Environment Protection: Методические указания по английскому языку

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Государственное образовательное учреждение – «Оренбургский государственный университет» Кафедра английского языка естественно-научных и инженерно-технических специальностей Е.А. МАШУТИНА

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Рекомендовано к изданию Редакционно-издательским советом государственного образовательного учреждения – «Оренбургский государственный университет»

Оренбург 2002 5

ББК 81.2 Англ я 7 М-38 УДК 802.0 = 20 (07)

Введение

Данные методические указания по английскому языку предназначены для студентов второго курса естественно - научного и транспортного факультетов. Указания состоят из текстов с комплексом упражнений, направленных на развитие речевых умений и текстов для дополнительного чтения. Основная цель методических указаний - подготовить студентов к беседе по соответствующей специальности. Наличие разных текстов, упражнений и диалогов способствует достижению цели обучения иностранному языку в неязыковом вузе.

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1 My speciality Orenburg State University is the largest higher educational establishment in our town. There are 7 Institutes and 11 Faculties in the University. I am a second year student of the Faculty of Natural Sciences. Our faculty was organized in 1998. It trains specialits on the following specialities: biology, chemistry, geography, geology and radiophysics. A course of study lasts 5 years. The present academic year is marked by expansion of new forms of technical specialization. Specialization plays a major part in planning the curricula. The academic program is composed of such subjects as history, philosophy, computer processing of information, chemistry, biology, biogeography, foreign languages and others. Mastering one of the foreign languages enables us to read foreign literature and learn about the latest scientific and technical achievements abroad. My future speciality is biology. Biology is a complex of sciences which deals with intricate relationships in the natural world. The first - and second - year students study general engineering subjects such as mathematics, physics, mechanics, strength of materials, elements of machines, drawing as well as computer engineering. Usually specialization begins in the third year. Third - year students take a course in such specialization as ecology. They study such subjects as botany, zoology, human biology, microbiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, genetics with the principles of selection and others. This course includes animal, plant and soil ecology, flora and fauna of Orenburg region and their protection. The Biology course is practically orintated and uses modern laboratories so that students get chances on experience in techniques and machinery used by modern biologists. At our disposal we have lecture halls, well - equipped laboratories, a new computer center. A new library will be equipped with modern facilities, and it'll keep 1,6 million volumes. While studying at the University students are to fulfil course papers and a diploma paper which is submitted at the end of the fifth year. Students take part in research expeditions. After graduating from the University students can continue their studies at the post - graduate course. The main feature of the educational system is that it is accessible for all. About 75% of the students receive state grants and 10% get allowances from enterprises which sponsored their applications. Our University considers education not only as a collection of useful facts and theories but also as the process which trains a person to analyse and interrelate various ideas as well as make decisions. We shall be specialists of tomorrow in the society with new technology. Our qualification will determine the scientific and technological progress of the country. Besides, specialists in this field should have a general education to supplement their specialized knowledge and thereby enable them to use it more effectively. The graduates of our faculty can work as teachers, engineers, research workers, inspectors, managers.

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1.1 Words and word - combinations to the text 1 Higher educational establishment высшее учебное заведение 2 To be a first (second, third) year student быть первокурсником 3 Specialist специалист 4 Speciality специальность 5 A course of study курс обучения 6 Computer processing of information информатика 7 Scientific научный 8 Achievements достижения 9 At our disposal в нашем распоряжении 10 Well - equipped хорошо оборудованный 11 Modern facilities современное оборудование 12 Course paper курсовая работа 13 Graduation thesis дипломная работа 14 To graduate from the University заканчивать университет 15 Post - graduate course аспирантура 16 Environment окружающая среда 17 To be accessible быть доступным 18 To make decisions принимать решения 1.2 Pronounce the following correctly - establishment, educational establishment; - science, physical science, social science, natural science, the faculty of natural sciences; - chemistry; - geography, geology, geodesy; - biology, biogeography; - processing, computer processing of information; - language, foreign languages; - well - equipped, well - equipped laboratory, it will be equipped; - surface, the surface of fhe earth; - environment, environmental process; - subject, University subject; 1.3 Give the principal forms of the following verbs and translate them to organize to keep to teach to compose to study to use to master to continue to develop to learn to include to introduce to begin to provide to understand 1.4 Look through the text and find English equivalents for the following word combinations 8

- готовить специалистов - выполнять курсовые работы - курс обучения - будущая специальность - второкурсник - последние научные и технические достижения в науке и технике 1.5 Translate these sentences into English 1 В прошлом году я был первокурсником. 2 Наш факультет готовит специалистов по разным специальностям. 3 Я должен выполнить курсовую работу к концу семестра. 4 Вчера мы переводили статью о последних научных достижениях за рубежом в области биологии. 5 Лучшие выпускники имеют возможность продолжать обучение в аспирантуре. 6 Новая библиотека - это уникальный комплекс, оснащенный современным оборудованием. 7 Я хочу быть учителем биологии. 8 Умение пользоваться (использовать) компьютером очень важно для будущего специалиста. 1.6 Finish the following sentences Biology helps us... . Students of our faculty may choose one of the following specialities: .... Students can do laboratory tests and carry out experiments in ... . We study many interesting subjects: ... . We can learn about latest scientific and technical achievements abroad if.... I am going to become a biologist because .... 1.7 Answer the following questions 1 What University do you study at? 2 How many faculties and institutes are there in your University? 3 What faculty do you study at? 4 When was it founded? 5 Are you a second-year student? 6 What specialists does your faculty train? 7 What subjects in the academic curriculum compose of? 8 What does the course of study end with? 9 In what way can graduates continue their study? 10 What is your future speciality? 11 What is biology and what does it deal with? 12 Why do you want to be a biologist? 1.8 Put 10 questions to the text 1.9 Tell your friends about all advantages of your future chosen profession 9

