IT CANNOT BE IMPROVED 4HUS THE RESISTANCE IS CONSTRUCTED AROUND @WEAK AGREEMENT THE PARTIAL AGREEMENT SERVING AS A PREFACE TO DISAGREEMENT 0OMERANTZ MAKING IT MORE PALATABLE &ARIDA
3O ANY COMMENT ON .EW :EALANDS RACE RELATIONS COMPARED TO THE REST OF WORLD GOOD OR BAD ANY THOUGHTS 9VONNE YEAH ) DONT REALLY THINK THAT IT SHOULD BE COMPARED IN A WAY BECAUSE ) STILL THINK THAT JUST BECAUSE ITS BETTER THAN PERHAPS !USTRALIA WHICH IT IS IN MY OPINION STILL DOESNT MEAN THAT ITS GOOD TYPE OF THING UM YEAH "UT ) THINK UM COMPARED TO PLACES LIKE !USTRALIA OR 3OUTH !FRICA IT IS GOOD BUT IT DOESNT MEAN THAT -AORI PEOPLE ARE LUCKIER OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT
9VONNES AGREEMENT IS INTERESTING IN THAT IT APPEARS BOTH PERSONAL @IN MY OPINION AND UNQUALIFIED @WHICH IT IS @IT IS GOOD -AKING THE VIEW PERSONAL RATHER THAN SAYING THIS IS WHAT EVERYONE THINKS PRODUCES 9VONNE AS SOMEONE WHO HAVING CONSIDERED THE SITUATION HAS COME TO HER OWN INDEPENDENT CONCLUSION RATHER THAN SIMPLY ADOPTING THE MAJORITY POSITION 9VONNE ALSO USES THE REASONABLE MIDDLE GROUND DEVICE PRESENTING HERSELF AS ABLE TO SEE THE POSITIVES AS WELL AS THE NEGATIVES OF EACH SIDE OF THE ARGUMENT (ER POSITION IN CHALLENGING THE MAJORITY VIEW IS ALL THE MORE STRONG AS A RESULT 3HE SUGGESTS COMPARISONS SHOULD NOT BE MADE BETWEEN COUNTRIES NOTING THAT
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
TO ACCEPT THAT THE SITUATION IS BETTER IN .EW :EALAND IMPLIES THAT -AORI ARE @LUCKIER WHICH THEN LEADS TO THE EXPECTATION THAT THEY SHOULD BE GRATEFUL AND STOP COMPLAINING ANOTHER COMMON THEME OF RACIST TALK 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER (ER RESISTANCE OF THIS READING IS EVIDENT IN THE VARIOUS HEDGING DEVICES USED INCLUDING THE HESITANT FRAMING OF THE TERM @GOOD WHICH IS SUCCEEDED BY @TYPE OF THING UM YEAH WHEN FIRST MENTIONED AND PRECEDED BY A SIGNIFICANT PAUSE THE SECOND TIME MAKING CLEAR HER DISAGREEMENT WITH THE STANDARD CONSTRUCTION 9ET LIKE 2OB 9VONNE IS QUITE TENTATIVE IN HER ARGUMENT (ER USE OF THE PHRASES @PERHAPS @TYPE OF THING UM YEAH AND @IN MY OPINION AS WELL AS HER CONSTANT FRAMING OF HER ARGUMENT AS @WHAT SHE THINKS MAKES HER CHALLENGE LESS EMPHATIC AND THUS PERHAPS EASIER TO ACCEPT BECAUSE IT IS NOT CLAIMED AS DEFINITIVE AND IS EXPRESSED IN AS NON THREATENING A MANNER AS POSSIBLE )T IS ALMOST APOLOGETIC IN THE VOICING OF A POSITION OPPOSITE TO THE MAJORITY VIEW AND CARRIES THE GENERAL FEATURES OF DISAGREEMENT AS OUTLINED BY 0OMERANTZ MAKING THE DISAGREEMENT MORE PALATABLE )N THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE !WHINA A -AORI WOMAN MAKES THE SAME ARGU MENT DIRECTLY RELATING IT TO CONVERSATIONS SHE HAS HAD WITH THOSE HOLDING THE MORE COMMON CONSERVATIVE VIEW &ARIDA
/+ DO YOU WANT TO SAY ANYTHING ABOUT HOW YOU FEEL ABOUT .EW :EALANDS RACE RELATIONS COMPARED TO THE REST OF THE WORLD !WHINA 7ELL ) SUPPOSE WERE DOING REALLY WELL COMPARED TO THE REST OF THE WORLD BY WHAT THE NEWS SAYS 9OU KNOW PEOPLE SAY @/H YOU KNOW IF YOU HAD BEEN THERE AND YOUD BEEN THERE YOUD SEE HOW PEOPLE ARE REALLY TREATED "UT ) SORT OF THINK THATS REALLY TERRIBLE BUT THERES NO WAY )M GOING TO SETTLE FOR THIS JUST BECAUSE EVERYONE ELSE IS DOING REALLY BADLY ; = 7E SHOULD ALL STRIVE FOR THE IDEAL AND NOT JUST ACCEPT SECOND BEST BECAUSE SOMEWHERE ELSE IS DOING REALLY BADLY "ECAUSE MY 'OD THAT TO ME IS NOT A VALID ARGUMENT
/NCE AGAIN THE RECOUNTING OF HER OWN RESISTANCE ARGUMENTS IN THE FORM OF @WHEN PEOPLE SAY 8 ) SAY 9 WORKS RHETORICALLY TO PRODUCE !WHINA AS A COM PETENT ENGAGED MEMBER OF SOCIETY BUT ONE WHO IS APPRAISED OF FURTHER KNOWL EDGE OR FACTS TO SUPPORT A DIFFERENT ARGUMENT 4HIS APPROACH HAS A DISTINCTIVE @SOAP BOX CHARACTER TO IT WHICH RESONATES WITH THE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL -AORI ORATORY 3IMILAR TO 2OBS CONSTRUCTION !WHINAS ARGUMENT MUST BE HEARD AS EDUCATIVE BEING A CALL TO REJECT WHAT THE LISTENER LIKE OTHER @PEOPLE HAS PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT 4HE DEVICE OF RECOUNTING ONES OWN ARGUMENTS IS AN INTERESTING COUNTERPOINT TO THE USE OF DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH OF OTHERS IDENTIFIED BY (OLT WHICH FUNCTIONS AS A FORM OF STAKE MANAGEMENT TO PLACE THE SPEAKER OUTSIDE A GIVEN DEBATE AS A DISTANCED OBJECTIVE OBSERVER 2ECOUNTING ONES OWN ARGUMENTS PRODUCES THE SPEAKER AS SUBJECTIVELY ENGAGED IN THEIR EVERYDAY INTERCOURSE WITH THE DEBATE 9ET IT SERVES THE SAME FUNCTION AS DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH IN PROVIDING A SENSE OF IMMEDIACY AND HEIGHTENED REALITY TO THE UTTERANCE BEING RECOUNTED IN A SENSE AS IT OCCURRED SEE ,E #OUTEUR ET AL
