Environmental Terminology: Терминологический словарь

ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß È ÍÀÓÊÈ ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÂÎËÃÎÃÐÀÄÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ Êàôåäðà ýêîíîìèêè ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ Êàôåäðà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà

Þ.Ï. Ìóõèí, Â.Â. Ôåñåíêî, È.À. Ðàçóìîâà, Â.Â. ßíèíà

Environmental Terminology Òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü

Âîëãîãðàä 2004

Ðåöåíçåíò: êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. ÂîëÃÓ Í.À. Ñûòèíà

Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ó÷åáíî-ìåòîäè÷åñêîé êîìèññèè ôàêóëüòåòà óïðàâëåíèÿ è ðåãèîíàëüíîé ýêîíîìèêè ÂîëÃÓ (ïðîòîêîë ¹ 9 îò 25.06 2003 ã.)

Environmental Terminology: Òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü / Þ.Ï. Ìóõèí, Â.Â. Ôåñåíêî, È.À. Ðàçóìîâà, Â.Â. ßíèíà. — Âîëãîãðàä: Èçä-âî ÂîëÃÓ, 2004. — 72 ñ. Ïðåäëîæåííûé ñëîâàðü âêëþ÷àåò íåîáõîäèìûé ìèíèìóì àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ è ðóññêîÿçû÷íûõ òåðìèíîâ, êîòîðûå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ïðè ðàáîòå íàä òåìàìè ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ãåîýêîëîãèÿ». Ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ 2-ãî êóðñà ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ãåîýêîëîãèÿ». Ìîæåò áûòü òàêæå èñïîëüçîâàí ñòóäåíòàìè, îáó÷àþùèìèñÿ ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòÿì «Ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå», «Ýêîëîãèÿ», è âñåìè æåëàþùèìè ïîëó÷èòü áàçîâûå çíàíèÿ â ñôåðå òåðìèíîëîãèè ýêîëîãèè, ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû.

© Þ.Ï. Ìóõèí, Â.Â. Ôåñåíêî, È.À. Ðàçóìîâà, Â.Â. ßíèíà, 2004 © Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2004 –2–

ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ Íàñòîÿùèé ñëîâàðü ðàçðàáîòàí â ðàìêàõ ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî êóðñà ãåîýêîëîãè÷åñêîé òåðìèíîëîãèè íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íà áàçå êàôåäðû àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà è ýêîíîìèêè ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ âòîðîãî êóðñà ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ãåîýêîëîãèÿ». Öåëü ñëîâàðÿ — äàòü áàçèñíóþ òåðìèíîëîãèþ òàêèõ îòðàñëåé çíàíèÿ, êàê ýêîëîãèÿ, ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå è îõðàíà îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. Äàííûé ñëîâàðü ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàí âñåìè, êòî æåëàåò ïîëó÷èòü áàçîâûå çíàíèÿ â ñôåðå ãåîýêîëîãè÷åñêîé òåðìèíîëîãèè. Íàïîìíèì âêðàòöå, ÷òî ïîíèìàåòñÿ ïîä ñëîâîì «òåðìèí». Òåðìèí (îò ëàò. terminus — ãðàíèöà, ïðåäåë) — ýòî åäèíèöà ÿçûêà (ñëîâî, ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå, àááðåâèàòóðà, ñèìâîë), îáîçíà÷àþùàÿ ñòðîãî îïðåäåëåííîå ïîíÿòèå ñïåöèàëüíîé îáëàñòè çíàíèÿ èëè äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ìîæíî âûäåëèòü ñëåäóþùèå ñïîñîáû îáðàçîâàíèÿ òåðìèíîâ: - òåðìèíîëîãèçàöèÿ — ïåðåõîä îáùåóïîòðåáèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà â òåðìèí (íàïðèìåð: îêîí÷àíèå); - ðåòåðìèíîëîãèçàöèÿ — ïåðåíîñ ãîòîâîãî òåðìèíà èç îäíîé äèñöèïëèíû â äðóãóþ. Ïðè ýòîì âîçìîæíî åãî ïîëíîå èëè ÷àñòè÷íîå ïåðåîñìûñëåíèå (íàïðèìåð: ôóíêöèÿ â ôèçèîëîãèè è ìàòåìàòèêå); - çàèìñòâîâàíèå èç äðóãîãî ÿçûêà. Ýòè ñëîâà õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ íå ñâîéñòâåííîé ðóññêîìó ÿçûêó ôîíåòè÷åñêîé «îáîëî÷êîé»; - êàëüêèðîâàíèå — îáðàçîâàíèå íîâîãî ñëîâà èëè íîâîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâà ïóòåì áóêâàëüíîãî ïåðåâîäà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé èíîÿçû÷íîé ÿçûêîâîé åäèíèöû; - îáðàçîâàíèå èç ôîðìàíòîâ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà èëè èç ýëåìåíòîâ äðóãèõ ÿçûêîâ (÷àùå âñåãî ãðåêî-ëàòèíñêèõ). Òåðìèí êàê ÿçûêîâàÿ åäèíèöà ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ ôîíåòè÷åñêèì è ãðàììàòè÷åñêèì çàêîíàì ÿçûêà. Íî îí òàêæå îáëàäàåò è ñâîèìè îñîáåííîñòÿìè, ê êîòîðûì îòíîñÿòñÿ ñèñòåìíîñòü, íàëè÷èå äåôèíèöèè, îòñóòñòâèå ýêñïðåññèè, ñòèëèñòè÷åñêàÿ íåéòðàëüíîñòü, òåíäåíöèÿ ê ìîíîñåìè÷íîñòè â òåðìèíîëîãèè îïðåäåëåííîé íàóêè. Âñå ýòè ñâîéñòâà ìîãóò ïðîÿâëÿòüñÿ òîëüêî âíóòðè òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ, çà ïðåäåëàìè êîòîðîãî òåðìèí òåðÿåò ñâîè äåôèíèòèâíûå ñèñòåìíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, òî åñòü äåòåðìèíîëîãèçèðóåòñÿ. Íàïðèìåð, ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå öåïíàÿ ðåàêöèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê òåðìèí è êàê îáðàçíîå âûðàæåíèå â îáùåëèòåðàòóðíîì ÿçûêå. –3–

Ñóùåñòâóþò áàçîâûå (îáùåíàó÷íûå) òåðìèíû, òî åñòü ñëîâà, óïîòðåáëÿåìûå â îäíîì è òîì æå çíà÷åíèè â ÿçûêå ðàçíûõ íàóê è îòðàñëåé çíàíèé, íàïðèìåð: àíàëèç, ìåòîä, ñèñòåìà, ñòðóêòóðà. Ìåæîòðàñëåâûå òåðìèíû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â îäíîì è òîì æå çíà÷åíèè â ñìåæíûõ íàóêàõ, íàïðèìåð: ìèêðîá, ìîëåêóëà. Êðîìå îñíîâíîãî (íåéòðàëüíîãî) òåðìèíà, ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ äèàëåêòèçìû, òî åñòü ñëîâà, êîòîðûå îñîçíàþòñÿ íîñèòåëÿìè ÿçûêà â êîíêðåòíîé òåðìèíîñèñòåìå êàê îáëàñòíûå. Îñîáåííî ÷àñòî äèàëåêòèçìû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â òåêñòàõ ïî áèîëîãèè, ãåîãðàôèè, ãåîëîãèè. Òåðìèíû ðàçëè÷íûõ îòðàñëåé çíàíèÿ íàõîäÿò îòðàæåíèå â ñïåöèàëüíûõ òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñëîâàðÿõ. Òåðìèíîëîãèÿ (îò «òåðìèí» è ãðå÷. logos — ñëîâî, ó÷åíèå) — ñîâîêóïíîñòü ñëîâ è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé, óïîòðåáëÿþùèõñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ïîíÿòèé è äëÿ íàçûâàíèÿ òèïè÷íûõ îáúåêòîâ îïðåäåëåííîé íàó÷íîé îáëàñòè. Òåðìèíîëîãèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò îñîáóþ îòðàñëü îáùåëèòåðàòóðíîãî ÿçûêà, ôóíêöèîíèðóÿ â ñôåðàõ íàóêè è òåõíèêè. Îáëàñòü òåðìèíîëîãèè, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, çàìêíóòà, ñ äðóãîé — íàõîäèòñÿ â íåïðåðûâíîì âçàèìîäåéñòâèè ñ îáûäåííîé ðå÷üþ. Âñÿêîå îáùåóïîòðåáèòåëüíîå ñëîâî ìîæåò ñòàòü òåðìèíîì, òî åñòü òåðìèíîëîãèçèðîâàòüñÿ, è íàîáîðîò, âñÿêèé òåðìèí ìîæåò âåðíóòüñÿ â îáûäåííóþ ðå÷ü, òî åñòü äåòåðìèíîëîãèçèðîâàòüñÿ. Ýòè ïðîöåññû ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î âçàèìîïðîíèêíîâåíèè òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêîé è íåòåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêîé ëåêñèêè. Î ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÈ ÑËÎÂÀÐß

1.  ñëîâàðü âêëþ÷åíû òåðìèíû ýêîëîãèè, ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû íà ðóññêîì è àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. 2. Ñëîâàðíûå ñòàòüè îáðàçóþò ïàðû: ñíà÷àëà äàåòñÿ òîëêîâàíèå òåðìèíà íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, çàòåì — òîãî æå òåðìèíà íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. 3. Ñòàòüè ðàñïîëîæåíû â àëôàâèòíîì ïîðÿäêå òåðìèíîâ íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå. 4. Êóðñèâîì â ñòàòüÿõ âûäåëåíû òåðìèíû, ðàçúÿñíåíèå êîòîðûõ èìååòñÿ â äàííîì ñëîâàðå. 5. Ïðè íàëè÷èè ó òåðìèíà áîëåå îäíîãî òîëêîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèå äàþòñÿ â îäíîé ñòàòüå ñ íóìåðàöèåé, ÷åðåç òî÷êó ñ çàïÿòîé.

–4–

À — ñàìîïðîèçâîëüíîå çàðîæäåíèå. Òåîðèÿ îá àáèîãåíåçå áûëà îïðîâåðãíóòà ðàáîòàìè Ëóè Ïàñòåðà. Abiogenesis — spontaneous generation. This theory was refuted by Luyi Paster’s scientific works. ÀÁÈÎÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ — íåîðãàíè÷åñêèå (ôèçè÷åñêèå è õèìè÷åñÔÀÊÒÎÐÛ êèå) ôàêòîðû âíåøíåé ñðåäû. Abiotic factors — inorganic (physical and chemical) factors of environment. ÀÁÑÎÐÁÅÍÒ — æèäêîñòü èëè òâåðäîå òåëî, ïîãëîùàþùèå ãàç, âåùåñòâî èëè ðàñòâîðèìóþ ýíåðãèþ. Absorbent — liquid or solid absorbing gas, substance or dissoluble energy. ÀÂÒÎÃÅÍÅÇ — ýâîëþöèÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå äåéñòâèÿ âíóòðåííèõ ôàêòîðîâ. Autogenesis — evolution as a result of internal factors effect. ÀÂÒÎÐÅÃÓËßÖÈß — âçàèìîäåéñòâèå â ïðèðîäíîé ñèñòåìå,  ÏÐÈÐÎÄÅ îñíîâàííîå íà ïðÿìûõ è îáðàòíûõ ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ ñâÿçÿõ. Autoregulation — interaction in the nature system. This interaction in the nature is based on direct and inverse connections. ÀÂÒÎÒÐÎÔÍÛÅ — àâòîòðîôû, îðãàíèçìû, îáðàçóþùèå ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÌÛ îðãàíè÷åñêèå âåùåñòâà èç íåîðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû â ïðîöåññå ôîòîñèíòåçà èëè õåìîñèíòåçà. Autotrophic organisms — autotrophs, organisms producing organic substances from inorganic ones of environment in the process of photosynthesis or hemosynthesis. ÀÁÈÎÃÅÍÅÇ

–5–

ÀÃÐÎÖÅÍÎÇ

Agrocenosis

ÀÄÀÏÒÀÖÈß (ÀÃÐÎÁÈÎÖÅÍÎÇ)

Adaptation, agrobiocenosis

ÀÄÑÎÐÁÅÍÒ

Adsorbent

ÀÊÂÀÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Aquabiosphere ÀÊÊËÈÌÀÒÈÇÀÖÈß

— èñêóññòâåííûé áèîöåíîç, ñîçäàííûé ñ öåëüþ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé ïðîäóêöèè. Äàííîå áèîòè÷åñêîå ñîîáùåñòâî ðåãóëÿðíî ïîääåðæèâàåòñÿ ÷åëîâåêîì è îáëàäàåò âûñîêîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòüþ îäíîãî èëè íåñêîëüêèõ âèäîâ (ñîðòîâ, ïîðîä) ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ. — artificial biocenosis created in order to obtain the agricultural production. This biotic association is supported by man regularly and has a high productivity of one or several species (sorts, breeds) of plants and animals. — ýâîëþöèîííî âîçíèêøåå ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå îðãàíîâ, ôóíêöèé è ðåàêöèé ó îðãàíèçìîâ ê óñëîâèÿì ñðåäû. — evolutionally appeared adjustment of organs, functions and reactions of organisms for existence under the conditions of environment. — òåëî ñ áîëüøîé óäåëüíîé (âíóòðåííåé èëè íàðóæíîé) ïîâåðõíîñòüþ, íà êîòîðîé ïðîèñõîäèò íàêîïëåíèå (àäñîðáöèÿ) ñîïðèêàñàþùèõñÿ ñ íåé âåùåñòâ. — a substance with a great specific (internal and external) surface, on which absorbtion of substances which are contiguous to its surface occurs. — ïîäðàçäåëåíèå ãèäðîáèîñôåðû, îõâàòûâàþùåå êîíòèíåíòàëüíûå, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì ïðåñíîâîäíûå, áàññåéíû. — a subdivision of hydrobiosphere including continental freshwater basins. — êîìïëåêñ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî âñåëåíèþ âèäà â íîâûå ìåñòà îáèòàíèÿ, ïðîâîäèìûõ â öåëÿõ îáîãàùåíèÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîáùåñòâ ïîëåçíûìè äëÿ ÷åëîâåêà îðãàíèçìàìè. –6–

Acclimatization

— the complex of measures aimed at moving species into new places of inhabitation in order to enrich artificial associations with organisms useful for man.

ÀÊÒÈÂÍÎÑÒÜ ÑÎËÍÅ×ÍÀß

— ñîâîêóïíîñòü öèêëè÷åñêèõ è íåöèêëè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ íà Ñîëíöå, îêàçûâàþùèõ âëèÿíèå íà êëèìàò è ìíîãèå áèîñôåðíûå ÿâëåíèÿ.

Solar activity

— totality of cyclic and not cyclic processes occurring on the Sun and having influence on climate and many biospheric phenomena.

ÀËÜÁÅÄÎ

— îòíîøåíèå ñîëíå÷íîé ðàäèàöèè ïëàíåòû, îòðàæàåìîé â ìèðîâîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî, ê ñîëíå÷íîé ðàäèàöèè, ïîñòóïèâøåé íà ãðàíèöó àòìîñôåðû.

Albedo

— the ration of the planet solar radiation reflected to the outer space, to the solar radiation which reaches the boarder of the atmosphere.

ÀÍÀÝÐÎÁÛ

— îðãàíèçìû, ñïîñîáíûå æèòü ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ñâîáîäíîãî êèñëîðîäà.

Anaerobes

— organisms that don’t require air or free oxygen for maintaining life.

ÀÍÅÌÎÔÈËÛ

— ðàñòåíèÿ, îïûëÿåìûå ñ ïîìîùüþ âåòðà.

Anemophyls

— plants pollinated with the help of wind.

ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÍÀß ÍÀÃÐÓÇÊÀ

— âåëè÷èíà ïðÿìîãî èëè îïîñðåäîâàííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó â öåëîì èëè íà åå îòäåëüíûå êîìïîíåíòû.

Anthropologic load(ing)

— the quantity of direct or indirect influence on environment, on the whole environment or on its certain parts.

ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÍÎÅ ÂÎÇÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ

— ïðÿìîå èëè îïîñðåäîâàííîå âëèÿíèå ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà íà ïðèðîäó, ïðèâîäÿùåå ê ëîêàëüíûì èëè ãëîáàëüíûì åå èçìåíåíèÿì.

–7–

Anthropologic influence

— direct or indirect influence of a human society on the nature. This influence leads to local and global changes of the nature.

ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÍÛÅ ÔÀÊÒÎÐÛ

— ãðóïïà ôàêòîðîâ, îáóñëîâëåííûõ âëèÿíèåì ÷åëîâåêà è åãî õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà ðàñòåíèÿ, æèâîòíûõ è äðóãèå ïðèðîäíûå êîìïîíåíòû. Àíòðîïîãåííûå ôàêòîðû ìîãóò áûòü ïðÿìûìè (èñòðåáëåíèå, çàâîç, îõðàíà) è êîñâåííûìè (èçìåíåíèå ëàíäøàôòîâ — âûðóáêà ëåñà, ðàñïàøêà çåìåëü è ïð.).

Anthropologic factors — a group of factors conditioned by the man influence and his economic activity on plants, animals and other nature components. These factors can be direct (destruction, delivery, preservation) and indirect (landscape changing-felling trees, ploughing). ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÌÎÐÔÈÇÌ

— ïðèïèñûâàíèå æèâîòíûì, ðàñòåíèÿì è ÿâëåíèÿì ïðèðîäû ñâîéñòâ, ïðèñóùèõ ÷åëîâåêó (âîëÿ, ñîçíàíèå è äð.).

Anthropomorphism

— ascribing features typical for a man (will, consciousness) to animals, plants and nature phenomena.

ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÑÔÅÐÀ

— ñôåðà Çåìëè è áëèæàéøåãî Êîñìîñà, êîòîðàÿ èçìåíåíà ÷åëîâåêîì.

Anthroposphere

— the sphere of the Earth and the nearest space changed by man.

ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÝÊÎÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ

— ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ ÷åëîâåêà ñ åãî ìàòåðèàëüíîé è äóõîâíîé êóëüòóðîé.

Anthropoecosystem

— an ecological system including man with his material and spiritual culture.

ÀÍØËÀÃ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÎÕÐÀÍÍÛÉ

— ïèñüìåííîå îáúÿâëåíèå, ïðèçûâàþùåå ê áåðåæíîìó îòíîøåíèþ ê ïðèðîäå èëè åå îòäåëüíûì îáúåêòàì.