2 Text 1 Ecological Problems There are a lot of problems facing people on the planet Earth nowadays.The most urgent problem is an ecological one. Interrelations between man and the biosphere are complex. Man like any other living organizm depends for his life on what the biosphere provides: water, oxygen, food. On the other hand all sorts of human activity make the environment unhealthy. The main problems are: air pollution, water pollution, acid rains, safety of nuclear and power station, radioactive and other poisonous materials, disposal of waste and others. Let's consider some of them. Car engines burn gasoline, factories burn fuels. All these gases pollute the air. The biggest problem is ozone. Ozone can age our lungs, making us more susceptible to dangerous diseases, including cancer. Some factories produce liquid wastes and dump them into rivers and lakes. This problem includes oil pollution which causes great damage to coasts and wild life. Acid rains damage forests, poison rivers and lakes, make them lifeless. Safety of nuclear and hydroic power stations is another acute problem. Public anxiety has grown particularly after the Chernobyl disaster. Radioactive and other poisonous materials present health and safety problems. As the population of large cities continues to grow, the problem of industrial waste disposal has become urgent. In more than a hundred towns and cities the concentration of harmful substances in the air and water is over 10 times the admissible level. In recent years people have become more sensitive towards the environment. Still more public organizations and unofficial movements have been established. In 1987 a "Green Peace" public commission was set up. Its main goal is to combine the people's efforts in the struggle for peace and nature conservation. Russia is cooperating in this field with the USA, Canada, Finland, and Norway. The other way out of ecological problems is to turn technology to the construction of healthy environment. We must leave our planet better for future generations than it is now. 2.1 Read the words and remember them 1 urgent серьезный 2 interrelations взаимоотношения 3 gasoline бензин 4 fuel топливо 5 to age старить 6 susceptible чувствительный 7 to dump сбрасывать 8 conservation сохранение

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2.2 Read the dialogues and reproduce them in pairs №1 - What do you do about rubbish? - I usually put it in my bin and wait till the car drives. - Then why is there a big heap of waste near your house? I am sure all the neighbours do the same way. - You see sometimes people don't want to wait for a car, and the car often - doesn't arrive at all. - Here is the result. №2 - Do you live in an industrial district? - Yes, I do. There are many plants in my district. - Is anything done to stop the pollution of the air and the water? - Some steps have been done. You know several dangerous shops don't work. - I see. №3 - Do you know any examples of ecologically safe technology? - Of course, I do. Cars and power stations can work on the sun batteries. - But what about wastes? - The Baikal timber plant has proved that a factory can return its "waste" water to the lake quite pure, if it uses modern flittering technology. - As for me, I can't believe that crystal clear water is used in this may. 2.3 Exercise 1 Choose the right ending The most urgent problem is a - an administrative one b - an industrial one с - an ecological one Ozone can age a - our heart b - our lungs с - our eyes 2 Find the proper word Interrelations between man and ______ are complex. a- animals b - cars с – biosphere Acid ______ damage forests, lakes, and rivers. a - rains b - storms c- lightnings 3 Point out the synonyms to 11

nuclear

a - beautiful b - foggy с - radioactive to poison a - to water b - to pollute с - to destroy 4 Answer the questions Why has the problem of industrial waste disposal become urgent? a) because of political situation b) because of new government c) because of growth of the population What public commission was set up? a) "Regional Economy" b) "Green Peace" c) "Center of Excellence" 5 Insert the prepositions Some factories dump wastes ____ lakes. a) inside b) behind c) into Russia is cooperating _____ the USA, Canada. a) together b) with c) out 2.4 Make up your own dialogues discussing ecological problems 2.5 Make up a plan of this text 2.6 Retell this text according to your own plan

3 Text 2 Evolution of the Global Environment The history of the earth as a planet still contains many secrets, and considerable controversy surrounds, aspects of its formation and early development. As far as man is concerned, it is the evolution of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, which is of particular interest since both are quite essential to life, as we know it. Without these thin surface films, the earth would be exposed to wide temperature extremes, the land would be bombarded by lethal radiation, and it would not contain the water and gases necessary for biological activity. It now seems to be generally accepted that the primitive earth had virtually no atmosphere or hydrosphere, and that both have accumulated gradually during geological time as a result of the escape of water vapour, carbon dioxide nitrogen and other substances, from intrusive and extrusive rocks within the earth's interior. By 12

comparison with today's atmosphere, this pre-life was probably almost oxygen-free and its carbon dioxide concentration may have been significantly higher. The general temperature range was probably not much different from today, although mean temperatures may have been higher than now because higher concentrations of carbon dioxide would have tended to accentuate the "glasshouse" effect of the atmosphere. Many other features of the environment are also vital for our existence. Almost without exception all are in a dynamic state of balance, in which biological and geological factors interact to provide the attributes that now prevail. 3.1 Words to remember 1 controversy 2 to be exposed to 3 lethal 4 extreme 5 virtual 6 to accumulate 7 vapour 8 carbon dioxide 9 nitrogen 10 intrusive 11 extrusive 12 oxygen 13 surface films

спор, полемика быть подверженным опасности смертельный крайность, крайняя степень (точка) фактический накапливать пар, испарение диоксид углерода азот вторгающийся вытесняющий кислород земные оболочки

3.2 Pronounce the words correctly and write down the transcription atmosphere, hydrosphere, essential, radiation, geological, interior, accentuate, vital, dynamic, prevail. 3.3 Make up your own sentences using the new words 3.4 Read the text and answer the questions 1 What does the history of the earth as a planet still contain? 2 Was the earth exposed to wide temperature extremes and was the land bombarded by lethal radiation? 3 It seems that the primitive earth had virtually no atmosphere or hydrosphere, doesn't it? 4 What was the pre-life by comparison with today's atmosphere? 5 Has carbon dioxide concentration been significantly higher or lower? , 6 Do biological and geological factors interact? What for?