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT
,IKE 9VONNES RESISTANCE OF THE ASSUMPTION THAT NOT BEING THE WORST MEANS BEING THE BEST !WHINA CHALLENGES THE NOTION THAT SINCE THINGS ARE WORSE ELSEWHERE ONE SHOULD THEREFORE BE SATISFIED WITH @SECOND BEST ENGAGING WITH THE SORT OF CRITICISM DIRECTED AT -AORI FOR NOT BEING @HAPPY WITH THEIR LOT 3HE EVEN SUBTLY QUESTIONS THE ASSERTION THAT THINGS ARE WORSE ELSEWHERE WITH HER @WELL ) SUPPOSE AND @BY WHAT THE NEWS SAYS 7HILE THE TONE OF THIS EXTRACT IS MORE DEFINITE AND ASSERTIVE THAN 9VONNES THERE ARE STILL A NUMBER OF DEVICES WHICH PRODUCE A SIMILAR TENTATIVENESS n FOR EXAMPLE SHE STILL FRAMES THIS AS HER OPINION @) SORT OF THINK @TO ME "UT IT IS INTERESTING THAT THIS TENTATIVENESS IS CHARACTERISTIC ONLY OF THE FIRST PART OF HER STATEMENT 3HE GRADUALLY BECOMES INCREASINGLY DEFINITIVE AND HER VERY DECISIVE CONCLUSION CONTRASTS WITH 9VONNES AS DOES HER FORCEFUL STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLE WHICH IS NOT COUCHED AS A PERSONAL OPINION @WE SHOULD ALL STRIVE BUT AS A GENERALLY VALID MORAL IMPERATIVE (ER USE OF THE TERM @VALID BUYS IN ONCE AGAIN TO RATIONALIST DISCOURSES (ER FINAL STATEMENT SERVES TO CLOSE DISCUSSION WITH ITS EMPHATIC @MY 'OD AND APPEAL TO RATIONALIST DISCOURSE
A5IFSFBSFMFHJUJNBUFBOEJMMFHJUJNBUFXBZTPGEPJOHUIJOHT ! STANDARD ARGUMENT WHICH IS OFTEN VOICED IN RELATION TO MEDIA REPRESENTA TIONS OF PROTESTS FOR -AORI RIGHTS IS THAT CERTAIN TYPES OF PROTEST ACTIONS ARE LEGITIMATE WAYS OF ATTEMPTING TO DEAL WITH GRIEVANCES AND OTHERS ARE NOT "Y CALLING INTO QUESTION THE LEGITIMACY OF TACTICS USED BY PROTESTERS RACIST DIS COURSE AVOIDS THE QUESTION OF THE LEGITIMACY OF THE PROTESTERS ACTUAL CLAIMS 4HOSE INVOLVED IN PROTESTS ARE CONSTRUCTED AS STIRRERS MILITANTS AND HARD LINERS SEE -C#REANOR A B .AIRN AND -C#REANOR 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION AND THEREFORE AS NOT REPRESENTING THE MAJORITYS OR EVEN A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF A MINORITYS VIEWS ,IKE THE EARLIER EXAMPLE THE RESISTANCE DISCOURSE SOMETIMES COMES IN THE FORM OF @WEAK AGREEMENT A PARTIAL ADMISSION THAT SOME PROTEST ACTIONS ARE NOT SUPPORTED BY -AORI GENERALLY BUT THAT SINCE THE ACTIONS ACHIEVE THEIR AIM THEY ARE ULTIMATELY LEGITIMATE !LTERNATIVELY ARGUMENT MAY BE MADE FOR A DIFFERENT DEFINITION OF LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE ACTION 4HE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE DIRECTLY CHALLENGES A STRONG THEME WHICH EMERGED IN MEDIA COVERAGE OF DEMONSTRATIONS AT THE 7AITANGI $AY CELEBRATIONS WHICH QUESTIONED THE APPROPRIATENESS OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF PROTEST SEE !BEL &ARIDA !NNA
/+ (OW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT 7AITANGI $AY IN GENERAL AND ALSO THIS YEAR AS WELL WHERE THERE WAS THE SPITTING ON THE FLAG AND THAT ; = 4HE MEDIA HYPED IT UP AND IT UM BEFORE THAT THEY WOULDNT HAVE CARED LESS REALLY IT WAS A HOLIDAY AND THAT WAS ALL THEY WERE WORRIED ABOUT YOU KNOW A NICE SUMMERS DAY "UT ) DONT HAVE A PROBLEM WITH WHAT HAPPENED AT 7AITANGI AT ALL ) THINK FIRSTLY PEOPLE HAVE GOT TO UNDERSTAND WHERE THEY WERE WHEN IT HAPPENED AND -ARAE PROTOCOL AND WHAT CAN HAPPEN ON THE -ARAE AND WHAT CANT HAPPEN ON THE -ARAE AND UM JUST EXACTLY WHAT THOSE SYMBOLS OF THE THINGS THAT HAPPENED MEAN YOU KNOW ) MEAN THE FACT THAT ABOUT THE SPITTING AT THE GOVERNOR GENERAL THEY TOOK IT PERSONALLY LIKE IT WAS
