A2 Nitin Goel
Solar Radiation Data
Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.
A2-1 q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-2...
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A2 Nitin Goel
Solar Radiation Data
Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.
A2-1 q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-2
Energy Conversion
FIGURE A2.1 Description of method for calculating true solar time, together with accompanying meteorological charts, for computing solar-altitude and azimuth angles, (a) Description of method; (b) chart, 258N latitude; (c) chart, 308N latitude; (d) chart, 358N latitude; (e) chart, 408N latitude; (f) chart, 458N latitude; (g) chart, 508N latitude. Description and charts reproduced from the “Smithsonian Meteorological Tables” with permission from the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C.
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-3
Solar Radiation Data
340
350
330
0
10
20 30
10
NW 320
40
20
310
NE 50
30 40
300
60
5
280
6a .m .
50
. .m 6p
290
North
60 p. S m . O 4p .m .
West
E a .m 70 7 M . .m L I a 8 80 A . 3 p.m T m R 9 a. .2 .m. 7° p.m. 1 p.m. Noon 11 a.m.10 a +23.2 ° +20 80 +15°
260
70
.
80 East
+10° +5°
70
100
0°
60
250 240
40
−20° −23.27°
30
SW
20
110 120 130
150
Declination +23° 27° +20° +15° +10° + 5° 0°
Approx. dates June 22 May 21, July 24 May 1, Aug. 13 Apr. 16, Aug. 28 Apr. 3, Sept. 10 Mar. 21, Sept. 23
30
− 5° − 10° − 15° − 20° − 23° 27°
Mar. 8, Oct. 6 Feb. 23, Oct. 20 Feb. 9, Nov. 3 Jan. 21, Nov. 22 Dec. 22
140 SE
10
210 200
(b)
340
190
350
330
0
South North 0
170
10
160
20
10
NW 320
40
20
310
NE 50
30 40
300
6a .m .
5
280
60
50
. .m 6p
290
−10° −15°
230 220
−5°
50
60 p. m S . 4p O .m .
West
E a .m 70 7 M . .m I a L 8 80 . 3 p.m A T 9 a .m R . 2 a.m. p.m. 1 p.m. Noon 11 a.m. 10 +23.27° +20° 80 15°
70
.
80 East
+
260
+10° +5°
70 60
250 240
−10° −15°
40
−20° −23.27°
30
SW
20
FIGURE A2.1
(continued )
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
190
0
South
120
140 SE 150
200
110
130
10
210
(c)
−5°
50
230 220
100
0°
170
160
A2-4
Energy Conversion
350 340 330
0
10
30 40
50
30
. .m 6p
60
260
250
6a .m
70
E M .m. a I . 8 3 p.m A R T 9 a.m .2 . p.m. .m 1 p.m. 10 a+23.27° Noon 11 a.m. +20° + 15° 70 + 10 ° +5° 60 0°
240 230
30
SW
20
220
200
(d)
190 350
340 330
South North 0
130
150 170
10 30 40
50 . 5 a.m
7 p.m.
40
. .m 6p
60
A R 80 2 p.m. 1 p.m. Noon 70 60
250
−5° −10° −15° −20° −23.27°
40
230
30
SW
20
220
150 200
(e)
(continued )
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
0
190
South
East
100 110 120 130 140 SE
10
210
80
7
E M . .m I 8a T . m . a . 9 7° 10 a.m +23.20° 11 a.m. +2 + 15° + 10° + 5° 0°
50
240
70
.
70 80
60
6a .m .
50
p. m S . 4p O .m L . 3p .m .
Declination +23° 27° +20° +15° +10° + 5° 0°
− 5° − 10° − 15° NE − 20° − 23° 27°
20
30
260
FIGURE A2.1
120
20
310
110
160
10
NW 320
West
0
100
140 SE
10
210
East
−5° −10° −15° −20° −23.27°
40
5
80
80
L
50
280
a. m .
p. m S . O 4p .m .
a. m
West
70
7
5
280
60
.
.
7 p.m
50
5 a.m .
40
300
290
NE
20
310
300
20
10
NW 320
290
North
170
160
Approx. dates June 22 May 21, July 24 May 1, Aug. 13 Apr. 16, Aug. 28 Apr. 3, Sept. 10 Mar. 21, Sept. 23 Mar. 8, Oct. 6 Feb. 23, Oct. 20 Feb. 9, Nov. 3 Jan. 21, Nov. 22 Dec. 22
A2-5
Solar Radiation Data
North
350
0
340 330
20 30
10
40
NW 320
NE
20
310
50
30
7 p.m.
50
West
6a 70
L A 3p .m. R 2 p.m . 1 p.m
.
250 240 230 220
(f)
0
190
South
170
350
North 0
10
340 330
130 140
40
4 a.m.
5 a.m.
p.m. 7 p.m. 6
50
5 m p.
80
E
.
M
80
3p .m .
A R 70 2 p.m . 1 p.m . Noon 60
250 50
240
40
I . .m T 9a . m a.+23.27° 0 .1 +20° 11 a.m +15° +10° +5° 0° −5° −10°
20
SW 220
10
210 200
(g)
(continued )
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
South
160 170
80
East
. m a.
150
0
190
8
−15° −20° −23.27°
30
230
70
7a .m .
70
L
60
6a .m.
60
S
Declination +23° 27° +20° +15° +10° + 5° 0°
50
40
260
SE
− 5° − 10° − 15° NE − 20° − 23° 27°
30
4p O .m .
FIGURE A2.1
120
30
20
8 p.m .
West
110
20
10
310
280
100
160
320
NW
East
150 200
290
. M m a. 8 I . 80 T a.m . 9 .m a ° 10 23.27 + 20° Noon 11 a.m. + +15° 60 +10° +5° 50 0° −5° 40 −10° −15° 30 −20° −23.27° 20 10
210
300
E
80
80
a. m .
p. S m . 4p O .m .
260
SW
70
7
5
60
.m .
60
.m . 6p
280
5 a.m.