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3.5 Find the English equivalents from the right column насколько surface films земные оболочки "glasshouse" effect по сравнению provide the attributes результат «теплицы» by comparison крайние точки темпер-ры as far as обеспечить свойствами temperature extremes 3.6 Find in the text and prove that 1 the evolution of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere is of particular interest 2 the primitive earth had no atmosphere or hydrosphere 3 mean temperatures have been higher than now 3.7 Put 5 types of questions to the sentence Without these thin surface films it would not contain the water and gases necessary for biological activity. 3.8 Give the title to each paragraph of the text. Make a written translation of any paragraph 3.9 Retell the text

4 Text 3 Man's Use of the Environment Man is an animal, and is a part of the so - called "web of life". There is, however, an important difference between man and all other organisms. To an unprecedented degree, man has been able to manipulate other species and the environment itself. In the process his numbers and needs have increased dramatically, and are still increasing. Yet, the capacity of the environment to supply these needs is limited, and man's exploitation of the environment tends to reduce that capacity clearly, this constitutes a collision course, vividly reflected in the axiom that man's future existence on earth is not threatened by any species other than, himself. The thesis I wish to expound is that failure to observe some ecological found rules has put man into this position. Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to their environment; it deals with the environmental requirements of single species and with whole populations or communities, with the way in which organisms influence, and are influenced by their environment; and with the way in which organisms interact with one another. If man is persist on this planet indefinitely, I believe he must adopt a new ethic, based on ecological premises, to guide his future activity. I would like to consider first aspects of the evolution of the global environment itself, and of the way in which organisms live together, finally looking at the effect of man's past activities, and pointers to the future. 14

4.1 Words to remember 1 "web of life" 2 unprecedental 3 to be able 4 to increase 5 capacity 6 to be limited 7 exploitation 8 to reduce 9 collision 10 threatened 11 to expound

"Сеть жизни" беспрецедентный быть в состоянии увеличивать, возрастать способность, вместимость, емкость быть ограниченным эксплоатация понижать, ослаблять, уменьшать коллизия, столкновение, противоречие угрожающий, предвещающий подробно излагать, разъяснять

4.2 Pronounce the words correctly and write down the transcription organism, precedent, manipulate, species, dramatic, constitute, course, vivid, axiom, thesis, whole, ethic, evolution, effect 4.3 Read the text and answer the questions 1 Is there any difference between man and all other organisms? 2 The environment is unlimited, isn't it? 3 Can man's exploitation reduce the capacity of the environment? 4 Do any species threat man's future existence? 5 What put man into such position? 6 What does ecology deal with? 7 Which branch of science studies organisms in relation to their environments? 4.4 Find the Russian equivalents from the right column the so-called основные правила unprecedental degree поверхностные требования (потребности) vividly reflected экологические предпосылки found rules так называемые environmental requirements ярко выраженный ecological premises беспрецедентная степень 4.5 Translate the sentences into English using the new words 1 Население мира увеличивается из года в год. 2 Уничтожение лесов является угрожающей проблемой не только для обитателей леса, но и для человека. 3 Наша планета не в состоянии спасти себя без нашей помощи. 4 Природные ресурсы - небезграничны. 5 Как вы заметили, столкновение человека с природой происходит на каждом шагу. 15

6 Способность предсказывать погоду защитила нас от многочисленных катастроф. 7 В конечном итоге эксплуатация природы человеком приведет к плохому результату. 8 Чтобы уменьшить количество отравляющих газов в воздухе, нужно строить очистительные сооружения. 4.6 Choose the right tense and explain it 1 has been able /Pres. Ind. Act. /Past. Perf. Pass. /Pres. Perf. Act. 2 are increasing /Pres. Perf. Pass. /Pres. Cont. Act /Pres. Ind. Pass 3 is limited /Past. Ind. Pass. /Pres. Ind. Act. /Pres. Ind. Pass 4.7 Agree or disagree 1 There is no difference between man and all other organisms. 2 Man has been able to manipulate the environment itself. 3 Man's future existence on earth is not threatened by any species other than himself. 4 Ecology is the study of man's influence to the environment. 5 Man should not adopt a new ethic, based on ecological premises, to guide his future activity. 4.8 Put general questions to the sentences 1 There is an important difference between man and all other organisms. 2 Man has been able to manipulate other species and the environment itself. 3 Man's exploitation of the environment tends to reduce that capacity clearly. 4 Man's future existence on earth is not threatened by any species other than, himself. 5 I would like to consider first aspects of the evolution of the global environment itself. 4.9 Discuss the problem of man's use of the environment in your dialogues

5 Text 4 Man's Impact on the Environment When man first appeared, a million or so years ago - a very brief period on geological time - the earth contained many of the species of plants and animals which exist today, most of the climate which exist today and many of today's topographic 16

features. Although the distribution of climates and the location of shorelines, have changed, the range of ecological situations available for life has not changed to a pronounced degree. Just why man appeared when he did is still a subject of some speculation. However, man's place in nature was virtually the same as that of any other creature. Man the hunter -gatherer was in all respects part of the flood chain of the ecosystem he lived in. Clearly, he made no changes to the biosphere as a whole. Man the farmer was able, if not to leave an ecological role as fully as man the hunter, at least to avoid large-scale environmental change. The first signs of a new problem in ecological management became evident when man congregated into villages and towns. In these centers there developed great accumulations of organic and inorganic debris. At this stage the word "pollution" could well have been introduced to man's vocabulary. Man the technologist expects, not merely to survive, but to enjoy a socioeconomic infrastructure which provides transportation, education, housing, recreational space and many other cultural facets. To satisfy these desires and needs, man has affected the environment both directly and indirectly. In a direct sense his mechanical activity - in constructing cities, highways, dams and in soil cultivation and mining - is the most striking and obvious. Indirectly, though the other products of modern technology are also of great importance as agents of change. These products, in the main, are those of chemical and engineering technology. In these activities, man the technologist has attempted to ignore the capacities and characteristics of his ecosystems. The results of those activities are all around us. 5.1 Words to remember 1 to contain 2 location 3 pronounced 4 speculation 5 to congregate 6 debris 7 dam 8 species 9 facet

