Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary)

Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon

Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series Edited by

Alexander Lubotsky

VOLUME 4

Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon By

Rick Derksen

LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008

This book is printed on acid-free paper. This publication has been made possible by the financial support of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISSN: 1574-3586 ISBN: 978 90 04 15504 6 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................. vii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ............................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 1. Origin of the dictionary .................................................................................................... 1 2. Theoretical framework ......................................................................................................2 2.1 General considerations and Proto-Indo-European ........................................2 2.2. Balto-Slavic accentology .....................................................................................3 2.2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................3 2.2.2. Balto-Slavic developments ................................................................................ 4 2.2.2.1 The rise of the mobile paradigm ...................................................................... 4 2.2.2.2 Hirt’s law.............................................................................................................. 6 2.2.2.3 Winter’s law ..........................................................................................................7 2.2.3 Slavic accentology................................................................................................8 2.2.3.1 Introduction: Stang 1957.....................................................................................8 2.2.3.2 Progressive shis ................................................................................................ 9 2.2.3.3 Illi-Svity’s law and the neuter o-stems ........................................................10 2.2.3.4 The fate of the Balto-Slavic acute and circumex......................................... 12 2.3 Substratum borrowings ....................................................................................14 3. Structure of the entries ....................................................................................................16 3.1 The reconstructed etymon ...............................................................................16 3.2 Grammatical information ................................................................................16 3.3 Accent paradigm................................................................................................ 17 3.4 Meaning .............................................................................................................. 17 3.5 ESSJa.................................................................................................................... 17 3.6 Church Slavic ..................................................................................................... 17 3.7 East Slavic ........................................................................................................... 18 3.8 West Slavic.......................................................................................................... 18 3.9 South Slavic ........................................................................................................ 19 3.10 Balto-Slavic........................................................................................................ 20 3.11 Baltic.................................................................................................................... 21 3.12 Proto-Indo-European .......................................................................................22 3.13 Cognates .............................................................................................................22 3.14 Discussion of the etymology............................................................................22 3.15 Notes....................................................................................................................22 3.16 Cross-references.................................................................................................22

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DICTIONARY ...........................................................................................................................25 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................569 INDICES ................................................................................................................................. 583

PREFACE The work on the etymological database on which this dictionary is based began in the autumn of 1998 and continued until the spring of 2002, when I started compiling a Baltic etymological database. The project was nanced by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), whose support I gratefully acknowledge. Since July 2005 I have been employed part-time as an editor of the Indo-European Etymological Dictionary project, which position is nanced by Leiden University and Brill. In this period I completed the Slavic etymological database as much as possible and transformed it into a book. It is my convinction that historical linguistics is all about details. Most of the entries that make up this dictionary fail to meet the standard that I consider desirable for etymological investigations. That said, I admit that the project of a single-volume Slavic dictionary to be written by one author called for a dierent approach. This book is as much a tool for further research as it is a collection of etymological case-studies. I hope that I shall be able to tie up some loose ends in my Baltic etymological dictionary. For at least ten years the collaborators of the IEED have exchanged views at Tuesday morning sessions. It seems appropriate to thank all colleagues who took part in these sessions at one time or another and may have made a contribution to the present dictionary. They are, in alphabetical order: Lucien van Beek, Robert Beekes, Dirk Boutkan†, Johnny Cheung, Michiel Driessen, Alwin Kloekhorst, Guus Kroonen, Alexander Lubotsky, Hrach Martirosyan, Michaël Peyrot, Tijmen Pronk, Peter Schrijver, Michiel de Vaan, and Caroline aan de Wiel. I owe special thanks to Alexander Lubotsky for his willingness to be the sole proofreader of the manuscript. Jan Biovský provided useful comments on the Czech material. For technical support I would like to thank Thomas Olander, who supplied a font that even includes Slovincian, and Maarten Hijzelendoorn, who wrote a macro for generating the indices. Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to Willem Vermeer, who was always prepared to share his vast knowledge of Slavic accentology, and my promotor Frederik Kortlandt, whose work in the eld of Slavic provided the foundation for this dictionary. To my regret, our Ukrainian colleague Anatolij Nepokupnyj, linguist and poet, who always showed a keen interest in the Balto-Slavic component of the IEED, is no longer with us to witness the publication of this dictionary. I fondly recall our conversations in Vilnius and Paris. Leiden, October 2007

ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS OF LANGUAGES Aeol. Alb. Arm. Av. Bel. Bret. BSl. Bulg. CS ak. CroatCS Cz. Dan. Dor. Dzk. Est. Fi. Gaul. Gk. Go. Hitt. Hung. Kajk. Kash. LAv. LSrb. Lat. Latv. Lith. Liv. Lomb. MBulg. MDu. ME MHG MIr. MLG MLat.

Aeolic Albanian Armenian Avestan Belorussian Breton Balto-Slavic Bulgarian Church Slavic akavian Croatian Church Slavic Czech Danish Doric Dzkian Estonian Finnish Gaulish Greek Gothic Hittite Hungarian Kajkavian Kashubian Late Avestan Lower Sorbian Latin Latvian Lithuanian Livonian Lombardian Middle Bulgarian Middle Dutch Middle English Middle High German Middle Irish Middle Low German Medieval Latin

Mor. MW Mac. Mcd. MoDu. MoE MoFr. MoGk. MoHG MoIr. Mong. Nw. OBel. OCorn. OCS OCz. OE OHG OIc. OIr. OLat. OLith. OPl. OPr. ORu. OS OSlk. OSw. OW Osset. PGmc. Piem. Pl. Plb. PSl. Ru. RuCS Rom.

Moravian Middle Welsh (Ancient) Macedonian Macedonian Modern Dutch Modern English Modern French Modern Greek Modern High German Modern Irish Mongolian Norwegian Old Belorussian Old Cornish Old Church Slavic Old Czech Old English Old High Herman Old Icelandic Old Irish Old Latin Old Lithuanian Old Polish Old Prussian Old Russian Old Saxon Old Slovak Old Swedish Old Welsh Ossetic Proto-Germanic Piemontese Polish Polabian Proto-Slavic Russian Russian Church Slavic Romanian

ABBREVIATIONS

x SCr. SerbCS Skt. Slk. Sln. Slnc. Span.

Serbo-Croatian Serbian Church Slavic Sanskrit Slovak Slovene Slovincian Spanish

Sw. Toch. B USrb. Ukr. W Žem.

Swedish Tocharian B Upper Sorbian Ukrainian Welsh Žemaitian

ABBREVIATIONS OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS, ETC. A act. adj. adv. aor. C c. conj. D du. f. G I imper. impf. inf.

accusative active adjective adverb aorist consonant commune conjunctive dative dual feminine genitive instrumental imperative imperfect innitive

inj. L m. med. N n. sg. pass. pf. pl. pres. pret. ptc. V v.

injunctive locative masculine middle nominative neuter singular passive perfect plural present preterite participle vocative verb

SYMBOLS * > < >> <<

reconstructed form developed into developed from analogically replaced by analogically replacing

C V R N I

consonant vowel resonant nasal i or u

INTRODUCTION 1. ORIGIN OF THE DICTIONARY The dictionary is based on a database that was created within the context of the Indo-European Etymological Dictionary project (IED). The circumstance that the dictionary originates from a database is still apparent from the way the lemmata are structured. This type of rigid structure is at times a burden for the author, but it also increases the value of the dictionary as a book of reference. The main objective of the dictionary is to present an up-to-date etymological account of the Slavic inherited lexical stock. Since there is no consensus on neither the reconstruction of the Indo-European proto-language nor on the reconstruction of Proto-Slavic, the etymological dictionary is bound to represent my personal views, which obviously reect my academic background (see section 2). Few will deny, however, that especially from the Indo-Europeanist’s point of view the dictionary is more up-to-date than, for instance, the timologieskij slovar’ slavjanskix jazykov (ESSJa) or Pokorny’s treatment of the Slavic material in his Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (IEW). As to the scope of the dictionary, it must be said that it has not been easy to dene the set of etyma that were to be discussed. It was completely out of the question that I should be able to cover as many lemmata as the ESSJa, which at the moment contains about 20,000 entries (many of them marginally attested and of unknown origin), neither would it have been desirable for a dictionary concentrating on the inherited lexical stock. It was therefore decided to focus on etyma that have been part of the scholarly discussion in the eld of Indo-European linguistics, e.g. etyma that occur in Pokorny’s dictionary or LIV. Obviously, this selection includes a number of etyma that may be considered borrowings from a non-Indo-European substratum language (see 2.2). Excluding such etyma would not be very wise, as the classication of a word as, for instance, “North Indo-European” is merely provisional. Furthermore, even the possibly non-Indo-European elements of the Proto-Slavic lexicon usually meet the IED’s criterion that an etymon must be attested in at least two branches of Indo-European in order to be included. An important dierence between the present dictionary and etymological dictionaries such as the ESSJa or the Sownik prasowiaski (S awski SP) is the fact that an attempt is made to reconstruct the prosodic characteristics of the ProtoSlavic etyma. I regard this as a justiable goal in itself, but Kortlandt’s theory about the origins of the Balto-Slavic acute and circumex intonations (see 2.2.3.3), to which I subscribe, adds signicantly increases the importance of Baltic and Slavic accentology for the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European. The accentuation of an etymon may reveal the former presence of a laryngeal or be decisive in cases where it is unclear whether or an aspirated or an unaspirated voiced stop must be reconstructed.

2

INTRODUCTION

At an earlier stage of the project I planned to present the reconstruction of the accent paradigms more or less as given facts. Then I decided to provide more information on the accentuation of the forms attested in the individual languages, for instance by adding information on the accentuation in Old Russian or presenting a number of case-forms. While this dictionary does not aim at completeness, I have strived for an accurate representation of reliable data. Since the database hopefully remains available on-line, the set of data may be expanded. Unlike many other etymological dictionaries, the present dictionary does not abound in references. The Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslovenského (ESJS), for example, painstakingly lists the most prominent etymologies, which are subsequently evaluated. Though I highly value this approach, I felt that my dictionary had to be set up in a dierent manner because otherwise too much time would be taken up by reproducing and scrutinizing the scholarly literature. I realize that by limiting the number of references I am at risk of ignoring valuable contributions to Slavic etymology. This I regret, but I think that it is a concession I had to make. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 General considerations and Proto-Indo-European Not surprisingly, the ideas about the structure of the Indo-European proto-language underlying this book conform with the theories propagated by Leiden based IndoEuropeanists such as Beekes, Kortlandt, and Lubotsky. The best introduction to this theoretical framework is Beekes 1995, which is the English edition of Beekes 1990. The existence of this introductory work largely relieves me of the obligation to present an outline of the theories on which my Proto-Indo-European reconstructions are based. Thus, I shall conne myself to representing some of the main aspects. It is a well-known fact that Leiden Indo-Europeanists tend to deny that there was a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a (see especially Lubotsky 1989). Nevertheless, it is quite possible that a Proto-Slavic etymon derives from a form containing *a. The Proto-Slavic lexical stock contains numerous elements that do not have an IndoEuropean origin. These may have been borrowed from a substratum language, possibly at an early stage. The *a that these words may contain is sometimes called “European *a” because the substratum language was located on European soil. I subscribe to the hypothesis that Proto-Indo-European did not have an opposition between palatalized and plain velars (cf. Meillet 1894, Steensland 1973). The latter arose from depalatalization in certain constellations, in particular aer *s (though not before *i) and aer *u, where the opposition between the palatovelar and labiovelar series was neutralized. Depalatalization before resonants unless followed by a front vowel occurred in Balto-Slavic and Albanian (cf. Kortlandt 1978a: 240-242). The latter development is to a considerable extent responsible for the variation between velar stops and sibilants that we observe in both Baltic and Slavic.

INTRODUCTION

3

The traditional Proto-Indo-European system of voiceless, voiced, and aspirated voiced stops has repeatedly been challenged on typological grounds. As an alternative, it was proposed that the unaspirated voiced stops were actually glottalic (e.g. Gamkrelidze and Ivanov 1984: 5-84). The glottalic hypothesis was applied to great eect by Kortlandt, who employed it to tackle a diversity of issues in various branches of Indo-European (cf. Kortlandt 1985a). Crucial to the present publication is Kortlandt’s interpretation of the Balto-Slavic development known as Winter’s law as the merger of the glottalic element of the traditional mediae with the reex of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals (see 2.2.2.3). In Proto-Indo-European, the lengthened grade vowels * and * occurred in a limited number of categories, which can ultimately be reduced to monosyllables and forms ending in a resonant (cf. Beekes 1990: 204, 1995: 167, Kortlandt 1986: 154-155). Contrarily to what is generally assumed, lengthened grade vowels are regularly circumex in Balto-Slavic. Forms presented as counter-examples contain either a laryngeal or can be regarded as examples of Winter’s law. Another source of circumex long vowels is contraction. A special case is the constellation *H (*H ), where according to Kortlandt the laryngeal was lost (Kortlandt 1985b: 115, 118-120). As can be gathered from the preceding paragraphs, I adhere to the view that there once existed a Balto-Slavic linguistic unity. It can be demonstrated that Baltic and Slavic underwent a sequence of common developments, a number of which relate to the place of the stress. In view of its complexity as well as the important role it plays in this dictionary, Balto-Slavic accentology will be the subject of a separate section. 2.2 Balto-Slavic accentology 2.2.1 Introduction As stated above, Kortlandt’s theory about the origins of the Balto-Slavic acute and circumex intonations signicantly increases the relevance of Balto-Slavic accentology for etymological studies. This is reected in numerous publications by Indo-Europeanists from Leiden, for instance in several monographs that appeared in the Leiden Studies in Indo-European series. A good example is Schrijver 1991, where a conscious eort is made to take the Balto-Slavic accentual evidence into account.1 My own book in the series, Derksen 1996, is a slightly dierent matter, as it deals with an accentological subject, the problem of metatony in Baltic. It contains a brief survey of Balto-Slavic accentology, which partly coincides with Derksen 1991. I shall here repeat some of the points I tried to make in these two publications, while shiing the emphasis onto Slavic phenomena. 2.2.2 Balto-Slavic developments Over the years Frederik Kortlandt has devised a detailed relative chronology of developments ranging from Proto-Indo-European to disintegrating Slavic. It was 1 We may draw a comparison with the thematically similar dissertation Beekes 1969, where BaltoSlavic accentology still does not play any role of signicance.

4

INTRODUCTION

rst published in a Serbo-Croation translation in 1989. The English version, which was marred by many misprints, appeared in 1994, to be followed by a corrected version on the World Wide Web (2002). Articles reproducing and discussing large parts of the relative chronology are Kortlandt 2005 and 2007. Kortlandt’s chronology might be called the backbone of my investigations in the eld of Balto-Slavic historical linguistics, which is not to say that it will be treated as if it were carved in stone. The Balto-Slavic section of Kortlandt’s relative chronology contains a number of developments that concern accentology. These are conveniently listed in Kortlandt 2006a (349): “1. Loss of PIE accentual mobility, of which there is no trace outside the nominal exion of the consonant stems, e.g. Lith. dukt ‘daughter’, piemuõ ‘shepherd’, and the exion of the athematic verbs, e.g. duodã s ‘giving’ (cf. Kortlandt 1985b on the latter). 2. Pedersen’s law: the stress was retracted from medial syllables in mobile accent paradigms, e.g. acc.sg. dùkter , píemen , Greek thugatéra, poiména. 3. Barytonesis: the retraction of the stress spread analogically to vocalic stems in the case forms where Pedersen’s law applied, e.g. acc.sg. ãv ‘sheep’, sn ‘son’, di v ‘god’, ži m ‘winter’. 4. Oxytonesis: the stress is shied from a medial syllable to the end of the word in paradigms with end-stressed forms, e.g. inst.sg. snumì, inst.pl. žiemomìs. 5. Hirt’s law: the stress was retracted if the vowel of the pretonic syllable was immediately followed by a laryngeal, e.g. dúona ‘bread’, výras ‘man’, dmai ‘smoke’, Vedic dhns, vrás, dhmás. 6. Winter’s law: the PIE glottalic stops dissolved into a laryngeal and a buccal part. The former merged with the reex of the PIE laryngeals and the latter with the reex of the lenes stops, e.g. Latvian pêds ‘footstep’ < *pedóm, nuôgs ‘naked’ < *nogós, duômu ‘I give’ < *dodHmí. 7. Retraction of the stress from nal open syllables of disyllabic word forms unless the preceding syllable was closed by an obstruent, e.g. Lith. gen.sg. viko ‘wolf ’, dat.sg. vikui, gálvai ‘head’, n ša ‘carries’, Serbo-Croatian vka, vku, glvi, nse ‘carried’, neuter plo ‘drank’, but Lith. gen.sg. avi s, gen.pl. vilk < *-òm, nom.sg. galvà < *-àH, Russian pilá ‘she drank’ < *-àH, neuter nesló, innitive nestí, where syllable-nal consonants (including word-nal laryngeals) prevented the retraction of the stress.” 2.2.2.1 The rise of the mobile paradigm The developments 1-4 and 7 are intended to account for the accentual curve of the Balto-Slavic mobile paradigm. Here a few words on the historical background of the problem are in order. According to de Saussure (1896), the Lithuanian opposition between barytona and mobilia continues an Indo-European opposition between barytona and oxytona. As the identity of the Lithuanian and Proto-Slavic mobile paradigms is beyond doubt, this implies that the Balto-Slavic mobile paradigm arose from an oxytone paradigm. De Saussure’s explanation for the origin of the Lithuanian mobile paradigm started from consonant stems of which the number of

INTRODUCTION

5

syllables did not remain constant within the paradigm. In Kortlandt’s chronology it appears under the name Pedersen’s law in view of Pedersen’s eort (1933: 25) to reformulate the law proposed by de Saussure. The prehistory of the Balto-Slavic accentual system has been the subject of much debate (see especially Olander 2006 for an overview). Kortlandt’s development (1) places him at the same starting-point as de Saussure: the early Balto-Slavic system mainly had an opposition between barytona and oxytona. The few traces of original accentual mobility that survived only played a modest role. The question is if it is possible to strengthen the link between the Balto-Slavic accentual mobile paradigm and Proto-Indo-European accentual mobility. We may note that Illi-Svity, when he set out to provide comparative proof for de Saussure’s hypothesis on the IndoEuropean background of the Balto-Slavic barytone and mobile paradigms (1963, English translation 1979), tried to gain a better understanding of Pedersen’s law by suggesting a link with the survival of mobile root nouns. With respect to the IndoEuropean situation he preferred the term “mobile-oxytone” to “oxytone”. It so happens that Kortlandt himself (2006b) has recently modied his account of the rise of the Balto-Slavic mobile paradigm. Instead of assuming an early loss of Proto-Indo-European accentual mobility, he now starts from the Late Indo-European hysterodynamic and proterodynamic paradigms. The rst step is the replacement of the isolated root stress of the Nsg. of the hysterodynamic paradigm by nal stress. The sigmatic Nsg. of the proterodynamic paradigm then underwent the same development, creating a clear accentual opposition between end-stressed masculines and feminines on the one hand and root-stressed neuters on the other. The medially stressed case-forms, viz. the Asg., Lsg., Apl., and Npl. forms of the hysterodynamic paradigm and the Dsg. and Npl. forms of the proterodynamic paradigm, subsequently retracted the stress to the initial syllable. Kortlandt’s objective here is to reformulate Pedersen’s law as a phonetic development. Furthermore, the scope of the barytonesis has been limited: “The barytonesis did not aect acc.sg. ãv ‘sheep’, sn ‘son’, which had preserved Indo-European radical stress, nor ži m ‘winter’, which was built on the original nom.sg. form *heim (cf. Beekes 1985: 44), but did yield the retraction in di v ‘god’, cf. Vedic devám, because the o-stems had xed stress from the outset.” (Kortlandt 2006b: 3) Finally, the existence of oxytonesis as a Balto-Slavic development is put into doubt. The accentuation of Lith. snumì Isg. and žiemomìs Ipl. may be old because it replaces the end-stressed instrumental in *-bi. On the whole, the new scenario links the Balto-Slavic state of aairs more closely to Late Indo-European nominal accentuation. The retraction listed as number 7 was rst formulated by Kortlandt in 1975 (5-7). Since it was inspired on a retraction formulated by Ebeling, it was baptized Ebeling’s law, but in recent publications by Kortlandt this designation tends to be avoided. An interesting consequence of the condition that the stress was not retracted to syllables ending in an obstruent is the rise of a class of oxytone neuters. In Slavic, these

6

INTRODUCTION

oxytona ended up in AP (b). If the root contained the reex of a laryngeal or the laryngeal part of a PIE glottalic stop, it was lost in pretonic position. In Baltic, the oxytone neuters became barytone when the stress was retracted from nal *-à, yielding metatony (Derksen 1996: 96-128, 229-232, see also 2004: 87-89). Words belonging to this class were occasionally misinterpreted by Illi-Svity (1963). The eects of Ebeling’s law may also be observed in masculine o-stems (Derksen forthc. a). 2.2.2.2 Hirt’s law2 Hirt’s law, which is listed above as development 5, was proposed in order to account for the large number of correspondences between Baltic and Slavic barytona and nouns which considering the Sanskrit, Greek and Germanic evidence had mobile/oxytone accentuation in PIE. In Hirt’s original formulation (1895) the stress was retracted to long root syllables. Since then the law has been reformulated a remarkable number of times, among others by Hirt himself (1899). An important observation was made by Bonfante (1935, 1937), who showed that the stress was only retracted to non-apophonic long vowels, i.e. to sequences of a short vowel and a laryngeal. Aer a thorough investigation of the “Hirt-Bonfante hypothesis”, Illi-Svity (1963: 80 = 1979: 63) concluded that the retraction was indeed limited to nonapophonic long syllabic elements, i.e. to non-apophonic long vowels, long resonants and long diphthongs. He contrasts syllables containing “new length” from laryngeal loss aer a syllabic element with syllables containing apophonic length or an original sequence of a short vowel followed by a resonant and a vocalized laryngeal, e.g. *tenuós < *tenHuós, cf. Gk.   ‘outstretched, tall’, Latv. tiêvs ‘thin’. This invites the conclusion that at the time of the retraction the laryngeals were still present, as has indeed been argued by some scholars (cf. Kortlandt 1975a: 2, Rasmussen 1985: passim). In that case one might simply say that the stress was retracted to an immediately preceding syllable containing a vocalic element followed by a laryngeal. That the position of the laryngeal plays an essential role was demonstrated by Kortlandt in connection with the accentuation of the Slavic l-participle (1975: 2-4). He suggested that in instances such as Ru. pilá f.sg. ‘drank’ the laryngeal must originally have preceded the i of the root. His reconstruction *pHiláH is supported by full grades of the type *pe/oh3i- or *pe/oh3- e.g. Skt. pyáyati. The opposition between *-HI- and *-IH- has a parallel in Greek and Italo-Celtic, where we nd indications that pretonic *-HI- yielded a short reex (Schrijver 1991: 512-536). It may be clear that Hirt’s law is a strong argument for a Balto-Slavic linguistic unity. 2.2.2.3 Winter’s law Winter’s law, which in its original formulation is vowel lengthening before PIE unaspirated voiced stops (Winter 1978), is without doubt a sound law of major 2 The sections on Hirt’s law and Winter’s law as well as section 2.2.3.2 on progressive shis in Baltic and Slavic are adaptations of the corresponding sections in Derksen 2004.

INTRODUCTION

7

importance. So far, however, it has not received the recognition it deserves. The main reason for this is probably the fact that a number of appealing examples seem to violate the law. Since a survey of the evidence clearly indicates that the law is essentially correct (cf. Young 1990, Rasmussen 1992, and especially Dybo 2002), the next logical step is to look for special circumstances which might provide an explanation for the apparent exceptions. For ‘water’ (cf. OCS voda vs. Lith. vanduõ 3a) and ‘re’ (cf. Lith. ugnìs, OCS ogn’!), Kortlandt has proposed that the law did not aect the clusters ndn and ngn (1979: 61, 1988: 388-389). The nasal inx which may be reconstructed for Balto-Slavic must have developed from a nasal sux in PIE times already (cf. Thurneysen 1883). Another major exception is Slavic *xod" ‘going, course’. Here the absence of Winter’s law may originate from a reduplicated present stem *sizd-, where the law was blocked by an intervening z (Kortlandt 1988: 394). This is not the place to discuss the various attempts to modify the formulation of Winter’s law, for which I refer to Derksen 2003a, 2004, and forthc. b. I would like to elaborate, however, on Kortlandt’s interpretation of Winter’s law and its relationship to the Balto-Slavic prosodic system. According to the traditional doctrine, the BaltoSlavic acute intonation, which is usually reconstructed as a rising tone, reects length, i.e. original length or length resulting from the loss of a laryngeal. If Winter’s law is interpreted as vowel lengthening, the fact that the law yields acute long vowels and diphthong is only to be expected. The regular reex of a lengthened grade, however, is circumex in Balto-Slavic, as Kortlandt has argued on several occasions (e.g. 1985b, 1997a). The main reason why this is not generally recognized is the ease with which some Indo-Europeanists postulate lengthened grades, thereby obscuring the original situation. Since both the presence of a laryngeal and Winter’s law generate acute syllables, one may try to link this observation to the hypothesis that the PIE voiced unaspirated stops were actually (pre)glottalized (Kortlandt 1978b). In Kortlandt’s interpretation, Winter’s law is the merger of the laryngeal element of the glottalic stop with the reex of the Indo-European laryngeals, which had become a glottal stop in Balto-Slavic. An advantage of Kortlandt’s interpretation of Winter’s law is the possibility to regard the Latvian and Žemaitian broken tones as direct continuations of a BaltoSlavic glottal element (Derksen 1995, Kortlandt 1998). This does not imply that already in Balto-Slavic glottalization existed as a vocalic feature. There are no indications that the Balto-Slavic glottal stop lost the status of a segmental phoneme which it must still have had when Hirt’s law operated (see 2.2.2.2). The Balto-Slavic distinction between acute and circumex syllables, which was clearly independent of the place of the (free and mobile) ictus, was originally the distinction between the presence and absence of a glottal stop. It most certainly was not a tonal distinction originating from PIE (cf. Kortlandt 1985b, Nassivera 2000). The rise of tonal distinctions must probably be dated to the separate branches of Balto-Slavic. One of the subjects of the next section is the rise of distinctive tone in Proto-Slavic.

INTRODUCTION

8 2.2.3 Slavic accentology 2.2.3.1 Introduction: Stang 1957

The starting-point of modern Slavic accentology is the publication of Stang’s Slavonic accentuation (1957).3 In this study Stang eectively did away with a number of concepts of what is oen called “classical accentology”, though in particular the interbellum witnessed many unrealistic theories. Stang ends his book with a list of conclusions (1957: 179), which I shall now try to rephrase and provide with comments (cf. Derksen 1991: 53-55). Stang established three (Late) Proto-Slavic accent paradigms, each with its own prosodic characteristics: (a)

Fixed stress on the stem. If the stem is monosyllabic, the stressed syllable is “acute”, i.e. we nd a short rising tone on a historically “long” syllable, which is equivalent to saying that the nucleus of the root syllable is not constituted by monophthongal *e, *o, *", or *!. A special class is formed by nouns of the socalled *vò#a type, where the root has neo-acute intonation. Stang discusses these nouns within the context of ( j)-stems belonging to AP (a), but there are good arguments to classify them as belonging to AP (b), which is what will be done in this dictionary. If the stress is on a medial syllabe, there is a greater number of possibilities regarding the prosodic qualities of the root. Since these cases are not crucial for understanding the three basic types, I shall not go into the matter here.

(b) The stress alternates between the last syllable of the stem and the rst syllable of the ending. Stem-stressed forms have a rising tone with retention of the old quantity of the syllable. This tone is called “neo-acute”. Forms with stress on the ending have a short rising tone. (c)

The stress alternates between the rst syllable of the stem and the ending. Stemstressed forms have a falling tone and lose the stress to a clitic. End–stressed forms usually have a short rising accent, but in some cases a long rising accent. The falling tone is sometimes referred to as “circumex”. This is potentially confusing because the same designation has been used to refer to any non-acute long syllable or even to any non-acute syllable (cf. Derksen 1991: 55).

In classical accentology, an acute or a circumex tone changed under certain conditions into a neo-circumex and a neo-acute tone, respectively. This process, called metatony, yielded four distinctive tones (Kortlandt 1978c: 271). In Stang’s system there are three tones, which are all connected with a specic accent paradigm. Stang now showed that the neo-acute originated from a retraction of the stress.4 He also showed that the neo-circumex is an innovation of Slovene and the Kajkavian 3 See especially Vermeer 1998, which deals with the place Stang’s monograph occupies in the history of the eld. 4 Cf. Ivši 1911.

INTRODUCTION

9

dialects of Serbo-Croatian rather than a Proto-Slavic tone.5 The next question that we must address is the relationship between the Slavic and the Baltic accent paradigms. 2.2.3.2 Progressive shi$s Lithuanian nouns belong to one of four accent paradigms, of which (1) is barytone, while (2), (3), and (4) are mobile. Monosyllabic stems are acute in (1) and (3), while they are circumex or short in (2) and (4).6 If the stem is polysyllabic, the situation is slightly more complicated, but that need not concern us here. The four accent paradigms can be reduced to a barytone and a mobile paradigm if one takes into account the progressive shi which is commonly referred to as de Saussure’s law. Employing the method of internal reconstruction, de Saussure (1896) demonstrated that at a certain point in the history of Lithuanian accentuation the stress shied from a circumex or short syllable to an immediately following acute syllable. This development was independently discovered by Fortunatov (1897). Hence, de Saussure’s law, when applied to both Baltic and Slavic, is sometimes referred to as Fortunatov’s law. Propagated by none other than Meillet,7 de Saussure’s law came to occupy an important place in classical accentology. The law was oen considered a Balto-Slavic innovation, though Meillet regarded the progressive shis in Baltic and Slavic as parallel developments (1900: 350-351, 1924: 145). The decline of de Saussure’s law as a Balto-Slavic development may be said to have started with Kury owicz (1931: 75, 1952), who denied its operation in Slavic, albeit basically without addressing the facts. A much heavier blow, one might argue, was delivered by Stang (1957: 15-20), who by presenting a series of factual arguments undermined the at the time prevailing view that de Saussure’s law had also operated in Slavic. Now as we have seen, Stang reconstructed three Proto-Slavic accent paradigms, whereas the Lithuanian situation points to a system with two paradigms, one of them barytone and the other mobile. Since AP (a) corresponds to Lithuanian AP (1), while AP (c) corresponds to (3) and (4) (see the next section), the core of the problem is the relationship between AP (b) and AP (2). As shown by Stang, the neoacute tone originates from a retraction of the stress, a development now generally referred to as Stang’s law. This means that AP (b) was originally oxytone. AP (2), however, is a mobile paradigm originating from a barytone paradigm as a result of de Saussure’s law. Stang did not have an answer for this discrepancy, but he made it clear that the answer most certainly was not de Saussure’s law. A solution was proposed by Dybo and Illi-Svity, who argued that the oxytone paradigm which must have existed prior to Stang’s retraction had been generated by a progressive stress shi that cannot be identied with de Saussure’s law (see especially Dybo 1962, Illi-Svity 1963: 157-161 = 1979: 140-144). According to Dybo’s

5 The 6

neo-circumflex also occurs in Northwest akavian (cf. Vermeer 1982). See 2.2.3.3 for the realization of the acute and circumflex in Baltic. 7 Actually, Meillet had already suggested the operation of the progressive shi in Slavic at the very same session where de Saussure presented his discovery (CIO 1894).

10

INTRODUCTION

law, also known as Illi-Svity’s law,8 a syllable which was neither acute nor falling lost the stress to the following syllable, causing a split of the Proto-Slavic immobile paradigm. The syllable which received the stress became falling, which provided the input for Stang’s law, the retraction of the stress from long falling vowels in nal syllables.9 The scenario proposed by Dybo and Illi-Svity allows us to derive the Baltic and Slavic accentual systems from a stage when there were only an immobile barytone and a mobile or oxytone paradigm. As later publications from the Moscow accentological school have shown (see especially Dybo 1968a), it is possible to distinguish between dominant (“strong”) and recessive (“weak”) morphemes at this stage. The place of the stress is governed by the valency of the morphemes that constitute a given form (cf. Dybo 1981: 260-262, 2000a: 10-14, Lehfeldt 2001: 67-69). Whether a morpheme is dominant or recessive cannot be predicted on the basis of its phonological structure: the distribution of morphemes over the two classes is “traditional” (Dybo 2000a: 10).10 2.2.3.3 Illi-Svity’s law and the neuter o-stems11 In his monograph on nominal accentuation in Baltic and Slavic, Illi-Svity tried to explain why so many PIE neuter o-stems appear to have become masculine in Slavic, an observation which was rst made by Hirt. A comparison with accentual data from Baltic, Greek, Sanskrit and Germanic led Illi-Svity to conclude that PIE barytone neuter o-stems correspond with Slavic masculine o-stems belonging to the barytone class in the case of “long” roots and to the oxytone class in the case of “short” roots (in Stang’s terminology to accent paradigms a and b, respectively). As we have seen, AP (a) and (b) continue a single barytone paradigm, which allows the conclusion that PIE barytone neuter o-stems became barytone masculine o-stems in Slavic. This shi of gender must be rooted in Balto-Slavic (see below). In originally masculine mobile o-stems with a non-acute root, accentual mobility has been generalized (IlliSvity 1963: 109-119 = 1979: 94-104), a development that is sometimes called IlliSvity’s law. Thus, Slavic masculine o-stems belonging to AP (b) in principle continue old neuters. I consider it possible, however, that masculine o-stems that were oxytone in Late Balto-Slavic, i.e. aer Ebeling’s law, escaped the transfer to the mobile class (cf. Derksen forthc. b). 8 The designation Illi-Svity’s law is also used to indicate the transfer of masculine o-stems belonging to AP (b) to the mobile accentual paradigm. 9 This is actually the formulation of Stang’s law as it appears in publications of Dutch accentologists. Stang himself did not limit the retraction to nal syllables. In order to account for the *vò#a type, he also assumed that the stress was retracted from semi-vowels. For Kortlandt’s solution, which is connected with a development that he baptized “Van Wijk’s law”, see Kortlandt 1975: 30-32. 10 It should not be le unmentioned that in the last few decades the concepts of the Moscow accentological school have undergone signicant modications, on which see Vermeer 2001. Since at present it is doubtful whether these modications can be regarded as improvements, a discussion of the relevant issues fall outside the scope of this dictionary. I shall conne myself to the remark that the new scenario for the rise of AP (b) comes close to a rehabilitation of de Saussure’s law for Slavic. 11 This section derives from an (unpublished) paper that was presented at the Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellscha in Cracow (October 2004).

INTRODUCTION

11

Whereas the barytone neuter o-stems became masculine, PIE oxytone neuter ostems remain neuter in Slavic. According to Illi-Svity, the majority of the Slavic neuter o-stems belong to the oxytone class, Stang’s AP (b). Mobile neuter o-stems (c) contain, as a rule, a historically long root or have a %o-sux. In my opinion, the distribution between AP (b) and (c) is not completely clear. We can say with a high degree of certainty, however, that originally oxytone neuters of the structure CVC&C'-ó (where C1 is an obstruent) belong to (b), in conformity with Ebeling’s law (see 2.2.2.1). Proto-Slavic neuter o-stems belonging to AP (a) originate from the retraction generally known as Hirt’s law, which generated a new class of neuter ostems with xed root stress in Balto-Slavic times already. It is remarkable that Illi-Svity, who reaches the conclusion that the Baltic and Slavic accentual paradigms were identical, does not make an attempt to connect the Slavic NAsg. -o with the Lithuanian ending -a, which now only occurs in adjectives, participles and pronouns but must have been the East Baltic NAsg. ending of neuter o-stem nouns, as is evident from Baltic borrowings in Finnic. While he follows Nieminen (1922) in deriving the East Baltic ending from pronominal *-od, IlliSvity assumes that Slavic -o continues stressed *-om, a delevopment advocated by Hirt (1893). In my opinion, it would be natural to look for a common origin. Since I do not believe that *-om ever yields Balto-Slavic *-o, the best option would be to assume that in Balto-Slavic the ending *-om was replaced by *-od in oxytone neuters. In that case one would expect Old Prussian neuter o-stems to correspond to Slavic neuter o-stems and end-stressed neuters in other Indo-European languages. The evidence seems indeed to point in that direction, e.g. (cf. Kortlandt 1983: 183). Illi-Svity’s law implies that barytone neuter o-stems were still distinct from masculine o-stems. Though the above-mentioned bifurcation of neuter o-stems seems to be Balto-Slavic, suppletive neuter plurals may have existed both in Baltic and Slavic. The existence of suppletive neuter plurals may also explain why we nd so much vacillation between neuter and masculine o-stems belonging to (a) and (b). Illi-Svity’s law must have preceded the rise of distinctive tone in mobile paradigms because the transfer to the mobile class was based on the identity of the barytone case forms. For the same reason, Illi-Svity’s law must have preceded Dybo’s law. The above-mentioned developments may be illustrated with the following examples: PSl. *t+l" (a) ‘back of the head, back’ (e.g. Ru. tyl, Cz. týl) < *túHlom, cf. Skt. tlan. ‘tu, reed, panicle’. Secondary *t+lo in Slk. tylo. PSl. *dvòr" (b) ‘courtyard, door’ (e.g. ak. dvõr, Cz. dv,r) < *duórom, cf. Skt. dvra- n.‘door, gate, passage’. PSl. *z04b" (c) ‘tooth’ (e.g. ak. zb, Sln. z06b) < *ómbos, cf. Skt. jámbha- m. ‘tooth’, Gk.  ‘pin, nail’, Lith. ža8bas ‘sharp edge’ 2/4. PSl. *jàto (a) ‘ock, herd’ (e.g. SCr. j;to) < *%áHto < *%eh'tód << *%eh'tóm, cf. Skt. ytá- n. ‘course, motion’. Secondary *jàt" in Ru. jat (dial.) ‘shoal of sh’. PSl. *però (b) ‘feather’ (e.g. Ru. peró, SCr. pèro) < *pèro < *peró < *peród << *perHóm (*tperóm?), cf. Gk.  ‘feather, wing’.

12

INTRODUCTION PSl. *m<4so (c) ‘meat, esh’ (e.g. SCr. m=so, Pl. mi<so) < *mmsó < *mmsód << *mmsóm, cf. Skt. m>sá- n. ‘id.’.

2.2.3.4 The fate of the Balto-Slavic acute and circum@ex As I explained in the section on Winter’s law, the Balto-Slavic opposition between acute and circumex syllables is in Kortlandt’s framework equivalent with the respective presence or absence of a glottal stop. Before discussing the fate of the glottal stop in Slavic, I would like to present a concise account of the rise of the East Baltic tones (cf. Kortlandt 1977, Derksen 1995).12 The crucial point is that the broken tone is an archaism. In East Baltic, the glottal stop became a feature of the neighbouring vowel, yielding the laryngeal pitch that in Baltic linguistics is known as “broken tone”. Tonal oppositions arose when the stress was retracted from prevocalic *i and word-nal *-a. In the Aukštaitian varieties of Lithuanian, retraction onto glottalized syllables yielded a rising tone and loss of the laryngeal feature, e.g. dis ‘food, fodder’, cf. Asti ‘eat’ (of animals). In originally stressed syllables, the glottalic pitch changed into a falling tone, e.g. sAti ‘sow’, whereas the non-glottalic pitch merged with the new rising tone, e.g. dukt ‘daughter’. Retraction of the stress onto non-glottalized syllables yielded a middle tone, which later merged with the falling tone, e.g. vìlkF ‘she-wolf ’, cf. vikas ‘wolf ’. In unstressed syllables, glottalization was eventually lost. In Žemaitian, the broken tone was preserved under the old ictus, e.g. JKmMiJs (Kretinga) ‘age, century’ = ámžius. In Latvian, the retractions of the stress yielded a rising tone on both plain and glottalized vowels. The other stressed vowels became falling per oppositionem. Subsequently, glottalization was lost under the falling tone. The result was a stretched tone, which later merged with the rising tone, e.g. s t ‘sow’ with the same tone as sni dze ‘snow-bunting’, cf. snìegs ‘snow’. The remaining glottalized stressed vowels, which had lost their distinctive tone when the glottalic feature was lost under the falling tone, lost their glottalization as well and became falling, e.g. deQsts ‘plant’, cf. d stît ‘plant’, dêt ‘lay (eggs)’. In originally unstressed syllables, glottalization was preserved as a broken tone, e.g. gaRva ‘head’, Lpl. gaRvâs, cf. Lith. galvà, Lpl. galvosè. This scenario is in conict with the widespread view according to which the broken tone results from retraction of the ictus. The system with a threefold tonal opposition only survives in certain Central Latvian dialect areas. Apart from the fact that it is not always easy to tell if the tone of a given syllable is metatonical, the way in which the Balto-Slavic acute and circumex are reected in East Baltic is fairly straightforward.13 It is oen insuciently realized that this is not

12 Since our knowledge of West Baltic is based on a limited number of Old Prussian documents, the accentual developments in this branch of Balto-Slavic cannot be determined in detail. The system reflected in the Enchiridion points to a rising acute and a falling circumflex. Furthermore, Old Prussian seems to have undergone a shi of the ictus from any short vowel to the next syllable (Kortlandt 1974). 13 In this account the term “circumflex” refers to non-acute long vowels and diphthongs. In my description of the Balto-Slavic situation I, strictly speaking, used the term as a designation of every non-

INTRODUCTION

13

the case in Slavic. A common misapprehension, for instance, is the idea that the “Serbo-Croatian” short falling tone indicates that the syllable was originally acute. In reality, the situation is much more complex. If the form belongs to the neo-Štokavian variant of Serbo-Croatian, the short falling tone indicates that the syllable was already stressed before the neo-Štokavian retraction of the ictus and that it is short. The quantity may be related to the fact the syllable was originally acute, but it may also have been originally short or originate from a comparatively late shortening, for instance the shortening of long falling vowels in forms counting more than two syllables. The fact is that the history of Slavic quantity is immensely complicated. Both the vowels that on qualitative grounds are considered “historically long” and the ones considered “historically short” may be reected as either long or short. In order to establish the origin of a morpheme in terms of acute and circumex, one must evaluate the information oered by the individual Slavic languages regarding stress, tone and quantity within the context of the Proto-Slavic accent paradigms, which is by no means simple (cf. Vermeer 1992, Kortlandt 2005). In the classical view, sequences of vowel plus laryngeal merged with lengthened grade vowels. Subsequently, long vowels acquired an “acute” tone movement, probably a rising tone.14 Thus, the Balto-Slavic acute is about vowel length. As one might expect, Winter’s law, insofar as the law is accepted, is interpreted as vowel lengthening. The diculties raised by the classical scenario are numerous (cf. Vermeer 125-126). In Kortlandt’s theory, sequences of vowel plus laryngeal (including the glottal stop that arose from Winter’s law) remain essentially distinct from lengthened grade vowels up to the end of the Proto-Slavic period. With the exception of certain positions where the distinction was lost (see below), the original contrast is reected by a quantitative dierence. I shall now give an overview of the fate of the laryngeals in Slavic (cf. Kortlandt 1975: 21-37, Vermeer 1992: 127-130): (1) The laryngeals were lost in pretonic and postpostonic syllables with compensatory lengthening of the adjacent vowel. In mobile paradigms the loss of the laryngeals gave rise to an alternation between long vowels and sequences of vowel plus laryngeal. In root syllables the long vowel was generalized. This is Kortlandt’s explanation of Meillet’s law, according to which mobilia with an acute root underwent metatony (Meillet 1902). (2) The laryngeals were lost in the rst posttonic syllable without compensatory lengthening. In stressed syllables the glottal stop became a feature of the adjacent vowel. Since the new short vowels had the same timbre as the long vowels and the glottalized vowels and therefore did not merge with the old short vowels, the timbre distinction became phonemically relevant. In pretonic syllables, where the laryngeals had been eliminated at stage (1), quantitative oppositions were rephonemicized as

acute syllable. It may be clear, however, that there is no distinction between acute and circumflex short vowels. 14 Note that in the traditional view the distinction between the rising acute and falling circumflex must have existed in unstressed syllables as well.

14

INTRODUCTION

qualitative oppositions. In other words: pretonic long vowels were shortened. At a later stage, Dybo’s law reintroduced phonemic length in pretonic syllables. (3) Glottalized vowels lost their glottalic feature and became distinctively short rising. This development must have been posterior to Dybo’s law because the progressive shi only applied to non-acute non-falling syllables. Summarizing, we could say that originally acute syllables are reected as short vowels in syllables which prior to Dybo’s law were stressed or immediately followed the stressed syllable. In originally pretonic or postposttonic position acute and nonacute long syllables merged. Non-acute long vowels and original diphthongs are long in AP (b), whereas in AP (c) they oen fell victim to the widespread shortening of falling vowels. Length was preserved in monosyllabic and disyllabic word-forms in Serbo-Croatian and in Slovene monosyllables. 2.3 Substratum borrowings The Indo-Europeans who populated Europe must have come into contact with speakers of non-Indo-European languages, who to a certain extent were assimilated to the invading tribes. Consequently, we expect to nd traces of non-Indo-European substrata in the attested Indo-European languages. In Leiden, the study of substratum inuences received an impetus from Kuiper 1995, where mainly on formal grounds three substratum layers were distinguished (see also Beekes 1996: passim, Boutkan and Siebinga 2005: xiii-xvii). What these layers have in common, is the frequent occurrence of the vowel *a, which did not belong to the Proto-IndoEuropean phoneme inventory (see 2.1). One of the layers, labelled A3, is the language of Krahe’s hydronymy and is usually called “Old European”. It is, among other things, characterized by the vocalism *a and the high frequency of continuants and *s. Substratum A2, qualied as “European”, only had aspirated voiced stops in antevocalic position, or rather the antevocalic stops were identied with the traditional mediae aspiratae. Furthermore, there seems to have been variation between labial and velar stops. The vowel *a was frequent and there probably was no distinctive vowel length. Another characteristic feature are vowel alternations of the type *a :*ai and *a : *au. Substratum A1, which is mainly reected in Germanic, but also le traces in Italo-Celtic and Balto-Slavic, is claimed to have had *a : *i : *u vocalism, prenasalization, initial consonant clusters *Kn- and *Kl-, as well as a remarkable alternation of root-nal stops, including geminates. While A3 did not prove to be a fruitful subject of investigation, one might say that as far as Kuiper’s substratum layers A1 and A2 were concerned, the hunt was on, e.g. Beekes 1996, Schrijver 1997, Boutkan 1996, 1998, 2003, Derksen 1999, 2000. Kuiper’s criteria for identifying substratum borrowings were applied to various Indo-European languages and attempts were made to establish more phenomena indicative of non-Indo-European origin, of which Schrijvers prex *a- (1997: 307-

INTRODUCTION

15

312) is among the most spectacular.15 At the same time, Kuiper’s distinction between A2 and A3 was called into question by Beekes (1996: 217), who proposed to group these two together under the name “European”. I am inclined to agree with him that in this respect Kuiper’s classication seems premature. Beekes (ibidem) also suggested the designation “Helladic” for the non-IE substratum language that le so many traces in Greek, but he himself now seems to prefer “Pre-Greek”. Without question, Beekes deserves great credit for his attempt to reconstruct Pre-Greek through a careful analysis of the Greek material (1997, cf. Furnée 1972). A dierent approach is applied by Schrijver (2007), who tries to link the Pre-Greek substratum to “Minoic” (attested in Linear A) and Hattic. In his view, we are dealing here with the language of the rst agriculturalists, who migrated from Asia Minor to Central Europe through Greece and the Balkans and whose language le traces in Anatolian, Greek, Albanian, Germanic, Balto-Slavic and Italo-Celtic. Undeniably, it makes perfect sense to look for formal characteristics of non-IndoEuropean elements in the vocabulary of the individual Indo-European languages. Within a couple of years aer the publication of Kuiper’s article, however, the limitations and inherent dangers of this new line of research became apparent, in particular with regard to the Pre-Germanic substratum, where there was a tendency to pay insucient attention to the role played by specically Germanic developments, such as Kluge’s law (see Kroonen forthc.). Though it seems to me that the Indo-European origins of Balto-Slavic etyma which in view of their Germanic cognates seem to violate Winter’s law are suspiciously oen unclear, it cannot be denied that the typically Germanic alternation of root-nal consonants may at least partly result from Proto-Germanic sound laws. Nevertheless, the question why Germanic underwent these specic developments (the rise of geminates, for instance) is still legitimate. So far I have only discussed borrowings from a non-Indo-European substratum, but we must also reckon with the possibility that etyma were borrowed from an unknown Indo-European language. An interesting attempt to demonstrate a layer of borrowings of this type was made by Holzer (1989, cf. Kortlandt 2003). Holzer reconstructs an Indo-European language whose main feature is the fact that it underwent a consonant shi: the traditional tenues became mediae, while the mediae aspiratae became tenues (hence the name “Temematic”). This shi enables Holzer to propose alternative etymologies for words that oen belong to classes where substratum borrowings are expected. Holzer’s etymologies will occasionally come up in this dictionary. 3. STRUCTURE OF THE ENTRIES 3.1 The reconstructed etymon The reconstructed etyma represent a late stage of Proto-Slavic, posterior to the loss of glottalization under the stress and Stang’s law. Quantity, tone and stressed are 15 Interestingly, this type of prexation seems to occur both in Greek (and possibly Anatolian) as well as in “North European”.

INTRODUCTION

16

marked accordingly (see 3.5) The most recent development that I have taken into account is the shortening of the falling tone in word-forms of more than two syllables, e.g. *s!Xrd!ce. With respect to the metathesis of liquids (and the East Slavic polnoglasie), which shows dialectal dierentiation, I had no option but to let the forms reect the stage where the syllable was still closed, even though the metathesis preceded the above-mentioned developments. The alphabetical order observed in this dictionary is: a b c  d e Y < g x i j k l m n o 0 p r s š Z t u v " y ! z ž. Please note the following: x

x x x

The results of the second and third palatalizations of velars (*k, *g, *x) are written *c, *dz and *Z. This may seem inconsistent, but I considered that there was nothing to gain by using *\ and *d] or *^6. The introduction of *Z, on the other hand, could not be avoided, cf. *v!Z! ‘all’ vs. *v!s! ‘village’. I have employed the signs *#, *_ and *` to render sequences of resonant + *j. In the alphabetical order these signs are equivalent to *lj, *nj and *rj, respectively. I follow the ESSJa in writing anachronistic *tj, *dj rather than *t\, d^6 vel sim. Word-initially, I do not distinguish between *e- and *je-. I simply write *ebecause the *j- was automatic before front vowels from a certain stage onwards. I also write *Y- for etymological *Y- and *ja-, which merged aer the rise of prothetic *j-. I do distinguish between *u- and *ju-. Initial *j!- < *i- is more complicated. I have argued that we basically had stressed *ji- vs. unstressed *j!with generalization of the latter in mobile paradigms (Derksen 2003b). Nevertheless, I have decided in favour of a uniform spelling *j!-, which is more conventional.

3.2 Grammatical information Following the reconstruction, there is an indication of the word class the etymon belongs to. In the case of substantives, the stem class is preceded by an indication of gender, e.g. “m. n” for “masculine n-stem”. The exion types to which OCS ml!n’i(i) ‘lightning’ and svekry ‘church’ belong are designated with  and , respectively. If there is more than one lemma, the grammatical information runs parallel to the lemmata. For the sake of readability, the attested Slavic forms are generally speaking only provided with grammatical information if they belong to a dierent word class than the etymon.16 This practice extends to non-Slavic forms insofar as it does not cause confusion. 3.3 Accent paradigm In those cases where I deemed it justied to reconstruct the accent paradigm of a noun or verb, the paradigm is indicated by Stang’s (a), (b) or (c). I am not convinced 16 In the case of original u-stems it is assumed that the reader is familiar with the fact that in the attested languages the u-stem and (masculine) o-stem paradigms have merged into a single paradigm, which here will be referred to as the o-stem paradigm.

INTRODUCTION

17

that there ever was a Proto-Slavic paradigm (d) (Bulatov, Dybo, and Nikolaev 1988, cf. Vermeer 2001). I have occasionally resorted to designations such as (b/c) in those cases where there is strong evidence for two accent paradigms. Tone and quantity are indicated in the same way as is conventional for literary Serbo-Croatian: short rising: *màti (a) ‘mother’, *m0Qka (a) ‘torment, torture’, *nòž! (b) ‘knife’ long rising: *b{l" (b) ‘white’, p06t! (b) ‘way’ short falling: *s!Xrd!ce (c) ‘heart’ long falling: *m<4so (c) ‘esh, meat’, *b|g" (c) ‘god’ long unstressed: *m}kà ‘our’ (b), *osnov ‘base, foundation’ (a) Thus, I have not adopted any of the special signs that are sometimes used to indicate the original acute, e.g. *ma~ti or *mati. 3.4 Meaning Unlike the ESSJa, I have attempted to provide a reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic meaning of an etymon. In principle, attested forms meaning the same as the reconstructed etymon have not been glossed, though occasionally the meaning has been retained for the sake of clarity. This holds good for both the Slavic and the nonSlavic forms. 3.5 ESSJa The line beginning with the reconstructed etymon is concluded by a reference to the ESSJa unless, of course, the latter dictionary does not have a corresponding lemma. The most recent volume at my disposal was volume 32 (-*orzbotati). I have not included a reference to the Sownik prasowiaski because at this point the number of published volumes is too limited. 3.6 Church Slavic The eld “Church Slavic” contains forms that occur in texts belonging to the Old Church Slavic canon as well as forms that occur in Church Slavic texts whose language was inuenced by the local vernacular. The latter varieties of Church Slavic are called recensions. With the aid of the Slovník jazyka staroslovYnského, which, by the way, includes a number of texts that fall outside the canon, and the Staroslavjanskij slovar’, I have tried to keep Old Church Slavic and Church Slavic forms apart. Here I should also mention Birnbaum and Schaeken 1997, where attention is paid to the lexicon of the manuscripts that were discovered at the Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai in 1975. It is not unusual to present Old Church Slavic forms in a normalized shape and this is the practice I have adopted here. If an etymon is only rarely attested, however, I usually present the form as it occurs in the manuscript(s). If an etymon occurs in a

18

INTRODUCTION

fairly limited number of manuscripts, the latter have been mentioned. I have used the following abbreviations: Ass.: Codex Assemanianus Boj.: Bojana Evangeliary Cloz.: Glagolita Clozianus En.: Enina Apostol Euch.: Euchologium Sinaiticum Hil.: Hilandar Folios Hilf.: Macedonian Folio18 Mar.: Codex Marianus

Ps. Dim.: Psalter of Dimitri Ps. Sin.: Psalterium Sinaiticum17 Ril.: Rila Folios Sav.: Sava’s Book SPbOkt.: St. Petersburg Oktoich Supr.: Codex Suprasliensis Zogr.: Codex Zographensis Zogr.²: Codex Zographensis palimpsest

3.7 East Slavic The East Slavic eld comprises three living languages: Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian. Furthermore, an important place is occupied by Old Russian, which can sometimes hardly be distinguished from Russian Church Slavic. Here I generally follow the ESSJa. For Old Russian accentual data I have relied on Zaliznjak 1985. The accentuation of a noun or verb in Old Russian is chiey mentioned in those cases where it deviates from the modern Russian standard language. My main sources for Russian dialect material are the classic dictionary by Dal’ and the Slovar’ russkix narodnyx govorov (SRNG). To indicate the region where a form is attested I have used a number of abbreviations: Psk. (Pskov), Olon. (Olonec), Arx. (Arxangel’sk), Novg. (Novgorod), Smol. (Smolensk), Rjaz. (Rjazan’). 3.8 West Slavic Czech forms may belong to the literary language, for which the SSJ is an important source, or originate from dialects. Dialect material generally stems from the ESSJa or from Machek’s etymological dictionary. A special category is formed by the 18th century dictionaries of Jungmann and Kott, which include archaic and dialectal forms, but also borrowings from other Slavic languages and neologisms. An analysis of the material from these dictionaries is beyond my competence, so I have conned myself to indicating Jungmann (Jg.) or Kott as the source. Slovak forms, insofar as they are not dialectal, are generally quoted according to the Slovník slovenského jazyka (SSJ). Since the juxtaposition of Czech and Slovak forms is interesting from an accentological point of view (cf. Verweij 1993), the collection of Slovak material is relatively comprehensive. Upper Sorbian is one of the languages that are not heavily represented in this dictionary. Nevertheless, the language has retained a number of features which may provide additional information about Proto-Slavic prosody (cf. Dybo 1963, 1968b, Derksen forthc. c). In this respect Lower Sorbian has less to oer. Schuster-Šewc’s 17 Ps. Sin. MS 2/N refers to the part of the Psalterium Sinaiticum that was discovered in 1975 at the Monastery of St. Catherine. The other part (MS 38/O) was discovered in 1850 at the same location. 18 Discovered by Hilferding.

INTRODUCTION

19

Sorbian etymological dictionary (HEW) deals with both languages and may also function as a source of older attestations and dialect forms. A considerable portion of the Polish material in the ESSJa, which subsequently found its way to the present dictionary, is quoted from the voluminous dictionaries by Kar owicz et al. (1900-1927) and Doroszewski (1958-1969). For Old Polish the main source is, of course, the yet unnished Sownik staropolski. The etymological dictionaries by S awski (unnished) and Bakowski (in progress) provide a lot of information about the earliest attestations of an etymon. In this context the Sownik j
INTRODUCTION

20

in a historical spelling, i.e. in a spelling that reects dialectal dierences that are absent from many dialects, including the ones underlying the modern standard language. The reader will therefore be confronted with the spectacular dialectal dierentiation that is characteristic of Slovene (cf. Greenberg 2000). Bulgarian and especially Macedonian provide little information on the prosody of Proto-Slavic.21 Nevertheless, it is clear that this corner of the Slavic territory must not be neglected. The material presented here is chiey modern Standard Bulgarian. 3.10 Balto-Slavic Since I adhere to the view that there was a Balto-Slavic proto-language, I found it atttractive to include a eld “Proto-Balto-Slavic” in order to obtain a modernized version of Trautmann 1923a (cf. Derksen forthc. d). As I explained above, I follow Kortlandt in not reconstructing any Balto-Slavic tones. The stage represented by my reconstructions is posterior to Winter’s law. The reex of the laryngeals and the glottal element of the (pre)glottalized stops is indicated by , the IPA symbol for a glottal stop. The phonological system is as follows (cf. Kortlandt 1994): p t  k 

b d  g

s

m n

i e

 !

l

r

j

w u o

a

 "

#

With respect to morphology, it is important to note that the barytone neuters have a Nsg. in *-um < *-om, while the originally oxytone neuters have *-o < *-od << *-om. Notwithstanding my comparison with Trautmann’s Baltisch-slavisches Wörterbuch, it is my opinion that these reconstructions in themselves do not have independent evidential value for the Balto-Slavic hypothesis, as striking formal similarities between Proto-Baltic22 and Proto-Slavic etyma usually relate to those common developments on the basis of which the Balto-Slavic linguistic unity was postulated. We must reckon with the possibility that seemingly Balto-Slavic etyma are actually old borrowings from Slavic into Baltic or vice versa. In particular, Baltic substratum words in Slavic are a factor that is to be taken into account (cf. Nepokupnyj 1976). The assumption that there was a Proto-Baltic-Slavic stage raises the question how to act if an inherited Proto-Slavic etymon does not have a Proto-Baltic counterpart? 21 This does not hold good for Middle Bulgarian, which is the language of a number of accented texts. Since Middle Bulgarian is on a par with Russian Church Slavic, etc., it belongs to my category Church Slavic. 22 Actually, I am not convinced that it is justied to reconstruct a Proto-Baltic stage. The term ProtoBaltic is used for convenience’s sake.

INTRODUCTION

21

Does it make sense to reconstruct a Balto-Slavic form anyway, thereby assuming that the etymon was lost in the other branch? In my opinion, it does not. The main point of the eld Balto-Slavic is to get an impression of the number of lexical items shared by Baltic and Slavic. A Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction of an etymon that is exclusively found in Baltic or Slavic would just be one of many intermediate stages. Another, quite common problem is the determination of the orginal stem class of a noun in those cases where Baltic and Slavic diverge. Unless there are clear indications which stem class is more archaic, I considerered it best to allow the variation to be reected in the Balto-Slavic reconstructions. 3.11 Baltic It stands to reason that Baltic is fairly well represented in this dictionary. On the other hand, it would hardly make sense if the Baltic material were so extensive as it will be in my Baltic etymological dictionary. For this reason I cut down on the Lithuanian and Latvian data by leaving out some of the morphological and accentual variants. Where the modern Standard Lithuanian form serves our purpose, I have quoted from the fourth edition of the DLKŽ. The most important source for Lithuanian, however, is the LKŽ, which has incorporated data from older periods and dialect data. The most important Old Lithuanian text is Daukša’s Postilla (DP). Latvian data will be quoted from the dictionary by Mühlenbach and Endzelns (ME) and the supplement by Endzelns and Hausenberg (EH). The orthography used in these works deviates from modern Standard Latvian orthography but is still customary in the scholarly literature. Forms followed by ² originate from a dialect with two tones (instead of three), where the tone of that particular form is ambiguous from a historical point of view (cf. Derksen 1996: 11-14). We are dealing either with a conation of the broken and the falling tone (West Latvian) or a conation of the sustained and the falling tone (East Latvian). These tones are indicated by ^² and `², respectively, but it should be noted that there exists considerable variation regarding the realization of the conated tones. The Old Prussian evidence stems from the Enchiridion (or Third Catechism) unless indicated otherwise: I write “I” for the First Catechism, “II” for the Second Catechism, “EV” for the Elbing Vocabulary, and “Gr.” for Simon Grunau’s vocabulary. The forms are quoted from Trautmann 1910 and Mažiulis PKEŽ. 3.12 Proto-Indo-European The eld “PIE” basically contains forms that may have belonged to the Proto-IndoEuropean vocabulary. I do not wish to condemn the practice of reconstructing quasiIndo-European forms, as the latter may contain useful information, even in the case of etyma that may have been borrowed from a non-Indo-European language, but I personally prefer to let this information be part of the discussion of the etymology.

22

INTRODUCTION

3.13 Cognates It is not my intention to present an exhaustive list of cognates from other branches of Indo-European. One may expect to nd quite comprehensive lists of cognates in the dictionary that is the ultimate goal of the Indo-European Etymological Dictionary project. I have tried to mention forms that are in all respects close to the Proto-Slavic etymon, but occasionally I had to settle for forms that merely contain the same root. 3.14 Discussion of the etymology As a rule, the etymology of a given root is discussed under a single lemma. If the eymology is perfectly clear, there may be no discussion at all. Instead, only a ProtoIndo-European reconstruction is given. 3.15 Notes Any lemma may contain a number of notes pertaining to a variety of subjects. The notes do not directly concern the etymology of the lemma, which is discussed elsewhere (see 3.13). 3.16 Cross-references The last eld mentions all cognate lemmata except the ones that are referred to in the discussion of the etymology. If the discussion of the eymology contains a reference to a cognate lemma, the eld is omitted.

Dictionary

*A *a conj. ‘and, but’

ESSJa I 33-35

CS E W S

OCS a Ru. a Cz. a; Pl. a SCr. a; Sln. a

BSl. B

* Lith. õ ‘and, but’

PIE Cogn.

*(h&)d Skt. t (RV+) adv. ‘afterwards, then, so’; Av. at‡ adv. ‘afterwards, then’

*àblo; *àbl n. o; m. o (a) ‘apple’

ESSJa I 41, 44-47

W S

Cz. jablo n.; OPl. jabo n.; Slnc. jˆbl‰ n. Sln. jáblJ n. ‘apple, apple-tree’; jábŠ m. ‘apple-tree’; Bulg. jáblo n.; jábol m.

BSl. B

*a‹b-l-s; *a‹b-l-o Lith. obuols m.(io) 3$; óbuolas (dial.) m.(o); óbulas (Žem.) m.(o) 1; Latv. âbuõls m.(o) ‘apple, clover’; âbuls (dial.) m.(o) ‘apple, clover’; âbuolis (dial.) m.(io) ‘apple, clover’ {1} OPr. woble (EV); wabelcke (Gr.)

PIE Cogn.

*h'eb-l-; *h'eb-lOIc. epli n.; OHG apful n.; afful n.; OIr. ubull n.; W afal m.

{1} Apparently the Latvian words for ‘apple’ and ‘clover’ (dâbuôls, dâbuls, cf. Lith. dóbilas) were mixed up. The same may have happened in Old Prussian, where we have wobilis ‘clover’. See also: *àboln% ; *àblon%; *àbl&ko; *àbl&ka; *àbl&k&

*àboln; *àblon f. i (a) ‘apple-tree’

ESSJa I 42-43, 47-48

CS E W S

MBulg. ablan! Ru. jáblon’ {2}; ORu. ablan!; jablon! Cz. jabloŽ; Pl. jabo; USrb. jabo; LSrb. jabo; LSrb. jabo (dial.) {1} Sln. jáblan f.(i); jáblana f.(#)

BSl. B

*a‹b-ol-ni-; *a‹b-el-i- {3} Lith. obelìs f.(i) 3$; obel f.(!) 3$; Latv. âbele f.(!); âbels f.(i) OPr. wobalne

PIE Cogn.

*h'eb-ol-n-i-; *h'eb-el-iOIr. aball f.; W afall f.

{1} According to Schuster-Šewc (HEW s.v. jabo), the Lower Sorbian dialect form jabo is limited to the Spremberg area. {2} The current modern Russian form is jáblonja. {3} We find

*àbl&ko; *àbl&ka; *àbl&k&

26

several forms which indicate that we are dealing with an old consonant stem, e.g. Gsg. óbels or óbeles, Gpl. obel . See also: *àblo; *àbl&; *àbl&ko; *àbl&k&

*àblko; *àblka; *àblk n. o; f. #; m. o (a) ‘apple’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 41, 44-47

OCS abl"ko n. Ru. jábloko n.; jáblok (dial.) m.; ORu. jabl"k" m.; jablok" m. Cz. jablko n.; Slk. jablko n.; Pl. jabko n. SCr. j;buka f. ‘apple, apple-tree’; ; j;buko (arch., reg.) n.; ak. j;buka (Vrg., Novi, Orb.) f. ‘apple, apple-tree’; Sln. jáboka f. ‘apple, apple-tree’; jábokJ n,; Bulg. jáb‘lka f. ‘apple, apple-tree’

Diminutives in*-k" (*-ka, *-ko). See ' *àblo, *àbl". *adati v. ‘investigate, explore’ W

OCz. jadati ‘investigate, explore’

BSl. B

*o‹dLith. úosti ‘smell’; Latv. uôst ‘smell’

PIE Cogn.

*hedGk. @X[ ‘smell’

ESSJa I 52

An example of Winter’s law. *àgn n. nt (a) ‘lamb’

ESSJa I 54-55

CS E W S

OCS agn< (Zogr., Supr.) ORu. jagnja Cz. jehnY; Slk. jahŽa; Pl. jagni< SCr. j;gne; ak. j;e (Vrg.), Npl. j’ci; Sln. jágnje; ágnje; Bulg. ágne; jágne

PIE Cogn.

*h'eg-nGk. \  f./m.; Lat. agnus m. {1}

PSl. *agn- < *h'eg-n- (N.B. Winter’s law) with the diminutive suffix *-< < *-ent-, which is common in designations of young animals. Slavic forms without a secondary suffix do not exist. {1} The word *agn
*àgnc m. jo (a) ‘lamb’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 57

OCS agn!c!; jagn!c! Ru. ágnec’ (eccl.) Cz. jehnec (Kott) SCr. j;gnjac; ak. j;e (Vrg.) n. ‘lamb’, Npl. j’ci; j;njac (Orb.), Npl. jãjnci; Sln. jgnŠc; jgnjŠc; gnŠc

*aj%ce PIE

27

*h'eg-n-

PSl. *agn- < *h'eg-n- (N.B. Winter’s law) with the diminutive suffix *-!c! < *-iko(cf. ' *àgn<). *àgoda f. # (a) ‘berry’

ESSJa I 57-59

CS E W S

OCS agoda (Sav.) ‘fruit’ Ru. jágoda ‘berry’ Cz. jahoda ‘strawberry’; Slk. jahoda ‘strawberry’; Pl. jagoda ‘berry’ SCr. j;goda ‘wild strawberry, berry’ {1}; ak. j;goda (Vrg.) ‘blackberry’; Sln. jágoda ‘berry’; Bulg. jágoda ‘strawberry’

BSl. B

*ó‹ga‹ Lith. úoga 1 ‘berry’; Latv. uôga ‘berry’

PIE Cogn.

*h'og-eh'? Go. akran n. ‘fruit (of trees, corn)’

Adams (1999: 109-110) connects Toch. B oko n. ‘fruit, effect’ with this etymon and claims that we are dealing with “a remarkable Balto-Slavo-Tocharian correspondence” (Germanic being more remote). The vocalism of the Tocharian form, which Adams reconstructs as *h'óg-eh', is not without problems, however. OIr. áirne m. ‘sloe, fruit of the blackthorn’, W eirin ‘plums’ may contain *h'eg-, but there are more possibilities. Here, as well as in the case of akran, a connection with *h'e-ro‘field’ may be taken into consideration. {1} SerbCS vinjaga (XVIIth c.), SCr. vìnjaga ‘wild grapes’ is a derivation of vino rather than a compound containing *jaga.

*je n. jo (c) ‘egg’

ESSJa I 61-62

W S

Pl. jajo; jaje (obs.); Slnc. jãjä; USrb. jejo; LSrb. jajo; Plb. joji SCr. jáje, Npl. jája; ak. j“je (Vrg.), Npl. jãja; jje (Novi), Npl. jája; jje (Orb.), Npl. jãja

PIE Cogn.

*h'ui-om Gk. | n.; Lat. vum n.; OIc. egg n.; OHG ei n.; W wy m.

A derivative of *h'eui- ‘bird’. See also: *aj%ce

*ajce n. jo ‘egg’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 61-63

OCS aice Ru. jajcó; jájko (dial.) Cz. vejce; vajko (dial.); Slk. vajce; Pl. jajko; jajce (obs., dial.); USrb. jejko ‘testicle’; LSrb. jajko ‘Easter-egg, berry’ SCr. jájce; Sln. jájce; Bulg. jajcé

Originally a diminutive of ' *je. Forms with a suffix *-ko are secondary.

*ako

28 *ako adv., conj. ‘as, if ’ CS W S

ESSJa I 64-65

OCS jako ‘how, as’; ako ‘how, as’ (the form with j- is predominant) Cz. jako ‘as, when, if ’; jak ‘as’; Slk. ako ‘as’; jak ‘if ’; Pl. jako ‘how, as’; jak ‘as’ SCr. ako ‘if ’; Sln. àkJ ‘if, insofar as, although’; Bulg. akó ‘if ’

The *a- may probably be identified with the conjunction ' *a. See also: *ak&

*ak prn. ‘such as’ CS W S

ESSJa VIII 171

OCS jak" (Mar., Zogr., Supr.) ‘such as’ Cz. jaký ‘what (kind of ), which’; Slk. jaký ‘what (kind of ), which’; Pl. jaki ‘what (kind of ), which’; USrb. jakny ‘outstanding, strong’ SCr. jk ‘strong, healthy’, f. jáka, n. jáko; ak. j“k ‘strong, healthy’, f. j”k;, n. j“ko; Sln. jk ‘strong, prominent, superb, brave’; Bulg. jakyj ‘strong, healthy’

I endorse the hypothesis that the meaning ‘strong’, attested in South Slavic and Upper Sorbian, is secondary, cf. Rom. tare ‘strong’ from *talis ‘such’ (Meyer-Lübke 1935: 705). See also: *ako

*àma f. # (a) ‘pit, hole’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 70-71

OCS jama ‘pit, hole’ Ru. jáma ‘pit, hole’; njáma (dial.) ‘pit, hole’; ORu. jama ‘pit, hole, ditch, grave’; Ukr. jáma ‘pit, hole, grave’ Cz. jáma ‘pit, hole’; Slk. jama ‘pit, hole’; Pl. jama ‘pit, hole, cave’; Slnc. jm‘ ‘pit, hole, cave’ SCr. j;ma ‘pit, hole’; ak. j;ma (Vrg., Novi) ‘pit, hole’; j;ma (Orb.) ‘pit, hole, two vines planted together in a hole’; Sln. jáma ‘pit, hole, cave’; Bulg. jáma ‘pit, hole’

Etymology unclear. *arm; *armò m. o; n. o (b) ‘(ox-)yoke’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 76-78

OCS jar!m" (Supr.) m. Ru. jarmó n.; jarém (obs.) m.; jarëm (dial.) m. ‘busy period, haymaking time’; Ukr. jarem (dial.) m. Cz. ja•mo n.; Slk. jarmo n.; Pl. jarzmo n. SCr. járam m., Gsg. járma; ak. j”r’m (Vrg.) m., Gsg. j”rm;; jrám (Novi) m., Gsg. jrm;; jrãm (Orb.) m., Gsg. jrm;; Sln. járŠm m., Gsg. járma; Bulg. jarém m.

According to the traditional etymology, this is a derivative of the root *h'er- ‘join’, cf. Gk. \ ~€[ ‘join, fit together’. The long initial vowel must be a Slavic innovation (cf. Pedersen 1937: 312-318). In view of the fact that *ar!- is found everywhere in all parts of the Slavic linguistic territory I do not consider it plausible that the long

*às(&)tr‚ƒb&; *às(&)tr„b&

29

vocalism is of the rare type found in OCS al"dii ‘ship, boat’, al"kati ‘be hungry’, etc., the more so because the *! (instead of *") would be an anomaly. See also: *kojariti; *or%mo

*àsen; *àsen m. jo; m. o (a) ‘ash-tree’ E W

S

ESSJa I 79-80

Ru. jásen’ Cz. jasan; jasaŽ (dial.); jesen (obs.); jeseŽ (dial.); Slk. jaseŽ; Pl. jesion; jasie (arch., S. dial.); jesie (arch.); jasion (arch., S. dial.) {1}; OPl. jasie; Slnc. jˆso–un; USrb. jase SCr. j;sn, Gsg. j;sena; ak. j;sen (Vrg.), Gsg. j;sena; jsn (Novi); jsen (Orb.), Gsg. jsena; Sln. jásen, Gsg. jas—6na; jésen, Gsg. jes—6na; Bulg. jásen; ósen (N.)

BSl. B

*o‹s-en-; *o‹s-i-oLith. úosis m.(io) 1; Latv. uôsis m.(io) OPr. woasis (EV)

PIE Cogn.

*Heh-sLat. ornus f. ‘mountain-ash’; OIr. uinnius m. ‘ash-tree’; OIc. askr m. ‘ashtree’; OHG asc m. ‘ash-tree’; Arm. hac’i ‘ash-tree’; Alb. ah m. ‘beech’

In view of the Baltic forms as well as Ru. ja- (je- > ja- is common in West Slavic and western South Slavic but not in East Slavic), we must reconstruct *o‹s- < *Heh-s- for Balto-Slavic. Unless the West and South Slavic forms with je-/o- continue ja- (cf. S awski SP I: 159), Slavic also offers evidence for the elsewhere in Indo-European widely attested stem shape *Hh-es-. The e-vocalism could be considered an example of Rozwadowski’s change (see Andersen 1996: 142-143). {1} The Standard Polish form jesion originates from the Mazowian dialect area (Bakowski 2000a: 588).

*às()trb; *às()trb m. o (a) ‘hawk’ E W

ESSJa I 83-85

S

Ru. jástreb; ORu. jastrjab"; jastreb"; Ukr. jástrib; astrjáb (dial.); jástrjab Cz. jest•áb; OCz. jest•áb; jYst•áb; Slk. jastrab; Pl. jastrzb m.( jo), Gsg. jastrz
Cogn.

Gk. †€‡ (Il.) ‘swift-flying’; Lat. accipiter m. ‘hawk, falcon’

As far as I can see, there are no serious objections to the daring etymology *h&oh&˜uptr- ‘fast-flier’ (Vey 1953, cf. Kortlandt 1982: 26). According to Vey, the Slovene falling tone points to the former presence of a weak jer in the medial syllable, but it seems to me that the neo-circumflex may also reflect original posttonic length. The compound has nice parallels in Homeric ˆ‰Š †€‡ ‹ 62 ‘a swift-winged hawk (or falcon)’ and Lat. accipiter ‘hawk, falcon’. {1} The original Gsg. jastrz
*ašer&; *ašerica

30

*aš er; *aš erica m. o; f. j# ‘lizard’ CS E W

S

ESSJa I 87-89

OCS aštera (Supr.) Gsg. m. ‘lizard’ Ru. jášer m. ‘inflammation of the tongue (cattle, horses)’; jášerica f. ‘lizard’ Cz. ještYr m. ‘saurian, dragon’; ještYrka f. ‘lizard’; ještY•ice f. (rare) ‘lizard’; Pl. jaszczur m. ‘salamander, saurian’; jaszczurka f. ‘lizard’; jaszczór (dial.) m. ‘lizard’; Slnc. vješìe•äc‘ f. ‘lizard’ SCr. j;ster (obs.) m. ‘lizard’; j;šterica f. ‘vesicle on the tongue’; ak. j;š\erica (Vrg.) f. ‘vesicle on the tongue’; Sln. jšerica f. ‘green lizard’; jšarica f. ‘green lizard’

B

Lith. skFrs m. 4 ‘locust’; Latv. s™ìrgaîlis m. ‘lizard’; s™irgaila f. ‘lizard’ OPr. estureito (EV) ‘lizard’

Cogn.

Gk. \€ Œ f. ‘worm in the intestines, larva of a mosquito’; € Œ‘’ “‘ ”•Œ –[ (Hesych.)

Though the details would remain unclear, there is definitely a possibility that this is a substratum word showing prefixation of a non-Indo-European type (cf. Schrijver 1997: 307-312). Among the alternative solutions, the analysis *h&oh&˜u-sker-, a compound of the word for ‘quick’ and the verbal root that is found in Gk. € Œ[ ‘frisk’ as well as probably Lith. skFrs ‘harvestman, daddy-long-legs’ and Latv. š™ìrgaîlis², seems the most attractive (Vey 1953, see also ' *astr
ESSJa I 93-94

CS S

OCS javY ‘manifestly, openly, clearly’; avY ‘manifestly, openly, clearly’ SCr. javi ‘manifestly, openly’; Bulg. áve ‘in reality’; jáve ‘in reality’; Mcd. jave ‘in reality’

BSl. B

*w-? Lith. ovyje (DP) ‘in reality’

PIE Cogn.

*h'u-iSkt. víš ‘apparently, noticeably’; Av. auuiš ‘apparently, evidently’

OLith. ovyje ‘in reality’ is sometimes regarded as a borrowing from Slavic but there are no compelling arguments for this view. The absence of initial j- rather points in the direction of an etymological relationship (thus Bga RR I: 370), cf. OLith. jovnai ‘openly’, which is a borrowing from Belorussian. In that case we would have to start from a PBSl. i-stem *v-i- (cf. Anikin 1998: 21, see also s.v. *aviti). On the other hand, it seems possible that the form ovyje, whose oldest attestations are two occurrences in Daukša, is based on Church Slavic avY. The Slavic adverb, in turn, may have been borrowed from Iranian (Lubotsky p.c.). See also: *avìti; *av%n&; *úm&

*avìti v. ‘show’ CS E

OCS javiti ‘show, reveal’; aviti ‘show, reveal’ Ru. javít’ ‘show, display’, 1sg. javljú, 3sg. jávit {1}

ESSJa I 94-95

*az%no

31

W S

Cz. jeviti ‘show’; Pl. jawi\ (obs.) ‘show’ SCr. jáviti ‘inform’, 1sg. jvm; ak. j”v›ti (Vrg.) ‘inform?’, 2sg. j’viš; jv›t (Vrg.) ‘(se) greet, answer’, 3sg. jãve; Sln. jáviti ‘announce’, 1sg. jávim

BSl. B

*w-? Lith. ovytis ‘appear’, 3sg. ovijasi

Lith. ovytis (arch.) ‘appear’ derives from the i-stem which must underlie ovyje ‘in reality’. Fraenkel (I: 519) claims that ovytis ‘appear; rage’ and Latv. âvîtiês ‘talk nonsense, get up to mischief ’ are inherited words cognate with Lith. óvaidas (< *avivaidas) ‘rowdy, braggart’, while Lith. jAvaidas (< *jeva-vaidas) ‘ghost’ and Latv. jàvîtiês or jâvîtiês ‘behave like an idiot’ are borrowings from Slavic (see also Anikin 1998: 22). I am not convinced that this solution, which seems to rely exclusively on the presence or absence of j-, is correct. Moreover, it is not obvious that ovytis ‘appear’ and ovytis (also jõvytis) ‘rage’ are cognates. It seems quite possible that Lith. óvaidas must be connected with Ukr. jávida (dial.) ‘devil’, Ru. jávid’ (dial.) ‘snake’. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). See also: *av˜; *av%n&; *úm&

*avn adj. o ‘manifest, obvious’ E W S

ESSJa I 99-100

ORu. jav!nyj ‘manifest, obvious’ Cz. jevný (Kott) ‘manifest, public’; zjevný ‘manifest, obvious’; Pl. jawny ‘manifest, public, open’ SCr. jvan ‘manifest, obvious’; Sln. jávŠn ‘manifest, obvious’; Bulg. jáven ‘obvious’

Probably derived from the adverb ' *avY. *az prn. ‘I’

ESSJa I 100-103

CS E W S

OCS az" Ru. ja; ORu. ( j)az" Cz. já; OCz. jáz; Pl. ja; OPl. jaz (Flor., possibly a Bohemianism); ja SCr. j; j;z (dial.); ak. j’ (Vrg.); j; (Novi); jã (Orb.) ‘I, me’; Sln. jàz; Bulg. az; ja (dial.)

BSl. B

*e‹]-um; *eZ (?) Lith. àš; eš (OLith.); Latv. es; es (dial.) OPr. as; es

PIE Cogn.

*h&e-H-om Skt. ahám; Gk. š›; Go. ik

The distribution of *az" and *á suggests that the latter form is a Proto-Slavic innovation (Kortlandt 2006b: 6). *azno n. o ‘goat-skin’ CS

RuCS jaz!no ‘skin, leather’; SerbCS ( j)azno ‘skin, leather’

ESSJa I 103-104

*bàba

32 BSl. B

*a‹]-inoLith. oženà f. 3$ ‘goat-skin’; ožìnis adj. ‘goat-’

PIE Cogn.

*h'e-inoSkt. ajína- n. ‘(animal) skin’

The Balto-Slavic acute root vowel originates from Winter’s law.

*B *bàba f. # (a) ‘old woman’ CS E W

S

ESSJa I 105-108

OCS baba ‘nurse’ Ru. bába ‘grandmother, married peasant woman’ Cz. bába ‘grandmother, midwife, old woman’; baba (pej.) ‘old woman’; Slk. baba ‘grandmother, midwife, old woman’; Pl. baba ‘grandmother, midwife, old woman, mother-in-law’; Slnc. bãb‘ ‘old woman, grannie, female (of an animal)’ SCr. b;ba ‘grandmother, midwife, nurse, mother-in-law’; ak. b;ba (Vrg.) ‘grandmother, midwife’; b;ba (Novi) ‘midwife’; Sln. bába ‘grandmother, midwife’; Bulg. bába ‘grandmother, old woman, mother-in-law’

BSl. B

*bá‹ba‹ Lith. bóba 1 ‘old woman’; Latv. bãba ‘old woman’

Cogn.

MHG bbe f.; bbe f. ‘old woman’

The Middle High German word is assumed to be a borrowing from Slavic (S awski SP I: 171). *bdàti v. ‘prick’ E W

ESSJa I 121-122

S

ORu. badati ‘butt, prick, investigate’; Ukr. badáty ‘investigate, test’ Cz. bádati ‘investigate’; Slk. bádaŸ ‘investigate’; Pl. bada\ ‘investigate, check’; Slnc. bˆd‘c ‘push’; LSrb. badaZ ‘investigate’ SCr. bádati ‘prick, go slowly’, 1sg. bdam

B Cogn.

Lith. badýti ‘stab’, 3pres. bãdo Lat. fodi ‘dig’

An iterative with long root vocalism (  *bostì). See also: *bodàti; *bod&l%; *bostì

*badli m.  ‘enchanter, healer, physician’

ESSJa I 150

CS E

OCS balii; bali (Cloz.) ‘physician’; CS bali (OSln.: FrD) ‘healer, Saviour’ ORu. balii; balija ‘physician, enchanter’

PIE

*beh'-dl-

*bàjati

33

There is no direct evidence for a suffix *dl-!ji-, but the form bali from the Freising Fragments could be regarded as counter-evidence, as dl is regularly retained in this dialect, cf. modliti. It is not impossible, however, that bali is of Church Slavic origin. Trubaev bases his reconstructions *badl!ji and *badlovati chiefly on derivatives of the type of OCz. p•edlí ‘spinster’, švadlí ‘needlewoman’. According to the ESSJa (I 137-138), further evidence for a suffix *-dl- is provided by SCr. b;jalo m. ‘sorcerer’, Ru. bájala (dial.) m./f. ‘talker, chatterer, story-teller’, which may be transformations of *badl!ji. Meillet’s idea (Ét. I: 417) that *bali is based on a derivative in -l- deserves consideration. See also: *badlovati; *bàjati; *basn%; *bàsœa

*badlovati v. CS E S

ESSJa I 148-149

OCS ubalovati ‘cure’ (cf. balovanije ‘treatment’, bal!stvo ‘cure, medicine’); CS balovati ‘cure’ Ru. balovát’ ‘indulge in, amuse oneself with’ Sln. balováti ‘chatter, talk nonsense’

See ' *badli. *bagnò n. o (b?) ‘marsh’ E W

ESSJa I 125-127

Ru. bagnó (dial.) ‘marshy place, wild rosemary’; ORu. bag"no ‘mud, marsh’; Ukr. bahnó ‘marsh, mud, wild rosemary’ Cz. bahno ‘marsh’; báhno (Jg.) ‘marsh’ (Jungmann mentions both bahno and báhno); OCz. bahno ‘marsh’; Slk. bahno ‘bog, large marsh’; Pl. bagno ‘bog, marsh, wild rosemary’; Slnc. bˆgn‰ ‘wild rosemary’; USrb. bahno ‘marsh, silt’; LSrb. bagno ‘marsh, (dial.) wild rosemary’

This etymon is limited to West and East Slavic. It is tempting to seek a connection with MoDu. bagger ‘mud’ < *bog- and assume that we are dealing with a substratum word. Semantically more remote is OIc. bekkr m., OHG bah m., OS beki m. ‘brook’, which nevertheless may belong here (*bog-nó-?). The problem with an oxytone proto-form (b), whether the root was *bog- (> *bo‹g-) or *bg-, is the West Slavic evidence for a short root vowel. Lith. bõgnas and bognà 4 are generally regarded as borrowings from Slavic. *bàjati v. (a) ‘tell’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa I 138-139, 161-162

RuCS bajati ‘tell fables’ Ru. bajati (dial.) ‘speak’; Ukr. bájati ‘tell, narrate, practise sorcery’ Cz. bajeti ‘chat, tell fables’; OCz. báti ‘speak, invent’; Pl. baja\ ‘narrate (fables, fairy-tales)’; USrb. ba\ ‘narrate (fables, fairy-tales)’ SCr. b;jati ‘practise sorcery, exorcize’; Sln. bájati ‘talk idly, prophesy, practise sorcery’, 1sg. bájam, 1sg. bájem; Bulg. bája ‘talk about, say magic chants’ *beh'Gk. ‰Œ, Dor. ŸŒ ‘say’; Lat. fr ‘say’; OE bian ‘brag’ {1}

*basn%; *bàsœa

34

{1} Lith. bóti ‘draw attention to’, which has an older variant dbóti, is a borrowing from Slavic, cf. Pl. dba\ ‘(take) care’ (Fraenkel I: 53). According to LIV (181), OE b(ia)n might continue *ueH- ‘call’, which seems dubious. See also: *badli; *badlovati; *basn%; *bàsœa

*basn; *bàs a f. i; f. j# ‘tale’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 138-139, 161-162

CS basn! ‘tale’ Ru. básnja ‘fable’ Cz. báseŽ ‘tale’, Gsg. básŽe; OCz. bás(e)Ž, básn ‘tale’; Pl. baZ ‘tale’ SCr. b;san ‘tale’, Gsg. b;sni; Sln. bsŠn ‘fantasy, fable’, Gsg. bsni; Bulg. básnja ‘fantasy, fable’

Deverbative noun in *-sn!. See ' *bàjati. *bàviti v. (a) ‘be, linger’

ESSJa I 168-170

E W S

Ru. bávit’ (dial.) ‘linger’; OUkr. baviti ‘remain, linger, delay’ Cz. baviti ‘amuse, take time’; Pl. bawi\ ‘amuse, be, abide’ SCr. b;vit (dial.); b;viti se (dial.) ‘be late, linger’; Sln. báviti se ‘occupy oneself with, linger’, 1sg. bvim se (Pleteršnik (I: s.v.) does not indicate the change of tone in the present (o.c. II: I)).

BSl. B

*bo‹u-i‹-; *b‹u-in‹Lith. bùvintis ‘sojourn’

PIE Cogn.

*boHu-eieSkt. bhvayati ‘cause to be, cherish, refresh’

See also: *bydlo; *byl%je; *bystr&; *b ti; *byt%je; *byvati

*bebr; *bobr; *bbr m. o (b) ‘beaver’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 174-175; II 145-146; III 159

CS bebr"; bobr" Ru. bobr, Gsg. bobrá; bobër, Gsg. bobrá; ORu. bebr"; bobr"; b!br"; Ukr. bibr, Gsg. bobrá Cz. bobr; Pl. bóbr, Gsg. bobra SCr. d;bar; Sln. bóbŠr; bébŠr; Bulg. bób‘r

BSl. B

*bebrus Lith. b bras 2; bebrùs 4; Latv. bebrs OPr. bebrus (EV)

PIE

*bebrH-u- (bebrH-o-)

Possibly a derivative of the word for ‘brown’ with reduplication of the root. The reconstruction of a laryngeal is based on Lith. bAras ‘brown’. The fact that this etymon was not affected by the generalization of accentual mobility in the masculine o-stems points may be be accounted for by positing a u-stem. Cogn.

Skt. babhrú- ‘reddish brown’; Lat. fiber m. ‘beaver’; OHG bibar m. ‘beaver’; OE beofor m. ‘beaver’

*bel(e)n&; *belenà; *boln& *bedrò; *bedrà n. o; f. # (b) ‘thigh’

35 ESSJa I 175-176, 179-180

CS E W S

OCS bedra f.; SerbCS bedro n.; bedra f. Ru. bedró n. ‘thigh, hip’; bedrá (dial.) f. ‘thigh’; ORu. bedra ‘hip’ f. Cz. bedra Npl. n. ‘loins, hips’; OCz. bedra f. ‘thigh, groin’; Pl. biodro n. ‘hip’ SCr. bèdro n.; bdra f.; ak. bedr; (Vrg.) f., Asg. bdru; Sln. bédrJ n.; bédra f.; Bulg. bedró n.

PIE

*bed-róm

The etymology of this word is not entirely clear. The connection with Ukr. bedrá (dial.) ‘large pit, valley, swamp’, Pl. ubiedrze ‘slope, steep bank’ and Lith. b drF ‘swamp, valley’, Latv. bedre ‘pit’ (Anikin 1998: 30-31), which derive from *bed- ‘dig’, is semantically unattractive. In Balto-Slavic, the meaning of this root seems to shifted to ‘to stab’, however, which makes one wonder if ' *stegnò ‘thigh’ may derive from a root meaning ‘stab’ as well, cf. OIc. stinga ‘stab, thrust’. Pokorny’s reconstruction of a root *bed- ‘swell’ (IEW: 96) is impossible because of Winter’s law. *bel(e)niti; *belnovati; *bolniti v. ‘rage’ E W S

PIE

ESSJa I 185-187, III 159

Ru. (uz)belenít’sja (dial.) ‘become infuriated’; bolonít’ (dial.) ‘pester, bore’; bolónit’ (dial.) ‘talk’ Cz. blenovati (Kott: Byliná¡ Mathiol¢v, 1596) ‘chatter’ SCr. blániti (17th c.) ‘go crazy, rage’; Sln. bl—ncáti ‘talk in one’s sleep, rave, chatter’, 1sg. bl—ncm (also belendáti ‘rave, phantasize’ from Hung. beléndek ‘henbane’); Bulg. blenúvam ‘be poisoned by henbane, day-dream’; Mcd. blenuva ‘dream’ *bel(e)-n-

Apart from denominative verbs meaning ‘to rave, to talk nonsense’, expressions of the type “he has eaten (or drunk) henbane” conveying the same meaning exist in several languages, e.g. Ru. on belený ob”élsja, OCz. když sY komu p•ihodi, že by sY blena najedl, Cz. jako by se blínu napil, SCr. kao da se buna (bunike) nazobao (najio, (na)jeo). See also: *bel(e)n&; *belená; *b%lniti; *b%lnovati; *b%ln&; *b%lnika; *boln&

*bel(e)n; *belenà; *boln m. o; f. #; m. o ‘henbane’ CS E W

S

PIE

ESSJa I 185-187; II 177

RuCS belen" m. ‘henbane’ Ru. belen (dial.) m. ‘henbane’; belená f. ‘henbane’ {1} Cz. blín m. ‘henbane’; blim (dial.) m. ‘henbane’; OCz. blén m. ‘henbane’; Slk. blen m. ‘henbane, bitterness’ {2}; Pl. blen m. ‘henbane’ {3}; OPl. ble m. jo ‘henbane’ {4} SCr. bl=n (rare) m. ‘henbane’; bl=m (rare) m. ‘henbane’; belèna f. ‘fool, idiot’; blan (17th c.) m. ‘furibundus’ {5}; Sln. bl—Qn m. ‘henbane’, Gsg. bl—6na; Bulg. bljan m. ‘day-dream’; blen m. ‘day-dream’; Mcd. blen (poet.) m. ‘dream, daydream’ *bel-(e)n-o-

*bèrdj%

36 Cogn.

OE beolone f., beolene f., belene f. ‘henbane’; OS bilene f. ‘henbane’; Dan. bylne, buln-urt (early Dan.) ‘henbane’; Gaul. £• ¤ Œ Asg. ‘henbane’; Gaul. BELENO Dsg. ‘name of a divinity’ {6}

See Derksen forthc. f for a discussion of the Slavic word for ‘henbane’. {1} Ru. belen- cannot reflect *beln-, which would regularly yield *bolon-. {2} Alongside bielian. {3} Alongside bielun. {4} In Old Polish we find ble, bielun, bielu, bielon. According to S awski (SP I: s.v.), blen is a borrowing from Czech. {5} Both bl=n and bl=m are rarely attested. The form with m can be traced to Stulli’s dictionary. {6} Besides the n-stem *bel(e)no-, there was an s-stem *bel-es-, e.g. OHG bilisa f., bilesa f., bilsa f., MDu. bilse, Span. belesa, velesa, and probably W bela, bele, all meaning ‘henbane’ (see Schrijver 1999). See also: *bel(e)niti; *belnovati; *b%lniti; *b%lnovati; *b%ln&; *b%lnika; *bolniti

*bèrdj adj. jo (a) ‘with young, pregnant’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 188-189

CS brYžda f. ‘pregnant’; RuCS brYž(d )a f. ‘pregnant’ Ru. beréžaja (dial.) f. ‘in foal’; berëžaja (dial.) f. ‘mare in foal’; Ukr. beréža f. ‘with young’ Cz. b•ezí f. ‘with young, pregnant’; OCz. b•Yzí f. ‘with young, pregnant’ SCr. br¢ (W. dial.) ‘pregnant, (Cr.) in calf ’; ak. brja (Orb.) f. ‘pregnant (of a cow), with young’; Sln. br—6ja f. ‘with young’

BSl. B

*ber‹dios Lith. ber( g)ždžias 4 ‘barren (of a cow)’; ber( g)žd f.(!) ‘barren cow’

PIE Cogn.

*berdieh' Lat. forda f. ‘in calf ’

Both *berdieh' and *berHdieh' would have yielded **forba in Latin (see Nussbaum 1999 for the development of *rd originating from syncope). A protoform *berHdieh' is therefore the only possibility. Nussbaum, who considers the connection with OCS brYžda possible, suggests that an original noun *bori- > *fori ‘birther’ was expanded to *fori-d- and then hypercharacterized as a feminine (1999: 406). See also: *bèrm‚; *b%rati

*bergtì v. (c?) ‘take care of ’ CS E

ESSJa I 189-191

S

OCS nebrYšti ‘neglect’, 1sg. nebrYg0 Ru. beré’ ‘take care of, spare’, 1sg. beregú, 3sg. berežët; Bel. berahý ‘take care of, spare’; Ukr. berehtý ‘take care of, spare, preserve’ SCr. brijè\i (arch.) ‘take care of, spare, guard, preserve’

BSl. B

*bergLith. bìrginti ‘save, stint’

PIE Cogn.

*bergGo. bairgan ‘keep, preserve, hide’; OIc. bjarga ‘keep, preserve, hide’

See also: *b¥rg&; *b%rg&

*berst& *b rg m. o (¦) ‘bank’ CS E W

S

PIE Cogn.

37 ESSJa I 191-193

OCS brYg" ‘bank, shore, steep slope’ Ru. béreg ‘bank, shore’ Cz. b•eh ‘bank, shore, boundary, edge’; b•ech (dial.) ‘hill’, Gsg. b•eha; OCz. b•Yh ‘hill, hillside, bank, shore, pier’; Slk. breh ‘bank, shore, hill, hillside’; Pl. brzeg ‘bank, shore, edge’; USrb. brjóh ‘bank, shore, hill’, Gsg. brjoha; LSrb. brjog ‘bank, shore, hill, heap’ SCr. br›jeg ‘bank, shore, boundary, edge, hill’; ak. brg (Vrg.) ‘bank, shore, boundary, edge, hill’, Gsg. brga; br£=g (Orb.) ‘hill’, Lsg. br£=ge; Sln. br¤g ‘bank, shore, hillside, hill’; Bulg. brjag ‘bank, shore’ *ber-oGo. bairgahei f. ‘mountainous region’; OIc. bjarg m. ‘mountain’; OHG berg m. ‘mountain’; Skt. br¥hánt- (RV+) ‘great, large, high’; LAv. bŠrŠz- ‘great, high’; Arm. barjr ‘high’

In view of the Indo-Iranian and Armenian forms, the *g of the Slavic etymon is problematic. Attempts to establish *berg" as a borrowing from Germanic or VeneticIllyrian (Pokorny IEW) lack a solid basis but cannot be rejected out of hand. *bèrm n. n (a) ‘load, burden’ CS E W

S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa I 196-197

OCS brYm< ‘load, burden’, Gsg. brYmene Ru. berémja (dial.) ‘armful, bundle, burden’, Gsg. berémeni; Ukr. beremja ‘load, burden’ Cz. b•ímY ‘heavy load, burden’, Gsg. brYmene; Slk. bremä (arch.) ‘weight’; Pl. brzemi< ‘load, burden’, Gsg. brzemienia; USrb. brYmjo ‘heavy load, burden’, Gsg. brYmjenja; LSrb. brY¦e ‘load, burden, yoke, bundle’, Gsg. bre¦ea SCr. brme ‘weight, load, pregnant woman’, Gsg. brmena; ak. br›me (Vrg.) ‘weight, load’, Gsg. br›mena, Npl. brimen’; brme(n) (Orb.) ‘load, burden’; Sln. bréme ‘weight, load, bunch, foetus, burden’, Gsg. brem<6na; Bulg. bréme ‘weight, load, pregnant woman’, Gsg. brmena *berH-menSkt. bhárman- n. ‘maintenance, care, burden’

The accentuation of the etymon points to the presence of a laryngeal in the root. See also: *bèrdj%; *b%rati

*berst m. o (b/c) ‘elm’

ESSJa I 199-200

E W S

Ru. bérest, Gsg. béresta {1}; Bel. bérast, Gsg. bérasta; Ukr. bérest, Gsg. béresta Cz. b•est; Slk. brest; Pl. brzost; brzóst (dial.) SCr. br›jest, Gsg. brijèsta; ak. br§st (Vrg.) ‘a herb similar to rosemary’, Gsg. brst;; brést (Novi), Gsg. brst;; br£=s (Orb.), Gsg. brsta; Sln. br—6st; Bulg. brjast; brest

Cogn.

Go. bairhts ‘bright, clear’

*bèrza

38

If we assume that *berst" is cognate with ' *bèrza, which has an acute root, we must explain the variant belonging AP (b). In my view, a form *berH-tó- (admittedly with slightly unexpected end-stress) would remain oxytone in Balto-Slavic, in which case the root would be affected by the Proto-Slavic loss of pretonic laryngeals. As I consider it possible that the generalization of accentual mobility in masculine ostems with a non-acute root vowel did not apply to the marginal class of Balto-Slavic oxytona, Illi-Svity’s reconstruction of a substantivized neuter adjective is not necessarily correct. {1} Illi-Svity (1963: 52) mentions a Gsg. berestá (dial.). See also: *bèrza

*bèrza f. # (a) ‘birch’

ESSJa I 201-203

CS E W S

CS brYza Ru. berëza; Bel. bjaróza; Ukr. beréza Cz. b•íza; Slk. breza; Pl. brzoza; Slnc. b•¨‰z‘; USrb. brYza; LSrb. brjaza SCr. brza f.; brz m. o; Sln. br—6za f.; br—Qz m. o; Bulg. brezá; Mcd. breza

BSl. B

*bér‹]os; *bér‹]a‹ Lith. béržas m. 3; Latv. berzs m. OPr. berse

PIE Cogn.

*berH-oSkt. bhrjá- m. ‘kind of birch’

The root may be identical with *brh&- ‘shine’, cf. Skt. bhrjate ‘id.’. See also: *bérst&

*bez() prep. ‘without’ CS E W S

OCS bez(") Ru. bez; ORu. bez" Cz. bez; Slk. bez; Pl. bez SCr. bez

BSl. B

*be(z) Lith. bè; Latv. bez OPr. bhe

PIE

*be-

*bdà f. # (b) ‘need, poverty, misery’ CS E W

ESSJa II 7-13

ESSJa II 54-56

OCS bYda ‘distress, need, necessity’ Ru. bedá ‘misfortune, trouble’ Cz. bída ‘poverty, misery’; bYda ‘woe!’; Slk. bieda ‘poverty, calamity’; Pl. bieda ‘poverty, misery’; biada interj. ‘woe!’; OPl. biada ‘distress, necessity’ {1}; USrb. bYda ‘grief, woe, misery’; LSrb. bYda ‘grief, pain’

*b¨gati

39

S

SCr. bijèda ‘grief, misfortune’; Sln. b—6da ‘misery’; Bulg. bedá ‘misfortune, misery’

PIE Cogn.

*boid-eh' Alb. be f. ‘oath’ {2}

According to Bga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bFdà 4 ‘misfortune, trouble, guilt’ is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has F instead of the expected ie (cf. bi dnas ‘poor’). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bFdà and Latv. beQda ‘sorrow, grief, distress’ should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas ‘hunger’ and Skt. bdhate ‘oppress’ (Bga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic *bYditi ‘force, persuade’ cannot be separated from Go. baidjan ‘force’. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *bYd- < *boid- and *bYd- < *bd- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS bYda ‘distress’ and ‘necessity’ would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti ‘to scare’ < *biH- ‘to fear’ is cognate with *b©dà and *bYditi (cf. ESSJa II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds. {1} The vocalism of Modern Polish bieda ‘id.’ is of Mazowian origin, cf. biada ‘woe!’. {2} Demiraj (1997: 94) prefers *beid-i-s to an -stem. See also: *b„dìti

*bdìti v. (b) CS E W

ESSJa II 56-57

S

OCS bYditi ‘force, persuade’, 1sg. bYžd0 Ru. bedít’ (dial.) ‘spoil, vex’ Cz. bíditi (Jg., Kott) ‘reduce to poverty, (se) torment oneself, suffer’; bYditi (Jg., Kott) ‘reduce to poverty’; bídit se (dial.) ‘live in poverty’; Slk. biediŸ ‘live in poverty’; OPl. biedzi\ ‘struggle’ SCr. bijèditi ‘slander’, 1sg. b›jedm; Bulg. bedjá ‘accuse’

PIE Cogn.

*boid-eieGk. Œ–[ ‘persuade’; Go. baidjan ‘force’; OHG beitten ‘demand’

It is very unlikely that Slavic *bYditi ‘force’ and Go. baidjan ‘id.’ belong to different roots. Stang even includes these words in his “Sonderübereinstimmungen” (1972: 14). The meaning ‘persuade’ is another indication that we are dealing with PIE *boid-. The question is whether denominative *bYditi ‘reduce to poverty, live in poverty’ ultimately continues a different root (see *b©dà). See also: *b„dà

*bgati v. (a) ‘run, flee’ CS E W S

ESSJa II 58-59

OCS bYgati ‘run, flee’, 1sg. bYgaj0 Ru. bégat’ ‘run’, 1sg. bégaju Cz. bYhati ‘run’; Slk. behat ‘run’; Pl. biega\ ‘run’; Slnc. bjìeg‘c ‘run’ SCr. bjgati ‘flee’, 1sg. bjgm; Sln. b—6gati ‘walk to and fro, rout’, 1sg. b—6gam; Bulg. bjágam ‘run, flee’

*b©l&

40 BSl. B

*be‹gLith. bAgti ‘run’

PIE Cogn.

*begGk. ª£ « ‘flee’

The acute root vowel results from Winter’s law. See also: *b˜žàti

*bl adj. o (b) ‘white’

ESSJa II 79-81

CS E W S

OCS bYl" Ru. bélyj; bel, f. belá, n. bélo {1} Cz. bílý; Slk. biely; Pl. biay; Slnc. bjªulï SCr. b›jel, b›o, f. bijla, n. bijèlo; ak. b§(l ) (Vrg.), f. bl;, n. bl«; b£=l (Orb.), f. b£el;, n. b£=lo; Sln. b—6; Bulg. bjal

B

Lith. bãlas 4 ‘white’; báltas 3 ‘white’; Latv. b¬ls, bãls ‘pale’; bats ‘white’

The fact that this etymon belongs to AP (b), which implies a non-acute root, does not pose any problems if one assumes that the regular reflex of a lengthened grade vowel was circumflex. We may reconstruct *blH-o-, with regular loss of the rootfinal laryngeal. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *bòlna; *boln%; *bolœa; *boln%je; *bòlto

*bs m. o (c) ‘demon’

ESSJa II 88-91

CS E W S

OCS bYs" Ru. bes Cz. bYs; Slk. bes; Pl. bies SCr. b›jes; ak. bs, Gsg. bsa; Sln. b¤s; Bulg. bjas ‘rabies, demon’

BSl. B

*boi‹sós Lith. baisùs ‘terrible’; Latv. baîss ‘terrible’

PIE Cogn.

*boiHd-soLat. foedus ‘repulsive, terrible, disgraceful’

Since both Slavic and Baltic point to BSl. *s instead of *š, it has been suggested that the root of this etymon was *boiHd-, cf. Lat. foedus ‘repulsive, terrible, disgraceful’ (cf. Pedersen 1895). An extension of the root is also found in Lith. baidýti, Latv. ba§dît ‘scare’, but it is uncertain if this *d, which may be identified with *dh&- ‘put’ and is part of a productive suffix (cf. OPr. pobaiint ‘punish’), is the same element. *b žàti v. (c) ‘run, escape’ CS E W

ESSJa II 92

OCS bYžati ‘run, run away, escape’, 1sg. bYž0, 2sg. bYžiši Ru. bežát’ ‘run, escape’, 1sg. begú, 3sg. bežít Cz. bYžeti ‘run’; Slk. bežaŸ ‘run’; Pl. bie­e\ (obs.) ‘run’; Slnc. bjìež®c ‘suffer from diarrhoea’

*bìti

41

S

SCr. bjèžati ‘run, escape’, 1sg. bjèžm; bijèžati (Vuk: “u pjesmi”) ‘run, escape’; ak. biž;ti (Vrg.) ‘run, escape’; bežãt (Orb.) ‘run (away)’, 1sg. bež§n; Sln. b—6žati ‘flee, run’, 1sg. b—žím; b—žáti ‘flee, run’

BSl. B

*be‹gLith. bFgióti ‘run about’

PIE Cogn.

*begGk. ª£ « ‘flee’

See also: *b¨gati

*bì  m. jo (a) ‘whip, lash’ CS E W S

ESSJa II 94

OCS bi! Ru. bi’; ORu. bi! Cz. bi; Slk. bi; Pl. bicz; Slnc. bj§ SCr. b› ‘whip, cane’, Gsg. bìa; ak. b› (Vrg.) ‘whip, cane’, Gsg. b›a; Sln. bì, Gsg. bía; Bulg. bi ‘whip, leather lash’

Derivative of ' *bìti. The suffix continues *-t%o-. *bìdlo n. o (a) E

W

S

ESSJa II 94-95

Ru. bílo (dial.) ‘pestle, seat in a sleigh’; ORu. bilo ‘board which is struck to convoke people to church or to the dining-table, plectrum’; Ukr. býlo ‘board used instead of a bell in monasteries’ Cz. bidlo ‘pole’; OCz. bidlo ‘rack, support, plectrum’; Slk. bidlo ‘pole, perch, slay’; OPl. bido ‘squared beam covered with nails in a sleigh’; Slnc. bj§dl‰ ‘round bar in a sleigh’; LSrb. bido ‘reed (of a loom)’ SCr. b›lo ‘mountain ridge with spurs, artery, riveting hammer’; Sln. bílJ ‘artery, striking mechanism (of a clock)’; Bulg. bílo ‘crest of a mountain, mountain ridge’

Derivative in *-dlom from the root *biH- ‘strike’ (' *bìti). AP (a) is in accordance with Hirt’s law. See also: *bì%; *bìti; *bìtva; *boj%

*bìti v. (a) ‘beat’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa II 99-101

OCS biti ‘beat’, 1sg. b!j0 Ru. bit’ ‘beat’, 1sg. b’ju, 3sg. b’jët Cz. bít ‘beat’; Slk. biŸ ‘beat’; Pl. bi\ ‘beat’; Slnc. bj§c ‘thresh, beat’; USrb. bi\ ‘beat’; LSrb. biZ ‘beat’; Plb. bait ‘beat’ SCr. b›ti ‘beat, kill’, 1sg. b›jm; Sln. bíti ‘beat’, 1sg. bjem; Bulg. bíja ‘beat’ *biHOIr. benaid ‘strike’, pret. pass. -bíth; Lat. perfins 2sg. pres. subj. ‘you may break’

See also: *bì%; *bìdlo; *bìtva; *boj%

*bìtva

42 *bìtva f. # (a) ‘battle, fight’ E W S

Ru. bítva Cz. bitva ; Slk. bitva ; Pl. bitwa SCr. b›tva; Sln. btva; Bulg. bitva

PIE

*biH-tu-eh'

ESSJa II 100-101

See also: *bì%; *bìti; *bìdlo; *boj%

*blekot; *blekota m. o; f. # E

W

S

ESSJa II 108-109

Ru. blëkot (dial.) m. ‘henbane’; blekotá (dial.) m.f. ‘chatterbox’, blekóta (dial.) m.f. ‘chatterbox’; Bel. blëkat m. ‘henbane, hemlock’ ; Ukr. blékit m. ‘poison hemlock’; blékot m. ‘henbane’ ; blekotá f. ‘poison hemlock, henbane’ Cz. blekot m. ‘shouter, babbler’; blekota f. ‘grumbler’; OCz. blekot m. ‘chatter, grumbling, chatterbox, grumbler’; Slk. b¯akot m. ‘bleating, bellowing’; Pl. blekot m. ‘fool’s parsley, henbane, (arch.) stammerer, chatterbox’; USrb. blekot m. ‘muttering, babble’ SCr. blkt m. ‘bleating’

See ' *blek". *blek m. o

ESSJa II 109

W S

Cz. blek ‘bleating’; USrb. blek ‘henbane’; blik ‘henbane’ SCr. bl=k ‘bleating’; Sln. bl<6k ‘flock (of sheep)’; Bulg. blek (dial.) ‘henbane’

PIE

*blek-o-

The semantic connection between *blek(ot)" as the name of various poisonous plants and *blekot" ‘chatter, chatterer’ is the fact that particularly henbane may cause a delirium, cf. Ru. belenít’sja (dial.) ‘become infuriated’, SCr. belèna ‘fool’ from *belena ‘henbane’, or the Polish expression brodzi, jakby si< blekotu (‘fool’s parsley’) objad, which equals Cz. jako by se blínu napil. I am inclined to consider the verbs *blekati ‘chatter, mutter, bleat’ and *blekotati derivatives of *blek" and *blekot" rather than vice versa (pace ESSJa). The development of a meaning ‘bleat’ may have been favoured by the onomatopoetic qualities of the root. Alternatively, we could distinguish a separate onomatopoetic root *blek- ‘bleat’ or even separate *blek‘henbane’ from *blek- ‘chatter, mutter’. Pokorny (IEW) erroneously classifies Ru. blëkot" ‘fool’s parsley’ under *bleiq- ‘shine’. See also: *blekota; *blekot&

*bld adj. o (c) ‘pale’ CS E W

ESSJa II 111-112

OCS blYd" Ru. bledój (dial.); blëdyj (dial.); Ukr. blidýj Cz. bledý; Slk. bledý; Pl. blady; Slnc. blad³; USrb. blYdy ‘pale, bright’; LSrb. blYdy

*bl¬sk&

43

S

SCr. bl›jed, f. blijèda; ak. bld (Vrg.), f. bld;, n. bldo; bl£=t (Orb.), f. bl£ed;; Sln. bl¤d; Bulg. bled

BSl. B

*bloi‹d-(w)óLith. bla§vas 4 ‘whitish, blue, sober’

PIE Cogn.

*bloid-(u)oOE blt ‘pale’; OHG bleizza f. ‘pallor’

In view of Winter’s law, we would expect to find traces of a glottalic element in BaltoSlavic. The accentuation of Lith. blaivas – the Proto-Slavic form is mobile and therefore inconclusive – offers no evidence for an original acute, however. Pokorny’s reconstruction *bhlŠido-s is impossible for Slavic and *bhleh'ido-s is incompatible with the mobile accentuation of the adjective in Balto-Slavic. *bl jati v. ‘bleat’ CS E W S

RuCS blYjati ‘bleat’ Ru. bléjat’ ‘bleat, (dial.) ‘speak, chatter, cry’; Ukr. bléjaty ‘bleat, speak, tell stories’; blijáty ‘bleat’ Cz. bleti (arch.) ‘bleat’ SCr. bléjati ‘bleat, talk nonsense’, 1sg. bléjm; ak. blj;ti (Vrg.) ‘bleat, talk nonsense’, 2sg. bljš; blejãt (Orb.) ‘bleat’, 3sg. blej§; Sln. bl—6jati ‘bleat, quarrel, mutter’, 1sg. bl—6jam, 1sg. bl—6jem; Bulg. bléja ‘bleat’

BSl.

*ble‹Latv. blêt ‘bleat’

PIE Cogn.

*bleh&Lat. flre ‘cry’; MHG bl´jen ‘bleat’

*blsk m. o (c) ‘brightness’ CS E W S

ESSJa II 107

ESSJa II 113-114

RuCS blYsk" ‘brightness, colour, lightning’ Ru. blesk ‘brightness, splendour’; ORu. blYsk" ‘brightness, colour, lightning’ Cz. blesk ‘lightning, brightness’; Slk. blesk ‘id.’; Pl. blask ‘brightness, shine’; Slnc. blˆsk ‘lightning, brightness’; blìesk ‘id.’; USrb. blYsk ‘id.’ SCr. bl›jesak ‘glow, glimmer’; Sln. bl¤sk ‘brightness, splendour, lightning’; Bulg. bljás‘k ‘brightness’

BSl.

*bloiskoLatv. blaiskums m. ‘spot’; blaizgums m. ‘spot’

PIE

*bloi-sko-

The preglottalized velar may or may not have been lost before Winter’s law. I prefer a Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction without *‹ for reasons mentioned s.v. *bl!sk". (cf. Derksen 1996: 285-294). Dybo (2002: 490) also assumes that Winter’s law did not operate in this etymon. In his formulation, Winter’s law was blocked by a following *s. See also: *bliskati; *blistati; *bliscati; *bl­sk&; *bl%sk&; *bl%šati

*bl‚d%

44 *bld f. i ‘error’

ESSJa II 114-115

CS E

OCS bl
Cogn.

Go. blinds ‘blind’; OIc. blindr ‘blind, unclear’

See ' *bl<sti. *blsti v. ‘talk nonsense, err’ CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa II 115

OCS bl<sti ‘chatter, talk nonsense’, 1sg. bl
The root *blend- seems to be limited to Balto-Slavic and Germanic (cf. Stang 1972: 15). {1} In ME, blenst ‘talk nonsense’ is accented blènst² (blènzt²) or blenKst² (blenKzt²). Blenst ‘be short-sighted’ occurs with the unambiguous accentuations blènst and bleñst (1x). In some dialects, the latter verb has also preserved the root-final d. See also: *bl‚d%; *bl®diti; *bl®¯d&

*bliskati; *blistati; *bliscati v. ‘shine’ CS E W

S BSl. B

ESSJa II 116-117

OCS bliskati s< ‘sparkle, shine’; bliscati s< ‘sparkle, shine’ Ru. blistát’ ‘shine’; blískat’ (dial.) ‘sparkle’; Ukr. blýskati ‘twinkle, kick’ Cz. blýskati (se) ‘shine, flash (lightning)’; Slk. blýskaŸ ‘id.’; Pl. byska\ ‘shine, flash’; OPl. bliska\ ‘shine, flash’; Slnc. blˆsk‘c ‘sparkle, glance’; USrb. byska\ ‘sparkle, shine’; LSrb. byskaZ (se) ‘sparkle, shine’ SCr. bl›skati (se) ‘shine’; blìstati (se) ‘id.’; Sln. blískati (se) ‘sparkle’; blískati se ‘shine’; Bulg. bljáskam ‘shine, sparkle’ *bliskLith. blyškAti ‘shine’, 3sg. blýški; blizgAti ‘shine, sparkle’; bliskAti ‘shine, sparkle’

In view of the forms with *! (' *bl!sk"), we must assume e-grade rather than *iH. Cogn.

OE blcan ‘shine’; blkan ‘id.’

See also: *bl¬sk&; *bl­sk&; *bl%sk&; *bl%šati

*bliz& I; *bliz&k& *blsk m. o (c)

45 ESSJa II 114

CS W S

OCS blisk" (Euch.) ‘lightning’ Cz. blisk (dial.) ‘marsh marigold’; Slk. blisk ‘gilding, brightness, marsh plant’ Sln. blsk ‘lightning’

PIE Cogn.

*blei-skoOHG blic ‘flash, lightning’; OS bliksmo ‘lightning’

See also: *bl¬sk&; *bliskati; *blistati; *bliscati; *bl%sk&; *bl%šati

*blizna; *blizno f. #; n. o E

W

S

BSl. B

ESSJa II 118-120

Ru. blízna (dial.) f. ‘missing thread in fabric, flaw in home-spun material’; blizná f. ‘knot in linen resulting from an incorrect arrangement of the warp’; bliznó n. ‘flaw in fabric, absence of one or two threads’; bljuzná f. ‘flaw in fabric’; ORu. blizna f. ‘scar’; Bel. bljuzná f. ‘flaw in fabric’; Ukr. blýzna f. ‘wound, scar’; blyzná f. ‘defect in linen’ Cz. blizna f. ‘stigma (bot.)’; Pl. blizna f. ‘scar, gash, seam, cicatrice, trace left by a fallen leaf ’; OPl. bluzna f. ‘cicatrice, stigma, stamp’; Kash. blïzna f. ‘cicatrice’; USrb. buzna f. ‘scar, birth-mark’; LSrb. bluzna f. ‘scar, bruise’ SCr. bl›zna f. ‘two threads put into a reed (instead of one); ruptured thread in weft or warp’, Npl. blzn; blzna f. ‘scar’; bl›zno n. ‘gap’; Bulg. blizná f. ‘place in fabric where a thread is torn or missing’ *bli‹]-nLith. blyž f.(!) 4 ‘rip in fabric’; Latv. blîznis² m.(io) ‘pile of broken trees in a forest’

A formation with an n-suffix derived from *bli- ‘beat’, cf. Lat. flgere ‘hit’. The forms that seemingly reflect *b#uzna must be secondary unless they are cognate with Lith. blùzgana ‘scurf ’, Latv. blàugznas Npl. ‘scurf, husk’, which in my opinion is not very likely. See also: *bliz& I; *bliz&k&; *bliz& II; *bliz%

*bliz I; *blizk adj. o ‘near, close’ CS E

ESSJa II 121-122

S

CS bliz" {1} Ru. blízyj (dial.) ‘short-sighted’ {2}; blízkij ‘near, close’; Ukr. blýz’kyj ‘near, close’ Cz. blizý (arch.); blízký; Slk. blízky; Pl. bliski; OPl. blizi ‘near, close, adjacent’; USrb. blizki; LSrb. blizki SCr. blz; bl›zak; Sln. blízŠk, f. blízka; Bulg. blíz‘k

BSl.

*blei‹]-

W

See ' bliz" II, *bliz!. {1} As an adjective, bliz" is exclusively attested in Croatian Church Slavic manuscripts from the 14th century. {2} The adjective bliz" has AP (a/c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 133).

*bliz& II; *bliz%

46 *bliz II; *bliz adv., prep.

ESSJa II 121-122

CS E W S

OCS bliz" adv./prep. ‘near, close to’ (rarely bliz!) Ru. bliz prep. ‘near, close to’ Pl. blizo (dial.) adv. ‘near, close by’; OPl. blizu adv. ‘near, close by’ SCr. blízu prep./adv. ‘near, close by’; ak. blzµ (Orb.) prep./adv. ‘near, nearby’; bl§zu (Orb.) prep./adv. ‘near, nearby’; Sln. blìz adv. ‘near, close by’; blìz prep. ‘near, close to’; Bulg. blízo adv. ‘near, close by’

BSl. B

*blei‹]Lith. bliežti (dial.) ‘throw hard’; bláižyti ‘tear off, shell’; Latv. bliêzt ‘beat, hew’; blaîzît ‘squeeze, squash, hit, beat, rub’

PIE Cogn.

*bl(e)i-oLat. flgere ‘hit’

Although puzzling at first, the semantic transition from ‘to beat’ to ‘near’ appears to have convincing parallels, e.g. MoFr. près ‘near’ : Lat. pressus ‘squeezed’ (ESSJa II: 122, with references). See also: *blizna; *blizno; *bliz&; *bliz&k&

*bustì v. (c) ‘watch’ CS E S

OCS bljusti ‘watch, guard’, 1sg. bljud0 Ru. bljustí ‘guard, observe’, 1sg. bljudú, 3sg. bljudët SCr. bljµsti (RJA: arch.) ‘guard, observe’, 1sg. bljúdm

BSl.

*bjoud-

PIE Cogn.

*beud-e/oGk. ª¤– « ‘give notice’; Skt. bódhati ‘observe, heed’

ESSJa II 136-137

See also: *budìti; *b&d˜ti; *b&dr&

*bvàti v. ‘vomit’ CS E W

S

ESSJa II 140-141

OCS bl’!vati, 1sg. bljuj0 Ru. blevát’ (vulg.), 1sg. bljujú, 3sg. bljujët; ORu. bl!vati, 1sg. bljuju Cz. blíti; blut (dial.); OCz. blvati ‘vomit, spit’, 1sg. b¯uju; blívati; Slk. b¯uvaŸ; Pl. blwa\ (obs.), 1sg. bluj<; blu\, 1sg. bluj<; USrb. ble\; bluwa\ ‘vomit, spit’; LSrb. bluwaZ; bluZ ‘vomit, spit’; Plb. b¯åv‘ 3sg. ‘vomits’ SCr. bljùvati, 1sg. bljµjm; ak. bljµvat (Orb.), 3sg. bljje, 3sg. bljµva; Sln. bljŠváti ‘vomit, spit’, 1sg. bljújem; bljuváti ‘vomit, spit’, 1sg. bljúvam, 1sg. bljújem; bljúti ‘vomit, spit’, 1sg. bljújem; Bulg. b‘6lvam; bljúja (dial., arch.); bljúvam (dial., arch.)

BSl. B

*bljou‹Lith. bliáuti ‘bleat, sob, weep’; Latv. b#aût ‘bleat, bellow’

PIE Cogn.

*bleuHGk. •ª[ ‘flow over’; Lat. flu ‘flow’

*bl&xà *bldìti v. (b) ‘err’ CS E W

S

47 ESSJa II 125-127

OCS bl0diti ‘err, indulge in debauchery’, 1sg. bl0žd0 Ru. bludít’ ‘wander, roam’, 1sg. blužú, 3sg. blúdit; bludít’ ‘fornicate’, 1sg. blužú, 3sg. bludít Cz. blouditi ‘lose one’s way, roam, be mistaken’; Slk. blúdiŸ ‘lose one’s way, roam, be mistaken’; Pl. bdzi\ ‘be mistaken, roam, lose one’s way’; Slnc. bl^®c ‘be mistaken, roam, talk nonsense’, 1sg. bl¶u·; USrb. budzi\ ‘delude, lose one’s way, be mistaken, roam’; LSrb. bu]iZ ‘confuse, roam, be mistaken’ SCr. blúditi ‘spoil, caress’, 1sg. bldm; Sln. bl06diti ‘roam, be mistaken, talk nonsense, mix, blend, delude’, 1sg. bl06dim

BSl. B

*blond-ei/iLith. blandýtis ‘clear up, become cloudy, recover, roam’; Latv. bluôdîtiês² ‘roam, be ashamed’; blàndîtiês² ‘roam’

PIE Cogn.

*blond-eieGo. blandan sik ‘mix’; OIc. blanda ‘mix, blend’; OE blandan ‘mix’; OE blendan ‘darken, blend’; OIc. blunda ‘close one’s eyes’; ME blundren ‘stir, confuse’; MoE blunder ‘blunder’

See also: *bl‚d%; *bl‚sti; *bl®¯d&

*bld m. o (c) ‘delusion’ CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa II 126-127

OCS bl0d" ‘debauchery, depravity, adultery’ Ru. blud ‘lechery, fornication, (dial.) evil spirit that leads the drunk astray’ Cz. blud ‘mistake, delusion, insanity’; bloud ‘fool’ {1}; Slk. blud ‘mistake, delusion, insanity’; Pl. bd ‘mistake, delusion’, Gsg. b
Deverbative o-stem with o-grade in the root of *blend-. Skt. bradhná- (RV+) ‘pale ruddy, yellowish, bay’, which has been assumed to be cognate, rather belongs together with *bron". Cogn.

OIc. blundr m. ‘slumber’

{1} According to Verweij (1994: 528), the originally long root vowel of Cz. bloud may be a vestige of the accent paradigm to which *bl0d" belonged prior to the operation of Illi-Svity’s law. See also: *bl‚d%; *bl‚sti; *bl®ƒdìti

*blxà f. # (b) ‘flea’ CS E

RuCS bl"xa Ru. bloxá, Asg. bloxú; bloxá (dial.), Asg. blóxu; Ukr. bloxá

ESSJa II 129-130

*bl%kn®ti

48 W S

Cz. blecha; Slk. blcha; Pl. pcha {1}; Slnc. p¸lˆ; USrb. tcha; bka (Pfuhl); pcha (Pfuhl); tk(h)a (Pfuhl); LSrb. pcha; bcha (dial.); Plb. blåx‘ SCr. bùha, Asg. bùhu, Npl. bµhe; ak. buh; (Vrg.), Npl. buh; bµha (Orb.); Sln. bóha; Bulg. b‘lxá

BSl. B

*blúša‹ Lith. blusà 2; Latv. blusa

PIE Cogn.

*plusGk. °‡•• f.; Skt. plúši- m.; Lat. plex m.; OHG flh m.; Arm. low

{1} In Polish dialects, we find a large variety of forms, e.g. pcha, pa, pecha, becha, bcha.

*blknti v. ‘fade’ E

ESSJa II 112-113

W B

Ru. blëknut’ ‘fade, wither’ {1}; Bel. bljáknu\ ‘fade, wither’; Ukr. bléknuty ‘fade, wither’ Pl. blakn\ ‘fade’ {2}; Kash. vŠblFkn0c ‘fade’; zblFkn0c ‘fade’ Lith. nubli kti ‘fade’

PIE

*blik-

The ESSJa actually reconstructs *blYkn0ti. I prefer the traditional reconstruction, which is also found in S awski SP I. {1} Cf. also blëklyj ‘faded, pale, wan’. {2} Rather than regarding the a as old, I would follow S awski in assuming that the root vowel was influenced by bladny ‘pale’.

*blsk m. o CS W

ESSJa II 113-114

S

CS bl!sk" ‘splendour’ OCz. blesk ‘lightning, brightness’, Gsg. blsku; LSrb. bysk ‘lightning, brightness’ Bulg. bl¹s‘k ‘blow, stab’

BSl. B

*bliskoLith. blìzgas 2 ‘shine, glimmer’

PIE

*bli-sko-

If the preglottalized velar was preserved up to Winter’s law, the Slavic and Baltic forms with short *i would have to be of analogical origin. For this reason I prefer a Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction without *‹ (see also LIV 89). See also: *bl¬sk&; *bliskati; *blistati; *bliscati; *blisk&; *bl%šati

*blš ati v. ‘shine’ CS E W

ESSJa II 131-132

OCS bl!štati s< ‘sparkle, shine’ Ukr. blyšáti ‘shine’ Cz. blyštYti se ‘shine, sparkle, twinkle’ (Jungmann has blštYti, blyštYti, blištYti ‘shine’); Pl. byszcze\ ‘shine, sparkle’; Slnc. blˆš®c ‘shine, sparkle’; blìeš®c ‘shine, sparkle’; USrb. bys\e\ ‘shine’; LSrb. bys\aZ (se) ‘shine’

*bod&l%

49

S

SCr. blijèštati (se) ‘shine, glisten’; ak. blš\›ti se (Vrg.) ‘shine, glisten’; Sln. bl—6šati ‘shine, sparkle, gawk’ {1}; bošáti ‘gawk’; Bulg. bléštja ‘open one’s eyes wide, gawk’; bleští (dial.) 3sg. ‘shines’

BSl. B

*bliske‹Lith. blyškAti ‘shine’, 3sg. blýški; blizgAti; bliskAti ‘shine, sparkle’

PIE

*bli-sk-eh&-

A number of the above-mentioned forms contain a secondary full grade. For a motivation of the Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction, see ' *bl!sk". {1} The accentuation bl—šáti (Pleteršnik I: s.v.) is a misprint (see o.c. II: I).

*bo conj. ‘for’ CS E W S

OCS bo ‘for’ Ru. bo (dial.) ‘if, for, because’ Cz. bo (arch.) ‘for’; Pl. bo ‘for, because’ SCr. bo (dial.) ‘for’

BSl. B

*bo Lith. bà ‘for’; bè ‘for’

PIE Cogn.

*bo Go. ba ‘that not, if not’

*bodàti v. ‘stab, sting’

ESSJa II 141-142

ESSJa II 122-122

E W S

Ru. bodát’ ‘butt’, 1sg. bodáju Cz. bodati ‘stab, pierce’; Slk. bodaŸ ‘stab’ Sln. bºdati ‘sting, stitch’, 1sg. bºdam; Bulg. bodá ‘stab, feel a sharp pain’

BSl. B

*bodLith. badýti ‘butt, prick’, 3pres. bãdo

PIE Cogn.

*bodLat. fodi ‘dig’

The ESSJa mentions forms reflecting *bodati under *badati because the o-vocalism is assumed to be analogical. Since in general *bodàti is also semantically closer to bostì (the meaning ‘investigate’ is limited to bdàti) and in some languages occurs alongside *bdàti, it is perhaps more accurate to say that it is a recent formation. See also: *b#dàti; *bod&l%; *bostì

*bodl m. jo (c) ‘thorn’ CS S

ESSJa II 154-155

RuCS bodl! ‘thorn’ SCr. b|dalj (Montenegro) ‘a kind of thorny grass’, Gsg. b|dlja; ak. bu|dalj (Orb.) ‘unidentified plant (thistle?), prickle, thorn’, Gsg. bu|dlja; Sln. b|dŠlj ‘needle, thorn’, Gsg. b|dlja; Bulg. bodél (obs.) ‘thorn’

See also: *b#dàti; *bodàti; *bostì

*bogàt&

50 *bogàt adj. o ‘rich’ CS E W S

ESSJa II 158-159

OCS bogat" Ru. bogátyj Cz. bohatý; Slk. bohatý; Pl. bogaty SCr. bògat; ak. bog;t (Vrg., Orb.), f. bog;ta; Sln. bogàt; Bulg. bogát

See ' *b|g". *bg m. o (c) ‘god’

ESSJa II 161-163

CS E W S

OCS bog" Ru. bog, Gsg. bóga; Bel. boh, Gsg. bóha; Ukr. bih, Gsg. bóha Cz. b,h, Gsg. boha; Slk. boh; Pl. bóg, Gsg. boga; USrb. bóh, Gsg. boha SCr. b|g, Gsg. b«ga; ak. b|g (Vrg., Novi), Gsg. b«ga; bu|h (Orb.) ‘God, Christ’, Gsg. b«ga; Sln. bºg, Gsg. bog; Bulg. bog

Cogn.

Skt. bhága- (RV+) m. ‘prosperity, good fortune’; LAv. ba»a- m. ‘lord, god’

The Slavic noun *bog" is usually considered a borrowing from Iranian (cf. Vaillant Gr. I: 16). This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the etymon does not show the effects of Winter’s law. See also: *bogat&; *nebog&

*bojàti s v. ‘fear, be afraid’ CS E W S

ESSJa II 163-164

OCS bojati s< Ru. bojat’sja, 1sg. bojús’, 3sg. boítsja; Ukr. bojáty sja Cz. báti se; Slk. baŸ sa; Pl. ba\ si<; Slnc. b¨Q‰j®c s; USrb. boje\ so; LSrb. bójaZ se SCr. bòjati se; ak. bòjati se (Vrg.); Sln. bojáti se, 1sg. bojím se; báti se, 1sg. bojím se; Bulg. bojá se

BSl. B

*b(o)i(‹)-a‹Lith. bijóti(s) ; Latv. bijât(iês) ; bîtiês OPr. bitwei

PIE Cogn.

*boiH-eh'Skt. bhay£- (RV+) ‘fear, be afraid’

See also: *bojazn%

*bojazn f. i ‘fear’ CS E W S

OCS bojazn! Ru. bojázn’ Cz. bázeŽ f.(i/j#); Pl. boja] SCr. b«jzan; Sln. bojzŠn; Bulg. bojáz‘n

BSl. B

*b(o)i(‹)-a‹OPr. bisnan Isg. ‘fear’

See also: *bojati s‚

ESSJa II 165

*b¥lg& *boj m. jo (b/c) ‘battle, fight’

51 ESSJa II 167-168

CS E W S

OCS uboi ‘murder’ Ru. boj ‘battle, fight, beating’, Gsg. bója {1}; Ukr. bij ‘fight, battle’, Gsg. bóju Cz. boj ‘battle, fight’; Slk. boj ‘battle, fight’; Pl. bój ‘battle, fight’, Gsg. boju SCr. b|j ‘battle, war’, Gsg. b«ja; ak. bõj (Vrg.) ‘battle, war’, Gsg. boj;; Sln. bòj ‘battle, fight’, Gsg. bója; Bulg. boj ‘battle, fight’

PIE

*boiH-o-

{1} AP (b) in Old Russian, sporadically (c) (Zaliznjak 1985: 134). See also: *bi%; *bìti; *bìdlo; *bìtva

*bolti v. (c) ‘ache’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa II 187-189

OCS bolYti ‘be ill, be in pain’, 1sg. bolj0, 2sg. boliši Ru. bolét’ ‘ache’, 3sg. bolít; bolét’ ‘be ill’, 3sg. boléet; Ukr. bolíty ‘ache’, 3sg. bolít’; bolíty ‘be in pain, be ill’, 3sg. bolíje Cz. boleti ‘ache’; Slk. bolieŸ ‘ache’; Pl. bole\ ‘ache’; Slnc. b¨Q‰l®c ‘ache’; USrb. bole\ ‘ache’; LSrb. bóleZ ‘ache’ SCr. bòljeti ‘ache, hurt’, bòlm; ak. bol›ti ‘ache, hurt’, 3sg. bol§; bolt (Orb.) ‘hurt’, 3sg. bol§; Sln. bol—6ti ‘ache’, 1sg. bolím; Bulg. bolí ‘aches’ 3sg.; boljá ‘be ill’ *bol(H )Go. balwjan v. ‘martyr’; OIc. b0lva v. ‘curse’

The possibility exists that we had *bleh'u- (Gk. • ± ‘inferior, bad’, OIc. blauðr ‘timid’?) alongside *belh'- (cf. Pokorny 125, 159). See also: *b¥l%

*blgo n. o (c) CS E W S

ESSJa II 173

OCS blago ‘(the) good’ Ru. bólogo (dial.) adv. ‘well, good’; bologó (dial.) adv. ‘well, good’; ORu. bologo ‘(the) good’ Cz. blaho ‘bliss, happiness’; Pl. bogo ‘good, happiness’ SCr. blgo ‘wealth, money, cattle’; ak. bl“go (Vrg.) ‘cattle’; blgo (Orb.) ‘(head of ) cattle, farm animal’; Sln. blagº ‘good, goods, cattle’; Bulg. blágo ‘good, property, wealth’

Etymology unclear. The etymon has been compared with Skt. B¼¥haspáti- (name of a God) and Av. brg- f. ‘rite’, but this is highly speculative. See also: *b¥lg&

*blg adj. o (c) ‘good’ CS W

ESSJa II 174

OCS blag" ‘good, gracious’ Cz. blahý ‘blessed, good’; Slk. blahý ‘blessed, good’; Pl. bogi ‘good, happy, beneficial’

*bo³e(je)

52 S

SCr. blg ‘sweet, good’; Sln. blg ‘noble, benevolent’; Bulg. blag ‘good, pleasant, sweet’

See ' *b|lgo. *boe(je) adv. ‘more’ CS E W S

ESSJa II 193-194

OCS bolje ‘more’; bole ‘more’ Ru. bólee ‘more’ USrb. bóle ‘more’ SCr. b«lje ‘better’; ak. b«# (Vrg.) ‘better’; b«lje (Orb.) ‘better’; Sln. bºlje ‘better’

Adverb of ' *bo#!j!. *boj adj. jo ‘bigger, better’

ESSJa II 193-194

CS E S

OCS bo#ii ‘bigger, better’, f. bo#!ši, n. bolje Ru. ból’šij ‘bigger’, f. ból’šaja, n. ból’šee SCr. b«lj ‘better’; ak. b«# (Vrg.) ‘id.’; b«lji (Orb.) ‘id.’; Sln. bºlji ‘id.’

Cogn.

Skt. bályas- ‘better’; Gk. £•Œ[ ‘better’

A comparative *bol-(%)is-io- from a PIE root *bel- ‘strong’. See also: *bo³e( je)

*bòlna f. # (a) ‘membrane’ CS E W

S

ESSJa II 175-177

RuCS blana ‘placenta’ Ru. boloná ‘sickly outgrowth on trees, sap-wood, (dial.) lump’; ORu. bolona ‘placenta’; Ukr. bolóna ‘membrane, window-pane’ Cz. blána ‘film, membrane, web (of water-fowl), sap-wood’; Slk. blana ‘membrane, film’; Pl. bona ‘membrane, film’; OPl. bona ‘placenta, eyeweb, peritoneum, entrails’; LSrb. bona ‘membrane, film’ Sln. blna ‘membrane, thin skin, parchment’; Bulg. blaná ‘manure (used as fuel), turf ’

BSl. B

*bol‹-nLith. bálnas 3 ‘white, having a white back (cattle)’

PIE

*bolH-n-

Both the ESSJa and S awski SP (I: 307-309) are inclined to derive *bolna ‘membrane, sapwood’ and *bolna ‘turf, meadow’ from a root meaning ‘white’ (see also Urbutis 1982: 163-164). Though the relationship between ‘membrane’ and ‘white’ may not be obvious, the relationship between the usually light-coloured sapwood and ‘white’ is unproblematic. In view of the semantic similarities between ‘sapwood’ and ‘membrane’, the etymology advocated by the ESSJa and S awski SP may very well be correct. The connection between *bolna ‘turf, meadow’ and *bolto ‘swamp’, where an etymology involving the root for ‘white’ is widely accepted, seems quite plausible. See also: *b©l&; *boln%; *bolœa; *boln%je; *bòlto

*bòlto *boln; *bol a f. i; f. j# E

53 ESSJa II 178

S

Ru. bolón’ (dial.) ‘peritoneum, membrane, upper layers of a tree, cambium, bull’s belly’; bólon’ (dial.) ‘timber’; ORu. bolon! ‘low-lying meadow near a river’; Ukr. bolon’ ‘meadow, pasture’ Cz. blaŽa (dial.) ‘film, skin (on milk, etc.)’; OCz. blaŽe ‘pasture’; Slk. blana ‘membrane, film’; Pl. bona ‘membrane, film’; Slnc. bl¶un m.(o) ‘cloud’, Gsg. bl¶un‘; LSrb. bo m.(i) ‘meadow, clearing’; Plb. blån ‘meadow’; blån‘ ‘id.’ Sln. blánja ‘board, stump, log’

BSl. B

*bol‹niLith. bálnis m.(io) ‘peeled tree-trunk’

PIE

*bolH-n-

W

See ' *bòlna. I have included Slnc. bl¶un in spite of the fact that it is morphologically and semantically deviant. *bolnje n. io E

W

ESSJa II 178-179

Ru. balón’e (dial.) ‘low flooded place’; ORu. bolon!je ‘low-lying meadow near a river’; Ukr. bolónja ‘low-lying meadow’; bolónje ‘ravine, pasture’; bolon’é (dial.) ‘swamp’ Cz. blánY (arch.) ‘meadow, pasture’; OCz. blání ‘meadow, lawn’; Pl. bonie ‘large pasture, meadow’; Plb. blån® ‘meadow’

BSl.

*bol‹ni-

PIE

*bolH-nio-

See also: *b©l&; *bòlna; *boln%; *bolœa; *bòlto

*bòlto n. o (a) ‘swamp’

ESSJa II 179-182

CS E W S

OCS blato ‘swamp, quagmire’ Ru. bolóto ‘swamp’ Cz. bláto ‘mud’; Pl. boto ‘mud’; Slnc. bl¨Q‰t‰ ‘swamp’; USrb. bóto ‘mud’ SCr. bl;to ‘mud, swampy terrain’; ak. bl;to (Vrg.) ‘mud, swampy terrain’; bl;to (Orb.) ‘mud, dirt’; Sln. blátJ ‘mud, swamp’; Bulg. bláto ‘mud, swamp’

BSl. B

*bol‹to Lith. báltas 3 ‘white’; balà f. 2/4 ‘swamp’; Latv. bats ‘white’ OPr. Namuynbalt [placename] {1}

Cogn.

Alb. baltë f. ‘mud, swamp’; MoGk. £¶• f. ‘swamp’; Rom. balt‘ f. ‘mud, swamp’ {2}

Both formally and semantically, *bòlto may derive from PIE *belH- ‘white’, cf. Pl. biel (dial.), bielaw, Bel. bel’ ‘swampy meadow’ (ESSJa II: 180). PSl. *bolto is sometimes considered an “Illyrian” substratum word. In this connection not only the abovementioned forms from the Balkan peninsula are adduced, but also Romance forms such as Lomb. palta, Piem. pauta (cf. Demiraj 1997: 87-88).

*b¥l%

54

{1} Cf. also the Rythabalt meadow and the placename Peusebalten. Namuynbalt is the equivalent of Namoyumpelk (pelk ‘swamp’). See also: *b©l&; *bòlna; *boln%; *bolœa; *boln%je

*bl f. i (c) ‘pain’ CS E W

S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa II 191-192

OCS bol! m.(i) ‘sick person’ Ru. bol’ ‘pain’; Bel. bol’ m.( jo) ‘pain’, Gsg. bólju; Ukr. bil’ m.( jo) ‘pain, suffering’, Gsg. bólju Cz. bol m.(o) ‘sorrow, grief ’; Slk. bô¯ m.( jo) ‘sorrow, grief ’; Pl. ból m.(o) ‘pain, sorrow, grief ’, Gsg. bólu {1}; Kash. b½o–l m.(o) ‘pain’, b½o–lu {1}; Slnc. b¶ul m.(o) ‘pain’, b¶ul¨–; USrb. ból f.( j#) ‘pain’, Gsg. bole; LSrb. bol ‘pain, grief ’, Gsg. boli SCr. b|l ‘pain, illness’, Gsg. b«li; ak. b|l (Vrg., Novi) ‘pain, illness’, Gsg. b«li; bu|l (Orb.) ‘pain, illness’, Gsg. boli; Sln. b| ‘pain, suffering, grief ’, Gsg. b|li; b| m.(o) ‘pain, suffering, grief ’; Bulg. bol (dial.) m.(o) ‘pain, sick person’; bol’ (dial.) m.(o) ‘sick person, illness’; Mcd. bol f.(i) ‘pain’ *bol(H )-iOCorn. bal f. ‘illness’; OIc. b0l n. ‘misfortune, damage’, Dsg. b0lve; Go. balwawesei f. ‘wickedness’; OE bealu n. ‘woe, harm, wickedness’

A deverbative of ' *bol¾ti. {1} S awski mentions ból (17th/18th c.) ‘devil, demon’, Gsg. bolu (SP I: 315). A variant with the expected short root vowel is also attested in dialects and in Kashubian (Gsg. -olu alongside -o–lu mentioned in Lorentz PW).

*bolzìna f. # ‘beam’

ESSJa II 183-184

S

SCr. blàzina ‘pillow, bolster’; Sln. blazína ‘roof-beam, cross-beam, pillow, mattress, bolster’

BSl. B

*bol]ei‹na‹; *bol]ei‹nos Lith. balžíenas m. 1/3 ‘cross-beam (harrow,waggon, sledge)’; balžíena f. 1/3 ‘cross-beam (harrow, waggon, sledge)’; Latv. bàlziêns m. ‘cross-beam (sledge, plough)’ OPr. balsinis ‘cushion’; pobalso ‘bolster’

PIE Cogn.

*bolOIc. bjalki m. ‘beam’; OHG balko m. ‘beam’; OE balca m. ‘beam’

It seems plausible that we are dealing with two, formally indistinguishable roots (cf. IEW: 122-123, 125-126). The meaning ‘pillow, bolster’ belongs to the same root that underlies Lith. banas, OHG balg, etc. Stang (1972: 14) attempts to separate ‘beam’ from ‘pillow, bellows’ on formal grounds (* vs. , respectively), but this does not seem to work, as the Balto-Slavic forms that are supposed to contain * do not show the effects of Winter’s law. It is more likely that the Germanic forms with *k contain *k(k) < *-n- (Kluge’s law). See also: *bolz%no

*bordàt&

55

*bolzno n. o ‘beam’

ESSJa II 184

E W

Ru. bólozno (dial.) ‘thick plank’ Kash. bozno ‘cross-beam’; Slnc. bl¨Q‰zn‰ ‘body of a sleigh’

BSl. B

*bol]ei‹na‹; *bol]ei‹nos Lith. balžíenas m. 1/3 ‘cross-beam (harrow, waggon, sledge)’; balžíena f. 1/3 ‘cross-beam (harrow, waggon, sledge)’; Latv. bàlziêns m. ‘cross-beam (sledge, plough)’ OPr. balsinis (EV) ‘cushion’; pobalso (EV) ‘bolster’

PIE Cogn.

*bolOIc. bjalki m. ‘beam’; OHG balko m. ‘beam’; OE balca m. ‘beam’

See ' *bolzìna. *bordà f. # (c) ‘beard’ CS E W

S

ESSJa II 197-198

OCS brada ‘beard’ Ru. borodá ‘beard, (dial.) chin’, Asg. bórodu; Bel. baradá ‘beard’; Ukr. borodá ‘beard, chin’ Cz. brada ‘chin, beard’; Slk. brada ‘chin, beard’; Pl. broda ‘beard, chin’; Slnc. br¨Q‰d‘ ‘beard’; USrb. broda ‘beard, chin’; LSrb. broda ‘beard, moustache, chin’; Plb. bröd‘ ‘chin, throat’ SCr. bráda ‘beard, chin’, Asg. brdu; br;da ‘axe’; ak. br”d; (Vrg.) ‘beard, chin’, Asg. br“du; brd; (Orb.) ‘chin, beard’, Asg. brdu; Sln. bráda ‘beard, (beardless) chin’; Bulg. bradá ‘chin, beard’; Mcd. brada ‘chin, beard’

BSl. B

*bordዠLith. barzdà 4; Latv. b¬rda; brzda (dial.) OPr. bordus (EV)

Cogn.

Lat. barba f.; OHG bart m.; OE beard m.

Possibly a North Indo-European substratum word. In PIE terms – albeit with “European a” – the reconstruction is *bard-eh'. See also: *bordàt&

*bordàt adj. o ‘bearded’ CS E W

ESSJa II 198-199

S

CS bradatyi Ru. borodátyj; Bel. baradáty; Ukr. borodátyj Cz. bradatý; Slk. bradatý; Pl. brodaty; Slnc. br‰dˆtï; USrb. brodaty; LSrb. brodaty SCr. bràdat; Sln. bradàt; Bulg. bradát

BSl. B

*bordá‹-toLith. barzdótas

Cogn.

Lat. barbtus

Adjective in *-to- derived from ' *bordà.

*bordlo

56 *bordlo n. o E W

ESSJa II 200-201

S

Ukr. borólo (dial.) ‘cleft in a crag’; boroló (dial.) ‘crag’ OCz. bradlo ‘cliff, (pl.) fortification’ {1}; Slk. bradlo ‘cliff ’; Pl. brodo (dial.) ‘hay-stack, shock’; bródo (dial.) ‘hay-stack, shock’; OPl. brodo ‘hay-stack’ Bulg. brálo ‘weir’

PIE

*borH-dlom

Verbal derivative in *-dlo < *-dlo-, cf. ' *bòrti. {1} Cz. bradlo ‘handle of a stick’ derives from *b!rati ‘take’. See also: *borna II; *b¥rn%; *zabordlo

*brg m. o (c) ‘stack, rick’

ESSJa II 202-203

E W

Ukr. borih (dial.) ‘stack, rick’, Gsg. boroga OCz. brah ‘stack, rick’; Pl. bróg ‘stack, rick, shed’, Gsg. brogu; Slnc. br¶ug ‘stack, rick’, Gsg. br¨Q‰gu–; LSrb. brog ‘stack, rick’

PIE Cogn.

*borg-oMLG barch (barg, berg) m. ‘shed without walls for storing sheafs’

Lith. b(a)rãgas ‘stack, rick’ is a Slavic borrowing. Ru. brog was probably borrowed from Polish. See also: *bergtì; *b%rg&

*borna I f. # (b/c) ‘harrow’ E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa II 204-206

Ru. boroná, Asg. bóronu; ORu. borona; Ukr. boroná Cz. brány Npl.; Slk. brány Npl.; Pl. brona {1}; Slnc. bªrn‘ ; USrb. bróna; Plb. born‘ SCr. brána; Sln. brána; Bulg. brána; braná (dial.); Mcd. brana *borH-neh' Gk.  [« 3pl. ‘plough’; Lat. forre ‘perforate’; OIc. bora ‘perforate, drill’; OHG born ‘perforate, drill’

According to the ESSJa, *borna ‘harrow’ and *borna ‘guarded entrance, barrier’ belong to one and the same root. Though this may be correct, I prefer to leave it an open question whether these words may be identified. In my opinion, this is tantamount to leaving the question whether PSl. *borti, Lat. ferre and OIc. berja are cognate with Gk.  [«, Lat. forre and OIc. bora unanswered. {1} We find attestations of bróna (bruna) from the 16th century onwards (S awski SP I: 324). See also: *borna I; *b&rna; *b&rt%; *b&rt&

*borna II f. # E

ORu. borona ‘defence’; Ukr. boróna ‘defence’

ESSJa II 204-206

*bòrti W

S PIE

57

Cz. brána ‘entrance, gate, defences’; OCz. brána ‘fortification, gate’; Slk. brána ‘gate, guarded entrance’; Pl. brona ‘(arch.) fortified gate, movable part of a gate’ SCr. brána ‘dam, weir, barrier, defender, defence’; Sln. brána ‘protection, defence’; Bulg. braná (dial.) ‘dam, weir’; Mcd. brana ‘dam, weir’ *borH-neh'

See ' borna I. *brn f. i (c) CS E W

S

ESSJa II 208-209

OCS bran! ‘war, battle, fight’ Ru. bóron’ (dial.) ‘prohibition, order’; ORu. boron! ‘battle, obstacle, guard’ OCz. braŽ ‘arms, fortification, defence’; bran ‘arms, fortification, defence’; Pl. bro ‘weapon, military division’; USrb. bró ‘arms, equipment’; LSrb. bro ‘arms’ SCr. brn f. ‘fight, battle, war’; brn m. ‘fight, battle, war’; Sln. brn ‘defence, kind of weir, (wicket-)gate’; Bulg. bran f.? ‘war’

BSl. B

*bor-n-iLith. barnis m.(io) 2 ‘abuse, quarrel’; barnìs f.(i) 4 ‘abuse, quarrel’

PIE

*borH-n-i-

See also: *bordlo; *borna II; *bòrti; *zabordlo

*bršno n. o (c) ‘flour, food’ CS E S

ESSJa II 212-213

OCS braš!no ‘food’ Ru. bórošno (dial.) ‘rye-flour’; ORu. boroš!no ‘(farinaceous) food’; Ukr. bórošno ‘flour’ SCr. br;šno ‘flour, food’; ak. br;šno (Vrg.) ‘flour, food’; Sln. brášnJ ‘food’; Bulg. brašnó ‘flour’

BSl. B

*barLatv. bar§ba f. ‘food’

PIE Cogn.

*bar-s-in-om Lat. far n. ‘flour’, farna f. ‘id.’; Go. barizeins adj. ‘barley-’; OIc. barr m. ‘grain’; OIr. bairgen f. ‘bread, loaf ’, W bara ‘bread’

We are probably dealing here with a root *bar-, which was borrowed into European (cf. Schrijver 1991: 113-114). *bòrti v. (b) CS E W S

ESSJa II 213-214

OCS brati (s<) ‘fight’, 1sg. borj0 (s<), 2sg. borješi (s<) Ru. borót’ ‘overpower, throw to the ground’, 1sg. borjú, 3sg. bóret; borót’sja ‘fight’, 1sg. borjús’, 3sg. bóretsja; Ukr. boróty ‘overpower’ Pl. bró\ si< (dial.) ‘fight, contend’ Bulg. bórja ‘torment, conquer’; bórja se ‘fight’

*b¥rv&

58 BSl. B

*bor‹Lith. bárti ‘scold, accuse, forbid’; bártis ‘quarrel’; Latv. bãrti ‘scold, blame’; bãrtiês ‘quarrel’

PIE Cogn.

*borHLat. ferre ‘hit’; OIc. berja ‘beat, hit’; OHG berjan ‘hit, pound, knead’

For semantic reasons it is unclear whether Lat. forre ‘perforate’, OIc. bora ‘id.’, etc., belong here as well (cf. Schrijver 1991: 216; see also s.v. *borna I). The Germanic forms continue PGmc. *barjan. See also: *bordlo; *borna II; *b¥rn%; *zabordlo

*brv m. o (c) CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa II 214-215

CS brav" ‘small live stock’ Ru. bórov ‘hog, castrated boar, (dial.) boar, castrated bull’; ORu. borov" ‘small live stock, hog, castrated boar’ Cz. brav ‘small live stock’; brav (dial.) ‘hog, castrated boar’; Slk. brav ‘hog, castrated boar’; Pl. browek (dial.) ‘porker’ SCr. brv ‘sheep (pl.), (dial.) hog, castrated boar’; ak. br“v (Vrg.) ‘ram’; Sln. brv ‘sheep (pl.), pig, animal’; brv f.(i) ‘sheep (pl.)’; Bulg. brav (dial.) ‘ram’ *bor-u-oOIc. b0rgr m. ‘hog, castrated boar’; OHG barug m.; barh m. ‘id.’; OE bearg m.; bearh m. ‘id.’; MoE barrow ‘id.’; MoDu. barg m. ‘id.’

It is unclear whether this root may be identified with the root *brH- of ' *bòrti and *b"rt!, as is advocated by Pokorny (IEW: 133-135). The Germanic cognates reflect *bor-u-ko-. *br m. u (c) ‘pine-tree, pine forest’ CS E

W

S

ESSJa II 216-217

RuCS bor" ‘pine-tree, pine forest’ Ru. bor ‘coniferous forest’; bor (dial.) ‘woods, forest, heather, shrubbery, high place, dry place, waterless valley’; ORu. bor" ‘pine-tree, pine forest’, Npl. borove; Ukr. bir ‘pine forest, coniferous forest’, Gsg. bóru; byr (dial.) ‘high, sandy place, pinewood in a high, sandy place’, Gsg. boru Cz. bor ‘coniferous forest, woods’; bor (dial.) ‘pine-tree, pine forest’; Slk. bor ‘pine-tree’; bôr ‘pine-tree’; Pl. bór ‘forest’, Gsg. boru, Lsg. boru; Slnc. b¶r ‘dry, barren soil, pine forest’; USrb. bór (arch.) ‘pine-tree, pine forest’; LSrb. bór (obs.) ‘pine-tree, (pine) forest’ SCr. b|r ‘pine-tree’, Gsg. b«ra; ak. bõr (Vrg.) ‘pine-tree’, Gsg. bor;; Sln. bºr ‘pine-tree’; Bulg. bor ‘pine-tree’

In Slavic, there are many indications for an original u-stem bor" < *boru-, e.g. RuCS borove Npl. ‘pine-trees’, Pl. w boru ‘in the forest’, or derivates based on a stem *borov-, such as SCr. boròvk ‘coniferous forest, pine forest’, bòrovina ‘pine-tree, pinewood’, bòrvka ‘bilberry, raspberry’. Cogn.

OIc. b0rr m. ‘tree’; OE bearu m. ‘tree’, Gsg. bearwes

*b¥s& *borzdà f. # (b) ‘furrow’ CS E W

S

B

59 ESSJa II 220

OCS brazda ‘furrow’ Ru. borozdá ‘furrow, (dial.) harrow, canal’ Cz. brázda ‘furrow’; Slk. brázda ‘furrow’; Pl. bruzda ‘furrow’; Slnc. bª•d‘ ‘furrow’; USrb. brózda ‘furrow’; LSrb. brozda ‘furrow’; br,zda (dial.) ‘furrow’; brouzda (dial.) ‘furrow’ SCr. brázda ‘furrow, (dial.) canal’; ak. br”zd; (Vrg.) ‘furrow’; brzd; (Orb.) ‘furrow, row (of potatoes, etc., planted in one furrow)’ (more common is the i-stem brs, Gsg. brzd›); Sln. brázda ‘furrow, wrinkle’; Bulg. brazdá ‘furrow’; brezdá ‘furrow’; Mcd. brazdá ‘furrow, irrigation canal, wrinkle’ Lith. biržF f.(!) 2 ‘sign (out of straws or twigs) that marks the boundary of the sowed land, furrow’ {1}; Latv. bìrze f.(!) ‘furrow’

The reconstruction *brs-d()-, which would enable a connection with Skt. bhr¥š¿í- f. (RV) ‘point, top, spike, tooth’ (if not š < *Z), cannot account for the Baltic forms. {1} The original accentuation of this word cannot be established. In Lithuanian, we find biržF 1/2/4 and biržis 1/2/3/4. In Latvian, bìrze, birze and birKze are attested.

*bostì v. (c) ‘stab, sting’ CS E W S

ESSJa II 222-223

OCS bosti ‘stab’, 1sg. bod0, 1sg. aor. bas" Ru. bost’ (Smol.) ‘butt’, 1sg. bodú; bostí (Kalin. obl.) ‘butt’ Cz. b,sti (poet.) ‘stab’, 1sg. bodu; OCz. bósti ‘stab’, 1sg. bodu; Pl. bóZ\ ‘stab, butt’, 1sg. bod< SCr. bòsti ‘sting, prick, stab’, 1sg. bòdm; ak. b«sti (Vrg.) ‘sting, prick, stab’, 2sg. bodš; b«s (Orb.) ‘sting, prick, stab’, 1sg. bodn; Sln. bósti ‘stab, butt’, 1sg. bódem

BSl. B

*bed-; bodLith. bèsti ‘stick, drive (into), dig’, 3sg. b da {1}

PIE Cogn.

*bodLat. fodi ‘dig’

{1} We find o-vocalism in, for instance, the intensive badýti, Latv. badît. See also: *b#dàti; *bodati; *bod&l%

*bs adj. o (c) ‘barefooted, unshod’

ESSJa II 223-224

CS E W S

CS bos" Ru. bosój; Ukr. bósyj Cz. bosý; Slk. bosý; Pl. bosy; USrb. bosy ‘barefooted, tasteless’; LSrb. bosy SCr. b|s; ak. b|s (Vrg.), f. bos;, n. b«so; bu|s (Orb.), f. b«sa, n. b«so; Sln. bºs; Bulg. bos

BSl. B

*bosós Lith. bãsas 4; Latv. bass

*b®b%niti

60 PIE Cogn.

*bos-óOIc. berr ‘naked, bare’; OHG bar ‘naked, bare’; OE bÀr ‘naked, bare’

*bbniti v. E W

ESSJa II 232

Ru. bubnít’ ‘grumble, mutter’ Cz. bubeniti (Jg.) ‘beat the drum’; Pl. b
See ' *b0b!n". *bbn m. o ‘drum’

ESSJa II 232-233

CS E W S

RuCS buben" ‘drum’; RuCS bubon" ‘drum’ Ru. búben ‘tambourine’ Cz. buben ‘drum’; Pl. b
Cogn.

OIc. bumba ‘drum’

*bràtr; *bràt m. o (a) ‘brother’ CS E W

S

ESSJa II 238, III 8-9

OCS bratr"; brat" Ru. brat, Gsg. bráta; Ukr. brat Cz. bratr; brat (dial., poet.); OCz. bratr; brat; Slk. brat(e)r (dial.); brat; Pl. brat; OPl. bratr (Bibl. Zof.); Slnc. brˆt; USrb. bratr; LSrb. bratr (arch.); bratš; Plb. brot SCr. br;t; ak. br;t (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. bràt; brtŠr; Bulg. brat; Mcd. brat

BSl. B

*brá‹-t(e)rLith. brólis m.(io) 1; broterlis m.(io) 2 ‘brother (dim.)’; Latv. brãlis m.(io); brtartis m.(io) ‘brother (dim.)’ OPr. brti (Ench.); brote (EV); bratrkai (Ench.) Npl. ‘brothers (dim.)’

PIE Cogn.

*breh'-trGk. ·‰ m. ‘member of a brotherhood’; Lat. frter m. ‘brother’; Go. broþar m. ‘brother’

*bràtrja; *bràtja f. j# (a) ‘brothers (coll.)’ CS E W

S

PIE

ESSJa III 7-8, 9-10

OCS bratrija ‘brothers, brotherhood’; bratija ‘brothers, brotherhood’ Ru. brát’ja Npl. m. ‘brothers’; Ukr. bráttja Npl. n.( jo) ‘brothers (coll.)’ Cz. brat•í (arch.) ‘brotherhood’; Cz. brat•ie (arch.) ‘brotherhood’; OCz. brat• f.(i) ‘brotherhood’; Pl. bracia (arch.) ‘brothers (coll.)’; LSrb. bratZa (arch., obs.) ‘brothers (coll.), brotherhood’; Plb. brot’‘ ‘brothers’ SCr. br;\a ‘brothers’; br;tja ‘brothers’; ak. br;\a (Vrg.) ‘brothers’; br;\a (Orb.) ‘brothers (and sisters)’; Sln. brtja ‘brothers’; Mcd. bratija ‘brotherhood’ *breh'-tr-ieh'-

*br˜zg& Cogn.

61

Gk. ŸŒ f. ‘brotherhood’

See also: *bràtr&; *bràt&

*brediti v. ‘rave’ E W B

ESSJa III 12

Ru. brédit’ ‘be delirious, rave, (dial.) clear a way’; OUkr. brediti ‘talk rubbish’; brYditi ‘talk rubbish’ Cz. b•edit se (dial.) ‘writhe, forget out of malice’; Pl. bredzi\ ‘be delirious, rave’ {1} Lith. br dyti ‘chatter, deceive’ {2}

No doubt, this is the same root as in ' *brestì ‘wade’, cf. Ru. sumasbród ‘madcap’ (van Wijk 1911: 128). We may be dealing with a denominative verb, cf. Ru. bred ‘delirium, ravings’. {1} Since the 16th century. According to Bakowksi (2000: 74), we are dealing with a Ruthenianism. {2} A borrowing from Slavic.

*brestì v. (c?) ‘wade’ CS E

ESSJa III 14-15

S

RuCS bresti ‘wade’ {1} Ru. brestí ‘drag oneself along, stroll pensively’, 1sg. bredú, 3sg. bredët; Ukr. brestý ‘drag oneself along, wade’, 1sg. bredú, 3sg. bredët OCz. b•ísti ‘wade’, 1sg. brdu, 1sg. b•(e)du; Slk. b¼sŸ ‘wade’, 1sg. brdie, 1sg. brdú; Slnc. brˆsc ‘wade’, 1sg. brˆd; Plb. brad® 1sg. ‘wade’ Sln. brésti ‘wade’, 1sg. brédem ‘wade’

BSl. B

*bredLith. brìsti ‘wade’, 3pres. breñda, 3pret. brìdo {2}; Latv. brist ‘wade’

Cogn.

Alb. bredh ‘jump, hop’

W

The root must be reconstructed as *bred-. {1} The forms neprYbredom" and neprYbredim" ‘infinite’, which are mentioned in the SSJ, do not occur in texts belonging to the canon. {2} Proto-East Baltic *bristi must have ousted *birsti < *brd-ti on the analogy of forms with full grade. See also: *brediti; *brodìti; *br¥d&; *br%dn®ti

*br zg m. o ‘dawn’ CS E W S

OCS probrYzg" Ru. brezg (coll., dial.) Cz. rozb•esk; OCz. b•ezk; Pl. brzask; OPl. brzazg Sln. br¤sk

BSl. B

*bre‹]-(s)kLith. brAkšti v. ‘dawn’, 3pres. brAkšta, 3pret. brAško

Cogn.

Skt. bhrjate ‘shine, beam’

We may reconstruct a deverbative noun *breh&-sk-o-.

ESSJa III 17, 19

*br‚¸kn®ti

62 *brknti v. (a) ‘swell’ E S

ESSJa III 23

Ru. brjáknut’ (dial.) ‘swell, expand as a result of dryness or moisture’; Bel. brjáknu\ ‘get soaked’; Ukr. brjáknuty ‘swell’ SCr. bréknuti ‘swell’; Bulg. brékna (dial.) ‘get angry, swell’; Mcd. brékna ‘swell’

BSl. B

*brinkLith. brìnkti ‘swell, bloat, grow dry’, 3pres. brìnksta, 3pret. brìnko

PIE Cogn.

*brnkOIc. bringa f. ‘chest’

I suspect that AP (a) is connected with the formation in *-n0ti, while the Lithuanian acute may be attributed to the sta-present, cf. the variant briñkti and the causative brankýti (dial.) ‘soak (peas)’, 3pres. brañko. *brždžati v. ‘jingle’

ESSJa III 24-25

E

Ru. brjazžát’ (dial.) ‘talk nonsense, jingle, strum’; OUkr. brjazáty ‘jingle, tinkle’; brjažáty jingle, tinkle’

BSl. B

*brenzgLith. breñgzti ‘jingle’, 3pres. br<zgia.

*bri  m. jo ‘razor’ CS S

ESSJa III 25

RuCS bri!; SerbCS bri! SCr. br; Bulg. bri

Derivative in *-! < *-tio- of ' *brìti. See also: *brid&; *brid&k&; *brid%; *britva

*brid; *brid m. o; f. i ‘sharpness, sharp edge’ E S

ESSJa III 27-28, 29

Ru. bryd (dial.) m. ‘sharpness, fumes, haze’; brid (dial.) m. ‘smoke’ SCr. brd m. ‘border, edge, blade’; Sln. brd f. ‘sharp edge’, Gsg. brid

See ' *brid"k". *bridk adj. o ‘sharp’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 28-29

OCS brid"k" (Supr.) ‘sharp’ Ru. brídkij (Psk.) ‘sharp, cold’; bridkój (Psk.) ‘sharp, cold’; britkój (Dal’: Arx.) ‘sharp’; brítkij (Dal’: S, W) ‘repulsive’ Cz. b•itký ‘sharp’; OCz. b•idký ‘sharp, quick, repulsive’; Slk. britký ‘sharp’; bridký ‘repulsive’; Pl. brzydki ‘repulsive’; USrb. britki ‘repulsive’ SCr. br›dak ‘sharp’, f. br›tka, f. brìtka; Sln. brídŠk ‘sharp, bitter, beautiful’, f. brídka; bridk ‘sharp, bitter, beautiful’, f. brdka

The root of this adjective seems to be an extended variant of *br(e)iH- (' *brìti). See also: *bri%; *brid&; *brìti; *britva

*brodìti *brìti v. (a) ‘shave’

63 ESSJa III 31-32

CS E W S

CS briti s< (Christ.) ‘shave’, 1sg. brij0 s< Ru. brit’ ‘shave’, 1sg. bréju Cz. b•íti (obs.) ‘shave’ {1}; Slk. briŸ ‘shave’ SCr. br›ti (arch., obs.) ‘shave, cut’, 1sg. br›jm; brìjati ‘shave, cut’, 1sg. br›jm; br›jati ‘shave, cut’, 1sg. br›jm; ak. br›t (Orb.) ‘shave’, 3sg. brje; Sln. bríti ‘shave, shear’, 1sg. brjem; Bulg. bríja ‘shave’

PIE Cogn.

*br(e)iHSkt. bhrÁti ‘injure’; OIr. bronnaid ‘injure, damage’; OIc. brinna ‘to cause a cutting, sharp sorrow’; MoHG brennen ‘id.’

{1} Possibly a borrowing, as the verb is not attested in Old Czech. See also: *bri%; *brid&; *brid%; *brid&k&; *brìtva

*brìtva f. # (a) ‘razor’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 25

OCS britva Ru. brítva Cz. b•itva; Slk. britva; Pl. brzytwa SCr. br›tva; ak. br›t(v)a (Vrg.); br›tva (Orb.) ‘razor, kind of knife’; Sln. brtva ‘razor, clasp-knife’

Verbal derivative in *-tva < *tu-eh'. See ' *brìti. *bxo; *bx n. o; m. o (c) ‘belly’

ESSJa III 33-34

E W

Ru. brjúxo n.; ORu. brjuxo n.; brjux" m. Cz. b•icho n.; b•ich (obs.) m.; Slk. brucho n.; Pl. brzuch m.; brzucho (XVXVIIth c., dial.) n.; Slnc. b•ˆ¸ m.

PIE Cogn.

*breus-oOIr. brú f. ‘abdomen, belly, womb’; W bru m. ‘womb, belly’

See also: *br&st%

*brodìti v. (b?) ‘wade’ CS E W

S

ESSJa III 36

RuCS broditi ‘go across’ Ru. brodít’ ‘wander, roam, stroll’, 1sg. brožú, 3sg. bródit Cz. broditi ‘bathe (horses), (rarely) wander, roam’; broditi se ‘wade’; Slk. brodiŸ (sa) ‘wade, squeeze through’; Pl. brodzi\ ‘wade’; USrb. brod]i\ ‘wade’; LSrb. broziZ ‘wade’ SCr. bròditi ‘wade’, 1sg. bròdm; Sln. bróditi ‘wade, bathe’, 1sg. br06dim; Bulg. bródja ‘wander, roam, stroll’

BSl. B

*brodLith. bra(i)dýti ‘wade’

PIE

*brod-eie-

*br¥d&

64

See also: *brediti; *brestì; *br¥d&; *br%dn®ti

*brd m. o (c) ‘ford’

ESSJa III 36-37

CS E W S

RuCS brod" Ru. brod, Gsg. bróda, Gpl. bródov; Ukr. brid, Gsg. bródu Cz. brod; Slk. brod; Pl. bród, Gsg. brodu; USrb. bród, Gsg. broda; LSrb. brod SCr. br|d ‘ford, ship’, Gsg. br«da; ak. br|d (Vrg.) ‘ship’, Gsg. br«da; br|d (Novi) ‘ship’, Gsg. br«da; br|t (Orb.) ‘ship’, Lsg. br«de; Sln. brºd ‘ford, harbour, ferry’; Bulg. brod ‘ford’

BSl. B

*brodos Lith. brãdas m. ‘muddy spot or road, ford, fishing net’; bradà f. ‘muddy spot or road, ford’; Latv. brads m. ‘ford’

PIE

*brod-o-

See also: *brediti; *brestì; *brodìti; *br%dn®ti

*bron adj. o ‘white (of horses)’

ESSJa III 41-42

CS E W

CroatCS bron" ‘white (of horses)’; RuCS bronii; bronyi ‘white (of horses)’ ORu. bronii; bronyi ‘white (of horses), grey, dun’ Cz. broný (obs.) ‘white (of horses)’; OCz. broný ‘white (of horses)’

PIE Cogn.

*brod-noSkt. bradhná- (RV+) ‘pale red, ruddy, yellowish, bay’

*brusnica f. j# ‘mountain cranberry, cowberry, red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)’

ESSJa III 51-52

E W S

Ru. brusníka Cz. brusnice; Slk. brusnica; Pl. brusznica; bruZnica (dial.) SCr. brùsnica ‘mountain cranberry, cowberry, red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), bilberry, whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)’; Sln. brusníca ‘mountain cranberry, cowberry, red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)’; Bulg. brusníca ‘measles, mountain cranberry, cowberry, red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)’

BSl. B

br(o)uZ/kLith. brùknF f.(!) 2; Latv. brklene f.(!)

PIE

*brou˜-

See ' *br"sati, *br"kati. *brut m. o ‘nail’ CS S

SerbCS brut" SCr. brµt (dial.); Bulg. brut

BSl. B

*brouk-toLith. braktas ‘wooden knife for cleaning flax’

ESSJa III 53

*br&zda

65

See ' *br"sati, *br"kati. *brsati; *brkati v.

ESSJa III 53-54, 55-56

E S

Ru. brosát’ ‘throw, (dial.) scutch flax’, 1sg. brosáju; brokát’ (dial.) ‘throw’ SCr. b¼cati ‘throw’; Sln. b¼kati ‘push, rush, provoke’; b¼sati ‘kick, touch (in passing), graze’; b¼sati ‘kick, touch (in passing), graze’; b¼cati ‘kick’

BSl. B

*bruZ/kLith. brùkti ‘poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax)’

PIE

*bru˜-

The alternation between *s and *k points to *˜. The *k may have arisen in the position before a resonant. See also: *br&sel%; *br&selije; *brus%nica; *br&sn®ti; *br&kn®ti; *brysadlo

*brsel; *brselije CS

ESSJa III 56

OCS br!selije (Supr.) n.(io) ‘potsherd’; CS br"sel! [?] ‘potsherd, tablet’

See the previous lemma. *brsnti; *brknti v.