40
300 290
10
100
110 120 130 140 SE
Approx. dates June 22 May 21, July 24 May 1, Aug. 13 Apr. 16, Aug. 28 Apr. 3, Sept. 10 Mar. 21, Sept. 23 Mar. 8, Oct. 6 Feb. 23, Oct. 20 Feb. 9, Nov. 3 Jan. 21, Nov. 22 Dec. 22
A2-6
TABLE A2.1
Energy Conversion
Solar Irradiance for Different Air Masses Air Mass; aZ0.66; bZ0.085a
Wavelength
0.290 0.295 0.300 0.305 0.310 0.315 0.320 0.325 0.330 0.335 0.340 0.345 0.350 0.355 0.360 0.365 0.370 0.375 0.380 0.385 0.390 0.395 0.400 0.405 0.410 0.415 0.420 0.425 0.430 0.435 0.440 0.445 0.450 0.455 0.460 0.465 0.470 0.475 0.480 0.485 0.490 0.495 0.500 0.505 0.510 0.515 0.520 0.525 0.530 0.535 0.540 0.545 0.550 0.555
0
1
4
7
10
482.0 584.0 514.0 603.0 689.0 764.0 830.0 975.0 1059.0 1081.0 1074.0 1069.0 1093.0 1083.0 1068.0 1132.0 1181.0 1157.0 1120.0 1098.0 1098.0 1189.0 1429.0 1644.0 1751.0 1774.0 1747.0 1693.0 1639.0 1663.0 1810.0 1922.0 2006.0 2057.0 2066.0 2048.0 2033.0 2044.0 2074.0 1976.0 1950.0 1960.0 1942.0 1920.0 1882.0 1833.0 1833.0 1852.0 1842.0 1818.0 1783.0 1754.0 1725.0 1720.0
0.0 0.0 4.1 11.4 30.5 79.4 202.6 269.5 331.6 383.4 431.3 449.2 480.5 498.0 513.7 561.3 603.5 609.4 608.0 609.8 623.9 691.2 849.9 992.8 1073.7 1104.5 1104.3 1086.5 1067.9 1100.1 1215.5 1310.4 1388.4 1434.8 1452.2 1450.7 1451.2 1470.3 1503.4 1443.3 1435.2 1453.6 1451.2 1440.1 1416.8 1384.9 1390.0 1409.5 1406.9 1393.6 1371.7 1354.2 1336.6 1335.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.9 5.7 10.2 17.1 24.9 33.3 40.8 48.4 57.2 68.4 80.5 89.0 97.2 104.5 114.5 135.8 178.8 218.7 247.5 266.5 278.9 287.2 295.4 318.4 368.2 415.3 460.3 486.9 504.4 515.7 527.9 547.3 572.6 562.4 572.2 592.9 605.6 607.6 604.4 597.3 606.1 621.3 626.9 627.7 624.5 623.2 621.7 625.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.8 2.5 3.5 4.7 6.4 8.3 10.7 13.0 15.6 17.9 21.0 26.7 37.6 48.2 57.1 64.3 70.4 78.9 81.7 92.2 111.5 131.6 152.6 165.2 175.2 183.3 192.0 203.7 218.1 219.2 228.2 241.9 252.7 256.4 257.8 257.6 264.3 273.9 279.4 282.8 284.4 286.8 289.2 293.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.9 5.2 7.9 10.6 13.2 15.5 17.8 20.1 22.6 26.7 33.8 41.7 50.6 56.1 60.8 65.1 69.8 75.8 83.1 85.4 91.0 98.7 105.5 108.2 110.0 111.1 115.2 120.7 124.5 127.4 129.5 132.0 134.5 137.3 (continued)
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-7
Solar Radiation Data
TABLE A2.1
(Continued) Air Mass; aZ0.66; bZ0.085a
Wavelength
0.560 0.565 0.570 0.575 0.580 0.585 0.590 0.595 0.600 0.605 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 0.690 0.698 0.700 0.710 0.720 0.728 0.730 0.740 0.750 0.762 0.770 0.780 0.790 0.800 0.806 0.825 0.830 0.835 0.846 0.860 0.870 0.875 0.887 0.900 0.907 0.915 0.925 0.930 0.940 0.950 0.955 0.965 0.975 0.985 1.018 1.082
0
1
4
7
10
1695.0 1705.0 1712.0 1719.0 1715.0 1712.0 1700.0 1682.0 1660.0 1647.0 1635.0 1602.0 1570.0 1544.0 1511.0 1486.0 1456.0 1427.0 1402.0 1374.6 1369.0 1344.0 1314.0 1295.5 1290.0 1260.0 1235.0 1205.5 1185.0 1159.0 1134.0 1109.0 1095.1 1048.0 1036.0 1024.5 998.1 968.0 947.0 436.5 912.5 891.0 882.8 874.5 863.5 858.0 847.0 837.0 828.5 811.5 794.0 776.0 719.2 620.0
1319.2 1330.0 1338.4 1346.9 1346.7 1347.3 1340.7 1329.4 1319.6 1311.0 1307.9 1294.2 1280.9 1272.1 1257.1 1244.2 1226.8 1209.9 1196.2 1010.3 1175.3 1157.4 1135.1 1003.1 1117.8 1095.1 1076.6 794.0 1039.2 1019.4 1000.3 981.2 874.4 931.6 921.8 912.4 476.2 506.4 453.8 449.2 448.6 448.9 455.2 461.5 279.0 221.8 313.4 296.5 321.1 344.4 576.9 544.6 617.5 512.9
622.0 631.3 639.5 647.8 652.0 656.6 657.7 656.4 655.8 661.3 669.6 682.4 695.6 711.4 723.9 730.2 733.8 737.4 742.9 546.1 743.7 739.2 731.7 582.3 727.1 718.9 713.2 357.1 700.8 693.6 686.7 679.4 547.7 654.3 649.3 644.4 181.0 212.0 174.7 173.4 178.3 183.7 190.9 198.5 73.6 46.9 95.0 86.3 102.3 120.4 346.0 316.1 391.0 290.4
293.3 299.6 305.6 311.6 315.7 320.0 322.6 324.1 325.9 333.6 342.8 359.9 377.8 397.9 416.9 428.6 438.9 449.5 461.3 311.8 470.6 472.1 471.6 351.7 479.0 471.9 472.4 163.6 472.7 472.0 471.4 470.5 355.9 459.6 457.3 455.2 85.9 107.4 84.0 83.6 87.7 92.3 97.6 103.2 28.0 15.4 39.6 35.0 44.1 55.1 224.6 201.2 247.5 164.4
138.3 142.2 146.0 149.6 152.8 156.0 158.3 160.0 162.0 168.2 175.5 189.7 205.2 222.5 240.1 251.6 262.5 273.9 286.5 181.6 297.7 301.5 304.0 212.5 307.7 309.8 313.0 69.1 318.8 321.1 323.6 325.8 234.4 322.8 322.1 321.5 44.2 58.3 43.8 43.7 46.7 50.0 53.7 57.5 12.1 6.0 18.5 16.0 21.2 27.8 150.1 132.4 156.7 93.1 (continued)
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-8
TABLE A2.1
Energy Conversion
(Continued) Air Mass; aZ0.66; bZ0.085a
Wavelength
1.094 1.098 1.101 1.128 1.131 1.137 1.144 1.147 1.178 1.189 1.193 1.222 1.236 1.264 1.276 1.288 1.314 1.335 1.384 1.432 1.457 1.472 1.542 1.572 1.599 1.608 1.626 1.644 1.650 1.676 1.732 1.782 1.862 1.955 2.008 2.014 2.057 2.124 2.156 2.201 2.266 2.320 2.338 2.356 2.388 2.415 2.453 2.494 2.537 2.900 2.941 2.954 2.973 3.005
0
1
4
7
10
602.0 596.0 591.8 560.5 557.0 550.1 542.0 538.5 507.0 496.0 492.0 464.3 451.2 426.5 416.7 406.8 386.1 369.7 343.7 321.0 308.6 301.4 270.4 257.3 245.4 241.5 233.6 225.6 223.0 212.1 187.9 166.6 138.2 112.9 102.0 101.2 95.6 87.4 83.8 78.9 72.4 67.6 66.3 65.1 62.8 61.0 58.3 55.4 52.4 35.0 33.4 32.8 32.1 30.8