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
AT HER AND THEY DONT UNDERSTAND IT WASNT !ND THATS WHERE BICULTURALISM COMES IN AGAIN BECAUSE PEOPLE JUST DONT UNDERSTAND WHY THEY DO WHAT THEY DO YOU KNOW
!NNA A 0AKEHA WHO IS MARRIED TO A -AORI DIRECTLY ENGAGES WITH MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS IN THIS ACCOUNT 3OME CRITICISMS OF THIS PARTICULAR EVENT HAD DRAWN ON -AORI CULTURAL TRADITIONS TO ARGUE THAT THE ACTIONS WERE NOT ONLY IN APPROPRIATE WITHIN A 0AKEHA FRAMEWORK OF RIGHT AND WRONG WAYS OF MAKING A POINT BUT THAT THE PROTEST WAS ILLEGITIMATE EVEN WITHIN -AORI TRADITIONS !NNA DIRECTLY CHALLENGES THIS VIEW WITH HER OWN DESCRIPTION OF THESE TRADITIONS 3HE SPECIFICALLY CRITICIZES MEDIA CONSTRUCTION OF -AORI PROTEST ACTIONS 5SING THE @CLAIMING SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE DEVICE WHICH WORKS RHETORICALLY AGAINST COMMON SENSE UNDERSTANDINGS OF EVENTS "ILLIG !NNA EXPLAINS THAT PEOPLE TOOK OFFENCE AT THE ACTIONS BECAUSE THEY DID NOT UNDERSTAND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE AND ARGUES THAT BICULTURAL EDUCATION WOULD OVERCOME SUCH MISUNDERSTANDINGS 4HE USE OF REPETITION AND DEFINITIVE WORDS SUCH AS @EXACTLY @FACT @UNDERSTAND AND @CANCANT REINFORCE THE VERACITY OF HER ARGUMENT 4HIS CONSTRUCTS !NNA AS SOMETHING OF AN @EXPERT ON THE SUBJECT OF -AORI TRADITIONS AND THE MASSES THE @PEOPLE ;WHO= JUST DONT UNDERSTAND AS THOSE IN NEED OF ENLIGHTENMENT A REVERSAL OF THE USUAL MAINSTREAM CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE PROTESTERS AS THOSE IN NEED OF EDUCATION !NNAS USE OF IDENTITY CATEGORIES DESERVES SOME EXPLORATION 3HE REFERS SEVERAL TIMES AT THE OUTSET TO @THEY n A COLLECTIVITY SO BROAD AS TO INCLUDE MOST .EW :EALANDERS n WHO SIMPLY ENJOY THE NATIONAL DAY AS A HOLIDAY 4HIS @THEY BECOMES @PEOPLE WHILE FOR A BRIEF MOMENT @THEY ARE THE -AORI PROTESTORS !NNA REVERTS BACK TO @THEY BEING THE MAJORITY IN HER CRITICISM THAT @THEY TOOK IT PERSONALLY AND @THEY DONT UNDERSTAND 4HE MAJORITY BECOME @PEOPLE AGAIN IN ORDER TO CONSTRUCT -AORI AS @THEY THOSE WHO @PEOPLE JUST DONT UNDERSTAND 4HE FLUIDITY OF THE IDENTITY CATEGORIES IS REMARKABLE AS THE SAME WORDS n @THEY AND @PEOPLE n ARE USED BUT THEIR MEANING MUST BE DERIVED CONTEXTUALLY FROM THE ACTIVITIES THEY ARE INVOLVED IN AND THOSE THEY ARE CONTRASTED WITH 4HESE MOVEMENTS OF IDENTITY ARE MORE INTERESTING BECAUSE !NNA IS HERSELF 0AKEHA AND THEREFORE COULD BE EASILY IDENTIFIED AS A MEMBER OF THE MAJORITY BUT SHE DOES NOT TALK OF @WE EVEN IN @SCARE QUOTES DISTANCING HERSELF FROM THE MAJORITY OPINION 3HE IS ALSO PRECLUDED FROM IDENTIFYING WITH THE PROTESTORS AS @WE BECAUSE SHE IS NOT HERSELF -AORI 4HIS LEAVES !NNA OUTSIDE ALL CAT EGORIES NEGOTIATING THEIR DIFFERENT POSITIONS AND ABLE TO PRESENT HERSELF AS A DISINTERESTED OBJECTIVE OBSERVER 4HE FLUIDITY OF THE IDENTITY CATEGORIES DEEPLY CONSTRAINED BY POLITICAL CONCERNS DEMONSTRATES THAT @MAKING AN IDENTITY SALIENT IS DEMONSTRABLY AND IRREDEEMABLY AN INDEXICAL LOCAL AND OCCASIONED MATTER SHOT THROUGH WITH SPEAKERS INTERESTS 7IDDICOMBE INTERESTS WHICH INCLUDE A CONCERN WITH APPROPRIATE ALIGNMENT )N TERMS OF THE LEGITIMATEILLEGITIMATE THEME !NNA CHALLENGES THE DEFIN ITIONS OF WHAT IS ACCEPTABLE WITHIN A -AORI CONTEXT ARGUING THAT SPITTING AND OTHER ACTIONS WERE LEGITIMATE IN TERMS OF TRADITIONAL -AORI FORMS OF COMMUNI CATING DISPLEASURE 3HE CRITICIZES 0AKEHA FOR BEING UNAWARE OF THIS 3HE THUS
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT
TURNS THE DEFINITION OF LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE ACTIONS ON ITS HEAD ARGUING FOR A DEFINITION OF @CIVILIZED PROTEST FROM THE VANTAGE POINT OF -AORI CULTURE RATHER THAN A 0AKEHA PERSPECTIVE