содержать размещение, определение места ярко выраженный размышление, спекуляция собирать (ся) развалины, обломки пород дамба, плотина вид, род, разновидность грань

5.2 Pronounce the words correctly and write down the transcription topographic, although, creature, biosphere, organic, survive, mechanical, ignore

5.3 Translate the following, pay attention to the - ing forms man the technologist expects to enjoy a socioeconomic infrastructure which provides education, housing; his mechanical activity - in constructing cities, and in soil cultivation and mining - is the most striking; these products are those of chemical and engineering technology 17

5.4 Fill in the blanks and translate the sentences 1 When man first appeared, the earth ________ many of the ________ of plants and animals which exist today. 2 The range of ecological situations has not changed to a _____ degree. 3 He made no changes to the _______ as a whole. 4 The first signs of a new problem in ecological _____ became evident when man _______ into villages. 5 His mechanical activity - in constructing cities, _______ - is the most striking and obvious. 6 Man the _______ has attempted to ignore the capacities and characteristics of his ecosystems. ____________________________________________________________ pronounced, management, technologist, biosphere, contain, dam, species, congregate 5.5 Answer the questions 1 What did the earth contain when man first appeared? • 2Has the range of ecological situations available for life changed to a pronounced degree? 3 What types of man were distinguished by nature? 4 Man the hunter-gatherer made some changes to the biosphere, didn't he? 5 How did man the technologist affect the environment? 6 What was introduced to man's vocabulary when he congregated into villages and towns? 5.6 Check if you remember the following English verbs. Match the verbs correctly, find equivalents from the right column 1 to appear наслаждаться 2 to be able менять 3 to introduce избегать 4 to exist пытаться 5 to develop собирать 6 to enjoy появляться 7 to change быть в состоянии 8 to avoid вводить 9 to attempt существовать 10 to gather развивать 5.7 Read the dialogue, reproduce it - Do you know when man first appeared, I wonder? - Not exactly. But, probably, it happened a million or so years ago. - And what did our earth contain at that time? - It contained many of the species of plants and animals which exist today, most of the climates which exist today and many of today's topographic features. 18

- I see. Then, according to you, the range of ecological situations has not changed to a pronounced degree. Am I right? - Quite so! Man, also, made no changes to the biosphere as a whole. - I can't agree with you. Man's impact on the environment is seen from the first sight. - There was man the hunter-gatherer, man the farmer, man the technologist and ... - I see. To satisfy his desires and needs, man he technologist affected the environment. - If you are so interested in this question, you can take a book "Man's Impact on the Environment". - Thank you, I'll follow your advice. 5.8 Express your own opinion on the problem discussed in this text

6 Text 5 A Global Imperative for Environment For at least the past few decades almost all the nations of the planet Earth has been preoccupied with economic growth, science and technology, spreading rapidly around the world, seemed to offer the key to ever expanding material well-being. At the same time, nature seemed to offer unlimited abundance. All civilizations so far have been built on an orderly system of relationships linking man to nature, but these relations are being disrupted all over the world by technological forces and high population densities. Increasingly, we destroy forests and we flood deserts to create' more farmland, factories, houses and roads. We eliminate all forms of wildlife that compete with us for space and for food. We tolerate animals, plants, and landscapes only to the extent that they serve economic purposes. High -ways, factories and dwellings occupy more and more of the land areas; the use of all natural resources, including water, will soon have to be restricted to utilitarian ends. Disruption of the water cycle is speeding water on its way to the sea and increasing its destructive action on land surfaces. Pollution of the air and of water is beginning to upset the biological balance and to damage human health. Man is rapidly destroying all the aspects of the environment under which he evolved as a species, and that have created his biological being. Until the middle of this century, world agricultural development was associated with the expansion of cultivated land, since then it has been dependent largely on the intensified exploitation of existing cultivated areas. But the technologies of the Green Revolution such as extensive use of agrochemicals and increased dependence on improved breeds, that made exploitation possible have given rise to adverse side effects. These include soil pollution and the disruption of soil - seated biological processes. Man may have already transformed as much as 10% of all ice-free lands into desert and reduced global vegetation by 1/3. In many areas we may be even closer to the outer limits of available freshwater supplies. We are only now beginning to look seriously at some of these questions and there is still a dangerous level of 19

ignorance about them. Modern Science is so inventive that it will probably succeed in providing mankind with technologies to compensate for the destruction of natural resources. But this alone will not correct the damage to the environment done by population and undisciplined technology. Let's mention that most types of disease are the expressions of man's failure to adapt to his environment, and that adaption will become increasingly difficult as air, water and soil are altered more and more rapidly by the new ways of life. The waste of natural resources, the threats to health constitute many different aspects of the environmental problem in the modern world, each with characteristics of its own. In our own self-interest we should consider the creation of disaster-prevention programs on a global scale. There must be a worldwide program to conserve scarce resources. We must evolve a stragedy for global environmental security - a planetary policy to avoid disaster and provide a greater sense of direction in human affairs.

6.1 Words to remember 1 to expand 2 abundance 3 to disrupt 4 density 5 to flood 6 to eliminate 7 to compete 8 to tolerate 9 disruption 10 to evolve 11 breed 12 adverse 13 to alter 14 to conserve 15 scarce

расширять изобилие разрывать густота, плотность заливать, затоплять, наводнять исключать, устранять конкурировать, состязаться терпеть, сносить разрыв, раскол развертывать, развивать порода враждебный, противоположный изменять, переделывать сохранять, сберегать скудный, недостаточный, редкий

6.2 Pronounce the words correctly and write down the transcription decade, science, material, civilization, technological, desert, purpose, resource, utilitarian, cultivated, agrochemical, vegetation, compensate, undisciplined, failure, adaption, stragedy 6.3 Give the Russian for 1 a global imperative for environment 2 to offer unlimited abundance 3 to give rise to adverse side effect 4 reduced global vegetation 5 global environmental security 20