464.1 503.7 504.8 135.1 152.2 143.1 191.2 174.5 399.3 402.2 424.0 391.8 390.8 329.2 342.6 347.3 298.3 190.6 5.7 44.6 85.4 77.4 239.3 222.6 216.0 208.5 206.7 197.9 195.7 181.9 161.5 136.7 4.0 42.7 69.4 74.7 69.5 70.0 66.0 66.1 61.6 57.2 54.7 52.0 36.0 32.5 29.6 20.3 4.6 2.9 6.0 5.7 8.7 7.8
303.1 304.1 362.7 27.7 35.3 31.7 57.4 48.2 195.1 214.5 310.8 235.3 254.1 209.7 238.6 216.1 137.6 85.0 0.1 5.4 20.6 17.4 165.9 168.1 166.7 157.4 160.7 152.4 150.9 114.8 102.5 75.6 0.1 14.5 35.8 45.5 41.3 35.9 32.3 49.1 46.8 43.2 39.9 36.3 18.7 15.8 13.7 6.8 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.9 2.2 1.8
210.8 183.6 267.3 9.1 12.6 11.0 24.2 19.3 95.4 114.4 233.3 141.3 165.2 140.0 172.6 134.4 63.5 46.7 0.0 1.3 7.7 6.2 115.0 130.4 131.5 122.1 127.5 120.1 119.1 72.4 65.1 41.8 0.0 6.8 17.7 28.8 25.3 18.4 15.8 38.0 36.8 33.8 30.4 26.5 11.7 9.4 7.9 3.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7
149.9 110.9 198.8 3.6 5.3 4.5 11.6 8.8 46.6 61.0 176.6 84.9 107.4 94.3 126.3 83.7 29.3 27.7 0.0 0.4 3.3 2.6 79.7 102.1 104.5 95.7 101.9 95.5 94.7 45.7 41.3 23.1 0.0 3.6 6.4 17.8 14.8 9.5 7.7 29.7 29.3 26.8 23.4 19.6 7.8 6.0 5.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 (continued)
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-9
Solar Radiation Data
TABLE A2.1
(Continued) Air Mass; aZ0.66; bZ0.085a
Wavelength
3.045 3.056 3.097 3.132 3.156 3.204 3.214 3.245 3.260 3.285 3.317 3.344 3.403 3.450 3.507 3.538 3.573 3.633 3.673 3.696 3.712 3.765 3.812 3.888 3.923 3.948 4.045 Total Wm3
0
1
4
7
10
28.8 28.2 26.2 24.9 24.1 22.5 22.1 21.1 20.6 19.7 18.8 18.1 16.5 15.6 14.5 14.2 13.8 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.2 11.5 11.0 10.4 10.1 9.9 9.1 1353
4.7 4.9 3.2 6.8 18.7 2.1 3.4 3.9 3.7 14.2 12.9 4.2 12.3 12.5 12.5 11.8 10.9 10.8 9.1 10.4 10.9 9.5 8.9 8.1 8.0 7.8 6.7 889.2
0.7 0.8 0.4 1.7 12.6 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.6 8.5 6.9 0.9 7.8 8.9 9.9 8.8 5.4 8.3 6.1 8.2 9.0 7.2 6.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 4.1 448.7
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.7 8.9 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 5.1 3.5 0.3 5.1 6.7 8.1 6.9 2.6 6.7 4.6 6.7 7.6 5.9 5.4 4.0 4.2 4.0 2.6 255.2
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.8 1.3 0.1 3.2 5.0 6.7 5.5 1.3 5.5 3.5 5.6 6.5 4.8 4.4 2.9 3.1 3.0 1.5 153.8
W/m2 mm; H2O 20 mm; O3 3.4 mm. a The parameters a and b are measures of turbidity of the atmosphere. They are used in the atmospheric transmittance equation tatm Z eKðC1CC2 Þm ; C1 includes Rayleigh and ozone attenuation; C2 h b=la . Source: From Thekaekara, M. P. 1974. The Energy Crisis and Energy from the Sun. Institute for Environmental Sciences.
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-10
TABLE A2.2 Latitude (deg) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Monthly Averaged, Daily Extraterrestrial Insolation on a Horizontal Surface (Units: Wh/m2) January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
7415 6656 5861 5039 4200 3355 2519 1711 963 334
8397 7769 7087 6359 5591 4791 3967 3132 2299 1491
9552 9153 8686 8153 7559 6909 6207 5460 4673 3855
10,422 10,312 10,127 9869 9540 9145 8686 8171 7608 7008
10,801 10,936 11,001 10,995 10,922 10,786 10,594 10,358 10,097 9852
10,868 11,119 11,303 11,422 11,478 11,477 11,430 11,352 11,276 11,279
10,794 10,988 11,114 11,172 11,165 11,099 10,981 10,825 10,657 10,531
10,499 10,484 10,395 10,233 10,002 9705 9347 8935 8480 8001
9791 9494 9125 8687 8184 7620 6998 6325 5605 4846
8686 8129 7513 6845 6129 5373 4583 3770 2942 2116
7598 6871 6103 5304 4483 3648 2815 1999 1227 544
7076 6284 5463 4621 3771 2925 2100 1320 623 97
Energy Conversion
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Worldwide Global Horizontal Average Solar Radiation (Units: MJ/sq.m-day)
Position
Long
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
34.58 S
58.48 W
24.86
21.75
18.56
11.75
8.71
7.15
7.82
8.75
14.49
16.66
24.90
21.93
34.93 27.43 35.30 12.47 42.88 37.85 33.87
138.52 153.08 148.18 130.83 147.32 114.08 151.20
20.99 25.36 28.20 26.92 — 22.96 21.09
17.50 22.22 24.68 23.40 — 20.42 21.75
20.15 13.25 20.56 18.13 — 15.59 17.63
18.27 16.61 14.89 13.62 10.09 13.40 13.63
17.98 12.23 10.29 9.30 7.26 7.48 9.78
— 11.52 6.62 7.89 6.04 6.10 8.79
18.81 9.70 — 9.41 5.72 6.54 7.62
19.64 15.10 12.33 11.15 9.21 10.43 12.84
20.11 17.61 16.88 14.85 13.54 13.24 16.93
20.88 19.89 24.06 18.87 18.12 18.76 22.10
20.57 — 26.00 23.43 — — —
20.72 — 25.77 22.34 — — —
S S S S S S S
E E E E E E E
48.20 N 47.27 N
16.57 E 11.38 E
3.54 5.57
7.10 9.28
8.05 10.15
14.72 15.96
16.79 14.57
20.87 17.65
19.89 18.35
17.27 17.26
12.55 12.98
8.45 9.08
3.51 4.28
2.82 3.50
13.15 N
59.62 W
19.11
20.23
—
21.80
19.84
20.86
21.55
22.14
—
—
18.30
16.56
51.23 N 50.98 N
2.92 E 3.83 E
2.82 2.40
5.75 4.66
9.93 8.41
15.18 13.55
16.74 14.23
16.93 13.28
18.21 15.71
18.29 15.61
11.71 10.63
6.15 5.82
2.69 2.40
1.97 1.59
4.98 N
114.93 E
19.46
20.12
22.71
20.54
19.74
18.31
19.38
20.08
20.83
17.51
17.39
18.12
42.20 N 42.65 N
25.33 E 23.38 E
6.72 4.05
6.79 6.23
8.54 7.93
13.27 9.36
17.25 12.98
17.39 19.73