A8IBUTQBTUJTQBTU ZPVDBOUUVSOUIFDMPDLCBDL )N A CULTURE OBSESSED WITH TIME IT IS PERHAPS NOT SURPRISING THAT EXPRESSIONS OF RACISM ARE SOMETIMES FORMULATED AROUND ARGUMENTS PRIVILEGING THE PRESENT OVER THE PAST !LMOST ALL RESPONDENTS IN THE CURRENT STUDY FROM THE MOST CON SERVATIVE TO THE MOST LIBERAL EXPRESSED THE VIEW AT SOME POINT IN THE INTERVIEW THAT SINCE THE WRONGS DONE TO -AORI WERE GENERATIONS OLD ITSELF AN ARGUABLE CONTENTION THE DEGREE TO WHICH THESE WRONGS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED BY THE CURRENT GENERATION IS DEBATABLE 4HIS OFTEN TOOK THE FORM OF AN ARGUMENT THAT THE PRESENT GENERATION SHOULD NOT BE BLAMED FOR MISTAKES OF PAST GENERATIONS A THEME ALSO COMMON IN !USTRALIAN RACE RELATIONS DISCOURSES 3UCH A FRAMING UTILIZES A DISCONTINUOUS FORMULATION OF HISTORY TO THE PRESENT CURRENT INJUSTICES AS CON TAINED IN THE PAST AND ENACTED BY PEOPLE FOR WHOM THE CURRENT GENERATION CANNOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER SEE ALSO !UGOSTINOS ET AL -ANY RESPONDENTS USED STRIKINGLY SIMILAR PERSONALIZED FICTIONAL EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE THE SELF EVIDENCE OF THIS VIEW n OF THE FORM @IF MY GRANDFATHER SOLD A PIECE OF LAND FOR A FEW TRINKETS 4HE ANTI RACIST COUNTER ARGUMENT ONCE AGAIN USES WEAK AGREEMENT ACKNOWL EDGING THAT THE CLOCK CANNOT BE TURNED BACK ACCEPTING THAT IT IS NO LONGER POSSIBLE TO EXPECT 0AKEHA TO RETURN FROM WHENCE THEY CAME (OWEVER WHAT DIFFERENTIATES THE ANTI RACIST FROM THE MORE RACIST VERSION IS THE ARGUMENT THAT THIS DID NOT MEAN THAT WRONGS SHOULD NOT BE COMPENSATED IN SOME OTHER FORM AS SEEN IN THE FOLLOWING ARGUMENT FROM (ANNAH A -AORI WOMAN 0EOPLE SEEM TO HAVE THIS IDEA AND ) HEAR IT ALL THE TIME THEY DIDNT STEAL YOUR BLOODY LAND THEY SWAPPED YOU FOR A COUPLE OF BLANKETS )F YOUS WERE STUPID ENOUGH TO DO THAT THEN THATS YOUR PROBLEM RA RA RA 7ELL ACTUALLY THAT IS NOT THE CASE ) LOOK ON IT AS OUTRIGHT THEFT 4HEY MADE PROMISES THEY SIGNED CONTRACTS THEY BROKE THEM THEY OWE )TS AS SIMPLE AS THAT 9OU KNOW ) SAY TO PEOPLE LOOK IF YOU DUG OUT A CONTRACT THAT YOU OWNED THE MIDDLE OF ,OWER (UTT YOUR GRANDPARENTS OWNED THE MIDDLE OF ,OWER (UTT AND THEY LET THE COUNCIL USE IT FOR SAY A HOSPITAL FOR THE GOOD OF THE PEOPLE UM WHEN THEY STOPPED USING IT FOR THOSE PURPOSES THEY WERE TO GIVE IT BACK AND YOU FIND OUT YEARS DOWN THE TRACK YOU DIG OUT THIS OLD CONTRACT WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO !RE YOU GOING TO SAY @/H WELL THEY SOLD IT OFF NEVER MIND .O OF COURSE YOURE NOT GOING TO YOURE GOING TO WANT WHAT BELONGS TO YOU AND THATS EXACTLY WHAT THIS IS )T DOESNT MATTER THAT IT WAS A HUNDRED YEARS AGO )TS IRRELEVANT 4HESE PEOPLE OWNED THIS LAND AND IT SHOULD BE GIVEN BACK
(ANNAH BEGINS BY USING A SIMILAR EXAMPLE TO 2OBS SUGGESTING THAT LAND LOANED FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR OTHER ACTIVITIES ,IKE 2OBS CON STRUCTION OF LAND APPROPRIATION AS CRIMINAL (ANNAH USES @OUTRIGHT THEFT AS HER NAMING TACTIC 3HE USES TERMS TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM A WESTERN CAPITALIST DEFINITION OF OWNERSHIP SPEAKING THE LANGUAGE OF THE MAJORITY IN THE USE OF TERMS SUCH
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
AS @SWAP @STEAL @OUTRIGHT THEFT @CONTRACT @BELONGS AND @OWN TO REINFORCE THIS ACCOUNT 3HE USES A LEGALISTIC CHALLENGE SUGGESTING THAT @CONTRACTS HAVE BEEN BROKEN AND THAT NO ONE WOULD SIMPLY IGNORE SUCH A BREACH WITH A @NEVER MIND ATTITUDE )NSTEAD REGARDLESS OF HOW LONG AGO THE BREACH OCCURRED ONE LOGICALLY WILL @WANT WHAT BELONGS TO YOU 4HIS IS A DIRECT CHALLENGE TO THE STANDARD VERSION WHICH RELIES ON THE IDEA OF AN IMAGINARY STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR UN JUST CONTRACTS OR BREACHES OF CONTRACT (ANNAH FORCEFULLY ARGUES USING RHETORICAL QUESTIONS FOR WHICH SHE PROVIDES DIRECT ANSWERS THAT THE PAST IS NOT THE PAST IT IS IMPLICIT IN THE PRESENT AND THE QUESTION OF WHEN A PARTICULAR INJUSTICE OCCURRED IS IRRELEVANT TO THE NEED FOR RESOLUTION (ANNAH CONSTRUCTS HER ARGUMENT IN DIRECT CONTRAST TO WHAT @PEOPLE SAY !S AN ENGAGED PARTICIPANT IN SOCIETY SHE KNOWS WHAT PEOPLE SAY SHE HAS IN FACT @HEARD IT ALL THE TIME A FORM OF CREDENTIALIZING AND CAN RE PRESENT THEIR ARGUMENT 2ATHER THAN USING DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH (OLT HOWEVER HER PARAPHRASED ACCOUNT IS A FORM OF CONSTRUCTED DIALOGUE 4ANNEN WHICH IS EMBLEMATIC OF A STANDARD