–8–

Anshlag for nature preservation ÀÐÅÀË

Areal

ÀÐÈÄÍÀß ÇÎÍÀ

Arid zone

ÀÐÎÌÎÐÔÎÇÛ

Aromorphoses

ÀÐÒÅÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Artebiosphere

— written declaration appealing for careful treatment to nature and its components. — 1) îáëàñòü ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âèäà; 2) îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ îñîáåé êàêîãî-ëèáî âèäà; 3) ïëîùàäü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êàêîãî-ëèáî ïðèðîäíîãî ÿâëåíèÿ (îáèòàíèÿ âèäà, ðîäà, ñåìåéñòâà) è ò. ä. — 1) an area of geographical habitation of species; 2) an area of geographical habitation of individuals of some species; 3) an area of presence of any nature phenomenon (habitation of species, clans, families), etc. — ïðèðîäíàÿ çîíà ñ àðèäíûì (ñóõèì, ïóñòûííûì) êëèìàòîì (çîíà ïóñòûíü è ïîëóïóñòûíü), ãäå çåìëåäåëèå âîçìîæíî ëèøü ïðè èñêóññòâåííîì îðîøåíèè. — a nature zone with arid (dry, desert) climate (the zone of deserts and semideserts) where farming is possible with the help of artificial irrigation only. — ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ, ïðèîáðåòåííûå ðàñòåíèÿìè è æèâîòíûìè â ïðîöåññå èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, çàòðàãèâàþùèå æèçíåííî âàæíûå îðãàíû è âåäóùèå ê çíà÷èòåëüíîìó ïîäúåìó îðãàíèçàöèè. — devices acquired by plants and animals and affecting important for a life organs and leading to a great progress of an organization. — 1) ñëîé áèîñôåðû â îêîëîçåìíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå; 2) ÷àñòü îêîëîïëàíåòíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà, â êîòîðîì ëåòàþò îáèòàåìûå èñêóññòâåííûå ñïóòíèêè. — 1) the layer of biosphere in near space; 2) the area of near space where inhabitated artificial satellites fly. –9–

— ðàçëè÷íîå ñòðîåíèå ÷àñòåé òåëà èëè öåëîãî îðãàíèçìà, ðàññå÷åííûõ ïëîñêîñòÿìè, ïðîõîäÿùèìè ÷åðåç îñü ñèììåòðèè. Àñèììåòðèÿ âîçðàñòàåò ïî ìåðå ïîâûøåíèÿ äâèãàòåëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè è â ïðîöåññå óñëîæíåíèÿ îðãàíèçìîâ. Asymmetry — different formation of parts of a body or a whole organism cleaved by planes passing across the axis of symmetry. Asymmetry increases as soon as a motive activity increases and also in the process of organism complication. ÀÑÑÈÌÈËßÖÈÎÍÛÉ — ñïîñîáíîñòü ÎÑ â îïðåäåëåííûõ ïðåäåëàõ ÏÎÒÅÍÖÈÀË ÎÑ * ïîãëîùàòü è àññèìèëèðîâàòü çàãðÿçíåíèÿ è îòõîäû áåç óùåðáà äëÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì. Assimilation potention — the ability of environment in certain limits of environment to absorb and assimilate pollutions and wastes without any harm for ecological systems. ÀÑÑÎÖÈÀÖÈß — 1) îñíîâíàÿ åäèíèöà êëàññèôèêàöèè ÐÀÑÒÈÒÅËÜÍÀß ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà, îäíîðîäíàÿ ïî âèäîâîìó ñîñòàâó, ñîîòíîøåíèþ æèçíåííûõ ôîðì è êðóãîâîðîòó âåùåñòâ; 2) èñòîðè÷åñêè ñëîæèâøàÿñÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü ðàñòåíèé â ñõîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ îáèòàíèÿ. Plant association — 1) the main unit of plant cover classification which is homogeneous according to its species composition. This homogeneity is expressed in correlation of vital forms and substance rotation; 2) historically formed totality of plants in similar conditions of habitation. ÀÒÌÎÑÔÅÐÀ — ãàçîîáðàçíàÿ îáîëî÷êà ïëàíåòû. Êàê êîìïîíåíò áèîãåîöåíîçà îíà âêëþ÷àåò ïîÀÑÈÌÌÅÒÐÈß

__________ * ÎÑ — îêðóæàþùàÿ ñðåäà. – 10 –

Atmosphere

—

ÀÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÅÇ

—

Anthropogenesis

—

ÀÓÒÝÊÎËÎÃÈß

—

Outecology

—

ÀÔÎÒÎÑÔÅÐÀ

—

Aphotosphere ÀÝÐÀÖÈß

— —

Aeration

—

ÀÝÐÎÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

—

Aerobiosphere

—

ÀÝÐÎÁÛ

—

Aerobes

—

÷âåííûé âîçäóõ è ñëîé âîçäóõà íàä åå ïîâåðõíîñòüþ. gaseous cover of the planet. Being a component of biogeocenosis it includes soil air and the layer of air above its surface. ðàçâèòèå ïðèðîäíûõ îáúåêòîâ è ÿâëåíèé ïîä äåéñòâèåì ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. the development of nature objects and phenomena under the influence of human activity. èçó÷àåò âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ îðãàíèçìà ñ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäîé. this science studies interrelation of an organism with environment. îáëàñòü ðàçâèòèÿ æèçíè áåç ñîëíå÷íîãî ñâåòà. the area of life development without sun light. åñòåñòâåííîå èëè èñêóññòâåííîå ïîñòóïëåíèå âîçäóõà â êàêóþ-íèáóäü ñðåäó. a natural or artificial entrance of air in some environment. 1) ïðèçåìíûé ñëîé àòìîñôåðû äî âûñîòû 6—7 êì îò çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè; 2) ïðèçåìíûé ñëîé àòìîñôåðû, ðàñïîëàãàþùèéñÿ äî âûñîòû 6—7 êì, â êîòîðîì ïðèñóòñòâóþò æèâûå îðãàíèçìû. 1) near earth layer of the atmosphere with the height of 6—7 km from the earth surface; 2) near earth atmosphere layer with the height of 6—7 km in which living organisms exist. îðãàíèçìû, ñïîñîáíûå æèòü ëèøü â ñðåäå, ñîäåðæàùåé êèñëîðîä. organisms which are capable to live in the presence of oxygen only. – 11 –

ÀÝÐÎËÎÃÈß

Aerology

ÀÝÐÎÏËÀÍÊÒÎÍ

Aeroplankton

— ó÷åíèå î ìåòîäàõ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ â ñâîáîäíîé àòìîñôåðå (òðîïîñôåðå è ñòðàòîñôåðå). Äàííûå àýðîëîãèè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïðè àíàëèçå äèíàìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ â ýêîñèñòåìàõ. — the science of methods of investigation of physical processes taking place in the atmosphere (troposphere and stratosphere). Aerological data are used in the analyses of dynamic processes in ecosystems. — âîçäóøíûé ïëàíêòîí, ñîâîêóïíîñòü ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèõ è áîëåå êðóïíûõ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòèòåëüíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ, ïàññèâíî ïåðåíîñèìûõ âîçäóøíûìè òå÷åíèÿìè. — air plankton, the totality of microscopic and bigger animals and vegetable organisms carried by air flows passively.

Á ÁÅÍÒÎÑ

Benthos

ÁÅÐÅÇÎÂÛÉ ËÅÑ, (ÁÅÐÅÇÍßÊ)

Birch forest

— ñîâîêóïíîñòü ðàñòèòåëüíûõ è æèâîòíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ, îáèòàþùèõ íà äíå èëè â ãðóíòå ìîðñêèõ è ìàòåðèêîâûõ âîäîåìîâ (âîäîðîñëè, ìîëëþñêè, ðàêîîáðàçíûå, ìîðñêèå çâåçäû è äð.). — the totality of vegetable and animal organisms habitating on the botton or in the ground of sea and continental water reservoirs (aelga, mollusks, crustacea, starfish, etc.). — ìåëêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ âòîðè÷íîãî èëè ðåæå ïåðâè÷íîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ ñ ãîñïîäñòâîì áåðåç. — small deciduous forest of secondary or rarer primary origin with the prevalence of birches. – 12 –

— òåêñòóðà îñàäî÷íûõ ãîðíûõ ïîðîä, ïðîèñõîæäåíèå êîòîðûõ ñâÿçàíî ñ æèçíåÒÅÊÑÒÓÐÀ äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ ðàçëè÷íûõ îðãàíèçìîâ â ïåðèîä ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ îñàäêîâ (ñëåäû çàðûâàíèÿ, ïÿòíà, íîðêè, òðóáêè è äð.). Biogenic texture — organogenic texture of sedimentary rocks the origin of which is connected with vital functions of different organisms in the period of sediment formation (traces of buring, spots, holes, tubes). ÁÈÎÃÅÍÍÛÅ — îñàäî÷íûå ãîðíûå ïîðîäû, ñëîæåííûå (ÎÐÃÀÍÎÃÅÍÍÛÅ ) êàðáîíàòíûìè ñêåëåòàìè æèâîòíûõ èëè ÈÇÂÅÑÒÍßÊÈ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ èëè ïðîäóêòàìè èõ æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè (êîïðîëèòîâûå, êîðàëëîâûå, ñòðîìàòîëèòîâûå è äð.). Biogenic time-stones, — sedimentary rocks formed by carbon-bearing organogenic skeletons of animals or by vegetable organisms time-stones and the products of their vital activity (coprolites, corals, stromatolites, etc.). ÁÈÎÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈß — íàóêà î çàêîíîìåðíîñòÿõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ áèîöåíîçîâ è âõîäÿùèõ â èõ ñîñòàâ îðãàíèçìîâ. Biogeography — science of conformity to natural laws of spreading and distribution of biocenosises and organisms being a part of biocenosises. ÁÈÎÃÅÎÑÔÅÐÀ — ñëîé ñãóùåíèÿ æèçíè. Biogeosphere — the layer of intensification of life on the planet. ÁÈÎÃÅÎÕÈÌÈß — îòðàñëü ãåîõèìèè, èçó÷àþùàÿ ãåîõèìè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå â áèîñôåðå ïðè ó÷àñòèè îðãàíèçìîâ. Biogeochemistry — the branch of geochemistry studying geochemical processes in biosphere by partici pation of organisms. ÁÈÎÃÅÎÖÅÍÎÇ — ýâîëþöèîííî ñëîæèâøàÿñÿ ïðèðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà ôóíêöèîíàëüíî âçàèìîñâÿçàííûõ æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ è îêðóæàþùåé ÁÈÎÃÅÍÍÀß (ÎÐÃÀÍÎÃÅÍÍÀß)

– 13 –

Biogeocenosis

—

ÁÈÎÈÍÄÈÊÀÒÎÐ

—

Bioindicator

—

ÁÈÎÊËÈÌÀÒÎËÎÃÈß

—

Bioclimatology

—

ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÐÎÄÓÊÒÈÂÍÎÑÒÜ

—

Biological productivity —

èõ àáèîòè÷åñêîé ñðåäû, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ îïðåäåëåííûì ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèì ñîñòîÿíèåì, òèïîì è ñêîðîñòüþ îáìåíà âåùåñòâîì è èíôîðìàöèåé. Òåðìèí ïðåäëîæèë â 1940 ã. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâ. evolutionally formed nature system of functionally interconnected living organisms and abiotic environment surrounding them. This nature system is characterized by a certain energetic condition, a type and speed of exchange of a substance and information. The term was introducted by V.N. Sukachev in 1940. îðãàíèçì, âèä èëè ñîîáùåñòâî, ïî íàëè÷èþ, ñîñòîÿíèþ è ïîâåäåíèþ êîòîðûõ, ñóäÿò îá èçìåíåíèÿõ ñðåäû. Áèîèíäèêàòîð èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîèñêå è ðàçâåäêå ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ, â ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåðòèçå ðàçëè÷íûõ îáúåêòîâ, äëÿ îöåíêè ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñîîáùåñòâ è ýêîñèñòåì. an organism, species or an association. Environment changes are judged according to their presence, state or behavior. It is used in searching and investigating natural resources, in ecological expertise of different objects, in considering states of associations and ecosystems. ó÷åíèå î âëèÿíèè êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ íà æèçíåííûå ïðîöåññû è ôóíêöèè ÷åëîâåêà, æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé. science studying influence of climate factors on vital processes and functions of man, animals, plants. ñïîñîáíîñòü îðãàíèçìîâ è èõ ñîîáùåñòâ ïðîèçâîäèòü áèîëîãè÷åñêóþ ïðîäóêöèþ. an ability of organisms and associations to produce biological products. – 14 –

— ïðîäóêöèÿ îðãàíè÷åñêîé ìàññû (áèîìàññû), ïðîèçâîäèìàÿ îðãàíèçìàìè, âõîäÿùèìè â ñîñòàâ ñîîáùåñòâà â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè, íà åäèíèöó ïëîùàäè èëè íà îïðåäåëåííûé îáúåì. Biological production — production of an organic mass produced by organisms being a part of an association per unit of time, per unit of area or at a certain volume. ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ — 1) êðóãîâîðîò âåùåñòâ íà Çåìëå, êîòîÊÐÓÃÎÂÎÐÎÒ ðûé îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòüþ îðãàíèçìîâ è ýíåðãèåé Ñîëíöà; 2) êðóãîâîðîò âåùåñòâ íà ïëàíåòå, êîòîðûé îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòüþ îðãàíèçìîâ, âêëþ÷àþùèé àâòîòðîôíûå îðãàíèçìû (ïðîäóöåíòû), ïîòðåáèòåëåé ïåðâè÷íîé ïðîäóêöèè (êîíñóìåíòû) è ðàçðóøèòåëåé îðãàíèêè (ðåäóöåíòû). Biological rotation — 1) rotation of substances on the planet provided by life activity of organisms and solar energy; 2) rotation of substances on the planet provided by life activity of organisms. This rotation includes autotrophic organisms (producents), consumers of primary productions (consuments) and destroyers of organics (reducents). ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ — ïðîöåíòíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå âèäîâ, îòíîñÿÑÏÅÊÒÐ ùèõñÿ ê ðàçíûì æèçíåííûì ôîðìàì. Òåðìèí ïðåäëîæåí äàòñêèì áîòàíèêîì Ê. Ðàóíêèåðîì. Biological spectrum — percentage ratio of species related to different living forms. This term was introducted by Danish botanist K. Raunkiyer. ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ — ïðîíèêíîâåíèå â ïðèðîäíûå ýêîñèñòåìû ÇÀÃÐßÇÍÅÍÈÅ âèäîâ, ÷óæäûõ äàííûì ñîîáùåñòâàì. Âîçíèêàåò â ðåçóëüòàòå «óáåãàíèÿ» èç êóëüòóðû, ãèáðèäèçàöèè èíòðîäóöèðîÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÐÎÄÓÊÖÈß

– 15 –

Biological contamination

—

ÁÈÎÌ

—

Biome

—

ÁÈÎÌÀÑÑÀ

—

Biomass

—

ÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

—

Biosphere

—

âàííûõ âèäîâ ñ ìåñòíûìè âèäàìè, ïîñëå àâàðèé íà áèîôàáðèêàõ, â áèîëàáîðàòîðèÿõ, ïðè ìàññîâîì ðàçìíîæåíèè ñèíàíòðîïíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ è â äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ. penetration of species alien to certain associations into natural ecosystems. It is caused by running away from culture, by hybridization of introduced species with local ones. Also contamination arises after accidents at biofactories, in biolaboratories and in the process of mass reproduction of synantropic organisms and in other cases. ñîâîêóïíîñòü ñõîäíûõ áèîöåíîçîâ (ñòåïíûõ, ëåñíûõ è ò. ä.). the totality of similar biocenosises (steppe or forest biocenosises). îáùàÿ ìàññà îñîáåé îäíîãî âèäà, ãðóïïû âèäîâ èëè ñîîáùåñòâà â öåëîì, ïðèõîäÿùàÿñÿ íà åäèíèöó ïîâåðõíîñòè èëè îáúåìà ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ. a general mass of individuals of one species, a group of species or a whole association per unit of surface or volume of habitation place. ãëîáàëüíàÿ ýêîñèñòåìà, îáëàñòü àêòèâíîé æèçíè îðãàíèçìîâ, îõâàòûâàþùàÿ íèæíþþ ÷àñòü àòìîñôåðû, ãèäðîñôåðó è âåðõíþþ ÷àñòü ëèòîñôåðû, êîòîðûå âçàèìîñâÿçàíû ñëîæíûìè áèîãåîõèìè÷åñêèìè ïðîöåññàìè ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ýíåðãèè è âåùåñòâà. a global ecosystem, an area of active life of organisms. It includes the lower part of atmosphere, hydrosphere and the upper part of lythosphere which are interconnected by biogeochemical processes of redistribution of energy and substance. – 16 –

ÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÍÛÉ ÇÀÏÎÂÅÄÍÈÊ

Biospheric preserve

ÁÈÎÒÀ

Biota

ÁÈÎÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÔÀÊÒÎÐÛ

Biotic factors ÁÈÎÒÎÏ

Biotope

ÁÈÎÕÎÐ

— ñòðîãî îõðàíÿåìûé îáøèðíûé ïðèðîäíûé ó÷àñòîê, ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èñïûòûâàþùèé âîçäåéñòâèÿ îêðóæàþùèõ ëàíäøàôòîâ, ïðåîáðàçîâàííûõ ÷åëîâåêîì. Íà òåððèòîðèè áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ íàáëþäåíèå çà àíòðîïîãåííûìè èçìåíåíèÿìè ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðèáîðîâ èëè áèîèíäèêàòîðîâ. — a huge nature area that is strictly preserved and is not practically influenced by surrounding landscapes changed by human activity. Anthropogenic changes of environment are watched on its territory with the help of different special devices and bioindicators. — èñòîðè÷åñêè ñëîæèâøèéñÿ êîìïëåêñ æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ, îáèòàþùèõ íà çíà÷èòåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè, èçîëèðîâàííîé áèîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèìè áàðüåðàìè. — historically formed complex of living organisms habituating on a huge territory isolated by geographical barriers. — ôàêòîðû ñðåäû, îáóñëîâëåííûå âîçäåéñòâèåì åå æèâûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ. — environment factors conditioned by environment components influence. — ó÷àñòîê ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ îðãàíèçìîâ ñ îäíîðîäíûìè óñëîâèÿìè ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ, ñôîðìèðîâàâøèéñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå âîçäåéñòâèÿ áèîöåíîçà íà ýêîòîï. — the area of habitation with similar conditions. This area is formed as a result of influence of biocenosis on an ecotope. — ñîâîêóïíîñòü áëèçêèõ áèîòîïîâ, íàïðèìåð, ïåñ÷àíûõ, ãëèíèñòûõ, ñîëîí÷àêîâûõ è êàìåíèñòûõ ïóñòûíü. – 17 –

Biochor

ÁÈÎÖÅÍÎÇ

Biocenosis

ÁÈÎÖÅÍÎËÎÃÈß

Biocenotics

ÁÈÎÖÈÄ

Biocide ÁÎËÎÒÈÑÒÛÉ ËÅÑ

Marshy forest ÁÎËÎÒÈÑÒÛÉ ËÓÃ

Marshy meadow

ÁÎËÎÒÎ

— the totality of similar biotopes, for example, the totality of sand, clay, saltmarsh and stone deserts. — ñîâîêóïíîñòü ñîâìåñòíî îáèòàþùèõ ðàñòåíèé, æèâîòíûõ, ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ îäíîðîäíûé ó÷àñòîê áèîñôåðû. Òåðìèí ââåäåí íåìåöêèì áèîëîãîì Ê. Ìåáèóñîì â 1877. — the totality of plants, animals and microorganisms habitating together on the homogeneous area of biosphere. It was introduced by German biologist K. Mebios in 1877. — íàóêà î áèîöåíîçàõ, îõâàòûâàþùàÿ èõ ñèñòåìàòèêó, ñòðóêòóðó, ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â ïðîñòðàíñòâå è âî âðåìåíè. — the science studying biocenosises, their systemcetics, structure, distribution in space and in time. — õèìè÷åñêèé ïðåïàðàò, ñïîñîáíûé óíè÷òîæèòü âñå æèâîå. — a chemical preparation capable to destroy all living organisms. — îáëåñåííîå íèçèííîå áîëîòî ñ îëüõîâûìè, áåðåçîâûìè è õâîéíûìè ïîðîäàìè. — afforested low lying marsh with alders, birches and coniferous trees. — òèï òðàâÿíèñòîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ñ ãîñïîäñòâóþùèìè ìåçîôèëüíûìè âèäàìè, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ñóùåñòâåííàÿ ðîëü ïðèíàäëåæèò ãèãðîôèòàì. — a type of grassy plants with prevalence of mesophyl species among which gigrophites are of great importance. — ó÷àñòîê ñóøè, äëÿ êîòîðîãî õàðàêòåðíî èçáûòî÷íîå óâëàæíåíèå.