19.85 19.40
14.61 17.70
12.53 14.71
8.52 6.44
5.08 —
5.09 3.14
45.47 45.32 43.67 49.18
73.75 E 75.67 E 79.38 E 123.17 E
4.74 5.34 4.79 3.73
8.33 9.59 8.15 4.81
11.84 13.33 11.96 12.14
10.55 13.98 14.00 16.41
15.05 20.18 18.16 20.65
22.44 20.34 24.35 24.04
21.08 19.46 23.38 22.87
18.67 17.88 — 19.08
14.83 13.84 15.89 12.77
9.18 7.38 9.40 7.39
4.04 4.64 4.72 4.29
4.01 5.04 3.79 1.53
27.17 S 33.45 S
109.43 W 70.70 W
19.64 18.61
16.65 16.33
— 13.44
11.12 8.32
9.52 5.07
8.81 3.66
10.90 3.35
12.29 5.65
17.19 8.15
20.51 13.62
21.20 20.14
22.44 23.88
39.93 N 23.13 N
116.28 W 113.32 E
7.73 11.01
10.59 6.32
13.87 4.04
17.93 7.89
20.18 10.53
18.65 12.48
15.64 16.14
16.61 16.02
15.52 15.03
11.29 15.79
7.25 11.55
6.89 9.10
N N N N
(continued)
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-11
Argentina Buenos Aires Australia Adelaide Brisbane Canberra Darwin Hobart Laverton Sydney Austria Wien Innsbruck Barbados Husbands Belgium Ostende Melle Brunei Brunei Bulgaria Chirpan Sofia Canadaa Montreal Ottawa Toronto Vancouver Chile Pascua Santiago China Beijing Guangzhou
Lat
Solar Radiation Data
TABLE A2.3a
(Continued)
Position
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
E E E E
5.15 9.92 7.30 7.44
9.54 11.26 12.47 10.31
17.55 14.38 10.62 11.78
20.51 18.00 18.91 14.36
20.33 18.53 17.40 14.23
17.85 17.37 20.40 16.79
19.18 11.95 20.23 14.63
16.09 18.47 17.37 11.85
13.38 15.94 13.23 15.96
14.50 12.45 10.21 12.03
10.50 11.96 8.22 7.73
6.98 13.62 6.43 8.70
4.70 N
74.13 W
17.89
—
19.37
16.58
14.86
—
15.42
18.20
17.05
14.58
14.20
16.66
23.17 N
82.35 W
—
14.70
18.94
20.95
22.63
18.83
21.40
20.19
16.84
16.98
13.19
13.81
48.88 N 49.07 N 50.25 N
16.08 E 13.62 E 15.85 E
3.03 2.89 3.51
5.85 5.82 5.94
9.88 9.24 10.58
14.06 13.18 15.95
20.84 21.32 20.42
19.24 15.68 18.43
21.18 20.51 17.17
19.41 19.49 17.92
13.61 12.84 11.86
6.11 5.68 6.27
3.47 3.36 2.45
2.12 2.99 1.89
55.67 N
12.30 E
1.83
3.32
7.09
11.12
21.39
24.93
—
13.92
10.10
5.20
2.81
1.23
30.08 N 31.33 N
31.28 E 27.22 E
10.06 8.38
12.96 11.92
18.49 18.47
23.04 24.27
21.91 24.17
26.07 —
25.16 26.67
23.09 26.27
21.01 21.92
— 18.28
11.74 11.71
9.85 8.76
8.98 N
38.80 E
—
11.39
—
12.01
—
—
—
6.33
9.35
11.71
11.69
11.50
17.75 S 48.05 S
177.45 E 178.57 E
20.82 20.37
20.65 17.74
20.25 16.22
18.81 13.82
15.68 10.81
14.18 12.48
15.08 11.40
16.71 —
19.37 —
20.11 18.49
21.78 19.96
25.09 20.99
60.32 N
24.97 E
1.13
2.94
5.59
11.52
17.60
16.81
20.66
15.44
8.44
3.31
0.97
0.63
44.18 N 43.65 N 48.97 N
0.60 E 7.20 E 2.45 E
4.83 6.83 2.62
7.40 5.08
10.69 11.37 7.21
17.12 17.79 12.90
19.25 20.74 14.84
20.42 24.10 13.04
21.63 24.85 15.54
20.64 24.86 16.30
15.56 15.04 10.17
8.41 10.99 5.61
5.09 7.08 3.14
5.01 6.73 2.20
50.70 53.33 53.05 53.63 48.83
7.15 E 13.20 E 8.80 E 10.00 E 9.20 E
2.94 3.23 2.36 1.97 3.59
5.82 6.92 4.93 3.96 7.18
8.01 9.08 8.53 7.59 9.22
14.27 15.69 14.52 12.32 15.81
15.67 15.71 14.94 14.11 17.72
14.41 18.21 14.52 12.69 17.44
18.57 21.14 19.40 19.00 22.21
17.80 17.98 15.02 14.11 19.87
11.70 12.43 10.48 10.29 12.36
6.15 8.15 6.27 6.45 7.81
3.42 2.79 2.80 2.33 3.19
1.90 2.51 1.66 1.43 2.54
2.48 W
18.29
19.76
19.71
19.15
16.61
—
—
13.68
16.29
17.27
17.33
15.93
45.75 25.02 36.05 31.17
N N N N
N N N N N
9.03 N
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Long 126.77 102.68 103.88 121.43
Energy Conversion
Harbin Kunming Lanzhou Shanghai Columbia Bogota Cuba Havana Czech Kucharovice Churanov Hradec Kralov Denmark Copenhagen Egypt Cairo Mersa Matruh Ethiopia Addis Ababa Fiji Nandi Suva Finland Helsinki France Agen Nice Paris Germany Bonn Nuremberg Bremen Hamburg Stuttgart Ghana Bole
Lat
A2-12
TABLE A2.3a
0.17 W
14.82
16.26
18.27
16.73
18.15
13.96
13.86
13.49
15.32
19.14
18.16
14.23
54.65 N 49.22 N 51.52 N
6.22 W 2.20 W 0.12 W
2.00 2.76 2.24
3.60 5.65 3.87
6.85 9.51 7.40
12.00 14.98 12.01
15.41 18.51 12.38
15.09 17.83 13.24
15.46 18.14 16.59
13.56 18.62 16.23
11.49 12.98 12.59
4.63 6.16 5.67
2.34 3.26 2.87
1.24 2.83 1.97
37.97 N 37.98 N
23.72 E 22.73 E
9.11 7.60
10.94 8.16
15.70 11.99
20.91 21.06
23.85 22.62
25.48 24.32
24.21 23.56
23.08 21.73
19.03 17.30
13.29 11.75
5.98 9.45
6.64 6.35
16.27 N
61.52 W
14.88
18.10
20.55
19.69
20.26
20.65
20.65
20.24
18.47
17.79
13.49
14.38
4.83 N
52.37 W
14.46
14.67
16.28
17.57
—
14.92
17.42
18.24
20.52
—
22.69
17.04
22.32 N
114.17 W
12.34
7.39
6.94
9.50
11.38
13.60
16.70
17.06
15.91
16.52
14.19
10.00
47.43 N
19.18 E
2.61
7.46
11.14
14.46
20.69
19.47
21.46
19.72
12.88
7.96
2.95
2.47
64.13 N
21.90 W
0.52
2.02
6.25
11.77
13.07
14.58
16.83
11.35
9.70
3.18
1.00
0.65
19.12 N 22.53 N 13.00 N 21. 10 N 28.58 N
72.85 88.33 80.18 79.05 77.20
E E E E E
18.44 15.69 19.09 18.08 14.62
21.00 18.34 22.71 21.01 18.25
22.72 20.09 25.14 22.25 20.15
24.52 22.34 24.88 24.08 23.40
24.86 22.37 23.89 24.79 23.80
19.75 17.55 — 19.84 19.16
15.84 17.07 18.22 15.58 20.20
16.00 16.55 19.68 15.47 19.89
18.19 16.52 19.S1 17.66 20.08
20.38 16.90 16.41 20.10 19.74
19.18 16.35 14.76 18.98 16.95
17.81 15.00 15.79 17.33 14.22
53.43 N
6.25 W
2.51
4.75
7.48
11.06
17.46
19.11
15.64
13.89
9.65
5.77
2.93
—
31.78 N
35.22 E
10.79
13.01
18.08
23.79
29.10
31.54
31.83
28.79
25.19
20.26
12.61
10.71