STORY COMMONLY HEARD 4HIS SERVES AS THE POINT FROM WHICH TO EMBARK ON DISAGREEMENT 4HE DEPARTURE IS INDICATED BY HER DISMISSIVE @RA RA RA WHICH PRODUCES THIS VERSION AS BOTH SO COMMON AS TO NOT NEED REHEARSAL AND AS NOT WORTHY OF REPETITION (ER DISAGREEMENT PROCEEDS THROUGH A CLAIM OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE TO ARGUE AGAINST THE MAJORITY VIEW 7HILE STARTING A LITTLE TENTATIVELY WITH A DISCLAIMER IN THE FORM OF THE PERSONALIZED @) LOOK ON IT (ANNAH THEN BECOMES MUCH MORE FORCEFUL STATING THE ALTER NATIVE VIEW EMPHATICALLY 4HE USE OF THE PARTICLE @LOOK SIGNALS THIS CHANGE PRO DUCING THE REMAINING ARGUMENT AS VERIDICAL ,E #OUTEUR ET AL 4HE ORATOR IN (ANNAH EMERGES IN THE DIRECT ADDRESSING OF THE AUDIENCE IN THIS CASE SIMPLY THE INTERVIEWER TAKING THEM INTO HER CONFIDENCE BY TELLING THEM @WHAT SHE SAYS TO PEOPLE FOLLOWED BY EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE PARTICULAR PERSONAL AND FICTIONAL FORMS TO ILLUSTRATE HER ARGUMENT /NCE AGAIN WE FIND THE RECOUNTING DEVICE PRODUCING (ANNAH AS AN ENGAGED AND ACTIVE RESISTER OF THE STANDARD DISCOURSE )T IS ALSO QUITE CLEAR HERE THAT THE ARGUMENT IS BEING DEVELOPED AGAINST A KNOWN DISCOURSE AS IT IS HIGHLY OPPOSITIONAL IN TONE 4HE SPEAKER PROVIDES THE MAJORITY VIEW AND THEN PULLS IT APART USING THE DEVICES MENTIONED TO MANAGE THE CONCLUSION TO WHICH THE LISTENER IS LED 3IMILARLY IN THE FOLLOWING EXTRACT !WHINA USES A CONCEPTION OF THE PAST AS FOUNDATION FOR THE FUTURE IN HER ARGUMENT SUPPORTING THE HONOURING OF THE 4REATY OF 7AITANGI $ESPITE ITS AGE OR PERHAPS BECAUSE OF IT THIS DOCUMENT SHOULD PROVIDE LEGAL SANCTION FOR ANY CLAIMS TO CORRECT PAST WRONGS )TS STILL THE FOUNDING DOCUMENT FOR THIS COUNTRY AND THERE ARE SOME BASIC THINGS THAT WERENT KEPT TO ) THINK %VEN THOUGH IT WAS SIGNED YEARS AGO IF WE WERE FOUNDED ON IT THEN IT STILL HOLDS TRUE
! HISTORICAL NARRATIVE THEREFORE DOES NOT NECESSARILY ONLY FUNCTION TO JUSTIFY OR RATIONALIZE CURRENT INEQUALITIES 4HE ARGUMENT THAT WE OUGHT TO ORIENT OURSELVES TO THE FUTURE RATHER THAN THE PAST CAN BE TURNED AROUND TO ARGUE THAT A FOCUS ON THE PAST IS ESSENTIAL TO PRODUCE THE SORT OF FUTURE DESIRED
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT
%JTDVTTJPOBOEDPODMVTJPO )N THIS ARTICLE ) HAVE ATTEMPTED TO DEMONSTRATE THE MANNER IN WHICH RACIST IDEOLOGIES ARE ENGAGED WITH AND CHALLENGED IN ANTI RACIST TALK !N ANONYMOUS REVIEWER ASKED FOR SOME REFLECTIONS ON WHETHER THE DEVICES USED WERE @THE BEST FOR THE JOB )T IS AN INTERESTING QUESTION BUT ONE DIFFICULT TO ANSWER WITHOUT SEEING THEM IN USE IN INTERACTION WITH SOMEONE EXPRESSING THE ALTERNATIVE VIEW A LIMITATION OF THE INTERVIEW METHOD IN ORDER TO OBSERVE THEIR UPTAKE 4HE KEY DIFFERENTIATING FEATURES OF THE DEVICES USED WERE THEIR @DISPREFERRED CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFICALLY A DEGREE OF TENTATIVENESS IN EXPRESSION ALTHOUGH AMBIVALENCE AND CONCERN NOT TO BE SEEN AS RACIST MAKE THIS A COMMON FEATURE OF THE MORE CONSERVATIVE ACCOUNTS ALSO n SEE 4ILBURY AND THE USE OF DETAIL "OTH ILLUSTRATE THAT THIS IS NOT A MAJORITY REPERTOIRE BEING EXPRESSED AND BOTH HAVE A HIGH PROBABILITY OF MAKING THE ARGUMENT HEARABLE INTERACTIONALLY THROUGH THE USE OF POLITENESS AND APPEALS TO RATIONALITY 7HILE THE EXPRESSION OF ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS OFTEN FUNCTIONS IDEOLOGIC ALLY TO CONFIRM EXISTING POWER RELATIONS "ILLIG 6AN $IJK 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER DIRECT ENGAGEMENT CAN CHALLENGE THE POSITION OF WHITE DOMINANCE 4HERBORN ARGUED THAT @;4=HE GENERATION OF IDEOLOGIES IN HUMAN SOCIETIES IS ALWAYS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HISTORIOGRAPHY A PROCESS OF CHANGE OF PRE EXISTING IDEOLOGIES 4HE EXTRACTS DISCUSSED MAP THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION THAT INDIVIDUALS CREATIVELY ENGAGE IN ILLUSTRATING THAT INDIVIDUALS ARE NOT SOLELY SUBJECTS OF IDEOLOGY BUT ENGAGE WITH AND TRANSFORM COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS "ILLIG 4HROUGH REDEFINING TERMS DIRECTLY