6.4 Give the English for 1 оказывать вредное влияние 2 вести к упадку 3 загрязнять воздух 4 широко использовать 5 противоположный побочный эффект 6 имеющиеся запасы пресной воды 6.5 Agree or disagree 1 Nature offers unlimited abundance. 2 We destroy forests and we flood deserts to create more farmland, factories, houses and roads. 3 Pollution of the air and of water is beginning to upset the biological balance. 4 Man has not yet reduced global vegetation. 5 We must evolve a stragedy for global environmental security. 6.6 List all the negative aspects of Man's activity 6.7 Choose the right tense and explain 1 have been preoccupied /Past. Ind. Pass. /Pres. Perf. Pass. /Pres. Perf. Act. 2 will succeed /Pres. Ind. Pass. /Past. Perf. Act. /Put. Ind. Act. 3 is speeding /Pres. Cont. Act. /Pres. Perf. Pass. /Pres. Ind. Act. 4 was associated /Past. Perf. Act. /Past. Ind. Pass. /Put. Ind. Act. 5 has polluted /Past. Ind. Act. /Pres. Per. Pass. /Pres. Perf. Act. 6.8 Put 15 questions to the text 6.9 List all the problems facing the Humanity

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7 Text 6 Biology Modern biologists manipulate data, develop and evaluate theories, and deal with intricate relationships in the natural world. The Biology award at the University of Luton addresses these areas through the study of plant biology, microbiology, molecular biology and ecology. The broad nature of the Biology award provides you with ultimate flexibility in our modular scheme. Specialists offered to include Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Environmental Biology, Health Science, Human Biology, Pharmacology and Plant Biology, all of which are available as discrete awards. However, if you are not sure which biological subjects to specialise in you can enter the Biology award at Level 1, gain some experience of subjects you may not have come across before, and delay the decision to specialise until the second or third year of the course. However, you may, like many students, wish to remain a multi-skilled biologist to take advantage of the wider job opportunities open to you. The Biology course is practically orientated and uses our modern analytical laboratories so that you get hands-on experience of the techniques and machinery used by modern day biologists. Staff research and consultancy activities ensure that our Biology course is up to date, and our national and international links are continually expanding. These factors, coupled with the transferable skills you develop throughout the course ensure that you are well prepared for the workplace when you graduate. The Biology course is particularly attractive to employers as a single subject award in combination with Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Environmental Biology, Environmental Science, Human Biology, Pharmacology and Plant Biology. 7.1 Words to remember 1 intricate 2 award 3 ultimate 4 flexibility 5 discrete 6 to gain 7 to delay 8 consultancy 9 transferable 10 employer

запутанный присуждение, награда, отделение последний, окончательный, основной гибкость, уступчивость отдельный, разъединенный приобрести, получить медлить, задерживать, откладывать консультационный передаваемый, переносимый работодатель

7.2 Pronounce the words correctly and write down the transcription biologist, manipulate, microbiology, molecular, scheme, pharmacology, specialise, multi-skilled, advantage, orientated, experience, techniques, ensure. 7.3 Make up your own sentences using the new words

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7.4 Read the text and answer the questions 1 What do modern biologists deal with? 2 Does the broad nature of the Biology award provide us with ultimate flexibility in our modular scheme? 3 Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Environmental Biology are available as discrete awards, aren't they? 4 Where can you gain some experience of subjects? 5 Is the Biology course attractive? 7.5 Find the English equivalents from the right column приобрести какой-то опыт intricate relationships биолог с большим опытом international links запутанные отношения gain some experience в сочетании multi-skilled biologist международные связи in combination 7.6 Find in the text and prove that 1 biologists are in close connection with the natural world 2 you can gain some experience of different subjects 3 you're well prepared for the workplace when you graduate 7.7 Put 5 types of questions to the sentence The Biology course is practically orientated and uses our modern analytical laboratories. 7.8 Give the title to each paragraph of the text. Make a written translation of the first paragraph 7.9 Retell the text

8 Text 7 Human Biology If you are fascinated with the complexity of the human body and how it works, then you should study the Human Biology award at Luton. The course, like the Health Science award, is structured so that you need not have a strong biological background prior to entry. However, if you do have a biological background you can enjoy developing an in-depth knowledge of the subject. Human Biology at Luton investigates human metabolism, genetics and nutrition which complements an in depth investigation into the pathology of human disease. The course is practical in nature and develops a range of transferable skills which are designed to provide you with a head start in the job market. One feature that will aid you in this task is the honours project which takes place in the third year of study. The project is linked to staff research which covers a wide area and has collaborative links with institutions 23

from as far a field as Russia. The course is assessed through a mixture of examinations and course work with many modules being assessed entirely through the work you produce during the year. The Human Biology course is particularly attractive to employers when combined with Biochemistry, Biology, Health Science, Health Studies, Pharmacology and Psychology. 8.1 Words to remember 1 to fascinate 2 complexity 3 background 4 prior to 5 to investigate 6 metabolism 7 nutrition 8 collaborative 9 to assess

очаровывать строение, сложность фон, задний план раньше, прежде исследовать, разузнавать метаболизм, взаимодействие питание сотруднические оценивать

8.2 Pronounce words correctly and write down the transcription prior, knowledge, genetics, complement, depth, pathology, disease, feature, project, area, mixture, particularly, Psychology 8.3 Read the text and answer the questions 1 What should you study if you're fascinated with the complexity of the human body? 2 Do you need strong biological background prior to entry? 3 Such course is practical in nature, isn't it? 4 When does the honours project take place? 5 How is the course assessed? 6 Is the Human Biology combined with Physics, Mathematics, and Literature or with Biochemistry, Biology and Health Science? 8.4 Find the Russian equivalents from the right column depth investigation строение тела Human nutrition связи сотрудничества Transferable skill однако Collaborative links глубина исследования Complexity of the human body передаваемое'мастерство However питание человека 8.5 Find the sentences with the new words in the text and translate them 8.6 Agree or disagree 1 If you're fascinated with the work of human body, you should study 24