– 18 –

Marsh ÁÎÐ (ÑÎÑÍßÊ)

Coniferous forest (pine forest) ÁÐÀÊÎÍÜÅÐÑÒÂÎ

Poaching ÁÓÃÐÈÑÒÛÅ ÏÅÑÊÈ

Hilly sands

— an area of land which is characterized by redundant wetting. — ÷èñòûé ñîñíîâûé ëåñ íà áåäíûõ ñóõèõ ïåñ÷àíûõ è ñóïåñ÷àíûõ ïî÷âàõ ðàâíèí. — pine forest consisting of pines only and situated on poor dry sand soils and subsand soils. — íàðóøåíèå ïðàâèë äîáû÷è äèêèõ ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ. — violation of rules of hunting animals and gathering wild plants. — ïðèêóñòîâûå áóãðû, òî åñòü ïåñêè, ïîðîñøèå êóñòàðíèêîì (â îòëè÷èå îò îãîëåííûõ — áàðõàííûõ). — near bush sand hills covered by bushes in contrast to barren, barkhan sands.

 ÂÀËÅÍÒÍÎÑÒÜ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß

Ecological valency ÂÅÃÅÒÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÏÅÐÈÎÄ

Vegetation period ÂÎÄÎÇÀÁÎÐ

Water abstraction

ÂÎÄÎÐÀÇÄÅË

Watershed

— ñïîñîáíîñòü îðãàíèçìîâ ñóùåñòâîâàòü â ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ñðåäû. — an ability of organisms to exist in different environment conditions. — ïåðèîä ãîäà, â êîòîðûé âîçìîæåí ðîñò è ðàçâèòèå ðàñòåíèé. — a season when growth and development of plants is possible. — èçúÿòèå âîäû èç âîäîåìà äëÿ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâåííûõ èëè áûòîâûõ íóæä. — abstraction of water out of a water reservoir in order to satisfy household and domestic needs. — ëèíèÿ íà çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñìåæíûìè âîäîòîêàìè. — a line between two adjoing water drains on the earth surface. – 19 –

— ôîðìèðîâàíèå ëè÷íîñòè ñ öåëüþ âûðàáîòêè îïðåäåëåííûõ ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñòàíîâîê áåðåæíîãî îòíîøåíèÿ ê ïðèðîäå. Ecological education — bringing up a personality in order to cultivate certain social and psychological purposes of careful relation to nature. ÂÎÑÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ — êîìïëåêñ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÕ íà ðàñøèðåííîå ïîëó÷åíèå ïðèðîäíûõ ÐÅÑÓÐÑΠðåñóðñîâ. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî óâåëè÷åíèþ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ïîëåé ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ëåñîìåëèîðàöèè, â îõîòíè÷üåì è ðûáíîì õîçÿéñòâå. Reproduction — a complex of measures aimed at an extended of natural resources obtaining of natural resources. Measures aimed at increasing fields productivity are held with the help of forest melioration, in hunting and fishing industries. ÂÎÑÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ — êîìïëåêñ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ, îðãàíèçàÑÐÅÄÛ, öèîííûõ, ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ è äðóãèõ ìåÎÊÐÓÆÀÞÙÅÉ ðîïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ïîääåðæà×ÅËÎÂÅÊÀ íèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ñðåäû æèçíè, áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ äëÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà. Reproduction — a complex of technological, organizational of environment and economic measures aimed at supporting surrounding man environment parameters which are favorable for human existence. ÂÎÑÑÒÀÍÎÂËÅÍÈÅ — êîìïëåêñ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, îáåñïå÷èâàþÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÕ ùèõ ïîÿâëåíèå ðàñòèòåëüíûõ è æèâîòÐÅÑÓÐÑΠíûõ âèäîâ, ëåñîâ è äðóãèõ ïðèðîäíûõ îáúåêòîâ, ðàíåå èñ÷åçíóâøèõ ïî âèíå ÷åëîâåêà èëè â ðåçóëüòàòå êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèõ ïðèðîäíûõ ÿâëåíèé. Restoration — a complex of measures favouring the appearance of natural resources of plant and animal species, forests and other natural objects which disappeared because of human activity and also as a result of catastrophic natural phenomena. ÂÎÑÏÈÒÀÍÈÅ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ

– 20 –

— îðãàíè÷åñêîå âåùåñòâî, îáðàçóåìîå ãåòåðîòðîôàìè. Secondary production — an organic substance created by heterotrophes. ÂÒÎÐÈ×ÍÀß — âîçíèêàåò íà ìåñòå åñòåñòâåííîé ðàñòèÐÀÑÒÈÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ òåëüíîñòè, ñâåäåííîé â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Secondary vegetation — appears in the place of natural vegetation which disappears because of human activity. ÂÛÁÐÎÑ — âûäåëåíèå êàêèõ-ëèáî âåùåñòâ â àòìîñôåðó. Emission — penetration of substances into the atmosphere. ÂÛÂÅÒÐÈÂÀÍÈÅ — ïðîöåññ ôèçè÷åñêîãî (ìåõàíè÷åñêîå âîçäåéñòâèå, òåìïåðàòóðà), õèìè÷åñêîãî (âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ìèíåðàëîâ è ãîðíûõ ïîðîä ðàçëè÷íîãî ñîñòàâà) è áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî (ïîä âëèÿíèåì ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ) ðàçðóøåíèÿ çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè. Weathering — the process of physical (mechanical force, temperature), chemical (interconnection of minerals and rocks of different composition) and biological earth destruction caused by the influence of plants and animals. ÂÛÆÈÂÀÅÌÎÑÒÜ — ÷èñëî îñîáåé â ïðîöåíòàõ, ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ â ïîïóëÿöèè çà îïðåäåëåííûé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè. Survival — a quantity of species in percents, remained in a population for a certain period of time. ÂÛÌÈÐÀÍÈÅ — èñ÷åçíîâåíèå âèäà îðãàíèçìîâ â ïðîöåññå ðàçâèòèÿ æèâîé ïðèðîäû èëè âîçäåéñòâèÿ ÷åëîâåêà. Dying out — disappearance of species of organisms in the process of evolution of nature and caused by human influence. ÂÒÎÐÈ×ÍÀß ÏÐÎÄÓÊÖÈß

– 21 –

à ÃÅÍÍÀß ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÈß

Gene engineering

ÃÅÍÎÒÈÏ

Genotype ÃÅÍÎÔÎÍÄ

Genetic fund

ÃÅÍÛ

Genes

— 1) íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííîå íàïðàâëåííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå òðàíñôîðìàöèè ìîëåêóë ãåíîâ ñ öåëüþ ïåðåäà÷è ïðèçíàêîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ ÄÍÊ îò îäíîãî îðãàíèçìà ê äðóãîìó; 2) íàïðàâëåííîå èçìåíåíèå íàñëåäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ îðãàíèçìîâ ñ öåëüþ ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ íîâûõ ïðèçíàêîâ ïóòåì ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû ÄÍÊ. Ãåííàÿ èíæåíåðèÿ îòêðûâàåò øèðîêèå ïåðñïåêòèâû â îáëàñòè ìîëåêóëÿðíîé áèîëîãèè, ñåëåêöèè, ìåäèöèíû, ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà è â äðóãèõ îáëàñòÿõ çíàíèé. — 1) scientifically grounded oriented using of transformation of gene molecules in order to transmit certain signs from one organism to another with the help of DNA molecules; 2) oriented changing of inherited features of an organism in order to acquire new signs by transformation of DNA structure. Gene engineering opens great perspectives in the spheres of molecular genetics, selection, biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. — íàñëåäñòâåííàÿ îñíîâà îðãàíèçìà. — inherited base of an organism. — ñîâîêóïíîñòü ãåíîâ îäíîé ãðóïïû îñîáåé ïîïóëÿöèè èëè ãðóïïû ïîïóëÿöèé. — the totality of genes of individuals of population of the same group or individuals of a group of population. — ìàòåðèàëüíûå åäèíèöû íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå ñîáîé ó÷àñòîê ÄÍÊ â õðîìîñîìàõ. — material units of heredity. They are a part of DNA molecules in chromosomes. – 22 –

ÃÅÎÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Geobiosphere ÃÅÎÝÊÎËÎÃÈß

Geoecology

ÃÅÒÅÐÎÒÐÎÔÛ

Heterotrophes ÃÈÄÐÎÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Hydrobiosphere ÃÈÄÐÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Hydrosphere ÃÈÏÎÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Hypobiosphere ÃÎÐÎÄÑÊÎÉ ÊËÈÌÀÒ

A city climate

— íàçåìíàÿ ÷àñòü áèîñôåðû. — surface part of biosphere. — 1) ðàçäåë ýêîëîãèè âûñîêèõ èåðàðõè÷åñêèõ óðîâíåé; 2) ðàçäåë ýêîëîãèè, èññëåäóþùèé ýêîñèñòåìû âûñîêèõ èåðàðõè÷åñêèõ óðîâíåé — äî áèîñôåðû âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. — 1) the part of ecology of high hierarchical levels; 2) he part of ecology in which ecosystems of high hierarchical levels including biosphere are researched. — îðãàíèçìû, èñïîëüçóþùèå äëÿ ïèòàíèÿ ãîòîâûå îðãàíè÷åñêèå âåùåñòâà, ïðîèçâåäåííûå äðóãèìè âèäàìè. — organisms using organic substances produced by other organisms for nourishment. — ÷àñòü áèîñôåðû â ïðåäåëàõ ãèäðîñôåðû. — the part of biosphere in limits of hydrosphere. — âîäíàÿ îáîëî÷êà ïëàíåòû, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùàÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü âîä îêåàíîâ, ìîðåé, ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ è ïîäçåìíûõ âîä. — the totality of oceans, seas, surface and underground waters. — âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü ïàðàáèîñôåðû. — the upper part of parabiosphere. — èçìåíåíèå ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû ãîðîäñêîé çàñòðîéêîé, ïðîìûøëåííîñòüþ, òðàíñïîðòîì è ò. ï. Õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïîâûøåííîé òåìïåðàòóðîé, óìåíüøåíèåì èñïàðåíèÿ, óâåëè÷åíèåì ÷àñòîòû è êîëè÷åñòâà ëèâíåâûõ îñàäêîâ, ïîâûøåííûì çàãðÿçíåíèåì è ò. ä. — changing of environment caused by city building, industry, transport, etc. It is characterized by increased temperature, by evaporation reduction, by increase of – 23 –

ÃÓÌÓÑ

Humus

frequency and quantity of downpouring precipitations, by increase of pollution, etc. — ñîâîêóïíîñòü îðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ ïî÷âû, îáðàçóþùåéñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ ïðåâðàùåíèé îñòàòêîâ ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ. — the totality of organic substances of soil created as a result of biochemical reactions of plant and animal remains.

Ä ÄÅÃÐÀÄÀÖÈß ÏÎ×ÂÛ

Soil degradation

ÄÅÃÐÀÄÀÖÈß ÑÐÅÄÛ

Environment degradation ÄÅÍÄÐÀÐÈÉ

Arboretum

— ñíèæåíèå ïëîäîðîäèÿ ïî÷âû, âûçâàííîå óõóäøåíèåì åå ñâîéñòâ (ðàçðóøåíèå ñòðóêòóðû, âûìûâàíèå ïèòàòåëüíûõ âåùåñòâ è äð.) â ðåçóëüòàòå èçìåíåíèÿ óñëîâèé ïî÷âîîáðàçîâàíèÿ. — fertility reduction of soils which is caused by deterioration of soil qualities (destruction of its structure, hollowing out nutrient substances, etc). It happens as a result of changes of conditions of soil formation. — óõóäøåíèå ñðåäû æèçíè (ïðèðîäíûõ è ñîöèàëüíûõ óñëîâèé) ÷åëîâåêà. — deterioration of environment, nature and social conditions. — êîëëåêöèÿ æèâûõ ðàñòåíèé è êóñòàðíèêîâ, êóëüòèâèðóåìûõ â îòêðûòîì ãðóíòå. Ðàçìåùåíèå ðàñòåíèé îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïî ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîìó, ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîìó, ýêîëîãè÷åñêîìó, äåêîðàòèâíîìó è äðóãèì ïðèçíàêàì. — the collection of living plants and bushes cultivated in the open ground. Plants are located according to systematical, geographical, ecological, decorational and other features. – 24 –

— ìåëêèå îðãàíè÷åñêèå ÷àñòèöû, îñòàòêè ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ â âîäíîé ñðåäå. Detritus — small organic particles, remains of plants and animals in water. ÄÅÒÐÈÒÎÔÀà — îðãàíèçì, ïèòàþùèéñÿ äåòðèòîì â âîäíîé ñðåäå èëè ïåðåãíîåì ïî÷âû. Detritofagus — an organism eating water detritus or soil humus. ÄÈÀÏÀÓÇÀ — ïåðèîä âðåìåííîãî ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïîêîÿ â ðàçâèòèè è ðàçìíîæåíèè æèâîòíûõ. Äèàïàóçà ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ñïîñîáîâ ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ æèâîòíûõ ê ïåðåíåñåíèþ íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûõ óñëîâèé. Dia pause — the period of temporal physiological rest in development and reproduction of animals. It is one of the ways of animals adaptation to unfavorable conditions. ÄÈÂÅÐÃÅÍÖÈß — ðàñõîæäåíèå ïðèçíàêîâ â ïðîöåññå ýâîëþöèè ðîäñòâåííûõ âèäîâ â ðåçóëüòàòå èçìåíåíèÿ óñëîâèé ñðåäû. Divergency — divergency of signs of relative species as a result of environment changes in the process of evolution. ÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÀ — ïåðèîäè÷åñêèå (ñóòî÷íûå, ñåçîííûå, ÑÎÎÁÙÅÑÒ ìíîãîëåòíèå è äð.), à òàêæå íåïåðèîäè÷åñêèå êîëåáàíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè, ïîëîâîãî ñîñòàâà, ñòðóêòóðû è äðóãèõ ñâîéñòâ ñîîáùåñòâ. Association dynamics — regular (twenty four hours, seasonal, many years) and irregular fluctuations of quantity of population, sexual structure and other features of an association. ÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÀ — êîëåáàíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè îáùåãî ÷èñëà ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ èëè îïðåäåëåííîé ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîé ãðóïïû îðãàíèçìîâ íà îïðåäåëåííîé òåððèòîðèè. ÄÅÒÐÈÒ

– 25 –

Quantity dynamics

— fluctuations of quantity of a whole number of population or a certain systematic group of organisms on a certain territory.

ÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÀ ÝÊÎÑÈÑÒÅÌ (ÁÈÎÃÅÎÖÅÍÎÇÎÂ)

— îáðàòèìûå è íåîáðàòèìûå èçìåíåíèÿ ýêîñèñòåì, âûçâàííûå íåïîñòîÿíñòâîì âíåøíèõ ôàêòîðîâ. — reversible and irreversible changes of ecosystems caused by inconstancy of external factors.

Dynamics of ecosystems (biogeocenosises) ÄÈÑÔÎÒÎÑÔÅÐÀ

— ñõîäíà ñ äèñôàòè÷åñêîé çîíîé îêåàíà, íî â ïîäðàçäåëåíèè áèîñôåðû.

Disphotosphere

— it is similar to disphotic zone of an ocean, but in subdivision of biosphere.

ÄÎÌÅÑÒÈÊÀÖÈß (ÎÄÎÌÀØÍÈÂÀÍÈÅ)

— ïðèðó÷åíèå äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì äëÿ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâåííûõ íóæä.

Domestication

— domesticating wild animals in order to satisfy household needs.

ÄÎÌÈÍÀÍÒ

— âèä ðàñòåíèé èëè æèâîòíûõ îäíîé ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîé ãðóïïû, ïðåîáëàäàþùèé ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè â ñîîáùåñòâå èëè îäíîì èç åãî ÿðóñîâ. — species of a plant or an animal of a systematical group which quantity prevails in an association or in one of its layers.