CHALLENGING THE INTERNAL LOGIC OF RACIST ARGUMENTS PROVIDING DETAILED HISTORICAL FACTS RHETORICALLY QUESTIONING WEAKLY AGREEING WHILE CHALLENGING AND INVERTING MEANINGS AND SO ON ENGAGEMENT WITH RACIST IDEOLOGY PRODUCES WHAT AMOUNTS TO AN ONGOING NEGOTIATION OF DEFINITIONS OF REALITY RESULTING IN MODIFICATIONS TO THAT IDEOLOGY 4HE STRATEGIES DEMONSTRATE HOW INDIVIDUALS CONSTRUCT CONVINCING NARRATIVES TO JUSTIFY THEIR VIEWS AND TO PERSUADE OTHERS OF THEIR VALIDITY AND THAT THEIR EXPRESSION OF OPINIONS IS FUNDAMENTALLY ARGUMENTATIVE 7HILE 'UERRIN HAS RECENTLY OFFERED A SERIES OF FICTIONAL EXAMPLES AND INTERVENTIONS DESIGNED TO ACTIVELY ALTER A COMMUNITYS LINGUISTIC AND IDEOLOGICAL RESOURCES TO ENABLE THEM TO COUNTER RACIST ARGUMENTS THE FACT IS THAT RESISTANCE BY -AORI AND 0AKEHA ALREADY OCCURS AT THE GRASS ROOTS LEVEL 4HIS ARTICLE SUPPORTS THE POLITICAL PROJECT OF .AIRN AND -C#REANOR 6AN $IJK AND 0OTTER AND 7ETHERELL WHO ARGUE THAT UNDERSTAND ING THE PATTERNS OF AND TECHNIQUES USED IN DISCOURSE ENABLES THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES TO UNDERMINE AND TRANSFORM RACIST IDEOLOGY 7HILE THESE AUTHORS NOTE THE IMPORTANCE OF SUCH RESEARCH AS AN ACADEMIC PROJECT ) WISH TO EMPHASIZE THAT UNDERMINING AND TRANSFORMATION IS ALREADY OCCURRING AT THE LEVEL OF EVERYDAY INTERACTIONS AND DUELLING DISCOURSES ARE A FEATURE OF ALL ARTICULATIONS OF ATTITUDES ABOUT RACE RELATIONS ISSUES ! SIMILAR ENGAGEMENT WITH BIOLOGICAL VERSIONS OF RACISM HAS SEEN SUCH DISCOURSES BECOME LESS COMMON OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES )T IS LIKELY THAT OVER TIME CHALLENGES SUCH AS THOSE OUTLINED WILL PRODUCE SIMILAR CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF THE @NEW RACISM
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
"$,/08-&%(&.&/54
4HE AUTHOR WISHES TO THANK THE ANONYMOUS REVIEWERS FOR THEIR COMMENTS ON THE PAPER / 05& 4
!LTHOUGH ) USE THE TERMS CONSERVATIVE AND LIBERAL FOR THIS CONTINUUM THE END POINTS OF THE CONTINUUM ARE GENERALLY A GOOD DEAL MORE LIBERAL OVERALL THAN WOULD HAVE BEEN FOUND A GENERATION AGO 4HERE HAS BEEN A GENERAL LIBERALIZATION OF ATTITUDES IN THE LAST YEARS EVIDENT IN NOW WIDESPREAD SUPPORT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RACIAL EQUALITY BUT FALLING SHORT OF SUPPORT FOR THE ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY TO ENACT SUCH PRINCIPLES 6AN $IJK 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER @3YMBOLIC OR @NEW RACISM "ARKER &LERAS AND %LLIOTT DESCRIBES THE TREND AWAY FROM MAKING EXPLICIT STATEMENTS IN FAVOUR OF RACIAL SEGREGATION OR DISCRIMINATION WHILE AT THE SAME TIME OPPOSING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION OR OTHER POLICIES DESIGNED TO IMPROVE MINORITY OPPORTUNITIES !LTHOUGH THE @NEW RACISM STILL FUNCTIONS TO MARGINALIZE INVISIBILIZE AND DELEGITIMATE ATTITUDES ARE GRADUALLY BECOMING MORE LIBERAL !T THE MORE CONSERVATIVE END OF THE CONTINUUM WERE THE GENERAL NEGATIVE RESPONSES REGARDING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES FOR -AORI LAND OCCUPATIONS COMPULSORY -AORI LANGUAGE AND CULTURE CLASSES IN SCHOOLS ETC !T THE MORE LIBERALPROGRESSIVE END WERE THE POSITIVE RESPONSES ABOUT THESE ISSUES WHICH CORRELATED WITH A GENERALLY MORE POSITIVE VIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF !OTEAROA .EW :EALANDS RACE RELATIONS )T IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THESE RESPONDENTS DEMONSTRATED NO CORRELATION BETWEEN ETHNICITY AND ATTITUDES "OTH -AORI AND 0AKEHA EXPRESSED VIEWS FROM EITHER END OF THIS CONTINUUM %XAMPLES ARE DIRECT FROM INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS OR PARAPHRASES WHERE THE TRANSCRIPT IS TOO LONG 4HE REFERENCE TO @TURNING IT INTO GORSE ALSO FUNCTIONS TO REINFORCE HIS STATUS AS A COMPETENT SOCIAL COMMENTATOR n THIS PHRASE IS COMMONPLACE AMONG CRITICS OF -AORI LAND USE 'ORSE WAS INTRODUCED FROM 3COTLAND DURING COLONIZATION AND IS A WEED IN .EW :EALAND OFTEN TAKING OVER FROM MORE PRODUCTIVE CROPS 4HE IRONY OF CRITICIZING -AORI FOR ALLOWING THE ALIEN WEED TO PROLIFERATE IS LOST ON