45.43 N 41.80 N
9.28 E 12.55 E
— —
6.48 9.75
10.09 13.38
13.17 15.82
17.55 15.82
16.32 18.89
18.60 22.27
16.86 21.53
11.64 16.08
5.40 8.27
3.52 6.41
2.41 4.49
33.58 N 36.05 N 35.43 N
130.38 E 140.13 E 133.35 E
8.11 9.06 6.25
8.72 12.17 7.16
10.95 11.00 10.87
13.97 15.78 17.30
14.36 16.52 16.72
12.81 15.26 15.44
13.84 — 17.06
16.75 — 19.93
13.92 — 12.41
11.86 9.60 10.82
10.05 8.55 7.50
7.30 8.26 5.51
4.03 S 1.32 S
39.62 E 36.92 E
22.30 —
22.17 24.10
22.74 21.20
18.49 18.65
18.31 14.83
17.41 15.00
— 13.44
18.12 14.12
21.03 19.14
22.97 19.38
21.87 16.90
21.25 18.27
(continued)
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-13
5.60 N
Solar Radiation Data
Accra Great Britain Belfast Jersey London Greece Athens Sikiwna Guadeloupe Le Raizet Guyana Cayenne Hong Kong King’s Park Hungary Budapest Iceland Reykjavik India Bombay Calcutta Madras Nagpur New Delhi Ireland Dublin Israel Jerusalem Italy Milan Rome Japan Fukuoka Tateno Yonago Kenya Mombasa Nairobi
(Continued)
Position
Long
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
54.88 N
23.88 E
1.89
4.43
7.40
12.97
18.88
18.74
21.41
15.79
10.40
5.64
1.80
1.10
18.80 S
47.48 E
15.94
13.18
13.07
11.53
9.25
8.21
9.32
—
—
16.43
15.19
15.62
3.12 N 5.30 N
101.55 E 100.27 E
15.36 19.47
17.67 21.35
18.48 23.24
16.87 20.52
15.67 18.63
16.24 19.32
15.32 17.17
15.89 16.96
14.62 15.93
14.13 16.01
13.54 18.35
11.53 17.37
14.60 N
61.00 W
17.76
20.07
22.53
21.95
22.42
21.23
20.86
21.84
20.23
19.87
14.08
16.25
28.63 N 20.58 N
106.08 W 99.20 E
14.80 19.49
— 23.07
— 27.44
— 27.35
26.94 26.04
26.28 25.05
24.01 —
24.22 27.53
20.25 21.06
19.55 17.85
10.57 15.48
15.79 12.93
47.93 N 47.75 N
106.98 E 96.85 E
6.28 6.43
9.22 10.71
14.34 14.83
18.18 20.32
20.50 23.86
19.34 20.46
16.34 21.66
16.65 17.81
14.08 15.97
11.36 10.92
7.19 7.32
5.35 5.08
33.57 N
7.67 E
11.46
12.70
15.93
21.25
24.45
25.27
25.53
23.60
19.97
14.68
11.61
9.03
25.97 S
32.60 E
26.35
23.16
19.33
20.54
16.33
14.17
—
—
—
22.55
25.48
26.19
50.92 N
5.78 E
3.20
5.43
8.48
14.82
14.97
14.32
18.40
17.51
11.65
6.51
3.01
1.72
20.57 S
164.28 E
24.89
21.15
16.96
18.98
15.67
14.55
15.75
17.62
22.48
15.83
27.53
26.91
41.28 S 43.48 S
174.77 E 172.55 E
22.59 23.46
19.67 19.68
14.91 13.98
9.52 8.96
6.97 6.47
4.37 4.74
5.74 5.38
7.14 6.94
12.50 13.18
16.34 17.45
19.07 18.91
24.07 24.35
6.32 N
5.60 E
14.89
17.29
19.15
17.21
16.97
15.04
10.24
12.54
14.37
15.99
17.43
15.75
60.40 N
5.32 E
0.46
1.33
3.18
8.36
19.24
16.70
16.28
10.19
6.53
3.19
1.36
0.35
23.58 N 17.03 N
58.28 E 54.08 E
12.90 16.52
14.86 16.92
21.22 18.49
22.22 20.65
25.30 21.46
24.02 16.92
23.46 8.52
21.66 11.41
20.07 17.14
18.45 18.62
15.49 16.42
13.12 —
24.90 N 30.20 N
67.13 E 71.43 E
13.84 12.29
— 15.86
— 18.33
19.69 22.35
20.31 22.57
16.62 21.65
— 20.31
— 20.44
— 20.57
— 15.91
12.94 12.68
11.07 10.00
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Energy Conversion
Lithuania Kaunas Madagascar Antanarivo Malaysia Kualalumpur Piang Martinique Le Lamentin Mexico Chihuahua Orizabita Mongolia Ulan Bator Uliasutai Morocco Casablanca Mozambique Maputo Netherlands Maastricht New Caledonia Koumac New Zealand Wilmington Christchurch Nigeria Benin City Norway Bergen Oman Seeb Salalah Pakistan Karachi Multan
Lat
A2-14
TABLE A2.3a
73.10 E
10.38
12.42
16.98
22.65
—
25.49
20.64
18.91
14.20
15.30
10.64
8.30
15.83 S
70.02 W
14.98
12.92
16.08
20.03
17.45
17.42
15.74
15.32
16.11
16.18
14.24
13.90
52.28 N 54.18 N
20.97 E 15.58 E
1.73 2.50
3.83 3.25
7.81 8.86
10.53 15.21
19.22 20.79
17.11 20.50
20.18 17.19
15.00 16.46
10.65 7.95
4.95 5.75
2.39 1.78
1.68 1.18
38.57 N 38.72 N
7.90 W 9.15 W
9.92 9.24
12.43 11.60
17.81 17.52
18.69 18.49
23.57 24.64
29.23 29.02
28.75 28.14
23.77 22.20
20.17 19.76
— 13.56
6.81 7.18
4.57 4.83
44.50 N 44.22 N 45.50 N
26.13 E 28.63 E 28.02 E
7.05 5.62 6.09
10.22 9.28 9.33
12.04 14.31 14.31
16.53 20.59 17.75
18.97 23.23 21.77
22.16 25.80 22.74
23.19 27.98 25.55
— 24.22 19.70
17.17 16.91 14.05
9.55 11.89 11.26
4.82 6.19 6.32
— 5.10 5.38
60.38 55.75 59.97 67.55
N N N N
77.87 E 37.57 E 30.30 E 133.38 E
1.34 1.45 1.03 0.21
4.17 3.96 3.11 2.25
9.16 8.09 4.88 7.61
17.05 11.69 12.24 15.96
21.83 18.86 20.59 19.64
21.34 18.12 21.55 —
20.26 17.51 20.43 —
13.05 14.17 13.27 14.12
10.16 10.92 7.83 7.59
4.68 4.03 2.93 3.51
1.71 2.28 1.16 0.54
0.68 1.29 0.59 —
46.77 N
56.17 W
4.43
6.61
12.50
17.57
18.55
17.84
19.95
16.46
12.76
8.15
3.69
3.33
1.37 N
103.98 E
19.08
20.94
20.75
18.20
14.89
15.22
13.92
16.66
16.51
15.82
13.81
12.67
37.57 N
126.97 E
6.24
9.40
10.34
13.98
16.35
17.49
10.65
12.94
11.87
10.35
6.47
5.14
33.98 S 33.98 S 25.73 S
18.60 E 25.60 E 28.18 E
27.47 27.22 26.06
25.57 22.06 22.43
— 19.01 20.52
15.81 15.29 16.09
11.44 11.79 15.67
9.08 11.13 13.67
8.35 10.73 15.19
13.76 13.97 18.65
17.30 18.52 21.62
22.16 23.09 21.75
26.37 23.15 24.82
27.68 27.26 23.43
40.45 N
3.72 W
7.73
10.53
15.35
21.74
22.81
22.05
26.27
22.90
18.89
10.21
8.69
5.56
14.40 N 13.62 N 15.67 N
33.48 E 25.33 E 32.53 E
21.92 21.56 23.90
24.01 21.84 27.38
23.43 24.54 —
25.17 25.29 27.45
23.92 24.31 23.21
23.51 24.15 26.15
22.40 22.87 23.55
22.85 21.19 25.46
21.75 22.58 24.05
20.47 23.85 23.51
20.19 — 23.82
19.21 — 22.53