Biochemistry. 2 Any student needs to have a strong biological background prior to entry the course. 3 Human Biology at Luton investigates human metabolism. 4 The project is not linked to staff research. 5 The course is assessed through a mixture of examinations. 8.7 Put general questions to the sentences 1 You should study the Human Biology award at Luton. 2 Human Biology investigates genetics and nutrition. 3 The course is practical in nature. 4 One feature will aid you in this task. 5 The Human Biology course is combined with Health studies. 8.8 Discuss the Human Biology course in your dialogues

9 Text 8 Biochemistry How do you sense cold and heat? Why do you have colour vision? How does one cell know what another is doing? All these functions, in the end, are controlled by biochemical reactions. Biochemistry is therefore at the heart of all biological studies and is perhaps the most important area of biological research. The Biochemistry award at Luton introduces metabolic studies in a variety of organisms including plants, microorganisms and humans. There is also an in-depth investigation into modern biochemical conundrums such as the control of metabolic events, and the unravelling of the secrets of DNA and its manipulation. The course provides a high level of practical training that ranges from simple biochemical tests to the use of modern laboratory equipment. You will be trained in basic but essential laboratory work and, by the time you complete the course, you will be able to use modern analytical tools to investigate particular biochemical problems. You will have the opportunity to undertake a final year honours project which is often linked to staff research and could lead to your first scientific publication. Staff research in the biochemistry area is buoyant and many staff undertake collaborative research with research organisations and industrial partners throughout the UK. Transferable skills are highlighted throughout your course of study and in combination with your hands-on practical skills provide you with a head start in the job market. The course is assessed throughout by a mixture of examinations and course work with many modules being assessed entirely through the work you produce during the year. The Biochemistry course is particularly attractive to employers when combined with Biology, Biotechnology, Health Science, Human Biology, Pharmacology and Plant Biology.

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9.1 Words to remember 1 conundrum 2 to unravel 3 equipment 4 tool 5 to undertake 6 buoyant

загадка распутывать оборудование орудие предпринимать плавучий, жизнерадостный

9.2 Pronounce the words correctly and write down the transcription vision, therefore, conundrum, manipulation, scientific, publication, buoyant, partner, throughout 9.3 State to what part of speech they belong. Write down the basic form biochemical, biological, metabolic, including, practical, analytical, scientific, collaborative, industrial, attractive 9.4 Fill in the blanks and translate the sentences 1 How does one _____know what another is doing? ' 2 ________ is therefore at the heart of all biological studies. 3 There is also an in depth investigation into modern biochemical ________. 4 Staff research in the biochemistry area is _____ and many staff _____ collaborative research with research organisations. 5 The course is _____ throughout by course work. ______________________________________________________________ buoyant, biochemistry, assess, cell, conundrum, undertake. 9.5 Answer the questions 1 What functions are controlled by biochemical reactions? 2 Is biochemistry the most important area of biological research? 3 There is also an in-depth investigation into modern biochemical conundrums, isn't there? 4 Will you be able to use modern analytical tools or to read scientific books to investigate particular biochemical problems? 5 What is the course assessed by? 6 Is the Biochemistry course combined with Human Biology, Plant Biology and Health Science?

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9.6 Check if you remember the following English verbs. Match the verbs correctly, find equivalents from the right column 1 to sense запасать 2 to include заканчивать 3 to provide ощущать 4 to complete руководить 5 to lead включать 6 to combine сочетать 9.7 Put 10 questions to the text 9.8 List all the aspects connected with the Biochemistry course

10 Text 9 Pharmacology How do drugs affect the human body? How are drugs used to cure diseases? Why do some drugs work better than others? These questions are investigated in the Pharmacology award at Luton. The award covers areas such as chemotherapy, immunology, the treatment of genetic diseases, drugs metabolism, pathology, and the relationships between drug design and drug function. The Pharmacology award at Luton emphasises practical skills at all levels. You will begin by mastering basic laboratory techniques and progress through practical work in modern analytical laboratories, providing you with a head start in the job market. The pharmacology staff has a wide range of expertise and has research contacts with hospitals and large industrial pharmaceutical companies. The final year project may involve you in staff research which is linked to such organisations and may even lead to your first scientific publication. Pharmacology studied in combination with the Biochemistry award is a particularly powerful study combination. This provides you with an extensive range of skills and techniques applicable to diverse employment, but in particular with pharmaceutical companies. 10.1 Words to remember 1 to cure 2 chemotherapy 3 immunology 4 pathology 5 expertise 6 pharmaceutical 7 applicable 8 diverse 9 employment

вылечивать химиотерапия иммунология патология экспертиза фармацевтический применимый, пригодный иной, отличный служба, занятие, работа 27

10.2 Pronounce the words correctly and write down the transcription drugs, chemotherapy, immunology, pathology, laboratory, research, particularly, extensive, pharmaceutical. 10.3 Give the Russian for 1 human body 2 to cure disease 3 treatment of genetic disease 4 mastering basic laboratory techniques 5 research contacts with hospitals

10.4 Agree or disagree 1 Some drugs work better than others. 2 The award doesn't cover the relationships between drug design and drug function. 3 The Pharmacology award at Luton emphasises practical skill at all levels. 4 The final year project can not involve you in staff research. 5 Pharmacology studied in combination with the Biochemistry award is a particularly powerful study combination. 10.5 List all the aspects the Pharmacology connects with 10.6 Choose the right tense and explain /Past. Ind. Pass. 1 are used /Pres. Ind. Pass. /Past. Ind. Act. 2 covers

/Pres. Ind. Pass. /Pres. Perf. Act. /Pres. Ind. Act.

3 will begin

/Put. Ind. Act. /Put. Ind. Pass. /Put. Cont. Act.

4 studied

/Past. Ind. Pass. /Past. Perf. Act. /Past. Ind. Act.

5 is providing

/Pres. Ind. Act. /Pres. Cont. Act. /Pres. Perf. Act.