ESSJa III 56-57

CS E S

RuCS br"snuti ‘shave’ Ru. brosnút’ (dial.) ‘squeeze, pick berries’ SCr. b¼knuti ‘throw’; Sln. b¼sniti ‘kick, poke, rush’; b¼kniti ‘kick, poke, rush’; b¼cniti ‘kick, poke, rush’; Bulg. br¹sna ‘shave’

BSl. B

*bruZ/kLith. brùkti ‘poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax)’

PIE

*bru˜-

See also: *br&sati; *br&kati; *br&sel%; *br&selije; *brus%nica; *brysadlo

*brst f. i ‘bud’

ESSJa III 58

E W S

Ru. brost’ ‘buds (of a shrub)’; Ukr. brost’ ‘bud (of a tree)’ LSrb. barš\ (obs.) ‘bud’ SCr. bÂst m.(o) ‘(young) foliage, shoots, sprouts’; Sln. brQst ‘bud (of a tree), sprout’, Gsg. b¼sta, Gsg. brstà; bÂst ‘bud (of a tree), brushwood’, Gsg. brst

PIE Cogn.

*brus-t-iOS brustian ‘bud’

The connection with OS brustian was advocated by van Wijk (1909: 235), who actually reconstructed *brst-. See also: *b¹ºxo; *b¹ºx&

*brzda f. # ‘bit’ CS

OCS br"zdami (Ps. Sin.) Ipl. ‘bit’

ESSJa III 62

*bry

66 W S

Cz. brzda ‘brake’; Slk. brzda ‘brake’ Sln. b¼zda ‘bridle’; brózda ‘bridle’; bruzdà (16th-18th c.) ‘bridle’

BSl. B

*bruzdLith. bruzdùklis m.(io) ‘bridle’

PIE Cogn.

*brus-dOIc. broddr m. ‘spike, shaft’; OHG brart m. ‘edge’

*bry f.  ‘eyebrow’ CS E W

ESSJa III 63-64

S

OCS br!v!mi (Supr.) Ipl. ‘eyebrows?, eyelids?’ Ru. brov’ f.(i) ‘eyebrow’ Cz. brva f.(#) ‘eyelash, (pl.) eyebrows’; OCz. brev f.(i) ‘eyebrow’, Gsg. brve; Slk. brva f.(#) ‘eyebrow, eyelid’; Pl. brew f.(i) ‘eyebrow’, Gsg. brwi SCr. bÂv (13th c.) f.(i) ‘eyelid’

BSl. B

*bru‹s Lith. bruvìs (dial.) f.(i) ‘eyebrow’; brùvF f.(!) ‘eyebrow’

PIE Cogn.

*hbruH-s Skt. bhr- f. ‘eyebrow’; Gk. »± f. ‘eyebrow’; OE br f. ‘eyebrow’

*brysadlo n. o CS S

ESSJa III 65

OCS brysalo (Supr.) ‘towel’ SCr. br›salo ‘rag, duster, wooden knife’; Sln. brisálJ ‘towel, rag’

Derivative in *-dlo of the iterative ' *brysati. See also: *br&sati; *br&kati; *br&sel%; *br&selije; *brus%nica; *br&sn®ti; *br&kn®ti

*brdnti v. ‘wade’

ESSJa III 67

W

Cz. b•ednouti ‘melt, (obs.) wade’; Slk. b¼dnuŸ ‘wade, roam’; Pl. brn\ ‘wade’

BSl. B

*birdLith. brìsti ‘wade’, 3pres. breñda, 3pret. brìdo; Latv. brist ‘wade’

PIE

*brd-

One would have suspected *b!rdn0ti, but Cz. b•ednouti points to *br!d. Apparently the zero grade of the root was influenced by the full grade of other forms. Likewise, Proto-East Baltic *bristi must have ousted *birsti < *brd-ti on the analogy of forms with full grade. How old the metathesis actually is, cannot be determined. See also: *brediti; *brestì; *brodìti; *br¥d&

*brna f. # ‘mud, clay’ CS W S

ESSJa III 69-70

OCS br"noj0 (Euch.) Isg. f. ‘mud, dirt’ USrb. borno n. ‘bog, marsh’ SCr. brna (16th c.) f. ‘mud, dirt’; Sln. b¼na f.(#) ‘clay, humus’; bÂnja f.( j#) ‘clay, humus’; bÂn m. ‘silt’

*budìti

67

Perhaps cognate with ' *brestì, cf. Lith. bradà f. ‘mud’. *brnje n. io ‘mud, clay’ CS S

ESSJa III 170

OCS br!nije ‘mud, dirt’; RuCS br!nije ‘mud, dirt’; brenije ‘mud, dirt’; b!rnije ‘clay’; bernije ‘clay’ SCr. brnje (arch., obs.) ‘mud, dirt’; Sln. bÂnje ‘clay, humus, dirt’

See ' *br!na. *brvnò n. o (b) ‘beam’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 72-73

OCS br!v!no ‘beam’ Ru. brevnó ‘beam’ Cz. b•evno ‘beam’; Slk. brvno ‘beam’; Pl. bierwiono ‘rough timber’ {1} SCr. b¼vno ‘beam, small bridge, boundary’; Sln. bÂvnJ; brnJ

It is attractive to derive the word for ‘beam’ from ' *bry ‘eyebrow’, Gsg. *br"ve (Pedersen 1905: 322), except for the fact that it has the wrong jer. Pedersen (l.c.) presents examples of similar cases. {1} A back-formation based on dial. bier(z)wionko, bierzwienko, cf. OPl. Birzwno (place-name) (Bakowski 2000a: 49-50).

*bu àti v. (c) ‘roar’ E W S

Ru. buát’ (dial.) ‘low, weep loudly, hum’ Cz. bueti ‘roar, low’; Slk. buaŸ ‘low’; Pl. bucze\ ‘hum, cry’; USrb. bue\ ‘roar, low, cry’ SCr. búati ‘make a loud noise, boom, rage’, 1sg. búm; ak. b;ti (Vrg.) ‘hit the surface of the sea to frighten fish into a net’, 2sg. b”š; Sln. búati ‘make a loud noise, roar’, 1sg. buím; Bulg. buá ‘make a deafening noise’

BSl. B

*boukLith. bakti ‘roar’

PIE

*bouk-

*budìti v. (c) ‘awaken, arouse’ CS E W S

BSl.

ESSJa III 74

ESSJa III 76-77

OCS ubuditi ‘awaken’, 1sg. ubužd0; v"zbuditi ‘awaken’, 1sg. v"zbužd0; CS buditi ‘arouse’ Ru. budít’ ‘awaken, arouse’, 1sg. bužú, 3sg. búdit {1} Cz. buditi ‘awaken, arouse’; Slk. budiŸ ‘awaken, arouse’; Pl. budzi\ ‘awaken, arouse’ SCr. búditi ‘awaken, arouse’, 1sg. bdm; ak. bd›ti (Vrg.) ‘awaken, arouse’, 2sg. bdš; bd›t (Orb.) ‘wake up’, 1sg. bdin; Sln. budíti ‘awaken, arouse’, 1sg. budím; Bulg. búdja ‘awaken, arouse’ *boud-

*buj%

68 B

Lith. basti ‘incite, force, punish’; báudyti ‘incite, instigate’; Latv. badît; bàudît ‘incite, instigate’ OPr. etbaudints ptc. pret. pass. ‘awakened’

PIE Cogn.

*boud-eieSkt. bodháyati ‘awaken, draw attention’

{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 139). See also: *b³ustì; *b&d˜ti; *b&¸dr&

*buj adj. jo ‘mad, foolish’ CS W

OCS bui OCz. buj

PIE

*boHu-

ESSJa III 84-85

See also: *buj%n&

*bujn adj. o ‘stormy’ CS E W S

CS buino adv. ‘boldly’ Ru. bújnyj ‘wild, tempestuous’ Cz. bujný ‘lush, tempestuous’; Slk. bujný ‘lush’; Pl. bujny ‘lush’ SCr. bjan ‘wild, stormy’; Sln. bújŠn ‘luxuriant, lush’

PIE Cogn.

*boHuSkt. bhyn ‘bigger, stronger’

ESSJa III 86

See also: *buj%

*bùa; bùra f. j# (a) ‘storm’ CS E W S

OCS burja ‘storm’ Ru. búrja ‘storm’ Cz. bou•e ‘storm’; Slk. búra ‘thunderstorm’; bura (Kálal) ‘north wind’; Pl. burza ‘storm, thunderstorm’ SCr. bµra ‘stormwind’; ak. bµra (Vrg.) ‘north wind’; bµra (Orb.) ‘northeast wind’; Sln. búrja ‘northeast wind, impetuous person’; Bulg. búrja ‘storm’

BSl.

*bou‹r- (*bo‹ur-) Latv. ba`uôt ‘bellow (said of oxen)’

Cogn.

Nw. bra ‘bellow (said of raging oxen)’

*bd ti v. (c?) ‘be awake’ CS E W

ESSJa III 97-98

ESSJa III 109

OCS b"dYti ‘be awake, keep watch’, 1sg. b"žd0, 2sg. b"diši Ru. bdet’ (arch.) ‘keep watch, keep vigil’, 2sg. bdiš’ {1} Cz. bdíti ‘awake, keep watch’; Slk. bdieŸ ‘awake, keep watch, follow’; LSrb. b]eZ (Jakub.) ‘awake, keep watch’

*b&rt%; *b&rt&

69

S

SCr. bdjti (arch.) ‘be awake, keep watch’; Sln. bŠd—6ti ‘be awake, keep watch’, 1sg. bŠdím; bd—6ti ‘be awake, keep watch’, 1sg. bdím; Bulg. bdja ‘awake, keep watch’

BSl. B

*budLith. budAti ‘be awake, keep watch’

PIE

*bud-

{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 139). See also: *b³ustì; *budìti; *b&¸dr&

*bdr; *bd adj. o; adj. jo (b) ‘alert, cheerful’

ESSJa III 111-112

CS E S

OCS b"dr" ‘cheerful’; b!ždrej0 (Supr.) Isg. f. ‘cheerful’ Ru. bódryj ‘cheerful’; bodr ‘cheerful’, f. bodrá, n. bódro {1} SCr. b;dar ‘cheerful, alert’; b«dar ‘cheerful, alert’; bòdar ‘cheerful, alert’; Sln. bdŠr ‘cheerful, lively’; Bulg. bód‘r ‘fresh, cheerful, awake’

BSl. B

*budros Lith. budrùs 4 ‘vigilant’

PIE

*bud-ro-

{1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *b³usti; *buditi; *b&d˜ti

*brna f. # ‘snout(?)’

ESSJa III 130

S

Sln. b¼na (Steiermark) ‘carnival mask depicting an animal’; Bulg. b¹rna ‘lip’; Mcd. brna ‘nose-ring (of animals)’

BSl. B

*bur‹na‹ Lith. burnà f. 3 ‘mouth, face’; Latv. purKns m. ‘snout’

Cogn.

Arm. beran ‘mouth’

The root can be reconstructed as a zero grade *brH-, wich may be identical with the root of Lat. forre, OHG born ‘perforate’. For the initial p of the Latvian form, see Kiparsky 1968. See also: *borna I; *b&rt%; *b&rt&

*brt; *brt f. i; m. o ‘hive of wild bees’ E

W

ESSJa III 132-133

Ru. bort’ f. ‘wild beehive’; ORu. b"rt! f. ‘log for bees, tree with a beehive’; bort! f. ‘log for bees, tree with a beehive’; Bel. borc’ f. ‘wild beehive’; Ukr. bort m. ‘wild beehive’; bort’ m.( jo) ‘wild beehive’; bort’ (dial.) f. ‘natural or artificial beehive in a tree, opening in a hive for viewing bees, wild family of bees living in a hollow tree-trunk’ (other dialect forms are bôrt’ f. and bort) Cz. brŸ f. ‘wild beehive, (dial.) opening in or section of a beehive’; OCz. brt f. ‘beehive (also of wild bees)’; Slk. brt m. ‘opening in a beehive’; Pl. bar\ f. ‘wild beehive’

*b&rzd&

70 S

Sln. brt m. ‘hollow tree with bees’ (possibly of Czech origin)

PIE Cogn.

*brH-tLat. formen n. ‘opening’

See also: *borna I; *b&rna

*brzd adj. o ‘fast’ CS E

RuCS borzdo adv. ‘fast’ ORu. borzdo adv. ‘fast’; OBel. borzdyj adj. ‘fast’

BSl. B

*burzdLith. burzdùs ‘agile, active’; bruzdùs ‘agile, busy’

ESSJa III 135-136

The distribution of *b"rzd" (cf. ' *b"4rz") suggests that the sequence *-zd- may be due to Baltic influence. On the other hand, we find a form brzdìca (Vuk) ‘rapid, strong current’ in Serbo-Croatian. *brz adj. o (c) ‘fast’ CS E W

S

ESSJa III 137-139

OCS br!zo (Supr.) adv. ‘quickly’ Ru. bórzyj (obs., poet.) adj. ‘fast, fleet’; bórzyj (dial.) adj. ‘bold, dexterous, daring’; borzój (dial.) adj. ‘bold, dexterous, violent’ Cz. brzo adv. ‘soon, early’; brzy adv. ‘soon, early’; OCz. brzý adj. ‘fast’; brzo adj. ‘quickly, immediately’; Pl. bardzo adv. ‘very’; barzo (dial.) adv. ‘quickly’; OPl. barzy adj. ‘fast’; Slnc. bˆrz‰ adv. ‘very’ SCr. bÂz adj. ‘fast’, f. b¼za; ak. bÃz (Vrg.) adj. ‘fast’, f. brz;, n. bÃzo; Sln. brQz adj. ‘fast, quick’; Bulg. br‘z adj. ‘fast, quick’; b‘rz adj. ‘fast, quick’

Since Gk. £ ¼‡ ‘short’ and Skt. múhur ‘suddenly’ reflect *mru-, a connection with these forms is dubious. Lat. festnre ‘hurry’, W brys m. ‘haste, speed’ probably continue *bris- (Schrijver 1990) and must therefore be kept apart as well. See also: *b&rzd&

*bydlo n. o

ESSJa III 147

E W

Ru. býdlo ‘cattle’; ORu. bydlo ‘animal’; Bel. býdlo ‘cattle’; Ukr. býdlo ‘cattle’ Cz. bydlo ‘existence, abode’; Slk. bydlo ‘abode, residence’; Pl. bydo ‘cattle’; OPl. bydo ‘existence, abode, possessions’; Slnc. bÄdl‰ ‘steer, young bull, bullock’

BSl. B

*b‹utló Lith. bklas m. ‘abode, den’; bkla f. ‘residence, existence’

PIE

*bHu-tlom

The formation is comparable to Gk. ‡• ‘race’, OE botl n. ‘dwelling, house’. The East Slavic forms are borrowings from Polish. See also: *bàviti; *byl%je; *b str&; *b ti; *byt%je; *byvati

*byt%je *bylje io CS E W S

71 ESSJa III 150

OCS bylije n.(io) ‘herbs, plants’ Ru. byl’ë (obs.) n.(io) ‘grass’ Cz. býlí n.(io) ‘weed’; Slk. býlie n.(io) ‘herbs’; OPl. byle n.(io) ‘weed’ SCr. blje n.( jo) ‘plants, grass’; Sln. blje n.( jo) ‘plants, grass, stalks’

Derivative of ' *b+ti. *bstr adj. o (a) ‘quick’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 153-154

OCS bystr" ‘quick’ Ru. býstryj ‘quick’ Cz. bystrý ‘quick, sharp-witted’; Slk. bystrý ‘quick, sharp-witted’; Pl. bystry ‘quick, sharp-witted’ SCr. b›star ‘clear, transparent, quick’; Sln. bístŠr ‘quick, vivacious, transparent’; Bulg. bíst‘r ‘clear, transparent’

Attempts have been made to connect *b+str" with ' b"Qdr" ‘cheerful, lively’, which derives from PIE *bud-. This etymology fails to provide an explanation for the acute *y, however. We could assume that the root is simply *by- ‘be’, but in that case the origin of the suffix would be unclear. In my opinion, it is not unattractive to assume a connection with Skt. bhšati ‘support, be active, strengthen’, the root of which is probably an s-enlargement of *bHu- ‘be’. See also: *bàviti; *bydlo; *byl%je; *byti; *byt%je; *byvati

*bti v. (a) ‘be’

ESSJa III 155

CS E W S

OCS byti, 1sg. b0d0 Ru. byt’, 1sg. búdu Cz. býti, 1sg. budu; Slk. byŸ, 1sg. budem; Pl. by\, 1sg. b
BSl. B

*b‹uLith. bti; Latv. bût

PIE Cogn.

*bHuSkt. bhávati ‘be, become’; Gk. ‡ « ‘grow, become’; OLat. f 1sg. pf. ‘was’; OIr. buith f. ‘being’

For a justification of the reconstruction of the root as *bHu-, see Kortlandt 1975a (3, 81) and Schrijver 1991 (228, 512, 526). The AP refers to the (perfective) present *b0d0. The present forms that derive from PIE *h&es- are discussed separately ('*esm!, etc.). See also: *bàviti; *bydlo; *byl%je; *bystr&; *byt%je; *byvati

*bytje n. io ‘existence’ CS E W

OCS bytije ‘existence, origin’ Ru. byt’ë (obs.) ‘way of life’ Cz. byŸ ‘existence’; Slk. bytie ‘existence’; Pl. bycie ‘existence’

ESSJa III 157-157

*byvati

72 S

SCr. bí\e ‘being, existence’; Sln. bítje ‘existence, state, being’; Bulg. bitié ‘existence’

B

Lith. btìs f.(i) ‘being, existence’

Deverbative noun in *-ti-o-. See also: *bàviti; *bydlo; *byl%je; *bystr&; *byti; *byvati

*byvati v. ‘be, happen’

ESSJa III 157-158

CS E W S

OCS byvati ‘become, be’, 1sg. byvaj0 Ru. byvát’ ‘happen, be’ Cz. bývati ‘happen, be’; Pl. bywa\ ‘be often, frequent, happen’ SCr. bívati ‘happen, be’; ak. bv;t (Orb.) ‘be, dwell, live (somewhere)’, 1sg. b§van; Sln. bívati ‘be, exist, happen, live’, 1sg. bívam; Bulg. bívam ‘be, exist, happen’

B

Lith. buvóti ‘be’

PIE

*bHu-

See also: *bàviti; *bydlo; *byl%je; *b str&; *b ti; *byt%je

*b elà f. # (b) ‘bee’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 104-105

OCS b!ela (Ps. Sin.); b"ela (Mar., Ass.) {1} Ru. pelá; belá (dial.); bželá (dial.); Ukr. bdžolá; polá Cz. vela; Slk. vela {2}; Pl. pszczoa; pczoa (dial., arch.); pczea (arch.); USrb. pola; wola; LSrb. coa; pcoa (arch.); Plb. cel‘ SCr. pèla; èla; ak. la (Vrg.); el; (Novi); lica (Orb.); Sln. bŠ<4la; b<4la; Šb<4la; Šb<4la; <4la; m<4la; Bulg. pelá

BSl. B

*bi-t-; *bi-kel-eh' Lith. bìtF f.(!) 2; Latv. bite f.(!) OPr. bitte

PIE Cogn.

*biOIc. bý n.; MoDu. bij; OHG bini n.; ba f.; OE bo f.; OIr. bech m.

The North European root *bi occurs with various suffixes. The *-k- of the Slavic forms is also found in OIr. bech < *bi-ko-. The main alternative etymology starts from PSl. *b"ela and advocates a connection with *buati ‘make a loud noise, roar’. This is the etymology preferred by S awski (SP I: 456-457). {1} The variant b!ela occurs only once, but considering that b"ela is almost as rare, it is impossible to conclude on the basis of Old Church Slavic which is the original form. {2} Slovak dialect forms have an anlaut p-, f-, pš- or -.

*blniti; *blnovati v. S

ESSJa III 159

SCr. búniti se ‘be mistaken’; bunòvati ‘rave’; Bulg. b‘lnúvam ‘day-dream, rave’

*capati

73

See ' *b!ln". *bln; *blnika m. o; f. # ‘henbane’

ESSJa III 159

S

SCr. bn m., Gsg. búna; bùnika f.; ak. bun›ka (Vrg.) f.; Bulg. buníka (dial.) f.

PIE Cogn.

*bl-nOE beolone, beolene, belene f.; OS bilene f.; Dan. (early) bylne, buln-urt; Gaul. £• ¤ Œ Asg.; Gaul. BELENO Dsg. ‘name of a divinity’

See also: *bel(e)n&; *belena; *bel(e)niti; *belnovati; *b%lniti; *b%lnovati; *bolniti

*brati v. ‘take’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 162-163

OCS b!rati ‘gather, select’, 1sg. ber0 Ru. brat’ ‘take’, 1sg. berú, 3sg. berët; Ukr. bráty ‘take’, 1sg. berú Cz. bráti ‘take’; Slk. braŸ ‘take’; Pl. bra\ ‘take’; USrb. bra\ ‘take, steal’; LSrb. braZ ‘take’ SCr. br;ti ‘gather’, 1sg. brm; ak. br;ti (Vrg.) ‘gather’, 1sg. breš; br;t (Orb.) ‘pick, gather, collect’, 1sg. bren; Sln. bráti ‘gather, pick, read, take’, 1sg. bérem

BSl. B

*berLith. berti ‘scatter’; Latv. bÅrt ‘id.’

PIE Cogn.

*ber-e/oGk. ª[ ‘bear, carry’; Skt. bhárati ‘id.’; Lat. fer ‘id.’; Go. bairan ‘id.’

See also: *bèrdj%; *bèrm‚

*brg m. o

ESSJa III 167

W

Cz. brh (obs.) ‘heap, shock, stack, quantity, net’; OCz. brh ‘cave, hut, tent’; Slk. brh ‘stack’; OPl. barg (bark) ‘stack, rick’

PIE

*brg-o-

See also: *bergti; *b¥rg&

*C *capati v. ‘tramp’ E W S

ESSJa III 12-13

Ru. cápat’ ‘seize, snatch, scratch’, cápaju Cz. capati (Kott) ‘push, stamp’; capat (dial.) ‘walk with difficulty’; cápat (dial.) ‘stamp, wade’; Slk. cápaŸ ‘beat, tramp, wade’; Pl. capa\ ‘seize, grab’ Sln. capáti ‘wade, tramp’, 1sg. capm; Bulg. cápam ‘soil, wade through water or mud’; Mcd. capa ‘seize, grab, bite (of fish), tramp through mud’

*c˜

74

We may distinguish two basic meanings, viz. ‘tramp, wade’ and ‘seize’. The latter meaning is reminiscent of *gabati and *xapati and may be secondary, cf. ' *xabiti. The anlaut *c-, which cannot be regular, may originate from an interjection cap. *c conj.

ESSJa III 173

CS

OCS cY ‘and, also, (and) besides, though’; RuCS cY ‘though, however’

BSl. B

*koi Lith. ka§ ‘when’; Latv. kâ(i) ‘when’ OPr. kai ‘when’

PIE

*koi

*c dìti v. (c) ‘strain, filter’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 174-175

CS cYditi ‘strain, filter’ Ru. cedít’ ‘strain, filter’, 1sg. cežú, 3sg. cédit {1} Cz. cediti ‘strain, filter’; Slk. cediŸ ‘strain, filter’; Pl. cedzi\ ‘strain, filter’; Slnc. cìe^®c ‘strain, filter’; USrb. cyd]i\ ‘strain, filter’ SCr. cijèditi ‘strain, filter’, 1sg. c›jedm; ak. cd›ti (Vrg.) ‘strain, filter’, 2sg. c§dš; c£ed›t (Vrg.) ‘sift, sieve, drain, strain off ’, 1sg. c£ din; Sln. c—díti ‘strain, filter, drip’, 1sg. c—dím; Bulg. cedjá ‘strain, filter’

BSl. B

*(s)koi‹dLith. skíesti ‘separate, dilute’; Latv. š™iêst ‘scatter, spill, cut’

PIE Cogn.

*(s)koidOIc. skíta ‘shit’

{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). See also: *c˜stiti; *istiti; *ìst&

*c lìti v. (c) ‘heal, cure’

ESSJa III 178

CS E W S

OCS cYliti ‘heal, cure’, 1sg. cYlj0 Ru. celít’ (obs.) ‘heal, cure’, 1sg. celjú, 3sg. celít; Ukr. cilýty ‘heal’ Cz. celiti ‘heal, cure’; USrb. cyli\ ‘heal, complete’ SCr. cijèliti ‘heal, cure’, 1sg. c›jelm; Sln. c—6liti ‘heal, cure’, 1sg. c—6lim

PIE Cogn.

*kailGo. ( ga)hailjan ‘heal’

Derivative of ' *cÆl". See also: *c˜lovati

*c lovàti v. ‘greet, kiss’ CS E W

ESSJa III 178

OCS cYlovati ‘greet, kiss’, 1sg. cYluj0 Ru. celovát’ ‘kiss’, 1sg. celúju Cz. celovati (poet.) ‘kiss’; Slk. celovaŸ (poet.) ‘kiss’; Pl. caowa\ ‘kiss’

*c˜nìti S

75

SCr. cjelòvati (rare) ‘kiss’, 1sg. cjèlujm; Sln. c—lováti ‘kiss’, 1sg. c—ljem (according to Pleteršnik (I: 77), this is a borrowing from Serbo-Croatian)

Derivative of ' *cÆl". The original meaning must have been ‘greet’, cf. Go. hails ‘hail!’, OPr. kayle ‘id.’ in the Basel epigram. *cl adj. o (c) ‘whole’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 179-180

OCS cYl" ‘whole, healthy’ Ru. célyj ‘whole, entire’; célyj ‘safe, intact’, f. celá, n. célo {1}; ORu. kYl" (Novg.) ‘whole’ Cz. celý ‘whole’; Slk. celý ‘whole’; Pl. cay ‘whole’ SCr. c›jel, c›o ‘whole’, f. cijèla; ak. c(l ) (Vrg.) ‘whole’, f. cl;, n. clo, Npl. c§l; c£=(l ) (Orb.) ‘whole’, f. c£el;, n. c£=lo; Sln. c¤ ‘whole’; Bulg. cjal ‘whole’

BSl. B

*kailos OPr. kailstiskan Asg. ‘health’

PIE Cogn.

*kailoGo. hails ‘healthy, whole’

{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). See also: *c˜liti; *c˜lovati

*c nà f. # (c) ‘price, value’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 182

OCS cYna Ru. cená, Asg. cénu, Npl. cény; cená, Asg. cenú, Npl. cény {1}; Ukr. ciná, Asg. cinú Cz. cena; Slk. cena; Pl. cena SCr. cijèna, Asg. cijènu; ak. cn; (Vrg.), Asg. cnµ; cn; (Hvar), Asg. cnu, Asg. cnµ; cn; (Novi), Asg. cnµ; c£=no (Orb.) Asg.; Sln. c—6na; Bulg. cená

BSl. B

*koina‹ Lith. káina f. 1 ‘price, value’; Latv. cìens m. ‘honour, respect’

PIE Cogn.

*koi-neh' Gk. « ½ f. ‘penance, penalty’; Av. kan f. ‘penance, penalty’

{1} The variant with mobile stress is also attested in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138), 17th and 18th century texts, 18th and 19th century poetry and in dialects. See also: *c˜nìti; *kajati

*c nìti v. ‘evaluate, value’ CS E W S

ESSJa III 182-183

OCS cYniti ‘evaluate, value’, 1sg. cYnj0 Ru. cenít’ ‘evaluate, value’, 1sg. cenjú, 3sg. cénit Cz. ceniti ‘estimate, evaluate’; Slk. ceniŸ ‘estimate, evaluate’; Pl. ceni\ ‘estimate, evaluate, price’ SCr. cijeniti ‘evaluate, value’; Sln. c—6niti ‘evaluate, value’, 1sg. c—6nim; Bulg. cenjá ‘evaluate, value’

*c¨sta

76 BSl. B

*koinLith. káininti ‘price, value’; Latv. cìenît ‘respect’

A derivative of '*cYnà. See also: *c˜nà; *kajati

*csta f. # (a) ‘road’ CS W S

ESSJa III 188

OCS cYsta (Ps. Sin. MS 2/N) ‘road; RuCS cYsta ‘road, street’ Cz. cesta ‘road’; OCz. cYsta ‘road’; Slk. cesta ‘road, street, journey’ SCr. csta ‘road’; ak. csta (Vrg.) {1} ‘road’; csta (Orb.) ‘road’; Sln. c—6sta ‘road, street’

Probably the best etymology stems from Zubatý (1894: 385), who connected *c¾sta with Lith. káišti ‘scrape’. In this view the road is a worn path, cf. Lat. via trta (ESSJa s.v.) or Pl. utarta droga (Fraenkel I: 205). {1} According to Juriši, this word has only recently come into use. *c stiti v. CS S

OCS cYstiti ‘castrate’; RuCS cYstiti ‘clean’ Sln. c—6stiti ‘castrate, (listje) tear off ’

BSl. B

*(s)koi‹dLith. skaistùs 3/4 ‘bright’; Latv. ska§sts ‘beautiful, pretty’

PIE

*(s)koid-

ESSJa III 189

See also: *c˜dìti; *istiti; *ìst&

*cvà f. # (b) ‘shin-bone, tube, bobbin, spool’ E W S

ESSJa III 190-191

Ru. cévka ‘bobbin, spool, (esp. hollow) bone, (dial.) shin-bone’; kévka (Arx., Psk.) ‘bobbin, spool, (esp. hollow) bone, (dial.) shin-bone’ {1} Cz. céva ‘vein’; OCz. cYva ‘tube, spool’; cieva ‘tube, spool’; cievka ‘small tube’; Slk. cieva ‘tube, vein’; USrb. cywa ‘spool, reed’ ak. cva (Vrg.) ‘bobbin, spool’; Sln. c¤vka ‘bobbin, spool’

BSl. B

*koi-u-a‹; *˜oi-u-a‹ Lith. šaivà 4 ‘spool’; šeivà 2/4 ‘spool, forearm, shin(-bone)’; Latv. sa§va ‘bobbin’; sa§ve f.(!) ‘bobbin’ {2}

PIE Cogn.

*koi-uSkt. aš¿hvá(nt)- m. ‘shin’ {3}; Est. kääv ‘spool’; OHG scina f. ‘shin’; OE sca m. ‘shin’

Apparently, the Baltic evidence points to *˜-, while Slavic points to *k, with *c- < *kas a result of the second palatalization. The plain velar must have originated in root variants with an s mobile. {1} North Russian attestations of this root showing initial k- are presented in Nikolaev 1988: 142-143, cf. Anikin 1998: 115. {2} Much better attested are sàiva², saîva², sàive² and saîve². {3} This may be a compound containing *ast- and *\ua- (see Lubotsky 2002).

*ad&

77

See also: *c¬v%; *c˜v%nica

*cv f. i (c) ‘tube, spool’ E W S

ESSJa III 193

Ru. kev’ (Psk.) f. ‘handle of a flail’ {1}; cev!ë n.(io) ‘fore-end (of rifle-stock), pivot’; ORu. cYv! f. ‘spool’; cYvije n.(io) ‘handle’ OCz. cYv f. ‘tube, spool’; ciev f. ‘tube, spool’ SCr. c›jev f. ‘tube, spool, shin-bone’; Sln. c¤v f. ‘tube, pipe, spool, thigh-bone, blood vessel’, Gsg. c—v; Bulg. cev f. ‘tube’

BSl.

*koi-u-i-; *˜oi-u-i-

PIE

*koi-u-

See ' *c©và. {1} North Russian attestations of this root showing initial k- are presented in Nikolaev 1988: 142-143.

*c vnica f. j# ‘reed, flute’ CS W S

ESSJa III 193

OCS cYv!nica ‘lyre’ Cz. cevnice (Jg.) ‘reed’ SCr. cjevànica ‘shin’; cjevnica ‘shin-bone, flute’; Sln. c¤vnica ‘organ’

See ' *c©và.

 * àdj; * àdja m. jo; f. j# (a) ‘smoke, soot’ W S

ESSJa IV 9

Slk. adza (dial.) f.( j#) ‘smoke, soot’ SCr. ¢ f.(i) ‘soot’; ;¢a f.( j#) ‘fumes, soot’; ak. ;¢a (Vrg.) f.( j#) ‘soot’; s;je (Novi) Npl. f.( j#) ‘soot’; s;ji (Orb.) Npl. f.( j#) ‘soot’; Sln. áj m.( jo) ‘vapour, haze, abscess’

See ' *ad". * ad m. o (a? c?) ‘smoke, fumes’

ESSJa IV 9-10

E W S

Ru. ad ‘fumes, intoxication’, Gsg. áda Cz. ad ‘fumes’; Pl. czad ‘fumes, soot’; Slnc. ªud ‘smoke, fumes’, Gsg. ãdu– SCr. ;d (RJA: 17th-18th c.) ‘fumes, soot’; Sln. d ‘smoke, fumes’

PIE

*k()d-o-

The accent paradigm of *ad" cannot be determined with certainty. Bogatyrev (1995: 29) slightly prefers (a) to (c). Since the etymology is also unclear, there are a number of possible reconstructions, e.g. *k()ed-o-, k()eh&d()-o- or – if AP (a) is secondary – k()d()-o-. See also ' *kadìti. See also: *adj%; *adja; *kadidlo

*àjati

78 * àjati v. (a) CS E S

OCS ajati ‘expect, thirst for, hope for’, 1sg. aj0 Ru. ájat’ ‘expect, hope for’, 1sg. áju, 3sg. áet {1} SCr. ;jati ‘wait’; Sln. jati ‘wait’, 1sg. jem

PIE Cogn.

*keh&i-e/oSkt. cyati ‘perceive, observe’; Gk. Œ[ ‘esteem, respect highly’

ESSJa IV 10-11

Its has been a matter of dispute (see LIV: 377) whether or not the root contains a laryngeal. Even though Dybo (1968: 205, 234, 236) classifies *ajati as (c), it seems to me that the evidence warrants the reconstruction of AP (a), which in my framework implies the former presence of a laryngeal. {1} Also AP (a) in Old Russian, with traces of (c) (Zaliznjak 1985: 133). * akati v. ‘wait, await, expect’ W

S

ESSJa IV 13

OCz. akati ‘wait, await’; Slk. akaŸ ‘wait, await’; Pl. czaka\ (Sil. dial.) ‘wait, await’; OPl. czaka\ ‘wait, await’; USrb. aka\ ‘wait, await’; LSrb. akaZ ‘wait, await’ SCr. ;kati (RJA) ‘wait, await, expect’; Kajk. «kati (Bednja) ‘wait, await, expect’, 1sg. okam; Sln. ákati ‘wait, await’, 1sg. ákam; Bulg. ákam ‘wait, await’

It is tempting to assume that *akati and ' *ajati contain the same basic root (cf. Meillet Ét. I: 163), but this hypothesis does not explain the variation between *akati and ' *ekati. * ara f. # ‘magic, sorcery’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 22

RuCS ara ‘sorcery’ ORu. ara ‘sorcery’ Slnc. a•å ‘magic, sorcery’ SCr. ara ‘magic, sorcery’; Sln. ára ‘magic, sorcery, sorceress’

See ' *ar". * arod j m. jo ‘enchanter, sorcerer’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 24

OCS arodYi ‘enchanter, magician’ Ru. arodéj ‘enchanter, magician’ Cz. arodYj ‘enchanter, magician, sorcerer’; Pl. czarodziej ‘enchanter, magician, sorcerer’ SCr. aròdjej (arch., obs.) ‘enchanter, magician, sorcerer’; Sln. arod—Qj ‘sorcerer’, Gsg. arod—6ja; Bulg. arodéj ‘sorcerer’

Compound of *aro- < *kr-o- and *dYj! < *deh&-i-o-. * ar m. o ‘magic, sorcery’ CS

OCS ary (Euch.) Apl. ‘magic, sorcery’

ESSJa IV 26

*ekati E W

79

S

Ru. áry Npl. ‘magic, enchantment’ Cz. áry Npl. ‘magic, sorcery’ {1}; OCz. áry Npl. ‘magic, sorcery’ {1}; Slk. ar (poet.) ‘charm, enchantment’, Npl. ary ‘magic, sorcery’; Pl. czar ‘charm, enchantment’, Npl. czary ‘magic, sorcery’ Sln. r ‘sorcery, magic’; Bulg. ar ‘charm, magic’

BSl. B

*kr-/*kerLith. kera§ Npl. m.(o) ‘sorcery’

PIE Cogn.

*kr-oSkt. kr¥Áóti ‘make’

Unlike Baltic, Slavic has a lengthened grade vowel in the word for ‘sorcery’. It is possible that *ar" and *ara continue a root noun (cf. Kortlandt 1985b). {1} The singular ár is uncommon. The SSJ also mentions ár or ar (poet.) ‘unusual beauty, magical appeal’.

* às m. o (a) ‘time’

ESSJa IV 27-30

CS E W S

OCS as" ‘time, moment, hour’ Ru. as ‘hour, moment’, Gsg. ása, Npl. asý {1} Cz. as ‘time, weather’; Slk. as ‘time, weather’; Pl. czas ‘time’; Slnc. ˆs ‘time’ SCr. ;s ‘moment’; ak. ;s (Vrg., Novi) ‘moment’, Gsg. ;sa; Sln. às ‘time’, Gsg. ása; Bulg. as ‘hour’

BSl. B

*ke‹sOPr. ksman Asg. ‘time’

The root may be reconstructed as *k()eh&s-, but it has been suggested that the *s belongs to the suffix, the root *k (i.e. *keh&) being a variant of *k(i), cf. Skt. cyati. For the latter verb I have reconstructed *keh&i-e/o- (' *àjati). The connection with Alb. kóhë f. ‘time, season, weather’ is not straightforward (cf. Kortlandt 1987: 222, Demiraj 1997: 221-222). {1} AP (a) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 134). * ekati v. ‘wait, await, expect’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 36-37

CS ekati (Venc.) ‘wait, await’ Ru. ekát’ (S., W. dial.) ‘wait, await’; Ukr. ekáty ‘wait, await’ Cz. ekati ‘wait, await’; OCz. ekati ‘wait, await’; káti ‘wait, await’; Pl. czeka\ ‘wait, await’ SCr. kati ‘wait, await, expect’, 1sg. km; ak. kati (Vrg.) ‘wait, await, expect’, 2sg. k”š; kat (Orb.) ‘wait’, 1sg. kan; Mcd. eka ‘wait, await’

Stang (1961: 68-69) has suggested that ekati is cognate with OPr. kackint ‘attain’, Lith. kàkti ‘be sufficient’ (cf. Toporov PJ 1980: 162-163 for the semantic development). In Slavic, we may originally have had *ekti alongside the intensive *Ykati. According to an older etymology (cf. Vasmer s.v. ekát’), *eka- is a reduplicated variant of the root *keh'- that we find in Lat. crus ‘dear’, MHG huore ‘whore’ (note, however, that according to Schrijver (1991: 95, 112), the -r- belongs to the root here). It seems to me

*eles%n&

80

that Stang’s scenario is preferable because it offers a solution for the variation *ek-/ak-. See also: *akati

* elesn adj. o ‘top’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 39

RuCS eles!nyj ‘main, principal, top’ ORu. eles!nyj ‘main, principal, top’ OCz. eles(e)n m. ‘oven’ Sln. el<4sŠn ‘main, principal, top’

The stem shape el-es- is probably secondary. See also: *elò; *elov˜k&; *e³ad%; *kol¨no

* ead f. i ‘servants’ CS E W S B

ESSJa IV 40-42

OCS elYdij0 (Mar.) Isg. ‘servants’ Ru. éljad’ ‘servants’ Cz. eled’ ‘servants’; Slk. e¯ad’ ‘family, members of a household, hired workers’; Pl. czelad] ‘servants’ SCr. ljd ‘servants, family’; ak. lj”d (Vrg.) ‘servants, family’; Sln. éljad ‘children, servants’ Lith. kiltìs f.(i) 4 ‘tribe’; Latv. ciRts f.(i) ‘tribe, origin’

See ' *kol¾no. * elò n. o (b) ‘forehead’ CS W S

ESSJa IV 45-47

OCS elo ‘forehead’ Cz. elo ‘forehead, front’; Slk. elo ‘forehead, front’; Pl. czoo ‘forehead, front’ SCr. èlo ‘forehead’; ak. el« (Vrg.) ‘forehead’; el« (Novi) ‘forehead’, Npl. la; el« (Hvar) ‘forehead’, Npl. el;; el« (Orb.) ‘forehead, brow’, Npl. £ la; Sln. élJ ‘forehead, front’; Bulg. eló ‘forehead’

A neuter o-stem derived from *kelH- ‘lift’. See also: *eles%n&; *e³ad%; *elov˜k&; *kol¨no

* elov k m. o ‘man’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 48-50

OCS lovYk" Ru. elovék, Gsg. elovéka; Ukr. olovík Cz. lovYk; Slk. lovek; Pl. czowiek SCr. òvjek, Gsg. òvjeka; «vjek, Gsg. ovjèka; ak. ov›k (Vrg.), Gsg. ov›ka; ov›k (Novi); ov›k {1} (Orb.), Gsg. ov›ka; Sln. lóv—k, Gsg. lov—6ka; Bulg. elovék; ovék

According to the tradional etymology, this is a compound of elo-, cf. Lith. k lias 4 ‘family, tribe, generation’, and *vYk", cf. Lith. va§kas 4 ‘child’. The variants with *l-

*erdà; *érd&

81

may continue *!l- with raising of *e to *! after a palatalized consonant in a pretonic syllable (cf. Kortlandt 1984-1985). {1} Less frequently ovk or šovk. See also: *eles%n&; *e³ad%; *elò; *kol¨no

* emerica; * emerika f. j#; f. # ‘hellebore’ E W S

ESSJa IV 52-53

Ru. emeríca Cz. eme•ice; Slk. emerica; Pl. ciemierzyca; OPl. czemierzyca SCr. emèrika; Sln. emeríka ‘hellebore, morose person’; Bulg. emeríka

See ' *emer", where also the non-Slavic plant-names are mentioned. The Slavic derivatives of *emer- denote both the highly toxic white hellebore (Veratrum album) and various species of Helleborus, which are also toxic. * emer; * emer m. o; m. jo ‘hellebore, poison’ CS E W

S

ESSJa IV 52-53

RuCS emer! ‘hellebore’ Ru. émer (dial.), émer’ (dial.) ‘crown (of head), forelock, headache, bellyache, horse’s disease’; émer (dial.) ‘poison, illness caused by poison’ Cz. emer ‘name of an illness, aversion’; Slk. emer ‘illness caused by coagulation of the blood, weakness’; Pl. czemier (dial.) ‘hellebore, stomachache (of a horse)’ SCr. mr ‘venom, anger’; ak. mer (Vrg.) ‘venom, anger’; Sln. em<6r ‘venom, anger, gall’; m—6r ‘venom, anger, gall’

BSl. B

*kemeroLith. k meras ‘hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabium), burr marigold’ (Bidens tripartita); Latv. cemeri_š ‘hellebore’

Cogn.

Gk. €¶  m. ‘larkspur (Delphinium)’; Gk. €¶()  n. ‘aconite’; OHG hemera f. ‘hellebore’

Undoubtedly a non-Indo-Europan plant-name. See also: *emerica; *emerika

* erdà; * érd f. #; m. o (b) ‘file, herd’ CS E

W S

BSl.

ESSJa IV 60-63

OCS rYda f. ‘order, herd’ Ru. eredá f. ‘sequence, file, bur-marigold, (obs.) turn, (dial.) herd of cattle’, Asg. eredú; eredá (dial.) f. ‘sequence, turn’, Asg. éredu; erëd m. ‘turn, (coll.) queue’; Ukr. éred m. ‘turn’ Cz. t•ída f. ‘row, turn, street’; Slk. rieda f. ‘herd’; Pl. trzoda f. ‘herd’; OPl. czrzoda f. ‘herd’; Slnc. st•¶ud‘ f. ‘herd’; USrb. rjóda f. ‘multitude’ SCr. réda f. ‘turn, sequence’; ak. rd; (Vrg.: obs.) f. ‘herd (of sheep)’; rd; (Novi) f. ‘herd (of sheep)’, Asg. r=du; Sln. r—6da f. ‘flock, herd, row’; Bulg. erdá f. ‘herd (of cattle)’ *(s )kerda‹

*erdìti

82 B

Lith. (s )kerdžius m.( ju) ‘herdsman, shepherd’ OPr. krdan Asg. ‘time’

Cogn.

Skt. Zárdha- m. ‘host (of Maruts)’; Skt. Zárdhas- n. ‘troop, host (of Maruts)’; Av. sarŠÇa- m./n. ‘kind, nature’; Go. hairda f. ‘herd’

On the basis of Balto-Slavic and Gothic we may reconstruct *(s)kerd-eh'. According to Mayrhofer (EWAia II: 619-620), the connection with the Indo-Aryan forms mentioned above is dubious, but cf. Lubotsky 2002: 22-23, where Mayrhofer’s semantic arguments are dismissed. See also: *erdìti

* erdìti v. (b) CS E W S

ESSJa IV 63

CS rYditi ‘receive, treat, satiate’ Ru. eredít’ (dial.) ‘clean, clear, treat, establish’ Cz. t•íditi ‘classify, sort’; st•íditi (Kott) ‘group, distribute’; USrb. rjód]i\ ‘pile up’ Sln. r—6diti ‘order, arrange’, 1sg. r¤dim

See ' *erdà. * ermxa; * ermša; * ermš; * ermuxa; * ermuša f. #; f. j#; f. i ‘ramson, bird cherry’ CS E

W

S

ESSJa IV 66-68

OCS rYmoš! (Ps. Dim.) f.(i?) ‘ramson’ Ru. erëmuxa ‘bird cherry’; erëmxa (dial.) ‘bird cherry’; eremšá ‘ramson’; ORu. erem"xa ‘bird cherry’; Ukr. erémuxa ‘bird cherry’; erémxa ‘bird cherry’ Cz. st•emcha ‘bird cherry’; ermucha (Jg.) ‘bird cherry’; OCz. t•Ymcha ‘bird cherry’; Slk. remcha ‘bird cherry’; Pl. trzemcha ‘bird cherry’; trzemucha ‘ramson, bird cherry’ SCr. cr›jemuša ‘ramson’; Sln. r<4mha ‘bird cherry’; r<4msa ‘bird cherry’; r<4moš m.( jo) ‘ramson’

BSl. B

*kerm-(o)uš-; *Zerm-(o)ušLith. kermuš (dial.) 3¾ ‘tip of a drill, top of a flail, ramson’

Cogn.

Gk. €¤ (Hom.), €¤ (Ion., Att.) n. ‘onion’; Gk. €ª¤ (Hsch.) n. ‘onion’; OIr. crem m. ‘dog’s leek, wild garlic leek, gentian, buckrams’; OE hramsa m. ‘ramson’

The variation between BSl. *k- and *Z- (cf. ' *serm"ša, etc.) points to an initial palatovelar. The plain velar may have arisen before *r. In this connection it should be noted that the cognates outside Balto-Slavic reflect *˜rem- or *˜rom- instead of *˜erm-. The suffix apparently contained an s. See also: *serm&ša; *sermuša

*ern& III; *er˜n&; *er˜n%

83

* ernovit m. o ‘molar’ CS

ESSJa -

RuCS rYnovit" ‘molar’; rYnovit!c! ‘molar’

See ' *ern" II, *ern! II. * ernov adj. o ‘molar’ CS W

ESSJa IV 68-69

OCS rYnov!nyj< (Ps. Sin.) Apl. m.(o) ‘molars’ Cz. t•enový (zub) ‘molar’; Slk. renový (zub) ‘molar’; Pl. (zb) trzonowy ‘molar’

See ' *ern" II, *ern! II. * ern I; * ern I m. o; m. jo (c) ‘handle’ CS E W S

RuCS rYn" Ru. éren’ (dial.) Pl. trzon; USrb. rona f. SCr. crn; Sln. r¤n

PIE Cogn.

*ker-noSkt. kárÁa- ‘ear’

ESSJa IV 69-70

See also: *k&rma I; *k&rn&

* ern II; * ern II m. o; m. jo (c) ‘stem, stub’

ESSJa IV 69-70

E W

Ru. éren (S. dial.) ‘molar’ Cz. t•eŽ ‘stem of a mushroom’; ren (dial.) ‘jaw, jaw-bone’; Slk. ren ‘molar’; Pl. trzon ‘stem of a mushroom, trunk’

BSl. B

*kerLith. k ras m. 4 ‘tree-stump, stub, bush, shrub’

PIE Cogn.

*k()er(H )-noOIr. cern f. ‘angle, corner’; W cern f. ‘cheekbone, side of the head’

If the Celtic forms mentioned above are cognate, the root must be *ker-. See also: *ernovit&; *ernov&; *koren%; *k&¹%

* ern III; * er n; * er n m. o; m. o; m. jo E

W S PIE

ESSJa IV 64-65

Ru. eren (Dal’) ‘salt pan’; ren (Dal’) ‘salt pan’; cerén (Dal’) ‘salt pan’; cren (Dal’) ‘salt pan’; ciren (Dal’) ‘salt pan’; éren (Arx.) ‘salt pan’; ORu. ceren" ‘tub for the extraction of salt’; Ukr. erín’ m.( jo) ‘stove bottom’; erín’ m./f.(i) ‘stove bottom’; erón (dial.) ‘stove bottom’, Gsg. erónu Cz. e•en ‘device for fishing’; OCz. e•Yn ‘mountain ridge, rafter, square fishing-net’; Slk. ereŽ m.( jo) ‘fishing-net’; Pl. trzon ‘stove bottom’ SCr. èrjen (dial.) ‘cap with air-hole on a stove, brazier on a hearth, small basket for drying grain on a hearth’; Sln. er—Qn ‘rocky place’, Gsg. er—6na *k()er-no-

*erpati

84

Illi-Svity (1963: §43) only mentions forms that may reflect *ern". Since Ru. cerén (Perm) might just as well continue *erYn, the evidence for AP (b) – and therefore for an old neuter – is weak, the most important piece of evidence probably being Ukr. eranó. The etymological connection with Gk. €ª  n./m. (also ¶ €ª Npl. n.) ‘earthen dish affixed with small pots for miscellaneous offerings’ is doubtful. * erpati v. ‘scoop, draw’ E S

ESSJa IV 71

ORu. erepati ‘scoop, draw’; Ukr. erépaty (dial.) ‘scoop, draw’ SCr. crèpati (Dubr.) ‘scoop, draw’; Sln. r—6pati ‘scoop, draw, gulp’, 1sg. r—6pam, 1sg. r—6pljem

See ' *erpti. * erpti v. ‘scoop, draw’

ESSJa IV 71-72

CS W

OCS porYti ‘scoop, draw’, 1sg. por!p0 Cz. •íti (Jg.) ‘scoop, draw’; OCz. •ieti ‘scoop, draw’, 1sg. ru; Slk. rieŸ (poet.) ‘gather’

BSl. B

*kerp-; *kirpLith. kirpti ‘chop, cut’, 1sg. kerpù

PIE Cogn.

*(s )kerpLat. carpere ‘pick, pluck’

Though the semantic development is not evident, I assume that *erp- continues PIE *(s )kerp- ‘cut off, tear off ’. See also: *erpati; *erp&; *%rpati

* rp m. o (c) CS E W

S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa IV 72

CS rYp" (Parim) ‘potsherd’ Ru. érep ‘skull’, Gsg. érepa; Bel. érap ‘skull’, Gsg. érapa; Ukr. érep ‘skull’, Gsg. érepa Cz. (s )t•ep ‘broken piece of pottery, fragment’; erep (arch., dial.) ‘broken piece of pottery’; Slk. rep ‘broken piece of pottery, vase, skull’; Pl. trzop (obs.) ‘potsherd, pot’ {1} SCr. cr›jep ‘broken piece of pottery, tile’; Sln. r¤p ‘shard, broken piece of pottery, jug, skull’; Bulg. érep ‘skull’ *(s )kerp-oOHG scirbi n. ‘potsherd’

Obviously derived from *(s )kerp-, cf. OHG scarbn ‘cut up’. {1} Ousted by czerep, which is of East Slavic origin. See also: *erpati; *erpti; *%rpati

* erslò n. o (b) ‘loin’ CS

OCS rYsla Npl. ‘loins’

ESSJa IV 74-75

*Àrvo E W

S BSl. B

85

Ru. eresló (dial.) ‘ploughshare’; éresla (dial.) Npl. ‘waist, groins’; Ukr. eresló ‘ploughshare’ Cz. (s)t•íslo ‘cortex, bark (used in tanning), planks, groin’; Slk. rieslo ‘lintel’; Pl. trzosa (arch.) Npl. ‘loins, groin’; trzósa (dial.) Npl. ‘loins, groin’; USrb. rjóso ‘ploughshare’ SCr. rijèslo ‘cortex, bark (used in tanning)’; Sln. r—6slJ ‘cortex, bark (used in tanning)’ *kersló Lith. kerslas m. ‘chisel, cutter’ OPr. kersle ‘axe with two blades’

Derivative of the root *(s)kert-. The suffix may be reconstructed as *-slom, but *-tlom is more attractive. It does not seem implausible that *kers-tlo- < *kert-tlo- became *kerslo- in Balto-Slavic. See also: *ersti; *ers&; *erz&; *%rtà; *kort&; *kort&k&

* ersti v. ‘carve, slash’

ESSJa IV 75-76

CS E

CS orYsti ‘carve’, 1sg. or"t0; RuCS !rsti ‘hew, slash’, 1sg. !rt0 ORu. !rsti ‘hew, slash’, 1sg. !rtu

BSl. B

*kert-; *kirtLith. kirsti ‘hew, slash’, 1sg. kertù; Latv. cìrst ‘hew, slash’, 1sg. cÅrtu

PIE Cogn.

*(s )kertSkt. kr¥ntáti ‘cut (off ), split, break’; OHG scrintan ‘split (intr.), burst’

See also: *erslo; *ers&; *erz&; *%rtà; *kort&; *kort&k&

* ers; * erz prep. ‘over, through’

ESSJa IV 76-77

CS E S

CS rYs" ‘through’ Ru. érez ‘over, through’; ORu. erez" ‘over, through’; eres ‘over, through’ SCr. rz (dial.) ‘through, by means of ’; Sln. r—Qz ‘over, beyond, against’; rèz ‘over, beyond, against’; Bulg. rez ‘through, by means of ’

BSl. B

*(s )kersoLith. (s)kersas adj. ‘transverse, cross’; (s )kersa§ adv. ‘across’; Latv. š™Årss adv. ‘transverse, cross, bad’

PIE

*(s )kert-

See also: *erslo; *ersti; *%rtà; *kort&; *kort&k&

* rvo n. o (c) ‘belly, intestine’ CS E W

ESSJa IV 82-83

OCS rYvo ‘belly, womb, (pl.) entrails’ Ru. erëvo (dial.) ‘belly, womb’; érevo (dial.) ‘belly’; Ukr. érevo (dial.) ‘belly’ Cz. st•evo ‘gut, intestine’; t•evo (Kott) ‘gut, intestine’; OCz. (s )t•Yvo ‘gut, intestine’; Slk. revo ‘gut, intestine’; Pl. trzewo ‘entrails, intestines’; USrb. rjewo ‘intestine’

*erv%je

86 S

SCr. crijèvo ‘gut, intestine’; ak. rvo (Vrg.) ‘gut, intestine’, Npl. r§va; rvo (Novi) ‘gut, intestine’, Npl. ríva; Sln. r—vº n.(s) ‘belly’, Gsg. rev¤sa; Bulg. ervó ‘intestine’

BSl. B

*ker-m/wOPr. krmens ‘body’

Cogn.

Skt. cárman- m. ‘hide, skin’

See also: *erv%je

* ervje n. io E W S

ESSJa IV 83-84

Ru. erëv’ja Npl. ‘belly’; ORu. erevije ‘hide from an animal’s belly, shoe’ Cz. t•evo (Kott) n.(o) ‘footwear’; st•eví (Kott) ‘footwear’; OCz. t•Yví ‘footwear’ Sln. r—6vje ‘intestines’

See also: *Àrvo

* esàti v. (b) ‘scratch, comb’

ESSJa IV 85-87

CS E W S

OCS esati ‘pick, pluck’, 1sg. eš0 Ru. esát’ ‘scratch, comb’, 1sg. ešú, 3sg. éšet Cz. esati ‘scratch, comb’; Slk. esaŸ ‘comb, hackle’; Pl. czesa\ ‘comb, hackle’ SCr. èsati ‘scratch, comb’, 1sg. šm; ak. es;ti (Vrg.) ‘scratch’, 2sg. šeš; es;t (Orb.) ‘comb’, 1sg. šen; Sln. ésati ‘tear, scratch, comb’, 1sg. —6šem

BSl. B

*kesLith. kàsti ‘dig, rake’; Latv. kast ‘rake’

PIE Cogn.

*kesHitt. kiszi v. ‘combs’; OIr. cír f. ‘comb’; OE heord f. ‘hair’

See also: *kasati; *kosa I; *kosm&; *kosn®ti

* esn; * esno; * esnk m. o; n. o; m. o ‘garlic’

ESSJa IV 89-90

E W S

Ru. esnók m.; ORu. esn"k" m. Cz. esnek m.; Slk. cesnak m.; Pl. czosnek m. SCr. èsan m.; èsno n.; ak. èsan (Orb.) m., Gsg. esn;; Sln. ésŠn m., Gsg. ésna; ésnŠk m., Gsg. ésŠnka, Gsg. ésnŠka; Bulg. és‘n m.

PIE Cogn.

*kesn-oOIr. cainnenn f. ‘leek’; W cennin pl. ‘leek’

As the Celtic forms point to *kasn-, it is likely that this etymon is not of IE origin (cf. Schrijver 1995: 456). * etver; * etvor num. ‘four’ CS E W

OCS etvor" ‘four’ Ru. étvero n. ‘four’ Cz. tverý ‘four’; Pl. czworo n. ‘four’

ESSJa IV 93-94

*èzn®ti

87

S

SCr. tver adj. ‘fourfold’; tvero n. ‘four’; tvoro n. ‘four’; ak. tvero (Vrg., Orb.) n. ‘four’; Sln. etv<4r adj. ‘four, quadruple’

BSl. B

*ketuer-; *ketuorLith. ketverì Npl. m. ‘four’

PIE Cogn.

*kétuer-; *kétuorSkt. catvras Npl. m.; catúras Apl. m.

See also: *etv%rt&; *etyre

* etvrt num. o ‘fourth’

ESSJa IV 95

CS E W S

OCS etvr!t" Ru. etvërtyj Cz. tvrtý; Pl. czwarty; OPl. cztwarty SCr. ètvrÈt; ak. etvÃt (Vrg.); etÃti (Orb.); Sln. et¼ti; Bulg. etv¹rti

BSl. B

*ketuer-; *ketuorLith. ketvirtas; ketvertas (OLith.); Latv. ceturKta§s

PIE Cogn.

*ketur-tHoSkt. caturthá- ‘fourth’

See also: *etver&; *etvor&; *etyre

* etre num. (a) ‘four’

ESSJa IV 97-98

CS E W S

OCS etyre Ru. etýre Cz. ty•i; Pl. cztery; OPl. cztyrze; czterzy SCr. ètiri; ak. et›ri (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. štírje, f./n. štíri; etírje, f./n. etíri; Bulg. etíri

BSl. B

*keturLith. keturì Npl. m.

PIE Cogn.

*kéturSkt. catvras Npl. m.; catúras Apl. m.

See also: *etver&; *etvor&; *etv%rt&

* èznti v. (a) ‘disappear’ E W S

ESSJa IV 100-101

Ru. éznut’ (dial.) ‘disappear, vanish, perish’; Ukr. éznuty ‘disappear, (dial.) perish’ Pl. czezn\ (obs.) ‘wither, disappear, vanish’ {1} SCr. znuti ‘thirst for, long for, yearn’, 1sg. znm; Bulg. ézna ‘disappear, vanish’

See ' *kazìti. {1} According to Bakowski (2000a: 229), this word was originally limited to the eastern dialects and must be considered a Ruthenianism.

*‚do; *‚da; *‚d&

88

* do; * da; * d n. o; f. #; m. o (a) ‘child’

ESSJa IV 102-104

CS E W S

OCS <do n. ‘child’ Ru. ádo (obs.) n. ‘child, offspring’ OCz. ad m. ‘little boy’; ád m. ‘little boy’; ada f. ‘little girl’; áda f. ‘little girl’ SCr. do (arch.) n. ‘child’; Bulg. édo n. ‘child’

PIE Cogn.

*k(e)n-doGk. € «  ‘new’; Lat. recns ‘new, fresh’; MW bachgen m. ‘boy’

See also: *‚d%; *kon&; *kon%c%; *na‚ti; *šen‚

* d f. i

ESSJa IV 104

CS E S

OCS 
PIE Cogn.

*k(e)n-diOIr. cenél n. ‘nation, tribe’

See also: *‚do; *‚da; *‚d&; *kon&; *kon%c%; *na‚ti; *šen‚

* st adj. o (c) ‘frequent, dense’ CS E W

ESSJa IV 106

S

OCS <st" ‘frequent, dense’; <sto adv. ‘often’ Ru. ástyj ‘frequent, close (together), dense’; ásto adv. ‘often’ Cz. astý ‘frequent’; asto adv. ‘often’; Slk. astý ‘frequent’; asto adv. ‘often’; Pl. cz<sty ‘frequent’; cz<sto adv. ‘often’ SCr. =st ‘frequent, dense’, f. ésta; Sln. <6stJ adv. ‘often’; Bulg. ésto adv. ‘often’

BSl. B

*kimZtoLith. ki8štas ‘packed, stuffed’

PIE

*km˜-to-

* st f. i (c) ‘part’ CS E W S

OCS <st! Ru. ast’ Cz. ást; est {1}; OCz. Yst; iest; Slk. asŸ; Pl. cz
BSl. B

*kin‹d- (*ken‹d-) Lith. kañdis m.(io) 2 ‘bite’

ESSJa IV 107-108

See ' *k0sati for a discussion of the root. {1} Cz. ást must have adopted the root vowel of the diminutive ástka (Verweij 1994: 518). * i conj. CS E W

ESSJa IV 109-110 CS i ‘because’; im! Isg. m.n. ‘what’ Ru. i (dial.) ‘if, or’ Cz. i ‘if ’; Pl. czy ‘if ’

*isti

89

S

SCr. i ‘if ’; Sln. ì ‘if ’

PIE Cogn.

*kiH Av.  adv. ‘how’; Lat. qu adv. ‘how, why’; OE hwyÈ, hw adv. ‘why’

* ixati; * xati v. ‘sneeze’ E W S

ESSJa IV 110

Ru. ixát’; xát’; Ukr. xáty Pl. czcha\ (dial.); czycha\ (dial.); USrb. icha\ Sln. íhati, 1sg. ham

See also: *k&xati; *k&xn®ti

* inìti v. (c) CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa IV 112-113

OCS initi ‘arrange, construct’, 1sg. inj0 Ru. inít’ ‘repair’, 1sg. injú, 3sg. ínit; inít’ ‘carry out, execute’, 1sg. injú, 3sg. inít Cz. initi ‘do, make, carry out, act’; Slk. iniŸ ‘do, make, carry out, act’; Pl. czyni\ ‘do, make, carry out, act’ SCr. ìniti ‘do, make, sift’, 1sg. ìnm; ak. in›ti (Vrg.) ‘do, make, (se) appear’, 2sg. in§š; in›ti (Orb.) ‘make, force’, 1sg. in§n; Sln. íniti ‘sift, do, bring about’, 1sg. nim; Bulg. ínja ‘do, cost’ *kei-nSkt. cinóti ‘gather, arrange, pile up’

In view of the *-n-, we seem to be dealing with a derivative of ' *n". * n m. o (c)

ESSJa IV 113-115

CS E W S

OCS in" ‘row, order, rank, rule’ Ru. in ‘rank, order, ceremony’, Gsg. ína Cz. in ‘affair, act, deed’; Slk. in ‘act, deed’; Pl. czyn ‘affair, act, deed’ SCr. n ‘appearance, form’; Sln. n ‘act, deed, (from Russian) rank’; Bulg. in ‘rank’

PIE Cogn.

*kei-noSkt. cinóti ‘gather, arrange, pile up’

See also: *inìti

* isti v.

ESSJa IV 119

CS W S

OCS isti ‘count, read, honour’, 1sg. !t0 {1} Cz. ísti ‘read’, 1sg. tu; OPl. czyZ\ ‘read’, 1sg. czt< SCr. ísti (13th-16th c.) ‘read’

BSl. B

*(s )keit-/*(s )kitLatv. š™ist ‘think, suppose, seem’, 1sg. š™ìetu

PIE Cogn.

*(s)k(e)itSkt. cétati ‘perceive, take notice of ’

*ìstiti

90

{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *itati; *%st%

* ìstiti v. (a) ‘clean, purify’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 120

OCS istiti, 1sg. išt0 Ru. ístit’, 1sg. íšu Cz. istiti; Slk. istiŸ; Pl. czyZci\ SCr. ›stiti ‘clean, sweep’; ak. ›stit (Orb.) ‘clean’; Sln. ístiti ‘clean, purify’, 1sg. stim; Bulg. ístja ‘clean’

Denominative verb derived from ' *ìst". See also: *c˜dìti; *c˜stiti

* ìst adj. o (a) ‘clean, pure’

ESSJa IV 121-122

CS E W S

OCS ist" Ru. ìstyj Cz. istý; Slk. istý; Pl. czysty SCr. ›st; ak. ›st (Vrg.), f. ist;, n. ›sto; ›s (Orb.), n. ›sta, n. ›sto; Sln. ìst; Bulg. ist

BSl. B

*(s )ki‹stoLith. skýstas ‘thin (of liquids)’; Latv. š™îsts ‘liquid, thin (of fabric), clean, clear’ OPr. skijstan Asg. ‘pure’

PIE

*(s )kid-to-

See also: *c˜dìti; *c˜stiti; *istiti

* itati v. ‘read, count’

ESSJa IV 123

E W S

Ru. itát’ ‘read’, 1sg. itáju Cz. ítati ‘read, count, suppose’; Slk. ítaŸ ‘read’; Pl. czyta\ ‘read’ SCr. ìtati ‘read’, 1sg. ìtm; ak. ›tati (Vrg.) ‘read’, 2sg. ›t”š; ›tat (Orb.) ‘read’, 1sg. ›tan {1}; Sln. ítati ‘read’, 1sg. ítam

BSl. B

*(s )keit-; *(s )koitLith. skaitýti ‘read, count’

PIE *(s )keit-; *(s )koitCogn. Skt. cétati ‘perceive, take notice of ’ {1} In Orbanii, ›tat is on the verge of ousting štt, 1sg. štn, while in Vrgada the native verb is št›ti, 1sg. št›jen. In Novi, we find št;t, 1sg. štén, 2sg. štš. These forms seem to point to *!tYti / *!tati, 1sg. *!t0, cf. Sln. t—6ti ‘read’, št—6ti ‘count’. See also: *isti; *%st%

* uditi (s) v. ‘be surprised, marvel’ CS

OCS uditi s<, 1sg. užd0 s<

ESSJa IV 127-128

*%rm%n& E W S

91

Ru. udít’ (coll.) ‘behave eccentrically, play the fool’, 3sg. udít; údit’sja (coll.) ‘seem’ Cz. uditi se SCr. µditi se, 1sg. µdm se; ak. µditi se (Vrg.), 2sg. µdš se; Sln. úditi se, 1sg. dim se; Bulg. údja ‘surprise’; údja se ‘be surprised, marvel’

Denominative verb. See ' *ùdo. * ùdo n. s (a) ‘miracle’

ESSJa IV 128-129

CS E W S

OCS udo, Gsg. udese, Gsg. uda Ru. údo, Npl. udesá Slk. udo; Pl. cudo n.; cud m.; OPl. czudo; cudo; Slnc. cÉd m. SCr. µdo, Npl. udèsa; ak. µdo, Npl. udes’; Sln. údJ ‘miracle, marvel, admiration’, Gsg. údesa; Bulg. údo, Npl. udesá

PIE

*keud-os-

Possibly cognate with Gk. €±‘o ‘fame, renown’. The acute root may be attributed to Winter’s law. See also: *uditi (s‚); *kuditi; *kudo; *kud&; *kud%

* ùti v. (a) ‘sense, feel, notice’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 134-136

OCS uti ‘sense, notice’, 1sg. uj0; RuCS uti ‘feel, hear, know’ Ru. újat’ ‘scent, sense, feel’, 1sg. úju, 3sg. úet; ut’ (dial.) ‘hear’; ORu. uti ‘feel, hear, know’ Cz. íti ‘sense, feel’; outi (coll., dial.) ‘sense, feel’; OCz. úti ‘sense, feel’; ieti ‘sense, feel’; Slk. uŸ ‘hear’; Pl. czu\ ‘feel’ SCr. µti ‘hear’, 1sg. µjm; ak. µti (Vrg.) ‘hear, feel, sense’, 2sg. µješ; µt (Orb.) ‘hear, taste, smell’, 1sg. jen; Sln. úti ‘hear, be awake’, 1sg. újem {1}; Bulg. úja ‘hear’

{1} Pleteršnik (I: s.v.) incorrectly has a falling tone in the present (see Pleteršnik II: III). * rmnovati s v. CS E

ESSJa -

OCS r"m"nuet" s< (Zogr., Mar.) 3sg. ‘reddens (sky)’; RuCS ermnovat’sja ‘become clear’ ORu. ermnovat’sja ‘become clear’

See also: *%rm%n&

* rmn adj. o ‘red’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 149-150

OCS r"m!n" (Ps. Sin., Cloz., Supr.) ‘red’ Ru. eremnój (dial.) ‘red-haired, ginger’; erëmnyj (dial.) ‘red-haired, ginger’ Cz. ermný (Kott) ‘red’; rmný (Kott) ‘red’; Pl. czermny (dial.) ‘red’ SCr. crman (arch., obs.) ‘red’

This colour-adjective is one way or another connected with ' *!rv! ‘worm’, which is also the source of another word for ‘red’, ' *!rven" or *!rven" (insects and larvae

*%¸rn&

92

of insects are known to have been used for the production of red dye). Since in Lithuanian we find kirmìs, the *m may be regarded as old, cf. also Sln. Âm ‘inflammation, carbuncle, anthrax’. On the other hand, colour designations such as MoDu. karmozijn or MoDu. karmijn were borrowed from Arabic qirmiz through Romance. The Arabic form was borrowed from Persian and may ultimately originate from India. In this context it does not seem impossible that !rm!n" is a borrowing as well. See also: *%rm%novati s‚

* rn adj. o (b) ‘black’

ESSJa IV 155-157

CS E W S

OCS r"n" (Zogr., Mar., Supr.) Ru. ërnyj; ëren, f. erná, n. ernó {1} Cz. erný; Slk. ierny; Pl. czarny; USrb. orny; LSrb. carny SCr. cÂn, f. c¼na; ak. cÃn (Vrg.), f. crn;, n. crn«; Ân (Orb.) ‘black, dark’, f. rÈn;, n. Âno; Sln. ¼n; Bulg. éren

BSl. B

*kirsnos Lith. kirsnas 4 ‘black (of a horse)’ OPr. kirsnan ‘black’

PIE *krs-noCogn. Skt. kr¥šÁá- ‘black’ {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). * rpati v. ‘scoop, draw’ CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa IV 158-159

OCS rYp!j0šte (Supr.) Npl. m. ptc. pres. act. ‘scooping’ {1} Ru. érpat’ ‘scoop, draw’, 1sg. érpaju Cz. erpati ‘scoop, draw, pump’, 1sg. erpám; OCz. rpati ‘scoop, draw’; Slk. erpati ‘scoop, draw, pump’; Pl. czerpa\ ‘scoop, draw’, 1sg. czerpi< SCr. crQpati (Vuk) ‘scoop, draw’, 1sg. crQpm; Sln. rpáti ‘scoop, draw, pump’, 1sg. rpm; Bulg. érpja ‘scoop, draw, host’ *kirpLith. kirpti ‘chop, cut’, 1sg. kerpù

PIE *(s )kerp{1} The verb is generally reconstructed as r!pati, 1sg. rYplj0, 2sg. rYplješi. See also: *erpati; *erpti; *erp&

* rstv adj. o (c) ‘firm’ CS E W

ESSJa IV 159-161

RuCS r!stv" ‘hard, strong, dry, real’; !rstv" ‘hard, strong, dry, real’ Ru. ërstvyj ‘stale, hard, callous’ {1} Cz. (e)rstvý ‘strong, healthy, fresh’; Pl. czerstwy ‘stale, healthy, strong’

*%rv%

93

S

SCr. vÂst ‘strong, hard, firm’, f. v¼sta; ak. vÃst (Vrg.) ‘strong, hard, firm’, f. vrst;, n. vrst«; vÃs (Orb.) ‘strong, firm’, f. vÃsta, n. vÃsto; Sln. vÂst ‘firm, strong, fresh’, f. v¼sta

BSl. B

*kirst(w)os Lith. kirstas ‘sharp, harsh (of a person)’

PIE *krt-tuo{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). * rtà f. # (b) ‘line’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 161

OCS r"ta (Zogr., Mar., Ass.) ‘tittle’ Ru. ertá ‘line, boundary, trait’, Asg. ertú Cz. rta ‘line, sketch’; Slk. rta ‘trait, sketch’ SCr. cÃta ‘line’; Sln. ¼ta ‘line’; Bulg. ertá ‘line, trait’

Derivative of *!rt- < *krt-, cf. *ersti. See also: *erslo; *ers&; *erz&; *kort&; *kort&k&

* rvjen; * rven adj. o ‘red’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 168-169

OCS r!vljen" (Zogr., Mar., Euch.); r!vljen" (Sav., Euch.) Ru. erevlënyj (obs.) ‘dark red’ Cz. ervený; Slk. ervený; Pl. czerwony SCr. crQven; Sln. rljèn; Bulg. ervén

Originally a past passive participle. See ' !rviti. * rviti v. ‘dye red, lay eggs (of insects)’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 169-170

RuCS r!viti, !rviti, erviti ‘dye, redden’ Ru. érvyty’ ‘lay eggs (of insects)’ Cz. erviti (Kott) ‘lay eggs (of insects)’ SCr. c¼viti ‘colour, dye’ Bulg. ervjá ‘dye red’

A derivative of ' *!rv!. Cf. also ' *!rm!n". * rv m. i ‘worm, maggot’ CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa IV 171-172

OCS r"v! m.(i) ‘worm’ Ru. erv’ m.( jo), Gsg. ervjá Cz. erv m.(o); Slk. erv m.(o); Pl. czerw m.( jo); USrb. erw m.(o); LSrb. cerw m.(o) SCr. cÂv m.(o); ak. Ãv (Vrg.) m.(o); Ãv (Novi) m.(o); Âv (Orb.) m.(o), Gsg. Âva; Sln. Âv m.(o) *kir-m/w-iLith. kirmìs f.(i) 4 ‘worm, maggot, snake’; Latv. cirmis m.(io) ‘worm, maggot, caterpillar’ OPr. girmis ‘maggot’

*%¯st%

94 PIE Cogn.

*kr-m-iSkt. k¼¥mi- m. ‘worm, maggot’; OIr. cruim m. ‘worm’; W pryf m. ‘worm’

The Balto-Slavic vocalization *ir (instead of *ur) after an original labiovelar is unexpected. See also: *%rvjen&; *%rven&; *%rviti

* st f. i (c) ‘honour, respect’

ESSJa IV 175-176

CS E W S

OCS !st! Ru. est’ Cz. est, Gsg. ti; Pl. czeZ\; USrb. es\, Gsg. es\e SCr. st, Gsg. ;sti; ak. “st (Vrg.); s (Orb.); Sln. st; <4st; Bulg. est ‘honour, luck, happiness’

PIE Cogn.

*(s)kit-ti Skt. cítti- f. ‘thinking, understanding’; Av. isti- f. ‘consciousness’

See also: *isti; *itati

* to pron. ‘what’

ESSJa IV 177-178

CS E S

OCS !to, Gsg. eso, Gsg. esogo Ru. to SCr. št«; ak. št« (Vrg.); Bulg. što

PIE Cogn.

*ki-/keGk. Œ ‘what?’, Gsg. ª (Hom.)

*da conj.

ESSJa IV 180

CS S

OCS da ‘(in order) that/to’ SCr. d; ‘(in order) that/to, if ’; Sln. dà ‘(in order) to, because, though’; Bulg. da ‘(in order) to, that’

PIE Cogn.

*do-h& (d?) OE t prep. ‘to’, OIr. do prep. ‘to’

*D *dadja f. j# CS

ESSJa -

OCS dažda (Hilf.) ‘distribution’

According to Pokorny (IEW: 224), OCS dažda is analogical after *Ydja (the substantive jažda is not attested in OCS). The j-stem is based on the reduplicated root *dad- < *dodh- (' *dàti), which shows the effects of Winter’s law.

*dÁn% *dadjbog m. o E W

95 ESSJa IV 182-183

ORu. Daž!bog" proper name OPl. Dadzibog proper name

Compound of the imperative *dadj! (' *dàti) and ' *b|g". *dajati v. ‘give’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 197

OCS dajati ‘give, allow’, 1sg. daj0; RuCS dajati ‘give, allow’ ORu. dajati ‘give, allow’ Cz. dajati (arch.) ‘give’ SCr. daj;t (dial.) ‘give’; Sln. dajáti ‘give’, 1sg. dájem, 1sg. dajèm, 1sg. dájam

See ' *dàti. *dalèk adj. o (b) ‘far, distant’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 184-185

OCS dalee ‘far, long’ adv.; CS dalek" Ru. dalëkij; dalëk, f. daleká, n. dalekó, n. dalëko Cz. daleký; Slk. daleký; Pl. daleki SCr. dàlek; Sln. dálek

Derivative with the suffix *-ok", cf. ' *vysok". For the root, see ' *dal!, *da#a. *dal; *daa f. i; f. j# ‘distance’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 186-187

OCS dalja Ru. dal’ Cz. dál; dále; Pl. dal SCr. dlj f./m.(i); dálja; Sln. dálja

The root may be identical with the root of ' *d!liti ‘last’. See also: *dalèk&

*dn f. i (c) ‘tribute, tax’

ESSJa IV 194-195

CS E W S

OCS dan! ‘tax, tribute’ Ru. dan’ ‘tribute, debt’ Cz. daŽ ‘tax, duty’; Slk. daŽ ‘tax, duty’; Pl. da ‘tax, tribute, duty’ SCr. dan (13th-16th c.) ‘tribute’; Sln. dn ‘tribute, tax’, Gsg. dan; dnj ‘tribute, tax’

BSl. B

*do‹nis Lith. duõnis f. i, m. io ‘tribute’ {1}

PIE *deh-nCogn. Skt. dna- m. ‘donation, gift’; Lat. dnum n. ‘gift’ {1} Probably a transformation of the borrowing donìs ‘tribute, gift’ (Skardžius 1931: 65, 67, Anikin 1994: 191). See also: *dajati; *dadja; *dadj%bog&; *dÁr&; *datel%; *dàti; *davati; *príd&; *prodadja

*dÁr&

96 *dr m. u (c) ‘gift’

ESSJa IV 191-192

CS E W S

OCS dar", Gsg. dara, Gsg. daru Ru. dar Cz. dar; Slk. dar; Pl. dar SCr. dr; ak. d“r (Vrg.); dr (Orb.); Sln. dr, Gsg. dra, Gsg. dar; Bulg. dar

PIE Cogn.

*deh-roGk. ‘Â n.

According to the ESSJa, the arguments for reconstructing a u-stem are not compelling. For the root, see ' *dàti. *date m. jo ‘giver, donor’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 193-194

OCS datel’! Ru. dátel’ (dial.) Cz. datel (Jg.) SCr. d;telj (arch.)

Deverbative nomen agentis. See ' *dàti. *dàti v. ‘give’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 194-195

OCS dati, 1sg. dam!, 2sg. dasi, 3sg. dast", 1pl. dam", 2pl. daste, 3pl. dad
BSl. B

*do‹-; *do‹d-mi Lith. dúoti; Latv. duôt OPr. dt

PIE Cogn.

*deh-; *didhGk. ‘Œ‘[«; Skt. dádti; Lat. dre

In the reduplicated present the first element became acute as a result of Winter’s law. See also: *dajati; *dadja; *dadj%bog&; *dÁn%; *dÁr&; *datel%; *davati; *príd&

*dvàti v.

ESSJa IV 197

CS E W S

OCS -davati Ru. davát’, 1sg. dajú Cz. dávati; Slk. dávaŸ; Pl. dawa\ SCr. dávati, 1sg. djm; dávati (Vuk: SW), 1sg. dájm; dávati, 1sg. dvm; ak. d”v;ti, 2sg. d’ješ; dv;t (Orb.), 1sg. djn; Sln. dávati, 1sg. dávam; Bulg. dávam

BSl.

*do‹wa‹-

*debel& B

Latv. dãvât ‘give (iter.)’

Cogn.

Gk. ‘Œ‘[« ‘give’; Skt. dádti ‘give’; Lat. dre ‘give’

97

The secondary je-present *daj0 is built on the aorist stem. The long non-acute root vowel of the imperfective iteratives in -dvati can be traced to a perfect form *dh-u (Kortlandt 1989: 111). See also: *dajati; *dadja; *dadj%bog&; *dÁn%; *dÁr&; *datel%; *dàti; *príd&; *prodadja

*dav adv. ‘recently’ E W S Cogn.

ESSJa IV 198

Ru. dávea (coll., arch., dial.) ‘recently’; dave (dial.) ‘recently, yesterday’; ORu. davY ‘yesterday’ LSrb. daÊe (dial.) ‘before, recently, long ago’; Plb. dov‘ ‘recently, just’ Sln. dáv— ‘this morning, recently’; dávi ‘this morning’ Skt. dávyas- adj. ‘further, more distant’; Gk. ‘½ adv. ‘a long time, far’; Gk. ‘· (Dor.) adv. ‘a long time, far’; Gk. ‘¶ (Dor.) adv. ‘a long time, far’

The long vowel of this adverb is striking. We may be dealing with a lengthened grade vowel that originated in a monosyllabic form. See also: *dav%n&

*dvìti v. (b) ‘suffocate’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

OCS daviti ‘suffocate’, 1sg. davlj0 Ru. davít’ ‘press (upon), suffocate, crush’, 1sg. davljú, 3sg. dávit Cz. dáviti ‘suffocate, strangle, throw up’; Slk. dáviŸ ‘suffocate, strangle, throw up’; Pl. dawi\ (obs., dial.) ‘suffocate, strangle’ SCr. dáviti ‘suffocate, strangle’, 1sg. dvm; ak. d”v›ti (Vrg.) ‘suffocate, strangle’, 2sg. d’vš; Sln. dáviti ‘suffocate, strangle’, 1sg. dávim; Bulg. dávja ‘drown, suffocate, strangle’ *dh'uGk. ÃÄ – ‡•« m. ‘strangler?’; Go. afdauiþs ptc. pret. pass. ‘tormented’

*davn; *dav  adj. o ‘ancient, past’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 198-199

ESSJa IV 200

CS dav!no adv. ‘long ago’ Ru. dávnij Cz. dávný; dávní (arch.); Pl. dawny SCr. dávan; dvn( j); Sln. dávŠn ‘ancient, past’; dávnji ‘from this morning, ancient, past’

Adjective derived from ' *davY. *debel adj. o ‘fat’ CS E

ESSJa IV 201-202

RuCS debelyj ‘fat’ Ru. debélyj ‘plump, corpulent’; debëlyj (dial.) ‘healthy, strong, plump, corpulent’

*debel%stvo

98 S

SCr. dèbeo ‘fat’; ak. db (Vrg.) ‘fat’, f. debelà; Sln. débe ‘fat, big, strong’, f. deb<6la; Bulg. debél ‘fat, strong’

BSl. B

*debLatv. depsis ‘small, fat boy’ OPr. debkan Asg. ‘big’; debica (Gr.) ‘big’ OIc. dapr ‘sad’; Nw. daper ‘sad, with young’; dabb(e) (dial.) m. ‘small, fat fellow’; OHG tapfar ‘firm, heavy, thick-set’

Cogn.

Formally, the Balto-Slavic and the Germanic forms do not match, considering that in the case of PIE *b the Balto-Slavic evidence would violate Winter’s law. It is by no means necessary, however, to assume that this etymon is of Indo-European origin. See also: *debel%stvo; *dob³%

*debelstvo n. o ‘fatness’(?)

ESSJa IV 203

CS OCS debel!stvo ‘rudeness’ {1} {1} According to the SJS (I: 472), the scribe may have translated  ¼‡‰ ‘fatness’ instead of  ¼‡‰ ‘rudeness’.

See ' *debel". *degt m. jo ‘tar’ E W S

Ru. dëgot’; Ukr. díhot’; déhot’ Cz. dehet; Slk. decht; Pl. dziegie\ Sln. dgŠt

BSl. B

*degut(i)os Lith. degùtas 2; Latv. deguts

PIE

*deg-

ESSJa IV 204-205

In view of the presumed connection between *žegti ‘burn’ and Lith. dègti ‘id.’, *deg"t! is sometimes regarded as a borrowing from Baltic. I find it more likely that it is a relic of the original root *deg- < *deg- (cf. S awski SP III: 34-35), cf. Sln. d<6gniti ‘radiate’, OCz. dehna ‘devil’. *deltò n. o (b) ‘chisel’

ESSJa IV 205

S

SCr. dlijèto; ak. lt« (Vrg.), Npl. l§t”; lt« (Novi), Npl. léta; dl£et« (Orb.), Npl. dl£ ta; Sln. dl—6tJ {1}; Bulg. dletó

Cogn.

OE delfan ‘dig’

Variant with e-vocalism of ' *doltò. The ESSJa adduces Cz. dletko (Kott) ‘edge of a plane’ to show that *deltò is not limited to South Slavic. It seems plausible that the egrade is analogical after the verb, but it must be admitted that *delti is hardly attested. The only form mentioned in the ESSJa (IV: 205) is ak. dlisti. {1} Pleteršnik actually has dlétJ, which is probably a misprint. See also: *d‚tel&; *doltò; *d%lbiti; *d%lti

*dÀrvo *dérn m. o (b) ‘cornel, dogwood’ E W

S

PIE Cogn.

99 ESSJa IV 208-209

Ru. derën (dial.) ‘cornel’; Ukr. derén (dial.) ‘cornel’, Gsg. derenú Cz. d•ín ‘cornel’; OCz. d•ien ‘cornel’; Slk. drieŽ m.( jo) ‘cornel’; Pl. drzón (dial.) ‘cornel’; OPl. drzon ‘cornel, dogwood, barberry(?)’; Slnc. d•¶un ‘blackthorn’, Gsg. d•¶un¨–; USrb. drYn ‘dogwood’ SCr. dr›jen ‘cornel, dogwood’, Gsg. drijèna; ak. dr n (Novi) ‘cornel’, Gsg. drn;; dr£ n (Orb.) ‘dogwood, cornel’, Gsg. drna; Sln. dr—Qn ‘cornel’, Gsg. dr—6na; Bulg. drjan ‘cornel’; dren ‘cornel’ *derg-noGk. ª¼  n. ‘young shoot, branch’; OHG tirn-pauma m. ‘cornel’; OHG dirn-baum m. ‘cornel’; OIr. draigen m. ‘thorn’; MW draen m. ‘thorn(s), prickle(s)’

AP (b) points to an original neuter. For the etymology, see also Schrijver 1995: 135. *dertì v. (b) ‘tear’ W S

ESSJa IV 209

Cz. d•íti ‘rub, flay’, 1sg. d•u; Slk. drieŸ (sa) ‘rub off, toil’; Pl. drze\ ‘tear’, 1sg. dr<; Slnc. d•Ac ‘tear’; USrb. drY\ ‘tear’ SCr. drijèti ‘tear, pull out’, 1sg. drm; ak. dr£ t (Orb.) ‘tear up, fleece’, 3sg. dre; Sln. dr—6ti ‘tear, pull out’, 1sg. dérem

BSl. B

*der(‹)Lith. dérti (Žem.) ‘tear, peel’, 1sg. derù

PIE Cogn.

*der(H )Gk. ‘ª[ ‘flay’; Go. distairan ‘tear apart’

See also: *d„rà; *dira; *di¹a; *d%rati; *d%rv%œa; *udariti

*d rvo n. o (c) ‘tree, wood’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 211-213

OCS drYvo n.(s/o) ‘tree, wood’, Gsg. drYvese, Gsg. drYva Ru. dérevo ‘tree, wood’ Cz. d•evo ‘tree, wood’; Slk. drevo ‘tree, wood’; Pl. drzewo ‘tree, wood’; USrb. drjewo ‘wood’ SCr. dr›jevo ‘tree, wood’; ak. drvo (Vrg.) ‘tree, wood’; dr£=vo (Vrg.) ‘wood, lumber, tree’; Sln. dr—vº n.(s) ‘tree, plough’, Gsg. drev<4sa; Bulg. derévo (obs., dial.) ‘tree, wood’

BSl. B

*der(‹)wom Lith. dervà f. 3/4 ‘chip of kindling wood, log from which tar is produced, resin, tar’; Latv. darKva f. ‘tar, pitch’

PIE Cogn.

*deru-oSkt. dru n. ‘wood’; Gk. ‘¤ n. ‘tree-trunk, wood, spear’; Go. triu n. ‘wood, tree’; OIc. tyrvi n. ‘coniferous wood’; OE teoru ‘tar’

The laryngeal reflected by the Baltic evidence must be an innovation, cf. Skt. dru. See also: *dr%kol%; *dr%kol%je; *dr&vo; *s&dòrv&

*des‚t&

100 *dest num. o ‘tenth’

ESSJa IV 215-216

CS E W S

OCS des
BSl. B

*deZimtos Lith. deši8tas 4 OPr. dessmts

PIE Cogn.

*de˜mHo-; *de˜mtoGk. ‘ª€ ; Lat. decimus; Go. taihunda

See also: *dÅs‚t%; *s&to

*dst num. i (c) ‘ten’ CS E W S

OCS des
BSl. B

*deZimt(is) Lith. d šimt indecl.; dešimtìs f.(i) 3¾; Latv. desmit OPr. dessempts (I); dessimpts (I); dessimton (III)

PIE Cogn.

*de˜m-tSkt. dáZa; Gk. ‘ª€ ; Lat. decem; Go. taihun

ESSJa IV 216-217

See also: *dÅs‚t&; *s&to

*desiti v. ‘find, encounter’

ESSJa IV 217-218

CS W S

OCS desiti ‘find, encounter’, 1sg. deš0; RuCS desiti; dYsiti ‘find, encounter’ OCz. podYsiti ‘catch up with, get hold of ’ SCr. dèsiti (Vuk) ‘encounter’, 1sg. dsm; dsiti ‘find, encounter’

PIE Cogn.

*de˜Skt. daZasyáti ‘honour, serve’; Gk. ‘ª€ « (Ion., Aeol.) ‘accept’; Lat. decet ‘it suits, becomes’

See also: *dositi

*dsn adj. o (c?) ‘right’

ESSJa IV 218-219

CS E S

OCS desn"; RuCS desnyj ORu. desn" {1} SCr. dèsn; dsan, f. dsna; ak. desn (Vrg.); Sln. d<6sŠn; Bulg. désen

BSl. B

*deZ(i)nos Lith. d šinas 3¾

*d¨d& PIE Cogn.

101

*de˜s-(i)noSkt. dákšiÁa- ‘right, southern’; Av. dašina- ‘right’; Gk. ‘Š« ‘right’; Lat. dexter ‘right’; Go. taihswa ‘right’; OIr. dess ‘right, just, south’

See Beekes 1994 for the problem of medial *i. {1} AP (c) according to Zaliznjak (1985: 138). *devt num. o ‘ninth’

ESSJa IV 222

CS E W S

OCS dev
BSl. B

*deuin(t)os Lith. deviñtas; Latv. devît(ai)s OPr. newnts

PIE Cogn.

*h&n(e)un-oGk. Æ ; Lat. nnus; Go. niunda

See ' *dv
OCS dev
BSl. B

*dewin Lith. devynì; Latv. devi_i

PIE Cogn.

*h&neun Skt. náva; Gk. š

ª ; Lat. novem; Go. niun

ESSJa IV 222-223

For Balto-Slavic one would expect *dowin, with *eu > *ou before a vowel. The e vocalism may have been reintroduced on the basis of the ordinal *deuno- prior to the development *eu > *iou before consonant (Hamp 1976, Kortlandt 1979: 57). The ordinal was later reshaped into *dewino-. In view of OPr. newnts ‘nine’, it is possible that the numeral still had initial *n- at the end of the Balto-Slavic period (the *d must have been adopted from ‘ten’), but German influence cannot be excluded. See also: *dev‚t&

*dd m. o (a) CS E W

ESSJa IV 227

OCS dYd" ‘forefather’ Ru. ded ‘grandfather’ Cz. dYd ‘grandfather, forefather, old man’; Pl. dziad ‘grandfather, forefather, old man’

*d˜lati

102 S

SCr. djd ‘grandfather’; ak. d›d (Vrg.) ‘grandfather’; Sln. d—Qd ‘grandfather, old man’, Gsg. d—6da

BSl. B

*de‹dLith. ddF m.(!) ‘uncle’; ddis m.(io) ‘uncle’; Latv. deQds m.(o) ‘old man’

PIE Cogn.

*deh&d-oGk. ½–‰ f. ‘grandmother’

*d lati v. ‘do’

ESSJa IV 231-232

CS E W S

OCS dYlati ‘do, work’, 1sg. dYlaj0 Ru. délat’ ‘do’, 1sg. délaju Cz. dYlati ‘do, work’; Pl. dziaa\ ‘act, be active, operate’ SCr. djlati ‘do’, 1sg. djlm; ak. d›lati ‘do’, 2sg. d›l”š; dlat ‘do, make, work’, 1sg. dlan; Sln. d—6lati ‘do, work’, 1sg. d¤lam

BSl. B

*de‹lLith. dFlioti ‘put down, away’ OPr. dlants ‘worker’

Cogn.

Skt. dádhti ‘put, place, make’; Gk. Œ–‰« ‘put down, ground, create’; Lat. fc 1sg. pf. ‘made’; OHG tuon ‘do’

Derivative of ' *d¾lo. See also: *d˜³a; *d˜³%ma;*d˜ti I; *d¨va; *d˜vica

*d liti v. ‘divide’

ESSJa IV 233-234

CS E W S

OCS dYlit" (Supr.) 3sg. ‘divides’ Ru. delít’ ‘divide’, 1sg. deljú, 3sg. délit {1} Cz. dYliti ‘divide’; Slk. deliti ‘divide’; Pl. dzieli\ ‘divide’ SCr. dijèliti ‘divide’, 1sg. d›jeljm; ak. dl›ti (Vrg.) ‘divide’, 2sg. d§lš; d£el›t (Orb.) ‘divide’, 1sg. d£ lin; Sln. d—líti ‘divide’, 1sg. d—lím; Bulg. deljá ‘divide, share’, 1sg. d—lím

BSl. B

*doil- (dail-?) Lith. dailýti ‘divide’, 3pres. da§lo

Cogn.

Go. dailjan ‘divide’

Slavic *dYl- has Germanic counterparts reflecting *doil- or *dail-, which fom a PIE point of view is an unsual root structure. The aspirated stop precludes a connection with Gk. ‘ Œ « ‘distribute’ < *deh'-i- unless we assume that the Germanic forms are borrowings from Slavic, which is not particularly plausible. Note that the accentuation of ' *d{l" (b) would be in conflict with a reconstruction *deh'i-l-. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). *d a; *d ma; *d a; *da prep. ‘because of ’ CS

OCS dY#a postp.; dY#!ma postp.

ESSJa IV 234-235

*d„rà E W

103

S

Ru. dlja prep. ‘for’; Ukr. diljá (dial.) prep. ‘for, because of, therefore’ OCz. dle prep. ‘because of ’; Pl. dla prep. ‘for’; OPl. dziela (Bogurodzica) prep. ‘for’ SCr. dijel (arch.) prep.; Sln. d—Qlj prep.

B

Lith. dl prep.; Latv. d# prep.

This etymon cannot be separated from ' *d¾lo, cf. Lat. caus ‘because of ’. The form *dY#a seems to be a petrified Isg., while *dYl!ma is an Idu. The presence of an element *-j- is unexpected. Furthermore, the explanation of *d!#a as a shortened variant is not particularly convincing. The ESSJa suggests a contamination of the root of *d¾lo and the root *d!l- found in ' *d!liti. The Baltic prepositions may be borrowings from Slavic. See also: *d˜lati; *d˜ti I

*dlo n. o (a) ‘work, deed’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa V 5-8

OCS dYlo n.(s/o) ‘work, matter’, Gsg. dYlese, Gsg. dYla Ru. délo ‘business, matter, thing’ Cz. dílo ‘work’; Slk. dielo ‘work’; Pl. dzieo ‘work, deed’; dziao ‘cannon’; OPl. dziao ‘work, deed’; USrb. d]Yo ‘work’ SCr. djlo ‘deed, act’; ak. d›lo (Vrg.) ‘deed, act’; dlo (Novi) ‘deed, act’; dlo (Orb.) ‘work, job’, Npl. dla; Sln. d—6lJ ‘work, act, deed’; Bulg. délo ‘work, act, deed’ *deh&-lSkt. dádhti ‘put, place, make’; Gk. Œ–‰« ‘put down, ground, create’; Lat. fc 1sg. pf. ‘made’; OHG tuon ‘do’

Derivative with an l-suffix of *deh&- ‘put, make’. See also: *d˜lati; *d˜³a; *d˜³%ma; *d˜ti I

*dl m. o (b) ‘part’ CS E W S

Cogn.

ESSJa IV 233-234

RuCS dYl" ‘part’ Ru. del (dial.) ‘division, section’; Ukr. dil ‘part, section’ Cz. díl (dial.) ‘division, section’; Slk. diel ‘part, section’; Pl. dzia ‘part, section’; Slnc. ^Al ‘part, section’, Gsg. ^Ala SCr. d›jel ‘part, mountain’, Gsg. d›jela; ak. d§(l ) (Vrg.) ‘part, mountain’, Gsg. dl;; dél (Novi) ‘part, mountain’, Gsg. dl;; d£=l (Orb.) ‘part, share’, Gsg. d£=la; Kajk. d§el (Bednja) ‘part, mountain’, Gsg. diel;; Sln. djal ‘part, fate’ Go. dails m. ‘part’; OHG teil m. ‘part’

See ' *dYliti. *drà f. # (b) ‘crack, hole’ E W

ESSJa V 12

ORu. dYra ‘opening’ Cz. díra ‘hole’; Slk. diera ‘hole’; Slnc. ^Ër‘ ‘hole’; USrb. d]Yra ‘hole, lair’

*d˜t‚

104 PIE Cogn.

*drGk. ‘ª[ ‘flay’; Go. distairan ‘tear apart’

AP (b) confirms the lengthened grade in the root. See also: *derti; *dira; di¹a; *d%rati; *d%rv%œa; *udariti

*d t n. nt ‘child’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 12-13

CS dYt<, Gsg. dYt
See ' *dYti II. See also: *d¨va; *d˜vìca;*dojidlica; *dojidlo; *dojiti

*d ti I v. ‘do, say’ CS E W S

ESSJa IV 229-230

OCS dYjati ‘do, say’, 1sg. dYj0; dYti s< ‘get to, disappear’, 1sg. dežd0 s< {1}; -dYti ‘do, say’, 1sg. -dYj0, 1sg. -dežd0, 1sg. -dYn0 Ru. det’ ‘put, place’, 1sg. dénu; déjat’ (dial.) ‘do, make’, 1sg. déju Cz. díti (obs.) ‘speak’; OCz. dieti ‘do’, 1sg. dYju, 2sg. dYjYš; dieti ‘speak, say’, 1sg. diem, 2sg. dieš {1}; Pl. dzia\ ‘weave, knit (arch.), do’ SCr. djti ‘do, say’, 1sg. djdm, 1sg. djnm; djsti (Vuk) ‘do, say’, 1sg. djdm, 1sg. djnm; Sln. d—játi ‘do, say’, 1sg. d¤jem; d—játi ‘place, put, do, say’, 1sg. d¤m; d—játi ‘place, put’, 1sg. d—6nem, 1sg. d<6nem; d—6ti ‘place, put, do, say’, 1sg. d¤m

BSl. B

*de‹Lith. dAti ‘lay, put’, 3pres. d da; dAti (OLith.) ‘lay, put’, 3pres. desti; Latv. dêt ‘lay (eggs)’

PIE Cogn.

*deh&Skt. dádhti ‘put, place, make’; Gk. Œ–‰« ‘to put down, to ground, to create’; Lat. fc 1sg. pf. ‘made’; OHG tuon ‘to do’

{1} The SJS gives dYti s<, 1sg. dežd0 s<, 2sg. deždeši s< (Hilf., Venc.). The latter text does not belong to the Old Church Slavic canon. The quoted passages do not show that the present stem dežd- occurs in Hilf. {2} In his Old Czech dictionary, Gebauer has dYti, dYju ‘do’ and dYti, dYju ‘speak, say’. In his Czech historical grammar (III.2: 228), however, he says that deju ‘I speak’ is not attested and claims that the attested 1sg. diem is an innovation. See also: *d˜lati; *d˜³a; *d˜³%ma; *d¨lo; *príd&; *s®dìti; *s®dì; *s®6d&

*d ti II Npl. f. ‘children’ CS E W

OCS dYti Npl. Ru. déti Npl. Cz. dYti Npl.; Slk. deti Npl.; Pl. Npl. dzieci; Slnc. ^ìecä Npl.

ESSJa V 14

*d˜vìca S

105

Bulg. déti (dial.) Npl.

A derivative of the root *deh&-, cf. Latv. deKls ‘son’, dêt ‘suck’. The singular *dYt! is hardly attested. The common singular of the word for ‘child’ is ' *dYt<, where the suffix *-t- was enlarged with the suffix *-< < *-ent-, which is frequent in designations of young living creatures. Cogn.

Lat. ftus m. ‘birth, foetus, offspring’

See also: *d˜t‚; *d¨va; *d˜vìca;*dojidlica; *dojidlo; *dojiti

*dva f. # (a) ‘maiden, girl’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 17-18

OCS dYva ‘virgin, maiden’ Ru. déva (obs.) ‘girl, maiden, (D.) The Virgin, Virgo’ Cz. dYva ‘girl, maiden’; díva (dial.) ‘girl, maiden’; Slk. deva ‘girl’ SCr. djéva ‘girl, maiden’; ak. Dva (Mar›ja) (Vrg.) ‘The Virgin (Mary)’ {1}; Sln. d—6va ‘maiden, virgin’; Bulg. déva ‘maiden, virgin’

Cogn. Gk. –Ç•¤ adj. ‘feminine’; Lat. fcundus adj. ‘fertile’ {1} The noun djéva seems to be a hypercoristic of djèvjka (RJA II 449-450) and cannot be regarded as a direct continuation of *d¾va. The RJA has also djv (18th c.) f.(i) and djva ‘virgo’, which do not belong to the living language. The status of the accentuation of these words is unclear to me. See also: *d˜t‚; *d˜ti II; *d˜vìca;*dojidlica; *dojidlo; *dojiti

*dver m. jo (a (c)) ‘husband’s brother’

ESSJa V 19

E W S

Ru. déver’, Npl. dever’já {1} OCz. deve•; OPl. dziewierz SCr. djvr ‘husband’s brother, best man’; ak. d›ver (Vrg.) ‘husband’s brother, best man’; dver (Orb.) ‘marriage witness’; Sln. d—v<4r ‘husband’s brother’, Gsg. d—v=rja; d—6ver ‘husband’s brother, best man’, Gsg. d—6vera; Bulg. déver ‘husband’s brother, best man’

BSl. B

*dá‹iuerLith. díeveris m.(i) 1; dieverìs m.(i) 3$; Latv. di veris m.(io)

PIE Cogn.

*deh'i-uerSkt. devár- m.; Gk. ‘Ÿ½ m.

In case-forms with original stress on the suffix one expects root stress as a result of Hirt’s law. This accounts for the many indications for root stress in both Baltic and Slavic. {1} AP (a) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). *d vìca f. # (a) ‘maiden, girl’ CS E W

OCS dYvica ‘virgin, maiden, girl’ Ru. devíca (obs.) ‘unmarried woman, girl’ OCz. dYvice ‘girl, maiden’; Pl. dziewica ‘virgin, maiden’

ESSJa V 19-20

*d„žà

106 S

SCr. djèvica ‘girl, maiden, virgin’; ak. Div›ca (Vrg.) ‘The Holy Virgin’; Sln. d—víca ‘maiden, virgin’; Bulg. devíca ‘maiden, virgin, girl’

See ' *d¾va. *džà f. j# (b) E W

ESSJa V 23-24

S

Ru. dežá ‘vat’; déža ‘vat’ Cz. díž, díže f.(i/j#) ‘kneading trough’; OCz. diežY ‘kneading trough’; Slk. dieža ‘kneading trough’; Pl. dzie­a ‘kneading trough, earthen pot, crock’; USrb. d]Yža ‘kneading trough’; LSrb. ]Yža ‘kneading trough’ ak. díža ‘milk-pail’; džva ‘milk-pail’; Sln. d<6ža ‘milk-pail, bee-hive’

Cogn.

Gk. oȼ n. ‘wall, side’

A j-stem from the root *dYz- < *doi- ‘knead (clay)’. See also: *zid&; *z%d%; *z%dati

*dga; *dg f. #; m. o (a) ‘strap’ CS E

W S

ESSJa V 24-25

RuCS djag" m. ‘strap’ Ru. djága (dial.) f. ‘(W, NW dial.) strap, leather belt, (Psk.) strength, height’; djag (dial.) m. ‘height’; ORu. djag" m. ‘strap’; Ukr. d’ah (dial.) m. ‘strip of bast’ Slk. d’ah m. ‘road, direction’ Sln. d<6ga f. ‘strap, hame-strap’

See Derksen forthc. e. This etymon is not to be connected with ' *d0gà. See also: *d‚gl&; *d‚gl%; *ned®g&

*dgl adj. o ‘healthy, strong’ E

Ru. djáglyj (dial.) ‘healthy, strong’

BSl. B

*den‹gLatv. deñkts ‘strong, healthy, important’

Cogn.

OIr. daingen ‘firm, fast, solid’

ESSJa V 25

See ' *d
ESSJa V 25

Ru. djágil’ ‘angelica’; djagíl’ (dial.) ‘Heracleum, Valeriana nitida’ Cz. dYhel ‘angelica’; Pl. dzi
See also: *d‚ga; *d‚g&; *d‚gl&; *ned®g&

*dsnò; *dsnà; *dslò n. o; f. #; n. o (b) ‘gum’ E W

ESSJa V 26-27

Ru. desná f.(#); deslá (Psk.) f.(#) Cz. dáseŽ f.(i/j#); OCz. dásno n.(o); dás(e)Ž f.(i); Slk. d’asno n.(o); Pl. dzisa Npl. n.(o)

*dira; *di¹a S

107

SCr. d=sni Npl. f.(i); Sln. dlésna f.(#); dlásna f.(#); lésna Npl. n.(o)

It is very plausible that *d<Èsnò/à ‘gums’ contains *hdent- ‘tooth’, cf. OPr. dantimax ‘id.’. The fact that we find both *-sno- and *-slo-, makes one wonder whether the latter may be due to dissimilation. *dtel m. o ‘woodpecker’

ESSJa V 27-28

E W S

Ru. djátel, Gsg. djátela Cz. datel, Gsg. datla; Slk. d’ate¯ m.( jo), Gsg. d’at¯a; Pl. dzi
PIE

*d(e)lb-tel-

The word for ‘woodpecker’ can be derived from *dlb- ‘dig’ (in Slavic ‘hollow, chisel’, cf. ' *d!lbti) if we assume that *d
*dik adj. o ‘wild’

ESSJa V 29-30

CS E W

RuCS dikyi ‘wild, rude’ Ru. díkij, f. diká, n. díko; ORu. dikyi Slk. diký (Kott); Pl. dziki; USrb. d]iki

B

Lith. dkas 4 ‘empty, idle, for free, vacant’; Latv. dks ‘empty, idle, inactive’ {1}

Perhaps cognate with Skt. day£ ‘fly (of birds, chariots, horses, gods)’. In view of the evidence for circumflex long i, the East Baltic forms may be borrowings from Slavic, but the semantic difference (cf. MoDu. woest ‘desolate’ ' ‘uncultivated, rough, wild’, with the opposite direction) is conspicuous. Note that East Latv. dìeks², provided that this is indeed the correct interpretation of the form dks in that area, may reflect *deik-. {1} Both dîks² and dìks² are attested. In principle this combination points to dìks. See also: *div& II; *div%

*dira; *dia f. #; f. j# ‘crack, hole’

ESSJa V 30-31

CS E S

OCS dira ‘crack’; dirja ‘crack’ Ru. dirá (dial.) ‘hole’; dirjá (dial.) ‘hole’ SCr. dìra (Herc.) ‘hole’; d›ra (Herc.) ‘hole’; dra (Dubr.) ‘hole’; d›ra (Elez., RJA) ‘rags’; d›ra ‘rags’; d›ra (RSA) ‘hole, crack’; díra (RSA) ‘hole, crack’

PIE Cogn.

*drGk. ‘ª[ ‘flay’; Go. distaíran ‘tear apart’

See also: *derti; *d„rà; *d%rati; *d%rv%œa; *udariti

*diriti

108 *diriti v. ‘look for’

ESSJa V 31

S

Bulg. dírja ‘look for, seek, strive for’

B

Lith. dyrAti (coll.) ‘look out (for), watch (for), stare, gape, be in hiding’

Cogn.

Nw. tira (dial.) ‘look, shine, beam’

According to the ESSJa, the Slavic and Baltic verbs are possibly cognate with ' *d!rati ‘tear’. In that case the i would have to originate from the iterative. The connection with Germanic, as advocated by Stang (1972: 18-19), is not unattractive, however. One might reconstruct *dei(H )r- or *deih'-r-, cf. Skt. day£- ‘shine, radiate’. *divìti v. (c) ‘surprise, astonish’ CS E W S

OCS diviti s< ‘be surprised, wonder, marvel’, 1sg. divlj0 s<, 3sg. divíši s< Ru. divít’sja ‘be surprised, wonder, marvel’, 1sg. divljús’, 3sg. divítsja; divít’ (dial.) ‘be surprised, wonder, marvel, look (at), gaze’ Cz. diviti se ‘be surprised, be astounded’; Slk. diviŸ sa ‘be surprised, be astounded’; Pl. dziwi\ ‘surprise, astonish’ SCr. díviti se ‘marvel at, admire’, 1sg. dvm se; Bulg. divjá ‘surprise, astonish’

See also: *d­vo; *div& I; *div%n&

*dvo n. s (c) ‘miracle’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 33-34

OCS divesa (Ps. Sin.) Apl. ‘miracles’ Ru. dívo n.(o) ‘miracle’; dívo (dial.) n.(o) ‘miracle, astonishment’; divesá (dial.) Npl. n.(s) ‘miracles’ Slk. divo n.(o) ‘monster’; OPl. dziwo n.(o) ‘miracle’ SCr. dvo n.(o) ‘miracle’

See ' *div" I. *div I m. o ‘astonishment, miracle’ CS E W

OCS div" (Cloz.) ‘astonishment, amazement’ Ru. div (dial.) ‘miracle, astonishment’ Cz. div ‘miracle’; Slk. div ‘miracle’; Pl. dziw ‘miracle’

Cogn.

Skt. dhÌ- f. ‘observation, vision, thought’

ESSJa V 35

Since we find no traces of Hirt’s law, an analysis *dHi-uo- or *deiH-uo-seems best. See also: *divìti; *d­vo; *div%n&

*div II; *div adj. o; adj. jo ‘wild’ CS W S

ESSJa V 35-36

OCS divii ‘wild’ Cz. divý ‘wild, furious’; diví (dial.) ‘wild, furious’; OPl. dziwy ‘wild’; Slnc. ^äw³ ‘wild’; USrb. d]iwi ‘wild’ SCr. dìvlj ‘wild’; ak. div# (Vrg.) ‘cruel, brutal’; Sln. dívji ‘wild’; Bulg. div ‘wild, rough’

*dob³%

109

See ' *dik". The Russian adjectives dívyj (dial.) ‘surprising’ and dívoj (dial.) ‘miraculous, surprising’, which the ESSJa mentions under this lemma, are obviously cognate with ' *div!n". *divn adj. o ‘amazing’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 36-37

OCS div!n" ‘amazing, wonderful’ Ru. dívnyj ‘amazing, wonderful’ Cz. divný ‘strange, queer’; Slk. divný ‘strange, queer’; Pl. dziwny ‘strange, queer’ SCr. dvan ‘wonderful, splendid’; Sln. dívŠn ‘amazing, wonderful, miraculous’; Bulg. díven ‘amazing, wonderful’

Adjectival derivative in *-!n" (' *div" I). See also: *divìti; *d­vo; *div& I

*do prep. ‘to, until’

ESSJa V 37-38

CS E W S

OCS do Ru. do Cz. do; Slk. do; Pl. do SCr. d«; Sln. dò; Bulg. do

PIE Cogn.

*do Gk. Æ ‘ adv. ‘within’, OLat. endo- preverb ‘in’; OIr. do prep. ‘to’

*doba f. # ‘time’

ESSJa V 38-39

CS E W S

CS doba ‘use, advantage’ Ru. dóba (dial.) ‘time, measure’; Ukr. dobá ‘twenty-four hours’ Cz. doba ‘time’; Pl. doba ‘twenty-four hours, time’ SCr. d«ba ‘time’; ak. d«ba (Vrg.) ‘time’; dob; (Orb.) ‘time, season, point of time’, Asg. d«bo; Sln. dóba ‘time, period’; d04b f.(i) ‘time’; Bulg. dóba ‘time’

BSl. B

*doba‹ Lith. dabà ‘nature, habit, character’; dabar adv. ‘now’; Latv. daba ‘manner, habit, character’

Cogn.

Go. gadaban ‘happen, be suitable’

The root is best reconstructed as *dab-, with “European a”, cf. Lat. faber ‘craftsman, artisan’. See also: *dobr&; *podoba

*dob adj. jo ‘strong’ CS E S

OCS dob¯! ‘strong’; RuCS doblii ‘strong’ Ru. dóblij ‘valiant’ Sln. d06bŠlj ‘capable, able’

BSl.

*dob-

ESSJa V 40

*dobr&

110

Latv. dab#š ‘strong, lush’; dabls ‘strong, lush’ Cogn.

OIc. dapr ‘sad’; Nw. daper ‘sad, with young’; dabb(e) (dial.) m. ‘small, fat fellow’; OHG tapfar ‘firm, heavy, thick-set’

See ' *debel". *dobr adj. o ‘good’

ESSJa V 45-46

CS E W S

OCS dobr" ‘good, beautiful’ Ru. dóbryj Cz. dobrý; Slk. dobrý; Pl. dobry SCr. d«bar, f. dòbra; ak. d«bar (Vrg.), f. dobr;, n. dobr«; d«bar (Vrg.) ‘good, kind, tasty’, f. dobr;, n. dobr«; Sln. d06bŠr, Gsg. dóbra; Bulg. dob¹r

Cogn.

Go. gadaban ‘happen, be suitable’

Adjective in *-ro- of *dab- (' *doba). The relationship between *doba ‘time’ and *dobr" ‘good’ is parallel to *god" ‘right time’ vs. PGmc. *gda ‘suitable, good’. See also: *doba; *podoba

*dojidlica f. j# ‘nurse, nursing animal’ CS S

ESSJa V 52-53

OCS doilic! (Ps. Sin.) Gpl. ‘suckling (ewes)’; RuCS doilica ‘nurse, milch cow’ SCr. dòjilica ‘nurse, nursing mother’

A derivative of ' *dojidlo. See also: See also: *d˜t‚; *d˜ti II;*d¨va; *d˜vica;*dojidlica; *dojìti

*dojidlo n. o E W S

ESSJa V 52-53

Ru. dójlo (Dal’) ‘quantity of milk produced by one head of cattle in a twenty-four-hour period, worthless milk’ Cz. dojidlo (Kott) ‘milking machine’ Sln. dojílJ ‘breast-feeding, milking’; Bulg. dójlo ‘milking’

Deverbative noun in *-dlo. See ' *dojìti. *dojìti v. (c) ‘give milk, milk’ CS E W S

Cogn.

ESSJa V 53-54

OCS doiti ‘breast-feed, nurse’, 1sg. doj0 Ru. doít’ ‘milk’, 1sg. dojú, 3sg. doít; doít’ (dial.) ‘give milk (cow), suckle (calf )’ Cz. dojiti ‘milk’; Slk. dojiŸ ‘milk, give milk’; Pl. doi\ ‘milk, (arch., dial.) give milk’ SCr. dòjiti ‘breast-feed, suckle, give milk’, 1sg. dòjm; ak. doj›ti (Vrg.) ‘breast-feed, suckle, give milk’, 2sg. doj§š; doj›t (Orb.) ‘suckle, breast-feed’, 3sg. doj§; Sln. dojíti ‘breast-feed, give milk, milk’, 1sg. dojím; Bulg. dojá ‘breastfeed, give milk, milk’ Skt. dháyati ‘suck’; Go. daddjan ‘breast-feed’

*dòln%

111

The straightfoward analysis *doih&-eie- meets with several difficulties. In the first place, one would rather expect *doh&i-eie- in view of forms such as Latv. dêt ‘suck’, where we are dealing with an unextended root. This reconstruction would yield *dajati, however. Skt. dháyati ‘suck’ has been analyzed as *dh&-eie- (see LIV: 142, where the same analysis is applied to OSw. da), but this reconstruction cannot account for the Slavic form. Klingenschmitt (1982: 148) has suggested for both Slavic *dojìti and Go. daddjan that the formation is built on the present stem, i.e. *d(h&)éie- gave rise to *do%é%e-. See also: See also: *d˜t‚; *d˜ti II;*d¨va; *d˜vica;*dojidlica; *dojidlo

*dòa f. j# (b) ‘share, fate’ CS E W

ESSJa V 62-63

RuCS dolja ‘part, fate’ Ru. dólja ‘part, share, fate, (bot., anat.) lobe’; ORu. dolja ‘part, fate’; Bel. dólja ‘share, fate’; Ukr. dólja ‘fate, destiny’ OCz. s dolí ‘succesfully’; Pl. dola ‘fate, destiny, (coll.) share’ (the earliest attestations date from the 17th century)

BSl. B

*dolja‹ Lith. dalià 4 ‘fate, destiny’; Latv. da#a ‘part, share’

PIE Cogn.

*dolh&Lat. dol ‘fashion, work (wood)’

According to Bakowski (2000a: 282), this etymon spread from Belorussian, where it originated from a Lithuanian substratum, to Ukrainian, Russian and Polish. The secondary meaning ‘fate’ is assumed to have arisen in Belorussian. Though this is not an implausible scenario, it should be noticed that the ESSJa mentions late 14th century attestations of dolja in Old Russian / Russian Church Slavic, in the meaning ‘fate’ as well as in the meaning ‘part’. Furthermore, there is an Old Czech attestation from around 1400. See also: *odol˜ti

*dòln f. i (a) ‘palm of the hand’

ESSJa V 63-64

CS E W S

OCS dlan! Ru. ladón’; dolón’ (dial.) Cz. dlaŽ; Slk. dlaŽ; Pl. do SCr. dl;n m.(o); ak. dl’n (Vrg.) m.(o), Gsg. dl;na; dlán (Vrg.) m.(o), Gsg. dl;na; dln (Orb.) ‘palm (of the hand)’, Gsg. dlni; Sln. dlàn, Gsg. dlan; Bulg. dlan

BSl. B

*dol‹n-; *del‹nLith. délna f.; délnas m.; Latv. dena f.

We are apparently dealing with a Balto-Slavic root *del‹-, the origin of which is unclear. Pokorny suggests that there is a connection with Lith. dìlti ‘rub off, wear out’ (‘flatten’ ' ‘flat of the hand’), which seems far-fetched.

*doltò

112 *doltò n. o (b) ‘chisel’ E W S

Ru. dolotó Cz. dláto; Slk. dláto; Pl. duto Bulg. dlató; dletó

BSl. B

*dolbtó OPr. dalptan ‘punch, instrument for punching holes’

Cogn.

OE delfan ‘dig’

ESSJa V 60-61

Nomen instrumenti from a root meaning ‘hollow, chisel’ (' *d!lbiti, *d!lti). See also Derksen 1996: 115, 236, where the accentuation is discussed. See also: *deltò; *d‚tel&

*dl m. o (c) ‘dale, valley’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa V 64-65

OCS dolu adv. ‘below’; dolY (Supr.) adv. ‘below’ Ru. dol ‘(poet.) dale, vale, (dial.) pit, ditch, grave, bottom, earth’, Gsg. dóla; Ukr. dil ‘valley, bottom, earthen floor’, Gsg. dólu Cz. d,l (Jg.) ‘valley, pit, shaft’, Gsg. dolu; OCz. dolov adv. ‘down’; Pl. dó ‘pit, hole, grave’, Gsg. dou SCr. d| ‘valley, dale’, Gsg. d«la; ak. du|l (Orb.) ‘(small) valley, field in a (small) valley’; Sln. dº ‘valley’; Bulg. dol ‘narrow gully, ravine’ *dol-oOIc. dalr m. ‘valley’; OHG tal n. ‘valley’; W dol f. ‘valley’

The forms pointing to an old u-stem may be analogical after ' *v!rx" (cf. Meillet Ét. II: 242-243). *dma adv. ‘at home’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 66

OCS doma Ru. dóma Cz. doma; Slk. doma; Pl. doma (dial.); OPl. doma SCr. d«ma; ak. d«ma (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. dom

The petrified case-form *doma cannot reflect a Lsg. *dom-u, which would have yielded *domu. A possible reconstruction is an Isg. *dom-oh& (cf. ' *v!era), but we would not expect to find the old Isg. ending of the o-stems in a u-stem. See also: *domov&; *dom&

*domov adj. o ‘house-’ E W S

ESSJa V 71

Ru. domóvyj ‘house-’; domovój ‘house-’; domovój (arch., dial.) ‘house-spirit’ Cz. domový (obs.) ‘house-’; domov m.(o) ‘homeland’; Slk. domový ‘house-’; domov m.(o) ‘homeland’; Pl. domowy ‘house-’ SCr. dómov ‘house-’; Bulg. domoví ‘house-’

*d¥rg& Cogn.

113

Lat. domus f. ‘house’, Gsg. doms

Denominative adjective with full grade of the suffix. See also: *dÊma; *d¥m&

*dm m. u (c) ‘house’

ESSJa V 72-73

CS E W S

OCS dom" Ru. dom {1}; Ukr. dim, Gsg. dómu Cz. d,m, Gsg. domu; Slk. dom; Pl. dom; USrb. dom, Gsg. domu SCr. d|m, Gsg. d«ma; ak. d|m (Vrg.), Gsg. d«ma; Sln. dºm ‘house, home’, Gsg. dºma, Gsg. dom, Gsg. dºmu; Bulg. dom ‘house, home’

BSl. B

*domus Lith. nãmas

PIE *dom-uCogn. Lat. domus f., Gsg. doms {1} Vestiges of an old u-stem are the alternative Gsg. and Lsg. in -u, e.g. na domú ‘at home’. See also: *dÊma; *domov&

*dòrga f. # (a) ‘road, way’ E W S

ESSJa V 74-75

Ru. doróga ‘road, way’ Cz. dráha ‘road, way, waste land, (dial.) track’; Slk. draha ‘road, way, furrow’; Pl. droga ‘road, way’; USrb. dróha ‘road, way’; droha ‘road, way’ SCr. dr;ga ‘ravine, rapid stream, (arch.) road, way’; Sln. drága ‘ditch, gully, ravine’

Possibly cognate with ' *d!rgati < *drHg-. As for the semantics, cf. OIc. dragan ‘pull’ (*drog-) vs. Nw. drag ‘draught, stream’, drog (dial.) ‘short sleigh, track (of an animal), valley’. See also: *d%rgati; *d%rn®ti

*drg adj. o (c) ‘dear’

ESSJa V 77

CS E W S

OCS drag" ‘dear’ Ru. dorogój ‘dear’ Cz. drahý ‘dear’; Slk. drahý ‘dear’; Pl. drogi ‘dear’ SCr. drg ‘dear’, f. drága, n. drágo; ak. dr“g (Vrg.) ‘dear’, f. dr”g;, n. dr“go; drh (Orb.) ‘dear, nice, expensive’, f. drg;, f. drãga, n. drgo; Sln. drg ‘expensive, dear’, f. drága; Bulg. drag ‘expensive, dear’

BSl. B

*dorgos Latv. d¬rgs ‘dear’

Etymology unclear.

*dositi

114 *dositi v. ‘find, encounter’

ESSJa V 82

CS E

RuCS dositi ‘find, encounter’ ORu. dositi ‘find, encounter’

PIE Cogn.

*do˜Skt. daZasyáti ‘honour, serve’; Gk. (Ion., Aeol.) ‘ª€ « ‘accept’; Lat. decet ‘it suits, becomes’

Causative with o-grade of ' *desiti. *dovl ti v. ‘suffice’ CS E S

ESSJa V 89

OCS dov!lYti ‘suffice’, 1sg. dov!lj0, 1sg. dov!lYj0 Ru. dovlét’ ‘suffice’; Ukr. dovlíty ‘suffice’ Sln. dovl—6ti ‘suffice’, 1sg. dovlím

Prefixed verb consisting of ' *do and *v!lYti (' *velYti). *db m. o (c) ‘oak’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 95-97

OCS d0b" ‘oak, tree’ Ru. dub ‘oak’ Cz. dub ‘oak’; Slk. dub ‘oak’; Pl. db ‘oak’, Gsg. d
Etymology unclear. An old hypothesis is the connection with Gk. ‘ª[ ‘build’, but this fails to convince me. *dgà f. # ‘arc, arch’ CS E W S

BSl. B

CS d0ga ‘rainbow’ Ru. dugá ‘arc, arch’, Asg. dugú Cz. duha ‘arc, arch, stave, lag, rainbow’; Slk. dúha ‘rainbow, stave, lag’; Pl. d
*dti v. (a) ‘blow’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 98-99

ESSJa V 99-100

OCS d"my (Supr.) Nsg. m. ptc. pres. act. ‘blowing’; d"mYše s< (Supr.) 3sg. impf. ‘swelled’ Ru. dut’ ‘blow’, 1sg. dúju {1}; ORu. duti ‘blow’, 1sg. d"mu Cz. douti ‘blow’, 1sg. dmu; Pl. d\ ‘blow’, 1sg. dm< SCr. dµti ‘blow, inflate’, 1sg. dmm, 1sg. dµjm

*dr#žìti BSl. B

115

*dom‹tei; *dum‹tei Lith. dùmti ‘blow’

PIE *d(o)mHCogn. Skt. dhámati ‘blow’ {1} This verb may theoretically belong to *duti, but the Old Russian evidence renders this unlikely.

*drab m. o

ESSJa V 100-101

W

USrb. draby Npl. ‘clothes, dress, rags’

BSl. B

*drbLith. drabùžis m.(io) 2 ‘clothes, clothing’; drobùžis m.(io) 2 ‘clothes, clothing’; drãbanas m.(o) 3¾ ‘rags’; drãpanas m.(o) 1 ‘clothes, clothing’

See also: *draskati; *dr#pàti; *d%rpati

*drpàti v. ‘scratch’ E

W S Cogn.

ESSJa V 101-102

Ru. drápat’ ‘clear out’, 1sg. drápaju; drápat’ (dial.) ‘scratch, tear’; drjápat’ (dial.) ‘scratch, tear’; drjábat’ (dial.) ‘scratch, tear’; Ukr. drápaty ‘scratch, tear’; drjápaty ‘scratch, tear’ Cz. drápati ‘scratch, tear’; Slk. driapaŸ ‘scratch, tear’; Pl. drapa\ ‘scratch’; Slnc. drˆp‘c ‘scratch’ SCr. drápati ‘scratch’, 1sg. drpm; Sln. drápati ‘scratch’, 1sg. drápam, 1sg. drápljem; Bulg. drápam ‘tear’ Gk. ‘ª[ ‘pluck’

See also: *drob&; *d%rpati; draskati

*draskati v. ‘scratch’ S

ESSJa V 102-103

Bulg. dráskam ‘scratch, scribble’

It is likely that this verb must be analyzed as *drap-sk- (' *drpàti). See also: *dr#pàti; *drab&; *d%rpati

*držìti v. (b?) ‘incite, provoke’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 104-105

OCS razdražiti ‘incite (against), provoke’, 1sg. razdraž0 Ru. drážit’ (dial.) ‘tease’, 1sg. drážu, 3sg. drážit; dražít’ (dial.) ‘tease’, 1sg. dražú, 3sg. dražít {1} OCz. drážiti ‘tease, annoy, incite’; Slk. drážiŸ (dial.) ‘irritate’ SCr. drážiti ‘annoy, provoke’, 1sg. držim; ak. dr”ž›ti (Vrg.) ‘annoy, provoke’, 2sg. dr’žiš; drž›t (Hvar) ‘annoy, provoke’, 1sg. dróžin; Sln. drážiti ‘annoy, provoke, incite’, 1sg. drážim

LIV reconstructs *droh'g-eie-, connecting dražiti with Gk. –·[,  ¶[ ‘stir up’. In view of the accentuation of the verb, this is problematic.

*dreb˜zg&

116

{1} In the Pskov region, where both drážit’ and dražít’ are attested, a variant dorožit’ seems to have been recorded as well. I am inclined to regard this as a hypercorrection. *dreb zg m. o

ESSJa V 105-106

E

Ru. drébezg ‘sound of breaking glass, falling metal objects, etc.’; drébezgi Npl. ‘splinters, remnants’

BSl. B

*drebLith. dreb(z)nos Npl. f. ‘remnants’

PIE

*dreb-

See also: *drob˜zg&; *drob˜zga; *dreb&; *dreb%n&; *drobìti; *drob%; *drob%n&

*dreb m. o S

Bulg. dreb ‘combings of wool or linen, small man’

BSl. B

*drebLith. dreb(z)nos Npl. f. ‘remnants’

PIE Cogn.

*dreb-oOE drÀf n. ‘waste, mull’; MoDu. draf m. ‘swill’

ESSJa V 106

See ' *drobìti, *drob". *drebn adj. o ‘small, fine’ S

ESSJa V 106

Bulg. drében ‘small, fine’; Mcd. dreben ‘small, fine’

Adjective in *-!n". See ' *drobìti. *drevje; *drev adv. ‘earlier, before’ CS E W

S

ESSJa V 106-107

OCS drevlje ‘before, earlier, once’ ORu. drevY ‘from the earliest times, long ago’; drYve ‘from the earliest times, long ago’; drevlje ‘once, before’; drYvlje ‘once, before’ Cz. d•ív(e) ‘before, earlier’; OCz. d•év(e) ‘before, earlier’; d•iev(e) ‘before, earlier’; Slk. driev ‘before, earlier’; Pl. drzewiej (obs.) ‘once, before, earlier’; OPl. drzewie ‘once, before, earlier’ Sln. dr¤vi ‘tonight’

According to a widely accepted etymology, this etymon is cognate with the word for ‘wood’ (' *d=rvo). *drevn; *drevn adj. jo; adj. o ‘ancient’ CS E W

ESSJa V 107

OCS drev#!_! ‘ancient’ Ru. drévnij ‘ancient, very old’ Cz. d•evný (Jg.) ‘earlier, ancient’; d•evní (Jg.) ‘earlier, ancient’; d•ívný (Jg.)’earlier, ancient’; OCz. d•evní ‘earlier, ancient’; d•Yvní ‘earlier, ancient’; Slk. drevný ‘earlier, ancient’

*drobà II; *drobìna II; *drebà S

117

SCr. dr=van ‘ancient, very old’; Sln. dréven ‘ancient, old, antique’

See also: *drevje; *drev˜

*drmàti v. (b) ‘doze, slumber’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 108-109

CS drYmati (in OCS, we only find drYmanie (Ps. Sin.) Asg. ‘slumber’) Ru. dremát’, 1sg. dremljú, 3sg. drémljet Cz. d•ímati; Slk. driemaŸ; Pl. drzema\; Slnc. d•ìem‘c SCr. drijèmati, 1sg. dr›jemm, 1sg. dr›jemljm; ak. drm;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. dr§m#eš; Sln. dr—6mati, 1sg. dr—6mam, 3sg. dr—6mljem; Bulg. drémja

It has been suggested that the Slavic root *drYm- is a contamination of *dreh&-, cf. Skt. ni-dryt (Br) 3sg. opt. ‘may sleep, slumber’, and *drem-, cf. Lat. dormi ‘sleep’. A reconstruction *dreh&m is in conflict with the accentual evidence, however. It is therefore more likely that *drYmati has a secondary lengthened grade vowel, which is not uncommon in intensives (cf. Klingenschmitt 1989: 81). One might argue, however, that ‘doze, slumber’ is hardly an intensive meaning. *driskati; *dristati v. ‘suffer from diarrhoea’

ESSJa V 116

E W S

Ukr. drystáty Cz. d•ístati (Jg.); Pl. drzysta\ (dial.); Slnc. d•ˆst‘c SCr. drískati; dr›skati; drí\kati (Vuk); Sln. drískati; drístati; Bulg. drískam

Cogn.

OIc. dríta ‘shit’; OE drtan ‘shit’; OHG trzan ‘shit’

To be reconstructed as *dreid-sk-, with early loss of *d. *drobà I; *drobìna I f. # ‘crumb, small fry, small livestock’ E W

S

ESSJa V 117, 118-119

Ru. drobína (S. dial.) ‘small livestock’; Ukr. drobyná ‘poultry, small fry, small change’ Cz. droba ‘type of sandstone’; drobina (Jg.: Slk., Kott) ‘crumb, little piece’; Slnc. dr¨Q‰b‘ ‘small fry’; dr¨Q‰bjin‘ ‘small fry, crumb’; USrb. drobina ‘trifles, nonsense’ SCr. dróba (RSA) ‘bread crumbled into milk’

Derivatives of ' *drobiti, cf. ' *drob" I, *drob!, *drobYzga. See also: *dreb&; *dreb%n&; *drob%n&

*drobà II; *drobìna II; *drebà f. # ‘sediment, brewer’s yeast, dregs, entrails’ E

ESSJa V 105, 117, 118-119

S

Ru. drobá (dial.) ‘sediment, brewer’s yeast, dregs’; drobína (dial.) ‘sediment, brewer’s yeast, dregs’; drebá (dial.) ‘sediment, brewer’s yeast, dregs’ SCr. dróba (RSA) ‘entrails’; dròbina (Vuk) ‘entrails, tripe’

BSl.

*drob-

*drob˜zg&; *drob˜zga

118 B

Lith. drabnà (dial.) f.(#) 4 ‘sleet, dough, mud’; Latv. drabenes Npl. f.(!) ‘sediment of malt after brewing process’

Cogn.

OIc. draf n. ‘lees, yeast’; Nw. drav n. ‘sediment of malt after brewing process’; OHG trebir Npl. m. ‘pig’s swill’; MoDu. draf m. ‘pig’s swill’; MoIr. draoib f. ‘mud, mire’

Unlike the ESSJa, I have separated *drobà II ‘sediment, dregs, entrails’ from *drobà I ‘crumb, small fry, small livestock’, etc. It can be argued that the meanings ‘dregs’ and ‘crumbs’ may be covered by the designation ‘remnants’, but for the root of *drobà I the notion ‘small, fine’ seems essential, while *drobà II is about thick, weak masses. We may reconstruct a European root *drab-. See also: *drebà; *drobà II; *drobìna II; *drob& II

*drob zg; *drob zga m. o; f. # ‘crumbs, small fry’

ESSJa V 118

E W

Ru. drobezgá; drobizgá f.(#) ‘small fry’ Cz. drobesk m. ‘crumbs’; OCz. drobYz f.(i) ‘crumbs’; Slk. drobizg m. ‘small fry’; Pl. drobiazg m. ‘small fry’

BSl. B

*dropLith. dreb(z)nos Npl. f. ‘remnants’; Latv. drapsnas Npl. f. ‘crumbs, remnants’

See ' *drobìti. *drobìti v. ‘crumble, crush’ CS E W S

Cogn.

ESSJa V 119

OCS drobYi (Supr.) Nsg. m. ptc. pres. act. ‘crushing’; CS drobiti ‘crumble, chop, break’ Ru. drobít’ ‘crush’, 1sg. drobljú, 3sg. drobít Cz. drobiti ‘crumble, chop, crush’; Slk. drobiŸ ‘crumble, chop, crush’; Pl. drobi\ ‘crumble’ SCr. dròbiti ‘crush, crumble’, 1sg. dr«bm; ak. drob›ti (Vrg.) ‘crush, crumble’, 2sg. drob§š; drob›t (Vrg.) ‘pulverize, crush’, 1sg. drob§n; Sln. drobíti ‘crumble, mince’, 1sg. drobím; Bulg. drobjá ‘crumble’ Go. gadraban ‘cut out’ (unless this is a mistake for gagraban)

LIV (153) reconstructs *dreb- on the basis of Germanic forms such as OIc. drepa ‘beat, kill’, OHG treffan ‘hit’. Since this proto-form is in conflict with Winter’s law, I reconstruct *drob-eie- for Slavic. The discrepancy between Slavic and Germanic may have something to do with the fact that the etymon is of non-Indo-European origin or Kluge’s law may have played a role. See also: *dreb&; *dreb%n&; *drobà I; *drob˜zg&; *drob˜zga; *drobìna I; *drob&; *drob%; *drob%n&

*drob I m. o E

Ukr. drib ‘little piece, small livestock’

ESSJa V 119-120

*droiti W S

119

Cz. drob (dial.) ‘hay-dust’; OCz. drob ‘little piece, crumb’; USrb. drob ‘haydust, sawdust’ Sln. drºb ‘little pieces, crumbs’

A derivative of ' *drobìti, cf. ' *drobà I, *drob!, *drobYzg", *drobYzga. *drob II m. o E W S

ESSJa V 119-120

Ru. drob (dial.) ‘dregs’; ORu. drob" ‘dregs’ Cz. drob ‘entrails’; USrb. drob ‘entrails, tripe’ SCr. dr|b ‘entrails, pulp (of fruit), sediment, Gsg. dregs’, dr«ba; Sln. drºb ‘entrails’; Bulg. drob ‘entrails’

See ' *drobà II. *drob f. i E W S

ESSJa V 121

Ru. drob’ ‘fraction, small shot’ Pl. drób m.( jo) ‘poultry, small items’, Gsg. drobiu Sln. drºb m.(o) ‘small piece, particle, chaff, hay-dust, entrails’; drºb ‘chaff, hay-dust’, Gsg. drob; Bulg. drob ‘fraction’

See ' *drobìti. *drobn adj. o ‘small, fine’

ESSJa V 122

CS E W S

OCS droben" (Supr.) ‘fine’ Ru. dróbnyj (dial.) ‘small’ Cz. drobný ‘small, fine, fragile’; Pl. drobny ‘small, tiny’ SCr. dr«ban ‘small, fine, fragile’; ak. dr«ban (Vrg.) ‘small, fine, fragile’; dr«ban (Orb.) ‘tiny, fine’; Sln. dróbŠn ‘small, tiny’

Cogn.

OIc. drafna ‘dissolve into small parts’

See ' *drobìti. *dro iti v. ‘stimulate, irritate’

ESSJa V 122-123

W S

Ru. droít’ ‘stroke, caress, feed, tease, irritate’; dróit’ ‘stroke, caress, tease, irritate’; droít’sja ‘be obstinate, go mad (said of cattle, for instance)’ Pl. droczy\ ‘tease’ SCr. dr«iti ‘sting’; Bulg. dróa ‘loaf, amuse oneself, booze’

BSl. B

*drokLatv. dracît ‘scold’

E

It is difficult to link this Balto-Slavic etymon to forms with an Indo-European etymology. The Russian reflexive droít’sja may also be compared with Latv. drakâtiês ‘rage, dance’. See also: *drok&; *droka

*droga

120 *droga f. # ‘bar, pole’ E

ESSJa V 123-124

Ru. drogá ‘wooden bar or metal strip uniting the front and the rear axis of a cart, centre pole’; drogá (dial.) ‘pole’; dróga (dial.) ‘cart for transporting wood’

Apparently a variant of ' *dr06g". A comparison with Gk. ª¼[ ‘run’ and OIc. draga ‘pull’ does not bring much. *drok; *droka m. o; f. #

ESSJa V 124

E

Ru. drok (dial.) m. ‘broom (Genista), oregano’; drok (dial.) m. ‘time when cattle are restless, agitated’; dróka (dial.) f. ‘indulgence, over-indulgence’; Ukr. drik m. ‘Dyer’s Broom, gadfly’, Gsg. dróku; druÍok (dial.) m. ‘warm period in May or June, when cattle are plagued by gadflies and run from one side to another’, Gsg. dróku

BSl. B

*drokLith. drãkas ‘noise, agitation, quarrel’; Latv. draks ‘fight’

See also: *droiti

*drozd m. o (c (/b?)) ‘thrush’ E W S

ESSJa V 126-127

Ru. drozd ‘thrush, (ërnyj d.) blackbird’, Gsg. drozdá {1}; Ukr. drizd ‘thrush’, Gsg. drozdá Cz. drozd ‘thrush’; Slk. drozd ‘thrush’; Pl. drozd ‘thrush’; Slnc. dr¶uzd ‘thrush’ SCr. dr|zd ‘thrush’; dr|zak ‘thrush’, Gsg. dr|zga; dr|zak ‘thrush’, Gsg. dr«zga; ak. dr«zak ‘thrush’, Asg. dr«zga; Sln. dr04zd ‘thrush’; dr04zg ‘thrush, (rni d.) blackbird’; Bulg. drozd ‘thrush, (coll.) blackbird’

BSl. B

*trozdós Lith. strãzdas 4 ‘thrush, (juodasis s.) blackbird, (dial.) starling’; Latv. strazds ‘thrush, (melnais s.) blackbird, (mjas s.) starling’ OPr. tresde ‘thrush’

PIE Cogn.

*trozd-oLat. turdus m. ‘thrush’; OIr. truit f. ‘thrush’ {2}; OIc. þr0str m. ‘thrush’

In order to explain why *drozd" was not, or rather only partly affected by the generalization of accentual mobility in masculine o-stems, Illi-Svity (1963: §45) reconstructs a u-stem, referring to OIc. þr0str < *-uz. I am inclined to consider the possibility that owing to the cluster -zd-, which prevented the Balto-Slavic retraction called Ebeling’s law, *drozd" belonged to a marginal oxytone type that in principle merged with AP (b). In that case it is no longer necessary to posit a u-stem. It must be said, by the way, that the evidence for AP (c) seems to outweigh the evidence for (b). {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 137). {2} OIr. also truid, druid.

*drºg& I *droždža; *droždžje f. j#; n. io ‘yeast, dregs’ CS E W S

121 ESSJa V 129-130

OCS drožd!j< (Ps. Sin.) Npl. f.(i#) ‘dregs’ Ru. dróžži n.(io) ‘yeast, leaven’ Cz. droždí n.(io) ‘yeast, leaven’; Slk. droždie n.(io) ‘yeast, leaven’; Pl. dro­d­e Npl. f.( j#) ‘yeast, leaven’; OPl. dro­d­a f.( j#) ‘sediment, dregs’ SCr. dròžda f.(#) ‘sediment’; Sln. drožj<4 f.( j#) ‘yeast, leaven’; drož<4 f.( j#) ‘yeast, leaven’; droždž<4 f.( j#) ‘yeast, leaven’; drož f.(i) ‘yeast, leaven’

BSl. B

*dro(z)gi(‹)a‹ Lith. drãgFs (Bretk.) Npl. f.(!) ‘dregs’; Latv. dradži Npl. m.( jo) ‘sediment (of melted fat)’ OPr. dragios ‘dregs’

Cogn.

Lat. fracs f. ‘fragments of olive pulp left after pressing’; OIc. dregg f. ‘dregs, yeast’

Cognate with OIc. dregg ‘dregs, yeast’ < *dragj and, in spite of the differing velar, probably also with Lat. fracs. Since the word is possibly non-Indo-European, we might just as well reconstruct *drag-i-, with *a. *drg m. o (b) ‘bar, pole’ CS W S

ESSJa V 129-130

OCS dr0gy (Euch.) Ipl. ‘sticks’ Cz. drouh (obs., dial.) ‘bar, club’; Slk. drúh (dial.) ‘bar, club’; Pl. drg ‘bar’, Gsg. drga; Slnc. dr¶Îg ‘bar, pole’, Gsg. dr¶Îga SCr. drg ‘rail’; Sln. dr04g ‘bar, latticed side of a cart’

BSl. B

*drongos Lith. drañgas m. ‘pole (used as a lever)’; dránga f. ‘pole (used as a lever), edge (of a cart)’

Cogn.

OIc. drangr m. ‘detached pillar of rock’; OIc. drengr m. ‘heavy stick, pillar’

On the basis of the Balto-Slavic and Germanic evidence, we may reconstruct *drong-. The limited distribution of the etymon and the fact that we find variants without a nasal or with root-final *k leads us to consider non-Indo-European origin. See also: *droga; *dr®Ëk&

*drk m. o (b) ‘bar, pole’ E W S

ESSJa V 130-131

Ru. druk ‘pole, stake, club, beam’; drjuk ‘pole, stake, club’; Ukr. drjuk ‘club’ Cz. drouk ‘iron bar, rod’; Slk. drúk ‘stake, pole’ SCr. druk ‘fairly thick stake’; Sln. dr04k ‘pestle’

See ' *dr06g". *drg I m. o (c) ‘companion, friend’ CS E W

ESSJa V 131-132

OCS drug" ‘friend’ Ru. drug ‘friend’ Cz. druh ‘friend’; Slk. druh ‘friend’; OPl. drug ‘companion, comrade’

*drºg& II

122 S

SCr. drg ‘friend’; Sln. drg ‘companion, best man’

BSl. B

*drougos Lith. dragas 4 ‘friend’; Latv. dràugs ‘friend’

Cogn.

Go. gadrauhts m. ‘warrior’; OIc. dróttinn m. ‘prince, lord’; OHG truhtn m. ‘lord’

Only Balto-Slavic and Germanic, cf. also Go. driugan ‘be up in arms’. I consider the connection with *dreug- ‘deceive’ dubious. See also: *drºg& II; *družìna

*drg II adj. o (c) ‘other’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 131-132

OCS drug" ‘other’ Ru. drugój ‘other’ Cz. druhý ‘second, other’; Slk. druhý ‘second, other’; Pl. drugi ‘second, other’ SCr. drg ‘second, other’; ak. drµg (Vrg.) ‘second, other’; drµgi (Orb.) ‘other, second’; Sln. drg ‘other’; Bulg. drug ‘other’

Etymologically identical with ' *drg I. *družìna f. # (a)

ESSJa V 134-135

CS E W S

OCS družina ‘society, party’ Ru. družína ‘(prince’s) armed force, militia unit, squad’ Cz. družina ‘squad, detachment’; Pl. dru­yna ‘team, crew’ SCr. drùžina ‘society, friends, detachment, servants’; ak. druž›na (Vrg.) ‘society, friends, detachment, servants’; Sln. družína ‘servants, family’; Bulg. družína ‘troop’

Cogn.

OIc. drótt f. ‘followers’; OHG truht f. ‘multitude, host’

Derivative in *-ina of ' *drg I. See also: *drºg& II

*drgati v. ‘tremble, shake’

ESSJa V 144

E W S

Ru. drógat’ (Voron.) ‘shake’ Cz. drhati (rare) ‘tremble, shiver’; Slk. drgaŸ ‘shake’; Pl. drga\ ‘tremble, shiver’ Sln. d¼gati ‘tremble’, 1sg. dÂgam

BSl.

*drug-

There are Baltic forms pointing to a Balto-Slavic root *drug- ‘tremble’ (' *dr"ž!). Alongside *dr"gati we find forms with a secondarily lengthened root vowel. e.g. ORu., RuCS drygatisja ‘tremble’, Ru. drýgat’, drygát’ (dial.) ‘tremble, shake, writhe’. *drvo n. o (c) ‘tree, (pl.) wood’ CS E

OCS dr"va (Supr.) Npl. ‘wood’ Ru. drová Npl. ‘wood’

ESSJa V 141-142

*dr%kol%; *dr%kol%je W

123

S

Cz. drvo (dial.) ‘tree, wood’, Npl. drva ‘wood’; Slk. drvo ‘tree’; Pl. drwa Npl. ‘wood, firewood’ SCr. dÃvo ‘tree’, Npl. drvta, Npl. drQva ‘wood’; ak. drv« (Orb.) ‘wood, firewood’, Npl. drv; ‘wood’; Sln. d¼vJ ‘log, baton’, Npl. d¼va ‘firewood’; Bulg. d‘rvó ‘tree’; d‘rvá Npl. ‘wood’

PIE Cogn.

*dru(H )-oGk. ‘± f. ‘tree, oak’

For the reconstruction of a (Balto-Slavic) laryngeal, see ' *d=rvo. *držati v. ‘tremble, shiver’ E W

ESSJa V 144

Ru. drožát’ ‘tremble, shiver’, 1sg. drožú, 3sg. drožít; ORu. drožati ‘tremble, shiver’ OCz. držYti ‘tremble, shiver’; d•ežeti ‘tremble, shiver’; Pl. dr­e\ ‘tremble, shiver’

A stative verb in *-Yti. See also: *dr&gati; *dr&ž%

*drž m. jo? ‘shivering, tremor’

ESSJa V 144

E W

Ru. drož’ f.(i) ‘shivering, tremor’; droš (Psk.) m.( jo??) ‘shivering, tremor’ Pl. dreszcz m.( jo) ‘shivering, tremor, shudder’; dreszcz (dial.) f.(i) ‘shivering, tremor, shudder’ {1}

BSl. B

*drugios Lith. drugs m.(io) 4 ‘fever, malaria, butterfly, moth’; Latv. drudzis m.(io) ‘fever, ague’; drudzi Npl. m.(io) ‘moths’

BSl. *drug- may in principle reflect *drug- or *drug-, but to my knowledge there are no cognates outside Balto-Slavic. {1} In the 18th century, we find forms such as dresz, dreZ, drez and dreZ\ (S awski SEJP I: 163). According to Bakowski (2000a: 297), dreszcz may be based on a plural dreszcze from *dre­ca < *dr!ž-!ca. See also: *dr&gati; *dr&žati

*drkol; *drkolje m. i; n. io ‘stick, club’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 139-140

OCS dr!kol! m.(i) ‘stick, club’; dr"kol! m.(i) ‘stick, club’ Ru. drekol’ (dial.) m.( jo?) ‘pole’; drekól’e n.(io) ‘staves’ Cz. drkolí (Jg.) n.(io) ‘wooden rattle, club’ {1} SCr. drkol (arch.) m.(o) ‘truncheon, baton’; Sln. d¼ko m.(o) ‘truncheon, baton’; d¼kŠlj m.( jo) ‘truncheon, baton’

In all likelihood a compound of dr" ‘wood’ (' *d=rvo) and *kol- ‘stab’ (' *kolti). Unlike the ESSJa, I have reconstructed *dr!kol!, *dr!kol!je because the evidence points to !. I admit, however, that the form originally may have had *" (cf. Vaillant 1928).

*dxàti

124 {1} Also drkolna, OCz. d•kolna, strkolna. See also: *dÀrvo; *dr&vo; *s&dòrv&

*dxàti v. (b) ‘breathe, blow’ CS W S B

ESSJa V 151

OCS duxati ‘breathe’, 1sg. duš0 Cz. douchati (Kott) ‘blow’; duchati (dial.) ‘breathe’; Slk. dúchaŸ ‘blow’; Pl. ducha\ (dial.) ‘blow’ SCr. dúhati ‘blow’, 1sg. dhm, 1sg. dšm; Sln. dúhati ‘smell, breathe’, 1sg. dham; Bulg. duxam ‘blow’ Lith. dvsti ‘breathe, blow’; dsAti ‘breathe heavily’; Latv. dvèst ‘breathe heavily’

Denominative verb based on ' *dx". See also: *dušà; *dvoxati; *d&xn®ti; *d&x&; *dyxati

*dx m. o (c) ‘breath, spirit’

ESSJa V 153-154

CS E W S

OCS dux" ‘breath, spirit’ Ru. dux ‘spirit, breath, smell’ Cz. duch ‘spirit’; Slk. duch ‘spirit’; Pl. duch ‘spirit, breath’ SCr. dh ‘spirit, breath, smell’, Gsg. dha; dµh (Vuk) ‘spirit, breath, smell’, Gsg. dùha; ak. dh (Vrg.) ‘spirit’, Gsg. dha; dh (Novi) ‘spirit’; dh (Orb.) ‘ghost’; Sln. dh ‘spirit, breath, smell’; Bulg. dux ‘spirit’

BSl. B

*doušos Lith. dasos Npl. f. ‘air, breath’

Cogn.

Go. dius n. ‘wild animal’ (*deus-)

The root shape *dous- is peculiar to Balto-Slavic. Elsewhere in and Indo-European – and in Balto-Slavic as well – we find full grades of the type *due/ous- (cf. ' *dvoxati). See also: *dxati; *dušà; *dvoxati; *d&xn®ti; *d&x&; *dyxati

*dunti v. ‘blow’

ESSJa V 137

CS E W S

OCS dun0ti ‘blow’, 1sg. dun0 Ru. dúnut’ ‘blow’ OCz. dunúti ‘blow’ SCr. dúnuti ‘blow’; Sln. dúniti ‘strike, swoop down on’, 1sg. dnem

Cogn.

Skt. dhnóti ‘shake’; OIc. dýja ‘blow’

Perfective in *-n0ti, cf. ' *duti. *dupa; *dup f. #; n. nt ‘hole’ E

Ru. dúpa (dial.) f. ‘buttocks’; Ukr. dúpa f. ‘arse’

ESSJa V 157-158

*dupl% W

125

S

Cz. doupa (arch.) f. ‘hollow, burrow’; doupY n. ‘hollow, burrow’; dupa (dial.) f. ‘hind quarters’; Slk. dúpa f. ‘hollow, burrow’; dúpä n. ‘burrow, den’; dupa (dial.) f. ‘hind quarters’; Pl. dupa f. ‘arse, vagina’ SCr. dµpe n. ‘arse’; Sln. dúpa f. f. ‘hole, burrow’; Bulg. dúpe n. ‘arse’

BSl. B

*doub/pLith. daubà 4 ‘ravine, hole, burrow’

PIE Cogn.

*doupGo. diups adj. ‘deep’

The Slavic root *dup- has a variant *d"b- (' *d"no). See also: *dupina; *duplò; *dupl%; *dup³a; *d&br%; *d&no

*dupina f. # ‘hole’ CS E S

ESSJa V 158

OCS dupin0 (Supr.) Asg. ‘opening’; RuCS dupina ‘hole, grove, ditch’ ORu. dupina ‘hole, grove, ditch’ Sln. dupína ‘hole, hollow, cavity’

Derivative of ' *dupa. See also: *dup‚; *duplò; *dupl%; *dup³a; *d&br%; *d&no

*dupa f. j# ‘hollow’

ESSJa V 159

E W S

Ru. dupljá (dial.) ‘hollow (of a tree)’; dúplja (dial.) ‘hollow (of a tree)’ Pl. dziupla ‘hollow’ SCr. dúplja ‘hollow (of a tree), orifice, hole, den, cave’; Sln. dplja ‘hollow (of a tree), cave’

PIE

*doup-

Derivative of ' *dupa. See also: *dup‚; *dupina; *duplò; *dupl%; *d&br%; *d&no

*duplò n. o (b) ‘hole, hollow, cavity’ E W S

ESSJa V 159

Ru. dupló ‘hollow (of a tree), cavity’ Pl. dziupo (19th c.) ‘hole, cavity, burrow (of a weasel)’; dupo (dial.) ‘hole, cavity, burrow (of a weasel)’ SCr. dúplo ‘hole, hollow, cavity’; Sln. dúplJ ‘hole, hollow (of a tree), cavity’; Bulg. dúplo ‘hole, cavity’

Derivative of ' *dupa. See also: *dup‚; *dupina; *dupl%; *dup³a; *d&br%; *d&no

*dupl adj. jo ‘hollow’ CS S

RuCS duplii ‘hollow, light’ Bulg. dúpli (arch., dial.) ‘hollow’

Derivative of ' *duplò.

ESSJa V 160

*dura

126

See also: *dupa; *dup‚; *dupina; *dup³a; *d&br%; *d&no

*dura f. # ‘hole’ E W

ESSJa V 160

Bel. dzjurá ‘hole’; Ukr. djúra ‘hole’ Cz. d’oura (Jg.) ‘hole’; d’úra (E. Mor. dial.) ‘hole’; džura (Sil.) ‘hole’; Pl. dziura ‘hole’; dura (dial.) ‘hole’; OPl. dura ‘hole’; dzióra ‘hole’; Slnc. ^¨–Kr‘ ‘hole’

West Slavic cognate of *dyra (the Ukr. and Bel. forms are borrowings from Polish). According to S awski (SEJP I: 208-209), there is evidence for a Polish form dzióra. This form may derive from OPl. dra\, 1sg. dzior<, or may continue an older noun *dora from the same root, which was then influenced by the Polish verb (similarly Baudouin de Courtenay apud Berneker 1899: 150 fn.). See also: *dyrà

*durìti v. (c) E W S

ESSJa V 161

Ru. durít’ ‘be naughty, be obstinate’, 1sg. durjú, 3sg. durít; durít’ (dial.) ‘go crazy, do smth. forbidden or unnecessary, deceive’ Cz. du•ít sa (dial.) ‘be angry’; Slk. duriŸ (dial.) ‘chase, hurry’; duriŸ sa (dial.) ‘be angry’; Pl. durzy\ ‘deceive, fool’ SCr. dúriti se ‘be angry, fill with disgust, be disgusted’, 1sg. drm se; dµriti se (RSA) ‘be angry, fill with disgust, be disgusted’; ak. dr›t (Orb.) ‘sulk, pout’, 3sg. dr§; Sln. dúriti ‘make hateful, despise’, 1sg. durím

Derivative of ' *dur". See also: *dur%n&; *dur%

*dur adj. o S

Sln. dúr ‘shy, wild’

BSl. B

*d(o)uros OPr. drai Npl. ‘shy’

ESSJa V 162

Perhaps to be analyzed as *dou-ro-, cf. Skt. dhvati, Gk. –ª[ ‘run’. There is no connection with Gk. –± ‘rushing, impetuous, furious’ (pace Trautmann 1910: 325, Vasmer s.v. durnój and others), which derives from *drh-. See also: *durìti; *dur%n&; *dur%

*dur f. i ‘stupidity, madness’ E

W

ESSJa V 162-163

Ru. dur’ f.(i) ‘stupidity’; dur’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘pus, fumes causing faintness, faintness’; dur (dial.) f.(i) ‘stupidity, madness’; Ukr. dur’ f.(i) ‘stupidity, wild behaviour’; dur (dial.) m.(o) ‘henbane’ Pl. dur m.(o) ‘typhus, mental derangement (from fever)’

See the previous lemma.

*duž% *durn adj. o ‘stupid, crazy’ E W S

127 ESSJa V 162-163

Ru. durnój ‘bad, evil, nasty, stupid’ Cz. durný (Kott) ‘stupid, crazy’; Slk. durný ‘scary, rude’; Pl. durny (E. dial.) ‘crazy’; Slnc. d®rnï ‘crazy’ SCr. dran ‘hot-tempered, malicious’

Adjective in *-!n", cf. ' *dur" *dušà f. j# (c) ‘soul’

ESSJa V 153-154

CS E W S

OCS duša ‘breath, soul’ Ru. dušá ‘soul, spirit’, Asg. dúšu Cz. duše ‘soul, spirit’; Slk. duša ‘soul, spirit’; Pl. dusza ‘soul, spirit’ SCr. dúša ‘soul, spirit’, Asg. dšu; ak. dš; (Vrg.) ‘soul, spirit’; dš; (Novi) ‘soul, spirit’; dš; (Orb.) ‘soul, spirit’, Asg. dšo; Sln. dúša ‘soul’; Bulg. dušá ‘soul, character, breath’, Npl. dúši, Npl. duší

BSl. B

*doušja‹ Lith. dasios Npl. ‘air’

PIE Cogn.

*dous-i-eh' Go. dius n. ‘wild animal’

See also: *dxàti; *dºx&; *dvoxati; *d&xn®ti; *d&x&; *dyxati

*duti v. ‘blow’

ESSJa V 166

W S

Cz. douti ‘blow’, 1sg. duji; Slk. duŸ ‘blow’, 1sg. duji Sln. dúti ‘blow’, 1sg. dújem; Bulg. dúja se ‘be angry, grumble’

B Cogn.

Lith. dujà f.( j#) 4 ‘(Žem.) drizzle, mist, (Dzk.) loose, ashy earth’ Skt. dhnóti ‘shake’; OIc. dýja ‘blow’

Ru. dut’, 1sg. dúju may also belong here, but cf. ORu. duti, 1sg. d"m0. See also: *dun®ti

*duž adj. jo ‘strong’ E W BSl. B

ESSJa V 167-168

Ru. djúžij ‘sturdy, hefty, robust, healthy’; dúžij (dial.) ‘strong, healthy’; ORu. djúžij ‘strong’; Bel. dúžy ‘strong, vigorous’; Ukr. dúžyj ‘strong, healthy’ Cz. duží (rare) ‘firm, strong’; Slk. dúži ‘strong, big, healthy’; Pl. du­y ‘big, (16th-18th c., dial.) strong’; du­o adv. ‘much, many, (16th-18th c.) very’ {1} *doug-joLith. dag; daugi (OLith.); dagia (dial.) adv. ‘much, many’; Latv. dadz(i) adv. ‘much, many’

If the Polish forms are “Ruthenianisms”, there is no objection against positing a root containing a nasal, cf. *d
*dvoxati

128

were confused (cf. Shevelov 1964: 321-322, ESSJa 25: 126). The latter root may reflect *doug-, cf. Go. daug ‘is useful’. {1} According to Bakowski (2000a: 312), du­y ‘strong’ and du­o (du­e) ‘very’, which are attested since the 16th century, originate from Ukrainian. Du­y ‘big’ is recorded sporadically from 1600 onwards and more frequently since the 18th century, while du­o ‘much, many’ occurs only since the 18th century.

*dvoxati v.

ESSJa V 169

E

Ru. dvóxat’ (dial.) ‘breathe heavily, gasp, cough loudly’

BSl. B

*dwosLith. dvsti ‘breathe, blow’; dsAti ‘breathe heavily’; Latv. dvèst ‘breathe heavily’

The *x is analogical after formations to which the ruki-rule applied. See ' *dx". *dvòr m. o (b) ‘court, courtyard’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 169-170

OCS dvor" Ru. dvor, Gsg. dvorá; dvôr (dial.), Gsg. dvorá Cz. dv,r, Gsg. dvora, Gsg. dvoru; Slk. dvor; Pl. dwór, Gsg. dworu; Slnc. dv¶r, Gsg. dv¨Q‰ru–; USrb. dwór, Gsg. dwora SCr. dv|r, Gsg. dvóra; ak. dvõr (Vrg.); dvõr (Novi), Gsg. dvor;; duõr (Orb.) ‘stable(‘s complex)’, Gsg. dvor;; Sln. dvòr, Gsg. dvóra; Bulg. dvor

BSl. B

*dwórum Lith. dvãras ‘estate’ OPr. dauris (EV) ‘big gate’

PIE Cogn.

*duorAv. duuar- m. ‘door, court’

See also: *dv%r%

*dvr f. i (b) ‘door’

ESSJa V 171-172

CS E W S

OCS dv!r!; dv!ri Npl. Ru. dver’ Cz. dve•e Npl.; dvé•e Npl.; OCz. d•vi Npl.; Pl. drzwi Npl.; USrb. dwYrja Npl. SCr. dvari (16th/17th c.) Npl. ‘gate’; dv=ri Npl. ‘doors of the altar’; Sln. dúri Npl. ‘door, gate’; dv<6ri Npl. ‘door, gate’; davri (16th c.) Npl. ‘door, gate’

BSl. B

*dvir-; *durLith. dùrys Npl. f.(i) 2; dùres (dial.) Npl. f.(i); Latv. dùrvis Npl. f.(i); duris Npl. f.(i)

PIE Cogn.

*durGk. –‡ « Npl. f. ‘door’; Lat. fors Npl. f. ‘zweiflügelige Tür’; OHG turi Npl. f. ‘door’

See also: *dvòr&

*d&¯lg& *dxnti v. ‘breathe, blow’ CS E W S

129 ESSJa V 177

OCS d"xn0ti ‘breathe, blow’ Ru. doxnút’ ‘breathe, blow’ Cz. d(e)chnouti ‘breathe, blow’; tchnouti ‘breathe, blow’; Slk. dochnúŸ ‘breathe, blow’; Pl. tchn\ ‘breathe’ SCr. dàhnuti ‘breathe, blow’; ak. dahnµti (Vrg.) ‘breathe, blow’; Sln. dŠhníti ‘breathe, blow’, 1sg. dáhnem; dáhniti ‘breathe, blow’, 1sg. dáhnem

BSl. B

*dusLith. dùsti ‘suffocate’; Latv. dust ‘gasp’

PIE

*dus-

See also: *duxati; *dux&; *dušà; *dvoxati; *d&x&; *dyxati

*dx m. o ‘breathing, breath’

ESSJa V 178

CS E W S

OCS d"x" ‘breathing, breath, smell’ Ru. dox (dial.) ‘rest’ Cz. dech; Slk. dech (dial.); Pl. dech SCr. dh; ak. d“h (Vrg.), Gsg. d“ha; dh (Orb.), Gsg. dha; Sln. dàh; dáh (both forms are absent from Pleteršnik’s dictionary); Bulg. d‘x

BSl. B

*dušos Lith. dùsas ‘short breath, asthma’

Cogn.

Go. dius n. ‘wild animal’ (*deus-)

See also: *duxati; *dºx&; *dušà; *dvoxati; *d&xn®ti; *dyxati

*dkti f. r (c) ‘daughter’

ESSJa V 178-179

CS E W S

OCS d"šti, Gsg. d"štere Ru. do’, Gsg. dóeri OCz. dci, Gsg. dce•e SCr. k\, Gsg. k\ri; š\, Gsg. š\éra; ak. \=r (Vrg.) f.(i), Gsg. \ri, Gsg. \er ; h\ (Novi), Gsg. h\ri, Gsg. h\eré; h\ (Orb.), Gsg. h\er›, Gsg. h\ri; Sln. h, Gsg. h<4re; h<4r f.(i), Gsg. her

BSl. B

*dukt Lith. dukt, Gsg. dukters OPr. duckti

PIE Cogn.

*dugh'-térSkt. duhitár-; Gk. –¤¶‰

*dlg m. o (c) ‘debt’ CS E W S

OCS d"lg" Ru. dolg Cz. dluh; Slk. dlh; Pl. dug SCr. dg; Sln. d|g, Gsg. dog; Bulg. d‘lg

ESSJa V 179-180

*d&nò

130 Cogn.

Go. dulgs m. ‘debt’

Possibly a borrowing from Gothic. Within Germanic the noun is isolated. A plausible cognate is OIr. dligid ‘be entitled to, deserve’. *dnò n. o (b) ‘bottom’

ESSJa V 174-175

CS E W S

CS d"no Ru. dno Cz. dno; Pl. dno SCr. dn«; ak. dn« (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. dnJQ; Bulg. d¹no ‘bottom, floor’

BSl. B

*dubno Lith. dùgnas m. 4

PIE

*dub-no-

The Slavic vacillation between root-final *b and *p (cf. ' *dupa) does not have a Baltic counterpart. In East Baltic, however, the full grade *daub- occurs both with acute and circumflex tone, e.g. Latv. duôbjš ‘deep’. The acute variant could be attributed to Winter’s law (note that PGmc. *deupa- ‘deep’ < *deub-n- by Kluge’s law), but this would leave us without an explanation for the other forms. The many formal problems connected with this root have made it a prime example of a borrowing from a substratum language (cf. Kuiper 1995). See also: *dup‚; *dupina; *duplò; *dupl%; *dup³a; *d&br%

*d()va num. ‘two’

ESSJa V 185-186

CS E W S

OCS d"va, f. d"vY, n. d"vY Ru. dva, f. dve, n. dva Cz. dva, f. dvY, n. dvY; Pl. dwa, f. dwie, n. dwa ‘two’; Slnc. dvˆ, f. dvjìe, n. dvjìe SCr. dv, f. dv›je, n. dv ‘two’; ak. dv“ (Vrg.), f. dv, n. dv“; dv (Orb.); Sln. dv; Bulg. dva ‘two’

BSl. B

*duo‹; *duoi‹ Lith. dù, f. dvì

PIE Cogn.

*duo-h&; *duo-ih& Skt. dv; Gk. ‘‡[

See also: *d(&)v˜; *d(&)vogub&; *d(&)vogub%n&; *d(&)voj%

*d()vogub; *d()vogubn adj. o ‘double, twofold’ CS E S

OCS d(")vogub!n"; RuCS dvogubyj ORu. dvogubyj SCr. dvògub; Sln. dvogùb

BSl. B

*duo-goubos; *dui-gubos Lith. dvìgubas ‘double, twofold, bipartite’ OPr. dwigubbus

See also: *d(&)va; *d(&)v˜; *d(&)voj%

ESSJa V 190

*dyxati

131

*d()voj num.

ESSJa V 192

CS E W S

OCS d"voi ‘two, double, twofold’ Ru. dvóe ‘two, two pairs’ Cz. dvojí ‘double, twofold’; Pl. dwoje ‘two, double, twofold’ SCr. dv«ji ‘two, double, twofold’; Sln. dvºj ‘two, double, twofold’

BSl. B

*duoiós Lith. dvejì ‘two’

PIE Cogn.

*duo-ióSkt. dvayá- ‘double’; Gk. ‘«Œ ‘both, two’; ‘« ‘double’

See also: *d(&)va; *d(&)v˜; *d(&)vogub&; *d(&)vogub%n&

*dzdj m. jo (b) ‘rainstorm, rain’ CS E W

S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa V 195-197

OCS d"žd! ‘rain, rainstorm’ Ru. dožd’ ‘rain’, Gsg. doždjá ‘rain’ Cz. d鹟 ‘rain’; dešŸ ‘rain’; OCz. déš ‘rain’, Gsg. dše; Slk. dážd’ ‘rain’, Gsg. dažd’a; Pl. deszcz ‘rain’; OPl. de­d­ ‘rain’, Gsg. d­d­u; Slnc. d %š ‘rain’; USrb. deš\ ‘rain’ SCr. džd (Vuk: SW dial.) ‘rain’, Gsg. dàžda; d;žd (Dubr.) m.(o) ‘rain’, dàžda; d;žd (Pranj) ‘rain, Gsg. dažd;; ak. d;ž (Vrg.) ‘rain’, Gsg. daž;; dãš (Orb.) ‘rain’, Gsg. dajž; ‘rain’, Gsg. dažlj;; Sln. dŠQž ‘rain’, Gsg. dŠžjà ‘rain’; Bulg. d‘žd ‘rain’ *dus-diu-(s) Skt. durdina- n. ‘rain, shower, rainy weather’; Gk. ̑Œ f. ‘fair weather’

Watkins (1991: 175-176) argues that the basic meaning ‘rainstorm’, which is still attested in OCS, explains why the compound contains the element *dus- ‘bad’, cf. Skt. durdina- < *dus-di-n(-o)-. In this way he challenges the view that Trubetzkoy’s and Vaillant’s etymology (see Trubetzkoy 1927, Vaillant 1927) cannot be correct because to the farmer rain is beneficial. I assume that the long vowel attested in several languages results from the retraction of the ictus from final jers (Derksen forthc. a., forthc. d). *dyxati ‘breathe’

ESSJa V 199

CS E W S

OCS dyxati ‘breathe, blow’ Ru. dýxat’ (dial.) ‘rest, breathe’ Cz. dýchati ‘breathe’; Slk. dýchaŸ ‘breathe’; Pl. dycha\ (arch., coll.) ‘breathe’ SCr. díhati ‘breathe, blow’, 1sg. dšm, 1sg. dhm; ak. d›hati (Vrg.) ‘breathe, blow’, 2sg. d›šeš {1}; d›hat (Orb.) ‘breathe’, 1sg. dšen; Sln. díhati ‘breathe, blow’, 1sg. dham; Bulg. díšam ‘breathe’

B

Lith. dsúoti ‘breathe, heavily’

Intensive verb with secondary length of the root. Cf. ' *dx".

*d m&

132

{1} According to Juriši’s dictionary, the form in the Vrgada dialect is a “rije nova”. *dm m. o (a) ‘smoke’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 203

OCS dym" ‘smoke’ Ru. dym ‘smoke’ Cz. dým ‘smoke, steam’; Slk. dym ‘smoke’; Pl. dym ‘smoke, steam’; Slnc. d³m ‘smoke’, Gsg. dˆmu SCr. d›m ‘smoke’; ak. d§m (Vrg., Orb.) ‘smoke’, Gsg. d›ma; dím (Novi) ‘smoke’, Gsg. d›ma; Sln. dìm ‘smoke’, Gsg. díma; Bulg. dim ‘smoke’

BSl. B

*dú‹mos Lith. dmai Npl. m. 1 ‘smoke’; Latv. dmi Npl. m. ‘smoke’ OPr. dumis (EV) ‘smoke’

PIE Cogn.

*duH-móSkt. dhmá- m. ‘smoke, vapour’; Gk. –Í m. ‘heart, passion, courage’; Lat. fmus m. ‘smoke, vapour’

The fixed root stress results from Hirt’s law. *dyra; *dya f. #; f. j# ‘hole’ E W

Ru. dyrá ‘hole, gap’; ORu. dyrja ‘hole’ Plb. dar‘ ‘hole, prison’

PIE

*dr(H )-

ESSJa V 205

In the ESSJa, it is argued that Ru. dyrá, which occurs alongside dirá (' *dira), results from secondary ablaut (starting from *d"r- instead of of *d!r- ‘tear’). The same is suggested for ' *dura. It seems to me that such a scenario requires that there existed a formally and semantically similar root. In this particular case the root of Lith. dùrti ‘stab, push’ has often been mentioned, but more often than not (e.g. Vasmer s.v. dyrá, Fraenkel I: 113, S awski SEJP I: 208) the latter root is considered etymologically identical. This implies that already in Balto-Slavic both *dir- and *dur- functioned as the zero grade of *der- ‘tear’. Here I would like to adopt a more agnostic attitude, i.e. I prefer to provisionally separate forms belonging to the “u” ablaut series from *der‘tear’. Note that Baltic *dur- is firmly acute, while in the case of the verb ‘tear’ there are many indications for an old circumflex. See also: *dyrà

*dbr f. i ‘valley, ravine’ CS E W S

OCS d!br! ‘valley, gorge’ Ru. débri Npl. ‘jungle, thickets, dense forest’ OCz. deb• ‘valley’; OPl. debrz ‘valley, hollow’ SCr. debri (1302) ‘hollow, ravine’; Sln. debŠr ‘ravine’

BSl. B

*dubrLatv. dubra f. ‘puddle, marshy spot’

ESSJa V 176-177

*d%liti PIE Cogn.

133

*dub-rGo. diups adj. ‘deep’

I have reconstructed *d!br! on the strength of the Old Church Slavic and East Slavic evidence, but it is plausible that the original form was *d"br! (' *d"nò), cf. OPl. debrz. Secondary forms with *i also occur in Baltic, e.g. Latv. dibens ‘bottom’ alongside dubens. *dlbiti v. ‘hollow, chisel’ E S

Ru. dolbíti ‘hollow, chisel’, 1sg. dolbljú, 3sg. dolbít SCr. dúbiti ‘hollow, chisel’

PIE

*dlb-

ESSJa V 206

Verb in *-iti containing the zero grade of *delb- ‘dig’, cf. OE delfan ‘dig’. Like Adams (1999: 738), I consider the etymological relationship with Toch. B tsälp- ‘free (from)’ doubtful. See also: *deltò; *d‚tel&; *doltò; *d%lti

*dlgotà f. # ‘length’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 208

OCS dl"gota (Ps. Sin, En., Supr.) ‘length, duration’ Ru. dolgotá Slnc. dläg¨Q‰t‘ SCr. dugòta; Sln. dogóta

Abstract noun in *-ota, cf. *vysota ‘height’, *širota ‘width’. See also: *d%¸lg&

*dlg adj. o (a) ‘long’ CS E W S

OCS dl!g" Ru. dólgij Cz. dlouhý; Slk. dlhý; Pl. dugi SCr. dµg; ak. dµg (Vrg.); Sln. d|#g, f. dóga; Bulg. d¹l‘g

BSl. B

*díl‹gos Lith. ìlgas ‘long’; Latv. igs ‘long (of time)’

PIE Cogn.