Dominant

ÄÓÁÐÀÂÀ (ÄÓÁÍßÊ, ÄÓÁÎÂÛÉ ËÅÑ)

— ëåòíå-çåëåíûé øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ, ñîñòîÿùèé èç äóáà ñ ïîäëåñêîì èç äðóãèõ ïîðîä è äóáðàâíûì ðàçíîòðàâüåì.

Oak-grove — the forest, which is green in summer and (oak-forest, oak-wood) consists of oaks, underbrush of other trees.

Å ÅÄÈÍÑÒÂÎ ÆÈÂÎÃÎ ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂÀ

— áèîõèìè÷åñêîå ïîäîáèå âñåõ æèâûõ ñóùåñòâ áèîñôåðû.

– 26 –

Unity of living substance

— biochemical likeness of all living creatures of biosphere. ÅÌÊÎÑÒÜ — ñïîñîáíîñòü ñðåäû ïîääåðæèâàòü æèçÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ íåäåÿòåëüíîñòü æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ è èõ ÑÐÅÄÛ ñîîáùåñòâ. Capacity of biological — an ability of environment to support life environment activity of all living organisms and associations. ÅÌÊÎÑÒÜ ÑÐÅÄÛ — ñïîñîáíîñòü ñðåäû ïîääåðæèâàòü îïðåäåëåííóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü, áèîìàññó è ðàçíîîáðàçèå ñîîáùåñòâ, îáåñïå÷èâàÿ íîðìàëüíîå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå åå ñòðóêòóð. Capacity — an ability of environment to support a certain of environment quantity, biomass and diversity of associations providing a normal functioning of its structures. ÅÌÊÎÑÒÜ — 1) âîçìîæíîñòü ðàñøèðåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâåíÒÅÐÐÈÒÎÐÈÈ, íîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà äàííîé ïëîùàäè áåç ÓÃÎÄÜß çíà÷èòåëüíûõ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ çàòðàò íà åå îáóñòðîéñòâî; 2) êîëè÷åñòâî äîìàøíèõ è äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ñïîñîáíûõ æèòü è ðàçâèâàòüñÿ â òå÷åíèå íåîïðåäåëåííî äîëãîãî âðåìåíè. Capacity of land — 1) a possibility of broadening of household activity on a certain area without great expenses; 2) the number of domestic and wild animals capable to live on a certain territory for a long period of time. ÅÌÊÎÑÒÜ ÓÃÎÄÈÉ — îçíà÷àåò ñïîñîáíîñòü óãîäèé îáåñïå÷èâàòü óñëîâèÿ äëÿ íîðìàëüíîãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ îïðåäåëåííîãî ÷èñëà îñîáåé êàêîãî-ëèáî âèäà â òå÷åíèå äîñòàòî÷íî äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè. Capacity of lands — the ability of lands to provide conditions for normal existence of a certain number of individuals of a species for a long period of time. – 27 –

— ôîðìà ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ìàòåðèè, âîçíèêàþùàÿ ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ â ïðîöåññå åå ðàçâèòèÿ. Æèçíü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñîâîêóïíîñòü ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ îðãàíèçìà ñ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäîé ïóòåì îáìåíà âåùåñòâîì è ýíåðãèåé ìîëåêóëÿðíûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ êëåòêè, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü áåëêà è íóêëåèíîâûõ êèñëîò. Life — a form of substance existence appearing under certain conditions in the process of its development. It is a totality of specific physical and chemical processes of an organism with environment carried out by exchange of substance and energy of molecular components of a cell, of proteins and nucleic acids in the first turn. ÆÈÇÍÜ ÂÍÅ ÇÅÌËÈ — èçó÷àåò óñëîâèÿ æèçíè, èìåþùèåñÿ íà äðóãèõ ïëàíåòàõ, âíóòðè êîñìè÷åñêîãî êîðàáëÿ, à òàêæå óñëîâèÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ è ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ æèçíè â äðóãèõ çâåçäíûõ ñèñòåìàõ, âåðîÿòíîñòü åå ýêñïîðòà ñ Çåìëè è îáðàòíî. Ïðîáëåìû æèçíè âíå çåìëè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê îáëàñòè êîñìè÷åñêîé áèîëîãèè, îäíîé èç çàäà÷ êîòîðîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ îöåíêà ìåòîäîâ îáíàðóæåíèÿ âíåçåìíîé æèçíè. Life outside the Earth — the science studies conditions of life taking place on other planets, in a spaceshi p, and also conditions of appearance and existence of life in other sidereal systems, probability of its export from and to the Earth. Problems of life outside the Earth are related to the sphere of cosmic biology, one of the tasks of which is a comparative consideration of methods of investigation of life outside the Earth. ÆÈÇÍÜ

– 28 –

Ç ÇÀÃÐßÇÍÅÍÈÅ ÑÐÅÄÛ

Environment pollution

ÇÀÊÀÇÍÈÊ

Reserve

ÇÀÊÎÍ ÂÍÓÒÐÅÍÍÅÃÎ ÄÈÍÀÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÐÀÂÍÎÂÅÑÈß

— ïðèâíåñåíèå â êàêóþ-ëèáî ñðåäó íåõàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ íåå ôèçè÷åñêèõ, õèìè÷åñêèõ è áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ àãåíòîâ. 3àãðÿçíåíèå ìîæåò áûòü ïåðâè÷íîå, âòîðè÷íîå, ãëîáàëüíîå, êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîå, àòìîñôåðíîå, âîäû, òåðìàëüíîå, êîñìîñà è ò. ï. — penetration of physical, chemical and biological agents into the environment. These agents are not typical for it. There exist primary pollution, secondary pollution, global, catastrophical pollution, water, atmosphere, cosmos pollution, thermal pollution, etc. — ó÷àñòîê, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîãî çàïðåùåíû îòäåëüíûå âèäû è ôîðìû õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ îõðàíû îäíîãî èëè ìíîãèõ âèäîâ æèâûõ ñóùåñòâ. Ðàçëè÷àþò çàêàçíèêè âèäîâûå (òþëüïàííûé, îíäàòðîâûé) è ëàíäøàôòíûå (îçåðíûé, áàéðà÷íûé ëåñ). Ïî ñðîêàì èìåþòñÿ çàêàçíèêè áåññðî÷íûå, äîëãîñðî÷íûå (áîëåå 5 ëåò), êðàòêîñðî÷íûå (äî 5 ëåò). — the area where some kinds and forms of household activity are prohibited in order to preserve one or many species of living creatures.There exist species reserves (tulip, mask-rat reserves) and landscape reserves (lake reserves). According to the term princi ple of classification there exist permanent, long-term (over 5 years) and short-term (till 5 years) reserves. — âåùåñòâî, ýíåðãèÿ, èíôîðìàöèÿ è äèíàìè÷åñêèå êà÷åñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ñèñòåì òåñíî âçàèìîñâÿçàíû â åäèíîå öåëîå. – 29 –

The law of internal dynamic balance

— substance, energy, information and dynamic qualities of natural systems are closely interconnected and form a whole unity. ÇÀÊÎÍ — âñå æèâîå ãåíåòè÷åñêè ðàçëè÷íî è èìåÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ åò òåíäåíöèþ ê óâåëè÷åíèþ áèîëîãèÐÀÇÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÈß ÷åñêîé ðàçíîðîäíîñòè. The law — all living creatures are genetically different and of genetic diversity have a tendency to biological diversity increase. ÇÀÊÎÍ — ìèíåðàëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû ïîâòîðÿþò ÃÅÎÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ â èçìåíåííîì âèäå îáùóþ èñòîðèþ ãåîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Geogenetical law — mineralogical processes repeat the general history of geological development but in the changed form. ÇÀÊÎÍ — àáñîëþòíîå êîëè÷åñòâî õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåÃÅÎÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ìåíòîâ, èõ ñâîéñòâà è ìèãðàöèÿ çàâèñÿò ÎÑÍÎÂÍÎÉ îò ñòðîåíèÿ àòîìîâ. The main — the absolute number of chemical elements, geochemical law their qualities and migration are dependent on structure of atoms. ÇÀÊÎÍ — ãåíåòè÷åñêè áëèçêèå âèäû è ðîäû õàÃÎÌÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ ñõîäíîé íàñëåäñòâåííîé ÐßÄΠèçìåí÷èâîñòüþ. The law — genetically close species and families are of homological rows characterized by similar inherited changeableness. ÇÀÊÎÍ — êîëè÷åñòâî æèâîãî âåùåñòâà â áèîñôåÊÎÍÑÒÀÍÒÍÎÑÒÈ ðå åñòü ïîñòîÿííàÿ âåëè÷èíà. The law of constancy — the quantity of living substance in biosphere is constant. ÇÀÊÎÍ ÊÎÐÐÅËßÖÈÈ — èçìåíåíèå ÷àñòè îðãàíèçìà èëè åãî ôóíêöèè âåäåò ê èçìåíåíèþ äðóãèõ ÷àñòåé è ôóíêöèé. The law of correlation — the change of a part of an organism or its function leads to changes of other parts and functions. – 30 –

ÇÀÊÎÍ ÌÀÊÑÈÌÈÇÀÖÈÈ ÝÍÅÐÃÈÈ

— â áîðüáå çà âûæèâàíèå â áèîñôåðå ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ òîëüêî òå âèäû, êîòîðûå ìàêñèìàëüíî èñïîëüçóþò ñîëíå÷íóþ ýíåðãèþ.

The law of energy maximization

— in the course of struggle for surviving in biosphere only species which use maximum solar energy survive.

ÇÀÊÎÍ ÌÀÊÑÈÌÓÌÀ ÁÈÎÃÅÍÍÎÉ ÝÍÅÐÃÈÈ

— ëþáàÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà â ïðîöåññå ýâîëþöèè óâåëè÷èâàåò ñâîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà ñðåäó.

The law of biogenic energy maximum

— any biological system increases its influence on the environment in the process of evolution.

ÇÀÊÎÍ ÍÅÎÁÕÎÄÈÌÎÃÎ ÐÀÇÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÈß

— ëþáàÿ ñèñòåìà íå ìîæåò ñôîðìèðîâàòüñÿ èç àáñîëþòíî îäèíàêîâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ.

The law — any system can not be formed out of absoof necessary diversity lutely similar elements. ÇÀÊÎÍ — ñèñòåìû âûñîêîãî è íèçêîãî óðîâíåé ÍÅÐÀÂÍÎÌÅÐÍÎÑÒÈ îáû÷íî ðàçâèâàþòñÿ íå ñòðîãî ñèíõÐÀÇÂÈÒÈß ÑÈÑÒÅÌ ðîííî. The law of unevenness — systems of high and low levels don’t usually of system development develop synchronically. ÇÀÊÎÍ — ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÕ ÐÅÑÓÐÑÎÂ

âñå ïðèðîäíûå ðåñóðñû ïëàíåòû êîíå÷íû.

The law of limitedness — all natural resources of the planet are liof natural resources mited. ÇÀÊÎÍ — ÎÄÍÎÍÀÏÐÀÂËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÏÎÒÎÊÀ ÝÍÅÐÃÈÈ

The law of energy flow which has only one direction

ýíåðãèÿ, ïîëó÷àåìàÿ ñîîáùåñòâîì, óñâàèâàåòñÿ ïðîäóöåíòàìè è ïåðåäàåòñÿ êîíñóìåíòàì, à çàòåì ðåäóöåíòàì, òî åñòü èäåò â îäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè.

— the energy received by an association is assimilated by producents and transmitted to consuments, and then to reducents in one direction.

– 31 –

ÇÀÊÎÍ ÏÅÐÈÎÄÈ×ÍÎÑÒÈ ÃÅÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÇÎÍÀËÜÍÎÑÒÈ

— ñî ñìåíîé ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ïîÿñîâ ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïîâòîðÿþòñÿ îáùèå ñâîéñòâà ëàíäøàôòíûõ çîí.

The law of periodicity — with the change of geographical zones geof geographical zonality neral features of landscape zones periodically repeat each other. ÇÀÊÎÍ ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÈ ÏÐÎÕÎÆÄÅÍÈß ÔÀÇ ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈß

— ôàçû ðàçâèòèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ñèñòåì ìîãóò ñëåäîâàòü òîëüêî â ýâîëþöèîííî çàêðåïëåííîì ïîðÿäêå.

The law of consecutive — phases of development of nature systems passing of stages may pass each other only in evolutionally determined order. ÇÀÊÎÍ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÎÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ

— ïðèðîäíûå ñèñòåìû â èíäèâèäóàëüíîì ðàçâèòèè ïîâòîðÿþò â ñîêðàùåííîé ôîðìå ýâîëþöèîííûé ïóòü ðàçâèòèÿ ñâîåé ñèñòåìíîé ñòðóêòóðû.

Systematic genetical — nature systems in their individual developlaw ment repeat evolutional way of development of their structure in shortened form. ÇÀÊÎÍ ÒÎËÅÐÀÍÒÍÎÑÒÈ

— ëèìèòèðóþùèì ôàêòîðîì ïðîöâåòàíèÿ îðãàíèçìà ìîæåò áûòü êàê ìèíèìóì, òàê è ìàêñèìóì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ.

The law of tolerance

— both minimum and maximum of ecological influence can be a limiting factor of an organism well-being.

ÇÀÊÎÍ ÓÂÅËÈ×ÅÍÈß ÐÀÇÌÅÐÎÂ È ÂÅÑÀ ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÌÎÂ

— ïî ìåðå õîäà ãåîëîãè÷åñêîãî âðåìåíè ôîðìû óâåëè÷èâàþò ñâîè ðàçìåðû è çàòåì âûìèðàþò.

The law of increase of sizes and weight of organisms

— in the course of the geological time forms increase their sizes and then die out.

– 32 –

— çàïîëíåíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâà âíóòðè ïðèðîäíîé ñèñòåìû óïîðÿäî÷åíî òàê, ÷òî íåÇÀÏÎËÍÅÍÈß âîçìîæíî äëèòåëüíîå ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÑÒÂÀ ñëó÷àéíûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ, ñîçäàííûõ ÷åÈ ÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÑÒÂÅÍÍÎ- ëîâåêîì. ÇÀÊÎÍ ÓÏÎÐßÄÎ×ÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ

ÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÎÉ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ

The law of regulation — the filling of space inside the nature system of space filling and is regulated such a way that a long existence space-time defenitness of casual components made by humans is impossible. ÇÀÊÎÍ ÓÑÊÎÐÅÍÈß ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÈ

— ñêîðîñòü ôîðìîîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñ õîäîì ãåîëîãè÷åñêîãî âðåìåíè óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ, à ñðåäíÿÿ äëèòåëüíîñòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ âèäîâ âíóòðè êðóïíûõ ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèõ êàòåãîðèé ñíèæàåòñÿ.

The law of evolution acceleration

— the speed of form building increases together with the course of geological time and an average duration of an existence of species inside huge systematic categories decreases.

ÇÀÊÎÍ ÕÈÐÀËÜÍÎÉ ×ÈÑÒÎÒÛ

— æèâîå âåùåñòâî âñåãäà ñîñòîèò èç õèðàëüíî ÷èñòûõ ñòðóêòóð, êîòîðûå ïîëÿðèçóþò ñâåò âïðàâî.

The law of chiral purity

— a living substance always consists of chiral pure structures polarising light to the right.

ÇÀÊÎÍÛ ÁÈÎÃÅÍÍÎÉ ÌÈÃÐÀÖÈÈ ÀÒÎÌÎÂ

— ïî Â.È. Âåðíàäñêîìó, ìèãðàöèÿ õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â áèîñôåðå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïðè ó÷àñòèè æèâîãî âåùåñòâà èëè îíà ïðîòåêàåò â ñðåäå, ãåîõèìè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè êîòîðîé îáóñëîâëåíû æèâûì âåùåñòâîì.

The law of biogenic migration of atoms

— according to V.I. Vernadsky’s investigations migration of chemical elements in biosphere happens in the presence of living substance or migration may take place in environment

– 33 –

geochemical conditions of which are sti pulated by living substance. ÇÀÏÎÂÅÄÍÈÊ

— 1) ó÷àñòîê ïðèðîäû, èçúÿòûé èç ïîëüçîâàíèÿ; 2) ó÷ðåæäåíèå, ñîçäàííîå äëÿ îõðàíû è èçó÷åíèÿ ïðèðîäíîãî êîìïëåêñà.

Preserve

— 1) the nature area which is not used by humans; 2) preserves are established for protecting and studying the natural complex.

ÇÀÏÐÅÙÅÍÍÛÅ ÑÏÎÑÎÁÛ ÄÎÁÛ×È ÆÈÂÎÒÍÛÕ

— áåñêîíòðîëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå îïàñíûõ ñàìîëîâîâ, îòðàâëÿþùèõ è ñíîòâîðíûõ âåùåñòâ, êîãäà â áîðüáå ñ âðåäíûìè íàñåêîìûìè è ãðûçóíàìè íà ïîëÿõ ãèáíóò æóðàâëè, ãóñè è ïåâ÷èå ïòèöû. Çàïðåùàåòñÿ îòëîâ ëèííûõ è íå ïîäíÿâøèõñÿ íà êðûëî ïòèö, à òàêæå äîáû÷à æèâîòíûõ, òåðïÿùèõ áåäñòâèå.

Prohibited ways of hunting animals

— uncontrolled using of dangerous traps, poisoning and soporific substances when during the struggle with hazardous rodents and insects die not only they but also cranes, geese and singing birds. Catching shedding birds and birds that don’t fly yet, hunting animals suffering a disaster is prohibited.

ÇÄÎÐÎÂÜÅ

— ñîñòîÿíèå ïîëíîãî ôèçè÷åñêîãî, ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîãî è ñîöèàëüíîãî êîìôîðòà ÷åëîâåêà.

Health

— the state of an absolute physical, psychological and social comfort of a person.

«ÇÅËÅÍÛÅ»

— ìåñòíûå è ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå îáùåñòâåííûå äâèæåíèÿ, âûñòóïàþùèå çà çàùèòó ñðåäû æèçíè îò çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ïî÷âû, àòìîñôåðû, âîäû, çà îõðàíó æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ «Ãðèíïèñ» îáúåäèíÿåò ìíîãèå íàöèîíàëüíûå äâèæåíèÿ ïëàíåòû.