59.37 N 55.72 N 59.35 N
13.47 E 13.22 E 18.07 E
1.26 1.97 1.32
3.13 3.47 2.69
5.02 6.66 4.75
14.01 12.48 13.21
19.90 17.83 15.58
16.70 13.38 14.79
20.92 18.74 20.52
14.14 14.99 14.48
10.52 10.39 10.50
3.98 5.45 4.04
1.47 1.82 1.19
0.94 1.21 0.83
(continued)
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-15
33.62 N
Solar Radiation Data
Islamabad Peru Puno Poland Warszawa Kolobrzeg Portugal Evora Lisbon Romania Bucuresti Constania Galati Russia Alexandovsko Moscow St. Petersburg Verkhoyansk St. Pierre & Miquelon St. Pierre Singapore Singapore South Korea Seoul South Africa Cape Town Port Elizabeth Pretoria Spain Madrid Sudan Wad Madani Elfasher Shambat Sweden Karlstad Lund Stockholm
(Continued)
Position
Long
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2.56 2.31
7.21 7.02
9.46 7.54
17.07 15.04
20.98 16.33
19.78 16.73
22.38 20.28
20.50 18.32
13.62 12.52
8.44 7.18
3.31 2.64
2.87 2.29
18.60
16.43
—
—
46.25 N 47.48 N
6.13 E 8.53 E
13.73 N
100.57 E
16.67
19.34
23.00
22.48
20.59
17.71
18.02
16.04
16.23
16.81
11.15 N
60.83 W
13.05
15.61
15.17
16.96
17.61
15.37
13.16
13.08
12.24
8.76
36.87 N 36.83 N
10.35 E 10.23 E
7.88 7.64
10.38 9.88
13.20 14.79
17.98 31.61
25.12 25.31
26.68 26.03
27.43 26.60
24.33 20.37
18.87 19.58
12.11 12.91
9.37 9.35
6.72 7.16
50.40 N
30.45 E
2.17
4.87
11.15
12.30
20.49
—
18.99
18.55
9.72
9.84
3.72
2.52
41.27 N
69.27 E
7.27
10.81
15.93
23.60
25.21
29.53
28.50
26.68
20.76
13.25
8.61
4.59
10.50 N 7.85 N 7.90 N
66.88 W 72.45 W 67.42 W
14.25 11.78 14.92
13.56 10.54 16.82
16.30 10.65 16.89
15.56 12.07 —
15.69 12.65 —
15.56 21.20 14.09
16.28 14.68 13.78
17.11 15.86 14.42
17.04 16.62 14.86
15.14 15.32 15.27
14.74 12.28 14.25
13.50 11.28 13.11
21.03 N
105.85 E
5.99
7.48
8.73
13.58
19.10
21.26
19.85
19.78
20.67
14.78
12.44
13.21
44.78 N 43.28 N 45.52 N
20.53 E 20.80 E 13.57 E
4.92 7.03 5.11
6.27 10.93 7.84
10.64 14.75 13.75
14.74 12.78 17.30
20.95 13.54 23.66
22.80 20.43 22.31
22.09 22.48 25.14
20.27 — 21.34
15.57 20.14 13.40
11.24 11.61 8.98
6.77 6.26 6.04
4.99 4.64 3.92
15.42 S
28.32 W
16.10
18.02
20.24
19.84
17.11
16.37
19.45
20.72
21.68
23.83
23.85
20.52
20.15 S 17.83 S
28.62 N 31.02 N
20.03 19.38
22.11 19.00
21.03 19.22
18.09 17.67
17.15 18.35
15.36 16.10
16.46 14.55
19.49 17.87
21.55 21.47
23.44 23.98
25.08 19.92
23.46 21.88
Note: Data for 872 locations is available from these sources in 68 countries. a Source for Canadian Data: Environment Canada: Internet address: http://www.ec.gc.ca./envhome.html Source: From Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Russia: Internee address: http://wrdc-mgo.nrel.gov/html/get_data-ap.html
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Energy Conversion
Switzerland Geneva Zurich Thailand Bangkok Trinidad & Tobago Crown Point Tunisia Sidi Bouzid Tunis Ukraine Kiev Uzbekistan Tashkent Venezuela Caracas St. Antonio St. Fernando Vietnam Hanoi Yogoslavia Beograd Kopaonik Portoroz Zambia Lusaka Zimbabwe Bulawayo Harare
Lat
A2-16
TABLE A2.3a
Position
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average
9.20 9.54
11.92 12.49
15.67 16.24
19.65 20.33
21.58 22.37
22.37 23.17
21.24 21.80
20.21 20.56
17.15 17.72
14.42 14.99
10.22 10.90
8.40 8.97
16.01 16.58
0.62 1.02 0.51 1.82 1.36
2.77 3.41 2.95 4.32 3.63
8.31 8.18 8.29 8.52 7.72
14.66 13.06 15.22 12.72 12.61
17.98 15.90 18.97 14.08 14.76
19.65 17.72 19.65 14.42 15.79
16.92 16.69 16.69 12.83 14.99
12.36 12.72 11.81 10.33 12.15
7.02 8.06 7.72 7.84 7.95
3.20 3.97 3.63 4.54 3.97
1.01 1.48 0.99 2.16 1.82
0.23 0.56 0.09 1.25 0.86
8.74 8.63 8.86 7.95 8.18
11.58 12.38
15.33 15.90
19.87 20.21
25.44 25.44
28.85 28.39
30.09 29.30
27.37 25.44
25.44 24.08
21.92 21.58
17.60 17.94
12.95 13.63
10.56 11.24
20.56 20.44
9.09 9.31
11.81 12.15
15.56 15.67
19.19 19.31
21.80 21.69
23.51 23.39
23.17 23.85
21.35 24.46
17.26 17.26
14.08 13.97
9.77 9.88
8.06 8.29
16.24 16.35
8.29 7.61 9.99 6.93 11.02 7.72 10.11 10.22
11.92 11.58 12.95 10.68 13.97 10.68 13.06 13.29
16.69 16.81 17.03 15.56 17.72 15.22 17.26 17.49
22.15 22.49 21.60 21.24 21.92 20.44 21.80 22.26
26.57 27.14 23.17 25.89 22.49 24.08 23.05 25.10
28.96 29.07 24.19 28.28 23.28 25.78 23.74 26.57
28.73 28.96 26.12 28.62 24.98 26.46 25.67 26.91
26.01 25.89 24.08 25.32 23.51 23.39 23.51 24.42
21.35 21.12 19.31 20.56 19.53 19.31 18.97 20.10
15.90 15.56 14.99 14.54 15.79 13.97 14.99 15.67
10.33 9.65 11.24 8.63 12.26 8.97 11.36 11.47
7.61 6.70 9.31 6.25 10.22 7.04 9.31 9.54
18.74 18.62 17.83 17.72 18.06 16.92 17.72 18.62
7.84 9.09
10.45 12.15
15.64 16.13
17.94 20.33
17.94 22.26
20.47 24.98
20.28 23.96
17.12 21.69
16.07 18.51
12.09 14.42
8.66 9.99
7.10 8.18
14.31 16.81
6.70
9.65
13.17
16.69
19.53
21.24
21.12
18.51
14.76
10.68
6.59
5.45
13.74
7.27
10.22
13.97
17.60
20.33
22.49
21.80
19.65
15.79
11.81
7.84
6.25
14.65
11.24
13.85
17.94
22.15
23.17
22.03
21.69
20.44
17.72
14.99
12.15
10.33
17.38 (continued)
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-17
Alabama Birmingham Montgomery Alaska Fairbanks Anchorage Nome St. Paul Island Yakutat Arizona Phoenix Tucson Arkansas Little Rock Fort Smith California Bakersfield Fresno Long Beach Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Los Angeles Santa Maria Colorado Boulder Colorado Springs Connecticut Hartford Delaware Wilmington Florida Daytona Beach