*dlh&g-óSkt. drghá- ‘long’; Gk. ‘•«¼ ‘long’

ESSJa V 208-209

See also: *d%lgota

*dliti v. ‘last’ CS E W

OCS prod!lj0 (Supr.) 1sg. ‘prolong’ Ru. dlít’sja ‘last’ Cz. dlíti ‘last’

Verb containing the unextended root *dlh&- ‘long’, cf. ' *d!Qlg".

ESSJa V 210

*d%lti

134 See also: *d%l%

*dlti v. ‘hollow, chisel’ CS E W S

RuCS d"lbsti; dl"bsti Ru. dolbíti, 1sg. dolbljú, 3sg. dolbít; ORu. d"lbsti; dl"bsti Cz. dlbsti (Kott); Slk. dÏbsŸ (dial.) SCr. dúpsti, 1sg. dúbm; Sln. dóbsti, 1sg. dóbem

BSl. B

*dilbLith. dibti ‘be lowered (eyes), loiter’

PIE Cogn.

*dlb-tei OE delfan ‘dig’

ESSJa V 206

See also: *deltò; *d‚tel&; *doltò; *d%lbiti

*dly f.  ‘cask’ CS

ESSJa V 210

S

MBulg. d!ly f.() ‘clay cask’, Gsg. d!l"ve (the Nsg. is attested as dl"vi); RuCS d!ly f.() ‘cask’; d"ly f.() ‘cask’; delva f.(#) ‘cask’; del!v! f.(i) ‘cask’ Bulg. délva f.(#) ‘big jug with handles’

Cogn.

Lat. dlium n. ‘pot, drinking vessel (of stone)’

The closest cognate of this etymon seems to be Lat. dlium. OIr. delb f. ‘form, image’ and W delw f. ‘form, image, idol’ are semantically more abstract. *dl f. i ‘length’ W

Cz. dél (poet.) f.(i); OCz. dél f.(i); dle’ f.( j#)

PIE

*dlh&-

ESSJa V 210

The unextended root *dlh&- ‘long’ also occurs in Ru. dliná ‘length’. See also: *d%liti

*dn m. n (c) ‘day’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 213-214

OCS d!n! m.(n/jo), Gsg. d!ne Ru. den’ m.( jo), Gsg. dnja Cz. den m.( jo), Gsg. dne; Slk. deŽ m.( jo), Gsg. dŽa; Pl. dzie m.( jo), Gsg. dnia; USrb. d]e m.( jo), Gsg. dnja SCr. dn m.(o), Gsg. dna; ak. d“n (Vrg.) m.(o); dn (Novi) m.(o), Gsg. d“na, Gsg. dn=va; dn (Orb.) m.(o), Gsg. dna; Sln. dn m., Gsg. dn<4, Gsg. dn<4va; Bulg. den m.(o)

BSl. B

*dein-/*dinLith. dienà f. 4; Latv. dìena f. OPr. deinan Asg.

PIE Cogn.

*d(e)i-nSkt. madhyá>-dina- m. ‘midday, noon’; Lat. dis f. ‘day’

*d%rgati

135

Originally a hysterodynamic n-stem. The Balto-Slavic paradigm must still have shown ablaut. *dns adv. ‘today’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 215

OCS d!n!s! ‘today’ Ru. dnes’ (dial.) ‘today’ Cz. dnes ‘today, nowadays’; Slk. dnes ‘today’ SCr. dànas ‘today’; ak. dan;s (Vrg., Orb.) ‘today, nowadays’; Sln. dánŠs ‘today’; dn=s ‘today’; dŠnŠQs ‘today’; Bulg. dnes ‘today’

Adverb consisting of ' *d!n! ‘day’ and enclitic *s! ‘this’. *drati v. ‘tear, flay’

ESSJa V 218-219

CS E W S

OCS d!rati ‘flay’, 1sg. der0 Ru. drat’ ‘tear’, 1sg. derú, 3sg. derët Cz. dráti ‘tear’, 1sg. deru; Slk. draŸ ‘tear’; OPl. dra\ ‘tear’, 1sg. dzior< SCr. dráti ‘flay’; der;ti ‘flay’, 1sg. drm; ak. der;ti (Vrg.) ‘flay’, 2sg. dreš; der;t (Orb.) ‘flay’, 3pl. dro; Sln. d<4rati ‘flay’, 1sg. d¤rem; Bulg. derá ‘flay’

BSl. B

*dirLith. dìrti ‘tear, peel’, 1sg. dìriu; dirti ‘tear, peel’, 1sg. derù; Latv. dìrât ‘flay’

Cogn.

Gk. ‘ª[ ‘flay’; Go. distairan ‘tear apart’

Verb in *-ati with zero grade of the root *der-. See also: *derti; *d„rà; *dira; *di¹a; *d%rv%œa; *udariti

*drba f. #

ESSJa V 219

E

Ru. derbá (dial.) ‘new ploughed field, of which the hardened top layer has been removed; virgin land, fallow land which has been ploughed up anew, overgrown fallow land’; Ukr. dérba ‘turf ’

PIE Cogn.

*drb-eh' OIc. torfa f. ‘turf ’; OE turf f. ‘turf ’; OHG zurba f. ‘turf ’

See also: *d%rbati

*drbati v. E W

Ukr. dérbaty ‘remove turf ’ Cz. drbati ‘scratch, scrape’; Slk. drbaŸ ‘shake, pull’

PIE

*drb-

ESSJa V 219

See also: *d%rba

*drgati v. E

Ru. dërgat’ ‘pull, tug’; Ukr. dérhaty ‘pull, tug’

ESSJa V 221

*d%rn®ti

136 W S

Cz. drhati (rare) ‘tear, pluck’; Pl. dzierga\ ‘stitch, make bobbin lace, comb (flax)’; dzierzga\ (obs., dial.) ‘stitch, make bobbin lace, comb (flax)’ Sln. d¼gati ‘rub, whet, sweep, strangle’, 1sg. dÂgam; d¼zati ‘scrape, scratch, comb (flax), graze’, 1sg. dÂzam, 1sg. džem

BSl. B

*dir‹gLith. dìrginti ‘irritate’, 3pres. dìrgina, 3pret. dìrgino

PIE Cogn.

*drHOE tiergan ‘irritate, annoy’; MoHG zergen (dial.) ‘tease’; MoDu. tergen ‘provoke’

See also: *dòrga; *d%rn®ti

*drnti v. E W

ESSJa V 221

S

Ru. dërnut’ ‘pull, tug’ Cz. drhnouti ‘rub, scour, make bobbin lace, comb (flax)’; Slk. drhnút’ ‘clean, tear, comb (flax)’; Pl. zadzierzgn\ ‘tie (a knot)’; Slnc. ^ìe•no–Îc ‘rub, clean’ Sln. d¼gniti ‘rub, whet, scratch’, 1sg. dÂgnem

BSl. B

*dir‹gLith. dìrgti ‘become weak’, 3pres. dìrgsta, 3pret. dìrgo

See ' *d!rgati. Lith. dìrgti ‘become irritated, get wet, become bad (weather), be retted, (J.)’, 3pres. dìrgsta, 3pret. dìrgo, belongs together with ' *s0dorga. *drpati v. W S

ESSJa V 225

Cz. drpati (Kott) ‘pick, scratch, crumble’; drpa’ (Sil.) ‘tear off ’ SCr. d¼pati ‘tear’; Sln. d¼pati ‘scratch’, 1sg. dÂpam, 1sg. dÂpljem; Bulg. d¹rpam ‘pull, drag’

See ' *drpàti. *drv a f. j# ‘field’ E

Ru. derévnja ‘village, (dial.) field, wasteland, ploughed field’; ORu. derévnja ‘village, field’ (the meaning ‘field’ is attested in the Domostroj)

BSl. B

*dir(‹)wLith. dirvà f. 2/4 ‘(arable) land, field’; Latv. dìrva² f. ‘(arable) land, field’

PIE Cogn.

*dr(H )-uSkt. drv- f. ‘panic grass’

The reconstruction of a zero grade implies that the sequence ere in the Russian forms originates from the so-called vtoroe polnoglasie. See also: *derti; *d„rà; *dira; *di¹a; *d%rati; *udariti

*drzati v. ‘dare’ CS

OCS dr!zati, 1sg. dr!zaj0

ESSJa V 227

*d%ržati E W

Ru. derzát’, 1sg. derzáju OCz. drzati

BSl. B

*dirsLith. drÐsti

PIE Cogn.

*drsGo. ga-daursan ‘venture’

137

The z of the Proto-Slavic form must be secondary. See also: *d%rz&; *d%rz&k&

*drznti v. CS E W S

ESSJa V 227-228

OCS dr!zn0ti Ru. derznút’ OCz. drznúti; Pl. darzn\ SCr. dÃznuti; Sln. d¼zniti, 1sg. dÂznem

See ' *d!rzati. *drz adj. o ‘daring, bold’ CS E W S

ESSJa V 228-229

OCS dr!z" ‘daring, bold’ Ru. dérzyj (dial.) ‘daring, bold, impudent, rude’ Cz. drzý ‘daring, bold, impudent’; Slk. drzý ‘daring, bold, impudent’; Slnc. ^³rzï ‘daring, bold’ Sln. dÂz ‘bold, impudent’

BSl. B

*dirsLith. drsùs 4 ‘courageous’ (AP 2 is attested in Daukša’s writings); Latv. drùoss ‘courageous’; drùošs ‘courageous’ OPr. dirsos (GrG) ‘good’; dyrsos (GrAF) ‘good, brave’

PIE Cogn.

*drs-uSkt. dhr¥šÁú- (RV) ‘bold, courageous, strong’; Gk. – ‡ ‘bold’

The z of the Proto-Slavic form must be secondary. See also: *d%rzn®ti; *d%rz&k&

*drzk adj. o ‘bold’ E W S

ESSJa V 229

Ru. dérzkij ‘impertinent, daring’ OCz. drzký ‘unruly’; Slk. derski (dial.) ‘dexterous, agile’; Pl. dziarski ‘lively, bold’; OPl. darzki ‘daring, bold’ SCr. dÃzak ‘impertinent, daring’; Bulg. d¹rz‘k ‘impertinent, daring’

See ' *d!rz". *držati v. (c) ‘hold’ CS

OCS dr!žati ‘hold, possess’ {1}

ESSJa V 230

*dz˜lo

138 E W S

Ru. deržát’ ‘hold, keep’, 1sg. deržú, 3sg. déržit {2} Cz. držeti ‘hold, keep’; Slk. držaŸ ‘hold, keep’; Pl. dzier­e\ ‘hold, possess’ SCr. drQžati ‘hold, keep’, 1sg. drQžm; ak. drž;ti (Vrg.) ‘hold, keep’, 2sg. drž§s; drž;ti, držãt (Orb.) ‘hold, hold on, support, keep’, 1sg. drž§n; Sln. d¼žati ‘hold, keep’, 1sg. držím {3}; Bulg. d‘ržá ‘hold, keep’

Cogn.

Av. dražaite ‘hold, lead’

The root may be an extension of *der-, cf. Skt. dhráyati ‘hold’, unless we assume that Gk. ‘¶ « ‘seize, grab’ also belongs here. {1} Spellings with " are predominant. In the SJS, the lemma is actually dr"žati. {2} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 139). {3} The form držáti (Pleteršnik I: 182) is a printing error.

*dz lo adv. ‘very’ CS E W S

OCS dzYlo ‘very’; zYlo ‘very’ Ru. zeló (arch.) ‘very’ OCz. zielo ‘very’ Sln. z—lº ‘very’

BSl. B

*goilLith. gailùs 4 ‘sharp, lamentable’

PIE Cogn.

*goil-oOHG geil ‘reckless, frolic, strong’

*E *edinak; *ednak adj. o ‘similar, identical’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 9-10

OCS jedinako (Ril.) adv. ‘at the same time’; jed!nako (Supr.) adv. ‘at the same time’ Ru. odinákij (obs.) ‘identical’ (cf. odinókij ‘solitary’); odnáko adv. ‘however’ Cz. jedinaký ‘only’; jednaký ‘identical’; Slk. jednaký ‘identical’; Pl. jedynak ‘only’; OPl. jedzinak ‘only’ SCr. jedìnk ‘identical, similar’; jdnk ‘id.’; enák ‘identical, similar’; Sln. ednák ‘of the same kind, identical’; enák ‘identical’; Bulg. edinák ‘solitary man or wolf ’

A derivation in *-ak" of the numeral ‘one’ (' *edìn"). *edìn; *edn num. o ‘one’ CS E W

ESSJa VI 11-13

OCS jedin"; jed!n" (the form with ! is less common than jedin") Ru. odín, Gsg. odnogó, f. odná Cz. jeden; Pl. jeden; jedyny ‘only’; OPl. jedziny ‘only’; Slnc. jˆd®n

*ed(&)và; *ledva

139

S

SCr. jèdan, f. jdna; ak. jed’n (Vrg.), f. jedn;, n. jedn«; jedãn (Orb.) ‘one, some, a certain, a’, f. jen;, n. jen«; Sln. edín ‘only, lonesome’; jedín ‘only, lonesome’; édŠn; jédŠn; èn; Bulg. edín

PIE

*h&ed-(H )iH-no-

In view of Ru. odín, Gsg. odnogó, etc., the form *ed!n! must be due to analogy. The vowel of the second syllable behaves similarly to a so-called “tense jer”: in strong postion we find i (sometimes e), in weak position the vowel is lost. This behaviour might be linked to the j of ' *j!n". Though the j, which before words beginning with a front vowel had arisen as an automatic Hiatustilger, is absent in *edin"/*ed!n", it is conceivable that it conformed to the pattern of *j!n". The problem with this hypothesis is that forms with *jn- < *j!n appear to be lacking. Andersen’s reconstruction *edeino- alongside *edino- (1996: 116) is, in my opinion, an unsatisfactory explanation for the alternation mentioned above. The origin of the element *ed- < *(h&)ed- is unclear. Pokorny’s reconstruction *ed- is in conflict with Winter’s law. See also: *j%n&; *edinak&; *ed%nak&; ed&va

* dl; *edlà f. i; f. # (c) ‘spruce, fir’ E W S

ESSJa VI 14-15

Ru. el’ f.(i) ‘spruce, fir’, Gsg. éli {1} Cz. jedle f.( j#) ‘fir’; OCz. jedl f.(i) ‘spruce, fir’; Slk. jed¯a f.( j#) ‘fir’; Pl. joda f.(#) ‘fir’; Pl. jedla f.(#) ‘fir’ {2}; OPl. jedl f.(i) ‘spruce, fir’; jedla f.(#) SCr. jéla f.(#) ‘fir’; jla f.(#) ‘fir’; ak. jla (Vrg.) f.(#) ‘tree-trunk’; Sln. j<4l f.(i) ‘spruce, fir’, Gsg. jel; j<4la f.(#) ‘spruce, fir’; Bulg. jelá f.(#) ‘fir’

BSl. B

*edliLith. glF f.(!) 2 ‘spruce, fir’; Latv. egle f.(!) ‘spruce, fir’ OPr. addle (EV) f. ‘spruce, fir’

PIE Cogn.

*h&ed-l-i Lat. ebulum n.’, ebulus f. ‘dwarf-elder, danewort (sambucus ebulus)’; Gaul. odocos ‘dwarf-elder, danewort (sambucus ebulus)’; OHG attuh, attah ‘dwarfelder, danewort (sambucus ebulus)’

Connecting the name of the ‘spruce’ or ‘fir-tree’ with Lith. ãdata ‘needle’ and adýti ‘to darn’, as advocated by Fraenkel (I: 117-118) and Pokorny, is semantically attractive but does not make much sense in relation to Lat. ebulum (cf. Andersen 1996: 119). {1} Alongside ëlka. A different reflex of the sequence *dl is attested in the dialect form ëgla. *ed()và; *ledva adv./conj. ‘hardly, only just’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 16

OCS jed"va; ( j)edva (Supr.) Ru. edvá; odvá (dial.); lédva; lédvé (dial.); ORu. od"va; odva Cz. jedva; ledva (dial.); Slk. ledva; ledvo (dial.); Pl. ledwo; ledwie; OPl. jedwo; jedwa; USrb. lYdma (dial.) SCr. jèdva; ak. jedv; (Vrg.); Sln. jèdva; jèdvaj; odvaj; odvo; Bulg. edvá(m) ; odva( j) (dial.)

*eleœ%; *elen&

140 BSl. B

*edvaHs Lith. võs ‘hardly’ {1}

PIE

*h&ed-ueh'-s

{1} Lith. adva (a.o. Bretke, Sirvydas) is considered a borrowing from Belorussian. I have not been able to find a form with o- in the latter language but we do have ORu., Ru. (dial.) odvá. The dialect form advõs is probably a blend of võs and a Slavic adverb *odva. See also: *edin&

*ele ; *elen m. jo; m. o ‘deer’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 20

OCS jelen! (Ps. Sin., Supr.) ‘deer’ Ru. olén’ ‘deer, stag-beetle’; elén’ (dial.) ‘deer, stag-beetle’; Ukr. ólen’ ‘deer’; jélen’ (dial.) ‘deer’ Cz. jelen ‘deer, stag-beetle’; Slk. jeleŽ ‘deer, stag-beetle’; Pl. jele ‘deer’ SCr. jèlen ‘deer, stag-beetle’; ak. jlen ‘deer, stag-beetle’; Sln. jélen ‘deer, stagbeetle’, Gsg. jel<6na; Bulg. jelén ‘deer’

BSl. B

*elenios Lith. elenis (Bretk.) m.(io) ‘deer’

PIE Cogn.

*h&el-h&en-i Gk. Æ • (Hsch.) m. ‘young of the deer, fawn’ (if a metathesized form of ƕ  < *h&elh&eno-)

The reconstruction of a medial laryngeal is based on ' *òln. See also: *ols%

*elk; *jlk adj. o ‘bitter, rancid’ E W S

ESSJa VI 22

Ru. ëlkij ‘bitter, rancid’ (cf. also ël(o)’ (Psk.) f.(i) ‘bile’); Bel. ëlkij ‘bitter, rancid’; Ukr. ylkýj ‘rancid’ Pl. jekij (E. dial.) ‘rancid’; ikij (E. dial.) ‘rancid’ Sln. jérŠk ‘sharp, astingent’; žérŠk ‘sharp, astingent’

B

Lith. alùs m.(u) ‘beer’; Latv. alus m.(u) ‘beer’ OPr. alu ‘mead’ {2}

PIE Cogn.

*h'el-ukoGk. \•‡‘« n. ‘sharp, pungent’; Lat. almen n. ‘alum’; OIc. 0l n. ‘beer, ale’; OE ealu(þ) n. ‘beer, ale’

The sometimes advocated connection with \•‡‘« (Hes.) ‘sharp, pungent’ and Lat. almen ‘alum’ must be qualified as dubious. The Baltic words are probably borrowings from Germanic. *elc m. jo ‘dace’ E W

ESSJa VI 22-23

Ru. eléc ‘dace’, Gsg. el’cá; Ukr. jaléc’ ‘bleak’ Cz. jelec ‘dace, chub’; Slk. jalec ‘dace, chub’; Pl. jelec ‘dace’; Kash. %el ‘a fish’; LSrb. jalc ‘dace’

*emeš%; *emež% S

141

SCr. jálac ‘dace’; jal (dial.) ‘ide’

As the ESSJa observes (VI: 305), the semantics of Pokorny’s root *el- are capacious and complex. In my opinion, there is little evidence for a root *el- ‘light-coloured’. It is tempting to seek a connection between *el!c! and OHG alunt ‘ide’. Pokorny identifies what is presumedly the root of the latter word with the first element of *albo- ‘white’ and links it to *el-. Since the fish-names under discussion refer to shining, whitish species, this is semantically unproblematic. Nevertheless, it seems quite possible that the root *al/el (Slavic *el as a result of Rozwadowski’s change?) originates from a substratum language. *emex m. o ‘ploughshare’ E

ESSJa -

Ru. ómex (dial.) ‘ploughshare’

See ' *emeš!, *emež!. *emela; *emelo; *jmela; *jmelo f. #; n. o ‘mistletoe’ E W

S BSl. B

ESSJa VI 26-27

Ru. oméla f. ‘mistletoe’; ORu. omela f. ‘lure (for birds)’; imela f. ‘lure (for birds)’ Cz. jmelí n.(io); melí (dial.) n.(io); omela (dial.) f.; omelo (dial.) n.; OCz. jmelé n.(io); Slk. jemelo (dial.), hemelo (dial.) n.; imelo, jmelo (dial.) n.; Pl. jemioa f.; jamioa (dial.) f.; imioa (dial.) f.; OPl. jemioa f.; jemio m.(o); jemioo n.; USrb. jemjel m.(o); LSrb. jemjo, hemjo m.(o) SCr. ìmela f.; mèla f.; òmela (dial.) f.; Sln. om<6la f.; im<4la f.; m<4la f.; melj<4 n. *emelLith. ãmalas m., malas m. 3¾ ‘mistletoe’; Latv. amuols m.; emuols (BW) m.; amuls m.; mals m.; muls m. ‘mistletoe, clover’ (the forms with - may show the influence of âbuõls ‘apple, clover’) OPr. emelno (EV) ‘mistletoe’

This plant name is probably a borrowing from a non-Indo-European substratum language. The Slavic forms with *j!m- may be due to popular etymology (the mistletoe’s sap is used to produce bird-lime), cf. OCS imati ‘to take’. An etymological connection with PIE *h&m- ‘to take’ is doubtful, as is the connection with *heHm‘raw’. *emeš; *emež m. jo ‘ploughshare, plough’ E W S

ESSJa -

Ru. oméš ‘ploughshare’; oméž ‘ploughshare’; ómež ‘ploughshare’ Pl. jemiesz (dial.) ‘ploughshare’ SCr. jèmeš (dial.) ‘plough’; jèmlješ (dial.) ‘plough’; Bulg. émeš ‘ploughshare’; émež ‘ploughshare’; eméž ‘ploughshare’; ímež ‘ploughshare’; Mcd. émeš (dial.) ‘plough’

In order to explain the variation between initial l- and initial j-/0- PopowskaTaborska (1984) has proposed a change ¯- > j-. This seems unlikely. See also: *emex&; *lemex&; *lemeš%; *lemež%; *lam&; *lomiti

*er‚bica

142 *erbica f. j# ‘partridge’

ESSJa I 73

W S

Slk. jarabica ‘partridge’ SCr. jerèbica (dial.) ‘partridge’; jarèbica (dial.) ‘partridge’; ak. jareb›ca (Vrg.) ‘partridge’; oreb›ca (Novi) ‘partridge’; Sln. jerebíca ‘partridge, (snežna j. or j. bjelica) ptarmigan, (rdea j. or gozdna j.) hazel-grouse’; jarebíca ‘partridge’; Bulg. érebica ‘partridge’; érembica ‘partridge’; járebica ‘partridge’

BSl. B

*erim‹b-; *erum‹bLith. jerub f.(!) 3¾ ‘hazel-grouse’; jerumb (dial.) f.(!) 3¾ ‘hazel-grouse’; Latv. ierube (BW) f.(!) ‘partridge’

PIE

*ermb-o-

See ' *er
OIc. jarpi m. ‘hazel-grouse’, jarpr adj. ‘brown’

*erbina f. # ‘rowan-tree’ E W

S

ESSJa I 73

Bel. jarabína (dial.) ‘rowan-tree’ Cz. ja•abina (dial.) ‘rowan-tree’; Slk. jerabina ‘rowan-tree’; Pl. jarz
BSl. B

*erimbLith. jerub, jerumb (dial.) f.(!) 3¾ ‘hazel-grouse’; Latv. ierube (BW) f.(!) ‘partridge’

PIE

*ermb-o-

See ' *er
S

ESSJa I 73-76

RuCS jar
BSl. B

*erimbLith. jerub, jerumb (dial.) f.(!) 3¾ ‘hazel-grouse’; Latv. ierube (BW) f.(!) ‘partridge’

PIE Cogn.

*ermb-oOIc. jarpi m. ‘hazel-grouse’; OIc. jarpr adj. ‘brown’

Rather than reconstructing *( j)ar
*ert%

143

*(e)r(m)b- (with a variant *(e)ru(m)b-) of undoubtedly non-Indo-European origin (Derksen 2000). See also: *er‚bica; *er‚bina; *j%rbica; *j%rbina; *j%rbika; *r‚bika; *r‚bina; *r‚b&; *r‚b&; *r‚b&k&

*erxk m. o

ESSJa -

S

Sln. r¤šŠk ‘sow thistle (sanchus asper)’

BSl. B

*er‹kšLith. eršktis m.( jo) 2 ‘thorn-bush’ {1}, r(k)š™is, rkšis m.( jo) ‘thorn-bush’; Latv. r(k)š™is m.( jo) ‘thorn-bush’; rkšis m.( jo) ‘thorn-bush’

PIE

*HerH(k)s-

The š of Sln. r¤šŠk may have originated in a form *erš-!c! < *erx-iko- (cf. Andersen 1996: 140). Bezlaj (1977: 17) has proposed to link the Slovene word to SCr. rèkeš ‘eryngo’ (Dubrovnik), with metathesis. The etymological connection with Skt. anr¥kšará- ‘thornless (path)’ – if reliable – is attractive, but the fact that Baltic forms require a laryngeal is problematic. {1} There are many variants, e.g. eršk tis, éršketis, erškets 3$/3¾ (cf. Derksen 1996: 51, 149). *ern f. i

ESSJa -

E

ORu. ren! ‘hatred, malice, spite’

BSl. B

*er-n-iLith. ernis m.(io) 2 ‘wolverine’

Young (2001: 163-164) links Lith. ernis ‘wolverine’ to ORu. ren! ‘hatred, malice, spite’ and derives these words from Pokorny’s root *er- ‘sich in Bewegung setzen, erregen (auch seelisch ärgern, reizen’ (IEW 326-327). LIV distinguishes between *h&er- ‘wohin gelangen, geraten’ (238, 303) and *her- (299) ‘sich in (Fort-)bewegung setzen’, cf. Kümmel 2000. Formally *ert! may only belong to the former root, which is semantically less attractive, but it should be noted that the distinction between the roots is not always clear. See also: *ert%; *ort%

*ert f. i ‘strife’ CS E

OCS ret! (Zogr.², Supr.) ‘strife, contest’ ORu. ret! ‘diligence, strife, contest’

PIE

*h&er-ti-

ESSJa -

If the anlaut of OCS ret! does indeed originate from *er- (cf. ' *ern!), we would expect rYt! in view of the regular development of *oRC- in South Slavic, cf. rat! ‘war, battle’ (' *ort!). Nevertheless, the etymology advocated here seems the best option (cf. Toporov 1981: 154). See also: *ern%; *ort%

*ese

144 *ese interj. CS E

ESSJa VI 8

S

OCS ese ‘behold!’; jese ‘behold!’ Ru. vosé (dial.), vóse (dial.), vos’ (dial.) ‘look!’; ORu. ese, ose ‘look!’; Ukr. osé ‘look!’; esé (dial.) ‘here!’ Sln. esej m. ‘that one’, f. esa, n. eso; Bulg. esé ‘there!’

PIE

*h&e-se

This interjection is based on the PIE particle *(h&)e, cf. Gk. š€È . See also: *eto

*sen f. i (c) ‘autumn’

ESSJa VI 28-29

CS E W S

CS esen! (Const.) Asg. Ru. ósen’; ésen’ (Rjaz.); Ukr. ósin’ Slk. jeseŽ; Pl. jesie SCr. jsn; ak. jsn (Vrg.); jsn (Novi)’; jsen (Orb.); Sln. jes<4n; Bulg. jésen

BSl. B

*es-eniOPr. assanis

Cogn.

Gk. »› , »¶ (Lak.) f. ‘late summer, early autumn’; Go. asans f. ‘harvest time, summer’; OHG ar(a)n m. ‘harvest’; Fi. kesä m. ‘summer’ (see Koivulehto 1991: 36-38)

If the root is indeed PIE *h&es ‘to be’, which would lead to a reconstruction *h&os-en-, the e- of the Slavic forms as opposed to the *o- elsewhere (Old Prussian being inconclusive) may be an instance of ablaut or a result of “Rozwadowski’s change”. The Greek forms may reflect * Ÿ, which would point to an r/n-stem. *esera f. # ‘fishbone, awn’

ESSJa VI 29-30

W

Pl. jesiory (OPl., dial.) Npl. ‘fishbone’; osiory (NE. dial.) Npl. ‘awn, beard (on ears of grain), hulls’; Slnc. jìezor‘ ‘fishbone’; Plb. jeseråi ‘awn, beard (on ears of grain)’

BSl. B

*eZ-er-a‹ Lith. ešers m.(io) 3¾ ‘perch (perca fluvialis), fin’; ašers (dial.) m.(io) 3¾ ‘perch (perca fluvialis), fin’; Latv. asaris m.(io) ‘perch (perca fluvialis)’; aseris m.(io) ‘perch (perca fluvialis)’

PIE

*h'e˜-er-

It seems obvious that this Balto-Slavic etymon is cognate with Germanic *ah-s-/*ahiz- ‘ear’, cf. Go. ahs n., OIc. ax n., OHG ahir, ehir n., and with such forms as OHG ahil ‘Ährenspitze’, MoE (arch.) ail ‘beard on wheat and barley’ (Kluge-Seebold 1999: 21, Falk-Torp: 1326). A nice parallel for the meaning ‘perch’ is OIc. 0gr ‘bass’ < *agura- < *h'e˜-. Since the root is probably *h'e˜- ‘sharp’, the forms with *e- must be considered instances of Rozwadowski’s change. Note that we find a- in the Latvian forms but also in Lith. ašakà ‘fishbone’ and aš(t)rùs ‘sharp’.

*esètr&; *esètra

145

See also: *ostr&; *eset%; *eset&ka; *esetr&; *esetra

*eset f. i ‘rack for drying grain’ E

W

ESSJa -

Ru. osét’ ‘granary, rack for drying grain’; Bel. (v)óse\ (W.), asé\ (W.) ‘granary, drying shed’; osëtka (dial.) ‘granary’, asëtka (dial.) ‘spot in granary for drying sheafs’; Ukr. ósit’ (dial.) ‘granary’ Pl. jesie\ (dial.) ‘grain sieve’; osie\ (E. dial.) ‘granary’; jesiótka (dial.) ‘grain sieve’; osiótka (W dial.) ‘granary’

BSl. B

*eZ-et-iLith. akAios Npl. f.( j#) 1 ‘harrow’; ekAios (dial.) Npl. f.( j#) 1 ‘harrow’ {1}; Latv. ecê(k)šas Npl. f.( j#) ‘harrow’ OPr. aketes ‘harrow’

PIE Cogn.

*h'o˜-et-iGk. »ŠŒ (Hes.) f. ‘an agricultural implement with iron teeth, drawn by oxen’; Lat. occa f. ‘harrow’; OHG egida f. ‘harrow’; OE eg(e)þe f. ‘harrow’; OW ocet f. ‘harrow’; Fi. äës ‘harrow’

This is another case where we find Balto-Slavic evidence for *e- corresponding to *aor *o- in other branches of Indo-European (Rozwadowski’s change). Toporov (PJ I: 67) regards the k of the Baltic forms as evidence for a western technological borrowing. Since the Baltic and Germanic forms mean exactly the same, while the Slavic forms are semantically more remote, this is a serious option. {1} The Standard Lithuanian form with a- may stem from the territory where the development e- > a- occurred. In any case, the attestations of the form with e- (see the LKŽ, s.v.) indicate that there are Lithuanian forms completely matching Latv. ecêšas. See also: *ostr&; *esera; *esetr&; *esetra

*esètr; *esètra m. o; f. # ‘sturgeon’ E W S BSl. B

ESSJa VI 30-31

Ru. osëtr m., Gsg. osetrá; osetër (dial.) m.; ORu. jesetr" m.; osetr" m. Cz. jeseter m.; Slk. jeseter m.; Pl. jesiotr m.; OPl. jesiotr m.; jasiotr m.; USrb. jesetr (arch.) m.; jasotr (arch.) m.; LSrb. jesotr m. SCr. jèsetra f.; Sln. jestŠr m.; Bulg. esétra f. *eZetros Lith. eršk tas; erškAtras (dial.) 1 {1} OPr. esketres

It seems highly plausible that *esètra is cognate with ' *esera ‘awn, fishbone’, Lith. ešers ‘perch’ and that both etyma belong to PIE *h'e˜- ‘sharp’, cf. Lat. acipnser ‘sturgeon’ < *h'e˜u-. The Baltic forms are not without problems, however. Forms like eršk tas and erškAtras were probably influenced by erškAtis ‘thorn’ (thus Bga RR I: 328), though it must be admitted that a development eršk tas < ešk tras is plausible in itself (cf. Toporov II: 89). It is clear, however, that the original form contained a k, cf. OPr. esketres, which is absent in Lith. ešers ‘perch’. This may be the familiar

*esm%

146

intrusive velar which in Baltic frequently arose before s or z. In that case we would have to start from a Baltic protoform *ekZetras. {1} OLith. ešketras ‘whale’ (Bretknas) is probably a Prussianism. See also: *ostr&; *eset%; *eset&ka

*esm 1sg. ‘am’ CS E W S

OCS jesm! ORu. esm! Cz. jsem; OPl. jeZm SCr. jèsam; sam.; Sln. sŠm

BSl. B

*esmi Lith. esmi (OLith.) OPr. asmai

PIE Cogn.

*h&es-mi Skt. ásmi; Gk. ÏŒ

ESSJa VI 32

See also: *byti; *est%

*est 3sg. ‘is’ CS E W S

OCS jest" Ru. est’ Cz. jest; je; Pl. jest SCr. jst; je; Sln. jè; Bulg. e

BSl. B

*esti Lith. sti OPr. ast; est

PIE Cogn.

*h&es-ti Skt. ásti; Gk. šŒ

ESSJa VI 32

See also: *byti; *esm%

*eš e adv. ‘still, yet’

ESSJa VI 32-33

CS E W S

OCS ješte Ru. ešë; oše (dial.) {1} Cz. ještY; OCz. ješe; Slk. ešte; Pl. jeszcze; oszczo (dial.) SCr. j«št(e) ; ješe (dial.); ak. još\ (Vrg.); j«š (Orb.); Sln. šè; šè; joše; još; eše; íše; Bulg. ešte; ošte

PIE Cogn.

*h&esk()e(h&) Skt. ách prep., preverb ‘to’; Arm. cÒ- prep. ‘to, till’ {2}

See Lubotsky 2001. {1} In Russian dialects forms with e- occur alongside forms with o-. This variation is already found in Old Russian. {2} Forms such as SCr. j«šte, Bulg. jóšte (dial.) and Sln. íše (dial.) result from the accretion of *i ‘and’ (cf. Meillet 1934: 124). The *o-variants in this word are attested in

*ev%ja; *ev%œa

147

a remarkably large area. The alternative etymologies contain a deictic element *ed- or *et(see ESSJa s.v.).

*eter prn.

ESSJa VIII 187

CS W

OCS eter" ‘some, someone’; RuCS ( j)eter" ‘some, someone’ USrb. wot(e)ry ‘another’; LSrb. wótery, wótary, wótory ‘some’

PIE Cogn.

*io-teroSkt. yatará- m. ‘which of the two’

It cannot be decided whether this pronoun continues PIE *io-tero- or *h&e-tero-, cf. Skt. yatará- ‘which of the two’ vs. Av. atra- ‘this one of the two’. The Sorbian forms may have been influenced by *v"tor" ‘second’. See also: *j%

*etì; *ebàti; * bàti v. (c) ‘copulate’ E W

ESSJa VIII 188

S

Ru. etí, 1sg. ebú, 3sg. ebët; ebát’, 1sg. ebú, 3sg. ebët; Ukr. jibáty Cz. jebati ‘copulate, curse, beat’; Slk. jebaŸ ‘copulate’; Pl. jeba\ ‘copulate, scold, beat’; Slnc. jåbac ‘destroy, tear up, spoil’; USrb. jeba\ ‘deceive’; LSrb. jebaZ ‘beat, push, deceive’ SCr. jèbati; ak. jeb;ti (Vrg.); Sln. jébati, 1sg. j=bam; Bulg. jebá

PIE Cogn.

*hieb-e/oSkt. yábhati; Gk. ˆ[, Ϫ[

The variant with *Y is unexpected. The ESSja, which only has *jYbati as an entry, suggests that *˜ has the same vocalism as Gk. ˆ[, but I consider it more likely that we are dealing with an iterative formation. *eto ptcl. E S

ESSJa VI 8

Ru. Fto ‘here (is), this is’ SCr. to ‘here (is)’; Bulg. éto ‘here (is)’

A combination of the particle *h&e and the neuter pronoun *to. See also: *ese

*evìn m. o ‘granary, drying shed’ E

ESSJa VIII 187-188

Ru. ovín ‘drying shed’; ORu. ovin" ‘drying shed’; Bel. avín ‘drying shed’; Ukr. ovín (dial.) ‘small granary’

Unlike ' *ev!ja, this etymon is not generally considered a borrowing from Baltic. See also: *ev%œa

*evja; *ev a f. i#; f. j# ‘granary, drying shed’ E W

ESSJa -

Ru. évnja (W. dial.); ëvnja (Psk.); evnjá (dial.) ‘drying shed without a ceiling’; Bel. ëÓnja; éÓnja; jaÓja (dial.) {1}; Ukr. jevja; jévnja Pl. jawia {2}; jewnia (arch.); jownia (arch.)

*Åzero; *Åzer&

148 BSl. B

*iouiaH Lith. jáuja 1 ‘granary, drying shed, threshing shed’ {3}; Latv. jaja ‘threshing floor’ OPr. jauge ‘drying shed, barn for braking flax’ {4}

PIE Cogn.

*ieu-iH-eh' MoHG jauge (dial.) ‘barn’

It is evident that *ev!ja is a borrowing from Baltic. The Baltic word is a derivative of the word for ‘grain’, Lith. java§, which lacks a Slavic counterpart. The resyllabification of *iau-i to *iau-% may account for the metatonical acute tone of both the Lithuanian and the Latvian form, if we assume that the original form was *iau-ì. The East Slavic word *ovin" apparently underwent the e- > o- shift (I do not share Andersen’s objections to the ESSJa’s Proto-Slavic reconstruction *evin", theoretical though it is). {1} The form without -n- has been recorded from 1540 onwards in many different shapes, e.g. ev’ja, jav’ja, evga and javga. According to Anikin (2005: 143), only the form jaÓja is known in the living language. The other forms are limited to areas that were inhabited by Lithuanians.{2} Since 1554 many variants have been recorded, e.g. jawia, jawgia, jewia, jowia. {3} There are many variants, viz. jáujF, jáujis, jáujas, jáujus. {4} The oldest source (1604) has the spelling jawyge (Toporov PJ II: 21). See also: *evìn&

*zero; *zer n. o; m. o (c) ‘lake’

ESSJa VI 33-34

CS E W S

OCS jezero n.; jezer" (Zogr., Ass.) Asg. m. Ru. ózero n. Cz. jezero n.; Slk. jazero n.; je]er (E. dial.); Pl. jezioro n.; USrb. jYzer n. SCr. jzero n., Npl. jezèra; ak. jzero (Vrg.) n., Npl. jezer’; jzero (Novi) n., Npl. jzera; jzr m.; Sln. j<4zerJ n.; j<4zer m.; jezer f.(i); Bulg. ézero n.

BSl. B

*é]ero Lith. žeras 3¾; Latv. ezers; ezars OPr. assaran n.

PIE Cogn.

*h&e-(e)r-oArm. ezr ‘edge, border, bank’

In view of “Rozwadowski’s change”, the reconstruction of the anlaut offers a number of alternatives (*h'e-, *he-, *Ho-), but not if the etymon under discussion belongs to *Yz" ‘balk, weir’, which in my opinion is the case. A cognate from outside Balto-Slavic is Arm. ezr ‘bank, border, limit’ < *h&(e)- (' *Yz" for the semantic aspects of the etymology). Note that the short initial vowel of *jzero requires the reconstruction of an aspirated velar anyhow (Winter’s law). The connection with the Greek mythological river мª[ is dubious. See also: *j˜z& ; *j˜ž%; *j˜ža; *ez&

*ež% *eževica; *eževika f. j#; f. #

149 ESSJa VI 35

E S

Ru. eževíka ‘blackberry’ SCr. jéževica ‘meadow grass, quill, blackberry’; Sln. ježevíca ‘prickly husk’

BSl.

*e]-

See ' *ež!. *ežica; *ežika f. j#; f. #

ESSJa VI 35-36

E W S

Ru. ožíka ‘rush’ Cz. ježice ‘female hedgehog’ SCr. jèžica ‘sea-hedgehog, she-hedgehog, husk’; ježika ‘Jew’s myrtle’; Sln. ježíca ‘prickly husk’

BSl.

*e]-

See ' *ež!. *ežina f. # ‘blackberry’ E W

ESSJa VI 35

S

Ru. ožína (S dial.) ‘blackberry’ Slk. ožina (dial.) ‘blackberry’; Pl. je­yna ‘blackberry’; o­yna (dial.) ‘blackberry’; OPl. je­yny Npl. ‘strawberries’ SCr. jèžina (dial.) ‘edible marine mollusc’

BSl.

*e]-

See ' *ež!. *ež m. jo ‘hedgehog’

ESSJa VI 36

E W S

Ru. ëž, Gsg. ežá; ož (dial.); ORu. ež!; ož!; Ukr. již (dial.); ož (dial.) Cz. jež (dial.); Slk. jež; Pl. je­; USrb. jYž SCr. j=ž, Gsg. jéža; j=ž ‘hedgehog’, Gsg. j=ža; ak. j=ž (Vrg.) ‘sea-urchin, kind of plant’, Gsg. j=ža; £=š (Orb.) ‘hedgehog, sea-urchin’, Gsg. £=ža; Sln. j<6ž ‘hedgehog, jimsonweed (datura stramonium), prickly husk’; Bulg. ež ‘hedgehog’

BSl. B

*e]ios Lith. ežs m.(io) 4 (variants are žis 2, Fžs 4); Latv. ezis m.(io)

PIE Cogn.

*h&e-ioGk. š¼È  m. ‘hedgehog, sea-urchin’; OHG igil m.; OE ig(i)l m. ‘hedgehog’; Arm. ozni m. ‘hedgehog’

In Greek, where š¼È  ‘hedgehog, sea-urchin’ looks like a derivative of Ƽ« ‘viper’, there seems to be a connection between ‘hedgehog’ and ‘snake’. In Balto-Slavic, the words for ‘hedgehog’ and ‘snake’ do not match formally (' 06ž!). See also: *ežina; *ežica; *ežika; *eževica; *eževika

*˜dro

150

*! * dro n. o ‘bosom’ CS W S

ESSJa VI 43

OCS jadra Npl. ‘embrace, bosom’; CS jadro Npl. ‘depth, womb, bosom’ Cz. Žadro ‘breast, bosom’; Žadra Npl. ‘breast, bosom’; OCz. Žadra Npl. ‘breast, bosom’; Žádra ‘breast, bosom’; Pl. jadro ‘net’ SCr. jdro ‘sail’, Npl. jèdra; jèdro (Vuk) ‘sail’ (according to the RJA, the accentuation of jèdro is wrong); ak. ›dro ‘sail’, Npl. idr’; j;dro (Novi) ‘sail’; Sln. jádrJ ‘sail, “bosom” of a net’; n¤drJ ‘bosom’; n¤drje n.( jo) ‘bosom’, Npl. n¤drja ‘bosom’

The forms with n- originate from the syntagms *v"n Ydra and *v"n YdrYx", cf. v! nYdrYx" (Supr. 244, 26). The ESSJa identifies the root as *h'eid- ‘swell’. *d m. o (c) ‘poison’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VI 45-47

OCS jad" ‘poison’ Ru. jad ‘poison’; Ukr. jid ‘poison’ Cz. jed ‘poison, (dial.) malice’; Slk. jed ‘poison, (coll.) malice, anger’; Pl. jad ‘poison, something harmful or contagious, anger, malice’; USrb. jYd ‘poison’ SCr. ›jed ‘gall, poison, anger’; j=d ‘gall, poison, anger’; jd ‘grief, sorrow’; ak. d (Vrg.) ‘gall, poison, anger’; j;d (Vrg.) ‘grief, sorrow’; jt (Orb.) ‘anger’, Gsg. jda; Sln. jd ‘poison, anger’; Bulg. jad ‘poison, anger’ *h&ed-oOIc. át n. ‘food’; OHG. z n. ‘food’

I prefer this etymology to the one deriving *Æd" from *h'eid- ‘swell’. As to the semantics, we may compare the euphemisms MoHG Gift ‘poison’ (from MoHG geben) and MoFr. poison < *ption(em) (Vasmer s.v. jad). See also: *¬d%; *¨sti

*d f. i (c) ‘food’ CS E W S

OCS jad! ‘food’; CS jad! ‘food’ Ru. jad’ (dial.) ‘food, dish’; ed’ (dial.) ‘meal, dinner-time’ USrb. jYd] ‘food’; LSrb. je] ‘food, meal, dish’ SCr. jd (arch., lit.) ‘food’; Sln. j¤d ‘food, meal’

BSl. B

*e‹di(o)s Lith. dis m.(io) ‘food, fodder’ OPr. dis m. ‘food’

PIE

*h&ed-i-

See also: *¬d&; *¨sti

ESSJa VI 53-54

*˜ro; *˜ra; *˜r& I * xati v. ‘go, ride’

151 ESSJa VIII 169-171

CS E W S

OCS jaxati ‘go, ride’, 1sg. jad0, 1sg. jaxaj0 Ru. éxat’ ‘go, ride, drive’, 1sg. édu, 3sg. édet Cz. jechati ‘run’; Slk. jachaŸ ‘run, move, ride’; Pl. jecha\ ‘go, ride’ SCr. j;hati ‘ride’; ak. j;hati (Vrg.) ‘ride’; Sln. jhati ‘ride’, 1sg. jham, 1sg. jšem; Bulg. jáxam ‘ride’

BSl.

*ja‹-

The *-x-, which the ESSJa calls an intensive suffix, is a Slavic innovation, cf. Lith. jóti, Latv. jât ‘ride’ and ' *Yti. It is possible that it originates from the s-aorist. See also: *¨to; *˜zda

* r n. nt CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 172

RuCS jar< ‘lamb’ ORu. jar< ‘lamb’ Cz. je•átko n.(o) ‘one and a half year-old sheep’ SCr. j;re ‘kid, young goat’, Gsg. j;reta; Sln. jarè ‘lamb’, Gsg. jar<6ta; Bulg. járe ‘kid’

Derivative in *-<, which is frequent in designations of young animals. See ' *Yro, *Yra, *Yr" I, for the etymology of the root. * rina f. # CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 173-174

CS jarina ‘wool’; RuCS jarina ‘wool’ ORu. jarina ‘wool’; Ukr. jaryná ‘spring corn, spring sowings, spring field’; jaryná (dial.) ‘vegetables’ Cz. ja•ina ‘spring corn’; Slk. jarina ‘spring corn’; Pl. jarzyna ‘vegetables, spring corn’ SCr. j;rina ‘lamb’s wool’; jarìna ‘spring crop’; ak. j;rina (Vrg.) ‘lamb’s (first) wool’; jar§na (Orb.) ‘late crop (grapes, wheat etc.)’; Sln. jarína ‘spring seed, summer fruit’; Bulg. járina ‘lamb’s wool’

Derivative in *-ina. See ' *Yro, *Yra, *Yr" I, for the etymology of the root. * ro; * ra; * r I n. o; f. #; m. o CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa VIII 175-176

RuCS jara f. ‘spring’ Ru. jar (dial.) m. ‘heat, fire’; ORu. jara f. ‘spring’; Ukr. jar m. ‘spring’ Cz. jaro n. ‘spring’; Pl. jar (dial.) m. ‘spring, spring corn’; jaro (16th c.) n. ‘spring, spring corn’ {1} SCr. j;ra f. ‘great heat, mirage, spirit’; jr m. ‘spring’ *je‹roLith. Aras m. 3 ‘lamb’; jAras (dial.) m. 3 ‘lamb’; Latv. jers m. ‘lamb’; jre f.(!) ‘one year old sheep, mother lamb’ OPr. eristian (EV) n. ‘lamb’

*˜rost%

152 PIE Cogn.

*Hieh&-rSkt. paryríÁ- (K#Ñh.+) f. ‘cow which has its first calf after a year’; Gk. ÒŸ f. ‘time, season’; YAv. yr- n. ‘year’; Go. jer n. ‘year’; OHG jr n. ‘year’

There is a possibility that the root is identical with *Hieh&- ‘send’. {1} According to Bakowski (2000a: 574), the form jaro was made up by W. Pola. See also: *˜r‚; *˜rina; *˜r&ka; *˜r& II; *˜r%; *˜r%c%

* rost f. i ‘fury’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 177

OCS jarost! ‘wrath’ Ru. járost’ ‘fury, rage’ Cz. jarost ‘abundance in strength, unruly conduct’ SCr. járst ‘fury, anger’; Sln. jarºst ‘fury, anger’; Bulg. járost ‘fury, anger’

Abstract noun in *-ost! (' *Yr" III). * r I adj. o E W S

ESSJa VIII 175-176

ORu. jaryj ‘spring-’ {1}; Ukr. járyj ‘spring-, young’ Cz. jarý (dial.) ‘spring-’; OCz. jarý ‘spring-’; Pl. jary (dial.) ‘spring-, of the first shearing (wool)’ SCr. j;ra f. ‘great heat, mirage, spirit’; jr m. ‘spring’; Sln. jr ‘spring-’, f. jára

BSl. *je‹ro{1} Also jarovyi. Now only jarovój, dial. járovyj. See also: *˜r‚; *˜rina; *˜ro; *˜ra; ; *˜r& II *˜r&ka; *˜r%; *˜r%c%

*r II adj. o (c) CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 178-179

OCS jar" (Zogr., Mar. Ass.) ‘austere’ Ru. járyj ‘furious, violent, vehement’ {1} Cz. jarý ‘young, fresh, wild’; Slk. jarý ‘energetic, fresh, cheerful’; Pl. jary (arch.) ‘clear, strong, hot’ SCr. jr (RJA) ‘heated, steep, cruel’; Sln. jr ‘furious, savage’

The connection with Gk. X[ ‘pure, sheer (of wine)’ is, of course, merely a possibility. Note that a reconstructed form *ioH-ro- or *ieh-ro- would be affected by Hirt’s law, which seems to be in conflict with the attested accentuation. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). See also: *˜rost%

* rka f. # W

ESSJa VIII 179-180

Cz. jarka ‘spring wheat, sheep born in spring’; jarka (dial.) ‘spring rye, ewe that had young in spring’; Slk. jarka ‘one year old sheep’; Pl. jarka ‘increase or harvest of this or last year’s spring, barren sheep’

*¨sn& S

153

SCr. j;rka ‘spring corn, hen that has laid eggs for the first time’; jrka ‘spring maize’; ak. jãrka (Orb.) ‘species of grain’; Sln. jrka ‘summer fruit (e.g. of spring rye or wheat), young hen’; Bulg. járka ‘young chicken’

Derivative in *-"ka. See ' *Yro, *Yra, *Yr". * r f. i E W S

ESSJa VIII 180-181 Ru. jar’ (dial.) ‘spring, spring field, spring wheat’; ORu. jar’ ‘spring corn’; Ukr. jar’ ‘spring, spring corn’ Cz. ja• ‘spring corn’; jar (dial.) ‘spring’; Slk. jar ‘spring’; Pl. jarz (15th-17th c.) ‘spring, spring corn’ SCr. jar f.(i) ‘spring barley (Hordeum distichum)’; jar m.(o) ‘spring barley (Hordeum distichum)’; Sln. jr f.(i) ‘spring corn’, Gsg. jar {1}

See ' *Yro, *Yra, *Yr". {1} Pleteršnik actually has ‘Sommergetreide’, which means ‘corn that is sown in spring and harvested in summer’. I assume that jr may be identified with jaro žito ‘corn sown in spring’, cf. járica ‘id.’.

* rc m. jo E W S

ESSJa VIII 180-181

Ru. jaréc (dial.) ‘one year old beaver’, Gsg. jarcá; Ukr. jaréc’ (dial.) ‘barley’ Slk. jarec ‘barley’; Pl. jarzec (dial.) ‘spring barley’ SCr. j;rac ‘he-goat’, Gsg. jrca; ak. j;rac (Vrg.) ‘he-goat’, Gsg. j’rca; Sln. jrŠc ‘kid born in spring, (uncastrated) ram, spring wheat’; Bulg. járec ‘kid’

Derivative in *-!c!. See ' *Yro, *Yra, *Yr". *sn adj. o (a) ‘clear’ CS E W S

OCS jasn" (Supr.) Ru. jásny Cz. jasný; Slk. jasný; Pl. jasny SCr. j;san; Sln. jásŠn; Bulg. jásen

BSl. B

*ai‹šk-(n)Lith. áiškus

ESSJa VI 51-52

The root of this adjective can be identified with *h'eid- ‘kindle’ if we assume that the acute originates from the suffix *-Hsk- << *-sk-, cf. OIc. eiskra ‘rage with heated excitement’. Here the laryngeal of the suffix must have arisen through reanalysis of sta-presents containing a root ending in *-RH (Derksen 1996: 291-294, 337). This development can easily be pointed out in East Baltic, where it spread to roots of other structures, but is not so clear if it can be traced back to Proto-Balto-Slavic. My explanation of the acute in the etymon under discussion implies that it can. See also: *j%¸skra; *j%st&

*¨sti

154 *sti v. ‘eat’

ESSJa VI 53-54

CS E W S

OCS jasti, 1sg. jam!, 3sg. jast" Ru. est’, 1sg. em, 3sg. est Cz. jísti; Slk. jesŸ; Pl. jeZ\; Slnc. jìesc SCr. jsti, 1sg. jdem; ak. ›sti or §sti (Vrg.), 3sg. id ; js (Orb.), 3sg. ( j)§; Sln. j—6sti, 1sg. j—6m; Bulg. jam

BSl. B

*e‹sti Lith. Asti; Latv. êst OPr. st; stwei

PIE Cogn.

*h&ed-mi, etc. Skt. átti; Hitt. ed-z£/ad-; Gk. Ƒ «; Lat. ed; Go. itan

See also: *˜d&; *˜d%

* ti v. ‘go, ride’

ESSJa VIII 183

W

Cz. jeti ‘ride, drive’, 1sg. jedu; OPl. ja 3sg. pret. ‘rode’; USrb. jY\ ‘ride’; LSrb. jYZ ‘ride’

BSl. B

*ja‹Lith. jóti ‘ride’; Latv. jât ‘ride’

PIE Cogn.

*ieh'Skt. yti ‘drive, travel’

See also: *˜xati; *¨to; *˜zda

*to n. o (a) ‘herd, flock’

ESSJa VIII 182-183

CS E W S

CS jato n. ‘flock’ Ru. jat (dial.) m. ‘shoal of fish’ Pl. jato (obs.) n. ‘herd, flock’ SCr. j;to n. ‘flock (of birds), swarm, herd’; ak. j;to (Vrg.) n. ‘flock (of birds), swarm, herd’; Sln. játJ n. ‘herd, flock’; jta f. ‘herd, flock’; Bulg. játo n. ‘flock (of birds)’

PIE Cogn.

*ieh'-tóm Skt. ytá- n. ‘progress, course’

The fixed root stress of this etymon must be due to Hirt’s law. See also: *˜xati; *˜ti; *˜zda

* zda f. # ‘ride’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 184-185

CS jazda ‘ride’ Ru. ezdá ‘ride, drive’ Cz. jízda ‘ride, cavalry’; Slk. jazda ‘ride, cavalry’; Pl. jazda ‘ride, cavalry’ SCr. jezda ‘what one rides in/on, ride’; Sln. j—6zda ‘riding’; Bulg. jazdá ‘riding, ride’; jezdá ‘riding, ride’

*˜ždž%; *˜ždžik&; *˜zgar&; *˜zgar%; *˜skar&

155

Formation not entirely clear. The sequence *-zd- may have originated from *-dd- if we assume that a suffix *-da was added to the present stem *Yd- of *Yxati. See also: *˜ti; *¨to; *˜xati

* z; * ž; * ža; *ez m. o; m. jo; f. j#; m. o ‘weir’ CS E

W S

ESSJa VI 59

RuCS Yz" m., ( j)ez" m. ‘fish weir’ Ru. iž (dial.) m.( jo) ‘fishing tackle made of willow-twigs or a net’; ëz m. ‘fish weir’; ORu. Yz" m. ‘fish weir’; ( j)ez" m. ‘fish weir’; Bel. jaz m. ‘fishing tackle; ez (dial.) m. ‘fish weir’; Ukr. jiz m. ‘fish weir’; jaz m. ‘fish weir’ Cz. jez m. ‘mill-pond, dam, weir, dike’; Pl. jaz m. ‘mill-pond, fish weir’ SCr. jz m. ‘drain (at a dam or weir), mill-pond, dike’; j=z m. ‘mill-pond, dam, weir’; jž (dial.) m.( jo) ‘canal’; jža (dial.) f.( j#) ‘brook streaming from a spring’; Sln. j¤z m. ‘dike, dam, weir’, Gsg. j¤za, Gsg. j—z; j—6ža f.( j#) ‘dike, dam, weir, mill-pond’; Bulg. jaz m. ‘dam, weir, dike’

BSl. B

*]-; *e]-oLith. ežià f.( j#) 2 ‘boundary(-strip), balk’; Latv. eža f.( j#) ‘boundary(-strip), balk’ OPr. asy (EV) ‘boundary(-strip), balk’

Cogn.

Arm. ezr ‘bank, border, limit’

Meanings such as ‘mill-pond’, ‘drain, canal’ and ‘brook’ form a semantic link between *Yz-/ez- ‘dam, weir’ and ' *zero ‘lake’, cf. MoE dike ‘thick bank or wall built to control water’ vs. MoHG Teich ‘pond’. The original meaning in Balto-Slavic is best covered by the word balk, meaning both ‘boundary-strip, dividing ridge’, ‘wooden beam’ and (dial.) ‘fishing-weir’. Arm. ezr (' *zero), which basically means ‘edge’, agrees semantically very well with the Balto-Slavic etymon under discussion. We must reconstruct *h&-o/-, with an obscure lengthened grade, alongside *h&eo/-. *zva f. # (a) ‘wound’

ESSJa VI 56-57

CS E W S

OCS jazva ‘wound, injury, scar’ Ru. jázva ‘ulcer, sore, (dial.) damage, injury’ Cz. jizva ‘scar, scratch’; OCz. jiezva ‘scar, scratch’; Slk. jazva ‘scar, scratch’ Bulg. jázva ‘ulcer’

BSl. B

*oi‹]wa‹ Lith. áiža 1 ‘crack’; Latv. a§za ‘crack’ OPr. eyswo ‘wound’

There seem to be no reliable cognates outside Balto-Slavic. * ždž; * ždžik; * zgar; * zgar; * skar m. jo; m. o ‘ruff ’ E

Bel. jadžgár; Ukr. jazgar (dial.) {1}

ESSJa VI 60

*‚ati

156 W

Cz. ježdík; Pl. ja­d­ (arch., N. dial.) m.( jo); jaszcz (arch., N. dial.) m.( jo) {2}; jazgar (dial.); jazgier (dial.); jazgarz m.( jo); jazgierz (arch.) m.( jo); OPl. je­d­yk; Kash. %wž·; %wš m.( jo)

BSl. B

*eg]-io-; *Õ]g-ioLith. ežgs m.(io) 4; egžls (arch.) m.(io) 4; ežegs (Pruss.) m.(io) 3¾ {3} OPr. assegis (EV) ‘perch’

It seems perfectly plausible to me that this etymon is cognate with ' *ež! ‘hedgehog’ (thus Bga RR II: 217). Like its close relative the perch, the ruff has prickly fins (cf. MoHG Barsch ‘perch’, Borste ‘bristle’, Lith. ešers ‘perch’, which presumably derives from *h'e˜- ‘sharp’). The g of this word may be the well-known Baltic intrusive velar. In that case, archaic Lith. egžls would have preserved the original constellation. The Slavic forms would have to be borrowings from Baltic, which in view of their distribution is not unlikely. {1} Other dialect forms are jaškar and jazgar. {2} In this case the term “northern dialects” probably refers to Kashubian. {3} The Standard Lithuanian word is pgžls.

*" * ati v. ‘wail, moan’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 61-62

RuCS jaati ‘cry out, wail, moan’ Ru. jaát’ (dial.) ‘wail, moan’; ORu. jaati ‘cry out, wail, moan’ Cz. jeeti ‘shriek’; OCz. jYYti ‘scream, moan’; Slk. jaaŸ ‘weep loudly, moan’; Pl. j
BSl. B

*inkLith. inkštFti (dial.) ‘stammer’ (cf. also iñkšti ‘whine, whimper’)

Cogn.

Lat. uncre ‘make the sound of a bear’; MLG anken ‘moan, sigh’; MoDu. janken ‘howl, cry’

See also: *‚kati, *‚cati

* my m. n ‘barley’ E W S

ESSJa VI 63-64

Ru. jamén’ m.( jo) ‘barley, sty (in the eye)’, Gsg. jamenjá; ORu. ja!my ‘barley’; ja!men! m.( jo) ‘barley’ Cz. jemen m.(o) ‘barley’; Slk. jameŽ m.( jo) ‘barley, sty (in the eye)’; Pl. j
*‚kati; *‚cati

157

In OCS, only the adjectives j<!n" (Mar.) and j<!nYn" (Zogr., Ass.) are attested, e.g. p
ESSJa VI 65-66

E W S

Ru. jadró ‘kernel, core’, Npl. jádra Cz. jádro ‘kernel, core’; Slk. jadro ‘kernel, core’; Pl. jdro ‘grain, kernel, core’ SCr. jédro ‘kernel, core’; Kajk. jdr ‘kernel, core’, Npl. jãdro; Sln. jédrJ ‘kernel, pit’; Bulg. jedró ‘kernel’

PIE

*h&en-d()r-ó-m?

The connection with Skt. ÁÖá- (RV, AV+) n. ‘egg, testicle’ has generally been abandoned. See also: *‚ƒtrò; *®ƒtrà; *®ƒtròba

*dr adj. o CS S

ESSJa VI 66-67

OCS
Etymologically identical with the preceding entry. *ga; *dza f. #; f. j# ‘disease, terror’

ESSJa VI 68-69

CS E W S

OCS j
BSl. B

*in‹gLith. éngti ‘press, strangle, torture’ Latv. îgt ‘pine’

PIE Cogn.

*Hng-eh' OIc. ekki m. ‘pain, anguish’; OE inca f. ‘pain, suspicion, fight’

Nepokupnyj (1989: 81-90) prefers the old hypothesis that *
ESSJa VI 69-70

Cz. jekati ‘shriek’; OPl. jka\ ‘moan’; Slnc. jk‘c ‘sigh, moan’ SCr. jékati ‘resound, moan’; jkati ‘scold, urge on’; jcati ‘sob, stammer’, 1sg. jcm; Sln. j<6kati ‘hit with a lot of noise, bump into’, 1sg. j<4kam; j<6cati

*‚ti

158

‘stammer, prattle’, 1sg. j<4cam; Bulg. écam (dial.) ‘eat, dangle’; jécam (dial.) ‘stammer’ BSl. B

*inkLith. inkštFti (dial.) ‘stammer’

Cogn.

Lat. uncre ‘make the sound of a bear’; MLG anken ‘moan, sigh’; MoDu. janken ‘howl, cry’

The form
*ti v. ‘take’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 71

OCS j
BSl. B

*imLith. i8ti ‘take’; Latv. je8t (dial.) ‘take’ OPr. mt ‘take’

PIE Cogn.

*h&mLat. emere ‘take (in derivatives), buy’

See also: *j%mati; *j%m˜ti

*trò n. o (b) ‘liver’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 72-73

RuCS jatro ‘liver, (pl.) entrails’ Ru. játro ‘entrails, eggs’; jatró ‘entrails, eggs’; jatrá Npl. ‘entrails, eggs’; ORu. jatro ‘liver, (pl.) entrails’ Cz. játra Npl. ‘liver’; Plb. j0tr‘ Npl. ‘liver’ SCr. jtra Npl. ‘liver’; j=tra (Dubr.) f. ‘liver’; ak. Npl. j£ tra (Orb.) ‘liver’; Sln. j<6tra Npl. ‘liver’; Bulg. jatró ‘liver’

BSl. B

*intró OPr. instran ‘fat’

PIE Cogn.

*h&en-tr-om ntrá- (RV, AV+) n. ‘intestine’; Gk. Æ  Npl. n. ‘entrails’

See also: *‚ƒdrò; *Ótrà; *Ótròba

*try f.  ‘husband’s brother’s wife’ CS E

ESSJa VIII 188-190

CS j
*gabati W S

159

OCz. jatrev f.(i) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; Pl. jtrew (arch.) f.(i) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’, Gsg. jtrwi SCr. j=trva f.(#) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; jtrva f.(#) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; jétrva f.(#) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; ak. j=trva (Vrg.) f.(#) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; jetrv; (Novi) f.(#) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; Sln. j<4trva f.(#) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’

BSl. B

*ien‹terLith. jentF (17th c.) f.(!/r) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; ìntF (Sirv., Ness.) f.(!) ‘husband’s brother’s wife, wife’s sister, daughter-in-law’; Latv. ìetere (BW) f.(!) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; i ta#a f.( j#) ‘husband’s brother’s wife’

PIE Cogn.

*Hienh'-terSkt. ytar- (AVP+) f. ‘husband’s brother’s wife’; Gk. Ï ª (Hom.) f. ‘wives of brothers or of husbands’ brothers, sisters-in-law’; Lat. ianitrcs f. ‘brothers’ wives’; Arm. nr ‘husband’s brother’s wife’

*zk m. o (a) ‘tongue, language’

ESSJa VI 74-75

CS E W S

OCS j
BSl. B

*in]u‹Lith. liežùvis m.(io) 2 OPr. insuwis

PIE Cogn.

*dn-uh'Skt. jihv- f.; OLat. dingua f.; Go. tuggo f.

Apparently, the Balto-Slavic noun *in]u‹- (with loss of initial *d) acquired the suffix *-k" in Slavic. The nasal vowel of the root is reflected as short in the languages where quantitative differences can be observed, which points to original suffixal stress. The Lithuanian form was influenced by li žti ‘lick’.

*G *gabati v. E W S

ESSJa VI 76-77

Bel. habá\ ‘seize’; Ukr. hábaty ‘seize’ Cz. habati (Kott) ‘seize’; habaŸ (dial.) ‘seize, appropriate’; Slk. habaŸ ‘seize, take, grab’; OPl. gaba\ ‘attack, pursue’ Sln. gábati ‘be in need, starve, be lost, die’, 1sg. gbam; Bulg. gábam ‘grieve’

LIV classifies *gabati under *geb- ‘fassen, nehmen; geben’, from which it also derives Skt. gábhasti- ‘hand’, Go. giban ‘give’, Lith. gebAti ‘be able’, gabénti ‘transport,

*g#dàti

160

remove’. LIV also has a root *eHb- ‘ergreifen, nehmen’, which is claimed to be represented in Italo-Celtic only, e.g. Lat. habre, OIr. gaibid ‘take seize’. To a certain extent this classification seems abitrary. Many forms could be derived from a root *gab- (the Germanic verb may contain the prefix *ga- and therefore be unrelated) instead. *gdàti v. ‘guess’

ESSJa VI 77-78

CS E W S

CS gadati ‘tell fortunes, guess’ Ru. gadát’ ‘tell fortunes, guess’, 1sg. gadáju Cz. hádati ‘guess’; Slk. hádaŸ ‘guess’; Pl. gada\ ‘talk, chatter’ Sln. gádati ‘guess, chatter’, 1sg. gdam; Bulg. gadája ‘guess’

Cogn.

Gk. ¼ ‘¶ [ ‘contain’; Lat. prehend ‘take, seize’; OIc. geta ‘get, learn, guess’

The root of *gadati, which seems to have lengthened grade, could be regarded as a variant of *get, cf. the synonymous ' *gtàti, Go. qiþan ‘say, speak’. Late Vedic gádati ‘say, speak’ may have originated from *gat- as a “Reimbildung” after vádati (Mayrhofer KEWA: 318), which renders a direct comparison with *gadati doubtful (pace ESSJa s.v.). More convincing than the suggested connection with *get- is the etymology that links *gadati to OIc. gáta ‘get, learn, guess’, Gk. ¼ ‘¶ [ ‘contain’, Lat. prehend ‘take, seize’ < *ghed-. Finally, a connection with ' *goditi ‘please’ < *gedcannot be ruled out, cf. Latv. gadît ‘happen to find’. See also: *gatàti

*gàditi v. (a) CS E W S

ESSJa VI 79-80

CS gaditi ‘blame’ Ru. gádit’ ‘defecate (of animals), defile’ Cz. haditi ‘scold’ SCr. g;diti ‘fill with aversion, soil’; ak. g;diti se (Vrg.) ‘be repulsive’; Sln. gáditi ‘make loathsome, scold, slander’, 1sg. gdim

Denominative verb. See ' *gàd". *gàd m. o (a) CS E W S

ESSJa VI 81-82

OCS gad" ‘creeping animal’ Ru. gad ‘reptile, amphibian, vermin’ Cz. had ‘reptile, snake’; Slk. had ‘snake’; Pl. gad ‘reptile, scoundrel, (arch.) insects, livestock, poultry’ SCr. g;d ‘loathing, nausea’; ak. g;d (Vrg.) ‘repulsion, repulsive person’; Sln. gàd ‘adder’; Bulg. gad ‘animal, scoundrel, loathing’

B

Lith. gAda f. ‘shame, disgrace’ OPr. gdan Asg. ‘shame, disgrace’

PIE Cogn.

*goh&d-oMoDu. kwaad adj. ‘angry, evil’

*gatàti

161

The comparative evidence points to *goh&d-o-. See also: *gaditi

*gajati v. (a?)

ESSJa VI 84

E

Ru. gájat’ (dial.) ‘yawn, talk, scream, curse’; ORu. gajati ‘caw, croak’

BSl. B

*ga‹iLith. giedóti ‘sing’; Latv. dziêdât ‘sing’

PIE Cogn.

*g()eHiSkt. gyati ‘sing’

*gasìti v. (b/c) ‘extinguish’

ESSJa VI 104

CS E W S

OCS ugasiti, 1sg. ugaš0 Ru. gasít’, 1sg. gašú, 3sg. gásit {1} Cz. hasiti; Pl. gasi\ SCr. gásiti, 1sg. gšm; ak. g”s›ti, 2sg. g’sš; gs›t (Orb.), 3sg. gãsi; Sln. gasíti, 1sg. gasím; Bulg. gasjá

B

Lith. gesýti

Cogn.

Skt. jsáyati ‘extinguish, exhaust’; Gk. £ª

Í« ‘extinguish’

Causative formation with lengthened o-grade of the root *(s)ges-. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 139). See also: *gàsn®ti

*gàsnti v. (a) ‘be extinguished, go out’ E W S

ESSJa VI 104-105

Ru. gásnut’ Cz. hasnouti; Slk. hasnúŸ; Pl. gasn\ SCr. g;snuti; Sln. gásniti, 1sg. gsnem; Bulg. gásna

Perfective of ' *gasìti. The acute tone of the root is productive in this formation. *gatàti v.

ESSJa VI 105

CS W S

CS gatati ‘tell fortunes, guess’ OPl. gata\ ‘talk, chatter’ SCr. gátati ‘tell fortunes, guess, await, talk’; Sln. gátati ‘guess, tell fortunes’, 1sg. gtam (possibly of Serbo-Croatian origin); Bulg. gatam ‘tell fortunes, guess’

Cogn.

Go. qiþan ‘say, speak’

The etymological relationship with Go. qiþan etc. is plausible, but the fact that there is a synonymous verb ' *gdàti presents a problem. Unless we wish to assume that the latter verb, which may contain a root *gd-, originates from a variant of *get-, we may consider the possibility that we are dealing with two etymologically distinct roots that became mixed up.

*gat&; *gat%

162 *gat; *gat m. o; f. i E W

S

ESSJa VI 108-109

Ru. gat’ f.(i) ‘road of brushwood, (dial.) weir’ OCz. haŸ f.(i) ‘road of brushwood, road in a marshy area’; Slk. haŸ f.(i) ‘weir, fence from twigs’; Pl. ga\ f.(i) ‘road of brushwood, weir from brushwood or twigs’; OPl. gat m. ‘belt, girdle’; USrb. hat m. ‘pond, weir’ SCr. gt m. ‘drain next to a weir (Vuk), weir’; Sln. gt m. ‘weir, drain’

Derivative with a t-suffix from *geh'- ‘go’. PIE Cogn.

*geh'-to-/-tiSkt. gtú- m. ‘way, course, progress’; LAv. gtu- m. ‘way, place’

*gàziti v. (a)

ESSJa VI 113

CS S

RuCS izgaziti ‘ruin’ SCr. g;ziti ‘trample, wade’; ak. g;ziti (Vrg.) ‘trample, wade’; Sln. gáziti ‘wade’, 1sg. gzim; Bulg. gázja ‘wade, trample’

BSl. B

*ga‹]Lith. góžti ‘overthrow, overturn, pour out’; Latv. gâzt ‘overthrow, overturn, pour (out)’

PIE Cogn.

*g()eHSkt. ghate (RV+) ‘penetrate, step into the water, wade’

The Baltic forms appear semantically distant, but cf. RuCS izgaziti. *glabati v. E W S

ESSJa VI 114

Bel. hlaba\ ‘rake together, gather, rob’ Pl. gaba\ (dial.) ‘seize, rake together, appropriate’ SCr. gl;bati ‘gnaw’; Bulg. glábam ‘eat while picking out the best bits’

See ' *globati. The Belorussian and Polish forms are apparently alterations of *grab-. *glabiti v. S

ESSJa VI 114

Sln. glábiti ‘snatch, grab, rob’ (cf. grábiti ‘snatch, grab, rake’)

See also: *glabati; *globati

*glàdk adj. o (a) ‘smooth, plain’

ESSJa VI 115-116

CS E W S

OCS glad"k" Ru. gládkij Cz. hladký; Slk. hladký; Pl. gadki SCr. gl;dak, f. gl;tka; ak. gl;dak (Vrg.), f. glatk;, n. gl;tko; gl;dak (Orb.), f. gl;tka, n. gl;tko; Sln. gládŠk; Bulg. glád‘k

BSl. B

*gla‹dus Lith. glodùs 4; Latv. glošs

PIE

*gleh'd-

*gl˜v&; *gl˜v%; *gl˜va Cogn.

Lat. glaber ‘smooth, hairless’; OHG glat ‘shining’

*glz m. o E W

163

ESSJa VI 117-118

Ru. glaz ‘eye’ Cz. hlaz (Kott) ‘eye’ (probably a borrowing from Russian); Pl. gaz ‘rock, cobble-stone’

Etymology unclear. If we accept that here the *z arose from *s as a result of Zupitza’s law (cf. Shevelov 1964: 147-148), it is possible to establish a connection with OHG glas ‘glass, amber’, MoE glare, etc. The correctness of the law is doubtful, however. *glezna; *glezno; *glezn f. #; n. o; m. o ‘ankle(-bone)’ CS W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VI 118

OCS gleznY (Hilf.) Ndu. f. ‘ankles’; CS glezna f. ‘ankle-bone, heel’ Cz. hlezen m. ‘ankle’; hlezno n. ‘ankle’; Pl. glozna (obs., W. dial.) f. ‘elbow, ankle, shin’ SCr. glžanj m.( jo) ‘ankle(-bone)’; glzan m. ‘ankle(-bone)’; Sln. gl<6žŠnj m.( jo) ‘ankle, wrist’; gl<6žŠn m. ‘ankle, wrist’; gl<6žnJ n. ‘ankle, wrist’; Bulg. glézen m. ‘ankle-bone’; glézna f. ‘ankle-bone’ *gle-nOIc. klakkr m. ‘lump, blot’

Slavic *glezn- and Germanic forms such as OIc. klakkr, with a geminate arising from Kluge’s law, point to a reconstruction *gle-n- for the Slavic form. *gl n; *gl n f. i; m. o CS E W S PIE

ESSJa VI 120-121

RuCS glYn" m. ‘moisture, juice’ Ru. glen’ f.(i) ‘moisture, juice’; ORu. glYn" m. ‘moisture, juice’ Cz. hlen m. ‘mucus, moisture, sediment’; Slk. hlien m. ‘slime, mud’; Pl. glon m. ‘alga’; glán (dial.) m. ‘alga, mud, dung’; OPl. glan m. ‘sediment, dregs’ Sln. gl¤n m. ‘mucus, sediment, silt, clay, waterplant’; Bulg. glen (dial.) f.(i) ‘waterplant, duckweed’ *gloh&i-n-

Cf. ' *glYv", *glìna. The root is *gloh&i-. See also: *glíst&; *glstà; *glìva; *gl%j%

*gl v; *gl v; *gl va f. i; m. o; f. # ‘slime’

ESSJa VI 121

E

Ru. glëv (dial.) m. ‘slime, mould, (sticky slime on) fish scales’; glev’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘slime on fish scales’; glevá (dial.) f. ‘slime on fish scales’; glevá (dial.) f. ‘slime on fish scales’

PIE Cogn.

*gloh&i-uoGk. •« m. ‘any glutinous substance’

For Baltic cognates meaning ‘slime’, see ' *glìva.

*gl‚¸dati

164 *gldati v. (a) ‘look at’

ESSJa VI 122-123

CS E W S

OCS gl
BSl. B

*glen‹dLatv. glenKst² ‘(scarcely) perceive’; nùogleñst ‘notice’

PIE Cogn.

*ghlendOIr. as-gleinn ‘investigate, examine’; MHG glinzen ‘shine’

LIV (200) reconstructs *glend- because a proto-form with root-final *d would trigger Winter’s law, which is not in agreement with the circumflex of the BaltoSlavic forms. It is unclear to me, however, what exactly is the evidence for a BaltoSlavic circumflex. The mobile accentuation of Ru. gljadét’ (' *gl
ESSJa VI 123

Ru. gljadét’ (dial.) ‘look at’, 1sg. gljažú, 3sg. gljadít Cz. hledYti ‘look at’; OPl. gl
See ' *gl
Ru. glína Cz. hlína; Slk. hlina; Pl. glina; Slnc. glˆn‘ SCr. gnj›la; ak. g›la (Vrg.); Sln. glína; Bulg. glína

BSl. B

*glé‹ina‹ Lith. gléinF f.(!) 1 ‘moist clay’

PIE Cogn.

*gleh&i-nGk. •Œ f. ‘loam’; Gk. •Œ ‰ f. ‘loam’

ESSJa VI 125-126

See also: *gl˜n%; *gl˜n&; *gl˜v&; *gl˜v%; *gl˜va; *glíst&; *glstà; *gl%j%

*glíst; *gl#stà m. o; f. # (b) ‘worm’ E W

ESSJa VI 128-129

Ru. glist m. ‘intestinal worm’, Gsg. glistá; Bel. hlist m. ‘intestinal worm’, Gsg. hlistá; Ukr. hlyst m. ‘intestinal worm’, Gsg. hlystá Cz. hlíst m. ‘intestinal worm’; hlísta f. ‘intestinal worm’; Slk. hlísta f. ‘intestinal worm’; Pl. glista f. ‘intestinal worm, earth-worm’

*globati

165

S

SCr. glísta f.(#) ‘intestinal worm, earth-worm’; ak. glsta (Orb.) f.(#) ‘worm’; gls (Orb.) f.(i) ‘worm’, glsti f.(i); Sln. glísta f. ‘intestinal worm, earth-worm’; Bulg. glist m. ‘intestinal worm, earth-worm’

B

Lith. gla§stas m. 2/4 ‘layer of clay, plaster’

Though masculine o-stems belonging to AP (b) in principle continue old neuters, I am uncertain if this holds for original oxytona, i.e. words that were already oxytone before Dybo’s law. Here the reconstruction of an old oxytonon may account for the unexpected absence of a laryngeal in the root, which can now be attributed to the Early Slavic loss of laryngeals in pretonic position. In view of Hirt’s law, which would have generated root stress, a reconstruction with a zero grade (*glh&it-tó) is preferable. The semantically different Lith. gla§stas probably continues an old neuter, in which case métatonie douce is plausible. See also: *gl˜n%; *gl˜n&; *gl˜v&; *gl˜v%; *gl˜va; *glìna; *gl%j%

*glìva f. # (a) ‘fungus’ E W S BSl. B

ESSJa VI 129-130

Ru. glíva (dial.) ‘bergamot (kind of pear)’; Ukr. hlíva ‘bergamot (kind of pear), tree-fungus’ Cz. hlíva ‘kind of mushroom, tumour’; Slk. hliva ‘kind of mushroom, tumour’; Pl. gliwa (dial.) ‘kind of mushroom’ SCr. glj›va ‘tree-fungus’; glj›va ‘gland, tonsil’; Sln. glíva ‘mushroom, treefungus’; Bulg. gliva (dial.) ‘small edible mushroom’ *glé‹iwa‹ Lith. gléivFs Npl. f. 1 ‘slime’; gléivos (dial.) Npl. f. ‘slime’; Latv. glve f. ‘green slime on water, mire’

See also: *gl˜n%; *gl˜n&; *gl˜v&; *gl˜v%; *gl˜va; *glìna; *glíst&; *glstà; *gl%j%

*globa f. # E W S

ESSJa VI 131-133

Ru. globá (Psk.) ‘cross-beam, pole’; glóba (dial.) ‘path’; Ukr. hlobá ‘curved tree, iron wedge, trouble, worry, burden’; hlóba (dial.) ‘fine, misfortune’ OPl. goba ‘malice, anger’; LSrb. goba ‘value’ SCr. gl«ba ‘fine’; Sln. glóba ‘fine’; Bulg. glóba ‘fine’

The etymology of *glob- is unclear and so is the issue if we must distinguish more than one root. See also: *globìti

*globati v. S

ESSJa VI 133-134

SCr. glòbati ‘gnaw’; Sln. gl06bati ‘excavate, gnaw’, 1sg. gl06bam, 1sg. gl06bljem

The root *glob- has been connected with Gk. • ¤ ‘hollow, hollowed’, •¶[ (Hes.) ‘scrape up, dig up, hollow’, but this etymology seems doubtful to me. Note that for the meaning ‘excavate’ we must reckon with influence of globòk ‘deep’, cf. globíti ‘excavate’, glóbsti ‘excavate, carve’.

*globìti

166 See also: *glabati; *glabiti

*globìti v. E W

S

ESSJa VI 134

Ru. globit’sja (dial.) ‘be greedy, (?) worry’; Ukr. hlobýty ‘strengthen a shaft in a mill with wedges, caulk, insult’ Cz. hlobiti (Jg., Kott) ‘strengthen, wedge’; hobiŸ (dial.) ‘beat, eat, ask’; Slk. hlobiŸ ‘beat, knock down’; hlobic (dial.) ‘wedge’; Pl. gobi\ (arch.) ‘squeeze, oppress’; gobi\ (dial.) ‘wedge, hoop’; OPl. gobi\ ‘beg of, ask persistently’; gobi\ si< ‘be concerned for’; LSrb. gobiZ (arch.) ‘give, offer’ SCr. glòbiti ‘impose a fine’; ak. gl«biti (Vrg.) ‘impose a fine’; Sln. globíti ‘impose a fine, pillage’, 1sg. globím; Bulg. globjá ‘impose a fine’

See also: *globa

*glòg m. o (b) ‘hawthorn’

ESSJa VI 136-137

E W S

Ru. glog ‘cornel’; Ukr. hlih ‘hawthorn’, Gsg. hlóhu Cz. hloh ‘hawthorn’; Slk. hloh ‘hawthorn’; Pl. góg ‘hawthorn’, Gsg. gogu SCr. gl«g ‘hawthorn’; Sln. glòg ‘hawthorn’, Gsg. glJ6ga; Bulg. glog ‘hawthorn’

PIE Cogn.

*glogGk. •Â¼ Npl. f. ‘beard of corn’

For the Greek form, which is cognate with •Â ‘tongue, language’, cf. Beekes 1969: 246. *glota f. # E S

ESSJa VI 138-139

ORu. glota ‘crowd’; Ukr. hlotá ‘narrowness, throng’; hlóta ‘narrowness, throng, family’ SCr. gl«ta ‘the poor, family, crowd, weed (in corn), dust, litter’; Sln. gl04ta ‘weed, darnel, Brachypodium, riff-raff ’; glóta (arch.) ‘crowd, Brachypodium’ (the latter form occurs in the Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika); Bulg. glóta ‘dust, litter’; glóta (dial.) ‘flock, crowd’

Etymology unclear. It seems completely unlikely that *glota derives from *gel- ‘swell’ and has anything to to with Go. kilþei ‘womb’ (pace Pokorny IEW: 358) *glbòk adj. o ‘deep’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 141-142

OCS gl0bok" Ru. glubókij; glubók, f. gluboká, n. glubokó Cz. hluboký; Slk. hlboký; Pl. g
It is often assumed that the root of this adjective is connected with *gleub-, cf. Gk. •‡[ ‘cut out, engrave’, but the presence of *0 < *oN (not *uN) can hardly be accounted for. Note that Slk. hlboký seems to derive from gl"bòk".

*glup&

167

*glx adj. o (c) ‘deaf ’ CS E W S

BSl. B

OCS glux" ‘deaf ’ Ru. gluxój ‘deaf ’ Cz. hluchý ‘deaf, (dial.) empty’; Slk. hluchý ‘deaf, empty, barren’; Pl. guchy ‘deaf ’ SCr. glh ‘deaf ’, f. glúha; ak. glh (Vrg.) ‘deaf ’, f. glh;, n. glho; gljh (Orb.) ‘deaf ’, f. gljh;, f. gljha; Sln. glh ‘deaf, muted, quiet, empty’; Bulg. glux ‘deaf ’ *gl(o)ušos Lith. glùšas ‘dumb’

The Slavic and Baltic forms do not agree as far as the ablaut grade of the root is concerned. In Slavic, we find zero grade in ' *gl"xn0ti. *glumiti v. CS

ESSJa VI 148-149

E W S

OCS glumiti s< (Ril., Supr.) ‘be distracted, talk idly’, 1sg. glumlj0 s<; RuCS glumiti ‘amuse’ Ru. glumit’sja ‘mock, desecrate’; ORu. glumiti ‘amuse’ Pl. gumi\ (dial.) ‘spoil, mock’ SCr. glúmiti ‘play (on stage)’; Sln. glúmiti se ‘joke’, 1sg. glúmim se

Cogn.

OIc. gleyma ‘forget, make a merry noise’

Derivative of ' *glum", *gluma. *glum; *gluma m. o; f. # CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VI 147-148

OCS glum" (Ril., Supr.) m. ‘idle talk, mockery’; RuCS glum" m. ‘noise, amusement’ Ru. glum (dial.) m. ‘stupidity, mockery, joke, noise’; ORu. glum" m. ‘noise, amusement’; Ukr. hlum m. ‘mockery’ OCz. hluma f. ‘actor, comedian’; Pl. gum f. ‘mockery, torture, misfortune’ SCr. glúma f. ‘joke, gaiety’; Sln. glúma f. ‘joke, foolishness’; Bulg. glúma f. ‘joke’ *glou-mOIc. glaumr m. ‘jubilation’, OE glam m. ‘jubilation, joy’

See also: *glumiti

*glup adj. o ‘foolish, stupid’ CS E W S

CS glup" Ru. glúpyj; glup, f. glupá, n. glúpo {1} Cz. hloupý; Slk. hlupý; Pl. gupi; OPl. gupy; Slnc. gl¨K–pï SCr. glp; ak. glp (Orb.); Sln. glp

The connection with OIc. glópr m. ‘fool’ is uncertain. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136).

ESSJa VI 151-152

*gl&xn®ti

168 *glxnti v. ‘become deaf ’ E W S

ESSJa VI 145

Ru. glóxnut’ (Dal’) ‘become deaf, (sounds) subside’; ORu. gl"xnuti ‘become deaf ’ OCz. hlechnúti ‘become deaf ’ Bulg. gl¹xna ‘fall silent’

Verb in -n0ti containing the zero grade of ' *glx". A variant with full grade also exists, e.g. Slk. hluchnúŸ, Pl. guchn\ ‘become deaf, (sounds) subside’. *gltati v. ‘swallow, devour’ E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VI 157-158

Ru. glotát’ ‘swallow’, 1sg. glotáju; ORu. gl"tati ‘swallow’ Cz. hltati ‘swallow, devour’; Slk. hltaŸ ‘swallow, devour’; Pl. gluta\ (dial.) ‘drink noisily’ SCr. gùtati ‘devour’, 1sg. gùtm; Sln. gotáti ‘swallow, devour, belch’, 1sg. gotm; Bulg. g¹ltam ‘swallow, devour’ *glutLat. glutti, glti ‘devour’

*glj m. jo ‘clay, loam’ E W S

ESSJa VI 162

Ru. glej (dial.) ‘clay, loam’; Ukr. hlej ‘moist clay’ Cz. g¯ej (dial.) ‘clay, resin’; Slk. glej ‘clay’; Pl. glej ‘loam’ SCr. gl=j ‘kind of clay’

To be analyzed as *glh&i-o-, cf. MLG klei ‘clay’ < *klaija- (see also ' *glYn!, *glìna). *gnestì v. (c) ‘knead, press’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VI 165-166

OCS gnesti ‘oppress, press, constrict’, 1sg. gnet0 Ru. gnestí ‘oppress, weigh down’, 1sg. gnetú, 3sg. gnetët Cz. hnísti ‘press, knead, constrict’, 1sg. gnYtu; Slk. hniesŸ ‘press, knead’; Pl. gnieZ\ ‘press, squeeze’, 1sg. gniot< SCr. gnjèsti ‘knead, beat’, 1sg. gnjètm; Sln. gnésti ‘knead, press’, 1sg. gnétem; Bulg. gnetá ‘press, oppress’ *gnetOIc. knoða ‘knead’; OHG knetan ‘knead’; OE cnedan ‘knead’

*gnv m. o (a) ‘anger, wrath’ CS OCS gnYv" E Ru. gnev, Gsg. gnéva {1} W Cz. hnYv; Slk. hnev; Pl. gniew; USrb. gnYw S SCr. gnjv; Sln. gn—Qv, Gsg. gn—6va; Bulg. gnjav {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 137). Prabably a derivative of ' *g_ìti. The root has o-grade.

ESSJa VI 169-170

*gœìti *gnzdò n. o (b) ‘nest’ CS E W S

169 ESSJa VI 171-173

OCS gnYzdo Ru. gnezdó, Npl. gnëzda; Ukr. hnizdó, Npl. hnízda Cz. hnízdo; OCz. hniezdo; Slk. hniezdo; Pl. gniazdo; gniázdo (dial.); Slnc. gªuzd‰ SCr. gnijèzdo, Npl. gnijèzda; ak. gzd« (Vrg.), Npl. g§zd”; gnjzl« (Orb.), Npl. gnj§zla; Kajk. gnzd (Bednja), Npl. gnji zdo; Sln. gn—6zdJ; Bulg. gnezdó

BSl. B

*nizdó Lith. lìzdas m. 4; Latv. ligzds m.

PIE Cogn.

*ni-sd-óm Skt. nÖá- m./n. ‘resting-place abode, abode, (esp.) nest’; Lat. ndus m. ‘nest’; OE nest n. ‘nest’

The Slavic and Baltic forms show different alterations of the anlaut. For Slavic, various words beginning with *gn- have been designated as a model, e.g. ' *gn|j! ‘manure’. None of these suggestions carries immediate conviction. *g ìda f. # (a) ‘nit’ E W S

Ru. gnída Cz. hnida; Slk. hnida; Pl. gnida SCr. gnj›da; ak. g›da (Vrg.); Sln. gnída; Bulg. gnída

BSl. B

*gni‹da‹ Lith. glìnda; Latv. gn§da

PIE Cogn.

*k/g/HnidGk. € Œ f.; OE hnitu f.; OHG (h)niz f.; Arm. anic ‘louse’

ESSJa VI 173-174

The PIE form of the word for ‘nit’ cannot easily be reconstructed, as we seem to be dealing with distortion of the anlaut for taboo reasons. *g il adj. o ‘rotten’ E W S

ESSJa VI 175-176

Ru. gnilój ‘rotten, damp’; gnil ‘rotten’, f. gnilá, n. gnílo Cz. hnilý; Slk. hnilý; Pl. gniy (obs.) SCr. gn›o; ak. g(l ) (Vrg.); gnjl (Orb.); Sln. gn, f. gníla; Bulg. gnil

See ' *g_ìti. If the original accent paradigm was (c), the full grade *neiH-lo- is preferable because this shape of the root would not have triggered Hirt’s law. *g ìti v. (a) ‘rot’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 176-177

OCS gnij0štii (Euch.) Dsg. f. ptc. pres. act. ‘suppurating’ Ru. gnit’, 1sg. gnijú, 3sg. gniët Cz. hníti; Slk. hniŸ; Pl. gni\ SCr. gnj›ti, 1sg. gnj›jm; ak. gij;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. gij“š; gít (Vrg.), 3sg. g›jen; ak. gnj§t (Orb.), 3sg. gnjj; Sln. gníti, 1sg. gníjem; Bulg. gníja

*gn¥j%

170 PIE Cogn.

*n(e)iHOHG gntan ‘grind’; OE gnidan ‘grind’

See also: *gœil&; *gn¥j%

*gnj m. jo (c) ‘pus, manure’ CS E W S

PIE

ESSJa VI 175-176

OCS gnoi ‘manure, mould, ulcer, suppurating wound’ Ru. gnoj ‘pus’, Gsg. gnoja Cz. hn,j ‘manure’, Gsg. hnoje; Slk. hnoj ‘manure’; Pl. gnój ‘manure’, Gsg. gnoju SCr. gn|j ‘pus, manure’, Gsg. gn«ja; ak. g|j (Vrg.) ‘pus, manure’, Gsg. g«ja; gnu|j (Orb.) ‘dung’, Gsg. gn«ja; Sln. gnºj ‘pus, manure’, Gsg. gnoj; Bulg. gnoj ‘pus’ *noiH-

See also: *gœil&; *gœìti

*gnsn adj. o CS

ESSJa VI 184-185

OCS gn0s!n" (Supr.) ‘vile, repulsive’

See also: *gn®šati; *gnusiti; *gnus%n&; *gnušati; *gn%s%

*gnšati v.

ESSJa VI 182

CS OCS gn0šati s< (Supr.) ‘be filled with aversion, abhor’, 1sg. gn0š0 {1} {1} The form gn0šaaše s< 3sg. impf. ‘were filled with aversion’ could also belong to a verb gn0siti s<. See also: *gn®s%n&; *gnusiti; *gnus%n&; *gnušati; *gn%s%

*gnusiti v. E W S

ESSJa VI 182

Ru. gnusít’ (dial.) ‘abhor’ Cz. hnusiti ‘oppress, fill with disgust’; Slk. hnusiŸ ‘make dirty, repulsive’; Pl. gnusi\ si< (dial.) ‘dawdle, loiter’; OPl. gnusi\ ‘be slow’ SCr. gnúsiti ‘make dirty, repulsive’; Sln. gnúsiti ‘make repulsive, defile, loathe’, 1sg. gnúsim; Bulg. gnusjá se ‘loathe’

See also: *gn®s%n&; *gn®šati; *gnus%n&; *gnušati; *gn%s%

*gns m. o (c) E W S

ESSJa VI 183-184

Ru. gnus ‘vermin’ Cz. hnus ‘aversion, filth’; OCz. hnus ‘pus, manure, filth’; Slk. hnus ‘aversion’; OPl. gnus ‘weak, slow person’ SCr. gns ‘filth’; ak. gnjs (Orb.) ‘dirty fellow, swindler’; Sln. gns ‘aversion, disgust, abomination, stain, vermin’

*gobino

171

Etymology unclear. The comparison with OIc. gnúa ‘rub’ and Gk. ¼ ¶¤[ ‘nibble’ seems chiefly based on the formal resemblance. There are Old Church Slavic forms that seem to have secondary nasalization. See also ' *gn!s". *gnusn adj. o ‘vile, repulsive’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 184-185

OCS gnus!n" (Supr.) ‘vile, repulsive’ Ru. gnúsnyj ‘vile’ Cz. hnusný ‘vile, repulsive’; Slk. hnusný ‘vile, repulsive’; Pl. gnuZny ‘slow, inert’ SCr. gnµsan ‘loathsome, filthy’; gnúsan ‘loathsome, filthy’; ak. gnjsan (Orb.) ‘filthy, squalid’, f. gnjsna, f. gnjsn;, n. gnjsno; Sln. gnúsŠn ‘disgusting’; Bulg. gnús‘n ‘disgusting, repulsive’

See also: *gn®s%n&; *gn®šati; *gnusiti; *gnušati; *gn%s%

*gnušati v. CS

ESSJa VI 182

OCS gnušati s< (Supr.) ‘be filled with aversion, abhor’, 1sg. gnuš0

See also: *gn®s%n&; *gn®šati; *gnusiti; *gnus%n&; *gn%s%

*gns f. i CS

ESSJa VI 183-184

E

OCS gnes! (Euch.) Asg. f.(i) ‘dirt, pus’; RuCS gn!s! f.(i) ‘vileness, crime’; gnes! f.(i) ‘vileness, crime’ ORu. gn!s! f.(i) ‘vileness, crime’; gnes! f.(i) ‘vileness, crime’

B

Lith. gni×sas m. ‘parasite’

The ESSJa holds that the forms mentioned above reflect a late variant *gn’us" rather an original e-grade *gneus. In neither case would I expect a development *u > *!. In order to get the desired reflex we must posit a comparatively early form *gnjus-. Here the *j could have been adopted from *gnjous- < *gneus-, but there is no evidence for variants with an e-grade. Lith. gni×sas is probably a borrowing from Belorussian (thus Skardžius 1931: 76), though one may call it suspect that this is precisely the language that has forms containing a sequence hnju, e.g. hnjus ‘bastard, miser’. See also: *gn®s%n&; *gn®šati; *gnusiti; *gnus%n&; *gnušati

*gobino n. o ‘abundance’ CS E S

ESSJa VI 185

OCS gobinY (Supr.) Lsg. ‘abundance’; RuCS gobino ‘abundance’ ORu. gobino ‘abundance’ SCr. gobino ‘spelt’

This word is generally considered a borrowing from Germanic, cf. Go. gabei f. ‘wealth’, gabeigs ‘wealthy’. See also: *gob%z&

*gob%z&

172 *gobz adj. o ‘abundant’ CS E

ESSJa VI 186

RuCS gob!z! ‘abundant, productive’; gob!zyi ‘abundant, wealthy’ {1} ORu. gob!z! ‘abundant, productive’; gob!zyi ‘abundant, wealthy’

See ' *gob!z". {1} Cf. OCS gobedzie (Euch.) Asg. n. ‘abundance’, gob!zj<štiY (Ps. Sin.) Nsg. f. ptc. pres. act. ‘fruitful’.

*godina f. # CS E W S

ESSJa VI 187-188

OCS godina ‘time, suitable time, hour’ Ru. godína ‘time, period, (arch.) year’ Cz. hodina ‘hour’; Slk. hodina ‘hour’; Pl. godzina ‘hour’ SCr. g«dina ‘year, (Dubr.) weather, (Cr.) rain’; ak. g«dina (Vrg.) ‘year’; g«dina (Novi) ‘year’; Sln. g04dina ‘year, name-day, rain’; Bulg. godína ‘year, age’

Derivative of ' *god". *godìti v. (c) ‘please’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 188-190

OCS god< (Supr.) Nsg. m. ptc. pres. act. ‘pleasing’; CS goditi ‘please, satisfy’ Ru. godít’ ‘wait, loiter’, 1sg. gožú, 3sg. godít; godít’sja ‘be suited’, 1sg. gožús’, 3sg. godítsja Cz. hoditi ‘throw’; hoditi se ‘throw at one another, suit, agree’; Pl. godzi\ ‘reconcile, unite, heal’; godzi\ si< ‘agree, succeed’ SCr. gòditi ‘please’, 1sg. gòdm; ak. god›t (Orb.) ‘please’; Sln. godíti ‘rear, please’, godím; godíti se ‘succeed, take place’

BSl. B

*gadLatv. gadîtiês ‘happen’

PIE

*god-

See ' *god". *gd m. o ‘right time’

ESSJa VI 191-192

CS E W S

OCS god" ‘time, suitable time, holiday, year’ Ru. god ‘year’, Gsg. góda Cz. hod ‘religious holiday’; hody Npl. ‘feast’; Pl. gody Npl. ‘feast’ SCr. g|d ‘important holiday, year, right time’; ak. g|d (Vrg.) ‘name day, memorial day, anniversary’; gu|t (Orb.) ‘holiday, special event (?)’; Sln. gºd ‘right time, moment, maturity’, Gsg. gºda, Gsg. god

BSl. B

*godos; *gdos Lith. guõdas ‘honour, worship, hospitality’; Latv. gùods ‘honour, banquet, wedding’

PIE Cogn.

*god-oGo. goþs ‘good’; OHG guot ‘good’ (with *)

*g¥ld&

173

See also: *godina; *goditi; *god%n&; *negodovati

*godn adj. o ‘suitable’ CS E W

S

ESSJa VI 191-192

CS god!n" ‘convenient, suitable, timely Ru. gódnyj ‘suitable, valid’; góden ‘suitable, valid’, f. godná, n. gódno Cz. hodný ‘suitable, worthy, quiet, obedient (child)’; Slk. hodný ‘big enough, good, suitable, worthy, quiet, obedient (child)’; Pl. godny ‘worthy, suitable, (arch.) big’ SCr. g«dan ‘suitable, able’; Sln. gódŠn ‘ripe, early’; Bulg. góden ‘suitable, able’

See also: *godina; *goditi; *god&; *negodovati

*gojiti v. ‘treat, heal’ E W S PIE

ESSJa VI 195-197

Ru. góit’ (dial.) ‘clean thoroughly, take care of, feed well, heal’; goít’sja (Smol.) ‘heal’; ORu. goiti ‘give live to, animate’; Ukr. hójity ‘heal’ Cz. hojiti ‘treat, heal’; OCz. hojiti sY ‘breed’; Pl. goi\ ‘treat, heal’; Slnc. g¨Q‰jØc ‘treat, heal’; USrb. hóji\ ‘heal’; LSrb. gójZ ‘heal’ SCr. gòjiti ‘fatten, foster, raise’, 1sg. gòjm; ak. goj›ti (Vrg.) ‘fatten, foster, raise’, 1sg. goj§m; Sln. gojíti ‘foster, feed’, 1sg. gojím; Bulg. gojá ‘fatten’ *ghoi-eie- ( goih-eie-?)

Apparently, we are dealing with a causative of the PIE root for ‘live’, which in this framework is reconstructed as *gehi-. A root *gohi- would not yield the attested forms, however. The causative may have been based on the metathesized root *gih-, in which case we must reconstruct *goih-eie-. Another possibility is *ghoi-eieSee also: *g¥j%; *žìti; *žìto; *živìca ; *život&; *živ&

*gj m. jo (c) E W S

ESSJa VI 197

ORu. goi ‘peace, friendship’ Cz. hoj (obs.) ‘(1599) medicine, (Kott) abundance, wealth’; OCz. hoj ‘abundance’; Slk. hoj (poet.) ‘abundance’ SCr. g|j ‘peace’, Gsg. g«ja; Sln. gòj m.( jo) ‘care, cultivation’, Gsg. gója; g06ja f.( j#) ‘care, cultivation’

BSl. B

*goj-oLith. gajùs 4 ‘vigorous’

PIE Cogn.

*ghoi-o-? Skt. gáya- m. ‘house, household, family, property’

See also: *gojiti; *žìti; *žìto; *živìca; *život&; *živ&

*gld m. o (c) ‘hunger’ CS E W

ESSJa VI 199-200

OCS glad" Ru. gólod Cz. hlad; Slk. hlad; Pl. gód, Gsg. godu; USrb. hód, Gsg. hodu, Gsg. hoda

*gol˜m&

174 S

SCr. gld f.(i) ‘hunger, craving’; gld (NW dial.) ‘hunger, craving’; ak. gl“d (Vrg.) ‘hunger, craving’, Gsg. gl“da; gld (Novi) ‘hunger, craving’; glt (Orb.), Gsg. glda; Sln. gld, Gsg. glda, Gsg. glad; Bulg. glad

Cogn.

Skt. gr¥6dhyati ‘be greedy’

A masculine o-stem *gold-o- from the verbal root attested in ' *ž!ldYti. *gol m adj. o ‘big’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 202-204

CS golYmo adv. ‘much’; RuCS golYmyi ‘big, high’ Ru. goljámyj ‘tall and thin’; ORu. golYmyi ‘big, high’ OCz. holemý ‘big’; Pl. golemy ‘huge’ SCr. gòlem ‘big, huge’; Bulg. goljám ‘big, strong’; Mcd. golem ‘big’

The root of this adjective may be identified with the root of Lith. galAti ‘be able’ and W gallu ‘id.’, which is best reconstructed as *gal(H ), with a “European” a. *gol n f. i ‘shin’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 201-202

OCS golYn! ‘shin’ Ru. gólen’ ‘shin’ Cz. holeŽ ‘shin’; OCz. holeŽ ‘shin’; Slk. holeŽ ‘shin (of animals), leg (of a boot)’; Pl. gole ‘shin’ SCr. g«lijen ‘shin’; Sln. gol¤n ‘shin’

See ' *gòl". *golgolati v. ‘speak’ CS W S

ESSJa VI 204

OCS glagolati ‘speak’, 1sg. glagolj0 Cz. hlaholati (Kott) ‘make a noise, talk’ (Modern Standard Czech hlaholiti) SCr. glagòlati ‘speak, tell’

Denominative verb. See ' *golgol". *golgol m. o ‘speech, word’

ESSJa VI 205

CS W S

OCS glagol" ‘word, speech, event’ Cz. hlahol ‘noise, singing, (arch.) speech’ SCr. glágolj (arch.) m.( jo) ‘speech’; gl;golj (arch.) m.( jo) ‘speech’; Sln. glgol ‘verb’

Cogn.

W galw ‘call’

Noun with intensive reduplication of the root *gol- < *gal- (' *g|ls"). *golota f. # ‘nakedness’ E W

ESSJa VI 213-214

Ru. golotá (dial.) ‘the poor’ Cz. holota ‘the poor, nakedness’; Slk. holota ‘emptiness, poverty, nakedness’; Pl. goota (obs.) ‘nakedness’

*gÊl®b%

175

S

SCr. golòta ‘nakedness’; Sln. golºta ‘nakedness’; Bulg. golotá ‘nakedness’

PIE

*golH-

Abstract noun in *-ota. See ' *gòl". *golot f. i ‘thin layer of ice’ CS E W S B

ESSJa VI 214-215

MBulg. golot! ‘ice, ice-crystal(s), hail’; CroatCS golot! ‘id.’; RuCS golot! ‘ice’; gol"t! ‘ice’ Ru. gólot’ ‘thin layer of ice on frozen earth’; ORu. gol"t! ‘ice’; golot! ‘ice’ Cz. holoŸ, holot (Jg.) ‘ice-covered ground’; holeŸ (dial.) ‘hoar-frost, icecovered ground’, Gsg. holti; OCz. holet ‘hoar-frost’, Gsg. holti Sln. golot m.(o) ‘crystal’ Latv. gàle f.(!) ‘thin crust of ice, remnants of ice on the road after the snow has gone’

The ESSJa adheres to the view that *golot! is cognate with ' *gòl" ‘naked’ (cf. Berneker SEW I: 322). Seemingly more straightforward from a semantic point of view is the link with forms such as Lat. gel ‘ice’, which derives from *gel- or *el‘freeze’. On the other hand, it is a fact that there are compounds referring to ‘ice’ that contain the adjective *gòl", e.g. Ru. gololédica, Pl. goomróz. Furthermore, the etymology that starts from the root ‘freeze’ would give rise to the question of the relationship between the initial velars of *golot! and ' *x|ld". *golb adj. o ‘blue’

ESSJa VI 217

E W S

Ru. golubój ‘pale blue’ OPl. go
B

Lith. gelumb f.(!) ‘blue cloth’ OPr. golimban ‘blue’

Colour adjective deriving from the word for ‘dove’ (' *g«l0b!). *glb m. i (c) ‘pigeon, dove’ CS E W S

ESSJa VI 215-217

OCS gol0b! m.(i) ‘pigeon, dove’ Ru. gólub’ m.( jo) ‘pigeon, dove’ Cz. holub m.(o) ‘pigeon, dove’; Slk. holub m.(o) ‘pigeon, dove’; Pl. gob m.( jo) ‘pigeon, dove’, Gsg. go
The suffix *-(V )mb- is frequent in bird-names, but the origin of the root is unclear. The well-nigh inescapable connection with Lat. columba is impossible within an Indo-European frame-work.

*g¥ls&

176 See also: *gol®b&

*gls m. o (c) ‘voice’

ESSJa VI 219-220

CS E W S

OCS glas" ‘voice’ Ru. gólos ‘voice’ Cz. hlas ‘voice’; Slk. hlas ‘voice’; Pl. gos ‘voice’; USrb. hós ‘voice’, Gsg. hosa SCr. gls ‘voice’, Gsg. glsa; ak. gl“s (Vrg.) ‘voice’, Gsg. gl“sa; gls (Novi, Orb.) ‘voice’, Gsg. glsa; Sln. gls ‘voice, news, knowledge’, Gsg. glsa, Gsg. glas; Bulg. glas ‘voice’

BSl. B

*golsos Lith. galsas (Mik.) ‘sound, echo’

The root is probably best reconstructed with “European” *a. PSl. *g|ls" may reflect *gal-so-. Cogn.

Lat. gallus m. ‘cock’; OIc. kalls n. ‘demand’; W galw ‘call’

See also: *golgolati; *golgol&

*golvà f. # (c) ‘head’

ESSJa VI 221-222

CS E W S

OCS glava ‘head, chapter’ Ru. golová, Asg. gólovu Cz. hlava; Pl. gowa; USrb. howa SCr. gláva, Asg. glvu; ak. gl”v; (Vrg.), Asg. gl“vu; glv; (Orb.) ‘head (also head of cattle, head of cabbage)’, Asg. glvo; Sln. gláva; Bulg. glavá

BSl. B

*gol‹wዠLith. galvà 3; Latv. gaRva OPr. gall (Ench.); galwo (EV)

PIE Cogn.

*golH-u-eh' Lat. calva f. ‘skull’

I consider it plausible that *golvà is cognate with ' *gòl" ‘bald’, where the *g- seems to have replaced *k-. *gòl adj. o (b) ‘naked’

ESSJa VII 14-15

CS E W S

OCS gol" (Supr.) Ru. gólyj; gól, f. golá, n. gólo {1} Cz. holý; Slk. holý; Pl. goy SCr. g|(l ), f. gòla; ak. gõ (Vrg.), f. gol;, n. gol«; guõl (Orb.), f. gol;, n. gol«; Sln. gò, f. góla; Bulg. gol

PIE Cogn.

*golH-oOHG kalo ‘bald’, Gsg. kal(a)wes; OE calu ‘bald’, Gsg. calwes

In spite of the incompatibility of the initial consonants (*g : *k), it is tempting to connect the (Balto-)Slavic and the Germanic forms with Lat. calvus ‘bald’ and Skt. kulva- ‘bald, thin-haired’.

*gorà

177

{1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *gol˜n%; *golota; *golot%; *golvà

*gomola; *gomoa; *gomula f. #; f. j#; f. # ‘lump’

ESSJa VII 18-19

CS E W S

RuCS gomola; gomula ORu. gomola; gomula Cz. homole ‘cone’; Pl. gomóa SCr. gòmolja ‘pile (of cheese)’; Sln. gomóla ‘barren ground, waste ground, fat clay’; gomólja ‘lump’

BSl. B

*gomolos; *gomulos Lith. gãmalas m. ‘lump, chunk’; gãmulas m. ‘lump, chunk’

Etymology unclear. See also: *ž‚ti

*gon ti v. ‘suffice’ CS

OCS gonYti ‘suffice’, 1sg. gonYj0; RuCS gonYti ‘suffice’

BSl. B

*gon-e‹Lith. ganAti ‘suffice’

PIE Cogn.

*gonGk. ̖ ½ adj. ‘in abundance’

*gonìti v. (b) ‘chase, persecute’ CS E W S

BSl. B

ESSJa VII 22

ESSJa VII 23

OCS goniti ‘chase, persecute’, 1sg. gonj0 Ru. gonít’ (dial.) ‘persecute’; ORu. goniti ‘chase, hunt, persecute’ {1} Cz. honiti ‘chase, hunt, persecute’; Slk. honiŸ ‘chase, hunt, persecute’; Pl. goni\ ‘chase, hunt, persecute’ SCr. gòniti ‘chase, persecute’, 1sg. g«nm; ak. gon›ti (Vrg.) ‘chase, persecute’, 2sg. g«niš; gon›t (Orb.) ‘drive, chase’, 1sg. g«nin; Sln. góniti ‘drive repeatedly’, 1sg. g06nim; Bulg. gónja ‘chase, hunt, persecute’ *gon-ei/iLith. ganýti ‘graze, pasture’

PIE *gonCogn. Skt. hánti ‘strike, slay’; Gk. –Œ [ ‘kill’ {1} AP (b) according to Zaliznjak (1985: 137). See also: *g&nati

*gorà f. # (c) ‘mountain’ CS E W

ESSJa VII 29-31

OCS gora ‘mountain’ Ru. gorá ‘mountain’, Asg. góru Cz. hora ‘mountain’; h,ra (dial.) ‘mountain’; Slk. hora ‘(wooded) mountain’; Pl. góra ‘mountain’; USrb. hora ‘mountain’

*górdj%; *górdja

178 S

SCr. gòra ‘mountain, (dial.) wood’, Asg. g«ru; ak. gor; (Vrg.) ‘mountain’, Asg. g«ru; gor; (Novi) ‘mountain’, Asg. g«ru; gor; (Orb.) ‘mountain’, Asg. gor«, Asg. g«ro; Sln. góra ‘mountain, woods (on a mountain)’; Bulg. gorá ‘woods’

BSl. B

*gor-/*girLith. girià f.( j#) ‘woods’

Cogn.

Skt. girí- m. ‘mountain, hill’

Derivative with o-grade of the root *grH-. *górdj; *górdja m. jo; f. j# (b) ‘fence’ CS E W

S

Cogn.

ESSJa VII 36-37

OCS gražd" (Supr.) Asg. m.( jo) ‘stable’ Ru. goróža f.( j#) ‘fence, palisade’ Cz. hráz f.( j#) ‘dike, dam’; OCz. hrázY f.( j#) ‘pisé wall, garden fence, dam’; Slk. hrádza f.( j#) ‘dam, weir, embankment, ditch’; Pl. grodza f. ‘pisé wall, enclosure’ SCr. gr¢a f.( j#) ‘building material, (dial.) fence’; ak. grãja (Orb.) f.( j#) ‘thornbush (at the roadside), thorny branches (used by way of fence)’; Sln. grája f.( j#) ‘fence, weir, building’ Skt. gr¥há- m. ‘house, residence’; Go. gards m. ‘house’

A derivative of ' *g|rd". *grd m. o (c) ‘fortification, town’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 37-38

OCS grad" ‘wall, town, city, garden’ Ru. górod ‘town, city’, Gsg. góroda; Bel. hórad ‘town, city’, Gsg. hórada; Ukr. hórod ‘town, city’, Gsg. hóroda Cz. hrad ‘fortress, castle’; Slk. hrad ‘castle’; Pl. gród ‘fortress, castle, (arch.) city’, Gsg. grodu; USrb. hród ‘castle’, Gsg. hrodu, Gsg. hroda SCr. grd ‘city, fortress, castle’, Gsg. grda; ak. gr“d (Vrg.) ‘city’, Gsg. gr“da; Sln. grd ‘city, fortress, castle’, Gsg. grda, Gsg. grad; Bulg. grad ‘city, fortress’

BSl. B

*gordos Lith. gardas ‘fence, enclosure, stall’

PIE Cogn.

*gord-oSkt. gr¥há- m. ‘house, residence’; Go. gards m. ‘house’

See also: *gordj%; *gordja

*gor ti v. ‘burn’ CS E W

OCS gorYti, 1sg. gorj0, 2sg. goriši Ru. gorét’, 1sg. gorjú, 3sg. gorít Cz. horYti; Slk. horieŸ; Pl. gorze\

ESSJa VII 42-43

*gorn&; *gorno

179

S

SCr. gòrjeti, 1sg. gòrm; ak. gor›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. gor§š; gort (Orb.), 3sg. gor§; Sln. gor—6ti, 1sg. gorím; Bulg. gorjá

BSl. B

*gor-ei/iLith. garAti ‘evaporate, breathe out’

PIE Cogn.

*gorSkt. ghr¥Áá- m. ‘heat, glow’; Gk. – adj. ‘warm’

See also: *go¹%j%; *gor%k&; *go¹e; *gr˜( ja)ti; *g&rnidlo; *g&rn&; *g&rno; *žar&; *žerav&

*gòrx m. o (a) ‘pea, peas’ E W S BSl. B

Ru. goróx Cz. hrách; Slk. hrach; Pl. groch; Slnc. gr¨Q‰¸; USrb. hroch; hróch (dial.); LSrb. groch SCr. gr;h ‘pea, bean’; Sln. gràh ‘pea, bean’; Bulg. grax *goršLith. garšvà f.; garšas m. ‘Aegopodium podagraria’; Latv. grša f. ‘Aegopodium podagraria’

*ge n. jo (c) ‘grief, woe’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 45

ESSJa VII 40-41

OCS gorje ‘woe’ Ru. góre ‘grief, woe, misfortune’ Cz. ho•e ‘grief, woe’; Pl. gorze (arch.) ‘grief, woe, misfortune’; LSrb. gó¼e ‘grief, woe, irritation, anger’ Sln. gorj<4 ‘woe’

For the etymology, see ' gorYti. *goj adj. jo ‘worse’ CS W S

ESSJa VII 54-55

OCS go`ii ‘worse, worst’, f. gor!ši, n. gorje Cz. horší ‘worse’; h,•e adv. ‘worse’; OCz. ho•í ‘worse’; hó•e adv. ‘worse’; Pl. gorszy adj. ‘worse’; gorzej adv. ‘worse’ SCr. g«r ‘worse, worst’; ak. g«r (Vrg.) ‘worse, worst’; Sln. g06rji ‘worse, more impressive’; g06rši ‘worse, more impressive, nicer’

Vaillant (1929: 6) has compared *go`!j! to Skt. gáryas-, the comparative of gurú‘heavy’ < *grh'-ú-. I see no formal objections to deriving *go`!j! from *gorh'-, but consider it more likely that we have to seek a connection with ' *g«`e, etc. *gorn; *gorno m. o; n o CS W PIE

ESSJa VII 49

OCS gran" (Euch.) Asg. m. ‘verse, line’ (spelled grann"); CS gran" m. ‘verse, line’; grano n.(s) ‘verse, line’ Cz. hrany ‘death bell’ Npl. m.; Slk. hrana Npl. n. ‘death bell’; USrb. hrono n. ‘phrase, pause, pulse’; LSrb. grono n. ‘speech, talk, story’ *gorH-no-

*gor%k&

180 Cogn.

Skt. gr¥Áti ‘praise, honour’

A derivative in *-no- from the root of ' *ž!rti. *gork adj. o (c) ‘bitter’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 55-56

OCS gor!k" Ru. gór’kyj; górek, f. gor’ká, n. gór’ko Cz. ho•ký; Slk. horký; Pl. gorzki SCr. górak, f. górka; ak. g«rak (Vrg.), f. grk;, n. g|rko; Sln. górŠk ‘warm, bitter’, f. górka; Bulg. gór‘k

For the etymology, see ' *gorYti. *gospodin m. o ‘lord, master’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 61-63

OCS gospodin" ‘lord, master’ Ru. gospodín ‘master, gentleman’ OCz. hospodin ‘the Lord’; Slk. hospodin ‘the Lord’; Pl. gospodzin (arch.) ‘master’ SCr. gospòdin ‘master’; ak. gospod§n (Vrg.) ‘master’; gospodín (Novi) ‘master’; gospod§n (Orb.) ‘sir (in particular when addressing a priest)’; Sln. gospodn ‘master’; Bulg. gospodín ‘master’

See ' *gospod!. *gospod m. i ‘lord, master’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VII 61-63

OCS gospod! m.(i) ‘lord, master’ Ru. gospód’ m.(o) ‘the Lord, God’, Gsg. góspoda; Ukr. hospód’ m.(o) ‘the Lord, God’, Gsg. hóspoda; hóspid’ m.(o) ‘the Lord, God’, Gsg. hóspoda OCz. hospod m.(i) ‘the Lord, god’; Pl. gospód (dial.) m.(o) ‘lord, master’ SCr. g«spd m.(i) ‘the Lord’; Sln. gospºd m.(o) ‘lord, master’; Bulg. góspod m.(i) ‘the Lord’ *gost(i)-potLat. hospes m. ‘host’

To my knowledge, there is no convincing explanation for the problem that the ProtoSlavic etymon has a *d. According to Ernout-Meillet (529), the variation between *pot- and *pod- is old, cf. Gk. ‘X[ ‘be master’, but in view of Winter’s law this explanation does not work for Slavic. See also: *gospodin&; *g¥st%

*gst m. i (c) ‘guest’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 67-68

OCS gostem" (Supr.) Dpl. m.(i) Ru. gost’ m.(i); Ukr. hist m.( jo), Gsg. hóstja Cz. host m.(o); Slk. hosŸ m.( jo); Pl. goZ\ m.( jo) SCr. g|st m.(o), Gsg. g«sta; Sln. gºst, Gsg. gost, Gsg. gósta; Bulg. gost m.(i)

*gÊvor& PIE Cogn.

181

*gost-iLat. hostis m. ‘enemy, (OLat.) stranger’; Go. gasts m. ‘guest’

See also: *gospodin&; *gospod%

*gov ti v. CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VII 72-73

OCS govYti (Supr.) ‘live a God-fearing life’ Ru. govét’ ‘fast’ Cz. hovYti ‘satisfy, show indulgence’; Slk. hovieŸ ‘favour, satisfy, show indulgence’ SCr. gòvjeti ‘attend to, respect, please’; Bulg. govéja ‘fast, be silent (respectfully)’ *gouLat. favre ‘favour’

Lith. govAti and Latv. gavêt ‘fast’ are borrowings from East Slavic. *govdo n. o (a) ‘head of cattle’

ESSJa VII 74-75

E W S

Ru. govjádo (dial.) ‘head of cattle’ Cz. hovado ‘head of cattle, cattle’; Slk. hovädo ‘head of cattle, cattle’ SCr. gòvedo ‘head of cattle’; ak. govdo (Orb.) ‘head of cattle (cow, ox, bull)’; Sln. gov<6dJ ‘head of cattle’; Bulg. govédo ‘head of cattle’

B

Latv. gùovs f.(i) ‘cow’

PIE

*gh-eu-

The root *gov- reflects *gh-eu-. The suffix is reminiscent of ' *agn<, -
ESSJa VII 75-76

OCS govoriti (Supr.) ‘make noise, chatter’ (only govori imper. and govor<štem" Dpl. m. ptc. pres. act.) Ru. govorít’ ‘speak, talk’, 1sg. govorjú, 3sg. govorít Cz. hovo•iti ‘speak, talk’; Slk. hovoriŸ ‘speak, talk’; OPl. goworzy\ ‘speak, talk’ SCr. govòriti ‘speak, talk’, 1sg. gòvorm; ak. govor›ti (Vrg.) ‘speak, talk’, 2sg. gov«rš; govor›t (Orb.) ‘speak, talk, say’, 1sg. gov«rin; Sln. govoríti ‘speak, talk’, 1sg. govorím; Bulg. govórja ‘speak, talk, say’

See ' * g«vor". *gvor m. o ‘talk’ CS E W

ESSJa VII 76-77

OCS govor" ‘noise, shout, rumour, murmur’ Ru. góvor ‘sound of voices, talk’ Cz. hovor ‘conversation, talk’; Slk. hovor ‘conversation, talk’; Pl. gowor (arch.) ‘speech, conversation, talk’

*gov%nò

182 S

SCr. g«vr ‘speech, dialect’; ak. g«vor (Vrg., Orb.) ‘speech, dialect’; Sln. g04vor ‘speech, talk’; Bulg. góvor ‘speech, talk, dialect’

PIE Cogn.

*gou(H )Skt. jóguve ‘call, invoke’; Gk.  m. ‘weeping, wailing’

See also: *govorìti

*govnò n. o (b) ‘shit’ CS E W S

RuCS govno ‘shit, dung, garbage’ Ru. govnó; ORu. govno ‘shit, dung, garbage’; Ukr. hivnó Cz. hovno; Slk. hovno; Pl. gówno SCr. góvno; ak. gvn« (Vrg.); Sln. g06vno; Bulg. govnó

PIE Cogn.

*g()ouHSkt. gtha- m. ‘excrements’; Av. gÙa- n. ‘excrements’

*gba f. # (a) ‘(tree-)fungus’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 77-78

ESSJa VII 78-80

OCS g0ba ‘sponge’ Ru. gubá ‘lip’; gubá (dial.) ‘mushroom’; gúba (dial.) ‘mushroom’ Cz. houba ‘mushroom, tree-fungus’; huba ‘snout, mouth’; Slk. huba ‘mushroom, tree-fungus, snout, mouth’; Pl. g
I have adopted the widespread view that *g0ba ‘tree-fungus’ and *g0ba ‘lip, mouth’ are etymologically identical, the latter being secondary. Formally there are no problems. In the case of Cz. huba and houba we may be dealing with differentiation resulting from the generalization of either the short or the long variant of the root (the long variant originated from the so-called “Czech lengthening”, see Kortlandt 1975a: 19). The connection with Gk. ,  ‘sponge’ is formally very difficult. *ggnati; *gg ati; v. ‘speak through the nose’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 81-82

RuCS gugnati ‘whisper, grumble’ Bel. huhná\’ ‘speak through the nose’ Cz. huhŽati ‘speak through the nose’; Slk. huhŽaŸ ‘speak through the nose’; Pl. gugn\ (obs., dial.) ‘speak through the nose’ Sln. gognjáti ‘speak through the nose, murmur’, 1sg. gognjm; Bulg. g¹gna ‘speak through the nose’

This verb is undoubtedly onomatopoetic in origin. See also: *g®gnav&; *g®gniti; *g®gniv&

*g®¯st& *ggnav; *gg av adj. o ‘speaking through the nose’ E

W S

183 ESSJa VII 81-82

Ru. gugnávyj (dial.) ‘speaking through the nose, unclearly’; gugnjávyj (dial.) ‘speaking through the nose, unclearly’; gunjávyj (dial.) ‘speaking through the nose, unclearly’; Ukr. huhnávyj; huhnjávyj Cz. huhŽávy ‘speaking or spoken through the nose, nasal’ Sln. gognjàv; Bulg. g‘gnív

See '*g0gnati, *g0g_ati. *ggniti v. ‘speak through the nose’ E

ESSJa VII 82

Ru. gugníti ‘tell, speak’; Ukr. huhnýty ‘speak through the nose’

See '*g0gnati, *g0g_ati. *ggniv adj. o ‘speaking through the nose’ CS E S

ESSJa VII 82

OCS g0g"niv" ‘speaking thickly, speaking through the nose, dumb’ Ru. gugnívyj ‘speaking through the nose’ Bulg. g‘gnív ‘speaking through the nose’

See '*g0gnati, *g0g_ati. *gsti v. ‘play an instrument’ CS E

ESSJa VII 85-86

S

CS g0sti ‘play an instrument’, 1sg. g0d0 Ru. gust’ (dial.) ‘howl, weep, sing’; gustí (dial.) ‘hum, make a sound, howl, weep, sing’; Ukr. hustí (dial.) ‘hum’ Cz. housti (arch.) ‘play (the violin)’; Slk. húsŸ ‘play an instrument, chatter incessantly’; Pl. gZ\ (arch.) ‘play, jingle, strum’ SCr. gústi (arch.) ‘play, hum’; Sln. g06sti ‘play the violin, grumble’, 1sg. g06dem

B

Lith. gasti ‘make a sound, hum’, 1sg. gaudžiù.

W

The discrepancy between Slavic and Baltic is reminiscent of the *0 : *u variation within Slavic. *gst adj. o (c) ‘dense’

ESSJa VII 87

CS E W S

CS g0st" ‘dense’ Ru. gustój ‘dense’; gust ‘dense’, f. gustá, n. gústo Cz. hustý ‘dense’; Slk. hustý ‘dense’; Pl. g<sty ‘dense’ SCr. gst ‘thick, dense, solid’, f. gústa, n. gústo: ak. gst (Vrg.) ‘thick, dense, solid’, f. gst;, n. gsto; ak. gu|s (Vrg.) ‘thick, dense, solid’, f. gu|sta, n. gu|sto; Sln. g04st ‘dense’, f. g06sta; Bulg. g‘st ‘dense’

BSl. B

*gonstos Latv. guosts m. ‘quantity, masse’

The formation is *g0t-t", cf. ' *g0t!n" and Ru. gut’ (dial.) ‘thicket’. The etymology of the root is unclear.

*g®¯s%

184 *gs f. i (c) ‘goose’

ESSJa VII 88-89

E W S

Ru. gus’ m.( jo), Gsg. gúsja Cz. hus (dial.); OCz. hus; Slk. hus; Pl. g
BSl. B

*gansis/*]ansis Lith. žsìs; Latv. zùoss OPr. sansy

PIE Cogn.

*h'ensSkt. haÚsá- m. ‘goose, swan’; Gk. ¼½ m./f.; Lat. nser m.; OHG gans f.

For the ablaut pattern, see. Kortlandt 1985b: 119. The depalatalization of the initial consonant must have originated in the Gsg. *h'nsos. *gtn adj. o (c) ‘dense’ W

ESSJa VII 87

Cz. hutný ‘dense, substantial’; Slk. hutný ‘dense’; Pl. g<sty ‘dense’

See ' *g04st". *gz; *gza; *guz m. o; f. #; m. o ‘bump’ E W

S Cogn.

ESSJa VII 91-92

Ru. guz (dial.) m. ‘behind, buttock, lower part of a sheaf, butt-end, bump’; gúza (Dal’) f. ‘wrinkle, fold’; guzá (Voron.) f. ‘lower part of a sheaf, butt-end’ Cz. huza (Kott) f. ‘coccyx’; huzo (Jg.) n. ‘rump (of a bird)’; Pl. guz m. ‘bump, lump’; OPl. guz m. ‘bump, lump, gizzard, dwarf ’; gz m. ‘bump, lump’; Slnc. gÉz m. ‘bump, lump’ SCr. gz m. ‘buttock’; gúza m. ‘behind’; Sln. g06za f. ‘buttock, behind’; gúza f. ‘behind, pouch, wrinkle’; Bulg. g‘z m. ‘behind’ OIc. k0kkr m. ‘ball’

Another instance of variation between 0 and *u (see also ' *gyža). On the basis of OIc. k0kkr ‘ball’, we may reconstruct gon-. The connection with Gk.  ‘conger-eel, tubercular disease in olive-trees’ and › ‰ ‘excrescence on the neck’ is dubious, as the meaning ‘conger-eel’ is generally regarded as primary. The comparison with Gk. ¤• ‘round, hard’ seems more promising. See also: *gyža

*gž m. jo

ESSJa VII 93-94

E W S

Ru. guž ‘tug, cartage’, Gsg. gužá Cz. houž (dial.) ‘plait, braid’; Slnc. g¶Îž ‘strap of a flail’ Sln. g06ž f.(i) ‘strap of a flail or yoke’, Gsg. gož; Bulg. g‘ž ‘band, bandage, turban’

Cogn.

OIc. kengr m. ‘bend, hook’

Probably a non-Indo-European word. To clarify the relationship with Germanic, we may nevertheless reconstruct *gong-io-.

*grajati

185

See also: *g®ž%v%; *g®ž%va

*gžv; *gžva f. i; f. # E W S

ESSJa VII 94-95

Ru. gúžva; gužvá (dial.) f.(#) ‘twig used for tying up’ Cz. houžev f.(i) ‘braid or band made from twigs’; Pl. g­va f.(#) ‘strap of a flail’; Slnc. g¶Îž m.( jo) ‘strap of a flail’ SCr. gžva f.(i) ‘basket or braid from plaited twigs’; Sln. g06žva f.(#) ‘braid from plaited twigs’; Bulg. g¹žva f.(#) ‘band, bandage, noose’

See ' *g0ž!. *gràbiti v. (a) ‘seize, grab’

ESSJa VII 97

CS E W S

OCS grabiti ‘rob’, 1sg. grablj0 Ru. grábit’ ‘rob, rake’ Pl. grabi\ ‘rake, gather’ SCr. gr;biti ‘seize, grab, rake’; ak. gr;biti (Vrg.) ‘seize, grab, rake’; gr;bit (Orb.) ‘rake’; Sln. grábiti ‘seize, grab, rake’, 1sg. grbim; Bulg. grábja ‘rob, ramsack, snatch’

BSl. B

*gro‹bLith. gróbti ‘seize’; Latv. grâbt ‘seize’

PIE Cogn.

*grebOIc. grápa ‘seize’

In Balto-Slavic and Germanic, the roots *greb- ‘dig, rake’ and *greb- ‘seize, grab’ were mixed up to a considerable degree (Kortlandt 1988, Derksen 1991: 321-322). *gràd m. o (a) ‘hail’ CS E W

S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VII 101

OCS grad" ‘hail’ Ru. grad ‘hail’ Cz. hrady Npl. ‘thundercloud’; hrad’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘hail’; OCz. hrad ‘hail’; Slk. hrad (dial.) ‘hail’; hrád (dial.) ‘hail’; Pl. grad ‘hail’; Slnc. grªud ‘hail’, Gsg. grãdu SCr. gr;d ‘hail’, Gsg. gr;da; ak. gr;t (Orb.) ‘hail’, Gsg. gr;da; Sln. gràd ‘hail’, Gsg. gráda; Bulg. grad ‘hail’ * rehd-oSkt. hrdúni- f. ‘hail(-stone)’; Lat. grand f. ‘hail’

Lith. grúodas 3 ‘frozen earth or mud’ is probably cognate with ' *gr0da, *gruda ‘heap, lump’, Lith. grdas ‘corn’, etc., as advocated by the ESSJa and Fraenkel. *grajati v. ‘caw, croak’ CS E

RuCS grajati ‘caw, croak’ Ru. grájat’ ‘caw, croak, laugh loudly, quarrel’

ESSJa VII 102

*grakati

186 S

SCr. gr;jati ‘caw, croak’; grájati ‘talk, cry’; Sln. grájati ‘scold’, 1sg. grájam, 1sg. grájem

BSl. B

*gra‹Lith. gróti ‘caw, croak, howl, roar, scold’

Cogn.

OHG kren ‘crow’

See also: *grakati; *g&rkati

*grakati v. ‘caw, croak’

ESSJa VII 102

CS E S

RuCS grakati ‘caw, croak’, 1sg. grau ORu. grakati ‘caw, croak’, 1sg. grau SCr. grákati ‘caw, croak, cry’; Sln. grákati ‘caw, croak, cry’, 1sg. grákam, 1sg. gráem

Cogn.

Lat. graculus m. ‘daw, jackdaw’

See also: *grajati; *g&rkati

*gramada f. # ‘heap, pile’

ESSJa VII 103-104

CS E S

OCS gramada ‘heap, pile’ ORu. gramada ‘pile’ SCr. gramáda ‘clod, pile of firewood’; gràmada ‘lump of earth’; Sln. gramáda ‘heap, pile’; grmáda ‘heap, pile’; Bulg. gramáda ‘mass, big pile’

B

Lith. grõmulas m. ‘food in the rumen of ruminants’

If ' *gromada is to be analyzed as *h'gr-om- (with the root of Gk. \Œ[ v. ‘gather’), we may formally reconstruct *h'gr-m-, but that does not add much to our understanding of this formation. On the other hand, the hypothesis that this is an instance of assimilation (e.g. Berneker EW) cannot be considered satisfactory. *greben m. jo ‘comb’ E W S

ESSJa VII 112-113

Ru. grében’ m.( jo) ‘comb’ Cz. h•eben m.(o) ‘comb’; h•ebeŽ (dial.) m.( jo) ‘comb’; Slk. hrebeŽ m.( jo) ‘comb’; Pl. grzebie m.( jo) ‘comb’ SCr. grben m.(o) ‘comb’; ak. grben m.(o) ‘card (for combing fibers)’; Sln. greb<4n m.(o) ‘comb’; Bulg. grében m.(o) ‘comb’

Originally an n-stem derivative of ' *greti. *gretì v. (c) ‘dig, scrape, rake’ CS E W

ESSJa VII 109-110

OCS greti (Zogr., Mar., Ass.) ‘row’, 1sg. greb0 Ru. grestí ‘row, rake’, 1sg. grebú, 3sg. grebët Cz. h•e(b)sti ‘bury’; OCz. h•ésti ‘bury’, 1sg. h•ebu; Slk. hriebsŸ ‘dig’; Pl. grzeZ\ ‘bury’

*gr‚dà

187

S

SCr. grèpsti ‘scrape, scratch’, 1sg. grèbm; ak. grs (Orb.) ‘scratch’, 1sg. grebn; Sln. grébsti ‘dig, comb’, 1sg. grébem; Bulg. grebá ‘spoon, scoop, rake, row’

BSl. B

*grebLith. grAbti ‘rake, seize, rob’; Latv. grebt ‘scrape, excavate, seize’

PIE Cogn.

*grebSkt. gr¥bhÁti ‘seize, take, hold’; Go. graban ‘dig’

The acute root vowel of the Lithuanian form is analogical after gróbti ‘seize’ (Derksen 1996: 321-322). See also: *greben%; *gribati; *grob&

*grx m. o (b) ‘sin’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 114-116

OCS grYx" Ru. grex Cz. h•ích; Slk. hriech; Pl. grzech; Slnc. g•A¸6; USrb. hrYch SCr. gr›jeh, Gsg. grijèha; ak. gr§h (Vrg.), Gsg. grh;; gr£ h (Orb.); Sln. gr—6h; Bulg. grjach

In Nievergelt 2003 as well as Nievergelt and Schaeken 2003, attention is drawn to the gloss hreho in a Swiss manuscript dating from the first quarter of the ninth century. This is possibly the earliest attestation of a Slavic word. The root of *gr{x" is often identified with the root of ' *grY( ja)ti. *gr (ja)ti v. ‘warm, heat’

ESSJa VII 116-117

CS E W S

OCS grYjati, 1sg. grYj0 Ru. gret’ Cz. h•áti; h•ít (dial.); Slk. hriaŸ; Pl. grza\ SCr. grjati ‘warm, shine’; ak. grjat (Orb.) ‘warm’; Sln. gr—6ti ‘warm, heat’, 1sg. gr¤jem; Bulg. gréja ‘warm, shine’

PIE Cogn.

*gr-eh&Skt. ghr¥Áá- m. ‘heat, glow’; Gk. – adj. ‘warm’

See also: *gor˜ti; *gor%j%; *gor%k&; *go¹e; *g&rnidlo; *g&rn&; *g&rno; *žar&; *žerav&

*grdà f. # (c) ‘garden bed, beam’ E

W S

BSl.

ESSJa VII 120-122

Ru. grjadá ‘ridge, bed (of flowers)’, Asg. grjadú, Npl. grjády; grjadá (Domostroj, 18th/19th c.) ‘ridge, bed (of flowers), series, (dial.) pole, staff ’, Asg. grjádu, Npl. grjády Cz. h•ada ‘perch’; Slk. hrada ‘perch’; Pl. grz
*gr‚stì

188 B

Lith. grindà (dial.) 4 ‘flooring of a bridge, (pl.) wooden floor in a barn’; Latv. grìda ‘floor, threshing-floor’

Cogn.

OIc. grind f. ‘gate made of spars or bars, fence, dock, store-houses’

The Balto-Slavic and Germanic evidence points to *grnd-. *grstì v. (c) ‘go’ CS E

ESSJa VII 123-124

S

OCS gr<sti ‘go, come’, 1sg. gr
BSl. B

*gri(n)dLith. grìdyti (Jušk.) ‘go, wander’

PIE *gri-n-dCogn. Go. grid Asg. ‘step’; MHG grit ‘step’; OIr. ingreinn ‘persecute’ {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 139). *grza f. # (c) ‘mud, dirt, mire’ CS E S

RuCS gr
PIE

*g()rm-

ESSJa VII 123-124

Deverbative -stem. See ' *gr
ESSJa VII 124-125

RuCS gr
See ' *gr
ESSJa VII 125

OCS pogr
See ' *gr
ORu. grjazti ‘sink, wallow’

BSl.

*grimz-

ESSJa VII 125

*griv%na B

189

Lith. gri8zti ‘sink’, 3pres. gri8zta, 3pret. gri8zdo; Latv. gri8t ‘sink’

Slavic has *gr
*grz f. i (c) ‘mud, dirt’ E W S

ESSJa VII 125-126

Ru. grjaz’ ‘mud, dirt’ Cz. h•ez (Jg.) ‘mud, dirt’ SCr. gr=z (arch., dial.) ‘mud, dirt’; Sln. gr<4z ‘watery, deep mud, abyss’, Gsg. grez

Deverbative i-stem. See ' *gr
ESSJa VII 109-110

E S

Ru. gríbat’sja (arch., dial.) ‘frown, become angry, pull faces’ SCr. gribati (arch., dial.) ‘dig, scrape’; Bulg. gríbam (dial.) ‘bury’

Cogn.

Skt. gr¥bhÁti ‘seize, take, hold’; Go. graban ‘dig’

Iterative of ' *gretì with lengthened zero grade of the root. See also: *greben%; *grob&

*grìva f. # (a) ‘mane’

ESSJa VII 129-130

E W S

Ru. gríva Cz. h•íva; Slk. hriva; Pl. grzywa SCr. gr›va; Sln. gríva ‘mane, overgrown boundary’; Bulg. gríva

BSl. B

*grí‹wa‹ Latv. gr§va ‘river mouth’

PIE Cogn.

*griH-ueh'Skt. grv- f. ‘neck’

An instance of Hirt’s law. *grivna f. # (a) E W S

ESSJa VII 130-132

Ru. grívna ‘old monetary unit, (obs.) three kopecks’; Ukr. hrývna ‘(current) monetary unit’ Cz. h•ivna ‘old monetary unit’; OCz. h•ívna ‘mark’; Pl. grzywna ‘fine, unity, measure of weight for silver ‘ SCr. grvna ‘iron ring on scythe, bracelet, name of a monetary unit’; Sln. grvna ‘necklace, name of a monetary unit’; Bulg. grívna ‘bracelet’

A derivative of ' *grìva.

*grob&

190 *grob m. o (b/c) ‘grave’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VII 112-113

OCS grob" ‘grave, tomb’ Ru. grob ‘coffin, (obs.) grave’, Gsg. gróba; grob (dial.) ‘coffin, grave’, Gsg. grobá Cz. hrob ‘grave’; Slk. hrob ‘grave’; Pl. grób ‘grave’, Gsg. grobu SCr. gr«b ‘grave’, Gsg. gròba; ak. gr«b (Novi) ‘grave’, grob;; gr«p (Orb.) ‘grave, tomb’, Gsg. grob;; Kajk. grb (Bednja) ‘grave’, Gsg. gryeb;; Sln. gròb ‘grave’, Gsg. gróba; Bulg. grob ‘grave’ *grob-oGo. graba f. ‘grave’; OHG grab n. ‘grave’

Deverbative o-stem. See ' *gretì. *gromada f. # ‘heap, pile’ CS E W

S

ESSJa VII 136-137

RuCS gromada ‘heap, pile, bonfire’ Ru. gromáda ‘mass, bulk, pile’; ORu. gromada ‘heap, pile, bonfire’ Cz. hromada ‘heap, pile, multitude, gathering’; Slk. hromada ‘heap, pile, multitude, gathering’; Pl. gromada ‘pile, multitude, village community, gathering’ SCr. gromáda ‘cliff, crag, heap, pile’; gròmada ‘cliff, crag, heap, pile’; Sln. gromáda ‘heap, pile of firewood, bonfire’; Bulg. gromáda ‘heap, pile, mass, bulk’

B

Lith. grùmulas m.(o) ‘lump’

PIE Cogn.

*h'gr-omSkt. grma- m. ‘(military) host, village, community’; Gk. \Œ[ v. ‘gather’; Lat. gremium n. ‘lap’

The Lithuanian form may have an analogically metathesized zero grade. We must also reckon with influence of the synonymous gùmulas. See also: *gramada

*grm m. o (c) ‘thunder’

ESSJa VII 138-139

CS E W S

OCS grom" Ru. grom, Gsg. gróma; Bel. hrom, Gsg. hrómu; Ukr. hrim, Gsg. hrómu Cz. hrom; Slk. hrom; Pl. grom SCr. gr|m, Gsg. gròma; gr«m (dial.), Gsg. gròma; ak. gr|m (Vrg.), Gsg. gr«ma; gr|m (Novi), Gsg. gr«ma; Sln. grºm

PIE Cogn.

*grom-oGk. ¼ (Hesych.) m. ‘crashing sound, neighing’; OIc. gramr ‘grim, hostile’

See also: *gr%m˜ti

*grozìti *grozà f. # (c) ‘horror’ CS E W S

191 ESSJa VII 141-142

OCS groza (Supr., Cloz.) ‘horror’ Ru. grozá ‘(thunder)storm, disaster, terror, (obs.) threats’ Cz. hr,za ‘terror, horror, multitude’; Slk. hrôza ‘horror, multitude’; Pl. groza ‘threat, terror, horror’; Slnc. gr¨Q‰z‘ ‘horror’ SCr. gròza ‘horror, disgust’; gróza ‘horror, disgust’; Sln. gróza ‘horror, shudder, large crowd’

See ' *grozìti. *gròzd m. o (b) ‘cluster, bunch’ CS E S

ESSJa VII 142

OCS grozd" ‘bunch of grapes’ Ru. grozd’ f.(i) ‘cluster, bunch’, Gsg. grózdi; grozd (Dal’) ‘cluster, bunch’; ORu. grozd" ‘grape’ {1}; grozd! f.(i) ‘grape’ SCr. gr|zd ‘vine, (bunch of ) grapes’; ak. gr«zd (Vrg.) ‘vine, (bunch of ) grapes’, Gsg. grozd;; gr«s (Orb.) ‘bunch (of grapes)’, Gsg. grozd;, Gsg. gr«zda; Sln. gròzd ‘grape’, Gsg. grózda; Bulg. grozd ‘grape’

{1} AP (b) according to Zaliznjak (1985: 137). See also: *grozd%je; *grozd%n&; *grozd%no

*grozdje n. io CS S

ESSJa VII 142

CS grozdije ‘bunch of grapes’ SCr. gr|z¢e ‘vine, grapes’; gr«z¢e (dial.) ‘vine, grapes’; ak. gr«zj (Vrg.) ‘vine, grapes’; gruõjze (Orb.) ‘vine, grapes’; Sln. gr06zdje ‘vine, grapes’; Bulg. grózde ‘vine, grapes’

See ' *gròzd". *grozdn; *grozdno m. o; n. o CS E W

ESSJa VII 142

OCS grozn" (Mar., Supr.) m. ‘bunch of grapes’ Ukr. hrózno n. ‘vine, (bunch of ) grapes’ Cz. hrozen m. ‘bunch’, Gsg. hroznu; Slk. hrozno n. ‘bunch’

See ' *gròzd". *grozìti v. (c) ‘threaten’

ESSJa VII 143

E W S

Ru. grozít’, 1sg. grožú, 3sg. grozít Cz. hroziti; Slk. hroziŸ; Pl. grozi\ SCr. gròziti ‘threaten, (g. se) detest, shudder’, 1sg. gròzm; gróziti ‘threaten’; Sln. grozíti ‘threaten, scare’, 1sg. grozím; Bulg. grozjá ‘threaten, mar’

BSl. B

*gro]Lith. gražóti; Latv. gr
I see no reason to regard the Baltic forms as borrowings from Slavic (pace ESSJa). The connection with Gk.  ‘grim, fierce, terrible’ is formally impossible.

*groz%n&

192 See also: *grozà;*groz%n&

*grozn adj. o ‘terrible’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 144

OCS groz"n" (Euch.) ‘frightening, terrible’ (only groz"nu Dsg. m. and groz"noe Asg. n.) Ru. gróznyj ‘threatening, terrible’; grózen ‘threatening, terrible’, f. grozná, n. grózno Cz. hrozný ‘frightening, terrible, horrible’; Slk. hrozný ‘terrible, horrible’; Pl. gro]ny ‘threatening, terrible’ SCr. gr|zan ‘frightening, terrible’; gr«zan ‘id.’; Sln. grózŠn ‘horrible, stately, beautiful’; Bulg. grózen ‘ugly, horrible, terrible’

Adjectival derivative of ' *grozà. Sln. grózŠn ‘stately, beautiful’ has been compared to Latv. gr
ESSJa VII 145-146

OCS gr0b" (Supr.) ‘ignorant, uneducated’ Ru. grúbyj ‘coarse, rude’ Cz. hrubý ‘big, coarse, rough’; Slk. hrubý ‘thick, big, coarse’; Pl. gruby ‘thick, big, coarse’; gr
B

Lith. grubùs ‘uneven, rough’; Latv. gru8bulaîns ‘uneven, rough’

PIE Cogn.

*gru(m)bOIc. kryppa f. ‘hump’; OHG kropf m. ‘crop, gizzard’

The vocalism *0 may result from the lowering of *um before a tautosyllabic stop. *grda; *grd; *grùda; *grud f. #; m. o; f. # (a) ‘heap, lump’ CS E

W

S BSl.

ESSJa VII 148-149

RuCS gruda f. ‘heap, pile, breastbone, drop’ Ru. grúda f. ‘heap, pile’; grud (dial.) m. ‘heap, pile’; ORu. gruda f. ‘heap, pile, breastbone, drop’; Bel. hrud m. ‘hill’; Ukr. hrúda f. ‘lump, earth with frozen lumps, hummocks’; hrudá f. ‘lump, earth with frozen lumps, hummocks’; hrud m. ‘height, hill’ Cz. hrouda f. ‘lump of earth, clay’; Slk. hruda f. ‘lump of earth, clay’; Pl. gruda f. ‘lump of earth, clay’; OPl. grd m. ‘dry, wooded place amidst swamps’ SCr. grµda f. ‘clod, lump’; ak. grµda (Orb.) f. ‘clod, lump’; Sln. grúda f. ‘lump, clod, heap’; Bulg. grúda f. ‘lump, clod’ *grou‹d-

*grºst% B

193

Lith. grúodas m. 3 ‘frozen earth or mud’

These words are usually considered cognate with Latv. graûds ‘grain’, OIc. grautr ‘groats’, etc., in which case the root is *groud-. The nasal in Pl. grd may be secondary. I have adopted the ESSJa’s set of lemmata, but it should be noted that the evidence for a nasalized vowel is very limited. One may wonder if the o-stem *gr0d" belongs here. The reconstructions with *0 are partly based on the suggested connections with ' *gr
ESSJa VII 148-149

Ru. grud’ ‘breast’, Gsg. grúdi, Gsg. grudí {1} Cz. hrud’ ‘breast’; Slk. hrud’ ‘breast’; OPl. gr
The connection with ' *gruda, etc., is not entirely certain. An exception must be made for ' gr0d", which has a nasalized vowel and is semantically close. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). See also: *gr®da; *gruda; *grud&

*grziti v. ‘sink’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 150-151

OCS pogr0ziti ‘sink’, 1sg. pogr0ž0 Ru. gruzít’ ‘load’, 1sg. gružú, 3sg. grúzit {1} Cz. hroužiti ‘sink, dip’; Slk. hrúžiŸsa ‘sink, dip’; Pl. gr­y\ ‘sink, dip’ SCr. grµziti ‘dip, sink’; Sln. grozíti ‘dive, dip’, 1sg. grozím

A causative formation. See ' *gr
*gruditi v.

ESSJa VII 152

W S

Cz. hruditi se (Kott) ‘be unfriendly’; Pl. grudzi\ (dial.) ‘stir, spoil, blame’ Sln. grúditi ‘torment’, 1sg. grúdim (grúditi ‘lump, bite to pieces’ obviously derives from grúda ‘lump’)

BSl. B

*groudLith. graudìnti ‘move, touch’

See also: *grºst%

*grst f. i ‘sadness’

ESSJa VII 155

E S

Ru. grust’ ‘sadness, melancholy’; Ukr. hrust’ ‘sadness, melancholy’ Sln. grst m.(o) ‘aversion’

B

Lith. grstìs f.(i) ‘sadness, harm’

See also: *gruditi

*gr&m˜ždž%

194

*grm ždž m. jo ‘fester in the cornes of the eyes, gramiae’ CS S

Cogn.

ESSJa VII 158-159

RuCS gr!mYžd! ‘pus in the eye, gramiae’; gremYžd! ‘pus in the eye, gramiae’; gromYžd! ‘pus in the eye, gramiae’ SCr. krQmlj f.(i) ‘fester in the corners of the eyes’; kÃmlj f.(i) ‘fester in the corners of the eyes’; ak. krmlj› (Vrg.) Npl. m.( jo?) ‘gramiae’; kÃmežalj (Orb.) m.( jo) ‘sty, sleep (in the eyes)’; Sln. krm<6lj m.( jo) ‘fester in the corners of the eyes’; krm—6žŠlj m.( jo) ‘fester in the corners of the eyes’ Lat. grÛmiae Npl. f. ‘viscous humour, rheum that collects in the corner of the eyes’; Go. qrammiþa ‘moisture’

The numerous formal difficulties connected with this etymon and its cognates render the reconstruction of a proto-form impossible (cf. Schrijver 1991: 487-488). Unlike the ESSJa, I am not unclined to reject the connection with the non-Slavic forms. *grm m. o ‘bush, shrub’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 159-160

OCS gr"mu (savekovY) (Euch.) Lsg. ‘the  £ª€ bush’; RuCS gr"m" ‘bush, shrub, garden’; gr!m" ‘bush, shrub, garden’ (also grom", grem") Ru. grom ‘hummock’; ORu. gr"m" ‘bush, shrub, garden’; gr!m" ‘bush, shrub, garden’ Slk. grmolec ‘stump’ SCr. gÂm ‘kind of oak, bush, shrubbery’, Gsg. g¼ma; ak. gÃm (Vrg.) ‘kind of oak, bush, shrubbery’, Gsg. grm;; Sln. gÂm ‘bush, shrub’

In view of the voiceless initial consonant as well as the acute root, Lith. krmas ‘bush, shrub’ and Latv. krms ‘id.’ are better not connected with the Slavic etymon. *gryzati v. ‘gnaw’ W S

ESSJa VII 160-161

Cz. hryzati ‘gnaw’; USrb. hryza\ ‘gnaw’; LSrb. gryzaZ ‘gnaw’ Bulg. grizá ‘gnaw, torment’

See ' gr+zti. *grzti v. (c) ‘gnaw’

ESSJa VII 160-161

CS E W S

OCS grizet" (Sav.) 3sg. Ru. gryzt’, 1sg. gryzú, 3sg. gryzët Cz. hrýzti; Slk. hrýzŸ; Pl. gry]\; Slnc. grˆsc SCr. gr›sti, 1sg. grízm; ak. gr›sti (Vrg.), 2sg. grzš; gr›s (Vrg.), 1sg. grzn; Sln. grísti ‘gnaw, bite, eat’, 1sg. grízem

BSl. B

*gr(o)u‹]Lith. gráužti; Latv. graûzt

See also: *gryzati

*gv„zdà *grm ti v. (c) ‘thunder, roar’

195 ESSJa VII 163-164

CS E W S

OCS gr"m< (Supr.) Nsg. m. ptc. pres. act. ‘thundering’ Ru. gremét’, 1sg. gremljú, 3sg. gremít Cz. h•mYti’; h•míti; Slk. hrmieŸ; Pl. grzmie\ SCr. grQmljeti, 1sg. grQmm; gÜrm›ti (Vrg.) ‘thunder’, 3sg. gÜrm§; ak. grÈmt (Orb.), 3sg. grÈm§; Sln. grm—6ti, 1sg. grmím; Bulg. g‘rmjá

BSl. B

*grime‹tei Lith. grumAti

PIE Cogn.

*grm-eh&OIc. gramr adj. ‘grim, hostile’; OE grimman ‘rage’

The zero grade must have been metathesized quite early – possibly in Balto-Slavic times – on the analogy of the full grade. See also: *grom&

*gubìti v. (c) ‘destroy’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 166

OCS gubiti ‘destroy’, 1sg. gublj0 Ru. gubít’ ‘ruin, squander’, 1sg. gubljú, 3sg. gúbit {1} Cz. hubiti ‘destroy, devastate, exterminate’; Slk. hubiti ‘ruin, destroy’; Pl. gubi\ ‘lose, ruin, destroy’ SCr. gùbiti ‘lose, destroy’, 1sg. gùbm; ak. gub›ti (Vrg.) ‘lose, destroy’, 2sg. gub§š; gb›t (Orb.) ‘lose’, 1sg. gbin; Sln. gubíti ‘harm, spoil, destroy’, 1sg. gubím; Bulg. gúbja ‘lose, spoil, kill’

PIE *goub-eie{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 139). See also: *g&bež%; *g&n®ti; *gybati; *g n®ti

*gumnò n. o (b) ‘threshing-floor’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 173-175

OCS gum!no ‘threshing-floor, granary’ Ru. gumnó ‘threshing-floor, barn’ Cz. humno ‘threshing-floor’; Slk. humno ‘threshing-floor, barn’; Pl. gumno ‘threshing-floor, barn’ SCr. gúmno ‘threshing-floor’; ak. gn« (Orb.) ‘threshing-floor’; Sln. gúmnJ ‘threshing-floor’; Bulg. gúmno ‘threshing-floor’

The most widely accepted etymology, going back to Pogodin 1903 (234), derives *gum!nò from the words for ‘cow’ (' *gov<do ) and ‘trample’ (' *m
OCS dzvYzda; zvYzda Ru. zvezdá Cz. hvYzda; Slk. hviezda; Pl. gwiazda; USrb. hwYzda

ESSJa VII 181-183

*gvor&; *govor&

196 S

SCr. zvijèzda, Asg. zvijèzdu; ak. zvzd; (Vrg.), Asg. zvzdµ; zvzd; (Novi), Asg. zv=zdu; zv£ezd; (Orb.), Asg. zv£ezd«; Kajk. zvzd« (Bednja), Asg. zvÝÍezdu; Sln. zv—6zda; Bulg. zvezdá

BSl. B

*g/]woizde‹ ( g/]woi]de‹?) Lith. žvaigžd f.(!) 4; žvaižd (OLith., dial.) f.(!) 4; Latv. zvàigzne f.(!)

On the basis of Balto-Slavic, we may propose a reconstruction *uoi-deh&-, but considering the fact that in Lithuanian we find žvai( g)zd alongside žvai(g)žd (with assimilation?), the reconstruction *uoid-deh&- is a serious alternative, cf. Latv. zvaidrt, zviedrt ‘shimmer, shine’. Latvian forms with zvaig, e.g. zvaigala ‘cow with a star-shaped blaze’ may be based on zvàigzne. Pokorny’s reconstruction *huoig- is based on the connection with Gk. È£ ‘pure, bright, radiant’, which I consider untenable. *gvor; *govor m. o ‘bubble’ CS E S

ESSJa VII 184

RuCS gvor" ‘bubble’; govor" ‘bubble’ Ru. góvor (dial.) ‘bubble (on water)’; ORu. gvor" ‘bubble’; govor" ‘bubble’; Ukr. hvor ‘gores in trousers’ Sln. gòr ‘pile of dung’, Gsg. góra

Possibly cognate with SCr. gµra ‘hump’ and Ru. gírja ‘weight, (dial.) lump. clod’. For the Balto-Slavic stage we may reconstruct *g(o)u‹-. *gvozdi m. io ‘nail’ CS S

ESSJa VII 185-186

OCS gvozdii (Supr.) m.(io); RuCS gvozdii m.(io) Bulg. gvózdej m.(io)

See ' *gvozd!. *gvozd; *gvozd m. i; m o ‘nail’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 185-186

OCS gvozdie (Cloz.) Npl. m.(i) ‘nails’ Ru. gvozd’ m.( jo) ‘nail’, Gsg. gvozdjá; Ukr. hvizd’ m.( jo) ‘nail’, Gsg. hvozdjá Cz. hvozd m.(o) ‘big, dense forest’; Pl. gwó]d] m.( jo) ‘nail’; OPl. gó]d] m.( jo) ‘nail’; gozd m.(o) ‘woods’; USrb. hózd] m.( jo) ‘nail’ SCr. gv«zd (arch., dial) m.(o) ‘iron, nail, peg, pig’; gv|zd (arch., dial.) m.(o) ‘iron, nail, peg, pig, dense forest’; Sln. gòzd m.(o) ‘(big, high) forest’, Gsg. gózda

Perhaps cognate with PGmc. *kwasta, e.g. MLG quast(e) m.f. ‘bundle, broom, besom’. Otherwise unclear. *gbež m. jo ‘bend, joint’ CS E

RuCS g"bež! ‘bend, joint’; gbež! ‘turn, bend, slope’ ORu. g"bež! ‘bend, joint’; gbež! ‘turn, bend, slope’

BSl.

*gub-

ESSJa VII 188-189

*g&n®ti

197

B

Latv. gubezis m.(io) ‘pile, hay-loft’

PIE Cogn.

*gubOIc. gumpr m. ‘tail-bone’; MoLG gubbe (Estonia) f.? ‘small hay-stack’

See also: *gubìti; *g&n®ti; *gybati; *g n®ti

ESSJa VII 190

*glb S

SCr. gb (dial.) m.(o) ‘swan’; gb (dial.) m.(o) ‘goby’

BSl. B

*gulbis Lith. gulbìs f.(i) 4 ‘swan’; gubis (Žem.) m.(io) 2 ‘swan’; Latv. gùlbis f.(i) ‘swan’ OPr. gulbis (EV) ‘swan’

Cogn.

OIr. gulban m. ‘beak, sting’; W gylfin m. ‘bird’s bill, beak, snout, sharppointed nose’; W gylf m. ‘bird’s bill, beak, nose, mouth, sharp-pointed instrument’

See ' *k"lp!. There is a chance that SCr. gb ‘goby’ is cognate with Lat. gbius, Gk. €[£« ‘goby, gudgeon’, cf. Sln. gúba ‘barbel’. *gnàti v. (b) ‘chase, persecute’

ESSJa VII 196-197

CS E W S

OCS g"nati ‘chase, persecute’, 1sg. žen0 Ru. gnat’ ‘chase, drive, persecute’ Cz. hnáti ‘chase, drive, compel’, 1sg. ženu; Pl. gna\ ‘chase, drive’ SCr. gn;ti ‘chase, persecute’, 1sg. žnm; Sln. gnáti ‘chase, persecute’, 1sg. žénem

BSl. B

*gun-/*ginLith. giñti ‘chase, drive’; Latv. dzìt ‘chase, drive, persecute’ OPr. guntwei ‘chase, drive’

PIE Cogn.

*gnSkt. hánti ‘strike, slay’; Gk. –Œ [ ‘kill’

See also: *gonìti

*gnti v. ‘bend’

ESSJa VII 188-189

CS E W S

RuCS g"(b)nuti ‘bend’ Ru. gnut’ ‘bend’, 1sg. gnu, 3sg. gnët; ORu. g"(b)nuti ‘bend’ Cz. hnouti ‘move’; Slk. hnúŸ ‘move’; Pl. gi\ ‘bend’, 1sg. gn< SCr. gànuti ‘move’; Sln. gŠníti ‘move’, 1sg. gánem

BSl. B

*gubLith. gùbti ‘bend, curve (intr.)’, 3sg. gu8ba; Latv. gubt ‘bend, curve (intr.)’, 3sg. gubst

PIE Cogn.

*gubOE géap ‘crooked, sly’ (with *p from Kluge’s law)

See also: *gubìti; *g&bež%; *gybati; *g n®ti

*g&rb&; *g&rba

198 *grb; *grba m. o; f. # ‘hump’ CS E W S B

ESSJa VII 199-201

CS grob" (Bon.) m. ‘back, hump’; grob! (Pog.) m. ‘back, hump’ Ru. gorb m. ‘hump, (dial.) back’ Cz. hrb m. ‘hump, mound, lump’; Slk. hrb m. ‘hump, mound, lump’; Pl. garb m. ‘hump’ SCr. gÂb m. ‘back’; gÃba f. ‘hump’; Sln. gÂb m. ‘hump, back, wrinkle’; g¼ba f. ‘hump, back, wrinkle’; Bulg. gr‘b m. ‘back’; g¹rba f. ‘hump’ OPr. grabis [garbis] (EV) ‘hill’ (the emendation garbis is justified by many place-names, e.g. Gailgarben or Geylegarben ‘Weissenberg’)

In my opinion, it is preferable to separate *g"rb" from ' *gr0b", *grub" ‘coarse, rude’. Of course, the roots may have influenced one another. We may reconstruct *grb-, if we wish to stick to Indo-European terms, perhaps an enlarged variant of a root meaning ‘bend’ (cf. Mažiulis PKEŽ IV: 324-326). *grdlo n. o (a) ‘throat’ CS E W S

RuCS gr"lo; g"rlo Ru. górlo; ORu. gr"lo; g"rlo Cz. hrdlo; Slk. hrdlo; Pl. gardo SCr. gÃlo; ak. gÃlo (Vrg.); Sln. g¼lJ; Bulg. g¹rlo

BSl. B

*gúr‹tlo Lith. gurkls m.(io) 3 ‘crop’; gùrklis (dial.) m.(io) 1 ‘crop’

PIE

*grh-tlóm

ESSJa VII 204-205

The comparison with the obscure Greek form £¶ – ‘gorge’ may not be justified. See also: *žerdlo; *žèrti

*grd adj. o (c) ‘proud’ CS E W S

ESSJa VII 206-207

OCS gr"d" ‘proud, haughty, majestic, amazing, terrible’ Ru. górdyj ‘proud, haughty’; gord ‘proud, haughty’, f. gordá, n. górdo Cz. hrdý ‘proud, haughty’; Slk. hrdý ‘proud, haughty’; Pl. gardy ‘fastidious, proud, haughty’ SCr. gÂd ‘terrible, ugly, (eccl.) proud’; Sln. gÂd ‘nasty, ugly’, f. g¼da

Formally *g"rd" may be cognate with Lith. gurdùs 4 ‘weak, slow, uncommunicative, stiff ’, Latv. gurds ‘tired, weary’, even though strictly speaking the mobility of the Slavic form does not correspond with the fixed stress reflected by the Latvian form. The meaning ‘uncommunicative, stiff ’ attested in Lithuanian is close to the meaning of the Slavic adjective, but one wonders if we are dealing with Slavic influence here. If there is an etymological relationship between the Baltic and Slavic forms, we may connect BSl. *gur‹dus with Gk. £ ‘‡ ‘slow, dull, sluggish’ < *grdus. *grkati v. ‘coo’ CS

RuCS g"rkati ‘coo’

ESSJa VII 102

*g&rtati E W S Cogn.

199

Ru. górkat’ (dial.) ‘coo’; ORu. g"rkati ‘coo’ Cz. hrkati ‘crack, creak’; Slk. hrkaŸ ‘rumble, rattle’ SCr. grkati ‘coo, caw’; Sln. g¼kati ‘coo, screech’, 1sg. g¼kam, 1sg. g¼em Lat. graculus m. ‘daw, jackdaw’

See also: *grakati; *grajati

*grnidlo n. o ‘furnace’ CS E

ESSJa VII 210

OCS gr"nil" m. ‘smelting furnace, hearth’; RuCS gr"nilo ‘furnace, hearth’; g"rnilo ‘furnace, hearth’ Ru. gornílo ‘furnace, hearth, crucible’; ORu. gr"nilo ‘furnace, hearth’; g"rnilo ‘furnace, hearth’

Derivative in *-idlo. See ' *g"rn", *g"rno. *grn; *grno m. o; n. o ‘furnace, cauldron’ CS E

ESSJa VII 210-211

W S

RuCS gr"no n. ‘cauldron, pot, oven’; g"rno n. ‘cauldron, pot, oven’ Ru. gorn n. ‘blacksmith’s hearth’, Gsg. górna; gornó n. ‘blacksmith’s hearth, clay-oven’; ORu. gr"n" m. ‘cauldron, pot, oven’; g"rn" m. ‘cauldron, pot, oven’; gorn" m. ‘cauldron, pot, oven’; Ukr. hornó n. ‘furnace’ Slk. grno n. ‘blacksmith’s bellows’ SCr. grno n. ‘heat, embers’; Bulg. g‘rné n.(nt) ‘pot’

PIE Cogn.

*gr-noSkt. ghr¥Áá- m. ‘heat’; Lat. fornx m. ‘oven’

See also: *gor˜ti; *gor%j%; *gor%k&; *go¹e; *gr˜( ja)ti; *g&rnidlo; *žar&

*grst f. i (c) ‘cupped hand’ CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa VII 212-213

OCS gr"stij0 (Euch.) Isg. f. ‘cupped hand’ Ru. gorst’ ‘cupped hand, handful’ Cz. hrst ‘cupped hand, handful’; Slk. hrsŸ ‘cupped hand, handful, bundle’; Pl. garZ\ ‘cupped hand, handful’ SCr. gÂst ‘cupped hand, handful’; ak. gÂs (Orb.) ‘handful’; Sln. gÂst ‘cupped hand, handful’ *gurstiLatv. gùrste f.(!) ‘bundle of flax’

See also: *g&rtati; *g&rtn®ti

*grtati v. ‘rake together’ E S

ESSJa VII 214

Ru. gortát’ (dial.) ‘rake together’; Ukr. hortáty ‘turn over (pages)’ SCr. gÃtati ‘rake together, heap up’, 1sg. gÃ\m

See also: *g&¯rst%; *g&rtn®ti

*g&rtn®ti

200 *grtnti v. ‘rake together’ E W S

ESSJa VII 214-215

Ru. gortát’ (dial.) ‘rake together’ Cz. hrnouti ‘rake together, (h. se) rush’; Slk. hrnúŸ ‘rake together, (h. se) rush’; Pl. garn\ ‘clasp, gather, rake (g. si<) rush’; LSrb. garnuZ ‘grasp, squeeze’ SCr. g¼nuti ‘rake together, swarm, rush’, 1sg. gÂnm; ak. grnµti (Vrg.) ‘rake together, swarm, rush’, 2sg. gÃneš; Sln. g¼niti ‘rake together, gather, swarm’, 1sg. gÂnem; Mcd. grne ‘gather, amass, clasp’

See also: *g&¯rst%; *g&rtati

*gybati v. CS E W S

ESSJa VII 216

OCS gybati ‘perish’, 1sg. gyblj0 Ru. gíbat’ (dial.) ‘break, press’; gibát’ (dial.) ‘bend’ Cz. hýbati ‘move, touch’; Slk. hýbaŸ ‘move’; Pl. giba\ ‘twist, bend’ SCr. gíbati ‘swing, move, bend’, 1sg. gíbam, 1sg. gíbljem; Sln. gíbati ‘move, perish’

The root has lengthened zero grade (cf. ' *g"n0ti). See also: *gubiti; *g&bež%; *g n®ti

*gnti v. (a) ‘perish’

ESSJa VII 218-219

CS E W S

OCS gybn0ti ‘perish’, 1sg. gybn0 Ru. gíbnut’ ‘perish’, 1sg. gíbnu, 3sg. gíbnet Cz. hynout ‘perish, decay’; Slk. hynút ‘perish, decay’; Pl. gin\ ‘perish’ SCr. g›nuti ‘perish’; Sln. gíniti ‘perish’, 1sg. gnem

PIE

*gub-

The acute root is secondary, as is often the case in verbs in *-n0ti. See also: *gubiti; *g&bež%; *g&n®ti; *gybati

*gyža f. j# (a?) ‘stump’

ESSJa VII 224

CS W S

RuCS gyža ‘unripe grape’ Cz. hyže (Kott) ‘tip of the shinbone’; OPl. gi­a ‘leg of pig or cattle, ham’ SCr. g›(d )ža (dial.) ‘stump of a vine’; Bulg. gíža ‘vine, stump of a cut off vine’

BSl. B

*gun‹]ja‹ Lith. gמF, gžF f.(!) ‘head of cabbage, (dial.) gizzard’; gžs m.(io) 3/4 ‘gizzard, (dial.) tip of the thighbone, head of cabbage, Adam’s apple’; gžis f.(i) 1 ‘gizzard, breastbone, tip of the holy bone of birds, elbow of a wing, protuberance (on the nose)’; gunžs (Žem.) m.(io) 3 ‘gizzard’; Latv. gža f.( j#) ‘thigh, ham’

The Baltic material points unambiguously to an acute root, which is in agreement with the vocalism of *gyža, whether *y reflects *un‹ or *u‹. The reconstruction of a nasal is only based on the Žemaitian form and therefore less secure. On the other hand, it facilitates the connection with ' *g0z", *g0za, though it must be admitted

*xab%n&

201

that there is also evidence for ' *guz". Another form containing a nasal is Lith. gùnga ‘hump, hunch’, where the * was apparently depalatalized, unless we assume that this word is not related. Still more remote is Lith. gugà ‘bump, knot (in wood), withers’, where apart from the nasal also the glottalization is absent, cf. Ru. gúglja (dial.) ‘bump’, Pl. guga ‘id.’, Lith. gagaras ‘ mountain top’. See also: *g®z&; *g®za; *guz&

*X *xabati v. ‘spoil’ W S

ESSJa VIII 7-8

Cz. chabati (Kott) ‘seize, snatch’ SCr. h;bati ‘wear out, scold, spoil, soil’, 1sg. h;bm; Sln. hábati ‘push’, 1sg. hábam

See ' *xabiti. *xabiti v. ‘spoil’

ESSJa VIII 8-9

CS E W S

CS xabiti ‘spoil, corrupt’; xabiti s< ‘abstain’ Ru. xábit’ (arch.) ‘seize, snatch’ Cz. chabiti (Jg.) ‘spoil, damage’; chábiŸ (dial.) ‘snatch, steal’; Slk. chabiŸ ‘fool’ SCr. habiti ‘spoil’; Sln. hábiti ‘spoil, damage’, 1sg. hbim; habíti ‘spoil, damage’, 1sg. habím; Bulg. xabjá ‘spoil’

BSl. B

ska‹bLith. skóbti ‘become sour’; Latv. skâbt ‘become sour’

In my opinion, this of one of the cases where Slavic *x- corresponds to Baltic sk-. I thoroughly disagree with Fraenkel that Lith. skóbti is cognate with skõbti ‘hollow out, tear’. The meaning ‘seize, snatch’, which is attested for both xabiti and ' *xabati is reminiscent of ' *capati, ' *gabati and ' *xapati and must be secondary. See also: *xab&; *xab%n&

*xab adj. o ‘weak’

ESSJa VIII 9

W

Cz. chabý ‘weak, faded, bad’; Slk. chabý ‘weak, faded, small, timid’

BSl. B

*ska‹bos Lith. skóbas 3 ‘sour’; Latv. skâbs ‘sour’

See ' *xabiti. *xabn adj. o W S

ESSJa VIII 9-10

Cz. chabný ‘cowardly, faint-hearted’; LSrb. chamny ‘poor’ Sln. hábŠn ‘quick, hasty, (dial.) weak’; Bulg. xáben ‘blunt (of an axe)’

See ' *xabiti.