– 34 –

«Greens»

— local and state social movements, speaking in a support of environment preservation against soil, atmosphere and water contamination and appealing for animals and plants protection. The Greenpeace organization unifies many national movements of the planet. ÇÎÍÀ ÎÒÄÛÕÀ — ñïåöèàëüíî îðãàíèçîâàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ äëÿ îòäûõà æèòåëåé íàñåëåííîãî ïóíêòà. Leisure zone — specially organized territory for resting of city-dwellers. ÇÎÍÀ ÏÎÊÎß — òåððèòîðèÿ, íà êîòîðîé óñòàíîâëåí ðåæèì ìèíèìàëüíîãî òåõíîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ â öåëÿõ ñîçäàíèÿ óñëîâèé äëÿ îòäûõà ëþäåé.  ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ çîíû ïîêîÿ ñîçäàþò ñ öåëüþ óìåíüøåíèÿ àíòðîïîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà æèâîòíûõ. Rest zone — the territory where the regimen of minimal technogenic influence is made in order to provide all conditions for rest. Recently people have started to set up rest zones in order to decrease anthropogenic influence on animals. ÇÎÍÀ ÑÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÎ- — çåëåíàÿ çîíà, îòäåëÿþùàÿ ïðîìûøëåíÇÀÙÈÒÍÀß íîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå îò íàñåëåííîãî ïóíêòà. Protective — the green zone separating an industrial ensanitary zone terprise from the populated area. ÇÎÍÀ ÑÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÎÉ — òåððèòîðèÿ, ãäå óñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ îñîáûé ÎÕÐÀÍÛ ðåæèì îõðàíû âîä îò çàãðÿçíåíèÿ. The zone — the territory where there is a special regimen of sanitary protection of protection of water from contamination.

È ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ

(ýêîëîãè÷åñêè îðèåíòèðîâàííîå)

— èçìåíåíèå ñðåäû è îáúåêòîâ ñ ó÷åòîì çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé äèíàìèêè ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîñèñòåì.

– 35 –

Change — the change of environment and objects with (ecologically oriented) the regard for conformity of ecosystem development dynamics to natural laws. ÈÌÌÈÃÐÀÖÈß

— ïåðåñåëåíèå æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé â äàííóþ îáëàñòü èç äðóãèõ îáëàñòåé.

Immigration

— resettlement of animals and plants in a certain area from other areas.

ÈÍÄÅÊÑ ÂÈÄÎÂÎÃÎ ÐÀÇÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÈß

— ñîîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó ÷èñëîì âèäîâ è ÷èñëåííîñòüþ îñîáåé â ðàçëè÷íûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ.

Diversity index

— correlation between the number of species and quantity of individuals in different ecological conditions.

ÈÍÄÅÊÑ ÂÑÒÐÅ×ÀÅÌÎÑÒÈ

— ÷èñëî ïðîá, â êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû îñîáè èññëåäóåìîãî âèäà.

Frequency index

— the number of tests in which individuals of a certain species are found.

ÈÍÄÅÊÑ ÄÎÌÈÍÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß

— äîëÿ, êîòîðóþ ñîñòàâëÿåò îáèëèå èññëåäóåìîãî âèäà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñóììàðíîìó îáèëèþ.

Domination index

— a share which makes up the abundance of a certain species in relation to the total abundance.

ÈÍÄÅÊÑ ÎÁÈËÈß

— ñðåäíåå ÷èñëî îñîáåé èññëåäóåìîãî âèäà, ïðèõîäÿùååñÿ íà åäèíèöó ó÷åòà.

Abundance index

— average number of individuals of a certain species per unit of calculation.

ÈÍÄÅÊÑ ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒÈ

— ïîêàçàòåëü óñòîé÷èâîñòè âèäà èëè ïîïóëÿöèè â áèîöåíîçå, îòðàæàåìûé êîýôôèöèåíòîì âàðèàöèè ñðåäíåé ÷èñëåííîñòè îñîáåé.

Stability index

— an indicator of stability of species or population in biocenosis expressed by the coefficient of variations of an average population of species.

– 36 –

— îðãàíèçàöèÿ, êîíòðîëèðóþùàÿ ñòåïåíü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäíîãî ðåñóðñà (âîäíàÿ, îõîòíè÷üÿ, ðûáíàÿ è äð.). Inspection — an organization controlling the use of a natural resource (hunting, fishing inspection). ÈÍÒÅÍÑÈÔÈÊÀÖÈß — óâåëè÷åíèå ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðîäóêöèè ñ ÕÎÇßÉÑÒÂÀ åäèíèöû ïëîùàäè. Intensification — an increase of production from the unit of of household activity an area. ÈÍÒÐÎÄÓÊÖÈß — ïðåäíàìåðåííîå èëè ñëó÷àéíîå ïåðåñåëåíèå îñîáåé êàêîãî-ëèáî îðãàíèçìà çà ïðåäåëû ïðèðîäíîãî àðåàëà. Introduction — premeditated or casual migration of individuals of an organism outside its natural area. ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÎÍÍÎÅ — èíôîðìàöèîííîå, ãðàâèòàöèîííîå è ýëåêÏÎËÅ òðîìàãíèòíîå ïîëå, â êîòîðîì ñóùåñòâóåò âñå æèâîå è íåæèâîå ïëàíåòû. Information field — informative, gravitational and electromagnetic field in which all living and not living organisms of the planet exist. ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß — ñîâîêóïíîñòü äàííûõ îá îáúåêòàõ è ÿâëåíèÿõ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, âîñïðèíèìàåìûõ îðãàíèçìàìè è èõ ñèñòåìàìè è âûçûâàþùèõ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùóþ ðåàêöèþ. Information — totality of data of all objects and phenomena of environment. The data are perceived by organisms and their systems and cause a corresponding reaction. ÈÍÑÏÅÊÖÈß

Ê ÊÀÄÀÑÒÐ

(ïðèðîäíûé)

— ñèñòåìàòèçèðîâàííûé ñâîä äàííûõ, âêëþ÷àþùèé êîëè÷åñòâåííóþ è êà÷åñòâåííóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó êàêîãî-ëèáî ïðèðîäíîãî ðåñóðñà èëè ÿâëåíèÿ. Ñîäåðæèò òàêæå ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ, ñîöèàëüíóþ, ýêîíîìè÷åñ– 37 –

Cadastre (natural)

—

ÊÀÍÖÅÐÎÃÅÍ

—

Carcinogen

—

ÊÀÒÀÑÒÐÎÔÀ

—

ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß

Ecological catastrophe

—

ÊÀ×ÅÑÒÂÎ ÆÈÇÍÈ

—

êóþ è äðóãèå îöåíêè, ïåðñïåêòèâû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî îõðàíå äàííîãî îáúåêòà. Èçâåñòíû çåìåëüíûé, ïî÷âåííûé, êëèìàòè÷åñêèé, ëåñíîé, àãðîëåñîìåëèîðàòèâíûé, ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèé è äðóãèå êàäàñòðû. systematized code of data including qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a natural recourse or a phenomenon. It contains ecological, social, economic and other estimates, perspectives of using of an object and suggestions about the preservation of an object. There are land, soil, climate, forest, agroforestmeliorative, fauna cadastres, etc. âåùåñòâî, ñïîñîáñòâóþùåå ðàçâèòèþ çëîêà÷åñòâåííûõ íîâîîáðàçîâàíèé (ïåñòèöèäû, íåêîòîðûå óãëåâîäîðîäû àðîìàòè÷åñêîãî ðÿäà è äð.). a substance favouring the development of malignant tumors (pesticides, some hydrocarbons of an aromatic line, etc.). íåîáðàòèìîå ÿâëåíèå ðàñïàäà ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì áèîñôåðû, âûçâàííîå äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ ÷åëîâåêà. Çàäà÷à ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà — íå äîïóñòèòü ñîêðàùåíèÿ âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà è ÷èñëåííîñòè îðãàíèçìîâ, îïòèìèçèðîâàòü ñðåäó æèçíè íà Çåìëå. irreversible distruction of ecological systems of biosphere caused by human activity. The task of humans is not to let species composition and number of organisms reduce and to optimire environment of the Earth. ñîâîêóïíîñòü óñëîâèé, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ôèçè÷åñêîå, ïñèõè÷åñêîå è ñîöèàëüíîå çäîðîâüå ÷åëîâåêà, åãî ñîîòâåòñòâèå ïîëèòè÷åñêèì, äóõîâíûì, èäåéíûì è äðóãèì ñëîæèâøèìñÿ ïîòðåáíîñòÿì îïðåäåëåííûõ ãðóïï íàñåëåíèÿ. – 38 –

Quality of life

ÊÈÑËÎÒÍÎÑÒÜ ÏÎ×ÂÛ

Soil activity ÊÈÑËÎÒÍÛÉ ÄÎÆÄÜ

Acid rain ÊÎÍÖÅÍÒÐÀÖÈß ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂ Â ÎÊÐÓÆÀÞÙÅÉ ÑÐÅÄÅ

Concentration of substances in environment

ÊÎÍÖÅÍÒÐÀÖÈß ÔÎÍÎÂÀß

Background concentration ÊÐÀÑÍÀß ÊÍÈÃÀ

— conditions favouring physical, mental and social health of a person, its conformity to political, moral and other needs of a certain group of population. — êîíöåíòðàöèÿ èîíîâ âîäîðîäà â ïî÷âå. Îäèí èç âàæíåéøèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïî÷âåííîãî ïëîäîðîäèÿ. — concentration of hydrogen iones in soils. It is one of the main indicators of soil fertility. — äîæäü, âîäîðîäíûé ïîêàçàòåëü êîòîðîãî PH ìåíüøå 5.6. — the rain, the hydrogen indicator of which is less 5.6. — êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà, ñîäåðæàùåãîñÿ â îïðåäåëåííîì êîëè÷åñòâå äðóãîãî âåùåcòâà. Ðàçëè÷àþò êîíöåíòðàöèè çàãðÿçíèòåëåé, òîêñè÷åñêóþ, ïûëè, ôîíîâóþ, ïèêîâóþ, ïîðîãîâóþ, ìàêñèìàëüíóþ, ïðåäåëüíî äîïóñòèìóþ è äð. — quantity of a substance in a certain amount of another substance. There are following types of concentrations: concentration of impurities, toxical, dust concentration, background concentration, peak concentration, threshold concentration, maximal concentration, maximum permissible. — ñîäåðæàíèå âåùåñòâ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ïðèðîäíîìó óðîâíþ. — the content of substances corresponding to their natural level. — îôèöèàëüíûé äîêóìåíò íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ è ðåãèîíàëüíûõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, ñîäåðæàùèé ñèñòåìàòèçèðîâàííûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ðàñòåíèÿõ è æèâîòíûõ ìèðà èëè îòäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ, ñîñòîÿíèå êîòîðûõ âûçûâàåò îïàñåíèå çà èõ áóäóùåå. – 39 –

The Red Book

— official document of nongovernmental international and regional administrative organizations containing information about plants and animals, the condition of which gives rise to anxiety for their future. ÊÐÓÃÎÂÎÐÎÒ — âàæíåéøåå óñëîâèå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ÂÅÙÅÑÒ áèîñôåðû, ïðîÿâëÿþùååñÿ â ìíîãîêðàòíîì ó÷àñòèè âåùåñòâ â ïðîöåññàõ áèîñôåðû. Ðàçëè÷àþò áîëüøîé (áèîñôåðíûé, ãåîëîãè÷åñêèé) è ìàëûå êðóãîâîðîòû îáìåíà áèîãåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ (N, Ð, S, Î, Ñ) è âîäû. Rotation of substances— the main condition of biosphere functioning displaying in constant partici pation of substances in biospheric processes. There are large (biospheric and geological) and small rotations of exchange of biogenic elements (N, P, S, O, C) and water. ÊÓËÜÒÓÐÀ — îñîçíàíèå âàæíîñòè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ëåì â æèçíè ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà. Ecological culture — realizing importance of ecological problems for human life.

Ë ËÀÍÄØÀÔÒ

Landscape

— îñíîâíàÿ åäèíèöà ôèçèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ðàéîíèðîâàíèÿ, îáëàäàþùàÿ åäèíûì ãåîëîãè÷åñêèì ôóíäàìåíòîì, îäíîòèïíûì ðåëüåôîì, êëèìàòîì, ïî÷âàìè, ñîñòàâîì îðãàíèçìîâ è ñî÷åòàíèåì åãî ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ ÷àñòåé. Ýëåìåíòàðíîé åäèíèöåé ëàíäøàôòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôàöèÿ. Îíà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò áèîãåîöåíîçó. — a main unit of physico-geographical division into districts; it is characterized by indivisible geological foundation similar region – 40 –

ËÀÍÄØÀÔÒ ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÍÛÉ

—

Anthropogenic landscape

—

ËÈÒÎÑÔÅÐÀ

— — —

Lythosphere ËÈÖÅÍÇÈß ÍÀ ÇÀÃÐßÇÍÅÍÈÅ

Pollution license

—

ËÈÖÅÍÇÈß

—

ÏÐÎÌÛÑËÎÂÀß

Hunting license

—

climate, soils, structure of organisms and combination of its morphological parts. The elementary unit of a landscape is facies which corresponds to biogeocenosis. ëàíäøàôò, ïðåîáðàçîâàííûé õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ ÷åëîâåêà. Ðàçâèòèå àíòðîïîãåííîãî ëàíäøàôòà êîíòðîëèðóåòñÿ ÷åëîâåêîì. a landscape changed by human activity. The development of it is controlled by man. âåðõíÿÿ òâåðäàÿ îáîëî÷êà Çåìëè. upper hard layer of the Earth. îïëà÷èâàåìîå ðàçðåøåíèå íà âûáðîñ îïðåäåëåííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà òâåðäûõ, æèäêèõ èëè ãàçîîáðàçíûõ îòõîäîâ çàðàíåå îãîâîðåííîãî èëè þðèäè÷åñêè óñòàíîâëåííîãî õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà. payable permission on emission of a certain amount of solid, liquid or gaseous wastes. This amount is considered and arranged juridically beforehand. îõîòíè÷üÿ ëèöåíçèÿ íà ïðàâî ïðîìûñëîâîé îõîòû, òî åñòü ïðîèçâîäèìîé ñ öåëüþ çàðàáîòêà. Äëÿ äîáû÷è ìîðñêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ âûäàåòñÿ ïðîìûñëîâûé áèëåò. hunting permission giving right to hunt, to fish in order to earn money. A special game ticket is given for hunting on sea mammals.

Ì ÌÀÊÐÎÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÌÛ

Macroorganisms

— îðãàíèçìû, âåëè÷èíà êîòîðûõ áîëåå 500 ìêì. — organisms, the size of which is more than 500 mkm. – 41 –

ÌÅÃÀÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Megabiosphere ÌÅÒÀÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Metabiosphere ÌÈÃÐÀÖÈß ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÎÂ

Migration of elements ÌÈÊÐÎÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÌÛ

Microorganisms ÌÈÊÐÎÖÅÍÎÇ

Microcenosis

ÌÈÍÅÐÀËÈÇÀÖÈß

Mineralization

ÌÎÍÈÒÎÐÈÍÃ

— îõâàòûâàåò çîíó îò îñàäî÷íûõ ïîðîä äî îçîíîâîãî ñëîÿ. — includes a zone from sedimentary rocks to ozone layer. — ñëîé ëèòîñôåðû, ïðåîáðàçîâàííûé æèçíüþ, íî â êîòîðîì íûíå æèâóùèå îðãàíèçìû íå ïðèñóòñòâóþò. — the layer of lythosphere changed by life but without living organisms. — ïåðåíîñ è ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â áèîñôåðå. Áèîãåííàÿ ìèãðàöèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ èäåò â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ çàêîíàìè Â.È. Âåðíàäñêîãî. — carrying and redistribution of chemical elements in biosphere. Biogenic migration exists in accordance with V.I. Vernadsky’s laws. — îðãàíèçìû, âåëè÷èíà êîòîðûõ îò 50 äî 500 ìêì. — organisms, the size of which is from 50 to 500 mkm. — ñîîáùåñòâî, íàõîäÿùååñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ ôèòîöåíîçà. Ñîâïàäàåò ïî îáúåìó ñ ïàðöåëëîé è ñèíóçèåé. — an association existing in limits of phytocenosis. It coincides with parcel and sinusia according to its volume. — ïðîöåññ ðàñïàäà îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ñîåäèíåíèé äî óãëåêèñëîòû, âîäû è îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ñîëåé, ïðîèñõîäÿùèé ïðè ó÷àñòèè ðåäóöåíòîâ. — the process of dissociation of organic compounds to carbonic acid, water and organic salts. This process happens in the presence of reducents. — êîíòðîëü çà ïðèðîäíûìè îáúåêòàìè è ÿâëåíèÿìè. Ðàçëè÷àþò ìîíèòîðèíã ôî– 42 –

Monitoring

ÌÓÒÀÖÈß

Mutation

íîâûé, ãëîáàëüíûé, ðåãèîíàëüíûé, àâèàöèîííûé, áèîëîãè÷åñêèé, äèñòàíöèîííûé è äð. — the control for natural objects and phenomena. There exist background, global, regional, aviational, biological, distant monitoring, etc. — ðåçêîå íàñëåäñòâåííîå èçìåíåíèå îðãàíèçìîâ, ìåíÿþùåå èõ âíåøíèé îáëèê, ôèçèîëîãèþ è ïîâåäåíèå. Ìóòàöèÿ ñâÿçàíà ñ èçìåíåíèåì ÷èñëà è ñòðóêòóðû õðîìîñîì, îòäåëüíîãî ãåíà èëè åãî ó÷àñòêà. — sharp inherited change of organisms changing their appearance, physiology and behavior. Mutation is connected with changing of the number and structure of chromosomes, a gene or its part.