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10.7 Put 10 questions to the text 10.8 Discuss the text in your own dialogues

11 Text 10 Natural Environment and Species Protection in Britain The landscape, countryside and wildlife of Britain today are the products of human occupation. The landscape continues to change today, and Britain strives to protect the beauty of the rural environment - now and for the future - through a wide range of environmental laws and policies. The government works closely with a number of voluntary groups to ensure that and appropriate balance is achieved. Since the Bronze Age, the presence of humans has had an impact on the British landscape. It is estimated that by the year 1086, the area of forest in England had shrunk to about 15%. Today there is a new emphasis on protecting the landscape and its geological features and wildlife. Most land in Britain remains in agricultural or woodland use, but there is also a demand for new housing and roads. To achieve a balance between these very different needs, the government reviews its countryside policy regularly to reflect the needs of different users and the long-term future of the landscape itself. National Parks help to protect the countryside. The Department of the Environment is the government department with responsibility for the natural environment. It oversees land use planning, creates countryside and nature policies, controls pollution and designates areas of special interest. The Welsh and Scottish offices and the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland all handle similar duties. The government receives help from a number of bodies, which carry out research. The Forestry Commission, is the national forestry authority in Britain. It helps the government to manage and sustain existing woodlands, to create even more free cover to benefit both people and wildlife. We should have less problems if we were more accurate. 11.1 Read the words and memorize them 1 landscape пейзаж, ландшафт 2 to strive прилагать усилия, бороться 3 rural сельский 4 to ensure обеспечивать, гарантировать 5 appropriate соответствующий 6 to shrink (shrunk) сокращаться 7 countryside сельская местность 8 to designate определять, обозначать 9 to sustain поддерживать 10 to benefit помогать

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11.2 Complete the sentences 1 The government works closely... 2 By the year 1086 ... 3 National Parks ... 4 The Welsh and Scottish offices ... 5 We should have less ... 11.3 Answer the questions 1 How does Britain strive to protect the beauty of the rural environment? 2 Since what time the presence of humans has had an impact on the British landscape? 3 Is there a demand for new housing and roads? 4 National Parks help to protect the countryside, don't they? 5 What organizations, connected with the protection of landscape do you know? 11.4 Rearrange the plan according to the logics Plan 1 The change of landscape. 2 An impact of humans. 3 The use of most land. 4 The work of government. 5 Forestry Authority. 11.5 Describe what ecological problem is discussed here. Use the given plan

12Texts for additional reading 12.1 In the Forests Forests are ecologically important, but they are also important from an economic and recreational perspective. This century, read forestation has helped woodland cover in Britain rise from about 4% of the land area in 1918 to about 10% today. Private owners are encouraged to plant new trees by means of the Woodland Grant Scheme and another grant scheme encourages farmers to develop woodland on land taken out of agricultural production. On a larger scale, the Forestry Commission and the Countryside Commission have approved 12 new "community forests" in England, each covering 15,000 to 95,000 hectares. Intended to be a mix of farmland, public open spaces and leisure facilities within a wooden landscape, these forests are designed for recreation and will be within easy reach of towns and cities. Much effort is taken to involve local communities in these projects. Strathclyde Regional Council has recently turned down an application for a tower hotel within the region on the grounds that there was no demand for it. It was pure speculation, said the Council, and would have had an enormous impact on the surrounding countryside.

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Words to remember 1 perspective 2 to encourage 3 grant 4 scheme 5 facilities 6 application

перспектива; перспективный одобрять; поощрять дар; дотация; дозволять проект; схема средства; удобства приложение; заявление; просьба; употребление

12.2 Land Use Planning Britain controls new building through its extensive land use planning system. What this means is that most new development - any new building work and also many changes of use, such as changing a house into an office - require planning permission. Some applications even need a special environmental assessment before work can begin. At all times, it is recognised that while development is needed to sustain the rural economy, it must always be balanced with protection of the countryside. Green belts are a vital part of Britain's land use planning system. Normally found around cities, they restrict the sprawl of large built - up areas and help to protect the surrounding countryside. The government sees Green Belts as very important to Britain and expects local planning authorities to take a similar view when considering for planning permission. Green Belts are carefully protected under the planning system. Both the government and local planning authorities want these areas to be left open and free from inappropriate development. There is a total of 1.5 million hectares of Green Belts in England and 160,000 hectares in Scotland. Footpath work by local authorities, such as signposting, helps people gain access to the countryside. Particularly popular with walkers are long - distance paths. There are 10 approved "national trails" open in England and Wales, covering over 2 900 km, as well as 3 approved long - distance routes in Scotland, covering some 580 km. Words to remember 1 assessment обложение 2 sprawl протяжение 3 hectar гектар 4 signpost указательный столб 12.3 Protectors Target "Mickey Mouse" Zoo Animal rights protesters are planning to demonstrate at the opening of Disney's $ 800 million Animal World theme park. They say zoos are a concept whose time has passed. They are protecting against the deaths of 12 animals in incidents before the park's opening. The deaths include 2 rhinos. One was an endangered black rhino which swallowed a 45-cm stick and suffered a fatal infection. Only around 2,500 31