*x#pàti

202 *xpàti v. (b) ‘seize’ CS E W

ESSJa VIII 18-19

OCS xap!j0šte (Supr.) Npl. m. ptc. pres. act. ‘biting’; RuCS xapati ‘seize, bite, sting, trample’ Ru. xápat’ ‘seize, grab’, 1sg. xápaju; xapát’ (dial.) ‘seize, grab’ {1}; ORu. xapati ‘seize, bite, sting, trample’; Ukr. xapáty ‘seize, grab, steal’ Cz. chápati ‘seize, comprehend’; Slk. chápaŸ ‘seize, comprehend’; Pl. chapa\ ‘seize’; Slnc. ¸ˆp‘c ‘seize’ Sln. hpati ‘snap, (h. se) seize’, 1sg. hpam

S {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 137). See also: *xab&; *gabati

*xlb m. o (a) ‘bread’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 27-28

OCS xlYb" ‘bread, loaf ’ Ru. xleb ‘bread, loaf, bread-grain, (pl.) corn’ {1} Cz. chléb ‘bread’; Slk. chlieb ‘bread’; Pl. chleb ‘bread’; Slnc. ¸lAb ‘bread’, Gsg. ¸lìeb‘ SCr. hlb ‘bread’; (h)lb ‘bread’; hljb ‘bread’; ljb ‘bread’; ak. h#›b (Vrg.) ‘loaf of store-bought bread’; hlb (Orb.) ‘round loaf ’; Sln. hl—Qb ‘loaf, (white) bread’, hl—6ba; Bulg. xljab ‘bread, grain’

A borrowing from Germanic, cf. Go. hlaifs, OHG hleib. The length reflected in Slk. chlieb is probably due to Czech influence. *xlb f. i CS

ESSJa VIII 32-33

E S

OCS xlj
BSl. B

*sklembLith. skle8bti ‘slide off, slide down’; skl<sti ‘slide off, slide down’.

*xld m. o (b/c) ‘stick, pole’

ESSJa VIII 37-38

CS E W S

RuCS xl0d" ‘staff ’ Ru. xlud (dial.) ‘pole, truncheon, yoke’; xlut (dial.) ‘pole’ Cz. chloud ‘stick’; OCz. chlud ‘stick’; Pl. chd ‘stalk, twig’, Gsg. ch
BSl. B

*sklandLith. sklandà (Žem.) f. 4 ‘fence-pole, bolt’; Latv. sklañda f. ‘bar, fence-pole’.

*xoditi v. ‘go, walk’ CS

OCS xoditi, 1sg. xožd0

ESSJa VIII 48-49

*x¥ld&

203

E W S

Ru. xodít’, 1sg. xožú, 3sg. xódit Cz. choditi; Slk. chodiŸ; Pl. chodzi\ SCr. hòditi, 1sg. h«dm; ak. hod›ti (Vrg.); hod›t (Orb.), 1sg. h«din; Sln. hóditi, Gsg. h06dim; Bulg. xódja

PIE Cogn.

*sodGk. ԑ‡[ ‘wander’

The initial *x is thought to have originated after prefixes triggering the “ruki-rule” (e.g. pri-, u-). In order to explain the absence of the effects of Winter’s law (cf. also the stem *š!d-), Kortlandt assumes that *xoditi replaces a reduplicated present *sizd-, where the law would not apply (Kortlandt 1988: 394). See also: *x¥d&

*xd m. o (c) ‘motion, movement’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VIII 51-52

OCS xod" (Supr.) ‘motion, movement’ Ru. xod ‘motion, movement’, Gsg. xóda; Ukr. xid ‘motion, movement’, Gsg. xóda Cz. chod ‘motion, movement, walking’; Slk. chod ‘motion, movement, walk’; Pl. chód ‘motion, movement, walking’, Gsg. chodu SCr. h|d ‘motion, movement, speed’, Gsg. h«da; ak. h|d (Vrg.) ‘motion, movement, speed’, Gsg. h«da; hu|t (Orb.) ‘walk, walking’, Gsg. h«da; Sln. hòd ‘motion, movement, walking’, Gsg. hóda; h04d ‘motion, movement, walking’, Gsg. hod; Bulg. xod ‘motion, movement, step’ *sod-oGk. ԑ ‘way’

See the previous lemma. *xoxotati v. ‘laugh loudly’ CS E W S

CS xoxotati Ru. xoxotát’ Slnc. ¸ó¸otac ‘laugh’ Sln. hohotáti, 1sg. hohotm, 1sg. hoh06em

Cogn.

Skt. kákhati ‘laugh’; Gk. € ¼¶X[ ‘laugh loudly’

*xld m. o (c) ‘coolness, cold’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 55

ESSJa VIII 57-58

OCS xlad" (Ps. Sin, Euch.) ‘coolness, cool breeze’ Ru. xólod ‘cold’ Cz. hlad ‘cold, coolness’; Slk. hlad ‘coolness, cool shadow’; Pl. chód ‘cold, coolness’, Gsg. chodu; USrb. chód ‘coolness, shade’, Gsg. choda SCr. hld ‘coolness, cool shade’, Gsg. hlda; ak. hl“d (Vrg.) ‘shade’, Gsg. hl“da; hld (Novi) ‘shade’; hlt (Orb.) ‘shade’, Gsg. hlda; Sln. hld ‘coolness’; hlad (dial.) ‘shadow’; Bulg. xlad ‘cold, coolness’

*xold%n&

204 Cogn.

Lat. gelidus adj. ‘icy, cool’; OHG kalt adj. ‘cold’

Possibly cognate with Latin and Germanic words for ‘cold’ reflecting PIE *gel-. The *x- lacks a convincing explanation. See also: *xold%n&

*xoldn adj. o (c) ‘cool, cold’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 59-60

OCS xlad!n" (Euch., Supr.) ‘cool’ Ru. xolódnyj ‘cold’ Cz. chladný ‘cool, cold’; Slk. chladný ‘cool, cold’; Pl. chodny ‘cool’ SCr. hládan ‘cool, cold’; ak. hl“dan (Vrg.) ‘cool, cold’; hldan (Orb.) ‘cold’; Sln. hládŠn ‘cool’; Bulg. xláden ‘cool’

Adjective in *-!n". See ' *x|ld". *xomt m. o ‘horse’s collar, hames’ CS E W

S

ESSJa VIII 69-70

CS xom0t" ‘yoke, scales’ Ru. xomút ‘horse’s collar, hames’ Cz. chomout ‘horse’s collar, hames’; Slk. chomút ‘horse’s collar, hames’; Pl. chomto n. ‘horse’s collar, hames, clamp’; chomt (arch., dial.) ‘horse’s collar, hames, clamp’; OPl. chomt (arch., dial.) ‘horse’s collar, hames, clamp’ SCr. h«mt ‘bundle, bunch’; Sln. hom04t ‘horse’s collar, seine’; Bulg. xomót ‘yoke’

B

Lith. kãmanos Npl. f. ‘leather bridle’

Cogn.

MoDu. haam n. ‘hames’

This etymon is sometimes regarded as a borrowing from Germanic. Bakowski (2000a: 143), on the other hand, regards Mong. khomut as a possible source. *xòrbr adj. o (a) ‘brave’

ESSJa VIII 71-72

CS E W S

OCS xrab"r" (Supr.) ‘brave’; xrab!r" (Supr.) ‘brave’ {1} Ru. xoróbryj (dial.) ‘brave, vain’; ORu. xorobryj ‘brave’ {2} OCz. chrabry ‘brave’; Pl. chrobry (poet.) ‘brave, bold’ SCr. hrábar ‘brave’; Sln. hrábŠr ‘brave, bold’; Bulg. xráb‘r ‘brave’

BSl. B

*skor‹bros Latv. š™erbs ‘astringent, sharp’

Cogn. OIc. skarpr ‘sharp’ {1} The distribution of the two variants (xrab"r" Nsg. m., xrab"ryi Nsg. m., xrab"ra Gsg. m. : xrab!rY Lsg. m., xrab!ri Npl. m.) seems to be governed by the vocalism of the final syllable. {2} AP 2 in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 155).

*xorna f. # ‘food, fodder’ CS W

CS xrana ‘food’ Slnc. ¸ªrn‘ ‘food, fodder’; Plb. xarn‘ ‘food’

ESSJa VIII 76-77

*xºd&

205

S

SCr. hrána ‘food, fodder’; ak. (h)r”n; (Vrg.) ‘food, fodder’; hrn; (Novi) ‘food, fodder’; hrn; (Orb.) ‘food’, Asg. hrn«; Sln. hrána ‘food, fodder’; Bulg. xraná ‘food, fodder, grain’

Cogn.

Av. xvarŠna- ‘food’

Possibly a borrowing from Iranian. See also: *xorniti

*xorniti v. CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 78-79

OCS xraniti ‘preserve, guard, protect’, 1sg. xranj0 Ru. xoronít’ ‘bury, hide’, 1sg. xoronjú, 3sg. xorónit; xranít’ ‘keep, preserve’, 1sg. xranjú, 3sg. xranít Cz. chrániti ‘defend, guard’; Pl. chroni\ ‘defend, guard’; Plb. xorn® ‘feed’ SCr. hrániti ‘feed, keep, preserve, save’, 1sg. hrnm; ak. hr”n›ti (Vrg.) ‘feed, save’, 2sg. hrãnš; hrn›t (Orb.) ‘feed, nourish’, 1sg. hrãnin; Sln. hrániti ‘keep, guard’, 1sg. hránim; Bulg. xránja ‘feed’

The noun from which this verb derives may be a borrowing from Iranian. See also: *xorna

*xròm adj. o (b) ‘lame’

ESSJa VIII 101-102

CS E W S

OCS xrom" Ru. xromój; xrom, f. xromá, n. xrómo {1} Cz. chromý; Slk. chromý; Pl. chromy (arch.) ‘lame, mutilated’ SCr. hr«m; ak. hr«m (Vrg.); Sln. hròm ‘lame, sick’; Bulg. xrom

PIE Cogn.

*sromo- (?) Skt. srmá- ‘lame’

In this case it is difficult to explain *x- < *s-, as prefixed verbs to which the ruki-rule applied seem to be lacking. The ESSJa compares Pl. poskromi\ ‘tame’ Õ ‘clip the wings of ’ and MoHG Schramme ‘scratch’, advocating *x- < *sk-. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). *xd adj. o (c) ‘small, thin’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VIII 111-113

OCS xud" ‘small, insignificant, poor’; xuždii comp. ‘worse’ Ru. xudój ‘thin, lean, bad, full of holes’; xud ‘thin, lean, bad, full of holes’, f. xudá, n. xúdo; xúže comp. ‘wor’se’ Cz. chudý ‘poor, bad, lean’; Slk. chudý ‘thin, lean’; Pl. chudy ‘thin, lean, insignificant, poor’ SCr. hd (dial.) ‘bad, evil’; ak. ht (Orb.) ‘leaky, with a hole in it’, f. hud;, n. hdo; Sln. hd ‘bad, evil’, f. húda *ksoud-óSkt. kšudrá- ‘small’

*xvoja; *xvoj%

206

The fact that the root is not acute in Slavic, as one would expect in view of the *-d (Winter’s law) is a consequence of Meillet’s law. *xvoja; *xvoj f. j#; m. jo ‘needles or branches of a coniferous tree’ ESSJa VIII 125-126 E W

S BSl. B

Ru. xvója f. ‘needles or branches of a coniferous tree’; xvojá f. ‘needles or branches of a coniferous tree’ Cz. chvoj m. ‘needles or branches of a coniferous tree’; Slk. chvoja f. ‘brushwood, branch of a fir-tree’; Pl. choja f. ‘needles (of conifer), branches (of conifer)’ SCr. hvòja f. ‘branch, sprout’; hvója f. ‘branch, sprout’; Sln. h04ja f. ‘fir-tree, coniferous tree, brushwood of a coniferous tree’; h06ja f. ‘id.’; hv04ja f. ‘id.’ *sku(o)ja‹ Lith. skujà f. 4 ‘needle of a coniferous tree, (dial.) twig of a pine tree, cone, fish-scale’; Latv. skuja f. ‘needle of a fir-tree’

*xvórst m. o (b) ‘brushwood’ CS E W

S

ESSJa VIII 130-131

CS xvrast" ‘osier’ Ru. xvórost ‘brushwood’; xvoróst (dial.) ‘dry osiers, twigs, brushwood’; Ukr. xvoróst ‘brushwood’ Cz. chrast ‘rustle’; chrást (dial.) ‘bush’; chrasŸ (dial.) f.(i) ‘thicket, dry osiers’; Pl. chrust ‘brushwood, shrubbery’; Slnc. ¸r¶ust ‘brushwood’; USrb. chróst (obs.) ‘brushwood, shrubbery’ SCr. hrst ‘oak, (dial.) tree’, Gsg. hrásta; ak. hr’st (Vrg.) ‘oak’, Gsg. hr”st;; Sln. hrást ‘oak’; hrst f.(i) ‘brushwood’; Bulg. xrast ‘bush, shrub’

Perhaps cognate with OHG hurst m./f., OE hyrst m. ‘bush, thicket’, but the latter etymon is usually derived from *krt- ‘wind’. See also: *xvórst%je

*xvorstje n. io ‘brushwood’ CS W S

ESSJa VIII 131

SerbCS xvrastije n.(io) ‘osiers’ Cz. chrastí n.(io) ‘shrubbery’; chvrastí (arch.) n.(io) ‘shrubbery’; Slk. chrastie n.(io) ‘shrubbery, thickets’; Pl. chroZcie (obs.) n.(io) ‘shrubbery, osiers’ SCr. hrš\e (arch., dial.) n.( jo) ‘oaks’; Sln. hrástje n.( jo) ‘oak-wood, brushwood, osiers’; hršje n.( jo) ‘brushwood’

See also: *xvórst&

*xvor adj. o ‘ill’

ESSJa VIII 131-132

CS E W

CS xvor" ‘ill’ Ru. xvóryj ‘ill, sickly’; xóryj (dial.) ‘ill’ Cz. chorý ‘ill, sickly, bad’; OCz. ch(v)orý ‘thin, skinny’; Slk. chorý ‘ill’; Pl. chory ‘ill’

PIE

*suor-o-

*jùg& Cogn.

Av. xÞara- m. ‘wound’; OHG swero m. ‘pain, ulcer’

*xybati v. ‘sway’ W

207

ESSJa VIII 153

S

Cz. chybati (Kott) ‘hesitate’; Slk. chýbaŸ ‘be absent, be missing’; Pl. chyba\ (obs., dial.) ‘sway, rock, run, rush’ Sln. híbati ‘scold, criticize’

Cogn.

Skt. kšobh- ‘stagger, begin to swing, tremble’

Iterative in *-ati with lengthened zero grade of the root *k()seub-. Perhaps also cognate with Lith. skubùs, Latv. skùbrs ‘hasty’.

*I *i conj. ‘and’ CS E W S

OCS i Ru. i Cz. i; OCz. (h)i; Pl. i; OPl. (h)i SCr. i; Sln. ì; Bulg. i

PIE Cogn.

*h&ei Gk. Ï ‘if ’

ESSJa VIII 167

*J *ju(že) adv. ‘already’ CS E W

OCS uže; juže; RCS ju ‘now, then’ Ru. užé Cz. již; OCz. juž(e) ; Slk. už; Pl. ju­; ju (dial.)

BSl. B

*jou Lith. ja; Latv. jàu.

*jùg m. o (a) ‘South, south wind’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 190-191

ESSJa VIII 192-193

OCS jug" ‘South, south wind’ Ru. jug ‘South, south wind’; ORu. ug" ‘South, south wind’ Cz. jih ‘South’; OCz. juh ‘south wind’; Slk. juh ‘South’ SCr. jµg m. ‘south wind’; jµgo n. ‘south wind’; ak. jµgo (Vrg., Novi, Orb.) n. ‘south wind’; Sln. jùg ‘southwest wind, South’, Gsg. júga; Bulg. jug ‘South’

If *jùg" is cognate with Gk. ̽ ‘light, beam’ < *h'eug-, the acute tone of the root can be explained by Winter’s law. On the other hand, this etymology also implies that

*jxà

208

the *j- was originally a glide, which considering the distribution of forms with and without *j- seems less likely. The ESSJa argues that *jug" contains *iouŠ ‘mix, knead’. The original meaning would have been ‘soft’, cf. ' sYver", of the which the older meaning is assumed to have been ‘sharp, severe’. This all seems highly speculative. *jxà f. # (b) ‘broth, soup’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 193

CS juxa ‘broth’ Ru. uxá ‘fish-soup’, Asg. uxú {1} Cz. jícha ‘liquid, sauce, (arch.) soup’; Slk. jucha ‘cabbage soup’; Pl. jucha ‘bull’s blood, soup, sauce, juice’; Slnc. j¨K–¸a ‘soup’ SCr. júha (dial.) ‘soup, broth’; ak. jh; (Vrg.) ‘soup, broth’ {2}; jh; (Novi) ‘soup, broth’; jh; (Orb.) ‘soup’, Asg. jho; Sln. júha ‘soup’

B

Lith. jšF f.(!) 1 ‘broth, soup’ OPr. juse (EV) ‘soup’

Cogn.

Skt. yš- n. ‘broth’; Lat. is n. ‘broth’

The fact that all in all the accentological evidence points to AP (b) is problematic in view of the laryngeal reflected by forms from other branches. If the root is identical with Skt. yu- ‘unite, attach, bind’, which is uncertain, we may reconstruct *ieualongside *ieuH, cf. Lith. jáuti, jati. In any case, Slavic has full grade, *ieu(H )-s- or *iou(H )-s-, against zero grade in Baltic. {1} AP (b) is also attested in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 135). {2} According to Juriši, this form is a recent designation of õrba.

*jn adj. o (c) ‘young’

ESSJa VIII 195-197

CS E W S

OCS jun" ‘young(er)’ Ru. júnyj ‘young, youthful’ Cz. juný (poet.) ‘young, youthful’ SCr. jun (eccl.) ‘young’; Sln. jn ‘young, youthful’, f. júna

BSl. B

*iou‹nós Lith. jáunas 3 ‘young’; Latv. jaûns ‘young, new’

PIE Cogn.

*h'i-eu-Hn-oSkt. yúvan- (RV+) adj./m. ‘young, youth’; Lat. iuvenis m. ‘young man’; OHG jung adj. ‘young’

*j(že) prn.

ESSJa VIII 204-205

CS E W

OCS i prn. ‘that, he, who’, f. ja, n. je; RuCS ože conj. ‘how, that, because’ ORu. ože conj. ‘how, that, because’ Cz. že conj. ‘that’; ( j)ež (arch.) conj. ‘that’; jenž (arch.) prn. ‘who’, f. jež, n. jež; Slk. že conj. ‘that’; Pl. ­e conj. ‘that’; ­e prn. ‘who’

PIE

*io-*g()e

*j%grati *jde conj. ‘where’

209 ESSJa VIII 206

CS E W

OCS ide ‘where, when’; RuCS ide ‘where, when, as’; idY ‘where, when, as’ ORu. ide ‘where, when, as’; idY ‘where, when, as’; Bel. idze ‘where’ Cz. jdeže (arch.) ‘where’

PIE

*io+de

*jgo n. o (c) ‘yoke’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 206-207

OCS igo ‘yoke’ Ru. ígo ‘yoke (fig.)’; Ukr. ího ‘yoke’ Cz. jho ‘yoke’; OSlk. jho ‘yoke, burden’; Pl. jugo (dial.) ‘yoke, cross-beam’; igo (dial.) ‘yoke’; Slnc. vj§g‰ ‘yoke’; Plb. jaid’ü ‘yoke’; jaigo Gsg. ‘yoke’ SCr. igo (arch., lit.) ‘yoke’ {1}; jìgo (Krk) ‘stabilizing cross-beam on primitive boats’; Sln. igº n.(s) ‘yoke’, Gsg. iž<4sa; jígJ (Carinthia) n.(s) ‘yoke’, Gsg. již<4sa; Bulg. ígo ‘yoke’

BSl. B

*jú‹go Lith. jùngas m. 1 ‘yoke’; Latv. jûgs m. ‘yoke’

PIE Cogn.

*iug-ó-m Skt. yugá- n. ‘yoke, pair’; Gk. X¤ n. ‘yoke’; Lat. iugum n. ‘yoke’

The s-stem that occurs in Slovene and in late Church Slavic texts must be analogical after forms such as kolesa ‘wheels’, ojesa ‘thills’ (cf. Vaillant Gr. II: 237). {1} The RSA gives the accentuations go and ígo, but it is unclear on what basis. Skok has ›go with a question mark. The word igo seems to have been introduced into the literary language at a relatively recent stage.

*jgra; *jgr f. #; m. o (b) ‘play, game’ CS E W

S

ESSJa VIII 208-210

OCS igr! (Euch., Supr.) f.(i) ‘entertainment, joke’; CS igra ‘entertainment, dance, play’ Ru. igrá ‘play(ing), game’; Ukr. hra ‘play(ing), game’ Cz. hra ‘play, game, entertainment, amusement’; OCz. jhra ‘play, amusement’; Slk. hra ‘play, game, entertainment, amusement’; ihra (arch.) ‘play, entertainment’; Pl. gra ‘play(ing), game’; OPl. igra ‘play(ing), game’ SCr. ìgra ‘play(ing), dance’, Asg. ›gru; ak. igr; (Vrg.) ‘play(ing), dance’, Asg. igrµ; ›gra (Orb.) ‘game, play’, Asg. ›gro; Sln. ígra ‘play’; igrà ‘play’; Bulg. igrá ‘play(ing), game’

Etymology unclear. The connection with Skt. éjati ‘move, stir’ < *h'eig- is semantically unconvincing and formally unattractive because it is in conflict with Winter’s law. See also: *j%grati

*jgrati v. ‘play’ CS

OCS igrati ‘amuse oneself, play’, 1sg. igraj0

ESSJa VIII 210-211

*j%g&là

210 E W S

Ru. igrát’ ‘play’, 1sg. igráju; Ukr. hráty ‘play’ Cz. hráti ‘play’; Slk. hraŸ ‘play’; Pl. gra\ ‘play’; OPl. igra\ ‘play, dance to music’; Plb. jaigroj 3pl. ‘play’ SCr. ìgrati ‘dance, play’, 1sg. igrm; ak. igr;ti (Vrg.) ‘dance, play’, 2sg. ›gr”š; igr;t (Orb.) ‘play’, 1sg. igrn; Bulg. igrája ‘play’

See ' *j!gra, *j!gr!. *jglà f. # (c) ‘needle’ CS E W

S

B

ESSJa VIII 213-214

CS igla ‘needle’ Ru. iglá ‘needle’; Ukr. hólka ‘needle’; ihlá (dial.) ‘needle’ Cz. jehla ‘needle’; iha (dial.) ‘needle’; Slk. ihla ‘needle’; Pl. iga ‘needle, pin’; jega (dial.) ‘needle, pin’; Slnc. jìegl‘ ‘needle’; LSrb. ga ‘needle’; Plb. jågl‘ ‘needle’ SCr. ìgla ‘needle’, Asg. ›glu; jìgla (dial.) ‘needle’; jàgla (dial.) ‘needle’; ak. igl; (Vrg.) ‘needle’, Asg. ›glu; igl; (Novi) ‘needle’; j|gla (Hvar) ‘needle’, Asg. ›glu; ›gla (Orb.) ‘needle’, Asg. ›glo; Sln. ígla ‘needle, kingpin’; iglà ‘needle, kingpin’; jŠQgla ‘needle, kingpin’; Bulg. iglá ‘needle’ OPr. ayculo (EV) ‘needle’

The connection with Lith. áigyti (dial.) ‘prick, sting, incite, beat’, a§garas ‘straw’ (Toporov PJ s.v. ayculo), does not seem implausible. OPr. ayculo may have for g. The assumption that ay- reflects *ei is not trivial. The Slavic root may have either zero grade or e-grade unless the root has initial *h' or *h. Note that in case of a zero grade in the root the *u of the suffix would have blocked the progressive palatalization. {1} According to the Staroslavjanskij slovar’, the adjective ig"lin" occurs nine times, always in the context skvozY ig"linY uši ‘through the eye of a needle’.

*jkrà; *jkro f. #; n. o (c) ‘roe, spawn, (anat.) calf ’ CS E W

S BSl. B

ESSJa VIII 217-220

CS ikra f. ‘roe’ Ru. ikrá f. ‘roe, spawn, caviar, (anat.) calf ’; ikró (Psk.) f. ‘roe, spawn, caviar’; ikrá f. ‘roe, spawn, caviar, (anat.) calf ’; kra (arch.) f. ‘ice-floe’ Cz. jikra f. ‘roe’; ikro (dial.) n. ‘(anat.) calf ’; kra f. ‘ice-floe’; OCz. kra f. ‘lump, clod’; Slk. ikra f. ‘roe’; Pl. ikra f. ‘roe, spawn, caviar, (anat.) calf ’; OPl. ikro n. ‘roe’; Slnc. kr¨Q‰ f. ‘roe, (anat.) calf ’; Plb. jåkr‘ f. ‘roe’ SCr. ›kra f. ‘roe’; Sln. íkra f. ‘spawn, roe, hydatid, scale’ *ikra‹; *ikro Lith. ìkras m. 2 ‘fish-egg, (anat.) calf, (pl.) roe, spawn, caviar’; Latv. ikri Npl. m. ‘roe, spawn, caviar, (anat.) calves’; ikrs m. ‘(anat.) calf ’; ikra f. ‘roe, spawn’ OPr. yccroy (EV) ‘(anat.) calf ’

A derivative of *iek-r/n- ‘liver’, cf. Skt. yákar- ( yakn-) m. ‘liver’; Gk. Ö  n. ‘liver’.

*j%m˜ti *jl; *jlo m. o; n o ‘silt, clay’ CS E W S

*i‹lLatv. ls ‘very dark’

PIE Cogn.

*(H )iHl-uGk. “•Í f. ‘mud, slime’; Gk. ϕ‡ (Hes.) Nsg. n. ‘black’

*jlm m. o ‘elm’

W S PIE Cogn.

W

S

ESSJa VIII 222-223

Ru. íl’m ‘wych elm (Ulmus montana)’, Gsg. íl’ma; ílem (Dal’) ‘common (or small-leaved) elm (Ulmus campestris)’, Gsg. íl’ma; lëmok (dial.) ‘young wych elm’; ORu. ilem" ‘elm’; Ukr. il’m ‘wych elm (Ulmus montana)’; ílem ‘wych elm (Ulmus montana)’; l’om ‘wych elm (Ulmus montana)’ Cz. jilm m.; jilma f.; Pl. ilm; OPl. ilem; Slnc. h lem; Plb. jFlm‘ f. Sln. lìm, Gsg. líma (according to Pleteršnik, ilŠm, Gsg. ilma, is of Russian origin) *h&ç-mo-? Lat. ulmus m.; OHG elm m.; OIc. almr m.

*jmàti v. ‘take’ CS E

ESSJa VIII 221-222

CS il" m. ‘bog’ Ru. il m. ‘silt’ Cz. jíl m. ‘silt, clay’; Slk. íl m. ‘silt, clay’; il (arch.) m. ‘silt, clay’; Pl. i m. ‘clay, natural dampness of earth’; je (dial.) m. ‘clay, natural dampness of earth’ SCr. il (arch., obs.) m. ‘clay’; j›lo (Cres) n. ‘silt, clay’; ak. ›lo (Vrg.) n. ‘entrails of an octopus or cuttlefish’; j›lo (Novi) n. ‘clay with water’; Sln. í m. ‘loam, clay’, Gsg. íla; ilJ n. ‘loam, clay’; jilJ n. ‘loam, clay’

BSl. B

E

211

ESSJa VIII 224-225

OCS imati ‘take, gather’, 1sg. jemlj0 Ru. imát’ (dial.) ‘catch, try’; imát’ (dial.) ‘have, possess’; ímat’ (dial.) ‘have, possess’; Ukr. máty ‘have, intend, be due’; imáty (dial.) ‘take, seize’ Cz. jímati ‘take, seize’; OCz. jímati ‘take, seize’; jmáti ‘take prisoner’; Slk. maŸ ‘have, possess’; jímaŸ ‘have, possess’; Pl. ima\ (obs.) ‘take, have’; Slnc. j§m‘c ‘seize’; Plb. jaim‘t ‘catch’, 3sg. jFm® SCr. ìmati ‘have’, 1sg. ìmm; ak. im;ti (Vrg.) ‘have’, 2sg. ›m”š; Bulg. ímam ‘have’

See ' *
ESSJa VIII 226-227

OCS imYti ‘have’, 1sg. imam! (rarely imYj0) Ru. imét’ ‘have (of abstract possession)’, 1sg. iméju; Ukr. imíty (dial.) ‘have’; míty (dial.) ‘have’ Cz. míti ‘have’; OCz. jmieti ‘have’; Pl. mie\ ‘have’; imie\ (arch.) ‘have’; OPl. imie\ ‘have’; jemie\ ‘have’; jmie\ ‘have’; Slnc. mjìec ‘have’, 1sg. m¶um; USrb. mY\ ‘have’; LSrb. mYZ ‘have’; Plb. met ‘have’, 3sg. mo

*j%m‚

212 S

SCr. imjeti ‘have’; ak. imt (Orb.) ‘have’, 1sg. ›man; Sln. im—6ti ‘have’, 1sg. imm; Bulg. ímam ‘have’

See ' *
S

OCS im<, Gsg. imene Ru. ímja, Gsg. ímeni; Ukr. im’á, Gsg. ímeny; m’a (dial.) Cz. jméno n.(o); meno (dial.) n.(o); OCz. jmY, Gsg. jmene; Slk. meno n.(o); Pl. imi<, Gsg. imienia; imiono (arch.) n.(o); miano (arch.) n.(o); miono (dial.) n.(o); Slnc. mj¨Q‰n‰ n.(o); USrb. mjeno n.(o); imje; mje; LSrb. mY, Gsg. ¦ea; jimY (arch.); Plb. jaim; jaim‘ n.(o) SCr. ›me, Gsg. ›mena, Npl. imèna; ak. ›me (Vrg.), Gsg. ›mena, Npl. imen’; ›me (Orb.), Gsg. ›mena, Npl. im£ na; Sln. im<4, Gsg. im<4na; Bulg. imé

BSl.

*in‹menOPr. emmens Gsg., emnen Asg.

PIE Cogn.

*hnh-menSkt. nman- n.; Gk. @  n.; Lat. nmen n.

*jnog m. o ‘gryphon’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 227-228

ESSJa VIII 231

RuCS inog" ORu. inog" Cz. noh; Pl. nóg (obs.), Gsg. noga SCr. ineg (arch.); inog (arch.)

Probably a derivative of ' *j!Qn" with a meaning similar to ' *j!nok", cf. Gk.  « ‘solitary, ferocious’. It remains unclear why the suffix of the word for ‘gryphon’ has *g, however. *jnok adj. o ‘solitary’ CS E S

ESSJa VIII 232-233

OCS inok" (Ps. Sin.) ‘singular’; RuCS inokyj adj ‘only, sole, solitary’; inokyj m. ‘hermit’ Ru. ínok m. ‘monk’; inók (dial.) m. ‘robber’; ORu. inokyj adj. ‘only, sole, solitary’; inokyj m. ‘hermit’ SCr. inok (arch.) ‘lonesome, monastic’; Bulg. inók m. ‘monk’

Derivative in *-ok" of ' *j!Qn". See also the previous lemma. *jn prn. (a) ‘other’ CS E W

ESSJa VIII 235-236

OCS in" ‘some(one), other’ Ru. inój ‘different, other’ {1} Cz. jiný ‘other, different’; Slk. iný ‘other, different’; Pl. inny ‘other, different’

*j%r&; *j%r%j% S

SCr. ›n ‘other, different’; Sln. in ‘other’

BSl. B

*(o)i‹nos Lith. víenas ‘one’; Latv. viêns ‘one’ OPr. ainan Asg. ‘one’

213

PIE *HiH-noCogn. Gk. ˆ ‰ f. ‘one (on dice)’; Lat. nus ‘one’ {1} AP (a) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 133). *jnj; *jnje m. io (a) ‘hoar-frost, rime’ CS E

ESSJa VIII 235-236

W S

OCS inii (Ps. Sin. MS 2/N) m.(io); RuCS inii m.(io); inije n.(io) {1} Ru. ínej m.( jo); ORu. inii m.(io); inije n.(io) (also inej, inij); Bel. ínej m.( jo); Ukr. ínej m.( jo) Cz. jíní n.(io); OSlk. jínie n.(io) SCr. nje n.( jo); Sln. nje n.( jo); Bulg. ínej m.( jo)

BSl. B

*i‹nio(s) Lith. ýnis (dial.) m.(io)

*jrbica; *jrbina; *jrbika f. # W S

ESSJa I 73

Kash. jerzbina ‘rowan-tree’; jarzbina ‘rowan-tree’; USrb. jerbina (dial.) ‘rowan-tree’ Sln. rbíka (Josch 1853) ‘rowan-tree’; Bulg. érbica (dial.) ‘partridge’

BSl. B

*ir‹bLith. ìrbF f.(!) ‘hazel-grouse’; Latv. irbe f.(!) ‘hazel-grouse’, irbene f.(!) ‘rowan-tree’

PIE

*h&rb-i-

See also: *er‚b&; *er‚b%; *er‚b&k&; *er‚bica; *er‚bina

*jr; *jrj m. o; m. io E

W S BSl. B

ESSJa VIII 236-237

Ru. írej (dial.) ‘strong wind’; Bel. výraj ‘warm lands to which birds migrate’; výrij ‘warm lands to which birds migrate’; Ukr. (v)ýrij ‘warm lands to which birds migrate’ Pl. wyraj (obs.) ‘warm lands to which birds migrate, fairytale land of happiness’ Sln. ir ‘der Wasserabgrund, (pl.) deep spot in water’; irn ‘Wasserwirbel’ (Bezlaj has r m. and also mentions r f.) *÷u‹rLith. jra f. 1 ‘sea’; Latv. jra f. ‘sea (dial. also pl.)’ OPr. luriay [iuriay] (EV) ‘sea’; irin Asg. ‘sea’

According to Bezlaj (1977b: 212), the connection between Sln. ir and the other Slavic forms can be understood in the light of the ancient belief that migratory birds hibernate under water. If one is not prepared to accept this, only the Slovene forms

*j%skàti

214

are possibly cognate with Lith. jra ‘sea’, Latv. jra ‘id.’, etc. On the other hand, Sln. ir is similar to vir ‘Wasserwirbel’, which seems to belong together with *v!rYti ‘boil’, etc. Formally, *j!r"( j!) and Lith. jra could both continue *iuHr-, but in that case it becomes impossible to establish a connection with *ueHr, cf. Skt. vr ‘water’. A full grade *euHr- would yield BSl. *iouHr-, cf. Lith. jáura ‘marshy land’. Subsequently, the *i- could have spread to the zero grade. The PSl. reflex of *uHr- would have been *vyr-. Nevertheless, it seems more probable to me that such forms as Ukr. výrij were influenced by derivatives containing the prefix vy- or arose from collocations with *v" (cf. ESBM II: 279-280). *jskàti v. (b) ‘look for, seek’ CS E W

S

ESSJa VIII 238-239

OCS iskati ‘look for, seek’, 1sg. isk0, 3sg. ištet", 3pl. isk0t" (also 1sg išt0, 3sg išt0t", with analogical spread of the palatalized root form išt-) Ru. iskát’ ‘look for, seek’, 1sg. išú, 3sg. íšet; Ukr. s’káty ‘search (one’s head)’ Cz. vískati ‘look for lice’; ískaŸ (dial.) ‘bite (frost), look for lice’; OCz. jískati ‘look for, seek’; Slk. ískaŸ ‘look for lice’; Pl. iska\ ‘look for lice’; Slnc. vj§sk‘c ‘look for lice’, 1sg. vj³š SCr. ìskati ‘wish, (Dubr.) look for’; ískati ‘look for lice’; ak. sk;ti (Vrg.) ‘look for’, 2sg. ›š\eš, §š\eš; sk;t (Orb.) ‘look for, get’, 3sg. §š\en; isk;t (Orlec) ‘look for’, 3sg. §š\e; Sln. ískati ‘look for, seek’, 1sg. íšem; iskáti ‘look for, seek’, 1sg. íšem; Bulg. ískam ‘want’

BSl. B

*(o)i‹ska‹Lith. ieškóti ‘look for’; Latv. i skât ‘look for lice’

PIE Cogn.

*h'is-sk-e/oSkt. iccháti ‘wish for, seek’; Av. isaiti ‘seek’; Lat. aeruscre ‘beg, ask for’; OHG eiscon ‘investigate, demand’

The full grade may be of denominative origin. I assume that at a certain stage of Balto-Slavic the suffix *-sk- was replaced by *-Hsk- (Derksen 1996: 294, 337). *jskra f. # (a) ‘spark’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 239-240

OCS iskra (Euch.) ‘spark’ Ru. ískra ‘spark’; Ukr. ískra ‘spark’; skra (dial.) ‘spark’ Cz. jiskra ‘spark’; Slk. iskra ‘spark’; Pl. iskra ‘spark’; skra (arch., dial.) ‘spark’; Slnc. skrˆ ‘spark’; USrb. škra ‘spark’; LSrb. šk¼a ‘spark’; Plb. jåskr‘ ‘spark’ SCr. ›skra ‘spark’; ak. ›skra (Vrg.) ‘spark’; Sln. ískra ‘spark’; Bulg. iskrá ‘spark’

BSl. B

*i‹škLith. ýškus (dial.) 1 ‘clear’; éiškus (dial.) 1 ‘clear’

Cogn.

OIc. eiskra ‘rage with heated excitement’

It is quite likely that we are dealing with a noun containing the root *h'eid- ‘kindle’ (see ' *¾sn" for the origin of the acute).

*j%st&bà *jsto n. o ‘kidney’

215 ESSJa VIII 242-243

CS W S

OCS istesa (Supr.) Apl. ‘kidneys’; istesY (Supr.) Adu. ‘kidneys’ {1} Plb. jaist‘ Npl. ‘kidneys’ ak. jsto (Cres) n.(o?) ‘kidney’ (in the dialect description of Tentor (1909, 1950), the diacritic × denotes length); Sln. obst f.(i) ‘kidney’

BSl. B

*i‹stLith. inkstas m.(o) ‘kidney’; Latv. îkstis Npl. m.(i) ‘kidneys’; îstri Npl. m.(o) ‘kidneys’ OPr. inxcze (EV) n. ‘kidney’

PIE *h'id-st-esCogn. OIc. eista ‘testicle’ {1} Though Ps. Sin. has 0tr0b0 Asg. ‘entrails’ in the same passage (Psalm 26:2), both Gk. Œ and the fact that Supr. has a dual istesY here justify a translation ‘kidneys’ (‘reins’ in the King James Version). The kidneys were considered to be the seat of desires and affections. The SJS translates ‘entrails’.

*jst adj. o (a) ‘true, genuine’

ESSJa VIII 246-247

CS E W S

OCS ist" ‘true, genuine, precise, that’ Ru. ístyj ‘true, genuine’ Cz. istý ‘definite, true, reliable’; Pl. isty ‘true, sure, the same’ SCr. ›st ‘true, the same’; ak. ›st (Vrg.) ‘true, the same’; ›sti (Orb.) ‘same, identical’; Sln. sti ‘the same’

BSl. B

*i‹stos Latv. §sts ‘real, true’

See ' *¾sn". *jstbà f. # (c) ‘room’ CS E W

S

B

ESSJa VIII 243-245

CS j!st"ba ‘room’ Ru. izbá ‘peasant’s hut, cottage’, Asg. ízbu; ORu. ist!ba ‘house, building’; iz(")ba ‘house, building’ Cz. jizba ‘accomodation, room’; izba (dial.) ‘attic, peasant house, house’; OCz. jistba ‘room, pillar, arch’; Slk. izba ‘accomodation, room’; Pl. izba ‘room’; izdba (arch.) ‘room’; istba (arch., dial.) ‘room’; zdba (dial.) ‘room’; ]ba (dial.) ‘room’; OPl. histba ‘peasant house, room’; Slnc. j§zb‘ ‘room’; USrb. jstwa ‘accomodation, room’; stwa ‘accomodation, room’; LSrb. Zpa ‘attic, big room’; Plb. jåzb‘ ‘sitting-room’ SCr. ìzba (Herc.) ‘room, cellar’; ›zba (dial.) ‘cellar’; Sln. zba ‘room, attic’; izbà ‘room, attic’; j¤zba ‘dining-room’; Bulg. ízba ‘cellar, hut’; íst‘ba (arch., dial.) ‘hut’ Latv. istaba ‘room’

Probably from Romance *istuva or *istuba ‘bath-house’, cf. MoFr. étuve.

*j%ti

216 *jti v. ‘go’ CS E W S

ESSJa VIII 247-248

OCS iti ‘go’, 1sg. id0, 2sg. imper. idi Ru. idtí ‘go’, 1sg. idú, 3sg. idët, 2sg. imper. idí {1}; Ukr. ití ‘go’, 1sg. idú Cz. jíti ‘go’, 1sg. jdu, 2sg. imper. jdi; Slk. ísŸ ‘go’; Pl. iZ\ ‘go’; i\ (arch.) ‘go’; Slnc. j³c ‘go’, 1sg. j§d; Plb. ait ‘go’, 3sg. aid®, 2sg. imper. aid SCr. ì\i ‘go’, 1sg. ›dm; ìti (dial.) ‘go’; ìsti ‘go’; Sln. íti ‘go’, 1sg. gr<6m, 1sg. gr<6dem, 1sg. ídem; Bulg. ída ‘go, come’

BSl. B

*eiLith. e§ti ‘go’; Latv. iêt ‘go’

PIE Cogn.

*h&eiSkt. éti ‘go’; Gk. “« ‘go’; Lat. re ‘go’

The stem form id- results from a reanalysis of the 2sg. imperative idi < *h&i-d-oih&s, cf. Skt. ihí 2sg. imper. ‘go’, Gk. ˆ–« 2sg. imper. ‘go’. The original ending was transformed under the influence of the optative ending *-oih&s. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). *jva f. # (a) ‘willow’ E W S

Ru. íva; ORu. iva; Ukr. íva (dial.) Cz. jíva; Slk. iva; Pl. iwa; USrb. jiwa; LSrb. wiwa SCr. ›va; Sln. íva; Bulg. íva

BSl. B

*éi‹wa‹ (*é‹iwa‹?) Lith. ievà 2/4 ‘bird-cherry’ {1}; Latv. i va ‘bird-cherry’

ESSJa VIII 248-249

PIE *h&eiH-ueh' (h&eh&i-ueh'?) Cogn. Gk. @ , @‰, ˆ‰ f. ‘service-tree’; Lat. va ‘bunch of grapes, raisins’ {1} AP 1 seems to occur in dialects. With respect to AP 2, cf. Illi-Svity 1979: 53. *jver m. o ‘chip’ E W

S

ESSJa VIII 250-251

Ru. íver (dial.) ‘felling, mark on a log’; Ukr. íver’ m.( jo) ‘notch across a tree’; ýver’ m.( jo) ‘notch across a tree’; hýver m.(o) ‘chip, splinter’ Cz. iver (dial.) ‘chip’; vejr (dial.) ‘notch, chip’; vér (dial.) ‘notch, chip’; Slk. íver ‘stump, chip’; Pl. wiór ‘shaving, chip’; wier (dial.) ‘shaving, chip’; jewir (dial.) ‘shaving, chip’; iwer (dial.) shaving, chip’; Slnc. vj¶r ‘shaving, chip’; Plb. jFver ‘shaving, chip’ SCr. ›vr ‘chip’; Sln. iv<6r ‘chip’; Bulg. íver ‘chip, chunk’

Formation unclear. *jvlga f. # ‘oriole’ CS E W

ESSJa VIII 251-252

CS vl"ga ‘oriole’ Ru. ívolga ‘oriole, (dial.) purple willow’; Ukr. jívolga ‘oriole’ Cz. vlha (Kott) ‘European bee-eater’; Slk. vlha ‘oriole’; Pl. wilga ‘oriole’; wywioga (dial.) ‘oriole’; wiwielga (dial.) ‘oriole’; wywilga (dial.) ‘oriole’

*j%zm%rm%rati

217

S

SCr. vµga ‘titmouse’; Bulg. avlíga ‘oriole’

B

Lith. volung f.(!) 3$ ‘oriole’; Latv. vãluôdze f.(!) ‘oriole’

Cogn.

MHG witewal m. ‘oriole’; MoHG wiedewalch (Swiss dial.) m. ‘oriole’; MoDu. wielewaal m. ‘oriole’

Drawing a comparison with Germanic forms such as MHG witewal, with a first element meaning ‘wood’, Bulaxovskij (1968: 104) has proposed that *j!v!lga continues *j!vo-v!lga (*j!va ‘willow’). This is a reasonable attempt to account for the problematic prothetic vowel. I consider it possible, however, that we are dealing with a substratum word, cf. Lith. ìrbF ‘hazel-grouse’, jeru(m)b ‘id.’, Latv. irube ‘partridge’. *jz prep./pref. ‘from, out of ’

ESSJa VIII 6-8

CS E W S

OCS iz Ru. iz Cz. z(e) ; Slk. z(o) ; Pl. z(e) ‘with, from, out of ’ SCr. ›z; ak. z (Orb.) ‘out of, from, off ’; Sln. ìz; Bulg. iz ‘from, out of, at, in’

BSl. B

*i] (iZ ) Lith. ìš; ìž (arch., dial.); Latv. iz OPr. is; assa prep.; assae prep.

PIE Cogn.

*h&e(s ) Gk. šŠ prep.; Lat. ex prep.

The *i- of the Balto-Slavic forms is unexplained. The Balto-Slavic form may have been iZ, with secondary voicing in Slavic. *jzkr prep. ‘close to’ CS E S

ESSJa IX 38

OCS iskr! adv./prep. ‘close (to)’; RuCS iskr! prep. ‘beside’ ORu. iskr! prep. ‘beside’ SCr. iskr (arch.) prep. ‘close to’; Sln. iskŠr prep. ‘close to’

This preposition probably originates from *j!z and a second element going back to PIE *(s )kr ‘cut’, cf. Ru. krej, kri (dial.) ‘beside’. See also: *j%zkr%n&

*jzkr ; *jzkrn adj. jo; adj. o CS E W S

ESSJa IX 39

OCS iskr!_ii ‘close’ Ru. ískrennij ‘sincere, candid’ Pl. skierny (dial.) ‘obstinate, foolish’ SCr. ›skrnj (Dubr.) ‘close’; Sln. ískrnji ‘close’

Adjectival derivative of ' *j!zkr!. *jzmrmrati v. CS

OCS izmr!m!r0t" 3pl. ‘gnaw to shreds’

ESSJa IX 51

*j%zuti

218 PIE Cogn.

*mrh'mrh' Skt. mr¥Áti ‘crush’; Gk.   Œ [ ‘quench’

*jzuti v. ‘take off (footwear)’ CS W S

ESSJa IX 87

OCS izuti (Hilf.) ‘take off (footwear)’ Cz. zouti ‘take off (footwear)’; Slk. zozuŸ (obs.) ‘take off (footwear)’; OPl. zu\ ‘take off (footwear)’ SCr. ìzuti ‘take off (footwear)’, 1sg. ›zujm; ak. izµti (Vrg.) ‘take off (footwear)’, 2sg. ›zuješ; zµt (Orb.) ‘take off (shoes)’, 1sg. zjen; Sln. izúti ‘take off (footwear)’, 1sg. izjem

BSl. B

*outLith. ati ‘put on (footwear)’; Latv. àut ‘put on (footwear)’

Cogn.

Hitt. unu- ‘adorn, decorate, lay (the table)’; Lat. exuere ‘take off ’

Prefixed verb composed of ' *j!z- and *uti- < *heu-. The reconstruction of *h is based on Hittite. See also: *obuti

*K *kadìdlo n. o ‘incense’ CS E W S

ESSJa IX 109

OCS kadilo (Ps. Sin., Euch.) ‘incense’ Ru. kadílo ‘thurible, censer’ Cz. kadidlo ‘incense’; Slk. kadidlo ‘incense’; Pl. kadzido ‘fragrance’ SCr. kàdilo ‘smoke, incense’; Sln. kadílJ ‘smoking, incense’

Derivative of ' *kadìti. See also: ad&; adj%; adja

*kadìti v. (c) ‘burn incense’ CS E W S

ESSJa IX 109-110

OCS kaditi (Euch.) ‘burn incense’ Ru. kadít’ ‘burn incense’, 1sg. kažú, 3sg. kadít Cz. kaditi ‘fumigate, burn incense’; Slk. kadiŸ ‘smoke’; Pl. kadzi\ ‘burn incense’ SCr. káditi ‘smoke, burn incense’, 1sg. kdm; ak. k”d›ti (Vrg.) ‘smoke, burn incense’, 2sg. k’dš; kd›t (Hvar) ‘smoke, burn incense’, 1sg. kódin; kd›t (Orb.) ‘incense’; Sln. kadíti ‘smoke, cover with dust’, 1sg. kadím; Bulg. kadjá ‘burn incense, smoke’

The accentuation of the Serbo-Croatian forms points to AP (b), but the evidence of the other languages rather points to (c). This is not an uncommon situation, as Serbo-Croatian mobile verbs in *-iti have been transferred to (b) on a large scale.

*kaliti I

219

Due to the absence of reliable cognates, the reconstruction of the root presents difficulties (' *ad"). In the case of *kadìti, we may be dealing with a lengthened grade *. See also: ad&; adj%; adja; *kadidlo

*kàjati v. (a) ‘regret, repent’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa IX 115-116

OCS kajati s< ‘repent’, 1sg. kaj0 s< Ru. kájat’sja ‘repent’ Cz. káti se ‘regret, redeem’; Slk. kajaŸ sa ‘regret, redeem’; Pl. kaja\ si< ‘repent, regret’ SCr. k;jati ‘repent, be sorry, avenge’, 1sg. k;jm; ak. k;jati se (Vrg.) ‘be repentant’, 2sg. k;ješ se; se k;jat (Orb.) ‘repent, regret’, 3sg. se kje; Sln. kájati ‘blame, retort, (k. se) repent’, 1sg. kájam, 1sg. kájem; Bulg. kája se ‘regret, repent’ *kiAv. kii- ‘repent’

The fact that the accentological evidence points to AP (a) is problematic if, following LIV (371), we reconstruct the root as *kei- ‘observe, perceive’. Since this is the root that I (s.v. *àjati) reconstructed as *keh&i-, the formal difficulty may be solved by positing *koh&i-. From a semantic point of view, however, I consider it more plausible that we are dealing here with the same root as in ' *cYnà, where the reconstruction of a laryngeal seems unfounded. Thus, the formal difficulty remains. See also:*c˜nìti

*kak prn. ‘what (kind of )’ CS E W S

OCS kak"’ Ru. kakój’ OCz. kaký’; Pl. kaki (arch.)’ SCr. kàk’; Sln. kák’

BSl. B

*kkos Lith. kõks’

PIE

*k-ko-

*kaliti I v. ‘temper, case-harden’

ESSJa IX 118-119

ESSJa IX 123-124

E W S

Ru. kalít’ ‘heat, roast’, 1sg. kaljú, 3sg. kalít Cz. kaliti ‘temper, case-harden’; Slk. kaliŸ ‘temper, case-harden’ SCr. káliti ‘temper, case-harden’; ak. kl›t ‘temper, harden (iron)’, 3sg. kãli; Sln. kalíti ‘temper, case-harden’, 1sg. kalím; Bulg. kaljá ‘temper, case-harden’

Cogn.

Lat. callum n. ‘callous’; OIr. calath adj. ‘hard’; W caled adj. ‘hard’

*kaliti II

220 *kaliti II v. ‘soil’ E W S

ESSJa IX 123-124

Ukr. kalyty (dial.) ‘smear a wall with clay’ Cz. kaliti ‘trouble, spoil’; Slk. kaliŸ ‘trouble, spoil’; Pl. kali\ ‘soil, trouble’; Slnc. kˆl‘c ‘soil’ Sln. kalíti ‘trouble’, 1sg. kalím

Clearly a derivative of ' *kl". According to the ESSJa, ' kaliti I ‘temper’ is etymologically identical. *kl m. o (c) ‘dirt’ CS E W S

ESSJa IX 127-129

OCS kal" (Supr.) ‘dirt, mud’ Ru. kal ‘faeces, excrement’ Cz. kal ‘dirt, muddy water, puddle, sediment’; Pl. ka ‘dirt, puddle, excrement’ SCr. kl ‘dirt, mud, puddle’; ak. kl (Orb.) ‘small pond (rainwater cistern) near a village’; Sln. k ‘mud in a puddle, dregs, puddle’; Bulg. kal ‘mud, dirt, dregs’

Unfortunately, the reconstruction *keh'l-o-, cf. Gk. ‰• f., Dor. Ÿ• f. ‘clay, earth, mud, mire’, would be in conflict with Hirt’s law. See also: *kaliti II

*kamy m. n ‘stone, rock’

ESSJa IX 137-140

CS E W S

OCS kamy m.(n) ‘stone, rock’, Gsg. kamene Ru. kámen’ m.( jo) ‘stone’, Gsg. kámnja Cz. kámen m.(o) ‘stone’; Slk. kameŽ m.( jo) ‘stone’; Pl. kamie m.( jo) ‘stone’ SCr. k;mn m.(o) ‘stone, millstone’; ak. k;men (Vrg.) m.(o) ‘stone, millstone’; k;mn (Novi) m.(o) ‘stone, millstone’; k;men (Orb.) m.(o) ‘rock’; Sln. kámen m.(o) ‘stone’

BSl. B

*(‹)akmenLith. akmuõ m. 3¾ ‘stone’, Gsg. akmeñs; ãšmenys Npl. m. 3¾ ‘cutting-edge, blade’; Latv. akmens m. ‘stone’

PIE Cogn.

*h'e˜-menSkt. áZman- m. ‘stone, rock’; Gk. ]€[ m. ‘anvil, meteor, heaven’

The root-final palatovelar was depalatalized before the resonant of the suffix. In the Lithuanian word for ‘cutting-edge, blade’, the palatovelar was restored after the word for ‘sharp’, aštrùs (Kortlandt 1978b: 271). *kara f. # ‘punishment’ CS E

ESSJa IX 151

CS kara ‘quarrel’ Ru. kára (rhet.) ‘punishment, retribution’; Ukr. kára ‘punishment, retribution, anger’

*kaš(%)³% W S

221

Cz. kára (arch.) ‘punishment, retribution’; Slk. kára (arch.) ‘punishment, retribution’; Pl. kara ‘punishment, retribution’ SCr. kára ‘punishment, quarrel’

See ' *kor". The long vowel may originate from ' *karati. *karati v. ‘scold, punish’ E W S

ESSJa IX 152-153

Ru. karát’ ‘punish’ Cz. kárati ‘reproach, scold, (arch.) punish’; Pl. kara\ ‘punish, (arch.) reproach’ SCr. kárati ‘scold, punish’; ak. se kr;t (Orb.) ‘quarrel’; Sln. kárati ‘nick, scold’, 1sg. káram; Bulg. káram ‘scold, quarrel’; Mcd. kara ‘scold’

See ' *korìti. The long root vowel is of Proto-Slavic origin. *kasati v. CS E W S B

ESSJa IX 155-156

OCS kasati s< ‘touch’, 1sg. kasaj0 s< Ru. kasát’sja ‘touch’ Cz. kasati ‘roll, roll up’; Pl. kasa\ (obs., dial.) ‘grab, aspire, climb, prepare’; OPl. kasa\ ‘fold back, tuck up’ SCr. k;sati ‘trot, walk hastily’; Sln. kasati ‘go while shaking one’s head (horses)’, 1sg. kasam; Bulg. kasáe se ‘concerns’ Lith. kasýti ‘scratch constantly’; Latv. kasît ‘plane, rake, scratch’

See also: *esati; *kosa I; *kosm&; *kosn®ti

*kaš()ati v. ‘cough’

ESSJa IX 160

CS E W S

CS kaš!ljati Ru. kášljat’ ‘cough, have a cough’ Cz. kašlati; Slk. kašlaŸ; Pl. kaszla\ SCr. kàšljati, 1sg. k;šljm; ak. kaš#;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. k;š#eš; kašlj;t (Orb.), 1sg. kšljen, 1sg. kašljn; Sln. kšljati, 1sg. kšljam; Bulg. kášlja; kášljam

B

Lith. kósFti; Latv. kãsêt

PIE Cogn.

*keh'sSkt. ks-

Denominative verb. See ' *kaš(!)#!. *kaš() m. jo ‘cough’ E W S

Ru. kášelj; ORu. kaš!l! Cz. kašel; Slk. kaše¯; Pl. kaszel SCr. k;šalj; ak. k;ša# (Vrg.); Sln. kṊlj, Gsg. kášlja

BSl. B

*ka‹s(u)lioLith. kosuls m.(io) 3$; Latv. kãsulis m.(io)

ESSJa IX 160-161

*k#zàti

222 PIE Cogn.

*keh'sSkt. ksik- (AV) f.; OHG huosto m.; OE hwsta m.; MIr. cosachtach f. ‘cough(ing)’; W pâs m. ‘whooping cough’

See also: *kaš(%)³ati

*kzàti v. ‘show’ CS E W S

ESSJa IX 168-171

OCS kazati ‘show’, 1sg. kaž0 Ru. kazát’ ‘show’, 1sg. kažú, 3sg. kážet Cz. kázati ‘teach, judge’; Slk. kázaŸ ‘rule, order, teach’; Pl. kaza\ ‘bid, order, let’ SCr. kázati ‘say, tell, show’, 1sg. kžm; ak. k”z;ti (Vrg.) ‘say, tell, show’, 2sg. k’žeš; kz;t (Orb.) ‘show, point’, 1sg. kãžen; Sln. kázati ‘show’, 1sg. kážem; Bulg. káža ‘say, show’

LIV (383, 385) regards *kazati as a causative *k-%e-, the root being a variant of *ke˜- ‘see, behold’. For the time being this may be the best solution. See also: *kazn%

*kazìti v. ‘ruin’ (c) CS E W S

ESSJa IX 171

OCS kaziti ‘ruin, castrate’, 1sg. kaž0 Ru. kazít’ ‘spoil, ruin’ {1}; Ukr. kazýty ‘distort’ Cz. kaziti ‘spoil, ruin’; Slk. kaziŸ ‘spoil, ruin’; Pl. kazi\ ‘harm, ruin, destroy’; Slnc. kãzec ‘destroy, ruin’; USrb. kazy\ ‘destroy, ruin’; LSrb. kazyZ ‘ruin, harm’ SCr. kazíti (dial.) ‘ruin one’s own appearance’; Sln. kazíti ‘spoil, ruin’, 1sg. kazím

It is unclear if this verb is cognate with ' *kzàti. A connection with ' *èzn0ti is more attractive. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140).

*kazn f. i ‘punishment’ CS E W S

ESSJa IX 172-173

OCS kazn! (Supr., Euch.) ‘punishment, command’ Ru. kazn’ ‘execution, capital punishment’ Cz. kázeŽ ‘discipline’; Slk. kázeŽ ‘sermon, reprimand’; Pl. ka] ‘torture, execution’; OPl. ka] ‘punishment’ SCr. kzn (arch.) ‘punishment’; kzanj (arch.) ‘punishment’; Sln. kzŠn ‘punishment, tax’, Gsg. kzni

See ' *kzàti. {1} AP (a) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 132).

*klasti v. ‘put’ CS E

OCS klasti ‘put’, 1sg. klad0 Ru. klast’ ‘put’, 1sg. kladú, 3sg. kladët

ESSJa IX 187-189

*klek&tati

223

W S

Cz. klásti ‘put’, 1sg. kladu; Slk. klásŸ ‘put’; Pl. kaZ\ ‘put’ SCr. kl;sti (arch.) ‘put’, 1sg. kládm, 1sg. kl;dm; Sln. klásti ‘put, lay’, 1sg. kládem; Bulg. kladá ‘pile’

BSl. B

*kla‹Lith. klóti ‘cover’; Latv. klât ‘cover’

PIE Cogn.

*k()leh'Go. afhlaþan ‘overburden’; OHG hladan ‘load’

The Slavic verb seems to contain an enlargement *-d(), whereas in Germanic we find *-t. Given the meaning of the verb, the hypothesis that the Proto-Slavic *-d originates from the imperative (LIV: 362, cf. ' itì), is not implausible, but cf. Vaillant Gr. III: 115. *klegot; *klegota m. o; f. # ‘shouting, shout’ CS E W

ESSJa IX 189-190

RuCS klegota f. ‘shouting’ ORu. klegota f. ‘shouting’ Cz. klehot (dial.) m. ‘shout’

We may reconstruct *kleg-, but the root is probably onomatopoetic in origin. See also: *kleg&tati; *klekotati; *klekot&; *klek&tati

*klegtati v. ‘scream’ CS E

ESSJa IX 193

CS kleg"tati ‘scream’; RuCS kleg"tati ‘scream like an eagle’ ORu. kleg"tati ‘scream like an eagle’

See ' *klegot", *klegota. *klekotati v. ‘scream’ E W S

ESSJa IX 191

Ru. klekotát’ ‘scream (like birds)’ Cz. klekotati ‘scream (like birds)’; Pl. klekota\ ‘clatter, knock, buzz’ Sln. klekotáti ‘clack, croak’, 1sg. klekotm; Bulg., 1sg. klek06em

See ' *klegot", *klegota. *klekot m. o ‘scream’ E W

ESSJa IX 191-192

Ru. klëkot ‘scream (of birds)’ Cz. klekot ‘scream (of birds)’; Pl. klekot ‘rattle’

See ' *klegot", *klegota. *klektati v. ‘scream’ CS E W

CS klek"tati ‘scream’ Ru. klektát’ ‘scream like birds of prey’ Cz. klektati ‘knock, shake’; Pl. klekta\ ‘knock, pound, shake’

See ' *klegot", *klegota.

ESSJa IX 193

*kl˜j%; *kl%j%

224 *kl j; *klj m. jo ‘glue, resin’ E W S

ESSJa X 19-20

Ru. klej ‘glue’ Cz. klej (dial.) ‘glue, resin’; OCz. klí ‘resin, clay’; Pl. klej ‘glue’; klij ‘glue’ SCr. kl›ja ‘glue’; Sln. kl¤j ‘bitumen, glue’, Gsg. kl¤ja, Gsg. kl—j; Bulg. klej ‘resin, glue’

This noun is reminiscent of ' *glYva, *gl!j!, etc. The connection with Gk. €•• f. ‘glue’ is doubtful. Note that *klY/l!j! does not seem to contain a zero grade *k"l- < *kç-. *kl š a f. j# ‘claw, pincer’

ESSJa X 20-22

E W S

Ru. kléši Npl. ‘pincers’; kleší Npl. ‘pincers’; ORu. kleša ‘claw’ Cz. kleštY Npl. ‘pincers’; Slk. kliešte Npl. ‘pincers’; Pl. kleszcze Npl. ‘pincers’ SCr. klijèšta Npl. n. ‘pincers’; klijèšte Npl. f. ‘pincers’; ak. kl§š\å (Vrg.) Npl. n. ‘pincers’; k#íš\a (Novi) Npl. n. ‘pincers’; kl£ š\a (Orb.) Npl. n. ‘pair of tongs’; Sln. kl—6še Npl. ‘pincers’; Bulg. kléšti Npl. ‘pincers’

B

Lith. klìšF f.(!) ‘(crab’s) pincer’

If we start from a root *k()lei˜-, the etymon *klYša may be reconstructed as k()loi˜-t-ieh'. A possible cognate is Skt. kleZ- (ØB+) ‘trouble, torment’. See also: *kl˜šiti

*kl š iti v. W

S

ESSJa X 22-23

Cz. kleštiti ‘castrate’; klestiti ‘prune, clear, castrate’; OCz. klestiti ‘castrate’, 1sg. klešu; Slk. klieštiŸ ‘castrate’; Pl. kleZci\ (dial.) ‘castrate’, 1sg. kleszcz<, 2sg. kleZcisz; kleszczyc (1902) ‘castrate’ SCr. klijèštiti ‘squeeze’

Apparently a derivative of ' *klYša. The ESSJa suggests that forms reflecting *klestiti are analogical after *pustiti, 1sg. *puš0. This may very well be correct, but it should be noted that the West Slavic forms with *-š-, which could be analogical after the present stem or the noun ' *klYša, are comparatively recent. *kl t f. i CS E W S

OCS klYt! ‘closet, abode’ Ru. klet’ ‘cage (in mines), (dial.) store-room, shed’ Pl. kle\ ‘hut, cabin, (arch.) store-room’ SCr. kl›jet ‘closet, cabin, granary’; Sln. kl¤t ‘cellar, store-room’

BSl. B

*klé‹tis Lith. klAtis ‘barn, granary’; Latv. kl ts ‘granary’

ESSJa X 25-27

Unlike the ESSJa, I consider it unlikely that the Baltic forms are borrowings from Slavic (see also Fraenkel s.v. klAtis, Anikin 2005: 169-171). I agree that long vowels in borrowings are not necessarily circumflex in Lithuanian, but the vocalism F instead of ie is not what we would expect in a loanword from Slavic. The ESSJa assumes that

*klìkn®ti

225

the vocalism is due to remodelling, but I find that unconvincing. It seems preferable to reconstruct *kleh&-ti- with secondary mobility in the Slavic i-stem. The reason why the Baltic words have been regarded as borrowings is that it makes it possible to derive the *Y of the Slavic etymon from *oi, cf. Go. hleiþra ‘hut, tent’, OIr. clíath ‘hurdle, woven wall’, late Lat. clta ‘enclosure’ < *˜lei-, whereas a root ˜leh&- cannot easily be connected with forms from other branches of Indo-European. *kl àti v. (c) ‘kneel’

ESSJa X 28-29

CS E W S

OCS kl<<šta Ndu. ptc. pres. act. ‘kneeling’ Ru. kljaet’ (dial.) ‘grow numb’ Cz. kleeti ‘kneel’; Pl. kl
BSl. B

*klenkLith. klénkti ‘walk with difficulty’; Latv. klencêt ‘hobble’

If Lith. klénkti ‘walk with difficulty’ and Latv. klencêt ‘hobble’ are cognate, we must reconstruct *k()lenHk()-. Further etymology unknown. *klìkati; *klìcati v. (a) ‘cry out, call’

ESSJa X 41

CS E W S

OCS klicati ‘cry out, wail’, 1sg. kli0 Ru. klíkat’ ‘call’ OCz. klíeti ‘call’ SCr. kl›cati ‘cheer, shout, cry out, call’; kl›kati (dial.) ‘cry out, make a merry noise’; ak. k#›cati (Vrg.) ‘cheer, shout, cry out, call’; kl›cat (Orb.) ‘announce (news, publicly)’; Sln. klícati ‘shout, call’, 1sg. klem

BSl. B

*kli‹ka‹Lith. klkti ‘scream, yell’; klýkoti ‘scream, yell’; Latv. kl§kât ‘scream loudly (in a forest)’

The acute of the Baltic forms in *-ti may be metatonical, but on the basis of the Slavic evidence I am inclined to reconstruct a root containing a laryngeal. See also: *klìkn®ti

*klìknti v. (a) ‘cry out’ CS E S

ESSJa X 42

RuCS kliknuti ‘cry out’ Ru. klíknut’ (dial.) ‘cry out’; ORu. kliknuti ‘cry out’ SCr. kl›knuti ‘cry out, call’; klíknuti ‘cry out, call’; Sln. klíkniti ‘cry out’, 1sg. klknem

Perfective in *-n0ti. See ' *klìkati.

*kl­k&

226 *klk m. o ‘cry’ E S

ESSJa X 43

Ru. klik ‘cry’; ORu. klik ‘cry, shouting’ SCr. klk ‘cry, call, scream (of birds)’; Sln. klk ‘cry’

Deverbative o-stem. See ' *klìkati. *ku iti v. ‘lock’ CS W S

ESSJa X 50

OCS kljuiti s< ‘happen’, 1sg. klju0 s<; RuCS kljuiti ‘lock’ {1} Cz. klíiti (Jg., Kott) ‘lock’; Slk. k¯uati ‘squat’; Slnc. klëëc ‘lock’ SCr. kljùiti ‘lock, peck’; kljµiti ‘lock, peck’; Sln. kljúiti ‘bend’, 1sg. kljim {2}

According to the ESSJa, this is a derivative of ' *k#ú!, but the accentological evidence suggests that in some cases we might be dealing with a derivative of ' *k#µka. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). {2} The form kljúim (Pleteršnik I: 409) is incorrect (see o.c. II: V). See also: *k³ú%

*kú  m. jo (b) ‘key’ CS E W S

ESSJa X 50-52

OCS klju! ‘key’ Ru. klju’ ‘key’ Cz. klí ‘hook, key’; Slk. k¯ú ‘key’; Pl. klucz ‘key’; Slnc. klÉ ‘key’ SCr. klj ‘hook, seedling, key’, Gsg. kljúa; ak. k# (Vrg.) ‘hook, seedling, key’, Gsg. k#;; klj (Orb.) ‘key’, Gsg. klj;; Sln. kljú ‘hook, key’; Bulg. klju ‘key’

See also: *k³uiti

*kùka f. # (a) ‘hook’ E

ESSJa X 55-56

S

Ru. kljuká ‘walking-stick, (dial.) poker’; ORu. kljuka ‘deceit, walking-stick, poker’; Ukr. kljúka ‘pole with a hook, hook’ Cz. klika ‘door-handle’; klíka (Jg.) ‘bend, hook’; Slk. k¯uka ‘joint, knob’; OPl. kluka ‘hook’; Slnc. klˆka ‘yoke’ SCr. kljµka ‘hook, door-knob’; Sln. kljúka ‘hook, knee-pad, handle’

B

Lith. kliti ‘brush against, be caught in, obstruct’

PIE Cogn.

*kleh'uGk. €•‰Ù (Ion.), €•ŸÙ (Dor.) f. ‘bolt, catch, hook, key, rowing pen’; Lat. clvis f. ‘key’

W

The reconstruction of the root as *kleh'u- implies that the *e of BSl. *kle‹u is secondary (Schrijver 1991: 175). *klokotati v. ‘bubble, gurgle’ CS

OCS klokotati (Supr.) ‘bubble, boil’, 1sg. klokošt0

ESSJa X 64-65

*kog&da; *kog&dy E W S

227

Ru. klokotát’ ‘bubble, gurgle’ Cz. klokotati ‘bubble, gurgle, boil, sing (of a nightingale)’ SCr. klokòtati ‘bubble, gurgle’; Bulg. klokotáti ‘bubble, gurgle’

Verb of onomatopoetic origin. *klkati; *klcati v. ‘pound’ CS W S

ESSJa X 79-80

OCS kl"caše (Ps. Sin.) 3sg. impf. ‘made diligent search’ {1}; RuCS kl!cati ‘pound’; kl"ati ‘pound’ {2} Slk. klkaŸ (dial.) ‘batter, pound’ Sln. kócati ‘knock’, 1sg. kócam; Bulg. k¹lcam ‘chop up, mince, pick’

Verb of onomatopoetic origin. {1} In kl"caše dx" moi (Psalm 76:7). {2} E.g. kl"caaše dux" moi (Psalm 76:7) and a srdce kl!aše v nYm! (from kl!ati or kl!kati?).

*kob f. i CS E W S

OCS kob! (Supr.) f.(i) ‘fate’ Ru. kob’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘evil, obstinacy, scoundrel’ OCz. koba f.(#) ‘wish, success’ SCr. k|b f.(i) ‘encounter, omen, augury’

Cogn.

OIc. happ n. ‘success’

ESSJa X 101

Origin unclear. We may be dealing with a substratum word. OIr. cob n.(?) ‘victory’ may or may not belong here. *kobc m. jo

ESSJa X 101

E W S

Ru. kóbec (Dal’) ‘honey buzzard’; ORu. kobec" ‘merlin’; Ukr. kíbec’ ‘merlin’ Slk. kobec ‘merlin’; Pl. kobiec ‘falcon’ SCr. kòbac ‘merlin’; Sln. kóbŠc ‘sparrow hawk’; skóbŠc ‘sparrow hawk’

Cogn.

OIc. haukr m. ‘hawk’; OHG habuh m. ‘hawk’; OHG habuh m. ‘hawk’

Origin unclear. The suggestion that this etymon is cognate with ' *kob! is based on augural rites. *kogda; *kogdy adv./conj. ‘when’ CS E W S

ESSJa X 108-109

OCS kogda ‘when, sometimes, one time’ Ru. kogdá ‘when’ OCz. kehdy ‘when’; Pl. kiedy ‘when’; OPl. kiedy ‘when’; kiegdy ‘when’ SCr. kàda ‘when’; Sln. kŠdá ‘when, sometime’; kŠdáj ‘when, sometime’; kdá ‘when, sometime’; kdáj ‘when, sometime’; kadá ‘when, sometime’; kadaj ‘when, sometime’; Bulg. kogá ‘when’

The element *ko- must reflect *ko-. The element *g"da is sometimes interpreted as *goda, Gsg. of ' g|d".

*kojariti

228 *kojariti v. W S

ESSJa X 111-112

Pl. kojarzy\ ‘connect, match, unite’ SCr. kojáriti ‘increase, develop’

The connection with ' *ar!mò is uncertain. See also: *or%mò

*kkoš f. i (c) ‘hen’ CS W S

ESSJa X 115-116

OCS kokoš! (Mar.) ‘hen’ Cz. kokoš (dial.) ‘cock’; Slk. kokoš (dial.) ‘cock’; Pl. kokosz ‘hen’ SCr. k«kš ‘hen’; ak. k«kš (Vrg.) ‘hen’; k«koš (Orb.) ‘chicken, hen’, Gsg. kokoš›; Sln. kokºš ‘hen’

Probably onomatopoetic in origin. *kokot m. o ‘cock’ CS W S

OCS kokot" OCz. kokot ‘cock, penis’; Slk. kokot ‘penis’; Pl. kokot (arch., dial.) SCr. k«kt; Sln. kokºt

*kòlda f. # (a) ‘block, log’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

S

BSl. B

ESSJa X 122-123

OCS glad0 (sic: Supr.) Asg. ‘block’ Ru. kolóda ‘block, log, (water-)trough’ Cz. kláda ‘block, log, beam’; Slk. klada ‘block, log, beam’; Pl. koda ‘block, log’; USrb. kóda ‘stocks, fetter’ SCr. kl;da ‘block, log, beam’; Sln. kláda ‘block, log, layer’; Bulg. kláda ‘pile, pyre’ *kold-eh' Gk. €•¶‘ m. ‘branch, shoot’; OIc. holt m. ‘wood’; OHG holz m. ‘wood’

*kolno n. o (a) ‘knee’ CS E W

ESSJa X 117-118

ESSJa X 132-134

OCS kolYno ‘knee’ Ru. koléno ‘knee’ Cz. koleno ‘knee, generation’; Slk. koleno ‘knee, (arch.) generation’; Pl. kolano ‘knee’ SCr. kòljeno ‘knee, joint’; ak. kol›no (Vrg.) ‘knee, joint’; kolno (Novi, Orb.) ‘knee’; Sln. kol—6nJ ‘knee, generation, origin’; Bulg. koljáno ‘knee, generation, origin’ *kol-/*kelLith. k lis m.(io) ‘knee’; Latv. celis m.(io) ‘knee’

As to the etymology of the root, there are two candidates, viz. *kelH- ‘rise, raise, lift’ and *kel(H )- ‘turn, rotate’. For semantic reasons, I have a slight preference for the

*kÊlo

229

former option. The connection with Gk. €Â• ‘limb’, which cannot reflect an initial labiovelar, is hardly secure enough to serve as a formal argument. See also: *eles%n&; *elò; *elov˜k&; *e³ad%

*koli adv./conj. ‘how much’ CS E S

ESSJa X 135-136

OCS koli ‘when, ever’ Ru. kóli (obs., dial.) ‘if ’ SCr. k«li (RJA, RSA: obs., dial.) ‘how much’; Sln. kJQli ‘however much’

Adverb (also conjunction) consisting of the neuter pronoun *ko and the particle li, cf. Ru. li, which functions as an interrogative particle and as a conjunction ‘whether, if ’. *koliko adv./prn. ‘how much’ CS W S

ESSJa X 135-136

OCS koliko ‘how much’ Cz. koliko (arch.) ‘how much’ SCr. k«liko (Vuk) ‘how much’; kòliko ‘how much’; kolìko ‘how much’; ak. kol›ko (Orb.) ‘how much’; Sln. kJ6liko ‘how much’

Derivative in *-ko- of ' *koli. *kolkol m. o (c) ‘bell’ CS E W

CS klakol" Ru. kólokol; ORu. kolokol" Plb. klåt’öl

B

Latv. ka#uôt ‘talk idly’

PIE Cogn.

*kolHkolH-oGk. €¶•[ ‘call’; Lat. calre ‘call’

*klo n. s ‘wheel’

ESSJa X 137-138

ESSJa X 141-145

CS E W S

OCS kolo n.(s/o) ‘wheel’, Gsg. kolese, Gsg. kola Ru. kolesó n.(o) ‘wheel’; Ukr. kólo n.(o) ‘wheel, circle’ Cz. kolo n.(o) ‘wheel’; Slk. kolo n.(o) ‘wheel, circle’; Pl. koo n.(o) ‘wheel’ SCr. k«lo n.(s) ‘wheel, circle’, Npl. kolèsa; ak. k«lo (Vrg.) n.(o) ‘wheel, circle’, Npl. k«l”; k«lo (Novi) n.(o) ‘wheel, circle’, Npl. k«la; ku|lo (Orb.) n.(o) ‘wheel, circle’, Npl. ku|la; Sln. kolº n.(s) ‘wheel, circle’, Gsg. kol<6sa, Gsg. kol<4sa

B

Lith. kãklas m. 4 ‘neck’; Latv. kakls m. ‘neck, throat’ OPr. kelan (EV) ‘wheel’

PIE Cogn.

*kol(H )-esSkt. cakrá- n. ‘wheel (of a chariot, of the sun, of the year)’; Gk. €‡€• m. ‘circle, ring, wheel’

*k¥ls&

230

Meillet (Ét. II: 357) suggests that the root vocalism *o (unexpected in an s-stem) is due to contamination with the masculine o-stem that is reflected in Gk. • ‘(axis or pole of the) celestial sphere’. *kls m. o (c) ‘ear, spike’ CS E W S

ESSJa X 152-153

OCS klas" ‘ear, spike’ Ru. kólos ‘ear, spike’; Ukr. kólos ‘ear, spike’ Cz. klas ‘ear, spike’; Slk. klas ‘ear, spike’; Pl. kos ‘ear, spike’; USrb. kós ‘ear, spike’, Gsg. kosa SCr. kls ‘ear, spike, corn-cob’; ak. kl“s (Vrg.) ‘ear, spike, corn-cob’, Gsg. kl“sa; kls (Orb.) ‘ear, corn-cob’, Gsg. klsa; Sln. kls ‘ear, corn-cob’, Gsg. klsa, Gsg. klas; Bulg. klas ‘ear’

Derivative in *-so- of the root *kolH-, cf. Alb. kalli m. ‘ear, awn’. See also: *kolti; *koltìti; *kólt&; *kolta; *koltò; *kòl&; *k&l&

*kòlti v. (b) ‘stab, sting’ CS E W S

ESSJa X 154-156

OCS klati ‘kill’, 1sg. kolj0 Ru. kolót’ ‘prick, stab, chop’, 1sg. koljú, 3sg. kóljet Cz. kláti ‘stab, beat, kill’; Slk. klaŸ ‘stab, butt, kill’; Pl. ku\ ‘sting, prick’; Slnc. kl¨Q‰c ‘sting, prick’ SCr. kl;ti ‘chop, cut’, 1sg. k«ljm; ak. kl;ti ‘chop, cut’, 2sg. k«#eš; kl;t (Orb.) ‘slaughter’, 3sg. k«lje; Sln. kláti ‘sting, bite, slaughter, split, beat’, 1sg. k06ljem; Bulg. kólja ‘slaughter, kill’

BSl. B

*kol‹Lith. kálti ‘beat, forge’; Latv. kat ‘beat, forge’

PIE Cogn.

*kolHLat. calamitas f. ‘damage’

See also: *k¥ls&; *koltìti; *kólt&; *kolta; *koltò; *kòl&; *k&l&

*koltìti v. (b) ‘shake, strike’ CS E W S

ESSJa X 156-158

OCS klatiti (Supr.) ‘shake’, 1sg. klašt0 Ru. kolotít’ ‘strike, smash, shake’, 1sg. koloú, 3sg. kolótit Cz. klátiti ‘shake’; Slk. klátiŸ ‘shake, swing’; Pl. kóci\ ‘stir up, cause to quarrel’; Slnc. kl¨Q‰c®c ‘kill’ SCr. klátiti ‘shake, swing’; ak. klt›t (Orb.) ‘beat, shake (e.g. nuts from a tree), knock about’, 1sg. klãtin; Sln. klátiti ‘knock down, shake off ’, 1sg. klátim; Bulg. klátja ‘shake, swing’

Denominative verb. See ' kólt"

*kòœ% *kólt; *kolta; *koltò m. o; f. #; n. o (b) E

W

S

BSl. B

231 ESSJa X 158-159

Ru. kólot (dial.) m. ‘wooden sledge-hammer, heavy club’; kolóta (dial.) f. ‘flail, threshing floor’; ORu. kolot" m. ‘instrument for ramming’; Bel. kólat m. ‘pole for rousing fish’; Ukr. kólot m. ‘quarrel’ Cz. klát m. ‘bee-hive, piece of wood around the neck of a mean dog, (dial.) log’; Slk. klát m. ‘log, block, primitive bee-hive’; Pl. kota (dial.) m. ‘boot-tree, last’ SCr. kláto n. ‘log around the neck or feet of livestock’; ak. klt« (Orb.) n. ‘clapper, tongue (of a bell)’, Npl. klãta; Sln. kláta f. ‘log around the neck of a pig’ *kol‹tó Lith. káltas m. 1 ‘chisel’; Latv. kats m. ‘chisel, small hammer’

I assume that the mobile o-stems found in East Slavic are secondary and that the root-final laryngeal was lost in pretonic position in an end-stressed noun kol‹tò or kol‹t"Q. Note that due to the transfer of the original barytone neuter o-stems (in *-om > *-um > *-") to the class of the masculine o-stems, there was widespread vacillation between the Nsg. endings *-" and *-o (cf. Illi-Svity 1963: 49, Derksen forthc. a: passim). The relationship between *kólt" and ' *koltìti (see also Derksen 1996: 118) may be compared with the one between ' *molt" and ' *moltìti but is not completely parallel (see ' *molt"). I wonder if the East Slavic variant kólot may be analogical after mólot. The East Baltic forms do not show metatony, which is regular in the case of to-derivatives of dominant acute roots. The final stress reflected by the Slavic etymon may be due to the productivity of the neuter suffix *-tò (*-t"¸). In view of the numerous Old Prussian derivatives in –tan (e.g. dalptan ‘punch’), the spread of the suffx may have been a Late Balto-Slavic development, in which case the East Baltic state of affairs results from redistribution according to the accentual properties of the root. See also: *k¥ls&; *kòlti; *kòl&; *k&l&

*kòl m. o (b) ‘stake’

ESSJa X 160-161

CS E W S

OCS kol" (Supr.) ‘stake’ Ru. kol ‘stake’ Cz. k,l ‘stake’; Slk. kôl ‘stake’; Pl. kó ‘stake’, Gsg. kou, Gsg. koa Sln. kò ‘pole, stake’, Gsg. kóla; Bulg. kol ‘pole, stake’

BSl. B

*kl-/*kol-? Lith. kuõlas ‘stake’

Originally a neuter o-stem derivative of ' *kòlti. *kò  m. jo (b) ‘horse’ CS E W

ESSJa X 197-198

OCS ko_! Ru. kon’ Cz. k,Ž, Gsg. konY; Slk. kôŽ, Gsg. koŽa; Pl. ko; USrb. kó, Gsg. konja

*kon&

232 S

SCr. k«nj, Gsg. kònja; ak. kõ_ (Vrg.), Gsg. konj;; kuõnj (Orb.), Gsg. konj;; Sln. kònj, Gsg. kónja; Bulg. kon

Etymology disputed. An attempt can be made to connect *kò_! with Ru. kobýla ‘mare’, etc., which may be cognate with Lat. caballus ‘working-horse’. In that case we might posit a (non-IE) root *kab- (with a non-glottalized *b) and derive *kò_! from *kab-n-io-. Another possibility is to start from *kom-n! and seek a connection with ORu. komon!, Cz. komoŽ ‘horse’ and maybe also Lith. kum lF ‘mare’. *kon m. o E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa X 195-196

Ru. kon ‘row, turn, kitty (in games)’; kon (dial.) ‘beginning, end, turn’; ORu. kon ‘end, limit’ OCz. kon ‘end’; LSrb. kón ‘period, moment’ SCr. k«n ‘beginning, end’ (in the expression od kona do kona ‘from beginning to end’) *kon-oGk. € «  adj. ‘new’; Lat. recens adj. ‘fresh, young, new’; OIr. cét- ‘first’

See also: *‚do; *‚da; *‚d&; *‚d%; *kon%c%; *na‚ti; *šen‚

*konc m. jo ‘end’ CS E W S

ESSJa XI 5-6

OCS kon!c! ‘end, boundary’ Ru. konéc ‘end, boundary’ Cz. konec ‘end, limit’; OCz. konec ‘death, death penalty’; Slk. koniec ‘end’; Pl. koniec ‘end’; USrb. kónc ‘end’ SCr. kònac ‘thread, end’, Gsg. kónca; ak. kon;c (Vrg., Orb.) ‘thread, end’, Gsg. konc;; kon;c (Novi) ‘thread, end’, Gsg. knc;; Sln. kónŠc ‘end, tip, beginning, purpose’

Derivative in *-!c!. See ' *kon". *kopa f. # ‘heap, shock’ E W

S

ESSJa XI 10-12

Ru. kopá ‘heap of hay or rye’; ORu. kopa ‘monetary unit, shock (group of sixty units, group of sheaves)’ Cz. kopa ‘shock (group of sixty units), heap, pile, (dial.) hay-stack’; Slk. kopa ‘shock (group of sixty units), heap, pile, hay-stack’; Pl. kopa ‘shock (group of sixty units, group of sheaves), hay-stack’ SCr. k«pa (Vuk) ‘hay-stack’; kòpa ‘hay-stack’; ak. k«pa (Vrg., Orb.) ‘haystack’; k«pa (Vrg., Orb.) ‘hay-stack’; k«pa (Orb.) ‘hole (to plant a tree in)’; Sln. kópa ‘hay-stack’; Bulg. kopá ‘heap’

BSl. B

*kopLith. kãpas m. 4 ‘grave’; Latv. kaps m. ‘grave’

PIE

*(s )kop-

Deverbative -stem. See ' *kopàti.

*kop&t&; *kop&t% *kopàti v. ‘dig’

233 ESSJa XI 18-20

CS E W S

OCS kopati, 1sg. kopaj0 Ru. kopát’, 1sg. kopáju Cz. kopati; Slk. kopaŸ; Pl. kopa\ SCr. kòpati, 1sg. k«pm; ak. kop;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. k«p”š; kop;t (Orb.) ‘dig, cultivate (land)’, 1sg. kopn; Sln. kópati, 1sg. k06pljem; kopáti, 1sg. kopm; Bulg. kopája

BSl. B

*kopLith. kapóti ‘chop, hew’; Latv. kapât ‘chop, hew’ OPr. enkopts ‘buried’

PIE Cogn.

*(s )kopGk. €[ ‘beat, hit’

See also: *kopa; *kop%je

*kopr m. o ‘dill’ CS E W S

OCS kopr" (Mar.) Asg. Ru. kopër Cz. kopr; Slk. kôpor; Pl. koper; OPl. kopr SCr. k«par; Sln. kópŠr ‘dill, camomile’; Bulg. kóp‘r

Cogn.

Gk. €‡« (Hom.) n.; €‡ m. ‘galingale’

ESSJa XI 26-27

The ESSJa holds that the root is *kuep- ‘smell’, but I consider it more likely that we are dealing with a borrowing from an identified language. *kopt; *kopt m. o; f. i ‘soot’ E W

ESSJa XI 29-30

Ru. kópot’ f.(i) ‘soot, (dial.) smoke, dust, hoarfrost’; ORu. kopot! f.(i) ‘soot, dust’; Ukr. kópit m.(o) ‘dust (in the air)’ Cz. kopt m.(o) ‘soot’; OCz. kopet m.(o) ‘soot’; Slk. kopt (arch.) m.(o) ‘soot’; Pl. kopie\ m.( jo) ‘soot, fumes’

BSl. B

*kwopLith. kvãpas m. 4 ‘smoke’

PIE Cogn.

*k()h'uop-oGk. €   m. ‘smoke’; Lat. vapor m. ‘steam’ (both probably < *k()uh'ep)

The reconstruction *k()h'uop-o- was first proposed by Schrijver (1991: 161), who tried to account for the accentual difference between Latv. kûpt, kûpêt ‘smoke, steam’ and Lith. kvpti ‘cough, breathe’ by placing the laryngeal before the *u. The broken tone of Latv. kvêpt is assumed to be analogical after the zero grade. I would like to add that the broken tone may also orginate from the sta-present, cf. Latv. pîkt ‘be angry’ vs. pikts ‘angry’. Schrijver does not discuss ' *kyp¾ti, which he correctly groups together with Latvian forms containing a root kup- (see ' *kyp¾ti).

*kop%je

234 *kopje n. io ‘spear, lance’ CS E W S

ESSJa XI 40-41

OCS kopije n.(io) ‘spear, lance’ Ru. kop’ë n.(io) ‘spear, lance’, Npl. kóp’ja Cz. kopí n.(io) ‘spear, lance’; OPl. kopije n.( jo) ‘spear, lance’ SCr. kòplje n.( jo) ‘spear, lance, point, shaft’; k«plje n.( jo) ‘spear, lance, point, shaft’; Sln. kopj<4 n.( jo) ‘spear, lance, wedding banner’; Bulg. kópie n.(io) ‘spear, lance’

Deverbative of ' *kopàti. *korà f. # (b) ‘bark’ CS E W S

ESSJa XI 44-45

CS kora ‘bark’ Ru. korá ‘bark’ Cz. k,ra ‘bark, crust’; kora (obs.) ‘bark, crust’; Slk. kôra ‘bark, crust’; Pl. kora ‘bark’ SCr. k«ra ‘bark, crust’; ak. k«ra (Vrg.) ‘bark, crust’; k«ra (Orb.) ‘bark (of a tree), crust, peel (of fruit)’; Sln. kóra ‘bark, crust’; Bulg. korá ‘bark, crust’

Prosodically, some forms behave as if *kora belongs to the *vò#a type (cf. Zaliznjak 1985: 135-136, Verweij 1994: 507, 510). The root is (s )ker-, cf. Gk. €Œ[ ‘shear’, OIc. skera ‘cut’. See also: *korica; *kor to; *kor%c%; *skorà

*korb; *korba m. o; f. # ‘basket’

ESSJa XI 52-54

E W S

Ru. kórob m. ‘box, basket’; ORu. korob" m. ‘box, basket’ Cz. krabuše f.( j#) ‘wicker basket’; Pl. kroba (dial.) f. ‘wicker box’ Sln. kraba f. ‘box’

B

Lith. karbas m. ‘basket’

Cogn.

Lat. corbis f. ‘basket’; OHG korb m. ‘basket’; Fi. karpas m. ‘basket’

Possibly an early (Balto-Slavic?) borrowing from Germanic. The Germanic word was in turn borrowed from Latin. See also: *korb

*korb# f.  ‘basket’ CS E W

ESSJa XI 55-56

OCS krabii (Supr., Ass.) ‘casket, basket’ Ru. kórob’ja (dial.) f.(i#) ‘box or case for storing clothes’; kórob’ja (dial.) f.(i#) ‘box or case for storing clothes’; ORu. korob!ja f.(i#) ‘box, basket’ Pl. krobia f.( j#) ‘basket, box’

See ' *korb", *korba *korda f. # ‘pile of logs’ CS E

OCS krada (Supr.) ‘bonfire, stake’; RuCS krada ‘bonfire’ Ukr. kóroda ‘pile of logs, wood-stack’

ESSJa XI 58-60

*kòrsta W

235

S

OCz. krada ‘tinder-box, torch’; Pl. króda (dial.) ‘hay-cock, stack of sheafs in a field’ Sln. kráda ‘pile of logs, wood-stack, refining works’

PIE Cogn.

*kord-eh' Go. hrot n. ‘roof ’; MHG rz(e) f. ‘stake’

*korica f. j# ‘bark’ CS E W S PIE

ESSJa XI 69-70

OCS koric< Npl. ‘cinnamon’ Ru. koríca ‘cinnamon’ Cz. sko•ice ‘cinnamon’; ko•ice (Kott) ‘cinnamon’; Slk. korica ‘small breadbasket’ SCr. k«rica ‘bark, crust’; ak. k«rice (Vrg.) Npl. ‘scabbard, sheath’; Sln. kórica ‘bark, crust’; Bulg. koríca ‘cover (of a book), binding’ *(s)kor-

Derivative of ' *korà. *korìti v. ‘reproach’ CS E W S

ESSJa XI 74-77

OCS koriti (Supr.) ‘jeer at’, 1sg. korj0 Ru. korít’ ‘upbraid (for), reproach (with)’ Cz. ko•iti se ‘submit, resign oneself ’; Slk. koriŸ sa ‘submit, resign oneself ’; Pl. korzy\ si< ‘humble oneself ’ SCr. kòriti ‘reproach (with)’; Sln. koríti ‘reproach, punish’, 1sg. korím; Bulg. korjá ‘reproach (with), scold’

BSl. B

*karLith. káirinti ‘provoke’; Latv. ka§rinât, karinât ‘tease, irritate’

PIE Cogn.

*karLat. carinre ‘use abusive language’; OHG harawn ‘mock’

The *i of some of the Baltic forms is due to secondary ablaut. For the etymology, see ' *kor". *kòrsta f. # (a) ‘scab’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XI 93-95

OCS krasta (Euch.) ‘scab (of a leper)’ Ru. korósta ‘scab’ Cz. chrásta ‘mange, scab’; OCz. krásty Npl. ‘mange’; Slk. chrasta ‘scab’; Pl. krosta ‘rash, scab’ SCr. kr;sta ‘scab(s), leprosy’; ak. kr;sta (Vrg.) ‘scab(s), leprosy’; kr;sta (Orb.) ‘blister, corn’; Sln. krásta ‘scab(s)’; Bulg. krásta ‘scab(s)’ *korHs-tMoHG verharschen ‘form scabs’

*kórt&

236

The often advocated connection with Lith. karšti, Latv. k¬rst ‘comb, card’, Lat. carrere ‘card’ (from PIE *(s )ker-s-) is problematic because the tone of the Baltic verb does not match the acute of *kòrsta. Perhaps there is a relationship with PGmc. *harska‘raw’. It seems hardly possible that we are dealing with a borrowing from German, cf. MLG korste, because this would require the Low German metathesis (the etymon is a borrowing from Romance *crusta, cf. OHG kruste) to have preceded the Slavic metathesis of liquids. *kórt m. o (b) ‘once, time’

ESSJa XI 99-100

CS W S

OCS krat" m. / adv. ‘once, time’ Cz. krát m. / adv. ‘once, time’; Slk. dvakrát adv. ‘twice’ SCr. krt (arch.) m. / adv. ‘once, time’; Sln. kràt ‘once, time’, Gsg. kráta

BSl. B

*kortoLith. kartas m. 2 ‘once, time’

PIE Cogn.

*(s )kórt-o-m Skt. kr¥6tvas (RV+) adv. ‘- time(s)’; Skt. sak¼¥t (RV+) adv. ‘once’

See also: *erslò; *ers&; *erz&; *%rtà; *kort&¸k&

*kortk adj. o (b) ‘short’

ESSJa XI 101-104

CS E W S

CS krat"k" Ru. korótkij Cz. krátký; Slk. krátky; Pl. krótki SCr. krátak, f. krátka; ak. kr“tak (Vrg.), f. kr”tk;, n. kr“tko; krãtak (Vrg.), f. krãtka, n. krãtko; Sln. krátŠk; Bulg. krát‘k

BSl. B

*kortus Lith. kartùs 4 ‘bitter’

I see no reason to separate *kort"Qk" from Lith. kartùs. The latter is attested with an acute root, but this may be analogical after saldùs ‘sweet’. See also: *erslò; *ers&; *erti; *erz&; *%rtà; *kórt&

*kòrva f. # (a) ‘cow’ CS E W S

CS krava Ru. koróva Cz. kráva; Slk. krava; Pl. krowa; USrb. kruwa; krówa (dial.) SCr. kr;va; ak. kr;va (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. kráva; Bulg. kráva

BSl. B

*kór‹ve‹ Lith. kárvF f.(!) ‘cow’ OPr. curwis (EV) ‘ox’

PIE Cogn.

*˜orh'-ueh' Gk. €  adj. ‘horned’; Lat. cervus m. ‘deer’

ESSJa XI 106-112

*kor%c% *kor m. o

237 ESSJa XI 120

CS S

CS kor" ‘contumely’ SCr. k|r (dial.) ‘reproach’; Bulg. kor ‘nickname’; kor (dial.) ‘reproach’

Cogn.

Gk. €¶ ‰ (Hesych.) f. ‘penalty’; OIr. caire f. ‘blame, disapproval’

Schrijver (1991: 429) makes an effort to derive the various forms that have been mentioned in connection with Lat. carinre (' *koriti) from *k(e/o)r-. One may consider a reconstruction *kar-, however. Note that Gk. €¶ ‰ cannot reflect a form with syllabic *r. The etymological connection with Lith. kãras ‘war’, which has also been connected with *kor", seems quite uncertain (see Fraenkel s.v.). See also: *kara; *karati; *korìti

*kory m. n ‘root’ CS E W S B

ESSJa XI 62-65

OCS koren! m.(n); kor< (PsDim.) Asg. m.(n) {1}; RuCS koren! m.(n); kor< m.(n) Ru. kóren’ m.( jo), Gsg. kórnja Cz. ko•en m.(o/jo); Slk. koreŽ m.( jo); Pl. korze m.( jo) SCr. k«rijen m.(o); ak. k«ren (Vrg., Orb.) m.(o); k«rn (Novi) m.(o); Sln. kor<4n m.(o); k04ren m.(o); k04rŠn m.(o); Bulg. kóren m.(o) Lith. k ras m. 4 ‘tree-stump, stub, bush, shrub’; Latv. c
PIE *k()or(H )-en{1} Also kory (see Birnbaum and Schaeken 1997: 32, 147-148). See also: *ernovit&; *ernov&; *ern& II; *ern% II; *k&¹%

*korto n. o (a) ‘trough’ CS E W S

ESSJa XI 121-126

CS koryto ‘trough’ Ru. korýto ‘wash-tub, trough’ Cz. koryto ‘trough’; Slk. koryto ‘trough, river-bed’; Pl. koryto ‘trough, riverbed’ SCr. kòrito ‘trough, river-bed’; ak. kor›to (Vrg., Novi) ‘trough’; kor›to (Orb.) ‘(drinking) trough’; Sln. korítJ ‘trough, bee-hive’; Bulg. koríto ‘trough, depression, river-bed’

This etymon can be analyzed as *kor- ‘cut’ (PIE *(s)kor-) plus the suffix *-yto that we find in Ru. kopýto ‘hoof ’. We may compare Lith. prãkartas ‘manger, trough’, OPr. pracartis ‘trough’, which contain a root *kort- ‘hew’, an enlarged variant of the abovementioned root. See also: *korà; *korica; *kor%c%; *skorà

*korc m. jo CS E

OCS korec" (Mar.) Gpl. ‘measures’ {1} Ru. koréc (dial.) ‘bucket’

ESSJa XI 128-130

*kosà I

238 W S

Cz. korec ‘dry measure’; OCz. ko•ec ‘dry measure’; Pl. korzec ‘100 liters, 100 kilograms’ SCr. kòrac ‘bark, crust’; Sln. kórŠc ‘scoop, bucket, bushel’

PIE *(s)kor{1} Zogr. has kor" Gpl. in the same verse (Luke 16:7) See also: *korà; *korica; *kor to; *skorà

*kosà I f. # (c) ‘hair, braided hair’

ESSJa XI 131-133

CS E W S

CS kosa ‘hair’; RuCS kosa ‘braided hair, braid’ Ru. kosá ‘braid, plait’, Asg. kósu; ORu. kosa ‘braided hair, braid’ OCz. kosa ‘hair’; OPl. kosa ‘braid, mane’ SCr. kòsa ‘hair, wool’, Asg. k«su; ak. k«se (Vrg.) Npl. ‘hair, wool’; kos; (Novi) ‘hair, wool’, Asg. kosµ, Asg. k«su, Npl. kos, Npl. k«se; Kajk. kyes« (Bednja) ‘hair, wool’, Asg. kes|u, Asg. ky=su; Bulg. kosá ‘hair’

BSl. B

*kosa‹ Lith. kasà ‘braid’ OPr. kexti ‘Zopfhaar’

Cogn.

OIc. haddr m. ‘hair (of a woman)’

Derivative with o-grade of the root *kes- ‘comb, scratch’ (' *esàti) *kosà II f. # (b) ‘scythe’ CS E W S

ESSJa XI 133-135

CS kosa ‘scythe’ Ru. kosá ‘scythe, spit (geog.)’, Asg. kosú, Asg. kósu Cz. kosa ‘scythe’; Slk. kosa ‘scythe’; Pl. kosa ‘scythe’; USrb. kosa ‘scythe’ SCr. kòsa ‘scythe’, Asg. k«su; ak. kos; (Novi) ‘scythe’, Asg. kosµ, Asg. k«su; kos; (k«sa) (Orb.) ‘scythe’, Asg. k«so; Sln. kósa ‘scythe, spit (geog.)’; Bulg. kosá ‘scythe’

The ESSJa regards *kosà ‘scythe’ as etymologically identical with ' *kosà I. This may indeed be the best solution. It seems unlikely that *kosà ‘scythe’ derives from PIE *˜os-, cf. Skt. Zástra- n. ‘knife’. Positing original zero grade of the root, as has been done for Skt. Zástra- and Lat. castrre, does not seem to explain the depalatalization of *˜- because in that case we would expect *kox- < *koš- << *kš-, but before a consonant *kos- < *koš- << *kš- is possible. Likely candidates for this development, such as Slk. kostura ‘big knife’, Ukr. kostúra ‘knife for slaughtering animals’, seem to be related with ' *k|st! ‘bone’, however. *kosm m. o ‘tuft, lock of hair’ CS E W

ESSJa XI 145-147

RuCS kosm" ‘hair, lock of hair’ Ru. kósmy Npl. ‘locks, mane’ Cz. kosm (Jg.) ‘tuft, lock of hair’; kosma (obs., poet.) f. ‘tuft, lock of hair’; Pl. kosm ‘tuft, lock of hair’

*košara; *košar&; *koše¹a

239

S

Sln. kósŠm ‘tuft, flake’; Bulg. kós‘m ‘hair, fibre, colour of animal’s hair or coat’

PIE

*kos-mo-

See ' *kosà I. *kosnti v. CS E S

ESSJa XI 155-156

OCS kosn0ti s< ‘touch’, 1sg. kosn0 Ru. kosnút’sja ‘touch’ SCr. kosnuti (se) ‘touch’

Verb in *-n0ti from the same root as ' *esàti. *kst f. i (c) ‘bone’

ESSJa XI 167-173

CS E W S

OCS kost! ‘bone’ Ru. kost’ ‘bone’ Cz. kost ‘bone’; Slk. kosŸ ‘bone’; Pl. koZ\ ‘bone’ SCr. k|st ‘bone’; ak. k|st (Vrg.) ‘bone’, Gsg. k«sti; k|st (Novi) ‘bone’; ku|s (Novi) ‘bone’, Gsg. kost›; Sln. kºst ‘bone, pit’; Bulg. kost ‘bone’

Cogn.

Lat. costa f. ‘rib’

The relationship with the otherwise isolated Lat. costa ‘rib’ seems quite possible. An interesting hypothesis is to regard the *k of *k|st! as the reflex of the initial laryngeal of PIE *h'ost- ‘bone’, cf. Skt. ásthi, Gk. »ª , in an Indo-European substratum language (cf. Kortlandt 1997b: 47, where the option is dismissed, however). Meillet (e.g. 1921, Ét. II: 262) regards the *k as a prefix. If the root is *h'ost-, we are probably dealing with an original neuter *kosti. *ks m. o (c) ‘blackbird’ CS E W S

RuCS kos" Ru. kos (arch., dial.) ‘starling’; Ukr. kis (dial.), Gsg. kosá Cz. kos; k,s (dial.); Slk. kos (dial.); Pl. kos SCr. k|s; Sln. kºs; Bulg. kos

Cogn.

Gk. €°«¼ m.; Gk. €¤ m.

ESSJa XI 175-177

PSl. *k|s" can be connected with the Greek forms mentioned below if we reconstruct a root *kops-. The variation attested in Greek points to a pre-Greek substratum word, but that does not entirely rule out a relationship with the Slavic word. *košara; *košar; *košea f. #; m. o; f. j# ‘sheep-fold, basket’ CS E

CS košerja f. ‘basket’ Ru. košára (dial.) f. ‘large wicker basket’

ESSJa XI 183-186

*kòš%

240 W

S

Cz. košár m. ‘enclosure’; Slk. košiar (dial.) m. ‘enclosure for sheep’; Pl. koszar m. ‘sheep-fold, enclosure for sheep’; koszara f. ‘sheep-fold, enclosure for sheep’ SCr. kòšara f. ‘basket, fence’; kòšr m. ‘basket, bee-hive’; k«šr m. ‘basket, bee-hive’; ak. koš;ra f. ‘large (hay) basket’; Sln. košra f. ‘round basket’; košár m. ‘round basket’; Bulg. košára m. ‘sheep-fold, enclosure for sheep’

See ' *kòš!. *kòš m. jo (b) ‘basket’ CS E W S

ESSJa XI 195-197

OCS koš! ‘basket’ Ru. koš (dial.) ‘fishing-basket, bird-trap, bee-hive’; Ukr. kiš ‘basket’, Gsg. košá Cz. koš ‘basket’; k,š (dial.) ‘basket’; Slk. kôš ‘basket’; Pl. kosz ‘basket’; LSrb. kóš ‘basket’ SCr. k«š ‘granary, basket’, Gsg. kòša; ak. k«š (Orb.) ‘basket’, Gsg. koš;; Sln. kòš ‘basket, pannier, bee-hive, chest’, Gsg. kóša; Bulg. koš ‘basket’

The connection with Lat. qulum n. ‘wicker basket’ and quasillum n. ‘small basket’ is somewhat hazardous. See also: *košara; *košar&; *koše¹a

*kotera; *kotora f. # ‘quarrel, fight’

ESSJa XI 200-201

CS E

OCS kotora (Supr.) ‘quarrel, fight’; RuCS kotera ‘fight’ Ru. kotóra (dial.) ‘hostility, fight’; kótora (dial.) ‘hostility, fight’; ORu. kotera ‘fight’; Ukr. kotorá ‘quarrel, offence’

Cogn.

OIc. h0ð f. ‘quarrel’; MHG hader m. ‘quarrel, fight’; OIr. cath m. ‘fight, host’

PIE origin doubtful. The North European evidence points to *kat-. *koter; *kotor prn. ‘who, which’ CS E W S

ESSJa XI 201-203

OCS kotor"i ‘who, someone’; koter"i (Mar., Hil.) ‘who, someone’ Ru. kotóryj ‘which, (rel.) who, which’ Slk. koterý ‘which’; kotorý ‘which’; kotrý ‘which’; USrb. kotry ‘which, what’; LSrb. kótary ‘which’ SCr. koteri (dial., obs.) ‘which’; Sln. kot<6ri ‘which’; kat<6ri ‘which’; Bulg. kótryj (Gerov) ‘which’; kotrí (dial.) ‘which’

BSl. B

*kot(e)ros Lith. katràs ‘which (of the two)’

PIE Cogn.

*ko-ter-oSkt. katará- ‘which (of the two)’; Gk.  ‘which’; Go. øaþar ‘which’

*kotìti s v. (c) ‘have young’ E W

ESSJa XI 204-205

Ru. kotít’sja ‘have kittens, have young’, 1sg. koús’, 3sg. kotítsja Cz. kotiti se ‘have young’; Pl. koci\ si< ‘have young’

*kovàti S

241

SCr. kòtiti (se) ‘have kittens, have young’; ak. kot›ti (Vrg.) ‘have kittens, have young’; Sln. kotíti ‘have young, brood’, 1sg. kotím; kótiti ‘have young, brood’; Bulg. kótja ‘have young’

According to one theory, *kotìti s< derives from *kot" ‘cat’, which must be a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language (cf. Lat. cattus, attested since Palladius, which ousted fls). On the other hand, there is Lat. catulus ‘young of an animal’, already attested in Plautus, which has been connected with OIc. haðna f. ‘goat’. This word, too, is probably of non-Indo-European origin. See also: *kot& I

*kot I m. o W S

ESSJa XI 211-212

Cz. kót (dial.) ‘post-natal period’; Pl. kot (dial.) ‘place where forest animals young’ SCr. k|t ‘(time of ) having young, litter, breed’; Sln. kòt ‘brood, litter’, Gsg. kóta; Mcd. kot ‘(time of ) having young, breed’

Deverbative o-stem. See ' *kotìti s<. *kot II m. o ‘booth, sty’ W S

OCz. kot ‘booth, stall (market)’; kót ‘booth, stall (market)’ SCr. k|t (dial.) ‘sty for domestic animals, young animals’

Cogn.

OE heaðor n. ‘incarceration, jail’

ESSJa XI 211-212

Furthermore, the etymon has been connected with LAv. kata- m. ‘storage room, cellar’. The ESSJa points out that in the culture of the early Slavs sties for domestic animals may have been dug out. See also: *kot%c%

*kotc m. jo CS E W S

ESSJa XI 214-215

CS kot!c! ‘cage’ Ru. kotéc (dial.) ‘(fish-)trap made from brushwood’ Cz. kotec ‘sty’; OCz. kotec ‘booth, stall (market)’; OPl. kociec ‘enclosure for domestic animals’ SCr. kòtac ‘cattle-shed, weir’; Sln. kótŠc ‘compartment of a stable, pig-sty, bird-cage’

See ' *kot" II *kovàti v. (c) ‘forge’ CS E W

ESSJa XII 10-12

OCS kovati (Ps. Sin., Supr.) ‘forge’, 1sg. kov0 Ru. kovát’ ‘forge, hammer’, 1sg. kujú, 3sg. kuët Cz. kouti ‘forge’, 1sg. kuji; OCz. kovati ‘forge’, 1sg. kuju; Slk. kovaŸ ‘forge, shoe’; kuŸ ‘forge, shoe’; Pl. ku\ ‘forge’; kowa\ (dial.) ‘forge’

*kozà

242 S

SCr. kòvati ‘forge, shoe’, 1sg. kµjm; ak. kov;ti (Vrg.) ‘forge, shoe’, 2sg. kµješ; kovãti (Orb.) ‘forge, shoe’, 1sg. kjn; Sln. kováti ‘forge, hammer’, 1sg. kújem; Bulg. ková ‘forge, hammer’

BSl. B

*kou‹Lith. káuti ‘murder, beat, hew’; Latv. kaût ‘fight’

PIE Cogn.

*kouh'Lat. cdere ‘beat, grind, forge’; OIc. h0ggva ‘hew, beat’; OHG houwan ‘hew, beat’

See also: *kuzœa; *k&zn%; *kyj&

*kozà f. # (b) ‘goat’ CS E W S

ESSJa XII 19-21

OCS koza (Supr.) Ru. kozá, Asg. kozú Cz. koza; Slk. koza; Pl. koza SCr. kòza, Asg. k«zu; ak. koz; (Vrg.), Asg. k«zu, Asg. kozµ; k«za (Orb.), Asg. k«zo; Sln. kóza; Bulg. kozá

Possibly a borrowing from a Turkic language (cf. ESJS: 350-351, Dybo 2002: 478-480). See also: *koz%l&; *koža

*kozl m. o ‘he-goat’ CS E W S

ESSJa XII 32-33

OCS koz!l" (Ps. Sin., Supr.) Ru. kozël, Gsg. kozlá Cz. kozel; Slk. kozol (dial.); Pl. kozio; kozie SCr. kòzao, Gsg. kòzla; Sln. kózŠ, Gsg. kózla; Bulg. kozél

Derivative of ' *kozà. The suffix *-!l" is not uncommon in animal names. *kòža f. j# (b) ‘skin, leather’ CS E W S

ESSJa XII 35-36

OCS koža ‘skin, leather’ Ru. kóža ‘skin, leather, rind’ Cz. k,že ‘skin, leather’; kože ‘skin, leather’; Slk. koža ‘skin, leather’; OPl. ko­a ‘skin’ SCr. k«ža ‘skin, leather, rind’; ak. k«ža (Vrg.) ‘skin, leather, rind’; k«ža (Orb.) ‘skin, hide, leather’; Sln. k06ža ‘skin, leather, rind’; Bulg. kóža ‘skin, leather, rind’

Derivative of ' *kozà. *kda adv. ‘where, whither’ E S

Ru. kudá SCr. kùd; Sln. k06da; k06d

B

OPr. isquendau ‘thence’

ESSJa XII 46-47

*k®¯s& PIE

243

*kom-d()-

The final part of the formation is obscure. An Isg. would be unexpected in an adverb with this meaning. See also: *k®d˜

*kd adv. ‘where, whither’ CS E S

ESSJa XII 47

CS k0dY Ru. kudé (dial.); ORu. kudY Bulg. k‘dé

See ' *k0da. *kpina f. # ‘bush’ CS E W S

ESSJa XII 63-64

OCS k0pina ‘bush, shrub’ Ru. kupiná (arch.) ‘bush’; kúpina (dial.) ‘mound, knoll’ Cz. kupina ‘bunch, bush, bramble bush’; Slk. kupina ‘bush’; Pl. k
Derivative of a peripherally attested noun *k0pa, e.g. Slnc. kpa ‘sandbank overgrown with reed in a lake’. The root *k0p- cannot easily be separated from *kup-, cf. ' *kup". *ksati v. ‘bite’

ESSJa XII 65-66

CS E W S

OCS k0sati Ru. kusát’ Cz. kousati; Slk. kúsaŸ; Pl. ksa\; k<sa\; Slnc. ksac SCr. kúsati ‘eat with a spoon’; Sln. kosáti ‘break in pieces, pulverize’, 1sg. kosm; Bulg. k¹sam ‘tear, hurt’

BSl. B

*kon‹dLith. k6sti, 3sg. kánda; Latv. kuôst

In view of the East Baltic forms, the root must have ended in a dental stop. We may reconstruct either *k()ond- (where Winter’s law would be responsible for the acute) or *k()onHd()-. It is therefore formally possible to regard the root under discussion as a nasalized variant of the root of Skt. khd- ‘chew, bite, eat’ and Arm. xacanem ‘bite’. Like the Armenian form, Slavic *k0sati seems to contain *-s-. One might be inclined to think that the *s originates from a suffix *-so- in ' *k04s", but the ESSJa regards the latter as a deverbative noun. *ks m. o (c) ‘piece’ CS E W

CS k0s" ‘lump, piece’ Ru. kus (dial.) ‘piece of smth., food’ Cz. kus ‘part, piece’; Slk. kus ‘piece’; Pl. k<s ‘piece, bit, morsel’

ESSJa XII 67

*k®tati

244 S

SCr. ks ‘piece, lump’; ak. ks (Vrg.) ‘piece’, Gsg. ksa; ks (Orb.) ‘piece, part’, Gsg. ksa; Sln. k04s ‘piece’; Bulg. k‘s ‘piece’

BSl. B

*kan‹dLith. kañdis m.(io) ‘bite’

See also: *‚¯st%; *k®sati

*ktati v. ‘muffle up, conceal’ E S

ESSJa XII 69-70

Ru. kútat’ ‘muffle up (in)’; ORu. kutati ‘muffle up (in), conceal’; Ukr. kútaty ‘muffle up (in), take care of, reassure’ Bulg. k¹tam ‘hide, conceal’

See ' *k0tja. *ktja f. j# ‘hut’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XII 70-74

OCS k0št< (Supr.) Gsg. ‘hut’ ORu. kua ‘hut, cabin’; Ukr. kúa ‘bird-cage, pig-sty’ Cz. kua (dial.) ‘hut, shack’ (according to Machek (1997: 304), this word may have been borrowed from Ukrainian through Polish); Slk. kuka (E. dial.) ‘little house’; Pl. kuczka ‘hut, shack’ (perhaps from Ukrainian) SCr. kµ\a ‘house’; ak. kµ\a (Vrg., Novi) ‘house’; kµ\a (Orb.) ‘house, (obs.) kitchen’; Sln. k06a ‘peasant hut, shack’; Bulg. k¹šta ‘house’

Etymology obscure. To all appearances, the etymon was originally limited to East and South Slavic. See also: *k®tati

*kt m. o (b) ‘corner’

ESSJa XII 75-78

CS E W S

OCS k0t" Ru. kut (dial.) Cz. kout; Slk. kút; Pl. kt; Slnc. k¶Ît SCr. kt; ak. kút (Novi), Gsg. kt;; kuõt (Orb.: obs.), Gsg. kuot;; Sln. k06t; Bulg. k‘t ‘corner, angle’

BSl. B

*kompLith. ka8pas ‘corner’

If *k06t" is cognate with Lith. kampas, we may reconstruct a neuter o-stem *komptom. *kràj m. jo (a) ‘edge’ CS E W

ESSJa XII 88-89

OCS krai ‘edge, end, shore’ Ru. kraj ‘edge, country, land’ Cz. kraj ‘edge, end, region’; Slk. kraj ‘edge, end, region’; Pl. kraj ‘edge, country, land’

*kràsti S

245

SCr. krj ‘end, (dial.) edge, bank’, Gsg. kr;ja; ak. kr’j (Vrg.) ‘shore, end’, Gsg. kr;ja; kráj (Novi) ‘end’, Gsg. kr;ja; krãj (Orb.) ‘side, rim, piece (of wood, thread), end’, Gsg. kr;ja; Bulg. kraj ‘end, edge, area’

See ' *krojìti. *krakati v. ‘croak’ CS E W S

RuCS krakati ORu. krakati, 1sg. krau Cz. krákati; Slk. krákaŸ; Pl. kraka\ SCr. krákati; Sln. krkati, 1sg. krkam, 1sg. krem

B

Lith. krokoti (dial.); Latv. krãkât

Cogn.

Lat. crcre

ESSJa XII 92-93

See also: *k&rkati; *k&rkn®ti

*krsà f. # (b) CS E W S

ESSJa XII 95-97

OCS krasoj0 Isg. f. ‘adornment, decoration’ Ru. krasá ‘beauty’ Cz. krása ‘beauty’; Slk. krása ‘beauty’; Pl. krasa ‘colour, beauty’ SCr. krása ‘snake’; Bulg. krása ‘snake’

Etymology unclear. The resemblance to Lith. gražùs ‘beautiful’, grõžis ‘beauty’, has given rise to the idea that this is another instance of the alternation between voiced and voiceless obstruents which is observed in, among others, ' *k"lp! vs. Lith. gulbìs ‘swan’. See also: *kras%n&

*kràsti v. ‘steal’

ESSJa XII 102-105

CS E W S

OCS krasti, 1sg. krad0 Ru. krast’, 1sg. kradú, 3sg. kradët {1} Cz. krásti; Pl. kraZ\ SCr. kr;sti, 1sg. krádm; ak. kr;s (Orb.), 1sg. krdn; Sln. krásti, 1sg. krádem; Bulg. kradá

BSl. B

*kra‹Latv. krât ‘gather, heap’

PIE

*kreh'-d()

LIV (367) suggests that the d-enlargement of the root is actually to be identified with the *-d- of *j!d0 ‘I go’, which originated in the imperative. Vaillant (Gr. III: 179) explicitly argues against this. {1} AP (a) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 133).

*kras%n&

246 *krasn adj. o ‘beautiful’ CS E W S

ESSJa XII 109-110

OCS kras!n" ‘beautiful, pleasant’ Ru. krásnyj ‘red, (obs., coll.) beautiful’ Cz. krásný ‘beautiful, pretty’; Slk. krásny ‘beautiful, pretty’; Pl. krasny (poet.) ‘red, beautiful’; kraZny (poet.) ‘red, beautiful’ SCr. krsan ‘beautiful, pretty’; krásan ‘beautiful, pretty’; Sln. krásŠn ‘splendid, beautiful’

See also: *kr#sà

*kre et m. o ‘gerfalcon’ CS E W

ESSJa XII 111

RuCS kreet" Ru. kréet; ORu. kreet"; Ukr. kréet Pl. krzeczot

In all likelihood a derivative of an onomatopoetic root *krek-. *kremy m. n ‘flint’

ESSJa XII 118-123

CS E W S

CS kremy m.(n), Gsg. kremene Ru. kremén’ m.( jo) Cz. k•emen m.(o); Slk. kremeŽ m.( jo); Pl. krzemie m.( jo) SCr. krmn m.(o); ak. krmen (Vrg.) m.(o); Sln. krémen m.(o) ‘flint, energy’, Gsg. krem<6na

BSl. B

*kremLatv. krems m.; krams m.

The root may be *(s )krem-, an enlargement of *(s)ker- ‘cut’. *kr p adj. o ‘strong’

ESSJa XII 134

CS W S

OCS krYp" ‘strong’ Cz. k•epý (obs.) ‘strong’; Slk. krepý ‘slow-witted, simple-minded’ SCr. kr›jep (poet.) ‘strong’

PIE Cogn.

*kreh&p-oOIc. hrÀfa ‘endure’

See also: *kr˜p&k&

*kr pk adj. o (a) ‘strong’ CS E W S

ESSJa XII 135-138

OCS krYp"k" ‘strong’ Ru. krépkij ‘strong’; krépok ‘strong’ Cz. k•epký ‘fresh, strong’; Slk. krepký ‘adroit, smart’; Pl. krzepki ‘strong, alive, quick’ SCr. krpak ‘strong, lively’; ak. kr›pak (Novi) ‘strong, lively’; krpak (Orb.) ‘strong, lively’; Sln. kr—6pŠk ‘hard, stiff, tough’, f. kr—6pka; kr—pk ‘hard, stiff, tough’, f. kr—pkà; Bulg. krép‘k ‘tough, hard, strong’

*kr­k&

247

Adjective containing the very common adjectival suffix *-"k". For the etymology, see ' *krYp". *krslo n. o (a) ‘chair’ E W S BSl. B

Ru. kréslo ‘arm-chair, (dial.) flooring for the slaughter of livestock’ Cz. k•eslo ‘arm-chair’; Slk. krieslo ‘arm-chair’; Pl. krzeso ‘chair’; krzaso (dial.) ‘chair’; OPl. krzaso ‘chair’ Bulg. kresló ‘seat’ *kré‹slo Lith. krAslas m. 3 ‘arm-chair’; Latv. kreKsls m. ‘chair’ OPr. creslan ‘arm-chair’

*kri ati v. (c) ‘cry, scream’ CS E W

ESSJa XII 126-129

ESSJa XII 149-150

S

OCS kriati ‘cry, shout, scream’, 1sg. kri0, 2sg. kriiši Ru. kriát’ ‘cry, shout, scream’, 1sg. kriú, 3sg. kriít Cz. k•ieti ‘cry, shout, scream’; Slk. kriaŸ ‘cry, shout, scream’; Pl. krzycze\ ‘cry, shout, scream’ SCr. kríati ‘scream’, 1sg. krím; Sln. kríati ‘scream’, 1sg. kriím

B

Lith. krkti ‘cry (of birds), quack’; krkšti ‘cry, shout’

See ' *krk". *kr#dlò n. o (b) ‘wing’ CS E W S

ESSJa XII 152-154

OCS krilo ‘wing, roof ’ Ru. kryló ‘wing’; Ukr. kryló ‘wing’ (with analogical y after kryt’ ‘cover’) Cz. k•ídlo ‘wing’; Slk. krídlo ‘wing’; Pl. krzydo (dial.) ‘wing’; Slnc. k•Ädlo ‘wing’ SCr. krílo ‘wing, fin, nostril, lap’; ak. kr§l” Npl. ‘skirt, white linen half-slip, (esp. in songs) wings’; krl« (Orb.) ‘lap’; Sln. krílJ ‘wing, fin, nostril’; Bulg. kriló ‘wing’

BSl. B

*(s)kreiLith. skri ti (dial.) ‘rotate, circle, fly’ (Standard Lithuanian has skríeti); Latv. skrìet ‘go, run, fly’

PIE

*(s)krei-dlom

See also: *krina; *krinica II

*krk m. o (c) ‘cry, shout’

ESSJa XII 155-156

CS E W S

CS krik" ‘shouting, cries’ Ru. krik ‘cry, shout’ Cz. k•ik ‘cry, shout’; Slk. krik ‘cry, shout’; Pl. krzyk ‘cry, shout’ SCr. krk ‘cry, shout’; Sln. krk ‘cry, scream’

BSl.

*kreik-

*krina; *krinica I

248 B

Lith. krkti ‘cry (of birds), quack’; krkšti ‘cry, shout’

PIE

*kreik-

*krina; *krinica I f. #; f. j# ‘vessel, jug’ CS E S

ESSJa XII 156-158

OCS krinic0 (Supr.) Asg. ‘jug’; RuCS krina ‘vessel, grain measure’ Ru. kriníca ‘earthenware pot, jug’; ORu. krina ‘vessel, grain measure’ SCr. krnica (arch., dial.) ‘plate, clay bowl’; Sln. krínja ‘flour vessel’; krínjica ‘flour vessel (dim.)’

Etymology unclear. The ESSJa derives this etymon from the root *(s )ker- ‘cut’. *krinica II; *krnica f. j# E W S

ESSJa XII 158-159

Ru. kriníca (dial.) ‘spring, well’; Ukr. krynýcja ‘spring, well’ Pl. krynica ‘spring, well’; kiernica (dial.) ‘spring, well’; krzynica ‘stream, well’ Sln. krníca ‘deep spot in river or lake, vortex, basin’

The Slovene word in particular agrees very well with Lith. skríeti, dial. skri ti ‘rotate, circle, fly’. I therefore reconstruct the root as *(s )kr(e)i-. See also: *krdlò

*kriti v. ‘buy’ CS E

RuCS kriti ‘buy’ ORu. kriti ‘buy’

PIE Cogn.

*kr(e)ih'Skt. krÁti ‘buy’; Gk. Œ – « ‘buy’; OIr. crenaid ‘buy’

ESSJa XII 160-161

See also: *kr%n®ti

*krojìti v. ‘cut’

ESSJa XII 180-182

E W S

Ru. kroít’ ‘cut (out)’, 1sg. krojú, 3sg. kroít Cz. krojiti ‘cut’; Pl. kroi\ ‘cut’ SCr. kròjiti ‘cut’, 1sg. kròjm; ak. kroj›ti (Vrg.) ‘cut’, 2sg. kroj§š; kroj›t (Orb.) ‘cut out (garment from cloth)’, 3sg. kroj§; Sln. krojíti ‘split, disrupt, unstitch, cut (out)’; Bulg. krojá ‘cut out (a garment), devise’

B

Latv. krijât ‘skin’

In my dissertation (1996: 271-272) I discussed the accentual properties of the East Baltic root *krei- ‘skim, fish’. Beside solid evidence for an original acute, we find forms pointing to a circumflex. Schrijver, in his discussion of Lat. cern (1991: 407408), does not commit himself. LIV (366-367) now reconstructs a root *kreh&(%)‘sieben, trennen’ and claims that CS kroiti continues an iterative *kroh&%-é%e-, but with a root *kroih&-, which is supposed to be analogical after the metathesized zero grade. In view of similar problems connected with roots of the structure CVHI- (cf. ' *gojiti), I think that this is acceptable. The original full grade *kroh&%- seems to be present in ' *kràj!.

*krÊsno *kroma f. # ‘edge, slice’ E W

249 ESSJa XII 185-186

Ru. kromá (dial.); króma (dial.) ‘edge, (thick) slice of bread’; ORu. kroma ‘(thick) slice of bread’ Pl. kroma (dial.) ‘heel of a loaf, slice of bread’; USrb. kroma ‘edge’; LSrb. kšoma ‘edge’

Perhaps derived from a root *(s )krom- ‘cut’, cf. MoHG Schramme. See also: *krom˜

*krom prep. ‘except’ CS E W

ESSJa XII 185-186

OCS kromY prep. ‘except, without’; kromY adv. ‘far away’ Ru. króme prep. ‘except, besides’ Cz. kromY prep. ‘except’; krom prep. ‘except’; Pl. krom (dial.) prep. ‘except, without’

See ' *kroma. *kropiti v. ‘besprinkle’ CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa XIII 8-9

OCS kropiti (Euch., Supr.) ‘besprinkle, asperse’, 1sg. kroplj0 Ru. kropít’ ‘besprinkle, asperse, trickle’, 1sg. kropljú, 3sg. kropít Cz. kropiti ‘besprinkle, splash’; Slk. kropiŸ ‘besprinkle, splash’; Pl. kropi\ ‘besprinkle, drip’ SCr. kròpiti ‘pour, besprinkle’, 1sg. kròpm; ak. krop›ti ‘pour, besprinkle’, 2sg. krop§š; Sln. kropíti ‘besprinkle, asperse’, 1sg. kropím *kropLith. skrepliúoti ‘spit slime’; Latv. kr pât ‘spit thick slime’

Etymology unclear. *krsno n. o (c) ‘weaver’s beam, (pl.) loom’ CS E

W S

ESSJa XIII 13-17

RuCS krosna Npl. ‘canvas, loom’ Ru. krósna Npl. ‘loom, threads’; krósno (dial.) ‘loom, threads’; krósna Npl. ‘loom’; krosná Npl. (dial.) ‘loom, canvas, linen’; ORu. krosna Npl. ‘canvas, loom’ Cz. krosna f. ‘basket (carried over the shoulders)’; kr,sna f. ‘basket (carried over the shoulders)’; Slk. krosná Npl. ‘loom’; Pl. krosna f. ‘loom’ SCr. kr«sno (dial.) ‘weaver’s beam’; kr«sna ‘loom’; kr«sna (dial.) f. ‘loom, weaver’s beam’; ak. kr«sn” (Vrg.) Npl. ‘loom’; kruõsna (Orb.) ‘(part of a?) loom’; Sln. krósna Npl. ‘loom’; krosne Npl. f. ‘loom’; Bulg. krosnó ‘weaver’s beam’; krosna f. ‘cradle’;

Etymology unclear. An analysis *krot-sno, with the root of Lith. krsti ‘shake’ (Vaillant Gr. IV: 584) is semantically not particularly convincing. More promising is the connection with forms such as Lith. krãsF (obs., dial.), kr sF (dial.) ‘chair’, Latv. kreslis ‘(simple) sledge’. The relationship between this root *kres- and the root of '

*krotìti

250

*kr¾slo < *kré‹slo, cf. also Latv. kreKsls ‘Stuhl, der Teil des Spinnrockens, in dem die Beine ruhen’ is unclear to me. Even the assumption that a lengthened grade yields an acute brings no solution because the fact that this Balto-Slavic neuter o-stem has fixed stress must be due to Hirt’s law, which is a retraction of the ictus to a nonapophonic vowel. *krotìti v. ‘tame’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 17

OCS krotiti (Euch., Supr.) ‘tame, reassure’, 1sg. krošt0 Ru. krotít’ (dial.) ‘soothe, restrain, tame, club to death (fish, seals)’ Cz. krotiti ‘soothe, restrain, tame’; Slk. krotiŸ ‘soothe, restrain, tame’; OPl. kroci\ ‘soothe, tame’ SCr. kròtiti ‘tame, calm’; Sln. krotíti ‘tame, restrain’, 1sg. krotím

Factitive verb. See '*kr«t"k". *krtk adj. o ‘gentle, quiet’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 18-19

OCS krot"k" ‘tame, placid, quiet’ Ru. krótkij ‘gentle, meek’; Ru. krótok ‘gentle, meek’, f. krotká, n. krótko Cz. krotký ‘quiet, tame’; Slk. krotký ‘quiet’; OPl. krotki; krótki ‘gentle, tame’ SCr. kr«tak ‘gentle, meek, quiet, slow’, f. kr«tka, n. kr«tko; ak. kr«tak (Orb.) ‘tame, calm’; Sln. krótŠk ‘quiet, gentle, meek’; krotk ‘quiet, gentle, meek’; Bulg. krót‘k ‘quiet, tame, gentle, meek’

According to Berneker (I: 624), we must start from a meaning ‘castrate’, but there is little formal support for this hypothesis, Gk. €ª[ ‘rattle, clap, knock, strike’ being the best example. The connection with *(s )kert- ‘cut’ (' *ersti) would require Schwebeablaut and is therefore not very convincing. See also: *krotìti

*kròv m. o (b) ‘roof ’

ESSJa XIII 20-21

CS E W S

OCS krov" ‘roof, shelter’ Ru. krov ‘roof, shelter’, Gsg. króva {1} Cz. krov ‘roof, shelter’; Slk. krov ‘roof ’ SCr. kr|v ‘roof ’, Gsg. kr«va; ak. krõv (Vrg.) ‘roof ’, Gsg. kr«va, Gsg. krov;; kruõf (Orb.) ‘roof ’, Gsg. krov;; Sln. kròv ‘roof, lid’, Gsg. króva

BSl. B

*krou(‹)um Latv. krava f. ‘heap, pile’

A derivative of ' *kr+ti. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 134).

*kr ina f. # ‘gall, anger’ CS E

RuCS kruina ‘gall, grief, anger’ Ru. kruína ‘grief, anguish’; ORu. kruina ‘gall, grief, anger’

ESSJa XIII 21-22

*kr®titi W S

251

OPl. kr
The root *kr0k- has been linked to words meaning ‘bend’ (cf. ' *kr04g"), but the voiceless root-final velar is awkward and almost isolated within Slavic. Vasmer (s.v. kruína) mentions Sln. ukroiti, ukrokniti ‘bend’. *krgl adj. o ‘round’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 23-24

CS kr0gl" Ru. krúglyj {1} Pl. krgy (poet.); kr
Adjective in *-lo-. See ' *kr04g". {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136}. {2} Cf. Cz. okrouhlý, Pl. okrgy ‘round’. *krg m. o (c) ‘circle’

ESSJa XIII 25-27

CS W S

OCS kr0g" ‘circle’ Cz. kruh ‘circle’; Slk. kruh ‘circle’; Pl. krg ‘circle’, Gsg. kr
PIE Cogn.

*krong-oOIc. hringr m. ‘ring’

*krp ti v. CS

CS kr0pYti ‘contract’

BSl. B

*krompLatv. kru8pêt ‘shrink’

ESSJa XIII 27-28

See also: *kr®p&

*krp adj. o ‘short, small’ CS W S

ESSJa XIII 27-28

CS kr0p" ‘small’; RuCS krupyj ‘small’ OCz. krupý ‘rough, unpolished’; Pl. kr
The entry in the ESSJa is *kr0p"( j!)/*krup"j!, but in this case we are rather dealing with two roots having become confused (cf. ' *krup!n") than with 0 : u variation. See also: *kr®p˜ti

*krtiti v. ‘turn, twist, twirl’ CS E W

ESSJa XIII 30-31

CS kr0titi s< ‘turn’, 1sg. kr0št0 Ru. krutít’ ‘twist, turn’, 1sg. kruú, 3sg. krútit Cz. kroutiti ‘turn, twirl’; Slk. krútiŸ ‘turn, twirl’; Pl. kr
*kr®¯t&

252 S

SCr. krútiti ‘consolidate, compress’; Sln. krotiti ‘turn, twist’, 1sg. krotim

See ' *kr0t". *krt adj. o (c) CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 33-35

CS kr0t" ‘winding’ Ru. krutój ‘steep, severe’ Cz. krutý ‘cruel, severe’; Slk. krutý ‘cruel, severe’; Pl. kr
The meaning ‘steep’ can be linked to Lith. krañtas ‘bank’. The root *kront- seems to have no cognates outside Balto-Slavic. See also: *kr®titi

*krux m. o ‘chunk’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XIII 41

CS krux" ‘fragment, chunk’ Ru. krux (dial.) ‘slice, lump’ Cz. kruch ‘piece, lump’; Slk. kruch (dial.) ‘piece, lump, chunk of bread’; Pl. kruch ‘piece, lump’ SCr. krµh ‘bread’, Gsg. krµha; ak. krµh ‘bread’, Gsg. krµva; krµh (Novi, Orb.) ‘bread’, Gsg. krµha; Sln. krùh ‘bread’, Gsg. krúha; Bulg. krux (dial.) ‘piece of salt or sugar’ *krous-oGk. €‡[ ‘beat’

See also: *kr&xa; *kr&x&

*kruk m. o ‘raven’ CS E W

ESSJa XIII 42-43

CS kruk" ‘raven’ Ru. kruk (dial.) ‘raven’; Ukr. kruk (dial.) ‘crane’ Pl. kruk ‘raven’; Slnc. krëk ‘raven’

Probably of onomatopoetic origin, cf. OPl. kruka\ ‘roar’. *krpà f. # (b) ‘grainy substance, groats, hail’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 43-45

CS krupa ‘grain, groats’ (cf. OCS krupica ‘crumb’) Ru. krupá Npl. ‘groats, sleet’, Asg. krupú Cz. kroupa ‘groats, grain’; Slk. krúpy Npl. ‘groats, hail’; Pl. krupy Npl. ‘groats’; OPl. krupy Npl. ‘groats, broth, hail’; Slnc. krˆpä Npl. ‘groats’ SCr. krúpa ‘hail, (arch.) crumb’; krùpa ‘hail, (arch.) crumb’; krµpa ‘hail, (arch.) crumb’; ak. krpa (Vrg.) ‘hail’; krp; (Novi) ‘hail’; Sln. krúpa f.(#) ‘barley-groats’; krpi Npl. f.(i) ‘hail’

BSl. B

*kroupa‹ Latv. k`apa f. ‘wart’

PIE

*kroup-eh'

*kr&v%n& Cogn.

253

OIc. hrýfi f. ‘scabies’

See also: *krup%n&

*krupn adj. o ‘coarse’

ESSJa XIII 46-47

E W S

Ru. krúpnyj ‘big, tall’; ORu. krupnyj ‘consisting of large parts, big’ OCz. krupný ‘coarse’; Pl. krupny ‘coarse’ SCr. krúpan ‘coarse-grained, coarse, big, high’; krùpan ‘coarse-grained, coarse, big, high’; ak. krpan (Orb.) ‘large, heavy, bulky’; Bulg. krúpen ‘great’

BSl. B

*kroupLith. kraupùs ‘rough’

PIE Cogn.

*kroupOIc. hrjúfr ‘rough, scabby’

See also: *krpà

*krxà; *krx (b/c) f. #; m. o ‘lump’

ESSJa XIII 51

CS E W S

CS kr"xa ‘grain’ Ru. kroxá ‘crumb’, Asg. króxu Slk. krh ‘bar, touchstone’; krch ‘bar, touchstone’; Pl. krech ‘piece, lump’ Sln. krQh ‘crack, notch, rift’, Gsg. k¼ha

BSl. B

*kruša‹ Lith. krušà f. ‘hail’; Latv. krusa f. ‘hail’

PIE Cogn.

*krusGk. €‡[ ‘beat’

See also: *krux&

*krvn adj. o ‘bloody, blood(-)’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 66-67

OCS kr"v!n" ‘bloody, of the blood’ Ru. króvnyj ‘blood(-)’ Cz. krevní ‘blood(-)’; krevný ‘blood(-)’; Slk. krvný ‘blood(-)’; Pl. krewny ‘sanguineous, bloody, blood(-)’ SCr. kÂvn ‘bloody, sanguineous’; krQvn ‘bloody, sanguineous’; k¼van ‘blood(--)’; Sln. k¼vŠn ‘blood(-), sanguineous’; Bulg. kr¹ven ‘blood(-), sanguineous’

BSl. B

*kru(w)inos Lith. krùvinas ‘bloody’

PIE Cogn.

*kruh'Skt. kravyá- n. ‘bloody’; OE hraw adj. ‘raw’

See also: *kry¯

*kry¯

254 *kry f.  (c) ‘blood’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 67-70

OCS kry (PsDim.) f.(); kr"v! f.(), Gsg. kr"ve Ru. krov’ f.(i), Gsg. króvi Cz. krev f.(i), Gsg. krve; Pl. krew f.(i), Gsg. krwi; OPl. kry f.(i); Slnc. krˆ f.(i), Gsg. krävjìe; USrb. krej f.(i), Gsg. krwY SCr. kÂv f.(i), Gsg. kÃvi; ak. kÃv (Vrg.) f.(i), Gsg. kÃvi; kri (Cres) f.(i), Gsg. krvi; kÂf (Orb.) f.(i), Gsg. kÂvi; Sln. kr f.(i), Gsg. krv; Bulg. kr‘v f.(i)

BSl. B

*kruHs; *krouio Lith. krajas m.( jo) OPr. krawian; crauyo (EV)

PIE Cogn.

*kruh'-s; *kreuh'Skt. kravís- n. ‘raw meat’; Skt. kravyá- n. ‘raw meat’; Gk. €ª  n. ‘meat’; Lat. cruor m. ‘raw blood’

Like Skt. kravyá-, Lith. krajas m.( jo) and OPr. krawian represent a derivative in *-%o- of the root noun reflected in Slavic. The Lithuanian form underwent resyllabification. See also: *kr&v%n&

*krti v. (a) ‘cover, hide’

ESSJa XIII 71-72

CS E W S

OCS kryti ‘cover, hide’, 1sg. kryj0 Ru. kryt’ ‘cover’, 1sg. króju, 3sg. króet Cz. krýti ‘hide, keep’; Slk. kryŸ ‘cover, hide, keep’; Pl. kry\ ‘cover, hide’ SCr. kr›ti ‘hide, keep’; Sln. kríti ‘cover’, 1sg. krjem; Bulg. kríja ‘hide, cover’

BSl. B

*kr(o)u‹Lith. kráuti ‘heap, pile’; Latv. krat ‘heap, pile’

PIE Cogn.

*kruHOE hrodan ‘cover’

According to LIV (371), the *d of the Old English form was originally a present suffix. See also: *krov&

*krnti v. ‘buy, take, pay’ CS E

RuCS kr!nuti ORu. krenuti

PIE Cogn.

*kri-n-h'Skt. krÁti ‘buy’; Gk. Œ – « ‘buy’; OIr. crenaid ‘buy’

ESSJa XIII 74-75

See also: *kriti

*ku a f. j# ‘heap’ E

Ru. kúa ‘heap, pile’; kúa (dial.) ‘hill, shock, hay-cock’

ESSJa XIII 79

*kukati W S

255

Cz. kue (dial.) ‘lump, heap’; Pl. kucza (arch., dial.) ‘heap, pile’; Slnc. kua ‘tuft, mane’ SCr. kúa ‘bunch, bundle, forelock, sheaf ’

Derivative in *-j. See ' *kuka I. *kùditi v. (a)

ESSJa XIII 82-83

CS E W S

OCS kud
PIE Cogn.

*koudGk. €¤‘¶X[ ‘jeer at’; OIc. hóta ‘threaten’

See also: *uditi (s‚); *udo; *kudo; *kud&; *kud%

*kudo n. s E

ESSJa XIII 83-84

W

Ru. kudesá (dial.) Npl. n. ‘miracles performed through an evil force’; kúdes’ f.(i) ‘(dial.) sorcery’; ORu. kudes" m. ‘magic, sorcery’ Pl. kudyZ (dial.) m. ‘evil spirit, devil’

PIE Cogn.

*koudOHG hosc m. ‘scorn, mockery’

Since o-grade of the root is unexpected in an s-stem, the formation may be secondary. In Russian dialects, we find an o-stem (' *kud"). See also: *uditi (s‚); *udo; *kuditi; *kud&; *kud%

*kud; *kud m. o; f. i E

ESSJa XIII 84

Ru. kud (dial.) m. ‘evil spirit, demon, Satan’; kud’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘sorcery’; ORu. kud! f.(i) ‘will, desire’

See ' *kudo. *kujati v. CS S

ESSJa XIII 85

OCS kujaj0šta (Supr.) Gsg. ptc. pres. act. ‘grumbling’ SCr. kµjati ‘be ailing, doze’; Sln. kújati se ‘sulk, behave capriciously’, 1sg. kújam se

According to the ESSJa, of onomatopoetic origin, but this is far from evident. Unclear. *kukati v. ‘cuckoo’ E W

ESSJa XIII 35

Ru. kúkat’ (dial.) ‘cuckoo, call, cry, grieve’ Cz. kukati ‘cuckoo’; Pl. kuka\ ‘cuckoo’; OPl. kuka\ ‘cuckoo, appeal, complain’

*kùka I

256 S

SCr. kµkati ‘groan, moan, cuckoo’; Sln. kúkati ‘cuckoo, grieve’, 1sg. kúkam; Bulg. kúkam ‘cuckoo, grieve’

*kùka I f. # (a) E

ESSJa XIII 86-87

S

Ru. kúka ‘fist, lever, handle’; Bel. kúka ‘big wooden hammer’; Ukr. kúka ‘big wooden rattle’ SCr. kµka ‘hook, poker’; ak. kµka (Orb.) ‘hook’; Bulg. kúka ‘hook’

BSl. B

*koukos Lith. kakas m. ‘lump’

PIE Cogn.

*kouk OIc. haugr m. ‘hill’; MHG hocker m. ‘hump’; OIr. cúar adj. ‘crooked’

I suspect that the fixed stress of the Slavic etymon is due to influence of ' *k#ùka. See also: *kua; *kukonos&; *k&k(&)œ%

*kuka II f. # ‘goblin’ E W S BSl. B

ESSJa XIII 86-87

Ru. kúka (dial.) ‘wood-goblin’; Bel. kúka (dial.) ‘something terrible living in the dark’ Slnc. kuka ‘evil spirit’; USrb. kuka ‘intestinal worm’ Sln. kúka ‘insect, intestinal worm, pig’ *koukos; *kouka‹ Lith. kakas m. ‘goblin’ OPr. cawx ‘devil’

Possibly etymologically identical with ' *kuka I. *kukonos adj. o ‘hook-nosed’ CS S

ESSJa XIII 91-92

CS kukonos" ‘hook-nosed’; RuCS kukonosyj ‘hook-nosed’ SCr. kukònos ‘having a hooked nose’

See ' *kuka I and ' *n|s". *kùp m. o (a) ‘heap, mound’ CS

E S

ESSJa XIII 114-115

OCS kup" (Supr.) ‘heap’; v"kup! adv. ‘jointly, at the same time’; v"kup" (Mar.) adv. ‘jointly’; v"kupY adv. ‘together, at the same time’; RuCS kup" ‘hill, burial mound’ Ru. vkúpe (obs.) adv. ‘together’ SCr. kµp ‘heap, pile, crowd’; ak. kµp (Vrg.) ‘heap, pile’; kµp (Orb.) ‘heap, pile’; Sln. kùp ‘heap, mass’, Gsg. kúpa; vkùp adv. ‘together’; vkpe( j) adv. ‘together’; Bulg. kup ‘heap, pile, crowd, mass’

BSl. B

*ká‹upoLith. kapas 4 ‘heap’; káupas (dial.) 1 ‘heap’

PIE Cogn.

*keh'up-oOHG hubil m. ‘hill’ (cf. Latv. kãpa ‘dune, hillock, snowmound’)

*kur&

257

*kurenje n. io (b) CS E W

ESSJa XIII 119

OCS kurenije (Euch.) n.(io) ‘burning of incense, steam, fire’ Ru. kurén’e n.(io) ‘tobacco’ Cz. kou•ení n.(io) ‘fumigation, evaporation’

Noun derived from the past passive participle *kuren" of ' *krìti. See also: *krìti

*kurica f. j# ‘hen’ E W S

ESSJa XIII 121-122

Ru. kúrica ‘hen’ Cz. kurica (dial.) ‘hen’; Pl. kurzyca (15th-17th c.) ‘hen’; Slnc. k¨•äc‘ ‘young hen’ Sln. kúrica ‘pullet, little hen’; kurica ‘female genitals’

See ' *kur". *krìti v. (b) ‘smoke’

ESSJa XIII 123-125

CS E W S

OCS kurit" s< (Euch.) 3sg. ‘smokes’ Ru. kurít’ ‘smoke’, 1sg. kurjú, 3sg. kúrit Cz. kou•iti ‘smoke’; Slk. kúriŸ ‘kindle, smoke’; Pl. kurzy\ ‘raise dust, smoke’ SCr. kúriti (dial.) ‘smoke, set fire to’; ak. kr›t (Orb.) ‘smoke (ham, etc.)’, 1sg. krin; Sln. kúriti ‘kindle, smoke’, 1sg. kúrim

B

Lith. kùrti ‘light, kindle’; Latv. kurt ‘light, kindle’

If *krìti is cognate with Lith. kùrti, the vocalism * < *ou must be secondary. The Lithuanian verb, which also means ‘make, create’ has been connected with Skt. kr¥Áóti ‘do, make’ < *kr-. This etymology is not implausible, though the fact that the East Baltic evidence points to a root-final laryngeal is problematic. One may consider an extended root *krH-, which would not be unprecedented. A reconstruction with a labiovelar has the advantage that it explains why we find *ur instead of *ir. It seems to me that if we also wish to establish a link with Lat. carb ‘charcoal’, Go. hauri n. ‘coal’, OIc. hyrr m. ‘fire’, it might be best to give up the above-mentioned etymology and simply reconstruct *kerH-. See also: *kuren%je

*kur m. o ‘cock’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 129-130

OCS kur" ‘cock’ Ru. kur (dial.) ‘cock’ OCz. kur ‘cock’; kúr (?) ‘cock’; Pl. kur ‘cock’; Slnc. kÉr ‘cock’ SCr. kµr (RJA: N. ak. and Kajk.?) ‘cock’; Sln. kùr ‘cock’, Gsg. kúra; Bulg. kur ‘cock, penis’

It is sometimes assumed that *kur" derives from a root *ku- ‘cry’, which may be onomatopoetic in nature. The connection with ' *kujati is semantically not very

*kutiti

258

convincing. As possible cognates containing an r-element, Latv. karêt ‘howl, cry’ and Lat. caurre ‘howl (of panters)’ have been mentioned. See also: *kurica

*kutiti v. CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 139-140

CS kutiti ‘devise’ Ru. kutít’ ‘live a disorderly life, booze’, 1sg. kuú, 3sg. kútit Cz. kutiti ‘design, plan, venture’; kutiti se ‘rummage (in)’; Slk. kutiŸ ‘look for, rummage (in), venture’ SCr. kútiti (RJA) ‘plunge completely into illness’; Sln. kutiti se ‘bend, hide oneself, squat’

Etymology unclear. *kúz a f. j# (b) ‘smithy’ E W

S

ESSJa XIII 124-125

Ru. kúznja (dial.) ‘smithy’ Cz. kuzŽa (dial.) ‘smithy’; kouzeŽ (Dobrovský) f.(i) ‘smithy’; Slk. kúzŽa (dial.) ‘smithy’; kúzeŽ (dial.) f.(i) ‘smithy’; kuzŽa (dial.) ‘smithy’; Pl. ku]nia ‘smithy’; Slnc. kÉzn‘ ‘smithy’ Bulg. kúznja ‘smithy’

Derivative of ' *kovati. The suffixes *-zna/z_a and *-zn! are not uncommon, cf. OCS ukorizna ‘insult’, bojazn! ‘fear’. The root is not acute because it is a recent formation. See also: *k&zn%; *kyj&

*kvs m. o (c) ‘leaven, fermented drink’ CS E W S

Cogn.

ESSJa XIII 153-155

OCS kvas" ‘leaven, fermented drink, kvass’ Ru. kvas ‘kvass, fermented drink’, Gsg. kvása Cz. kvas ‘leaven, kvass, fermented drink’; Slk. kvas ‘leaven, mud’; Pl. kwas ‘sourness, (arch.) fermented drink’ SCr. kvs ‘leaven, kvass, malted drink’, Gsg. kvsa; ak. kvs (Vrg.) ‘yeast’, Gsg. kvsa; kvs (Orb.) ‘yeast’, Gsg. kvsa; Sln. kvs ‘leaven, ferment’; Bulg. kvas ‘leaven, kvass’ Lat. cseus m. ‘cheese’

For Lat. cseus, Schrijver (1991: 252) has tentatively suggested that it is based on a collective *kHu-s. See ' *k+sati for a discussion of the root. *kvt m. o (c) ‘flower’ CS E W

ESSJa XIII 162-163

OCS cvYt" ‘flower’ Ru. cvet (obs.) ‘flower’, Gsg. cvéta, Npl. cvetý; cvetók ‘flower’, Npl. cvetý; kvet (dial.) ‘flower’ Cz. kvYt ‘flower’; Slk. kvet ‘flower’; Pl. kwiat ‘flower’; USrb. kwYt ‘flower’

*k&de

259

S

SCr. cv›jet ‘flower, bloom’, Gsg. cv›jeta; ak. cvt (Vrg.) ‘flower, white wheat flour’, Gsg. cvta; cv£=t (Orb.) ‘bloom’; Sln. cv¤t ‘flower’, Gsg. cv¤ta, Gsg. cv—t; Bulg. cvjat ‘bloom’

PIE

*˜uoit-o-

In Balto-Slavic, PIE *˜ was depalatalized before *u followed by a back vowel. The second palatalization affected *kw- in South and East Slavic (North Russian excepted), but not in West Slavic. See also: *kvisti; *sv˜tjà; *sv¬t&; *sv%t˜ti

*kvisti v. (c) ‘bloom, blossom’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 167-168

OCS cvisti (Supr.), 1sg. cv!t0 Ru. cvestí, 1sg. cvetú, pret. sg. m. cvël Cz. kvésti, 1sg. kvetu, kvYtu (obs., dial.); kvísti, 1sg. kvetu, kvYtu (obs., dial.); OCz. kvisti, 1sg. ktvu; OPl. kwiZ\ SCr. cvàsti, 1sg. cvàtm; ak. cvãs (Orb.), 3sg. cvat; Sln. cvésti, 1sg. cvétem; cvŠQsti, 1sg. cvŠtèm; cvŠstí, 1sg. cvŠtèm

BSl. B

*kweit-/*kwitLatv. kvitêt ‘shimmer, glimmer’

PIE

*˜u(e)it-

The *k of Balto-Slavic *kw(e)it- is analogical after forms with o-grade, where the palatovelar was depalatalized. See also: *kv¬t&; *sv˜tjà; *sv¬t&; *sv%t˜ti

*k(n) prep. ‘to’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 173-174

OCS k" Ru. k(o) Cz. k(e/u) ; Slk. k(u) ; Pl. ku; OPl. k(u) (by the beginning of the 18th century, the variant ku had ousted k, which still occurs dialectally). SCr. k(a) ; Sln. k; Bulg. k‘m; Mcd. kon

Possibly cognate with the Sanskrit particle (after datives) kám. *kde adv. ‘where’

ESSJa XIII 173-174

CS E W S

OCS k"de ‘where’ Ru. gde ‘where’ Cz. kde ‘where’; Slk. kde ‘where’; Pl. gdzie ‘where’ SCr. gdj ‘where’; ak. kad (Orb.) ‘where’; Sln. kj—6 ‘where’; kj—Q ‘somewhere’; Bulg. gde ‘where’

BSl. B

*ku Lith. kur ‘where’

PIE

*ku-de

*k&xati

260 Cogn.

Skt. kúha adv. ‘where?’; Lat. ncubi conj. ‘lest somewhere’

*kxati v. ‘cough, sneeze’ S

ESSJa XIII 176

SCr. k;hati (dial.) ‘push, shove’; Sln. khati ‘cough loudly’, 1sg. kham

See ' *kyxati. *kxnti v. ‘cough, sneeze’ CS S

ESSJa XIII 176

CS k"xn0ti ‘sneeze’ SCr. k;hnuti ‘cough, sneeze’; kàhnuti ‘cough, sneeze’; Sln. k<6hniti ‘sneeze (once)’, 1sg. k<4hnem

See ' *kyxati. *kj prn. ‘who, what, which’

ESSJa XIII 116-117

CS E W S

OCS k"i ‘who, what, which’, f. kaja, n. koje Ru. koj ‘what, which’ Slk. ký ‘what, which’, f. ká, n. ké; Pl. ki (arch., dial.) ‘what, which’, f. ka, n. kie SCr. kòj ‘what, which’, f. kòj, n. kòj; Bulg. koj ‘who, which’, f. kojá, n. koé

BSl. B

*kos Lith. kàs ‘who, which’

PIE Cogn.

*koSkt. ká- ‘who, which, someone’; Go. øas ‘who?’

*kk()  m. jo? CS

ESSJa XIII 177

OCS k"k"n’u (Supr.) Ldu. ‘shins’

See ' *kuka I. *klb m. jo ‘gudgeon’

ESSJa XIII 182-183

E W

Ru. kolb’ (dial.) m.( jo) Pl. kieb m.( jo); kieb m.(o); Kash. ˜eb m.( jo); ˜ep m.( jo)

BSl. B

*kulb-/*kilbLith. kìlbas (obs.) m. 1; kélbas (obs.) m. 3

See ' *k"lp!-. *klka; *klk f. #; m. o ‘bony stump’

ESSJa XIII 188

E W S

Ru. kolk (dial.) m. ‘bony stump underneath a horn of a cow or bull’ Cz. kelka (obs.) f. ‘stump of an arm or leg, artificial limb’ SCr. kµk m. ‘thigh, hip, (dial.) ham, rock’, Gsg. kùka; ak. kk (Vrg.) m. ‘hip, rock’, Gsg. kk;; kk (Novi, Orb.) m. ‘hip’; Sln. kòk m. ‘thigh, hip, cliff ’; Bulg. k¹lka f. ‘thigh, hip’; kl¹ka (dial.) f. ‘thigh, hip, side, bend of a river’

BSl.

*kul‹k-

*k&¹%

261

B

Lith. kulkšnìs f.(i) 4 ‘ankle(-bone)’; Latv. kulksnis m.(io) ‘tarsal joint, hough’

PIE Cogn.

*klHk-? Lat. calex f. ‘heel’

*klp f. i; m. jo E W S

ESSJa XIII 189-190

Ru. kolp’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘spoonbill’; ORu. kolp! (dial.) f.(i) ‘spoonbill’ Kash. kwÿ m.( jo) ‘swan’; ˜Fp m.( jo) ‘swan’; Slnc. k‰Q
up m.( jo) ‘swan’, Gsg. k‰Q
upj‘ {1}; USrb. koÿ m.( jo) ‘swan’, Gsg. kopja SCr. kp (Herc.) m.(o) ‘swan’; kf (Dubr.) m.(o) ‘swan, pelican’

BSl. B

*kulpis; *gulbis Lith. gulbìs f.(i) 4 ‘swan’; gubis (Žem.) m.(io) 2 ‘swan’; Latv. gùlbis f.(i) ‘swan’ OPr. gulbis (EV) ‘swan’

Cogn.

OIr. gulban m. ‘beak, sting’; W gylfin m. ‘bird’s bill, beak, snout, sharppointed nose’; W gylf m. ‘bird’s bill, beak, nose, mouth, sharp-pointed instrument’

In view of the variations k/g and b/p, the geographical distribution of the root, and the semantic field to which the etymon belongs, I consider this a North European substratum word of non-Indo-European origin (see Derksen 1999). Note also that in view of the Celtic forms the sequence *ul does not reflect a syllabic resonant. {1} Place-names deriving from kiep- occur in various parts of Poland (see Bakowski 2000a: 665-666). See also: *g&lb%; *k&lb%

*kl m. o ‘fang, tusk’ E W S

ESSJa XIII 192-193

Ru. kol (dial.) ‘sharp lower tooth of a horse, fang, tusk’ Cz. kel ‘fang, tusk, shoot’, Gsg. klu; Slk. kel ‘fang, tusk’, Gsg. kla; Pl. kie ‘canine (tooth), fang, tusk’, Gsg. ka SCr. kl ‘canine (tooth), fang, tusk’; Sln. kŠQl ‘tusk (of a pig)’, Gsg. klà

Derivative containing the zero grade of the root of ' *kòlti. See also: *k¥ls&; *kolti; *koltiti; *kolt&; *kolta; *kolto; *kòl&

*k m. jo

ESSJa XIII 242

E W

ORu. k"r! ‘cleared spot, shrubbery’; kor! ‘cleared spot, shrubbery’ Cz. ke• ‘bush’, Gsg. ke•e; ke• (lit., poet.) ‘bush’, Gsg. k•e; Slk. ker ‘bush’, Gsg. kra; Pl. kierz ‘bush’, Gsg. krza, Gsg. krzu

BSl. B

*kur-/*kirLith. kìrna (dial.) f. 1 ‘root of a tree or shrub on a riverbank that is hollowed out by water, soggy spot overgrown with bushes, spot with fallen trees’ OPr. kirno ‘bush’

A jo-stem containing the zero grade of the root of ' *koren!. See also: *ernovit&; *ernov&; *ern& II; *ern% II; *koren%

*k&rkati

262 *krkati v. W S

ESSJa XIII 216

Cz. krkati ‘croak’; Slk. k¼kaŸ ‘croak’; Pl. karka\ ‘cackle’ SCr. k¼kati ‘stuff oneself ’; kÃkati (Elez.) ‘eat greedily’; Bulg. k¹rkam ‘gurgle, rumble, stuff oneself, booze’

Verb of onomatopoetic origin. See also: *krakati; *k&rkati

*krknti v. CS W S

ESSJa XIII 216

OCS kr"kn0ti (Supr.) ‘squeak’ Cz. krknouti ‘belch’ SCr. kÃknuti ‘bang, crash, squeak’; Sln. k¼kniti ‘squeak’, 1sg. kÂknem

See the previous lemma. See also: *krakati

*krma I f. # ‘stern’

ESSJa XIII 220-222

CS E S

OCS kr"ma (Zogr., Mar.) ‘stern’ Ru. kormá ‘stern’ SCr. k¼ma ‘stern, helm’; ak. krm; (Vrg., Novi) ‘stern, helm’; Sln. k¼ma ‘stern’; Bulg. k‘rmá ‘stern’

PIE

*kr-m-

See also: *ern&; *ern% I; *k&rn&

*krma II; *krm f. #; m. o ‘food, fodder’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 222-223; XIII 227

OCS kr"ma (Supr.) f. ‘food’ Ru. korm m. ‘fodder, forage’; ORu. k"rm" m. ‘food, feast, banquet’; korm" m. ‘food, feast, banquet’ Cz. krm (obs.) m. ‘fodder’; Slk. krm m. ‘fodder’; krma (dial.) f. ‘fodder, mother’s milk’; Pl. karm (arch, dial.) m. ‘food, fodder’; Slnc. kårma f. ‘fodder’ SCr. k¼ma f. ‘fodder’ (according to the RJA, the original meaning ‘food’ occurs until the 16th century); ak. krÈm; f. ‘(cattle) fodder’, Asg. krÈm«; Sln. k¼ma f. ‘nourishment, fodder, hay’; Bulg. k‘rmá f. ‘fodder, mother’s milk’

The root of this etymon may be reconstructed as *˜rh-, cf. Gk. €ª

Í« ‘satiate’, Lith. šérti ‘feed’, with depalatalization before syllabic *r. *krn adj. o ‘maimed’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 236-237

CS kr"n" ‘mutilated (with ears slit or cropped)’ Ru. kornój (dial.) ‘stocky, thickset’; kórnyj (dial.) ‘stocky, thickset’ Slnc. kˆrn m. ‘notch’ SCr. kÂn ‘broken off, dented, knocked out (teeth), maimed’; k¼nja ‘cropeared, snub-nosed, toothless’; kÃnja ‘crop-eared, snub-nosed or toothless person’; Sln. krQn ‘maimed, mutilated’

*k&s%n& BSl.

*kurnos Latv. kurns ‘deaf ’

PIE Cogn.

*kr-noSkt. karÁá- ‘eared, crop-eared’; LAv. karna- ‘deaf ’

263

I assume that in Slavic this root was secondarily associated with *krH- ‘to cut’ (Derksen 1996: 226-227). See also: *ern& I; *ern% I; *k&rma I

*krpa f. # (a) CS W S

ESSJa XIII 237

OCS kr"pa ‘texture, fabric’ Slk. krpa ‘earthenware pot’; Pl. karpa (dial.) ‘stump and roots of a felled tree’; OPl. karpa ‘stump and roots of a felled tree’ SCr. kÃpa ‘rag, patch’; ak. kÃpa (Vrg.) ‘rag, patch’; kÃpa (Vrg.) ‘piece of cloth, rag, towel’; Sln. k¼pa ‘patch, stain’; Bulg. k¹rpa ‘piece of cloth, towel’

BSl. B

*kúr‹p(i)a‹ Lith. kùrpF f.(!) ‘shoe’; Latv. kurpe f.(!) ‘shoe’ OPr. kurpe (EV) ‘shoe’

Cogn.

Gk. € £¶« « Npl. f. ‘shoes of undressed leather, brogues’; Gk. € ¶«  (Hesych.) n. ‘shoe of undressed leather, brogue’

If the Greek words, which are formally incompatible with the Balto-Slavic forms, are cognate, we are probably dealing with a substratum word (cf. Beekes 2000: 28). *krzno n. o ‘fur’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 244

CS kr"z(!)no ‘piece of clothing made of fur’ ORu. korzno ‘cloak’ (also k"rzno, kor!zno, kr"zno, korozno) Cz. krzno ‘military cloak’ SCr. k¼zno ‘fur’; krQzno ‘fur’; Sln. k¼zno ‘skin, pelt, fur’

This Slavic etymon was apparently borrowed into Germanic, cf. OHG kursi(n)na, krusina, OS krusina f. ‘cloak made of fur’ (Kluge-Seebold: 495). The relationship with Lat. crocina (Gaul.) f. ‘pelt, fur’ is uncertain. According to Vasmer (s.v. kórzno), Slavic borrowed this word from an eastern language, cf. Osset. kærc ‘fur’. *ksn adj. o ‘slow’

ESSJa XIII 246-247

CS E S

CS k"sn" (Nik.) ‘slow’ Ru. kósnyj ‘inert, sluggish’ SCr. k;san ‘late, tardy’; k;sno (Vuk) adv. ‘late, tardy’; ak. k;san (Vrg.) ‘late, tardy’; ksan (Orb.) ‘late, tardy’; Sln. kŠsn ‘sluggish, slow, late’; kásŠn ‘sluggish, slow, late’; Bulg. k¹sen ‘late’

BSl. B

*kuZ-no-; *kuZ-loLith. kùšlas (dial.) ‘blind, weak (plants), small’; Latv. kusls ‘stiff, small, weak’

*k&šiti

264

The ESSJa rejects the connection with the Baltic forms and links *k"s!n" to *kysel", etc. As a parallel Lat. srscere ‘become dry’ and srus ‘belated’ are adduced, but these words may very well derive from different roots. *kšiti v. ‘cast lots’ CS E

ESSJa XIII 247

CS k"šiti ‘cast lots’ ORu. košitisja ‘cast lots’

Derivative of '*k"š!. *kš m. jo ‘lot, fate’ CS E

ESSJa XIII 247

RuCS k"š!; koš! ORu. k"š!; koš!

Etymology unclear. See also: *kyšiti

*kto prn. ‘who’ CS E W S

OCS k"to Ru. kto Cz. kdo; OCz. kto; chto; Pl. kto; OPl. kto; chto SCr. tk«; k«; Sln. kdJ6

BSl. B

*kos Lith. kas ‘who, what’

ESSJa XIII 248

The pronoun *ko- (' *k"j!) + *tod See also: *nek&to; *n˜k&to

*kzn f. i ‘art’ CS E

ESSJa XIII 249

OCS k"zn! (Ril., Supr.) ‘art, manner’; RuCS k"zn! ‘occupation, profession, art’ Ru. kózni Npl. ‘machinations, intrigues’; ORu. k"zn! ‘occupation, profession, art’

Considering that the root is *kuh'- (' *kovàti), the vocalism *" < *u is unexpected. We may be dealing with a productive ablaut pattern, however. See also: *kuzœa; *kyj&

*kydati v. ‘throw, fling’ E W S

ESSJa XIII 252-253

Ru. kidát’ ‘throw, fling, cast’, 1sg. kidáju; Ukr. kýdaty ‘throw, fling, cast, cease’ Cz. kydati ‘throw, muck out’; Slk. kydat’ ‘throw, muck out’; Pl. kida\ (dial.) ‘throw, fling, cast’; OPl. kida\ ‘throw, fling, cast’ SCr. k›dati ‘tear, muck out’, 1sg. k›dm; ak. k›dati (Vrg.) ‘tear, muck out’, 2sg. k›d”š; Sln. kídati ‘throw out, throw aside, muck out’, 1sg. kdam; Bulg. kídam (dial.) ‘soil, stain’

*k la PIE Cogn.

265

*(s)kudSkt. códati ‘impel’; OIc. skjóta ‘shoot, shove’

An example of Winter’s law. See also: *kydn®ti

*kydnti v. ‘throw, fling’ E W S PIE

ESSJa XIII 252-253

Ru. kínut’ ‘throw, fling, cast’, 1sg. kínu; Ukr. kýnuty ‘throw, fling, cast, cease’ Cz. kydnouti ‘throw, fling’; Slk. kydnúŸ ‘throw, fling, strike’; Pl. kin\ (dial.) ‘throw, fling, cast’; OPl. kin\ ‘throw, fling, cast’ SCr. k›nuti se ‘get away from’; Sln. kíniti ‘nod’, 1sg. knim; Bulg. kína (dial.) ‘tear’ *kud-

See also: *kydati

*kyxati v. ‘sneeze’ E W S

ESSJa XIII 254-255

Ru. kíxat’ (dial.) ‘laugh loudly, cough’; ORu. kixati ‘sneeze’ Cz. kýchati ‘sneeze’; Slk. kýchaŸ ‘sneeze’; Pl. kicha\ ‘sneeze’ SCr. kíhati ‘sneeze’, 1sg. khm, 1sg. kšm; ak. kh;ti (Vrg.) ‘sneeze’, 2sg. k§šeš; kh;t (Orb.) ‘sneeze’, 1sg. k§šen; Sln. kíhati ‘sneeze’, 1sg. kham, 1sg. kšem; Bulg. kíxam ‘sneeze’

Undoubtedly onomatopoetic in origin. In view of the forms with *k"x-, we are dealing here with an intensive verb. See also: *ixati; *%xati; *k&xati; *k&xn®ti

*kyj m. jo ‘stick, club’

ESSJa XIII 257-258

CS E W S

RuCS kyi ‘hammer, club’; kii ‘hammer, club’ Ru. kij (dial.) ‘stick, wooden hammer, pestle’ Cz. kyj ‘stick, club’; Slk. kyj ‘stick, club’; Pl. kij ‘stick, cane’ SCr. kij (15th c.) ‘hammer’; Sln. kj ‘big wooden beetle, corn-cob’

BSl. B

*ku‹ios Lith. kjis ‘hammer’ OPr. cugis (EV) ‘hammer’

A jo-derivative of *ky < *kuh'. See ' *kovàti. *kla f. # (a) ‘outgrowth, hernia’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIII 262-263

CS kyla ‘hernia’; kila ‘hernia’ Ru. kilá ‘hernia, outgrowth on plants’; Ukr. kýla ‘hernia’; kylá ‘hernia’ Cz. kýla ‘hernia’; Slk. kyla ‘hernia’; Pl. kia ‘hernia’ SCr. k›la ‘hernia, oedema, swelling, outgrowth (on plants)’; ak. k›la (Vrg.) ‘hernia, swelling’; Sln. kíla ‘scrotal hernia, outgrowth (on plants)’; Bulg. kíla ‘hernia’

266

*kyp¨ti

BSl. B

*kú‹la‹ Lith. kla (dial.) f. ‘lump, hernia, stalk’; klas (dial.) m. ‘lump, hernia’

PIE Cogn.

*kh'u-l-eh' OIc. haull f. ‘hernia’; OHG hla f. ‘hernia’

For the colour of the laryngeal cf. Gk. € ¤• ‘stalk, shaft’ = Lith. káulas ‘bone’. *kypti v. (c) ‘boil, seethe’

ESSJa XIII 265

CS E W S

OCS kypYti (Euch., Supr.) ‘seethe’ Ru. kipét’ ‘boil, seethe’, 1sg. kipljú, 3sg. kipít Cz. kypYti ‘boil, overflow’; Slk. kypieŸ ‘boil, overflow’; Pl. kipie\ ‘boil’ SCr. kípjeti ‘boil, overflow’; ak. kpt (Orb.) ‘boil’, 3sg. kp§; Sln. kip—6ti ‘boil, overflow’, 1sg. kipím; Bulg. kipjá ‘boil, overflow’

BSl. B

*kupLith. kpAti ‘boil over’, 3sg. k×pa

In my opinion, Schrijver (1991: 260-263) correctly separates kyp¾ti from Latv. kûpêt ‘smoke, steam’, vapor ‘steam, heat’, etc., which he derives from a root *k()h'up- (' *kop"t!). An analysis of the East Baltic material alone nearly suffices to establish the roots *kûp- ‘smoke, steam’ and *kup- ‘boil, seethe’, e.g. Latv. kûpt, kûpêt ‘smoke, steam’ vs. kupêt, kupuôt ‘seethe’. The latter root may go back to PIE *kup-, cf. Skt. kupyati ‘swell, heave or boil with rage or emotion, be angry, be angry with’, Lat. cupi ‘desire’. LIV distinguishes between *keup- ‘innerlich beben’, *kueh&p- ‘sieden’, and *kuep‘hauchen’. The root *kueh&p- is posited on the basis of forms that do not or not necessarily require a laryngeal, such as Lith. kpAti ‘boil over’ (cf. Lith. kùpti, Latv. kupt ‘rise (bread)’ and OCS kypYti, the etymon under discussion. The forms that do require a laryngeal, viz. Latv. kûpt and kûpêt ‘smoke, steam’ have a different meaning and can be linked to the forms mentioned under *kuep- if we adopt Schrijver’s reconstruction. *kypr adj. o CS W S

ESSJa XIII 267

RuCS kypryj ‘porous’ Cz. kyprý ‘ironed, rounded’; Slk. kyprý ‘mellow, soft’; USrb. kipry ‘weak, powerless’ Bulg. kíp‘r (dial.) ‘beautiful, neat’

The connection with ' *kyp¾ti, as advocated by the ESSJa, is semantically unconvincing. *ksati v. (a) ‘turn sour’ W S

ESSJa XIII 269

Cz. kysati ‘turn sour, rot’; Pl. kisa\ (arch.) ‘turn sour, ferment, pickle’ SCr. kisati (arch.) ‘turn sour, boil’; k›sati (RSA) ‘rise (dough), pickle’; ak. kis;ti (Vrg.) ‘leave to rise (bread)’; se k›sa (Orb.) 3sg. ‘rises (dough)’; Sln. kísati ‘pickle’, 1sg. ksam, 1sg. kšem; Bulg. kísel ‘sour, fermented’

*làjati I BSl.