CRITICS 7AITANGI $AY IS THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE SIGNING OF THE 4REATY OF 7AITANGI A NATIONAL HOLIDAY &OR SOME IT SIGNIFIES THE POINT AT WHICH !OTEAROA.EW :EALAND BECAME A NATION IN ITS OWN RIGHT AND HENCE IS A TIME FOR CELEBRATION OF NATIONAL UNITY FOR OTHERS IT IS SIMPLY A PUBLIC HOLIDAY AND FOR OTHERS STILL IT IS A TIME FOR EXPRESSION OF CONCERNS ABOUT THE STATES TARDINESS IN HONOURING THE 4REATY 0ROTEST ACTION AT 7AITANGI $AY CELEBRATIONS IS COMMON FOR IT IS AN APPROPRIATE TIME FOR THOSE WHO FEEL THERE IS LITTLE TO CELEBRATE TO HAVE THEIR VIEWS HEARD /N 7AITANGI $AY -AORI PROTESTED DURING THE WELCOME OF OFFICIAL GUESTS ONTO THE -ARAE SPEECHES OF CHALLENGE AND PROTEST WERE MADE AND 4AME )TI A PROTESTER FROM THE TRIBE 4UHOE SPAT AT THE FEET OF THE 'OVERNOR 'ENERAL AND 0RIME -INISTER !NOTHER PROTESTER STAMPED ON A .EW :EALAND FLAG AND A SCUFFLE OCCURRED BETWEEN PROTESTERS AND 4E 0UNI +OKIRI THE -INISTRY OF -AORI $EVELOPMENT HEAD 7IRA 'ARDINER -ANY NEWS REPORTS OPENLY CRITICIZED THE ACTIONS AS OFFENSIVE EVEN IF THERE WERE LEGITIMATE GROUNDS FOR DISSATISFACTION 3EE !BEL FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 3&'&3&/$&4
!BEL 3 @4ELEVISION .EWS AS .ARRATIVE 4ELLING 3TORIES ABOUT 7AITANGI $AY 3ITES n
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT !BEL 3 3HAPING THE .EWS 7AITANGI $AY ON 4ELEVISION !UCKLAND .EW :EALAND !UCKLAND 5NIVERSITY 0RESS !SHMORE - AND 2EED $ @)NNOCENCE AND .OSTALGIA IN #ONVERSATION !NALYSIS 4HE $YNAMIC 2ELATIONS OF 4APE AND 4RANSCRIPT &ORUM 1UALITATIVE 3OCIAL 2ESEARCH !VAILABLE ONLINE AT HTTPWWWQUALITATIVE RESEARCHNETFQS TEXTEnn ASHMOREREED EHTM !UGOUSTINOS - 4UFFIN + AND 2APLEY - @'ENOCIDE OR A &AILURE TO 'EL 2ACISM (ISTORY AND .ATIONALISM IN !USTRALIAN 4ALK $ISCOURSE 3OCIETY n "ALLARA ! 0ROUD TO "E 7HITE ! 3URVEY OF 0AKEHA 0REJUDICE IN .EW :EALAND !UCKLAND .EW :EALAND (EINEMANN "ANTON - 2ACIAL 4HEORIES ND EDN #AMBRIDGE #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS "ARKER - 4HE .EW 2ACISM #ONSERVATIVES AND THE )DEOLOGY OF THE 4RIBE &REDERICK -$ !LETHEIA "OOKS "ILLIG - !RGUING AND 4HINKING ! 2HETORICAL !PPROACH TO 3OCIAL 0SYCHOLOGY #AMBRIDGE #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS "ILLIG - )DEOLOGY AND /PINIONS 3TUDIES IN 2HETORICAL 0SYCHOLOGY ,ONDON 3!'% "ILLIG - #ONDOR 3 %DWARDS $ 'ANE - -IDDLETON $ AND 2ADLEY ! )DEOLOGICAL $ILEMMAS ! 3OCIAL 0SYCHOLOGY OF %VERYDAY 4HINKING ,ONDON 3!'% "LOMMAERT * AND 6ERSCHUEREN * $EBATING $IVERSITY !NALYZING THE $ISCOURSE OF 4OLERANCE ,ONDON 2OUTLEDGE #ALDAS #OULTHARD # AND #OULTHARD - EDS 4EXTS AND 0RACTICES 2EADINGS IN #RITICAL $ISCOURSE !NALYSIS ,ONDON 2OUTLEDGE #HERWITZ 2 AND (IKINS * #OMMUNICATION AND +NOWLEDGE !N )NVESTIGATION IN 2HETORICAL %PISTEMOLOGY "ERKELEY #! 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA 0RESS $URIE - 4E -ANA 4E +AWANATANGA 4HE 0OLITICS OF -AORI 3ELF $ETERMINATION !UCKLAND .EW :EALAND /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS %DWARDS $ $ISCOURSE AND #OGNITION ,ONDON 3!'% %DWARDS $ @%XTREME #ASE &ORMULATIONS 3OFTENERS )NVESTMENT AND $OING .ONLITERAL 2ESEARCH ON ,ANGUAGE AND 3OCIAL )NTERACTION n %DWARDS $ AND 0OTTER * $ISCURSIVE 0SYCHOLOGY ,ONDON 3!'% %SSED 0 5NDERSTANDING %VERYDAY 2ACISM !N )NTERDISCIPLINARY 4HEORY .EWBURY 0ARK #! 3!'% &LERAS ! @7ORKING 4HROUGH $IFFERENCES 4HE 0OLITICS OF h)SMSv IN !OTEAROA .EW :EALAND 3OCIOLOGY n &LERAS ! AND %LLIOTT *, 5NEQUAL 2ELATIONS !N )NTRODUCTION TO 2ACE AND %THNIC $YNAMICS IN #ANADA 3CARBOROUGH /. 0RENTICE (ALL &LERAS ! AND 3POONLEY 0 2ECALLING !OTEAROA )NDIGENOUS 0OLITICS AND %THNIC 2ELATIONS IN .EW :EALAND !UCKLAND .EW :EALAND /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS 'UERRIN " @#OMBATING 0REJUDICE AND 2ACISM .EW )NTERVENTIONS FROM A &UNCTIONAL !NALYSIS OF 2ACIST ,ANGUAGE *OURNAL OF #OMMUNITY AND !PPLIED 3OCIAL 0SYCHOLOGY n (OLLWAY 7 @#OMMENTARIES ON 0OTTER AND (EPBURN 1UALITATIVE )NTERVIEWS IN 0SYCHOLOGY 0ROBLEMS AND 0OSSIBILITIES 1UALITATIVE 2ESEARCH IN 0SYCHOLOGY n (OLT % @2EPORTING ON 4ALK 4HE 5SE OF $IRECT 2EPORTED 3PEECH IN #ONVERSATION 2ESEARCH ON ,ANGUAGE AND 3OCIAL )NTERACTION n ,E #OUTEUR ! 2APLEY - AND !UGOUSTINOS - @h4HIS 6ERY $IFFICULT $EBATE ABOUT 7IKv 3TAKE 6OICE AND THE -ANAGEMENT OF #ATEGORY -EMBERSHIPS IN 2ACE 0OLITICS "RITISH *OURNAL OF 3OCIAL 0SYCHOLOGY n