Í — ñòåïåíü ïðÿìîãî èëè êîñâåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ ÷åëîâåêà íà êîìïîíåíòû è ýëåìåíòû ýêîñèñòåì (ëàíäøàôòû, ðàñòåíèÿ, æèâîòíûå, àáèîòè÷åñêèå ôàêòîðû è ò. ä.). Ðàçëè÷àþò íàãðóçêó òåïëîâóþ, ðåêðåàöèîííóþ, òðàíñïîðòíîé ñåòè è ïð. Anthropogenic loading — the degree of direct or indirect influence of man on components and elements of ecosystems (landscapes, plants, animals and abiotic factors). There exist heat, recreational, transport loading, etc. ÍÈØÀ — èñòîðè÷åñêè îïðåäåëåííîå ïîëîæåíèå ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß âèäà, îòðàæàþùåå åãî ìåñòî â ïðîñòðàíñòâå è ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ ðîëü â ñîîáùåñòâå (ôèòîôàã, õèùíèê, ïàðàçèò). Âåäåò ê ñïåöèàëèçàöèè âèäîâ è ðàçäåëåíèþ ìåñò èõ îáèòàíèÿ. ÍÀÃÐÓÇÊÀ ÀÍÒÐÎÏÎÃÅÍÍÀß

– 43 –

Ecological niche

ÍÎÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Noosphere

— historically determined position of species showing its place in space and functional role in an association (phyto-phage, predator, parasite). It leads to specialization of species and division of places of their habitation. — âûñøàÿ ñòàäèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ áèîñôåðû, êîãäà ÷åëîâåê ñîçäàåò íîâûå ôîðìû âèäîâ, ìèíåðàëîâ è äðóãèõ îáúåêòîâ, íå ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â áèîñôåðå. Äëÿ íîîñôåðû õàðàêòåðíû ñâîåîáðàçíûå ïîòîêè âåùåñòâà è ýíåðãèè, íîâûå ÿâëåíèÿ è ïðîöåññû. — the highest stage of biosphere development when a man creates new forms of species, minerals and other objects not existing in biosphere. Peculiar flows of substance and energy, new phenomena and processes are typical for noosphere.

Î ÎÁËÓ×ÅÍÈÅ

Radiation

ÎÁÐÀÑÒÀÍÈÅ

Covering

— âîçäåéñòâèå íà îðãàíèçì ëþáîãî âèäà èçëó÷åíèé: òåïëîâîãî, âèäèìîãî, óëüòðàôèîëåòîâîãî, êîñìè÷åñêîãî è èîíèçèðóþùåãî. — influence of radiation of any kind on an organism. There exist heat, visible, ultraviolet, cosmic and ionizing radiation. — ïîêðûòèå òåë, ñîîðóæåíèé è ïðåäìåòîâ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â âîäíîé ñðåäå (ïîâåðõíîñòåé òåë, êîðïóñîâ êîðàáëåé, ñîîðóæåíèé, ñòåíîê òðóá è ò. ä.) ðàñòèòåëüíûìè, æèâîòíûìè è ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèìè îðãàíèçìàìè. — covering bodies, buildings and other objects situated in water (the surface of things, shi ps, buildings, tube walls, etc.) by – 44 –

vegetative, animal and microscopic organisms. ñëîé àòìîñôåðû ñ íàèáîëüøåé ïëîòíîñòüþ îçîíà íà âûñîòå 20—25 êì, ïîãëîùàþùèé óëüòðàôèîëåòîâîå èçëó÷åíèå. the atmosphere layer with the greatest density of ozone at the height of 20—25 km which absorbs ultraviolet radiation. ñðåäà îáèòàíèÿ è ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà. Ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ èç ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû è ñîöèîñôåðû. the sphere of habitation and productional activity of a person. It is formed by natural and social environment. îñóùåñòâëåíèå ìåðîïðèÿòèé, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ èçìåíåíèå îêðóæàþùåé ÷åëîâåêà ñðåäû â ñîñòîÿíèå, íàèáîëåå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ïîòðåáíîñòÿì õîçÿéñòâà è íàèëó÷øåãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ çäîðîâüÿ ÷åëîâåêà. carrying out measures providing changes of environment surrounding people into the environment which corresponds to needs of economy and health of people. ñì. îòõîäû.

ÎÇÎÍÎÂÛÉ ÑËÎÉ

—

Ozone layer

—

ÎÊÐÓÆÀÞÙÀß ÑÐÅÄÀ

—

Environment

—

ÎÏÒÈÌÈÇÀÖÈß ÎÊÐÓÆÀÞÙÅÉ ×ÅËÎÂÅÊÀ ÑÐÅÄÛ

—

Optimization of environment

—

ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÒÕÎÄÛ

—

Organic wastes

— see wastes. — ñìåñü ãàçîâ ñ ïðèìåñüþ âçâåøåííûõ ÷àñòèö, óäàëÿåìàÿ èç öèëèíäðîâ èëè êàìåð ñãîðàíèÿ äâèãàòåëÿ àâòîìîáèëÿ. — mixture of gases with the admixture of suspended particles removed from cylinders or combustion chambers of a car engine. — 1) âèäû ñûðüÿ è ïðîäóêöèè, âîçíèêàþùèå â ïðîöåññå ïðîèçâîäñòâà è íå ïîäâåðãàþùèåñÿ óòèëèçàöèè. Îòõîäû îäíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ìîãóò áûòü ñûðüåì äðóãîãî. Îòõîäû áûâàþò òâåðäûå, æèäêèå,

ÎÒÐÀÁÎÒÀÍÍÛÅ ÃÀÇÛ

Exhaust gases

ÎÒÕÎÄÛ

– 45 –

ãàçîîáðàçíûå, êîììóíàëüíûå, ñòðîèòåëüíûå, ïðîìûøëåííûå è ïð.; 2) íåïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðîäóêöèè âèäû ñûðüÿ (òâåðäûå, æèäêèå, ãàçîîáðàçíûå), íå ïîäâåðãàþùèåñÿ óòèëèçàöèè. 1) kinds of raw materials and production arising in the manufacturing process that can’t be utilized. Wastes of one production can become raw materials for another production. Wastes can be solid, liquid, gaseous, communal, building, industrial, etc.; 2) kinds of raw materials (liquid, solid and gaseous wastes) which are not suitable for production and can not be utilized. ñîâîêóïíîñòü ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ, ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ, ðåãèîíàëüíûõ è ëîêàëüíûõ, àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ, ïðàâîâûõ, òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ, åñòåñòâåííîíàó÷íûõ è îáùåñòâåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ, ðàöèîíàëüíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâó ïðèðîäû Çåìëè. the totality of international, state, regional, local, administrative, law, technological, scientific and social-political measures aimed at preserving, rational using and reproducing of the nature of the Earth. ñîâîêóïíîñòü ìåð, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ñî õðàíåíèå ïðèðîäû Çåìëè.

Wastes

—

ÎÕÐÀÍÀ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÛ

—

Nature preservation

—

ÎÕÐÀÍÀ ÑÐÅÄÛ ÆÈÇÍÈ

—

Environment protection

— the totality of measures aimed at preservation of the Earth’s nature.

ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÂÎÇÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß È ÓÙÅÐÁÀ

— ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîäõîäû, ïîçâîëÿþùèå îöåíèòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå âîçäåéñòâèå.

The estimation — ecological approaches which can let scienof ecological influence tists consider and appreciate ecological inand harm fluence.

– 46 –

Î×ÈÑÒÊÀ ÏÐÎÌÛØËÅÍÍÛÕ ÑÒÎÊÎÂ

The purification of industrial sewage Î×ÈÑÒÍÛÅ ÑÎÎÐÓÆÅÍÈß

Establishments for purification

— ïðîöåññ óñòðàíåíèÿ è ìèíåðàëèçàöèè ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ èëè äðóãèõ âåùåñòâ. — the process of removing and mineralization of organic and other substances containing in sewage. — ñèñòåìà äëÿ î÷èñòêè íåî÷èùåííûõ èëè îòñòîÿííûõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä. — systems for purification of not purified and settled sewage waters.

Ï — ñëîè àòìîñôåðû, ãèäðîñôåðû è ëèòîñôåðû, êóäà ìîãóò ïðîíèêàòü æèâûå îðãàíèçìû. Panbiosphere — layers of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lythosphere where living organisms can penetrate. ÏÀÐÀÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ — âåðõíèå ñëîè àòìîñôåðû íà âûñîòå 6— 80 êì, íàñåëåííûå ñëó÷àéíûìè îðãàíèçìàìè. Parabiosphere — upper levels of atmosphere at the height of 60—80 km which are populated by casual organisms. ÏÀÐÀÌÅÒÐÛ — ïîêàçàòåëè ñîñòîÿíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ, ñîñòàâÝÊÎÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ëÿþùèõ ýêîñèñòåìó. Ecosystem standards — indicators of state of elements forming an ecosystem. ÏÀÐÊ — ôîðìà îõðàíû îñîáî öåííîé òåððèòîðèè ÍÀÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÛÉ áîëüøèõ ðàçìåðîâ ñ æèâîïèñíîé ìåñòíîñòüþ è îñîáûìè ÿâëåíèÿìè ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû.  íåì âûäåëÿþò çàïîâåäíóþ, õîçÿéñòâåííóþ, ðåêðåàöèîííóþ è áóôåðíóþ çîíû. Ðåæèì îõðàíû — êîìáèíèðîâàííûé. Íà òåððèòîðèÿõ íàöèîÏÀÍÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

– 47 –

National park

—

ÏÀÐÊ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÉ

—

Nature park

—

ÏÀÐÍÈÊÎÂÛÉ ÝÔÔÅÊÒ

—

Green house effect

—

ÏÅÄÎÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

—

Pedibiosphere

—

íàëüíîãî ïàðêà ÷åðåäóþòñÿ ó÷àñòêè ñ çàïîâåäíûì è çàêàçíûì ðåæèìîì, ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ è ìåñòà äëÿ ïîñåùåíèÿ òóðèñòîâ. Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê — ïàðê ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïîä÷èíåíèÿ. the form of preservation of the most precious territory of huge sizes with beautiful landscape and special phenomena of environment. There exist reserve zone, household zone and recreational zone. The regimen of preservation is combinated. On the territory of national park areas with preserve and reserve regimens are altered, there exist agricultural areas and places which are visited by tourists. National park is a park of the state subordination. ñõîäåí ñ íàöèîíàëüíûì ïàðêîì, íî èìååò ìåñòíîå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîå óïðàâëåíèå.  Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè â èçëó÷èíå ð. Äîí â Èëîâëèíñêîì ðàéîíå â 2001 ã. ñîçäàí ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê «Äîíñêîé». it is similar to national park but it has local administrative direction. In 2001 the nature park «Donskoy» was created in the Volgograd region. ïîòåïëåíèå êëèìàòà ïëàíåòû â ðåçóëüòàòå íàêîïëåíèÿ â àòìîñôåðå óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà, ìåòàíà è äðóãèõ ãàçîâ. warming of climate as a result of assimilation of carbon dioxide, metan and other gases in the atmosphere. íàèáîëåå ðàíèìûé ïî÷âåííûé ñëîé çåìëè ìåæäó ôîòîñôåðîé, àýðî- è ìåòàáèîñôåðîé. the tenderest soil layer between photosphere, aero- and metabiosphere. – 48 –

ÏÎÂÅÐÕÍÎÑÒÍÛÅ ÂÎÄÛ

Surface waters

ÏÎËÅÇÍÛÅ ÈÑÊÎÏÀÅÌÛÅ

Minerals

ÏÎ×ÂÀ

Soil

ÏÐÅÄÅËÜÍÎ ÄÎÏÓÑÒÈÌÀß ÊÎÍÖÅÍÒÐÀÖÈß

— âîäû, ïîñòîÿííî èëè âðåìåííî íàõîäÿùèåñÿ íà çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè: ðåêè è âðåìåííûå âîäîòîêè, îçåðà, âîäîõðàíèëèùà, áîëîòà, ëåäíèêè è ñíåæíûé ïîêðîâ. — waters on the surface of the earth which can be temporal or constant: rivers and temporal water flows, lakes, water keeping reservoirs, marshes, glaciers and snow cover. — ìèíåðàëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå çåìíîé êîðû, êîòîðîå ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíî â ñôåðå ìàòåðèàëüíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà. — mineral formation of the Earth’s crust which can be used in the sphere of material production. — ïî÷âåííîå òåëî, âîçíèêøåå â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ñëîåâ ëèòîñôåðû ïîä ñîâìåñòíûì äåéñòâèåì âîäû, âîçäóõà è æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ. Ïî÷âà çàêîíîìåðíî èçìåíÿåòñÿ âî âðåìåíè è â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ðàçëè÷íûõ óñëîâèé (ìàòåðèíñêèå ïîðîäû, êëèìàò, ðåëüåô, ïîâåðõíîñòü, óâëàæíåíèå, ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü è æèâîòíûé ìèð). — soil body arised as a result of reformation of surface layers of lythosphere under the influence of air, water and living organisms. Soil is changed in the course of time and also under different conditions (matrixes, climate, relief, surface, damping, flora and fauna). — ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ïðèìåñè â àòìîñôåðå (ãèäðîñôåðå), îòíåñåííàÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîìó âðåìåíè îñðåäíåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïðè ïåðèîäè÷åñêîì âîçäåéñòâèè èëè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåé æèçíè ÷åëîâåêà íå îêàçûâàåò íà íåãî è íà ÎÑ â öåëîì âðåäíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ îòäàëåííûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ.

– 49 –

Maximum permissible — maximal concentration of admixture in the concentration atmosphere (hydrosphere) which doesn’t have any influence on a person or environment. ÏÐÅÄÅËÜÍÎ — íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèé íîðìàòèâ, óñòàíàâÄÎÏÓÑÒÈÌÛÉ ëèâàåìûé èç óñëîâèÿ, ÷òîáû ñîäåðæàÂÛÁÐÎÑ íèå çàãðÿçíÿþùèõ âåùåñòâ, âûáðàñûâàåìûõ èç èñòî÷íèêà èëè èõ ñîâîêóïíîñòè, â ïðèçåìíîì ñëîå âîçäóõà íå ïðåâûøàëî íîðìàòèâîâ êà÷åñòâà âîçäóõà äëÿ íàñåëåíèÿ, æèâîòíîãî è ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ìèðà. Maximum — scientific and technical standard that is depermissible emission termined with the regard for the content of hazardous substances in near earth layer of the air must not exceed quality air standards for population, flora and fauna. ÏÐÅÄÅËÜÍÎ — ìàññà âåùåñòâ â ñòî÷íûõ âîäàõ, ìàêñèÄÎÏÓÑÒÈÌÛÉ ìàëüíî äîïóñòèìàÿ ê îòâåäåíèþ ñ óñÑÁÐÎÑ òàíîâëåííûì ðåæèìîì â äàííîì ïóíêòå âîäÿíîãî îáúåêòà â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè ñ öåëüþ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ íîðì êà÷åñòâà âîäû â êîíòðîëüíîì ïóíêòå. Maximum permissible — the quantity of substances in sewage which water escape is maximum permissible for escaping with a certain determined condition in a certain area of a water object per unit of time in order to provide all water quality norms in control area. ÏÐÈÐÎÄÀ — â øèðîêîì ñìûñëå ñëîâà îòîæäåñòâëÿåòñÿ ñ òàêèì ïîíÿòèåì, êàê Âñåëåííàÿ, ñî âñåì åå ìàòåðèàëüíûì ìèðîì. Nature — it is identified with the following concepts such as the Universe and with all its material world. ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÀß — ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïðèðîäíûõ ñèñòåì ðàçëè÷ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ íîãî ïîðÿäêà, ñëîæíîñòè è ðàçìåðîâ (ýêîñèñòåìû, ãåîñèñòåìû, Ñîëíå÷íàÿ ñèñòåìà, çâåçäíûå ñèñòåìû). – 50 –

Natural system

ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÀß ÑÐÅÄÀ

Environment

ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÎÐÅÑÓÐÑÍÛÉ ÏÎÒÅÍÖÈÀË

Natural resources potential

ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÐÅÑÓÐÑÛ

Natural resources ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß

Nature conditions

— the totality of natural systems of different levels, complication and sizes (ecosystems, geosystems, Solar system, sidereal systems). — ñîâîêóïíîñòü àáèîòè÷åñêèõ è áèîòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â ðàâíîâåñíîì ñîñòîÿíèè è ñóùåñòâóþùèõ áåç âìåøàòåëüñòâà ÷åëîâåêà. — the totality of abiotic and biotic factors which are balanced and exist without human interference. — ñîâîêóïíàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü âñåãî ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ åñòåñòâåííûõ ðåñóðñîâ è óñëîâèé òåððèòîðèè îáåñïå÷èâàòü æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ è óäîâëåòâîðÿòü ïîòðåáíîñòè îáùåñòâåííîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà íà êîíêðåòíîì ýòàïå èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. — the ability of all diversity of natural resources and natural conditions of the territory to provide living activity of population and satisfy demands of social production at a certain stage of historical development. — ýëåìåíòû ïðèðîäû, êîòîðûå âîâëåêàþòñÿ â ïðîèçâîäñòâî, ñîñòàâëÿþò åãî âåùåñòâåííóþ è ýíåðãåòè÷åñêóþ ÷àñòè. — nature elements involved in production which form its material and energetic parts. — ýëåìåíòû ïðèðîäû, êîòîðûå íå âîâëå÷åíû íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â õîçÿéñòâåííûé îáîðîò ïðè äîñòèãíóòîé òåõíîëîãèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà, íî ìîãóò îêàçûâàòü ïîëîæèòåëüíîå èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå íà ïðîöåññ ïðîèçâîäñòâà, íà æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòü. — nature elements which are not involved in economic activity under achieved technology of production but which can – 51 –

ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ

—

Nature using

—

ÏÐÎÃÍÎÇ ÂÎÇÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß ÍÀ ÑÐÅÄÓ

—

influence the production process and living activity positively or negatively. îñíîâíàÿ ôîðìà âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ îáùåñòâà è ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû, îòðàæàþùàÿ ìíîãîñòîðîííèå ñâÿçè ìåæäó îáùåñòâåííûì ïðîèçâîäñòâîì, íàñåëåíèåì è ÎÑ, òî åñòü ñîçíàòåëüíî ñîçäàâàåìàÿ ñèñòåìà ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ îòíîøåíèé, ðàñêðûâàþùèõ ñóùåñòâî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ýêîíîìèêè è ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû â ïðîöåññå îáùåñòâåííîãî âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà äëÿ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ îáùåñòâåííûõ è èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ ïîòðåáíîñòåé. the main form of interconnection of society and environment showing connections between social production, population and environment. It is a system of relations showing the sence of interconnection of economy and environment in the process of social reproduction in order to satisfy social and individual needs. ïðåäñêàçàíèå èçìåíåíèé â ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäå â ðåçóëüòàòå âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà íåå õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. predicts changes in environment as a result of household activity influence.