267

*ku‹s-a‹Latv. kûsât ‘boil’

LIV (374) derives Slavic *kys- from an aorist stem *kuth'-s. The root is reconstructed as *kuath'-, cf. Skt. kváthant- (YV+) ptc. prs. act. ‘bubbling, boiling’, Go. øaþo f. ‘foam’. I seriously doubt the necessity to reconstruct *a for this root, but my main objection is that the fact that the root is acute is not explained, cf. also Ru. kvásit’ ‘make sour, pickle’, SCr. kv;siti ‘moisten, dip’. If we want to stay close to LIV’s reconstruction (the presence of a dental before *s would explain that in the zero grade we do not see the effects of the ruki-rule, but perhaps this is due to analogy), we may posit *kuHth'-s-, but of course there is a possibility that the Slavic root is not cognate with Skt. kvath-. See also: *kvÁs&; *k sel%; *k s˜l&; *k s(%)l&

*ksel; *ks l adj. o (a) ‘sour’ CS W S

ESSJa XIII 271

OCS kysYlu (Euch.) Dsg.n. ‘sour, young (wine)’ Cz. kyselý ‘sour’; Pl. kisiay (arch.) ‘sour’ SCr. k›seo ‘sour’, f. k›sela; ak. k›s (Vrg.) ‘sour’, f. kisel;, n. k›selo; k›sel (Orb.) ‘sour’, f. k›sela, n. k›selo; Sln. kíse ‘sour’; Bulg. kísel ‘sour, fermented’

See ' *kysati. *ks()l adj. o (a) ‘sour’ E W S

ESSJa XIII 275

Ru. kíslyj ‘sour’ Slk. kyslý ‘sour’; Pl. kisy (arch., dial.) ‘sour, fermented’ SCr. k›sao (arch., dial.) ‘sour’; Sln. kísŠ ‘sour’

See ' *kysel", *kysYl". *kyvati v. ‘nod’ CS E W

ESSJa XIII 283-284

S

OCS kyvati ‘nod’ Ru. kivát’ ‘nod’ Cz. kývati ‘wink, nod, move, shake’; Slk. kývaŸ ‘wink, nod’; Pl. kiwa\ ‘wink, nod, wag’ Sln. kívati ‘nod’, 1sg. kívam

PIE Cogn.

*kh&uLat. cvre ‘move the haunches in a lewd or effeminate manner’

*L *làjati I v. (a) ‘bark’ CS E

ESSJa XIV 20

OCS lajati (Supr.) ‘bark’, 1sg. laj0 Ru. lájat’ ‘bark’; ORu. lajati ‘bark’; Bel. lája\ ‘curse’; Ukr. lájati ‘curse, scold’

*lajati II

268 W

S

Cz. láti ‘scold, bark’; OCz. láti ‘scold’; Slk. l០‘scold’; Pl. aja\ ‘curse, scold, bark’; OPl. aja\ ‘curse, scream’; Slnc. ajac ‘bark, curse’; LSrb. ajaZ ‘bark, scold, curse’ SCr. l;jati ‘bark, swear’, 1sg. l;jm; ak. l;jati (Vrg.) ‘bark, swear’, 2sg. l;ješ; l;jati (Orb.) ‘bark’, 3sg. lje; Sln. ljati ‘bark, scream, curse’, 1sg. ljam, 1sg. ljem; Bulg. lája ‘bark, scold’; Mcd. lae ‘bark, swear’

BSl. B

*la‹Lith. lóti ‘bark’; Latv. lãt ‘bark, scold’

PIE Cogn.

*leh'Skt. ryati ‘bark’ (if not from PIE *Hreh&-); Lat. ltrre ‘bark’

*lajati II v. ‘ambush, lie in wait for’

ESSJa XIV 21

CS

OCS lajati ‘ambush, lie in wait for’, 1sg. laj0; RuCS lajati ‘ambush, lie in wait for, engage in intrigues’

PIE Cogn.

*leh'Gk. •½–[ ‘be hidden’; Lat. latre ‘be hidden’

See also: *lakati

*lakati v. ‘lie in wait for’ W

ESSJa XIV 23

OCz. lákati ‘lie in wait for’; USrb. aka\ ‘lie in wait for’; LSrb. akaZ (dial.) ‘lie in wait for, threaten’

Apparently, an extended root *leh'-k()-. See also: *lajati

*lam m. o ‘hollow, bend’ E W S BSl. B

ESSJa XIV 26

Ru. lam (dial.) ‘(Psk.) meadow covered with small trees and bushes that is occasionally flooded, (Novg.) wasteland’ Pl. am (obs.) ‘quarry, bend’ SCr. lm (RSA: dial.) ‘knee-joint, underground passage’; Sln. lam ‘pit, (dial.) quarry’ *lmLith. lomà f. 4 ‘hollow, valley, plot, lump’; Latv. lãma f. ‘hollow, pool’

See ' *lomìti. The sustained tone of the Latvian form reflects the root-final laryngeal (pace Schrijver 1991: 142). *làpa f. # (a) ‘paw’ E W S

ESSJa XIV 26-28

Ru. lápa ‘paw’; ORu. lapa ‘paw’ Cz. tlapa ‘paw’; dlapa (dial.) ‘paw’; lapa (Jg.) ‘snare, trap’; Slk. laba ‘paw’; tlapa ‘paw’; Pl. apa ‘paw’; dapa (dial.) ‘paw’ SCr. l;pa (RSA: dial.) ‘paw’; Sln. lápa ‘snout, mouth’; lapa ‘paw’; Bulg. lápa ‘paw’

*làziti BSl. B

*lá‹pa‹ Lith. lópa (dial.) 1 ‘paw’; lopà (dial.) 2 ‘paw’; Latv. lãpa ‘paw’

Cogn.

Go. lofa m. ‘flat of the hand’

269

The problem with a reconstruction *leh'p-eh' is the fact that *làpa seems to be related with ' *lopàta ‘spade, shovel’. Besides, Latv. lepa ‘paw’ points to *leh&p-. One could reconstruct *loh&p- for *làpa, but * for stressed * is not that common. Perhaps we are dealing with two separate roots, *leh'p- and *lep-, which became confused, cf. Lith. lópeta vs. PSl. ' *lopàta. *làska f. # (a) E W S

ESSJa XIV 46

Ru. láska ‘caress, endearment, kindness’ Cz. láska ‘love’; Slk. láska ‘love’; Pl. aska ‘favour, mercy’; Slnc. lˆsk‘ ‘favour, mercy’ SCr. l;ska ‘flattery’; Bulg. láska ‘caress, tenderness’

Deverbative -stem (' *làskati). *làskati v. ‘flatter, caress’

ESSJa XIV 46

CS E W S

OCS laskaaše (Supr.) 3sg. impf. ‘flattered’ Ru. laskát’ ‘caress, fondle, (obs.) comfort, console’, 1sg. laskáju Cz. laskati ‘caress’; Slk. láskaŸ ‘caress’; OPl. askanie n.( jo) ‘soothing’ SCr. l;skati ‘flatter’, 1sg. l;skam; Sln. láskati ‘flatter’, 1sg. láskam; Bulg. laskája ‘flatter, caress’

PIE Cogn.

*leh's-skLat. lascvus ‘playful’

See also: *làska; *las&

*las adj. o ‘greedy’

ESSJa XIV 46

E W

Ru. lásyj ‘greedy, eager, affectionate’; Ukr. lásyj ‘greedy, eager’ Pl. asy (obs., dial.) ‘greedy, eager’

BSl. B

*la‹sLith. lokšnùs 4 ‘sensitive’

PIE

*leh's-o-

See also: *làska; *laskati

*làziti v. (a) ‘crawl, creep’ CS E W

ESSJa XIV 64-67

OCS izlaziti (Supr., Hil.) ‘come out of ’, 1sg. izlaž0 Ru. lázit’ ‘climb, clamber’, 1sg. lážu, 3sg. lázit Cz. laziti ‘crawl, climb, walk slowly’; Slk. laziŸ ‘drag onself along, crawl’; Pl. azi\ ‘crawl, tramp’

*laz&

270 S

SCr. l;ziti ‘crawl, creep’; Sln. láziti ‘crawl, creep, sneak’, lzim; Bulg. lázja ‘crawl, climb’

Iterative of ' *l¾zti. See also ' *laz". *laz m. o W

S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XIV 72-76

Cz. laz ‘part of a furrow that has not been ploughed up’; láz ‘slope where the forest has been uprooted but the earth has not been worked’; OCz. laz ‘strip of land, ploughed field, field’; láz ‘strip of land, ploughed field, field’; Slk. lazy Npl. ‘kind of mountain settlements’; lazy Npl. ‘ploughed fields, meadows, houses on a slope’; Pl. az ‘mountain path, pasture’; OPl. az ‘strip of worked land in the woods’ SCr. l;z (Vuk) ‘small field, place with many felled trees’; lz ‘cleared field, narrow passage, hole in a fence’; ak. l“z (Vrg.) ‘hole in a fence’; Sln. lz ‘clear spot in the woods, virgin soil’ *loh&-oOIc. lágr adj. ‘low’

See also: *làziti; *l¨zti

*l d m. o(/u) (c) ‘ice’

ESSJa XIV 91-92

CS E W S

OCS led" (Supr.) Ru. lëd, Gsg. l’da; Ukr. lid, Gsg. l’ódu Cz. led; Slk. ¯ad; Pl. lód, Gsg. lodu; USrb. lód, Gsg. lodu, Gsg. loda SCr. l=d, Gsg. lda; ak. l=d (Vrg.), Gsg. lda; l=d (Novi), Gsg. lda; l£=t (Orb.) ‘ice, cold, frost’, Gsg. lda; Sln. l<4d, Gsg. l<4da, Gsg. led; Bulg. led

BSl. B

*ledús Lith. l das m.(o) 4; ledùs m.(u) 4; Latv. ledus m.(u) OPr. ladis (EV)

The PIE proto-form would be *led-u-s, but cognates from outside Balto-Slavic seem to be lacking. The connection with Gk. •Œ– ‘stone’ seems rather fanciful. *legti v. (a) ‘lie (down)’ CS E W S

PIE

ESSJa XIV 99-100

OCS lešti ‘lie (down)’, 1sg. l
*ležàti Cogn.

271

Gk. •ª¼ « (Hes.) ‘go to sleep’; Go. ligan ‘lie’

The present stem contains a nasal. See also: *ležati; *l˜gati; *l¥g&; *lonò; *lože; *ložesno; *ložìti

*lemex m. o ‘ploughshare, plough’ E W

ESSJa XIV 106-107

Ru. lémex ‘ploughshare’; leméx (dial.) ‘ploughshare’; lémex (dial.) ‘plough’; ORu. lemex" ‘ploughshare’; Bel. lémex ‘ploughshare’ Cz. lemech (dial.) ‘back of a chair’

See ' *lemeš!, *lemeš!. *lemeš; *lemež m. jo ‘ploughshare, plough’ CS E W

S

BSl. B

ESSJa XIV 108-110

OCS lemeš! (Bes.) ‘plough’ Ru. lémeš ‘ploughshare’; leméš ‘ploughshare’; Bel. ljaméš ‘ploughshare’; Ukr. lemíš ‘ploughshare’, Gsg. lemešá Cz. lemeš ‘ploughshare’; Slk. lemeš ‘ploughshare’; Pl. lemiesz ‘ploughshare’; OPl. lemiesz ‘ploughshare’; lemi<sz ‘ploughshare’; limiesz ‘ploughshare’; Slnc. lemješ ‘ploughshare’; lem06ž ‘ploughshare’ SCr. lèmeš ‘ploughshare’; lèmež ‘ploughshare’; ak. lemš (Orb.) ‘ploughshare’, Gsg. lemša; Sln. lémeš ‘ploughshare’; lémež ‘ploughshare’; Bulg. leméž ‘ploughshare’; Mcd. leméš ‘ploughshare’ *lemešLith. l mežis m.(io) ‘wooden part of the plough’; lãmežis (dial.) m.(io) ‘wooden part of the plough’; Latv. lemesis m.(io) ‘sharp plough’

The *l- must originate from *lem-. See also: *emex&; *emeš%; *emež%; *lemex&; *lam&; *lomiti

*let ti v. (c) ‘fly’

ESSJa XIV 145-148

CS E W S

OCS letYti ‘fly’, 1sg. lešt0 Ru. letét’ ‘fly’, 1sg. leú, 3sg. letít Cz. letYti ‘fly’; Slk. letieŸ ‘fly’; Pl. lecie\ ‘fly’, 1sg. lec< SCr. lètjeti ‘fly’, 1sg. lètm; ak. (Vrg.) let›ti ‘fly’, 2sg. let§š; (Orb.) lett ‘fly’, 3sg. let§; Sln. let—6ti ‘fly’, 1sg. letím; Bulg. letjá ‘fly’

BSl. B

*lektLith. lkti ‘fly’, 3sg. l kia; Latv. lèkt ‘jump, (rarely) fly’, 3sg. lec

Cogn.

MHG lecken ‘hop’

According to Meillet (Ét. I: 180), *letYti derives from *let" < *lek-to-. *ležàti v. (c) ‘lie’ CS E

ESSJa XIV 161-165

OCS ležati ‘lie, be (situated)’, 1sg. lež0, 2sg. ležiši Ru. ležát’ ‘lie, be (situated)’, 1sg. ležú, 3sg. ležít; Ukr. ležaty ‘lie, be ill’, 1sg. ležú

*l˜gati

272 W

S

Cz. ležeti ‘lie, lie asleep, lie ill’; OCz. ležYti ‘lie, lie asleep’; Slk. ležaŸ ‘lie, sleep, lie ill’; Pl. le­e\ ‘lie, be situated’; Slnc. lìež®c ‘lie’; USrb. leže\ ‘lie’; LSrb. lažaš ‘lie, rest’ SCr. lèžati ‘lie, be ill’, 1sg. ležm; ak. lež;ti (Vrg.) ‘lie, be ill’, 2sg. lež§š; lež;t (Orb.) ‘lie’, 2sg. lež§š; Sln. léžati ‘lie’, 1sg. ležím; Bulg. ležá ‘lie, spend the night, be ill’; Mcd. leži ‘lie, be in custody, be situated’

Verb with the stative suffix *-Yti. See ' *legti. *l gati v. ‘lie’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIV 182-183

OCS lYgati (Euch.) ‘lie’, 1sg. lYž0 Ru. legát’ (dial.) ‘lie down’; ljagát’ (dial.) ‘lie down’; ORu. lYgati ‘lie’ Cz. lehati ‘lie down’; Pl. lega\ (obs., dial.) ‘lie down (frequently)’; USrb. lYha\ ‘lie, be situated’; LSrb. lYgaZ ‘lie down, lie’ SCr. lijègati (se) ‘lie down, put to bed’; ak. lg;ti (Vrg.) ‘lie down, put to bed’; Sln. l—6gati ‘lie down, lie’, 1sg. l—6gam; Bulg. ljágam ‘lie, lie down, go to sleep’

Iterative of ' *legti. The root has lengthened grade. See also: *ležati; *l¥g&; *lonò; *lože; *ložesno; *ložìti

*lxà f. # (b) ‘strip of land, bed’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIV 184-187

OCS lYxa (Zogr., Mar.) ‘row’ Ru. lexá (dial.) ‘strip of land, furrow, bed’; léxa (dial.) ‘strip of land, furrow, bed’; Ukr. ljaxá ‘bed (garden)’ Cz. lícha ‘narrow strip of land’; OCz. lécha ‘strip of land’; Pl. lecha (obs.) ‘row, file’; OPl. lecha ‘strip of land, bed (garden)’ SCr. lijèha ‘small patch of farmed land, ridge between furrows, flower bed’; ak. l£eh; ‘flower bed, vegetable plot, row of plants (in a garden)’, Asg. l£=ho; Sln. l—6ha ‘furrow, strip of land, gap in a field’; Bulg. lexá ‘flower bed’

B

Lith. lýsF f.(!) 1 ‘bed (garden)’ OPr. lyso (EV) ‘bed (field)’

PIE Cogn.

*lois-eh' Lat. lra f. ‘ridge between two furrows’; OHG wagan-leisa f. ‘track of a cart’

The acute of the Lithuanian form is unexpected. *l nìv adj. ‘lazy, sluggish’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIV 204-205

OCS lYniv" (Ass., Sav., Supr.) ‘lazy’ Ru. lenívyj ‘lazy, sluggish’ Cz. lenivý ‘lazy, sluggish’; Slk. lenivý ‘lazy, sluggish’; Pl. leniwy ‘lazy, sluggish’ SCr. ljèniv ‘lazy’; Sln. l—nìv ‘lazy, sluggish’; Bulg. lenív ‘lazy, sluggish’

See ' *lÆn".

*l¬p& I *ln adj. o (c) ‘lazy, slow’

273 ESSJa XIV 209-211

CS E W S

OCS lYn" (Zogr., Mar.) ‘lazy’ Ru. ljánoj (dial.) ‘lazy’; lenój (dial.) ‘lazy’; ORu. lYn" ‘lazy, slow’ Cz. líný ‘lazy, slow’; OCz. léný ‘lazy, slow’; OPl. leny ‘lazy, slow’ SCr. l›jen ‘lazy, slow’, f. lijèna; ak. ln (Vrg.) ‘lazy, slow’, f. ln;, n. lno; l=n (Novi) ‘lazy, slow’; l£=n (Orb.) ‘lazy, slow’, f. l£en;; Sln. l¤n ‘lazy, slow’, f. l—6na

BSl. B

*le‹nos; *lnos Lith. lAnas ‘lazy’; Latv. lens ‘lazy’; lÅns ‘lazy’; lens ‘lazy’; lêns² (Biel. Gr.) ‘soft, mild’

PIE Cogn.

*leh&-(e)noLat. lnis ‘soft’

For the reconstruction, cf. Schrijver 1991: 125, Derksen 1996: 227-228. See also: *l˜nìv&; *l˜n%; *l˜t%

*l n f. i ‘laziness’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIV 211

CS lYn! ‘laziness’ Ru. len’ ‘laziness’ Cz. léŽ (obs., dial.) ‘laziness’; OCz. léŽ ‘laziness’; Slk. lieŽ (poet., dial.) ‘laziness’; OPl. le ‘lazy person’ SCr. l›jen ‘laziness’; Sln. len ‘laziness’

Abstract i-stem. See ' *lÆn". *l piti v. (b) ‘smear, stick’

ESSJa XIV 247-249

CS E W S

OCS prilYpiti ‘stick’, 1sg. prilYplj0 Ru. lepít’ ‘model, mould, stick’, 1sg. lepljú, 3sg. lépit Cz. lepiti ‘glue, stick’; Slk. lepiŸ ‘glue, stick’; Pl. lepi\ ‘glue, stick’ SCr. lijèpiti ‘cover with clay’, 1sg. l›jepm; ak. lp›ti (Vrg.) ‘cover with clay’, 2sg. l§pš; Sln. l—píti ‘stick’, 1sg. l—pím (the homonym l—píti ‘clean, embellish’ derives from l¤p ‘beautiful’); Bulg. lepjá ‘stick, smear’

BSl. B

*loipLith. lipìnti ‘glue, stick’; láipioti (dial.) ‘glue, stick’

PIE Cogn.

*loip-eieSkt. lepayati ‘smear’; Gk. •« Œ [ ‘oil’

See also: *l¬p& I; *l˜p& II;*l%n®ti

*lp I m. o (c) ‘glue’ CS W S

ESSJa XIV 224-225

CS lYp" ‘glue’ Cz. lep ‘glue’; Slk. lep ‘glue’; Pl. lep ‘glue’; Slnc. lep ‘bird-lime’; USrb. lYp ‘glue’ SCr. l›jep ‘glue, bird-lime, mortar’; Sln. l¤p ‘glue, bird-lime, mistletoe’

Deverbative o-stem. See ' *lYpiti.

*l¬p& II

274 *lp II adj. o (c) ‘beautiful’ CS W S

ESSJa XIV 225-228

OCS lYp" ‘appropriate, beautiful’ Cz. lepý ‘beautiful’; Slk. lepý ‘beautiful’ SCr. l›jep ‘beautiful’, f. lijèpa; ak. lp ‘beautiful’, f. lp;, n. lpo; lp (Novi) ‘beautiful’, f. lp;; l£=p (Orb.) ‘beautiful’, f. l£ep;, f. l£ pa, n. l£=po; Sln. l¤p ‘beautiful’, f. l—6pa

The communis opinio is that this adjective derives from the root ‘smear’. The semantic development is supposed to be from ‘fat’ to ‘rich, abundant, of good quality’, cf. MoDu. vet (pop.) ‘cool, neat, great’ (see the ESSJa for more parallels). See also: *l˜piti; *l¬p& I; *l%n®ti

*lskà f. # (b) ‘hazel’ E W S B

Ru. ljazgá (dial.) ‘hazel’; Bel. ljáska ‘stick, cane’ Cz. líska ‘hazel’; ¯aska (Sil.) ‘hazel’; Slk. lieska ‘hazel’; Pl. laska ‘stick, staff ’; Slnc. lusk‘ ‘hazel’; USrb. lYska ‘hazel’; LSrb. lYska ‘hazel switch’ SCr. lijèska ‘hazel’; Sln. l—6ska ‘hazel’; Bulg. leská ‘hazel’ Lith. lazdà ‘stick, staff, (OLith., dial.) hazel’; Latv. lazda ‘hazel’; lagzda ‘hazel’ OPr. laxde (EV) ‘hazel’

In spite of the formal differences, there can hardly be any doubt that the Slavic and Baltic forms are cognate. For Balto-Slavic, one might posit a medial cluster *-zgd-. The difference in root vocalism remains unaccounted for, however. Forms such as SCr. lijèsak, ak. l£es;k (Orb.) ‘hazel’ must be compared with SCr. m«zak ‘brain, marrow’ vs. Ru. mozg and should not be identified with *les"k", a diminutive of ' *lÆs". See also: *lozà

*ls m. o (c) ‘forest, wood(s)’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIV 249-252

OCS lYs" (Euch., Supr.) Ru. les; Ukr. lis Cz. les; Slk. les; Pl. las SCr. l›jes; Sln. l¤s ‘wood (material), forest’, Gsg. l¤sa, Gsg. l—s; Bulg. les

If there is an etymological connection with OE l´s f. ‘pasture’, Gsg. l´swe, we might reconstruct *leh&s-u-. In the case of an u-stem, the fact that Hirt’s law did not cause the noun to acquire fixed root stress, can be attributed to the influence of trisyllabic end-stressed case-forms, cf. ' *sy4n". *lto n. o (a) ‘summer’ CS E W

ESSJa XV 8-12

OCS lYto ‘summer, year’ Ru. léto ‘summer, (pl.) age, years’; léto (dial.) ‘South, south wind’ Cz. léto ‘summer, year’; Slk. leto ‘summer, (dial.) year’; Pl. lato ‘summer, (arch.) year’

*l¨zti

275

S

SCr. ljto ‘summer, year’; ak. l›to (Vrg.) ‘summer, year’; lto (Novi, Orb.) ‘summer, year’; Sln. l—6tJ ‘summer, year’; Bulg. ljáto ‘summer, (obs.) year’

PIE Cogn.

*leh&-tóm OIr. laithe n. ‘day’

*l t f. i CS

ESSJa XV 18-19

E

OCS lYt! ‘it is allowed’ {1}; RuCS lYt! ‘it is allowed’ {2}; SerbCS lijet ‘it is allowed’ Ru. let’ (arch.) ‘it is allowed’; ORu. lYt! ‘it is allowed’ {2}

PIE Cogn.

*leh&-tiGo. letan ‘let’

{1} The construction is lYt!/lYtij0 jest". {2} Also lYtiju (est!). See also: *l˜nìv&; *l¬n&; *l˜n%

*l viti v. E W S

ESSJa XV 28 Ukr. leviti ‘weaken, diminish’ Cz. leviti (obs., poet.) ‘facilitate, alleviate, diminish’; leviti (Jg.) ‘reduce, give up, release, drop’ SCr. léviti (dial.) ‘waste time, loaf ’

BSl. B

*le‹w-(V )-; *ljo‹u-(C)Lith. liáuti ‘stop’; Latv. #at ‘allow, (refl.) stop, yield, rely on’ OPr. aulat ‘die’

PIE Cogn.

*leh&uGo. lewjan ‘betray’

According to LIV (399), the *u was originally a present suffix. The basic root *leh&- is assumed to occur in ' *lÆn", etc. *lv adj. o (c) ‘left’

ESSJa XV 29-31

CS E W S

OCS lYv" Ru. lévyj Cz. levý; Slk. ¯avý; Pl. lewy SCr. l›jev; ak. l§v (Vrg.); l£ vi (Orb.); Sln. l¤v, f. l—6va; Bulg. ljav

PIE Cogn.

*lh'eiuoGk. • «; Lat. laevus

*lzti v. (a) ‘crawl, climb’ CS E W

ESSJa XV 36-38

OCS izlYsti ‘go out of ’, 1sg. izlYz0 Ru. lezt’ ‘climb, crawl, drag oneself along’, 1sg. lézu, 3sg. lézet Cz. lézti ‘climb, crawl, drag oneself along’; Slk. liezŸ ‘crawl’; Pl. le]\ ‘climb, crawl upwards, drag oneself along’; Slnc. lìesc ‘crawl’

*l‚dv%je; *l‚dv%ja

276 S

SCr. ljsti ‘crawl, climb’, 1sg. ljžm; ak. l›sti (Vrg.) ‘crawl, climb’, 1sg. l›žeš; Sln. l—6sti ‘crawl, drag oneself along’, 1sg. l¤zem

BSl. B

*leLatv. l zêt ‘slide’ OPr. lse ‘crawls’

PIE

*leh&-

See also: *làziti; *laz&

*ldvje; *ldvja n. io; f. i# ‘loins’ CS E W

S

PIE Cogn.

OCS l
*lga f. # (a) ‘depression’ E W BSl. B

ESSJa XV 48-50

ESSJa XV 52-53

Ru. ljága (N. dial.) ‘swampy place, swamp, depression, cavity (usually filled with water), puddle’; ORu. ljaga ‘damp low place’ Slnc. lëga ‘low place, depression’ *len‹g(i)a‹ Lith. léngF (arch.) f.(!) ‘depression, small meadow between two hills’; lénkF f.(!) ‘vale, depression, moist and boggy place, meadow, marsh’; lìnka f.(#) ‘depression’

See ' *l04g". *lkati; *lcati v. CS E W S

ESSJa XV 59-61

OCS l<0t" (Supr.) 3pl. ‘set traps’ Ru. ljakát’ (dial.) ‘scare, chase a fish caught in a net’ Cz. lekati ‘scare’; léceti ‘lay snares, set traps’; líceti ‘lay snares, set traps’; OCz. léceti ‘lay snares, set traps’; Pl. l
The form *l
*lib& *lkti v. ‘bend’

277 ESSJa XV 62-63

CS W

CS l<šti ‘bend’ Cz. léci (arch.) ‘bend’; líct (dial.) ‘lay snares (for birds)’; USrb. lac (arch.) ‘set traps, grow ears’; LSrb. lYc ‘set traps’

BSl. B

*lenkLith. leñkti ‘bend’; Latv. lìekt ‘bend’

As a verbal root, *lenk- seems to be limited to Balto-Slavic. See also: *l‚kati; *l‚cati; *l‚k&; *l®iti; *l®%je; *l®ka; *l®kàv&; *l®4k&

*lk adj. o ‘bent’ E

Ru. ljákij (arch.) ‘bent, hunchbacked’

BSl.

*linkas Latv. lìks ‘bent’

ESSJa XV 63

See ' *l
W

S

ESSJa XV 70-71

CS libav" ‘slender, thin’; libYv" ‘slender, thin’; libiv" ‘slender, thin’ Ru. ljubávyj (dial.) ‘lean (meat)’; libívyj (dial.) ‘gaunt, weak’; libivój (dial.) ‘gaunt, weak’; ljubivój (dial.) ‘gaunt, thin’; ljubóvyj (dial.) ‘fleshy, meaty’; Bel. ljubáva f. ‘lean pork’ Cz. libový ‘lean’; libivý (Kott) ‘lean, fleshy, meaty’; OCz. libYvy ‘lean, thin’; Pl. lubawy (dial.) ‘lazy, weak, sluggish, lean (meat)’; Slnc. lëbavï ‘lazy, sluggish, excessively tall, thin, lean (meat)’; läbˆvï ‘slow, lazy, sluggish’ SCr. l›bav ‘agile, flexible’; lìbiv ‘big, fat, fleshy, meaty’

See ' *lib". We find o-grade of the root in the rare adjective *lYbav", e.g. Cz. lebavý (Jg., Kott: Mor.) ‘bald’. *lib adj. o ‘thin’

ESSJa XV 74-75

W

OCz. libí ‘lean, thin’; OPl. luby ‘thin, frail’ {1}; Slnc. lëb³ ‘weak, soft, frail’

BSl. B

*lei‹bos (*le‹ibos?) Lith. láibas 3 ‘thin, tall, high’; líebas (dial.) 3 ‘thin-legged’

Cogn.

OE lf ‘infirm, diseased, ill’

If Lith. líesas, Latv. li ss ‘thin, lean, arid’ belong here, we may reconstruct *leiH-boor *leh&i-bo-. {1} According to Bakowski (2000b: 67), the single gloss we are dealing with here may be an instance of luby ‘dear, beloved’. In that case we must assume that the scribe misunderstood Lat. gracilem. See also: *libav&; *lib˜v&; *libiv&; *libov&

*lcè

278 *l#cè n. jo (b) ‘cheek, face’

ESSJa XV 75-78

CS E W S

OCS lice n. ( jo./s.) ‘face, person’, Gsg. lice, Gsg. liese Ru. licó ‘face, person’; ORu. lice ‘face’; lico ‘face’ Cz. líce ‘face, (lit.) cheek’; OCz. líce ‘cheek’; Pl. lice ‘cheek, (pl.) face’ SCr. líce ‘face, appearance’; ak. lc (Vrg.: obs.) ‘face, appearance’, Npl. l›ca; lc (Novi) ‘face, appearance’, Npl. líca; lc (Orb.) ‘cheek’, Npl. l§ca; Sln. líce ‘cheek, face’; Bulg. licé ‘face, appearance, person’

BSl. B

*lik-/*loik-? OPr. laygnan (EV) ‘cheek’

PIE Cogn.

*l(o)ik-oOIr. lecca n. ‘jaw, cheek’

Since the third palatalization is generally considered not to have operated after *ei, one may advance the hypothesis that the root originally had zero grade (Kortlandt, p.c.). *lixo adv. CS E W S

ESSJa XV 89-91

OCS lixo adv./prep. ‘abundantly, above, beyond’ Ru. líxo (dial.) adv. ‘very, (it is) bad, heavy, boring’; líxo (dial.) n. ‘evil, harm’; Ukr. lýxo n. ‘misfortune, grief ’; lýxo (dial.) adv. ‘very, badly, disgustingly’ Pl. licho adv. ‘badly, unsuccessfully, insufficiently’; licho n. ‘evil, misfortune, devil’; OPl. licho (Ps. Flor.) adv. ‘unjustly, badly’ SCr. lho adv. ‘unevenly, above, beyond’

See ' *lix". *lix adj. o ‘superfluous, incorrect’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XV 99-102

OCS lix" ‘excessive, superfluous’ Ru. lixój ‘brave, quick, swift, evil, heavy, difficult’; lixój (dial.) ‘sharp, strong’ Cz. lichý ‘lonesome, isolated, empty’; OCz. lichý ‘unequal, wrong, evil, simple, empty’; Slk. lichý (lit.) ‘deceptive, empty, incorrect’; lichý (dial.) ‘deceptive, empty, incorrect, poor, insignificant’; Pl. lichy ‘poor, miserable, insignificant, mean, (dial.) evil’; OPl. lichy ‘incorrect, evil, poor, pitiful, insignificant’ SCr. l›h ‘exclusive’; lh ‘unnecessary, false, empty, odd (number)’; Sln. lh ‘uneven, odd (number)’

In order to explain the *x, we may reconstruct *leik-so-. For the root see ' *ot(")lYk". *lik m. o CS E W

OCS lik" ‘round dance, chorus’ Ru. lik (eccl.) ‘assembly’ Pl. lik ‘assembly, detachment’

Cogn.

Go. laiks m. ‘dance’; OHG leich m. ‘play, melody, song’

ESSJa XV 107

*l­st&

279

A borrowing from Germanic. *lìpa (a) ‘lime-tree’ E W S

Ru. lípa Cz. lípa; Slk. lipa; Pl. lipa SCr. l›pa; Sln. lípa; Bulg. lipá

BSl. B

*léi‹pa‹ (lé‹ipa‹) Lith. líepa 1; Latv. li pa

ESSJa XV 114-116

The acute root precludes a connection with *leip- ‘smear’. *lisa f. # ‘fox’ E W S

ESSJa XV 137-139

Ru. lisá ‘fox’; ORu. lisa ‘fox, vixen’; Bel. lisá ‘fox’; Ukr. lýsa ‘fox’ OCz. lisa ‘fox, vixen’ Bulg. lísa ‘fox’; Mcd. lisa ‘fox’

If we reconstruct *leipsa, the closest cognate is Latv. lapsa ‘fox’. This would still leave us facing considerable problems, cf. also Skt. lopZá- ‘a jackal, fox, or a similar animal’ with yet another vocalism of the root. See also: *lis&; *lisìca

*lisìca f. j# ‘fox, vixen’ CS E W S

ESSJa XV 140-141

CS lisica ‘fox’ Ru. lisíca ‘fox, vixen’ Pl. lisica ‘vixen’; Slnc. läsˆc‘ ‘vixen’; Plb. laisai\‘ ‘fox’ SCr. lìsica ‘fox’; Sln. lisíca ‘fox’; Bulg. lisíca ‘fox’; Mcd. lisica ‘fox’

See ' *lisa. *lis m. o ‘fox’ CS E W S

ESSJa XV 150

OCS lis" ‘fox’ Ru. lis (obs.) ‘fox’, Gsg. lísa Pl. lis ‘fox’; Slnc. lˆs ‘fox’ SCr. ls (Vuk) ‘(male) fox’; Sln. lìs ‘fox’, Gsg. lísa

See ' *lisa. *lst m. o (c) ‘leaf ’ CS E W S B

ESSJa XV 147-148

OCS list" (Ps. Sin., Supr.) ‘leaf ’ Ru. list ‘leaf ’, Gsg. listá, Npl. líst’ja; list ‘sheet’, Gsg. listá, Npl. listý {1} Cz. list ‘leaf, sheet, letter’; Slk. list ‘leaf, sheet, letter’; Pl. list ‘letter’; Slnc. lˆst ‘letter’ SCr. lst ‘leaf, sheet’; ak. lst (Vrg.) ‘leaf, sheet’, Gsg. lsta; ls (Orb.) ‘leaf ’, Gsg. lsta; Sln. lst ‘leaf, sheet, letter’, Gsg. lsta, Gsg. list; Bulg. list ‘leaf, sheet’ Lith. la§škas 4 ‘letter’; láiškas (E. Aušt.) 3 ‘letter’

*lišiti

280

OPr. crixti liskas ‘Taufbüchlein’ A reconstruction *leh&i-sk-to-, containing the verbal root ‘let, leave’, would raise the question why Hirt’s law did not generate fixed stress. Instead, we might posit *leidsk-to-, cf. Lith. léisti ‘let, leave’, provided that this root exists (see LIV: 402-403). {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 137). *lišiti v. ‘deprive of ’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XV 155-156

OCS lišiti ‘deprive of ’, 1sg. liš0 Ru. lišít’ ‘deprive of ’, 1sg. lišú, 1sg., 3sg. lišít Cz. lišiti ‘distinguish, (se) differ’; lišiti (Jg.) ‘spoil, (se) take care’; Slk. líšiŸ sa ‘distinguish oneself, differ’; Pl. liszy\ (arch.) ‘deprive of ’; liszy\ si< ‘lose, be deprived of ’; OPl. liszy\ si< ‘worsen, deteriorate’ SCr. líšiti ‘deprive of, (l. se) sell, give away’, líšim

A derivative of ' *lix". See also: *lixo; *ot&l˜k&

*lìti v. ‘pour’

ESSJa XV 157-159

CS E W S

OCS -liti, 1sg. -lij0 (izliti ‘pour out’, proliti ‘id.’, etc.) Ru. lit’, 1sg. l’ju, 3sg. l’ët Cz. líti, 1sg. liji; OPl. li\ SCr. l›ti, 1sg. l›jm; ak. l›ti (Orb.), 1sg. ljn, 1sg. ljen; Sln. líti, 1sg. líjem; Bulg. léja

BSl. B

*le‹iLith. líeti; Latv. liêt OPr. pralieton ‘shed’

PIE Cogn.

*leh&iGk. •Œ£[ ‘shed, pour’; MW di-llyd ‘pour out’

See also: *l¥j%; *l%jati; *s&loj%

*l#zàti v. (b) ‘lick’

ESSJa XV 162-163

CS E W S

OCS lizaaše (Supr.) 3sg. impf. ‘licked’ Ru. lizát’ ‘lick’, 1sg. ližú, 3sg. lížet Cz. lízati ‘lick’; Slk. lízaŸ ‘lick’; Pl. liza\ ‘lick’ SCr. lízati ‘lick’, 1sg. lžm; ak. lz;ti (Vrg.) ‘lick’, 2sg. l§žeš; lz;t (Orb.) ‘lick’, 2sg. l§žeš; Sln. lízati ‘lick’, 1sg. lížem; Bulg. líža ‘lick’

BSl. B

*lei]Lith. li žti ‘lick’; laižýti ‘lick’; Latv. làizît ‘lick’ (also la§zît (W. Latv.), with metatony)

PIE Cogn.

*leiSkt. réh- ‘lick’; Gk. •ª«¼[ ‘lick’; Lat. lingere ‘lick’; Go. bilaigon ‘lick (at)’

*³uby *bìti v. (b) ‘love’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

281 ESSJa XV 174-176

OCS ljubiti ‘love, desire, worship’, 1sg. ljublj0 Ru. ljubít’ ‘love, like’, 1sg. ljubljú, 3sg. ljúbit Cz. líbiti se ‘please’; OCz. líbiti ‘love, like, prefer’; líbiti sY ‘be inclined’; Slk. ¯úbiŸ ‘love, like’; Pl. lubi\ ‘love, like’ SCr. ljúbiti ‘love, desire, kiss’, 1sg. ljbm; ak. #b›ti (Vrg.) ‘love, desire, kiss’, 2sg. #bš; Sln. ljúbiti ‘love, caress, promise’, 1sg. ljúbim; Bulg. ljúbja ‘love’ *leubSkt. lúbhyati ‘desire’; Lat. (arch.) lubet ‘pleasede’; OHG liuben ‘please, be dear’

See also: *³ubo; *³ub&; *³uby

*ubo conj. ‘or’ CS E W S

ESSJa XV 177

OCS ljubo Ru. líbo; ljúbo OCz. ¯ubo; ¯úbo; lib(o) ; Pl. lub; OPl. lubo SCr. ljubo (arch., lit.); ljibo (arch., lit.)

See ' *#ub". *ub adj. o ‘sweet, pleasant’ CS E W

ESSJa XV 181-182

S

OCS ljub" ‘sweet, pleasant’ Ru. ljubój ‘any, either’ Cz. libý ‘sweet, pleasant’; Slk. ¯ubý ‘dear, pleasant’; Pl. luby ‘dear, beloved, pleasant’ SCr. ljub ‘dear, beloved’; Sln. ljb ‘sweet, dear’, f. ljúba

PIE Cogn.

*leub-oGo. liufs ‘dear, sweet’

See also: *³bìti; *³ubo; *³uby

*uby f.  ‘love’

ESSJa XV 185-186

CS E W S

OCS ljuby f.() ‘love, passion’, Gsg. ljub"ve {1} Ru. ljubóv’ f.(i) ‘love’; ORu. ljuby f.() ‘love’; ljub"v! f.(i) ‘love’ OCz. luby f.() ‘love’, Gsg. lubve SCr. ljúbav f.(i) ‘love’; ljúbov f.(i) ‘love’; ak. #b’v (Vrg.) f.(i) ‘love’, Gsg. #ub;vi; #b;v (Novi) f.(i) ‘love’; ljubãf (Orb.) f.(i) ‘love’, Gsg. ljub;vi; Sln. ljubv f.(i) ‘love, friendly turn, kindness’; Bulg. ljubóv f.(i) ‘love’

BSl. B

*#oubLith. liaups f.(!) 4 ‘praise, eulogy’

PIE Cogn.

*leub-uH Go. liufs ‘dear, sweet’

*³udin&; *³udìna

282

{1} Secondary Nsg. forms are ljub"v" (En.) and ljub!ve (Sav.). Interestingly, the Asg. is ljuby in the expressions ljuby dYjati, tvoriti, s"tvoriti ‘commit fornication’. See also: *³bìti; *³ubo; *³ub&

*udin; *udìna m. o; m. # CS E S

ESSJa XV 192

OCS prost" ljudin" (Euch.) ‘layman’ Ru. ljudína (dial.) ‘man (pej.)’; Ukr. ljudýna ‘man’ SCr. ljùdina ‘strong man’

Singulative of ' *#d". See also: *³ºd%je

*d m. o (c) ‘people’ CS E W S

CS ljud" Ru. ljud (coll.) Cz. lid; OCz. ¯ud; Slk. ¯ud; Pl. lud Sln. ljd

BSl. B

*ljoudLith. liáudis f.(i) 1; Latv. #àudis Npl. m.(i)

PIE Cogn.

*h&leud-oOHG liut m.

ESSJa XV 194-200

See also: *³udin&; *³udìna; *³ºd%je

*dje Npl. m. (c) ‘people’ CS E W S

OCS ljud!je Ru. ljúdi Cz. lidé, Gsg. lidí; OCz. ¯udie; Slk. ¯udia; Pl. ludzie SCr. ljdi; ak. #di (Vrg.); #di (Orb.); Sln. ljudj<4

BSl. B

*ljoudejes Lith. liáudis f.(i) 1; Latv. #àudis Npl. m.(i)

PIE Cogn.

*h&leud-ei-es OHG liuti Npl.

ESSJa XV 194-200

See also: *³udin&; *³udìna; *³ºd&

*tìti v. (b) ‘be angry’ CS E W S

ESSJa XV 224-225

CS ljutiti s< ‘rage’ Ru. ljutít’sja ‘be angry’; Ukr. ljútyty ‘anger, irritate’ Cz. lítiti se (obs.) ‘become angry’; lítiti (Jg., Kott) ‘anger, (se) become angry’; OCz. ¯útiti ‘anger, (sY) become angry’ SCr. ljútiti ‘anger’, 1sg. ljtm; ak. #t›ti (Vrg.) ‘anger’, 2sg. #tš; Sln. ljútiti ‘anger’, 1sg. ljtim; Bulg. ljutjá ‘bite, burn, (l. se be annoyed, be angry)’; ljútja (BTR) ‘anger’

*lokati

283

See ' *#ut". *ut adj. o ‘fierce’ CS E W S

ESSJa XV 231-236

OCS ljut" ‘fierce, wicked, strong’ Ru. ljútyj ‘ferocious, fierce, cruel’ Cz. lítý (lit.) ‘fierce, ferocious’; OCz. ¯útý ‘fierce, ferocious, sharp’; Slk. ¯úty ‘strong, sharp, fierce’; Pl. luty ‘fierce, ferocious, wild’ SCr. ljt ‘bitter, sharp, angry, fierce’, f. ljúta, n. ljúto; ak. #t (Vrg.) ‘intense, strong, severe, sour’, f. #t;, n. #to; ljt (Orb.) ‘strong (of brandy and of food), sour, hot’, f. ljta, n. ljto; Sln. ljt ‘strong, sharp, fierce, bitter’, f. ljúta; Bulg. ljut ‘sharp, pungent, angry, horrible’

The proto-form must be reconstructed as *leut-o. Cognates seem to be lacking, however. Gk. •‡ f. ‘rage’ is generally considered a derivative of •‡€ ‘wolf ’. See also: *³tìti

*lobzati v. ‘kiss’

ESSJa XV 241-243

CS E S

OCS lob"zati ‘kiss’, 1sg. lob"ž0 Ru. lobzát’ (obs.) ‘kiss’ SCr. lobzb;t (Cres) ‘kiss (?)’

PIE Cogn.

*labGk. • ‡[ ‘swallow greedily’; Gk. •¶[ ‘lap’; Lat. lambere ‘lick’; OHG laffan ‘lick’; Arm. lapÒem ‘lick’

Apparently a verb with “European a”. *lg m. o (c) E S

Ru. log ‘ravine, broad gully’, Gsg. lóga SCr. l|g ‘lair, den, riverbed’, Gsg. l«ga

Cogn.

Gk. •¼ m. ‘ambush’

ESSJa XV 248-250

See also: *legti; *ležati; *l˜gati; *lože; *ložìti

*lj m. jo (c) ‘tallow, suet’ CS W S

ESSJa XV 259-262

CS loi ‘fat, suet’ Cz. l,j ‘tallow, suet’, Gsg. loje; Slk. loj ‘tallow’; Pl. ój ‘tallow’, Gsg. oju SCr. l|j ‘tallow, fat, suet’, Gsg. l«ja; ak. l|j (Vrg.) ‘tallow, fat, suet’, Gsg. l«ja; lu|j (Orb.) ‘tallow, fat’; Sln. lºj ‘tallow’; Bulg. loj ‘tallow’

Since *loh&i-o- would have yielded **làj!, we must reconstrcut a secondary full grade *loih&- or *lh&oi-. See also: *lìti; *l%jati; *s&loj%

*lokati v. ‘lap’ CS

CS lokati ‘lap’

ESSJa XVI 6-7

*lok 

284 E W S

Ru. lakát’ ‘lap’; lokát’ ‘lap’ Cz. lokati ‘gulp, swallow’; Pl. oka\ (dial.) ‘lap’; OPl. oka\ ‘lap, gulp, gobble’ SCr. lòkati ‘lap, guzzle’, 1sg. l«m; ak. lok;ti (Vrg.) ‘guzzle’, 2sg. l«eš; lok;t (Orb.) ‘drink (of animals), booze, guzzle’, 2sg. l«eš; Sln. lókati ‘lap, slobber’, 1sg. lókam, 1sg. l06em

BSl. B

*lakLith. làkti ‘lap’; Latv. lakt ‘lap’

PIE Cogn.

*lak-?? Arm. lakem ‘lick’

Another expressive (onomatopoetic?) verb that seems to contain “European *a”, cf. ' *lob!zati. *lok f.  (b?) ‘puddle’

ESSJa XVI 10

CS S

OCS lok"vi (Euch.) Gsg. ‘puddle’ SCr. l«kva f.(#) ‘puddle, pool, swamp, (arch.) lake’; ak. l«kva (Vrg.) f.(#) ‘puddle, pool, swamp’; l«kva (Novi) f.(#) ‘puddle, pool, swamp’; Sln. l04kŠv f.(i) ‘puddle, pool, pond, lagoon’, Gsg. l04kve; l04kva f.(#) ‘puddle, pool, pond, lagoon’; Bulg. lókva f.(#) ‘puddle, pool’; lókva (dial.) f.(#) ‘field on a riverbank with rich alluvial soil, grassy meadow at the bend of a river’

PIE Cogn.

*lok-uHGk. •¶€€ m. ‘pond’; Lat. lacus m. ‘lake, reservoir’; Lat. lacna f. ‘cavity, deep, abyss’; OHG lahha f. ‘pool, puddle’; OE lagu f. ‘lake’; OIr. loch n. ‘lake’

For this etymon one has often suggested a substratum origin, mainly in view of the supposed *a of the root. It is uncertain, however, if we must reconstruct *a (cf. Schrijver 1991: 423-424, 475). Crucial in this respect is Lat. lacus, where, according to Schrijver, la- may originate from *lo-. If this is correct, we may posit *lok-uH- for PSl. *loky, cf. Lat. lacna, in which case the Greek form does not belong here unless it contains • - < *ç. *lomìti v. (b) ‘break’ CS E W S

BSl. B

ESSJa XVI 16-19

OCS lomiti ‘break’, 1sg. lomlj0 Ru. lomít’ ‘break’, 1sg. lomljú, 3sg. lómit Cz. lomiti ‘break’; Slk. lomiŸ ‘break’; Pl. omi\ (14th-17th c., dial.) ‘break, plough across a field’ SCr. lòmiti ‘break, plough for the first time’, 1sg. lòmm; ak. lom›ti (Vrg.) ‘break’, 2sg. lom§š; lom›t (Orb.) ‘break, burst’, 1sg. lom›n; Sln. lómiti ‘break’, 1sg. l06mim; Bulg. lomjá ‘break’ *lom‹Lith. lémti ‘decide, determine’; Latv. le8t ‘decide, determine’ OPr. lembtwey (I) ‘break’; limtwey (II) ‘break’; limtwei (III) ‘break’

*lòš%

285

The Baltic evidence is slightly in favour of a root containing a laryngeal (see Derksen 1996: 68-69). See also: *emex&; *emeš%; *emež%; *lemex&; *lemeš%; *lemež%; *lam&

*lonò n. o (b) CS E W S

ESSJa XVI 32-35

OCS lono ‘breast, bosom’ Ru. lóno (obs.) ‘bosom, lap’; lúno (dial.) ‘abdomen’; lunó (dial.) ‘abdomen’ {1} Cz. l,no ‘womb, (lit.) lap’; OCz. lóno ‘bosom, lap’; Slk. lono ‘lap, womb’; Pl. ono ‘lap’; Slnc. l¨Qon‰ ‘breast, inside’ Sln. lonJ ‘lap’ (according to Pleteršnik, this is a borrowing); Bulg. lóno ‘lap’

In view of ' *ložesno, this etymon has been reconstructed as *log-s-no-. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 135).

*lopàta f. # ‘spade, shovel’

ESSJa XVI 39-43

CS E W S

OCS lopata ‘shovel, fan’ Ru. lopáta Cz. lopata; Slk. lopata; Pl. opata SCr. lòpata; ak. lop;ta (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. lopáta; Bulg. lopáta

B

Lith. lópeta 1; Latv. lâpsta OPr. lopto (EV) ‘spade’

The relationship with ' *làpa is problematic. A Baltic cognate with a short vowel may be Lith. lãpas ‘leaf ’. *losos m. jo ‘salmon’ E W S

ESSJa XVI 88-90

Ru. losós’ m.( jo); lósos’ m.( jo); lox (dial.) m.(o) ‘salmon which has become thinner after spawning’; Bel. lasóZ m.( jo); Ukr. losós’ m.( jo) Cz. losos m.(o); Slk. losos m.(o); Pl. osoZ m.( jo); Slnc. l¨Q‰s‰s m.(o) Sln. lsos m.(o)

BSl. B

*loZosLith. lašišà f.( j#) 2; Latv. lasis m.(io) OPr. lalasso [lasasso] (EV) m.

PIE Cogn.

*lo˜s-osOIc. lax m.; OHG lahs m.; Toch. B laks m. ‘fish’; Fi. lohi ‘salmon’; Osset. lÀsÀg.

*lòš adj. jo (b) ‘bad’ E S

ESSJa XVI 92-94

Ru. lóšij (dial.) ‘bad’, f. lóš’ja, n. lóš’e SCr. l«š ‘poor, bad, evil’, f. l«ša, f. lòša, n. l«še, n. lòše; ak. l«š (Vrg.) ‘poor, bad, evil’, f. l«ša, n. l«šo, n. l«še; Bulg. loš ‘bad, evil, angry’

*lovìti

286 Cogn.

Go. lasiws adj. ‘weak’; OE. lyso adj. ‘bad, wrong, evil’

The ESSJa rejects the traditional comparison with PGmc. *lasiwa- for semantic reasons, but in view of OE lyso this is hard to understand. On the other hand, OE lyso < *lusiwa- may not belong here. *lovìti v. (c) ‘(try to) catch’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVI 106-108

OCS loviti ‘catch, hunt’, 1sg. lovlj0 Ru. lovít’ ‘(try to) catch’, 1sg. lovljú, 3sg. lóvit {1} Cz. loviti ‘(try to) catch, fish’; Slk. loviŸ ‘(try to) catch, fish’; Pl. owi\ ‘(try to) catch, fish’ SCr. lòviti ‘(try to) catch, fish’, 1sg. lòvm; ak. lov›ti (Vrg.) ‘(try to) catch, fish’, 2sg. lov§š; lov›t (Orb.) ‘(try to) catch, fish’, 1sg. lov§n; Sln. lovíti ‘(try to) catch, fish’, 1sg. lovím; Bulg. lovjá ‘seize, (try to) catch, fish, hunt’

Lith. lãvinti ‘train, develop’ must derive from lavùs ‘adroit, dexterous’ (' *lov"k") and is therefore not to be compared directly with *lovìti. Latv. lavît ‘catch’ is probably a borrowing from Slavic. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). See also: *l¥v&

*lv m. o (c) ‘hunt, hunting’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVI 111-113

OCS lov" (Ps. Sin., Supr.) ‘hunt, hunting’ Ru. lov ‘hunting, catching, catch’ Cz. lov ‘hunting, catching, catch’; Slk. lov ‘hunting, catching, catch’; Pl. ów ‘hunting, catching, catch’, Gsg. owu SCr. l|v ‘hunting, catching’, Gsg. l«va; ak. l|v (Vrg.) ‘hunting, catching’, Gsg. l«va; Sln. lòv ‘hunt, catch’, Gsg. lóva; l04v f.(i) ‘catch, catching’; Bulg. lov ‘hunt, game, catch’

See ' *lov"k". lvk adj. o (c) ‘adroit, dexterous’ E

ESSJa XVI 111-113

S

Ru. lóvkij ‘adroit, dexterous, cunning, smart (dial.) beautiful, good’; lóvok, f. lovká, n. lóvko; Ukr. lóvkyj ‘beautiful, good, tasty’ SCr. l«vak (RSA) ‘clever at catching smth.’, f. l«vka, f. lòvka, n. l«vko

BSl. B

*lowLith. lavùs ‘adroit, dexterous, clever’

To my knowledge, there are no cognates outside Balto-Slavic. One may even wonder if Lith. lavùs is a borrowing. See also: *lovìti; *l¥v&

*lozà f. # (c) ‘vine’ CS

OCS loza ‘vine’

ESSJa XVI 118-120

*ložìti E W S

287

Ru. lozá ‘rod, vine’, Asg. lozú {1} Cz. loza (dial.) ‘vine’; OCz. loza ‘tree-trunk (?)’; Slk. loza ‘vine, sapling’; Pl. oza ‘willow, osier, vine’ SCr. lòza ‘vine, umbilical cord’, Asg. l«zu; ak. loz; (Vrg.) ‘vine’, Asg. l«zu; Sln. lóza ‘shoot, vine, wood, grove’; Bulg. lozá ‘vine’

This word for ‘vine’ is usually compared with Lith. lazdà ‘stick, staff, (OLith., dial.) hazel’, Latv. la(g)zda, OPr. laxde ‘hazel’, which are semantically closer to ' *l©skà. In addition, the latter etymon contains a consonant sequence that can be linked to Baltic *( g)zd. On the other hand, the root vocalism of lozà is the same as in the Baltic forms meaning ‘hazel’. The problem is to explain the relationship between the *-z- of *lozà and the consonant sequences that occur in the Slavic and Baltic words for ‘hazel’. Possible parallels are ' *gr
ESSJa XVI 125-126

CS E W S

OCS lože ‘bed, den’ Ru. lóže ‘bed, den’ Cz. lože ‘bed, den’; OCz. lože ‘womb’; Pl. o­e ‘bed’ SCr. l«že ‘bed, den’; Sln. l06že ‘den, afterbirth’; Bulg. lóže ‘bed’

PIE Cogn.

*log-io-m Gk. •¼ m. ‘ambush’; OIc. lag n. ‘situation’

Deverbative jo-stem. See ' *legti. *ložesno n. o ‘womb’ CS E S

ESSJa XVI 126-128

OCS ložesna Npl. ‘womb’ (the singular ložesno occurs once in the Codex Suprasliensis) ORu. ložesno ‘womb’ ; ložesna Npl. ‘womb’ Sln. ložesna Npl. ‘womb’

An old derivative in *-no- of an s-stem, cf. ' *lonò. The root is generally identified with the root of ' *legti ‘lie down’, cf. Gk. •ª¼ ‘bed, bedstead, marriage’, •¼« ‘belonging to child-birth’. The vocalism of the root may have been influenced by ' *lože. *ložìti v. (b) ‘lay’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVI 127-128

CS ložiti ‘lay’ Ru. ložít’sja ‘lie down’; položít’ ‘lay down’; Ukr. ložýty ‘lay, put’ Cz. ložiti ‘lay, put’; Slk. ložiŸ ‘lay, put, kindle’; Pl. ožy\ ‘lay out, bestow’; Slnc. l¨Q‰ž®c ‘lay, put’; LSrb. ožyZ ‘lie, rest’ SCr. lòžiti ‘spread out, heat, kindle, make a fire’, 1sg. lòžm; ak. lož›ti ‘heat, kindle, make a fire’, 1sg. l«žš; lož›t (Orb.) ‘heat, make a fire, burn (as fuel)’, 3sg. l«ži; Sln. lóžiti ‘lay, put’, 1sg. l06žim

*lÓìti

288 PIE Cogn.

*log-eieGo. lagjan ‘lay’

See also: *legti; *ležati; *l˜gati; *l¥g&; *lonò; *lože; *ložesno

*l ìti v. (b) ‘separate’ CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa XVI 132-134

OCS l0iti (Supr.) ‘separate’, 1sg. l00 ORu. luiti ‘accomplish, reach’ (cf. Ru. razluít’ ‘separate’) Cz. louiti (lit.) ‘separate, (arch.) unite’; OCz. lúiti ‘separate’; Slk. lúiŸ sa ‘separate, part’; Pl. czy\ ‘separate, unite’ SCr. lúiti ‘separate, herd together’, 1sg. lm; Sln. l06iti ‘bend, separate’, 1sg. l06im *lonk-ei/iLith. lankýti ‘visit’; Latv. lùocît ‘bend repeatedly, move, arrange’

See ' *l
ESSJa XVI 134

CS l0ije n.(io) ‘rush’ Pl. cze (obs.) n.(io) ‘snare’ Sln. l04je n.(io) ‘reed, rush’

Derivative in *-!je of the root *l
S

BSl.

ESSJa XVI 139-141

OCS l0ga (Ps. Sin.) Gsg. ‘wood(s)’ Ru. lug ‘meadow’ Cz. luh ‘damp depression overgrown with shrubs and trees’; OCz. luh ‘forest, wood(s), grove, wooded meadow’; Slk. luh ‘damp wood with tall trees, grove near water’; Pl. g ‘damp or flooded wood, meadow or pasture near a river or in a depression’, Gsg. 
I have grouped together a number of etyma where the vacillation between *k and *g as well as between roots with and without a nasal could be interpreted within the context of a substratum origin. To a certain extent, influence of *lenk- ‘bend’ must be taken into consideration (cf. ' *l}kà). See also: *l‚¸ga; *lug&; *lùža; *l&kno

*lkà f. # (b) ‘low-lying medow, water-meadow’ CS

OCS l0ka (Supr., Euch.) ‘ruse’; CS l0ka ‘bay, swamp’

ESSJa XVI 141-142

*lºb& E W S

BSl. B

289

Ru. luká ‘pommel, bend, (dial.) flood plain’, Asg. lukú; ORu. l0ka ‘bay, bend, ruse’; Ukr. luká ‘flood plain’, Asg. lukú Cz. louka ‘meadow, hayfield’ (in the plural also luk); Slk. lúka ‘meadow, hayfield’; Pl. ka ‘meadow’ SCr. lúka ‘bay, harbour, port, fertile field, meadow near a river’; ak. lka (Vrg.) ‘bay, harbour’; lk; (Novi) ‘bay, harbour’, Asg. lkµ; Sln. l06ka ‘swampy meadow in a valley, harbour’; Bulg. l‘ká ‘meadow in the bend of a river’ *lonka‹ Lith. lankà 4 ‘water-meadow, swamp’; Latv. lañka ‘bend of a river, big lowlying meadow, big puddle’

See ' *l
ESSJa XVI 143-144

OCS l0kav" ‘evil, sly, cunning’ Ru. lukávyj ‘sly, cunning’ Cz. lukavý (Jg., Kott) ‘sly, cunning’ SCr. lùkav ‘sly, cunning’; Sln. lokàv ‘sly, cunning’

See ' *l
ESSJa XVI 148-149

OCS l0k" ‘bow’ Ru. luk ‘bow’ Cz. luk ‘bow, saddle-bow, shaft-bow’; Slk. luk ‘bow, shaft-bow, arch’; Pl. 
See ' *l
Ru. lub ‘bast’, Gsg. lúba Cz. lub ‘rim, hoop’; Slk. lub ‘wooden rim’; Pl. ub ‘bast’ SCr. lb ‘bast’; Sln. lb ‘bast’

PIE Cogn.

*loub-oLat. liber m. ‘bark, book’

ESSJa XVI 156-158

The root of this etymon seems to have a variant with *p ('*lpìti). One might consider a substratum origin. See also: *l&b&

*là

290 *l à f. j# (b) ‘ray, beam’ CS W S

ESSJa XVI 160

OCS lua (Euch., Supr.) ‘ray, beam’ Cz. loue (Kott) ‘ray, beam’ SCr. lµa ‘ray, beam’ (probably a Church Slavicism)

See ' *lú!. *lu ìti v. (c) CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XVI 162-163

OCS luiti s< (Zogr., Supr.) ‘happen’; RuCS luiti ‘accomplish, find, meet’; luitisja ‘happen’ Ru. luít’ (dial.) ‘allow’; luit’sja (dial.) ‘happen’; ORu. luiti ‘accomplish, find, meet’; luitisja ‘happen’ {1} Cz. luiti ‘throw’; Slk. lúiŸ ‘throw’; OPl. uczy\ ‘aim, reach, attain, find’ SCr. lúiti (RJA) ‘find, receive’; luiti (Mažur.) ‘attain’; Sln. luíti ‘throw, fling’, 1sg. luím *louk-eieSkt. rocáyati ‘let shine’

{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). See also: *là; *lú%; *lunà

*lú  m. jo (b) ‘ray, torch’

ESSJa XVI 163-164

CS E W S

RuCS lu! m.( jo) ‘ray, light, shining’ Ru. lu m.( jo) ‘ray, beam, (dial.) torch’ Cz. lou f.(i) ‘torch’; OCz. lú f.(i) ‘torch’; Slk. lú f.(i) ‘ray, (dial.) torch’ SCr. l m.( jo) ‘torch, light, ray’; l f.(i) ‘torch, light, ray’; l (dial.) m.( jo) ‘torch, resinous tree’; ak. l (Vrg.) m.( jo) ‘core of pinewood (used as fuel)’, Gsg. l;; Sln. lú f.(i) ‘light (from fire)’

B

OPr. luckis ‘torch, log’

PIE Cogn.

*loukSkt. rocíš- f. ‘light, splendour’; Lat. lx f. ‘light’

See also: *là; *luìti; *lunà

*ld adj. o (c) ‘crazy’

ESSJa XVI 168-169

CS E S

CS lud" ‘foolish’ Ru. lud (Dal’: arch.) ‘stupid, mad, crazy’ SCr. ld ‘stupid, crazy, immature’, f. lúda, n. lúdo; ak. ld (Vrg.) ‘stupid, crazy, immature’, f. ld;, n. ldo; Sln. ld ‘crazy’, f. lúda; Bulg. lud ‘crazy, insane, wild’

B

Lith. li×dnas ‘sad’

PIE Cogn.

*loud-oGo. liuts ‘hypocritical’

*luska

291

The Lithuanian form has a lengthened zero grade. The palatalization of the l originates from the (unattested) e-grade *liaud-. *lug m. o W S

ESSJa XVI 169-170

Pl. ug (arch., dial.) ‘meadow, grove’; OPl. ug ‘swamp, marsh, lake, grove’; Slnc. Ég ‘swamp, marsh, lake, grove’; Plb. laug ‘meadow’ Sln. lg (dial.) ‘meadow’

See ' *l04g". *lunà f. # ‘moon’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVI 173-174

OCS luna ‘moon’ Ru. luná ‘moon, (dial.) ray of light, firmament, echo’; Ukr. luná ‘reflection, glow, echo’ Cz. luna (poet.) ‘moon’; Slk. luna ‘moon’; Pl. una ‘reflection, glow, moon, flame’; OPl. una ‘moon, reflection, glow’ SCr. lúna ‘moon’; ak. ln; (Orb.) ‘full moon, phase of the moon’, Asg. ln«; Sln. lúna ‘moon’; Bulg. luná ‘moon’

BSl. B

*louksna‹ OPr. lauxnos Npl. ‘luminary’

PIE Cogn.

*louk-s-neh' Av. raoxšna- adj. ‘shining’; Lat. lna f. ‘moon’

Dybo (1981: 20) classifies this etymon as belonging to AP (b). The absence of length in West Slavic is puzzling, however. See also: *là; *lú%; *luiti

*lpìti v. (b) ‘peel’

ESSJa XVI 183-18

E W S

Ru. lupít’ ‘peel, bark, thrash’, 1sg. lupljú, 3sg. lúpit Cz. loupiti ‘rob’; Slk. lúpiŸ ‘steal’; Pl. upi\ ‘plunder, loot’ SCr. lúpiti ‘clean, peel’; ak. lp›t (Orb.) ‘peel (potatoes etc.) ‘, 1sg. lpin; Sln. lúpiti ‘clean, peel’, 1sg. lúpim

BSl. B

*loup-ei/iLith. laupýti ‘tear off ’; Latv. làupît ‘peel, rob, lunder’

See ' *lub". *luska f. # ‘peel, shell, pod, scale’ E W S

ESSJa XVI 188-191

Ru. luská (Dal’) ‘skin, peel, chaff ’ Cz. luska (obs.) ‘pod, husk’; OCz. luska ‘iron scale’; Pl. uska ‘pod, shell, scale (of fish, reptiles)’; USrb. uska ‘pod’ SCr. ljµska ‘shell, pod, scale (of fish, reptiles)’; lµska (arch.) ‘skin, shell, pod, scale (of fish), splinter’; ak. lsk; (Orb.) ‘splinter’, Asg. lsk«; Sln. lska ‘scale, bran’

*luskati

292 BSl. B

*lou(‹)ska‹ Latv. làuskas² Npl. ‘flake, dandruff ’

According to Vaillant (Gr. IV: 122), *luska derives from the verb *luskati < *lup-sk-ati (< *loup-). Though the accentuation of several forms is in conflict with this etymology, it is nevertheless an attractive solution. The East Latvian form làuskas² may very well differ etymologically from laûska ‘something broken, potsherd, splinter, the breaker (personification of frost)’, which clearly derive from laûzt ‘break’. This raises the question to what extent *lou-sk- may be present in Slavic. Though *lou-sk- would regularly yield *lusk- in Balto-Slavic, it is only to be expected that the glottal stop originating from Winter’s law was occasionally restored. See also: *luskati; *lusk&; *luspa; *lušiti; *luzga

*luskati v. ‘peel, shell, pod’

ESSJa XVI 192-194

E W S

Ru. luskát’ ‘peel, shell, pod’; lúskat’ ‘peel, shell, pod’ Pl. uska\ ‘peel, shell, pod’ SCr. ljµskati (dial.) ‘peel, shell, pod’; Sln. lúskati ‘peel, shell, pod, clean (fish)’; Bulg. l’úskam (dial.) ‘peel, shell, pod’

BSl. B

*lou(‹)ska‹Latv. làuskt² ‘flake, peel’

See also: *luska; *lusk&; *luspa; *lušiti; *luzga

*lusk m. o ‘peel, shell, pod’ E W S

ESSJa XVI 197-198

Ru. lusk (Dal’) ‘skin, peel, chaff ’ Cz. lusk ‘pod, husk’; Slk. lusk (lit.) ‘pod, husk’; OPl. usk ‘skin, peel, rind’ Sln. lsk ‘pod, bran, flake of skin’

See ' *luska. See also: *luskati; *luspa; *lušiti; *luzga

*luspa f. # ‘peel, shell, pod, scale’ CS E S

ESSJa XVI 199-200

RuCS luspa ‘shell, skin, peel, scale’ ORu. luspa ‘shell, skin, peel, scale’; Ukr. lušpá (dial.) ‘shell, skin, peel, scale’; luspá (dial.) ‘shell, skin, peel, pod, scale (of fish, snakes)’ SCr. ljµspa (dial.) ‘scale, peel, shell’; Bulg. ljúspa ‘scale, peel, rind’; lúspa ‘scale, peel, rind’

The most likely explanation for the sequence *sp is contamination of *lusk- (' *luska) and *lup- (' *lpìti). See also: *luska; *luskati; *lusk&; *lušiti; *luzga

*luš iti v. ‘peel, shell, pod’ E

ESSJa XVI 207-209

Ru. lušít’ ‘shell, hull, pod, crack, remove stubble (from), (dial.) guzzle, cram oneself ’, 1sg. lušú, 3sg. lušít

*l&b& W S

293

Cz. luštiti ‘solve, pod, shell, hull’; OCz. lušiti ‘pod, shell’; luštiti ‘pod, shell’; Slk. lúštiŸ ‘pod, shell, hull, try to solve’; Pl. uszczy\ ‘peel, pod, shell’ SCr. ljúštiti ‘skin, peel, shell, eat or drink greedily’, 1sg. ljštm; Sln. lúšiti ‘skin, peel, pod, shell’, 1sg. lúšim; Bulg. ljúštja ‘skin, peel, shell, pod’; lúštja ‘skin, peel, shell, pod’

Verb in *-iti created alongside *luskati. See also: *luska; *luskati; *lusk&; *luspa; *luzga

*luzga f. # ‘peel, shell, pod’

ESSJa XVI 213

E S

Ru. luzgá ‘husks, (dial.) scales (of fish), chaff, peel, membrane’ SCr. luzga (dial.) ‘scale (of fish), snake-skin’

BSl. B

*l(o)uzgLith. lùzgana 1 ‘scale (of fish)’

Variant of ' *luska. This type of vacillation is quite common. See also: *luska; *luskati; *lusk&; *luspa; *lušiti

*lùža f. j# (a) ‘puddle, pool’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XVI 217-219

CS luža ‘marsh’ Ru. lúža ‘puddle, pool’ Cz. louže ‘hollow with stagnant water, puddle, pool’; OCz. lúže ‘puddle, pool, swamp’; Pl. u­a (dial.) ‘pit, hollow, puddle, pool’; Plb. lauze ‘swamp, puddle, pool’ SCr. lµža ‘puddle, pool, mud, bog’; Sln. lúža ‘puddle, pool’

B

Lith. li×gnas m. 2 ‘puddle’; li×gas m. 2 ‘puddle, little marsh, mud, quagmire’; lgas m. 1/2 ‘hollow overflown by a river, muddy branch of a river, marsh, quagmire’; Latv. #uga f. ‘aspic, pulp’; luga f. ‘marshy deposit of a lake that is silting up’

Cogn.

Ill. Ú‡ ‘swamp’

See ' *l04g", where it is argued that we are probably dealing with a borrowing from a substratum language. Most of the Baltic forms do not match the acute of the Slavic etymon. *lb m. o ‘skull’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XVI 225-228

CS l"b" ‘skull’ Ru. lob ‘forehead, brow’, Gsg. lba Cz. lebka f.(#) ‘skull’; leb (lit.) f.(i) ‘skull’, Gsg. l(e)bi, Gsg. lba (arch.); leb (lit.) ‘skull’, Gsg. l(e)bu (Jungmann also mentions an obsolete Gsg. lba); OCz. leb ‘skull’, Gsg. lba; leb f.(i) ‘skull’, Gsg. lbi; Slk. leb (lit., arch.) ‘skull’, Gsg. leba; leb (arch., lit.) f.(i) ‘skull’, Gsg. lebi; Pl. eb ‘head of an animal, (coll.) head, pate’, Gsg. ba Sln. lŠQb ‘skull, forehead’, Gsg. lŠbà

*l&gati

294 PIE

*lub-o-

See also: *lub&; *lpìti

*lgati v. (b) ‘lie’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVI 233-237

OCS l"gati ‘lie’, 1sg. l"ž0 Ru. lgat’ ‘lie’, 1sg. lžu, 3sg. lžët Cz. lháti ‘lie’; OCz. lháti ‘lie’, 1sg. lžu; Slk. luhaŸ ‘lie’; lhaŸ ‘deceive’; Pl. ga\ ‘deceive, lie’, 1sg. ­< SCr. làgati ‘lie’, 1sg. l;žm; ak. lag;ti (Vrg.) ‘lie’, 2sg. l;žeš; Sln. lŠgáti ‘lie’, 1sg. lážem; Bulg. l¹ža ‘lie’

BSl. B

*lugLith. lgóti ‘request, beg’ (possibly of Latvian origin); Latv. lùgt ‘request, invite’

PIE Cogn.

*lugGo. liugan ‘lie’; OIc. ljúga ‘lie’; OHG liogan ‘lie’

See also: *l&ža; *l&ž% I; *l&ž% II

*lkno n. o ‘water-lily’ E W S BSl. B

ESSJa XVI 244-247

Bel. loknó (dial.) ‘yellow water-lily’; Ukr. loknó (dial.), luknó (dial.) ‘waterlily, yellow water-lily’ Cz. lekno (Jg.) ‘water-lily’; OCz. lekno ‘water-lily’; Slk. lekno ‘water-lily’ Sln. leknJ ‘water-lily’ (in view of the e, probably a borrowing from Czech) *luk-nLith. l×gnF f.(!) 2 ‘yellow water-lily, (dial.) quagmire, bog’; lùgnF (dial.) f.(!) 2 ‘yellow water-lily’; lùknF (arch.) f.(!) 2 ‘yellow water-lily’

Here, too, we find variation regarding the phonation type of the root-final velar. The East Slavic forms can be found in Nepokupnyj 1976 (34-35). See also: *l‚ga; *l®¯g&; *lug&; *lùža

*lsk m o ‘shine’ E W S

ESSJa XVI 251-252

Ru. losk ‘lustre, gloss, shine’, Gsg. lóska Cz. lesk ‘lustre, gloss, shine’; OCz. lesk ‘shine, metal’; lésk ‘shine, metal’; Slk. lesk ‘lustre, gloss, shine’; Pl. ysk (obs., dial.) ‘lightning’ Sln. lŠQsk ‘shine, shimmer’, Gsg. lŠskà

Derivative of the hardly attested verb *l"skati < *luk-sk-, cf. Cz. leskati (Jg.) ‘shine’. See also: *là; *lú%; *luiti; *lunà

*lža f. j# ‘lie’ CS E W

OCS l"ža Ru. lža (arch.) Pl. ­a (dial.); OPl. ­a ‘deceit, lie’; Slnc. lžˆ

ESSJa XVI 256-257

*l ko S

SCr. làža (coll.); Sln. lažà; lŠžà; lžà; Bulg. l‘žá

Cogn.

OHG lug f.; OE lyge m.

295

Derivative in *-ja of ' *l"gati. The -stem *l"ga is not as widespread. See also: *l&ž%; *l&ž%

*lž I f. i ‘lie’ E W S

ESSJa XVII 5

Ru. lož’; ORu. l"ž!; lož! Cz. lež; OCz. lež; Slk. lož; Pl. e­ (arch., dial.); OPl. e­; Slnc. äž SCr. lž; ak. l“ž (Vrg.); lš (Orb.); Sln. lž, Gsg. lŠž, Gsg. laž; lŠQž, Gsg. lŠž

Derivative i-stem synonymous with ' *l"ža. See also: *l&gati; *l&ža; *l&ž%

*lž II adj. jo ‘false’

ESSJa XVII 6-7

CS E

OCS l"ž! ‘lying, false’ Ukr. lož’ ‘deceptive’

PIE Cogn.

*lug-i-oOHG luggi ‘lying, mendacious’; OE lycge ‘lying, mendacious’

See also: *l&gati; *l&ža; *l&ž%

*lyda; *lyta f. # ‘thigh, calf ’ E W

ESSJa XVII 22-23

Ru. lýdy (dial.) Npl. f. ‘long legs’ Slk. lido (dial.) n. ‘thigh’; Pl. yda n. ‘calf ’; yta (dial.) n. ‘calf ’; OPl. yda n. ‘long leg, thigh’

See ' *lysto. *lydka; *lytka f. # E W S

ESSJa XVII 23, 55-57

Ru. lýtki Npl. f. ‘calves, shins’; lýtka (dial.) f. ‘leg, calf, shin, thigh, heel’; ORu. lytka f. ‘leg, shin, ham’; Ukr. lýtka f. ‘calf ’ Cz. lýtko n. ‘calf ’; lýtka (Jg.: obs.) f. ‘calf ’; OCz. lýtka f. ‘calf ’; Pl. ydka f. ‘calf ’; OPl. ytka f. ‘calf ’ Sln. ltka f. ‘calf ’

See ' *lysto, *lyst", *lysta. *lko n. o (a) ‘bast’ E W S

Ru. lýko; Ukr. lýko Cz. lýko; Slk. lyko; Pl. yko SCr. l›ko; l›k m.; Sln. líkJ ‘bast fibre, fibre’; Bulg. líko

BSl. B

*lún‹ko Lith. lùnkas m. 1; Latv. lûks m. OPr. lunkan

ESSJa XVII 28-31

*lysto; *lyst&; *lysta

296 PIE Cogn.

*lnH-k-ó-m Fi. lunka ‘remnants of bark’ (a borrowing from Baltic)

*lysto; *lyst; *lysta n. o; m. o; f. # ‘shin, calf ’ CS W S

ESSJa XVII 43-44

OCS lysto (Ps. Sin. MS 2/N) n. ‘shin’; CS lyst" m. ‘shin’ Cz. listo n. ‘shin-bone’; Slk. listá (dial.) f. ‘calf ’; Pl. yst (arch.) m. ‘calf ’; ysta (arch., dial.) f. ‘calf, shin’; OPl. yst m. ‘calf ’ SCr. lst m. ‘calf ’; Mcd. list m. ‘calf ’

A neuter derivative in *-to- of a root *lyd- or *lyt-. Schuster-Šewc’s suggestion (1963) that *lyd-/lyt- is cognate with Ru. glúda (dial.) ‘lump, clod’, Sln. *glta ‘lump’ seems to have gained some acceptance in spite of that fact that the “simplification” of *gl- to lseems completely ad hoc. See also: *lyda; *lyta; *lyd&ka; *lyt&ka

*lys adj. o ‘bald, having a white spot on the forehead’ E W

S

ESSJa XVII 45-50

Ru. lýsyj ‘bald’; lys, f. lysá, n. lýso Cz. lysý ‘bald, (animals) having a white spot on the forehead’; Slk. lysý ‘bald’; Pl. ysy ‘bald, (animals) having a white spot on the forehead’; Slnc. lˆsi ‘bald, having a noticeable spot’ SCr. ls (dial.) ‘having a white spot on the forehead, bald’, f. lísa, n. líso; Bulg. lis ‘bald, (animals) having a white spot on the forehead’

The comparison with Skt. ruZant- ‘shining, bright’ (Vasmer s.v.) does not seem promising. A connection with ' *lysto ‘shin, calf ’ (Lubotsky, p.c.) is semantically feasible, cf. ' *golYn! vs. ' *gòl". *ldza f. j# ‘possibility’ CS E W

ESSJa XVII 108

OCS l!zY (Cloz., Supr.) adv. ‘(l. jest") it is possible’ {1}; CS l!dza ‘possibility’ Ru. l’zja (obs., dial.) adv. ‘it is possible’ Cz. lze adv. ‘it is possible’; OCz. lzY adv. ‘it is possible’; OPl. ldza adv. ‘it is possible’; lza ‘it is possible’

Originally a Dsg. of *l!dza or *l!ga. The *dz results from the progressive palatalization. For the etymology, see ' *l!g"k". *lga f. # E

ESSJa XVII 64 Ru. l’ga (dial.) ‘facilitation, possibility’; Bel. l’ha (dial.) ‘facilitation, possibility’

Ultimately identical with ' *l!dza. The *g must have been restored on the basis of forms where the progressive palatalization did not operate, e.g. ' *l!g"k". See also: *l%dza; *l%g&k&; *pol%dza

*l%n˜n& *lgk adj. o ‘light, easy’ CS

297 ESSJa XVII 64

E W S

OCS l!g"k" (vocalization of the first jer is quite common in this word; Euch. also has two instances of lek-) Ru. lëgkij Cz. lehký; Slk. ¯ahký; Pl. lekki SCr. l;k; l;hak (arch.); l;gak (arch., dial.); ak. l;k (Vrg.: obs.), f. lak;, n. l;ko; l;gak (Orb.), f. l;hka; Sln. lahk, f. lahkà; láhŠk, f. láhka; lagk, f. lahkà; lágŠk, f. láhka; Bulg. lek ‘light, light-hearted’

B

Lith. leñgvas 4 ‘light’; Latv. liêgs² ‘gentle’

PIE Cogn.

*h&leng()-uSkt. raghú- (RV+) ‘fast’; Skt. laghú- (RV+) ‘light, small, easy’; Gk. š• ¼‡ ‘small, little’; Gk. š•  ‘light, dexterous, fast, little’; Lat. levis ‘light, fast, small, scanty’; Go. leihts ‘light’

The root vocalism *! is problematic because it can neither continue *n¥ nor *en, which is what we find in most languages, nor *e, as in Lat. levis. See also: *l%dza; *l%dga; *pol%dza

*ljati v. (c) ‘pour’ CS W S

ESSJa XVII 80-81

OCS lijati (Mar., Supr.), 1sg. lYj0 Cz. líti, 1sg. leji; OCz. léti; Pl. la\, 1sg. lej< SCr. lijati (arch., ak.); Sln. léja

See ' *lìti. *lnti v. ‘stick’

ESSJa XVII 92-93

CS E W

OCS pril!n0ti ‘stick’, 1sg. pril!n0 {1} Ru. l’nut’ ‘stick, cling’ Cz. lnouti ‘stick’; Pl. lgn\ ‘stick’; OPl. ln\ ‘stick’; Slnc. ln¶Îc ‘stick’

BSl. B

*lipLith. lìpti ‘stick’

PIE *lipCogn. Skt. limpáti ‘smear’; Gk. •« Œ [ ‘oil’ {1} For instance in i prax" pril!p"šii (Zogr., prilep"šei Mar., prilep!šii Ass.) ‘the dust that cleaveth to us’ (Luke 10:11). See also: *l¬p&; *l˜piti; *l˜p&

*ln n adj. o ‘flaxen, linen’ CS W S

ESSJa XVII 82-83

CS l!nYn0 (Supr.) Asg. f. ‘linen’ Cz. lnYný ‘flaxen, linen’; Pl. lniany ‘linen’ SCr. l;nen ‘flaxen, linen’; Sln. lan<4n ‘flaxen, linen’; Bulg. lénen ‘flaxen, linen’

Material adjective derived from ' *l!Qn".

*l%¸n&

298 *ln m. o (b) ‘flax’

ESSJa XVII 87-90

CS E W S

CS l!n" Ru. lën, Gsg. l’na Cz. len, Gsg. lnu; Slk. ¯an; Pl. len, Gsg. lnu; USrb. len, lena, Gsg. lenu SCr. l;n; ak. ln (Orb.), Gsg. lna; Sln. ln, Gsg. lna, Gsg. lan; Bulg. len ‘flax, linen’

BSl. B

*línum Lith. lina§ Npl. 4; Latv. lini Npl. OPr. linno

Cogn.

Gk. •Œ  n. ‘flax’; Lat. lnum n. ‘flax, linen’; OIr. lín n. ‘flax, linen, cloth’; Go. lein n. ‘canvas’

The widespread vacillation between long and short i makes it impossible to establish a common IE proto-form. Ablaut *ei : *i can only be assumed if the Celtic and Germanic forms are borrowings from Latin. We are probably dealing with a non-IE culture word. For Balto-Slavic we must reconstruct a barytone neuter o-stem. Accentual mobility is secondary. See also: *l%n˜n&

*lst f. i (c) ‘ruse’ CS E W

S Cogn.

ESSJa XVII 97-99

OCS l!st! ‘ruse, deceit, error’ Ru. lést’ ‘flattery’; Ukr. lést’ ‘flattery’ Cz. lest ‘cunning, craftiness’, Gsg. lsti; Slk. lesŸ ‘cunning, craftiness, ruse’, Gsg. lesti, Gsg. ¯sti; OPl. leZ\ ‘hypocrisy, cunning, lie’; USrb. les\ ‘cunning’, Gsg. les\e SCr. last (arch., dial.) ‘craftiness, cunning, lie’; lst ‘use’; Sln. lŠQst ‘ruse, cunning’, Gsg. lŠst; lst ‘rest, leisure, easiness’, Gsg. last Go. lists f.(i) ‘ruse’

Probably a borrowing from Gothic.

*M *mxàti v. ‘wave’

ESSJa XVII 123-126

CS E W S

CS maxati, 1sg. maxaj0 Ru. maxát’, 1sg. mašú, 3sg. mášet Cz. máchati; Slk. máchaŸ ‘swing’; Pl. macha\ ‘wave, swing’ SCr. máhati, 1sg. mšm; ak. m”h;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. m’šeš; mh;t (Orb.), 1sg. mãšen; Sln. máhati, 1sg. máham; Bulg. máxam

BSl. B

*maHsLith. mosúoti

*màk& PIE

299

*meh's-

In spite of the fact that the x in *maxati is not the regular reflex of *s in this position, I assume that we are dealing with a Balto-Slavic enlargement s of the root *meh'- ‘to beckon’ (cf. Vaillant Gr. III: 332), for which see ' *majati, *mavati. *majati; *mavati v. ‘wave, beckon’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVII 133-135, XVIII 21-22

OCS namaiaax0 (Supr.) 3pl. impf. ‘beckoned’; RuCS pomavati ‘give a signal with one’s hand or head’ Ru. májat’ ‘exhaust, harass’; mavat’ (dial.) ‘wave’; ORu. majati ‘beckon, agitate, vibrate’; pomavati ‘give a signal with one’s hand or head’ Cz. mávati ‘wave’; Slk. mávaŸ ‘wave’; LSrb. mawaZ ‘wave, rock’ SCr. m;jati ‘beckon, keep, detain’; Sln. májati ‘move about, shake’, 1sg. májam, 1sg. májem; Bulg. mája ‘dawdle, detain’

BSl. B

*maHLith. móti ‘beckon’; Latv. mãt ‘beckon’

PIE Cogn.

*meh'Go. afmauiþs ‘tired’; OHG muoan ‘alarm, worry’

It is clear that *majati and *mavati continue one and the same verb, j and v being “Hiatustilger”. While majati ‘to beckon’ cannot be separated from Lith. móti, Latv. mãt ‘id.’, majati ‘to detain, to tire, to exhaust’ has been linked to Germanic forms like OHG muoan and Go. afmauiþs (cf. Stang 1972: 35). The respective roots in Pokorny are m- (693) and m- (746). If we assume that *majati indeed continues *meh'- as well as *meh- (LIV: 382), we have to settle for semantic arguments. Since it is also possible to argue on semantic grounds that *majati ultimately continues *meh'- ‘to beckon’ only (ESSJa XVII 134), it is to a certain extent a matter of taste which solution one prefers. See also: *maxati; *mamiti; *maniti; *mÁm&; *man®ti; *matati; *mara; *mora

*màk m. o (a) ‘poppy’

ESSJa XVII 149-151

CS E W S

CS mak" Ru. mak, Gsg. máka Cz. mák; Slk. mak; Pl. mak SCr. m;k, Gsg. m;ka, Gsg. màka; ak. m;k (Vrg.), Gsg. mak;; Sln. màk, Gsg. máka; Bulg. mak

B

Lith. aguonà f. 2; mãguonF (dial.) f. 1 {1}; Latv. maguône f. {2} OPr. moke (EV)

Cogn.

Gk. ½€[ f., Dor. ·€[ f.; OHG mho m.; OHG mago m.; OS magosmo m. ‘poppyseed’; OS mcopin (Königsberg) m.; OSw. valmoghe m. {3}; Est. magun; Liv. maggon

*màl&

300

The Germanic forms show grammatischer Wechsel as well as an alternation * : *a. The vocalism, which could reflect PIE *eh& : *h&, does not match the  of the Greek and the Slavic forms, which leads us to assume that the vowel alternation arose when at a comparatively late stage the root mk- was borrowed into Germanic (cf. KlugeSeebold: 565). The Lithuanian and Latvian forms are usually considered borrowings from Germanic, whereas OPr. moke may have been borrowed from Polish. The Estonian and Livonian forms must be borrowings from Baltic, probably Latvian. It is generally agreed upon that ultimately we are dealing with a word of non-IndoEuropean (Mediterranean?) origin. {1} Besides, we find the variants maguona and magna. The forms with m are restricted to the area around KlaipÛda. {2} I have found the variants magùona², magana, magane and magne. The initial m of the word for ‘poppy’ was apparently lost in Lithuanian but not in Latvian. The Lithuanian dialect forms with m- may be due to the influence of the (Latvian) language of the fishermen of the Curonian Isthmus (cf. Bga RR III: 320). Sabaliauskas (1960: 71-72) suggests dissimilatory loss of m, parallel to the loss of r in arotai : rarotai, akrtas : rakrtas, Latv. ruodere : uodere, ™eris : ™eris. {3} The first element means ‘sleep’, cf. Nw. vale (dial.) ‘deep sleep’, Sw. valbjörn (dial.) ‘Schlafdorn’.

*màl adj. o (a) ‘small, little’

ESSJa XVII 173-178

CS E W S

OCS mal" Ru. mályj Cz. malý; Slk. malý; Pl. may SCr. m;o; ak. m’l (Vrg.); mli (Orb.); Sln. mli; Bulg. mal (BTR)

PIE Cogn.

*moh&-loGk. Ǖ n. ‘small cattle, goat, sheep’ (Doric also has ‰); OIr. míl ‘(small) ‘animal’; Go. smals m. ‘small, insignificant’; OIc. smali m. ‘small (live) ‘stock, sheep’

The question is whether *màl" can be linked to PIE *melH-, as has been advocated by Varbot, for instance (1972: 63). In view of the acute root vowel, I consider this unlikely: we would have to posit a lengthened grade root of which the acute intonation is analogical after forms with full or zero grade. Thus, I prefer to reconstruct a root *mh&-, which in the etymon under discussion is followed by an lsuffix (cf. Vaillant Gr. IV, 545, where the root is assumed to be identical with the root of Ru. májat’, which I reconstruct as *meh'-). The Germanic forms would have s mobile and zero grade of the root. Notice that Pokorny classifies CS mYl"k" under 1. mel-, melŠ- ‘zermalmen, schlagen, mahlen, etc.’, while OCS mal" can be found under mlo-, smlo- ‘kleines Tier’. See also: *màl&k&; *m¨l&; *m¨l&k&

*malk adj. o (a) ‘small’ E S

ESSJa XVII 173-178

Ru. málok (folk.) ‘child, teenager’ SCr. m;lak ‘small, little’, f. mlka; Sln. mlŠk m. ‘small man, dwarf, devil’; Bulg. mál‘k ‘small, little’

Derivative of ' *màl" (cf. Vaillant IV: 545, Varbot 1972: 63-64).

*mara *mamiti; *maniti v. ‘deceive’ CS E W

S

B

301 ESSJa XVII 189-190, 197-199

CS mamiti ‘deceive’; maniti ‘deceive’ Ru. manít’ ‘beckon, attract, lure; (dial.) ‘deceive, lie, linger, loiter’, 1sg. manjú, 3sg. manít Cz. mámiti ‘stun, deceive, seduce’; Slk. mamiŸ ‘stun, deceive’; Pl. mami\ ‘deceive, seduce, lead astray’; mani\ (dial.) ‘deceive, seduce, lead astray’; Slnc. maic ‘attract, lure, deceive’; LSrb. mamiZ ‘deceive, enchant’; maniZ ‘deceive, enchant’ SCr. mámiti ‘attract, lure, seduce’; ak. m”m›ti (Vrg.) ‘attract, lure, seduce’; mániti (dial.) ‘lure’; Sln. mámiti ‘stun, deceive, seduce, fool’, 1sg. mmim; Bulg. mámja ‘deceive, seduce, lead astray’; mánja (dial.) ‘deceive’ Lith. mõnyti ‘practise sorcery’; Latv. mãnît ‘mislead, deceive

According to van Wijk (1934: 73), *mamiti is the original denominative verb (' *mm"), while *maniti arose through dissimilation, which was probably favoured by the existence of *man0ti. Van Wijk’s hypothesis is supported by the fact that there is more or less a geographical distribution. The form *mamiti occurs in West and South Slavic, whereas *maniti occurs in East Slavic and in certain West and South Slavic regions. I consider both the Latvian and the Lithuanian forms to be borrowings from Slavic. Endzelns is inclined to regard Latv. mãnît as an inherited word. *mm m. o (c) ‘deceit’ CS W S

ESSJa XVII 190-191

CS mam" adj. ‘foolish’ Cz. mam ‘deceit, error, (dial.) ‘apparition, ghost’; Slk. mam ‘deceit, mirage’ SCr. mm ‘lure, bait, temptation, charm, frenzy’

Derivative in *-mo-. See ' *majati, *mavati. *manti v. ‘beckon’ CS E S

ESSJa XVII 200-201

CS man0ti ‘beckon’ Ru. manút’ (dial.) ‘beckon, lure’; mánut’ (dial.) ‘beckon, lure’; ORu. manuti ‘nod, beckon’ SCr. manúti ‘nod, beckon, wave’

Vaillant (Gr. III: 332) regards *man0ti as the original perfective of ' *majati. *mara f. # ‘ghost, apparition’ CS E

W

ESSJa XVII 204-207

RuCS mara ‘ecstasy’ Ru. mára, mará ‘apparition, mirage, (dial.) house-sprite, evil spirit’; Bel. mará, mára ‘dream, apparition, nightmare; mára (dial.) ‘witch, demon’; Ukr. mará ‘apparition, ghost, witch’ Slk. mara ‘ghost, apparition’; Pl. mara ‘dream, illusion, ghost, (dial.) nightly spirit that attacks people and horses in their sleep’; Slnc. mara ‘dream, apparition, ghost’; USrb. mara ‘goddess of illness and death’

*màslo

302 S

Bulg. Mára ‘name of a fairy-tale monster’

PIE

*meh'-reh'

There are basically two views on the origin of *mara. According to a hypothesis put forward by Franck (1904: 129, against Solmsen 1908: 580-582) and advocated by a.o. Schuster-Šewc (HEW 885ff ), *mara continues PIE *mr and differs from *mora only in having lengthened grade. The alternative etymology, which can at least be traced to Zubatý 1894, connects *mara with the root ma- < *meh'- of *majati, *mam", etc. Though at a first glance it seems unsatisfactory to separate *mara from *mora – in Polish, for instance, mara and mora are synonymous –, it is awkward that in most Slavic languages both apophonic variants would occur side by side. Perhaps we have to start from *mara ‘illusion, apparition’ beside *mora ‘female demon that tortures people with nightmares’, which later became confused. This scenario may also offer an explanation for the fact that the accentual paradigm of both words is so hard to determine. We would expect *màra (a) – in view of Hirt’s law – beside *morà (b) or (c). Nevertheless we find forms like Ru. móra and mará (beside mára). I think that in this respect, too, we have to reckon with analogy. See also: *maxati; *majati; *mavati; *mamiti; *maniti; *mÁm&; *man®ti; *matati; *mora

*màslo n. o (a) ‘oil, butter’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVII 230-232

OCS maslo ‘oil, butter’ Ru. máslo ‘butter, oil’ Cz. máslo ‘butter’; Slk. maslo ‘butter’; Pl. maso ‘butter’ SCr. m;slo ‘butter, oil’; ak. m;slo (Vrg.) ‘butter, cream’; m;slo (Orb.) ‘butter’; Sln. máslJ ‘lard, butter’; Bulg. máslo ‘butter, oil, fat’

If *màzati is cognate with Lith. mAžti ‘manure, muck out’, Latv. mêzt ‘muck out, sweep’, *màslo < *màz-slo < PBSl. *mo‹]-slo closely matches Lith. mAšlas 1/3, Latv. mêsls ‘manure’ < PEBl. *mž-sla < PBSl. *me‹]-slo. Here I must add that Slavic *maslo is sometimes derived from *maz-tlo. See also: *màst% ; *màzati; *mÁz%; *mÁz&

*mst f. i (c) ‘ointment’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVII 30-31

OCS mast! ‘chrism, ointment’ Ru. mast’ ‘colour of wool or feathers’ Cz. mast ‘ointment’; Slk. masŸ ‘ointment, fat, lard’; Pl. maZ\ ‘ointment’ SCr. mst ‘fat, lard, grease, ointment, colour’; ak. ms (Orb.) ‘fat, grease’, Gsg. msti; Sln. mst ‘fat, lard’, Gsg. mast; Bulg. másti Npl. ‘animal fat’

Derivative in *-t! of ' *màzati. *matati v. W S

ESSJa XVII 235-236

Cz. mátati (dial.) ‘frighten’; Slk. mátaŸ ‘haunt, frighten’; OPl. mata\ ‘deceive, swindle’; Slnc. mªut‘c ‘swindle, lie’ SCr. matati (Stulli, dial.) ‘bait, attract’

*mator&; *mater&

303

The root must be an enlargement of *meh'- in ' *majati, *mavati. *materstvo n. o ‘motherhood’ CS W S

ESSJa XVII 254

OCS mater!stva (Ps. Sin.) Gsg. ‘old age’ Cz. materstvo (Jg.); mate•stvo (Kott); Slk. materstvo SCr. materstvo (Stulli); Sln. máterstvo

Derivative of ' *màti. *màti f. r (a) ‘mother’

ESSJa XVII 254-259

CS E W S

OCS mati, Gsg. matere Ru. mat’, Gsg. máteri; ORu. mati, Gsg. matere OCz. máti, Gsg. mate•e; OPl. ma\, Gsg. macierze SCr. m;ti, Gsg. m;ter; ak. m;ti (Vrg.), Gsg. m;ter; m;t (Novi, Orb.), Gsg. m;teri; Sln. máti, Gsg. mátere

BSl. B

*má‹terLith. mótF (OLith, dial.) f.(r) 1 ‘wife, mother’ {1}; Latv. mãte f.(!) ‘mother’ (the accentuation mâte, as found in IEW, is incorrect) OPr. mti (Ench.); mothe (EV); muti (Gr.)

PIE Cogn.

*meh'terSkt. mtár- f.; Gk. ½‰ f.; Lat. mter f.; OHG muoter f.; OIr. máthir f.; Alb. mótrë f. ‘sister’

The root stress in this word may be due to Hirt’s law, cf. Skt. mtár-, but there is a distinct possibility that it is old, cf. Gk. ½‰. {1} The oldest form of the genitive is móteres, which occurs, for instance, in DP and in dialects. The most important Standard Lithuanian derivatives are móteris ‘wife, mother’ and mótina ‘mother’. The form mot, which frequently occurs in the older scholarly literature, does not exist. See also: *mator&; *mater&; *mator%n&; *mater%n&; *mater%stvo

*mator; *mater adj. o

ESSJa XVII 244-249

CS E S

CS mator" ‘old’ Ru. matëryj ‘experienced, full-grown’; materój ‘full-grown’ SCr. m;tor ‘old, elderly’; Sln. mat06r ‘old’

PIE

*meh'tor-

While the ESSJa states that *mator" is older than *mater", the same dictionary considers the o-grade of the suffix in *mator!n" as well as the meaning of this formation (in comparison with mater!n" ‘motherly’) to be late. The point is, however, that *mator!n" and *mater!n" may not be cognate with *m;ti at all. Lat. mtrus has been connected with mnus ‘good’, OIr. maith ‘id.’ (Pokorny 693, Ernout–Meillet s.v., Schrijver 1991: 143). In Trubaev’s dictionary, the connection with the latter form is dismissed. Instead, *mator" is considered cognate with both *màti and mtrus (with references to Trubaëv 1959: 32 and – incorrectly – Meillet

*mator%n&; *mater%n&

304

Ét. II: 407, where merely the connection with mne and mtrus is considered). Yet another etymology was proposed by Vaillant, who tried to link the Slavic etymon to words meaning ‘big’, such as OPr. muis ‘bigger’ (1961: 189). In my opinion, Lat. mtrus has the best chance of being cognate with *mator" etc. (pace Vasmer s.v. matëryj). The connection with *m;ti cannot be disproved on formal grounds but there are sufficient semantic reasons for keeping this word apart. Athough ultimately we may be dealing with the same root, it is unlikely that *mator" is a recent derivative of *m;ti. Cogn.

Lat. mtrus adj. ‘ripe, mature, premature’; Lat. mnus adj. ‘good’

See also: *mater%n&; *mater%stvo; *mati; *mator%n&

*matorn; *matern adj. o E W S

ESSJa XVII 251-253

Ru. matërnyj (dial.) ‘big, strong’ OCz. matorný ‘mature, serious’ Sln. mat06rŠn ‘elderly, old’; Bulg. matórnyj ‘old, senile’

Derivative in *-!n" of ' *mator", *mater". *màzati v. (a) ‘smear, anoint’

ESSJa XVIII 23-25

CS E W S

OCS mazati ‘anoint’, 1sg. maž0 Ru. mázat’ ‘smear, oil, grease’, 1sg. mážu, 3sg. mážet Cz. mazati ‘smear, oil, defile’; Slk. mazaŸ ‘smear’; Pl. maza\ ‘smear’ SCr. m;zati ‘smear, grease, paint’, 1sg. m;žm; ak. m;zati (Vrg.) ‘soil, besmirch’, 2sg. m;žeš; m;zat (Orb.) ‘smear, grease’, 1sg. mžen; Sln. mázati ‘smear, grease, paint’, 1sg. mžem

BSl. B

*mo‹]Lith. mAžti ‘manure, muck out’; Latv. mêzt ‘muck out, sweep’; muõzêt ‘gobble, pound, fool, harass, beat’

For the time being I have grouped together Slavic *màzati and Lith. mAžti ‘manure, muck out’, Latv. mêzt ‘muck out, sweep’ and muõzêt ‘gobble, pound, etc.’ (cf. Oštir 1912: 214, Fraenkel I: 444). It seems to me that the Baltic words can be linked semantically to *màzati ‘smear’ if we start from a meaning ‘smear, wipe, sweep’ (for the semantic development attested in muõzêt, cf. Ru. smázat’ ‘strike a blow’, MoDu. afsmeren (dial.) ‘give s.o. a beating’). Another possibility would be to connect *màzati with Gk. ¶[ (aor. pass.  Ç «) ‘knead’ (provided that the root is not  €instead of  -, which, according to Chantraine (670), cannot be determined), Arm. macanim ‘thicken, stick together’ (Meillet 1916: 122) and OHG mahhn, OS makn, etc. ‘make’. This would entail a reconstruction *meh'- (*ma- in IEW), which would preclude a connection with mAžti, Latv. mêzt. See also: *màslo; *mÁst%; *mÁz%; *mÁz&

*mz; *mz f. i; m. o (c) ‘grease, ointment’ CS

CS maz! f.(i) ‘unction’

ESSJa XVIII 33-34

*medju E W S

305

Ru. maz’ f.(i) ‘ointment’; maz (dial.) m. ‘lover’ Cz. maz m. ‘ointment, grease, glue’; Pl. ma] f.(i) ‘grease, oil, tar’; USrb. maz (dial.) m. ‘ointment, grease’; LSrb. maz f.(i) ‘starch, grease, oil, tar’ SCr. mz (arch.) m. ‘ointment, grease’; Sln. mz f.(i) ‘lubrication, grease, ointment’, Gsg. maz

Deverbative nouns derived from ' *màzati. *mè ; *m  m. jo (b) ‘sword’

ESSJa XVIII 38-42

CS E W S

OCS me! Ru. me’, Gsg. meá Cz. me; Slk. me; Pl. miecz; USrb. mje; miec^– (Matthaei 1721) SCr. m;, Gsg. màa; ak. m; (Vrg.), Gsg. ma;; Sln. mè; Bulg. me

Cogn.

Go. meki m.; OS mki m.

This etymon has often been considered a borrowing from Germanic, but the Slavic short vowel does not match the long vowel of the Germanic forms. The vacillation between *e and *! may be attributed to the raising of pretonic *e in the vicinity of a palatalized consonant (see Kortlandt 1984-1985), but this development seems to have occured prior to Dybo’s law and there is no particular reason to regard *me! as an old oxytone noun. The ESSJa advocates a connection with OIr. mecc-, referring to Odincov 1985. *medjà f. j# (b) ‘border, boundary, balk’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVIII 45-47

OCS meždax" (Supr.) Lpl. ‘alleys’ Ru. mežá ‘boundary, boundary-strip’, Asg. mežú; Ukr. mežá ‘boundary, boundary-strip’, Asg. mežú Cz. meze ‘balk, border’; Slk. medza ‘balk, border’; Pl. miedza ‘balk, border’; USrb. mjeza ‘balk, border’ SCr. mè¢a ‘boundary, border’, Asg. m¢u; mej; (dial.) ‘boundary, boundarystrip’, Asg. mejµ; ak. mej; (Vrg.) ‘boundary, border’, Asg. mju; Sln. méja ‘boundary, fence, shrub(s), grove’; Bulg. meždá ‘balk’

BSl. B

*med-j-o/a‹ Lith. m džias m.(io) ‘forest’; Latv. mežs m.(io) ‘wood’ OPr. median ‘wood’

PIE Cogn.

*med-ieh' Skt. mádhya- (RV+) adj. ‘middle, located in the middle’; Lat. medius adj. ‘id.’; Go. midjis adj. ‘middle’

See also: *medju

*medju prep. (b) ‘between, among’ CS E W

ESSJa XVIII 51-52

OCS meždu (Supr., Ass., Boj.); meždju (Zogr., Mar., Sav., Cloz.) Ru. mežú (dial.); méžu (dial.) Cz. mezi prep.; mezu (Kott)

*medoj˜d&

306 S

SCr. m¢u; Sln. mèju; Bulg. meždú

Originally a dual of ' *medjà. *medoj d m. o ‘honey-eater’ E W S

ESSJa XVIII 55

Ru. medoéd (dial.) ‘honey-lover’ Cz. medojed (Jg.) ‘honey-lover’ SCr. mdojd (dial.) ‘death’s head moth’; Sln. medoj—Qd ‘honey-eater, honeylover’, Gsg. medoj—6da

For morphological as well as semantic reasons the noun *medojed" must be a more recent formation than ' *medvYd!. See also: *medvà; *medv¨d%; *mÀd&

*medvà f. # E S

ESSJa XVIII 62

Ru. medvá (dial.) ‘hydromel, sweet must’ SCr. mèdva (dial.) ‘kind of white grapes’

Derivative in *- based on the u-stem *medu- (' *m=d"). Cogn.

Skt. mádhu- n. ‘sweet drink, anything sweet, honey’; Gk. ª–¤ n. ‘wine’; OHG metu m. ‘mead’; OIr. mid n./m. ‘mead’

See also: *medv¨d%; *medoj˜d&; *mÀd&

*medvd m. jo (a) ‘bear’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVIII 55, 65-67

OCS medvYd! (PsDim.) m.( jo) {1}; CS medvYd! (Par., Hval.) m.( jo) {2} Ru. medvéd’ m.( jo) Cz. medvYd m.(o); Slk. medved’ m.(o); Pl. mied]wied] (arch., dial.) m.( jo) {3} SCr. mèdvjed m.(o); ak. medv›d (Vrg.) m.(o); medv›d (Novi) m.(o); medvd (Orb.) m.(o); Sln. médv—d m.(o), Gsg. medv—6da

PIE *medu-h&edCogn. Skt. madhvád- m. ‘honey-eater’ {1} The Psalter of Dimitri belongs to the corpus that was discovered at St. Catherine’s monastery in 1975. Strictly speaking it might be classified as a Middle Bulgarian text (Birnbaum and Schaeken 1997: 143). {2} The attestations occur in a Croatian MS from the 14th century and a Serbian MS from the 15th century, respectively. {3} In West Slavic, we find secondary forms with n-, e.g. (O)Pl. nied]wied], OCz. nedvYd. See also: *medvà; *mÀd&

*m d m. u (c) ‘honey, mead’ CS E W

ESSJa XVIII 68-72

OCS med" ‘honey’, Gsg. meda, Gsg. medu Ru. mëd ‘honey, mead’, Gsg. mëda, Lsg. medú, Npl. medý Cz. med ‘honey, mead’; Slk. med ‘honey, mead’; Pl. miód ‘honey, mead’, Gsg. miodu; USrb. mYd ‘honey’, Gsg. mjedu, Gsg. mjeda

*melzti

307

S

SCr. m=d ‘honey’, Gsg. mda; ak. m=d (Vrg.) ‘honey’, Gsg. mda; m=d (Novi) ‘honey’, Gsg. mda; m£=t (Orb.) ‘honey’, Gsg. mda; Sln. m<4d ‘honey’, Gsg. m<4da, Gsg. med; Bulg. med ‘honey’

BSl. B

*medúLith. medùs m.(u) 4 ‘honey’; Latv. medus m.(u) ‘honey’ OPr. meddo (EV) ‘honey’

PIE Cogn.

*meduSkt. mádhu- n. ‘sweet drink, anything sweet, honey’; Gk. ª–¤ n. ‘wine’; OHG metu m. ‘mead’; OIr. mid n./m. ‘mead’

See also: *medv¨d%; *medoj˜d&; *medvà

*melkò n. o (b) ‘milk’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVIII 85-88

OCS mlYko Ru. molokó Cz. mléko; Slk. mlieko; Pl. mleko; USrb. mloko SCr. mlijèko; ak. mlk« (Vrg.); mlk« (Novi); ml£ek« (Orb.); Sln. ml—6kJ; Bulg. mljáko

Since the PIE root for ‘to milk’ is *h'mel- (' *melzti), this etymon is often regarded as a borrowing from Germanic. *mèlti v. (b) ‘grind, mill’

ESSJa XVIII 90-91

CS E W S

OCS mlYti, 1sg. melj0 Ru. molót’, 1sg. meljú, 3sg. méljet Cz. mlíti; Slk. mlieŸ; Pl. mle\, 1sg. miel<; Slnc. ml¨Q‰c; USrb. mlY\ SCr. mljti, 1sg. mljm; ak. ml›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. m#eš; mlt (Orb.) ‘grind, mill, babble, chatter’, 1sg. mljen; Sln. ml—6ti, 1sg. m—6ljem; Bulg. mélja

BSl. B

*mel‹Lith. málti; Latv. mat

PIE Cogn.

*melHSkt. mr¥Áti, mr¥Ááti ‘crush, grind’; Hitt. malla- ‘grind’; Lat. molere ‘grind’; Go. malan ‘grind’; OHG malan ‘grind, mill’; OIr. meilid ‘grind’; Arm. malem ‘crush’

See also: *m˜l%; *m˜l&; *mlin&; *moltiti; *molt&; *mo³%

*melzti v. ‘milk’

ESSJa XVIII 95-96

CS W S

RuCS mlYsti ‘bring down, dislodge’, 1sg. ml!zu {1} Slk. mÏzŸ ‘suck’ SCr. mµsti, 1sg. múzm; ak. mµsti (Vrg.), 2sg. mzeš; mµs (Orb.), 1sg. mzn; Sln. ml—6sti, 1sg. mózem; Bulg. m‘lzjá (dial.), 1sg. ml!zu

BSl. B

*mel‹]Lith. mélžti, 3sg. mélžia; mìlžti, 3sg. mélžia

*mene

308 PIE Cogn.

*h'melGk. \ª•[; Lat. mulgre; OE melcan

{1} Also RuCS mel!ziti ‘milk’. Furthermore, cf. Ru. molózivo ‘colostrum, beestings’.

*mene prn. GAsg. ‘me’

ESSJa XVIII 96-97

CS E S

OCS mene GAsg. ORu. mene GAsg.; Ukr. mené GAsg. SCr. méne GDAsg.; mne (dial.) GDAsg.; Bulg. méne Asg.

B

Lith. man<s Gsg.

PIE Cogn.

*h&mene Av. mana Gsg.

See also: *m%n˜

*merti v. ‘die’

ESSJa XVIII 101-102

CS E W S

OCS mrYti (Supr., Ass.) ‘die’, 1sg. m!r0 Ru. mriet’ ‘die (in large numbers)’, 1sg. mru, 3sg. mrët Cz. m•íti ‘die, wither’; Slk. mrieŸ ‘die, wither, thaw’; Pl. mrze\ ‘die’ SCr. mrijèti ‘die’, 1sg. mr=m; Sln. mr—6ti ‘die, be miserable’, 1sg. mr( j)èm, 1sg. m¼jem, 1sg. mÂjem

BSl. B

*mer-; *mirLith. mirti ‘die’; Latv. mìrt ‘die’

PIE Cogn.

*merSkt. mriyáte ‘die’; Lat. morior ‘die’

See also: *merti; *mor&; *m%rtv&; *s&m%rt%

*mèrža f. j# (a) ‘net’ CS E W S BSl. B

OCS mrYža ‘net’ Ru. meréža (dial.) ‘fishing-net’; merëža (dial.) ‘fishing-net’ Cz. m•íže ‘grating’; Slk. mreža ‘grating’; OPl. mrze­a ‘a type of net’; Slnc. m•ìež‘ ‘small fishing-net’ SCr. mrža ‘net’; ak. mr›ža (Vrg.) ‘net’; mr›ža (Novi) ‘net’; mrža (Orb.) ‘lace, net, netting of a sieve’; Sln. mr—6ža ‘net, grating’; Bulg. mréža ‘net’ *mer‹g(i)a‹ Lith. márška ‘sheet, table-cloth, drag-net’; Latv. marKga ‘railing, gallery’; merKga ‘railing, gallery’.

*mestì v. (c) ‘throw, sweep’ CS E W

ESSJa XVIII 102-103

ESSJa XVIII 105-108

CS mesti ‘throw, sweep’, 1sg. met0 Ru. mestí ‘sweep’, 1sg. metú, 3sg. metët Cz. mésti ‘sweep, (Jg., Kott) throw, sweep’; Pl. mieZ\ ‘sweep, throw’

*m¬x&

309

S

SCr. mèsti ‘sweep’, 1sg. mètm; ak. msti (Vrg.) ‘sweep’, 2sg. metš; ms (Orb.) ‘sweep’, 1sg. metn; Sln. mésti ‘sweep, throw’, 1sg. métem; Bulg. metá ‘sweep’

BSl. B

*metLith. mèsti ‘throw’, 3sg. m ta; Latv. mest ‘throw’, 3sg. met OPr. pomests (Ench.) ptc. perf. pass. ‘submissive’; pomettwingi (Ench.) Npl. m. adj. ‘obedient’

According to LIV (442), verbs with the root *met- ‘abmessen’ (cf. Lith. m tai ‘year’) are limited to Balto-Slavic. The meaning of these verbs is supposed to have developed through an intermediate step ‘aim’. Considering the similarity between the movements ‘sweep’ and ‘mow’, I would rather advocate a connection with Lat. met ‘mow, harvest’ and W medi ‘reap’. See also: *metàti; *motati

*metàti v. (b) ‘throw’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVIII 112-115

OCS metati, 1sg. met0, 1sg. mešt0, 1sg. metaj0 Ru. metát’, 1sg. meú, 3sg. méet Cz. metati; Slk. metaŸ; Pl. miota\ SCr. mètati ‘place, put, throw’, 1sg. m\m; Sln. métati, 1sg. m<6em

See ' *mestì. *md f. i (a) ‘copper’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVIII 144-146

OCS mYd! ‘copper’ Ru. med’ ‘copper’; Ukr. mid’ ‘copper’ Cz. mYd’ ‘copper’; Slk. med’ ‘copper’; Pl. mied] ‘copper’; USrb. mjed] ‘ore’ {1}; LSrb. mY] ‘copper’ SCr. mjd ‘copper, brass’; mjd m.(o) ‘copper, brass’; Sln. m¤d ‘ore, metal (esp. copper and alloys of copper)’, Gsg. m—d; m¤d m.(o) ‘ore, metal (esp. copper and alloys of copper)’; Bulg. med ‘copper’

{1} According to Schuster-Šewc (HEW II: 920), mYd] ‘copper’ is of Czech origin. *mx m. o (c) ‘bag (made from skin)’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVIII 156-159, 220-221

OCS mYx" ‘wine-skin’ Ru. mex ‘fur, (dial.) bag’, Gsg. méxa, Npl. mexá (the plural noun mexí means ‘fur bag, wine-skin’); mešók ‘bag’, Gsg. mešká Cz. mYch ‘bag, net’; míšek ‘purse, small bag’, Gsg. mešká; Slk. mech ‘bag’; Pl. miech ‘bag, bellows’; Slnc. mjìex ‘bag, bellows’; USrb. mYch ‘bag, bellows’ SCr. m›jeh ‘bellows, wine-skin’, Gsg. m›jeha; ak. mh (Vrg.) ‘bellows, wineskin’, Gsg. mha; mh (Novi) ‘bellows, wine-skin’; m£=h (Vrg.) ‘bellows, bagpipes’, Lsg. m£=he; Sln. m¤h ‘fur, wine-skin, bellows, leather bag’, Gsg. m¤ha, Gsg. m—h; m¤šŠk ‘small bellows’; Bulg. mjax ‘bellows, bag made from skin’; mex ‘bellows, bag made from skin’

*m¨l&; *m¨l&k&

310 BSl. B

*moišós Lith. ma§šas 4 ‘bag, sack’ {1}; Latv. màiss ‘bag’ OPr. moasis (EV) ‘bellows’

PIE Cogn.

*moisoSkt. mešá- m. ‘ram’; OIc. meiss m. ‘basket’; OHG meisa m. ‘pannier’

I feel that we should not attach too much importance to De Vries’s observation that with respect to Germanic it is unwarranted to start from an original meaning ‘Tragkorb aus Fell’ (1962: 382). In fact, the same would apply to the Baltic forms. I consider the semantic similarity between, for instance, Lith. ma§šas ‘ein aus Schnüren gestricktes Heunetz’ (note that the meaning ‘net’ is also attested in Slavic), OIc. heymeiss ‘hay-sack’ and MoE maiz (dial.) ‘large, light hay-basket’ sufficient evidence for the etymological identity of the Germanic and the Balto-Slavic forms. MoIr. moais ‘bag, hamper’, moaiseog ‘wicker basket’ is doubtless a borrowing from Germanic. {1} Friedrich Kurschat’s dictionary (1883) mentions the more specific meaning ‘ein aus Schnüren gestricktes Heunetz’. See also: *m˜š&k&

*ml; *mlk adj. o (a) ‘small, little’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XVIII 168-170

CS mYl"k" ‘small, thin’ Ru. melyj (dial.) ‘small, little’; mélkij ‘small, little’ Cz. mYlý (Kott) ‘small, little’; mYlký ‘small, shallow’; Pl. miey (obs.) ‘small, little’; miaki ‘small, refined; Plb. ¦ol® Npl. ‘small, little’ SCr. mok ‘small, shallow’ *(s)meh&-loGk. Ǖ n. ‘small cattle, goat, sheep’ (Doric also has ‰); OIr. míl ‘(small) ‘animal’; Go. smals m. ‘small, insignificant’; OIc. smali m. ‘small (live) ‘stock, sheep’

See ' *màl". *m l; *m l f. i; m. o CS E W

S BSl. B

ESSJa XVIII 162-168

OCS mYla (Supr.) Gsg. m.(o) ‘lime’ Ru. mel’ f.(i) ‘sand-bank, shoal’; mel m. ‘chalk’ Cz. mYl (SSJ) f.(i) ‘spit’; mYl (Jg.) f.(i) ‘pebble, dust, shoal’; mYl (Kott) f.(i) ‘loose earth, powder, pebble’; OCz. mYl m.(i) ‘shoal, sand-bank, fodder’; Pl. mia, mie (dial.) m. ‘dust, chalk, muddy water, fine powder’; OPl. miel f.(i) ‘sand-bank’; mia m. ‘finely ground substance’ SCr. m lj (ak.), Gsg. mèlja m.( jo) ‘fine sand’; mél (ak.) m. ‘dust, powder’, Gsg. mèla; Sln. m¤lj m.( jo) ‘sand-bank’ *(s )ml-iLith. smlis m.(io) 2 ‘sand’ (also Standard Lithuanian is smFls 4); Latv. smlis m.(io) ‘fine sand’ {1}

*m˜niti I PIE Cogn.

311

*mlH-iOIc. melr (dial.) m. ‘sand-bank’; Sw. mjåg (dial.) m. ‘sand-hill, high riverbank’; Sw. smula m. ‘chunk’; Nw. smola (dial.) ‘smash’; Nw. smol (dial.) m. ‘dust’ {2}

The Baltic and Slavic forms are formally compatible with the root *melH- ‘to grind’, the Baltic word showing s mobile. The lengthened grade vowel points to an old root noun. Semantically, this etymology does not seem implausible to me (pace Stang (l.c.), who, by the way, does not mention any Baltic forms). {1} Judging by the Lithuanian evidence, the zero grade of the root was originally acute: smiltis (LKŽ) 1/3/4 ‘fine sand, gritty earth’. The only non-ambiguous Latvian forms in ME are smìlts and smìltis ‘sand’, however. The most plausible option is that the Latvian falling tone is secondary (cf. Derksen 1996: 147). {2} The Scandinavian forms with sm- could derive from the root melH- ‘grind’ preceded by s mobile. OIc. melr and Sw. mjåg (dial.) < *mjalg are mentioned by Stang in connection with Ru. mel’, etc. (1972: 36). According to Stang, these words point to *melha-/melga-. Therefore the possible etymological relationship with the Slavic forms is limited to the root. See also: *melti; *m˜l%; *m˜l&; *mlin&; *moltiti; *m¥lt&; *mo³%

*m na f. # ‘change, exchange’

ESSJa XVIII 171-172

CS E W S

OCS mYna (Supr.) ‘exchange’ Ru. ména ‘exchange’ {1} Cz. mYna ‘exchange, change’; Pl. miana ‘change’ SCr. mijèna ‘exchange, change, new moon, metamorphosis’; ak. mn; (Vrg.) ‘phase of the moon’; Sln. m—6na ‘exchange, change, phase of the moon’

BSl. B

*moina‹ Lith. ma§nas m. ‘exchange’; Latv. ma§na f. ‘exchange’

PIE Cogn.

*moi-nSkt. mén- ‘concubine’; OHG mein adj. ‘false, deceitful’

{1} AP b/c in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 135). See also: *m˜niti I

*m niti I v. (c) ‘change, exchange’ CS E W S BSl. B

ESSJa XVIII 173-174

OCS mYnit" (Supr.) ‘changes’ Ru. menít’ (dial.) ‘change, exchange’ Cz. mYniti ‘exchange, change’; Slk. meniŸ sa ‘exchange, change’; Pl. mieni\ si< ‘change colour’ SCr. mijèniti ‘change’; Sln. m—níti ‘change, exchange’, 1sg. mením; Bulg. menjá ‘change, exchange’ *moin-ei/iLith. mainýti ‘exchange’, 3sg. ma§no; Latv. ma§nît ‘exchange’

Derivative of ' *mYna. The root is *moi-, cf. Skt. máyate ‘exchange, change’.

*m˜niti II

312 *m niti II v. ‘think’ CS E W

ESSJa XVIII 174-175

S

OCS mYniti ‘suppose, think, reckon, mention’, 1sg. mYnj0 ORu. mYniti ‘think, suppose, mention, mean, symbolize’ Cz. míniti ‘think, suppose, intend’; Slk. mieniŸ ‘intend, plan’; Pl. mieni\ ‘think, suppose’ SCr. mijeniti ‘think, say, remember’; Sln. m—6niti ‘think, suppose’, 1sg. m—6nim

Cogn.

OHG meinen ‘mean’

This formation may be identical with ' *mYniti I. The original meaning may have been ‘consequentively present one’s meaning’ (Kluge-Seebold: 551). *mra f. # (a) ‘measure’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVIII 178-181

OCS mYra ‘measure’ Ru. méra ‘measure’ Cz. míra ‘size, measure, limit’; Slk. miera ‘size, measure, limit’; Pl. miara ‘measure’; USrb. mYra ‘measure’ SCr. mjra ‘measure, weight’; ak. m›ra (Vrg.) ‘measure, 100 liters’; mra (Orb.) ‘measure, size’; Sln. m<6ra ‘measure, size’

An r-derivative of *meh&- ‘measure’, cf. Gk. Ç« f. ‘plan, ruse’, OE m´ð f. ‘measure’. See also: *m¨riti

*mriti v. (a) ‘measure’ CS E W S

Cogn.

ESSJa XVIII 183-185

OCS mYriti ‘measure’, 1sg. mYrj0 Ru. mérit’ ‘measure’ Cz. mY•iti ‘measure, judge’; mí•iti ‘aim at, try’; Slk. mieriŸ ‘aim at, compare’; Pl. mierzy\ ‘measure, judge, aim at’ SCr. mjriti ‘measure, weigh’, 1sg. mjrm; ak. m›riti (Vrg.) ‘measure, weigh’, 2sg. m›rš; mriti (Orb.) ‘measure, weigh’, 2sg. mriš; Sln. m<6riti ‘measure, compare, aim at’, 1sg. m<4rim; Bulg. mérja ‘measure, weigh, aim at’ Skt. mímti ‘measure, assign’; Lat. mtr ‘measure’

Denominative verb. See ' *m¾ra. *msc m. jo (a) ‘moon, month’

ESSJa XVIII 191-195

CS E W S

OCS mYs
BSl. B

*me‹n-(e)sLith. mAnuo m.(s) 1 ‘moon, month’, Gsg. mAnesio; Latv. m ness m.(i) ‘moon’ OPr. menig (EV) ‘moon’

*m„zgà PIE Cogn.

313

*meh&n-(e)sSkt. ms m. ‘moon, month’; Gk. Œ (Ion.) ‘moon’, Gsg. ‰ ; Lat. mnsis ‘month’; Go. mena f. ‘moon’; OHG mno f. ‘moon’

PSl. *m¾s<Èc! apparently reflects *meh&n-s-(e)n-ko-. *msìti v. (b) ‘mix, knead’

ESSJa XVIII 119-201

CS E W S

OCS mYsim" (Supr.) ptc. pres. pass. ‘being mixed’ Ru. mesít’ ‘knead’, 1sg. mešú, 3sg. mésit Cz. mísiti ‘mix, confuse’; Slk. miesiŸ ‘knead’; Pl. miesi\ ‘knead’ SCr. mijèsiti ‘knead’, 1sg. m›jesm; ak. ms›ti (Vrg.) ‘knead’, 2sg. m§sš; m£es›t (Orb.) ‘knead (dough)’, 1sg. m£ sin; Sln. m—6siti ‘mix, knead’, 1sg. m—6sim; Bulg. mésja ‘mix, knead’

BSl. B

*moiZ-ei/iLith. mi šti ‘dilute’; maišýti ‘mix’; Latv. màisît ‘mix’

PIE Cogn.

*moi˜Skt. miZráyati ‘mix’; Lat. miscre ‘mix’

*msto n. o (a) ‘place’ CS E W S

ESSJa XVIII 203-206

OCS mYsto ‘place’ Ru. mésto ‘place’ Cz. mYsto ‘town’; místo ‘place, space’; Slk. miesto ‘place, town’; Pl. miasto ‘town, city’; USrb. mYsto ‘city, place’ SCr. mjsto ‘place, town, city’; ak. m›sto (Vrg.) ‘place, town, city’; msto (Novi) ‘place, town, city’; msto (Orb.) ‘place, spot, room, space’; Sln. m—6stJ ‘place, town, city, square’; Bulg. mjásto ‘place’

As observed by Fraenkel (I: 460), the problem with the connection with Lith. mìsti ‘feed, live, stay’ is that the acute tone of the root of *m¾sto is left unexplained. The same holds for the etymology advocating a t-enlargement of Skt. may- ‘fix, build’, mitá- ‘built, established’. To my knowledge, there are no satisfactory alternatives. *m šk m. o ‘bag (made from skin)’ E W S

ESSJa XVIII 156-159, 220-221

Ru. mešók ‘bag’, Gsg. mešká Cz. míšek ‘purse, small bag’ Sln. m¤šŠk ‘small bellows’

Diminutive of ' *mÆx". *mzgà f. # (b) ‘sap’ E

ESSJa XVIII 23-25

Ru. mezgá (dial.) ‘sap-wood, pulp, membrane, remnants of meat on the inside of a hide’; ORu. mYzga ‘sap, sap-wood, resin’; mjazga ‘sap-wood, resin’

*m‚

314 W

S

Cz. míza ‘sap’; mizga (Mor. dial.) ‘sap’; OCz. miezha ‘sap’; miezka ‘sap’; Slk. miazga ‘sap’; Pl. miazga ‘mass, mash, pulp’; Slnc. mjªuzg‘ ‘sap’; USrb. mYza ‘sap’; LSrb. mYzga ‘sap’ SCr. mézga ‘sap’; mézgra ‘sap’; Sln. m—6zga ‘sap’; Bulg. m‘zgá ‘sap’

Obviously, some forms have been influenced semantically and/or formally by ' *m
OCS m< Ru. mja Cz. mY; Pl. mi< SCr. me

BSl.

*mem OPr. mien (EV)

PIE Cogn.

*h&me-m Skt. mm; Av. mm (< *h&mÕ-om)

*mknti v. (a) ‘become soft’

ESSJa XVIII 232-233

ESSJa XVIII 241-242

CS E W S

CS m
BSl. B

*min‹kLith. mìnkyti ‘knead’; Latv. mîcît ‘knead, tread’

PIE Cogn.

*m(e)nHkOE mengan ‘mix’

LIV (438) acknowledges the Balto-Slavic evidence for the presence of a laryngeal in the root, but prefers to reconstruct *menk- on the basis of Gk. ¶[ ‘knead’. The latter verb does not necessarily contain a nasal, however (' *màzati). See also: *m‚Ük&k&; *m®¸iti; *m®¸ka

*mkk adj. o (c) ‘soft’ CS E W

OCS m
ESSJa XVIII 248-251

*m‚¸ti

315

S

SCr. mk, f. mek;; ak. mk (Vrg.), f. mek;, n. mko; mkak (Orb.) ‘soft, softhearted’, f. mhka, n. mhko; Sln. mehk ‘soft, softhearted’, f. mehkà; méhŠk ‘soft, softhearted’, f. méhka; mekk ‘soft, softhearted’, f. mehkà; mékŠk ‘soft, softhearted’, f. méhka; Bulg. mek ‘soft, tender’

BSl. B

*min‹kLith. mìnkštas ‘soft’; Latv. mîksts ‘soft’

PIE Cogn.

*mnHkOE mengan ‘mix’

See also: *m‚¸kn®ti; *m®¸iti; *m®¸ka

*mso n. o (c) ‘flesh, meat’

ESSJa XIX 7-11

CS E W S

OCS m<so Ru. mjáso Cz. maso; Slk. mäso; Pl. mi<so SCr. m=so, Npl. mésa; ak. m=so (Vrg.); m=so (Novi), Npl. m=sa; m£=so (Orbani); Sln. mesº; Bulg. mesó ‘flesh, meat, (pl.) body’

BSl. B

*mns; *mnsa‹ Lith. mFsà f. 4; mensà (S. Žem.) f.; Latv. mìesa f. OPr. menso (EV); mens (Ench.)

PIE Cogn.

*mms-om Skt. mÚsá- (RV+) n.; Skt. m (RV) n.; Go. mimz n.

See Derksen 1998 for a discussion of the Baltic evidence. Lith. mFsà is sometimes regarded as a borrowing from Slavic, but in my opinion this assumption is unjustified. *mstì v. ‘stir, trouble’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 12-13

OCS m<sti ‘trouble, disturb’, 1sg. m
BSl. B

*mentLith. m<sti ‘mix’, 3sg. meñia

PIE Cogn.

*mentHSkt. mánthati ‘whirl, rub’

See also: *m®titi

*mti v. ‘compress, crumple, scutch’ CS E

ESSJa XIX 18-19

CS m
*m‚zdra; *m‚zdro

316 W S

OCz. mieti ‘rub, knead’, 1sg. mnu; Slk. mäŸ ‘rub, knead’; Pl. mi\ ‘rumple, crumple, (dial.) scutch’, 1sg. mn< Sln. m<6ti ‘rub, mince’, 1sg. mánem; Bulg. m¹na ‘scutch’

BSl. B

*min‹Lith. mìnti ‘trample, scutch’; Latv. m§t ‘trample, scutch’.

It is doubtful whether there are any cognates outside Balto-Slavic (cf. LIV: 438). *mzdra; *mzdro f. #; n. o ‘inner side (of a hide)’ CS E W

S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XIX 7-11

CS m
Possibly a derivative of ' *m<4so. *migati v. ‘blink’

ESSJa XIX 26-28

E W S

Ru. migát’ ‘wink, blink, twinkle’ Cz. míhati ‘shimmer, loom’; Slk. mig០‘move quickly, blink’ SCr. m›gati ‘blink, twinkle, move’; ak. m›gati (Vrg.) ‘wink’; m›gati ‘blink, twinkle, move’; m›ga (Orb.) 3sg. ‘flash (of lightning)’; Sln. mígati ‘blink, wink, twinkle, swarm (with)’, 1sg. mgam; Bulg. mígam ‘blink, wink, flicker’

BSl. B

*meigLith. miegóti ‘sleep’ OPr. meicte ‘sleep’

PIE

*hmeig-

See also: *m­g&; *m%glà; *m%gà; *migl&; *m%gn®ti; *m%ža; *m%žati I; *m%žati II; *m%žiti I; *m%žiti II

*mg m. o (c) ‘blink, moment’

ESSJa XIX 30-31

E W S

Ru. mig ‘blink, moment’, Gsg. míga Cz. mih ‘wink, twinkle, moment’; Slk. mih ‘wink, twinkle, moment’ SCr. mg ‘moment, gesture’, Gsg. mga; Sln. mg ‘moment, wink’; Bulg. mg ‘moment’

BSl. B

*meigos Lith. mi gas 4 ‘sleep’; Latv. mìegs ‘sleep’

*mimo PIE Cogn.

317

*hmeigSkt. meghá- (RV) m. ‘cloud, gloomy weather’

For a discussion about the relationship between this root and the root of *hmig-leh' see ' *m!glà. *mijati v. ‘pass’

ESSJa XIX 31

W

Cz. míjeti ‘pass’; OCz. míjYti ‘pass’; Pl. mija\ ‘pass’; Slnc. mj§j‘c ‘pass’

PIE Cogn.

*meiLat. mere ‘go, pass’

See also: *mimo; *minovati; *min®ti

*mikati v. E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XIX 31-32

Ru. míkat’ (dial.) ‘stuff (a bag)’ Cz. mikati ‘move abruptly’; Slk. mikaŸ ‘move abruptly, wave’; USrb. mika\ ‘blink’; LSrb. mikaZ ‘blink, wink, twinkle’ Sln. mkati ‘make jerky movements, pluck, bite, hackle’, 1sg. mkam, 1sg. mem *meikLat. micre ‘tremble, move quickly, sparkle’

See also: *m%%ta; *m%%t&

*mìl adj. o (a) ‘sweet, dear’

ESSJa XIX 46-48

CS E W S

OCS mil" ‘pitiable’ Ru. mílyj ‘sweet, dear’ Cz. milý ‘sweet, dear’; Slk. milý ‘sweet, dear’; Pl. miy ‘sweet, dear’ SCr. m›o ‘sweet, dear, sympathetic’; ak. m›l (Vrg.) ‘dear’; m›o ‘sweet, dear, sympathetic’; m›l (Vrg.) ‘dear’; m›li (Orb.) ‘dear’ (only in religious contexts); Sln. m ‘sympathetic, kind’, f. míla; Bulg. mil ‘sweet, dear’

BSl. B

*m(e)i‹los Lith. míelas 3; mýlas (Žem.) ‘nice, sweet, dear’; Latv. m§#š ‘nice, sweet, dear’ OPr. mijls ‘sweet, dear’

PIE Cogn.

*m(e)iH-loLat. mtis ‘soft (of taste)’

See also: *mir&

*mimo adv./prep. ‘by, past’ CS E W

ESSJa XIX 50

OCS mimo adv. ‘by, past’ Ru. mímo ‘by, past’ Cz. mimo prep. ‘by, past, besides, despite’; mímo ‘by, past, besides, despite’; Slk. mimo ‘besides, notwithstanding’; Pl. mimo ‘despite, past by’

*minovati

318 S

SCr. m›mo ‘by, past, besides, through’; Sln. mmJ ‘by, past, besides’; mimJ ‘by, past, besides’

Derivative of ' *mijati. *minovati v. ‘pass’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 51-52

OCS minovati (Supr.), 1sg. minuj0 Ru. minovát’, 1sg. minúju Cz. minovati; Pl. minowa\ SCr. minòvati; Sln. minováti, 1sg. minjem; Bulg. minávam

See ' *min0ti. *minti v. ‘pass’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 52-53

OCS min0ti, 1sg. min0 Ru. minút’ Cz. minouti; Slk. minúŸ; Pl. min\ SCr. mínuti; Sln. miníti, 1sg. mínem

Verb in *-n0ti, based on the same root as ' *mijati. See also: *mimo; *minovati

*mr m. o (c) ‘peace, world’

ESSJa XIX 55-57

CS E W S

OCS mir" Ru. mir Cz. mír; Slk. mier ‘peace’; Pl. mir ‘peace’ SCr. mr, Gsg. míra; ak. mr (Vrg., Orb.) ‘peace’, Gsg. mra; Sln. mir ‘peace’, Gsg. mra, Gsg. mir; Bulg. mir ‘peace, (obs.) world’

BSl. B

*mei‹rós Lith. mieras (OLith.) ‘peace’; Latv. miêrs ‘peace’

PIE Cogn.

*meiH-roLat. mtis ‘soft (of taste)’

See also: *mìl&

*mit adv. ‘in turn, alternately’

ESSJa XIX 59

CS S

OCS mitY (Supr.) ‘in turn, alternately’ SCr. mí\e (dial.) ‘in turn, alternately’; Bulg. mitó (dial.) ‘irregularly’

PIE Cogn.

*meith'Skt. mithás (RV+) adv. ‘mutually, alternately’; Lat. mtuus adj. ‘mutual’; Go. misso adv. ‘alternately’

See also: *mitus%; *mitva; *m%st%; *m%sta

*mo% *mitus adv. ‘opposite one another, criss-cross’ CS E W PIE Cogn.

319 ESSJa XIX 60-61

RuCS mitus! ‘opposite one another, criss-cross’ ORu. mitus! ‘opposite one another, criss-cross’; Ukr. mýtus’ ‘with their heads in opposite directions’; mytús’ (dial.) ‘inopportunely’ Pl. mituZ (dial.) ‘across, criss-cross, the other way round’ *meith'-uSkt. mithuná- adj. ‘paired’; Av. miÙana- adj. ‘paired’; Av. miÙara- adj. ‘paired’; Lat. mtuus adj. ‘mutual’

See also: *mit˜; *mitva; *m%st%; *m%sta

*mitva f. # W

ESSJa XIX 61

Cz. mitvy (dial.) adv. ‘in turn, alternately’

See ' *mitus!. *mižati; *mz ti v.

ESSJa XIX 63; XXI 179

S

SCr. mìžati ‘urinate’ {1}; Sln. mŠz—6ti ‘flow, trickle, drip’, 1sg. mŠzím; mz—6ti ‘flow, trickle, drip’, 1sg. mzím

BSl. B

*m(e)i]Lith. mžti ‘urinate’; Latv. mìzt ‘urinate’

PIE *hmeiCogn. Gk. »Œ¼[ ‘urinate’ {1} In view of *m!žati ‘drizzle’, etc., I do not agree with the ESSJa that Bel. mižá\ ‘drizzle’ doubtless belongs here.

*mlin m. o ‘pancake’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 67-68

CS mlin" ‘placenta’; RuCS mlin" ‘pancake’ Ru. blin ‘pancake’; ORu. mlin" ‘pancake’; Ukr. mlin ‘pancake’ LSrb. mlin (dial.) ‘pancake’ Bulg. mlin ‘pastry’

Derivative in *-in". For the root, see ' *melti. *mo a; *mo  f. j#; m. jo ‘wetness, puddle, urine’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 69-71

CS moa f.( j#) ‘puddle’ Ru. moá f.( j#) ‘urine’ Cz. mo f.(i)/m.( jo) ‘urine (Jg., Kott) wetness, dampness’; Slk. mo m.( jo) ‘urine’; Pl. mocz m.( jo) ‘urine’; USrb. mo m.( jo) ‘urine’ SCr. móa f.( j#) ‘piece of bread dipped in meat sauce’; ak. m«a (Vrg.) f.( j#) ‘wet period’; m«a (Orb.) f.( j#) ‘wet, rainy time; period with enough rain (for the crops)’; Sln. m06a f.( j#) ‘wetness, lasting rain, urine’

Derivatives in *-ja and *-j!, respectively, of the root *mok- (' *mokr"), cf. Lith. mokF (dial.) ‘big quagmire’, mokas (dial.) ‘thick mud’.

*moìti

320 See also: *moìti; mokr&

*mo ìti v. (b) ‘wet’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 144

OCS moiti (Zogr., Mar., Supr.) ‘wet’ Ru. moít’ ‘urinate, wet, moisten’, 1sg. moú, 3sg. móit Cz. moiti ‘urinate, wet, moisten’; Slk. moiŸ ‘urinate, wet, moisten’; Pl. moczy\ ‘wet, moisten’ SCr. mòiti ‘wet, soak’, 1sg. mòm; ak. mo›ti (Vrg.) ‘wet, soak’, 2sg. m«š; mo›t (Orb.) ‘wet, soak’, 3sg. m«i; Sln. móiti ‘wet, moisten, be moist, urinate’, 1sg. m06im; moíti ‘urinate’

See ' *mokr". *modla f. # ‘idol’

ESSJa XIX 85-86

W

Cz. modla ‘idol’; modla (Kott) ‘sculpture, statue, temple’; OCz. modla ‘idol’; Slk. modla ‘idol’; Pl. moda ‘sacrifice (obs.), prayer, idol’

BSl. B

*molda‹ Lith. maldà ‘prayer’ OPr. maddla ‘prayer’

See ' *modliti. *modlìti v. ‘pray’ (b)

ESSJa XIX 87-92

CS E W S

OCS moliti ‘ask, pray’, 1sg. molj0 Ru. molít’ ‘pray, beseech’, 1sg. moljú, 3sg. mólit Cz. modliti se ‘pray’; Slk. modliŸ sa ‘pray’; Pl. modli\ ‘pray’ SCr. mòliti ‘pray, ask’, 1sg. m«lm; ak. mol›ti (Vrg.) ‘pray, ask’, 2sg. m«lš; mol›t (Orb.) ‘pray, beg’, 1sg. m«lin; Sln. modliti (OSln., dial.) ‘pray’; móliti ‘pray (for), wish’, 1sg. m06lim

BSl. B

*moldLith. mesti ‘ask, implore, pray’, 3sg. medžia; maldýti ‘implore’

PIE Cogn.

*moldHitt. mld£-/mald- ‘recite, make a vow’; OS meldn ‘report, tell’

Various explanations have been presented for the apparent metathesis, like the presence of an l-suffix or reasons of taboo. Apart from the fact that the development must have preceded the general metathesis of liquids the matter remains unclear. See also: *modla

*modr adj. o ‘blue’ CS W S

ESSJa XIX, 101-104

CS modr" Cz. modrý; Slk. modrý; Pl. modry; Slnc. m‰dr³; USrb. módry SCr. m«dar, f. m«dra, n. m«dro; mòdar (Croat.), f. mòdra, n. mòdro; Sln. m06dŠr, f. módra

*m¥gt%

321

Machek (1949) has connected *modr" with Hitt. antara- ‘blue’, which requires that the latter etymon has an < *am-. In view of Winter’s law, we would have to reconstruct *modro- for Slavic and a zero grade *mdro- for Hittite. *mogtì v. (b) ‘be able’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 107-111

OCS mošti, 1sg. mog0, 3sg. možet" Ru. mo’, 1sg. mogú, 3sg. móžet Cz. moci, 1sg. mohu, 3sg. m,že; Slk. môcŸ, 1sg. môžem; Pl. móc, 1sg. mog<, 3sg. mo­e SCr. mò\i, 1sg. mògu, 3sg. m«ž; ak. m«\i (Vrg.), 1sg. m|gu, 3sg. m«že; m«\ (Orb.), 1sg. m«ren; Sln. mói ‘be able, must’, 1sg. m06rem, 1sg. mórem; Bulg. móga ‘be able, be allowed’

BSl. B

*mogLith. magAti ‘please, interest’, 3sg. mãga (usually in impersonal constructions) OPr. massi ‘be able {1}

PIE Cogn.

*mogSkt. maghá- m. ‘power, wealth, gift’; Go. mag 3sg. ‘has power, is able’; OIc. mega ‘be able’, 3sg. má; OHG magan, mugan ‘be able’

The generally accepted apophonic relationship between Slavic *mogti, Lith. magAti, etc., on the one hand and mAgti ‘love, like’, Latv. mêgt ‘be able, be accustomed to’ on the other cannot be maintained if one adheres to the view that the lengthened grade yielded a Balto-Slavic circumflex. The acute of the latter verbs may be due to Winter’s law (*h&me- if cognate with Gk. «‰€ª[ ‘be aggrieved, chafe’). The ovocalism of magAti and the Slavic and the Germanic forms points to an old perfect. For the semantic development ‘to be able’ ' ‘to like’, cf. Go. mag vs. MoHG mögen. As Pokorny remarks himself, his reconstruction *mag-, mg- is entirely based on the presumed connection of the aforementioned forms with Gk. ‰¼ ½ ‘means, instrument’, Ǽ ‘instrument, apparatus’, Dor. Ÿ¼¶ Ÿ, ݼ, which was rejected by Endzelns (1931: 183), Fraenkel (1951: 168), Stang (1972: 37) a.o. for various reasons (cf. ESSJa X: 110) but nevertheless reappears in Lehmann 1986 (239). {1} The scholarly community is divided with respect to the question whether massi is a borrowing from Slavic (viz. Polish mo­e) or a genuine Prussian form (see Mažiulis PKEŽ III: 114 for the relevant literature).

*mgt f. i (c) ‘power’ CS E W S PIE

ESSJa XIX 111-113

OCS mošt! (Euch., Supr.) ‘power’ Ru. mo’ ‘power, might’ Cz. moc ‘ability, influence, power’; Slk. moc ‘ability, influence, power’; Pl. moc ‘power, strength’ SCr. m|\ ‘power’; ak. mu|\ ‘power, strength’; Sln. mº ‘power, strength’, Gsg. mo; Bulg. mošt ‘power, strength’ *mog-ti-

*moj%

322 Cogn.

Go. mahts f. ‘power, might’

See also: *mogtì

*moj prn. ‘my’

ESSJa XIX 126-128

CS E W S

OCS moi, f. moja, n. moje Ru. moj, f. mojá, n. moë Cz. m,j; Slk. môj; Pl. mój SCr. m|j, f. mòja, n. mòje; ak. mõj, f. moj;, n. moj; muõj, f. moj;, n. moj; Sln. mJ6j; Bulg. moj

BSl. B

*mojos OPr. mais, f. maia

PIE Cogn.

*h&mo-ioLat. meus

*mokr adj. o (b?) ‘wet, damp’

ESSJa XIX 144

CS E W S

OCS mokr"i (Supr.) ‘wet’ Ru. mókryj ‘wet, damp’; mokr ‘wet, damp’, f. mokrá, n. mókro {1} Cz. mokrý ‘wet, damp’; Slk. mokrý ‘wet, damp’; Pl. mokry ‘wet, damp’ SCr. m«kar ‘wet, damp’, f. m«kra; mòkar ‘wet, damp’, f. mòkra; ak. m«kar (Vrg.) ‘wet, damp’, f. mokr;, n. m«kro; m«kar (Orb.) ‘wet’, f. m«kra, n. m«kro; Sln. m06kŠr ‘wet, damp’, f. mókra; Bulg. mók‘r ‘wet’

BSl. B

*mokLith. makõnF f.(!) ‘mud’

Cogn. Arm. mr ‘mud’ {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *moa; *mo%; *moiti

*moldenc m. jo ‘infant, child, youth’ CS E W S BSl.

ESSJa XIX 151-153

OCS mladen!c! ‘infant’; mladYn!c! ‘infant’; mlad!n!c! ‘infant’ {1} Ru. mladénec ‘infant’ Cz. mládenec (arch., dial.) ‘child, youth, adolescent’; Slk. mládenec ‘youth, unmarried young man’; Pl. modzieniec ‘youth’ SCr. ml;djenac ‘infant, child, youth’; Sln. mlad<6nŠc ‘youth’ *maldenikos OPr. maldenikis ‘child’

Derivative of ' *m|ld". {1} The variant mlad!n!c! may have adopted the first jer from mlad!n", which in OCS is limited to Supr. See also: *mold%n&

*molt& *mld adj. o (c) ‘young’

323 ESSJa XIX 174-179

CS E W S

OCS mlad" Ru. molodój Cz. mladý; Slk. mladý; Pl. mody SCr. mld, f. mláda; ak. ml“d (Vrg.), f. ml”d;, n. ml“do; mlt (Orb.), f. mld;, f. mlãda, n. mldo; Sln. mld, f. mláda; Bulg. mlad

BSl.

*mol‹dós OPr. maldai Npl. ‘boy’

PIE Cogn.

*mld-uSkt. mr¥dú- ‘soft, tender’; Lat. mollis ‘soft’

See also: *molden%c%; *mold%n&

*moldn adj. o ‘young’ CS W S

ESSJa XIX 184-185

OCS mlad!n" (Supr.) ‘children’s’ OCz. mladný ‘young’; USrb. módny ‘young, fresh, blooming’ SCr. ml;dan (RSA) ‘young, youthful’; mlàdan (RSA) ‘young, youthful’; Sln. mládŠn ‘soft’, f. mládna

Derivative of ' *m|ld". See also: *molden%c%

*mo m. jo ‘moth’ CS E W S

CS mol!; mo#! Ru. mol’ f.(i) Cz. mol m.(o) ‘moth, scab’; Slk. mo¯; Pl. mól, Gsg. mola SCr. m«lj, Gsg. mòlja; Sln. mòlj, Gsg. mólja

PIE Cogn.

*molH-(i)oGo. malo n.; OIc. m0lr n.

ESSJa XIX 203-205

See also: *melti; *m˜l%; *m˜l&; *mlin&; *moltiti; *molt&; *mo³%

*moltìti v. (b) ‘beat, thresh’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 192-194

OCS ‘beat, thresh’; CS mlatiti ‘beat’ Ru. molotít’ ‘thresh’, 1sg. moloú, 3sg. molótit Cz. mlátiti ‘thresh, beat’; Slk. mlátiŸ ‘thresh, beat’; Pl. móci\ ‘thresh’; USrb. móci\ ‘thresh’ SCr. mlátiti ‘thresh, beat’, 1sg. mltm; ak. ml”t›ti (Vrg.) ‘thresh, beat’, 2sg. ml’tš; mlt›t (Orb.) ‘thresh, beat’, 3sg. mlãti; Sln. mlátiti ‘thresh’, 1sg. mlátim; Bulg. mlátja ‘beat’

See ' *molt". *molt m. o (b/c) ‘hammer’ CS

OCS mlat" (Supr.) ‘hammer’

ESSJa XIX 197-199

*monisto

324 E W S

PIE Cogn.

Ru. mólot ‘hammer’ Cz. mlat ‘hammer’; Slk. mlat ‘(big) hammer’; Pl. mot ‘hammer’; mót (obs.) ‘hammer’; Slnc. ml¨Q‰t ‘sledgehammer’; USrb. mót ‘hammer’ SCr. mlt ‘big hammer, flail’, Gsg. mlta; mlát (Pos.) ‘hammer(?)’; ak. ml“t (Vrg.) ‘big hammer, flail’, Gsg. ml“ta; mlt (Novi) ‘big hammer, flail’, Gsg. mlta; Sln. mlt ‘hammer’ *molH-toLat. malleus m. ‘hammer’

Traces of AP (b) are sparse in this etymon. Nikolaev (1989: 54, 89) mentions mót, Gsg. móta in a archaic dialect of Upper Sorbian, mlát, Isg. mlátom in a grammar of a Posavian variant of Serbo-Croatian, and a number of end-stressed froms from Belorussian and NW Russian dialects. Since there are no neuter variants (cf. ' *kólt", where the evidence for AP (b) is much stronger), we might posit an original masculine o-stem, which become mobile as a result of Illi-Svity’s law. In that case the accentuation of moltìti could simply reflect the original state of affairs. See also: *melti; *m˜l%; *m˜l&; *mlin&; *moltiti; *mo³%

*monisto n. o ‘necklace’

ESSJa XIX 209-211

CS E S

OCS monisto (Euch.) ‘necklace’ Ru. monísto ‘necklace’ SCr. monisto (eccl.) ‘necklace’; Bulg. manísto ‘necklace, beads’

PIE Cogn.

*mon(H )-iSkt. maÁí- (RV+) n. ‘necklace’; Lat. monle n. ‘necklace’; OHG menni n. ‘necklace’

*morà f. # ‘nightly spirit, nightmare’ CS E W

S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XIX 211-214

SerbCS mora ‘sorceress’ Ru. móra (dial.) m./f. ‘mythological female creature, ghost, darkness’ {1}; Ukr. móra (dial.) ‘nightmare, house-spirit’ Cz. m,ra ‘nightmare, mythological creature that suffocates people in their sleep, moth’ {2}; Slk. mora, mura ‘demonical mythological creature that torments people in their sleep’; Pl. mora (dial.) ‘nightly spirit that attacks people and horses in their sleep, nightly apparition, nightmare’; Slnc. mùor‘ (dial.) ‘nightmare, its female personification’ SCr. mòra ‘nightmare’ {3}; ak. Mor; (Orb.) ‘[personified] nightmare, female phantom (appears early in the morning, walks with the sound of a cat tripping); Sln. móra ‘nightmare, owl’ {4}; Bulg. morá ‘nightmare’ *mor-eh' OIc. mara f. ‘nightmare’; OE mare f. ‘nightmare’; OIr. mor-rígain f. ‘goddess of the battlefield, female demon’ (see LEIA M-64/65).

The image of a (female) ghost who induces nightmares is apparently common to Slavic, Germanic and, possibly, Celtic. The root of this creature’s name is unclear.

*morky

325

Pokorny assumes a connection with *mer- ‘aufreiben, reiben; packen, rauben’, which is not entirely convincing. For a discussion of the relationship between *mora and *mara, see s.v. *mara. {1} The noun also occurs in kikímora m./f. ‘house-sprite that spins at night’. {2} In dialects, we find a variant mora. {3} The folkloristic belief that the mora is an evil female creature (witch, sorceress) is mentioned in Karadži’s dictionary (cf. the form from Orb.). {4} There is a variant m|ra ‘nightmare, house-spirit, creature that at night suffocates people in their sleep and harms animals’ (Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika II: 238. See also: *maxati; *majati; *mavati; *mamiti; *maniti; *mÁm&; *man®ti; *mara; *matati

*me n. jo (c) ‘sea’

ESSJa XIX 227-230

CS E W S

OCS morje n.( jo) Ru. móre n.( jo), Npl. morjá Cz. mo•e n.( jo); Slk. more n.( jo); Pl. morze n.( jo) SCr. m«re n.( jo); ak. (Vrg.) m|re n.( jo); (Orb.) mu|re n.( jo); Sln. morj<4 n.( jo); mºrje n.( jo); Bulg. moré n.(nt)

BSl. B

*morjo; *morja‹ Lith. mãrios Npl. f. ‘sea, isthmus’

PIE Cogn.

*mor-iLat. mare n.; OIr. muir n.; Go. marei f.

*mrk m. o (c) ‘darkness’ CS E W S

ESSJa XIX 234-236

OCS mrak" ‘darkness’ Ru. mórok (dial.) ‘darkness, cloud, fog’ Cz. mrak ‘darkness, twilight, cloud’; Slk. mrak ‘big (dark) cloud, twilight, crowd’; Pl. mrok ‘twilight, shadow, darkness’ SCr. mrk ‘darkness’, Gsg. mrka; ak. mr“k (Vrg.) ‘darkness’, Gsg. mr“ka; mrk (Novi) ‘darkness’; Sln. mrk ‘twilight’, Gsg. mrka, Gsg. mrak; Bulg. mrak ‘darkness’

BSl. B

*mor‹kLith. mérkti ‘close one’s eyes’

PIE Cogn.

*morHk-óGo. maurgins m. ‘morning’

See also: *m%rkn®ti; *m%rk& I; *m%rk& II

*morky f. 

ESSJa XIX 234

E

Ukr. morokvá (dial.) f.(#) ‘quagmire, swamp’

B

Lith. merkti ‘wet, moisten (flax, linen)’; Latv. mÅrkt ‘wet, moisten, strike’

PIE Cogn.

*morkGaul. mercasius m. ‘swamp’; MHG meren ‘dip bread into water or wine’

*morvi

326 *morvi f.  ‘ant’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XIX 246-249

CS mravii f.(i#) Ru. muravéj m.(io), Gsg. murav’já; ORu. morovej m.(io); moravej m.(io); muravej m.(io); Ukr. muravýj m.(io) Pl. mrówka f.(#) SCr. mrv m.(o), Gsg. mrva; ak. mr“v m.(o), Gsg. mr“va; mrv (Novi) m.(o); Sln. mrv f.(i); mrv m.(o); mrávlja f.( j#); Bulg. mrávka f.(#) *moru-iHAv. maoir- f.; OIr. moirb f.

*mor m. o ‘plague’

ESSJa XIX 250-251

CS E W S

OCS mor" (Mar., Zogr., En.) Ru. mor Cz. mor; Slk. mor; Pl. mór SCr. m|r ‘death’, plague’; Sln. mòr ‘death, plague’, Gsg. m06ra; Bulg. mor

BSl. B

*moros Lith. mãras

PIE Cogn.

*mor-oSkt. pramará- (RV) m. ‘death’

See also: *merti; *m%rtv&; *s&m%rt%

*mòrz m. o (a) ‘frost’ CS E W S

Cogn.

ESSJa XX 10-14

OCS mraz" (Euch., Supr.) Ru. moróz Cz. mráz; Slk. mráz; Pl. mróz, Gsg. mrozu; Slnc. mrz, Gsg. mãrzu–; mr¶uz, Gsg. mr¨Q‰zu–; USrb. mróz, Gsg. mróza, Gsg. mrózu SCr. mr;z, Gsg. mr;za; ak. mr;z (Vrg.), Gsg. mr;za; mr;z (Novi); mr;s (Orb.) ‘hoarfrost, frost’, Gsg. mr;za; Sln. mràz ‘cold, frost, hoarfrost’; Bulg. mraz Alb. mardhë f. ‘frost’

Possibly an example of Winter’s law, in which case we must reconstruct *mór-o-. See also: *m%rz˜ti; *m%rziti; *m%rzn®ti

*mst m. o (c) ‘bridge’ CS E W S

ESSJa XX 30-35

OCS most" (Supr.) Ru. most, Gsg. mósta, Gsg. mostá {1} Cz. most; Slk. most; Pl. most; USrb. móst, Gsg. mosta, Gsg. mostu SCr. m|st, Gsg. m«sta; ak. m|st (Vrg.), Gsg. m«sta; m|st (Novi), Gsg. m«sta; mu|s (Orb.), Gsg. m«sta; Sln. mºst, Gsg. mºsta, Gsg. most, Gsg. most; Bulg. most

*mot ka

327

PIE *masd-to-? Cogn. Lat. mlus m. ‘mast, pole’; OHG mast m. ‘mast’ {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (see Zaliznjak 1985: 137) *mošna f. # ‘small bag, purse’

ESSJa XX 37-39

CS E W S

OCS moš!na (Zogr., Mar.) ‘small bag, scrip’ Ru. mošná ‘pouch, purse’ Cz. mošna ‘purse’; Slk. mošna ‘pocket’; Pl. moszna ‘purse, pocket, scrotum’ SCr. m«šnja ‘purse, scrotum’; ak. m«šnja (Orb.) ‘pod, seedcase’; Sln. móšnja ‘purse, scrotum’

BSl. B

*makš(i)na‹ Lith. makšnà ‘case’ OPr. dantimax ‘gums’

PIE Cogn.

*mak-s-in-eh' OHG mago m. ‘stomach’

*motàti v. ‘wind’ E W S

ESSJa XX 44-47

Ru. motát’ ‘reel, wind’; ORu. motati ‘tire, worry’ Cz. motati ‘wind’; Slk. motaŸ ‘wind’; Pl. mota\ ‘reel, wind’ SCr. mòtati ‘revolve, wind, move, throw’, 1sg. mòtm; ak. mot;ti (Vrg.) ‘revolve’, 2sg. m«t”š; mot;t (Orb.) ‘wind (up), roll up’, 1sg. motn; Sln. motáti ‘wind, unwind’, 1sg. motm; Bulg. motája ‘wind’

See also: *mestì; *metàti

*motriti v. ‘look at, watch’

ESSJa XX 65-67

CS E S

CS motriti ‘look at’, 1sg. moštrj0 Ru. motrít’ (dial.) ‘look at, watch’ SCr. mòtriti ‘look at, watch’, 1sg. mòtrm; Sln. mótriti ‘look at, watch’, 1sg. mótrim

BSl. B

*mot(r)Lith. matýti ‘look at, watch’

For the *-r-, cf. Lith. matrùs ‘sharp-sighted, vigilant’. *motka f. # ‘hoe’

ESSJa XX 79-82

CS E W S

OCS motyky (Supr.) Apl. Ru. motýga Cz. motyka; Slk. motyka; Pl. motyka SCr. motiška; ak. mot›ka (Vrg.); Sln. motka; Bulg. motíka

PIE Cogn.

*motSkt. matyà- (AV+) m. ‘agricultural device, harrow(?)’; Lat. mateola f. ‘hoe, grip of a hoe’; OE mattoc m. ‘hoe’

*m¥zg&

328 *mzg m. o (c) ‘marrow, brain’ CS E W S

ESSJa XX 94-97

CS mozg" ‘marrow’ Ru. mozg ‘brain, marrow’ Cz. mozek ‘brain’; OCz. mozk ‘brain, marrow’; Slk. mozog ‘brain’; Pl. mózg ‘brain’, Gsg. mózgu SCr. m«zak ‘brain, (Dubr.) marrow’, Gsg. m«zga; ak. m«zak (Vrg.) ‘brain’, Gsg. m«ska; m«zak (Orb.) ‘brain’, Npl. m«zgi; Sln. mºzg ‘marrow, (pl.) brain’; mºzŠg ‘marrow, (pl.) brain’; mºzŠk ‘marrow, (pl.) brain’; Bulg. móz‘k ‘brain’

BSl. B

*mozg-oLith. sm genys Npl. m. ‘brain’ OPr. musgeno ‘marrow’

PIE Cogn.

*mosg-oAv. mazga- m. ‘brain, marrow’; OIc. mergr m. ‘marrow’

See also: *moždžan&j%; *moždžen%; *moždženo

*moždžan adj. o CS S

ESSJa XX 104-105

OCS moždan" (Ps. Sin.) ‘full of marrow’ SCr. mòždan ‘cerebral’; m«ždan ‘cerebral, (arch., dial.) wise’; m«ždni (Vuk: Dubr.) Npl. ‘brain’; Sln. moždni Npl. ‘brain, mind’; moždžni Npl. ‘brain, mind’; možgni Npl. ‘brain, mind’

Derivative in *-Yn" of ' *m|zg". *moždžen; *moždženo m. i?; n o ‘brain’ CS W S

RuCS moždeni m.(i?) ‘brains’ Plb. müzdin m.(i?) ‘brain’; müzdenü n. ‘brain’ SCr. moždena (dial.) Npl. n. ‘brain’

BSl. B

*mozg-enLith. sm genys Npl. ‘brain’ OPr. musgeno ‘marrow’

PIE Cogn.

*mosg-enSkt. majján- (RV+) m. ‘marrow’

ESSJa XX 105-106

See also: *m¥zg&; *moždžan&

*m iti v. (a) ‘torment, torture’ CS E W S

ESSJa XX 151-117

OCS m0iti ‘torment, torture’, 1sg. m00 Ru. múit’ ‘torment, harrass, worry’ Cz. muiti ‘torment, torture’; Slk. muiŸ ‘torment, torture’; Pl. m
*mÓtìti BSl. B

*mon‹kLith. mánkyti ‘knead, crumple, press’

PIE

*monHk-

329

See also: *m‚¸kn®ti; *m‚Ük&k&; *m®¸ka

*mdr adj. o (b) ‘wise’

ESSJa XX 130-133

CS E W S

OCS m0dr" Ru. múdryj Cz. moudrý; Slk. múdry; Pl. mdry SCr. múdar, f. múdra; ak. mdar (Vrg.), f. mdr;, n. mdro; mdar (Orb.), f. mdra; Sln. m06dŠr, f. m06dra; Bulg. m¹d‘r

BSl. B

*mondros Lith. mañdras 4 ‘cheerful, lively’; mandrùs 4 ‘cheerful, lively’; Latv. muôdrs ‘cheerful, lively, alert, vigorous’; muôžs ‘cheerful, lively, alert, vigorous’

PIE Cogn.

*mon-dh&-roOHG muntar ‘ardent, cheerful’

Cf. also Skt. medh- (RV+) f. ‘mental power, wisdom, intelligence’; Av. mazd f. ‘wisdom’ < *mns- deh&-. *mka f. # (a) ‘torment, torture’ CS E W S

ESSJa XX 136-138

OCS m0ka ‘torment, torture, instrument of torture’ Ru. múka ‘torment, torture’ Cz. muka ‘torment, torture’; Slk. muka ‘torment, torture’; Pl. m
See ' *m
ESSJa XX 135-136

OCS m0ka (Zogr., Mar., Ass., Sav.) Ru. muká Cz. mouka; Slk. múka; Pl. mka SCr. múka; ak. mk; (Vrg., Novi, Hvar); muok; (Orb.), Asg. muok«; Sln. m06ka

Since the root of this noun is clearly non-acute (*monk-), the generally assumed connection with ' *m
OCS m0titi (Ps. Sin., Supr.) ‘disquiet’ Ru. mutít’ ‘trouble, stir up’, 1sg. muú, 3sg. mutít

ESSJa XX 142-145

*m®¯ž%

330 W

S

Cz. moutiti (obs.) ‘make cloudy, grieve, worry’ (the SSJ gives the variants mútiti and mutiti); moutiti, mútiti (Jg.) ‘grieve, churn, mix, worry’; mútiŸ (dial.) ‘churn’; OCz. mútiti ‘trouble, grieve, torment’; Slk. mútiŸ ‘trouble, churn’; Pl. mci\ ‘trouble, disturb’ SCr. mútiti ‘trouble, confuse’, 1sg. mtm; ak. mt›ti (Vrg.) ‘trouble, confuse’, 2sg. mtš; muot›t (Orb.) ‘stir, make turbid, muddy, confuse, entangle, talk smb. into smth.’, 3sg. muõti; Sln. m06titi ‘trouble, stir’, 1sg. m06tim; Bulg. m¹tja ‘trouble, disturb’

See ' *m<stì. *mž m. jo (c) ‘man, husband’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XX 158-161

OCS m0ž! ‘man, husband’ Ru. muž ‘husband, (obs.) man’ Cz. muž ‘man, husband’; Slk. muž ‘man, husband’; Pl. m­ ‘man, husband’, Gsg. m<­a SCr. mž ‘husband, (obs.) man’, Gsg. mža; ak. mž (Vrg.) ‘husband’, Gsg. mža; mž (Novi) ‘husband’; mu|š (Orb.) ‘husband’, Gsg. mu|ža; Sln. m04ž ‘man, husband’, Gsg. mož; Bulg. m‘ž ‘man, husband’ *mon-g()ioSkt. mánu- (RV+) m. ‘man, mankind’; OHG mann m. ‘man, husband’

For the suffix we may perhaps compare Lith. žmogùs ‘man’ vs. žmuõ. *mudìti v. ‘stay, linger’ CS S

ESSJa XX 167-169

OCS muditi (Zogr., Ass., Sav., Supr.) ‘stay, linger’, 1sg. mužd0, 2sg. mudiši; m0diti (Zogr.) ‘stay, linger’, 1sg. m0žd0, 2sg. m0diši Sln. mudíti ‘delay, linger, (m. se) dwell’, 1sg. mudím

Verb containing the o-grade of the root *mud- (' *m"dYti). See also: *m&d%l%; *m&d%l%n&

*mùxa f. # (a) ‘fly’

ESSJa XX 170-172

CS E W S

OCS muxa (Ps. Sin., Supr.) Ru. múxa Cz. moucha; Slk. mucha; Pl. mucha SCr. mùha; ak. mµha (Vrg., Orb.); muh; (Novi); Sln. múha; Bulg. muxá

B

Lith. mùsF f.(!); musià f.( j#); Latv. msa f.; muša f.( j#) OPr. muso

Cogn.

Gk. ¤È f. ‘fly’; Lat. musca f. ‘mosquito’; OIc. mý n. ‘mosquito’

The root of this etymon apparently contains the o-grade of the within IndoEuropean much more widespread zero grade *mus- (' *m"xa, *m"šica). Moreover, the accentual evidence for the greater part points to AP (a) and therefore to an acute

*m&ati

331

root, cf. CS myš!ca ‘mosquito’, ORu. myšca ‘insect, mosquito’, Latv. msa. Perhaps the root *muHs- is a contamination of *muH- (OIc. mý ?) and *mus-. See also: *m&xa; *m&šica

*mur I; *mura m. o; f. # ‘mud, mould’

ESSJa XX 191-192, 195

E W S

Ru. mur (Voron.) ‘mould’; murók ‘(Arx.) meadow grass, (Psk.) May’ Cz. mour ‘coal-dust, soot’ SCr. mr (RJA, RSA: dial.) ‘drift sand’; SCr. múra (Vuk: Baka) ‘mud, clay’

BSl. B

*mou‹ros Lith. maura§ Npl. 3 ‘duckweed, silt, mud’; Latv. mars ‘grass, lawn’

See also: *mur& II

*mur II adj. o ‘dark, with dark streaks or spot’ E

S

ESSJa XX 195-196

Ru. múryj (dial.) ‘reddish brown, reddish grey, having dark streaks or spots (of animal’s hair or coat)’; Ukr. múryj ‘dark-grey with spots, darkcomplexioned’ Sln. mr ‘black (of animal’s hair or coat)’

See also: *mur& I; *mura

*muzga; *muzg f. #; m. o ‘pool, mud’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XX 202-203

CS muzga f. ‘pool’ Ru. múzga (dial.) f. ‘cavity (often filled with water), pool’; muzgá (dial.) f. ‘cavity filled with water in the summertime’; ORu. muzg" m. ‘mud’ Pl. muzga (dial.) f. ‘grass of superior quality, grass near water’ SCr. mµzga (Vuk) f. ‘stripe, trail’; Sln. múzga f. ‘tree-sap, silt, mud’; mºzga f. ‘batter, quagmire’; Bulg. múzga f. ‘snout of a pig’ *mous-k/gLat. mscus m. ‘marsh’; Nw. musk (dial.) m. ‘dust, drizzle, darkness’

See also: *m&x&; *m&zga; *m&zg&; *m&ždžiti

*m ati v.

ESSJa XX 203-204

CS E W

OCS m!imi (Supr.) Npl. ptc. prs. pass. ‘being thrown’ Ru. mat’ ‘rush, whirl along (tr.)’, 1sg. mu, 3sg. mit Cz. meti (Jg., Kott) ‘move, make for’; OCz. mieti ‘pull, carry, drag’

BSl. B

*mukLith. mùkti ‘come off, flit, stick’; Latv. mukt ‘come off, flee’

PIE Cogn.

*mukSkt. múcyate ‘be released’

See also: *m&kn®ti

*m&d˜ti

332 *md ti v.

ESSJa XX 205-206

E

Ru. modet’ (dial.) ‘sit out patiently, become weak, decay, go bad’

BSl. B

*mudLatv. mudêt ‘moulder, decay, go bad’

Winter’s law now enables us to reconstruct the root as *mud-. The connection with Gk. ‡‘ ‘damp’ is therefore formally impossible. See also: *muditi; *m&d%l%; *m&d%l%n&

*mdl adj. o CS E W

S

ESSJa XX 210-211

CS m"dl" ‘slow, sluggish’; m!dl" ‘slow, sluggish’; RuCS m!d!lyi ‘compassionate’ (cf. OCS m"dlost! (Cloz.) ‘sluggishness’) ORu. medlyj ‘compassionate’ Cz. mdlý ‘weak, flat, dull’; Slk. mdlý ‘weak, flat, dull’; Pl. mdy ‘dim, dull, faint, sickening’; OPl. mdy ‘weak, thin’; mgy ‘weak, thin’; Slnc. mg³ ‘weak, thin’ SCr. madal (obs.) ‘unclear, dim’; Sln. mŠdŠQ ‘weak, flat, dull, faint, sickening, thin’, f. mŠdlà; mŠd ‘weak, flat, dull, faint, sickening, thin’, f. mŠdlà; médŠ ‘weak, flat, dull, faint, sickening, thin’; mádŠ ‘weak, flat, dull, faint, sickening, thin’, f. mádla

Adjective derived from the root *mud- (' *m"dYti). *mdln adj. o CS E S

ESSJa XX 211

RuCS m!d!l!nyi ‘slow, sluggish’ Ru. médlennyj ‘slow’ ak. ml=dan (Vuk: Dubr.) ‘thin’, f. ml=dna, n. ml=dno; Sln. mŠdl<4n ‘weak’; ml—6dŠn ‘emaciated, flat, dull’, f. ml—6dna

See the previous lemma. See also: *muditi; *m&d˜ti; *m&d%l%n&

*mxa f. # E S

Ru. móxa (dial.) ‘midge’ SCr. máha (dial.) ‘mosquito’

BSl. B

*muš-(i)a‹ Lith. mùsF ‘fly’; musià ‘fly’; Latv. msa ‘fly’; muša f.( j#) ‘fly’ OPr. muso ‘fly’

PIE Cogn.

*musGk. ¤È f. ‘fly’; Lat. musca f. ‘mosquito’; OIc. mý n. ‘mosquito’

See also: *mùxa; *m&šica

ESSJa XX 211

*m&lva *mx m. o (b/c) ‘moss’ E

W S

333 ESSJa XX 216-218

Ru. mox ‘moss’, Gsg. móxa, Gsg. mxa; ORu. m"x" ‘marsh overgrown with moss’; mox" ‘marsh overgrown with moss’; Bel. mox ‘moss’, Gsg. móxu; Ukr. mox ‘moss’, Gsg. móxu Cz. mech ‘moss’; Slk. mach ‘moss’; Pl. mech ‘moss, fluff ’; USrb. moch ‘moss’; móch (dial.) ‘moss’, Gsg. mocha SCr. mh ‘moss, mould, bloom’, Gsg. m;ha; ak. m;h ‘moss, mould, bloom’, Gsg. m;ha; Sln. mh ‘moss, marsh, fluff ’, Gsg. mha, Gsg. mah; mèh ‘moss’, Gsg. méha; Bulg. m‘x ‘moss’

BSl. B

*mušoLith. msa§ Npl. m. 4 ‘mould’; mùsos Npl. ‘mould’

PIE Cogn.

*mús-o-m OIc. mosi m. ‘moss, moorland’; OHG mos n. ‘moss, marsh’

See also: *muzga; *m&zga; *m&zg&; *m&ždžiti

*mknti v. ‘move’

ESSJa XX 219

W S

Cz. mknouti ‘move’; Pl. mkn\ ‘flit, fleet’ SCr. màknuti ‘move’, 1sg. m;knm; ak. maknµti (Vrg.) ‘move’, 2sg. m;kneš; maknµt (Orb.) ‘move, shove’, 1sg. m;knen; Sln. mŠkníti ‘jerk, tug, move’, 1sg. máknem, 1sg. m<6knem; Bulg. m¹kna ‘drag along’

BSl. B

*mukLith. mùkti ‘come off, flit, stick’; Latv. mukt ‘come off, flee’

See ' *m"ati *mldni f.  ‘lightning’ CS E W S

OCS ml"ni (Zogr., Mar., Ass., Sav.) f.(i#); ml"nii (Mar., Ass, Supr.) f.(i#) (the variant ml"- is more frequent than ml!-) Ru. mólnija; molón’ja (dial.); molodnjá (dial.); melen’já (dial.); Ukr. maladnjá (dial.) ‘lightning without thunder’ Cz. mlna (arch.); Pl. menia (dial., probably only in Pomeranian); Slnc. m‰¨nªu; Plb. måua SCr. múnja; Sln. mónja; Bulg. m¹lnija f.(i#)

BSl. B

*mild-nLatv. milna f. ‘hammer of the thunderer’ OPr. mealde ‘lightning’

PIE Cogn.