black rhinos are believed to still exist in the wild. A Pair of rare West African crowned cranes were run over by a tour bus. Around 1 000 animals remain in the 500 -acre park, all of them born in captivity. The chairman of Disney, Michael Eisner, told BBC News that only a tiny proportion of the animals had died "The population in the wild that dies in a year is anywhere between 30, 40 and 90%", he said. The animals that die in a zoo are 12-15% - an unbelievably low amount. The Florida Fish Commission is carrying out an investigation of the park for the US Department for Agriculture. A spokesman for the Commission backed up Mr. Eisner's assertions, saying, "it is not abnormal for a zoo of this size to have a few die for various reasons". The park was inspected 5 times by officials in February and it passed US regulations on the quality of the cages, veterinary care, sanitation and feeding. But Joe Taksel of the Animal Rights Federation of Florida is not impressed. "To breed an animal or to capture an animal and confine that animal for the rest of its life to be a zoo attraction I think is a concept whose time has passed." Words to remember 1 target мишень 2 concept понятие 3 rhinos носорог 4 to endanger подвергаться опасности 5 infection заражение 6 crane журавль 7 captivity плен 8 assertion утверждение 9 regulations правила 10 to breed разводить 11 to confine заключать 12.4 Land Reclamation Land reclamation is becoming an increasingly important area of environment interest as the UK government and European Union introduce more laws and directions. Increasing demand is being placed on the protection of the environment and enhancement of existing features and areas, as pollution incidences attract a great degree of public attention. The entire field of environmental protection is evolving, introducing specialist areas of concern, such as land reclamation, and incorporating concepts such as sustailiability which integrates environmental and social concerns on a global level. The field of land reclamation as a degree is both new and dynamic. It is a vocational course that adopts an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating aspects of physical science, environmental management, monitoring and assessment. The course is ideal for anyone with an interest in environmental conservation issues, with a preference towards scientific and practical applications. Field work is an essential component of this degree.

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1 reclamation 2 enhancement 3 incidence 4 to integrate 5 assessment

осушка, мелиорация увеличение, усиливание, повышение сфера действия составлять целое обложение

12.5 HND Environmental Science Growing widespread concern over environmental matters has led to an increased demand for technologists with the skills to monitor all aspects of the natural environment. This course is designed for students with a broad background of study who are able to tackle environmental problems using a variety of approaches. Although analysis of materials is an essential feature of the course, a background in chemistry is not required. This course is linked to the modular field in Environmental Science and on completion of the HND you may transfer to the third level of this degree programme. Year 1 covers environmental chemistry and physics; data acquisition in field sciences; physical geography; terrestrial, atmospheric and marine environments; basic ecology; data handling in environmental science; and use of computers. Year 2 offers field course; economic geology; water quality; environmental impact assessment; field sampling and analysis; environmental analysis; environmental sensitivity and change. This course is strongly orientated towards practical work and student - centred learning, including project work. Your progress will be monitored by continuous assessment and end-of-module examinations. 1 to tackle 2 acquisition 3 terrestrial 4 to sample

заниматься приобретение земной пробовать

12.6 Environmental Studies The field of Environmental Studies is concerned with measuring and monitoring the environment from both a 'scientific' and a 'social scientific' point of view, and then analysing and evaluating the data obtained. It is driven by the imperative to use knowledge and methods from various sciences and technologies and social and political studies in an holistic studies in harmonious way. The education and training will provide you with an in-depth knowledge and understanding of techniques used for research into environmental and socio-economic issues. Lectures form the core of the course and are supported by extensive practical 33

sessions, a programme of field work, laboratory work and seminars. The Environmental Studies graduate will therefore be a person with a holistic view of what is required to make a full evaluation of all aspects of the environment. 12.7 Environmental Management Environmental Management is a vocational field appropriate for students with backgrounds and interest in science, geography, economics or government and politics. This three-year degree programme comprises an interdisciplinary approach to study. Course modules are presented by specialists in biology, environmental science, geography, law and applied social studies. The foundation level covers the basic technical and policy issues of environmental and resource management. At Level 2, students learn methods of assessing environmental impact and of analysing environmental management policies and systems. At the final level, case studies and projects are used to examine in detail examples of planning, monitoring and evaluation measures implemented in the Context of European and British legislation. The role and interaction of all participants in the environmental management process are considered demonstration how organisations implement environmental management systems or how the planning system operates to ensure wider public participation. Project work for this programme has been sponsored by major organisations. Presently a student is supported with project to develop a nature trail for local schools. Students can expect to work with a variety of organisations on practical environmental issues. 1 implement инструмент; принадлежность; выполнять 2 to trail выслеживать; волочить; след 12.8 Ecology and Biodiversity Ecology and Biodiversity is about organisms in their environment. It is a broadly based degree allowing flexibility in subject choice in addition to a series of carefully chosen core modules. You will study the diversity of animals and plants, their form and function, how organisms are adapted to their environment, population dynamics, competition, behaviour, animal/plant interactions and living communities. You will see how the application of modern ideas in evolution and physiology help unravel the mysteries of animal and plant evolution, form and function. Tropical Ecology features prominently in our courses through our overseas research and constancy work. A grounding in Ecology will provide you with the insight to some of 34

the many current and future important environmental issues. The course includes lectures, laboratory work (practical and group projects), tutorials, field courses, seminars and final year research projects. Assessment is undertaken by a combination of course work and examination. Field Work and Field Trips: Field work is an essential aspect of ecology, and probably the most enjoyable! We ran courses both locally, visiting sites of Special Scientific Interest, and abroad. Every year we take students on a residential field course to the Mediterranean, usually around January or February. Staff Research: Courses are underpinned by staff research. Students are given the opportunity to participate in this research in the form of second and third year projects. You will be regarded as a member of the research team and will have the opportunity to push forward the frontiers of science in your own individual way. We have strong research links with local environmental groups, industry and research institutes in the UK and overseas, where student research can also take place. 1 flexibility гибкость, уступчивость 2 grounding обучение основам предмета 3 frontier граница

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Список использованных источников 1 Chiras D.D. Environmental Science Redwood City, California, 1990.- 360 p. 2 French H.F. Green Revolutions: Environmental Reconstruction in Eastern Europe World Watch Paper 99, 1990.- 120p. 3 Horst D. Wirth Nature Reserves in Europe, Leipzig, 1979.- 254 p. 4 Hudson M.A., Lawton J.H. Monthly Nature Biological Diversity.- Vol.3.- №1, January, 1995.- 548p. 5 Keeton W.T., Gould J.L. Biological Science W.W. Norton and Company. New York, 1986.- 329p. 6 Postilethwait J.H., Hopson J.L., Veres R.C. Biology! Bringing Science to Life, New York McGraw-Hill, 1991.- 713 p.

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