Prediction — of potential influence on the environment ÏÐÎÃÍÎÇ — ïðåäñêàçàíèå äèíàìèêè èçìåíåíèÿ ïðè ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜðîäíî-ðåñóðñíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà è ïîòðåáÇÎÂÀÍÈÈ íîñòåé â ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñàõ â ëîêàëüíîì, ðåãèîíàëüíîì è ãëîáàëüíîì ìàñøòàáàõ. Prediction — predicts dynamics of changing of natural of the nature using resources potential and needs in natural resources in local, regional and global scales. ÏÐÎÌÛØËÅÍÍÛÅ — âîäû, îòâîäèìûå ïîñëå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ÑÒÎÊÈ â ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîì ïðîöåññå è â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ íå èñïîëüçóåìûå äëÿ äàííîãî ïðîöåññà. – 52 –

Industrial sewage

ÏÐÎÌÛØËÅÍÍÛÉ ÐÅÃÈÎÍ

Industrial region

— water drained after using in the industrial process and which is not used for this process at present. — òåððèòîðèÿ, íàñûùåííàÿ ïðîìûøëåííûìè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè è èíôðàñòðóêòóðîé. — the territory on which there are many industrial enterprises and infrastructures.

Ð ÐÀÄÈÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÁÀËÀÍÑ ÀÒÌÎÑÔÅÐÛ

Radiational balance of atmosphere

ÐÀÄÈÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÉ ÁÀËÀÍÑ ÇÅÌÍÎÉ ÏÐÎÂÅÐÕÍÎÑÒÈ

Radiational balance of the earth

— ñóììà ïîòîêîâ ðàäèàöèè ïîãëîùàåìûõ è èçëó÷àåìûõ àòìîñôåðîé. Ïðèõîäíàÿ ÷àñòü áàëàíñà — ïîãëîùåííàÿ àòìîñôåðîé ïðÿìàÿ è ðàññåÿííàÿ ñîëíå÷íàÿ ðàäèàöèÿ; ðàñõîäíàÿ — ñîáñòâåííîå èçëó÷åíèå àòìîñôåðû, íàïðàâëåííîå ê çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè (âñòðå÷íîå èçëó÷åíèå) è â ìèðîâîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî (óõîäÿùàÿ äëèííîâîëíîâàÿ ðàäèàöèÿ). — the sum of radiation flows absorbing and radiating back by atmosphere. Coming part of the balance — direct or dispersed solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere. Going away part of the balance-selfradiation of the atmosphere directing to the earth (radiation coming through the opposite) and to the space (going away long-waved radiation). — ðàçíîñòü ìåæäó ñóììàðíîé ñîëíå÷íîé ðàäèàöèåé, ïîãëîùåííîé çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ, è åå ýôôåêòèâíûì èçëó÷åíèåì. ßâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç îñíîâíûõ êëèìàòîîáðàçóþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ è êîìïîíåíòîì òåïëîâîãî áàëàíñà çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè. — difference between the total solar radiation absorbed by the surface of the earth and its effective radiation. It is one of the main – 53 –

ÐÀÄÈÀÖÈß

—

Radiation

—

ÐÀÑÒÈÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ

—

Vegetation

—

ÐÀÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÅ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ

—

Rational nature using —

ÐÅÃÓËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÐÀÑÒÅÍÈÉ È ÆÈÂÎÒÍÛÕ

—

Regulation — of population of plants and animals

ÐÅËÈÊÒ

—

factors influencing climate and it is also a component of the heat balance of the surface of the earth. ïîòîê êîðïóñêóëÿðíîé è ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîé ýíåðãèè. the flow of corpuscular and electromagnetic energy. ñîâîêóïíîñòü ôèòîöåíîçîâ Çåìëè è åå îòäåëüíûõ ÷àñòåé, îáðàçóþùèõ ðàñòèòåëüíûé ïîêðîâ. the totality of phytocenosis of the Earth and its parts forming a vegetative cover. åäèíûé, âçàèìîñâÿçàííûé ïðîöåññ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ, îõðàíû è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îáúåêòîâ. an interconnected process of using, preservation and reproduction of natural resources and objects. ïîääåðæàíèå óðîâíÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäîâ ïóòåì óíè÷òîæåíèÿ èëè ñîçäàíèÿ äëÿ íèõ áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ óñëîâèé ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ (îòñòðåë, âñïàøêà, êóëüòèâèðîâàíèå, ðàçâåäåíèå è âûïóñê â ïðèðîäó, àêêëèìàòèçàöèÿ, ñîçäàíèå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, ïîñåâ íåêòàðîíîñîâ è ò. ä.). the regulation of quantity of species by destruction or on the contrary providing favouring conditions for their existence (shooting species, ploughing and cultivating of lands, breeding animals and letting them out in nature, acclimatization, making artificial nesting-places, sowing nectar plants, etc.). âèä èëè ñîîáùåñòâî, çàíèìàþùåå íåáîëüøóþ òåððèòîðèþ. Ïðèìåð: âûõóõîëü — ðåëèêò íåîãåíîâîé ýïîõè. Ãèíê– 54 –

Relic

—

ÐÅÑÓÐÑÛ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÎÉ ÑÐÅÄÛ

—

Environment resources —

ÐÅÑÓÐÑÛ ÎÕÎÒÍÈ×ÜÅÃÎ ÏÐÎÌÛÑËÀ

—

Resources of hunting —

ãî, ðàñòóùèé â äåíäðîñàäå ÂÍÈÀËÌÈ, — ðåëèêò òðåòè÷íîé ýïîõè. species or an association, living on a small territory, for example—desman is a relic of the neogenic epoche or ginkgo is a living fossil. âñå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ðåñóðñû, êîòîðûå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî âîçäåéñòâóþò íà ÷åëîâå÷åñòâî è ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáúåêòîì åãî õîçÿéñòâà. all ecological resources which influence people and which are objects of human household activity. ïåðå÷åíü âèäîâ è ÷èñëåííîñòü ïóøíûõ çâåðåé, êîïûòíûõ, áîðîâîé, áîëîòíîé äè÷è è äðóãîé ïðîìûñëîâîé ôàóíû, ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ îáúåêòîì îõîòíè÷üåãî ïðîìûñëà è ñïîðòèâíîé îõîòû. the list of species and quantity of fur-bearing animals, hooves, coniferous forest and marsh game and other fauna which are the object of hunting and sport hunting.

Ñ ÑÀÌÎÎ×ÈÙÅÍÈÅ

Self-purifying

ÑÀÌÎÐÅÃÓËßÖÈß

Self-regulation

— ñïîñîáíîñòü ýêîñèñòåì âîññòàíàâëèâàòü ïîñëå çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ñâîè ïðèðîäíûå ñâîéñòâà. Îïðåäåëÿþùàÿ ðîëü â ýòîì ïðîöåññå ïðèíàäëåæèò ìèêðîîðãàíèçìàì. — the ability of ecosystems to restore their natural features after contamination. Microorganisms play a great role in this process. — ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðèðîäíûõ ýêîñèñòåì ðåãóëèðîâàòü ñâîþ ñòðóêòóðó è ñâîéñòâà â èçìåíÿþùèõñÿ óñëîâèÿõ ñðåäû. — ability of nature ecosystems to regulate their structure and properties in changing environment conditions.

– 55 –

— äîííûå îòëîæåíèÿ âíóòðåííèõ âîäîåìîâ, ñîñòîÿùèå èç îñòàòêîâ âîäíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ, ïåñêà, ãëèíû è ìèíåðàëüíûõ ñîëåé. Sapropel — sediments on the bottom of water reservoirs. They are formed out of residua of water organisms, sand, clay and mineral salts. ÑÀÏÐÎÔÀÃÈ — æèâîòíûå, ïèòàþùèåñÿ ðàçëàãàþùèìèñÿ îðãàíè÷åñêèìè îñòàòêàìè (äåòðèò, ïðîäóêòû æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè). Saprophages — animals eating decomposing organic residua (detritus, products of life activity). ÑÀÏÐÎÔÈÒÛ — ðàñòåíèÿ, ïèòàþùèåñÿ îðãàíè÷åñêèìè îñòàòêàìè. Saprophytes — plants eating organic residua. ÑÈÍÝÊÎËÎÃÈß — ðàçäåë ýêîëîãèè, èçó÷àþùèé âçàèìîñâÿçè êîìïëåêñîâ æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ è ýêîñèñòåì ðàçëè÷íîãî óðîâíÿ ñ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäîé. Synecology — the part of ecology studying interconnections of complexes of living organisms and ecosystems of different levels with the environment. ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ — âçàèìîñâÿçü ìåæäó ïàðàçèòîì èëè êîì«ÏÀÐÀÇÈÒ — ÕÎÇßÈÍ» ïëåêñîì ïàðàçèòè÷åñêèõ âèäîâ è îðãàíèçìîì, â êîòîðîì ïðîèñõîäèò èíäèâèäóàëüíîå ðàçâèòèå ïàðàçèòà. Àíàëèç îòíîøåíèé ýòèõ âèäîâ ïîçâîëÿåò âûÿñíèòü ìåõàíèçì âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ âçàèìíûõ àäàïòàöèé, à òàêæå ìåðû ïî ñíèæåíèþ èëè ïîâûøåíèþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïàðàçèòîâ ïðè ðåøåíèè õîçÿéñòâåííûõ çàäà÷. The system — interconnection between a parasite or some «parasite-carrier» parasitic species and an organism in which an individual development of a parasite happens. The analysis of their relations ÑÀÏÐÎÏÅËÜ

– 56 –

ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ — «ÕÈÙÍÈÊ — ÆÅÐÒÂÀ»

The system «predator-victim»

—

ÑÎÇÍÀÍÈÅ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ

—

Ecological consciousness

—

ÑÎÐÁÅÍÒ

—

Sorbent

—

ÑÎÐÁÖÈß

—

Sorbtion

—

ÑÏÎÑÎÁ ÀÐÅÀËÎÂ

—

Areal method

—

makes it possible to clarify the mechanism of mutual adaptation and to determine measures aiming at decreasing or increasing efficiency of parasites when solving economic problems. âçàèìîñâÿçü ìåæäó õèùíèêîì è æåðòâîé, à òàêæå òðîôè÷åñêèé áëîê â ñòðóêòóðå ñîîáùåñòâà. interconnection between a predator and its victim. It is also a trophic block in the structure of association. ïîíèìàíèå íåïðåðûâíîé ñâÿçè ÷åëîâåêà è ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà ñ ïðèðîäîé, åå âîçäåéñòâèå íà çäîðîâüå è áëàãîñîñòîÿíèå ëþäåé. realizing indissoluble connection of mankind with nature, its influence on health and well-being of people. òâåðäîå èëè æèäêîå âåùåñòâî, ïîãëîùàþùåå äðóãîå âåùåñòâî èç îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. liquid or solid absorbing other substance from the environment. ïðîöåññ ïîãëîùåíèÿ òâåðäûõ, æèäêèõ è ãàçîîáðàçíûõ âåùåñòâ èç îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. the process of absorbing liquid, solid or gaseous substances from the environment. èçîáðàæåíèå íà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé êàðòå ïëîùàäè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êàêîãî-ëèáî îáúåêòà èëè ÿâëåíèÿ (ðàñòåíèé, ïî÷â, æèâîòíûõ è ò. ï.) ïóòåì îêîíòóðèâàíèÿ ýòèõ îáëàñòåé, à òàêæå ïðè ïîìîùè îêðàñêè, øòðèõîâêè èëè ðàçìåùåíèÿ â àðåàëå íàäïèñè. presentation of habitation area of an object or a phenomenon (plants, soils, animals) on a geographical map by contouring these – 57 –

ÑÐÅÄÀ

—

Surroundings (environment)

—

ÑÒÀÁÈËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÛ

—

Biospheric stability

—

ÑÒÎÊÈ

—

Gutters (drains)

—

ÑÒÐÀÒÎÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

—

Stratobiosphere

—

ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ ÝÊÎÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ

—

Ecosystem structure

—

ÑÓÊÖÅÑÑÈß ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß

—

Succession (ecological)

—

areas, by painting, shading ( hatching them or placing inscri ption in them). ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïðèðîäíûõ òåë è ÿâëåíèé, ñ êîòîðûìè îðãàíèçì íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðÿìûõ èëè êîñâåííûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ. the totality of nature objects and phenomena with which an organism is interconnected directly and indirectly. ñïîñîáíîñòü áèîñôåðû ïðîòèâîñòîÿòü âíåøíèì è âíóòðåííèì âîçäåéñòâèÿì ñðåäû. the ability of biosphere to resist internal and external influence of the environment. ñòåêàíèå äîæäåâûõ è òàëûõ âîä â âîäîåìû è ïîíèæåíèÿ. Ðàçëè÷àþò ñòîêè çàãðÿçíåííûå, ëèâíåâûå, ïîâåðõíîñòíûå, ñêëîíîâûå, ðóñëîâûå, òâåðäûå è äð. flowing of rain waters and waters from melted snow in water reservoirs and lowerings. There exist contaminated, downpour, surface and other drains. âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü àýðîáèîñôåðû, ãäå ìîãóò ñóùåñòâîâàòü ìèêðîîðãàíèçìû. the upper part of aerobiosphere where microorganisms can exist. ôóíêöèîíàëüíî-ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêîå ÷ëåíåíèå ýêîñèñòåì. functional and morphological division of ecosystems. ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîå íåîáðàòèìîå èçìåíåíèå, ïðè êîòîðîì ïðîèñõîäèò ñìåíà ñîîáùåñòâ (çàáîëà÷èâàíèå ëåñà, îïóñòûíèâàíèå ñòåïè è ò. ï.). successive irreversible change during which associations are changed (marshing of forest, deserting of steppes, etc.). – 58 –

Ò ÒÅËËÓÐÎÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

— ÷àñòü ëèòîáèîñôåðû, â êîòîðîé ìîãóò ñóùåñòâîâàòü àýðîáíûå îðãàíèçìû.

Tellurobiosphere

— the part of lythobiosphere in which aerobe organisms can exist.

ÒÅÐÌÀËÜÍÎÅ ÇÀÃÐßÇÍÅÍÈÅ

— çàãðÿçíåíèå âîä â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîñòóïëå íèÿ òåïëà.

Thermal contamination — contamination of water as a result of heat. ÒÅÐÐÀÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

— ÷àñòü áèîñôåðû è ãåîáèîñôåðû íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ñóøè.

Terrabiosphere

— the part of biosphere and geobiosphere on the surface of the earth (on land only).

ÒÈÏ ÐÀÑÒÈÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÈ

— ðàçíîïîðÿäêîâûå ïî ïðîèñõîæäåíèþ ðàñòèòåëüíûå ñîîáùåñòâà, îáúåäèíÿþùèå ôîðìàöèè, ñõîäíûå ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêè (ëåñà, êóñòàðíèêè), ïî ôîðìå è ýêîôîðìå (ñòåïü, ëóã è äð.), ýêîëîãè÷åñêè (ãèëåè, ìàíãðû, ïàðàìîñ è äð.).

Vegetative type

— different according to their origin vegetative associations unifying formations similar in their morphology (forests, bushes), in their forms and ecoforms (steppe, medow, etc.), in ecology (gile, manger, etc.).

ÒÎÊÑÈÊÀÍÒ

— ÿäîâèòîå âåùåñòâî.

Toxicant

— poisonous substance.

ÒÎÊÑÈ×ÍÎÑÒÜ

— ñïîñîáíîñòü õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ îêàçûâàòü âðåäíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà îðãàíèçì.

Toxicality

— the ability of chemical substances to influence an organism negatively.

ÒÐÀÍÑÌÈÑÑÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÁÎËÅÇÍÈ

— áîëåçíè, ïåðåäàþùèåñÿ ïðè ó÷àñòèè êðîâîñîñóùèõ íàñåêîìûõ è êëåùåé.

Transmission diseases — diseases that are transmitted by blood sucking insects and ticks.

– 59 –

ÒÐÀÍÑÏÎÐÒ

Transport

ÒÐÎÏÎÁÈÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Tropobiosphere

— îáëàñòü ìàòåðèàëüíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ïðè ïîìîùè êîòîðîé îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïåðåìåùåíèå ãðóçîâ è ïàññàæèðîâ. Ðàçëè÷àþò âüþ÷íûé, ãóæåâîé, àâòîìîáèëüíûé, æåëåçíîäîðîæíûé, ìîðñêîé, ðå÷íîé, âîçäóøíûé, òðóáîïðîâîäíûé è èíîé òðàíñïîðò, èìåþùèé îñîáóþ ñïåöèôèêó âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó. — the sphere of material production carrying out transportation of loads and passengers. There exist pack, car, railway, sea, river, air, tube and other transport. It has a special influence on the environment. — ïîñòîÿííî çàñåëåííàÿ ÷àñòü àýðîáèîñôåðû, àýðîáèîñôåðà áåç ñòðàòî- è ïàðàáèîñôåðû. — constantly populated part of aerobiosphere. It is aerobiosphere without strato- and parabiosphere.