*mld-nOIc. mj0llnir m. ‘Thor’s hammer’

*mlva f. # ‘speech’ CS

ESSJa XX 220-222

OCS ml"va ‘tumult, commotion’

ESSJa XX 225-226

*m&lviti

334 E

S

Ru. molvá (obs.) ‘rumour, talk’; Bel. móva ‘language, speech’; Ukr. móva ‘language, speech’ Cz. mluva ‘speech’; Slk. mluva (lit.) ‘speech’; Pl. mowa ‘speech’; Slnc. m½ova ‘speech’ Bulg. m‘lvá ‘rumour, noise, racket’

PIE Cogn.

*mluH-eh' Skt. brávti ‘speak, say’

W

See also: *m&lviti

*mlviti v. ‘speak, say’ CS E W

ESSJa XX 227-228

S

OCS ml"viti (Zogr., Mar., Ass., Sav.) ‘make ado, make a rout’, 1sg. ml"vlj0 Ru. mólvit’ (obs., dial.) ‘say’; Ukr. móvyty ‘speak, say’ Cz. mluviti ‘speak, say’; Slk. mluviŸ (Kálal) ‘speak, say’; Pl. mówi\ ‘speak, say’; Slnc. m¨Q‰vj§c ‘speak, say’ Sln. móviti ‘grumble, mumble’, 1sg. móvim; Bulg. m‘lvjá ‘whisper, rumour’

PIE Cogn.

*mluHSkt. brávti ‘speak, say’

I am not convinced that a vocalization *mçuH-V- would be out of the question (pace LIV s.v. *mleuh'). See also: *m&lva

*mmati v. ‘stammer’ CS

ESSJa XXI 111

CS m"mati ‘stammer’

Onomatopoetic verb. *mnog adj. o ‘much, many’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XX 229-231

OCS m"nog" adj. ‘much, many’; mnogo adv. ‘much, many’ Ru. mnógij adj. ‘much, many, numerous’; mnogo adv. ‘much, many’ Cz. mnohý adj. ‘numerous’; mnoho adv. ‘much, far’; Slk. mnohý adj. ‘numerous’; mnoho adv. ‘much, far’; Pl. mnogi adj. ‘numerous’ SCr. mn«g adj. ‘much, many, numerous’; Sln. mn04g adj. ‘many’; mn04go adv. ‘much, many’; Bulg. mnógo adv. ‘much, many’ *mnog Go. manags adj. ‘many’; OHG manag adj. ‘many’; OIr. menic adj. ‘frequent, abundant’

The root may be interpreted as a zero grade *m"n-, as opposed to the full grade of Germanic. Boutkan (2005: 257), however, argues that we are dealing with a North European substratum word considering the vocalic and consonantal variation in Germanic, Baltic, and Celtic.

*m&šica *mrgati v. ‘blink, wink’

335 ESSJa XX 237-238

E W

Ru. morgát’ ‘blink, wink’ Cz. mrgaŸ (dial.) ‘move, wave, watch gloomily’; Pl. marga\ ‘wave, wag, move’; mruga\ ‘wave, wag, move’; Slnc. mˆrg‘c ‘blink, wink’

BSl. B

*mur‹g-; *mir‹gLith. mirgAti ‘twinkle’, 3sg. mìrga; Latv. mirKdzêt ‘twinkle’

PIE Cogn.

*mr(H )g OIc. myrkr adj. ‘dark’, Asg. myrkvan

*mrky f.  ‘carrot’ E

W

S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XX 247-249

Ru. morkóv’ f.(i) ‘carrots’; mórkva (dial.) f.(#) ‘carrots’; morkvá (dial.) f.(#) ‘carrots’; ORu. morkov’ f.(i) ‘carrots’; morkva f.(#) ‘carrots’; Bel. mórkva f.(#) ‘carrot’; Ukr. mórkva f.(#) ‘carrot’ Cz. mrkev f.(i) ‘carrot’; mrkva (Jg., Kott) f.(#) ‘carrot’; OCz. mrkev f.(i) ‘carrot’; Slk. morkva f.(#) ‘carrot’; Pl. marchew f.(i) ‘carrot’; OPl. marchew f.(i) ‘carrot’; marchwa f.(#) ‘carrot’ SCr. mÃkva f.(#) ‘carrot’; ak. mÃkva (Vrg.) f.(#) ‘carrot’; Sln. m¼kŠv f.(i) ‘carrot’, Gsg. m¼kve.; mÂkva f.(#) ‘carrot’ *mrk-uHOHG morha f. ‘carrot’; OE moru f. ‘carrot’

*mrmiti v. ‘mumble, grumble’ E S

Ru. mormúlit’ (dial.) ‘grumble, chatter’ SCr. mrmljiti ‘mumble, grumble’

BSl. B

*murmLith. murm(l )énti; murmAti

Cogn.

Lat murmurre ‘mumble’; OHG murmuln ‘mumble’

ESSJa XX 250

Onomatopoetic verb. See also: *m&rm(&)rati

*mrm()rati v. ‘mumble, grumble’ W S

Cz. mrmrati SCr. mrQmrati; Sln. mrmráti, 1sg. mrmrm; Bulg. m‘rmórja

BSl. B

*murmLith. murm(l )énti; murmAti

Cogn.

Lat murmurre ‘mumble’; OHG murmuln ‘mumble’

ESSJa XX 252

See also: *m&rmiti

*mšica f. j# CS

CS m"šica ‘mosquito, locust’

ESSJa XXI 15

*m&zga; *m&zg&

336 E W S

Ru. mšíca (dial.) ‘midge, gnats, smell insects’ Cz. mšice ‘midge, plant-louse’; Slk. mšica ‘louse’; Pl. mszyca ‘louse, midge’ Sln. mŠšíca ‘mosquito, midge, plant-louse’

Derivative in *-ica of ' *m"xa. There is a variant *myš!ca, which is attested in Church Slavic and Old Russian. See also: *mùxa; *m&xa

*mzga; *mzg f. #; m. o

ESSJa XXI 19-20

E

Ru. mzga (dial.) f. ‘grey, dank weather, mould’; mozg (dial.) m. ‘grey, cloudy weather’

PIE Cogn.

*mus-k/gLat. muscus m. ‘marsh’; Nw. musk (dial.) m. ‘dust, drizzle, darkness’

See also: *muzga; *m&x&; *m&ždžiti

*mždžati; *mždžiti v.

ESSJa XXI 22

CS E S

CS moždivyi ptc. pres. act. ‘pining’ Ru. mozžát’ (dial.) ‘grumble, drizzle’; mozžít’ (Novg.) ‘turn sour (milk)’ SCr. màž¢iti ‘drizzle’

Cogn.

Lat. muscus m. ‘marsh’; Nw. musk (dial.) m. ‘dust, drizzle, darkness’

Derivative of ' *m"zga, *m"zg". Forms meaning ‘ache’, e.g. Ru. mozžít’ (coll.) may derive from *mozg-, cf. SCr. mòžditi ‘squeeze, torment’. See also: *muzga; *m&x&

*my prn. ‘we’

ESSJa XXI 21-24

CS E W S

OCS my; ny (KB) Ru. my Cz. my; Slk. my; Pl. my SCr. m; ak. m§ (Vrg.); m; mí (Hvar); m (Orb.); Sln. m; Bulg. mi (dial.)

B

Lith. m s; Latv. m s OPr. mes

The *m- probably orginates from the ending of the first person plural. The *y must have been adopted from *vy ‘you (pl.)’ < *iuH-. The n- of the form ny (KB) was taken from the oblique cases, cf. the enclitic Apl. ny. See also: *nas&

*mdlo n. o (a) ‘soap’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXI 27-28

CS mylo ‘soap’ Ru. mýlo ‘soap, lather (on horses)’ Cz. mýdlo ‘soap’; Slk. mydlo ‘soap’; Pl. mydo ‘soap, lather (on horses)’ SCr. m›lo (dial., obs.) ‘soap’; Sln. mílJ ‘soap’

*myš%ca PIE Cogn.

337

*muHSkt. mtra- (AV+) n. ‘urine’

See also: *m ti

*mykati v. ‘bellow’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXI 35

CS mykati ‘bellow’ Ru. mýkat’ (dial.) ‘bellow, cry, weep’, 1sg. mýkaju Cz. mykati (dial.) ‘bleat’, 1sg. mýkaju SCr. míkati ‘bellow’

Onomatopoetic verb, cf. Latv. maût ‘bellow’. *mysl f. i (c) ‘thought, idea’

ESSJa XXI 47-50

CS E W S

OCS mysl! ‘thought, idea’ Ru. mysl’ ‘thought, idea’ Cz. mysl ‘mind, courage’; Slk. myse¯ ‘mind’; Pl. myZl ‘thought, idea’ SCr. msao ‘thought, idea’, Gsg. msli; ak. msal (Orb.) ‘thought’, Gsg. msli; Sln. msŠ ‘thought, idea’, Gsg. msli

PIE Cogn.

*muHdGk. ±– m. ‘word, fact, purpose’

The suffix must be *-sl!, which to a certain extent seems to be in complementary distribution with *-l! (cf. Meillet Ét. II: 416). *mš f. i (a) ‘mouse’

ESSJa XXI 64-67

CS E W S

OCS myš" (Euch.) Ru. myš’ Cz. myš; Slk. myš; Pl. mysz SCr. m›š m.( jo); ak. m›š (Vrg., Orb.) m.( jo); Sln. mìš, Gsg. míši

PIE Cogn.

*muHsSkt. mš- m./f. ‘mouse, rat’ (RV); Gk. ± m. ‘mouse, muscle’; Lat. ms m. ‘mouse’; OHG ms f. ‘mouse, muscle’

See also: *myš%ca

*myšca f. j# ‘muscle, shoulder’

ESSJa XXI 67

CS E S

OCS myš!ca ‘hand, shoulder, muscle’ Ru. myšca ‘muscle’ SCr. m›šca (obs.) ‘muscle, shoulder’; mìšca (obs.) ‘muscle, shoulder’; Sln. mšca ‘muscle, shoulder’

PIE Cogn.

*muHsLat. musculus m. ‘muscle’

See also: *m š%

*m ti

338 *mti v. (a) ‘wash’

ESSJa XXI 76-79

CS E W S

OCS myti (Zogr., Ass., Supr.) ‘wash’, 1sg. myj0 Ru. myt’ ‘wash’, 1sg. móju, 3sg. móet Cz. mýti ‘wash’; Slk. myŸ ‘wash’; Pl. my\ ‘wash’ SCr. m›ti ‘wash’, 1sg. m›jm; Sln. míti ‘wash’, 1sg. mjem; Bulg. míja ‘wash’

BSl. B

*m(o)u‹Lith. máudyti ‘bathe’; Latv. maût ‘submerge, swim’; maudât ‘bathe’

PIE Cogn.

*muH- (< *miuH) Skt. mÌvati- (AV+) ‘push, shove’; Lat. movre ‘move’

See also: *m dlo

*myto n. o ‘toll, fee’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXI 81-82

OCS myto (Ps. Sin.) ‘gift, bribe’ Ru. mýto (arch.) ‘toll, fee, duty’ Cz. mýto ‘toll’; Slk. mýto ‘toll, fee’; Pl. myto ‘fee, duty’ Sln. mítJ ‘bribery, tax, rent’; Bulg. míto ‘toll’

This etymon is generally considered a borrowing from Germanic, cf. OHG mta f. , MLat. mta f. ‘toll’. *m ta f. # ‘dream’ CS E S

ESSJa XXI 90-91

CS m!!ta ‘vision, apparition’ Ru. metá ‘dream, day-dream’; ORu. m!!ta ‘dream, imagination’; me!ta ‘dream, imagination’; meta ‘apparition, sorcery, imagination’ Bulg. metá ‘dream’

See ' *m!!t". *m t m. o ‘vision, apparition’ CS E

ESSJa XXI 91-92

OCS m!!t" (Supr.) ‘vision, apparition’ ORu. m!!t" ‘apparition, delusion (?), ecstasy’ (also me!t", meet", met", met")

Derivative containing the root *m!k- < *mik-, cf. ' *mikati. For the suffix, cf. OCS skr!ž!t" ‘gnashing’ *mglà; *mgà; *migl f. #; f. #; m. o (b) ‘mist, haze’ CS E W

ESSJa XXI 92-94

OCS m!gla (Ps. Sin. MS 2/N) ‘mist, haze’ Ru. mgla ‘mist, haze, darkness’; mga ‘dense mist, drizzle, haze in times of drought’ Cz. mlha ‘mist, haze’; mha (poet.) ‘mist, haze’; mhla (obs., dial.) ‘mist, haze’; OCz. mhla ‘mist, haze’; Pl. mga ‘mist, haze’; USrb. mihel m. ‘wet mist, drizzle’

*m%glà; *m%gà; *migl&

339

S

SCr. màgla ‘mist, haze’, Asg. m;glu; ak. magl; (Novi) ‘mist, haze’, Asg. maglµ, m;glu; Kajk. mgl« (Bednja) ‘mist, haze’, Asg. mglµ {1}; mŠgà (dial.) ‘drizzle’; Sln. mŠglà ‘mist, haze’, Gsg. mglè, Gsg. mgl<4; Bulg. m‘glá ‘mist, haze’

BSl. B

*migláH Lith. miglà f. 2/4 ‘mist, haze’; mi gas m. 2 ‘sleep’; mìgti ‘sleep, fall asleep’; Latv. migla f. ‘mist, haze’; mìegs m. ‘sleep’ OPr. maiggun Asg. ‘sleep’

PIE Cogn.

*hmig-leh' Skt. meghá- (RV) m. ‘cloud, gloomy weather’; Skt. míh- (RV, TS) f. ‘haze, rain’; Gk. »Œ¼•‰ f. ‘mist, haze’; Av. ma»a- m. ‘cloud’; Arm. mg ‘mist’; MoDu. miggelen ‘drizzle, swarm (with)’ {2}

I agree with Mayrhofer (EWAia s.v. meghá-) that we must in principle distinguish PIE. *hmei- and *hmeig- (cf. Kern 1894: 106). The former root is present in Lith. mžti, Latv. mìzt ‘urinate’, and is, in my opinion, sparsely attested in Slavic. On account of their semantic similarity, the above-mentioned Slavic verbs meaning ‘drizzle’ are sometimes connected with mžti, etc. I think that the Slavic etyma listed above show that verbs like *m!žiti are best grouped together with *m!glà. A more complicated issue is the relationship between words meaning ‘mist, drizzle’ (*meigB ‘dunkel vor den Augen werden, Nebel, Wolke’ in Pokorny) and words meaning ‘blink, twinkle’ (*meig- A ‘flimmern, blinzeln, mic#re’), which I discuss s.v. mg". Since there is no obvious semantic link between these groups, the ESSJa basically tries to keep them apart, e.g. *m!žiti I ‘blink, twinkle’ vs. *m!žiti II ‘drizzle’ (but Ru.(dial.) mža ‘doze; drizzle; said about smth. which vanished rapidly’ without further distinctions). It is not entirely clear how the meanings ‘doze, drowsiness’ and ‘swarm (with)’ fit in. LSrb. migoriZ se ‘move to and fro, swarm with, drizzle’ (Schuster-Šewc 907) is matched by MoDu. miggelen, miegelen (dial.) ‘drizzle, swarm with.’ Ru. mžit’ (dial.) ‘doze, be delirious’ is mentioned by the ESSJa s.v. *m!žiti I, but a connection with *m!žiti I cannot be excluded, cf. SCr. míždati ‘drizzle, doze’, MoHG drisseln ‘drizzle, doze’, drusen ‘doze’, drussig ‘clouded’, Lith. blañdas ‘sleepiness; cloudiness’ (cf. Merkulova 1975: 59). Discussing the origin of the meaning ‘doze’ is essentially the same as establishing the semantic connection between Slavic *m!gand Lith. mi gas ‘sleep’, mìgt ‘sleep, fall asleep’, miegóti ‘sleep’, etc. Fraenkel (I 447) considers the meaning of miegóti to have evolved from ‘close one’s eyes’ (cf. Kern 1894: 109). This seems plausible indeed. On the other hand, there are parallels for a connection between ‘sleep’ and ‘cloud’, e.g. Av. snaoÇa- ‘cloud’ vs. Lith. snáusti ‘doze’ or OIr. nél ‘cloud; swoon, faintness, stupor’ (cf. Merkulova 1975: 58-59). As long as there is no evidence for a formal distinction between the roots of *m!glà and *mg", I think that we must start from a single root *hmeig-. {1} Illi-Svity lists a number of SCr. dialect forms which point to AP (b) (1963: §40). The standard language has secondary mobility in this word. {2} It cannot be excluded that miggelen is cognate with MDu. miegen ‘urinate’. See also: *migati; *m­g&; *m%gn®ti; *m%ža; *m%žati I; *m%žati II; *m%žiti I; *m%žiti II

*m%gn®ti

340 *mgnti v. ‘blink’

ESSJa XXI 97-98

E W S

ORu. m!gnuti ‘wink, blink, twinkle’; megnuti ‘wink, blink, twinkle’ Cz. mehnouti (Kott) ‘blink, move’ SCr. màgnuti ‘blink’; Sln. mŠgníti ‘blink’, 1sg. mágnem, 1sg. m<6gnim

BSl.

*mig-

PIE Cogn.

*hmeigMDu. micken ‘aim’

According to the ESSJa (XIX: 29), the root vocalism of *m!gn0ti is older than the one encountered in *mign0ti, which in most Slavic languages serves as the perfective counterpart of *migati. Van Wijk was the first to identify *m!gn0ti with Gm. *mikk‘aim’ < *migh-n- (van Wijk 1911: 124). See also: *migati; *m­g&; *m%glà; *m%gà; *migl&; *m%ža; *m%žati I; *m%žati II; *m%žiti I; *m%žiti II

*ml àti v. (c) ‘be silent’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXI 102-104

OCS ml!ati, 1sg. ml!0, 2sg. ml!iši Ru. molát’, 1sg. molú, 3sg. molít Cz. mleti; Slk. mlaŸ; Pl. milcze\ SCr. múati, 1sg. múm; ak. mu;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. mu§š; muãt (Orb.), 2sg. mu§š; Sln. móati, 1sg. moím; Bulg. m‘lá

This root *mlk()- seems to be limited to Slavic. *mn prn. Dsg. ‘me’ CS E W

OCS m!nY ORu. m"nY Cz. mnY; Pl. mnie

B

Lith. mán OPr. mennei

ESSJa XVIII 96-97

See also: *mene

*mn ti v. ‘think’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XXI 113-115

OCS m!nYti ‘think, suppose, reckon, imagine’, 1sg. m!nj0, 3sg. m!nit Ru. mnit’ (obs.) ‘think, imagine’, 1sg. mnju, 3sg. mnit Cz. mnYti (arch.) ‘think, suppose’; mníti (lit.) ‘think, suppose’; OCz. mnieti ‘think, suppose, intend’; Slk. mnieŸ (obs.) ‘think, suppose’; OPl. mnie\ ‘think, suppose’ SCr. mnjeti (arch.) ‘think, suppose’; mn›ti ‘think, suppose’; Sln. mn—6ti ‘think, suppose’, 1sg. mním

BSl. B

*mine‹tei Lith. minAti ‘mention’; Latv. minêt ‘mention’

PIE

*mn-eh&-; present stem *mn-ei-.

*m%rk& I Cogn.

341

Skt. mányate ‘think, believe, suppose’; Gk.  Œ  « ‘rage’

See also: *pam‚t%

*m e(je) adv. ‘less’

ESSJa XXI 119-122

CS E W S

OCS m!nje ‘less’ Ru. ménee ‘less’ Cz. ménY ‘less, fewer’; Pl. mniej ‘less, fewer’ SCr. m;nj ‘less’; m;nje ‘less’; ak. m;nje (Orb.) ‘less’; Sln. mànj ‘less, fewer’; mnje ‘less, fewer’

PIE Cogn.

*mi-n-ios Lat. minus ‘less’; Goth mins ‘less’

See also: *m%œ%j%

*m j adj. jo ‘smaller, lesser’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XXI 119-122

OCS m!_ii ‘smaller, lesser, younger’, f. m!_!ši, n. m!_e Ru. mén’šij ‘smaller, lesser, younger’ Cz. menší ‘smaller, lesser’; OCz. mení ‘smaller, lesser, younger’, f. menši, n. menše; Slk. menší ‘smaller, lesser’; Pl. mniejszy ‘smaller, lesser’ SCr. m;nj ‘smaller, lesser’; ak. m; (Vrg.) ‘smaller, lesser’; m;nji ‘smaller’; Sln. mnji ‘smaller, lesser’; mnjši ‘smaller, lesser’ *mi-n-i(e/o)s-joLat. minor ‘smaller’; Goth minniza ‘smaller, lesser’

See also: *m%œe( je)

*mrknti v. (a) ‘become dark’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XXI 133-135

OCS mr!kn0ti ‘become dark, darken’ (according to the Staroslavjanskij slovar’, six of the seven attestations actually have mr"k-) Ru. mérknut’ ‘become dark, become dim, fade’ Cz. mrknouti ‘wink, blink, glimmer’; mrknouti (Kott) ‘become dark, screw up one’s eyes’; OCz. mrknúti (sY) ‘become dark, darken’; Slk. mrknuŸ ‘become dark, darken, blink’; Pl. mierzchn\ ‘become dark, darken’ SCr. mÃknuti ‘become dark, darken’; Sln. m¼kniti ‘become dark, darken, blink, wink’, 1sg. mÂknem

BSl. B

*mir‹kLith. mirksAti ‘blink’

PIE

*mrHk-

See also: *m¥rk&; *m%rk& I; *m%rk& II

*mrk I m. o W S

ESSJa XXI 136-137

Cz. mrk ‘blink, wink, sign’; Slk. mrk (dial.) ‘twilight’; Slnc. mjìe•k ‘twilight’ SCr. mrk ‘solar eclipse, kind of mollusk’; Sln. mÂk ‘eclipse, darkness’

*m%¸rk& II

342 BSl. B

*mir‹kLith. mérkti ‘close one’s eyes’

PIE Cogn.

*mrHk-oGo. maurgins m. ‘morning’

See also: *m¥rk&; *m%rkn®ti; *m%rk& II

*mrk II adj. o (a) ‘dark’ W S

ESSJa XXI 137

Slk. mrký (Kálal) ‘dark(?)’ SCr. mrQk ‘black’; mÃk; Mcd. mr‘k ‘dark, black’

See also: *m¥rk&; *m%rkn®ti; *m%rk& I

*mrtv adj. o (b) ‘dead’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XXI 146-148

OCS mr!tv" Ru. mërtvyj Cz. mrtvý; Slk. m¼tvy; Pl. martwy ‘lifeless, dead’; miartwy (arch.) ‘lifeless, dead’ SCr. mrQtav, f. mrQtva; ak. mrt’v (Vrg.), f. mrtv;; mrt;v (Novi), f. mrtv;; mÃt (Orb.), f. mrtv;; Sln. m¼tŠv, f. m¼tva *mr-tu-oLat. mortuus

See also: *merti; *mor&; *s&m%rt%

*mrzti v. CS E W S

ESSJa XXI 159-160

OCS mr"zYti (Ps. Sin.) ‘be loathsome, detestable’ Ru. merzét’ (dial.) ‘become disgusting’ Cz. mrzeti ‘irritate’; Slk. mrzieŸ ‘irritate’; Pl. mierzie\ ‘be repulsive, disgust’ SCr. m¼zjeti ‘experience hostility, aversion, disgust, freeze’; ak. mrÈzt (Orb.) ‘hate’, 3sg. mrÈz§je; Sln. mrz—6ti ‘freeze’, 1sg. mrzím

Verb with zero grade of the root of ' *mòrz". For the semantic development, cf. SCr. std ‘cold’ vs. Sln. std ‘aversion’. *mrziti v. E W S

ESSJa XXI 159-160

Ru. merzít’ (dial.) ‘render disgusting, be unpleasant, feel disgusted’; ORu. merziti ‘sicken, disgust, defile’ (also m!rziti, mr!ziti) Pl. mierzi\ ‘be repulsive, disgust’; Slnc. mjìerz®c ‘be repulsive, disgust’ SCr. m¼ziti ‘hate, detest’, 1sg. m¼zm; ak. mrz›ti (Vrg.) ‘hate, detest’, 2sg. mrz§š; Sln. m¼ziti ‘experience disgust, hate, detest, be angry with’, 1sg. mrzím

See ' *m!rz¾ti. *mrznti v. ‘freeze’ CS

ESSJa XXI 163-165

OCS pomr"zn0ti (Supr.) ‘freeze’; CS mr"zn0ti ‘curse, detest’

*m%zdà E W S

343

Ru. mërznut’ ‘freeze’ Cz. mrznouti ‘freeze’; Slk. mrznúŸ ‘freeze’; Pl. marzn\ ‘freeze’; mierzn\ (arch.) ‘become disgusting, irritate, disgust, repel’ SCr. mÃznuti ‘freeze, grow cold’; Sln. m¼zniti ‘freeze, turn into ice’, 1sg. mÂznem (see Pleteršnik II: VI); Bulg. mr¹zna ‘freeze’

See ' *m!rz¾ti. *mstiti v. ‘take vengeance, revenge, avenge’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXI 170-171

OCS m!stiti ‘take vengeance, revenge, avenge, punish’, 1sg. m!št0, 2sg. m!stiši Ru. mstit’, 1sg. mšu, 3sg. mstit Cz. mstíti; Pl. mZci\ Sln. mŠstíti, 1sg. mŠstím; Bulg. m‘stjá

Derivative of ' *m!st!, *m!sta. *mst; *msta f. i; f. # ‘vengeance, revenge’ CS E W S

OCS m!st! ‘vengeance, revenge, punishment, defence’ Ru. mest’; msta (dial.); Ukr. msta (poet.) Cz. msta; Slk. mstva; Pl. msta (16th-17th. c.) Bulg. m‘st

Cogn.

OIc. missa f. ‘loss, damage’

ESSJa XXI 172-174

I consider a reconstruction *mith'-ti- more likely than the assumption that *m!st! has the same origin as ' *m!zda. See also: *mit˜; *mitus%; *mitva

*mšel m. o ‘profit’ CS

E

ESSJa XXI 174-175

CS m!šel" m.(o) ‘shameful profit’; MBulg. m!šel" m.(o) ‘income’; RuCS mšel" m.(o) ‘profit, unlawful gain, property’; mšel" m.( jo) ‘profit, unlawful gain, property’ ORu. mšel" m.(o) ‘profit, unlawful gain, property’; mšel! m.( jo) ‘profit, unlawful gain, property’

Etymology unclear. *mzdà f. # (b) ‘payment, pay’ CS E W S PIE

ESSJa XXI 176-178

OCS m!zda ‘payment, salary, fee, gift’; m"zda ‘payment, salary, fee, gift’ Ru. mzda (arch.) ‘recompense, payment’ Cz. mzda ‘wages, salary, fee’; Slk. mzda ‘wages, pay’; OPl. mzda (arch.) ‘fee, price, ransom’ SCr. màzda ‘recompense, payment, pay, revenge, punishment’; mzda (CS) ‘recompense, payment, pay, revenge, punishment’; Sln. mŠzdà ‘wages’ *misd(h&)-o-

*m%ža

344 Cogn.

mÖhá- (RV) n. ‘booty, prize, profit’; mžda- n. ‘reward, prize’; Gk. «– m. ‘reward, rent’; Go. mizdo f. ‘reward’

*mža f. j# E

ESSJa XXI 179-180

Ru. mža (dial.) ‘drizzle, slumber’; Bel. mža (dial.) ‘mist’; Ukr. mža ‘drizzle’

See ' *m!glà, *m!gà. *mžati I; *mižati v. ‘screw up one’s eyes, doze’ E W S

ESSJa XIX 62-63; XXI 179

Ru. mžat’ (dial.) ‘doze’ Cz. mžeti ‘blink, screw up one’s eyes’; Pl. m­e\ ‘blink, doze, dream’ SCr. míždati ‘doze, drizzle’; Sln. mŠžáti ‘keep one’s eyes closed’, 1sg. mŠžím; mížati ‘keep one’s eyes closed’, 1sg. mižím; Bulg. mižá ‘blink, screw up one’s eyes, flicker’; míž‘ (dial.) ‘screw up one’s eyes, stand with eyes closed’

See ' *m!glà, *m!gà. *mžati II v. ‘drizzle’ E W

ESSJa XXI 179-180

Bel. imže\ Slnc. mžëc

See ' *m!glà, *m!gà. *mžiti I v. E W

ESSJa XXI 181-182

Ru. mžit’ (glaza) (dial.) ‘screw up one’s eyes, doze’ Cz. mžíti ‘blink, flash’; Pl. m­y\ ‘blink, doze, dream’

See ' *m!glà, *m!gà. *mžiti II v. ‘drizzle’ E W

ESSJa XXI 182-183

Ru. mžit’ (dial.) ‘drizzle’; mžít’sja (dial.) ‘be wrapped in a cold mist’ Cz. mžíti ‘drizzle’; Pl. m­y\ (dial.) ‘drizzle’

See ' *m!glà, *m!gà.

*N *na prep. ‘on(to), in(to)’ CS E W S

OCS na Ru. na Cz. na; Slk. na; Pl. na SCr. na; Sln. nà; Bulg. na prep. ‘of, on(to), in(to)’

BSl.

*n

ESSJa XXI 185-187

*nÁg& B

345

Lith. nuõ ‘from’; Latv. nùo ‘from’ OPr. no; na ‘onto, against, over’

*na ti v. ‘begin’

ESSJa XXI 226-227

CS E W S

OCS na
PIE

*n+k(e)n-

Apart from two suspicious instances of OCz. ieti, the simple verb is nowhere attested in Slavic. See also: *‚do; *‚da; *‚d&; *‚d%; *kon&; *kon%c%; *šen‚

*nad prep. ‘over, above’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXII 15-16

OCS nad" ‘over, above’ Ru. nad ‘over, above, on’ Cz. nad(e) ‘over, above’; Slk. nad(o) ‘over, above’; Pl. nad(e) ‘over, above’ SCr. nad(a) ‘over, above’; Sln. nàd ‘over, above’; Bulg. nad ‘over, above’

An extended form (*-dh&-om) of *na, cf. ' *pod" I. *nágl adj. o (b) ‘very quick, sudden’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXII 33-37

OCS naglo (Ril.) adv. ‘very quickly’ Ru. náglyj ‘impudent’; nágl ‘impudent’, f. naglá, n. náglo; {1} Cz. náhlý ‘sudden, hasty’; Slk. náhly ‘very quick, unexpected’; Pl. nagy ‘sudden, urgent’ SCr. ngao ‘hasty’, f. nágla; nágao ‘hasty’, f. nágla; ak. n“gal (Vrg.) ‘hasty’, f. n”gl;, n. n“glo; ngal (Orb.) ‘rash, hasty, sudden, steep’, f. ngla, n. nglo; Sln. nágŠ ‘abrupt, sudden’, f. nágla; Bulg. nág‘l ‘impudent, insolent’

Etymology unclear. Lith. nõglas ‘sudden’ is a borrowing from Slavic. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136).

*ng adj. o (c) ‘naked’ CS E W S

OCS nag" Ru. nagój; nag, f. nagá, n. nágo Cz. nahý ‘naked, bald’; Slk. nahý; Pl. nagi SCr. ng (obs.); Sln. ng, f. nága

BSl. B

*no‹gós Lith. núogas 3; Latv. nuôgs

ESSJa XXII 70-72

For the PIE background, cf. Skt. nagná-, Lat. ndus, Go. naqaþs, see Beekes 1994. The Balto-Slavic etymon is an example of Winter’s law.

*n#ròd&

346 *nròd m. o ‘people’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXII 253-255

OCS narod" ‘people, tribe’ Ru. naród ‘people’, Gsg. naróda, Gsg. naródu Cz. národ ‘people, nation’; Slk. národ ‘people, nation’; Pl. naród ‘people, nation’, Gsg. narodu SCr. národ ‘people, nation’; ak. n”r«d (Vrg.) ‘people, nation’, Gsg. n”r«da; n;rot (Orb.) ‘people’; Sln. národ ‘people, nation, generation’, Gsg. nar06da; Bulg. naród ‘people, crowd’

Prefixed noun consisting of ' *na and ' *r|d". The stress on the medial syllable originates from Dybo’s law. See also: *rodìti I; *r¥d&

*nas prn. GALsg. ‘us’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXIII 105-106

OCS nas" Ru. nas Cz. nás; Pl. nas SCr. ns; nas encl.; ak. n’s (Vrg.); n;s (Orb.)

The form *nas" goes back to *ns plus the Gpl. ending *-om. Cogn.

Lat. ns Apl. ‘us’

See also: *my

*nat f. i ‘leafy top of a root vegetable’ E W S BSl. B

ESSJa XXIII 186-187

Ru. natína (dial.) ‘leafy top of a root vegetable’; Ukr. nat’ (dial.) ‘leafy top of a root vegetable’ Cz. nat’ ‘leafy top of a root vegetable’; Slk. naŸ ‘leafy top of a root vegetable’; Pl. na\ ‘leafy top of a root vegetable’ Sln. nt ‘leafy top of a root vegetable’ *na‹tLith. notr f.(!) 4 ‘(stinging) nettle’; Latv. nâtre f.(!) ‘(stinging) nettle’ OPr. noatis ‘(stinging) nettle’

The relationship with OHG nazza, OIc. n0tr ‘nettle’ is not entirely clear. *naustiti v. ‘incite’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXIII 198-199

OCS naustiti (Zogr., Mar.) ‘incite, persuade’ Ru. naustít’ (obs.) ‘incite’ LSrb. nahus\iZ ‘prepare oneself, undertake’ SCr. naustiti ‘prompt, incite’; Sln. naústiti ‘incite’, 1sg. naústim; nahústiti ‘incite’, 1sg. nahústim

Prefixed verb consisting of ' *na and ' *ustiti.

*nÅbo *naviti v. ‘torment, tire’

347 ESSJa XXIII 198-199

W

Cz. naviti (poet., Jg.) ‘tire’; naviti se (dial.) ‘get tired’; OCz. naviti ‘torment’; Slk. naviŸ sa (dial.) ‘get tired’

BSl. B

*nw(‹)Lith. nõvyti, nóvyti (OLith., dial.) ‘kill, torment’; Latv. nâvît ‘kill, destroy’; nâvîtiês ‘exhaust oneself, toil’

Like the Baltic verbs, *naviti may derive from a noun with lengthened grade (' *nav!). The ESSJa is probably right in suggesting a connection with ' *nyti, *nùditi, etc. Note that *nùditi, *n0Qditi is also attested with the meaning ‘exhaust, torment’. *nav m./f. i ‘dead man’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXIV 49-54

CS nav! m.(i?) ‘corpse’ Ru. nav’ (Dal’: arch., dial.; SRNG) m. ‘dead man, corpse’ (also návij, návej); ORu. nav! m.(i) ‘dead man, corpse’ OCz. náv f.(i) ‘the other world, realm of the dead’; OCz. náva f.(#) ‘grave, the other world, hell’ Sln. nv m.(o) ‘soul of a dead person’; Sln. nvje n.( jo) ‘souls of unbaptized children’; Bulg. návi (Gerov) Npl. f. ‘evil spirits’

BSl. B

*naw‹Lith. nõvis (dial.) m.(io) 2 ‘death’; nõvF (Daukantas) f.(!) 2 ‘massacre’; Latv. nâve f.(!) ‘death’ OPr. novis

Cogn.

Go. naus m. ‘dead person’

In view of the Baltic evidence, the root must probably be reconstructed as *nuH-, with the Latvian broken tone reflecting the root-final laryngeal. If the root was *noHu-, we would expect to find fixed root stress on an acute syllable. See also: *naviti

*ne adv. ‘not’ CS E W S

OCS ne ‘not’ Ru. ne ‘not’ Cz. ne ‘not, no’; Slk. ne ‘not’; Pl. nie ‘not, no’ SCr. ne ‘not, no’; Sln. nè ‘not’; Bulg. ne ‘not, no’

BSl. B

*ne Lith. ne ‘not’; Latv. ne ‘not’

PIE Cogn.

*ne Lat. ne- ‘not’; Go. ni ‘not’

*nbo n. s (c) ‘sky, heaven’ CS

OCS nebo n.(s) ‘heaven’, Gsg. nebese

ESSJa XXIV 91-93

ESSJa XXIV 101-104

*nebog&

348 E W S

Ru. nébo n.(o/s) ‘sky, heaven’, Npl. nebesá (a Church Slavicism); nëbo n.(o) ‘palate’ Cz. nebe n.( jo/s) ‘sky, heaven’, Npl. nebesa; Slk. nebo n.(o) ‘sky, heaven’; Pl. niebo n.(o) ‘sky, heaven’; USrb. njebjo n.( jo) ‘sky, heaven’ SCr. nbo n.(s) ‘sky, heaven, (dial.) ceiling, palate’, Npl. nebèsa; ak. nbo (Vrg.) n.(o) ‘sky, heaven’, Npl. nebes’; Sln. nebº n.(o) ‘sky, heaven, (dial.) ceiling, palate’; Bulg. nebé n.(s) ‘sky, heaven’, Npl. nebesá

BSl. B

*nebo, nebesLith. debesìs f.(i) ‘cloud’; Latv. debess f.(i) ‘cloud’

PIE Cogn.

*neb-esSkt. nábhas- (RV+) n. ‘fog, mass of clouds, sky’; Gk. ª n. ‘cloud, mass of clouds’; Hitt. npiš- n. ‘sky’

*nebog adj. o ‘poor, unfortunate’ CS W S

ESSJa XXIV 104-105

OCS nebog" (Supr.) ‘unfortunate, poverty-stricken’ Cz. nebohý ‘poor, late (deceased)’; Slk. nebohý (dial.) ‘poor, dead, late (deceased)’; Pl. niebogi ‘poor, unfortunate’ SCr. nèbg ‘poor, unfortunate’; Sln. nebºg ‘poor, miserable’

Compound of ' *ne and ' *b|g", cf. ' ubòg". See also: *bogat&

*nedg m. o (a) ‘disease’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXIV 125-126

OCS ned0g" ‘disease’ Ru. nedúg ‘disease’; ORu. nedug" ‘disease, vice’ Cz. neduh ‘disease’; OCz. neduha f. ‘disease’; Slk. neduh ‘disease’ Bulg. ned¹g ‘flaw, disease’

It seems to me quite natural to connect this compound with ' *d
ESSJa XXIV 129

OCS negodovati ‘be indignant, exasperated’, 1sg. negoduj0 Ru. negodovát’ ‘be indignant’ SCr. nègodovati ‘be indignant’; Bulg. negodúvam ‘be indignant’

See ' *goditi. *nejsyt f. i ‘pelican’ CS E

OCS nej<syti (Ps. Sin.) Dsg. f.(i) ‘pelican’ Ru. nejásyt’ f.(i) ‘tawny owl’

ESSJa XXIV 134-135

*nestera

349

S

SCr. nesit m.(o) ‘pelican’; Sln. nesìt m.(o) ‘pelican’, Gsg. nesíta (cf. nesìt = nesítŠn ‘insatiable’); Bulg. nésit m.(o) ‘pelican’

PIE

*ne-h&m-seh'??-to-

Compound of ' *ne ‘not’, '
ESSJa XXIV 146-147

OCS nYk"to Ru. nékto Cz. nYkdo; OCz. nYkto; nYkdo; Slk. niekto; Pl. niekto (dial.); OPl. niekto SCr. nko; Sln. n—kdJ6

Compound of the negative prefix *ne- or *nY- and ' *k"to. *n rst; *n rst m. o; f. i (c) ‘spawning’ E W

S BSl. B

ESSJa XXV 9-11

Ru. nérest m. ‘spawning’ OCz. ne•est f.(i) ‘spawning’; Slk. neres (dial.) m. ‘spawning’; neresŸ (dial.) f.(i) ‘spawning’; Pl. mrzost (dial.) m. ‘spawning’; nerest (dial.) m. ‘spawning, spawn’; OPl. mrost m. ‘spawning’ SCr. mr›jest m. ‘roe of a small fish’, Gsg. mr›jesta; Sln. mr¤st m. ‘rutting period (of cats), (žabji m.) frogspawn’; dr¤st m. ‘spawning’ *nerš-tLith. nerštas m. 2 ‘spawning’; Latv. nÅrsts² m. ‘spawning’

The hypothesis that *ners- is an enlargement of the root *h'ner- that we find in Gk. \ ½ ‘man’ (IEW: 765) does not seem very plausible. See also: *n¥rst&

*nerti v. CS

ESSJa XXV 13

E

CS ponrYti ‘enter’, 1sg. pon!r0; RuCS nrYti ‘go deep into, hide oneself ’; nereti ‘go deep into, hide oneself ’ Ru. nrYti ‘go deep into, hide oneself ’; nereti ‘go deep into, hide oneself ’

BSl. B

*ner‹Lith. nérti ‘dive’

Only Balto-Slavic. *nestera f. # ‘niece’ CS E W S

RuCS nestera ‘niece’ ORu. nestera ‘niece’ OPl. nieZciora ‘niece’ SCr. nèstera ‘niece, sister’s daughter’

BSl.

*nep()t-

ESSJa XXV 18-19

*nestì

350 B

Lith. nepuotis (OLith.) m./f.(i) ‘grandson, granddaughter’; neptF (OLith.) f.(!) ‘granddaughter’

PIE Cogn.

*h'nep-t-ter-eh' Skt. naptÌ- (RV+) f. ‘daughter, granddaughter’; Gk. \ °« m. ‘cousin’; Lat. neptis f. ‘granddaughter, (later) niece’; OIr. necht f. ‘niece’; OHG nift(a) f. ‘niece’

An r-stem created on the basis of PIE *h'nep-t-. See also: *net%j%

*nestì v. (c) ‘carry, bring’

ESSJa XXV 19-23

CS E W S

OCS nesti, 1sg. nes0 Ru. nestí, 1sg. nesú, 3sg. nesët Cz. nésti; Slk. niesŸ; Pl. nieZ\ SCr. nèsti, 1sg. nèsm (rarely without prefix); ak. nsti (Vrg.) ‘lay (eggs)’, 2sg. nesš; ns (Orb.) ‘lay (eggs)’, 3sg. nes; Sln. nésti, 1sg. nésem

BSl. B

*neZLith. nèšti

PIE Cogn.

*h&ne˜ Gk. Þ € 1sg. aor. ‘brought’

The specific meaning ‘lay (eggs)’ is found in the entire Slavic language area. See also: *nosìti

*netopy m. jo ‘bat’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXIV 143-145

RuCS netopyr! m.( jo); nep"tyr! m.( jo) Ru. netopýr’ m.( jo), Gsg. netopyrjá; nétopyr’ (dial.) m.( jo); Ukr. netopýr m.(o) Cz. netopýr m.(o); OCz. netopý• m.(o); Slk. netopier m.(o); Pl. nietoperz m.( jo); niedoperz m.( jo); OPl. nietopyrz m.( jo); USrb. njetopy¼ m.(o) Sln. netopír m.( jo), Gsg. netopírja ((Pleteršnik mentions a large number of variants: natopír, nadop<6r, matopír, matofír, letopír, latopír, dopír, dupír, nadopir (Meg. 1744))

What makes this etymon interesting, is the fact that it may contain *neto- < *nekto‘night’, with e-grade as in Hitt. nekuz ‘at night’. Vaillant (Gr. I: 83, IV: 655) reconstructs original o-grade, however. The second element is often interpreted as *pyr! ‘flier’, with a lengthened zero grade (' *pariti, *p!rati). A reanalysis *ne-topyr! seems only possible for East Slavic (Ru. ne ‘not’, topýrit’ ‘bristle’). According to Vaillant (l.c.), *pyr! has replaced original *pir! under the influence of the suffix *-yr!, which originated in borrowings from Greek (cf. Ru. psaltýr’). *netj m. io ‘nephew’ CS

CS netii m.(io) ‘nephew’

ESSJa XXIV 224-225

*nÅvod&

351

E W S

ORu. netii m.(io) ‘nephew’ OPl. nie\ m.( jo) ‘nephew’; nies\ m.( jo) ‘nephew’ SCr. n\k m.(o) ‘sister’s son’; ak. ntjk (Novi) m.(o) ‘sister’s son’; Sln. neák m.(o) ‘nephew’

BSl. B

*nep()tLith. nepuotis (OLith.) m./f.(i) ‘grandson, granddaughter’; neptis (OLith.) m.(io) ‘grandson’

PIE Cogn.

*(h')nep-t-i-oSkt. nápt- (RV+) m. ‘descendant, grandson’; Gk. \ °« m. ‘cousin’; Lat. neps m. ‘grandchild, offspring’; OE nefa m. ‘grandson, nephew’

See also: *nestera

*nevsta f. # (a) ‘bride’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XXV 70-76

OCS nevYsta ‘bride, daughter-in-law’ Ru. nevésta ‘bride, fiancée, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law’ Cz. nevYsta ‘bride, daughter-in-law’; Slk. nevesta ‘bride, marriageable girl, daughter-in-law’; Pl. niewiasta ‘woman, wife’; OPl. niewiasta ‘married woman, bride, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law’; USrb. njewjesta ‘bride’; LSrb. njewjesta ‘bride’ SCr. nèvjesta ‘marriageable girl, bride, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law’; ak. nev›sta (Vrg.) ‘id.’; nevsta (Orb.) ‘bride, daughter-in-law’; Sln. nev—6sta ‘bride, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law’; Bulg. nevésta ‘bride, young woman, wife’; nevjásta ‘bride, young woman, wife’

The most plausible analysis is ' *ne plus a to-derivative of PIE *uoid- ‘know’. *nvod m. o (c) ‘seine, sweep-net’ CS E W

S BSl. B Cogn.

ESSJa XXV 81-84

OCS nevod" ‘seine, sweep-net’ Ru. névod ‘seine, sweep-net’; névod (dial.) ‘big fishing-net, net for fishing in winter’; nëvod (dial.) ‘big fishing-net, net for fishing in winter’ Cz. nevod ‘seine, sweep-net’; OCz. nevod ‘seine, sweep-net’; Pl. niewód ‘seine, sweep-net’, Gsg. niewodu; OPl. niewod ‘type of big fishing-net’; niewód ‘type of big fishing-net’; LSrb. nawod ‘seine, sweep-net’ SCr. nevod (Stulli) ‘net’; Bulg. névod ‘seine, sweep-net’; návod (dial.) ‘seine, sweep-net’ *wodós Lith. vãdas 4 ‘seine, sweep-net’; Latv. vads ‘seine, sweep-net’ OIc. vaðr m. ‘fishing-line’; MHG wate f. ‘fishing-net’; MLG wade f. ‘fishingnet’

It is clear that this compound must be analyzed as *ne + *vod". According to Vasmer (s.v. névod), the negation is motivated by reasons of taboo. The root may be identified as the o-grade of *ued- ‘lead’ (' *vestì), but on the other hand the attempts to connect the Germanic forms with *uh'd- ‘wade’, cf. OHG watan

*neže

352

‘advance, wade’, Lat. vad ‘wade’, vd ‘go, walk’ must be taken seriously in view of parallels such as Ru. bréden’ ‘a kind of dragnet’. It is not attractive, however, to separate the Balto-Slavic forms from their Germanic synonyms (the connection with ‘wade’ is formally impossible for Balto-Slavic) and a borrowing from Germanic into Baltic and Slavic does not seem very likely. *neže adv. ‘than’ CS W S

OCS neže ‘than’ Cz. než ‘than’; Slk. neže ‘than’; USrb. njež ‘than’ SCr. neže ‘than’; Bulg. néže ‘than’

BSl. B

*ne-gLith. negù ‘than’

ESSJa XXIV 98

See '*ne and '*že. *ni conj., ptcl. ‘nor, not’

ESSJa XXV 106-107

CS E W S

OCS ni ‘not’ Ru. ni ‘nor, not’ Cz. ni ‘nor, not’; Slk. ni ‘nor, not’; Pl. ni ‘nor, not even’ SCr. ni ‘nor, not even’; Sln. nì ‘nor, not even’; Bulg. ni ‘nor, not even’

BSl. B

*nei Lith. ne§ ‘nor, than’

PIE

*nei

See also: *niže

*nicati; *nikati v. ‘arise’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXV 109

OCS niet" (Cloz.) 3sg. ‘arises, germinates’; RuCS nicati ‘lie stretched out face downwards, germinate’; nikati ‘appear, germinate, stoop’, 1sg. niu Ru. níkat’ (dial.) ‘dive (Psk.), walk around aimlessly (SW)’; ORu. nikati ‘appear, germinate, stoop’, 1sg. niu Cz. níceti (Kott) ‘germinate’; niceti (Kott) ‘lie face downwards’; Slk. nicaŸ (Kott) ‘bow down’ ak. n›kat (Orlec) ‘come up (of plants, etc.)’, 1sg. nu; Sln. níkati ‘bow down’, 1sg. níkam

Verb derived from ' *nic!. *nic adj. jo ‘lying face downwards’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXV 109-110

OCS nic! ‘lying face downwards’ Ru. nic adv. ‘face downwards’ Cz. nicí (obs.) ‘lying face downwards’; nice (Jg., Kott) adv. ‘face downwards’; OCz. nicí ‘lying face downwards’ Bulg. nícJm (dial.) adv. ‘face downwards, with downcast eyes’

*nìt% PIE Cogn.

353

*ni-hkoSkt. ni adv. ‘downwards’; Skt. nc adv. ‘downwards’

The operation of the progressive palatalization in this etymon confirms the reconstruction *ni- hko- as opposed to a reconstructed form with e-grade. See also: *nicati; *nikati *niati; *nikn®ti; *niz&

*ni ati v. ‘bend, stoop’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXV 119

RuCS niati ‘bend, bow, droop’ ORu. niati ‘bend, bow, droop’ Cz. nieti (Jg., Kott) ‘bend, stoop, lie face downwards’; OCz. nieti ‘hang one’s head, stoop, lie face downwards’ SCr. niati (arch.) ‘bend, bow’; Sln. níati ‘squat’, 1sg. niím

Verb in *-Yti derived from the stem *nik-, see ' *nic!. *niknti v. ‘arise’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXV 114-115

RuCS niknuti ‘appear, arise’ Ru. níknut’ ‘droop’; ORu. niknuti ‘appear, arise’ Cz. niknouti ‘bow, disappear, germinate, sprout’; Pl. nikn\ ‘disappear, be lost’ SCr. n›knuti ‘appear, arise’, 1sg. n›knm; ak. n›knuti (Vrg.) ‘appear, arise’, 2sg. n›kneš; Sln. níkniti ‘germinate, sprout, disappear’, 1sg. nknem; Bulg. níkna ‘germinate, sprout’

See ' *nic!. *nìš  adj. jo (a) ‘poor, destitute’ CS E S

ESSJa XXV 123

OCS ništ! ‘poor, destitute’ Ru. níšij ‘destitute, poverty-stricken, (dial.) thin, ill’; ORu. nišii ‘poor, destitute, poverty-stricken’; Ukr. nýšyj ‘destitute, poverty-stricken’ SCr. n›št ‘poor, destitute’; ništ (OSerb.) ‘poor, destitute’; Sln. n›št ‘poor, destitute’; Bulg. ništ ‘poor, destitute’

According to Meillet (Ét. II: 381), we are dealing here with a t%o-derivative of *ns, cf. Skt. n횿ya- ‘external, foreign’. The form *ns as such (with unexplained length) has not survived. Instead we find ' *niz". *nìt f. i (a) ‘thread’

ESSJa XXV 130-133

E W S

Ru. nit’ ‘thread’ Cz. niŸ ‘thread’; Slk. niŸ ‘thread’; Pl. ni\ ‘thread’ SCr. n›t ‘thread’; ak. n›t (Orb.) ‘(piece of ) thread, (piece of ) wire’; Sln. nìt ‘thread’, Gsg. nti

BSl.

*ní‹tis

*niz&

354 B

Lith. nýtis f. ‘(warp) thread’; nýtys Npl. f. 1 ‘harness (text.), heald’; Latv. n§tis f. ‘(warp) thread’; n§tis Npl. f. ‘harness (text.), heald’

PIE Cogn.

*(s )nh&i-t-iGk. ª[ ‘spin’; Lat. nre ‘spin, weave’; OIr. sniid ‘twist, tie’

*niz adv. ‘down, below’ CS S

OCS niz" ‘down, below’ SCr. niz ‘below’; Sln. nìz ‘down, from’

PIE Cogn.

*nei--? Skt. ni ‘downwards’; Skt. nc ‘downwards’

ESSJa XXV 145-148

See also: *nicati; *nikati; *nic%; *niati; *nikn®ti

*niže conj./adv. CS E W

ESSJa XXV 108

OCS ni že (Supr.) conj. ‘nor’ Ru. níže (dial.) conj. ‘nor, not even’; Ukr. niž adv. ‘than’ Pl. ni­ adv. ‘than’; ni­e (arch.) adv. ‘than’

See '*ni and '*že. * ìva f. # (a) ‘field’ CS E W S

PIE

ESSJa XXV 134-137

OCS n’iva ‘field’ Ru. níva ‘(corn-)field’ Cz. niva ‘field, ploughed field’; níva ‘field, ploughed field’; Slk. niva (lit.) ‘meadow, field’; Pl. niwa ‘field, (poet.) ‘corn-field’ SCr. nj›va ‘field, ploughed field’; gniua (Mažur.) ‘field, ploughed field’; Sln. njíva ‘field, ploughed field’; gnjiva (dial.) ‘field, ploughed field’; Bulg. níva ‘field, ploughed field’ *neh&i-u-?

If this etymon is to be connected with Gk. « f. ‘fallow-land’, the g- of the SCr. and Sln. dialect forms, which could account for the sequence nji, must be secondary. The palatalized n reflected in certain Old Church Slavic manuscripts would remain unexplained, however. A serious alternative is Shevelov’s suggestion (1964: 209) that *_ìva is cognate with ' g_ìti ‘rot’. *nogà f. # (c) ‘foot, leg’

ESSJa XXV 161-164

CS E W S

OCS noga Ru. nogá, Asg. nógu; Ukr. nohá, Asg. nóhu Cz. noha; Slk. noha; Pl. noga SCr. nòga, Asg. n«gu; ak. nog; (Vrg.), Asg. n«gu; nog; (Orb.), Asg. n«go; Sln. nóga; Bulg. nogá ‘leg’

BSl. B

*noga‹ Lith. nagà f. ‘hoof ’; nãgas m. ‘nail, claw’

*norà

355

OPr. nage ‘foot’ PIE Cogn.

*hnog-eh' Gk. @ ¤Š m. ‘nail, claw, hoof ’; Lat. unguis m. ‘nail, claw’; OIr. ingen f. ‘nail’; OHG nagal m. ‘nail’

See also: *nog&t%

*ngt m. i / m. io (c) ‘nail, claw’ CS E W

S

ESSJa XXV 170-173

OCS nog"t! (Supr., Euch., Hil.) m.(i) ‘nail, claw’ Ru. nógot’ m.( jo) ‘nail’, Gsg. nógtja Cz. nehet m.(o) ‘nail’; Slk. necht m.(o) ‘nail’; neheŸ (dial.) m.( jo) ‘nail’; Pl. nogie\ m.( jo) ‘nail’; nokie\ (arch.) m.( jo) ‘nail’; USrb. noch\ m.( jo) ‘nail’; LSrb. nokZ m.( jo) ‘nail’ SCr. n«kat m.(o) ‘nail, claw, hoof ’, Gsg. n«kta; nogat m.(o) ‘nail, claw, hoof ’, Gsg. nokta; ak. n«hat (Vrg., Orb.) m.(o) ‘fingernail, toenail’, Gsg. n«hta; Sln. nºhŠt m.(o) ‘nail, claw’, Gsg. nºhta; n04hŠt m.(o) ‘nail, claw’, Gsg. n04hta; nohŠQt m.(o) ‘nail, claw’, Gsg. nohtà; n04gŠt m.(o) ‘nail, claw’, Gsg. n04hta; Bulg. nók‘t m.(o) ‘nail, claw’

BSl. B

*nogutios Lith. nagùtis m.(io) ‘nail, claw (dim.)’ OPr. nagutis ‘nail’

PIE Cogn.

*hnogSkt. nakhá- m./n. ‘nail, claw’; Gk. @ ¤Š m. ‘nail, claw, hoof ’; Lat. unguis m. ‘nail, claw’; OIr. ingen f. ‘nail’; OHG nagal m. ‘nail’

See ' *nogà. *nkt f. i (c) ‘night’

ESSJa XXV 175-177

CS E W S

OCS nošt! Ru. no’, Gsg. nói Cz. noc; Slk. noc; Pl. noc; USrb. nóc, Gsg. nocy SCr. n|\, Gsg. n«\i; ak. n|\ (Vrg.), Gsg. n«\i; nu|\ (Orb.) ‘night, darkness’, Gsg. n«\i; Sln. nº, Gsg. no; Bulg. nošt

BSl. B

*noktis Lith. naktìs 4; Latv. nakts OPr. naktin Asg.

PIE Cogn.

*nok-tSkt. nákt- (RV+) f.; Hitt. nekuz Gsg. ‘in the evening’; Gk. ‡Š f.; Lat. nox f.; Go. nahts f.

*norà f. # (c) ‘den, lair’ CS E

CS nora ‘den, lair’ Ru. norá ‘burrow, den, hole’

ESSJa XXV 184-185

*n¥rst&; *n¥rst%

356 W S

Cz. nora ‘den, lair, hole’; Pl. nora ‘den, lair, hole’ (also nóra, nura) Sln. nora ‘hole, crater-like depression’

BSl. B

*nor‹Lith. nãras (dial.) m. 4 ‘hole, lair’; narà (dial.) f. 4 ‘hole, lair’

Deverbative -stem (see ' *nerti). In the LKŽ, only the variant narà is designated as a borrowing. The form nãras is attested in an East Lithuanian manuscript. *nrst; *nrst m. o; f. i (c) ‘spawning’

ESSJa XXV 189

E

Ru. nórost (dial.) m. ‘frog spawn’; nóros (dial.) m. ‘frog spawn’; nórost’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘spawning’

BSl. B

*norš-tLith. narštas m. 2 ‘spawning’; Latv. n¬rsts² m. ‘spawning, mating season (birds)’

See ' *n=rst" *nrv; *nrv m. o; f. i ‘custom, manner’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXV 192-195

OCS nrav" (Supr., Zogr.²) m. ‘custom, manner’ Ru. nórov m. ‘(obs.) custom, (coll.) obstinacy’ Cz. mrav m. ‘custom, manner’; OCz. nrav m. ‘custom, manner, habit’; Pl. narów m. ‘bad habit, shortcoming, vice’ SCr. nárav f.(i) ‘custom, nature, character’; ak. n”r’v (Vrg.) f.(i) ‘custom, nature, character’, Gsg. n”r;vi; Sln. nràv m. ‘custom’, Gsg. nráva; nràv f.(i) ‘customs’, Gsg. nrávi; Bulg. nrav m. ‘character, (pl.) customs’

The connection with Lith. norAti ‘want’, nóras ‘wish, desire’ is possible if we assume that the tone of the Lithuanian forms reflects the root-final laryngeal of *(H )nrH-, which is not impossible, though the consistency is surprising. *nosìti v. (b) ‘carry, bear’

ESSJa XXV 206-210

CS E W S

OCS nositi, 1sg. noš0 Ru. nosít’, 1sg. nošú, 3sg. nósit Cz. nositi; Slk. nosiŸ; Pl. nosi\ SCr. nòsiti, 1sg. n«sm; ak. nos›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. n«sš; nos›t (Orb.), 1sg. n«sin; Sln. nósiti, 1sg. n06sim; Bulg. nósja

BSl. B

*noZLith. našìnti ‘announce, proclaim’

PIE Cogn.

*h&no˜ Gk. Þ € 1sg. aor. ‘brought’

See ' *nestì.

*nozd¹a; *nozdra *ns m. o (c) ‘nose’

357 ESSJa XXV 212-216

CS E W S

CS nos" Ru. nos, Gsg. nósa Cz. nos; Slk. nos; Pl. nos; USrb. nós, Gsg. nosa SCr. n|s, Gsg. n«sa; ak. n|s (Vrg.) nose’, Gsg. n«sa; n|s (Novi), Gsg. n«sa; nu|s (Orb.) ‘nose, nozzle (on a jug or a pair of bellows)’, Gsg. n«sa; Sln. nºs, Gsg. nºsa, Gsg. nos, Gsg. nos; Bulg. nos

BSl. B

*nas-; *na‹sLith. nósis f.(i) ‘nose’; Latv. nãss f.(i) ‘nostril’ OPr. nozy (EV) ‘nose’

PIE Cogn.

*nh'-es-/*neh'-sSkt. nás- (RV+) f. ‘nose’; Lat. nris f. ‘nose’; OHG nasa f. ‘nose’

Slavic and Baltic have generalized different variants of the stem. PSl. *n|s" is based on the Asg. *nh'-es-m, whereas Baltic *nâs- continues the stem of the Nsg. *neh'-s-s. See also: *nozd¹a; *nozdra

*novák m. o ‘novice’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXV 225-226

CS novak" ‘novice’ Ukr. novák ‘novice, new moon’ OCz. novák ‘novice, newcomer’; Slk. novák (arch.) ‘novice’; Pl. nowak (arch.) ‘novice’ SCr. nòvk ‘novice’; Sln. novák ‘novice’; Bulg. novák ‘novice’

Derivative in *-ak" of ' *nòv". See also: *nov&

*nòv adj. o (b) ‘new’

ESSJa XXVI 9-13

E W S

Ru. nóvyj {1} Cz. nový; Slk. nový; Pl. nowy SCr. n«v, f. n«va; ak. n«v (Vrg.), n«v” f., n. n«v; nov (Novi); nuõf (Orb.), f. n«va, n. n«vo; Sln. nòv, f. nóva; nºv; Bulg. nov

BSl. B

*nou(i)os Lith. najas

PIE *neuos Cogn. Skt. náva- (RV+) ‘new, fresh, young’; Gk. ª; Lat. novus ; Go. niujis {1} AP (c) in Old Russian with traces of (b) (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). See also: *novák&

*nozda; *nozdra f. j#; f. # (b) ‘nostril’ CS E

OCS nozdri (Ps. Sin., Supr.) Npl. f.( j#) Ru. nozdrjá f.( j#)

ESSJa XXVI 15-18

*nòž%

358 W S

Cz. nozdra f.(#); Slk. nozdra f.(#); Pl. nozdrze n.( jo); OPl. nozdrza f.( j#); nozdrze n.( jo) SCr. n«zdra f.(#); ak. n«zdrva (Vrg.) f.(#); Sln. n04zdra f.(#); n04zdrva f.(#); nozdÂv f.(i), Gsg. nozdrv; Bulg. nózdra f.(#)

BSl. B

*nas-rLith. nasra§ Npl. m.(o) 4 ‘mouth (of an animal)’; nastra§ (dial.) Npl. m.(o) 4 ‘mouth (of an animal)’

PIE

*nh'es-r-eh'

The alternative solution is that we are dealing with a compound of ' *n|s" ‘nose’ and ' *d!rati ‘tear’. *nòž m. jo (b) ‘knife’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa XXVI 23-24

OCS nož! Ru. nož Cz. n,ž, Gsg. noža; Slk. nôž, Gsg. noža; Pl. nó­, Gsg. no­a; USrb. nóž, Gsg. noža; LSrb. nož; nouž (dial., see Schuster-Šewc 1958: 270) SCr. n|ž, Gsg. nóža; ak. nõž (Vrg.), Gsg. nž;; nóž (Hvar), Gsg. nž;; nuõš (Orb.); Kajk. nž (Bednja); Sln. nòž, Gsg. nóža; Bulg. nož *h&no-ioGk. Ƽ n. ‘spear’

See also: *v&noziti; *v&n%ziti ; *v&n%zn®ti; *v&n%zti

*nùditi; *nditi v. (a) ‘compel, force’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXVI 34-37

OCS n0diti ‘force’; nuditi (Sav., Supr.) ‘force’ (Supr. has 24 instances of nudagainst 1 occurrence of n0d-) Ru. núdit’ ‘compel, force’; núdit’ (dial.) ‘compel, force, plague’; nudít’ (dial.) ‘compel, force, plague’ Cz. nuditi ‘bore, (obs.) plague’; Slk. nudiŸ ‘bore’; Pl. nudzi\ ‘bore, plague’; n
Formally, *nùditi matches Lith. naudóti ‘use’, Go. niutan ‘attain’, in which case the acute of the root could be attributed to Winter’s law. Semantically, the etymology fails to convince, however. More attractive is the connection with OPr. nautin Asg., nautins Apl. ‘need’, Go. noþs f., OHG nt m./f. ‘need, force’, which may contain a suffix *-ti-. (cf. IEW: 1351). Besides *nùditi, *n0Qditi, we also find ' *nutiti (*n0titi) and ' *nukati (*n0kati). We may posit a root *neuH- (cf. ' *nyti) with various enlargements (as well as secondary nasalization), but it can hardly be excluded that *neuH- is itself an enlargement, the other root variants being enlargements of *neu-. The accentual evidence is not always unequivocal and besides the verbs may have influenced each other. See also: *nukati; *n®kati; *nùdja; *n®¸dja; *nutiti; *n®titi; *nyti

*nuta *nukati; *nkati v. ‘urge, incite’ CS W

S

359 ESSJa XXVI 43-44

CS nukati ‘incite’ Cz. nukaŸ (dial.) ‘incite’; Slk. núkaŸ ‘incite’; Pl. nuka\ ‘urge, induce, impel’; n
See ' *nùditi, *n0Qditi. *nùdja; *ndja f. j# (a) ‘need’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXVI 37-39

OCS n0žda ‘force, necessity, suffering’; nužda (Supr., En.) ‘force, necessity, suffering’ (Supr. has 27 instances of nužd- against 4 instances of n0žd-) Ru. núža (dial., arch.) ‘need, necessity’ Cz. nouze ‘poverty, need’; OCz. núže ‘difficult situation, torment, need’; Slk. núdza ‘poverty, need, torment’; Pl. n
See ' *nùditi, *n0Qditi. *nura f. # E

ESSJa XXVI 45

Ru. núra (dial.) m./f. ‘sullen, morose person’; ORu. nura ‘door’

See also: *norà; *nuriti; *ny¹ati

*nuriti v. CS E W

S

ESSJa XXVI 45-48

CS nuriti ‘derive profit from’ Ru. núrit’ (dial.) ‘exhaust, compel’ Cz. nu•iti se (Kott) ‘plunge (into)’ (Modern Standard Czech no•iti); Slk. nuriŸ sä ‘plunge (into)’; Pl. nurzy\ (obs.) ‘soil, wet’; USrb. nuri\ ‘plunge (into)’; LSrb. nuriZ ‘dive, (se) plunge (into)’ SCr. núriti ‘stuff, shove’

See also: *norà; *nura; *ny¹ati

*nuta f. # ‘cattle’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXVI 48-49

CS nuta ‘cow, ox, cattle’ ORu. nuta ‘cattle’ LSrb. nuta (arch.) ‘herd’ Sln. núta ‘herd of cattle’

This etymon is considered a Germanic loanword, cf. OIc. naut n. ‘cow, ox’, OHG nz n. ‘cattle’.

*nutiti; n®titi

360 *nutiti; ntiti v. (a) ‘compel, force’ W

S BSl.

ESSJa XXVI 49

Cz. nutiti ‘compel, force’; OCz. nutiti ‘torture, punish, force, constrain, compel’; Slk. nútiŸ ‘compel, force’; USrb. nu\i\ ‘compel, force, impel’; Pl. n
See ' *nùditi, *n0Qditi. Cogn.

Go. noþs f. ‘need, force’

*n conj. ‘but’ CS E S

OCS n" conj. ‘but’ Ru. no conj. ‘but’; Ukr. no conj./adv. ‘but, only’ Bulg. n‘ conj. ‘but’; Mcd. no conj. ‘but’

PIE

*nu

ESSJa XXVI 50-54

For cognates, see the next lemma. *nyn ; *nn adv. ‘now’

ESSJa XXVI 57-58

CS E W

OCS nynY ‘now’; nynja ‘now’; CS n"nY ‘now’ Ru. nýne ‘now, today’; nóne (dial.) ‘now, today’ Cz. nyní ‘now’; OCz. nenie ‘now’; Pl. ninie (obs.) ‘now’; OPl. nynie ‘now’

BSl. B

*nnoi; *nunoi Lith. n×n ‘now, today’; nna§ ‘now, today’

PIE Cogn.

*n-; nu Skt. nú, n ‘now, just, but’; Gk. ¤( ) emph. ptcl., ± adv. ‘now’ (also emph. ptcl.); Go. nu adv. ‘now’

See also: *n&

*nyati v. CS E

ESSJa XXVI 65

CS nyrjati ‘immerse oneself ’; nyrati ‘immerse oneself ’ Ru. nyrját’ ‘dive’; Ukr. nyrjáty ‘dive’

See ' *norà. *nyti v. ‘yearn’

ESSJa XXVI 66-67

E W

Ru. nyt’ ‘ache, moan’, 1sg. nóju, 3sg. nóet; ORu. nyti ‘grieve’, 1sg. nyju Cz. nýti ‘yearn’, 1sg. nyji; OCz. nýti ‘yearn, suffer’, 1sg. nyju; Slk. nyŸ (poet.) ‘grieve, be deeply moved’; USrb. ny\ ‘yearn’; Pl. ny\ ‘yearn, languish’

BSl. B

*nu‹(d )Lith. pansti ‘yearn’

*ob˜tjati

361

See also: *nùditi; *n®¸diti; *nukati; *n®kati; *nùdja; *n®¸dja; *nutiti; *n®titi

*O *ob prep. ‘about’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXVI 71-74

OCS o(b/bi) ‘about, at, during’ Ru. o(b/bo) ‘about, with, against’ Cz. o ‘about’; ob ‘every other’; Slk. o ‘about’; Pl. o ‘about, with’ SCr. o(b) ‘about’; Sln. ò(b) ‘about’; Bulg. o ‘about, at’

Skt. abhí (RV+) ‘to, against’ probably reflects *h'mbi (<*h'nt-bi?), not *hebhi. This means that in spite of formations such as abhí-vra- ‘surrounded by men’, there is no etymological relationship with *ob unless we are dealing with a special development, cf. ' òg_!. The connection with Go. bi ‘about’ may perhaps be maintained. Lith. api , ap(i)- ‘about’ probably continues *h&opi. See also: *ob%tj%

*oba num. ‘both’

ESSJa XXVI 85-88

CS E W S

OCS oba, f. obY, n. obY Ru. óba, f. óbe, n. óba Cz. oba, f. obY, n. oba; Pl. oba, f. obie, n. oba SCr. «ba, f. «bje; ak. «ba (Vrg., Orb.), f. «be, n. «ba; Sln. ob, f./n. ob¤

BSl. B

*obo‹ Lith. abù, f. abì

Cogn.

Skt. ubhá-; Gk. ][; Go. bai

The PIE anlaut of the root defies reconstruction. Toch. B antapi, ntpi, and Gk. ][ seem to reflect *h'nt-boh&, which does not match Skt. ubhá- and Go. bai. *ob tjati v. ‘promise, pledge’ CS E

W S BSl.

ESSJa XXXI 31-33

OCS obYštati ‘promise, pledge’, 1sg. obYštaj0 Ru. obešát’ ‘promise’, 1sg. obešáju (a Church Slavicism); obeát’ (N. dial.) ‘promise’; obveát’ (N. dial.) ‘promise, bequeath’; obviát’ (Arx.) ‘promise’; ORu. obYšati ‘promise, pledge’; obYati ‘promise, pledge’ Cz. obYcat, obYcet (dial.) ‘promise, appoint’; OCz. obYcYti ‘promise, pledge’; Slk. obecaŸ ‘establish’; Pl. obieca\ ‘promise’ SCr. obè\ati ‘promise’, 1sg. obè\m; ak. obe\;ti (Vrg.) ‘promise’, 2sg. obe\“š; Sln. ob—6ati ‘promise, pledge’, 1sg. ob¤am; Bulg. obeštája ‘promise’ *woitia‹OPr. waitit ‘say’

Prefixed verb consisting of ' *ob and ' *vYtjati.

*obolk&

362 *obolk m. o ‘cloud’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXI 85-87

OCS oblak" m. Ru. óblako n., Gsg. óblaka; óboloko (dial.) m., Gsg. oboloká; ORu. obolok" m.; oboloko n. Cz. oblak m.; Slk. oblak m.; Pl. obok m. ‘cloud, swath’ SCr. «blk m., Gsg. «blka; ak. «bl”k (Vrg.) m., Gsg. «bl”ka; «blak (Orb.) m., Gsg. «blaka; Sln. oblk m.; Bulg. óblak m.

Prefixed noun to be analyzed as  *ob plus  *v|lk". *obora I f. # ‘string, twine’ CS E

W

ESSJa XXXI 92-93

CS obora ‘string’ Ru. obóra (dial.) ‘string for tying up bast shoes’; obór, óbor (dial.) m. ‘string, kind of fishing-net’; ORu. obora ‘strap, string for tying up bast shoes’; Bel. obóra ‘string, twine’; Ukr. obóra ‘string, twine’ Pl. obora (dial.) ‘string for tying up bast shoes’

Derivative consisting of ' *ob and a deverbative noun *vora (' *ot"verti). Lith. apvarà ‘cord, string’ can only be etymologically identical if the prefixes are identical. See also: *obora II; *obor&; *proverti; *zaverti

*obòra II; *obòr f. #; m. o ‘enclosure’ E W

S

ESSJa XXXI 93-96

Ru. obóra f. ‘cattle yard, pasture, field, plot’; ORu. obora f. ‘area for cattle, pasture for cattle’ Cz. obora f. ‘game preserve’; obora (Jg., Kott) f. ‘game preserve, paradise, fence’; OCz. obora f. ‘fence, enclosed strip of land, enclosed wooded area, preserve’; Slk. obora f. ‘preserve’; USrb. wobora f. ‘pasture for cattle’ SCr. òbor (Vuk) m. ‘enclosure for pigs, courtyard’; Sln. obºra f. ‘zoo, enclosed strip of land’; obòr m. ‘fence, region’, Gsg. obóra; Bulg. obór m. ‘fence, building for horned cattle’

Derivative consisting of  *ob and deverbative nouns *vora and *vor" ( *ot"verti), cf. Sln. ovr—6ti ‘detain, enclose’. *obr sti v. ‘find’ CS E S

ESSJa XXIX 74-76

OCS obrYsti ‘find’, 1sg. obr<št0 Ru. obrestí (rhet.) ‘find’, 1sg. obretú, 3sg. obretët, 1sg. obrjášu (arch.), 3sg. obrjášet SCr. obresti (13th-16th c.) ‘find’; obrèsti se (dial.) ‘meet’; obrs(t) (dial.) ‘be found, turn out to be’ {1}; Sln. obr—6sti ‘find’, 1sg. obr—6tem

Prefixed verb containing the elements ' *ob and *rYt- < urt-(?). The Lithuanian verb sursti ‘seize’, referred to by Pokorny, is of obscure origin (' *s"rYsti). {1} According to Skok (III: 319), obresti was borrowed from Russian into the eastern variant of the literary language. The position of the dialect forms is unclear.

*odol¨ti

363

See also: *s&r˜sti

*obuti v. ‘put on footwear’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXX 246-247

OCS obuti (Mar., Zogr., Supr.) ‘put on footwear’ Ru. obút’ ‘put on someone’s boots or shoes for him, provide with boots or shoes’ Cz. obouti ‘put on footwear’; Slk. obuŸ ‘put on footwear’; Pl. obu\ ‘put on footwear’ SCr. òbuti ‘put on footwear’, 1sg. «bujm; ak. obµti (Vrg.) ‘put on footwear’, 2sg. «buješ; ubµt (Orb.) ‘put on (shoes)’, 1sg. ubjen; Sln. obúti ‘put on footwear’, 1sg. objem; Bulg. obúja ‘put on footwear’

BSl. B

*(-)outei Lith. ati ‘put on footwear’; Latv. àut ‘put on footwear’

Cogn.

Hitt. unu- ‘adorn, decorate, lay (the table)’; Lat. induere ‘put on footwear’

Prefixed verb composed of ' *j!z- and *uti- < *heu- (' *j!zuti). *obl adj. o ‘round’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXI 124-126

CS ob!l" ‘round’ Ru. óblyj ‘rounded’ Cz. oblý ‘round, rounded, oval’; Slk. oblý ‘oval, round(ish)’; Pl. oby ‘oval’ SCr. «bao ‘round, oval’, f. «bla; ak. «bal (Vrg.) ‘round, oval’, f. obl;, n. «blo; Sln. 06bŠ ‘round, oval’; Bulg. ób‘l ‘round’

Prefixed noun, of which the element *(v)!l- is the zero grade of the root of Lith. apvalùs ‘round’; Latv. apa#š ‘round’, OIc. valr ‘round’. *obtj adj. jo ‘common’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXI 166-167

OCS ob!št! ORu. ob!ii Pl. obcy ‘foreign’ SCr. «p\; Sln. óbi; Bulg. obšt

Derivative in *-tio- of ' *ob. *odolti v. ‘overcome, defeat’

ESSJa XXVI 161-162

CS E W S

OCS odolYti ‘defeat’, 1sg. odolYj0 Ru. odolét’ ‘overcome, conquer’ Cz. odoleti (Kott) ‘resist, withstand’; Slk. odolieŸ (dial.) ‘resist, defend oneself ’ SCr. odòljeti ‘overcome, withstand’; ak. odol›ti (Vrg.) ‘overcome, withstand’; Sln. odol—6ti ‘overcome, defeat’

B

Lith. dalýti ‘share’; Latv. dalît ‘share’ OPr. dellieis ‘share!’

*òdr&

364

See ' *dò#a. The root is *dolh&-, the meaning of which is given as ‘behauen, spalten’ in LIV (114), cf. Lat. dol ‘fashion, work (wood)’. The maning ‘split’ developed into ‘share’. The meaning of the Slavic prefixed verb arose from ‘get one’s share’ (cf. Vasmer s.v. odolét’). *òdr m. o (b) ‘bed’

ESSJa XXVII 165-169

CS E W S

OCS odr" ‘bed’ Ru. odr (arch.) ‘bed, couch’, Gsg. odrá; odër (dial.) ‘bed’ Cz. odr ‘pillar, frame, summer-house’; Slk. vôdor ‘hay-loft’ SCr. òdar ‘bed, scaffolding’, Gsg. òdra; ak. od’r ‘dugaki stol od trstika, na kojemu se suše smokve’, Gsg. odr;; Sln. ódŠr ‘flooring, hay-loft’; Bulg. ód‘r ‘couch, bed’

PIE Cogn.

*h&od-? OE eodor m. ‘fence, house’; OHG etar m. ‘fence, edge’

*òg  m. i / m. jo (b) ‘fire’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXII 30-33

OCS ogn! m.(i), Gsg. ogni; ogn’! m.( jo), Gsg. ognja Ru. ogón’ m.( jo), Gsg. ognjá; ogon’ (N. dial.) m.?(i), Gsg. ogni; Ukr. ohón’ (dial.) m.( jo), Gsg. ohnjú; ohén’ (dial.) m.(i), Gsg. ohný Cz. oheŽ m.( jo); Slk. oheŽ m.( jo); Pl. ogie m.( jo); Slnc. v¨Q‰go–un m.( jo); USrb. wohe m.( jo); LSrb. woge m.( jo) SCr. òganj m.( jo), Gsg. ògnja; ak. «ga (Vrg.) m.( jo) ‘fire, hearth’, Gsg. «ga; ogá (Novi) m.( jo), Gsg. og;; ugãnj (Orb.) m.( jo), Gsg. ugnj;; Sln. ógŠnj m.( jo), Gsg. ógnja; Bulg. óg‘n m.( jo)

BSl. B

*ungnis Lith. ugnìs f.(i) 4; Latv. uguns f.(i); uguns m.(i)

PIE Cogn.

*h&ng-niSkt. agní- (RV+) m. ‘fire, Agni’; Lat. ignis m. ‘fire’

According to Kortlandt (1979: 60-61, 1988: 388-389, cf. Hamp 1970a), *og_! reflects a Balto-Slavic noun *ungnis, where *-ngn- blocked the operation of Winter’s law (cf. Thurneysen 1883). The sequence *un was lowered to *on before a tautosyllabic stop, with subsequent loss of the nasal as a result of dissimilation (' *vodà). Apparently, the latter development occurred in Baltic as well. The expected reflex of Winter’s law is found in ' *v+g"_!, v+g"_a. See also: *®¸gl%; *v g&œ%; *v g&œa

*oje n. jo ‘thill’ E W

ESSJa XXXII 35-37

S

Ru. voë (dial.) n.( jo) Cz. oje (dial.) n.( jo); OCz. ojY f.( j#); oje n.( jo); Pl. oje (dial.) n.( jo); OPl. oje n.( jo) SCr. óje n.( jo); Sln. oj<4 n.(s), Gsg. oj<4sa

PIE

*h'/oiH-os

*olbÓd%; *olbÓt%; *elbed%; *elbÓt% Cogn.

365

Gk. ˆŸŠ ‘handle of rudder, tiller, helm, rings of the yoke’; Hitt. išša- ‘thill’; Fi. aisa ‘pole in a stack’

*ojmin m. o CS

OCS oimi (Supr.) Npl. ‘soldiers’

BSl. B

*judLith. judùs (OLith.) ‘belligerent’

ESSJa XXXII 38-39

Prefixed noun consisting of ' ob and a derivative in *-in" of *j!d-m < PIE *Hiud-m-, cf. Skt. yudhmá- m. ‘warrior’. *ko n. o (c) ‘eye’

ESSJa XXXII 13, 41-42

CS E W S

OCS oko n.(s/o), Gsg. oese, Gsg. oka, Ndu. oi Ru. óko (arch., poet.), Npl. ói Cz. oko, Npl. oi; Slk. oko, Npl. oi; Pl. oko, Npl. oczy SCr. «ko, Npl. f. «i; ak. «ko (Vrg., Novi, Orb.), Npl. f. «i; Sln. okº n.(s), Gsg. o<4sa, Npl. o<4sa, Npl. o; Bulg. okó, Npl. oí

BSl. B

*okLith. akìs f.(i) 4; Latv. acs f.(i) OPr. ackis Npl. ‘eyes’

PIE Cogn.

*hek-oákši- (RV+) n. ‘eye’; Gk. @ NAdu. n. ‘eyes’; Lat. oculus m. ‘eye’

See also: *ok&nò

*oknò n. o (b) ‘window’ E W S

ESSJa XXXII 45-47

Ru. oknó; ORu. ok"no Cz. okno; Slk. okno; Pl. okno SCr. òkno ‘shaft, window’; ak. kn« (Orb.) ‘window’, NApl. kna; Sln. óknJ ‘window’; Bulg. oknó (dial.) ‘opening, hole’

Derivative of ' *«ko. *olbd; *olbt; *elbed; *elbt m. jo (c (a)) ‘swan’ E W S PIE Cogn.

ESSJa VI 19; XXXII 50-51

Ru. lébed’ m.( jo), Gsg. lébedja; Ukr. lébid’ m.( jo) Cz. labuŸ f.(i/j#); Slk. labuŸ f.; Pl. ab
If the PSl. reconstruction *olb- is correct, the fact that the root shape *lab- occurs outside South Slavic and Central Slovak suggests that we are dealing with an originally acute root (cf. Meillet 1934: 83), which would be in conflict with the

*olbodà; *elbedà

366

traditional etymology that the etymon derives from a root *h'elb- ‘white’. Unless one adheres to the view that a lengthened grade yields an acute in Balto-Slavic, a reconstruction *h'lb- (with Schwebeablaut) does not solve the problem. Apart from the etymology, the distribution of the reflexes *la- and *lo- needs to be explained. It is possible to argue that the reflex *le- in Ru. lébed’ (perhaps from *lobefore a soft labial, cf. tebe < tobY) continues the short reflex of *ol- in the oxytone forms of a mobile paradigm, but there is no such explanation for the West Slavic forms. Kortlandt (2005: 128) makes an attempt to account for the facts while starting from the hypothesis that the etymon originally belonged to AP (a) and only became mobile after the rise of distinctive tone and the South Slavic lengthening of initial vowels before tautosyllabic resonants. See also: *olboda; *elbeda

*olbodà; *elbedà f. # ‘goosefoot’ E W S

ESSJa VI 18; XXXII 50-51

Ru. lebedá; lobodá Cz. lebeda; loboda (dial.); Slk. loboda; lebeda (dial.); Pl. lebioda SCr. lobòda; ak. lobod; (Vrg.) ‘goosefoot (?)’; lobod; (Novi) ‘goosefoot (?)’, Npl. l«bode; lobod; (Orb.) ‘unidentified plant (wild basil?)’, Asg. lobod«; Sln. lóboda; lobóda; leb<6da; Bulg. lóboda

The anlaut of dialect forms such as Pl. abd] or SCr. laboda must be analogous after the words for ‘swan’. The reconstruction *olboda is not without problems in view of the consistent reflex *lo- in South Slavic (but cf. SCr. r«b ‘slave’?), which also does not match the *la- of the ‘swan’ word. We must seriously consider the possibility that the proto-form was *h'lob-oda (*h'leb-eda) (for further discussion see s.v. *olb0d!). See also: *olbÓd%; *olb®t%; *elbed%; *elbÓt%

*òl n adj. o (a) ‘hungry’ CS E

W S BSl. B

ESSJa XXXII 52-53

OCS a¯en" (Supr.) ‘hungry’; CS al!n" (Christ.) ‘hungry’; lana (Freis.) Asg. m. ‘one who is hungry’ Ru. álnyj ‘greedy, grasping, (obs.) hungry’; álošnoj (dial.) ‘greedy’; álašnyj (dial.) ‘greedy’; ORu. al(")!n" ‘hungry, greedy’; alen" ‘hungry, greedy’; la!n" ‘hungry, greedy’ Cz. laný ‘hungry, greedy’; Slk. laný ‘hungry, greedy’; OPl. aczny ‘hungry, thirsty (for)’ SCr. l;an ‘hungry’; ak. l;an (Orb.) ‘hungry’; Sln. láŠn ‘hungry’, f. lána; Bulg. álen ‘greedy’ *ol‹kinoLith. álkanas ‘sober’; Latv. aRkans ‘greedy, hungry’ OPr. alkns ‘sober’

For the reconstruction of the root, see ' *òlkati. See also: *òlkom&

*òlkom& *oldi f.  ‘boat’ CS E W S

367 ESSJa XXXII 53-54

OCS al(")dii (Zogr., Supr.) f.(i#) ‘ship, boat’; ladii (Zogr., Mar.) f.(i#) ‘ship, boat’ Ru. lad’já f.(i#) ‘rook, (arch., dial.) boat’; lód’ja (dial.) f.(i#) ‘boat, trough’; ORu. lod!ja f.(i#) ‘boat’; Ukr. lódja f.(i#) ‘boat, (dial.) ‘trough’ Cz. lod’ f.(i/j#) ‘boat’; OCz. lodí f.(i#) ‘boat’; Pl. ód] f.(i) ‘boat’; OPl. odziá f.(i#) ‘boat’ SCr. l¢a f.( j#) ‘boat’; ak. l’¢a (Vrg.) f.( j#) ‘boat’; Sln. ládja f.( j#) ‘boat’; Bulg. ládija f.( j#) ‘canoe, boat’

BSl. B

*old-iH-aH Lith. eldijà f.( j#) 3¾ ‘hollowed out tree trunk, canoe’; aldijà f.( j#) 3¾ ‘hollowed out tree trunk, canoe’ {1}

PIE Cogn.

*Hold-eh'; *h'eld-eh' OE ealdoht f ‘trough, vessel’; OE aldaht f ‘trough, vessel’; Nw. olda (dial.) f. ‘large trough, often made from a hollowed out tree trunk’; Sw. ålla (dial.) f. ‘elongated deepened spot, container’; MoHG alden (dial.) ‘furrow’

{1} According to Zinkeviius (1966: 124), the forms with a- occur exclusively in those dialects where *e- > a-. *òlkati v. (a) ‘be hungry’ CS E

ESSJa XXXII 57-58

W S

OCS al"kati ‘be hungry, fast’, 1sg. al"0; lakati ‘be hungry, fast’, 1sg. la0 {1} Ru. alkát’ ‘hunger (for), crave (for), (obs.) be hungry’, 1sg. álu, 3sg. álet; ORu. al(")kati ‘hunger (for), crave (for)’, 1sg. al"u; lakati ‘hunger (for), crave (for)’, 1sg. lau OCz. lákati ‘crave (for)’, 1sg. lákaju, 1sg. láu Sln. lákati ‘be hungry, be greedy, starve’, 1sg. lákam

BSl. B

*ol‹kLith. álkti ‘be hungry’; Latv. aRkt ‘be hungry’

In my view, the reconstruction *lk- < *h&eh&olk- (Rasmussen 1999: 199) cannot account for the acute tone of the root. For this reason I reconstruct *h&olHk-. The colour of the initial laryngeal is based on OIc. illr < *elhila-. The connection with the latter adjective is not beyond doubt, however, so that we might reconstruct *h' or *h. The verbal root is limited to Balto-Slavic. {1} According to the Staroslavjanskij slovar’, the ratio between al"k- (including a¯k- and alk-) and lak- is 19 : 9, respectively. Zogr. (1 : 4), Mar. (3 : 1) and Ass. (3 : 1) have both variants. See also: *ol%n&; *òlkom&

*òlkom adj. o (a) ‘greedy’ CS E W

ESSJa XXXII 60-61

OCS lakomyi (Supr.) ‘glutton’ Ru. lákomyj ‘tasty, fond of ’; Ukr. lákomyj ‘greedy’ Cz. lakomý ‘greedy’; Slk. lakomý ‘greedy’; Pl. akomy ‘greedy’; USrb. akomy ‘greedy, overly ambitious’

*Êlk&t%; *Êlk&t&

368 S

SCr. l;kom ‘greedy’; ak. l;kom (Vrg.) ‘greedy’; Sln. lákom ‘greedy’; Bulg. lákom ‘greedy’

See the previous lemma. See also: *òl%n&;

*lkt; *lkt m. i/jo; m. o (c) ‘elbow, ell’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXII 65-67

OCS lak"t! m.(i) ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. lak"te {1} Ru. lókot’ ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. lóktja Cz. loket ‘elbow, ell’; Slk. lakoŸ ‘elbow, ell’; Pl. okie\ ‘elbow, ell’; USrb. och\ ‘elbow’; óch\ (dial.) ‘elbow’ SCr. lkat ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. lkta; ak. l;kat (Vrg.) ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. l;hta; l;kat (Novi) ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. l;hta; lkat (Orb.) ‘elbow, armlength, yard (measure)’, Gsg. lhta; Sln. lakt ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. laktà, Gsg. lakt, Gsg. lahtà, Gsg. laht; lakt f.(i) ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. lakt, Gsg. laht; laht ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. laht; lakŠQt ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. laktà; lákŠt ‘elbow, ell’; lŠkt f.(i) ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. lŠht; lŠkt ‘elbow, ell’, Gsg. lŠht; lèhŠt ‘elbow’, Gsg. lŠQhta; Bulg. lák‘t ‘elbow, ell’

BSl. B

*HolkLith. alknF f.(!) 1 ‘elbow’; elknF (arch., dial.) f.(!) 1 ‘elbow’ {2}; Latv. eQlks m. ‘elbow, bend’; eQlkuons m. ‘elbow, bend’ {3} OPr. alkunis (EV) ‘elbow’

PIE Cogn.

*Hhelk-? Gk. »•ª€Ÿ  m. ‘point of the elbow’; Lat. ulna f. ‘elbow’; OIr. uilen f. ‘elbow’; OHG elina f. ‘ell’; Arm. on ‘spine, shoulder’

The e- of the East Baltic forms may be another instance of “Rozwadowski’s change”, cf. Andersen 1996: 130-131. The somewhat awkward reconstruction *Hhelk(*HHolk-) is required by the acute intonation of Lith. úolektis, Latv. uôlekts ‘ell’ < *Hehlk- (*HoHlk-), cf. OPr. woaltis ‘forearm’, woaltis ‘ell’, Gk. †•ª ‰ ‘elbow, forearm’ (see Schrijver 1991: 78-79). {1} In some case forms OCS lak"t! is inflected as a consonant stem. In the modern languages *«lk"t! has adopted the pattern of the jo- or o-stems. {2} The LKŽ has elk×nF instead of elknF, even though one of the sources mentioned – F. Kurschat’s dictionary – actually has an acute. {3} Also eQlkuonis, eQlkuone, eQlkne². See also: *olnìta

*òlni f.  (a) ‘doe’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXII 70-71

OCS al"nii (Supr.) Gpl. f.(i#) ‘does’ (provided that this is the correct reading of m!nii) Ru. lan’ f.(i) ‘fallow deer, doe’ Cz. laŽ f.(i/j#) ‘doe’; OCz. laní f.(i#) ‘doe’; Slk. laŽ f.(i/j#) ‘doe’; OPl. ani f.(i#) ‘doe’; ania f.( j#) ‘doe’ SCr. làne f.( j#) ‘doe’; Bulg. álne (dial.) f.( j#) ‘young chamois’

*Êlovo

369

BSl. B

*ol-HnLith. élnis (arch.) m.(io) ‘deer’; álnis (dial.) m.(io) 1 ‘deer’; élnias m.( jo) 1/3 ‘deer’; élnF f.(!) 1 ‘doe’; álnF (dial.) f.(!) 1 ‘doe’; Latv. aRnis m.(io) ‘elk’ OPr. alne (EV) ‘?deer’

PIE Cogn.

*h&ol-Hn-iHGk. š•• (Hom.) m. ‘young of the deer, fawn’; ƕ  m. ‘deer’ {1}; Arm. en m. ‘deer’; MIr. ailit f. ‘doe, hind’, Gsg. ailte; MIr. elit f. ‘doe, hind’, Gsg. eilte {2}; MW elein f./m. ‘young deer, doe, hind-calf ’, Npl. alanet ‘young deer, doe, hind-calf ’ {3}

{1} Probably < *h&el-n-bo-. Like the Armenian word mentioned below, this form does not contain the “Hoffmann-suffix”. {3} According to Schrijver (1995: 79) < PIE *el-(H )n + t-iH or *el-en + t-iH. {3} MW elein, MoW elain may reflect PIE *(h&)el-Hn- or *(h&)el-n¥-% (Schrijver 1995: 79). See also: *elen%; *ols%

*olni adv. ‘last year’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXII 69-70

CS lani; loni (Christ.) Ru. loní (Arx., Olon.); ORu. loni; Ukr. lóny Cz. loni; Slk. lani; Pl. oni (14th-17th c., dial.); USrb. oni; LSrb. oni SCr. lni; láni; ak. l’n (Vrg.); láni (Novi); ak. lãni (Orb.); Sln. láni; Bulg. láni; laní

This adverb may contain a demonstrative pronoun *h'ol-, cf. OLat. oll ‘then’, Lat. lim ‘at that time, once’. If oll continues *oln one may even consider this form to be identical with the Slavic etymon under discussion. Meillet has suggested that the *n is etymologically related with Gk. Æ  ‘year’. *olnìta f. # ‘cheek’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXII 72

OCS lanita Ru. laníta (arch.); Ukr. lanýta OCz. lanítva Sln. laníta

This word for ‘cheek’ is usually considered cognate with the word for ‘elbow’ (' *«lk"t!, *«lk"t"), the semantic connection being the curved shape of the body-parts. *lovo n. o (c) ‘lead’ CS E W S B

ESSJa XXXII 76-77

OCS olovo (Supr.) n.(o) ‘lead’ Ru. ólovo n.(o) ‘tin’; ORu. olov! f.(i) ‘tin’ Cz. olovo ‘lead’; Slk. olovo ‘lead’; Pl. oów m.( jo) ‘lead’; oów (obs.) m.(o) ‘lead’; oowo (dial.) ‘lead’ SCr. «lovo lead’; ak. «lovo (Vrg.) lead’; Sln. ol06v m. ‘lead’; Bulg. élavo (dial.) ‘lead’ Lith. álvas (DK, Bretk.) m. ‘tin’ {1}; Latv. aRva ‘tin’; aRvas m. ‘tin’ OPr. alwis (EV) ‘lead’

*¥ls%

370

Forms with *( j)e- are limited to Bulgarian, e.g. MBulg. jelovo, Bulg. élavo (dial.). In Russian dialects, we find a form lov’ (Voronež), which may reflect *olv!. The fact that we do not have *lav! < *olHvi-, as we might have expected on the basis of the Baltic forms, can be explained by assuming that the laryngeal was eliminated according to Meillet’s law before the metathesis of liquids. Pokorny derives the Balto-Slavic word for ‘tin, lead’ from *al(Š)- ‘white’. This more or less presupposes that the original meaning was ‘tin’ (plumbum album) rather than ‘lead’ (plumbum nigrum). In view of both the formal problems and the sphere to which this word belongs it seems preferable to regard it as a borrowing from an unknown language. {1} It is unclear to me on what grounds the LKŽ assigns AP 1 to this word. To my knowledge, the only accented form is áwu Isg. (DK), which points to AP 1 or 3. The Modern Lithuanian form ãlavas is a borrowing from Slavic.

*ls m. jo (c) ‘elk’ E W

ESSJa XXXII 79-80

Ru. los’ ‘elk, (Arx.) Great Bear’, Gsg. lósja; ORu. los!; Ukr. los’ Cz. los m.(o); Slk. los m.(o); Pl. oZ

PIE *h&ol-˜-iCogn. OIc. elgr m.; OE eolh m. {1} {1} Gk. ]•€‰ (Paus.) ‘elk’ and Lat. alcs (since Caesar) are assumed to be borrowings from Germanic (cf. Frisk I: 75). See also: *elen%; *òlni

*l m. u (c) ‘fermented liquor, beer’ CS E S

RuCS ol" ‘fermented liquor, strong drink’ ORu. ol" ‘fermented liquor, strong drink’ Sln. 04 ‘beer’, Gsg. 04la, Gsg. ol

BSl. B

*alu Lith. alùs m.(u) ‘beer’ OPr. alu (EV) ‘beer’

PIE Cogn.

*h'el-uOIc. 0l n. ‘beer, drinking-bout’

*olxa; *elxa f. # ‘alder’

ESSJa XXXII 80-81

ESSJa VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82

E W S

Ru. ol’xá ‘alder’; ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) ‘alder, spruce’ {1} Slk. jelcha (dial.); Pl. olcha SCr. jelha (dial.) ‘alder’; Bulg. elxá ‘alder, spruce’

BSl. B

*a/elisaH; *a/el(i)snioLith. aksnis, eksnis m.(io) 2 ‘alder’; alìksnis (E. dial.) m.(io) 2 ‘alder’; álksna, élksna (dial.) f. 1 ‘alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale’; Latv. àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) m.(io) ‘alder’; àlksna, elksna (E. dial.) ‘alder thicket, swampy place’ {2}

PIE

*h'eliseh'

*onutja Cogn.

371

Lat. alnus m. ‘alder’; Span. aliso m. ‘alder’; Mac. ]•«X ‘white poplar’; OHG elira, erila f. ‘alder’; OE alor m. ‘alder’; OIc. 0lr m. ‘alder’, j0lstr f. ‘alder’ {3}

As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for ‘spruce’: je- also occurs in West Slavic, where ‘spruce’ is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a- : e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from “Rozwadowski’s change” alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The abovementioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86). {1} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) ‘alder’ (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). {2} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). {3} From *aluz- and *elustr (< *elastr?), respectively. See also: *ol%ša; *el%ša; *ol%sa; *ol%s&; *ol%se

*olsa; *ols; *olse f. #; m. o; n. jo (a) ‘alder thicket’ E

W

Ru. Ol’sa (Upper Dniepr) top. f.; alës (Smol., Dniepr basin) m. ‘alder thicket, swampy place’; Bel. al’sa (Upper Dniepr) f. ‘alder thicket, swampy place’; alës (dial.) m. ‘alder thicket, swampy place’; Ukr. ol’os (dial.), oles (dial.) m. ‘alder thicket, swampy place’ Pl. olesie n.( jo) ‘swampy place in forest’ (cf. also olesisty ‘swampy’ and oleZnik alongside jeleZnik ‘white hellebore’)

See also: *ol%¸xa; *ol%ša; *el%xa; *el%ša

*olša; *elša f. j# (a) ‘alder’

ESSJa VI 23-25; XXXII 82

W

Cz. olše ‘alder’; jelše (dial.) ‘alder’; Pl. olsza ‘alder’; USrb. wólša ‘alder’; LSrb. wolša ‘alder’ S SCr. jlša ‘alder’; Sln. j<6ša ‘alder’; 06ša ‘alder’ , elksna (E. dial.) f. ‘alder thicket, swampy place’ {2} Derivative in *–j of ' *ol!xa, *el!xa. *onutja f. j# ‘footwear’ CS E W

ESSJa XXXII 88-89

OCS onušta (Supr.) ‘footwear, sandal’ Ru. onúa ‘sock, cloth puttee’ Cz. onuce ‘sock, cloth puttee’; Slk. onuca ‘sock, cloth puttee’; OPl. onuca ‘sock, cloth puttee’

*on&

372 S

Sln. onúa ‘puttee’; vnua ‘puttee’

Compound containing the root of ' *j!z-uti, *ob-uti. The prefix is often assumed to be the o-grade of *h&n ‘in’. This hypothesis is supported by the Slovene dialect form vnúa < *v"n-. See also ' *0tr!. *on prn. ‘he, she, it’

ESSJa XXXII 89-90

CS E W S

OCS on", f. ona, n. ono Ru. on, f. oná, n. onó Cz. on, f. ona, n. ono; Slk. on, f. ona, n. ono; Pl. on, f. ona, n. ono SCr. «n, f. òna, n. òno; |n, f. òna, n. òno; ak. õn (Vrg.), f. on;, n. on«; Sln. òn, f. óna, n. onº n., ónJ

BSl. B

*anos Lith. anàs ‘that’

PIE

*h'en-o-

Cogn.

Gk. ] modal ptcl.; Lat. an ‘whether, or’

*pak; *pako; *paky adv. (c) ‘the other way round’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

OCS opaky (Supr.) ‘the other way round, behind one’s back’ Ru. ópak(o) (dial.) ‘back, backwards, the other way round’ Cz. opak m. ‘contrary’; OCz. opak m. ‘backwards, the other way round’; Slk. opak ‘contrary’; Pl. opak ‘(na o.) the other way round, upside down, wrongly’ SCr. «pk adj./adv. ‘the other way round’; ak. «p”k (Vrg.) adj./adv. ‘the other way round’; Sln. opk ‘backwards, the other way round’, Gsg. opáka; Bulg. ópak ‘backwards, the other way round’ *h'epo-hkSkt. ápka- (RV+) adj. ‘located behind, distant, aside’; Skt. apk (RV) adv. ‘behind’; Skt. apkt (RV) adv. ‘behind’; OIc. 0fugr adj. ‘turned the wrong way, wrong’

The quantitative variation in the second syllable reflects accentual mobility, as pretonic long vowels were shortened but posttonic long vowels were not. The laryngeal of the second syllable had been lost with compensatory lengthening at an earlier stage. *oràti v. ‘plough’

ESSJa XXXII 106-109

CS E W S

OCS orati (Zogr., Mar., Ass., Sav., but only in John 17:7). Ru. orát’ (dial.), 1sg. orjú, 3sg. orët Cz. orati; Slk. oraŸ; Pl. orati, 1sg. orz< SCr. òrati, 1sg. «rm; ak. or;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. «reš; or;t (Orb.), 2sg. orš; Sln. oráti, 1sg. orm, 1sg. órjem; órati; Bulg. orá

BSl. B

*ar‹Lith. árti, 1sg. ariù; Latv. arKt

*òrdlo PIE Cogn.

373

*h'erhGk. \[; Lat. arre

See also: *òrdlo; *orl%ja; *òrtaj%

*orbiti v. ‘do, work’ E W S

ESSJa XXXII 116-118

Ru. róbit’ (dial.) ‘do, work’, 1sg. róblju Cz. robiti ‘make, do’; Slk. robiŸ ‘make, do’; Pl. robi\ ‘make, do’; LSrb. robiZ ‘work, earn’ SCr. rábiti ‘use’; Sln. rábiti ‘use, do’, 1sg. rábim

See ' *orb". *orbòta f. # ‘work’

ESSJa XXXII 119-122

CS E W S

OCS rabota ‘slavery’; robota (Supr.) ‘slavery’ Ru. robóta (dial.) ‘work’; ORu. robota ‘work, slavery, captivity’ Cz. robota ‘corvée’; Slk. robota ‘work, corvée’; Pl. robota ‘work, labour’ SCr. ràbota ‘corvée’; ak. r;bota (Vrg.) ‘corvée’; Sln. rabºta ‘corvée’; Bulg. rábota ‘work, thing’

Cogn.

Go. arbaiþs f. ‘labour’

See ' *orb". *orb m. o ‘servant, slave’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXII 131-133

OCS rab" ‘servant, slave’; rob" (Zogr., Supr.) ‘servant, slave’ (In Supr., the variant rob- occurs 28 times, but rab- is even more frequent) Ru. rab ‘slave’, Gsg. rabá; ORu. rob" ‘servant, slave’ Cz. rob ‘slave’ SCr. r«b ‘slave’, Gsg. ròba; Sln. ròb ‘slave, detainee’, Gsg. róba, Gsg. r06ba; Bulg. rab ‘slave’; rob ‘slave, servant, prisoner’

Unlike the ESSJa, I think that an etymological relationship with Germanic forms such as Go. arbaiþs f. ‘labour’ and OIc. erfiði n. ‘id.’ is highly plausible. These forms are possibly cognate with Gk. »  ‘orphan’, Lat. orbus ‘deprived of, orphan’ from a root *herb-. The South Slavic variants reflecting *rob", with unexpected *rob- < *orb-, must be borrowings from West (or East) Slavic. See also: *orbiti; *orbota

*òrdlo n. o (a) ‘plough’ CS E W S

OCS ralo (Zogr., Mar., Sav., Euch., Supr.) Ru. rálo Cz. rádlo; Slk. radlo; Pl. rado; USrb. rado; LSrb. rado SCr. r;lo; Sln. rálJ ‘small plough’; Bulg. rálo

BSl. B

*ár‹dlo; *ár‹tlo Lith. árklas m. 3; Latv. arKkls m., Latv. ãrkls m.

ESSJa XXXII 141-145

*or¨x&

374 PIE Cogn.

*h'(e)rh-dlom Gk. ] n.; Arm. arawr

In Balto-Slavic, zero grade of the root (cf. Lith. ìrklas ‘oar’) was apparently replaced by full grade after the verb ‘to plough’. The fixed stress on the root must result from Hirt’s law. OCS oralo (Ass.) is clearly analogical after orati. See also: *orati; *orl%ja; *òrtaj%

*orx m. o (a) ‘nut’ CS E W S

CS orYx" Ru. oréx Cz. o•ech; Slk. orech; Pl. orzech SCr. òrah; ak. or›h (Vrg.); or›h (Novi); Sln. ór—h, Gsg. or—6ha; Bulg. órex ‘walnut, nut’

BSl. B

*(o)re/oi‹šLith. ríešutas m.(o) 3$; riešuts m.(io) 3$; Latv. ri ksts m.(o) OPr. buccareisis (EV) ‘beech-nut’

*oriti v.

ESSJa XXXII 162-165

CS W S

OCS oriši (Supr.) 2sg. ‘tempt’ Cz. obo•iti ‘collapse’ Bulg. órja (dial.) ‘bring down’

BSl. B

*or-ei/iLith. ardýti ‘pull down, destroy’; Latv. ¬rdît ‘destroy, scatter’

PIE

*Hor-eie-

The literal meaning of OCS oriti, which in Supr. 510,8 translates Gk. € –ª•€« , is apparently ‘drag down’. The ESSJa (s.v. *oriti II) connects oriti in this particular meaning with SCr. òriti se, Sln. oriti se ‘resound’ as well as with Lat. orre ‘speak’. I am inclined to consider the reconstruction of a second etymon *oriti unnecessary. See also: *razoriti

*òrk m. o (a) ‘crayfish’

ESSJa XXXII 169-172

E W S

Ru. rak Cz. rak; Slk. rak; Pl. rak; Slnc. rˆk SCr. r;k; ak. r;k (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. ràk, Gsg. ráka; Bulg. rak

BSl. B

*ór‹k-; *ér‹kLith. érkF f.(!) ‘tick’; Latv. rce f.(!) ‘tick’ OPr. {1}

{1} OPr. rokis (EV) ‘crayfish’ and Lith. rõkis, rókis (dial.) must be borrowings from Slavic (pace Mažiulis PKEŽ IV: 31).

*or®d%je *orkta f. # (a) ‘brittle willow’

375 ESSJa XXXII 173-175

E W S

Ru. rakíta; rokíta (dial.); Ukr. rokíta Cz. rokyta; Slk. rakyta; rokyta (pop.); Pl. rokita SCr. ràkita; ak. Rak›ta (Vrg.) an island; Sln. rakta; Bulg. rakíta

B

Latv. rcis m.(io) ‘juniper’

Cogn.

Gk. ]€¤– f. ‘juniper’

It is very likely that we are dealing here with a substratum word, cf. the Greek variant ] (Hesych.). *orlja f. i# ‘field, arable land’ E W

ESSJa XXXII 177-179

ORu. rolija ‘(corn-)field, ploughed field’; rolja ‘(corn-)field, ploughed field’; Ukr. rilljá ‘ploughed field’ Cz. role ‘field, arable land’; rolí (S. dial.) n. n.(io) ‘field, arable land’; OCz. rolí f.(i#) ‘field, arable land’; Slk. ro¯a ‘field, arable land’; Pl. rola ‘field, arable land’; USrb. rola ‘field, arable land’

I assume that the root-final laryngeal (see ' *oràti, *òrdlo) had been lost in pretonic position before the word-initial metathesis of liquids. The fact that we find no lengthening is also connected with non-initial stress. *òrmo; *òrm n. o; n. n (a) ‘shoulder’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXII 185-187

OCS ramo n.(o) Ru. ramená (arch., poet.) Npl. n.(n) ‘shoulders’ Cz. rámY (lit, arch.); rameno n.(o); Slk. ramä; Pl. rami<; USrb. ramjo; LSrb. ramje SCr. r;me, Gsg. r;mena, Npl. ramèna; ak. r;me (Vrg.), Gsg. r;mena, Npl. ramen’; r;me (Novi), Npl. ramená, Npl. r;mena; r;men (Orb.), Gsg. r;mena, Npl. r;mena, Npl. ram£ na; Sln. ráme ‘shoulder, arm’, Gsg. rámena; ráma f.(#); rámo n.(o); Bulg. rámo, Npl. ramená, Npl. ramené

BSl. B

*ír‹mo; *ír‹men-; *ór‹menLith. ìrmFdF f.(!) ‘gout’ 1 OPr. irmo ‘arm’

PIE Cogn.

*h'erH-mo-; *h'erH-menSkt. rmá- m. ‘arm’; Lat. armus m. ‘arm, shoulder’; Go. arms m. ‘arm’

*ordje n. io CS E W S

OCS or0dije (Supr.) n.(io) ‘business, affair’ Ru. orúdie n.(io) ‘instrument, tool, gun’ Cz. orudí n.(io) ‘instrument’; Pl. or
*orsti

376

Prefixed noun consisting of ' *ob and a derivative of the root that is also found in ' *r<4d" ‘row, line’. *orsti v. (c) ‘grow’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXXII 197-199

OCS rasti, 1sg. rast0 Ru. rastí, 1sg. rastú, 3sg. rastët (the spelling with -a- originates from Church Slavic); Ukr. rostý, 1sg. rostú Cz. r,sti, 1sg. rostu; Slk. rásŸ; Pl. róZ\; USrb. roZc SCr. rásti; ak. rãs (Orb.), 3sg. rst; Sln. rásti, 1sg. rástem; Bulg. rastá

Formation unclear. Since there are reasons to assume that the Lithuanian and Latvian sta-suffix arose from *-ska within Baltic (cf. van Wijk 1933), it is unattractive to posit *her-st-. Nevertheless, a possible connection with *her- ‘move (upward), rise’ deserves attention. *òrtaj m. jo (a) ‘ploughman’

ESSJa XXXII 209-211

E W S

Ru. rátaj (folk poet.) ‘ploughman’ Cz. rataj ‘farmer’; Slk. rataj ‘farmer’; Pl. rataj ‘farmer’ SCr. ràtaj (Montenegro) ‘farmer’; ak. r;taj (Orb.) measure of land (± 2000 square metres, = a day’s ploughing); Sln. rátaj ‘ploughman, farmer’; ratj ‘ploughman, farmer’; Bulg. rátaj ‘servant’

BSl. B

*ar‹ta‹jos Lith. artójas 1 ‘ploughman, farmer’; Latv. arãjs ‘ploughman, farmer’; ar js ‘ploughman, farmer’ OPr. artoys (EV) ‘farmer’

Agent noun in *-taj!. See ' *oràti. *ort f. i ‘war, battle’

ESSJa XXXII 214-215

CS E S

OCS rat! (Supr.) ‘war, battle, (pl.) enemy forces’ Ru. rat’ (poet., arch.) ‘host, army, war battle’; ORu. rat! ‘war, battle, troops’ SCr. r;t ‘war’; r;t m.(o) ‘war’; Bulg. rat ‘battle, war, soldiers’

PIE

*h&or-ti-

See also: *ern%; *ert%

*orl m. o (b) ‘eagle’ CS E W

ESSJa XXXII 232-234

S

OCS or!l" Ru. orël, Gsg. orlá Cz. orel; Slk. orol; orel; Pl. orze, Gsg. ora; USrb. worjo, Gsg. wóra; LSrb. jerjo; jerje; herjo (dial.); herje (dial.); horal (arch.) SCr. òrao; Sln. órŠ, Gsg. órla; Bulg. orél

BSl. B

*or-il-o-; *er-el-ioLith. er lis m.( jo) 2; Latv. Årglis m.( jo)

*osà

377

OPr. arelie PIE Cogn.

*her-il-oGk. @ « m. ‘bird’; Go. ara m. ‘eagle’; OIc. 0rn m. ‘eagle’; OIr. irar m. ‘eagle’; Hitt. hara(n)- c. ‘eagle’

The Lithuanian variant ar lis is limited to the area where e- becomes a- (Bga RR II: 508). The East Baltic forms therefore all have initial *e-. Since this is unexpected, these forms may be labelled as an example of “Rozwadowski’s change”. It does not seem very plausible that within Slavic only the Low Sorbian forms would show the effect of this phenomenon. *ormò n. o ‘part of a (wooden) plough’ E

ESSJa XXXII 234

Ru. or’mó (Dal’: Nižegor.-Mak.) ‘mount of the ploughshare of a (NE Russian type of ) wooden plough’; ormó (Jarosl.) ‘wooden part of a plough on which the ploughshare is fixed’

If this etymon is to be identified with ' *ar!Qm", *ar!mò, the root vocalism may be attributed to the influence of ' *oràti ‘plough’. Note, however, that the long vowel of *ar!m"/o is unclear. *orz pref. ‘dis-, un-’ CS E W S

OCS razRu. roz- (in unstressed position and in Slavonicisms we find raz-) Cz. roz-; Slk. roz-; Pl. rozSCr. raz-; Sln. ràz prep. ‘away from’; raz-; Bulg. raz-

It has been suggested that *orz- continues *ord-z, where the *z may have been adopted from ' *bez, *j!z, *v"z. The form *ord < *ord (note the absence of a BaltoSlavic glottal stop) may be connected with Skt. árdha- m. ‘side, part, half ’. *osà f. # (b) ‘wasp’ E W S

Ru. osá, Asg. osú; osvá (dial.); Bel. osvá; Ukr. osá, Asg. osú; osá (dial.), Asg. ósu Cz. vosa; Slk. osa; Pl. osa SCr. òsa, Asg. òsu; ak. os; (Vrg.) ‘prickle of an ear of grain’, Asg. «su; (Orb.) «sa, Asg. «so; Sln. ósa; Bulg. osá

BSl. B

*wops(w)a‹ Lith. vapsvà 2/4; vapsà (dial.) 2/4; Latv. vapsene f.(!) OPr. wobse

PIE Cogn.

*uob-s-eh' Lat. vespa; W gwchi m. ‘wasp, drone’; OHG wafsa

The root is sometimes identified with *ueb- ‘weave’.

*osa; *osìna; *esìka

378 *osa; *osìna; *esìka f. # ‘aspen’

ESSJa I 80-81; XXXII 93

E W S

Ru. osína; Ukr. osýna Cz. osa (dial.); Pl. osa (obs.); osina; USrb. wosa; LSrb. wósa SCr. jèsika; jàsika; Sln. jesíka; jasíka; Bulg. jèsika; jàsika

BSl. B

*apsLith. pušF f.(!); ãpušF (dial.) f.(!) 1 (alongside epuš, apuš); ÃpšF top. f.(!) 2; Latv. apse f.(!); epse f.(!); epss f.(i) OPr. abse f.

PIE Cogn.

*aps-eh' OHG aspa f.; OIc. 0sp f.; Arm. opÒi ‘aspen, poplar’

This tree-name may be classified as a (North) European etymon. It is also found in Finnic and Turkic. The forms with *e- may be attributed to “Rozwadowski’s change” (cf. ' *àsen!), though their distribution over the Balto-Slavic territory (South Slavic + Lithuanian) is remarkable. *oskrd m. o ‘pointed hammer, pickaxe’ CS E W

ESSJa XXIX 197-198

S

OCS oskr"d" (Ps. Sin, Euch.) ‘stone cutter’s tool, pickaxe’ Ru. oskórd ‘axe’ Cz. oškrt ‘iron tool for whetting or roughening mill-stones’; oškrd (dial.) ‘iron tool for whetting or roughening mill-stones’; OCz. oškrd ‘iron tool for whetting or roughening a mill-stones’; Pl. oskard ‘pickaxe’ Sln. oskÂd f.(i) ‘pointed hammer for whetting mill-stones’

BSl. B

*skurdOPr. scurdis ‘dibstone, mattock’

To be analyzed as ' ob + *sk"rd", with zero grade of the root attested in ' *skorda. *osm num. o (b) ‘eighth’ CS E W S

OCS osm" Ru. vos’mój Cz. osmý; ,smý (dial.); Slk. ôsmy; Pl. ósmy SCr. |sm; ak. õsm (Vrg.); ósm (Novi); ½õsmi (Orb.); Sln. 06smi; Bulg. ósmi

BSl. B

*oZmas Lith. ãšmas (obs.)

PIE Cogn.

*he˜th-uoLat. octvus

The suffix *-mo-, cf. Skt. aš¿amá-, must have been adopted from ‘seventh’. See also: *òsm%

*òsm num. (b) ‘eight’ CS

OCS osm!

*ostr& E W

379

S

Ru. vósem’; vôsem’ (dial.) Cz. osm; Slk. osem; Pl. osiem; OPl. oZm; Slnc. v¨Q‰s®m; USrb. wósom; LSrb. wosym; wosom (dial.) SCr. «sam; ak. «san (Vrg., Orb.); «sam (Novi); Sln. 06sŠm

BSl. B

*oZtLith. aštuonì

Cogn.

Skt. aš¿áu; Lat. oct

The cardinal number may have been created on the basis of the ordinal ' *osm" on the analogy of other numerals. *osnòv f. # (a) ‘base, foundation’ E W S

ESSJa XXIX 233-237

Ru. osnóva ‘base, foundation, warp’ Cz. osnova ‘system, plan, device, warp’; Slk. osnova ‘plan, device, basis’; Pl. osnowa ‘warp, theme’ SCr. òsnova ‘base, foundation’; Sln. osn04va ‘base, foundation’; Bulg. osnóva ‘base, foundation’

Prefixed noun consisting of the elements ' *ob and *snova (' *snuti). The final syllable is long because prior to Dybo’s law it was in post-posttonic position, where the laryngeals were lost with compensatory lengthening. *ostrov m. o (c) ‘island’ CS E S

ESSJa XXX 79-82

OCS ostrov" (Zogr., Supr.) Ru. óstrov, Gsg. óstrova SCr. «strov; Sln. ostròv, Gsg. ostr06va; Bulg. óstrov

Noun consisting of ' *ob and an o-stem *strov" (cf. Gk. â m. ‘stream’) deriving from a verb meaning ‘stream’ (' *strujà). *ostr adj. o (b/c) ‘sharp’ CS E W S

OCS ostr" ‘sharp, rough’ Ru. óstryj; ostër, f. ostrá, n. ostró Cz. ostrý; Slk. ostrý; Pl. ostry; USrb. wótry SCr. «štar, f. «štra; òštar, f. òštra; ak. «štr (Vrg.), f. oštr;, n. «štro; «štar (Orb.), f. «štra, n. «štro; Sln. 06stŠr, f. óstra; Bulg. óst‘r

BSl. B

*aZros Lith. aštrùs 4; ašrùs (dial.) 4; Latv. ass

PIE Cogn.

*h'e˜-roGk. ]€ ‘pointed’; Lat. cer ‘sharp’

See also: *¥st%; *os&t&; *ost%n&; *os%la

*¥st%

380

*st f. i (c (b?)) ‘sharp point, smth. with a sharp point’ E W S

Ru. ost’ ‘awn’ Slk. osŸ ‘fishbone, awn, thorn’; Pl. oZ\ ‘fishbone, awn, thorn’ SCr. «sti Npl. ‘harpoon’; «stve Npl. ‘harpoon’; ak. «sti (Vrg.) Npl. ‘harpoon’; Sln. 04st ‘sharp point, fishbone, (pl.) harpoon’, Gsg. ost

BSl. B

*aZtis Lith. akstìs f.(i) 4 ‘spit, thorn, prick’ (the form akštìs is also attested)

On the basis of Sln. 04st, Illi-Svity posits an original AP (b) for this etymon. Furthermore, Skardžius (1941: 330) has akstìs, -ies, which “mixed paradigm” IlliSvity (1963: 57) also regards as evidence for original barytone accentuation. The root is *h'e˜- ‘sharp’ (' *ostr"). *ostn m. o (b) ‘sharp point, smth. with a sharp point’ CS E W S

OCS ost!n" (Supr.) ‘sharp point’ Ru. ostén (dial.) ‘thorn, spike’ Cz. osten m.( jo) ‘spike, quill’; Pl. oZcie ‘harpoon, (arch.) fishbone’ SCr. òstan ‘pointed stick for driving cattle’; Sln. 06stŠn ‘spike, thorn’; Bulg. ostén ‘pointed stick for driving cattle’

BSl. B

*aZtinos (akstinos?) Lith. ãkstinas 3¾ ‘thorn, awn, pointed stick for driving cattle’

Derivative in *-!n". See ' *|st!. *ost m. o ‘thistle’ CS E W S

OCS os"t" (PsDim.) ‘thistle, sow thistle’ Ru. osót Cz. oset; Pl. oset; USrb. wóst; LSrb. woset Sln. ost; ósŠt

BSl. B

*aZutos Lith. ãšutas ‘hair of a horse’s tail or manes’

Derivative in *-"t". See ' *ostr". *s f. i (c) ‘axle, axis’ CS E W S

CS os! Ru. os’ OCz. os; Slk. os; Pl. oZ SCr. |s; Sln. 04s, Gsg. os; Bulg. os

BSl. B

*aZis Lith. ašìs; Latv. ass OPr. assis (EV)

PIE

*h'e˜s-i-

*otj%tn®ti Cogn.

381

Skt. ákša- m.; Gk. ]Š[ m.; Lat. axis m.

*osla f. # ‘whetstone’ CS E W S

OCS osla (Supr.) Ru. osëlok m. Pl. oseka Sln. ósla

Derivative in *-!la. See ' *|st!. *osl m. o (b) ‘donkey’ CS E W S

OCS os!l" Ru. osël, Gsg. oslá Cz. osel; Slk. osol; Pl. osio SCr. òsao, Gsg. òsla; Sln. ósŠ, Gsg. ósla

BSl. B

*asilos Lith. ãsilas 3¾ OPr. asilis

A borrowing from Germanic, cf. Go. asilus. *otjutiti v. ‘feel, perceive’ CS E W S BSl. B

OCS oštutiti ‘feel, perceive, understand’, 1sg. oštušt0 Ru. outít’sja ‘find oneself, come to be’; ORu. outiti ‘notice’ Cz. cítiti ‘feel’; Slk. cítiŸ ‘perceive, (refl.) feel’; Pl. cuci\ ‘bring back to consciousness, (refl.) awake’ SCr. \útjeti ‘feel’; ak. \t›ti (Vrg.) ‘feel’; \t›t (Orb.) ‘feel’; Sln. útiti ‘feel, sense, notice’, 1sg. útim; utíti ‘feel, sense, notice’, 1sg. útim *joutLith. jasti ‘feel, sense’, 3pres. jaia, 3pret. jatF; Latv. jàust ‘feel, notice, heed, understand’

PSl. *jut- can be connected with Skt. vat- ‘get acquainted with’ < *uet- only under the assumption that Balto-Slavic created a new full grade *eut- > *jout-. The unprefixed forms reflect initial *tj- resulting from reanalysis of *ot-jutiti as *o-tjutiti. See also: *otj%tn®ti

*otjtnti v. E W

Ru. onút’sja ‘wake, regain consciousness’, 1sg. onús’, 3sg. onëtsja Cz. octnouti se ‘find oneself, come to be’; Slk. ocitnouŸ sa ‘find oneself ’; Pl. ockn\ si< ‘awake’

BSl. B

*jutLith. jùsti ‘feel’, 3pres. juñta, 3pret. jùto; Latv. just ‘feel, notice’

*ot(&)

382

Perfective verb with zero grade of the root. If the connection with Skt. vat- is to be upheld, the *j- must have been adopted from the full grade (see ' *otjutiti). *ot() prep. ‘from’ CS E W S

OCS ot" Ru. ot(o) Cz. od(e) ; Slk. od(o) ; Pl. od(e) SCr. od(a) ; Sln. òd; Bulg. ot

BSl. B

*ot Lith. at- pref. ‘back, away’; Latv. at- pref. ‘back, away’ OPr. at-; et- pref. ‘back, away’

PIE Cogn.

*h&eti Skt. áti prep. ‘beyond, over’; Gk. Æ« adv. ‘yet, still, besides’; Lat. et conj. ‘and’; Go. id- ‘again’

Beekes (1990: 264) reconstructs *h&oti alongside *h&eti, but the e-grade is predominant. Perhaps the first element of Go. aþþan ‘but, however’ may be compared directly with the Balto-Slavic forms. *ot()l k m. o ‘remainder’ CS

OCS ot"lYk" (Ps. Sin.) Asg. ‘remainder, rest’; od"lYk" (Ps. Sin.) Asg. ‘remainder, rest’

BSl. B

*otloiko(s ) Lith. ãtlaikas ‘remainder, remnant’

Prefixed noun of which the second element continues the o-grade of PIE *leik‘leave’, cf. Skt. riÁákti ‘leave’; Gk. •Œ[ ‘to let, to leave’. See also: *lixo; *lix&; *lišiti

*otrok m. o ‘child, servant’ CS E W S

OCS otrok" ‘child, son, boy, servant’ Ru. ótrok ‘boy, lad, adolescent’, Gsg. ótroka Cz. otrok ‘serf ’; Slk. otrok ‘serf ’; OPl. otrok ‘hired labourer, adolescent, lad’ ak. otr«k (Orb.) ‘child, boy’, Gsg. otrok;; Sln. otròk ‘child, boy’, Gsg. otróka; Bulg. otrók ‘serf, (obs.) child’

Noun consisting of the prefix *ot- and an o-stem *rok" from *rekti ‘speak’ (as in OCS prorok" ‘prophet’), cf. Lat. nfns. See also: *r#ìti; *rekti; *r¬%; *rok&

*ot()verti v. ‘open’ W S

Cz. otev•íti ‘open’, 1sg. otev•u, 1sg. otevru Sln. odvr—6ti ‘remove an obstruction, open’, 1sg. odvrèm

*ot%c% BSl. B

383

*atwer‹Lith. atvérti ‘open’; Latv. atv rt ‘open’ OPr. etwerreis imper. ‘open!’

The root-final laryngeal seems to be a Balto-Slavic enlargement (cf. Derksen 1996: 8182). Synonymous prefixed verbs of the same root are Skt. apavr¥Áoti ‘open’, Lat. aperre ‘open’. See also: *obora; *ot(&)vorìti; *proverti; *zaverti

*ot()verzti v. ‘open’ CS E

OCS otvrYsti ‘open, reveal’, 1sg. otvr"z0 (the prefix less frequently has the shape ot"-) Ru. otvérzt’ (poet.) ‘open’, 1sg. otvérzu, 3sg. otvérzet

BSl. B

*ver]Lith. veržti ‘string, tighten, squeeze’

PIE Cogn.

*h&oti-uer OHG wurgen ‘strangle’

See also: *povorz&; *pavorz&; *verslo

*ot()v tjati v. ‘answer’ CS E

OCS ot"vYštati, 1sg. ot"vYštaj0 Ru. otveát’, 1sg. otveáju

See ' *vYtjati. *ot()vorìti v. (b) ‘open’ CS E W S

OCS otvoriti Ru. otvorít’, 1sg. otvorjú, 2sg. otvórit Cz. otev•íti; Slk. otvoriŸ; Pl. otworzyc SCr. otvòriti, 1sg. òtvorm; ak. otvor›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. otv«rš; Sln. otvoríti, 1sg. otvorím; Bulg. otvórja

See ' *ot"verti. *otc m. jo (b) ‘father’ CS E W S

OCS ot!c! Ru. otéc, Gsg. otcá Cz. otec; Slk. otec; Pl. ojciec SCr. òtac, Gsg. òca; ak. ot;c (Vrg.), Gsg. «ca; ot;c (Novi, Orb.), Gsg. oc;, Npl. oc›; Sln. óe, Gsg. o<6ta

The root *ot- may be compared to Gk. ] , Lat. atta, Go. atta (all ‘father’), etc., and must be considered a nursery word.

*ov&

384 *ov prn. ‘this, that’ CS W S

OCS ov" ‘someone, someone else, other’ ((ov"...ov" ‘the one...the other’) OCz. ov ‘that’, f. ova, n. ovo; Pl. ów ‘that’, f. owa, n. owo SCr. òvj ‘that’, f. òv, n. òv; ak. ov (Vrg.) ‘that’, ov” f., n. ov|; Sln. 06v ‘this, that’; Bulg. óvi ‘that’

PIE Cogn.

*h'eu-oAv. ava- ‘that’

*ovcà f. j# (b/c) ‘sheep’ CS E W S

OCS ov!ca Ru. ovcá, Asg. ovcú {1} Cz. ovce; Slk. ovca; Pl. owca SCr. óvca, Asg. óvcu, Npl. |vce; ak. |vca (Vrg.), Asg. |vcu; ofc; (Novi), Asg. «fcu; Sln. óvca; Bulg. ovcá

BSl. B

*owis Lith. avìs f.(i) 4; Latv. avs f.(i)

PIE Cogn.

*heu-iSkt. ávi- m./f. ‘sheep, ram’; Gk. @« m./f. ‘sheep’; Lat. ovis f. ‘sheep’

Derivative in *-!ca < *-i-keh'. {1} In Old Russian we find indications for AP’s (b) en (c) (Zaliznjak 1985: 135). According to Illi-Svity (1963: 85), ovcá has mobile accentuation in 18th and 19th century poetry as well as in dialects. See also: *ov%n&

*ovn m. o (b) ‘ram’ CS E W S

OCS ov!n" (Ps. Sin., Euch.) Ru. ovén ‘Aries, (obs.) ram’, Gsg. ovná; ORu. ov!n" OCz. oven; OPl. owien (Ps. Flor.) SCr. òvan, Gsg. óvna; óvan, Gsg. óvna; Sln. óvŠn, Gsg. óvna; Bulg. ovén ‘wether’

BSl. B

*owinos Lith. ãvinas; Latv. àuns OPr. awins (EV)

The word for ‘ram’ is another derivative of *heu-i- (' *ov!a). *ovs m. o (b) ‘oats’ E W S

Ru. ovës, Gsg. ovsá; ORu. ov!s" Cz. oves; Slk. ovos; Pl. owies SCr. òvas, Gsg. óvsa; ak. ov;s (Orb.), Gsg. ofs;; Sln. óvŠs, Gsg. óvsa; óvŠs, Gsg. ovsà; Bulg. ovés

BSl.

*awi]-; awiZ-

*®¯g&l& B

Lith. avižà f. 3¾; Latv. àuzas Npl. f. OPr. wyse

PIE Cogn.

*h'eu-i(s)-eh' Lat. avna f.

385

The Balto-Slavic and Latin forms can be derived from *h'eu-i- (cf. Schrijver 1991: 46-47), except for the fact that Slavic has a voiceless sibilant. A substratum origin cannot be excluded. *ozòrd m. o (a) ‘device for drying hay or grain’ E

Ru. ozoród ‘device for drying hay or grain, hay-stack’; Bel. azjaród ‘device for drying sheafs’

See ' *zòrd". * *dìti v. (c) ‘smoke’ W S

Cz. uditi; Pl. w
PIE Cogn.

*(s)uondOHG swintan ‘fade, pine away, wither’; OE swindan ‘subside, fade’

See also: *sv‚dn®ti; *uv‚dati; *v‚dn®ti

*gl m. i (a) ‘coal’ CS E W S

OCS 0gl! (Ps. Sin., Supr.) m.(i) Ru. úgol’ m.( jo), Gsg. úglja, Gsg. ugljá Cz. uhel m.( jo); Slk. uho¯ m.( jo); Pl. w
BSl. B

*on‹glis Lith. anglìs f.(i) 4; ánglis m.(io) 1; añglis m.(io) 2; Latv. ùogle f.(!)

PIE Cogn.

*h&ong-lSkt. á gra- (RV+) m. ‘coal’ (with a suffix *- l-)

Probably a hysterodynamic l-stem. See also: *ògœ%; *v g&œ%; *v g&œa

*gl m. o (c) ‘corner’ CS E W

OCS 0g"l" Ru. úgol, Gsg. uglá Cz. úhel; Slk. uhol; Pl. w
*®gor%

386 S

SCr. µgal (dial.); Sln. 04gŠ, Gsg. 04gla; v04gŠ, Gsg. v04gla; Bulg. ¹g‘l

PIE Cogn.

*h'engLat. angulus m. ‘corner, angle’; OIc. ekkja f. ‘ankle, heel’; Arm. ankiwn ‘corner’

Derivative in *-"l! of *0g- < *h'eng-. *gor m. jo ‘eel’ E W S

Ru. úgor’ ‘eel, blackhead’, Gsg. ugrjá Cz. úho• ‘eel’; Slk. úhor m.(o) ‘eel’; uhor m.(o) ‘pork tapeworm, blackhead’, Gsg. uhra; Pl. w
BSl. B

*angurioLith. ungurs m.(io) ‘eel’ (with E. Lith. un- < *an-) OPr. angurgis m.(io) ‘eel’

PIE Cogn.

*h'eng-ur-ioLat. anguilla f. ‘eel’; Fi. ankerias ‘eel’

See also: *®Ëž%

*kot f. i CS E

SerbCS 0kot! ‘hook’ ORu. ukot! ‘claw, anchor’

BSl. B

*h'onkLith. ánka (K, WP) f. 1 ‘snare, noose’

Cogn.

Skt. a ká- (RV+) m. ‘hook, clamp’; Gk. @€ m. ‘hook’; Lat. uncus ‘hook m.

The root of this derivative is *h'onk-, cf. Lat. ancus (Paul. ex Fest.) m. ‘with crooked arms’ < *h'enk-. For the meaning of the root, cf. Skt. añc- ‘bend’. *s m. o (b) ‘moustache’ CS E W S

RuCS 0s" ‘moustache, beard’ Ru. us ‘hair of a moustache, whisker’, Npl. usý ‘moustache’ Cz. vous ‘beard hair’, Npl. vousy ‘beard’; Pl. ws ‘moustache’, Npl. wsy ‘moustache’ Sln. v04s ‘moustache’, Npl. vosi ‘id.’; v06se Npl. f.(#) ‘moustache’

BSl. B

*wónsum Lith. uõstai (Žem.) Npl. m.(o) 2 ‘moustache’ OPr. wanso ‘first beard’

PIE Cogn.

*uond-s-om OHG wintbrwa f. ‘eye-lash’; MIr. find m. ‘hair’

*®ziti

387

*trò n. o (b) ‘inside, coe’ E

Ru. nutró ‘inside, coe’; Bel. nutró ‘inside, coe’; Ukr. nutró ‘inside, coe’

PIE Cogn.

*h&on-tr-ó-m ntrá- (RV, AV+) n. ‘intestine’ (with unexplained ); Gk. Æ  Npl. n. ‘entrails’

The initial n- originates from v"n- ‘in’ as a result of reanalysis, cf. ' *0tr!. *tròba f. # (a) ‘entrails’ CS E W S

OCS 0troba ‘entrails’ Ru. utróba ‘womb, (coll.) belly’ Cz. útroba ‘entrails’; Slk. útroba ‘entrails, womb’; Pl. wtroba ‘entrails’ SCr. µtroba ‘intestines, womb’; ak. utr«ba (Vrg.) ‘intestines’; utr«ba (Orb.) ‘intestines’; Sln. otróba ‘entrails, womb’; v06troba (Meg., Dalm.) ‘entrails’

PIE Cogn.

*h&on-troSkt. ntrá- (RV, AV+) n. ‘intestine’; Gk. Æ  Npl. n. ‘entrails’

Slavic has a suffix *-ba, cf. OCS z"loba ‘badness’. See also: *j‚ƒdrò; *j‚ƒtrò; *Ótrà; ®tr%

*tr adv. ‘inside, within’ CS E W S

OCS 0tr! (Supr.); v"n0tr! Ru. vnutr’ adv./prep.; vnutrí adv./prep.; ORu. utr! Cz. vnit•; uvnit•; OCz. vŽut•; Slk. vnútri; Pl. wewntrz SCr. unútar; unútra; Sln. n04tŠr ‘in, inside’; n04tri ‘inside’

Adverb based on *h&on-tr-, cf. ' *}trò. *ty f.  ‘duck’ CS E S

CS 0ty f.() Ru. útka f.(#); utvá (dial.) f.(#); ORu. uty?? f.(), Gsg. ut"ve; utov! f.(); Bel. u\ f.(i) SCr. µtva f.(#); Sln. 04tva f.(#)

BSl. B

*an‹tLith. ántis f.(i) 1 OPr. antis (EV)

PIE Cogn.

*h'enh'-tSkt. tí- f. ‘aquatic bird’; Lat. anas f. ‘duck’; OHG anut f. ‘duck’

*ziti v. ‘constrain’ CS E S

RuCS 0ziti ‘constrain, torture’ (cf. OCS 0zilište n. ‘prison’) Ru. úzit’ ‘make narrow, straiten’, 1sg. úžu, 3sg. úzit; ORu. uziti ‘constrain, torture’ SCr. úziti ‘make narrow, straiten’, 1sg. zm

*®¸zl&

388 PIE

*h'om-eie-

For the root, see ' *0z"k". *zl m. o (a) ‘knot’ CS E W S

SerbCS 0zl"; v0zl" Ru. úzel, Gsg. uzlá Cz. uzel; Slk. uzol; Pl. w
BSl. B

*on‹]-()lLith. 6žuolas 1/3 ‘oak’; Latv. uôzuõls ‘oak’ OPr. ansonis ‘oak’

In his list of laryngealized roots in Slavic, Kortlandt (1975a: 63) groups the abovementioned Slavic and Baltic together, which since a publication by Zubatý is not uncommon. This etymology is sometimes integrated with the hypothesis that *0Qzl" is cognate with ' *v
OCS 0z"k" Ru. úzkij; úzok, f. uzká, n. úzko Cz. úzký; Slk. úzky; Pl. wzki SCr. µzak, f. µska, f. usk;; ak. µsak, f. usk;, n. µsko; Sln. 06zŠk, f. 06zka

BSl. B

*an]-(u)Lith. añkštas

PIE Cogn.

*h'em-uSkt. a>hú-; Lat. angustus; Go. aggwus

See also: *®ziti; *v‚zati; *uv‚sti

*ž m. jo (b) ‘snake’ E W S

Ru. už ‘snake’, Gsg. užá; ORu. už! ‘snake’ Cz. užovka f. ‘adder’; Slk. užovka f. ‘adder’; Pl. w­ ‘snake’, Gsg. w<­a; USrb. wuž ‘grass snake’; LSrb. wuž ‘snake, (dial.) maggot’ ak. ½õš (Orb.) ‘kind of black snake’, Gsg. ½ož;; Sln. 06ž ‘grass snake’; v04ž ‘snake’

BSl. B

*angi(o)s Lith. angìs f.(i) 4 ‘snake’; Latv. uôdze f.(!) ‘adder’

PIE Cogn.

*h'eng-iLat. anguis m. ‘snake’; OHG unc m. ‘snake’; MIr. escung m. ‘eel’

See also: *®g&r%

*paxn®ti

389

*P *pàdati v. (a) ‘fall’ CS E W S

OCS padati, 1sg. padaj0 Ru. pádat’, 1sg. pádaju, 3sg. pádaet Cz. padati; Slk. padaŸ; Pl. pada\ SCr. p;dati, 1sg. p;dm; ak. p;dati, 2sg. p;d”š; p;dat (Orb.), 1sg. p;dan; Sln. pádati, 1sg. pdam; Bulg. pádam

Derivative in *-ati. The root is PIE *pod- (' pasti II). We are therefore dealing with another example of Winter’s law. *padorga f. # ‘bad weather’ E

ORu. padoroga ‘bad weather’

BSl. B

*dor‹ga‹ Lith. dargà 4 ‘bad, rainy weather, (dial.) retting’; dárgana 1 ‘bad, rainy weather’

See also: *s®Ëdorga

*paxati I v. ‘sweep’ CS E S

OCS paxati ‘wave, agitate’ Ru. paxát’ (dial.) ‘sweep, sweep the chimney’, 1sg. pašú SCr. p;hati ‘sweep off dust, blow off ’, 1sg. p;hm; páhati ‘blow off, dust’, 1sg. pšm; Sln. páhati ‘dust, brush off ’, 1sg. pham

Etymology unknown. According to Vasmer (s.v. paxát’) probably of onomatopoetic origin. See also: *paxn®ti

*pxàti II v. (b) E W

Ru. paxát’ ‘plough, till’, 1sg. pašú, 3sg. pášet Cz. páchati ‘do, make, (dial.) herd cattle’; Slk. páchaŸ ‘accomplish, perform’; Pl. pacha\ ‘dig, cause harm’

Etymology unclear. The meaning ‘herd cattle’ is reminiscent of ' *pasti, but the tonal properties of the root do not match. *paxnti v. ‘smell (of )’ E W

Ru. paxnút’ ‘puff, blow’, 3sg. paxnët; páxnut’ ‘smell (of )’ Cz. páchnouti ‘be fragrant’; Slk. páchnuŸ ‘smell (of )’; Pl. pachn\ ‘smell (of )’

See *paxati I.

*palica

390 *palica f. j# ‘stick, staff ’ CS E W S

OCS palica (Ps. Sin., Supr.) ‘staff ’ Ru. pálica ‘club, cudgel’ Cz. palice ‘baton’; Slk. palica ‘club’; Pl. palica (dial.) ‘club’ SCr. p;lica ‘stick, staff ’; ak. p;lica (Vrg.) ‘flat stick for beating laundry’; p;lica (Orb.) ‘stick for beating laundry’; Sln. pálica ‘stick, staff ’

The obvious connection with forms containing a root *pol- (e.g. ' *polìca) forces us to reconstruct a lengthened grade *pl- for *palica. This is not in agreement with the accentual evidence, however. The etymology of the root is unclear. See also: *pal&ka; *pol˜no; *polìca; *pol&

*plìti v. (b) ‘burn, singe’ CS E W S

OCS paliti, 1sg. palj0 Ru. palít’’, 1sg. paljú, 3sg. palít {1} Cz. páliti; Slk. páliŸ; Pl. pali\ SCr. páliti, 1sg. plm; ak. p”l›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. p’lš; Sln. páliti, 1sg. pálim; Bulg. pálja

Since this causative verb belongs to (b), we must reconstruct the root as *plh&-. LIV has *pl- in view of Ru. pólomja ‘flame’, but I prefer to reconstruct ' *pòlmy (a) (see also Dybo 1981: 74). There is also East Baltic evidence (see ' *ppel", *p«pel"). {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 137). *palka f. # ‘stick, staff ’ E W S

Ru. pálka ‘stick, staff ’ Cz. pálka ‘stick, club’; Pl. paka ‘stick, club’ Bulg. pálka ‘stick, club’

See ' *palica. *palc m. jo ‘finger’ CS E W S

CS pal!c! ‘finger’ Ru. pálec ‘finger’, Gsg. pál’ca; ORu. pal!c! ‘finger’ Cz. palec ‘thumb’; Slk. palec ‘thumb’; Pl. palec ‘finger’ SCr. p;lac ‘thumb, big toe’, Gsg. plca; ak. p;lac (Vrg.) ‘thumb, big toe’, Gsg. p’lca; plac (Hvar) ‘thumb, big toe’, Gsg. p|lca; p;lac (Orb.) ‘thumb, big toe, spoke (of a wheel)’; Sln. pŠc ‘thumb’, Gsg. pca; Bulg. pálec ‘thumb’

This derivative is strongly reminiscent of Lat. pollex m. ‘thumb, big toe’, but the details remain unclear. *pàmt f. i (a) ‘memory, remembrance’ CS E

OCS pam
*pariti W S

391

Cz. pamYŸ ‘memory, remembrance’; Slk. pamäŸ ‘memory, remembrance’; Pl. pami<\ ‘memory, remembrance’ SCr. p;mt ‘mind’; ak. p;mt (Vrg.) ‘mind’; p;met ‘mind’; Sln. pámet ‘memory, mind’; Bulg. pámet ‘memory’

BSl. B

*mintis Lith. mintìs m.(i) ‘thought’

PIE Cogn.

*mn-tiSkt. matí- f. ‘mind, thought’

For the prefix, see ' *po, *pa. See also: *m%n˜ti

*pàk m. o (a) ‘spider’ CS E W S

CS pa0k" Cf. OCS pa0ina, pauina (Ps. Sin.), paj0ina (Supr.) ‘spider, spider’s web’. Ru. paúk, Gsg. pauká; pavók (dial.); Ukr. pavúk, Gsg. pavuká Cz. pavouk; Slk. pavúk; Pl. pajk SCr. p;k, Gsg. p;ka; ak. p;k (Vrg.), Gsg. p;ka; p;uk (Orb.), Asg. p;uka; Sln. pjŠk, Gsg. pjka; pjok; pvok; pvuk

Compound of ' *pa and *0k- (' *0kot!). The spider was apparently named after the shape of its legs. *pàra f. # (a) ‘steam’ CS E W S

CS para f. ‘steam’ Ru. par m. ‘steam’; Ukr. pára f. ‘steamy field, evaporation’ Cz. pára f. ‘steam’; Slk. para f. ‘steam’; Pl. para f. ‘steam’ SCr. p;ra f. ‘steam’; ak. p;ra (Vrg., Orb.) f. ‘steam’; Sln. pra f. ‘steam, vapour, soul (of an animal)’; Bulg. pára f. ‘steam’

If there is a connection with Gk. Œ‰« ‘kindle, burn, blow’, which continues a root *preh&-, we must assume Schwebeablaut. Furthermore, the acute must have been adopted from forms where the laryngeal was preserved. It might be better to seek a connection with ' *pariti, even though this root is generally considered to have no laryngeal. As in other cases, (Balto-)Slavic may have a secondary *H. *pariti v. CS E

OCS par<št< (Supr.) Apl. f. ptc. pres. act. ‘which flew’ Ru. parít’ ‘soar, swoop, hover’, 1sg. parjú, 3sg. parít

PIE Cogn.

*prHSkt. prayáti ‘lead’; OE frian ‘lead’

For a discussion of the root, see the previous lemma. See also: *però; *p%rati I

*pasti I

392 *pasti I v. (c) ‘pasture, herd’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

OCS pasti ‘pasture, herd, feed’, 1sg. pas0 Ru. pastí ‘pasture, shepherd’, 1sg. pasú, 3sg. pasët Cz. pásti ‘pasture, look after, watch’, 1sg. pasu; Slk. pásŸ ‘pasture’, 1sg. pasiem; Pl. paZ\ ‘pasture, feed’, 1sg. pas< SCr. p;sti ‘pasture, look after’, 1sg. pásm; ak. p;sti (Vrg.) ‘pasture, look after’, 2sg. p”sš; p;st (Hvar) ‘pasture, look after’, 1sg. psn; p;s ‘graze’, 3sg. ps; Sln. pásti ‘pasture, look after’, 1sg. pásem; Bulg. pasá ‘pasture, graze’ *peh'sLat. psc ‘pasture’; Hitt. pahs- ‘protect’

*pàsti II v. ‘fall’ CS E W S

OCS pasti (s<), 1sg. pad0 (s<) Ru. past’, 1sg. padú, 3sg. padët OCz. pásti, 1sg. padu; Pl. paZ\, 1sg. padn< SCr. p;sti, 1sg. p;dnm; ak. p;sti (Vrg.), 2sg. p;deš; p;s (Orb.), 1sg. pden; Sln. pásti, 1sg. pádem

PIE Cogn.

*podSkt. pádyate ‘go, fall’; OE gefetan ‘fall’

See also: *pàdati II

*pazduxa f. # ‘bosom, armpit’ CS E W S

OCS pazuxa (Euch.) f. ‘bosom, armpit’ Ru. pázuxa f. ‘bosom’ Cz. pazucha (dial.) f. ‘armpit’; OCz. pazucha f. ‘armpit’; Slk. pazucha f. ‘armpit’; Pl. pazucha f. ‘bosom’ SCr. p;zuho n. ‘armpit’; ak. pãzuha; pãzoka (Orlec) f. ‘armpit’; Sln. pzduha f. ‘armpit’; pzdiha f. ‘armpit’; pziha f. ‘armpit’; pzha f. ‘armpit’

B

Latv. paduse f.(!) ‘armpit, bosom (of a dress)’

PIE Cogn.

*ps-dous-eh' Skt. dóš- n. ‘arm, forearm’

The prefix *paz is a long variant of the prefix found in ' *pozdn", cf. Lith. pas. See also ' *pazneg"t!. *paziti v. ‘heed’ S

SCr. p;ziti ‘love, pay attention’, 1sg. p;zm; Sln. páziti ‘heed, pay attention’, 1sg. pzim; Bulg. pázja ‘guard, keep’

PIE Cogn.

*(s)poOIc. spakr adj. ‘clever, quiet, soft’

*pÀkt%

393

*paznegt; *paznogt m. i / m. jo ‘hoof ’ CS E W S

OCS pazneg"ti (Ps. Sin.) Apl. m.(i) ‘hoofs’; CS paznog"t! (Pog.) m.(i) ‘hoof ’; paznok"t! (Bon.) m.(i) ‘hoof ’; paznox"t! (Par.) m.(i) ‘hoof ’ Ru. paznógt’ (Sib.) m.( jo) ‘phalanx’; Ukr. páhnist’ m.( jo) ‘hoof ’ Cz. pazneht m.(o) ‘hoof ’; Pl. paznokie\ m.( jo) ‘nail’ Sln. pážnohŠt m.(o) ‘claw’, Gsg. pážnohta

PIE

*ps-hnog-ut-io-

For the prefix, see ' *pazduxa. The second element is ' *nog"t!. *pažit f. i ‘pasture, meadow’ CS E W

OCS pažit! f.(i) ‘pasture, meadow’ Ru. pážit’ (obs., poet.) f.(i) ‘pasture’ Cz. pažit m.(o) ‘meadow’; Slk. pažiŸ m.( jo) ‘meadow’

The root of this prefixed ti-derivative is *g(e)hi- ‘live’ (' *žìti). *pektì v. (c) ‘bake’ CS E W S

OCS pešti (Mar., Ass.) ‘bake’, 1sg. pek0; pešti s< ‘care for, worry, mourn’, 1sg. pek0 s< Ru. pe’ ‘bake’, 1sg. pekú, 3sg. peët Cz. péci ‘bake’, 1sg. peku; Slk. piecŸ ‘bake’, 1sg. peiem; Pl. piec ‘bake’, 1sg. piek< SCr. pè\i ‘bake’, 1sg. pèm; ak. p\i (Vrg.) ‘bake’, 2sg. peš; p\ (Orb.) ‘bake’, 1sg. pen; Sln. péi ‘bake, fry’, 1sg. péem; Bulg. peká ‘bake, fry’, 2sg. peéš

BSl. B

*pekLith. kèpti ‘bake, fry’ ((with metathesis)

PIE Cogn.

*pekSkt. pácati ‘cook, bake, fry’; Gk. ª[ ‘bake, cook, ripen’

See also: *pÀkt%; *p¥t&

*p kt f. i (c) ‘oven’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

OCS pešt! ‘oven, cave’ Ru. pe’ ‘stove, oven’ Cz. pec ‘oven’; Slk. pec ‘oven’; Pl. piec m.( jo) ‘oven’; USrb. pYc ‘oven’, Gsg. pjecy SCr. p=\ ‘oven’, Gsg. pci; ak. p=\ (Vrg., Hvar) ‘oven’, Gsg. pci; Sln. p<4 ‘oven, rock’, Gsg. pe; Bulg. pešt ‘oven’ *pek-tiSkt. paktí- ‘cooking, cooked food’

Derivative of ' *pektì.

*pelenà; *pelna

394

*pelenà; *pelna f. # ‘band, bandage’ CS E W S

OCS pelena (Cloz., Supr.) ‘band for swathing children’ Ru. pelená ‘shroud, (dial.) nappy’ Cz. plena ‘headscarf, bandage’ SCr. pelèna ‘bandage, shroud’; ak. pln; (Vrg.) ‘band for swathing children’; pln; (Vrg.) ‘band for swathing children’; pl£=n (Orb.) f.(i) ‘diaper’; Sln. pl—6na ‘bandage’; Bulg. pelená ‘bandage’

BSl. B

pel-(e)nLith. plFn f.(!) 4 ‘membrane’

PIE Cogn.

*pel-en-eh' Gk. ••¶ adj. ‘sewing skins together’; Lat. pellis f. ‘skin’; OIc. fjall n. ‘skin’

See also: *pl˜na; *pl˜va; *polt%nò

*peles adj. o CS E S

CS peles" ‘grey, greyish black’ Ru. pelësyj ‘spotted (of animals)’ Sln. pel<6sast ‘spotted’

B

Lith. pálšas ‘light grey’; Latv. pass ‘faded’

Cogn.

OIc. f0lr ‘faded’

Besides the different full grades of the root, Slavic and Baltic diverge regarding the ablaut of the suffix. See also: *pl˜sn%

*p ln m. o (c) ‘loot, spoils, captivity’ CS E W S

OCS plYn" ‘captivity, loot’ Ru. polón (arch.) ‘captivity’, Gsg. polóna; ORu. polon" ‘loot’; Bel. palón (arch.) ‘captivity’, Gsg. palónu; Ukr. polón ‘captivity’, Gsg. polónu Cz. plen ‘loot, spoils’; Slk. plen ‘gain’; Pl. plon ‘harvest’ SCr. pl›jen ‘gain’; Sln. pl¤n ‘loot’

BSl. B

*pelnos Lith. penas m. 4 ‘gain, profit’; Latv. pè#_a f.( j#) ‘gain, profit’

Cogn.

OIc. falr adj. ‘for sale’

The accentuation of the verb polonít’ (arch.) ‘to take captive’, 3sg. polonít, may be considered evidence for original mobility (cf. Illi-Svity 1963: §43). *pèlti v. (a) ‘weed’ CS E W

OCS plYvoma (Supr.) Nsg. f. ptc. pres. pass. ‘being weeded, eradicated’ Ru. polót’, 1sg. poljú, 3sg. pólet Cz. plíti, 1sg. pleji; Slk. pleŸ, 1sg. plejem; Pl. ple\, 1sg. piel<

*per S

395

SCr. pljti, 1sg. plijèvm; ak. pl£evt (Vrg.), 1sg. pl£ vin; Sln. pl—6ti, 1sg. pl—6vem, 1sg. pl—6jem

It seems to me that there is a slight possibility that this verb is cognate with LIV’s root *pelh&- ‘in Schwung bringen’ (469), cf. Gk. ¶••[ ‘sway, swing’. More plausible is perhaps the connection with the next lemma. *pèlva f. # (a) ‘chaff ’ CS E W S

OCS plYvy Npl. ‘chaff ’ Ru. polóva ‘chaff ’ Cz. pleva ‘chaff ’; plíva (S. dial.) ‘chaff ’; OCz. pléva ‘chaff ’; Slk. pleva ‘awn, chaff ’; Pl. plewa ‘awn, (pl.) chaff ’; USrb. pluwa ‘(pl.) chaff ’ SCr. pljva ‘chaff ’; ak. pl›va (Vrg.) ‘chaff ’; plva (Orb.) ‘chaff ’; Sln. pl—6va ‘awn, chaff ’; Bulg. pljáva ‘chaff ’

BSl. B

*pel‹us; *pel‹ua‹ Lith. p ls Npl. f.(u) ‘chaff ’; Latv. pelus Npl. f.(u) ‘chaff ’ OPr. pelwo ‘chaff ’

PIE Cogn.

*pelH-uSkt. palva- (AV) m. ‘chaff, husks’

*ppel; *ppel m. o (c) ‘ashes’ E W S

Ru. pépel ‘ashes’, Gsg. pépla Cz. popel ‘ashes’; Slk. popel ‘ashes’; Pl. popió ‘ashes’ SCr. ppeo ‘ashes’; ak. p«pel (Orb.) ‘ashes’; Sln. pep<4 ‘ashes’, Gsg. pep<4la; pop<4 ‘ashes’; Bulg. pépel ‘ashes, dust’

B

Lith. pelena§ Npl. m.(o) ‘ashes’; plAnis f.(i) ‘speck, fine ashes’; Latv. pl ne f.(!) ‘white ashes on coals’ OPr. pelanne ‘ashes’

PIE

*pepelh&-o-

See also: *paliti; *pol˜ti; *polmy.

*per pref. ‘over, through, very, exceedingly’ CS E W S

OCS prYRu. pere- (pére-) Cz. prY-; Pl. przeSln. pre-

BSl. B

*per Lith. per prep. ‘through’; pér- pref. ‘through, over’

PIE Cogn.

*per Skt. pári (RV+) adv. ‘around, about’; Gk. Œ prep. ‘around, about’; «€ ••½ adj. ‘very beautiful’; Lat. per pref. ‘through’; per-magnus adj. ‘very big’

*perd&

396 See also: *perd&; *perk&

*perd prep. ‘before, in front of ’ CS E W S

OCS prYd" Ru. péred(o) Cz. p•ed(e) ; Pl. przed(e) Sln. pr¤d; Bulg. pred

This preposition must reflect *per-dh&-om, cf. ' *nad". See also: *per; *perk&

*perk adj. o E W S

Ru. poperëk prep./adv. ‘across’; ORu. perek" m. ‘width, cross-beam’ Slk. priek m. ‘obstinacy, resistance’; Pl. przeko adv. ‘across’ SCr. pr›jek prep./adv. ‘steep’; Sln. pr¤k ‘rough, wild’, f. pr—6ka; pr¤k ‘cross, across’; Bulg. prjak ‘shortest, direct’; prjáko prep. ‘over, beyond’

Apparently, ' *per + *-ko-. *però n. o (b) ‘feather’ CS E W S

CS pero Ru. peró; ORu. pero Cz. pero; péro; Slk. pero; Pl. pióro; USrb. pjero; LSrb. pjero; pjoro SCr. pèro, Npl. per;; pèro (E. Hercegovina), Npl. pèra; ak. per« (Vrg.), Npl. pr”; per« (Novi), Npl. pra; Sln. perº n.(s) ‘feather, leaf ’, Gsg. per<4sa; pérJ ‘feather, leaf ’, Gsg. péra; Bulg. peró

B

Lith. sparnas m. 4 ‘wing’; Latv. sp¬rns m. ‘wing’

PIE Cogn.

*perH-oSkt. parÁá- n. ‘wing’; Gk.  n. ‘feather, wing’; OE fearn m. ‘fern’; OIr. raith m. ‘fern’

The reconstruction with a laryngeal is based on Baltic (e.g. Lith. papártis ‘fern’) and Celtic evidence (see Derksen 196: 79). See also: *pariti; *p%rati I

*perti v. (c) E W

Ru. perét’ ‘go, make one’s way, push, drag’, 1sg. pru, 3sg. prët Cz. p•íti se ‘quarrel, (obs.) be engaged in a lawsuit’, 1sg. pru se, 1sg. p•u se; p•íti (obs.) ‘deny, renounce’, 1sg. p•u, 1sg. p•ím; Pl. prze\ ‘press (on), push’, 1sg. pr<

BSl. B

*perLith. perti ‘beat, lash with a besom (in a bath)’

PIE

*per-

*p©st&

397

See also: *p%rati II; *p%r˜ti; *p%rt%; *s&por&

*p ga; *p g f. #; m. o (a) ‘freckle’ CS W S PIE Cogn.

(OCS pYgoty Npl. f. (Supr.) ‘leprosy’) Cz. piha; píha (obs.); pYha (Mor.); pija (SE dial.); OCz. pieha; Slk. peha; Pl. piegi Npl. m.; piega (obs.) SCr. pjga; Sln. p—6ga ‘spot, freckle’; Bulg. péga *poigSkt. pi galá- (AV+) adj. ‘reddish brown, reddish yellow, greenish yellow’; Lat. ping ‘paint’

See also: *p˜g&; *p˜gav&

*p g; *p gav adj. o E S

Ru. pégij ‘skewbald’ SCr. pjgav ‘spotted, freckled’; Sln. p—6gav ‘spotted, freckled’

PIE Cogn.

*poigSkt. pi galá- (AV+) adj. ‘reddish brown, reddish yellow, greenish yellow’; Lat. ping ‘paint’

See ' *pYga,*pYg". *pna f. # (a) ‘foam’ CS E W S

OCS pYny Npl. Ru. péna Cz. pYna; Slk. pena; Pl. piana; USrb. pYna SCr. pjna; spjna (Dalm.); ak. p›na (Vrg., Hvar); pna (Orb.); Sln. p—6na; Bulg. pjána

BSl. B

*(s)pó‹ina‹ Lith. spáinF f.(!) ‘foam (on waves)’ OPr. spoayno ‘foam (of fermenting beer)’

PIE Cogn.

*(s )poHi-neh' ((s )pehi-neh'?) Lat. spma f.; OE fm m.; OHG feim m.

*pst m. o (b) ‘pestle’ E W S

Ru. pest m. ‘pestle’, Gsg. pestá Cz. píst m. ‘pestle’; písta f. ‘pestle’; Slk. piest m. ‘pestle’; Pl. piasta f. ‘nave’ Sln. p—6stJ n. ‘nave, hub’

BSl. B

*póištum Lith. pi stas m. 2/4 ‘pestle’; piestà f. 2/4 ‘wooden mortar’; Latv. pìesta f. ‘wooden mortar, pestle’; piests m. ‘wooden mortar, pestle’

PIE Cogn.

*pois-to-m MLG vsel m. ‘pestle’ (with *-tlo-)

*p„s&¸k&

398 See also: *p%xati; *p%šeno

*psk m. o (b) ‘sand’ CS E W S

OCS pYs"k" Ru. pesók, Gsg. peská Cz. písek; Slk. piesok; Pl. piasek; USrb. pYsk m.; LSrb. pYsk; pjask (dial.) SCr. pijèsak, Gsg. pijèska; Sln. p—6sŠk, Gsg. p—6ska; Bulg. pjás‘k

PIE Cogn.

*p(n)s-u-koSkt. pÚsú- (AV+) m. ‘dust, sand’

*p š adj. jo ‘pedestrian, on foot’ CS E W S

OCS pYš! (Zogr., Mar., Supr.) Ru. péšij; péxij (dial.) Cz. pYší; Slk. peší; Pl. pieszy SCr. pjše (Vuk) adv. ‘on foot’; pjèšk (Vuk) adv. ‘on foot’; Sln. p¤šji; p¤ški; Bulg. peš adv. ‘on foot’; pešá adv. ‘on foot’

BSl. B

*pe‹(d )Lith. pAsias 3 ‘pedestrian’

Derivatives of PIE *ped- ‘foot’ showing the effects of Winter’s law. While the Slavic etymon seems to contain a suffix *-s%o-, Baltic requires *-t%o-. *p ti v. (c) ‘sing’ CS E W S

OCS pYti ‘sing, praise’, 1sg. poj0, 2sg. poješi Ru. pet’ ‘sing’, 1sg. pojú, 3sg. poët; pet’ (dial.) ‘sing’, 1sg. péju, 3sg. péet Cz. pYti ‘crow’, 1sg. pYji; Pl. pia\ ‘crow’, 1sg. piej< {1}; OPl. pie\ ‘sing’, 1sg. poj<; pia\ ‘sing’, 1sg. piej< SCr. pòjati ‘sing’, 1sg. pòjm; pti (Vuk: “in songs”) ‘sing’, 1sg. p=m (pojem?); Sln. p—6ti ‘sing’, 1sg. pójem; pójati ‘sing’, 1sg. pójam, 1sg. pójem; Bulg. péja ‘sing’, 2sg. péeš

PIE *poiHCogn. Toch. B pi- ‘sing, make sing’ {1} According to Bakowski (2000b: 540), pia\ ‘sing’ occurs from the 14th to the 17th c. and in 18th and 19th c. poetry.

*pd f. i (c) ‘span’ CS E W S

OCS p
BSl. B

*(s)pen‹dLith. sp<6sti ‘set a trap’

*p‚t& PIE Cogn.

399

*(s )p(e)nd— Lat. pend ‘weigh, judge’

*pst f. i (c) ‘fist’ CS E W S

SerbCS p<st! ‘fist’ Ru. pjast’ ‘metacarpus’ Cz. pYsŸ ‘fist’; Slk. päsŸ ‘fist’; Pl. pi
PIE Cogn.

*pnk-s-tiOHG fst m. ‘fist’; OE fyÈst m. ‘id.’

See also: *p‚t&; *p‚t%

*ptà f. # (c) ‘heel’ CS E W S

OCS p
BSl. B

*pen‹ta‹; *pen‹tis Lith. péntis f.(i) ‘backside of an axe, part of a scythe near the handle, (dial.) heel’; Latv. piêts f.(i) ‘backside of an axe’ OPr. pentis ‘heel’

Derivative in *-t- of the root *(s)penH- (' *p
Ru. pjat’ (obs.), 1sg. pnu Cz. pnouti, 1sg. pnu; OCz. pieti, 1sg. pnu; Slk. pnúŸ, 1sg. pnu; Pl. pi\, 1sg. pn< SCr. péti, 1sg. pnjm; Sln. p<6ti, 1sg. pnèm

BSl. B

*pin‹Lith. pìnti ‘braid’; Latv. pît ‘braid’

PIE Cogn.

*(s )pnHGk. ª  « ‘toil, work’; Arm. henum ‘weave, sow together’

See also: *p‚tà; *p®¸to

*pt num. o (b) ‘fifth’ CS E W S

OCS p
BSl.

*penktos

*p‚¯t%

400 B

Lith. peñktas OPr. pincts

PIE Cogn.

*penk-toGk. ª; Lat. quntus; OHG fimfto

See also: *p‚¯st%; *p‚t%

*pt num. i (c) ‘five’ CS E W S

OCS p
BSl. B

*penkLith. penkì; Latv. pìeci

PIE Cogn.

*penke Skt. páñca (RV+); Gk. ª ; Lat. qunque; Go. fimf

In Slavic, the uninflected PIE numeral *penke apparently acquired the suffix *-ti-. See also: *p‚¯st%; *p‚t&

*p#skàti; *p#š àti v. (b) ‘squeak, whistle’ CS E W S BSl. B

OCS piskati (Mar.) ‘pipe’, 1sg. piskaj0 Ru. pišát’ ‘squeak’ Cz. pískati ‘whistle’; píštYti ‘whistle’; Pl. piska\ ‘whistle, squeak’; piszcze\ ‘whistle, squeak’ Sln. pískati ‘whistle’, 1sg. pískam, 1sg. píšem; Bulg. pískam ‘howl, cry, squeak, whistle’ *pškLith. pyškAti ‘click, snap, crack’; Latv. p§kstêt ‘squeak’

It seems best to posit an onomatopoetic root *p- followed by the suffix *-sk-. See also: *piskor%; *piskar%; *piskal&

*piskor; *piskar; *piskal m. jo; m. jo; m. o ‘loach, gudgeon’ E W S

Ru. piskár’ ‘gudgeon’; peskár’ ‘gudgeon’; piskál (dial.) m.(o) ‘gudgeon’; peskál (dial.) m.(o) ‘gudgeon’ Cz. pisko• ‘loach’; Slk. piskor ‘loach’; Pl. piskorz m.(o) ‘loach’ SCr. p›skor m.(o) ‘muray’; Sln. pisk06r ‘lampray’, Gsg. pisk06rja; pišk06r ‘lampray’, Gsg. pišk06rja; piškúr ‘lampray’, Gsg. piskúrja; Bulg. piskál m.(o) ‘gudgeon’

PIE

*peis-sk-

For the semantic development cf. Lith. pypls ‘loach, gudgeon’ vs. ppti ‘squeak’ or Pl. sykawiec ‘loach’ vs. syka\ ‘hiss’ (Vasmer s.v. piskár’). As was to be expected, attempts

*pìti

401

have been made to link this fish-name to PIE *peisk- ‘fish’, cf. Lat. piscis. This etymology is difficult to disprove. See also: *piskati; *pišati

*pitati v. ‘feed’ CS E W S

OCS pitati ‘feed, raise’, 1sg. pitaj0 Ru. pitát’, 1sg. pitáju OCz. pitati SCr. p›tati, 1sg. p›tm; ak. p›tati (Vrg.), 2sg. p›t”š; p›tat (Orb.), 1sg. p›tan; Sln. pítati ‘fatten, feed’, 1sg. ptam

Verb derived from *pit- < *peit (' *pìtja). *pit ti v. ‘feed’ CS

OCS pitYti, 1sg. pitYj0

Verb derived from *pit- < *peit (' pìtja). *pìtja f. # (a) ‘food’ CS E W S

OCS pišta ‘food, bliss’ Ru. píša ‘food’ Cz. píce ‘fodder’; OPl. pica ‘fodder, victuals’ SCr. p›\a ‘fodder’; Sln. pía ‘food, fodder’

BSl. B

*peitLith. pi ts Npl. m.(u) ‘dinner’

The root of Skt. pitú- m. ‘nourishment’ and related forms is sometimes reconstructed as *pei- (cf. *peiH in Skt. pÌvan- ‘fat’, etc.), but *peit- seems more plausible. In view of the accentuation of *pitja, however, one may wonder whether the root *peiH may have influenced *peit-. See also: *pitati; *pit˜ti

*pìti v. ‘drink’ CS E W S

OCS piti ‘drink’, 1sg. pij0 Ru. pit’ ‘drink’, 1sg. p’ju, 3sg. p’ët Cz. píti ‘drink’; Slk. piŸ ‘drink’; Pl. pi\ ‘drink’ SCr. p›ti ‘drink’, 1sg. p›jm; ak. p›ti (Vrg.) ‘drink’, 2sg. pjs; p›t (Orb.) ‘drink’, 1sg. pjn; p›ti (Hvar) ‘ask’, 1sg. p›jen; Sln. píti ‘drink’, 1sg. píjem; Bulg. píja ‘drink’

B

OPr. puton ‘drink’

PIE Cogn.

*phiSkt. pti ‘drink’; Skt. ptá- ptc. pret. pass. ‘drunk’; Gk. ã [ ‘drink’; Gk. › [ (Aeol., Dor.) ‘drink’

See also: *p­vo

*p­vo

402 *pvo n. o (c) ‘drink, beer’ CS E W S

OCS pivo (Zogr., Mar., Euch.) ‘drink’ Ru. pívo ‘beer’ Cz. pivo ‘beer’; Slk. pivo ‘beer’; Pl. piwo ‘beer’ SCr. pvo ‘beer’; ak. pvo (Vrg.) ‘beer’; Sln. pívJ ‘drink, beer’; Bulg. pívo ‘beer’

PIE Cogn.

*phi-uo-m Gk. È  n. ‘beer’

See also: *pìti

*pjvàti v. (a) ‘spit’ CS E W S BSl. B

OCS p#!vati, 1sg. pljuj0 Ru. plevát’, 1sg. pljujú, 3sg. plujët {1} Cz. plíti, 1sg. pliji; plvati, 1sg. pliji; Slk. p¯uti, 1sg. p¯ujem; Pl. plu\, 1sg. pluj<; plwa\ (arch.), 1sg. pluj< SCr. pljùvati, 1sg. pljµjm; Sln. pljuváti, 1sg. pljúvam, 1sg. pljújem; Bulg. pljúja; pljúvam *(s )pja‹uLith. spjáuti; Latv. sp#at

PIE *(s )pieHuCogn. Lat. spuere; Go. speiwan {1} AP (a) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 133). *plàkati v. (a) ‘cry, weep’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

OCS plakati (s<) ‘cry, lament’, 1sg. pla0 (s<) Ru. plákat’ ‘cry’, 1sg. pláu Cz. plakati ‘cry’, 1sg. pláu; Slk. plakaŸ ‘cry’, 1sg. plaem; Pl. paka\ ‘cry’, 1sg. pacz< SCr. pl;kati ‘cry’, 1sg. pl;m; ak. pl;kati (Vrg.) ‘cry’, 2sg. pl;eš; pl;kati (Orb.) ‘cry’, 2sg. plen; Sln. plákati ‘cry’, 1sg. plákam, 1sg. pláem; Bulg. pláa ‘cry’ *pleh'k-/*pleh'gGk. •½[ ‘beat’; Lat. plangere ‘beat, beat the breast as a sign of mourning, bewail’; OE flcan ‘applaud’

For the semantic development, cf. Lat. plang. *plást m. o (b) ‘layer’ CS E W

RuCS plast" m. ‘layer’ Ru. plast m. ‘layer’; ORu. plast" m. ‘layer’ Cz. plást f.(i) ‘honeycomb’; Slk. plást m. ‘honeycomb’; OPl. past m. ‘honeycomb’

*plestì S

403

SCr. plst m. ‘hay-stack’; Sln. plst m. ‘layer, hay-swath’, Gsg. plast; Bulg. plast m. ‘layer’

The etymology *plth'-to-, cf. Lith. platùs ‘broad, wide’, Gk. • ‡ ‘wide, broad, flat, level’ (see ' *pletjè), seems possible, but I consider it preferable to reconstruct *plskto- (  *plosk"). *plàvati v. (a) ‘swim, sail’ CS E W S

OCS plavati (Supr.) ‘sail’, 1sg. plavaj0 Ru. plávat’ ‘swim, sail’ Cz. plavati ‘swim’; Slk. plávaŸ ‘swim’; OPl. pawa\ ‘swim, sail’ Sln. plávati ‘swim, sail’, 1sg. plvam; Bulg. plávam ‘swim, sail’

PIE Cogn.