Average Daily Solar Radiation on a Horizontal Surface in U.S.A. (Units: MJ/sq. m-day)
Solar Radiation Data
TABLE A2.3b
Position
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average
10.45 10.33 12.72 13.17 11.58
13.17 13.29 15.22 16.01 14.42
17.03 16.92 18.51 19.65 18.17
21.12 21.24 21.58 22.71 22.26
22.03 22.49 21.46 22.83 23.05
21.58 22.03 20.10 22.03 21.92
21.01 20.90 21.10 22.03 20.90
19.42 19.65 20.10 21.01 19.65
16.69 17.72 17.60 18.74 17.60
14.20 15.56 15.67 16.47 16.01
11.47 11.92 13.17 13.85 12.83
9.65 9.77 11.81 15.79 11.02
16.47 16.81 17.38 18.40 17.49
9.43 9.31 9.77 9.54 9.99
12.38 12.26 12.72 12.61 12.72
16.01 16.13 16.47 16.35 16.81
20.21 20.33 20.67 20.56 21.01
22.03 22.37 22.37 22.37 22.37
22.83 23.17 22.83 22.83 22.60
21.80 22.15 21.58 21.58 21.80
20.21 20.56 20.33 20.21 19.76
17.26 17.49 17.60 17.26 16.92
14.42 14.54 14.99 14.88 14.65
10.45 10.56 11.02 10.90 11.13
8.40 8.52 9.09 8.86 9.20
16.29 16.43 16.62 16.50 16.58
14.08
16.92
19.42
21.24
22.83
23.51
23.74
23.28
21.35
18.06
14.88
13.40
19.42
5.79
8.97
13.63
18.97
23.51
26.01
27.37
23.62
18.40
12.26
6.70
5.11
15.90
6.47 6.70 7.50
9.31 9.77 10.33
12.49 12.72 13.40
16.47 16.58 17.83
20.44 20.33 21.46
22.60 22.49 23.51
22.03 22.15 23.05
19.31 19.42 20.56
15.10 15.22 16.58
10.79 10.79 12.26
6.47 6.59 7.72
5.22 5.34 6.13
13.85 14.08 15.10
7.04
9.99
13.17
17.49
21.24
23.28
22.60
20.33
16.35
11.92
7.38
5.79
14.76
6.70 6.81
9.77 9.77
13.29 13.06
16.92 16.92
20.78 20.56
22.83 22.83
22.71 22.60
19.76 19.76
15.33 15.33
10.90 10.90
6.59 6.70
5.45 5.45
14.31 14.20
9.65 8.97
12.83 11.92
16.69 16.13
21.01 20.44
23.28 22.71
25.78 25.78
25.67 25.55
22.60 22.60
18.40 18.28
14.42 14.08
10.11 9.65
8.40 7.84
17.49 17.03
7.27 7.27
9.88 10.22
13.51 13.63
17.60 17.83
20.56 20.90
22.26 22.71
21.46 22.03
19.65 20.10
16.01 16.35
12.38 12.38
7.95 7.95
6.25 6.25
14.54 14.76
9.77 9.77
12.83 12.83
16.01 16.13
19.87 19.31
21.80 21.58
22.03 22.71
20.67 21.58
19.65 20.33
17.60 18.06
15.56 15.56
11.24 11.47
9.31 9.31
16.35 16.58
6.70
9.99
13.78
16.92
19.99
21.92
21.69
19.31
15.22
10.56
6.47
5.45
13.97
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Energy Conversion
Jacksonville Tallahassee Miami Key West Tampa Georgia Athens Atlanta Columbus Macon Savanna Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise Illinois Chicago Rockford Springfield Indiana Indianapolis Iowa Mason City Waterloo Kansas Dodge City Goodland Kentucky Lexington Louisville Louisiana New Orleans Lake Charles Maine Portland Maryland
(Continued)
A2-18
TABLE A2.3b
10.33
13.97
17.60
20.21
22.15
21.69
19.19
15.79
11.92
8.06
6.36
14.54
6.70
9.65
13.40
16.92
20.21
22.03
21.80
19.31
15.33
10.79
6.81
5.45
14.08
5.91 5.91
8.86 8.86
12.38 12.49
16.47 16.58
20.33 20.21
22.37 22.26
21.92 21.92
18.97 18.85
14.76 14.54
10.11 9.77
6.13 5.91
4.66 4.66
13.63 13.51
5.68 6.36 6.36
9.31 9.77 9.65
13.74 13.51 13.17
17.38 16.92 16.58
20.10 20.56 20.10
21.46 22.49 22.15
21.80 22.83 22.15
18.28 19.42 19.08
13.29 14.65 14.54
8.86 9.99 10.11
5.34 6.13 6.25
4.43 4.88 5.11
13.29 13.97 13.74
9.43
12.38
16.13
19.87
22.15
23.05
22.15
19.08
14.54
10.11
6.25
5.11
13.74
8.06 7.95 8.52 7.84
10.90 10.68 11.02 10.56
14.31 14.08 14.65 13.97
18.62 18.28 18.62 18.06
21.58 21.24 21.24 21.12
23.62 23.28 23.05 23.05
23.85 23.62 23.62 22.94
21.12 20.78 21.24 20.44
16.69 16.58 16.81 16.58
12.72 12.72 13.17 12.49
8.29 8.40 8.86 8.18
6.70 6.70 7.27 6.59
15.56 15.44 15.67 15.22
5.22 5.22
8.29 8.40
12.61 12.72
17.15 17.15
20.67 20.33
23.28 23.05
25.21 24.53
21.24 20.78
15.79 15.10
10.45 10.22
6.02 5.91
4.43 4.32
14.20 13.97
7.50 7.33
10.33 10.10
13.97 13.65
18.06 16.22
21.24 19.26
2.40 21.21
23.51 22.15
20.56 18.87
16.01 15.44
11.81 11.54
7.61 7.76
6.13 6.20
15.10 14.16
7.61 10.79 8.29
10.56 14.42 11.58
14.42 19.42 16.24
18.85 24.87 21.24
22.71 28.16 25.10
25.67 30.09 27.48
26.69 28.28 28.16
23.62 25.89 24.98
19.31 22.15 20.56
13.63 17.03 14.88
8.29 12.15 9.31
6.70 9.88 7.38
16.58 20.33 17.94
6.81
10.11
13.97
16.92
20.21
21.80
21.80
19.08
14.99
10.45
6.47
5.45
14.08
7.38 6.93
10.22 9.77
13.97 13.51
17.49 17.26
20.21 19.76
21.92 21.35
21.24 21.01
19.19 18.85
15.79 15.33
11.92 11.36
8.06 7.27
6.36 5.68
14.54 13.97
11.47
14.99
19.31
24.53
27.60
29.07
27.03
24.76
21.12
17.03
12.49
10.33
19.99
6.36 5.68 6.93
9.43 8.40 9.88
12.95 12.15 13.85
16.69 16.35 17.72
19.53 19.76 20.44
21.46 22.03 22.03
21.58 21.69 21.69
18.51 18.62 19.42
14.65 14.08 15.56
10.11 9.54 11.47
6.13 5.68 7.27
5.00 4.54 5.79
13.51 13.29 14.31 (continued)
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-19
7.38
Solar Radiation Data
Baltimore Massachusetts Boston Michigan Detroit Lansing Minnesota Duluth Minneapolis Rochester Mississippi Jackson Missouri Columbia Kansas City Springfield St. Louis Montana Helena Lewistown Nebraska Omaha Lincoln Nevada Elko Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Concord New Jersey Atlantic City Newark New Mexico Albuquerque New York Albany Buffalo New York City
(Continued) January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average