Ó — âåùåñòâî, ïðè âíåñåíèè êîòîðîãî â ïî÷âó óëó÷øàþòñÿ åå ñòðóêòóðà, ôèçè÷åñêèå è õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîâûøåíèþ ïëîäîðîäèÿ ïî÷âû.  êà÷åñòâå óäîáðåíèé èñïîëüçóþòñÿ õèìè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ, êóëüòóðû ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ, ïåðåãíîé, òîðô, íàâîç è ò. ï. Fertilizers — substances which improve soil structure, its physical and chemical properties and fertility. Chemical compounds, microorganisms, humus, peat, manure are used as fertilizers. ÓÐÀÂÍÅÍÈÅ — ñèñòåìà äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûõ óðàâíåíèé, ËÎÒÊÈ — ÂÎËÜÒÅÐÐÛ îòðàæàþùèõ êîíêóðåíòíûå îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó äâóìÿ âèäàìè â ñèñòåìàõ òèïà ÓÄÎÁÐÅÍÈß

– 60 –

Equation of Lotk-Volterra

—

ÓÐÁÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß

—

Urbanization

—

ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ ÇÀÃÐßÇÍÅÍÈß

—

Contamination level

—

ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ ÐÀÄÈÎÀÊÒÈÂÍÎÑÒÈ

—

Radioactive level

—

ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÅ ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈÅ

—

Stable development

—

ÓÒÈËÈÇÀÖÈß ÎÒÕÎÄÎÂ

—

Waste utilization

—

«õèùíèê — æåðòâà», «ïàðàçèò — õîçÿèí», «ïîòðåáèòåëü — êîðì». the system of differential equations showing competitive relations between two species in the systems «predator-victim», «parasitecarrier», «consumer-food». ðîñò è ðàçâèòèå ãîðîäîâ, óâåëè÷åíèå óäåëüíîãî âåñà ãîðîäñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ â ñòðàíå, ðåãèîíå, ìèðå. Ïîâûøåíèå ðîëè ãîðîäîâ â ðàçâèòèè îáùåñòâà. growth and development of cities, increase of specific gravity of city population in country, region or world, increase of importance of cities in development of society. àáñîëþòíàÿ è îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà ñîäåðæàíèÿ â ñðåäå âðåäíûõ âåùåñòâ. absolute and relative quantity of hazardous substances in the environment. ñóììàðíàÿ åñòåñòâåííàÿ è èñêóññòâåííàÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòü ñàìîðàñïàäà ýëåìåíòîâ â ñðåäå. summary natural and artificial intensity of self-dissociation of elements in the environment. ó÷åò ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ôàêòîðà â ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì ðàçâèòèè. taking ecological factor in the economical development into consideration. èçâëå÷åíèå èç îòõîäîâ öåííûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì ñæèãàíèåì èëè ïåðåðàáîòêîé äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå âòîðè÷íîãî ñûðüÿ, óäîáðåíèé è äðóãèõ öåëåé. extraction of important components from wastes with further burning them or processing for using them as secondary raw materials, fertilizers, etc. – 61 –

Ô ÔÀÊÒÎÐ ÁÈÎÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ

Biotic factor

ÔÀÓÍÀ

Fauna

ÔÅÐÌÅÍÒÛ

Ferments

ÔÈÒÎÏËÀÍÊÒÎÍ

Phytoplankton ÔÈÒÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Phytosphere

ÔÈÒÎÔÀÃ

— ãðóïïà ôàêòîðîâ, îïðåäåëÿþùèõ âîçäåéñòâèå îðãàíèçìîâ íà ñðåäó è åå êîìïîíåíòû, ñîîáùåñòâà. — a group of factors determining the influence of organisms on the environment and its components of an association. — ñîâîêóïíîñòü âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ, ñâîéñòâåííàÿ îïðåäåëåííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ â ïðîöåññå ýâîëþöèè áèîñôåðû. — the totality of species of animals which is typical for a certain territory. It is formed in the process of biospheric evolution. — áåëêîâûå âåùåñòâà, âûðàáàòûâàþùèåñÿ â êëåòêàõ ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ, îáëàäàþùèå êàòàëèòè÷åñêèì äåéñòâèåì. — protein substances produced in cells of animals and plants. They can be used as catalysts. — ñîâîêóïíîñòü ðàñòèòåëüíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèõ âîäîðîñëåé, ïàðÿùèõ â òîëùå âîäû. — the totality of vegetative organisms mainly microscopic aquatic plants existing in water. — ïîâåðõíîñòíûé ñëîé íàä ñóøåé Çåìëè (äî 150 ì), âêëþ÷àÿ ïî÷âó, ãäå óñëîâèÿ ñðåäû îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ çåëåíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ. — the surface layer above the land (to 150 m) including soil where environment conditions are determined by green vegetation. — ðàñòèòåëüíîÿäíîå æèâîòíîå, ïèòàþùååñÿ îðãàíàìè ðàñòåíèé, íåêòàðîì è äðóãèìè âûäåëåíèÿìè ðàñòåíèé. – 62 –

Phytophage ÔÈÒÎÖÅÍÎÇ

Phytocenosis

ÔËÎÐÀ

Flora ÔÎÒÎÑÈÍÒÅÇ

Photosynthesis

ÔÎÒÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Photosphere

— an animal, eating plants, nectar and other excretions of plants. — èñòîðè÷åñêè ñëîæèâøååñÿ íà îäíîðîäíîé òåððèòîðèè ñîîáùåñòâî ðàñòåíèé. ßâëÿåòñÿ ñîñòàâíîé ÷àñòüþ áèîöåíîçà è áèîãåîöåíîçà. Íàèìåíüøèé òàêñîí â êëàññèôèêàöèè ñîîáùåñòâ — ðàñòèòåëüíàÿ àññîöèàöèÿ. — historically formed association of plants on homogeneous territory. It is the main part of biocenosis and biogeocenosis. The smallest taxon in the classification of associations is vegetable association. — ñîâîêóïíîñòü âèäîâ ðàñòåíèé, îáèòàþùèõ íà îïðåäåëåííîé òåððèòîðèè. — the totality of species of plants habituating on a certain territory. — õèìè÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ñèíòåçà îðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ñâåòîâîé ýíåðãèè ñ ïîìîùüþ õëîðîôèëëà. ßâëÿåòñÿ èñòî÷íèêîì ýíåðãèè äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ ïëàíåòû. Êèñëîðîä, âûäåëÿþùèéñÿ â ïðîöåññå ôîòîñèíòåçà, ñîçäàåò óñëîâèÿ äëÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêîé ýâîëþöèè íà Çåìëå. — chemical reaction of the synthesis of organic substances with the use of light energy with the help of chlorophyll. It is the source of energy for most living organisms of the planet. Oxygen that is produced in the process of photosynthesis favours biological evolution on the planet. — îáëàñòü ðàçâèòèÿ æèçíè ïðè íîðìàëüíîì îñâåùåíèè. — the sphere of life development under normal lighting.

– 63 –

Õ ÕÈÎÍÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Chionosphere

ÕÎÇßÈÍ ÄÎÏÎËÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ

Complementary carrier ÕÎÇßÈÍ ÎÑÍÎÂÍÎÉ

The main carrier ÕÎÇßÈÍ ÏÐÎÌÅÆÓÒÎ×ÍÛÉ

Intermediate carrier

— ñëîé àòìîñôåðû, â êîòîðîì íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ñóøè è îêåàíà âîçìîæåí ïîñòîÿííûé, ïîëîæèòåëüíûé áàëàíñ òâåðäûõ îñàäêîâ — ñíåãà èëè ëüäà. Íèæíÿÿ ãðàíèöà õèîíîñôåðû ïðè ïåðåñå÷åíèè ñ ãîðíûìè âåðøèíàìè îáðàçóåò ñíåãîâóþ ëèíèþ. — the layer of atmosphere in which on the surface of dry land and ocean the constant positive balance of solid preci pitations – snow and ice is possible. The lower border of chionosphere crossing mountain summits forms the snow line. — â îòëè÷èå îò îñíîâíîãî õîçÿèíà, âèä, çàðàæàþùèéñÿ ïàðàçèòîì ëèøü ïåðèîäè÷åñêè. — in contrast to the main carrier it is a species infected by a parasite periodically only. — îðãàíèçì, íà êîòîðîì îáû÷íî ïàðàçèòèðóåò äàííàÿ ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ãðóïïà ïàðàçèòîâ. — an organism on which a certain systematic group of parasites usually parasitizes. — ðàçâèòèå ïàðàçèòà èëè åãî ëè÷èíêè â òåëå äðóãîãî âèäà, îáû÷íî èíîãî ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà. — the development of a parasite or its larva in the body of other species of different systematic composition.

Ö ÖÅÍÀ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÕ ÐÅÑÓÐÑÎÂ

— ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ, ñîöèàëüíàÿ, ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ, êóëüòóðíàÿ è ïðî÷èå öåííîñòè ïðèðîäíûõ îáúåêòîâ â çàâèñèìîñòè – 64 –

îò ïðèëîæåíèÿ îáùåñòâåííîãî òðóäà, ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿ, çíà÷èìîñòè è äðóãèõ óñëîâèé. The value of natural resources

— economic, social, ecological, cultural value of natural objects depending on applying social labor, location and other conditions.

ÖÅÍÎÇ

— ëþáîå ñîîáùåñòâî (áèîöåíîç, ñîîáùåñòâî, ôèòîöåíîç è ò. ï.).

Cenosis

— any association (biocenosis, association, phytocenosis).

ÖÅÏÜ ÒÐÎÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß

— ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíàÿ öåïü ïèòàíèÿ âèäîâ, â êîòîðîé ïðåäûäóùåå çâåíî ñëóæèò ïèùåé äëÿ ñëåäóþùåãî ïî ñõåìå: òðàâîÿäíûé âèä — õèùíèê.

Trophical chain

— consecutive chain of nutrition of species in which previous link of this chain is the food for the following link: herbivorous species — predator.

ÖÈÊË ÁÈÎÃÅÎÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ

— êðóãîâîðîò õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ èç íåîðãàíè÷åñêîé ïðèðîäû ÷åðåç ðàñòèòåëüíûå è æèâîòíûå îðãàíèçìû è îáðàòíî â íåîðãàíè÷åñêóþ.

Biogeochemical cycle — the rotation of chemical substances from inorganic nature through plants and animals back to inorganic nature. ÖÈÊË ÆÈÇÍÅÍÍÛÉ

— ïåðèîä îò äåëåíèÿ äî äåëåíèÿ (ó íèçøèõ îðãàíèçìîâ, ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ äåëåíèåì); ó âûñøèõ ìíîãîêëåòî÷íûõ — îò ðîæäåíèÿ èëè ïîÿâëåíèÿ îïëîäîòâîðåííîãî ÿéöà äî ñìåðòè.

Living cycle

— the period from fission to fission (the lowest organisms); the period from birth or the appearance of impregnated egg to death (the highest multicellular organisms).

– 65 –

× ×ÀÑÛ ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ

Biological clock

×ÓÂÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ

Sensitivity

— ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé ìåõàíèçì, îáóñëîâëèâàþùèé ñïîñîáíîñòü îðãàíèçìîâ ðåàãèðîâàòü íà èíòåðâàëû âðåìåíè è ÿâëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ýòèìè èíòåðâàëàìè. — physiological mechanism conditioning the ability of an organism to react to time intervals and phenomena connected with these intervals. — ñâîéñòâî îðãàíèçìîâ âîñïðèíèìàòü ðàçäðàæåíèÿ èç âíåøíåé ñðåäû, ñîáñòâåííûõ òêàíåé è îðãàíîâ. Ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûå íåðâíûå êëåòêè (ìåõàíî-, ôîòî-, õåìî- è äðóãèå òàêñèñû è òðîïèçìû) èìåþò âûñîêóþ èçáèðàòåëüíóþ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ê ðàçäðàæåíèÿì. — the ability of organisms to sense irritation from external environment, from their organs and tissues. Special nerve cells (mechano-, photo-, chemo- and other taxises and thropismes) have a great selective sensitivity to irritations.

Ý ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÇÀÖÈß

Ecologisation

— ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîå âíåäðåíèå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ, óïðàâëåí÷åñêèõ è ïðî÷èõ ñèñòåì, ïîçâîëÿþùèõ ïîâûñèòü ýôôåêòèâíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ è óñëîâèé ñ ó÷åòîì ñîõðàíåíèÿ êà÷åñòâà ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû. — consecutive introduction of technological, administrative and other systems which make it possible to increase the effectiveness of natural resources using with the regard for natural environment quality preservation. – 66 –

ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß — ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÕ

ñîñòîÿíèå ñðåäû æèçíè è ñòåïåíü âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà íåå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ.

ÎÁÚÅÊÒÎÂ (ÐÅÑÓÐÑÎÂ)

Ecological estimation — the state of environment and the degree of of natural objects influence of ecological factors on it. ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÁÀËÀÍÑ

— êîëè÷åñòâåííîå ñî÷åòàíèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ (àáèîòè÷åñêèå ôàêòîðû, ðàñòåíèÿ, æèâîòíûå è ò. ä.), îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå îïðåäåëåííîãî òèïà. Èçìåíåíèå ëþáîãî èç êîìïîíåíòîâ ïðèâîäèò ê íîâîìó ñòàáèëüíîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ñèñòåìû.

Ecological balance

— quantitative combination of ecological components (abiotic factors, plants, animals) providing ecological balance of a certain type. The change of any component leads to a new stable state of this environment.

ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒ

— îãðàíè÷åíèå è/èëè òðåáîâàíèå ê êà÷åñòâó îêðóæàþùåé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû, à òàêæå òðåáîâàíèå ê ïðîèçâîäñòâåííî-òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèì è îðãàíèçàöèîííî-óïðàâëåí÷åñêèì ïðîöåññàì, ïðîèçâîäèìîé ïðîäóêöèè è óñëóãàìè, ïîñðåäñòâîì êîòîðûõ äîëæíû ãàðàíòèðîâàòüñÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ è ïðîèçâîäñòâà, îáåñïå÷èâàòüñÿ ñîõðàíåíèå ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ôîíäà, à òàêæå ðàöèîíàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ â óñëîâèÿõ óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè.

Ecological standard

— restriction and/or requirement to the quality of environment, requirement to industrial, technological, organizational, administrative processes, to goods and

– 67 –

ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÄÂÈÆÅÍÈÅ

—

Ecological movement — ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÇÀÊÎÍÎÄÀÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ

—

Environmental laws

—

ÝÊÎËÎÃÎÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ÏÐÎÅÊÒÎÂ

—

Ecological — and economic estimation of projects

services through which ecological safety of population and production should be guaranteed, preservation of genetical fund, rational use and reproduction of natural resources under stable development of economic activity should be provided. îáùåñòâåííàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ, ñòàâÿùàÿ ïåðåä ñîáîé öåëü ñîõðàíåíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû. a social organization aiming at preservation of environment. óñòàíîâëåíèå þðèäè÷åñêèõ (ïðàâîâûõ) íîðì è ïðàâèë, à òàêæå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè çà èõ íàðóøåíèå â îáëàñòè îõðàíû ïðèðîäû. establishing certain juridical norms and regulations and the responsibility for their violation in the sphere of natural conservation. ñèñòåìà êîìïëåêñíîé îöåíêè äèíàìèêè è íîâûõ âçàèìîñâÿçåé, êîòîðûå ìîãóò âîçíèêàòü âñëåäñòâèå íàðóøåíèÿ ñðåäû â ïðîöåññå õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíà â äåíåæíîé èëè áàëëüíîé ôîðìå. Ó÷åò âîçìîæíûõ îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïîñëåäñòâèé ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîåêòîâ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà è ðåêîíñòðóêöèè êðóïíûõ íàðîäíîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ îáúåêòîâ. a system of complex estimation of dynamics and new interconnections in environment which may arise as a result of economic activity. It may be expressed in money and mark equivalent. Potential harm is taken into consideration when constructing and reconstructing large objects of national economy.

– 68 –

ÝÊÎËÎÃÎÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÓÙÅÐÁ

Ecological and economic harm

ÝÊÎÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ

Ecosystem

ÝÊÎÑÔÅÐÀ

Ecosphere ÝÊÑÒÅÐÍÀËÈÈ

Externals

ÝÔÔÅÊÒÈÂÍÎÑÒÜ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈß

— ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé óùåðá, èñ÷èñëÿåìûé â äåíåæíîì âûðàæåíèè. Ó÷èòûâàåò óìåíüøåíèå îáúåìà ïîëó÷àåìîé ïðîäóêöèè èëè ïðèáûëè â ðåçóëüòàòå íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûõ èçìåíåíèé ñðåäû. — ecological harm estimated in money equivalent. It considers decrease of output and profit as a result of unfavorable environment changes. — ñèñòåìà, â êîòîðîé âåäóùåå çíà÷åíèå ïðèíàäëåæèò áèîëîãè÷åñêîìó âèäó. Ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé åäèíóþ, çàêîíîìåðíóþ, ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ ñîâîêóïíîñòü îðãàíèçìîâ è àáèîòè÷åñêîé ñðåäû èõ îáèòàíèÿ. — system in which biological species is of great importance. It is a functional totality of organisms and their abiotic environment conforming to natural laws. — ñîâîêóïíîñòü îáúåêòîâ è ÿâëåíèé, ñîçäàþùèõ óñëîâèÿ æèçíè íà Çåìëå. — the totality of objects and phenomena providing conditions for living on the Earth. — âíåøíèå ýôôåêòû, âíåøíèå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, êîòîðûå íå ïðèíèìàþòñÿ âî âíèìàíèå ñóáúåêòàìè ïðîèçâîäñòâà èëè íå çàâèñÿò îò íèõ. — external effects, external consequences of economic activity which are not taken into consideration by subjects of production or don’t depend on them. — ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ, ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòü ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è ýêñïëóàòàöèè ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû. Ïðîâîäÿò ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ è ðàñ– 69 –

Effectiveness of using of nature

÷åòîâ ñ ó÷åòîì ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî è îòðèöàòåëüíîãî âëèÿíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà íà îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó. — ecological, social and economic efficiency of measures of using natural resources and exploitation of environment. It is counted with the help of modeling and calculating taking into account positive and negative influence of man on environment.

– 70 –

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ .................................................................................... 3 ÑËÎÂÀÐÜ À ........................................................................................................ 5 Á ...................................................................................................... 12 Â ...................................................................................................... 19 Ã ...................................................................................................... 22 Ä ...................................................................................................... 24 Å ...................................................................................................... 26 Ç ...................................................................................................... 29 È ..................................................................................................... 35 Ê ...................................................................................................... 37 Ë ...................................................................................................... 40 Ì ..................................................................................................... 41 Í ..................................................................................................... 43 Î ...................................................................................................... 44 Ï ..................................................................................................... 47 Ð ...................................................................................................... 53 Ñ ...................................................................................................... 55 Ò ...................................................................................................... Ó ...................................................................................................... Ô ..................................................................................................... Õ ...................................................................................................... Ö ...................................................................................................... × ...................................................................................................... Ý ......................................................................................................

– 71 –

59 60 62 64 64 66 66

Ìóõèí Þðèé Ïåòðîâè÷ Ôåñåíêî Âëàäèìèð Âëàäèìèðîâè÷ Ðàçóìîâà Èðèíà Àðêàäüåâíà ßíèíà Âèêòîðèÿ Âèêòîðîâíà

Environmental Terminology Òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü

Ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð À.Â. Øåñòàêîâà Ðåäàêòîð Í.Â. Ãîðåâà Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåäàêòîð Í.Í. Çàáàçíîâà Õóäîæíèê Í.Í. Çàõàðîâà

Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü 14.09 2004 ã. Ôîðìàò 60½84/16. Áóìàãà îôñåòíàÿ. Ãàðíèòóðà Òàéìñ. Óñë. ïå÷. ë. 4,2. Ó÷.-èçä. ë. 4,5. Òèðàæ 50 ýêç. Çàêàç .

Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. 400062, ã. Âîëãîãðàä, ïðîñï. Óíèâåðñèòåòñêèé, 100.

– 72 –