*pleh(u)Gk. •›[ ‘float, sail’; OIc. flóa ‘flow’

It seems that Balto-Slavic offers evidence for both *plehu- and *pleu- (cf. Derksen 1996: 116-117). LIV (485, 487) distinguishes between *pleh- and *pleu-, while entertaining the possibility of a *ue-present for the former root. Balto-Slavic *plehumay be a conflation of these two roots. The existence of an acute root *pl( j)ou‹d- < *pleud-, cf. Lith. pláusti ‘wash, bathe’ (alongside pláuti), OIc. fljóta ‘flow’, may have added to the confusion. See also: *plàviti; *pluti; *pltò; *pl&t&; *pl ti

*plàviti v. (a) E W S

Ru. plávit’ ‘melt’ Cz. plaviti ‘float, bathe (horses, cattle), navigate, scour’; Slk. plaviŸ ‘float’; Pl. pawi\ ‘bathe (horses, cattle), (arch.) melt’ SCr. pl;viti ‘flood’; Sln. plavíti ‘flood, sail, melt’, 1sg. plavím; Bulg. plávja ‘rinse’

See ' *plàvati. *plesno; *plesna n. o; f. # ‘sole’ CS W S

OCS plesno (Euch., Ps. Sin., Supr.) n. ‘sole’ (cf. plesn!e n. (Euch.) ‘sandal’) OCz. plesna f. ‘sole’ Sln. plésna f. ‘sole’

BSl. B

*ples-/*plosOPr. plasmeno ‘front part of the sole’

The usual reconstruction is *pleth'-sn-, cf. ' *plást". I wonder if *plesk-n- (' *plosk") would not be a viable alternative, cf. Ru. pljusk ‘flattened spot’ : pljusná ‘metatarsus’. *plestì v. (c) ‘plait’ CS

OCS pletomi (Supr.) Npl. m. ptc. pres. pass. ‘(plots) being hatched’ {1}

*pletjè

404 E W S

Ru. plestí ‘plait’, 1sg. pletú, 3sg. pletët Cz. plésti ‘plait’, 1sg. pletu; Slk. pliesŸ ‘plait’, 1sg. pletem; Pl. pleZ\ ‘plait’, 1sg. plot< SCr. plèsti ‘plait’, 1sg. plètm; ak. plsti (Vrg.) ‘plait’, 2sg. pletš; plst (Hvar) ‘plait’; pls (Orb.) ‘plait’, 1sg. pletn; Sln. plésti ‘plait, knit’, 1sg. plétem; Bulg. pletá ‘plait, knit’

PIE *ple˜-tCogn. Lat. plectre ‘plait’; OIc. flétta ‘plait’; OHG flechtan ‘plait’ {1} In: kovi že i s!vYti z!li na n’< pletomi byvaax0. See also: *plot&

*pletjè n. jo (b) ‘shoulder’ CS E W S

OCS plešte n.( jo) ‘shoulder’ Ru. pleó n.( jo) ‘shoulder’ Cz. plec f.(i) ‘shoulder’; Slk. plece n.( jo) ‘shoulder’; Pl. plecy Npl. n.( jo) ‘back’ SCr. plè\e n.( jo) ‘shoulder (blade)’, Npl. n. plè\a, Npl. f. pl\i; ple\ (Pos.) n.( jo) ‘shoulder (blade)’, Npl. pl\; ak. ple\ (Novi) n.( jo) ‘shoulder (blade)’, Npl. pl\a; ple\« (Orb.) n.( jo) ‘shoulder (blade)’, Npl. pl£ \a; pl\” (Vrg.) Npl. n. ‘shoulders’; Sln. plée n.( jo) ‘shoulder’, Npl. pl<6a; Bulg. pléšti Npl. ‘shoulders’; pleští Npl. ‘shoulders’

Derivative of the root *plet- < *pleth'- ‘broad’ (' *plesna). See also: *plást&; *plesna

*pl na f. # ‘membrane’ E W

Ru. plená ‘membrane’ Cz. plena ‘membrane’

BSl. B

*pln(i)a‹ Lith. plFn f.(!) 4 ‘membrane’; plFv f.(!) 4 ‘membrane’ OPr. pleynis ‘cerebral membrane’

PIE

*pln-eh'

See: ' *pelenà *pl sn f. i ‘mould’ CS E W S

RuCS plYsn! Ru. plésen’ Cz. plíseŽ; Slk. pleseŽ; Pl. pleZ SCr. pl›jesan; ak. plšnja (Orb.) f.( j#); Sln. pl¤sŠn, Gsg. pl¤sni; Bulg. plésen m.(o)

B

Lith. pelsis m.(io)

Formation not entirely clear. Apparently, plYsn! : *peles" runs parallel to *plYna : *pelenà, with ablaut of both the suffix and the root.

*p³tjè

405

*plš f. i (c) ‘bald patch’ CS W S

CS plYš! Cz. pleš; Pl. plesz Sln. pl¤š m.( jo); pl—6ša f.( j#)

B

Lith. plìkas adj. ‘bald’; pléikF (E. Lith.) f. ‘bald patch’; Latv. pliks adj. ‘bare, bald’

Cogn.

Nw. flein (dial.) m. ‘bald patch’

Forms such Ru. plexán ‘bald person’ show that the root of this etymon is *plYx-. According to Kortlandt (1994: 112), Slavic *x corresponding to Baltic *k points to *˜h', cf. ' *soxà vs. Lith. šakà. We may therefore reconstruct *ploi˜h'-o-. *pl va f. # ‘membrane’ E W S

Ru. plevá ‘membrane, film’ Slnc. plìev‘ ‘iris’ Sln. pl—6va ‘eyelid’

BSl. B

*plw(i)a‹ Lith. plFv f.(!) 4 ‘membrane’

PIE Cogn.

*plu-eh' Gk. šŒ• m. ‘net around the intestines’

See also: *pelenà; *pl˜na; *polt%nò

*pusk m. o E

Ru. pljusk ‘flattened spot’

Etymology unclear. The root seems to be a variant with *u of the root of ' *plosk". See also: *p³usna

*pusna f. # E

Ru. pljusná ‘metatarsus’

BSl. B

*pl( j)ouskLith. plaksta ‘flat of the hand, palm’

See ' *p#usk". *ptjè n. jo (b) ‘lung’ CS E W S

OCS pljušta (Supr.) Npl. n. ‘lungs’ ORu. pljua Npl. n. ‘lungs’ Cz. plíce f.( j#) ‘lungs’; OCz. p¯úcY Npl. f. f.( j#) ‘lungs’; Slk. p¯úca Npl. n. ‘lungs’; Pl. puco n. ‘lung’ SCr. plú\a Npl. n. ‘lungs’; pl\a (Vuk: Dubr.) f. ‘lung’; ak. p#\; / pl\; (Vrg.) f. ‘lungs’; plú\a (Novi) Npl. n. ‘lungs’; pl\a (Orb.) Npl. n. ‘lungs’; Sln. pljúa Npl. n. ‘lungs’

*plosk&

406 BSl. B

*pl( j)outia‹ Lith. plaiai m.(io) 2 ‘lungs’; Latv. plàuši m.(io) ‘lungs’

See ' *plàviti. Apparently, we are dealing here with a t%o-derivative containing the root *pleu-. *plosk adj. o ‘flat’ CS E W S

OCS plosk" (Supr.) Ru. plóskij Cz. ploský; OPl. poski (Maz.) Sln. pl|sk, f. plóska; Bulg. plós‘k

B

Lith. plãkanas

PIE Cogn.

*plok-sk-oOHG flah

See also: *plást&

*plot m. o ‘fence’ CS E W S

OCS plot" (Ps. Sin.) ‘fence’ Ru. plot (dial.) ‘fence’; ORu. plot" ‘fence’ Cz. plot ‘fence’; Slk. plot ‘fence’; Pl. pot ‘fence’; USrb. pót ‘fence’, Gsg. pota, Gsg. potu SCr. pl|t ‘fence’, Gsg. pl«ta; Sln. plºt ‘wickerwork, fence’, Gsg. plºta, Gsg. plot

A to-derivative of the stem *plot- < *plokt- < *plo˜-t (' *plestì). *pluti v. ‘swim, sail’ CS W S

OCS plu (Supr.) 3sg. aor. ‘sailed’ Cz. plouti ‘swim, sail’, 1sg. pluju; OCz. plúti ‘swim, sail’, 1sg. plovu; Slk. pluŸ ‘swim, sail’ Sln. plúti ‘swim, sail’, 1sg. plújem, 1sg. plóvem

BSl. B

*pla‹uLith. pláuti ‘wash, bathe’

See ' *plàvati. *pltò n. o (b) ‘flotsam’ W Slnc. pl¨–tK ‰ ‘flotsam’ S SCr. plt« (Pranj) ‘flotsam’; plúto (Dubr.) ‘flotsam’ BSl. B

*plo‹utó ( ploutó?) Lith. platas 2 ‘sweating shelf, bath shelf, sideboard (of a bee-hive or a boat)’; Latv. plàuts² ‘shelf, Verschlußbrett des Klotzbienenstocks’

PIE

*plohu-tó-m ( plou-tó-m?)

*po; *pa Cogn.

407

OIc. fleyðr ‘cross-beam’; Fi. lauta ‘bath shelf, board’

See Derksen 1996 (116-117) for a discussion of the accentual properties of the Slavic and Baltic forms. See also: *plàvati; *plàviti; *pluti; *pltò; *pl ti

*plt m. o (b) ‘raft’ E W

Ru. plot ‘raft’, Gsg. plotá OCz. pleŸ f.(i) ‘raft’; Slk. plŸ f.(i) ‘raft’; Pl. pet ‘raft’

BSl. B

*plútom Latv. pluts m. ‘raft, ferry’ (possibly a borrowing from Slavic)

Here we clearly find the zero grade of the root *pleu-, i.e. without a laryngeal, cf. Skt. plávate ‘swim, float’, Gk. •ª[ ‘to sail, to swim’. See also: *plàvati; *plàviti; *pluti; *pltò; *pl ti

*plti v. (a) ‘swim, sail’ E S

Ru. plyt’ ‘swim, sail’, 1sg. plyvú, 3sg. plyvët SCr. pl›ti ‘swim, sail’, 1sg. pl›jm

BSl. B

*pl‹uLith. plti ‘flow’

According to LIV (486), Gk. •‡ [ either goes back to *plu-n-%e-, which would be a Greek innovation, or continues a se¿-root. See also: *plàvati; *plàviti; *pluti; *pltò; *pl&t&

*po; *pa prep., pref. ‘after, by, at’ CS E W S

OCS po ‘after, by, at’, pa pref. Ru. po ‘after, on, by, at, up to’, pa- pref. Cz. po ‘after, on, by, at, up to’, pa- pref.; Pl. po ‘after, on, by, at, up to’, pa- pref. SCr. po ‘for, over, through, by, after’, pa- pref.; Sln. pò ‘at, on, after, by’, papref.; Bulg. po ‘on, over, in, at, to’

BSl. B

*po(‹) Lith. pa- pref. {1}, pó- pref.

PIE Cogn.

*h'po Skt. ápa- adv. ‘away, from’; Gk. \ ‘from, away from’; Lat. ab prep. ‘from, away’; Go. af ‘from, away from, since’

The nominal prefix pa- is the equivalent of the verbal prefix po-. The prefix po- also forms perfective aspect in Russian and most other Slavic languages. The glottal stop of *po‹- was probably adopted from nouns with an initial laryngeal or a glottalized stop.

*poìti

408 *po ìti v. (a) ‘rest’ CS E S

OCS poiti, 1sg. poij0 Ru. poít’, 1sg. poíju Sln. poíti, 1sg. pojem

Prefixed verb containing the root *kih&- ‘rest’, cf. Av. šitim Asg. f. ‘happiness’, Lat. quis f. ‘rest, quiet’ *podòba f. # (a) CS

W S BSl. B

OCS podoba ‘manner, necessity, decency, appearance’ (podoba jest", na podob0 (sc. jest") ‘it is necessary, it is becoming’, na podob0 byti komu ‘be worthy’, podoba jest" ‘it seems, apparently’) Cz. podoba ‘similarity, appearance’ Sln. pod04ba ‘image, picture, appearance, likelihood’ *doba‹ Lith. dabà ‘nature, habit, character’; dabar adv. ‘now’; Latv. daba ‘manner, habit, character’

See ' *po and '*doba. *podorg m. o ‘hem, border’ CS W

OCS podrag" m. ‘hem, border’; RuCS podrag" m. ‘hem, border’ OCz. podrah m. ‘hem, border’; USrb. podroha f. ‘hem, border’

Cogn.

OHG zarga f. ‘frame, side wall’

Derivative consisting of ' *po- and a noun *dorg", cf. OHG zarga f. ‘frame, side wall’, which is probably cognate with ' *d!rgati. *pod I prep./pref. CS E W S

OCS pod" ‘under, towards (of time)’ Ru. pod(o) ‘under, near, towards (of time)’ Cz. pod(e) ‘under’; Slk. pod(e) ‘under’; Pl. pod(e) ‘under, near, towards (of time)’ SCr. pod(a) ‘under’; ak. pod(/;) (Orb.) ‘under, beneath’; Sln. pòd ‘under, towards (of time)’; Bulg. pod ‘under’

An extended form of ' *po. Perhaps essentially the same as *pod" II < *h'po-dh&-o-. *pod II m. o (b/c) ‘floor, ground’ E

W S

Ru. pod ‘hearth-stone, sole (of furnace)’, Gsg. póda; pôd (Rjaz.) ‘hearthstone, sole (of furnace)’, Gsg. pôda; ORu. pod" ‘floor, bottom’; Ukr. pid (dial.) ‘hay-stack floor’, Gsg. póda Cz. p,da f. ‘floor, bottom’ SCr. p|d ‘floor, ground’, Gsg. p«da; p«d (Vuk) ‘floor, ground’, Gsg. p«da; ak. p«d (Vrg.) ‘floor, ground’, Gsg. pod;; p«d (Novi) ‘floor, ground’, Gsg. pod;;

*pokòj%

409

Kajk. pd (Bednja) ‘floor, ground’, Gsg. pyed;; Sln. pòd ‘floor, threshing floor, Gsg. attic’, Gsg. póda; Bulg. pod ‘floor’ BSl. B

*pódum Lith. pãdas 2 ‘sole, metatarsus, floor of a stove, (E. Lith.) clay threshingfloor’; Latv. pads ‘stone floor’

Compound of ' *po and an o-stem containing the zero grade of deh&- ‘do’ (' *dYti I), cf. ' *príd". *podšva ‘sole’ E W

Ru. podóšva ‘sole, foot (of a slope)’; ORu. pod"š!va ‘sole’; Ukr. pidóšva ‘sole’ Cz. podešev f.(i) ‘sole’; podešva (Mor. dial.) ‘sole’; Slk. podošva ‘sole’; Pl. podeszwa ‘sole’

Compound of *pod" I and *š!va < *siuH-eh' (' *šìti). Cf. also ' *pod" II. *poìti v. (c) ‘give to drink’ CS E W S

PIE

OCS poil" (Supr.) Nsg. m. l-ptc. ‘gave to drink’ Ru. poít’ ‘give to drink’, 1sg. pojú, 3sg. póit Cz. pojiti (obs.) ‘give to drink’ (now usually with a prefix, e.g. napojiti ‘give to drink’, opojiti ‘intoxicate’); Pl. poi\ ‘give to drink’ SCr. pòjiti ‘give to drink’, 1sg. pòjm; ak. poj›ti (Vrg.) ‘give to drink’, 2sg. poj§š; Sln. pojíti ‘give to drink’, 1sg. pojím; Bulg. pojá ‘give to drink, water’, 1sg. pojím *pohi-ei-

*pjs m. o (c) ‘girdle’ CS E W S

OCS pojas" ‘girdle’ ((the verb is pojasati, 1sg. pojaš0 or pojasaj0) Ru. pójas ‘girdle’; ORu. pojas" ‘girdle’; pojas!nica f. ‘girdle’ Cz. pás ‘girdle’; Slk. pás ‘girdle’; Pl. pas ‘girdle’ SCr. p«js ‘girdle’; ps ‘girdle’, Gsg. psa; ak. p”s (Vrg.) ‘girdle’, Gsg. p”sa; ps (Vrg.) ‘belt, waist, Gsg. stripe’, psa; Sln. ps ‘girdle’, Gsg. psa, Gsg. pas; pojs ‘girdle’; Bulg. pójas ‘girdle’

BSl. B

*jo‹sLith. júosta f. ‘girdle’

Prefixed noun consisting of ' *po- and *jas" < *ie/ohs-o- from a PIE verbal root meaning ‘to gird’, cf. Gk. X[½ m. ‘girdle’; Gk. X[ ptc. pret. pass. ‘girdled’; Av. ystá- ptc. pret. pass. ‘girdled’. *pokòj m. jo (a) ‘rest’ CS E W

OCS pokoi ‘rest’ Ru. pokój ‘rest, (obs.) chamber’ Pl. pokój ‘peace, chamber’

*pol¨no

410 S

SCr. pòkj ‘tranquility’, Gsg. pòkoja; ak. pokõj (Vrg.) ‘tranquility’, Gsg. pok«ja; Sln. pókoj ‘rest’, Gsg. pok06ja; pokòj ‘rest’, Gsg. pok06ja; Bulg. pokój ‘rest’

Compound of ' *po and *koj! < *koih&-o, cf. OCS pokoiti ‘calm down, put at ease’. See ' *poìti for the etymology of the root. *polno n. o (a) ‘billet’ CS E W S

CS polYno Ru. poléno; ORu. polYno Cz. poleno; Slk. poleno; Pl. polano Sln. pol—6nJ

See ' *palica. *pol ti v. ‘burn’ CS S

OCS polYti (Supr.) ‘burn’, 1sg. polj0 Sln. pol—6ti ‘burn, flame’, 1sg. polím

See ' *plìti. Here the stem is *polh&-, which according to LIV (469) – but without the laryngeal – continues an old perfect stem. *polx I m. o ‘fear’ CS E W

RuCS plax" ‘fear’ Ru. perepolóx ‘alarm, commotion’; Ukr. polóx ‘fear’; pólox ‘horror’ Cz. poplach ‘alarm’; Slk. poplach ‘alarm’

Etymology unclear. The connection with Gk. ¶••[ ‘sway, swing’ from *pelh&- is a possibility, cf.  ••ª ‰ € ‘Œ‰ (Il. XXII 461) ‘with pounding heart’ (LIV: 469470). The *x of the suffix must have arisen secondarily for *s. See also: *pòlx& II; *polšiti

*pòlx II adj. o (a) ‘shy, timid’ W S

Cz. plachý ‘timid’; Slk. plachý ‘timid’; Pl. pochy ‘frivolous’ SCr. pl;h ‘quick, sharp, hot-tempered’; Sln. plh ‘shy, timid’, f. pláha; Bulg. plax ‘shy, timid’

See ' *polx" I. *polìca f. j# (a) ‘shelf ’ CS E W S

CS polica ‘shelf ’ (Supr. has one instance of polica for palica ‘staff ’) Ru. políca ‘shelf (for kitchen-ware)’; ORu. polica ‘shelf ’ Cz. police; Slk. polica; Pl. polica (arch., dial.) SCr. pòlica; ak. pol›ca; Sln. políca; Bulg. políca

See ' *palica.

*polt%nò

411

*pe n. jo (c) ‘field’ CS E W S

OCS polje Ru. póle Cz. pole; Slk. pole; Pl. pole; USrb. polo SCr. p«lje, NApl. pò#a; ak. p«#e (Novi), NApl. p«#a; p«lje, NApl. po#’; Sln. pºlje; polj=; Bulg. polé, Npl. poléta, Npl. poljá

One might reconstruct *pol-i-om, cf. OHG feld n. ‘field’. *pòlmy m. n (a) ‘flame’ CS E W S

B

OCS plamy m.(n) ‘flame, fire’, Gsg. plamene Ru. plámja n.(n) ‘flame, fire’, Gsg. plámeni (obviously a Church Slavicism); pólomja (dial.) n.(n) ‘flame, fire’ Cz. plamen m.(o) ‘flame’; Slk. plameŽ m.( jo) ‘flame’; Pl. pomie m.( jo) ‘flame’ SCr. pl;mn m.(o) ‘flame’, Gsg. pl;mena; ak. pl;men (Vrg.) m.(o) ‘flame’, Gsg. pl;mena; Sln. plámen m.(o) ‘flame’, Gsg. plam<6na; plam<4n m.(o) ‘flame’; plámŠn m.(o) ‘flame’, Gsg. plámna Lith. pelena§ Npl. m. ‘ashes’; plAnis f.(i) ‘speck, fine ashes’; Latv. pl ne f.(!) ‘white ashes on coals’ OPr. pelanne ‘ashes’

The formation *polh&-men- is a Slavic innovation. For the etymology of the root, see ' *plìti. *polsà f. # (c) ‘strip’ E W S

Ru. polosá ‘stripe, strip’, Asg. pólosu; ORu. polosa ‘strip of land’ Pl. posa ‘measure of arable land’; pósa ‘measure of arable land’ SCr. pl;sa ‘clod of earth, piece of ice, a swelling beneath the eyes’; pls; (dial.) ‘treeless land’, Asg. plsu; ak. pls; (Novi) ‘treeless land’, Asg. plsµ; Sln. plása ‘strip of land, plateau, zone’

The same root *pol- may be present in OHG falg f. ‘plowed field’, OE fealg ‘fallow’. *polšiti v. ‘scare’ CS E W S

RuCS plašiti Ru. pološít’ Cz. plašiti; Pl. poszy\ SCr. plášiti; Sln. plášiti, 1sg. plšim; Bulg. pláša

See also: *polx& I; *pòlx& II

*poltnò n. o (b) ‘linen’ CS E

OCS plat!no (Ps. Sin.); CS plat!no Ru. polotnó

*polv&

412 W S

Cz. plátno; Slk. plátno; Pl. pótno SCr. plátno; ak. pltn« ‘fabric, textile’; Sln. plátnJ; Bulg. platnó ‘fabric, linen, sail’

PIE

*pol-t-

See also: *pelenà; *pl˜na; *pl˜va

*polv adj. o CS E W S

OCS plav" (Zogr., Mar., Ass.) ‘white’ (only in John 4:35.); RuCS plav" ‘white’ Ru. polóvyj ‘pale yellow, sandy’; polovój ‘pale yellow, sandy’ Cz. plavý ‘faded, dun, light yellow’; Slk. plavý ‘faded, dun, light yellow’; Pl. powy ‘faded, straw-coloured’ SCr. plv ‘blue, blond’, f. pláva, n. plávo; Sln. plàv ‘blue, pale, blond’, f. pláva

BSl. B

*polwos Lith. pavas ‘light yellow, straw-coloured’

PIE Cogn.

*pol-uoLat. pallidus ‘pale’; OIc. f0lr ‘faded’; OHG falo ‘faded’

*pol I m. o ‘half ’ CS E W S

OCS pol" ‘sex, half ’, Gsg. polu Ru. pol ‘sex, (in compounds) half ’ Cz. p,l ‘half ’; Slk. pol ‘half ’; Pl. pó ‘half ’ SCr. p| ‘half ’; ak. p| (Vrg.) ‘half ’; Sln. pºl ‘side, half ’

*pol II m. o E

Ru. pol ‘floor’; ORu. pol" ‘foundation’; Ukr. pol ‘sleeping bench’

PIE Cogn.

*polOIc. fj0l m. ‘floar board, plank’

See also: *palica; *pal&ka; *pol˜no; *polica; *pol&

*poldza f. j# ‘use, benefit’ CS E S

OCS pol!dza ‘use, benefit’; pol!za ‘use’ Ru. pól’za ‘use, benefit’; pól’ga (Arx.) ‘use, benefit’ Bulg. pólza ‘use, benefit’

See ' *l!dza; *l!ga. *plz m. o (c) E W S

Ru. póloz ‘sledge runner, grass-snake’ Cz. plaz ‘reptile’; Slk. plaz ‘reptile’; Pl. poza f. ‘sledge runner’ SCr. plz ‘plough sole’; Sln. plz ‘plough sole’; Bulg. plaz ‘sledge runner’

*porìti I

413

On the basis of OHG felga f. ‘felly, harrow’, one might be inclined reconstruct *polfor the Slavic noun. The root seems to be acute, however (' *p!Qlzati). Consequently, we must reconstruct *polH- or give up the connection with the Germanic word. *porà f. # ‘time’ E W S

Ru. porá ‘time, season’; Ukr. porá ‘time, season, age’ Pl. pora ‘ocurrence, time’ Bulg. póra ‘age’

See ' *porìti I. *pòrg m. o (a) ‘threshold’ CS E W S

OCS prag" (Cloz., Supr.) ‘door-post’ Ru. poróg Cz. práh, Gsg. prahu; Slk. prah; Pl. próg, Gsg. progu; Slnc. pªr», Gsg. pãr»u–; USrb. próh, Gsg. proha SCr. pr;g; ak. pr;g (Vrg., Novi); pr;h (Orb.), Gsg. pr;ga; Sln. pràg, Gsg. prága; Bulg. prag

BSl. B

*por‹gos Lith. pérgas ‘(fishing) canoe’

PIE Cogn.

*porg-oOIc. forkr m. ‘bar, stick’

*prx m. o (c) ‘dust’ CS E W S

OCS prax" ‘dust’ Ru. pórox ‘gun-powder, powder’ Cz. prach ‘dust, powder’; Slk. prach ‘dust, powder’; Pl. proch ‘dust, powder’ SCr. prh ‘dust, powder’; ak. pr“h (Vrg.) ‘dust, powder’; pr|h (Hvar) ‘dust, powder’; prh (Novi, Orb.) ‘dust, powder’; Sln. prh ‘dust, powder’, Gsg. prha, Gsg. prah; Bulg. prax ‘dust, powder’

BSl. B

*poršLatv. p¬rsla f. ‘flake, particle (snow, hoarfrost, ashes)’

See ' *p!4rx". *porìti I v. E

Ru. porít’ ‘grow fat, increase, help’

PIE Cogn.

*porhGk. È ‘procure’

See also: *porà; *por&n&; *s&por&

*poriti II

414 *poriti II v. ‘unstitch’ S

SCr. pòriti ‘unstitch’, 1sg. pòrm; ak. por›ti ‘unstitch’, 2sg. por›š; Bulg. pórja ‘cut, unstitch, plough’

See ' *porti. *porn adj. o ‘healthy, strong’ E

Ru. pornój (dial.); pórnyj (dial.)

PIE

*porh-

See also: *porà; *poriti I; *s&por&

*prs n. nt (c) ‘piglet’ CS E W S

CS pras<, Gsg. pras
BSl. B

*porZLith. parš lis m.(io) 2; paršiùkas m.(o) 2 OPr. prastian

PIE Cogn.

*por˜-os Lat. porcus m. ‘pig’; OHG far(a)h n. ‘pig’; OHG fearh m. ‘pig, boar’

*porti v. (b) ‘unstitch’ CS E W S

CS prati ‘cut’, 1sg. porj0 Ru. porót’ ‘unstitch, rip’, 1sg. porjú, 3sg. póret Pl. pró\ ‘unstitch, cut’, 1sg. porz< Sln. práti ‘unstitch’, 1sg. pórjem, 1sg. p06rjem

This verb is cognate with Gk. Œ[ ‘pierce’ (PIE *per-). LIV (472) links the o-grade to a reduplicated present. See also: *poriti II

*pos titi v. ‘visit’ CS E S

OCS posYtiti ‘visit’, 1sg. posYšt0 Ru. posetít’ ‘visit’, 1sg. posešú, 3sg. posetít Bulg. posetjá ‘visit’

B

Lith. sv ias m.( jo) ‘guest’

PIE Cogn.

*sue-tGk. æ  m. ‘comrade’

The lengthened grade is unexpected.

*pozd&

415

*pt m. o (c) ‘sweat’ CS E W S

OCS pot" Ru. pot, Gsg. póta Cz. pot; Slk. pot; Pl. pot SCr. p|t, Gsg. p«ta; ak. p|t (Vrg., Novi), Gsg. p«ta; p|t (Vrg.) f.(i), Gsg. p«ta; pu|t (Orb.), Gsg. p«ta; Sln. pºt, Gsg. pºta, Gsg. pot; Bulg. pot f.(i); pot

PIE

*pok-to-

The Slavic word for ‘sweat’ formally matches MW poeth < *pok-to- < *kok-to-. See also: *pektì; *pÀkt%

*povinti v. CS

OCS povin0ti ‘subject’, 1sg. povin0

BSl. B

*wi‹ Lith. výti ‘drive away, chase, pursue’, 3sg. v ja

PIE Cogn.

*uih&Skt. véti ‘persecute, strive, chase’

See also: *voj%; *voj%na

*povorz; *pavorz m. o ‘cord’ CS E W S

SerbCS povraz" ‘lobe’ Ru. pávoroz ‘cord of a tobacco pouch’; Ukr. póvoroz ‘cord, loop’ Cz. provaz ‘cord’ (from *povraz); Slk. povraz ‘cord’; Pl. powróz ‘cord’ SCr. p«vrz ‘ear of a cauldron’; Sln. povràz ‘cord, noose, handle’, Gsg. povráza; póvraz ‘handle’

Cogn.

OS wurgil m. ‘snare’

Compound of ' *po and *vorz" < *uor-os. See also: *ot&verzti; *verslo

*pozd adj. o ‘late’ CS E W S

OCS pozdY adv. Ru. pózdyj (dial.); ORu. pozd" Cz. pozdY adv.; Slk. pozde adv. Sln. pozd; pózdi adv.; pozd adv.; pozde adv. ‘later, afterwards’

B

Lith. pas prep. ‘to’

Cogn.

Skt. paZc (RV+) adv. ‘behind, after’; OLat. poste prep. ‘behind, after’

For the element *-dh&-o-, cf. ' *nad", *pod", etc. See also: *pozd%n&

*pozd%n&; *pozd%œ%

416

*pozdn; *pozd  adj. o; adj. jo ‘slow, late’ CS E W S

OCS pozd!n" (Supr.) ‘slow’ Ru. pózdnij ‘late’ Cz. pozdní ‘late’; Pl. pó]ny ‘late’ SCr. p«zan ‘late’, f. p«zna, f. pòzna; ak. pozn (Vrg.) ‘late’, f. pozn“, n. pozn|; Sln. pózŠn ‘late’, f. pózna ‘late’; Bulg. pózden ‘late’

See ' *pozd". *p ati v. ‘bud, germinate’ W

Cz. pueti ‘germinate, sprout, bud’; Slk. puaŸ ‘thrive, germinate, sprout, bud’

See ' *p0k". *p ina f. # CS E S

OCS p0ina ‘(open) sea’ Ru. puína ‘gulf, abyss’ Sln. poína ‘open sea’

Derivative of ' p0Qiti (‘crack’ ' ‘abyss’ ' ‘open sea’). *p iti; *pkti v. (a) ‘swell, burst’ E S

Ru. púit’ ‘become swollen’ SCr. pµ\i ‘burst, crack, shoot’, 1sg. pµknm; pµknuti ‘burst, crack, shoot’, 1sg. pµknm; ak. pµknuti (Vrg.) ‘burst, crack, shoot’, 2sg. pµkneš; ak. pµknut (Orb.) ‘burst, crack, shoot’, 3sg. pkne; Sln. p06iti ‘crack, hit, burst’, 1sg. p04im

See ' *p0k". *pditi v. ‘chase’ CS E W S

MBulg. p0diti ‘push, chase’ Ru. púdit’ ‘scare, chase’; pudít’ ‘scare, chase’ Cz. puditi ‘impel, induce’; Pl. p
*pgy; *pgvica f. ; f. j# (a) ‘knob, button’ CS E W S

MBulg. p0gy ‘knob’, Gsg. p0g"ve Ru. púgovica ‘button’; ORu. pugy ‘knob’, Gsg. pug"ve; pug"v! ‘knob’, Gsg. pug"ve Pl. pgwica ‘button’ ak. pµgva (Vrg.) ‘pimple’

BSl. B

*pon‹gLatv. puõga ‘button’

The root *p0g- seems to be a variant of *p0k- (' *p0Qk").

*p®Ët%

417

*pk m. o ‘bud’ E W

Ru. puk ‘bunch, bundel’ Cz. puk ‘sprout, bud’; Slk. puk ‘sprout, bud’; Pl. p
PIE Cogn.

*ponHkLat. pnus m. ‘tumour’

See also: * p®ina; *p®¸iti; *p®gy; *p®g&vica; *p®kti

*pp; *ppk m. o ‘bud, navel’ CS E W S

CS pup" ‘navel’ Ru. pup ‘navel’ Cz. pupek ‘navel’; Slk. pupok ‘navel’; Pl. p

BSl. B

*pompLith. pa8pti ‘swell’

*pto n. o (a) ‘fetter’ CS E W S

OCS p0ta Npl. ‘fetters’ Ru. púto ‘fetter’ Cz. pouto ‘fetters, shackles’; Slk. puto ‘fetter’; Pl. p
BSl. B

*pón‹to Lith. pántis m.(io) ‘horse-lock’ OPr. panto ‘fetter’

PIE Cogn.

*ponH-tom Arm. hanum ‘weave, sow together’

See also: *p‚tà; *p‚ti

*pt m. i (b) ‘way’ CS E W S

OCS p0t! m.(i) ‘way’ Ru. put’ m.(i) ‘way, journey’ Cz. pouŸ f.(i) ‘pilgrimage, (lit.) journey’; Slk. púŸ f.(i) ‘pilgrimage, (lit.) journey’; Pl. p\ m.(i) ‘way’ SCr. pt m.(o) ‘road, way’, Gsg. púta; ak. pt (Vrg.) m.(o) ‘road, way, time’, Gsg. pta; pút (Hvar) m.(o) ‘road, way’, Gsg. pt;; puõt (Orb.) m.(o) ‘road, way, path’, Gsg. puõta; pt (Orb.) m.(o) ‘time’; Sln. p06t f.(i) ‘way’; p06t m.(o) ‘way’; Bulg. p‘t m.( jo) ‘road, way’

BSl. B

*pont-/*pintOPr. pintis ‘way, road’

PIE

*p(o)nt-h&-

*pràv&

418 Cogn.

Skt. pánth- (RV+) m.; Gk. ¶ m. ‘road’; Gk.   m. ‘sea’; Lat. pons m. ‘bridge’

The combined evidence of the various branches of IE points to a hysterodynamic h&stem. *pràv adj. o (a) ‘right’ CS E W S

OCS prav" ‘right’ Ru. právyj ‘right’ Cz. pravý ‘right’; Slk. pravý ‘right’; Pl. prawy ‘right’ SCr. pr;v ‘innocent, straight’; ak. pr;v (Vrg.) ‘right, good’; pr;v ‘innocent, straight’; prvi (Orb.) ‘right, good’, f. prva, n. prvo; Sln. pràv ‘right’; prvi ‘right, real’; Bulg. prav ‘right, straight’

If *pràv" < *proH-uo- (see ' *pro, *pra), we may compare the formation with Lat. probus ‘solid, decent’ provided that the latter form continues *pro-b(u)o- and not *pro-buH-o-. *pretiv prep. ‘against’ W

Pl. przeciew; USrb. p•e\iwo; LSrb. prZeZiwo

BSl. B

*preti Latv. pret adv. ‘to meet, towards, opposite’; pret prep. ‘against, before’

PIE Cogn.

*pretiSkt. práti adv. ‘against’; Gk. ª (Aeol.) prep. ‘in addition’

See also: *protiv&; *protiv®; *proti

*prdati v. (a) E S

Ru. prjádat’ (obs., dial.) ‘move (its ears)’ SCr. prdati ‘fear’

PIE Cogn.

*(s)pr(e)ndOIc. spretta ‘jump up, sprout’

An example of Winter’s law. See also: *pr‚dn®ti

*prdnti v. (a) CS E S

OCS v"spr
See ' *pr
*prijate³%

419

*prsti v. (c) ‘spin’ CS E W S

OCS pr
BSl. B

*(s)pren‹dLith. spr<6sti ‘stretch, spread, solve, judge’, 3pres. spréndžia; Latv. spriêst ‘stretch, press, judge, discuss’, 1sg. spriêžu

PIE

*(s )prend-

Another example of Winter’s law. Vaillant (Gr. III: 153-154) assumes that this root is etymologically identical with the root of *pr
*pri prep., pref. ‘at, with, by’ CS E W S

OCS pri Ru. pri Cz. p•i; Slk. pri; Pl. przy SCr. pri; Sln. prì ‘at, by’; Bulg. pri ‘at, with, by, to’

BSl. B

*prei(‹) Lith. pri prep. ‘at, with, to’; príe- pref. ‘at, with, to’ OPr. prei prep. ‘at, with, to’

PIE

*prei

See also ' *príd". *príd m. o (b) ‘addition’ S

SCr. prd ‘addition, supplement’, Gsg. prda; prd (Slavonia, Croatia) ‘addition, supplement’, Gsg. prída; Sln. prìd ‘use, advantage’, Gsg. prída; Bulg. príd‘t ‘(the) gift to the bride’

BSl. B

*preidum Lith. pri das 2 ‘addition, bonus, supplement’; Latv. pri ds ‘bonus’

PIE

*prei-dh&-o-m (*prei-dh-o-m?)

See ' *pod" II. *prijate m. jo ‘friend’ CS E W

OCS prijate#! (Euch., Ril.) Ru. prijátel’ Cz. p•ítel, Npl. p•átelé; Slk. priate¯; Pl. przyjaciel

*prijati

420 S

SCr. pr›jatelj; ak. pr›jate# (Vrg.); pr›jatl (Novi); pr£=tel (Orb.); Sln. prijtelj; Bulg. prijátel

PIE Cogn.

*priHSkt. priyá- adj. ‘dear, beloved’; Go. frijnds ‘friend’

See also: *prijati

*prijati v. ‘please, favour’ CS W S

OCS prijati (Ps. Sin., Supr.) ‘take care of ’ Cz. p•áti ‘be well disposed towards’ SCr. prìjati ‘please, agree with, be of benefit’; Sln. príjati ‘favour, grant, do good’

PIE Cogn.

*priHSkt. prÁti ‘please’; OHG frten ‘to look after’

See also: *prijatel%

*pro; *pra prep. / pref. ‘through’ CS E W S

OCS pro- pref. ‘through’; pra- pref. ‘through’ Ru. pro prep./pref. ‘about’; pro- pref. ‘through, past’; pra- pref. ‘through, past’ Cz. pro- pref. ‘through, past’ Bulg. pro- pref. ‘through’

BSl. B

*pro(‹) Lith. pra- pref. ‘by, through’; pró- pref. ‘pre-, fore-, between’; prõ prep. ‘through, along, past’

PIE Cogn.

*pro Skt. pro- adv. ‘before, forward’; Gk.  adv. ‘before, forwards, forth’

The variant pra- occurs in nominal compounds. The glottal stop was probably adopted from nouns with an initial laryngeal. See also: *pro%; *prok&; *prost&

*prò  adj. jo (b) CS E S

OCS pro! ‘remaining’; proeje adv. ‘further, then’ Ru. próij ‘other’; pro’ adv. ‘away’ SCr. pr« ‘other’; Sln. prò adv. ‘away’

Derivative of ' *prok". *prodadja f. ja ‘sale, selling’ E S

Ru. prodáža ‘sale, selling’ SCr. pr«daja ‘sale, selling’; Sln. prodja ‘sale, selling’

The root of this prefixed j-stem noun is the present stem of ' *dàti.

*pr¥st&

421

*prok adj. o CS E

OCS prokyi ‘remaining’; prok" (Supr.) m. ‘remainder’ Ru. prok m. ‘use, benefit’; ORu. prok" m. ‘remainder’

Cogn.

Gk. € adv. ‘immediately’; Lat. reciprocus adj. ‘mutual’

See also: *pro; *pra; *pro%; *prost&

*pros jati v. ‘sift’ CS E S

OCS prosYati (Supr.) Ru. proséjat’ Bulg. proséja

See ' *s¾ti II, *s¾jati II. *prosìti v. (b) ‘ask’ CS E W S

OCS prositi, 1sg. proš0 Ru. prosít’, 1sg. prošú, 3sg. prósit Cz. prositi; Slk. prosiŸ; Pl. prosi\ SCr. pròsiti ‘beg for charity, ask a girl’s hand’, 1sg. pr«sm; ak. pros›ti (Vrg.) ‘beg for charity, ask a girl’s hand’, 2sg. pr«sš; pros›t ‘beg for charity, ask a girl’s hand’, 1sg. pr«sin, 3sg. pr«si, 3sg. pros§; Sln. prósiti ‘ask’, 1sg. pr06sim; Bulg. prósja ‘beg for charity, ask’

BSl. B

*proZ-ei/iLith. prašýti

PIE

*pro˜-eie-

Cf. Skt. pr¥ccháti ‘ask’, Lat. posc ‘demand’ < *pr˜-sk-. *prosterti v. ‘extend’ CS E W S

OCS prostrYti, 1sg. prost!r0; prost!rYti, 1sg. prost!r0 Ru. prosterét’, 1sg. prost!r0 Cz. prost•íti SCr. pròstrijeti, 1sg. prostrijm; ak. prostr§ti (Vrg.), 2sg. prostreš; prostrít (Novi); Sln. prostr—6ti ‘expand’, 1sg. prostrèm; Bulg. prostrá ‘expand, extend’

PIE Cogn.

*pro-sterhSkt. str¥Áti ‘spread’; Gk.  ¤« ‘to extend, to strew’; Lat. sternere ‘strew, spread’; OIr. sernaid ‘extend’

See also: *stornà

*prst adj. o (c) ‘simple, straight’ CS E

OCS prost" ‘simple, free’ Ru. prostój ‘simple’

*protiv&; *protivo; *protiv®; *proti

422 W S PIE

Cz. prostý ‘simple, straight’; Slk. prostý ‘simple, straight’; Pl. prosty ‘simple, straight’ SCr. pr«st ‘simple’; Sln. pròst ‘free, natural, simple’, f. prósta; Bulg. prost ‘simple, dumb, ignorant’ *pro-sth'o-

See also: *pro; *pra; *pro%; *prok&

*protiv; *protivo; *protiv; *proti prep. ‘against’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

OCS protiv" (Supr.) adv. ‘against’; protivo (Euch.) prep. ‘against, in accordance with’; protiv0 prep./adv. ‘against, towards’ Ru. prótiv prep. ‘against’; proti (dial.) prep. ‘against’; prot’ (dial.) prep. ‘against’ Cz. proti prep. ‘against’; Slk. proti prep. ‘against’ SCr. pr«tv prep. ‘against’; ak. pr«ti (Orb.) prep. ‘towards, in the direction of, against’; Sln. prJQti prep. ‘towards’; pr04ti adv. ‘to meet’; Bulg. protív prep. ‘against’ *proti Gk. « prep. ‘to, against’

See also: *pretiv&

*proverti v. ‘stick through’ CS S

OCS provrYš< (Supr.) 3pl. aor. ‘stuck through’ Bulg. provrá ‘stick through’

See ' *ot"verti. *prglo n. o ‘noose, snare’ E W S

Ru. prúglo (Dal’) ‘noose, snare’; ORu. pr0glo ‘net’ Cz. pruhlo ‘noose’ SCr. prúglo ‘noose’; Sln. pr06glJ ‘snare, trap’; pr06gla f. ‘snare, trap’

Derivative in *-lo- of *pr0g- < *(s )prong- ‘jump’, cf. OIc. springa ‘jump’, MoE spring (obs., dial.) ‘trap’. See also ' *pr0g". *prg m. o ‘locust’ CS E

OCS pr0g" (Sav., Ps. Sin., Euch.) ‘locust’ ORu. prug" ‘locust’

PIE Cogn.

*(s)prong-oOHG houuespranca f. ‘locust’; MLG spranke f. ‘grasshopper, locust’; MLG sprinke f. ‘grasshopper, locust’

See ' *pr0glo.

*puxn®ti

423

*prskati v. ‘splutter, splash’ W S

Cz. prskati ‘splutter, sizzle’; Slk. prskaŸ ‘splutter, sizzle’ SCr. p¼skati ‘splash’; Sln. p¼skati ‘splash’, 1sg. pÂskam; Bulg. pr¹ska ‘sprinkle, splash’

B

Lith. prasti ‘wash’

PIE Cogn.

*prus-skSkt. prušÁóti ‘sprinkle’

See also: *pryskati; *prysn®ti

*pryskati v. ‘sprinkle, splash’ E W

Ru. prýskat’ ‘sprinkle, spurt’ Cz. prýskati ‘splash, sprinkle’; Pl. pryska\ ‘splash, sputter’

See ' *pr"skati. The y is secondary, *prysnti v. ‘sprinkle, spurt’ CS E

CS prysn0ti ‘sprinkle’ Ru. prýsnut’ ‘sprinkle, spurt’; ORu. prysnuti ‘become turbulent (of the sea)’

See the previous lemma. *puxati v. W S

OCz. puchati ‘swell’ ((in Modern Standard Czech only napuchati, opuchati); Pl. pucha\ ‘blow’ SCr. púhati ‘blow’, 1sg. pšm; púhati ‘blow’, 1sg. phm; ak. ph;ti ‘blow’, 2sg. pšeš; ph;t (Orb.) ‘blow, pant’, 2sg. pšeš; Sln. púhati ‘snort, puff, blow’, 1sg. púham, 1sg. púšem

See ' *puxn0ti. *puxl adj. o E W S

Ru. púxlyj ‘chubby, plump’ Cz. pouchlý ‘fruitless, barren, empty’ Sln. púhŠ ‘empty, having little substance’, f. púhla

BSl. B

*po Lith. psl f.(!) 4 ‘blister, bladder’

See ' *puxn0ti. *puxnti v. ‘swell’ E W S

Ru. púxnut’ ‘swell’ Cz. puchnouti ‘swell’; Slk. puchnúŸ ‘swell’; Pl. puchn\ ‘swell’ SCr. púhnuti ‘blow’, 1sg. phnm; ak. phnµti ‘blow’, 1sg. phneš; Sln. púhniti ‘blow, blast’, 1sg. phnem

*pustìti

424

PSl. *pux- continues the o-grade of PIE *peus-, cf. Skt. púšyati ‘thrive, flourish’, Nw. føysa ‘swell’. See also: *puxati; *puxl&

*pustìti v. (c) ‘let go, let, send’ CS E W S

OCS pustiti ‘let go, let, send’, 1sg. pušt0 Ru. pustít’ ‘let go, let, send’, 1sg. pušú, 3sg. pústit Cz. pustiti ‘let go, let’; Slk. pustiŸ ‘let go, let’; Pl. puZci\ ‘let go, let’ SCr. pùstiti ‘let go, let’, 1sg. pµstm; ak. pušt›ti (Vrg.) ‘let go, let’, 2sg. pštš; pušt›t (Orb.) ‘let, leave’, 1sg. pštn; Sln. pustíti ‘let go, let’, 1sg. pustím

See ' *pst". {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). *pst adj. o (c) ‘empty, desolate’ CS E W S BSl.

OCS pust" ‘empty, desolate’ Ru. pustój ‘empty, deserted’ Cz. pustý ‘empty, desolate’; Slk. pustý ‘empty, desolate’; Pl. pusty ‘empty, desolate’ SCr. pst ‘empty’, f. pústa; ak. pst (Vrg., Hvar) ‘empty’, f. pst;, n. psto; Sln. pst ‘empty, desolate’; Bulg. pust ‘empty, desolate, poor’ *poustos OPr. pausto ‘wild’

Etymology unknown. If the root were *poh'u- ‘end’, cf. Gk. Æ ¤ ‘ended, terminated’ (LIV 462), we would expect fixed stress on an acute syllable. See also: *pustìti

*plk m. o ‘troop’ CS E W S

OCS pl"k" (Ps. Sin., Supr.) ‘troop, army’ Ru. polk ‘regiment’ Cz. pluk ‘regiment’; Slk. pluk ‘regiment’; Pl. puk ‘regiment’ SCr. pk ‘people, crowd, regiment’, Gsg. pka; ak. pk (Vrg.) ‘people, crowd’, Gsg. pka; Sln. p|k ‘regiment’

Cogn.

OIc. folk m. ‘army, people’; OE folc m. ‘army, detachment, people’

Probably a borrowing from Germanic. *pták m. o ‘bird’ W

Cz. pták; Slk. vták; Pl. ptak; ptåk (Ma . dial.); Slnc. ftu¸

BSl. B

*putLatv. putns

*pyƒtàti

425

*ptìca f. j# (a) ‘bird’ CS E S

OCS p"tica Ru. ptíca SCr. pt›ca; ak. t›ca (Vrg., Hvar); Sln. ptíca f.( j#); ptì m.( jo), Gsg. ptía; Bulg. ptíca

See ' *p"ták". *ptka f. # ‘bird’ E S

Ru. pótka (dial.); ORu. potka SCr. p;tka ‘duck’; ak. p;tka (Vrg., Orb.) ‘duck’

See ' *p"ták". See also: *p&tica

*pr; *prj m. o; m. io (a) ‘spelt’ CS E W S

RuCS pyro n. ‘spelt’ Ru. pyréj m.( jo) ‘couch-grass’ Cz. pýr m.(o) ‘quitch’; Slk. pýr m.(o) ‘quitch’; Pl. perz m.( jo) ‘quitch’; OPl. pyrz m.( jo) ‘quitch’ SCr. p›r m.(o) ‘spelt’; ak. pr m.(o) ‘spelt’, Gsg. p›ra; Sln. pr m.(o) ‘spelt’; píra f. ‘spelt, millet’

BSl. B

*pu‹roLith. pra§ Npl. m.(o) 4 ‘winter corn’; pras m.(o) 1 ‘grain measure’; Latv. pù`i Npl. m.(io) ‘winter corn’; pûri (E. Latv.) Npl. m.(io) ‘winter corn’; prs m.(o) ‘corn measure’

PIE Cogn.

*puH-róGk. Í m. ‘wheat’; Dor. Í m. ‘wheat’

*pytàti v. (b) ‘ask, examine’ CS E W S

OCS pytati ‘examine, scrutinize’, 1sg. pytaj0 Ru. pytát’ ‘torture, torment, try for’, 1sg. pytáju Slk. pýtaŸ ‘ask’; Pl. pyta\ ‘ask’ SCr. pítati ‘ask’; ak. pt;ti (Vrg.) ‘ask’, 2sg. p§t”š; pt;t (Orb.) ‘ask, request’, 1sg. p§tan; Sln. pítati ‘ask’, 1sg. ptam; Bulg. pítam ‘ask’

Cogn.

Lat. putre ‘cut off branches, estimate, consider, think’

An interesting form is Cz. ptáti se ‘ask, inquire’, which seems to have a unique zero grade.

*p%c%l&; *p%k&l&; *p%k&lo

426

*pcl; *pkl; *pklo m. o; m. o; n. o (b) ‘pitch, hell’ CS

E W S

OCS p!c!l" (Supr.) m. ‘pitch’; p!k"l" (Ps. Sin. MS 2/N) m. ‘pitch, resin’ (an Isg. pek"lom! occurs in the fragments of the Psalterium Sinaiticum that were discovered in 1975); RuCS p!k"l" m. ‘pitch’ Ru. péklo n. ‘scorching heat, (coll.) hell’ Cz. peklo n. ‘hell’; Slk. peklo n. ‘hell’; Pl. pieko n. ‘hell’; OPl. pkie m. ‘hell’; Slnc. pjìekl‰ n. ‘hell’ SCr. pàkao m. ‘hell, pitch’; ak. pak’ (Vrg.) m. ‘hell, pitch’, pakl;; pakál (Novi) m. ‘hell’, Gsg. pakl;; pak|l (Hvar) m. ‘hell’, Gsg. pkla; pakãl (Orb.) m. ‘hell’; Sln. pŠkŠQ m. ‘pitch, hell’, Gsg. pŠklà; Bulg. p¹k‘l m. ‘hell’

BSl. B

*pikil-/*pikulLith. pìkis m.(io) ‘pitch’; Latv. pi™is m.(io) ‘pitch’ OPr. pyculs (EV) ‘hell’

Cogn.

Gk. Œ f. ‘pitch’; Lat. pix f. ‘pitch’

*pxati v. ‘push, shove’ CS E

S

CS p!xati ‘smite’ Ru. pixát’ ‘push, shove’; pxat’ (dial.) ‘push, shove’; ORu. p!xati ‘push, shove’; pixati ‘push, shove’ Cz. pcháti ‘prick, sting, stuff, poke’; píchati ‘prick, sting’; Slk. pchaŸ ‘stuff, shove’; pichaŸ ‘sting’; Pl. pcha\ ‘push’ Sln. pŠháti ‘push, shove’, 1sg. pŠhm; Bulg. p¹xam ‘push, shove’

BSl. B

*pišLith. pìsti ‘copulate’

PIE Cogn.

*pisSkt. pinᚿi ‘crush’; Gk. Œ[ ‘winnow grain, bray in a mortar’; Lat. pnsere ‘to crush’

W

See also: *p©st&; *p%šeno

*pln adj. o (a) ‘full’ CS E W S

OCS pl!n" Ru. pólnyj Cz. plný; Slk. plný; Pl. peny SCr. pµn; ak. pn (Vrg.), f. pun;, n. pµno; pún (Novi), f. pµna; pn (Hvar), f. pµna; pn (Orb.), f. pµna, n. pµno; Sln. p|n; Bulg. p¹len

BSl. B

*pílnos Lith. pìlnas; Latv. pins

PIE Cogn.

*plh&-nóSkt. prÁá-; OIr. lán; Go. fulls

An example of Hirt’s law.

*p%rati II

427

*plst f. i (c) ‘felt’ E W S

Ru. polst’; ORu. p"lst! Cz. plsŸ; plst; Slk. plsŸ; Pl. pilZ\ SCr. pµst (dial.); Sln. p|st, Gsg. post

Cogn.

Lat. pilleus m. ‘felt hat’; OHG filz m. ‘felt’

*plzati v. (a) ‘crawl, creep’ CS E W S

OCS pl!zati (Supr.) ‘crawl’, 1sg. plYž0 {1} Ru. pólzat’ ‘crawl’, 1sg. pólzaju Pl. peza\ ‘crawl’ SCr. pµzati ‘creep, crawl’, 1sg. pµžm; ak. pz;t (Orb.) ‘creep, crawl’, 1sg. pže; Sln. pózati ‘crawl’, 1sg. pózam

See ' p|lz". {1} In the Staroslavjanskij slovar’, the participle pl!z< (Supr.) is listed under pl!zYti or pl!ziti, cf. Sln. poz—6ti, 1sg. pozím ‘slide, sneak’, SCr. púziti, 1sg. púzm ‘crawl, climb, slide’.

*plztì v. (c) ‘crawl, creep’ E

Ru. polztí ‘crawl, creep’, 1sg. polzú, 3sg. polzët

See ' p|lz". *pn m. jo (c) ‘trunk’ CS E W S

CS p!n! ‘trunk, stub’ Ru. pen’ ‘trunk, stub’ Cz. peŽ; Slk. peŽ; Pl. pie ‘trunk, stump’; USrb. pje (arch.), Gsg. pjenja SCr. pnj, Gsg. pánja; ak. p’ (Vrg.), Gsg. pa;; pnj (Novia); Sln. pnj, Gsg. pnja, Gsg. panj, Gsg. panj; Bulg. p‘n ‘trunk, log’

Etymology uncertain. The connection with Skt. pínka- n. ‘staff, stick, bow’, Gk. Œ Š m. ‘wooden board, writing slate, painting’ is doubtful. *prati I v. CS

OCS per0t" (Supr.) 3pl. ‘fly’

PIE Cogn.

*prHGo. faran ‘wander’

See ' *però. *prati II v. ‘beat, trample, wash’ CS E

CS p!rati ‘trample, press, wash’, 1sg. per0 Ru. prat’ ‘wash, beat linen’, 1sg. perú; poprat’ ‘trample’, 1sg. poprú

*p%rd¨ti

428 W S PIE Cogn.

Cz. práti ‘wash, beat’, 1sg. peru; Slk. praŸ ‘wash’, 1sg. perem; Pl. pra\ ‘wash’, 1sg. pior< SCr. pr;ti ‘wash’, 1sg. prm; ak. pr;ti (Vrg.) ‘wash’, 2sg. preš; pr;t ‘wash’, 1sg. pren; Sln. práti ‘beat, wash’, 1sg. pérem; Bulg. perá ‘wash’ *prSkt. p¼¥t- (RV) f. ‘battle, strife, fight’

See also: *perti; *p%r˜ti; *p%rt%; *s&por&

*prdti v. (c) ‘break wind’ E W S

Ru. perdét’, 1sg. peržú, 3sg. perdít; Ukr. perdíty Cz. prdYti; Slk. prdieŸ; Pl. pierdzie\; USrb. pjerd]e\ SCr. p¼djeti, 1sg. p¼dm; ak. prd›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. prd§š; ak. prÈdt (Orb.), 3sg. prÈd§; Sln. prd—6ti, 1sg. prdím; Bulg. p‘rdjá

BSl. B

*per‹d-/*pir‹dLith. pérsti; Latv. pirKst

PIE Cogn.

*perd-/*pirdSkt. pardate (attested quite late); Gk. ª‘ «; OIc. freta (with metathesis); OHG ferzan; Alb. pjerdh

*pr ti v. ‘quarrel, deny, renounce’ CS W

OCS p!rYti ‘quarrel, contradict, deny’, 1sg. p!rj0 Cz. p•íti se ‘quarrel, (obs.) be engaged in a lawsuit’, 1sg. pru se, 1sg. p•u se; p•íti (obs.) ‘deny, renounce’, 1sg. p•u, 1sg. p•ím; OCz. p•ieti ‘question, deny, renounce’, 1sg. pru, 1sg. p•u; Pl. prze\ (si<) (14th-18th c.) ‘repudiate, renounce, be engaged in a lawsuit’, 1sg. prz< (si<)

See ' *perti, *p!rt!. *prx m. o (c) ‘dust’ E S

Ru. perx (dial.) ‘dandruff ’ SCr. pÂh (dial.) ‘coal dust’, Gsg. pÂha; Sln. pÂh ‘dust from fine earth, mould’

PIE Cogn.

*prs-oOIc. fors m. ‘waterfall’

The root of this etymon has also been connected with Skt. pr¥6šant- ‘dappled, with white spots’. See also: *p¥rx&; *p%rst%

*prst m. o (b) ‘finger’ CS E

OCS pr!st" Ru. perst (obs.), Gsg. perstá

*p%¸rs%

429

W S

Cz. prst; Slk. prst SCr. pÃst ‘finger, toe’, Gsg. pÃsta; pÃst (Lepetane, Pranj, Ozrinii) ‘finger, toe’, Gsg. prst;; ak. pÃst (Vrg.) ‘finger, toe’, Gsg. pÃsta; p;rst (Hvar) ‘finger, toe’, Gsg. prsta; pÃs (Orb.) ‘finger, toe’, Gsg. pÃsta; Sln. pÂst; Bulg. pr‘st

BSl. B

*pirštó Lith. pirštas 2; Latv. pìr(k)sts OPr. pirsten ‘finger’

PIE Cogn.

*pr-sth'-oSkt. pr¥š¿há- (RV+) n. ‘back, mountain ridge’

In view of the Sanskrit and Old Prussian evidence I am inclined to posit a BaltoSlavic oxytone neuter o-stem. I suspect that the Nsg. in *-o was replaced by *-" at a stage when barytone masculine o-stems continuing old neuters still had a NApl. in *-aH and may have shown neuter agreement (see Derksen forthc. a). Note that there is a large-scale fluctuation between masculine o-stems continuing Balto-Slavic barytone neuters and neuter o-stems belonging to AP (b). *prst f. i (c) ‘dust, earth’ CS E W S

OCS pr!st! ‘dust, earth’ Ru. perst’ (arch.) ‘dust, earth’ Cz. prsŸ ‘earth, soil’; OPl. pierZ\ ‘dry earth, dust’ Sln. pÂst ‘earth, soil’, Gsg. prst; Bulg. pr‘st ‘earth, soil’

BSl. B

*pirštis Lith. pirkšnys (Žem.) Npl. f.(i) 4 ‘hot ashes’; Latv. pìrkstis m.(io) ‘spark in ashes, heat’

See ' *p!4rx". The development *š > *x did not take place before a consonant. *prs f. i (a) ‘chest, breast’ CS E W

S

BSl. B

OCS pr!si Npl. f.(i) ‘chest, bosom’ Ru. pérsi (arch., poet.) Npl. f.(i) ‘breast, bosom’ Cz. prs m.(o) ‘(female) breast’; prso (rare) n.(o) ‘(female) breast’; prsa Npl. n.(o) ‘chest, bosom’; OCz. prsi Npl. f.(i) ‘chest, bosom’; Slk. prsia Npl. n.(o) ‘chest, bosom’; Pl. pierZ f.(i) ‘breast, chest’ SCr. pÃsi Npl. f.(i) ‘breast, chest’; pÃsa Npl. n.(o) ‘breast, chest’; ak. pÃsi (Vrg.) Npl. f.(i) ‘breast, chest’; pÃsa Npl. n.(o) ‘breast, chest’; Sln. p¼si Npl. f.(i) ‘breast, chest’ *pír‹Zis Lith. pìršys Npl. f.(i) ‘chest (of a horse)’

Since the connection with Skt. párZu- ‘rib, curved knife’ is better abandoned, the etymology must be designated as unclear.

*p%rt%

430 *prt f. i ‘bath-house’ E

Ru. pert’ (dial.) ‘Karelian cottage’; ORu. p!rt! ‘bath-house’

BSl. B

*pirtis Lith. pirtìs m.(i) 4 ‘bath-house’; Latv. pìrts m.(i) ‘bath-house’

PIE

*pr-ti-

Derivative in *-ti- of the zero grade of ' *perti. The connection with Skt. p¼¥t- (RV) f. ‘battle, strife, fight’ is uncertain. *prv num. o ‘first’ CS E W S

OCS pr!v" Ru. pérvyj Cz. prvý; Pl. pierwszy; OPl. pierwy SCr. pÂv; ak. pÃv (Vrg.), pÃv” f.; pÃvi, f. pÃva; Sln. pÂvi; Bulg. p‘rvi

BSl. B

*pír‹wos Lith. pìrmas; Latv. pìrma§s OPr. pirmas

PIE Cogn.

*prH-uoSkt. prva- (RV+) adj. ‘foremost, first, previous’

The suffix *-mo- of the Baltic forms, also found in Lat. prmus, is analogical. *psàti v. (b) ‘write’ CS E W S

OCS p!sati, 1sg. piš0; pisati, 1sg. piš0 Ru. pisát’, 1sg. pišú, 3sg. píšet Cz. psáti, 1sg. píši; Slk. písaŸ; Pl. pisa\ SCr. písati, 1sg. pšm; ak. ps;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. p§šeš; ps;t (Hvar), 1sg. píšen; ps;t (Orb.), 3sg. p§še; Sln. písati, 1sg. píšem; Bulg. píša

BSl. B

*p(e)iZLith. pi šti ‘draw, paint’ OPr. peisi 3pl. ‘write’

PIE Cogn.

*p(e)i˜Skt. piÚZáti (RV+) ‘hew, carve, form’

See also: *p%¸str&

*pstr adj. o (b) ‘variegated’ CS E W S

CS p!str" Ru. pëstryj; pëstr, f. pestrá, n. pëstro, n. pestró {1} Cz. pestrý; Slk. pestrý; Pl. pstry Sln. pŠQstr, f. pŠQstra; Bulg. p¹st‘r

PIE

*pi˜-ró-

*r#ìti

431

Cogn. Gk. «€ ‘sharp, pungent’; «€Œ• ‘variegated’; OHG fh ‘variegated’ {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *p%sàti

*ps m. o (b) ‘dog’ CS E W S

OCS p!s" Ru. pës (coll.) Cz. pes; Slk. pes; Pl. pies; USrb. pos, Gsg. psa; pós (dial.), Gsg. psa; LSrb. pjas, Gsg. psa SCr. p;s, Gsg. ps;; ak. p;s (Vrg., Novi), Gsg. pas;; Sln. pŠQs, Gsg. psà

There are many etymologies for this word, for instance the identification of *p!swith the root of ' *p!Qstr" ‘variegated’. One of the more appealing etymologies is *p˜o- with zero grade of the root (s)pe˜- ‘see, watch’ (cf. Meillet Ét. I: 238). Another possibility is *p˜-u-, cf. Skt. paZú, kšú- ‘cattle’. *pšenò n. o (b) ‘millet’ E W S

Ru. pšenó ‘millet’ Cz. pšeno (dial.) ‘millet’; OCz. pšano ‘millet’; Slk. pšeno ‘millet’; Pl. pszono (W.) ‘millet’ SCr. pšéna f. ‘kind of clover’; Sln. pšénJ ‘peeled grain, millet’

PIE Cogn.

*pisGk. Œ n. ‘peeled or winnowed grain’

See ' *p!xati. *pzd ti v. ‘break wind’ E W S

Ru. bzdét’ ‘break wind’; Ukr. bzdíty ‘break wind’; pezdíty ‘break wind’ Cz. bzdíti ‘break wind’; Pl. bzdzie\ ‘break wind’ SCr. bàzdjeti ‘stink’; Sln. pŠzd—6ti ‘break wind’, 1sg. pŠzdím

BSl. B

*p(e)sdYtei Lith. bzdAti ‘break wind’; Latv. bzdêt ‘break wind’

PIE Cogn.

*psdGk. £‘ª[ ‘break wind’; Lat. pdere ‘break wind’

*R *r ìti v. (b) ‘wish, want’ CS E W

OCS raiti ‘wish, want’, 1sg. ra0 Ru. ráit’ (dial.) ‘be zealous, wish, want’; raít’ (dial.) ‘be zealous, wish, want’ Cz. ráiti ‘wish, want, (lit.) deign’; Slk. ráiŸ ‘deign’; Pl. raczy\ ‘deign’

*radi

432 S

SCr. ráiti se ‘(+D) feel like’, 3sg. r se; ak. r”›ti se (Vrg.) ‘(+D) feel like’, 3sg. r’i se; Sln. ráiti ‘wish, want, deign, (se) please’, 1sg. rim

LIV (506) hesitantly suggests an iterative *rk-%e- (secondarily *-eie-) of *rek‘ordnen, festlegen, bestimmen’. According to Vaillant (Gr. III: 434), we are dealing with a borrowing from Gmc. *rkija- ‘care about’, cf. OIc. rœkja. See also: *otrok&; *rekti; *r¬%

*radi postp. ‘for the sake of ’ CS E S

OCS radi postp. ‘for the sake of, because of ’; rad!ma postp. ‘for the sake of, because of ’ Ru. rádi postp./prep. ‘for the sake of ’ SCr. r;di prep. ‘for the sake of, because of ’; rdi prep. ‘for the sake of ’; ak. radi (Vrg.) prep. ‘for the sake of ’; Sln. zardi prep. ‘because of ’; zaràd prep. ‘because of ’; rdi prep. ‘because of ’

Cogn.

OP rdiy ‘for the sake of ’

A borrowing from Iranian? *raditi v. ‘care about, heed’ CS E S

OCS raditi (Supr.) ‘care (about)’; neraditi (Mar., Supr.) ‘not care (about), not heed’ (the form neroditi is much more frequent) Ru. radét’ (obs.) ‘oblige, take care (of ), carry out rites’, 3sg. radéet; ORu. raditi ‘care (about)’ SCr. ráditi ‘work, do’, 1sg. rdm; ak. r”d›ti (Vrg.) ‘work, do’, 2sg. r’dš; Bulg. radjá ‘care (about), attempt’

See ' *roditi *rajati v. E

Ru. rájat’ (dial.) ‘make a noise, sound’

BSl. B

ra‹i-? Lith. rojóti ‘caw anxiously’; Latv. rãt ‘scold’

According to LIV (501), the root is *reh'(%)-, the main motivation for *-i being Lith. ríeti ‘scold, bark’. Schrijver (1991: 257-258) reconstructs *Hroh&- for the Baltic and Slavic forms. He derives OIc. rámr ‘hoarse’ from *Hreh&-mo- and OIc. ró6mr from *Hreh&-mo. LIV (l.c.), however, claims that Rasmussen is right in deriving the Old Icelandic forms a root *rem-. As in Schrijver’s opinion Lat. ravus ‘hoarse’ may reflect either *Hrh&uo- or *Hrouo-, PSl. *rajati has virtually no reliable cognates outside Balto-Slavic, whichever reconstruction one chooses. *razoriti v. ‘destroy’ CS E

OCS razoriti ‘destroy’, 1sg. razorj0 Ru. razorít’ ‘destroy’

*remy S

SCr. razòriti ‘destroy’

B

Lith. ardýti ‘pull down, destroy’; Latv. ¬rdît ‘destroy, scatter’

433

See also: *oriti

*rebrò n. o (b) ‘rib’ CS E W S

OCS rebro ‘rib, (pl.) side’ Ru. rebró, Npl. rëbra Cz. žebro; OCz. žebro; •ebro; Slk. rebro; Pl. ­ebro SCr. rèbro, Npl. rbra; ak. lebr« (Vrg.), Npl. lbr”; rebr« (Hvar), Npl. rebr;; rebr« (Orb.), Npl. r£ bra; Sln. rébrJ ‘rib, slope’ (cf. r<6bŠr f., r<4bŠr f. ‘slope’); Bulg. rebró ‘rib, slope’

PIE Cogn.

*(H )reb-róm OHG rippi n.; OHG ribbi n.; OIc. rif n.

*rekti v. (c) ‘speak, say’ CS E W S

OCS rešti, 1sg. rek0 Ru. reí (dial.), 1sg. rekú, 3sg. reët; ORu. rei, 1sg. reku Cz. •íci, 1sg. •ku; Slk. riecŸ, 1sg. reiem; Pl. rzec, 1sg. rzek< SCr. rè\i, 1sg. rm; ak. r\i (Vrg.), 2sg. reš; Sln. réi, 1sg. réem; Bulg. reká, 2sg. reéš

PIE

*rek-

Possible cognates are Skt. racayati ‘construct, work’ and W rhegi ‘curse’ (cf. LIV: 506). See also: *otrok&; *r#ìti; *r¬%; *rok&

*remy m. n ‘strap, belt’ CS E W S

OCS remen! m.(n) ‘latchet’, Gsg. remene Ru. remén’ m.( jo) ‘strap, belt’, Gsg. remnjá Cz. •emen m.(o/jo) ‘strap, belt’; Slk. remeŽ m.( jo) ‘strap, belt’; Pl. rzemie m.( jo) ‘strap, belt’; rzemyk m.(o) ‘little leather strap, thong’ SCr. rmn m.(o) ‘strap, belt’, Gsg. rmena; rèmik (Herc.) m.(o) ‘strap, belt’; ak. rmik (Orb.) m.(o) ‘strap (of a whip)’; Sln. rémen m.(o) ‘strap, belt’, Gsg. rem<6na

Attempts have been made to connect *remy with ' *ar!m"/o, but this meets with formal difficulties. The fact that there are no South Slavic forms pointing to *rY- may, for instance, be considered a counter-argument (but cf. OCS ret!). More importantly, *ar!m"/o is usually derived from PIE *h'er-, which seems incompatible with *remy. On the other hand, the relationship with MHG rieme m. ‘strap, belt’, the etymology of which is unknown, is also unclear.

*r¬%

434 *r  f. i (c) ‘speech’ CS E W S

OCS rY! ‘speech, accusation’ Ru. re’ ‘speech’ Cz. •e ‘speech’; Slk. re ‘speech’; Pl. rzecz ‘thing’; USrb. rY ‘language, speech’ SCr. r›je ‘word’; ak. r ‘word’; Sln. r¤ ‘thing’, Gsg. r—; Bulg. re ‘speech, language, conversation’

Lengthened grade formation to ' *rekti. The i-stem goes back to a old root noun. *r dk adj. o ‘sparse, rare’ CS E W S

BSl. B

OCS rYd"kyj< (Supr.) Apl. m. ‘rare’ Ru. rédkij ‘sparse, rare’; rédok ‘sparse, rare’, f. redká, n. rédko Cz. •ídký ‘sparse, rare’; Slk. riedky ‘sparse, rare’; Pl. rzadki ‘sparse, rare’; USrb. rYdki ‘sparse, rare’ SCr. r›jedk ‘thin, sparse, rare’; rijèdak ‘thin, sparse, rare’, f. rijètka; ak. rtak (Vrg.) ‘thin, sparse, rare’, f. rtk;, n. rtko; r£ tki (Orb.) ‘thin, sparse, rare’, f. r£=tka; Sln. r—6dŠk ‘sparse, rare’, f. r—6dka *re‹dLatv. rens ‘undicht’ (e.g. rni rudzi ‘undicht stehender Roggen’, rns audums ‘loses Gewebe’); rds (BW) ‘undicht’

*rjati v. (a) CS E S

OCS rYjati (Supr.) ‘push, press’ Ru. réjat’ ‘soar, hover, flutter’; Ukr. ríjaty ‘swarm’ Bulg. réja ‘wander, fly’

BSl. B

*roi‹Latv. ra§dît ‘send hastily, urge’

PIE Cogn.

*hroiHSkt. ryate (RV, YVç) ‘flow, whirl’

See also: *r„kà; *rin®ti; *roj%

*rkà f. # (b/c) ‘river’ CS E W

S PIE Cogn.

OCS rYka ‘river’ Ru. reká ‘river’, Asg. rekú; reká ‘river’, Asg. réku {1} Cz. •eka ‘river’; OCz. •ieka ‘river’ (Nonnenmacher-Pribi 1961: 84); Slk. rieka ‘river’; Pl. rzeka ‘river’; Slnc. •Ëk‘ ‘river’ {2}; USrb. rYka ‘river’; LSrb. rYka ‘river’ SCr. rijèka ‘river’, Asg. rijèku; rijèka (Orahovica) ‘river’, Asg. r›jeku {3}; ak. r§ka (Vrg.) ‘river’; r£ek; (Orb.) ‘river’; Sln. r—6ka ‘river’; Bulg. reká ‘river’ *hroiHLat. rvus m. ‘brook, stream’; OIr. ríathor m. ‘torrent’

*r‚b%; *r‚b&k&

435

The Proto-Slavic AP is not entirely clear. Dybo (1981: 156) classifies r©kà as (b), but the evidence for the on etymological grounds expected AP (c) cannot be ignored. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 135). {2} Slnc. •Ëk‘ belongs to a small group of stems that have a “Langstufenvokal” in the root but are nevertheless mobile. {3} According to the RJA, r›jeka (with root stress on the analogy of the Asg.) has been recorded in Bosnia and Hercegovina. See also: *r¨jati; *rìn®ti; *ròj%

*rbica f. j# ‘partridge’ S

SCr. rebica (dial.) ‘partridge’; Sln. rebíca ‘partridge’

BSl. B

*ri(m)‹b-; *ru(m)‹bLith. ìrbF f.(!) 1 ‘partridge’; irb nis m.(io) ‘snowball-tree’; Latv. irbe f.(!) ‘partridge’; rubenis m.(io) ‘black grouse’

See ' *r
Ru. rjabíka (dial.); rjabína; Ukr. rjabýna (dial.) SCr. rebika (dial.); Sln. rebíka

BSl. B

*ri(m)‹b-; *ru(m)‹bLith. ìrbF f.(!) 1 ‘partridge’; irb nis m.(io) ‘snowball-tree’; Latv. irbe f.(!) ‘partridge’; irbenjs m.( jo) ‘snowball-tree’; rubenis m.(io) ‘black grouse’

PIE Cogn.

*r(e)mbOIc. rjúpa f. ‘ptarmigan’

Latv. rubenis < *rub- and OIc. rjúpa < *reub- lack the nasal element of *r
*rb adj. o ‘speckled’ E

Ru. rjabój (dial.) ‘speckled’; Ukr. rjabýj (dial.) ‘speckled’

See ' *r
Ru. rjab’ (Dal’: eccl., N. dial.) ‘sand-grouse, hazel-grouse’; rjabók (dial.) ‘hazel-grouse’. Cf. rjábik (the Standard Russian form), rjábuška and rjábec

*r‚¯d&

436

S

or rjabéc ‘hazel-grouse’, rjábka ‘partridge’ (Dal’ s.v. rjabyj). The form rjabéc also means ‘trout’. Sln. r<4b ‘partridge’

See ' *r
OCS r
*rìnti v. (a) ‘push, shove’ CS E W S

OCS rin0š< s< (Supr.) 3pl. aor. ‘precipitated’ Ru. rínut’sja ‘rush, dash’ Cz. •inouti se ‘stream, flow’; Slk. rinúŸ se ‘stream, flow’ SCr. r›nuti ‘push’, 1sg. r›nm; ak. r›nuti (Vrg.) ‘push’, 2sg. r›neš; r›nut (Orb.) ‘push, shove’, 1sg. rnen; Sln. ríniti ‘shove, press’, 1sg. rnem; Bulg. rína ‘shovel’

PIE Cogn.

*hr(e)iHSkt. riÁti (RV+) ‘make flow, run’

See also: *r¨jati; *r„kà; *r¥j%

*rit f. i ‘buttocks’ CS E W S

SerbCS rit! ‘buttocks’ ORu. rit! ‘hoof ’ Cz. •iŸ ‘buttocks’; Pl. rzy\ ‘buttocks’ Sln. rìt ‘arse’, Gsg. rti

BSl. B

*rei‹t- (re‹it-?) Lith. ríetas m. 1 ‘thigh, loin’; Latv. ri ta f. ‘thigh, haunch’

*uti v. ‘roar’ CS E W S

OCS revy (Hil.) ptc. pres. act. ‘roaring’; rovy (Supr.) ptc. pres. act. ‘roaring’ (the SJS reconstructs the lemmas rjuti, 1sg. rev0, and ruti, 1sg. rov0) Ru. revét’ ‘roar’, 1sg. revú, 3sg. revët; ORu. rjuti ‘roar’, 1sg. revu OCz. •úti ‘roar’, 1sg. •evu; Pl. rzu\ ‘roar’ SCr. rèvati ‘roar, bray’, 1sg. rèvm; ak. rov;t (Vrg.) ‘roar, bray’, 2sg. rovš; rov;t (Orb.) ‘bray (of a donkey)’, 2sg. rovš; Sln. rjúti ‘roar’, 1sg. rjóvem, 1sg. rjújem

*r¥d& PIE Cogn.

437

*hreuSkt. ruváti ‘roar’; Gk. †‡ « ‘howl, roar, complain’; Lat. rmor m. ‘noise, rumour’

*rodìti I v. ‘give birth, bear (fruit)’ CS E W S

BSl. B

OCS roditi ‘give birth, beget’, 1sg. rožd0, 2sg. rodiši Ru. rodít’ ‘give birth, bear’, 1sg. rožú, 3sg. rodít Cz. roditi ‘give birth, bear (fruit)’; Slk. rodiŸ ‘give birth, bear (fruit)’; Pl. rodzi\ ‘give birth, bear (fruit)’ SCr. ròditi ‘give birth, bear (fruit)’, 1sg. r«dm; ak. rod›ti (Vrg.) ‘bear, bring forth’, 2sg. r«dš; rod›t (Orb.) ‘bear, bring forth’, 1sg. r«din; Sln. rodíti ‘give birth, beget, bear (fruit)’, 1sg. rodím; Bulg. rodjá ‘give birth, bear (fruit)’ *rod-ei/iLatv. radît ‘give birth to, create’

Only Balto-Slavic. LIV’s reconstruction *(H )rod-eie- (497) of an aspirated voiced stop is based on Matasovi’s modification of Winter’s law (only in closed syllables), which is why in a foonote *d is not completely ruled out. The often suggested connection with Skt. várdhate ‘grow, increase, thrive’ is formally problematic, since we would have to assume Schwebeablaut and loss of *u-. See also: *n#ròd&; *r¥d&

*roditi II v. ‘care (about), heed’ CS W S

OCS neroditi ‘not care (about), not heed’, 1sg. nerožd0 OCz. neroditi ‘not care (about)’; USrb. rod]i\ ‘want, strive’ Sln. róditi ‘care (about), observe’, 1sg. r06dim; Bulg. rodjá ‘care (about), observe’

See also: *raditi

*rd m. o (c) ‘birth, origin, clan, family, yield’ CS E W S

BSl. B

OCS rod" ‘birth, origin, kin, people, sex, sort’ Ru. rod ‘birth, origin, kin, genus, sort’, Gsg. róda Cz. rod ‘family, clan, origin, birth’; Slk. rod ‘family, clan, origin, birth’; Pl. ród ‘family, clan’, Gsg. rodu SCr. r|d ‘family, clan, sex, genus, harvest, fruit’, Gsg. r«da; Sln. rºd ‘birth, origin, kinship, race, generation, tribe, genus’, Gsg. rºda, Gsg. rod, Gsg. rod; Bulg. rod ‘birth, origin, clan, tribe, people, family, generation, sex, genus, sort, fruit’ *rodos Latv. rads ‘birth, origin, kin, people, sex, sort’

The meaning of the denominative o-stem (' *rodìti I) is ‘birth’ (hence ‘origin, clan, family’, etc.), but also ‘yield, harvest, fruit’, cf. Ru. urožáj ‘harvest’, Lith. rasm ‘ripeness, maturity’, Latv. rasma ‘prosperity, maturity, harvest’, raža ‘harvest, yield, crop’.

*r¥g&

438 *rg m. o (c) ‘horn’ CS E W S

OCS rog" Ru. rog, Gsg. róga; Bel. roh, Gsg. róha; Ukr. rih, Gsg. róha Cz. roh; Slk. roh; Pl. róg, Gsg. rogu SCr. r|g, Gsg. r«ga; ak. r|g (Vrg.), Gsg. r«ga; r|g (Novi), Gsg. r«ga; ru|h (Orb.), Gsg. r«ga; Sln. rºg, Gsg. rºga, Gsg. rog; Bulg. rog

BSl. B

*rogos Lith. rãgas 2/4; Latv. rags OPr. ragis (EV)

*ròj m. jo (b) ‘swarm’ E W S

Ru. roj, Gsg. rója; rôj {1}; Bel. roj, Gsg. rojá; Ukr. rij, Gsg. rojá Cz. roj; Slk. roj; rôj (dial.); Pl. rój, Gsg. roju SCr. r|j, Gsg. r«ja; ak. ruõj (ru|j) (Orb.), Gsg. roj;; Sln. ròj, Gsg. rója; Bulg. roj

PIE *hroiH-o-m Cogn. Lat. rvus m. ‘brook, stream’; OIr. ríathor m. ‘torrent’ {1} According to Zaliznjak (1985: 134), the Old Russian evidence points to AP (b), cf. Gsg. rojá in Deržavin (Illi-Svity 1963: §52). See also: *r¨jati; *r„kà; *rìn®ti

*rok m. o ‘time’ CS E W S

OCS rok" (Euch., Supr.) ‘time’ Ru. rok ‘fate, (dial.) year, time’, Gsg. róka Cz. rok ‘year’; Slk. rok ‘year’; Pl. rok ‘year’ SCr. r|k ‘period, time’, Gsg. r«ka; Sln. ròk ‘period, fate, omen’, Gsg. r06ka

B

Lith. rãkas (OLith.) ‘time, limit, end’; Latv. raks ‘goal, limit’

For the semantics, cf. Lat. ftum. The Baltic forms are probably borrowings from Slavic (cf. Skardžius 1931: 185). See also: *otrok&; *r#ìti; *rekti; *r¬%

*rosà f. # (c) ‘dew’ CS E W S

OCS rosa (Euch., Supr.) ‘dew, rain’ Ru. rosá ‘dew’, Asg. rosú; rosá (arch.) ‘dew’, Asg. rósu {1}; Ukr. rosá ‘dew’, Asg. rósu; rosá ‘dew’, Asg. rosú Cz. rosa ‘dew’; Slk. rosa ‘dew’; Pl. rosa ‘dew’ SCr. ròsa ‘dew’, Asg. r«su, Npl. r«se; ak. ros; (Vrg.) ‘dew’, Npl. r«se; ros; (Orb.) ‘dew’, Asg. r«so; Sln. rósa ‘dew’; Bulg. rosá ‘dew, drop of sweat, drizzle’

BSl. B

*rosዠLith. rasà 4 ‘dew, drop’; Latv. rasa ‘dew, drop, drizzle’

PIE

*Hros-eh'

*rÓkà

439

Cogn. Skt. ras f. ‘mythical river, moisture’ {1} According to Illi-Svity (1963: §39), rosá, Asg. rósu, Npl. rósy is attested in 17th and 18th century documents as well as in 18th and 19th century poetry. Zaliznjak (1985: 138) reconstructs AP (c) for Early Old Russian.

*rov m. o ‘ditch, pitch’ CS E W S

OCS rov" ‘ditch, pit’ Ru. rov ‘ditch, pit’ Cz. rov (lit.) ‘grave’; Slk. rov ‘ditch’; Pl. rów ‘ditch’, Gsg. rowu SCr. r|v ‘ditch’; Sln. ròv ‘ditch’, Gsg. róva; Bulg. rov ‘ditch’

BSl. B

*rowos Lith. rãvas ‘ditch’ OPr. rawys ‘ditch’

See ' *r+ti. *rbìti v. ‘chop, hem’ E W S

Ru. rubít’ ‘fell, chop’, 1sg. rubljú, 3sg. rúbit Cz. roubiti ‘erect, (rarely) hem, (arch.) graft’ SCr. rúbiti ‘hem’, 1sg. rbm; ak. ruob›t (Orb.) ‘peel, shell (of nuts)’, 1sg. ruõbin; Sln. r06biti ‘hem, hew, beat’, 1sg. r06bim; Bulg. r¹bja ‘hem’

B

Lith. rumbúoti ‘hem’

See also: *r®b&

*rb m. o (c) CS E W S

BSl. B

SerbCS r0b" ‘cloth’ Ru. rub ‘coarse cloathing, rags’; Bel. rub ‘hem, seam’; Ukr. rub ‘hem, seam’ Cz. rub ‘hem, the wrong side’; Slk. rub ‘hem, the wrong side’; Pl. rb (obs.) ‘hem, border, scar’, Gsg. r
See ' *r0bìti. *rkà f. # (c) ‘hand, arm’ CS E W

OCS r0ka ‘hand, arm’ Ru. ruká ‘hand, arm’, Asg. rúku Cz. ruka ‘hand’; Slk. ruka ‘hand’; Pl. r
*rºd&

440 S

SCr. rúka ‘hand’, Asg. rku; ak. rk; (Vrg., Hvar) ‘hand’, Asg. rku; ruok; (Orb.) ‘hand’, Asg. ru|ko; Sln. róka ‘hand’; Bulg. r‘ká ‘hand’

BSl. B

*rónka‹ Lith. rankà 2 ‘hand’; Latv. rùoka ‘hand’ OPr. rnkan Asg. ‘hand’

Cogn.

OIc. rá f. ‘corner, berth in a ship’

The Balto-Slavic word for ‘hand’ derives from a verbal root *urenk, cf. Lith. riñkti ‘gather’. Since deverbative -stems are usually immobile, Kortlandt (1977a: 327) suggests that the accentuation is analogical after *nogà ‘foot, leg’, where mobility is old. *rd adj. o (c) E W S

Ru. rúdyj (dial.) ‘blood-red’; rudój (dial.) ‘red, red-haired (S., W.), dirty (Smol.)’ Cz. rudý ‘red, reddish’; Slk. rudý ‘red, reddish’; Pl. rudy ‘reddish’ SCr. rd ‘reddish, rust-coloured’, Gsg. rúda; Sln. rd ‘reddish’; Bulg. rud ‘blood-red’

BSl. B

*roudos Lith. radas ‘reddish brown, bay, reddish’; Latv. rads ‘red, reddish brown, ‘light bay’

PIE Cogn.

*h&roud-oLat. rfus (dial.) ‘red-haired, reddish’; Go. rauþs ‘red’

*rx m. o (c) ‘movement’ E W

Bel. rux ‘movement, bustle’, Gsg. rúxu; Ukr. rux ‘movement, bustle’, Gsg. rúxu Cz. ruch; Slk. ruch; Pl. ruch; Slnc. rˆch

PIE Cogn.

*(H )rous-oOIc. reyrr m. ‘pile of stones’

*rnò n. o (b) ‘fleece’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

OCS runo (Ps. Sin.) Asg. Ru. runó ‘fleece, (dial.) school of fish, bundle (of hops) with roots’; Ukr. rúno Cz. rouno; Slk. rúno; Pl. runo SCr. rúno; ak. rno (Vrg., Hvar); rn« (Orb.) ‘skin, fleece’, Npl. rna; Sln. rúnJ; Bulg. rúno *(H )rou-(m)noSkt. róman- (RV+) n. ‘(body-)hair’; OIr. rúamnae m. ‘blanket’

*rygati

441

*rvàti v. (c) ‘tear’ CS E W S

SerbCS r"vati ‘tear’, 1sg. r"v0 Ru. rvat’ ‘tear’, 1sg. rvu, 3sg. rvët; ORu. r"vati ‘tear’, 1sg. r"vu Cz. rváti ‘tear’; Slk. rvaŸ ‘tear’; Pl. rwa\ ‘tear’ SCr. rQvati se ‘wrestle, struggle’, 1sg. rQvm se; ak. rv;ti se (Vrg.) ‘wrestle, struggle’, 1sg. Ürv’š se; Sln. rváti ‘tear out, pull’, 1sg. rújem

B

Lith. ravAti ‘weed’; Latv. ravêt ‘weed’

PIE

*(H )ruH-

See ' *r+ti. *rydati v. ‘weep, wail’ CS E W S

OCS rydati ‘mourn, lament’, 1sg. rydaj0 Ru. rydát’ ‘sob’, 1sg. rydáju; ORu. rydati ‘weep, wail’ Cz. rydati ‘wail, nag’; OCz. rydati ‘attack, nag’; Slk. rydaŸ ‘wail, lament’ SCr. r›dati ‘sob’, 1sg. r›dm

BSl. B

*ru‹dLith. raudóti ‘weep, sob, lament’; Latv. raûdât ‘weep’

PIE Cogn.

*(H )rudSkt. rudanti 3pl. ‘weep’; OE rotan ‘weep, complain’

*rdlo n. o (a) ‘spade, snout’ CS E W S

OCS rýlo (Supr.) ‘spade’ Ru. rýlo ‘snout, mug’ Cz. rydlo ‘cutter’; Slk. rydlo ‘cutter, spade’ SCr. r›lo ‘snout, trunk’; Sln. rílJ ‘snout’; Bulg. rílo ‘snout’

B

Latv. raûklis ‘scraper’

PIE

*(H )ruH-

See ' *r+ti. *rygati v. ‘belch’ CS E W S

OCS ot"rigati (Supr., Ps. Sin.) ‘disgorge, throw out (words)’ Ru. rygát’ ‘belch, (dial.) sob, weep’, 1sg. rygáju Cz. •íhati ‘belch’; Slk. rihaŸ ‘belch’; Pl. rzyga\ ‘throw up’ SCr. rìgati ‘belch’, 1sg. rìgm; ak. r›gati (Vrg.) ‘belch’, 2sg. r›g”š; Sln. rígati ‘throw up, belch, bray’, 1sg. rgam

BSl. B

*ru‹gLith. ráugFti ‘belch’; Latv. raûgâtiês ‘belch’

PIE Cogn.

*h&rugGk. š‡ « ‘belch out, disgorge, discharge, vomit, roar’; Lat. rgre ‘roar’, rgere ‘disgorge noisily, belch’

*r ti

442

Some of the Slavic forms seem to reflect *rigati. This may be due to a relatively recent development, but it is also conceivable that these forms continue *rju‹g-, with analogical *j from *rjou‹g- < *h&reug-, cf. Lith. riáugFti (dial.). *rti v. (a) ‘dig, root’ CS E W S

OCS ryti (Euch.) ‘dig, tear up’, 1sg. ryj0; SerbCS ryti ‘dig’, 1sg. ryj0 Ru. ryt’ ‘dig’, 1sg. róju, 3sg. róet Cz. rýti ‘dig’; Slk. ryŸ ‘dig’; Pl. ry\ ‘dig’ SCr. r›ti ‘dig’, 1sg. r›jm; Sln. ríti ‘root, dig’, 1sg. rjem; Bulg. ríja ‘root, dig’

BSl. B

*ru‹Lith. ráuti ‘tear out, pull’; Latv. raût ‘tear, pull, take’

PIE Cogn.

*(H )ruHLat. rta caesa Npl. n. ‘minerals and timber already quarried and felled at the time an estate is put up for sale’; OIc. rýja ‘tear out wool’

See also: *rov&; *r&vati; *r dlo

*S *sadìti v. (c) ‘plant’ CS E W S

BSl. B

OCS saditi ‘plant’, 1sg. sažd0 Ru. sadít’ ‘plant’, 1sg. sažú, 3sg. sádit {1} Cz. saditi (arch.) ‘set, plant’; Slk. sadiŸ ‘set, plant’; Pl. sadzi\ ‘set, plant’; Slnc. sã^‘c ‘set, plant’, 1sg. sªu^‘ SCr. sáditi ‘plant, seat’, 1sg. sdm; ak. s”d›ti (Vrg.) ‘plant’, 2sg. s’dš; sd›t (Orb.) ‘plant’, 1sg. sãdin; Sln. sadíti ‘set, plant’, 1sg. sadím; Bulg. sadjá ‘sow, set, plant’ *so‹d-ei/iLith. sodìnti ‘set, plant’ OPr. saddinna 3sg. ‘sets’

PIE *sod-eieCogn. Skt. sdáyati ‘set’ {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). See also: *sÁd&; *s˜d˜ti; *s˜sti

*sd m. o (c) ‘plant, garden’ CS E W S

OCS sad" ‘plant’ Ru. sad ‘garden’; ORu. sad" ‘tree, plant, garden’ Cz. sad ‘orchard, (pl.) park’; Slk. sad ‘garden, park’ SCr. sd ‘new planting’, Gsg. sda; ak. s“d ‘new planting’, Gsg. s“da; Sln. sd ‘fruit, plantation’, Gsg. sda, Gsg. sad

*sed&lò B

443

Lith. sõdas ‘orchard, garden, park, (dial.) plant’; Latv. sàds ‘garden, orchard’

The Baltic forms are borrowings from Slavic. For the root, see ' *sadìti. *san f. i ‘sleigh, sledge’ CS E W S

RuCS san! ‘snake’ Ru. sáni Npl.; ORu. sani Npl.; Ukr. sány Npl. Cz. sánY Npl.; sanY Npl.; saŽ ‘dragon, tapeworm’; Pl. sanie; OPl. sani Npl. SCr. s;oni Npl.; s;one Npl. f.(#); sni (NW dial.) Npl.; Sln. san Npl.

BSl. B

*Za‹nos; *Za‹nis Lith. šónas m. 1 ‘side, flank’; Latv. sãns m. ‘side’

*sèdm num. o ‘seventh’ CS E W S

OCS sedm" Ru. sed’mój {1} Cz. sedmý; sédmý (dial.); OCz. sédmý; Slk. siedmy; Pl. siódmy SCr. s=dm; ak. s dm (Vrg.); sédm (Novi); s£ dmi; Sln. s<6dmi; Bulg. sédmi

BSl. B

*septmos Lith. septiñtas; Latv. septîts OPr. septmas

PIE *septm-óCogn. Skt. saptamá- (VS+); Gk. 棑; Lat. septimus; OHG sibunto {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *sedm%

*sèdm num. i (b) ‘seven’ CS E W S

OCS sedm!, Gsg. sedmi Ru. sem’, Gsg. semí Cz. sedm; Slk. sedem; Pl. siedem, Gsg. siedmiu; siedm (arch.) ‘seven’; Slnc. sËt®m; USrb. sydom; LSrb. sedym SCr. sdam; ak. sdan (Vrg., Orb.); sdam (Novi); Sln. s<6dŠm; Bulg. sédem

BSl. B

*septLith. septynì; Latv. septi_i

PIE Cogn.

*septm Skt. saptá; Gk. ”¶; Lat. septem; Go. sibun

Both in Baltic and Slavic the cardinal was reshaped under the influence of the ordinal. See also: *sedm&

*sedlò n. o (b) ‘saddle’ CS E

CS sed!lo Ru. sedló; ORu. sed!lo

*selò

444 W S

Cz. sedlo; Slk. sedlo; Pl. siodo SCr. sèdlo, Npl. sdla; ak. sedl« (Vrg.); sedl« (Novi), Npl. sdla; sdlo (Orb.) ‘seat (on a bicycle), saddle’, Npl. sdla; Sln. sédlJ; Bulg. sedló

A borrowing from Germanic, cf. OIc. s0ðull m.; OHG satul m. *selò n. o (b) CS E W S

OCS selo ‘field, abode, tabernacle, village’ Ru. seló ‘village’ OCz. selo ‘field’; Pl. sioo (poet.) ‘soil, hamlet, village’ SCr. sèlo ‘village, country’, Npl. sla; ak. sel« (Vrg.) ‘village, country’, Npl. sl”; sel« (Novi) ‘village, country’, Npl. sla; sel« (Orb.) ‘village’, Npl. s£ la; Sln. sélJ ‘building lot, colony, hamlet, village’; Bulg. sélo ‘village’, Npl. selá

B

Lith. salà f. 4 ‘island, (dial.) field surrounded bij meadows (or vice versa), (E. Lith.) village’

Cogn.

OIc. salr m. ‘hall, room, house’

*serdà f. # (c) ‘middle, Wednesday’ CS E W S

OCS srYda ‘middle, community, Wednesday’ Ru. seredá (obs.) ‘Wednesday’, Asg. séredu Cz. st•eda ‘Wednesday’; Slk. streda ‘Wednesday’; Pl. Zroda ‘Wednesday’; USrb. srjeda ‘Wednesday’ SCr. srijèda ‘Wednesday’, Asg. sr›jedu; ak. srd; (Vrg.) ‘Wednesday’, Asg. srdu; sr£ed; ‘Wednesday’, Asg. sr£=du; Sln. sr—6da ‘middle, centre’; sr¤da ‘Wednesday’; Bulg. sredá ‘middle, centre, environment’; srjáda ‘Wednesday’

BSl. B

*ZerdLith. šerdìs f.(i) 3 ‘core, kernel, pith’

PIE Cogn.

*˜erdGo. hairto n. ‘heart’

See also: *s%rd%ce

*sermša; *sermuša f. j# ‘ramson, bird cherry’ S

SCr. sr›jemuša ‘ramson’; Sln. sr<4mša ‘bird cherry’; sr<4msa ‘bird cherry’

See ' *erm"xa, etc., for a discussion of the etymology. *sérn; *sér  m. o; m jo (b) ‘hoarfrost, crust of ice’ CS E W

CS srYn" ‘white, greyish white (horses)’ Ru. serën (dial.) m.(o) ‘crust of ice’; séren (dial.) m.(o) ‘crust of ice’; séren (dial.) f.(i) ‘crust of ice’; Ukr. serén m.(o) ‘frozen hard snow’ Cz. st•ín (dial.) m.(o) ‘ice on branches’; st•íŽ (dial.) f.(i/j#) ‘ice on branches’; Slk. srieŽ m.( jo) ‘hoarfrost’; Pl. szron m.(o) ‘hoarfrost’ (older spellings Zron, Zrzon)

*s„dlò

445

S

Sln. sr¤n m.(o) ‘hoarfrost, frozen crust of snow’; sr¤nj m.( jo) ‘hoarfrost, frozen crust of snow’

BSl. B

*Zer(s )nos Lith. šerkšnas m. ‘hoarfrost’; šerkšnas adj. ‘grey, whitish’; Latv. srsna f. ‘hoarfrost’

PIE Cogn.

*˜er(H )-no-m OIc. hjarn n. ‘frozen snow’; Arm. sa n ‘ice’

*sestrà f. # (b) ‘sister’ CS E W S

OCS sestra Ru. sestrá, Asg. sestrú Cz. sestra; Slk. sestra; Pl. siostra SCr. sèstra; ak. sestr; (Vrg.); sestr; (Orb.), Asg. sestr«; Sln. séstra; Bulg. sestrá

BSl. B

*ses-(e)rLith. sesuõ f.(r) 3¾, Gsg. sesers OPr. swestro

PIE Cogn.

*sues-rSkt. svásar- f.; Lat. soror f.; Go. swistar f.; OIr. siur f.

*s dti v. ‘sit’ CS E W S

OCS sYdYti, 1sg. sYžd0 Ru. sidét’, 1sg. sižú, 3sg. sidít Cz. sedYti; Slk. sedieŸ; Pl. siedzie\ SCr. sjèdjeti; sjèditi, 1sg. sjèdm; ak. sid›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. sid§š; sedt (Orb.), 1sg. sed§n; Sln. s—d—6ti, 1sg. s—dím; Bulg. sedjá

BSl. B

*se‹d-e‹Lith. sFdAti, 3sg. sAdi

PIE Cogn.

*sed-eh&Lat. sedre

For the root, cf. also Gk. ÆX « ‘to sit down’, Go. sitan, OIc. sitja See also: *sadìti; *sÁd&; *s˜sti

*sdlò n. o (b) ‘seat’ W

Cz. sídlo ‘seat, residence’; Sedlo PN; Slk. sídlo ‘seat, residence’; Pl. Dugosiodo PN; USrb. sydo ‘residence’; LSrb. sedo ‘residence’

PIE

*sed-lo-m

If this is a Proto-Slavic formation, we must assume that in those languages where *dl- > *l- the etymon merged with *selò. In West Slavic as well these two etyma seem to have infuenced one another, cf. Pl. Dugosiodo with *e in the root.

*s˜kti

446 *s kti v. (c) ‘cut, mow’ CS E W S

OCS sYšti (Euch., Supr.) ‘cut’, 1sg. sYk0 (the attested forms are sYky Nsg. m. ptc. pres. act. (Euch.) and sYete 2pl. (Supr.)) Ru. se’ ‘cut to pieces, beat’, 1sg. sekú, 3sg. seët Cz. síci ‘mow’, 1sg. seku, 1sg. seu; OCz. sieci ‘mow’, 1sg. sYku; Pl. siec ‘hew, beat’, 1sg. siek<; USrb. syc ‘hew, beat’, 1sg. syku; LSrb. sec ‘hew, beat’, 1sg. seku SCr. sj\i ‘cut’, 1sg. sijèm; ak. s›\i (Vrg.) ‘cut’, 2sg. sš; s\ (Orb.) ‘cut, chop, hew’, 1sg. s£en; Sln. s—6i ‘cut’, 1sg. s—6em; Bulg. seká ‘chop, fell’, 1sg. seéš

It is hardly imaginable that *sYkti is not cognate with Lat. sec ‘cut, mow’. The acute root cannot be reconciled with the root variant *sek-, however. LIV (524) predictably reconstructs an acrodynamic present to account for the Slavic length, which in their framework yields the desired acute. Kortlandt claims that “*sYkti adopted the long root vowel for disambiguation from the root which is preserved in Lith. sèkti ‘watch, follow’ and Slavic soiti ‘indicate, pursue’” (1997a: 28). The original short vowel is attested in OCS sekyra ‘axe’. *sm n. n (a) ‘seed’ CS E W S

OCS sYm<, Gsg. sYmene, Gsg. sYmeni Ru. sémja Cz. símY; Pl. siemi< SCr. sjme, Gsg. sjmena, Npl. sjemèna; ak. s›me (Vrg.), Gsg. s›mena; s›me (Hvar), Gsg. s›mena, Npl. simen;; Sln. s—6me, Gsg. s—6mena; Bulg. séme, Npl. semená

BSl. B

*se‹menLith. sAmenys m.(n) 1/3$ ‘linseed, flaxseed’ OPr. semen

PIE Cogn.

*seh&-menLat. smen n.

See also: *s¨ti I

*sno n. o (c) ‘hay’ CS E W S

OCS sYno ‘hay, grass’ Ru. séno Cz. seno; Slk. seno; Pl. siano; USrb. syno SCr. s›jeno, Gsg. s›jena; ak. s=no (Vrg.), Gsg. s=na; s=no (Novi), Gsg. s=na; s£=no (Orb.), Gsg. s£=na; Sln. s—nº; Bulg. senó

BSl. B

*Zóino Lith. ši nas m. 4; Latv. sìens m.

If this etymon is cognate with Gk. €« ¶ (Hesych.) f. ‘hay’, we may reconstruct *˜oin-óm.

*s¨ti I; *s¨jati I

447

*sn f. i (a) ‘shadow’ CS E W S

OCS sYn! ‘shadow’ Ru. sen’ (obs., poet.) ‘canopy’ Cz. síŽ ‘(entrance) hall’; OCz. sieŽ ‘(entrance) hall’; Slk. sieŽ ‘(entrance) hall’; Pl. sie ‘(entrance) hall’ SCr. sjn m.(o) ‘shadow’

B

Latv. seja f.( j#) ‘face’; se§ja (dial.) f.( j#) ‘face’; paseij adv. ‘behind one’s back’

PIE Cogn.

*skoHi-n(-i)Skt. chy- (RV+) f. ‘shadow, reflection’; Gk. €«· f. ‘shadow’; Alb. hie ‘shadow’

The *s- was adopted from forms with zero grade of the root, cf. ' *sijati. See also: *st¨n%; *t˜n%

*$ r adj. o ‘grey’ CS E W S

RuCS sYr" Ru. séryj; ser, f. será, n. séro; Ukr. síryj Cz. šerý; OCz. šYrý; Slk. šerý; Pl. szary; USrb. šYry Sln. s<6r, f. s<6ra

PIE Cogn.

*˜He/oiroOIr. cíar ‘dark-brown’; OIc. hárr ‘grey-haired, old’; OE hr ‘grey, grey-haired’

The initial fricative results from the palatalization of *x- before *Y < *oi/ai. According to Kortlandt (1994: 112), *˜h' was depalatalized to *kH in Balto-Slavic, which sequence ultimately yielded k in Lithuanian and *x in Proto-Slavic. Lubotsky (1989: 51), on the other hand, reconstructs *˜h& in order to account for the vocalism *ei of the Old Irish form. Heidermanns (1993: 269) seems to ignore the problem. *s sti v. ‘sit down’ CS E W S

OCS sYsti, 1sg. s
BSl. B

*se‹dLith. sAsti, 3sg. sAda OPr. sindants ‘sitting’

See ' *sYdYti. *sti I; *sjati I v. (a) ‘sow’ CS E W

OCS sYti, 1sg. sYj0; sYjati, 1sg. sYj0 Ru. séjat’, 1sg. séju Cz. síti; Slk. siaŸ; Pl. sia\; USrb. sy\; LSrb. seZ

*s¨ti II; *s¨jati II

448 S

SCr. s›jati, 1sg. s›jm; ak. s›jati (Vrg.), 2sg. s›ješ; sjat (Orb.); Sln. s—játi, 1sg. s¤jem; Bulg. séja

BSl. B

*se‹Lith. sAti; Latv. s t

PIE Cogn.

*seh&Lat. serere; Go. saian

See also: *s¨m‚

*sti II; *sjati II v. (a) ‘sift’ CS S

OCS sYti ‘sift’, 1sg. sYj0; sYjati ‘sift’, 1sg. sYj0 SCr. s›jati ‘sift’, 1sg. s›jm; ak. sjat (Orb.) ‘sift, sieve’, 1sg. s£=jen; Sln. s—játi ‘sift’, 1sg. s¤jem; Bulg. séja ‘sift’

BSl. B

*s(e)‹iLith. sijóti ‘sift’; Latv. sijât ‘sift’

PIE

*seh&i-

See also: *pros˜jati; *sìto

*s t f. i (a?) ‘snare, net’ CS E W

OCS sYt! ‘snare, trap’ Ru. set’ ‘net’, Gsg. séti {1} Cz. síŸ ‘net’; Slk. sieŸ ‘net’; Pl. sie\ ‘net’

PIE Cogn.

*sh'-(o)i-tSkt. sétu- (RV+) m. ‘band, fetter, dam’; OHG seid n. ‘cord’

If one does not wish to posit PIE *seH- alongside *sei- (Insler 1971: 581 ff ), Lith. si ti, Latv. sìet ‘tie’ must reflect *sHei- (Schrijver 1991: 519) or rather *sh'ei- (LIV: 544).On the basis of Hitt. iš amin- c. ‘cord’ alongside iš i, 3pl. iš iianzi ‘bind, wrap’, Kloekhorst (2008: 393) has argued that we must reconstruct PIE *seh'- and *sh'-(o)i-. This seems to be a satisfactory solution. Baltic forms with e-vocalism, e.g. Lith. s ja (dial.) ‘ties’ can easily be analogical. On the other hand, we may wonder wat the fate of *sh'-oi- would be in Balto-Slavic. It is possible that *sh'-oi- > would develop into a root *soi-, which could have given to rise to new apophonic grades *sei- and *si-. The root of *sYt! seems to be acute, however. Perhaps the zero grade *sh'i-provided the basis for a new full grade *soh'i (after all, *Ce/oHI : *CHI is a common type of ablaut) or the word for ‘net’ was influenced by the verbal root *se‹i- ‘sieve’. The semantic connection is obvious. {1} AP (a) is also attested in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 132). See also: *sdlò; *sít&

*sver m. o (a) ‘North’ CS E

OCS sYver" ‘North, north wind’ Ru. séver ‘North’

*s‚gti

449

W S

Cz. sever ‘North’; Slk. sever ‘North’; USrb. sowjer ‘(high altitude) haze’ {1} SCr. sjvr ‘North’; Sln. s—6ver m.( jo) ‘north wind, North’, Gsg. s—6verja; s—6ver ‘north wind, North’, Gsg. s—6vera; s—6vŠr ‘north wind, North’, Gsg. s—6vra; Bulg. séver ‘North’

BSl. B

*Zé‹wer-; *Zjó‹urLith. šiáurF f. ‘North’

PIE *˜eh&uer-oCogn. Lat. caurus m. ‘northwestern wind’ (< *˜h&uer-o-) {1} Sewjer ‘North’ is a 19th century borrowing from Czech (Schaarschmidt 1997: 150). *sdzati; *sgati v. (a) ‘reach for, attain’ E W S

Ru. posjagát’ ‘encroach, infringe’ Cz. sahati ‘touch, reach for’; OCz. sahati ‘touch, reach for’, 1sg. sahu, 2sg. sYžeš; Pl. si
See ' *s
Only prefixed verbs, e.g. pris
According to Kortlandt (1988: 389), the fact that Winter’s law apparently did not operate in the derivative in *-n0ti (where AP (a) is productive!) is due to the cluster *-ngn-, which blocked the law. For the etymology, see ' *s
OCS pris<šti s< ‘touch’, 1sg. pris
BSl. B

*se(n)‹gLith. sègti ‘fasten, pin’

PIE Cogn.

*se(n)gSkt. sájati ‘adhere to’

Lith. seg- must have been created on the basis of the nasal present (' *s<Ègn0Qti). See also: s‚¸dzati; *s‚¸gati

*s‚kn®ti

450 *sknti v. ‘run dry’ CS E W S

OCS is
BSl. B

*se(n)kLith. sèkti ‘subside (water), diminish (strength)’

PIE Cogn.

*sekSkt. saZcasi (RV) 2sg. imper. act. ‘dry out’; Gk. Æ€ [ ½ (Hom.) ‘his voice broke down’

See also: *s®iti

*stj adj. jo ‘sensible, wise’ CS

CS s<št" ‘sensible, wise’

BSl. B

*sint- (*sent-) Lith. sintAti (Žem.) ‘think’

For the root *sent-, cf. Lat. sentre ‘feel’. *s#dlò n. o (b) ‘noose, snare’ CS E W

OCS silo (Supr.) Ru. siló (dial.); sílo (dial.); ORu. silo Pl. sido ‘snare, trap’

B

Lith. ãtsailF f.(!) ‘cross-bar between beam and axle’; Latv. saiklis m.(io) ‘string, band’

Cogn.

OHG seil n. ‘rope, snare, fetter’

In view of the etymology discussed s.v. ' *sYt!, we must in principle reconstruct *sh'i-dlóm. Formally this is without problems. The stressed suffix was not affected by Hirt’s law as well as Ebeling’s law and the laryngeal was lost in pretonic position with compensatory lengthening. Nevertheless, a secondary full grade *seid- cannot be excluded (see also ' *sít"). *sijàti v. ‘shine’ CS E S

OCS sijati, 1sg. sijaj0 Ru. siját’, 1sg. sijáju SCr. sj;ti, 1sg. sjm; ak. sj;ti se (Vrg.), 3sg. sj;j se; Sln. sijáti, 1sg. sjem; Bulg. sijája

PIE Cogn.

*s˜HiGo. skeinan

In the position before *i, PIE *sk was realized as [sê] > BSl. *Z.

*sìv&

451

See also: *s¨n%; *st¨n%; *t˜n%

*sìla f. # (a) ‘strength, force’ CS E W S

OCS sila ‘strength, force, miracle’ Ru. síla Cz. síla; Slk. sila; Pl. sia SCr. s›la; Sln. síla ‘force, mass, need’; Bulg. síla

BSl. B

*sé‹ila‹ Lith. síela 1 ‘soul’ OPr. seilin Asg. ‘diligence’

Etymology unknown. *sìto n. o (a) ‘sieve’ E W S

Ru. síto Cz. síto; Slk. sito; Pl. sito SCr. s›to; ak. s›to (Vrg., Novi, Orb.); Sln. sítJ; Bulg. síto

BSl. B

*sé‹ito Lith. síetas m.; Latv. siêts m.

The fixed root stress originates from Hirt’s law. The original form must have been *seh&i-tó(d ). The Latvian broken tone is explained by the fact that barytone neuter ostems with an acute root became mobile in Latvian (see Derksen 1995). See also: *pros˜jati; *s˜ti II

*sít m. o (b) W S

OCz. sít ‘twining’ Sln. st m.(o) ‘rush’; st f.(i) ‘rush’; síta f.(#) ‘rush’

B

Lith. si tas m. 2 ‘tie’; sa§tas m. 2/4 ‘tie’; Latv. sa§te f.(!) ‘string, cord, tie, leash’ OPr. saytan ‘strap, belt’

Cogn.

OHG seid n. ‘cord’ (< *saiþa-)

A reconstruction *sh'i-tóm (cf. ' *sdlò) seems possible, as there are indications that neuters in *-tò were productive anterior to the loss of the laryngeals in pretonic syllables, but we would have to assume that *-to was replaced by *-t". This is not unprecedented in original neuters, however. Alternatively, we may posit a secondary e-grade *seitom (see ' *sYt!), cf the (rare) Lithuanian variant se§tas 2. The Baltic and Germanic forms mentioned above point to *sh'ói-tom, though for Baltic an oxytone neuter cannot be excluded. *sìv adj. o (a) ‘grey’ E W

Ru. sívyj Cz. sivý; Slk. sivý; Pl. siwy

*skorà (skòra)

452 S

SCr. s›v; Sln. sìv, f. síva; Bulg. siv

BSl. B

*Zí‹vos Lith. šývas 3 ‘light grey’ OPr. sijwan ‘grey’

PIE Cogn.

*˜ih&-uóSkt. Zyvá- ‘dark brown, dark’ (<*˜ieh&-uó-)

*skorà (skòra) f. # (b) ‘bast, skin’ W

S

Cz. sk,ra (obs., dial.) Npl. ‘(tanned) skin’; skura (obs., dial.) Npl. ‘(tanned) skin’; skora (obs., dial.) Npl. ‘(tanned) skin’; Pl. skóra ‘skin’; Slnc. sk¶ur‘ ‘skin, bast, leather’ Sln. sk06rja ‘bark, crust’; skºrja ‘bark, crust’

As in the case of ' *korà, a number of forms behave as if they belong to the *vòlja type, e.g. Sln. sk06rja. According to Bulaxovskij (1953: 45), we must reckon with influence of the semantically similar *kòža. The widely attested long o in the root may be somehow connected with the following r (cf. Zaliznjak 1985: 135-136). See also: *korà; *korica; *kor to; *kor%c%

*skorda f. # ‘harrow’ E

Ru. skorodá (dial.) ‘harrow’

BSl. B

*skordLith. skardýti ‘dig up, crush’; Latv. sk¬rdît ‘pound, crush’ OPr. scurdis ‘dibstone, mattock’

PIE

*skord-eh'

See also: *osk&rd&

*slàb adj. o (a) ‘weak’ CS E W S

OCS slab" Ru. slábyj Cz. slabý; Slk. slabý; Pl. saby SCr. sl;b ‘weak, bad’, f. sl;ba; sl;b ‘weak, bad’, f. slàba; ak. sl;b (Vrg.) ‘weak’, f. slab;, n. sl;bo; sl;p (Orb.) ‘weak, bad’, f. sl;ba, n. sl;bo; Sln. slàb ‘weak, bad’, f. slába; Bulg. slab ‘weak, bad’

B

Lith. slãbnas (Žem.); slõbnas (E. Lith.) {1}; Latv. slãbs

PIE Cogn.

*slob-oMLG slap ‘weak, slack’

Though Latv. slãbs matches the Slavic etymon perfectly, I am inclined to regard the Baltic forms as borrowings (cf. Derksen 1996: 83). Rasmussen (1992: 72) mentions slãbnas as an example of his blocking rule, according to which Winter’s law did not operate for resonants. Since he also claims that Winter’s law applied exclusively to the

*slìva

453

syllable immediately preceding the stress, his version of Winter’s law cannot account for PSl. *slàb" (Derksen 2003: 9). {1} According to Fraenkel (151), the vocalism of slõbnas may be due to an East Lithuanian development (cf. Zinkeviius 1966: 103).

*slàva f. # (a) ‘glory, fame’ CS E W S

OCS slava ‘glory, fame, magnificence’ Ru. sláva Cz. sláva; Slk. sláva; Pl. sawa SCr. sl;va; ak. sl;va (Vrg., Orb.) ‘glory’; Sln. sláva; Bulg. sláva

BSl. B

*Zlu‹Lith. šlov f.(!) 3/4 ‘honour, fame’; šlóvF (Žem.) f.(!) 1 ‘honour, fame’; Latv. slava f. ‘rumour, reputation, fame’; slave f.(!) ‘rumour, reputation, fame’

PIE Cogn.

*˜luSkt. Zrávas- n. ‘fame, honour’; Gk. €•ª n. ‘fame’; OIr. clú f. ‘fame, rumour’

The root-final laryngeal reflected in Baltic as well as Slavic is a Balto-Slavic innovation. We must assume an original root noun with lengthened grade. See also: *slÊvo; *slùxati; *slºx&; *slùš˜ti; *sluti; *sl šati

*slimak m. o ‘snail’ E W

Ru. slimák (dial.) ‘snail, slug’ Cz. slimák; Slk. slimak; Pl. Zlimak

PIE Cogn.

*sleh&i-mGk. •ŒŸŠ m. ‘slug’; Lat. lmx m. ‘snail, slug’

*slìna f. # (a) ‘saliva’ CS E W S

OCS sliny (Euch.) Npl. Ru. slína (dial.); sliná (dial.) Cz. slina; Slk. slina; Pl. Zlina SCr. sl›na; Sln. slína

BSl. B

*sle‹ina‹ Latv. sli nas Npl.

PIE Cogn.

*sleh&i-n-eh' OIc. slím m. ‘slime’

*slìva f. # (a) ‘plum, plum-tree’ E W S

Ru. slíva ‘plum, plum-tree’ Cz. slíva ‘plum, plum-tree’; Pl. Zliwa ‘plum-tree’ SCr. šlj›va ‘plum (tree)’; ak. sl›va (Vrg., Hvar) ‘plum (tree)’; sl›va (Orb.) ‘yellow plum (tree)’; Sln. slíva ‘plum’; Bulg. slíva ‘plum, plum-tree’

*slÊvo

454

For the root we may perhaps compare Lat. lvre ‘be livid, bluish’, OIr. lí ‘colour, pallor’. In that case the reconstruction would be *(s)liH-u-. Lith. slyvà 2 and slvas (dial.) ‘plum, plum-tree’ are borrowings from Slavic. *slvo n. s (c) ‘word’ CS E W S

OCS slovo n.(s) Ru. slóvo Cz. slovo; Slk. slovo; Pl. sowo SCr. sl«vo ‘letter (of the alphabet)’; ak. sl«vo ‘letter (of the alphabet)’, Npl. sl«v”, Npl. slov’; sl«vo (Orb.) ‘letter’, Npl. sl«va; Sln. slovº ‘good-bye, farewell’ n.(s), Gsg. slov<4sa; slóvJ ‘letter (of the alphabet), word’, Gsg. slóva; Bulg. slóvo ‘word’

B

Lith. šlãvF (E. Lith.) f.(!) ‘honour, respect, fame’; Latv. slava f. ‘rumour, reputation, fame’; slave f.(!) ‘rumour, reputation, fame’

PIE Cogn.

*˜leu-osSkt. Zrávas- n. ‘fame, honour’; Gk. €•ª n. ‘fame’; OIr. clú f. ‘fame, rumour’

See ' *slàva. *slka f. # (a) ‘snipe, woodcock’ E W S

Ru. slúka ‘woodcock’ Cz. sluka ‘snipe, (s. lesní) woodcock’; Slk. sluka ‘snipe’; Pl. somka ‘snipe’ SCr. šljµka ‘snipe, (šumska š.) woodcock’; Sln. sl06ka ‘woodcock’

BSl. B

*slonka‹ Lith. slánka 1, slánkà 4 ‘snipe’; Latv. slùoka ‘snipe’ OPr. slanke ‘snipe’

I have no explanation for the tonal difference between Slavic and the Latvian form (see Derksen 1996: 137 for a the complete Baltic material). In my dissertation I opted for a root *slonHk-, even considering to give up the connection with Lith. sliñkti ‘sneak, crawl’, Latv. slìkt ‘lean over, be submerged, drown’. The snipe, however, is an extremely elusive bird and a name corresponding to OHG slango m. ‘snake’ would be entirely appropriate. I also failed to point out that Lith. slánka may very well show métatonie rude, cf. peialìnda, peialánda ‘leaf-warbler’, from p ius ‘oven’ and lÐsti ‘crawl’. The root is therefore to be reconstructed *slenk- and the Slavic acute must be regarded as irregular. *slùxati v. (a) ‘listen’ E W

Ukr. slúxaty ‘listen’ Pl. sucha\ ‘listen’

BSl. B

*klou(‹)šLith. kláusti ‘ask’; klausýti ‘listen’, 3sg. klaso OPr. klausiton ‘hear’

*sl šati

455

See ' *slùšati. *slx m. o (c) ‘hearing, rumour’ CS E W S

OCS slux" Ru. slux Cz. sluch; Slk. sluch; Pl. such SCr. slh; slµh; Sln. slh; Bulg. slux

PIE Cogn.

*˜lous-oSkt. Zrávas- n. ‘fame, honour’; Gk. €•ª n. ‘fame’; OIr. clú f. ‘fame, rumour’

See ' *slùšati. *slùšati v. (a) ‘listen’ CS E W S

OCS slušati ‘listen’, 1sg. slúšaj0 Ru. slúšat’ ‘listen’ Cz. slušeti ‘become, befit’; Slk. slušaŸ ‘become, befit’; Pl. susza\ ‘listen to, obey’ SCr. slµšati ‘listen’; ak. slµšati ‘listen’; Sln. slúšati ‘listen, follow’, 1sg. slúšam; Bulg. slúšam ‘listen, follow, obey’

BSl. B

*klou‹šLith. kláusti ‘ask’; klausýti ‘listen’, 3sg. klaso OPr. klausiton ‘hear’

PIE Cogn.

*˜lousSkt. Zróšati ‘listen, obey’

Slavic *s- < *Z- was adopted from forms with e-grade. The acute of Lith. kláusti may originate from a desiderative *˜leu-Hs-. The question is if this is also the origin of the acute tone of *slùšati. As we have seen s.v. ' *slàva, the presence of a laryngeal is not limited to the root variant with *-s, at least not in Slavic. See also: *slàva; *slÊvo; *slùxati; *slºx&; *sluti; *sl šati

*sluti v. ‘be called’ CS W S

OCS sluti ‘be called’, 1sg. slov0 Cz. slouti ‘be called, have a reputation (for)’, 1sg. sluji, (obs.) 1sg. slovu; OCz. slúti ‘be called, have a reputation (for)’, 1sg. slovu Sln. slúti ‘be famous (for), sound’, 1sg. slóvem, 1sg. slújem

See ' *slàva, *slùšati. *slšati v. (a) ‘hear’ CS E W S

OCS slyšati, 1sg. slyš0, 2sg. slyšiši Ru. slýšat’ Cz. slyšeti; Pl. sysze\ SCr. sl›šati; ak. sl›šati (Vrg.); Sln. slíšati, 1sg. slšim

*slyti

456 See ' *slùšati. *slyti v. ‘have a reputation (for)’ E

Ru. slyt’ ‘have a reputation (for)’, 1sg. slyvú, slovú (arch.), 3sg. slyvët

See ' *slàva, *slùšati. *sm x m. o (b (c)) ‘laughter, laugh’ CS E W S

OCS smYx" (Euch., Supr.) Ru. smex, Gsg. sméxa Cz. smích; Slk. smiech; Pl. Zmiech SCr. sm›jeh, Gsg. sm›jeha; ak. sm§h (Vrg.), Gsg. smh;; sm£ h (Vrg.), Gsg. sm£eh;; Sln. sm¤h; Bulg. smjax

Derivative of ' *sm!jati. The suffix *-x" arose from *-so- as a result of the ruki-rule. *smrd m. o (c) ‘stench’ CS E W S

OCS smrad" (Supr.) Ru. smórod (dial.); Bel. smaród; Ukr. smórid, Gsg. smórodu Cz. smrad; Slk. smrad; Pl. smród, Gsg. smrodu SCr. smrd, Gsg. smrda; ak. smr“d (Vrg.), Gsg. smr“da; smrd (Novi); smrd (Orb.) ‘dirt, dust’, Gsg. smrda; Sln. smrd, Gsg. smrda, Gsg. smrad; Bulg. smrad

BSl. B

*smor‹dos Lith. smardas (Bretk.) ‘odour, stench’; Latv. smarKds ‘smell, odour’

PIE

*smord-o-s

The glottal stop originating from Winter’s law was eliminated as a result of Meillet’s law. See also: *sm%rd¨ti

*smjàti v. (c) ‘laugh’ CS E W S

OCS smijati s<, 1sg. smYj0 s< Ru. smeját’sja, 1sg. smejús’, 3sg. smeëtsja Cz. smáti se; OCz. smieti se; Slk. smiaŸ sa; Pl. Zmia\ si<, 1sg. Zmiej< si< SCr. smìjati se, 1sg. smìjm se; ak. smj;ti se (Vrg.), 2sg. smijš se; smj;t se (Hvar), 1sg. smjn se; smejãt se (Orb.), 1sg. smej§n se; Sln. sm—6jati se, 1sg. sm—6jem se, sm—6jam se; sm—játi se, 1sg. sm—6jem se, sm—6jam se, sm—jím se; Bulg. sméja se

BSl. B

*smi‹Latv. smiêt ‘laugh at, mock’; smiêtiês ‘laugh’; sma§dît ‘mock’ (alongside E. Latv. smaîdinât); smîdînât ‘make smb. laugh’ (alongside W. Latv. sm§dînât)

PIE Cogn.

*sm(e)iSkt. smáyate (RV) ‘smile’

*snuti

457

Here, too, the Balto-Slavic laryngeal seems to be an innovation. See also: *sm¬x&

*smrdti v. (c) ‘stink’ CS E W S

OCS smr!dYti, 1sg. smr!žd0, 2sg. smr!ždiši Ru. smerdét’, 1sg. smeržú, 3sg. smerdít Cz. smrdYti; Slk. smrdieŸ; Pl. Zmierdzie\ SCr. sm¼djeti, 1sg. sm¼dm; ak. smrdti (Vrg.), 2sg. smrd§š; smrÈdt (Orb.), 2sg. smrÈd§š; Sln. smrd—6ti, 1sg. smrdím; Bulg. sm‘rdjá

BSl. B

*smir‹d-e‹Lith. smirdAti, 3pres. smìrdi; Latv. smirKdêt

See also: *sm¥rd&

*sng m. o (c) ‘snow’ CS E W S

OCS snYg" Ru. sneg, Gsg. snéga; Bel. sneh, Gsg. snéhu; Ukr. snih, Gsg. sníhu; snih (dial.), Gsg. snihá Cz. sníh, Gsg. snYhu; Slk. sneh; Pl. Znieg; Slnc. snjAg, Gsg. snjìegu SCr. sn›jeg, Gsg. sn›jega; ak. sng (Vrg.), Gsg. snga; sng (Novi); sn£=h (Orb.), Gsg. snga; Sln. sn¤g, Gsg. sn¤ga, Gsg. sn—g; Bulg. snjag

BSl. B

*snoigos Lith. sni gas 4 (AP 2 is attested in dialects); Latv. snìegs OPr. snaygis

PIE Cogn.

*snoig-oGo. snaiws m.

*snuti v. ‘warp’ CS E W

S

RuCS snuti ‘warp’, 1sg. snov0 Ru. snovát’ ‘warp, dash about’, 1sg. snujú, 3sg. snuët Cz. snouti ‘warp, spin, (lit.) prepare, plan’, 1sg. snuji, (rarely) snovu; snovati ‘warp, spin, (lit.) prepare, plan’, 1sg. snuji, (rarely) snovu; Slk. snovaŸ ‘wind’; Pl. snu\ ‘warp, spin’ SCr. snòvati ‘warp’, 1sg. snµjm; Sln. snováti ‘warp’, 1sg. snújem; Bulg. snová ‘warp’

BSl. B

*snou‹Latv. snaujis m.(io) ‘noose’

PIE Cogn.

*sneuHGo. sniwan ‘hurry’; OIc. snúa ‘wind, twist, warp’

See also: *osnòv#

*sn&xà

458 *snxà f. # (b/c) ‘daughter-in-law’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

SerbCS sn"xa ‘daughter-in-law’ Ru. snoxá ‘(father’s) daughter-in-law’, Asg. snoxú; ORu. sn"xa ‘daughter-inlaw’ Cz. snacha ‘daughter-in-law’ {1} SCr. snàha ‘daughter-in-law’; ak. snah; (Novi) ‘daughter-in-law’, Asg. snahµ; Kajk. snh« (Bednja), Asg. sneho, Asg. sneho; Sln. snáha ‘daughterin-law, bride’; snéha ‘daughter-in-law, bride’; Bulg. snaxá ‘daughter-in-law, sister-in-law’ *snus-óSkt. snuš- (AV+) f. ‘daughter-in-law’; Gk. ¤ f. ‘daughter-in-law’; Lat. nurus f. ‘daughter-in-law’; OE snoru f. ‘daughter-in-law’

The form *snus-ó- was replaced by *snus-eh'- in many languages. {1} A borrowing from Serbo-Croatian. The original designations synová and nevYsta (cf. Slk. nevesta) still occur in dialects.

*so ìti v. ‘indicate, accuse’ CS E W S

SerbCS soiti ‘indicate’ Ru. soít’ (Dal’) ‘look for, track down, summon’, 1sg. soú; ORu. soiti ‘look for, search for, conduct an action (leg.)’ Pl. soczy\ ‘slander, abuse’ SCr. sòiti ‘establish the guilt of, reveal, find’; Bulg. soá ‘show, indicate’

BSl. B

*sokLith. sakýti ‘say’; Latv. sacît ‘say’

PIE Cogn.

*sok-eieOIc. segja ‘say, announce’

See also: *sok& I

*soxà f. # (c) ‘forked stick’ E W S

Ru. soxá ‘(wooden) plough’, Asg. soxú; soxá (dial.) ‘(wooden) plough’, Asg. sóxu; ORu. soxá ‘stake, club, brace, plough’ Cz. socha ‘statue, sculpture’; Slk. socha ‘column’; Pl. socha ‘two-pronged fork’ SCr. sòha ‘forked stick’, Asg. s«hu; ak. soh; (Vrg.) ‘forked stick’, Asg. s«hu; Sln. sóha ‘pole, pole with a cross-beam’; Bulg. soxá ‘forked stick’

BSl. B

*Zok‹a‹ Lith. šakà ‘branch’; šãkF 2 ‘fork, pitchfork, dungfork’; šãkFs Npl. 2 ‘fork, pitchfork, dungfork’

PIE Cogn.

*˜ok-(e)h'Skt. Zkh- (RV+) f. ‘branch, twig’; Go. hoha f. ‘plough’

The *x arose in case-forms where the suffix had zero grade, e.g. Gsg. *˜ok-h'-os.

*sòlma

459

*sok I m. o ‘accuser’ CS E W S

RuCS sok" ‘accuser’ ORu. sok" ‘accuser’ Cz. sok ‘rival, opponent’; OCz. sok ‘plaintiff ’; Slk. sok ‘rival, opponent’ SCr. s«k ‘accuser, prosecutor, witness’

PIE Cogn.

*sok-oLat. inquit 3sg. ‘says’; OHG sagen ‘say’

See also: *soìti

*sk II m. o (c) ‘juice’ CS E W S

OCS sokom" (Supr.) Isg. Ru. sok, Gsg. sóka; Ukr. sik, Gsg. sóku Cz. sok (dial.); Pl. sok SCr. s|k, Gsg. s«ka; Sln. sºk, Gsg. sºka, Gsg. sok; Bulg. sok

BSl. B

*sokos Lith. saka§ Npl. 4 ‘resin, tar’

PIE

*sok-o-

*sòldk adj. o (a) ‘sweet’ CS E W S

OCS slad"k" Ru. solódkij (dial.) Cz. sladký; Slk. sladký; Pl. sodki; USrb. sódki SCr. slàtk; sl;dak, f. sl;tka, f. sl;tka; ak. slak (Vrg.); sl;k (Vrg.), f. slak;, n. sl;ko; sl;tki (Orb.), f. sl;tka; Sln. sládŠk, f. sládka; Bulg. slád‘k ‘sweet, tasty’

BSl. B

*sol‹dus Lith. saldùs 3; Latv. saRds

The root is an enlargement of *sh'el- ‘salt’ ('*s|l!), cf. Go. salt n. ‘salt’. *sòlma f. # (a) ‘straw’ CS E W S

CS slama Ru. solóma Cz. sláma; Slk. slama; Pl. soma; USrb. soma SCr. sl;ma; ak. sl;ma (Vrg., Novi, Orb.); Sln. sláma; Bulg. sláma

BSl. B

*sól‹mLatv. sams m. OPr. salme

PIE Cogn.

*˜olh'-mGk. € •¶‰ f. ‘stubble’; Gk. €¶•  m. ‘reed’; Lat. culmus m. ‘stubble, stem (of wheat)’; OHG hal(a)m m. ‘stalk’

*solnà

460 *solnà f. # (c?) ‘hoarfrost’ CS S

OCS slana (Ps. Sin.); RuCS slana SCr. slána, Asg. slnu; ak. sl”n; (Vrg.) ‘dew’; Sln. slána; Bulg. slaná

BSl. B

*Zol‹nዠLith. šalnà 4 ‘light frost’; Latv. saRna ‘id.’

PIE Cogn.

*˜olH-n-eh' OIc. héla f. ‘hoarfrost’

*soln adj. o (c) ‘salt(y), salted’ CS E W S

OCS slan" (Euch., Supr.) Ru. sólonyj (dial.); Ukr. solónyj Cz. slaný; Slk. slaný; Pl. sony SCr. sln; sln, f. slána; ak. sl’n (Vrg.); sl“n (Vrg.), f. sl”n;; Sln. sln, f. slána

See ' *s|l!. *slp m. o (c) ‘rapid, waterfall’ W S

Cz. slap ‘(usu. pl.) rapid, waterfall’ SCr. slp ‘waterfall, stream, wave’, Gsg. slpa; Sln. slp ‘waterfall, stream, wave’, Gsg. slpa, Gsg. slap

BSl. B

*solpos Lith. sapas 2/4 4 ‘river cove, creek, backwater’; salpà ‘flood-land, river cove, creek, backwater’

Other ablaut grades of this root occur in RuCS v"slYpati ‘flow’, sl!pati ‘flow, spout’. *solv adj. o CS E

CS slavooije n.(io) ‘state of having green eyes, glaucitas’ Ru. solóvyj ‘light bay’; solovój ‘yellowish grey’

PIE Cogn.

*sal-uo- (solH-uo-?) OIc. s0lr ‘dirty yellow’; OHG salwo ‘dirty yellow’, Gsg. sal(a)wes; MoE sallow ‘sickly yellow, pale brown’; MoDu. zaluw ‘yellowish’; OIr. salach ‘dirty’

I suspect that we are dealing with a root *sal- with “European a”. According to Schrijver (1991: 212-213), ablaut *solH- : *slH is an alternative solution. See also: *solv%j%; *sol(o)vik&

*solvj; *sol(o)vik m. io; m. o ‘nightingale’ CS E W

RuCS slavii Ru. solovéj, Gsg. solov’já; ORu. solovii Cz. slavík; Pl. sowik; USrb. syobik; soobik

*sovà

461

S

SCr. slàvj, Gsg. slavúja; slavj, Gsg. slavj;; Sln. slávŠc, Gsg. slávca; Bulg. slávej

BSl. B

*sal(V )wOPr. salowis (EV)

See ' *solv". *soltina f. # ‘salt marsh’ CS E W S

OCS slatina ‘salt-marsh’ Ru. solotína (dial.) ‘sticky liquid, stagnant marsh’ Cz. slatina ‘marsh’; Slk. slatina ‘marsh’ SCr. sl;tina ‘mineral spring’; Sln. sltina ‘carbonic water’

See ' *s|l!. *sl f. i (c) ‘salt’ CS E W S

OCS sol! Ru. sol’ Cz. s,l; Slk. so¯; Pl. sól, Gsg. soli; USrb. sól, Gsg. sele; sel (dial.) SCr. s|, Gsg. s«li; ak. s| (Vrg.), Gsg. s«li; s|l (Novi, Hvar), Gsg. s«li; su|l (Orb.), Gsg. s«li; Sln. sº, Gsg. sol; Bulg. sol f.(i)

BSl. B

*sal-; *slLatv. s¬ls f.(i) OPr. sal

PIE Cogn.

*sh'elGk. î• m.; Lat. sl m./n.; OHG salz n.; OIr. salann n.

According to Kortlandt (1985: 119), the root shape *sh'el- originates from the Asg. of a hysterodynamic paradigm. Latv. s¬ls is supposed to reflect a Nsg. *sh'l-s. See also: *sòld&k&; *soln&; *soltina

*sòm m. o (b) ‘sheat-fish’ E W S

Ru. som, Gsg. somá; som (dial.), Gsg. sóma; Ukr. som, Gsg. sóma Pl. sum; OPl. som SCr. s«m, Gsg. sòma; Sln. sòm, Gsg. sóma; Bulg. som

BSl. B

*Zomum Lith. šãmas 2/4; Latv. sams

The sometimes advocated connection with Gk. €  ½ m. ‘a fish’ seems a shot in the dark. *sovà f. # (b) ‘owl’ E W

Ru. sová Cz. sova; s,va (dial.); Slk. sova; Pl. sowa

*sovati

462 S

SCr. sóva; s«va (Vuk); ak. sov; (Orb.), Asg. sov«; Sln. sóva; s|va; Bulg. sóva

I find it tempting to seek a connection with Lat. cavannus (a borrowing from Celtic), W cuan, Bret. kaouenn, kaouann ‘owl’. According to Schrijver (1995: 99, 335), the Celtic forms may reflect either Proto-Celtic *kouanno- or *kuuanno-, which renders the *a of cavannus somewhat enigmatic. I provisionally reconstruct *˜ou-. *sovati v. ‘shove’ CS E W S BSl. B

OCS sovaat" (Supr.) 3sg. ‘overflows’ Ru. sovát’ ‘shove, thrust’, 1sg. sujú, 3sg. suët Cz. souvati (obs.) ‘shove’ (still common in prefixed verbs); OCz. suvati ‘shove’, 1sg. suju; Pl. suwa\ ‘shove, slide’ Sln. suváti ‘thrust, knock’, 1sg. súvem, 1sg. sújem; súvati ‘thrust, knock’, 1sg. súvam; sováti ‘thrust, knock’, 1sg. sújem *ZouHLith. šáuti ‘shoot’; Latv. šat ‘shoot’; sat (E. Latv.) ‘shoot’

Only Balto-Slavic. Transposed to PIE, the root is *˜euH- (thus LIV: 330). See also: *sun®ti

*s- pref. ‘together’ CS E W S

OCS s0Ru. suCz. sou-; Slk. sú-; Pl. sSln. so-; Bulg. s‘-

BSl. B

*som Lith. sam- (san-, s-) OPr. sen- (san-)

PIE Cogn.

*som Skt. sám (RV+) prvrb./prep. ‘together, at the same time’

A nominal prefix. See also: *s&(n)

*s iti v. ‘dry up, dry out’ CS

CS s0iti ‘dry up, dry out’

See ' *s
OCS s0di (Zogr., Mar., Cloz., Sav., Supr., Ps. Sin.); s0dii (Zogr., Mar., Ass., Supr.) Ru. sud’já m.(i#); Ukr. suddjá m.(i#) Pl. s
*s®¯k& S

SCr. sùdija m.(i#); Sln. s06dij m.(io); s06dja m.( j#); Bulg. s‘dijá m.(i#)

PIE

*som-dh&-ih&

463

Forms such as Ru. sud’já reflect *s0d!jà < *s0d!Qja. The prefix *s0- < *som- was already in pretonic position before the operation of Dybo’s law and is therefore reflected as a short vowel. The root is *dh&. See also: s®ƒdìti; s®Ëd&

*sdìti v. (b) ‘judge’ CS E W S

OCS s0diti, 1sg. s0žd0 Ru. sudít’, 1sg. sužú, 3sg. súdit Cz. souditi; OCz. súditi; Pl. sdzi\; s
See the previous lemma. *sdorga; *sdorg; *sdrga f. # ‘fine hail’ S

Sln. s06draga f. ‘fine hail, frozen grains of snow’; s06drag m. ‘fine hail, frozen grains of snow’; s06drga f. ‘fine hail, frozen grains of snow’

BSl. B

*dor‹ga‹ Lith. dargà f. 4 ‘bad, rainy weather, (dial.) retting’; dárgana f. 1 ‘bad, rainy weather’

See also: *padorga

*sd m. o (b) ‘court of law, trial, verdict, judgment’ CS E W

S

OCS s0d" ‘court of law, trial, verdict, judgment’ Ru. sud ‘court of law, trial’, Gsg. sudá Cz. soud ‘court of law, trial, verdict, judgment’; Slk. súd ‘court of law, trial, verdict, judgment’; Pl. sd ‘court of law, trial, verdict, judgment’, Gsg. sdu; Slnc. s¶Îd ‘court of law, trial’, Gsg. s¶Îdu– SCr. sd ‘court of law, trial, judgment, opinion’, Gsg. súda; ak. sd (Vrg.) ‘court of law, trial’, Gsg. sd;; st (Orb.) ‘court of law’; Sln. s06d ‘verdict, court of law’; Bulg. s‘d ‘court of law’

See ' s0dì. *sk m. o (c) ‘bough, knot (in wood), splinter’ CS E

OCS s0k" (Sav.) ‘splinter’ Ru. suk ‘bough, knot (in wood)’, Gsg. suká; suk (arch.) ‘bough, knot (in wood)’, Gsg. súka; Bel. suk ‘bough, knot (in wood)’, Gsg. suká; suk ‘bough, knot (in wood)’, Gsg. súka; Ukr. suk ‘knot (in wood)’, Gsg. suká

*sp¬x&

464 W S

Cz. suk ‘knot (in wood)’; Slk. suk ‘knot (in wood)’; Pl. s
BSl. B

*ZonkLith. atšank f.(!) 3¾ ‘barb, funnel-shaped part of a fishing-net, branch, bough’

PIE Cogn.

*˜onk-u-s Skt. Za kú- (AV+) m. ‘peg, wooden nail’; OIc. hár m. ‘thole pin’

*spx m. o (c) ‘haste’ CS E W S

OCS spYx" (Supr., Euch.) ‘diligence, aspiration’ Ru. spex (coll.) ‘haste’ Cz. spYch ‘haste’; USrb. spYch ‘haste’ Sln. sp¤h ‘haste’, Gsg. sp¤ha, Gsg. sp—h

B

Lith. spkas 2/4 ‘power’; Latv. speQks ‘power’

Derivative in *-x" of ' *sp¾ti, cf. OE spd m. ‘haste’. *sp šiti v. ‘hurry’ CS E W S

OCS spYšiti ‘strive, hurry’ Ru. spešít’ ‘hurry’, 1sg. spešú, 3sg. spešít Cz. spíšiti (obs.) ‘hurry’; spYšiti (obs.) ‘hurry’; OCz. spYšiti ‘hurry’; Pl. Zpieszy\ ‘hurry’ Sln. sp—6šiti ‘hurry, rush’, 1sg. sp¤šim

Derivative of ' *spÆx". *spti v. (a) ‘advance, ripen, hurry’ CS E W S

OCS spYti ‘advance’, 1sg. spYj0 Ru. spet’ ‘ripen’, 1sg. spéju Cz. spYti ‘hurry’; Slk. spieŸ ‘approach’ SCr. dòspjeti ‘ripen, manage, succeed’; Sln. sp—6ti ‘hurry, increase, ripen’, 1sg. sp¤jem, 1sg. sp¤m

BSl. B

*spé‹Lith. spAti ‘be in time, guess’; Latv. sp t ‘be able’

PIE Cogn.

*speh&Skt. sphirá- (RV) adj. ‘fat’; OE spwan ‘prosper, succeed’

See also: *sp¬x&; *sp˜šiti

*stàdo n. o (a) ‘herd, flock’ CS E

OCS stado Ru. stádo

*stàti

465

W S

Cz. stádo; Slk. stádo; Pl. stado SCr. st;do; stdo; ak. st;do (Vrg.); Bulg. stádo

PIE Cogn.

*steh'-do-m OIc. stóð n. ‘stud-farm, herd’; OE std f. ‘stud-farm, herd’; OHG stuot f. ‘stud-farm, herd’

For the root, see ' *stàti. *stn m. o (c) CS E W S

OCS stan" (Ps. Sin., En.) ‘camp’ Ru. stan ‘figure, torso, camp’ Cz. stan ‘tent’; Slk. stan ‘tent’; Pl. stan ‘state, condition’ SCr. stn ‘habitation, loom, (mil.) headquarters’; Sln. stn ‘building, habitation, enclosure’, Gsg. stna, Gsg. stan; Bulg. stan ‘loom, camp’

BSl. B

*sta‹nos Lith. stónas ‘state, condition’

PIE Cogn.

*steh'-no-m Skt. sthna- n. ‘abode, place’

See also: *stàdo; *stati; *staviti; *stojati

*stàr adj. o (a) ‘old’ CS E W S

OCS star" ‘old’ Ru. stáryj ‘old’; star ‘old’, f. stará, n. staró {1} Cz. starý ‘old’; Slk. starý ‘old’; Pl. stary ‘old’ SCr. str ‘old’; st;r ‘old’; ak. st’r (Vrg.) ‘old’; st’r (Vrg.) ‘old’, f. star;, n. st;ro; st|r (Hvar) ‘old’, f. str;, f. stra; stãr (Orb.) ‘old’, f. st;ra, n. st;ro; Sln. stàr ‘old’, f. stára; Bulg. star ‘old’

BSl. B

*sta‹ros Lith. stóras 3 ‘thick, fat’

PIE *steh'-roCogn. OIc. stórr ‘big’ {1} AP (a) in Zaliznjak (1985: 133). *stàti v. (a) ‘stand, become’ CS E W S

BSl.

OCS stati ‘stand, become’, 1sg. stan0 Ru. stat’ ‘stand, begin, become’, 1sg. stánu, 3sg. stánet Cz. státi se ‘happen, become’; Slk. staŸ sa ‘happen, become’; Pl. sta\ si< ‘happen, become’, 1sg. stan< si< SCr. st;ti ‘stand’, 1sg. st;nem; ak. st;t (Orb.) ‘stand, stay, halt, stop (intr.)’, 2sg. stneš; Sln. státi ‘stand, step, cost’, 1sg. stnem; Bulg. stána ‘stand up, become, happen’ *sta‹-

*stàviti

466 B

Lith. stóti ‘stand’; Latv. stât ‘stand, stop, begin’ OPr. postt ‘become’

PIE Cogn.

*steh'Skt. t횿hati ‘stand’; Gk.  ‘place’; Lat. stre ‘stand’

See also: *stàdo; *stÁn&; *staviti; *stojati; *stòl&

*stàviti v. (a) ‘place, put’ CS E W S

OCS staviti ‘place, put’, 1sg. stavlj0 Ru. stávit’ ‘place, put’, 1sg. stávlju, 3sg. stávit Cz. staviti ‘stop, halt, (obs.) prevent’; Slk. staviŸ sa ‘bet’; Pl. stawi\ ‘place, put’ SCr. st;viti ‘place, put’, 1sg. st;vm; ak. st;vit (Orb.) ‘put, put on (clothes), place’, 2sg. st;viš; Sln. stáviti ‘place, put’, 1sg. stvim

BSl. B

*stwLith. stovAti ‘stand’; Latv. stãvêt ‘stand’

PIE Cogn.

*sth'-uOE stǀwian ‘keep from’

The acute must originate from forms with *ste/oh'- (Kortlandt 1989: 111). For the root, see ' *stàti. *stegnò n. o (b) ‘thigh’ CS E W S

ESSJa I 175-176, 179-180

OCS stegno (Supr.) ‘thigh’ Ru. stegnó (obs., dial.) ‘thigh’ Cz. stehno ‘thigh’; Slk. stehno ‘thigh’; Pl. Zci
If we keep in mind that ' *bedrò may contain the root *bed- ‘stab’ of ' *bostì, it does not seem far-fetched that *stegno ‘thigh’ < *steg-nó-m derives from a root meaning ‘stab’ as well, cf. Ru. stegát’ ‘quilt’, OIc. stinga ‘stab, thrust’. *stenàti v. ‘groan, moan’ CS E W S

OCS stenati (Supr.) ‘groan, moan’, 1sg. stenj0 Ru. stenát’ (obs.) ‘groan, moan’, 1sg. stenáju Cz. sténati ‘groan, moan’; Slk. stenaŸ ‘groan, moan’ SCr. stènjati ‘groan, moan’, 1sg. stnjm; ak. stenj;ti (Vrg.) ‘groan, moan’, 2sg. stnješ; Sln. stenjáti ‘groan, moan’, 1sg. stenjm; Bulg. sténa ‘groan, moan’

BSl. B

*stenLith. stenAti ‘groan, moan’

PIE Cogn.

*stenGk. ª [ ‘sigh, moan, bewail’; OE stenan ‘groan’

See also: *ston&

*stigti

467

*stergti v. (c) ‘guard’ CS E W S

OCS strYšti, 1sg. strYg0 Ru. steré’, 1sg. steregú, 3sg. sterežët Cz. st•íci, 1sg. st•ehu; OCz. st•ieci, 1sg. st•Yhu; Pl. strzec ‘guard’, 1sg. strzeg< Sln. str—6i, 1sg. str—6žem

BSl. B

*ster‹gLith. sérgFti, 3pres. sérgi, 3pret. sérgFjo

PIE Cogn.

*stergGk. ª[ ‘love, be content’

See also: *st¥rž%

*stn m. i / f. i (a) ‘shadow’ CS E W S

OCS stYn! (Cloz., Supr.) m.(i) ‘shadow’ Ru. sten’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘shadow’; stin’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘shadow’; ORu. stYn! f.(i) ‘shadow, vision’ Cz. stín m.(o) ‘shadow’ Sln. st—6n m.(o) ‘wick’; st—6nj m.( jo) ‘wick’

See ' *s¾n!.The anlaut may be explained by assuming contamination with ' *tYn!. *stìgnti v. (a) ‘attain, reach, catch up with’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

OCS postign0ti ‘attain, catch up with, grasp’ Ru. postígnut’ ‘grasp, overtake’ Cz. stihnouti ‘catch up with, overtake’; Slk. stihnúŸ ‘catch up with, overtake’; Pl. Zcign\ ‘chase’ SCr. st›gnuti ‘catch up with, reach, arrive’, 1sg. st›gnm; Sln. stígniti ‘reach for, reach, arrive’, 1sg. stgnem; Bulg. stígna ‘catch up with, reach, extend’ *steigGk. Œ¼[ ‘walk, march’; Go. steigan ‘climb’

See ' *stigti. *stigti v. ‘attain, reach, catch up with’ E S

Ru. postí’ ‘grasp, overtake’ SCr. st›\i ‘catch up with, reach, arrive’, 1sg. st›gnm

BSl. B

*steigLith. ste§gti ‘organize, (Žem.) want, hurry’; Latv. stèigt(iês) ‘hurry’

PIE Cogn.

*steigGk. Œ¼[ ‘walk, march’; Go. steigan ‘climb’

See also: *stign®ti; *st%dzà; *st%gna

*stog&

468 *stog m. o (b/c) ‘stack, rick’ CS E

W S

OCS stog" (SPbOkt.) ‘haystack, rick’ Ru. stog ‘haystack, rick’, Gsg. stóga; stog (dial.) ‘haystack, rick’, Gsg. stogá; Bel. stoh ‘haystack, rick’, Gsg. stóha; Ukr. stih ‘haystack, rick’, Gsg. stóhu; stih (dial.) ‘haystack, rick’, Gsg. stohá Cz. stoh ‘stack, rick’; Slk. stoh ‘stack, rick’; Pl. stóg ‘stack, rick’, Gsg. stoga SCr. st|g (Vuk) ‘haystack, pile’, Gsg. stòga; st«g (Piva, Pocerje) ‘haystack, pile’, Gsg. stòga; Sln. stòg ‘stack, rick, barn’, Gsg. stóga

BSl. B

*stagLith. stãgaras 3¾ ‘(dry) stalk, switch’

PIE Cogn.

*stog-oGk. ¼ m. ‘brick pillar’; OE staca m. ‘stake’

*stojati v. (c) ‘stand’ CS E W S

OCS stojati, 1sg. stoj0 Ru. stoját’ ‘stand, begin, become’, 1sg. stojú, 3sg. stoít Cz. státi, 1sg. stojím; Slk. stáŸ, 1sg. stojím; Pl. sta\, 1sg. stoj< SCr. stàjati, 1sg. stòjm; ak. st’ti (Vrg.), 2sg. stoj§š; stãt (Orb.), 1sg. stoj§n; Sln. státi, 1sg. stojím; Bulg. stojá

PIE Cogn.

*stoh'Skt. t횿hati; Gk.  ‘place’; Lat. stre

For the formation, see Kortlandt 1989. See also: *stàdo; *stÁn&; *stati; *staviti

*stòl m. o (b) ‘table’ CS E W S

OCS stol ‘throne’ Ru. stol, Gsg. stolá; Bel. stol, Gsg. stalá; Ukr. stil, Gsg. stólu Cz. st,l; Slk. stôl; Pl. stó, Gsg. stou SCr. st|, Gsg. stòla; ak. stõ (Vrg.), Gsg. stol;; stuõl (Orb.), Gsg. stol;; Sln. stò ‘chair, table’, Gsg. stóla; Bulg. stol ‘chair’

BSl. B

*stolos Lith. stãlas OPr. stalis (EV); stallan (Ench.) Asg.

Cogn.

Go. stols m. ‘throne’ (<*steh'-lo-)

Derivative in *-lo- of the stem of ' *stojati. *ston m. o ‘moan, groan’ E W S

Ru. ston Cz. ston; Slk. ston Bulg. ston

*str®k& PIE Cogn.

469

*ston-oGk.   m. ‘sighing, moaning’

See also: *stenàti

*stornà f. # (c) ‘side, land’ CS E W S

OCS strana ‘side, land, people’ Ru. storoná ‘side, land’, Asg. stóronu Cz. strana ‘side, page’; Slk. strana ‘side, page’; Pl. strona ‘side, page, region’; USrb. strona ‘side’ SCr. strána ‘side’, Asg. strnu; Sln. strn f.(i) ‘side, area, land’, Gsg. stran; strána f.(#) ‘side, area, land’; Bulg. straná ‘side, land’

Derivative of the root *sterh-, cf. Skt. str¥Áti ‘strew, spread’, Gk.  Í« ‘strew, spread’. See also: *prosterti

*strž m. jo (c) ‘guard’ CS E W S

OCS straž! ‘guard’ Ru. stórož ‘guard’ Pl. stró­ ‘guard’, Gsg. stró­a Bulg. straž ‘watchman, guard’

BSl. B

*stor‹gLith. sárgas m. ‘watchman, guard’; Latv. sarKgs m. ‘watchman, guard’

See ' *stergti. *strigti v. (c) ‘cut, slip’ CS E W S

OCS strišti (Euch., Supr.), 1sg. strig0 Ru. stri’, 1sg. strigú, 3sg. strižët OCz. st•íci, 1sg. st•ihu; Pl. strzyc, 1sg. strzyg< SCr. str›\i, 1sg. stržm; ak. str›\i (Vrg.), 2sg. stržš; Sln. stríi, 1sg. strížem; Bulg. stríža

PIE Cogn.

*streigLat. stringere ‘skim, scratch’; OE strcan ‘brush (past), rub, wander’

*strk m. o ‘pod’ E W S

Ru. struk, Gsg. struká; Bel. struk, Gsg. struká; Ukr. struk, Gsg. struká Cz. struk; Slk. struk; Pl. strk, Gsg. strka SCr. strk ‘stem, Gsg. stalk’, strka; Sln. stròk ‘pod, shoot, corn cob, clove of garlic’, Gsg. stróka; Bulg. str‘k ‘stem, stalk, twig’

PIE Cogn.

*stronk-oLat. truncus m. ‘tree-trunk’

*strujà

470 *strujà f. j# ‘stream’ CS E S

OCS struja (Supr.) Ru. strujá ‘stream, jet’ SCr. strúja ‘stream, current’; Sln. strúja ‘arm of a river, canal, stream, current’; Bulg. strúja ‘stream, jet’

BSl. B

*srouja‹ Lith. sraujà; Latv. strauja

The root is the o-grade of *srou- ‘flow’, cf. Gk. â m. ‘stream’, OIc. straumr m. ‘id.’. See also: *ostrov&

*strp m. o (c) ‘scab’ CS E W S

OCS strup" ‘wound’ Ru. strup ‘scab’, Gsg. strúpa; Bel. strup ‘scab’, Gsg. strúpa; Ukr. strup ‘scab’, Gsg. strúpa Cz. strup ‘scab’; Pl. strup ‘scab, crust’; Slnc. strˆp ‘scab’ SCr. strp ‘scab’, Gsg. strpa; Sln. strp ‘poison

BSl. B

*(s )roupos Lith. raupa§ Npl. m. 4 ‘smallpox’; Latv. raupa f. ‘goose bumps’

PIE

*(s )roup-o-

*strj; *stryj; *stryc m. jo ‘uncle’ CS E W S

SerbCS str"i ‘uncle’ Ru. stroj ‘(arch.?) father’s brother, (dial.) cripple, beggar’; ORu. str"i ‘uncle’; stryi ‘uncle’; Bel. stryj ‘uncle’, Gsg. strýja; Ukr. stryj ‘uncle’, Gsg. strýja Cz. strýc ‘uncle, cousin’; Slk. strýc ‘uncle’; Pl. stryj ‘uncle’, Gsg. stryja SCr. strc ‘uncle (father’s brother)’, Gsg. stríca; ak. str§c (Vrg.) ‘uncle (father’s brother)’, Gsg. strc;; Sln. stríc ‘uncle (father’s brother)’

BSl. B

*strujos Lith. strùjus m.( ju) ‘uncle, old man’ (the existence of a variant strjus is uncertain)

PIE Cogn.

*stru-ioOIr. sruith adj. ‘old, venerable’; OW strutiu m. ‘old man’

The hypothesis that these words have *str- < *ptr- < *ph'tr- is unwarranted (Kortlandt 1982: 26). *strž; *strža m. jo; f. j# ‘core, deepest spot of a river’ E W S

Ru. strež (dial.) ‘centre and deepest spot of a river, strong current’; strežá (dial.) ‘id.’ OCz. strziess ‘charybdis’ SCr. stÞ ‘core’; Sln. stž ‘core’

*stºd&

471

See ' *str!ž!n!, *str!žen!. *stržn; *stržen m. jo ‘core’ CS E W S

CS str"ž!n! ‘core’; RuCS str!ž!n! ‘core’ Ru. stréžen’ ‘channel, main stream (of a river)’; stéržen’ ‘pivot, core’; Bel. strýže ‘core of an abscess’; Ukr. strýžen’ ‘core of a tree’ Cz. stržeŽ ‘core of an abscess’; Slk. stržeŽ ‘core of a tree, honeycomb’ Sln. strž<4n ‘core of a tree or an abcess, current, path through a valley

BSl. B

*strigenOPr. strigeno ‘brain’

Since Winter’s law apparently did not affect this etymon, we must reconstruct *strig-. Sw. streke ‘main stream (of a river)’ seemingly points to *strig-, but perhaps the *k arose from Kluge’s law. See also: *str%ž%; *str%ža

*studèn adj. o ‘cold’ CS E W S

OCS studen" Ru. studënyj ‘very cold, freezing’ Cz. studený; Slk. studený SCr. stùden (Vuk), f. studèna; ak. stud n (Vrg.), f. studen;, n. studen«; Sln. studèn, f. studéna; Bulg. studén

Adjective in –en". See ' *std". *studìti v. ‘cool’ E W S

Ru. studít’ ‘cool’, 1sg. stužú, 3sg. stúdit {1} Cz. studiti ‘cool’; Slk. studiŸ ‘cool’; Pl. studzi\ ‘cool’ SCr. stúditi (Vuk: W) ‘be cold’, 3sg. stúd; Sln. stúditi ‘treat with aversion’, 1sg. stúdim

See ' *std". {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). *std m. o (c) ‘cold, shame’ CS E W S

OCS stud" ‘shame’ Ru. stud’ (NO dial.) f.(i) ‘cold’; stúda (Arx.) f.(#) ‘cold’ Cz. stud ‘shame’ SCr. std f. ‘cold’; Sln. std ‘aversion’; Bulg. stud ‘cold’

In view of ' *styd", where *y probably originates from Winter’s law, the root of *styd" is best reconstructed as *stoud-. This is reminiscent of the more common root *steug-, e.g. Gk. ¤ª[ ‘hate, abhor, fear’, Gk. ‡Š f., ‘Styx, well of fatal coldness, hatred, abhorrence, (pl.) piercing chill’, Gsg. ¤. A relationship is hard to demonstrate.

*st%blò

472

See also: *studen&; *studiti; *stydn®ti; *styd&; *stygn®ti

*stblò n. o (b) ‘stem, stalk, trunk’ CS E W

S

BSl. B

SerbCS st!blo ‘stem, stalk’ Ru. stebló (dial.) ‘stem, stalk’; ORu. st!blo ‘stem, stalk’ Cz. stéblo ‘stalk, straw’; zblo (dial.) ‘stalk, straw’; OCz. stblo ‘stalk, straw’; Slk. steblo ‘stalk, straw’; Pl. ]d]bo ‘stalk, straw’; OPl. Z\bo ‘stalk, straw’; Zciebo (Ps. Flor.) ‘stalk, straw’ SCr. stáblo ‘tree, tree trunk’; ak. stabl« (Vrg.) ‘tree, tree trunk’; stabl« (Orb.) ‘tree, tree trunk’; Sln. stéblJ ‘stem, stalk, trunk’; stŠblJQ ‘stem, stalk, trunk’; Bulg. st‘bló ‘stem, stalk’ *stibLith. stibýna f. 3 ‘shin, calf ’; stíebas m. 3 ‘stem, stalk, mast’; Latv. stiba f. ‘staff, rod’

No certain etymology. See also: *st%bl%

*stbl m. jo ‘stem, stalk, trunk’ CS E S

SerbCS st!bl! ‘stem, stalk’ (OCS st!blije n. (Ps. Sin.) ‘straw’) Ru. stébel’ ‘stem, stalk’, Gsg. stéblja; ORu. st!bl! ‘stem, stalk’ Sln. stŠbŠQ m.(o) ‘stem, stalk, trunk’

See ' *st!blo. *stdzà f. j# ‘path’ CS E W S

OCS st!dza ‘path, street’; st!za ‘path, street’ Ru. stezjá (rhet.) ‘path, way’; stegá (dial.) ‘path’ Cz. stezka ‘path’; stežka ‘path’; stez (poet.) f.(i) ‘path’; OCz. stzY ‘path’; Pl. Zcie­ka ‘path’; OPl. Z\dza (Ps. Flor.) ‘path’ SCr. stàza ‘path, trail’; ak. st;za (Vrg.) ‘path, trail’; staz; (Novi) ‘path, trail’, Asg. staz;, Asg. st;zu; st;za, (rarely) staz; (Orb.) ‘path, trail, wooden board, used as a ruler when making barrels, etc.’; Sln. stŠzà ‘foot-path’

BSl. B

*stiga Latv. stiga ‘path’

PIE Cogn.

*stig-eh' OHG steg m. ‘path, small bridge’

See also: *stign®ti; *stigti; *st%gnà

*stgna f. # ‘path’ CS E W

OCS st!gna ‘street, (pl.) square’ Ru. stógna (arch.) ‘street, square’ Pl. Zciegna ‘pasture’; OPl. Zciegna ‘crossroads’

*sºx& S

Sln. stŠgnè Npl. ‘path along which cattle is driven’, Gpl. stŠgŠQn

Cogn.

OHG steg m. ‘path, small bridge’

473

Derivative in *-na. See ' *st!dzà. *stlati v. (b) ‘spread’ CS E W S

OCS st!lati (Supr.) ‘spread’, 1sg. stelj0 Ru. stlat’ ‘spread’, 1sg. steljú, 3sg. stélet Cz. stláti ‘make one’s bed’; OCz. stláti ‘make one’s bed’, 1sg. stelu Sln. stláti ‘strew’, 1sg. st<6ljem; Bulg. stélja ‘cover, spread’

B

OPr. stallt ‘stand’

PIE Cogn.

*stel-/*stlGk. ª••[ ‘prepare, equip, array, send’; OHG stellen ‘array, establish, arrange’

*stdnti v. ‘cool’ E W

Ru. stýnut’ ‘cool, get cool’; stýgnut’ (dial.) ‘cool, get cool’; Bel. stýgnu\ ‘cool, get cool’ Cz. stydnouti ‘cool down’; Slk. stydnúŸ ‘cool down’; Pl. stygn\ ‘cool down’; OPl. stydn\ ‘cool down’

See ' *std". *styd m. o ‘shame’ E W S

Ru. styd, Gsg. stydá Pl. wstyd SCr. std, Gsg. stda, Lsg. stídu; ak. std (Vrg.), Gsg. stda; Sln. std

See ' *std". *sx adj. o (c) ‘dry’ CS E W S

OCS sux" Ru. suxój Cz. suchý; Slk. suchý; Pl. suchy SCr. sh; ak. sh (Vrg., Hvar), f. sh;, n. sho; sh (Orb.), f. sh;, f. sha, n. sho; Sln. sh, Gsg. súha; Bulg. sux

BSl. B

*soušos Lith. sasas; Latv. sàuss OPr. saus [sausan] Asg. f.

PIE Cogn.

*h'sous-oSkt. Zúška- (RV+) ‘dry, barren’; Gk. ð (Hom.) ‘dry’; OE sar ‘dry’

Probably based on the perfect participle of the root *h's (Lubotsky 1985), *h's-us-. The o-grade must be secondary.

*suj%

474 See also: *sušiti; *s&xn®ti

*suj adj. jo ‘vain’ CS E

OCS suYa (Ps. Sin.) Apl. n. ‘vanities’ Ru. súe (eccl.) adv. ‘in vain, idly’; ORu. sui ‘empty, vain’

PIE Cogn.

*˜ouH-ioSkt. Zyá- ‘empty’

See also: *v&suje

*sunti v. ‘shove, thrust’ CS E W S

CS sun0ti ‘pour out’ Ru. súnut’ ‘shove, thrust’, 1sg. súnu; ORu. sunuti ‘throw’ Cz. sunouti ‘shove’; Pl. sun\ ‘shove, slide’ SCr. súnuti ‘pour, strew’, 1sg. snm; Sln. súniti ‘thrust, knock’, 1sg. snem

See '*sovati. *surov; *syrov adj. o ‘raw, severe, cruel’ CS E W S

OCS surov" (Supr.) ‘severe’ Ru. suróvyj ‘severe, stern, unbleached’ {1}; suvóryj (dial.) ‘severe, stern, peevish, angry’; ORu. surov" ‘raw, uncooked, cruel’ Cz. surový ‘severe, cruel’; Slk. surový ‘severe, cruel’; Pl. surowy ‘severe’ SCr. s›rov ‘raw, fresh’, f. s›rova, n. s›rovo; ak. s›rov (Vrg.) ‘raw, fresh’; s›rof (Orb.) ‘raw, fresh’, f. s›rova, n. s›rovo; Sln. sur04v ‘raw, fresh’; sir04v ‘raw, fresh’, f. sir04va; Bulg. suróv ‘raw, rough’

PIE *souH-roCogn. OIc. saurr m. ‘damp earth, filth’ {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). See also: *s r&; *syr&

*sušìti v. (c) ‘dry’ CS E W S

OCS sušiti (Euch., KF, Supr.) ‘dry, exhaust’ Ru. sušít’, 1sg. sušú, 3sg. súšit Cz. sušiti; Slk. sušiŸ; Pl. suszy\ SCr. súšiti, 1sg. sšm; ak. sš›t (Orb.), 3sg. sši; Sln. sušíti, 1sg. suším; Bulg. sušá

BSl. B

*souš-ei/iLith. sasinti

LIV (285) equals *sušiti with Skt. Zošáyati (AV) ‘let dry’ < *h'sous-eie-, but it may be better to see them as independent formations. See also: *sºx&; *s&xn®ti

*sv„tjà

475

*suti v. ‘pour, strew’ W S

Cz. souti (obs.) ‘pour, strew’; Pl. su\ (obs.) ‘pour, strew’ SCr. sàsti ‘pour, strew’, 1sg. sàspm; Sln. súti ‘pour, strew’, 1sg. spèm, sjem

B

Lith. sùpti ‘rock, cradle’

For the root *soup-, cf. Lat. supre ‘throw’; Lat. dissipre ‘scatter’ See also: *svepiti; *s&p&; *sypati

*svekr m. o ‘father-in-law (husband’s father)’ CS E W S

CS svekr" Ru. svëkor; ORu. svekr" Cz. svekr; Slk. svokor; Pl. Zwiekr SCr. svkar (Vuk), Gsg. svèkra; ak. s(v)kar (Vrg.), s(v)kra; svkrf, Gsg. svekr;; Sln. sv<6kŠr, Gsg. sv<6kra; Bulg. svék‘r

BSl. B

*sweZuros Lith. š šuras 3¾

PIE Cogn.

*sue˜ur-oSkt. ZváZura- (RV+) m.; Gk. ”€¤ m.; Lat. socer m.; OHG swehur m.

In Slavic, *sweZur- was replaced by *swekr < *swe˜r- on the analogy of ' *svekry. *svekry f.  ‘mother-in-law (husband’s mother)’ CS E W S

OCS svekry (Mar., Zogr.) f.(), Gsg. svekr"ve Ru. svekróv’ f.(i); svekrý (dial.) f.(); ORu. svekry f.() OCz. svekrev f.(i) SCr. svkrva f.(#); ak. skrva (Vrg.) f.(#); svekrv; (Novi) f.(#), Asg. svekrvµ; svkrva (Orb.) f.(#), Asg. svkrvo; Sln. sv<4krva f.(#); sv<4krv f.(i); Bulg. svek¹rva f.(#)

PIE Cogn.

*sue˜r-uH Skt. ZvaZr- (RV+) f. ‘mother-in-law’; Lat. socrus f. ‘mother-in-law’; OHG swigar f. ‘mother-in-law’

See also: *svekr&

*svepiti v. CS

CS svepiti s< ‘move, stir’

The root *suep-, cf. OIc. sófl m. ‘broom’, has been connected with *soup- in ' *suti by assuming Schwebeablaut. *svtjà f. j# (b) ‘candle’ CS E

OCS svYšta ‘light, candle’ Ru. sveá ‘candle’

*sv¬t&

476 W S

Cz. svíce ‘candle’; OCz. sviecY ‘candle’; Pl. Zwieca ‘candle’ SCr. svijè\a ‘candle’, Asg. svijè\u; ak. sv\; (Vrg.) ‘candle, light (on a boat)’, Asg. sv\µ; sv£e\; (Orb.) ‘candle, light (also electric)’, Asg. sv£e\«; Sln. sv—6a ‘candle’; Bulg. svešt f.(i) ‘candle, light’

B

Lith. švi sti ‘shine’

Cf. Skt. Zvetá- ‘white, bright’ (RV+). The root is *˜uoit-, but the *s- has been adopted from the zero grade, where depalatalization did not occur. The regular development of the anlaut is found in ' *svÆt". See also: *kv¬t&; *kvisti; *sv¬t&; *sv%t˜ti

*svt m. o (c) ‘light, world’ CS E W S

OCS svYt" ‘light, world’ Ru. svet ‘light, world’ Cz. svYt ‘world’; Slk. svet ‘world’; Pl. Zwiat ‘world’; USrb. svYt ‘world’ SCr. sv›jet ‘world, people’, Gsg. sv›jeta; ak. svt (Vrg.) ‘world, people’, Gsg. svta; sv£=t (Orb.) ‘world, people’; Sln. sv<4t ‘world’, Gsg. sv—t; Bulg. svjat ‘world’

BSl. B

*ZwoitLith. švi sti ‘shine’

PIE Cogn.

*˜uoit-oSkt. Zvetá- ‘white, bright’ (RV+) adj.

See also: *kv¬t&; *kvisti; *sv˜tjà; *sv%t˜ti

*svdnti v. ‘wither’ CS W

OCS prisv
PIE Cogn.

*(s)u(e)ndOHG swintan ‘fade, pine away, wither’; OE swindan ‘subside, fade’

See also: *®diti; *uv‚dati; *v‚dn®ti

*svt adj. o ‘holy, sacred’ CS E W S

OCS sv
BSl. B

*Zwentos Lith. šveñtas 4; Latv. sveQts (a borrowing from Slavic) OPr. swints

PIE Cogn.

*˜uen-toAv. spŠnta-

*svòrka; *sòrka

477

*svin adj. o ‘pig-’ CS E

OCS svin" ‘pig-’ Ru. svinój ‘pig-’

BSl. B

*swi‹nos Latv. svns ‘dirty’

PIE Cogn.

*suH-iHn-oLat. sunus adj. ‘swine-’; Go. swein m. ‘pig, swine’; OHG swn m. ‘pig, swine’

See also: *svin%jà

*svinjà f. i# (c) ‘pig, swine’ CS E W S

OCS svinija Ru. svin’já Cz. svinY; Slk. sviŽa; Pl. Zwinia SCr. svínja; ak. sv; (Vrg.), Asg. svu; Sln. svínja; Bulg. svinjá ‘pig, swine, sow’

BSl. B

*swi‹nOPr. swintian

See ' *svin". *svrb m. o (c) ‘itch’ E W S

Ru. svórob ‘itch, (dial.) rash’ Cz. svrab ‘itch’; Slk. svrab ‘itch’ SCr. svrb ‘itch’; ak. sr“b ‘itch’, Gsg. sr“ba; Sln. srb ‘scabies’; svrb ‘scabies’

PIE

*suorb-o-

See also: *sv%rb˜ti

*svòrka; *sòrka f. # (a) ‘magpie’ CS E W S BSl. B

CS svraka Ru. soróka Cz. straka; OCz. stráka; Slk. straka; Pl. sroka; Slnc. sˆrk‘; USrb. sroka; sróka (dial.) SCr. svr;ka; ak. sr;ka (Orb.); Sln. sráka; Bulg. svráka *Zór‹ka‹ Lith. šárka OPr. sarke

Etymology unclear. If the Baltic evidence were disregarded, the Proto-Slavic would best be reconstructed as *svòrka, with inconsistent loss of *v (cf. ' *xvor"). Apparently, the original form *sòrka was influenced by *sv!rati ‘whistle’, e.g. RuCS svr"ati. The connection with Skt. Zri- (YV+) f.(i) ‘a kind of bird’ has nothing to recommend itself.

*sv%rb˜ti

478 *svrb ti v. ‘itch’ E W S

Ru. sverbét’ (coll.) ‘itch, irritate’, 1sg. sverbljú, 3sg. sverbít; Ukr. sverbíty ‘itch’ Cz. svrbYti ‘itch’; Slk. svrbieŸ ‘itch’; Pl. Zwierzbie\ ‘itch’ SCr. sv¼beti ‘itch’, 1sg. s¼bm; ak. srb›ti (Vrg.) ‘itch’, 3sg. srb§; srÈbt (Orb.) ‘itch’, 3sg. srÈb§; Sln. srb—6ti ‘itch’, 1sg. srbím; Bulg. s‘rbí ‘itch’

B

Lith. skverbti ‘pierce’

PIE

*surb-

See also: *sv¥rb&

*svt ti v. (c) ‘shine’ CS

OCS sv!tYti s< ‘shine’, 1sg. sv!št0 s<

BSl. B

*Zwite‹Lith. švitAti ‘shine, shimmer’

PIE Cogn.