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
%JTDPVSTF4PDJFUZ
-C#REANOR 4 A @-IMIWHANGATA -EDIA 2ELIANCE ON 0AKEHA #OMMONSENSE IN )NTERPRETATIONS OF -AORI !CTIONS 3ITES n -C#REANOR 4 B @3ETTLING 'RIEVANCES TO $ENY 3OVEREIGNTY 4RADE 'OODS FOR THE 9EAR 3ITES n .AIRN 2 AND -C#REANOR 4 @)NSENSITIVITY AND (YPERSENSITIVITY !N )MBALANCE IN 0AKEHA !CCOUNTS OF 2ACIAL #ONFLICT *OURNAL OF ,ANGUAGE AND 3OCIAL 0SYCHOLOGY n .AIRN 2 AND -C#REANOR 4 @2ACE 4ALK AND #OMMON 3ENSE 0ATTERNS IN 0AKEHA $ISCOURSE ON -AORI0AKEHA 2ELATIONS IN .EW :EALAND *OURNAL OF ,ANGUAGE AND 3OCIAL 0SYCHOLOGY n /AKLEY ! @)NTERVIEWING 7OMEN ! #ONTRADICTION IN 4ERMS IN ( 2OBERTS ED $OING &EMINIST 2ESEARCH ,ONDON 2OUTLEDGE 0OMERANTZ ! @!GREEING AND $ISAGREEING WITH !SSESSMENTS 3OME &EATURES OF 0REFERRED$ISPREFERRED 4URN 3HAPES IN *- !TKINSON AND * (ERITAGE EDS 3TRUCTURES OF 3OCIAL !CTION 3TUDIES IN #ONVERSATION !NALYSIS PP n #AMBRIDGE #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS 0OMERANTZ ! @%XTREME #ASE &ORMULATIONS ! 7AY OF ,EGITIMIZING #LAIMS (UMAN 3TUDIES n 0OTTER * 2EPRESENTING 2EALITY $ISCOURSE 2HETORIC AND 3OCIAL #ONSTRUCTION ,ONDON 3!'% 0OTTER * AND (EPBURN ! @1UALITATIVE )NTERVIEWS IN 0SYCHOLOGY 0ROBLEMS AND 0OSSIBILITIES 1UALITATIVE 2ESEARCH IN 0SYCHOLOGY n 0OTTER * AND 7ETHERELL - $ISCOURSE AND 3OCIAL 0SYCHOLOGY "EYOND !TTITUDES AND "EHAVIOUR ,ONDON 3!'% 3ACKS ( ,ECTURES ON #ONVERSATION 6OLUME ) ' *EFFERSON ED /XFORD "LACKWELL 3COTT - AND ,YMAN 3 @!CCOUNTS IN ' 3TONE AND ( &ARBERMAN EDS 3OCIAL 0SYCHOLOGY 4HROUGH 3YMBOLIC )NTERACTION .EW 9ORK 7ILEY 3MITH * @#OMMENTARIES ON 0OTTER AND (EPBURN 1UALITATIVE )NTERVIEWS IN 0SYCHOLOGY 0ROBLEMS AND 0OSSIBILITIES 1UALITATIVE 2ESEARCH IN 0SYCHOLOGY n 3PEER 3 @h.ATURALv AND h#ONTRIVEDv $ATA ! 3USTAINABLE $ISTINCTION $ISCOURSE 3TUDIES n 3TRATTON * 2ACE $AZE !USTRALIA IN )DENTITY #RISIS 3YDNEY 0LUTO 0RESS 4ANNEN $ 4ALKING VOICES #AMBRIDGE #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS 4HERBORN ' 4HE )DEOLOGY OF 0OWER AND THE 0OWER OF )DEOLOGY ,ONDON 6ERSO 4ILBURY & @h) 2EALLY $ONT +NOW -UCH !BOUT IT BUT v ! 4YPOLOGY OF 2HE TORICAL $EVICES 5SED IN 4ALK !BOUT -AORI0AKEHA 2ELATIONS .EW :EALAND 3OCIOLOGY n 4ILBURY & @h3OME OF MY "EST &RIENDS ARE -AORI BUT v #ROSS ETHNIC &RIEND SHIPS %THNIC )DENTITY AND !TTITUDES TO 2ACE 2ELATIONS IN !OTEAROA.EW :EALAND 0H$ THESIS 6ICTORIA 5NIVERSITY OF 7ELLINGTON 7ELLINGTON 6AN DEN "ERG ( 7ETHERELL - AND (OUTKOOP 3TEENSTRA ( EDS !NALYZING 2ACE 4ALK #AMBRIDGE #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS 6AN $IJK 4 #OMMUNICATING 2ACISM %THNIC 0REJUDICE IN 4HOUGHT AND 4ALK 4HOUSAND /AKS #! 3!'% 6AN $IJK 4 %LITE $ISCOURSE AND 2ACISM 4HOUSAND /AKS #! 3!'% 6AN $IJK 4 )DEOLOGY ! -ULTIDISCIPLINARY !PPROACH ,ONDON 3!'%
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
'P[EBS%VFMMJOHEJTDPVSTFT 6ERKUYTEN - @2ACISM (APPINESS AND )DEOLOGY IN ( VAN DEN "ERG - 7ETHERELL AND ( (OUTKOOP 3TEENSTRA EDS !NALYZING 2ACE 4ALK #AMBRIDGE #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS 7ETHERELL - AND 0OTTER * -APPING THE ,ANGUAGE OF 2ACISM $ISCOURSE AND THE ,EGITIMATION OF %XPLOITATION (EMEL (EMPSTEAD 5+ (ARVESTER 7HEATSHEAF 7IDDICOMBE 3 @)DENTITIES AS AN !NALYSTS AND A 0ARTICIPANTS 2ESOURCE IN # !NTAKI AND 3 7IDDICOMBE EDS )DENTITIES IN 4ALK ,ONDON 3!'%
'" 3 * % " ' 0 ; % " 3 " , " 5 * - # 6 3 : IS 3ENIOR ,ECTURER IN 3OCIOLOGY AND #OMMUNITY $EVELOP
MENT AT -URDOCH 5NIVERSITY 7ESTERN !USTRALIA (ER RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE MIGRATION CROSS CULTURAL RELATIONS IDENTITY METHODOLOGY AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS " % % 3 & 4 4 3OCIOLOGY AND #OMMUNITY $EVELOPMENT -URDOCH 5NIVERSITY 3OUTH 3T -URDOCH 7ESTERN !USTRALIA !USTRALIA ;EMAIL FFOZDAR MURDOCHEDUAU=
Downloaded from das.sagepub.com by Diyako Rahmani on September 25, 2010