Rochester North Carolina Charlotte Wilmington North Dakota Fargo Bismarck Ohio Cleveland Columbus Dayton Youngstown Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oregon Eugene Medford Portland Pacific Islands Guam Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pittsburgh Rhode Island Providence South Carolina Charleston Greenville South Dakota Pierre Rapid City Tennessee Memphis Nashville Texas Austin
5.68
8.52
12.26
16.58
19.87
21.92
21.69
18.51
14.20
9.54
5.68
4.54
13.29
8.97 9.31
11.81 12.15
15.67 16.24
19.76 20.44
21.58 21.92
22.60 22.60
21.92 21.58
19.99 19.53
16.92 16.69
13.97 14.08
9.99 10.56
8.06 8.52
16.01 16.13
5.79 6.12
9.09 9.75
13.17 13.88
16.92 17.43
20.56 21.45
22.37 23.01
23.17 24.06
19.87 20.12
14.31 15.21
9.54 10.61
5.68 6.28
4.54 4.84
13.74 14.39
5.79 6.47 6.81 5.79
8.63 9.09 9.43 8.40
12.04 12.49 12.83 11.92
16.58 16.58 17.03 15.90
20.10 19.76 20.33 19.19
22.15 21.58 22.37 21.24
21.92 21.12 22.37 20.78
18.97 18.97 19.65 18.06
14.76 15.44 15.90 14.31
10.22 11.24 11.47 10.11
6.02 6.81 7.04 6.02
4.66 5.34 5.45 4.77
13.51 13.74 14.20 13.06
9.88
1.25
16.47
20.33
22.26
24.42
24.98
22.49
18.17
14.54
10.45
8.74
17.15
4.54 5.34 4.20
7.04 8.52 6.70
11.24 13.17 10.68
15.79 18.62 15.10
19.99 23.39 18.97
22.37 26.23 21.24
24.19 27.82 22.60
21.01 23.96 19.53
15.90 18.62 14.88
9.65 11.92 9.20
5.11 6.02 4.88
3.75 4.43 3.52
13.40 15.67 12.61
16.35
17.38
19.65
20.78
20.56
19.76
18.28
17.49
17.49
16.58
15.79
15.10
17.94
7.04 6.25
9.88 8.97
13.63 12.61
17.26 16.47
19.99 19.65
22.03 21.80
21.46 21.35
19.42 18.85
15.67 15.10
11.58 10.90
7.72 6.59
6.02 5.00
14.31 13.63
6.70
9.65
13.40
16.92
19.99
21.58
21.24
18.85
15.22
11.02
6.93
5.56
13.97
9.77 9.20
12.72 12.04
16.81 15.90
21.12 19.99
22.37 21.58
22.37 22.60
21.92 21.58
19.65 19.87
16.92 16.81
14.54 14.08
11.02 10.22
9.09 8.18
16.58 16.01
6.47 6.70
9.54 9.88
13.85 14.20
17.94 18.28
21.46 21.46
24.08 24.19
24.42 24.42
21.46 21.80
16.35 16.92
11.24 11.81
7.04 7.50
5.45 5.79
14.99 15.33
8.86 8.29
11.58 11.13
15.22 14.65
19.42 19.31
22.03 21.69
23.85 23.51
23.39 22.49
21.46 20.56
17.38 16.81
14.20 13.51
9.65 8.97
7.84 7.15
16.24 15.67
10.68
13.63
17.03
19.53
21.24
23.74
24.42
22.83
18.85
15.67
11.92
9.99
17.49
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Energy Conversion
Position
A2-20
TABLE A2.3b
10.33 12.38 9.54 10.88
13.17 16.24 12.26 13.53
16.47 20.90 15.22 16.26
19.08 25.44 18.06 17.35
20.78 28.05 20.21 21.10
22.83 28.85 21.69 23.87
23.28 26.46 21.35 24.92
21.58 24.30 20.21 22.81
18.62 21.12 17.49 19.22
16.13 17.72 15.10 15.52
12.38 13.63 11.02 11.50
9.88 11.47 8.97 9.98
17.03 20.56 15.90 17.24
6.93
10.45
14.76
19.42
23.39
26.46
26.35
23.39
18.85
13.29
8.06
6.02
16.47
5.79
9.20
13.06
16.47
19.87
21.69
21.80
18.74
14.42
9.43
5.56
4.43
13.40
8.06 8.06
10.90 10.90
14.65 14.76
18.51 18.62
20.78 20.90
22.15 22.49
21.12 21.58
19.42 19.53
16.13 16.24
12.49 12.61
9.09 8.97
7.27 7.15
15.10 15.22
3.63 3.52 4.88
6.02 5.91 7.95
9.99 10.11 12.83
14.20 14.65 17.83
18.06 19.08 22.49
20.10 20.78 24.87
21.12 21.80 25.89
18.17 18.51 22.26
13.63 13.51 16.92
7.95 7.95 10.68
4.32 4.20 5.56
3.07 2.84 4.09
11.70 11.92 17.76
7.04 6.93
9.65 9.43
13.40 12.83
17.15 16.35
20.21 19.08
21.69 20.56
20.90 19.99
18.97 18.06
15.56 14.88
11.81 11.13
7.72 7.27
6.02 5.79
14.20 13.51
6.25 6.59 6.47
9.31 9.88 9.31
13.17 13.29 12.72
16.81 16.92 16.69
20.56 20.67 20.78
22.49 22.83 22.94
22.03 22.37 22.60
18.85 19.42 19.42
14.20 14.76 14.88
9.65 3.41 10.22
5.79 6.25 6.25
4.88 5.22 5.11
13.74 14.08 13.97
7.61 6.47
10.90 9.77
15.10 13.97
19.42 17.94
23.17 20.90
26.01 23.85
25.78 24.64
22.94 21.69
18.62 16.47
13.40 11.24
8.40 7.15
6.70 5.56
16.58 14.99
Solar Radiation Data
Brownsville El Paso Houston San Antonio Utah Salt Lake City Vermont Burlington Virginia Norfolk Richmond Washington Olympia Seattle Yakima West Virginia Charleston Elkins Wisconsin Green Bay Madison Milwaukee Wyoming Rock Springs Sendan
Source: From National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S.A.; Internet Address: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar.
A2-21
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
A2-22
Energy Conversion
TABLE A2.4 Reflectivity Values for Characteristic Surfaces (Integrated Over Solar Spectrum and Angle of Incidence) Surface Snow (freshly fallen or with ice film) Water surfaces (relatively large incidence angles) Soils (clay, loam, etc.) Earth roads Coniferous forest (winter) Forests in autumn, ripe field crops, plants Weathered blacktop Weathered concrete Dead leaves Dry grass Green grass Bituminous and gravel roof Crushed rock surface Building surfaces, dark (red brick, dark paints, etc.) Building surfaces, light (light brick, light paints, etc.)
Average Reflectivity 0.75 0.07 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.26 0.10 0.22 0.30 0.20 0.26 0.13 0.20 0.27 0.60
Source: From Hunn, B. D. and Calafell, D. O. 1977. Solar Energy, Vol. 19, p. 87; see also List, R. J. 1949. Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, 6th Ed., pp. 442–443. Smithsonian Institution Press.
q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