*˜uit-oSkt. Zvit- ‘become bright’

See also: *kv¬t&; *kvisti; *sv˜tjà; *sv¬t&

*s(n) prep./pref. ‘from, with’ CS E W S

OCS s" prep. ‘with’; s"- pref. ‘together’ Ru. s(o) Cz. s(e) ; Slk. s(e) ; Pl. z(e) SCr. s(a) ; Sln. s(ŠQ) ; Bulg. s(‘s)

PIE Cogn.

*s Skt. sám (RV+) prvrb./prep. ‘together, at the same time’

It may not be necessary to reconstruct zero grade if we assume that *som underwent the regular development of *om in auslaut. As a prefix, *s"- could be analogical. See also: *s®-

*sdòrv adj. o (a) ‘healthy’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

OCS s"drav" Ru. zdoróvyj; zdoróv, f. zdorová, n. zdorovó {1}; ORu. zdorov"; storov" (Novg.) Cz. zdravý; Slk. zdravý; Pl. zdrowy; OPl. strowy (Gn.); USrb. strowy; LSrb. strowy SCr. zdr;v; ak. zdr’v, f. zdr;va, f. zdrav;; zdrãf, f. zdr;va, n. zdr;vo; Sln. zdràv, f. zdráva; Bulg. zdrav *h&su-dor-uoSkt. dhruvá- ‘fixed, firm’; Av. druua- ‘healthy’

A reconstruction *h&su-dor(H )uo- – with the root of ' *d=rvo – would leave us with the problem why Winter’s law did not affect the first member of the compound, cf.

*s&Üln%ce

479

Lith. sdrus ‘thick, dense’. It seems to me that Meillet’s etymology (Ét. II: 364), according to which *s"drav" is cognate with Skt. dhruvá- ‘firm, solid’ and Av. druua‘in good health’ is preferable. To explain the prosodic characteristics of the noun one could posit a se¿ variant *dorH- (cf. Le Feuvre 2006: 240-241), but this is not necessary, as *s"dòrv" may originate from *s"Qdorv" as a result of Dybo’s law, cf. Ru. ogoród ‘kitchen-garden’. {1} AP (a) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 133). *sxnti v. ‘dry, wither’ CS E W S

OCS s!xnYaše (Supr.) 3sg. impf. ‘dried’ Ru. sóxnut’ ‘dry, wither’ Cz. schnouti ‘dry, become dry, pine away’; Slk. schnúti ‘dry, become dry’; Pl. schn\ ‘dry, become dry, wither, pine away’ SCr. sàhnuti ‘dry’; Sln. sŠhníti ‘wither’, 1sg. sáhnem; Bulg. s¹xna ‘dry, wither’

Derivative in *-n0ti with zero grade of the root. See ' *sx"; *sušìti. *slàti v. (b) ‘send’ CS E W S

OCS s"lati, 1sg. s"lj0 Ru. slat’, 1sg. šlju, 3sg. šlët {1} Cz. sláti (obs., lit.), 1sg. šlu; posláti, 1sg. pošlu; Slk. poslaŸ, 1sg. pošlu; Pl. sa\ (lit.), 1sg. Zl<; posa\, 1sg. poZl< SCr. sl;ti, 1sg. šljm, 1sg. š;ljm; ak. sl;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. š;#eš; sl;t (Orb.), 1sg. š;#en; Sln. posláti, 1sg. p06šljem

Verb with zero grade of a root *selH-. It remains to be seen if this root is identical with LIV’s *selh&- ‘nehmen’, to which Gk. ñ• 1sg. aor. ‘took’ and Go. saljan ‘sacrifice’ are considered to belong. {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *s&l&

*slnce n. jo (c) ‘sun’ CS E W S

OCS sl"n!ce Ru. sólnce Cz. slunce; Slk. slnce; Pl. soce SCr. snce; ak. snce, Gsg. snca, Npl. sunc’; snce, súnce (Novi); snce (Orb.), Gsg. snca {1}; Sln. s|nce; Bulg. sl¹nce

BSl. B

*sa‹ul-/*s‹ulLith. sáulF f.(!) 1 ‘sun’; Latv. sale f.(!) ‘sun’ OPr. saule ‘sun’

PIE Cogn.

*s(e)h'-ulSkt. svàr- (súvar-) (RV+) n. ‘sun, sunlight’; Skt. srya- (RV+) m. ‘sun, deity of the sun’; Gk. ôª•« (Hom.) m. ‘sun’; Lat. sl m. ‘sun’; Go. sauil n. ‘sun’

*s&loj%

480

The long root vowel of the Serbo-Croatian forms results from the widespread lengthening of short vowels before resonants. *sloj m. jo ‘layer’ E W S

Ru. sloj ‘layer, coating’, Gsg. slója; Ukr. slij ‘vein’, Gsg. slojá Cz. sloj f.(i) ‘layer’; Slk. sloj ‘layer’; Pl. sój ‘wooden bench, vein, stratum’, Gsg. soja, Gsg. soju SCr. sl|j ‘layer’, Gsg. sl«ja; Sln. slòj ‘layer, flotsam, dirty pool’, Gsg. slója; Bulg. sloj ‘layer’

Prefixed deverbative noun. See ' *s"- and ' *l|j!. See also: *lìti; *l%jati

*sl m. o ‘messenger’ CS E S

OCS s"l" ‘messenger, apostle’ ORu. s"l" ‘ambassador’ Sln. sŠQ ‘messenger’, Gsg. slà

See ' *s"lati. *smti v. (a) ‘dare’ CS E W S

Cogn.

OCS s"mYti ‘dare’, 1sg. s"mYj0 Ru. smet’ ‘dare’, 1sg. sméju Cz. smYti ‘be allowed’; smíti (obs.) ‘be allowed’; OCz. smYti ‘dare’; Slk. smieŸ ‘be allowed’; Pl. Zmie\ ‘dare’ SCr. smjti ‘dare, be allowed, be permitted’, 1sg. sm›jem; ak. sm›ti (Vrg.) ‘dare, be allowed, be permitted’, 2sg. smš; smt (Orb.) ‘dare’, 1sg. sm£=n; Sln. sm—6ti ‘dare’, 1sg. sm¤jem, 1sg. sm¤m; Bulg. sméja ‘dare’ Go. moþs m. ‘courage, wrath’; OHG muot m. ‘mind, courage, wrath’

Prefixed verb consisting of ' *s"- and *m¾ti < *meh&-. *smrt f. i ‘death’ CS E W S

OCS s"mr!t! Ru. smert’, Gsg. smérti Cz. smrt; Slk. smrŸ; Pl. Zmier\ SCr. smÃt, Gsg. smÃti; ak. smÃt (Vrg., Orb.), Gsg. smÃti; Sln. smrQt, Gsg. smÂti; Bulg. sm‘rt

BSl. B

*mirtis Lith. mirtìs 4

PIE Cogn.

*mr-tiLat. mors f.

Noun consisting of the prefix *s" and *mr!t! < PIE *mr-ti-.

*s&por& II

481

{1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *merti; *mor&; *m%rtv&

*sn m. o (b) ‘sleep, dream’ CS E W S

OCS s"n" Ru. son, Gsg. sna Cz. sen; Slk. sen; Pl. sen; USrb. són, Gsg. sona SCr. s;n, Gsg. sn;; ak. s’ (Vrg.), Gsg. sn;; sán (Novi), Gsg. sn;; sãnj (Orb.) ‘sleep’, Gsg. sn;; Sln. sŠQn, Gsg. snà; Bulg. s‘n

BSl. B

*su(o)pnum Lith. sãpnas 2/4 ‘dream’; Latv. sapnis m.(io) ‘dream’

PIE Cogn.

*sup-n-oGk. õ  m. ‘sleep’

Cf. also Skt. svápna- m. ‘sleep, dream’, Lat. somnus m. ‘id.’, OIc. svefn m. ‘id., with full grade of the root. See also: *s&pati; *us&n®ti

*spati v. ‘sleep’ CS E W S

OCS s"pati, 1sg. s"plj0 Ru. spat’, 1sg. spljú, 3sg. spit Cz. spáti, 1sg. spím; Slk. spaŸ, 1sg. spím; Pl. spa\, 1sg. Zpi< SCr. sp;ti, 1sg. spm; ak. sp;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. sp§š; sp;t (Orb.), 1sg. sp§n; Sln. spáti, 1sg. spím; Bulg. spja

PIE Cogn.

*supSkt. svápati; svápiti; Lat. spre ‘fall asleep’; OE swefan

See ' *s"n". *spor I m. o ‘conflict, dispute’ CS E W S

RuCS s"por" ‘conflict, dispute’ Ru. spor ‘dispute, argument’; Ukr. spir ‘dispute’ Cz. spor ‘dispute’; Slk. spor ‘dispute’; Pl. spór ‘dispute’ Sln. spòr ‘dispute, conflict’, Gsg. spóra; Bulg. spor ‘dispute, discussion’

PIE Cogn.

*por-oSkt. p¼¥t- (RV) f. ‘battle, strife, fight’

See also: *perti; *p%rati II; *p%r˜ti; *p%rt%

*spor II adj. o ‘abundant’ CS E W

CS spor" ‘abundant’ Ru. spóryj (coll.) ‘successful, profitable’ Cz. sporý ‘substantial (food), stocky, (lit.) weak, sparse’; Pl. spory ‘considerable’

*s&p&

482 S

SCr. sp«r ‘sluggish, slow’; Sln. spòr ‘abundant, nutritious’, f. sp06ra

Prefixed deverbative adjective with o-grade of the root. See ' perti. *sp m. o ‘embankment’ E S

Ru. sop (dial.) ‘embankment’; ORu. s"p" ‘embankment, hill, mountain’ Sln. sèp ‘elevated border of a vineyard’, Gsg. sépa, Gsg. sep

PIE Cogn.

*sup-oLat. supre ‘throw’; Lat. dissipre ‘scatter’

See also: *suti; *svepiti; *sypati

*sr sti v. ‘encounter’ CS W S

OCS s"rYsti ‘encounter’, 1sg. s"r<št0 OPl. poZrzeZ\ ‘encounter’ SCr. srsti ‘encounter’, 1sg. srt(n)m; Sln. sr—6sti ‘encounter’, 1sg. sretem

BSl. B

*(w)rt-/*(w)ret-? Lith. sursti ‘seize’

Compound of ' *s" and *rYt-. The Lithuanian form, which is important for Pokorny’s reconstruction *urt-, is rather obscure. It can be traced to Bezzenbergers Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprache 26: 168. See also: *obr˜sti

*ssàti v. ‘suck’ CS E W S

OCS s"sati, 1sg. s"s0 Ru. sosát’, 1sg. sosú, 3sg. sosët; ssat’ (dial.) Cz. sáti, 1sg. saji; OCz. ssáti, 1sg. ssu; Slk. saŸ; Pl. ssa\, 1sg. ss< SCr. s;ti, 1sg. s=m; Sln. sŠsáti, 1sg. sŠsm

BSl. B

*suZ-/*sukLatv. sùkt

PIE

*su˜-

The root *seu˜- seems to have a variant *seu-, cf. Lat. scus ‘juice’. Lat. sgere; OIc. súga. *sto num. (c) ‘hundred’ CS E W S

OCS s"to Ru. sto Cz. sto; Slk. sto; Pl. sto SCr. st|; ak. st| (Vrg., Hvar); Sln. stº; Bulg. sto

BSl. B

*Zímto Lith. ši8tas 2/4; Latv. sìmts; sìmt ‘hundred’

PIE

*d˜mtóm

*s r& I

483

The vocalism of the Slavic proto-form must be secondary (cf. Trautmann 1923b for a discussion of the apophonic patterns *eN : *iN and *oN : *uN ). Cogn.

Skt. Zatám (RV+); Gk. ”€  ; Lat. centum

See also: *des‚t&; *des‚t%

*syn m. u (c) ‘son’ CS E W S

OCS syn" Ru. syn, Npl. synov’já Cz. syn; Slk. syn; Pl. syn SCr. sn, Gsg. sna; ak. sn (Vrg., Hvar, Orb.), Gsg. sna; Sln. sn, Gsg. sna, Gsg. sin; Bulg. sin

BSl. B

*sú‹nus (?) Lith. snùs m.(u) 3 (AP 1 is attested in Daukša’s Postilla and the anonymous Catechism of 1605) OPr. sunun (I) Asg.; souns

PIE Cogn.

*suH-n-úSkt. snú- m.; Go. sunus m.

In case-forms where the stress was on the second syllable, one expects initial stress as a result of Hirt’s law. The final stress may have been restored analogically in BaltoSlavic times already, but cf. OLith. snus. *spati v. (a) ‘pour, strew’

ESSJa ‘pour, strew’

E W S

Ru. sýpat’ Cz. sypati; Slk. sypaŸ; Pl. sypa\ SCr. s›pati ‘pour’, 1sg. s›pm, 1sg. s›pljm; ak. s›pati (Vrg.) ‘pour’, 2sg. s›p#eš; s›pat (Orb.) ‘pour, scatter’, 1sg. s›pan; Sln. sípati, 1sg. spam, 1sg. spljem; Bulg. sípja

B

Lith. spoti ‘rock, cradle’

In spite of the acute roots of the Slavic and Baltic forms, it seems to me that the developments that generated this accentuation must be dated to the individual branches, cf. ' *suti. For the Baltic métatonie rude, cf. Derksen 1991: 303-308. *sr I m. o (a) ‘cheese’ CS E W S

OCS syr" (Supr.) Ru. syr Cz. sýr; Slk. syr; Pl. ser SCr. s›r, Gsg. s›ra; ak. s§r (Vrg., Orb.), Gsg. s›ra; sír (Novi), Gsg. s›ra; Sln. sìr, Gsg. síra

BSl. B

*sú‹r(i)os Lith. sris m.(io) 1 OPr. suris

*syr& II

484 PIE Cogn.

*suH-roOIc. súrr m. ‘leaven’

See also: *surov&; *syr&

*syr II adj. o ‘damp, raw’ CS E W S

OCS syr" (Zogr., Mar.) ‘damp, fresh’ Ru. syrój ‘damp, raw’ {1} Cz. syrý ‘damp, raw’ SCr. s›rov ‘raw, crude, damp’; ak. s›rov (Vrg.) ‘raw, crude, damp’; s›rof (Orb.) ‘raw, uncooked’

BSl. B

*sú‹ros Lith. sras 3 ‘salt, salty’; Latv. srs ‘salt, salty, bitter’

PIE *suH-roCogn. OIc. súrr ‘sour’ {1} AP (a) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 133). See also: *surov&; *s r&

*st adj. o (a) ‘satiated, full’ CS E W S

OCS syta (Supr.) Ndu. m. ‘satiated’ Ru. sýtyj Cz. sytý; Slk. sýty; Pl. syty SCr. s›t; ak. s›t (Vrg.), f. sit;, n. s›to; s›t (Hvar, Orb.), f. s›ta, n. s›to; Sln. sìt, f. síta; Bulg. sit ‘satiated, full, filling’

BSl. B

*sá‹tos Lith. sótus 3

PIE Cogn.

*s(e)h'-toLat. satis adv. ‘enough’; Go. saþs ‘satisfied, full’

The origin of the *y is obscure. *s prn. ‘this’ CS E S

OCS s!, f. si, n. se Ru. sej, f. sijá, n. sijé; ORu. s!, f. si, n. se Sln. sej

BSl. B

*Zis Lith. šìs, f. šì; Latv. šis, f. š§ OPr. schis

PIE Cogn.

*˜iHitt. ks; Go. hina Asg. m., hina Asg. n.

*s%ršen%

485

*scati v. ‘piss’ CS E W S

SerbCS s!cati, 1sg. s!0, 2sg. s!iši Ru. scat’ (dial.), 1sg. scu, 3sg. scit; Ukr. scjáty, 1sg. scju Cz. scáti, 1sg. štím; chcáti (dial.); Pl. szcza\, 1sg. szcz< Sln. scáti, 1sg. sím, 1sg. síjem

PIE Cogn.

*sikSkt. siñcáti ‘pour out’; OHG shan ‘strain, drip’; OHG seichen ‘piss’

*srdce n. jo (c) ‘heart’ CS E W S

OCS sr!d!ce Ru. sérdce Cz. srdce; Slk. srdce; Pl. serce; OPl. sierce SCr. sÃce, Gsg. sÃca; C/ak. sÃce (Vrg.), Gsg. sÃca; ak. sÃce (Orb.) ‘heart, heartwood, inner (middle) part (of a branch)’, Gsg. sÃca; Sln. src<4; Bulg. s‘rcé

BSl. B

*ZirdLith. širdìs f.(i) 3; Latv. sirKds f.(i)

PIE Cogn.

*˜rdSkt. hr¥6d- (RV+) n.; Gk. €Ç m.; Gk. € ‘Œ f.; Arm. sirt

See also: *serdà

*srna f. # ‘roe’ CS E W S

RuCS sr"na ‘roe’ Ru. sérna ‘chamois’; ORu. s!rna ‘roe’ Cz. srna ‘roe’; Slk. srna ‘roe’; Pl. sarna ‘roe’ SCr. s¼na ‘roe’; Sln. s¼na ‘roe’; Bulg. s‘rná ‘roe’

BSl. B

*Zír‹na Lith. stìrna ‘roe’; Latv. stirna ‘roe’

PIE

*˜rh'-neh'

Other possible reconstructions are *˜rH-neh', with the root of Lith. šérnas ‘wild boar’, šìrvas ‘dapple-grey’, and *srH-neh', cf. Lith. sartas ‘fox-red’, Latv. sãrts ‘reddish’. The anlaut of the Baltic forms is problematic. The existence of a Latvian variant sirna is uncertain. *sršen m. jo ‘hornet’ CS E W S

CS s(t)r!šen! m.( jo) Ru. šéršen’ m.( jo); ORu. s!ršen! m.( jo); š!ršen! m.( jo) Cz. sršeŽ m.( jo); Slk. sršeŽ m.( jo); Pl. szersze m.( jo); OPl. siersze m.( jo) SCr. sÚljnj m.( jo); ak. sÚen (Orb.) m.(o) ‘big wasp, hornet’; Sln. s¼šen m.(o), Gsg. srš<6na

BSl. B

*Zir‹šenLith. širšuo (OLith.) m.(n); šìršF f.(!); Latv. sirKsuonis m.(io); sirKsnis m.(io)

*šen‚

486 OPr. sirsilis m.(io) PIE Cogn.

*˜rh's-enLat. crbr m.; OHG hornuz m.

*Š *š en n. nt ‘young animal’ CS E W S

CS šten< ‘young animal, cub’ Ru. šenók m. ‘puppy, whelp, cub’, Npl. šenjáta (alongside šenkí); šenjá (dial.) ‘puppy, whelp, cub’ Cz. štYnY ‘young animal, cub’; Slk. šteŽa ‘young animal, cub’; Pl. szczeni< ‘young animal, cub’ SCr. štène ‘puppy’; Sln. šenè ‘puppy, piglet’, Npl. šen<6ta

See ' *<do for the etymology of the root. The form *šen< apparently has s-mobile. *š ít m. o (b) ‘shield’ CS E W S

OCS štit" Ru. šit, Gsg. šitá Cz. štít ‘shield, façade, top’; Slk. štít; Pl. szczyt ‘top, summit’; Slnc. š³t SCr. štt, Gsg. štíta; Sln. šìt, Gsg. šíta; Bulg. štit

BSl. B

*skeitum; *skoitum Lith. ski tas 2 ‘reed (in a loom)’; Latv. š™iêts² ‘reed (in a loom)’ OPr. staytan [scaytan] ‘shield’

PIE Cogn.

*skei-to-m Lat. sctum n. ‘shield’ (*skoitom?); OIr. scíath m. ‘shield’; W ysgwyd f. ‘shield’

*š st num. o (c) ‘sixth’ CS E W S

OCS šest" Ru. šestój Cz. šestý; šéstý (dial.); OCz. šéstý; Slk. šiesty; Pl. szósty; USrb. šesty SCr. šst; ak. š st (Vrg.); š£ sti (Orb.) ‘the sixth’; Sln. š<6sti; Bulg. šésti

BSl. B

*šeštos (*uštos ) Lith. š štas 4; Latv. sestais OPr. wuschts (I); usts (II); uschts (III)

PIE Cogn.

*sue˜s-t(h')o- (su˜s-t(h')o-) Skt. šaš¿há- (AV+)

The oldest Balto-Slavic form may have been *uštos < *šuštos < *suštos. The form *šeštos may have arisen when the cardinal *šeš was introduced into the ordinal. The initial *š result from assimilation to *š < *ks.

*šºj%

487

See also: *šest%

*š st num. (c) ‘six’ CS E W S

OCS šest! Ru. šest’ Cz. šest; Slk. šesŸ; Pl. szeZ\; Slnc. šìesc; USrb. šYs\ SCr. š=st; ak. š=st (Vrg.); š£=s (Orb.); Sln. š<4st; Bulg. šest

BSl. B

*šeš Lith. šešì 4

PIE Cogn.

*sue˜s Skt. šáš- (RV+); Gk. æŠ

The suffix *-t! is secondary. See also ' *šest". *šibati v. ‘whip’ CS E W S

OCS šibaax0 (Supr.) 3pl. impf. ‘whipped’ Ru. šibát’ ‘throw, hit’, 1sg. šibáju Slk. šibaŸ ‘beat’ SCr. š›bati ‘flog, whip’, 1sg. š›bm; Sln. šíbati ‘flog, whip’, 1sg. šbam; Bulg. šíbam ‘flog, whip’

PIE Cogn.

*ksueibSkt. kšipáti ‘swing, throw’; OIc. sveipa ‘sweep, swing’; OE swpan ‘sweep, swing’; OHG sweifan ‘wind’

*šìti v. (a) ‘sew’ CS E W S

SerbCS šiti, 1sg. šij0 {1} Ru. šit’, 1sg. š’ju, 3sg. š’ët; Ukr. šýty, 1sg. šýju Cz. šíti, 1sg. šiji; Slk. šiŸ; Pl. szy\, 1sg. szyj< SCr. š›ti, 1sg. š›jm; ak. š›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. š›ješ; š›ti (Hvar), 1sg. š›jen; š›t (Orb.), 1sg. šjen; Sln. šíti, 1sg. šjem; Bulg. šíja

BSl. B

*sju‹Lith. siti; Latv. št

PIE *siuHCogn. Skt. sÌvyati; Lat. suere, ptc. pret. pass. stum; Go. siujan {1} In OCS, we find neš!ven" (Zogr., Mar.) ‘without a seam’ (in John 19:23) and š!ven" ‘embroidered’ in zlatom" š!venyix" riz" (Supr.). See also: *pod&¸š%va; *š%v%c%

*šj adj. jo (c) ‘left’ CS S

OCS šui Sln. šj, f. šúja

*šulo

488 PIE Cogn.

*seu-ioSkt. savyá-; Av. haoya-; MW aswy; MW aseu

*šulo n. o ‘post, pole’ E W S

Ru. šúlo (W. dial.) n. ‘fence post’; šúla (Smol.) f. ‘fence post’; Ukr. šúla f. ‘fence post’ OPl. szuo n. ‘wooden pole’ SCr. šlj m. ‘block’; Sln. šlj m. ‘sawn-off trunk, block’

B

Lith. šùlas 4 ‘post, pole, stave’ {1} OPr. sulis (EV) ‘stave’

PIE Cogn.

*kseul-o-/*ksul-oGk. Š‡• n. ‘wood, beam’

Much have been said about the possibility of borrowing and the direction of borrowing (from Baltic into Slavic or vice versa, from Germanic into West Slavic, etc.). I prefer to treat the Baltic and Slavic forms as inherited. {1} There is indirect evidence for AP 2, viz. šùlinis, šùlinF ‘well’ (Illi-Svity 1963: 35).

*šur m. jo ‘brother-in-law (wife’s brother)’ CS E W S

CS šur! Ru. šúrin, Npl. šur’já; ORu. šurin", Npl. šurjata, šur’ja Pl. szurzy, Gsg. szurzego SCr. šra; šùr( j)k, Gsg. šur( j)áka; ak. šurj’k (Vrg.), Gsg. šurj”k;; Sln. šurják; šúrja; Bulg. šúrej

The connection with Skt. sylá- ‘wife’s brother’ is not really possible. *švc ‘tailor, shoemaker’ E

W S BSl. B

Ru. švec ‘(obs.) tailor, (dial.) shoemaker’, Gsg. švecá; ORu. š!v!c! ‘tailor, shoemaker’; Bel. šve\ ‘shoemaker’, Gsg. šovcá; Ukr. švec’ ‘shoemaker’, Gsg. ševcjá Cz. švec ‘shoemaker’, Gsg. ševce; Slk. švec ‘shoemaker’; Pl. szewc ‘shoemaker’ SCr. šávac (Vuk: Dubr.) ‘tailor’, Gsg. šávca *sjuwikos Lith. siuvìkas (Ness., dial.) m.(o) ‘tailor’; siuvikis (DP) m.( jo) ‘tailor’ OPr. schuwikis (EV) ‘shoemaker’

Derivative in *-!c! of ' šìti ‘sow’. The root shape *š!v- < *siuH- is regular in antevocalic position.

*tekti

489

*T *tàjati v. (a) ‘melt’ CS E W S

OCS tajati (Ps. Sin.) ‘melt’, 1sg. taj0; SerbCS tajati ‘melt, thaw’ Ru. tájat’ ‘melt, thaw, dwindle’ Cz. táti ‘melt, thaw’; Pl. taja\ ‘melt, thaw’ SCr. t;jati ‘thaw’; Sln. tájati ‘melt, thaw’, 1sg. tjam; Bulg. tája ‘melt slowly’, 2sg. táiš

PIE Cogn.

*teh'Gk. ½€[ ‘melt’; Lat. tbre ‘melt, dwindle’; W tawdd ‘dripping’

*tajìti v. (c) ‘hide, conceal’ CS E W S

OCS taiti, 1sg. taj0 Ru. taít’, 1sg. tajú, 3sg. taít Cz. tajíti; Slk. tajiŸ; Pl. tai\ SCr. tájiti ‘hide, conceal’, 1sg. tájm; Sln. tajíti ‘deny’, 1sg. tajím; Bulg. tajá ‘hide in one’s inner self ’

PIE Cogn.

*(s)teh'Hitt. tai- ‘steal’

See also: *tat%

*tat m. jo ‘thief ’ CS E S

OCS tat! m.( jo) Ru. tat’ m.( jo) SCr. tt m.(o); Sln. tt m.(o), Gsg. tta, Gsg. tat

PIE Cogn.

*(s )teh'-ti-oOIr. táid m. ‘thief ’

One may also compare Skt. tyú- (RV) m. ‘thief ’. See also: *tajiti

*tekti v. (c) ‘flow, run’ CS E W S

OCS tešti, 1sg. tek0 Ru. te’ 1sg. tekú, 3sg. teët; ORu. tei ‘flow, move, run’, 1sg. teku Cz. téci, 1sg. teku; Slk. tiecŸ, 1sg. teiem; Pl. ciec, 1sg. ciek< SCr. tè\i, 1sg. tèm; ak. t\i (Vrg.), 3sg. te ; t\ (Orb.), 3sg. te; Sln. téi, 1sg. téem; Bulg. teká, 2sg. teéš

BSl. B

*tekLith. tekAti, 3sg. t ka; Latv. tecêt, 1sg. teku

PIE Cogn.

*tekSkt. tákti ‘rush’; OIr. techid ‘flee’

*tek&

490 *tek m. o ‘course’ CS E S

RuCS tek" ‘course’ Ru. tëk ‘source’ Sln. t<4k ‘course’

BSl. B

*tekos Latv. teks m. ‘foot-path’; teka f. ‘foot-path’

PIE Cogn.

*tek-oOIr. intech n. ‘road’

See also: *tekti; *tok&

*telktì v. (c) ‘pound’ CS E W S

OCS tlYšti ‘pound’, 1sg. tl"k0 Ru. toló’ ‘pound’, 1sg. tolkú, 3sg. tolët Cz. tlouci ‘pound’, 1sg. tluku; Slk. tlcŸ ‘pound’, 1sg. tliem; Pl. tuc ‘pound’, 1sg. tuk< SCr. tú\i ‘beat, hit, (refl.) fight’, 1sg. túm; ak. t\i (Vrg.) ‘beat, hit, (refl.) fight’, 2sg. tš; t\ (Orb.) ‘beat, hit, (refl.) fight’, 1sg. tn; Sln. tl—6i ‘beat’, 1sg. tóem; tói ‘beat’, 1sg. tóem

It is unclear if *telkti is in any way connected with ' *tolkà and therefore with Lith. talkà ‘unpaid work, party of workers’ and tekti ‘call together for unpaid work’. *tenetò n. o (b) ‘net, snare’ CS E W S

RuCS teneto ‘net, snare’; tonoto ‘net, snare’ Ru. tenëto ‘snare’; tenetó (dial.) ‘snare’ Cz. teneto ‘net, snare’ Sln. ten<4t m. ‘net’; ten<4tva f. ‘net’

B

Lith. tiñklas m. 2/4 ‘net’; Latv. tìkls m. ‘net’

A derivative of *ten- ‘stretch’, cf. Skt. tanóti (< *tn-neu-). *tepl adj. o (b) ‘warm’ CS E W S

OCS topl" {1} Ru. tëplyj; tëpel, f. teplá, n. tepló Cz. teplý; Slk. teplý; Pl. ciepy; USrb. \opy; LSrb. Zopy SCr. t«pao, f. t«pla, f. tòpla, n. t«plo; ak. tp” (Vrg.), f. tepl;, n. tplo; tpal (Orb.), f. tpla, n. tplo; Sln. tópŠ, f. tópla

Cogn.

Lat. tepidus ‘lukewarm, warm’

A lo-derivative of *tep- ‘be hot’, cf. Skt. tápati ‘burn, be hot’. {1} With e-grade we find teplostij0 (Supr.) Isg. ‘warmth’. See also: *topìti

*teti

491

*tèrti v. ‘rub’ CS E W S

SerbCS trYti, 1sg. t!r0 Ru. terét’, 1sg. tru, 3sg. trët Cz. t•íti, 1sg. t•u; t•íti (arch.), 1sg. tru; Slk. trieŸ; Pl. trze\, 1sg. tr< SCr. tÃti, 1sg. tr=m; tÃti, 1sg. t;rm; ak. tÃti (Vrg.), 2sg. t;reš; tÃt (Orb.), 1sg. t;ren; Sln. tr—6ti ‘rub, crush’, 1sg. trèm, 1sg. tárem

BSl. B

*ter‹-/*tir‹Lith. tìrti ‘investigate’

PIE Cogn.

*terHGk. Œ[ ‘oppress, distress, weaken’; Lat. terere ‘rub’; OHG dren ‘turn’

*tesàti v. (b) ‘hew’ CS E W S

OCS tesati (Supr.), 1sg. teš0 Ru. tesát’, 1sg. tešú, 3sg. téšet Cz. tesati; Slk. tesaŸ; Pl. ciosa\ SCr. tèsati ‘cut, trim, polish’, 1sg. tšm; ak. tes;t (Orb.) ‘cut, polish, hew, trim’, 1sg. tšen; Sln. tésati ‘hew, chisel’, 1sg. t<6šem

B

Lith. tašýti ‘hew’

PIE Cogn.

*tet˜Skt. tákšati (RV+) 3pl. ‘cut, manufacture’

See also: *tesla; *teslò; *tes&

*tesla; *teslò f. #; n. o ‘adze’ CS E W S

RuCS tesla f. Ru. teslá f.; tesló n.; Ukr. tesló n. Cz. tesla f.; Pl. ciosa f. SCr. tsla f.; ak. (Vrg.) tsla f.; Sln. tésla f.; téslJ n.; Bulg. teslá f.

PIE Cogn.

*tet˜-dloOIc. þexla f. ‘axe’; dehsala f. ‘axe, adze’

See also: *tesàti; *tes&

*tes m. o ‘timber’ E W

Ru. tës ‘boards, planks’ Cz. tes ‘timber’; Pl. cios ‘timber’

Derivative of ' *tesàti. *teti v. ‘beat’ CS E

OCS teti ‘beat, flog, whip’, 1sg. tep0 Ru. teptí, tetí (dial.) ‘hew, cut, prod, hit’ (apparently influenced by *t
*t¨m‚

492 W S BSl. B

Cz. tepati ‘beat, hammer’, 1sg. tepu, 1sg. tepám; Slk. tepaŸ ‘beat’; USrb. \epa\ ‘beat’; LSrb. ZepaZ ‘beat’ SCr. tèpsti se ‘loiter’, 1sg. tèpm se; Sln. tépsti ‘beat, chastise, (se) loiter’, 1sg. tépem; Bulg. tépam ‘full, walk’ *tepLith. tèpti ‘smear, grease, soil’, 1sg. tepù

Only Balto-Slavic. *tm n. n (a) ‘sinciput, top of the head’ E W S

Ru. témja, Gsg. témeni Cz. témY; Slk. temä; Pl. ciemi< SCr. tjme, Gsg. tjmena; ak. t›me (Vrg.), Gsg. tj›mena; Sln. t—6me, Gsg. t—6mena; Bulg. téme n.(nt)

A connection with ' *t
Ru. ten’ f.(i); Ukr. tin’ f.(i) Cz. tín (Mor. dial.) m.(o); tiŽ (Lach dial.) m.( jo); Slk. tieŽ m.( jo); Pl. cie m.( jo) SCr. t—6nja f.( j#) ‘shadow (image)’

Probably a transformation of *s¾n! on the basis of ' *t!ma ‘darkness’, ' *t!m!n" ‘dark’. *t sn adj. o (c) ‘narrow’ CS E W S

OCS tYsn" ‘narrow’ Ru. tésnyj ‘crowded, narrow, tight’ Cz. tYsný ‘narrow’; Slk. tesný ‘narrow’; Pl. ciasny ‘narrow’ SCr. tijèsan ‘tight, narrow’; ak. tsan ‘tight, narrow’, f. tsn;, n. tsno; t£=san ‘tight, narrow’, f. t£=sna, n. t£=sno; Sln. tésŠn ‘narrow’, f. tésna; t—sn ‘narrow’, f. t—snà; Bulg. tés‘n ‘narrow’, f. tjásna

Adjective in *-no-. The stem is *tYsk-, cf. ' *tìskati. *tsto n. o (c) ‘dough’ E W

Ru. tésto Cz. tYsto; Slk. cesto; Pl. ciasto; USrb. \Ysto

*t‚gti

493

S

SCr. t›jesto, Gsg. t›jesta; ak. tsto (Vrg., Hvar), Gsg. tsta; t£=sto, Gsg. t£=sta; Sln. t—stº; Bulg. testó

Cogn.

Gk.  È ( Œ) m. ‘flour of spelt mixed and made into dough’, Gsg.  «; OHG theismo (deismo) m. ‘leaven’; OIr. táis m. ‘dough’; W toes m. ‘dough’

Since a proto-form *teh'i-s-tóm would yield fixed stress on an acute syllable in BaltoSlavic, we may consider *th'ei-s-tóm. It is unclear to me why the etymon ended up as a mobile o-stem, however. Originally oxytone neuter o-stems with a first syllable closed by an obstruent typically belong to AP (b). I suspect that the suffix *-to is secondary. *tdzati; *tgati v. f. ‘pull, extract’ CS E W S

OCS t<ži (Ps. Sin.) imper. ‘try’; t<ž0 (Supr.) 1sg. ‘inquire’ Ru. tjagát’ ‘pull, extract, elicit’, 1sg. tjagáju Cz. tázati se ‘ask, inquire’; Pl. ciga\ ‘pull’ Sln. t<6zati ‘pull, torture’, 1sg. t<6zam, 1sg. t<6žem

See ' *t
Ru. tjága ‘traction’ Cz. tíha f. ‘weight, burden’; Pl. cig f. ‘traction, continuity’, cigu; OPl. cig f. ‘traction, continuity’, Gsg. ci
Derivative of ' *t
Ru. tjanút’ ‘pull’, 1sg. tjanú, 3sg. tjánet Cz. táhnouti ‘pull’; Slk. tiahnouŸ ‘pull’; Pl. cign\ ‘pull’ Sln. t<6gniti ‘provide, stretch’, 1sg. t<6gnem

See ' *t
CS rast<šti ‘tear apart’, 1sg. rast
BSl. B

*ting- (*teng-) Lith. tìngti ‘become slow’, 3sg. tìngsta; tingAti ‘be lazy’, 3sg. tìngi

PIE Cogn.

*t(e)ngOIc. þyngja ‘burden’

See also: *t‚dzati; *t‚gati; *t‚g&; *t‚ga; *t‚gn®ti; *t‚ž&k&; *tÓgà; *t®g&

*t‚ti

494 *tti v. ‘cut, chop, beat’ E W S

Ru. tjat’ (arch.) ‘beat’, 1sg. tnu; ORu. tjati ‘chop, cut’, 1sg. t!nu; Ukr. tjáty ‘chop, cut, beat’, 1sg. tnu Cz. títi ‘cut’, 1sg. tnu; Pl. ci\ ‘cut’, 1sg. tn< Sln. t<6ti ‘chop’, 1sg. tnèm

BSl. B

*tin‹Lith. tìnti ‘whet’

PIE Cogn.

*tmh&Gk. ª [ ‘cut’

See also: *t¨m‚

*tžk adj. o ‘heavy’ CS E W S

OCS t<ž"k" ‘heavy, difficult, serious’ Ru. tjážkij ‘heavy, severe’; Ukr. tjažkýj ‘heavy’ Cz. tYžký ‘heavy’; Slk. Ÿažký ‘heavy’; Pl. ci<­ki ‘heavy’ SCr. téžak ‘heavy, difficult, serious’, f. téška; ak. tžak (Vrg.) ‘heavy, difficult, serious’, f. tšk;; tež’k (Orb.) ‘heavy, difficult, serious’, f. tška; Sln. t龊k ‘heavy’, f. téžka; težk ‘heavy’; Bulg. t龑k ‘heavy, difficult, serious’

BSl. B

*tingLith. tingùs 4 ‘lazy’

PIE Cogn.

*tngOIc. þungr ‘heavy’

See also: *t‚g&; *t‚ga; *t‚gn®ti; *t‚gti; *tÓgà; *t®g&

*tìskati v. (a) ‘press, squeeze’ CS E W S

CS tiskati ‘press, squeeze’ Ru. tískat’ ‘press, squeeze’ Pl. ciska\ ‘hurl’ SCr. t›skati ‘press, squeeze’; Sln. tískati ‘press, print’, 1sg. tískam

The stem of this verb must contain the suffix *-sk-. The root must be *teiH- or *tehøi-, neither of which can easily be linked to non-Slavic forms. See also: *t˜sn&

*tk m. o (c) ‘stream, current, course’ CS E W S

OCS tok" (Mar.) ‘stream’ Ru. tok ‘current, course’, Gsg. tóka; Bel. tik ‘current, course’, Gsg. toká; Ukr. tik ‘current, course’, Gsg. tóka; tik (dial.) ‘current, course’, Gsg. toká Cz. tok ‘current, course’; Slk. tok ‘current, course’; Pl. tok ‘current, course’ SCr. t|k ‘current, course’, Gsg. t«ka; Sln. tòk ‘stream, current’, Gsg. t06ka; Bulg. tok ‘stream, current’

*tolkà BSl. B

*tokos Lith. tãkas 4 ‘(foot-)path’; Latv. taks ‘(foot-)path’

PIE Cogn.

*tok-oAv. taka- m. ‘course’

495

See also: *tekti; *tek&

*tgà f. # (b) ‘sadness, melancholy’ CS E W S

OCS t0ga ‘confusion, melancholy, difficulties, misfortune’ Ru. tugá ‘grief ’; túga (dial.) ‘grief ’ Cz. touha ‘longing, yearning, desire’; Slk. túha ‘melancholy’; Pl. t
See ' *t
CS t0g" ‘hard to retain’ Ru. tugój ‘tight’ Cz. tuhý ‘solid, tough’; Slk. tuhý ‘solid, tough’; Pl. t
See ' *t
OCS utoliti ‘convince’, 1sg. utolj0 Ru. utolít’ ‘ quench, satisfy, soothe’, 1sg. utoljú, 3sg. utolít SCr. utòliti ‘calm down’; Sln. tóliti ‘calm, soothe, quench’, 1sg. t06lim

BSl. B

*tol‹Lith. táldyti (dial.) ‘silence, soothe’

PIE

*tolH-

Cf. also Lith. tìlti, 1sg. tylù ‘fall silent’. *tolkà f. # (c) ‘neighbourly help (of farmworkers)’ E

S

Ukr. toloká ‘occasional help by fellow villagers, fallow land, pasture’, Asg. tóloku Pl. toka ‘neighbourly help (of farmworkers), crowd’; tóka (dial.) ‘neighbourly help (of farmworkers)’; OPl. tuka ‘neighbourly help (of farmworkers)’; Slnc. tlùok‘ ‘corvée’ SCr. tláka ‘corvée’; Sln. tláka ‘corvée’

BSl.

*tolka‹

W

*topìti I

496 B

Lith. talkà 4 ‘unpaid work, party of workers (called together for help)’; Latv. tàlka ‘party of workers’

The proposed connection with Toch. B telki n. ‘sacrifice’ (cf. Adams 1999: 306) is interesting but highly speculative. See also ' *telktì. *topìti I v. ‘heat’ E W S

Ru. topít’ ‘stoke, heat, melt’, 1sg. topljú, 3sg. tópit Cz. topiti ‘heat’; Slk. topiŸ ‘melt’; Pl. topi\ ‘melt, fuse’ SCr. tòpiti ‘melt’, 1sg. tòpm; ak. se top›t (Orb.) ‘melt’, 3sg. se t«pi; Sln. topíti ‘warm, heat, melt’, 1sg. topím; Bulg. topjá ‘melt’

PIE Cogn.

*top-eieSkt. tpáyati ‘heat, torment’

See also: *tepl&¸

*topìti II v. ‘drown’ CS E W S

OCS potopiti ‘drown, destroy’, 1sg. potoplj0 Ru. topít’ ‘sink, drown’, 1sg. topljú, 3sg. tópit Cz. topiti ‘drown’; Slk. topiŸ ‘drown’; Pl. topi\ ‘sink, drown’ SCr. tòpiti ‘flood’, 1sg. tòpm; ak. se top›t (Orb.) ‘drown’, 3sg. se t«pi; Sln. topíti ‘sink, immerse’, 1sg. topím; Bulg. topjá ‘dive, dunk’

Etymology unclear. *trvà f. # (b) ‘grass’ CS E W S

OCS trava (Ps. Sin.) ‘grass, plants’ Ru. travá ‘grass’ Cz. tráva ‘grass’; Slk. tráva ‘grass’; Pl. trawa ‘grass’ SCr. tráva ‘grass, herb, plant, weed’, Asg. trvu; ak. tr”v; (Vrg.) ‘grass, herb, plant, weed’, Asg. tr”vµ; trv; (Orb.) ‘grass, herb, plant, weed’, Asg. trvo; trav; (Orlec) ‘grass’, Asg. travµ; Sln. tráva ‘grass’; Bulg. travá ‘grass’

The lengthened grade is reminscent of Lith. žol ‘grass’, herb’, OPr. soalis (EV), slin (Ench.) Asg. ‘id.’, which is an old root noun. See also: *traviti; *tr¬và; *trovati; *truti; *tryti

*trvìti v. (b) CS E W S

OCS trav<štiima (Supr.) Dpl. m. ptc. pres. act. ‘devouring’ (for trav<štiim") Ru. travít’ ‘exterminate (by poisoning), (coll.) poison’, 1sg. travljú, 3sg. trávit Cz. tráviti ‘digest, consume, poison’; Pl. trawi\ ‘digest, spend (time), consume’ SCr. tráviti ‘feed with grass’

A derivative of ' *trvà.

*tr®d&

497

*tret num. jo ‘third’ CS E W S

OCS tretii Ru. trétij Cz. t•etí; Slk. tretí; Pl. trzeci SCr. tr\; ak. tr\, trt (Vrg.); trt (Novi); trti (Orb.); Sln. tr<6tji; Bulg. tréti

BSl. B

*tretios (*tirtios) Lith. tr ias; Latv. trešs OPr. trts

PIE Cogn.

*tr-t-ioSkt. tr¥tÌya- (RV+); Lat. tertius

The original Balto-Slavic form *tirtios was apparently replaced by *tretios on the analogy of the cardinal *treies (' *t`!je, *tri). *trvà f. # (b) ‘grass’ CS S

OCS trYva ‘grass, plants’ Bulg. trevá ‘grass’

See ' *trvà. *trsti v. (c) ‘shake (tr.)’ CS E W S

OCS tr<sti, 1sg. tr<s0 Ru. trjastí, 1sg. trjasú, 3sg. trjasët Cz. t•ásti, 1sg. t•esu; OCz. t•iesti; Slk. triasŸ, 1sg. trasiem; Pl. trzZ\, 1sg. trz<s< SCr. trésti, 1sg. trésem; ak. tr sti (Vrg.), 2sg. trsš; trésti (Hvar), 1sg. trsn; tr£ s (Orb.), 3sg. tr£es; Sln. tr<6sti, 1sg. tr<6sem; Bulg. tresá

Vasmer (s.v. trjasú) suggests that *tr<s represents a contamination of *tres-, cf. Skt. trásati ‘shiver’, and *trem-, cf. Gk. ª[, Lat. trem ‘id.’. This hypothesis is endorsed by LIV (651). *trovati v. ‘poison’ S

SCr. tròvati, 1sg. trµjm; ak. trov;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. trµješ; trov;t (Hvar), 1sg. trµjen; trovãt (Orb.), 3sg. trj; Sln. trováti, 1sg. trújem

Verb in *-ati based on the stem *trov- < *trouH- ('*truti, *tryti). *trd m. o ‘tree fungus, tinder, mould’ CS E W S

OCS tr0d" ‘illness’; CS tr0d" ‘tree fungus’ Ru. trut ‘tinder, amadou’; ORu. trud" ‘tree fungus’ Cz. troud ‘mould’; Pl. trd ‘leprosy’, Gsg. trdu SCr. trd ‘punk, tinder’, Gsg. trda; Sln. tr04d ‘punk, colic’

BSl.

*trond-?

*tr®t&

498 B

Lith. trandìs f.(i) 2/4 ‘woodworm, moth’; Latv. trûdi Npl. m.(o) ‘mould’

Etymology unknown. *trt m. o ‘drone’ CS E W S

SerbCS trut" ‘wasp’ Ru. trúten’ m.( jo) ‘drone, parasite’ Slk. trút ‘drone’; Pl. trute ‘drone’; trut ‘drone’; trt (obs.) ‘drone’; OPl. trant ‘drone’; Slnc. tr¶Îd ‘drone’ SCr. trt ‘drone’, Gsg. trta; Sln. tr04t ‘drone, parasite’

BSl. B

*tronLith. trãnas ‘drone’; Latv. trans ‘drone’

Etymology unclear. The Balto-Slavic forms are strongly reminiscent of Germanic forms such as MoE drone, MoHG Drohne, which have a different anlaut. *trud m. o (b/c) ‘labour, trouble’ CS E W S

OCS trud" ‘labour, work’ Ru. trud ‘labour, work, difficulty, trouble’, Gsg. trudá Cz. trud ‘difficulty, trouble’; Slk. trud (eccl.) ‘pains, grief ’; Pl. trud ‘trouble, labour, work, pains’; Slnc. trÉd ‘labour, trouble’, Gsg. trÉdu SCr. trd ‘effort, labour, work’, Gsg. trúda; ak. trd (Vrg.) ‘effort, labour, work’, Gsg. trd;; trúd (Novi, Hvar) ‘effort, labour, work’, Gsg. trd;; trt (Orb.) ‘work, labour, effort, fatigue’, Gsg. trd;; Sln. trd ‘effort, difficulty’; Bulg. trud ‘labour, work, effort’

B

Lith. tri×sas ‘work, effort, pains’

PIE Cogn.

*troud-o- ? OIc. þraut f. ‘trial of strengh, distress’; MHG drz m. ‘distress, burden’

On the whole, the accentual evidence is in favour of AP (b), which, if the root is *troud-, would be in conflict with Winter’s law. *trp m. o (c) ‘trunk, corpse’ CS E W S

OCS trup" ‘corpse’ Ru. trup ‘corpse, carcass’; ORu. trup" ‘tree-trunk, corpse, carnage’ Cz. trup ‘trunk’; Slk. trup ‘trunk’; Pl. trup ‘corpse’ SCr. trp ‘trunk, corpse’, Gsg. trpa; ak. trp (Vrg.) ‘trunk, corpse’, Gsg. trpa; Sln. trp ‘trunk, body, corpse, log’; Bulg. trup ‘trunk, body, corpse, carcass’

B

OPr. trupis ‘log’

Only Balto-Slavic.

*tu%n& *truti v. CS E W

OCS natruti ‘feed’, 1sg. natrov0 ORu. truti ‘consume’, 1sg. trovu Pl. tru\ ‘poison, disturb, torment’, 1sg. truj<

PIE

*trouH-

See ' *tryti for the justification of the laryngeal. *trst f. i (c) ‘reed’ CS E W S

OCS tr!st! f.(i); tr"st! Ru. trost’ ‘cane’; trest’ (dial.) Cz. tresŸ (obs.); trst (obs.); OCz. tresŸ; trest; Slk. trsŸ; Pl. treZ\ SCr. tÂst; Sln. tÂst, Gsg. tÂsta, Gsg. trstû; tÂst, Gsg. trst; Bulg. tr‘st

BSl. B

*trusLith. triušìs f.(i) 4; Latv. trusis m.( jo)

The connection with Gk. –‡ n. is dubious, if only because of the anlaut. *tryti v. ‘rub’ CS S

CS tryti Bulg. tríja

PIE Cogn.

*truHGk. ‡[ ‘use up’

See also: *tr#và; *traviti; *tr„và; *trovati; *truti

*trje; *tri num. ‘three’ CS E W S

OCS trije, f./n. tri Ru. tri Cz. t•i; OCz. t•ie, f./n. t•i; Slk. tri; Pl. trzy SCr. tr; ak. tr (Vrg., Hvar, Orb.); Sln. trij<4, f./n. tr; Bulg. tri

BSl. B

*trejes Lith. trs 4

PIE Cogn.

*trei-es Skt. tráyas (RV+); Gk. È; Lat. trs

See also: *tret%

*tu n adj. o ‘fat, rich’ CS E W S

OCS tu!n" (Euch., Ps. Sin.) ‘fat, rich’ Ru. túnyj ‘fat, rich, succulent’ Cz. tuný ‘fat’; Slk. tuný ‘fat’; Pl. tuczny ‘fat’ Sln. túŠn ‘fat’, f. túna; Bulg. túen ‘fertile, rich, succulent’

BSl.

*tou‹kinos

499

*tºk&

500 B

Lith. takinas ‘fat’

Lith. takinas is a classic case of métatonie douce (Derksen 1996: 72). The BaltoSlavic evidence points to *touHk-, which may be a contamination of *teuH and *teuk- or an enlargement of the former. See also: *tºk&; *t ti

*tk m. o (c) ‘fat’ CS E W S

OCS tuk" (Ps. Sin. En.) Ru. tuk; ORu. tuk" Cz. tuk; Slk. tuk; Pl. tuk ak. tk (Novi, Orb.), Gsg. tka

BSl. B

*tou‹kós Lith. tauka§ Npl. 3; Latv. tàuki Npl. OPr. taukis ‘lard’

PIE Cogn.

*touHk-oOHG dioh m. ‘thigh’

See also: *tu%n&; *t ti

*tr m. o (c) ‘aurochs’ CS E W S

OCS turom" (Supr.) Isg. ‘bull’ Ru. tur, Gsg. túra; Ukr. tur, Gsg. túra Cz. tur; Slk. tur; Pl. tur SCr. tr, Gsg. tra; Sln. tr; Bulg. tur

BSl. B

*taurós Lith. taras 4; Latv. tàurs

PIE Cogn.

*th'euro- (tauro-) Gk.  ± m. ‘bull’; Lat. taurus m. ‘bull’

*tvr f. i (c) ‘creation, creature’ CS E W S

OCS tvar! ‘creation, creature’ Ru. tvar’ ‘creature’, Gsg. tvári Cz. tvᕠ‘face, cheek’; Slk. tvár ‘face, cheek’; Pl. twarz ‘face, cheek’ SCr. tvr m.(o) ‘creation, creature’; Sln. tvr ‘matter’, Gsg. tvar; Bulg. tvar m.(o) ‘creature’

BSl. B

*twr(‹)Lith. tvorà f. ‘fence’

PIE

*turH-

The length attested in Czech and Slovak is irregular, cf. Cz. tvar, Slk. tvar ‘form’. The lengthened grade originated in a root noun.

*tv%rd%

501

See also: *tvoriti; *tvor&; *tv%rd&; *tv%rd%

*tvorìti v. (c) ‘make’ CS E W S

OCS tvoriti ‘do, make’, 1sg. tvorj0 Ru. tvorít’ ‘create, do’, 1sg. tvorjú, 3sg. tvorít Cz. tvo•iti ‘do, make’; Slk. tvoriŸ ‘do, make’; Pl. tworzy\ ‘do, make’ SCr. tvòriti ‘do, make’, 1sg. tvòrm; Sln. tvoríti ‘form, make’, 1sg. tvorím; Bulg. tvorjá ‘create’

BSl. B

*twor‹Lith. tvérti ‘seize, form’; Latv. tverKt ‘seize, hold’

PIE

*tuorH-

See also: *tvÁr%; *tvor&; *tv%¯rd&; *tv%rd%

*tvr m. o (c) ‘creation, creature’ CS E W S

OCS tvor" (Ps. Sin., Euch.) ‘creation, ulcer’ ORu. tvor" ‘appearance’ Cz. tvor ‘creation, creature’; Slk. tvor ‘creation, creature’; Pl. twór ‘creation, creature’, Gsg. tworu Sln. tvºr ‘creation, furuncle’

BSl. B

*twor(‹)-o Lith. ãptvaras ‘fence’

PIE Cogn.

*tuorH-oGk.  f. ‘urn’

See also: *tvÁr%; *tvorìti; *tv%¯rd&; *tv%rd%

*tvrd adj. o (c) ‘hard, firm, solid’ CS E W S

OCS tvr!d" ‘firm, solid’ Ru. tvërdyj ‘hard, solid’; tvërd ‘hard, solid’, f. tverdá, f. tvërdo Cz. tvrdý ‘hard, solid’; Slk. tvrdý ‘hard, solid’; Pl. twardy ‘hard, solid’ SCr. tvÂd ‘hard, firm’, f. tv¼da; ak. tvÃd (Vrg.) ‘hard, firm’, f. tvrd;, n. tvÃdo; tÂd (Orb.) ‘hard, firm’, f. trda, f. trÈd;, n. tÂdo; Sln. tÂd ‘hard’, f. t¼da; tvÂd ‘hard’, f. tv¼da; Bulg. tv‘rd ‘firm, solid, hard’

B

Lith. tvìrtas 3 ‘strong, firm, solid’; Latv. tvirKts ‘strong, firm, solid’

The Slavic and East Baltic suffixes do not match. See also: *tvÁr%; *tvorìti; *tvor&; *tv%rd%

*tvrd f. i ‘citadel, firmament’ CS E S

OCS tvr!d! ‘base, citadel, firmament’ Ru. tverd’ ‘firmament (nebesnaja t.), earth (zemnaja t.)’; ORu. tv!rd! ‘firmament, darkness’ Bulg. tv‘rd (arch.) ‘citadel, earth, sky, firmament’

*t&

502 See ' *tv!4rd". *t prn. ‘this, that’ CS E W S

OCS t", f. ta, n. to Ru. tot, f. ta, n. to; ORu. t", f. ta, n. to Cz. ten, f. ta, n. to; Slk. ten, f. ta, n. to; Pl. ten, f. ta, n. to; USrb. tón, f. ta, n. to SCr. tj, f. t, n. t|; ak. t;, t (Orb.), f. t, n. t|, n. t«; Sln. t, f. t, n. tº

BSl. B

*tos Lith. tàs, f. tà, n. ta§; Latv. tas, f. tã OPr. stas art./prn. ‘the, this, that’, sta(i) f., n. sta

PIE Cogn.

*so Skt. sá, f. s, n. tád

The PIE demonstrative pronoun *so, f. *seh', n. tod was remodelled to Balto-Slavic *tos, *ta‹, *tod. *trgati v. (a) ‘tear’ E W S

Ru. rastorgát’ ‘cancel, annul’; Ukr. tórhaty ‘tear, pull’ Cz. trhati ‘tear, pull’; Slk. trhaŸ ‘tear, pull’; Pl. targa\ ‘tear, pull’ SCr. tÃgati ‘tear, pluck’; ak. tÃgati (Vrg.) ‘pick grapes’, 2sg. tÃg”š; tÃgat (Orb.) ‘pick, (harvest) grapes’, 1sg. tÃgan; Sln. t¼gati ‘tear, pull’, 1sg. tÂgam; Bulg. t¹rgam ‘tear, pull’

This verb may be cognate with Lat. terg ‘wipe’, but in that case the meaning has been totally obscured by the resemblance to *d!rgati. See also: *t%rzati

*tš  adj. jo (b) ‘empty’ CS E W S

OCS t"št" ‘empty’ Ru. tóšij ‘gaunt, empty, poor’; tóš ‘gaunt, empty, poor’, f. tošá, n. tóše {1} OCz. tští ‘empty’; Pl. czczy ‘empty’; OPl. tszczy ‘empty’ SCr. t;št ‘empty, vain, conceited’; ak. t;š\ (Vrgada) ‘empty’, f. taš\;, n. t;š\o; Sln. tŠQš ‘empty’, f. tŠšà; tš ‘empty’

BSl. B

*tusk(t)ios Lith. tùšias ‘empty’; Latv. tukšs ‘empty, poor’

PIE *tus-sk-ioCogn. Skt. tucchyá- (RV) ‘empty, vain’ {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). *ty prn. ‘you’ CS E W

OCS ty Ru. ty Cz. ty; Slk. ty; Pl. ty

*t ti S

SCr. t; ak. t§; tí (Hvar); t (Orb.); Sln. t; Bulg. ti

BSl. B

*tu‹ Lith. tù; Latv. tu OPr. tou

PIE Cogn.

*tuH Lat. t

503

*tl m. o (a) ‘back of the neck’ CS E W S

SerbCS tyl" m. ‘neck’ Ru. tyl m. ‘back’ Cz. týl m. ‘back of the neck, nape’; Slk. tylo n. ‘back of the neck, nape’; Pl. ty m. ‘back’ Sln. t m. ‘back of the neck, nape, rear part’, Gsg. tla; Bulg. til m. ‘back of the neck, nape’

B

Lith. tlas 3 ‘many’ OPr. tlan adv. ‘much’

PIE Cogn.

*tuH-lSkt. tla- (AV+) n. ‘tuft of grass or reeds, panicle of a flower or plant’; Gk. û•‰ f. ‘bulge, lump, hump’

It is very likely that we must reconstruct a neuter *tú‹lum, cf. Slk. tylo. The Baltic examples, which are semantically remote, derive from the same root *tuH- ‘swell, become fat, strong’ (cf. ' *t+ti). The etymological relationship with the Sanskrit and Greek forms is admittedly more uncertain. *tsti; *tsti num. f. i (a) ‘thousand’ CS E W S

OCS tys0šti f.(); tys<šti f.() Ru. týsjaa f.( j#) Cz. tisíc m.( jo); Slk. tisíc m.( jo); Pl. tysic m.( jo) SCr. t›su\a (dial.) f.( j#); Sln. tis06a f.( j#)

BSl. B

*tu‹sontiLith. tkstantis m.( jo) 1; tkstantis (dial.) f.(i) 1; Latv. tkstuõtis m.( jo); tkstuôtis m.( jo) OPr. tsimtons Apl.

PIE Cogn.

*tuH-s-ont-; *tuH-s-entGo. þsundi f.

For the root, see ' *t+ti. The exact formation is unclear. *tti v. ‘become fat’ CS W

RuCS tyti Cz. týti; Slk. tyŸ

*t%l˜ti

504 S

SCr. t›ti

PIE Cogn.

*tuHSkt. tavti ‘be strong’

See also: *tu%n&; *tºk&

*tl ti v. ‘decay, smoulder’ CS E W S

OCS t!lYti ‘decay’, 1sg. t!lYj0 Ru. tlet’ ‘rot, decay, smoulder’, 1sg. tléju Cz. tlíti ‘decay, rot, mould’; Slk. tlieŸ ‘smoulder’; Pl. tle\ ‘smoulder’, 1sg. tlej< Sln. tl—6ti ‘smoulder’, 1sg. tlím; Bulg. tléja ‘smoulder’

BSl. B

*til(‹)Latv. tiRt² ‘become soft, become retted’

The connection with *utoliti ‘quench, satisfy, relieve’ and Lith. tylAti ‘be silent, soothe’ is uncertain. *tlò; *tla n. o; f. # (b) ‘ground’ CS E W S

OCS na t!lYx" (Supr.) Lpl. n. ‘on the ground’ Ru. tlo (obs.) n. ‘foundation, bottom’; ORu. t!lo n. ‘foundation, bottom’ Cz. tlo (dial.) f. ‘ceiling’; tla (dial.) f. ‘ceiling’; Pl. to n. ‘ground, background’ SCr. tl« n. ‘ground, earth, soil’, Gsg. tl;, Npl. tl;; tl Npl. f. ‘soil, earth’; ak. tl«h (Vrg.) m. ‘ground, earth, soil’, Gsg. tloh;; tl; (Novi) Npl. n. ‘ground, earth, soil’, Gpl. tál; tl« (Orb.) n. ‘ground, terrain’, Gsg. tl;, Npl. tl; (usually plural, except the Gsg. tl;); Sln. tlà Npl. n. ‘ground, earth’, Gpl. tá

BSl. B

*til‹Lith. tìlFs Npl. f.(!) ‘bottom of a barge, flooring’

PIE

*tlH-o-

Cf. also Lith. tìltas, Latv. tits ‘bridge’. *tma f. # ‘darkness’ CS E W S

OCS t!ma Ru. t’ma Cz. tma; Slk. tma; Pl. \ma; USrb. \ma SCr. táma ‘darkness, dusk, fog’; Sln. tŠmà; tmà; Bulg. t‘má

BSl. B

*tima‹ Latv. tima

Cogn.

Skt. támas- n.

Substantive derived from the root *t!m- < *tH-. See also: *t%m%n&

*t%rzati

505

*tmn adj. o (b/c) ‘dark’ CS E W S

OCS t!m!n" Ru. tëmnyj; tëmen, f. temná, n. temnó Cz. temný; Slk. temný; Pl. ciemny; USrb. \Ymny SCr. táman, f. támna, n. támno; tman, f. támna, n. tmno; ak. t“man (Vrg.), f. t”mn;, n. t“mno; Sln. tŠmŠQn, f. tŠmnà; Bulg. t¹men

BSl. B

*tim‹-/*tom‹Lith. tamsùs 3; Latv. tùmšs; tìmšs² (E. Latv.)

Adjective in *-!n". The root is *t!m- < *tH-. See also: *t%ma

*tnk adj. o (c) ‘thin’ CS E W S

OCS t"n"aje ‘thinner’ Nsg. n. Ru. tónkij ‘thin, slender, fine’; tónok ‘thin, slender, fine’, f. tanká, n. tónko Cz. tenký ‘thin, slender, fine’; Slk. tenký ‘thin, slender, fine’; Pl. cienki ‘thin, slender, fine’ SCr. t;nak ‘thin, slender, fine’, f. tànka, f. tánka; ak. t;nak (Vrg.) ‘thin, slender, fine’, f. tank;, n. tnko; t;nak (Orb.) ‘thin, slender, fine’, f. tãnka, n. tãnko; Sln. tŠnŠQk ‘thin, meagre, exact’, f. tŠnkà; tnki ‘thin, meagre, exact’, f. tnka; Bulg. t¹n‘k ‘thin, slender, fine’

BSl. B

*tin‹-u-/*ten‹-uLith. t<6vas (Žem.) 3 ‘thin, fine’; Latv. tiêvs ‘thin, fine’

PIE Cogn.

*tnh'-uSkt. tanú- (Br+) ‘thin, slender’; Gk.   ‘outstretched’; Lat. tenuis ‘fine, thin’; OIr. tanae ‘thin, slender’

Adjective in *-"k", cf. OCS ist!n0 (Ps. Sin.) ‘I beat [them] fine’. *trn m. o (b) ‘thorn’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

OCS tr"n" (Ps. Sin.) Ru. tërn ‘blackthorn, sloe’; tëren (dial.) ‘blackthorn, sloe’, Gsg. tërna; Ukr. terén, Gsg. ternú Cz. trn; Slk. t¼Ž; Pl. cier m.( jo); OPl. tarn m.(o); cir m.( jo) SCr. tÂn, Gsg. tÂna; ak. tà (Vrg.), Gsg. tr;; trn (Orb.), Gsg. tÃna; Kajk. t rn (Bednja), Gsg. tern;; Sln. t¼n ‘thorn, thornbush, quill, hook’; Bulg. tr‘n ‘thorn, thistle’ *tr-no-m Skt. t¼¥Áa- n. ‘grass, blade of grass’; Go. þaurus m. ‘thorn’; OIc. þorn m. ‘thorn’

*trzati v. ‘tear, pull’ CS

OCS tr!zati (Supr.) ‘pull, tear’, 1sg. trYž0, 1sg. tr!zaj0

*u

506 E S

Ru. terzát’ ‘tear apart, torment’, 1sg. terzáju SCr. tÃzati ‘pull, jerk’; ak. tÃzat ‘jerk, snatch, tug’, 2sg. tÃzaš; Sln. t¼zati ‘tear, pull out, pluck’, 1sg. tÂzam; Bulg. t¹rzam ‘tear, pull out, pluck’

See ' *t!rgati.

*U *u prep./pref. ‘from, by, at, (pref.) away’ CS E W S

OCS u ‘from, at’; u- ‘away’ Ru. u ‘by, at’; u- ‘away’ Pl. u ‘by, at’; u- ‘away’ SCr. u ‘by, at’; u- ‘away’; Sln. u- ‘away’; Bulg. u ‘by, at’; u- ‘away’

BSl. B

*au Lith. au- ‘away’; Latv. au- ‘away’ OPr. aumsnan Asg. ‘ablution’; aulat ‘die’

PIE Cogn.

*h'eu Skt. áva (RV+) prvrb./prep. ‘off, away, down’; Lat. au- pref. ‘away’; OIr. ó (úa) prep. ‘from’

ubòg adj. o ‘poor’ CS E W S

ESSJa XXIV 104-105

OCS ubog" ‘poor, wretched’ Ru. ubógij ‘poverty-stricken, wretched’ Cz. ubohý ‘poor, wretched’; Slk. úbohý ‘poor, wretched’; Pl. ubogi ‘poor’ SCr. ùbog ‘poor’; Sln. ub04g ‘poor’

Compound of ' *u and ' *b|g". *u ìti v. (c) ‘teach’ CS E W S

OCS uiti, 1sg. u0 Ru. uít’, 1sg. uú, 3sg. úit {1} Cz. uiti; Slk. uiŸ; Pl. uczy\ SCr. ùiti, 1sg. ùm; ak. u›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. u§š; Sln. uíti, 1sg. uím; Bulg. úa

BSl. B

*ou‹kLith. jaukìnti ‘tame, domesticate’; Latv. jaûcêt ‘accustom’ OPr. iaukint ‘exercize’

PIE Cogn.

*h&ouk-eieSkt. ucyati ‘be accustomed to’ (*h&uk-); Go. biuhts adj. ‘accustomed to’ (*h&euk-)

The main problem with this etymology is the Balto-Slavic evidence for an acute. Kortlandt (1977b: 38) claims that initial *u yielded PSl. acute *vy- under the stress

*uj%

507

and *v"- pretonically. The East Baltic reflexes under the stress are Lith.  and – surprisingly – Latv. û. Since we have '*v+kn0ti (a), it is possible to assume that the zero grade *u‹- provided the basis for full grades *ou‹k- (<< *ouk- < *h&ouk-) and *jou‹k- (<< *jouk- < *h&euk-). We must keep in mind, however, that Winter’s law has significantly reduced the evidence for the development proposed by Kortlandt. Note that the j- of the Baltic forms must be secondary. {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 140). See also: *vykn®ti

*udariti v. ‘strike, hit’ CS E S

OCS udariti, 1sg. udarj0 Ru. udárit’, 1sg. udárju SCr. ùdariti, 1sg. ùdarm; Sln. udáriti, 1sg. udrim; Bulg. udárja

Prefixed verb with lengthened grade of the root. See ' *dertì. *ùditi v. E

Ru. údit’ (Dal’) ‘ripen, fill (with)’

PIE Cogn.

*HouHdSkt. dhar- n. ‘udder’; OE der n. ‘udder’

See also: *v m‚

*xo n. o (c) ‘ear’ CS E W S

OCS uxo n.(s/o), Gsg. ušese, Gsg. uxa, Ndu. uši Ru. úxo, Npl. úši Cz. ucho; Slk. ucho; Pl. ucho SCr. µho, Npl. f. µši; µvo, Npl. f. µši; ak. µho (Vrg., Hvar), Gsg. µha, Npl. m. µši; ho (Novi), Npl. ši; ho (Orb.), Gsg. h;, Npl. f. ši; Sln. uhº n.(s), Gsg. uš<6sa; Bulg. uxó, Npl. uší

BSl. B

*aušLith. ausìs f.(i) 4; Latv. àuss f.(i) OPr. usins Apl.

PIE Cogn.

*h'eusLat. auris f.; Go. auso f.; OIr. áu n.

*uj m. jo ‘uncle on mother’s side’ E W S

Ru. uj, Gsg. úja; vuj (dial.) Cz. ujec; Slk. újec; Pl. wuj SCr. µjk; µjac, Gsg. jca; ak. µjac (Vrg.), Gsg. jca; Sln. jŠc, Gsg. jca

BSl. B

*au‹(i)oLith. avýnas m. 1 OPr. awis ‘uncle’

*ùlica

508 PIE Cogn.

*h'euh'-i-oHitt. u

a- c. ‘grandfather’; Lat. avus m. ‘grandfather’; Go. awo f. ‘grandmother’; Arm. haw ‘grandfather’; OIr. aue m. ‘grandson’

*ùlica f. j# (a) ‘street’ E W S

Ru. úlica ‘street’; ORu. ulica ‘square, street, passage’ Cz. ulice ‘street’; Slk. ulica ‘street’; Pl. ulica ‘street’ SCr. µlica ‘yard, street’; ak. µlica (Orb.) ‘street’; Sln. úlica ‘alley, street’; Bulg. úlica ‘street’

BSl. B

*aulOPr. aulis ‘shin’

PIE Cogn.

*h'eulGk. ̕ m. ‘pipe, flute’; ̕› m. ‘hollow, channel, strait’

Derivative based on the stem *ul- < *h'eul- (' *ul!j!). See also: *ul%j%

*ulj m. io ‘(bee)hive’ CS E W S

RuCS ulii m.(io) Ru. úlej, Gsg. úl’ja Cz. úl; Slk. ú¯; Pl. ul ak. lj (Orb.), Gsg. lj;; Sln. lj ‘hollow tree, (bee)hive’; Bulg. úlej ‘pipe, opening’

BSl. B

*aulios Lith. auls m.(io) ‘(bee)hive’; Latv. alis m.(io) ‘(bee)hive’ OPr. aulis ‘shin’ Gk. ̕ m. ‘pipe, flute’; Gk. ̕› m. ‘hollow, channel, strait’; Nw. aul (dial.) m. ‘hollow stalk of angelica’

Cogn.

See also: *ulica

*úm m. o (b) ‘mind’ CS E W S

OCS um" Ru. um Cz. um (lit.) ‘mind, skill’; Slk. um; Pl. um SCr. m, Gsg. úma; Sln. úm ‘mind, wrath’; ùm ‘mind, wrath’, Gsg. úma; Bulg. um

BSl. B

*aum(en)Lith. aumuõ m.(n) 3b

PIE

*h'eu-m-

A derivative of the root *h'eu, which underlies such forms as Skt. víš ‘evidently’ < *h'ouis and Gk. «–¶  « ‘perceive’ < *h'euis-d-.

*ustiti

509

See also: *aviti; *av˜; *av%n&

*u j adj. jo ‘better’ CS

OCS un’ii ‘better’, n. unje; unYi ‘better’, n. unYje; RuCS unje Nsg. n. ‘better’

Etymology obscure. Semantically, the connection with Skt. vanóti ‘defeat, conquer’ is not unattractive, but we would have to assume Schwebeablaut. If the adjective contains an n-suffix, the root *h&euH- of Skt. ávati ‘help, protect’ is a candidate (cf. Meillet Ét. II: 435), *slò(?) n. o (b) ‘woven fabric on a loom’ E

Ru. usló (Kostrom.) ‘woven fabric on a loom’ {1}

The most plausible etymology for this obscure form involves a connection with Lith. áusti (1sg. áudžiu) ‘weave’. Vasmer (s.v.) reconstructs the suffix as *-slo, but I find *-tlo more attractive. In this case, the correspondence between AP (b) in Slavic and an acute root in Baltic would not pose a problem because the glottal stop originating from Winter’s law would be lost in pretonic position (see Derksen 1996: 105-111). {1} As far as I know, this form has only been recorded by Dal’, who adds a question mark. The word is illustrated by the sentence þÿ
% ÿ
¦
? ‘

  ÿ?’ See also Eckert 1970.

*stà Npl. n. o (b) ‘mouth’ CS E W S

OCS usta Ru. ustá (obs., poet.) Cz. ústa; Slk. ústa; Pl. usta SCr. ústa; ak. st”; sta; Sln. ústa; Bulg. ustá Npl. n. ‘mouth, opening’; ustá f. ‘mouth, opening’

BSl. B

*oust- (*aust-?) Lith. úostas m. 1 ‘port, harbour, (dial., arch.) mouth of a river’ {1}; Latv. uõsta f. ‘port, harbour, mouth of a river’ {1} OPr. austo (EV) ‘mouth’; ustin (Ench.) Asg. ‘mouth’

PIE Cogn.

*Hous-t- (h'/eus-t-?) Skt. óš¿ha- (RV+) m. ‘(upper) lip’

The vocalism of the East Baltic forms may have been adopted from *hoh&-(e/o)s‘mouth’, cf. Lat. stium ‘mouth of a river’ (EIEC 387, Derksen 2002: 40-41). See also: *naustiti;*ustiti; *ust%je; *ust%na; *zdà

*ustiti v. CS S

OCS ustiti (Supr.) ‘incite, persuade’ Sln. ústiti ‘say, talk, agitate’, 1sg. ústim

BSl. B

*oust- (*aust-?) Lith. áusioti ‘gossip, talk nonsense’; Latv. ašât ‘chatter, talk nonsense’

*ust%¸je

510 Derivative of ' *stà. *ustje n. io ‘mouth, estuary’ E W S

Ru. úst’e n.(io) ‘mouth, estuary, orifice’; ORu. ust!e n.(io) ‘mouth, estuary’ Cz. ústí n.(io) ‘estuary’; Slk. ústie n.(io) ‘estuary’; Pl. ujZcie n.(io) ‘estuary’ Sln. stje n.(io) ‘estuary’; Bulg. ústie n.(io) ‘estuary, opening’

Derivative of ' *stà. *ustna f. # ‘lip’ CS E S

OCS ust!na f. ‘lip, mouth’ (usually dual or plural) Ru. ustná (dial.) Npl. n. ‘lip’ Sln. stna f. ‘lip’; Bulg. ústna f. ‘lip’

Derivative of ' *stà. *usnti v. ‘fall asleep’ CS E W

OCS us"n0ti, 1sg. us"n0 Ru. usnút’ Cz. usnouti; Slk. usnúŸ; Pl. usn\

See ' *u and ' *s"pati. *%tro n. o (a) ‘morning, dawn’ CS

E W S

ESSJa VIII 200-202

OCS utro ‘morning, dawn’; jutro ‘morning, dawn’; utro adv. ‘in the morning, tomorrow’; jutro ‘in the morning, tomorrow’; utrY adv. ‘tomorrow’; jutrY (Mar.) adv. ‘tomorrow’; zautra adv. ‘in the morning’ {1} Ru. útro ‘morning’; závtra adv. ‘tomorrow’; ORu. utro ‘morning, dawn’; zautra adv. ‘tomorrow’ Cz. jitro ‘morning’; jutro (dial.) adv. ‘tomorrow’; zítra adv. ‘tomorrow’; Slk. zajtra adv. ‘tomorrow’; Pl. jutro ‘morning’; jutro adv. ‘tomorrow’ {2} SCr. jµtro ‘morning’; ak. jµtro (Vrg., Novi, Orb.) ‘morning’; sµtra adv. ‘tomorrow’; sjµtra adv. ‘tomorrow’; sµtra (Vrg., Hvar) adv. ‘tomorrow’; jµtre (Orb.) adv. ‘tomorrow’; Sln. jútrJ ‘morning, East’; jtri adv. ‘tomorrow’; jutre adv. ‘tomorrow’; zjtra adv. ‘tomorrow morning’; zjtr— adv. ‘tomorrow morning, tomorrow’; zjtrJ adv. ‘tomorrow morning, tomorrow’; zutra adv. ‘early in the morning’; Bulg. útro ‘morning’; útre adv. ‘tomorrow’

BSl. B

*auš(t)ro Lith. aušrà f. 2/4 ‘dawn’; auštrà (dial.) f. 4 ‘dawn’; Latv. àustra f. ‘dawn’; astra f. ‘dawn’

PIE Cogn.

*h'eus-rom Gk. « adv. ‘tomorrow’; Lat. auster m. ‘south wind’; OIc. austr m. ‘East’

The traces of s in this etymon are too many to be ignored. It must be admitted, however, that the loss of s in PSl. *justro is irregular. According to Nieminen (1956), the s was lost as a result of dissimilation in syntagms such as *za ustra and *s" ustra.

*vabiti

511

The main problem of the etymology *h'eus-ro- is not the absence of s but the PSl. acute intonation of the root. I suspect that we are dealing with an instance of contamination here, but for the time being a proper candidate seems to be lacking. Here Kortlandt’s theory that *(H )u- yielded *u‹- comes to mind. The zero grade rom which the acute would have spread is not attested, however. {1} In the Psalterium Sinaiticum there is a single occurrence of zaustra ‘in the morning’. In view of Bulg. zástra, Mcd. dzástra, this is unlikely to be a writing error. {2} In Old Polish we find such forms as justrzejszy ‘tomorrow’s’, justrzenka ‘dawn’.

*uvdati v. ‘fade, wither’ CS E W

OCS neuv
See ' *sv
OCS uv<sti (Supr.) ‘tie (to, around), crown’, 1sg. uv
See ' *v
OCS uzda (Ps. Sin., Supr.) Ru. uzdá Cz. uzda; OCz. úzda; Slk. uzda; Pl. uzda SCr. ùzda; zd; (ak.); ak. µzda (Orb.) ‘bit (of a bridle)’; Sln. úzda

Derivative of ' *stà. The suffix *-da may contain *-dh&- ‘put’. *užas m. o ‘amazement, horror’ CS E W S

OCS užas" ‘ecstasy, horror’ Ru. úžas ‘horror’ Cz. úžas ‘amazement, horror’; Slk. úžas ‘amazement, horror’ Bulg. úžas ‘dismay, dread, horror’

See ' *žasiti.

*V *vabiti v. ‘lure’ CS E W

OCS vabimo (Supr.) Nsg. n. ptc. pres. pass. ‘being lured’ Ru. vábit’ ‘lure, decoy’ Cz. vábiti ‘lure’; Slk. vábiŸ ‘lure’; Pl. wabi\ ‘lure’; Slnc. vãbjØc ‘lure, invite’’, 1sg. vªubj

512

*vaditi

S

SCr. vábiti ‘lure, attract’, 1sg. vbm; Sln. vábiti ‘lure, invite’, 1sg. vábim

Cogn.

Go. wopjan ‘call out’; OHG wuoffen ‘bewail’; wuofen ‘whine’; OE wpan ‘weep’

The West and South Slavic evidence points to AP (b) and therefore to lengthened grade of the root, in which case we may reconstruct *ub- (with loss of * after a long vowel in BSl. *u‹b- from Winter’s law?). If the East Slavic accentuation is old, however, the root may have been *ueh'b- or *uehb-. *vaditi v. CS E

S

OCS vaditi (Zogr., Mar., Supr.) ‘accuse’, 1sg. važd0, 2sg. vadiši Ru. vádit’ (arch., dial.) ‘slander, lure, spend time, deceive’; vádit’ (Novg.) ‘lure, spend time, deceive’ Cz. vaditi ‘hamper, (v. se) quarrel’; Slk. vadiŸ ‘hamper’; Pl. wadzi\ (obs.) ‘annoy, hamper’; Slnc. vˆ^Øc ‘hamper’ Sln. váditi ‘report (someone), charge, (v. se) quarrel’, 1sg. vdim

B

Lith. vadìnti ‘call’

Cogn.

Skt. vádati ‘speak, talk’; Hitt. utarnahh- ‘order, instruct’

W

If we derive *vaditi from *h'uedh' (cf. Skt. vad£ ‘speak, talk’), the *a can be attributed to Winter’s law. This would rule out a connection with Lith. vadìnti ‘call’, which is best derived from *ued- ‘lead’, cf. Latv. vadinât ‘lead, accompany, urge, lure’, vedinât ‘urge, lure’ (cf. Trautmann 1923a: 337, Bga RR II: 642). It seems to me that Ru. vádit’ (Novg.) ‘lure, spend (time), deceive’ cannot be separated from vodít’ ‘lead’ (Baltic influence?) and therefore does not belong to our etymon *vaditi. *varìti v. (c (b?)) ‘boil, cook’ CS E W S

OCS variti (Supr.) ‘cook’ Ru. varít’, 1sg. varjú, 3sg. várit {1} Cz. va•iti; Slk. variŸ; Pl. warzy\ SCr. váriti, 1sg. vrm; ak. v”r›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. v’riš; vr›t (Hvar), 1sg. vórin; Sln. varíti, 1sg. varím; Bulg. varjá

BSl. B

*wr-ei/iLatv. vàrît

Causative with lengthened grade of the root *uerh&-, cf. Hitt. u(a)rni ‘burns (intr.). {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 139). See also: *vÁr&; *vir&; *v%r˜ti

*vr m. o (c) CS E W S

OCS var" ‘heat’ Ru. var ‘pitch, (dial.) boiling water, heat’ Cz. var ‘boiling’; Slk. var ‘boiling’; Pl. war ‘boiling water, heat’ SCr. vr ‘heat’; Sln. vr ‘solder’

*vedr& B

Lith. varùs 4 ‘simmering’

PIE

*urH-o-

513

See ' *varìti. *vas prn. ‘you (pl.)’ CS E W S

OCS vas" GALpl. Ru. vas GALpl. Cz. vás GALpl.; Pl. was GALpl. SCr. vs GApl.; vas GApl. encl.; ak. v’s (Vrg.) GApl.; v;s (Orb.) GApl.; vas GApl. encl.

B

OPr. wans Apl.

The form *vas" goes back to *us plus the Gpl. ending *-om. See also: *vy

*v er m. o (c) ‘evening’ CS E W S

OCS veer" Ru. véer, Gsg. véera; Bel. véar, Gsg. véera; Ukr. véir, Gsg. véera Cz. veer; Slk. veer; Pl. wieczór; USrb. wjeor SCr. v, Gsg. vera; ak. vr (Vrg.) f.(i), Gsg. veri; ver (Hvar) f.(i), Gsg. veri; Sln. ve<4r; Bulg. véer

BSl. B

*wekeros Lith. vãkaras; Latv. vakars

PIE Cogn.

*ueksperoGk. æ m.; Lat. vesper m.; MW ucher m.; Arm. gišer

See also: *v%era

*vedro n. o ‘nice weather’ CS E W

OCS vedro (Zogr., Mar.) ‘nice weather’ Ru. vëdro (obs., coll.) ‘nice weather’ Cz. vedro ‘sweltering heat’

PIE Cogn.

*uedrom OIc. veðr n. ‘weather’; OHG wetar n.

See also: *vedr&

*vedr adj. o ‘clear’ CS S

CS vedr" ‘clear’ SCr. vdar ‘clear, serene, cheerful’; ak. v dar (Vrg.) ‘clear, serene, cheerful’, f. vedr;, f. vdra, n. vdro; Sln. v<6dŠr ‘clear (sky), without rain’, f. védra, vedrº n.; Bulg. véd‘r ‘clear, fresh’

See ' *vedro.

*vel¨ti

514 *velti v. (c) ‘want, order’ CS E W S

OCS velYti ‘want, order’, 1sg. velj0 Ru. velét’ ‘want, order’, 1sg. veljú, 3sg. velít Cz. veleti ‘command, order’ SCr. vèlm 1sg. ‘say’; vèlju (S. dial.) 1sg. ‘say’; ak. vel§ (Vrg.) 3sg. ‘says’; Sln. vel—6ti ‘want, order, say’, 1sg. velím; Bulg. vélja ‘say’

BSl. B

*wel(‹)Lith. velti (OLith.) ‘allow’, 1sg. velmi

PIE Cogn.

*uelh&Lat. velle ‘want’; Go. wiljan ‘want’

See also: *dov%l˜ti; *velìk&;*vel%k&; *vel%; *vel%mi; *voliti; *vò³a

*velìk adj. o ‘big, great’ CS E W S

OCS velik" ‘big, great, strong’ Ru. velíkij ‘great, big’ Cz. veliký ‘great, big’; Slk. veliký ‘great, big’ SCr. vlik ‘big, strong, intense, great’, f. vlik, n. vlik; ak. vlik (Vrg.) ‘big, strong, intense, great’, f. velik;, n. velik« (the definite form vlik is more common); Sln. vélik ‘big, great’, f. velíka; v<4liki ‘big, strong’, f. v<4lika; Bulg. velík ‘great, big’

The root *vel- of various Slavic adjectives meaning ‘big, great’ is *uelh&-, cf. Lat. vale ‘be strong, well’. See also: *vel%k&; *vel%; *vel%mi

*velkti v. ‘drag’ CS E W S BSl. B

OCS vlYšti, 1sg. vlYk0 Ru. voló’ (coll.), 1sg. volokú, 3sg. voloët; vle’, 1sg. vlekú, 3sg. vleët; ORu. voloi, 1sg. voloku Cz. vléci, 1sg. vleku; Slk. vliecŸ, 1sg. vleiem; Pl. wlec, 1sg. wlok< SCr. vú\i, 1sg. vú\m; ak. v\i (Vrg.), 2sg. v\š; v\ (Orb.), 1sg. v\n; Sln. vl—6i, 1sg. vl—6em; Bulg. vleká, 2sg. vleéš *welk-/*wilkLith. vikti, 3pres. veka, 3pret. viko; Latv. vìlkt, 1sg. veQlku

In LIV (289-290), the root is reconstructed as *h'uelk-, where the laryngeal is based on Gk. 𕠊 ‘furrow’, •€ (Hom.) Asg. ‘id.’. The etymological relationship with the Greek forms is not without problems, however, cf. the existence of a variant ]•Š. The only other suggested cognates outside Balto-Slavic are a limited number of forms from Avestan (see LIV: l.c.). I conclude that the Indo-European background of our Balto-Slavic root is far from solid. See also: *obolk&; *volkà; *v¥lk&

*vergti

515

*vel adj. jo ‘big, great’ CS E W S

RuCS velii ‘big’ Ru. velij (obs.) ‘big’ OCz. velí ‘big’ SCr. v=lj ‘great, big, large’, f. v=lj, n. v=lj; ak. vl (Novi) ‘great, big, large’, f. vl, n. vl; v=li (Orb.) ‘great, big, large’, f. v=la, n. v=lo; Sln. v<4l(i) ‘big, great’, f. v<4la; Mcd. vélij ‘big’

See ' *velìk". *velk adj. o ‘big, great’ W

Cz. velký; Slk. ve¯ký; Pl. wielki

See ' *velìk". *velmi adv. ‘very’ CS E W

OCS vel!mi Ru. vel’mí (obs.) Cz. velmi; Slk. ve¯mi

Originally an Ipl. in *-miHs. (' *vel!). *vepr m jo ‘(wild) boar’ CS E W S

OCS vepr! (Ps. Sin.) ‘boar’ Ru. vepr’ ‘wild boar’, Gsg. véprja Cz. vep• ‘pig’; Pl. wieprz ‘pig’ SCr. vpar m.(o) ‘boar’, Gsg. vpra; Sln. v<4pŠr m.(o) ‘boar’

BSl. B

*weprios Latv. vepris m.(io) ‘castrated boar’

Cogn.

Lat. aper m. ‘wild boar’; OHG ebur m. ‘wild boar’; OE eofor m. ‘wild boar’

It can hardly be doubted that this etymon has Italic and Germanic cognates, but the reconstruction of the anlaut presents difficulties. *vergti v. ‘throw’ CS W S

OCS vrYšti ‘throw’, 1sg. vr!g0 OCz. vrci ‘throw’, 1sg. vrhu SCr. vÃ\i ‘put, throw’, 1sg. vÃgnm; ak. vÜÃ\ (Vrg.) ‘put, throw’, 2sg. vÜÞeš; vr\, vÃ\ (Orb.) ‘put, throw’, 1sg. vžm; vr\ (Orlec) ‘throw away’, 1sg. vržen; Sln. vr—6i ‘throw’, 1sg. vžem

PIE Cogn.

*uergGo. wairpan ‘throw’

LIV (689) suggests that in Germanic *w – k > *w – p, cf. *wulfa-. See also: *v%rgn®ti

*verm‚

516 *verm n. n ‘time’ CS E S

OCS vrYm< Ru. vrémja (a Church Slavicism); ORu. veremja; Bel. véreme; Ukr. véremje SCr. vrijème, Gsg. vrmena; ak. vrme (Vrg., Novi, Hvar), Gsg. vr›mena; vr£=me (Orb.), Gsg. vrmena; Sln. vréme ‘weather, cause’, Gsg. vrem<6na; vr—6me ‘weather, cause’; Bulg. vréme

PIE Cogn.

*uert-menSkt. vártman- n. ‘track, course’

See also: *verteno; *vorta; *vortìti; *v%rsta; *v%rstva; *v%rt˜ti

*vertenò n. o (b) ‘spindle’ CS E W S PIE Cogn.

CS vrYteno (Parim.) ‘spindle’ Ru. veretenó ‘spindle, axle’ Cz. v•eteno ‘spindle’; Slk. vreteno ‘spindle’; Pl. wrzeciono ‘spindle’; USrb. wrje\eno ‘spindle’ SCr. vretèno ‘spindle’; ak. vreten« (Orb.) ‘spool, spindle’; Sln. vr—ténJ ‘spindle’; Bulg. vreténo ‘spindle’ *uert-en-om Skt. vártaÁa- n. ‘rotation, rolling’

See also: *verm‚; *vorta; *vortìti; *v%rsta; *v%rstva; *v%rt˜ti

*verslò n. o (b?) E W S

Ukr. veréslo ‘gourd stalk’ Cz. pov•íslo ‘binder’ SCr. vrijèslo ‘kettle hook’

PIE Cogn.

*uer-s-lóm OS wurgil m. ‘snare’

See also: *ot&verzti; *povorz&; *pavorz&

*v rs; *v rsk m. o (c) ‘heather’ E W S

Ru. véresk; véres Cz. v•es; Slk. vres; Pl. wrzos; USrb. wrjós, Gsg. wrjosa; wrYs (dial.) SCr. vr›jes; Sln. vr¤s

BSl. B

*wer‹]-/*wir‹]Lith. vìržis m.(io); Latv. virKzis m.(io); vìrsis m.(io)

Etymology uncertain. The variants with *s may originate from forms with a suffix *-(s )k-, cf. also Latv. virksne ‘potato-stalks’. *veslò n. o (b) ‘oar’ CS E

OCS vesla (Supr.) Npl. ‘oars’ Ru. vesló ‘oar’

*vet&x& W S

517

Cz. veslo ‘oar’; Slk. veslo ‘oar’; Pl. wioso ‘oar’ SCr. vèslo ‘oar’; ak. vesl« ‘oar’, Npl. vsl”; vesl« (Novi) ‘oar’, Npl. vsla; Sln. véslJ ‘oar’; Bulg. vesló ‘oar’

An alternative for a reconstruction *ue-s-lom would be *ue-tlom. See also: *vozìti; *v¥z&

*vesnà f. # ‘spring’ CS E W S

OCS vesn0 (Ps. Sin.) Asg. Ru. vesná, Asg. vesnú {1} Cz. vesna; Pl. wiosna SCr. vèsna; Sln. v¤sna

BSl. B

*wes-n/(e)rLith. vãsara ‘summer’; Latv. vasara ‘summer’

PIE Cogn.

*ues-r/nSkt. vasantá- (RV+) m. ‘spring’; Skt. vasar- (RV) adv. ‘in the early morning’; Gk. Æ  n. ‘spring’; Lat. ur n. ‘spring’

{1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). *vestì v. (c) ‘lead, conduct’ CS E W S

OCS vesti, 1sg. ved0 Ru. vestí, 1sg. vedú, 3sg. vedët Cz. vésti ‘lead, conduct’, 1sg. vedu; Slk. viest; Pl. wieZ\ Sln. vésti, 1sg. védem

BSl. B

*wedLith. vèsti ‘lead’, 3sg. v da

PIE Cogn.

*uedOIr. fedid ‘go, bring’

See also: *vodìti

*vetx adj. o ‘old, ancient’ CS E W S

OCS vet"x" ‘old, ancient’ Ru. vétxij ‘old, ancient, decrepit’; vetx ‘old, ancient, decrepit’, f. vetxá, n. vétxo Cz. vetchý ‘feeble, decrepit’ Bulg. vétxi ‘old’; vext ‘old’

BSl. B

*wetušos Lith. v tušas (obs.) ‘old, archaic’

Cogn.

Lat. vetus ‘old’

In view of Lat. vetus, Gsg. veteris, the Balto-Slavic adjective is a thematized form *uet-us-o- (Beekes 1985: 59-61).

*veztì

518 *veztì v. (c) ‘cart, lead, convey’ CS E W S

OCS vesti (Supr.) ‘cart, lead, convey’, 1sg. vez0 Ru. veztí ‘cart, convey’, 1sg. vezú, 3sg. vezët Cz. vézti ‘lead, convey’, 1sg. vezu; Slk. viezŸ ‘lead, convey’, 1sg. veziem; Pl. wie]\ ‘lead, convey’, 1sg. wioz< SCr. vèsti ‘lead, convey’, 1sg. vèzm

BSl. B

*ve]Lith. vèžti ‘lead, convey’

PIE Cogn.

*ueSkt. váhati ‘carry, drive, lead’; Lat. vehere ‘drive, lead’; OIc. vega ‘move, swing, lift’

See also: *veslò; *vozìti; *v¥z&

*v d ti v. ‘know’ CS E W S

OCS vYdYti, 1sg. vYm!, 1sg. vYdY, 3sg. vYst" Ru. védat’ ‘manage, (obs.) know’ Cz. vYdYti; Slk. vedeŸ; Pl. wiedzie\, 1sg. wiem Sln. v—6d—ti, 1sg. v—6m

BSl.

*woi‹dOPr. waist

PIE Cogn.

*uoid- (pf.) Skt. véda 3sg. pf.; Gk. ˆ‘ 3sg. pf.; Go. wait 3sg. pf.

See also: *vìd˜ti; *v­d&

*v drò n. o (b) ‘bucket’ CS E W S

OCS vYdro (Euch., Supr.) ‘barrel’ Ru. vedró Cz. vYdro; Slk. vedro; Pl. wiadro SCr. vjèdro; vijèdro (Montenegro); ak. v›dro (Vrg.); Sln. v—6drJ; Bulg. vedró

BSl. B

*we‹d(e)ro Lith. vAdaras m. 3$ ‘sausage, (dial.) belly, intestines’; Latv. veKdars m. ‘belly’ OPr. weders (EV) ‘belly, stomach’

PIE Cogn.

*ued-róm Skt. udára- n. ‘belly, womb’; Gk. õ‘ m. m. ‘dropsy’; Gk. ‘’  ½ (Hes.) m.; Lat. uterus m. ‘lower abdomen, belly, womb’ (with unclear -t-)

There are basically two etymologies for this noun. According to, among others, Meillet (Ét. II: 407-408) and Vasmer (s.v. vedró), *vYdrò derives from the root of *uod-r/n- ‘water’ (' *vodà), cf. Gk. ‘Œ ‘water-pot, pitcher, vessel’. The other option is to connect the word for ‘bucket’ with forms meaning ‘womb, belly’. The former etymology offers a much better explanation for the full grade of the Balto-Slavic

*v¬no

519

forms. In both cases the long vowel of the root can be attributed to Winter’s law, which at first sight is incompatible with AP (b). In my framework, however, it is possible to assume that in Proto-Slavic the reflex of the laryngeal was lost in pretonic position (the sequence -dr- prevented the Balto-Slavic retraction of the stress from final open syllables). The remaining problem is the fact that the evidence points almost exclusively to a short root vowel, as words of the aforementioned type as a rule appear to have escaped the pretonic shortening that took place before Dybo’s law. *v ja f. j# ‘branch’ CS S

OCS vYja ‘branch’ Sln. v¤ja ‘branch, twig, foliage’

PIE Cogn.

*uoHi-eh' Skt. vay- f. ‘branch, twig’

Skt. vay- f. ‘branch, twig’ points to *uoiH-eh', while for Slavic a root *uoHi- would be preferable (' *viti). *vjati v. (a) ‘blow (of wind), winnow’ CS E W S

PIE Cogn.

OCS vYjati (Supr.) ‘blow (of wind)’, 1sg. vYj0, 3sg. vYjet" Ru. véjat’ ‘winnow, blow (of wind)’, 1sg. véju, 3sg. véet Cz. váti ‘blow (of wind)’, 1sg. vYji; OCz. váti ‘blow (of wind)’, 1sg. vYju; vieti ‘blow (of wind)’, 1sg. vYju; Slk. viaŸ ‘blow (of wind)’; Pl. wia\ ‘blow (of wind)’ SCr. v›jati ‘winnow, fall heavily (snow), 1sg. v›jm’; ak. v›jati (Vrg.) ‘rise (steam), winnow’, 2sg. v›ješ; vjat (Orb.) ‘sieve, winnow’, 3sg. v£=je; Sln. v—6ti ‘blow (of wind), winnow’, 1sg. v¤jem; v¤jati ‘winnow, blow (of wind)’, 1sg. v¤jam, 1sg. v¤jem; Bulg. véja ‘blow (of wind), blow away, winnow’ *h'ueh&Skt. vti ‘blow (of wind)’; Gk. ]‰« (Hes.) 3sg. pres. ‘id.’; OHG wen ‘id.’

See also: *v¨tr&

*vko n. o (a) ‘lid, eyelid’ CS E W S

OCS vYkoma (Ps. Sin.) Ddu. ‘eyelids’ Ru. véko ‘eyelid, (dial.) cover of a bast basket or punnet’ Cz. víko ‘lid’; OCz. vieko ‘lid’; Slk. veko ‘lid’; Pl. wieko ‘lid’ Sln. v—6ka f. ‘lid, eyelid’; v—6kJ n. ‘eyelid’

BSl. B

*vó‹ko; *vé‹ko Lith. vókas m. 1/3 ‘eyelid, envelope’; Latv. vâks m. ‘lid, eyelid’

Etymology unclear. *vno n. o (c?) ‘bride-price’ E

Ru. véno ‘bride-price’; ORu. vYno ‘bride-price’

*v¨ra

520 W S

Cz. vYno ‘bride-price’; Slk. veno ‘bride-price’; Pl. wiano ‘bride-price’; USrb. wYno ‘dowry’ SCr. vijèno (arch., dial.) ‘wedding, bride-price’ {1}

PIE *h&ued-no-m Cogn. Gk. Æ‘ Npl. n. ‘bride-price, wedding-gifts’; OE weotuma m. ‘bride-price’ {1} According to Hamp (1968, 1970b), the SCr. form adopted the accentuation of vijènac ‘wreath’, which came to mean ‘wedding’.

*vra f. # (a) ‘faith, belief ’ CS E W S

OCS vYra Ru. véra Cz. víra; Slk. viera; Pl. wiara SCr. vjra; ak. v›ra (Vrg.); vra (Orb.); Sln. v<6ra; Bulg. vjára

PIE Cogn.

*ueh&-r-eh' Lat. vrus adj. ‘true’; OHG wra f. ‘treaty, loyalty, protection’

*v tjati v. ‘say’ CS E W S BSl.

OCS vYštati ‘say’, 1sg. vYštaj0 Ru. vešát’ ‘broadcast, (obs.) prophesy, (coll.) pontificate, lay down the line’, 1sg. vešáju (A Church Slavicism) OCz. vYcYch (vecYch, vecech) 1sg. aor. ‘said’, vYcY (vecY, vece) 3sg. aor. ‘said’ SCr. vijè\ati ‘deliberate’, 1sg. v›je\m; Bulg. veštája ‘proclaim, prophesy’ *woitia‹OPr. waitit ‘say’

To my knowledge, the root is only Balto-Slavic. See also: *ob˜tjati; *ot(&)v˜tjati

*vtr m. o (a) ‘wind’ CS E W S

OCS vYtr" Ru. véter Cz. vítr; Slk. vietor; Pl. wiatr; Slnc. vjãt®r; USrb. wYtr SCr. vjtar, Gsg. vjtra; ak. v›tar (Vrg.), Gsg. v›tra; vtr (Novi); vtar (Orb.); Sln. v¤tŠr, Gsg. v¤tra; Bulg. vját‘r

BSl. B

*ue‹trLith. vAtra f. ‘storm’; vAjas m. ‘wind’; Latv. vetra f. ‘storm’

See ' *v¾jati. *vdnti v. (a) ‘fade, wither’ E W

Ru. vjánut’ Cz. vadnouti; Slk. vädnúŸ; Pl. wi
*v­d& S

521

SCr. vnuti; ak. vnuti (Vrg.), 2sg. vneš; vnut (Hvar), 1sg. vnen; Sln. v<6niti

See ' *sv
OCS v
PIE Cogn.

*h'mHitt. hamank ‘tie, betroth’ (*h'm-(o)n--); Gk. ]¼[ ‘squeeze, strangle’; Lat. angere ‘strangle, choke’

The origin of the initial *v remains unclear. See also: *®ziti; *®¸zl&; *®z&k&; *uv‚sti

*vìd ti v. (a) ‘see’ CS E W S

OCS vidYti, 1sg. vižd0, 3sg. vidit" Ru. vídet’, 1sg. vížu, 3sg. vídit Cz. vidYti; Slk. videŸ; Pl. widzie\ SCr. v›djeti, 1sg. v›dm; ak. vìti (Vrg.), 2sg. v›dš; v›dit (Novi), 2sg. v›dš; v›dit (Hvar), 1sg. v›din; v›det (Orb.), 1sg. v›din; Sln. víd—ti, 1sg. vdim; Bulg. vídja

BSl. B

*wei‹dLith. veizdAti (Žem.) ‘look, look for’

PIE Cogn.

*ueidGk. “‘ 1sg. aor. ‘saw’; Lat. vidre ‘see’; Go. witan ‘observe’

See also: *v˜d˜ti; *v­d&

*vd m. o (c) ‘sight, view, appearance’ CS E W S

OCS vid" ‘sight, view, appearance’ Ru. vid ‘appearance, species, sort’ Cz. vid ‘appearance’; Slk. vid ‘appearance’ SCr. vd ‘sight, appearance’, Gsg. vda; ak. vd ‘sight, appearance’, Gsg. vda; Sln. vd ‘sight, appearance’; Bulg. vid ‘sight, appearance’

BSl. B

*wei‹dos Lith. véidas 1/3 ‘face’; Latv. ve§ds ‘form, external appearance’

PIE Cogn.

*ueid-oSkt. védas- n. ‘knowledge, insight’; Gk. “‘ n. ‘appearance’

*vix&r&

522 See ' *vìdYti. *vixr m. o ‘whirlwind’ E W

S

Ru. vixr’ m.( jo) ‘whirlwind’; vixór m.(o) ‘forelock’; víxor (dial.) m.(o) ‘whirlwind’; vixór (dial.) m.(o) ‘whirlwind’; ORu. vix"r! m.( jo) ‘whirlwind’ Cz. vichr m.(o) ‘stormwind’; Slk. víchor m.(o) ‘stormwind’; Pl. wicher m.(o) ‘whirlwind, storm’; USrb. wichor m.(o) ‘storm’; LSrb. wichor m.(o) ‘storm’; wichar (arch.) m.(o) ‘storm’ SCr. v›hr m.(o) ‘whirlwind’; Sln. víhŠr m.(o) ‘storm, lock of hair’, Gsg. víhra; vihár m.( jo) ‘storm’, Gsg. vihárja; vhra f.(#) ‘storm’; Bulg. víx‘r m.(o) ‘stormwind’

BSl. B

*we‹išur/los Lith. víesulas m.(o) 3$ ‘whirlwind’; víesula f. 1 ‘whirlwind’; Latv. vi sulis m.(io) ‘whirlwind’; vi suls m.(o) ‘whirlwind’

PIE Cogn.

*ueh&i-sLat. vire ‘wind, bend’

The root is *ueh&i- ‘twist’ (' *viti). Here we find *ueh&i-s-. *vir m. o ‘whirlpool’ E W S

Ru. vir ‘whirlpool, deep spot in a river or a lake’ Cz. vír ‘whirlpool’; Slk. vir ‘whirlpool’; Pl. wir ‘whirlpool’ SCr. vr ‘whirlpool, deep spot in a river’, Gsg. víra; Sln. vr ‘source, whirlpool’; Bulg. vir ‘deep spot in a river, pond’

B

Lith. vris m.(io) ‘whirlpool’; vrius m.( ju) ‘whirlpool’

See also: *varìti; *vÁr&; *v%r˜ti

*viti v. ‘twist, wind’ CS E W S

OCS viti, 1sg. v!j0 Ru. vit’, 1sg. v’ju, 3sg. v’ët Cz. víti; Slk. viŸ; Pl. wi\ SCr. v›ti, 1sg. v›jm, 1sg. v›jem; Sln. víti, 1sg. víjem; Bulg. víja

BSl. B

*w‹iLith. výti; Latv. vît

PIE Cogn.

*uh&iLat. vire ‘wind, bend’

For the position of the laryngal, see Schrijver 1991: 245. See also: *v˜ja; *vit%

*vit f. i E

Ru. vit’ ‘something that has been plaited’

*vodìti W S

Slnc. vj§c ‘pole of willow wood for tying up a thatched roof ’ SCr. p;vit ‘vine’; Sln. vt ‘screw, turn’

BSl. B

*w‹itis Lith. vytìs f.(i) 4 ‘twig’

PIE Cogn.

*uHi-tiAv. vati- ‘willow’

523

See also: *v˜ja; *vìti

*vodà f. # (c) ‘water’ CS E W S

OCS voda Ru. vodá, Asg. vódu Cz. voda; Slk. voda; Pl. woda SCr. vòda, Asg. v«du; ak. vod; (Vrg., Novi, Hvar), Asg. v«du; vod; (Orb.), Asg. v«do; Sln. vóda; Bulg. vodá

BSl. B

*wondr, Gsg. *undnes Lith. vanduõ m.(n) 3$; Latv. ûdens m. OPr. wundan; unds

The origin of *vodà is the heteroclitic noun *uod-r/n- ‘water’. The fact that the etymon was not affected by Winter’s law calls for an explanation. Kortlandt (1979: 60-61, cf. 1988: 388-389) claims that the vocalism of *voda continues the Gsg. *(v)undnes of a Balto-Slavic noun *vondr, with a nasal infix originating from a suffix, as in Lat. unda (cf. Thurneysen 1883). The sequence *ndn blocked Winter’s law (cf. the regular acute in Lith. vanduõ). The vocalism *vod- arose in Proto-Slavic when *un was lowered before a tautosyllabic stop, which development was followed by the dissimilatory loss of the *n (cf. ' *og_!). Cogn.

Skt. udán- (RV+) n.; Hitt. utar n., Gsg. uetenas; Gk. õ‘[ n.; Lat. unda f. ‘wave’; Go. wato n.; OS watar n.; OIc. vatn n.

See also: *v dra

*vodìti v. (b) ‘lead, conduct’ CS E W S

OCS voditi, 1sg. vožd0 Ru. vodít’, 1sg. vožú, 3sg. vódit Cz. voditi; Slk. voditi; Pl. wodzi\ SCr. vòditi, 1sg. v«dm; ak. vòditi (Vrg.), 1sg. v«dm; Sln. vóditi, 1sg. v06dim; Bulg. vódja

BSl. B

*vod-ei/iLith. vadýti ‘lead’; Latv. vadît ‘lead’

PIE Cogn.

*uodOIr. fedid ‘go, bring’

See ' *vestì.

*voj%; *voin&

524 *voj; *voin m. jo; m. o ‘soldier’ CS E W S

OCS voi; voin" Ru. vóin" ‘soldier, warrior’; ORu. voin", Npl. voi Cz. vojín; voják; Slk. vojín; voják; Pl. wojak SCr. vòjnk; Sln. vojník; Bulg. vojník

For the etymology of the root, see ' *povin0ti. The formation of *voj! is *uoih&-o-. *vojna f. # ‘war’ E W S

Ru. vojná Cz. vojna; Slk. vojna; Pl. wojna SCr. v|jna (obs.); Sln. vójna ‘war, army’; Bulg. vojná

See the previous lemma. *vold ti; *voldati v. ‘rule’ CS E W S

CS vladYti ‘rule’ Ru. vladét’ ‘own, control, wield’; volodét’ (dial.) ‘own, control, wield’ Slk. vládaŸ ‘be able’; Pl. wada\ ‘rule, reign’; OPl. woda\ ‘rule, reign’ SCr. vládati ‘rule’, 1sg. vldam; ak. vládati (Vrg.) ‘rule’, 1sg. vldam; vl”d;ti (Vrg.) ‘rule’, 2sg. vl’daš; Sln. vládati ‘lead, direct, rule, own’, 1sg. vládam; ládati ‘lead, direct, rule, own’, 1sg. ládam

BSl. B

*wol‹dLith. valdýti ‘rule, govern, wield’, 3pres. vado, 3pret. vadF; Latv. vàldît ‘rule, govern, wield’

PIE Cogn.

*uolH-dGo. waldan ‘rule’; OHG waltan ‘rule’

Apparently, the (present-)suffix *-d became part of the root. The basic root is usually reconstructed with a laryngeal (cf. LIV: 676), which is apparently present in Lith. véldFti ‘rule’, cf. OIr. follnaithir ‘rule’. The Baltic forms with o-grade, e.g. Latv. vàldît and Latv. vàlsts f.(i) ‘state, realm’, point to a circumflex syllabe, however. See also: *volsti; *volst%

*vòlga f. # (a) ‘moisture, liquid food’ CS E

W S BSl.

OCS vlaga ‘moisture’ Ru. vológa (dial.) ‘moisture, liquid food, additional ingredients, side-dish, butter, bacon, fat’; vóloga (dial.) ‘moisture, liquid food, additional ingredients, side-dish, butter, bacon, fat’; ORu. vologa ‘liquid food or additions to it, butter, fat’ Cz. vláha ‘moisture’; Slk. vlaha ‘moisture’; USrb. woha ‘humidity’ SCr. vl;ga ‘moisture, dampness’; ak. vl;ga (Vrg., Orb.) ‘moisture, dampness’; Sln. vlága ‘moisture, rain, soup’; Bulg. vlága ‘moisture’ *wol‹ga‹

*volkà

525

B

Lith. valgà (E. Lith.) f. ‘food, victuals’; pavalgà f. ‘food, victuals, additional ingredient’; Latv. pavaga f. ‘additional ingredient, side-dish’; pavalgs m. ‘additional ingredient, side-dish’ OPr. welgen (EV) [‘snuppe’] ‘cold’

PIE Cogn.

*uolg-eh' OHG wolchan n. ‘cloud’

The semantic aspects of this etymology were discussed by Eckert (1982-1983). See also: *volžiti; *v%lg&k&

*voliti v. ‘wish, choose’ CS W S

OCS voliti ‘want, wish’, 1sg. volj0 Cz. voliti ‘choose’; Slk. voliŸ ‘choose’ Sln. vóliti ‘choose, wish, bequeath, prefer’, 1sg. v06lim

PIE

*uel(H )-

See also: *dov%l˜ti; *vel˜ti; *vò³a

*vòa f. j# (b) ‘will, wish’ CS E W S

OCS volja Ru. vólja ‘will, wish, freedom’ Cz. v,le; Slk. vô¯a; Pl. wola; OPl. wolå; USrb. wola; LSrb. wola SCr. v«lja; ak. v«#a (Vrg., Novi) ‘wish, desire’; v«lja (Orb.); Sln. v06lja; Bulg. vólja

BSl.

*wólei‹; *wolj-

PIE Cogn.

*uol(H )-(e)ih& OHG wala f. ‘choice’

According to Kortlandt (1997c: 162), we may be dealing with a proterodynamic ih&stem. See also: *dov%l˜ti; *vel˜ti; *voliti

*volkà f. # (b) E W S

Ru. volóka (dial.) ‘part of a field, measure of an area’; Ukr. volóka ‘part of a field, measure of an area’ Pl. wóka (dial.) ‘pasture’ ak. vlk; (Novi) ‘lumber road’, Asg. vlkµ; Sln. vláka ‘tugging, harrowing’

BSl. B

*wólka‹ Lith. valkà (dial.) 2 ‘draught’; Latv. vàlka² ‘draught’

See ' *v|lk"

*volknò

526 *volknò n. o (b) ‘fibre’ E W S

Ru. voloknó Cz. vlákno; Slk. vlákno; Pl. wókno SCr. vlákno; Sln. vláknJ; Bulg. vlaknó

PIE Cogn.

*uol˜-nom OE wlh m. ‘fibre, fringe’

An instance of depalatalization before a resonant, cf. ' *v|ls". *vlk m. o (c) E

S

Ru. vólok ‘portage’, Gsg. vóloka; Ukr. volóka f. ‘part of a field, measure of an area’ Cz. vlak m. ‘drag-net’; vlaka (Mor. dial.) f. ‘drag-net’; Slk. vlak ‘drag-net’; Pl. wok ‘seine, sweep-net’; wók ‘seine, sweep-net’ SCr. vlk ‘portage’; Sln. vlk ‘tug, drag-net’; Bulg. vlak ‘train’

BSl. B

*wolkos Lith. valkà (dial.) f. 2 ‘draught’; Latv. vàlka² f. ‘draught’

PIE Cogn.

*(h')uolk-oGk. ԕ€ m. ‘windlass’

W

See also: *velkti; *volkà

*volsti v. ‘rule’ CS W

OCS vlasti ‘rule’, 1sg. vlad0 Cz. vlásti (obs.) ‘rule’

See ' *voldYti, *voldati *vlst f. i ‘rule’ CS E W S BSl. B

OCS vlast! ‘power, sovereignty, rule’ Ru. vólost’ ‘volost (smallest administrative unit in Tsarist Russia)’; vlast’ ‘power, authority’ Cz. vlasŸ ‘homeland’; Slk. vlasŸ ‘homeland’; Pl. woZ\ ‘farmstead, village’ SCr. vlst ‘rule’; Sln. lst ‘property’; vlst ‘property’; Bulg. vlast ‘power, authority’ *wolstis Latv. vàlsts f.(i) ‘state, realm’

A deverbative in *-ti (' *voldYti, *voldati, *volsti). *vls m. o (c) ‘hair’ CS E W

OCS vlas" Ru. vólos, Gsg. vólosa; Bel. vólas, Gsg. vólasa; Ukr. vólos, Gsg. vólosa Cz. vlas; Pl. wos; USrb. wós, Gsg. wosa

*v¥rg&

527

S

SCr. vls, Gsg. vlsa; ak. vl“s (Vrg.), Gsg. vl“sa; vls (Novi, Orb.), Gsg. vlsa; Kajk. los (Bednja), Gsg. losa; Sln. ls, Gsg. lsa, Gsg. las; ls

PIE Cogn.

*uol˜-oSkt. válZa- (RV, AV+) m. ‘sprout, twig’; LAv. varŠsa- m. ‘hair (on the head)’

See also: *volknò

*volžiti v. ‘wet, moisten’ E W S

Ru. voložít’ (dial.) ‘wet, become wet, pour’ Cz. vlažiti ‘wet, moisten’ Sln. vlážiti ‘wet, moisten’, 1sg. vlžim

BSl. B

*wol‹g-ei/iLith. válgyti ‘eat’; Latv. vaît ‘eat in a hurry, gobble’ (according to ME, a borrowing from Lithuanian)

PIE

*uolg-

Within Slavic, Ru. voložni’at’ (dial.) ‘eat something filling, tasty, live in luxury’ is semantically close to the Baltic forms. See also: *vòlga; *v%lg&k&

*vò a; *vò  f. j#; f. i (b) ‘smell’ CS E W S

OCS vonja ‘smell’ Ru. von’ ‘stench’; ORu. vonja ‘fragrance, smell’ Cz. v,Že ‘fragrance, smell’; Slk. vôŽe ‘smell’; Pl. wo ‘smell’; USrb. wón ‘smell’ SCr. v«nj ‘smell, odour, stench’, Gsg. vònja; vònja ‘smell, odour, stench’; ak. v| (Vrg., Hvar) ‘smell, odour’, Gsg. v«_a; vó (Novi) ‘smell, odour’, Gsg. v«_a; vuõnj (Orb.) ‘smell’, Gsg. v«nja; Sln. vònj ‘smell’, Gsg. v06nja; v06nja ‘smell’; Bulg. vonjá ‘stench’

This etymon may be a j-stem derived from the root *h'enh&- ‘breathe’, cf. Gk. ]  ‘wind’, Lat. animus ‘spirit, soul’. *vrg m. o (c) ‘foe’ CS E W S

OCS vrag" ‘foe’ Ru. vórog (folk poet.) ‘foe, fiend’ Cz. vrah ‘foe’; Slk. vrah ‘murderer’; Pl. wróg ‘foe’, Gsg. wroga; USrb. wróh ‘murderer’, Gsg. wroha SCr. vrg ‘devil’, Gsg. vrga; ak. vrg (Vrgda) ‘devil’, Gsg. vrga; vrh (Orb.) ‘devil’, Gsg. vrga; Sln. vrg ‘devil’; Bulg. vrag ‘enemy’

BSl. B

*wor‹gós Lith. vargas 2/4 ‘hardship, misery’; Latv. v¬rgs² (dial.) ‘misery’; vãrgs ‘pining, miserable’ OPr. wargan Asg. ‘misery, suffering, danger’; wargs adj. ‘evil’

PIE

*(h&)uorg-o-

*vòrna

528 Cogn.

Go. wrikan ‘persecute’

The reconstruction of an initial laryngeal hinges on Gk. ˆ[ ‘shut in, shut out’, which may or may not be cognate (cf. Derksen 1996: 73-74). I now believe that the Baltic o-stem substantive mentioned above was an end-stressed neuter at the time when the East Baltic retraction of the stress from word-final *-a operated, causing metatony. The Slavic form, which obviously was not neuter, cannot be regarded as a barytone masculine o-stem that became mobile as a result of Illi-Svity’s law because the root was originally acute (this is a correction to o.c.: 74). It is therefore an original mobile noun that underwent Meillet’s law. The acute originates from Winter’s law. *vòrna f. # (a) ‘crow’ CS E W S

RuCS vrana Ru. voróna Cz. vrána; Slk. vrana; Pl. wrona; USrb. wróna SCr. vr;na; ak. vr;na (Vrg., Novi, Orb.); Sln. vrána; Bulg. vrána

BSl. B

*wór‹na‹ Lith. várna; Latv. vãrna OPr. warne

This is a perennial example of Balto-Slavic métatonie rude resulting from vrddhi (e.g. Pedersen 1933: 55). Kortlandt (1985b: 121) draws a comparison with Gk. € Š : €› ‰ and Lat. corvus : cornx (both ‘raven’ : ‘crow’) and assumes that in BaltoSlavic the root *kor- ‘burn’ was replaced with the synonymous *wor-. The metatony is attributed to the fact that the suffix of *wor-‹n-a‹ ‘crow’ contained a laryngeal, while the word for ‘raven’ originally had a suffix *-wos. This ingenious explanation has met with scepticism because of its ad hoc character. I would argue, however, that a unique case of Balto-Slavic metatony calls for a unique explanation. See also: *v¥rn& I; *v¥rn& II

*vrn I m. o (c) ‘raven’ CS E S

OCS vran" Ru. vóron SCr. vrn; ak. vrn (Vrg.) ‘a kind of dark-coloured fish’; Sln. vrn

BSl. B

*worwos Lith. varnas OPr. warnis (EV)

PIE

*uor-uo-

See also: *vòrna; *v¥rn& II

*vrn II (c) ‘black’ CS

RuCS vran" (Hval., Rumj.); vranyi

*vosk& E S

Ru. voronój; ORu. voronyi Sln. vrn, f. vrána; Bulg. vran

BSl.

*worwos

529

See ' *vòrna. *vorta Npl. n. o (b/c) ‘door, gate’ CS E W S

BSl. B

OCS vrata Npl. n. ‘gate, door’ Ru. voróta Npl. n. ‘gate’; vorotá Npl. (coll.) n. ‘gate’ Cz. vrata Npl. n. ‘gate’; vráta (dial.) Npl. n. ‘gate’; Slk. vráta Npl. n. ‘gate’; Pl. wrota Npl. n. ‘gate’; USrb. wrota Npl. n. ‘gate’ SCr. vráta Npl. n. ‘door, gate’; ak. vr’t” Npl. (Vrg.) n. ‘door, gate’; vrãta (Orb.) Npl. n. ‘door, gate’; Sln. vráta Npl. n. ‘door, gate’; Bulg. vratá f. ‘door, gate’ *worta‹ Lith. vartai Npl. m. ‘gate’; Latv. v¬rti Npl. m. ‘gate’ OPr. warto (EV) ‘gate’

See also: *verm‚; *verteno; *vortìti; *v%rsta; *v%rstva; *v%rt˜ti

*vortìti v. (b) ‘turn, return’ CS E W S

OCS vratiti s< ‘return, turn’, 1sg. vrašt0 s< Ru. vorotít’ ‘bring back, turn aside’, 1sg. voroú, 3sg. vorótit Cz. vrátiti ‘return, send back’; Slk. vrátiŸ ‘return, send back’; Pl. wróci\ ‘return’ SCr. vrátiti ‘return’, 1sg. vrtm; ak. vr”t›ti (Vrg.) ‘return’, 2sg. vr’tš

BSl. B

*wort-ei/iLith. vartýti ‘turn, turn over’; Latv. v¬rtît ‘turn, turn over’ OPr. wartint ‘turn’

PIE Cogn.

*uort-eieSkt. vartáyati ‘turns’

See also: *verm‚; *verteno; *vorta; *v%rsta; *v%rstva; *v%rt˜ti

*vosk m. o (b?/c) ‘wax’ CS E W S

OCS vosk" (Ps. Sin., Supr.) Ru. vosk, Gsg. vóska; Ukr. vísk, Gsg. vósku Cz. vosk; Slk. vosk; Pl. wosk SCr. v«sak, Gsg. v«ska; ak. (v)«sak (Vrg., Orb.), Gsg. (v)«ska; Sln. vºsŠk, Gsg. vºska; vºsk; Bulg. vós‘k

BSl. B

*woško Lith. vãškas 4; Latv. vasks

PIE

*uo˜s-ko-m?

*vozìti

530 Cogn.

OIc. vax n.; OHG wahs n.; OE weax n.; Fi. vaha; Est. vaha

*vozìti v. (b) ‘cart, lead, convey’ CS E W S

CS voziti s< (Christ.) ‘sail’, 1sg. vož0 s< Ru. vozít’ ‘cart, convey’, 1sg. vožú, 3sg. vózit Cz. voziti ‘lead, convey’; Slk. voziŸ ‘lead, convey’; Pl. wozi\ ‘lead, convey’ SCr. vòziti ‘lead, convey’, 1sg. v«zm; ak. voz›ti (Vrg.) ‘lead, convey’, 2sg. v«zš; Sln. vóziti ‘cart, drive’, 1sg. v06zim; Bulg. vózja ‘cart, drive’

BSl. B

*vo]Lith. važióti ‘lead, convey’

PIE Cogn.

*uo-eieGk. »¼ª « ‘drive, ride’

See also: *veslò; *veztì; *v¥z&

*vz m. o (c) ‘cart’ CS E W S

OCS vozy (Supr.) Apl. Ru. voz, Gsg. vóza; Bel. voz, Gsg. vóza; Ukr. viz, Gsg. vóza Cz. v,z; Slk. voz; Pl. wóz, Gsg. wozu; USrb. wóz, Gsg. woza SCr. v|z, Gsg. v«za; ak. (v)u|z (Orb.) ‘waggon, cart’, Gsg. v«za; Sln. vºz

PIE Cogn.

*uo-oGk. @¼ m.

See also: *veslò; *veztì; *vozìti

*v(n) prep., pref. ‘in(to)’ CS E W S

OCS v"(n) ‘in(to)’ Ru. v(o) ‘in(to)’; vn- ‘in(to)’ Cz. v prep. ‘in(to)’; v(n)- ‘in(to)’; Slk. v(o) ‘in(to)’; Pl. w(e) ‘in(to)’; wn‘in(to)’ SCr. u ‘in(to)’; va- ‘in(to)’; Sln. v ‘in(to)’; Bulg. v ‘in(to)’

BSl. B

*in Lith. ‘in(to)’

PIE

*h&n¥

There are basically two views on the origin of *v"(n). It is either regarded as zero grade or as an o-grade of PIE *h&en ‘in’. In the latter case, the development to *v"(n) must have occurred in word-final position. I prefer the hypothesis that *v"(n) is to be identified with Lith. < *h&n¥. The unexpected reflex of *un may be explained in the same way as in the case of ' *s"to. *vnùk m. o (a) ‘grandchild, grandson’ E W

Ru. vnúk, Gsg. vnúka; unúk (dial.); ORu. v"nuk"; Bel. unúk; Ukr. onúk Cz. vnuk; Slk. vnuk; Pl. wnuk; OPl. wn
*v&n%zti

531

S

SCr. ùnuk, Gsg. ùnuka; ak. unµk (Vrg., Hvar), Gsg. unµka; Sln. vnúk; vnùk, Gsg. vnúka; Bulg. vnuk ‘grandchild, grandson, descendant’; unúk (coll.) ‘grandchild, grandson, descendant’

B

Lith. an×kas m. 2; un×kas (dial.) m. 2 (the Lithuanian forms are borrowings from East Slavic)

The root *v"n- may continue the zero grade of *h'en- in Lith. anýta ‘mother-in-law’, Lat. anus ‘old woman’, etc. *vnoziti v. ‘thrust’ CS

OCS v"noziš< (Supr.) 3pl. aor. ‘thrust’

PIE

*h&no-eie-

See also: *nòž%; *v&n%ziti; *v&n%zn®ti; *v&n%zti

*vn adv. ‘outside, away’ CS E W S

OCS v"n" adv./prep. ‘outside, away, out of ’ Ru. von adv. ‘away, off ’; vne prep. ‘outside, out of ’ Cz. ven adv. ‘away, out’ SCr. v;n adv./prep. ‘out, out of, except, besides’; vn adv./prep. ‘out, out of, except, besides’; ak. vãn (Novi, Orb.) adv./prep. ‘out, except, besides’; Sln. vŠQn adv. ‘out, away’; vŠn¤ adv. ‘outside, on the outside’; vn¤ prep./adv. ‘outside (of )’; Bulg. v‘n adv. ‘out, outside’

PIE Cogn.

*unH-o-m? Skt. vána- (RV+) n. ‘tree, wood, forest’; LAv. van- f. ‘tree’

With respect to the semantic aspects of the etymology, Vasmer (s.v. von) mentions Lith. laukañ ‘outside, away’, which is a petrified illative of lakas ‘field’. This is not a perfect parallel, however. Nevertheless, I consider this etymology the best solution. *vnziti v. ‘plunge, thrust’ E

Ru. vonzít’ ‘plunge, thrust’, 1sg. vonžú, 3sg. vonzít

See ' *v"n!zti. *vnznti v. ‘drive into’ CS

OCS v"n"zn0ti (Supr.) ‘drive into’

See ' *v"n!zti. *vnzti v. CS

OCS v"n!zi (Zogr., Mar. Ass.) imper. ‘put up’; von!ze 3sg. aor. (Ps. Sin.) ‘pierced’ (the SJS classifies these forms under “v"nisti vel v"n!z0ti”)

PIE

*h&n-

See also: *nòž%; *v&noziti; *v&n%ziti ; *v&n%zn®ti

*v&pìti

532 *vpìti v. ‘cry out’ CS E W S

OCS v"piti ‘call, cry out’, 1sg. v"pij0, 2sg. v"piješi Ru. vopít’ ‘cry out, wail’, 1sg. vopljú, 3sg. vopít Cz. úpYti ‘wail, howl’; OCz. úpiti ‘wail, howl’ SCr. vàpiti ‘cry out, summon’, 1sg. vàpijm; ùpiti ‘cry out, summon’, 1sg. ùpijm; ak. v;piti (Vrg.) ‘summon’, 2sg. v;pš; Sln. vpíti ‘cry out, call’, 1sg. vpjem

BSl. B

*upLatv. pêt ‘howl’; puôt ‘howl’

Cogn.

Av. ufyeimi ‘call out’

Verb in *-iti from the zero grade *v"p- < *up-. See also: *vyp%

*vsuje adv. ‘in vain’ CS E

OCS v"suje ‘in vain’ Ru. vsúe ‘in vain’

Compound of ' *v" and ' *suj!. *vš f. i (c) ‘louse’ E W S

Ru. voš’, Gsg. vši; ORu. v"š! Cz. veš; Slk. voš; Pl. wesz; USrb. woš SCr. vš, Gsg. v;ši; š, Gsg. µši; Sln. ùš, Gsg. uš; š

B

Lith. utFl f.(!) 3¾; utìs (Žem.) f.(i) 4; Latv. uts f.(i)

It is unclear if and how Slavic *v"š! and Baltic *ut- are related. The forms may have been distorted for reasons of taboo. It cannot be excluded that OHG ls f. ‘louse’ also belongs here. *vtorj num. o ‘second, secondary’ CS E W S

OCS v"tor" {1} Ru. vtorój {2}; Ukr. vtóryj Pl. wtóry (arch.) Sln. vtóri ‘second’

PIE Cogn.

*(h&)ui-tor-oSkt. vitarám (RV) adv. ‘again, further’; YAv. vtarŠm adv. ‘further’

The PIE form may have had initial *h&- < *d- as a result of dissimilation before a following dental. It is not very likely that the PIE form was *n-toro-, with an unparallelled zero grade of the root reflected in Lith. añtras ‘second’, etc. {1} The variant v!tor- only occurs in the Codex Suprasliensis, where we have v!torYYm! Lsg. m. against 12 occurrences of v"tor-. In the Codex Assemanianus, there are two occurrences of v!toricej0 ‘for the second time’. {2} AP (a) – v"tór"j! – in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 133).

*vy-

533

*vtornik; *vtork m. o ‘Tuesday’ CS E W S

OCS v"tor"nik" {1} Ru. vtórnik Cz. úterý; Slk. utorok; Pl. wtorek Sln. vtórŠk, Gsg. vtórka; Bulg. vtórnik

Derivatives of ' *v"tor"j!. {1} The variant v!tor- only occurs in the Codex Suprasliensis, where we have v!torYYm! Lsg. m. against 12 occurrences of v"tor-.

*vz prep., pref. ‘in return for, (pref.) up, back’ CS E W

OCS v"z ‘instead of, in return for’; v"z- ‘up, back’ Ru. vz(o)-, voz- ‘up, back’ Cz. vz(e)- ‘up’; Slk. vz(o)- ‘up’; Pl. wz(e) ‘up’

BSl. B

*u] Lith. už ‘at, within, instead of, in return for’; Latv. uz ‘on, to’

Etymology disputed. A proto-form *ups, cf. OIc. upp ‘up’, might work for Slavic (regular loss of the labial stop and generalization of the sandhi-variant with *z), but I fail to see how it could account for the Baltic facts. *vy prn. ‘you (pl.)’ CS E W S

OCS vy Ru. vy Cz. vy; Slk. vy; Pl. wy SCr. v; ak. v§ (Vrg.); ví (Hvar); v; Sln. v

BSl. B

*ju‹(s) Lith. j×s; Latv. js OPr. ios

PIE Cogn.

*iuH Skt. yyám

The anlaut of the pronoun was apparently remodelled after the oblique cases. This must have occurred before the delabialization of ü, which was an allophone of /u/ after a preceding *j. See also: *vas&

*vy- pref. ‘out’ CS E W

OCS vyRu. vyCz. vy-; Slk. vy-; Pl. wy-

PIE Cogn.

*(H )ud Skt. úd (RV+) prvrb. ‘up, away, out of ’; Go. ut prep. ‘from, out of ’; OIc. út prep. ‘from, out of ’

*v dra

534 The *y results from Winter’s law. *vdra f. # (a) ‘otter’ E W S

Ru. výdra Cz. vydra; Slk. vydra; Pl. wydra SCr. v›dra; Sln. vdra; Bulg. vídra

BSl. B

*ú‹dra‹ Lith. dra OPr. wudro

PIE Cogn.

*ud-r-eh' Av. udra- m. ‘otter’; Gk. õ‘ m. ‘watersnake’; õ‘Ÿ f. ‘watersnake’; OHG ottar m. ‘otter’

See also: *vodà

*vg ; *vg a m jo; f j# ‘forge’ W S

Cz. výheŽ f.(i/j#) ‘forge, hearth, blazing heat’; Slk. vyhŽa f.( j#) ‘forge, hearth’; USrb. wuhe m.( jo) ‘chimney, stove-pipe’ SCr. v›ganj m.( jo) ‘forge’; Sln. vígŠnj m.( jo) ‘forge, hearth, sledge-hammer’

The root *vyg- reflects *un‹g < *h&ng-. Here Winter’s law was not blocked by a cluster *ngn, nor was the root affected by lowering (' òg_!, *0Qgl!). There is no reason to assume that the initial *v is the preposotion ‘in’, cf. *v+dra. *vknti v. (a) ‘get used to, accustom oneself ’ CS W

S

OCS vykn0ti ‘get used to, accustom oneself ’, 1sg. vykn0 Cz. vyknouti ‘get used to, accustom oneself ’ (usually preceded by another prefix, e.g. p•ivyknouti ‘make smb. get used to, accustom’); USrb. wukny\ ‘learn’ SCr. v›knuti ‘get used to’

BSl. B Cogn.

*un‹kLith. jùnkti ‘get used to’; Latv. jûkt ‘get used to’ Skt. ucyati ‘be accustomed to’; Go. bihts adj. ‘accustomed to’

See ' *uìti. Here, too, the j- of the Baltic forms must have been adopted from forms with e-grade. In this case the acute of both the Lithuanian and the Latvian verb may be assumed to have originated in the sta-present, but we have already seen that the problem of the intonation seems to be more general in this root. *vm n. n (a) ‘udder’ E W

Ru. výmja, Gsg. výmeni; ORu. vymja, Gsg. vymene Cz. výmY (obs.); výmeno (obs., dial.) n.(o); vemeno n.(o); Slk. vemä; vemeno n.(o); Pl. wymi<

*vys%

535

S

SCr. v›me, Gsg. v›mena; ak. v›me (Vrg., Hvar), Gsg. v›mena; Sln. víme, Gsg. vímena; Bulg. víme

PIE Cogn.

*H(o)uHd-r/nSkt. dhar- n., Gsg. dhnas-; Gk. ð–  n.; OE der n.

The Slavic form apparently replaced the suffix *-en- by *-men-. The root has zero grade, cf. Lith. pa-drF ‘underbelly of a sow’. See also: *ùditi

*vyp f. i CS E

CS vyp¯! ‘seagull’ Ru. vyp’ ‘bittern’

BSl. B

*u‹pLatv. pis m.(io) ‘eagle owl’ (there are many attestations of the accentual variants ùpis² and ûpis²)

Cogn.

OIc. úfr m. ‘owl’; OHG vo m. ‘eagle owl’

The long root variant *p- may be of onomatopoetic origin. See also: *v&piti

*vysòk adj. o ‘high, tall’ CS E W S

OCS vysok" Ru. vysókij; vysók, f. vysoká, n. vysokó Cz. vysoký; Slk. vysoký ; Pl. wysoki SCr. vìsok, f. visòka, n. visòko; ak. vis«k (Vrg.), f. visok;, n. visok«; vis«k (Orb.), f. vis«ka, n. vis«ko; Sln. visòk; Bulg. visók

Cogn.

Gk. °‰• ‘high’; OIr. úasal ‘high, lofty’

For the suffix *-ok", cf. ' *gl0bòk", *dalèk". The suffix is absent in the comparative, e.g. Ru. výše, SCr. vìš, Sln. vše, where we also find the original acute tone. The root is usually reconstructed as *ps-, cf. Gk. °‰• ‘high’. Kortlandt (1977b) has argued that in Balto-Slavic initial *u yielded acute “long” *u (Lith. , PSl. *vy) under the stress and short *u in pretonic position. The acute variant is supposed to have originated from a Balto-Slavic prothetic laryngeal. The Slavic situation regarding initial *u undeniably resembles the situation regarding initial *i, where I have claimed (2003) that stressed *i- yielded *( j)i under the stress, but *j! in unstressed position. In my opinion, it is likely that the reflex *vy- originated in stressed position, cf. v+s! and the comparative v+še. *vys f. i ‘height’ E S

Ru. vys’ f.(i) ‘height, (usu. pl.) summit’ SCr. vs m.(o) ‘height, summit’

See ' vysòk".

*v%era

536 *v era adv. ‘yesterday’ CS E W S

OCS v!era Ru. verá Cz. vera; Slk. vera; Pl. wczoraj SCr. jù; jùr(a); ak. u r(a), ju r (Vrg.); éra (Novi); £=r(a) (Orb.); Sln. v<6ra; v<6raj; Bulg. véra

See ' *ver". *vdovà f. # (b) ‘widow’ CS E W S

OCS v"dova; v"dovica (variants with ! are rare in both v"dova (1 : 12) and its more frequent synonym v"dovica (3 : 35)). Ru. vdová, Asg. vdovú Cz. vdova; Slk. vdova; Pl. wdowa SCr. udòvica; ak. udov›ca (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. vdºva; Bulg. vdovíca

BSl.

*wideuH OPr. widdew

PIE Cogn.

*h&uidh&-(e)uh'Skt. vidháv- (RV+) f.; Gk. ôŒ– m. ‘unmarried youth’; Lat. uidua f.; OIr. fedb f.; Go. widuwo f.

According to Kortlandt (1997: 161), this etymon continues a hysterodynamic uh'stem (see also Beekes 1992: 184). In his view, the e-grade of the Asg. must have spread to the Nsg. at an early stage of Balto-Slavic, i.e. before the development *eu > *ou before a vowel, because otherwise the medial front vowel of OPr. widdew is hard to explain. For the initial laryngeal, cf. also Lubotsky 1994, where it is argued that the adjective on which the word for ‘widow’ is based ultimately goes back to *dui-dh&-u. *vlgk adj. o ‘moist’ CS E W S

RuCS v"lg"k" Ru. vólgkij (dial.); Ukr. vóhkyj Cz. vlhký; Slk. vlhký; Pl. wilgi (from *v!lg") Sln. vógŠk, f. vóhka; vóhŠk, f. vóhka; vogk, f. vohkà

BSl. B

*wil‹gLith. vìlgšnas (Žem.) 3; Latv. vilgans

PIE Cogn.

*ulgOHG welc ‘moist, mild, withered’

See also: *vòlga; *volžiti

*vlk m. o (c) ‘wolf ’ CS E

OCS vl!k" Ru. volk, Gsg. vólka

*v%r˜ti

537

W S

Cz. vlk; Slk. vlk; Pl. wilk SCr. vk, Gsg. vka; ak. vk (Vrg., Hvar), Gsg. vka; (v)k (Orb.), Gsg. (v)ka; Sln. v|k, Gsg. v|ka, Gsg. vok; Bulg. v‘lk

BSl. B

*wilkós Lith. vikas 4; Latv. vìlks OPr. wilkis

PIE Cogn.

*ulk-o-s Skt. v¼¥ka-; Gk. •‡€; Go. wulfs

The oxytone accentuation of the Balto-Slavic form hinges on the absence of Lithuanian forms belonging to AP (2), the Slavic evidence being inconclusive due to the generalization of accentual mobility in masculine o-stems. The evidence from other branches of Indo-European points to an original barytone. *vlna f. # (a) ‘wool’ CS E W S

OCS vl!na Ru. vólna (dial.); volná (dial.); Ukr. vóvna Cz. vlna; Slk. vlna; Pl. wena SCr. vµna; ak. (v)µna (Vrg., Orb.); Sln. vóna; Bulg. v¹lna

BSl. B

*wíl‹na‹ Lith. vìlna 1; Latv. vina OPr. wilna ‘skirt’

PIE Cogn.

*Hulh&-neh' Skt. rÁ-; Lat. lna; Go. wulla

*vlnà f. # (c) ‘wave’ CS E W S

OCS vl!na Ru. volná, Asg. volnú {1} Cz. vlna; Pl. wena Bulg. v‘lná

BSl. B

*wil‹nLith. vilnìs f.(i) 4; vilnià (E. Lith., DP) f.(i) 2; Latv. viR_a (E. Latv.) f.(i) 4

PIE *ulH-nCogn. Skt. rmí- m. {1} In Old Russian usually AP (c), occasionally (b) (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). *vr ti v. ‘boil’ CS E W S

OCS v!r<št< (Supr.) Npl. f. ptc. pres. act. ‘boiling’ Ru. vret’ (dial.) ‘sweat profusely’, 1sg. vréju Cz. v•íti ‘boil’; Slk. vrieŸ ‘boil’; Pl. wrze\ ‘boil’ SCr. vrti ‘boil’, 1sg. vrm; Sln. vr—6ti ‘boil, gurgle’, 1sg. vrèm; Bulg. vrja ‘boil, seethe’, 2sg. vriš

*v%rgn®ti

538 BSl. B

*wir‹Lith. vìrti ‘boil’, 3sg. vérda; Latv. virKt ‘boil’, 3sg. verKd

PIE Cogn.

*urHHitt. urni ‘burns’

See also: *varìti; *vÁr&; *vir&

*vrgnti v. ‘throw’ E W

Ru. otvérgnut’ ‘reject, turn down’; ORu. v!rgnuti ‘throw’ Cz. vrhnouti ‘throw’; Slk. vrhnúŸ ‘throw’

See ' *vergti. *vrx m. u (b) ‘top, upper part’ CS E W S

OCS vr!x" m.(u) ‘top’ Ru. verx, Gsg. vérxa, Lsg. verxú {1}; Bel. verx, Gsg. vérxu; verx (dial.), Gsg. verxú; Ukr. verx, Gsg. verxú Cz. vrch; v¼ch (dial.); Slk. vrch; Pl. wierzch; Slnc. vjA•¸ SCr. vÂh, Gsg. vrQha; ak. vÃh (Vrg., Novi), Gsg. vrh;; vÃh (Orb.) ‘top, tip, point (of a plant, a needle, etc.), mountain’, Gsg. vrh;; Sln. vÂh, Gsg. vÂha, Gsg. vrh; Bulg. vr‘x ‘top, tip’

BSl. B

*wiršu(s ) Lith. viršùs m.(u) 4 ‘top, addition, victory, cover’; viršus m.(u) 2 ‘id.’; Latv. vìrsus m.(u) ‘upper part, top’

PIE Cogn.

*urs-uSkt. váršman- m. ‘height top’

{1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 134). *vrsta; *vrstva f. # ‘row, line, age, kind’ CS E W S

OCS vr!sta (Euch., Supr.) ‘age, generation’ Ru. verstá ‘verst’; ORu. v!rsta ‘age, pair, person of the same age, verst’ Cz. vrstva ‘layer’; Slk. vrstva ‘layer’; Pl. wrstwa ‘row, layer’ SCr. v¼sta ‘kind, species’; ak. vrst; (Vrg.) ‘kind, species’; vÃsta (Orb.) ‘kind, species’; Sln. v¼sta ‘row, line, sort, age’; vrstà ‘row, line, sort, age’; vÂst f.(i) ‘row, sort, age’, Gsg. vrst

B

Lith. varstas m. ‘turn of the plough’ OPr. ainawarst adv. ‘once’

PIE

*urt-

A cognate outside Balto-Slavic is Lat. versus m. ‘furrow, row, line’, which reflects *ur¥tto-. See also: *verm‚; *verteno; *vorta; *vortìti; *v%rt˜ti

*v%s%

539

*vrša f. j# (a) ‘fishing-basket, fishing-trap made of osiers’ E W S

Ru. vérša Cz. vrše; Pl. wiersza SCr. vša; ak. vÚa (Vrg.); Sln. v¼ša

B

Lith. váržas m. 1/3; Latv. varKza f.

PIE Cogn.

*urOHG werc n. ‘work’; OHG wirken ‘manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving’

The fact that Slavic has *š may be explained by assuming a suffix starting with *s. This is obviously not an ideal solution. See also: *vÀrs&; *vÀrsk&

*vrtti v. (c) ‘turn’ CS E W S

OCS vr!tit" s< (Supr.) 3sg. Ru. vertét’, 1sg. verú, 3sg. vértit {1} Cz. vrtYti; Slk. vrteŸ; Pl. wierci\ SCr. v¼tjeti, 1sg. v¼tm; ak. vrt›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. vrt§š; vrtt (Orb.), 2sg. vrÈt§š; Sln. vrt—6ti, 1sg. vrtím; Bulg. v‘rtjá

BSl. B

*wirtLith. virsti ‘fall, collapse, turn into’ OPr. wrst 3sg. ‘becomes’

PIE *urtCogn. Skt. vártate ‘turn, roll’ (with e-grade) {1} AP (c) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 139). See also: *verm‚; *verteno; *vorta; *vortìti; *v%rsta; *v%rstva

*vs f. i ‘village’ CS E W S

OCS v!s! Ru. ves’ (obs.), Gsg. vési {1} Cz. ves; Slk. ves; Pl. wieZ; Slnc. vjìes; USrb. wjes, Gsg. wsy Sln. vs, Gsg. vas

BSl. B

*wiZLith. vi špats m.(i) ‘lord’ OPr. waispattin (EV) Asg. ‘housewife’

PIE Cogn.

*ui˜Skt. víZ- (RV+) f. ‘settlement, community, tribe’; Gk. “€ m. ‘house’; Lat. vcus m. ‘neighbourhood, street, village’; Go. weihs n. ‘village’

The evidence points to an Indo-European root noun, cf. also Gk. ˆ€ ‘ ‘homeward’. {1} In Old Russian both AP (b) and (c) are attested (Zaliznjak 1985: 136, 138).

*v%%

540 *v$ prn. ‘all’ CS E W S

OCS v!s!, f. v!sja, n. v!se Ru. ves’, f. vsja, n. vsë; ORu. vxu (Novg.) Asg. f., vxe (Novg.) Npl. m. OCz. veš, f. všY, n. vše; OPl. wszy, f. wsza, n. wsze SCr. s;v, f. sv;, n. sv; ak. sv;s (Vrg.), f. sv;, n. sv; v;s (Hvar), f. sv;, n. sv; s(v); (Orb.) ‘all, the whole’, f. sv;, n. sv«; Sln. vŠQs, f. vsà, n. vsè

BSl. B

*wišos Lith. vìsas; Latv. viss OPr. wissa-

PIE Cogn.

*uisoSkt. víšu- ‘in all directions’ (only in compounds)

The origin of this etymon may be a Lpl. *uišu. In Lithuanian, the š < *š may have been replaced with s when the variant -su of the Lpl. was generalized (F. Kortlandt, p.c.). Slavic generalized the ending -x" < *-šu in the Lpl., which is why the pronoun has *Z < *x as a result of the progressive palatalization. In North Russian, we still find forms with x (cf. Vermeer 2000: passim).

*Z *za prep. ‘behind, beyond, after, for’ E W W B

Ru. za ‘behind, beyond, after, for’ Cz. za ‘behind, after, for, by, during’; Slk. za ‘behind, after, for, by, during’; Pl. za ‘behind, after, for, by, during’ SCr. za ‘behind, after, for, to, during’; Sln. za ‘behind, after, for, to, during’; Bulg. za ‘at, for, to’ Lith. ažù (E. Lith.) ‘behind, after, for, beyond’; až (E. Lith.) ‘behind, after, for, beyond’; Latv. àiz ‘behind, beyond’; az (ãz, âz) (E. Lith.) ‘behind, after, for, beyond’.

I have no explanation for the a- of the East Baltic forms. The element common to Baltic and Slavic may be reconstructed as BSl. *]o‹. *zabordlo n. o E

S

Ru. zaborólo ‘rampart’; zabrálo ‘beaver, visor, upper part of a rampart’; ORu. zaborolo ‘wooden city-wall’; zabralo ‘fortification’; Bel. zabrálo ‘beaver, visor, upper part of a rampart’ SCr. zàbralo ‘rampart, bulwark’; Bulg. zabrálo ‘fortification’

PIE

*borH-dlom

*zelèn&

541

Compound of *za- and a derivative in *-dlo < *dlom (' *borti). Cz. zábradlí, Slk. zábradlie ‘railing, balustrade’, derives from *b!rati ‘take’. The East Slavic forms containing -ra- are obviously of Church Slavic origin. See also: *borna II; *b¥rn%; *borti

*zaà f. j# ‘dawn, aurora’ CS E W S

OCS zarja (Supr.) ‘dawn, shine, ray’ Ru. zarjá ‘dawn, sunset, reveille, retreat’, Asg. zarjú, Asg. zórju, Npl. zóri (the spelling a for unstressed o is purely orthographical). Cz. zá•e ‘shine’; OPl. zarza ‘dawn, daybreak’ Sln. zárja ‘redness of the sky’

See ' *zo`à. The root seems to have lengthened grade, but perhaps this is due to influence of ' *žar". *zaverti v. ‘close, enclose’ CS E W S

OCS zav!ri 3sg. aor. ‘closed’ Ru. zaverét’ (dial.) ‘mend, patch, wrap, roll up’, 1sg. zavrú, 3sg. zavrët Cz. zav•íti ‘close, lock, incarcerate’; Slk. zavrieŸ ‘close, lock’; Pl. zawrze\ ‘contain, enclose, (dial.) close’ SCr. zàvrijeti ‘hide’, 1sg. z;vrm; ak. zavr§ti (Vrg.) ‘hide’, 2sg. z;vreš; Sln. zavr—6ti ‘detain, obstruct’, 1sg. zavrèm

BSl. B

*wer‹Lith. vérti ‘pierce, string’; Latv. v rt ‘open, close’

Cogn.

Skt. apivr¥Áóti ‘close, cover’

Compound of ' *za and *verti < *uerH-. See ' *ot"verti. See also: *obora; *ot&verti; *ot&vorìti; *proverti

*zelèn adj. o (b) ‘green’ CS E W S

OCS zelen" (Zogr., Mar., Supr.) Ru. zelënyj Cz. zelený; Slk. zelený; Pl. zielony SCr. zèlen, f. zelèna, zelèno; ak. zel n (Vrg.), f. zelen;, zelen«; zlen (Hvar), f. zelen;, zleno; zlen, f. zlena, zleno; Sln. zelèn, f. zeléna; Bulg. zelén

BSl. B

*]el‹Lith. žãlias 4 ‘green’; ževas 4 ‘greenish’; žélvas (dial.) 3 ‘greenish’

PIE Cogn.

*elhSkt. hári- ‘fallow, yellowish, greenish’; Gk. ¼•[ ‘pale green, greenish yellow’; Lat. helvus ‘yellowish’; OHG gelo ‘yellow’

See also: *zel%je; *zÊlto; *z%l%; *ž%lt&

*zel%je

542 *zelje n. io ‘greens, herbs’ CS E W S

OCS zelije n.(io) ‘vegetables, greens, herbs’ Ru. zél’e n.(io) ‘potion, poison’ Cz. zelí n.(io) ‘cabbage’; Pl. ziele n.( jo) ‘herb, weed’ SCr. z=lje n.( jo) ‘greens, sorrel, dock’; ak. z # n.( jo) ‘mangel (type of beet)’, Gsg. z #”; Sln. z<6lje n.( jo) ‘cabbage’

Derivative containing *zel- < *elh-. See also: *zelen&; *zÊlto; *z%l%; *ž%lt&

*zemà f. j# (b/c) ‘earth, land’ CS E W S

OCS zemlja Ru. zemljá, Asg. zémlju {1}; Ukr. zemljá, Asg. zémlju Cz. zemY; zem f.(i/j#); Slk. zem f.(i/j#); Pl. ziemia SCr. zèmlja, Asg. zmlju; ak. zem#; (Vrg.), Asg. zm#u; zemlj; (Novi), Asg. zmlju; zemlj; (Orb.) ‘earth, soil, ground, country’, Asg. zmlju; Kajk. zmlj« (Bednja), Asg. zmljµ; Sln. zémlja; Bulg. zemjá

BSl. B

*]emLith. ž mF 2; Latv. zeme OPr. semm

PIE Cogn.

*d-emSkt. kšám- (RV+) f. ‘earth’; Gk. ¼–› f. ‘earth’; Hitt. tkan m. ‘earth’, Gsg. taknas

The Balto-Slavic forms are based on the Asg. stem of the PIE hysterodynamic m-stem. Illi-Svity (1963: §41) suggests that in the larger part of the Slavic territory the original AP (b) was ousted under the influence of an i-stem *zem!, cf. Kortlandt 1975b: 410, where it is argued that the Freising Fragments also offer evidence for AP (b). {1} In Old Russian, both AP (b) and (c) are attested (Zaliznjak 1985: 138). *z nica f. j# ‘pupil (of the eye)’ CS E W S

OCS zYnica Ru. zeníca Pl. ]renica SCr. zjnica; Sln. z—níca; Bulg. zeníca

The Polish form was influence by the verb ‘see’ (' *z!rYti I). The etymon has been connected with ' *zYvati. *z vati v. ‘yawn’ CS E W

RuCS zYvati Ru. zevát’ ‘yawn, (dial.) shout, cry’, 1sg. zeváju Cz. zívati; Slk. zívaŸ; Pl. ziewa\

*z‚¸t%

543

S

SCr. zijèvati, 1sg. z›jevm; ak. zh;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. z§šeš; z£eh;t (Orb.), 1sg. z£ šen; Sln. z—6vati ‘yawn, cry’, 1sg. z—6vam

B

Lith. žióvauti; Latv. žàvât²

Cogn.

OHG giwn

See ' *zijati, *z!jati. See also: *zin®ti

*zbnti I v. ‘suffer from cold’ E W

Ru. zjábnut’ Cz. zábnouti; Slk. ziabnuŸ; Pl. zi
Derivative in *-n0ti. See ' *z
OCS proz
Cogn.

Lat. gemma f. ‘bud, precious stone’

Possibly from *emb- (Schrijver 1991: 434), but note that from an Indo-European point of view the root structure is impossible. *zti v. CS W S

OCS z
BSl. B

*]embLith. že8bti ‘cut slantwise, sharpen’

PIE Cogn.

*embSkt. jámbhate ‘snatch’; Skt. jámbhayati ‘crush’

The semantic development is made plausible by expressions such as “frostbite”. See also: *z‚bn®ti; *z®b&

*zt m. i (a) ‘son-in-law’ CS E W S

OCS z
*zid&; *z%d%

544

zèt ‘son-in-law’, Gsg. z<6ta; Bulg. zet ‘son-in-law, brother-in-law (sister’s husband)’ BSl. B

*]én‹tis; *]én‹tos Lith. žéntas 1 ‘son-in-law’

Since Latv. znuõts ‘son-in-law, sister’s husband, wife’s brother’ seems to reflect *nehto-, we might consider a reconstruction *enh-ti-. *zid; *zd m. o; f. i ‘wall’ CS W S

OCS z"dY (Ps. Sin.) Lsg. m. Cz. zed’ f.(i) ‘stone wall’, Gsg. zdi SCr. zd m., Gsg. zda; ak. zd (Vrg.) m., Gsg. zda; zt (Orb.) m., Gsg. zda; Sln. zd m., Gsg. zda, Gsg. zid; Bulg. zid m. ‘stone wall’

BSl.

*]eidOPr. seydis

The root may be a metathesized variant of *dei- ‘knead clay, coat with loam’. See also: *d„žà; *z%dati

*zijati; *zjati v. ‘open (one’s mouth), gape, be wide open’ CS E W S

OCS zijati (Supr.) ‘open (one’s mouth)’, 1sg. zYj0, 1sg. zijaj0 Ru. ziját’ ‘yawn, gape’, 1sg. zijáju, 1sg. zijaj0 Cz. zeti ‘gape, be wide open’, 3pl. zejí; záti ‘gape, be wide open’, 3pl. zejí; OCz. zieti ‘gape’, 1sg. zeju; Pl. zia\ ‘exhale’, 1sg. ziej< SCr. zìjati ‘yawn, shout’, 1sg. zìjm; zj;ti ‘yawn, shout’, 1sg. zjm; ak. zìjati (Vrg.) ‘gape, yawn, cry, shout’, 1sg. zìjan; Sln. zijáti ‘yawn, gawk, shout’, 1sg. zijm, 1sg. zjem; zjati ‘yawn, gawk, shout’, 1sg. zjam; Bulg. zéja ‘be wide open, yawn’, 2sg. zéješ

BSl. B

*]ia‹Lith. žióti ‘open (one’s mouth)’

PIE Cogn.

*h&i-eh'Lat. hi ‘yawn, be wide open’

The present has e- grade. See also: *z˜vàti; *zìn®ti

*zimà f. # (c) ‘winter’ CS E W S

OCS zima Ru. zimá, Asg. zímu Cz. zima; Slk. zima; Pl. zima SCr. zíma, Asg. zmu; ak. zm; (Vrg., Novi), Asg. zmu; zm; (Orb.), Asg. zmo; Sln. zíma ‘winter, cold’; Bulg. zíma

BSl.

*]eima‹

*znamen%je B

Lith. žiemà 4; Latv. zìema

PIE Cogn.

*ei-m-eh' Skt. hím- (RV+) f.; LAv. zii m., Gsg. zim; Gk. ¼«› m.; Lat. hiems f.

545

Originally a hysterodynamic m-stem. *zìnti v. (a) ‘open (one’s mouth), gape’ CS E W S

OCS zin0ti (Supr.) ‘open (one’s mouth)’, 1sg. zin0 Ru. razínut’ ‘open wide (one’s mouth), gape’ OCz. pozinúti ‘swallow up’ SCr. z›nuti ‘open (one’s mouth), yawn’, 1sg. z›nm; ak. z›nuti (Vrg.) ‘open (one’s mouth), yawn’, 2sg. z›neš; z›nuti (Hvar) ‘open (one’s mouth), yawn’, 1sg. z›nen; Sln. zíniti ‘open (one’s mouth)’, 1sg. znem; Bulg. zína ‘open one’s mouth’, yawn’

Cogn.

OIc. gína ‘yap, yawn’; OIc. gine ‘be wide open’; OHG ginn ‘be wide open’; OIc. gina ‘yawn’

See ' *zijati, *z!jati. I am not convinced that the nasal present reconstructed by LIV (173, cf. the Germanic forms mentioned above) applies to *zìn0ti. *zmjà f. i# ‘snake’ CS E W S

OCS zmija ‘serpent’ Ru. zmejá ‘snake’, Npl. zméi Cz. zmije ‘adder’; Slk. zmija ‘adder’; Pl. ­mija ‘(venomous) snake, adder’ SCr. zmìja ‘snake’; ak. zmij; (Vrg.) ‘snake’; zm›ja (Novi, Orb.) ‘snake’; Bulg. zmijá ‘adder’, Npl. zmií

A derivative of the zero grade of the word for ‘earth’, *d-m-. *zmj m. io ‘snake, dragon’ CS E S

OCS zmii ‘serpent, dragon’, Gsg. zmija Ru. zmej ‘dragon, (obs., coll.) snake’, Gsg. zméja; zmij (arch.) ‘serpent, dragon’, Gsg. zmíja SCr. zmj ‘dragon, tapeworm’; Sln. zmj ‘dragon’; Bulg. zmej ‘dragon, tapeworm, (arch.) snake’

See the previous lemma. *znamenje n. io ‘sign’ CS W S

OCS znamenie n.(io) ‘sign’ Cz. znamení n.(io) ‘sign’; Slk. znamenie n.(io) ‘sign’ SCr. zn;mnje n.( jo) ‘sign, symbol, omen’; ak. znam£ nje (Orb.) n.( jo) ‘traces, trail’; Sln. známenje n.( jo) ‘sign’

A derivative based on the stem of ' *znàm<. See also: *znati

*znàm‚

546 *znàm n. n (a) ‘sign’ CS E W S

CS znam< ‘sign’ Ru. známja ‘banner, standard’ OCz. znamY ‘sign’; Pl. znami< ‘sign’ SCr. zn;mn n.(o) ‘sign, symbol, omen’; Bulg. známe ‘flag, banner’

PIE Cogn.

*neh-menGk.  Â n. ‘sign, symptom’

See also: *znamen%je; *znati

*znàti v. (a) ‘know’ CS E W S

OCS znati, 1sg. znaj0 Ru. znat’, 1sg. znáju Cz. znáti; Slk. znaŸ; Pl. zna\ SCr. zn;ti, 1sg. znm; ak. zn;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. zn“š; zn;t (Hvar), 1sg. zn|n; zn;t (Orb.), 1sg. znn; Sln. znáti, 1sg. znm; Bulg. znam, 2sg. znáeš; znája, 2sg. znáeš

BSl. B

*]n-/*]inLith. žinóti ‘know’; Latv. zinât ‘know’ OPr. posinnat ‘confess’

PIE Cogn.

*nehSkt. jnti ‘know’; Gk. « ›€[ ‘perceive, realize’; Go. kunnan ‘know’

See also: *znamen%je; *znam‚

*znj m. jo ‘heat’ CS E W S

OCS znoi ‘heat’ Ru. znoj ‘intense heat, sultriness’, Gsg. znója Cz. znoj (poet., arch.) ‘sweat, heat’; Pl. znój ‘toil, sweat, (obs.) heat’, Gsg. znoju SCr. zn|j ‘sweat’, Gsg. zn«ja; Sln. zn04j ‘heat, sweat’; znòj ‘heat, sweat’; Bulg. znoj ‘heat’

See ' *zn!jati. *znjati v. ‘smoulder, burn’ E

W

Ru. zniját’ (Dal’: Tver’, Psk.) ‘smoulder, burn (without flames)’; znéjat’ (Dal’: Arx.) ‘smoulder, burn (without flames)’; znét’ (Arx.) ‘shine, flame, become red’ Cz. zŽat (dial.) ‘shine, burn’; znYŸ (dial.) ‘shine, burn’

The question is if this root is to be identified with the root of ' *g_ìti ‘rot’ and ' gn|j! ‘pus, manure’. Semantically the connection does not seem implausible to me, while the variation gn- : zn- may originally have been conditioned by the following vowel.

*zÊlto

547

See also: *zn¥j%

*zobàti v. ‘peck’ CS E W S

BSl. B

OCS ozoba (Ps. Sin.) 3sg. aor. ‘devoured’; izoba (Supr.) 3sg. aor. ‘ate’ Ru. zobát’ (dial.) ‘peck, swallow, eat greedily, devour’; ORu. zobati ‘eat’ Cz. zobati ‘peck’; džoba (Lach dial.) ‘peck’; Slk. zobaŸ ‘peck’; Pl. dzioba\ ‘peck’ (originally an East Polish form); OPl. zoba\ ‘peck’ SCr. zòbati ‘peck, (Vuk) eat grains’, 1sg. z«bljm; ak. zob;ti (Vrg.) ‘peck’, 2sg. z«b#eš; zob;t (Orb.) ‘peck, eat, nibble (grapes, berries, etc.)’, 1sg. z«bljen; Sln. zóbati ‘peck, eat (berries, cherries, etc.), eat grains’, 1sg. z06bljem; Bulg. zóbam ‘eat berries one by one’ *]obLith. žbti ‘eat dry substances, gobble, crave for, covet’

It is doubtful if there are cognates outside Balto-Slavic. See also: *z¥b%; *z¥b&

*zb; *zb f. i; m. o (c) E W S

Ru. zob m. ‘crop, goitre’, Gsg. zóba; zob’ (N. dial.) f.(i) ‘food, grub’ Cz. zob m. ‘birdseed’; Pl. dziób m. ‘beak, bill’, Gsg. dzioba (since the 18th century for nos). SCr. z|b f.(i) ‘oats’, Gsg. z«bi; ak. z|b (Vrg.) f.(i) ‘oats’, Gsg. z«bi; Sln. z04b f.(i) ‘(solid) fodder, grain’, Gsg. zob; Bulg. zob f.(i) ‘fodder (grain)’

See the previous lemma. See also: *zobàti

*zlto n. o (c) ‘gold’ CS E W S

OCS zlato Ru. zóloto Cz. zlato; Slk. zlato; Pl. zoto; USrb. zoto SCr. zlto; ak. zl“to (Vrg.); zlto (Novi, Orb.); zl|to (Hvar); Sln. zlatº; Bulg. zláto

B

Latv. zeQlts m.

PIE Cogn.

*olh-toSkt. híraÁya- (RV+) n. ‘precious metal, gold’; Go. gulþ n.

Like the Latvian and Germanic words for ‘gold’, the Slavic etymon is a to-derivative. Slavic has an o-grade *olh-, however, wheras Latvian andGermanic have e-grade and zero grade, respectively. See also: *zelen&; *zel%je; *z%l%; *ž%lt&

*zòrd&

548 *zòrd m. o (a) ‘hay-stack’ E

Ru. zoród ‘hay-stack, enclosure for a hay-stack’; zaród ‘hay-stack, enclosure for a hay-stack’

BSl. B

*]or‹dos Lith. žárdas 1 ‘rack for drying flax’; Latv. zãrds ‘rack for drying flax’ OPr. sardis ‘fence’

Despite the semantic proximity, I do not agree with the prevailing view that *zòrd" is cognate with ' *g|rd", which has a circumflex root (cf. Lith. gardas) and probably initial *g. See also: *ozòrd&

*zorìti v. ‘ripen (tr.)’ CS E W S

OCS s"zori (Supr.) 3sg. aor. ‘ripened (tr.)’ Ru. zorít’ (dial.) ‘make (berries) ripen by spreading (them) on a mat’ OCz. szo•íti ‘ripen (tr.)’ SCr. ak. zor›t (Orb.) ‘ripen’, 3sg. zor§; Sln. zoríti ‘ripen (tr.)’, 1sg. zorím

PIE Cogn.

*orh'-eieSkt. járati ‘make old, let smth. reach an old age’; Gk. Ç  n. ‘old age’

See also: *z%r˜ti II; *z%¸rno

*zoà f. j# (o) ‘dawn, aurora’ CS E

W S

BSl. B

OCS zorj< (Ps. Sin., Supr.) Npl. ‘dawn’ Ru. zarjá ‘dawn, sunset, reveille, retreat’, Asg. zarjú, Asg. zórju, Npl. zóri; zorjá (arch., poet.) ‘dawn, sunset, reveille, retreat’, Asg. zórju, Asg. zorjú; Ukr. zorjá ‘star’ Cz. zora ‘dawn, aurora’; zo•e (arch., eccl.) ‘dawn, aurora’; Slk. zora ‘dawn, aurora’; Pl. zorza ‘dawn, daybreak’; OPl. zorza ‘dawn, daybreak’ SCr. zòra ‘aurora’, Asg. z«ru; ak. zor; (Vrg.) ‘aurora’, Asg. z«ru; zor; (Orb.) ‘aurora’, Asg. z«ro, Asg. zor«; Sln. zórja ‘aurora, redness of the sky’; z04rja ‘aurora, redness of the sky’; z06ra ‘aurora’; zóra ‘aurora’; zòr m.(o) ‘shine, daybreak, East’, Gsg. zóra; zºr m.(o) ‘shine, daybreak, East’; Bulg. zorá ‘aurora, daybreak’ *]ori‹ Lith. žarà ‘dawn, sunset, hot coal’; Lith. žarijà ‘hot coal’ OPr. sari ‘glow’

Derivative of the root of ' *z!rYti I ‘see’. The original meaning of the root may have been ‘shine’. See also: *z¥rk&; *z%r˜ti I

*zrk m. o (c) ‘sunbeam, look, appearance’ CS

OCS zrak" ‘look, appearance, countenance’

*zv¬r% E W S

549

Ru. zórok (dial.) ‘look, glance, appearance’ Cz. zrak ‘face’; Slk. zrak ‘face’ SCr. zrk ‘sunbeam, air’; ak. zdr“k (Vrg.) ‘air’, zdr“ka; zrk (Orb.) ‘air’, zrka; Sln. zrk ‘beam, air’; Bulg. zrak ‘light, vision’

See the previous etymon. See also: *za¹à; *z%r˜ti I

*zbr m. o ‘wisent’ E W

Ru. zubr ‘wisent’, Gsg. zúbra Cz. zubr ‘wisent’; Slk. zubor ‘wisent’; Pl. ­ubr ‘wisent’; OPl. zbr m.(o) ‘wisent’; zbrz m.( jo) ‘wisent’; zubr m.(o) ‘wisent’ {1}

B

Lith. stu8bras 2 ‘wisent, aurochs’; Latv. su8brs ‘aurochs’; stumbr(i)s ‘aurochs’; sbrs ‘aurochs’ OPr. wissambs’ (EV) ‘aurochs’ {2}

A connection with the root *omb- of PSl. *z0b", Latv. zùobs ‘tooth’ cannot be ruled out, but it is possible that we are dealing with a migratory term, cf. Osset. dombaj ‘bison’. {1} Variants with a nasal are also attested in placenames, e.g. Z
*zb m. o (c) ‘tooth’ CS E W S

OCS z0b" Ru. zub, Gsg. zúba; Ukr. zub, Gsg. zúbu Cz. zub; Slk. zub; Pl. zb, Gsg. z
BSl. B

*]ombos Lith. ža8bas ‘sharp edge’; Latv. zùobs ‘tooth’

PIE Cogn.

*omb-oSkt. jámbha- m. ‘tooth’; Gk.  m. ‘pin, nail’; OIc. kambr m. ‘comb, jagged edge’

See also: *z‚bn®ti; *z‚ti

*zvr m. i (c) ‘wild animal’ CS E W S

OCS zvYr! m.(i) Ru. zver’ m.( jo) Cz. zvY• f.(i); Slk. zver m.(o); zver f.(i) ‘game’; Pl. zwierz m.( jo) ‘wild animals (coll.), big animal’ SCr. zv›jer f.(i); ak. zvr (Vrg.) f.(i), Gsg. zvri; Sln. zv<4r f.(i), Gsg. zver; Bulg. zvjar m.(o)

*zv‚gti

550 BSl. B

*]we‹rís Lith. žvFrìs m.(i) 3; Latv. zveKrs m.(o) OPr. swrins Apl.

PIE Cogn.

*ueh&rGk. –½ m. ‘wild animal’; Lat. ferus adj. ‘wild’

The problem connected with the reconstruction presented above is the fact that Hirt’s law apparently did not operate. Kortlandt (1975a: 54) assumes lengthened grade for this etymon, suggesting that the Baltic acute may be an instance of metatony resulting from a retraction of the stress in a form corresponding to Gk. –‰Œ . I find that hard to believe, in particular because the Latvian form has a broken tone, which in Kortlandt’s theory is the reflex of an unstressed acute. Perhaps one might combine the reconstruction of a lengthened grade as well as a laryngeal and assume loss of the laryngeal in a monosylabic form.*uh&r. The forms with an acute root may reflect the ful grade of other case-forms. *zvgti v. CS E

OCS zv
BSl. B

*]wen‹gLith. žvéngti ‘neigh’, 3pres. žvéngia.

Only Balto-Slavic. The root may be an enlargement of the root found in ' *zv|n". *zvn m. o. (c) ‘sound’ CS E W S

OCS zvon" (Supr.) ‘noise’ Ru. zvon ‘(ringing) sound Cz. zvon ‘bell’; Slk. zvon ‘bell’; Pl. dzwon ‘sound’; OPl. zwon ‘sound’ Sln. zvºn ‘bell, sound’, Gsg. zvºna, Gsg. zvon

Pokorny (IEW: 491) recontructs the root as *uon-, cf. Alb. zë m. ‘sound’, Arm jain ‘id.’. The hypothesis that Slavic *zv|n" continues PIE *suonh- (e.g. Meilet 1934: 30), cf. Lat. sonus ‘sound’. must be considered a serious alternative, however. The anlaut may have been influenced by ' *z"vati. See also: *zv%n˜ti

*zvn ti v. ‘ring, clank’ CS E W S

OCS zv!nYti Ru. zvenét’, 1sg. zvenjú, 3sg. zvenít Cz. zníti; OCz. zvnieti; Slk. znieŸ Sln. zven—6ti, 1sg. zvením

See ' *zv|n".

*z%dati

551

*zl adj. o ‘bad, evil, wicked’ CS E W S

OCS z"l" Ru. zloj ‘bad, evil, wicked’; zol ‘angry’, f. zla, n. zlo Cz. zlý; Slk. zlý; Pl. zy SCr. z;o, f. zl;, n. zl«; Sln. zŠQ, f. zlà; z; Bulg. z‘l

BSl. B

*]ul‹Lith. atžlus (Žem.) 1, atžlùs (Žem.) 3 ‘rude’

The Lithuanian forms may be cognate with pažvìlti ‘bend, stoop’. The vocalism žlcould be a lengthened zero grade of an acute root *]ul‹-, cf. žulnùs alongside žvilùs and žvinas ‘slanted, diagonal’. The root has been connected with Skt. hvárate ‘go crookedly’. *zly f.  ‘sister-in-law (husband’s sister)’ CS E

W

S PIE Cogn.

CS zl"va (Mikl.) f.(#) Ru. zolóvka f.(#); zólva (dial.) f.(#) ‘sister-in-law (husband’s sister), daughter-in-law’; zolóva (dial.) f.(#); zolóv’ (dial.) f.(i); zólovica (dial.); zolóvica (dial.) OCz. zelva f.(#) ‘sister-in-law (husband’s sister), daughter-in-law’; Slk. zolvica; OPl. zew f.(i) ‘sister-in-law (husband’s sister), daughter-in-law’; zew f.(i) ‘sister-in-law (husband’s sister), daughter-in-law’ {1} SCr. z;ova f.(#); zva (Vojv.) f.(#); Sln. zva f.(#); zva f.(#); z|va f.(#); Bulg. z¹lva f.(#) *lh'-uGk. ¶•[ ‘husband’s sister’ f.; Lat. gls f. ‘sister-in-law’

For the PIE origin of this etymon, see Beekes 1976: 13-16, Schrijver 1991: 131. {1} The material presented in the Sownik staropolski seems to point to a paradigm zew, Gsg. zewi < *z"l"v!, Gsg. z"l"vi. In that case the vocalism of zew must be analogical.

*zvati v. (c) ‘call’ CS E W S

OCS z"vati, 1sg. zov0 Ru. zovát’, 1sg. zovú, 3sg. zovët Cz. zváti ‘call, invite’; Slk. zvaŸ ‘call, invite’; Pl. zwa\ SCr. zv;ti, 1sg. zòvm; ak. zv;ti (Vrg.), 2sg. zovš; zv;t (Orb.), 1sg. zovn; Sln. zváti, 1sg. zóvem

PIE Cogn.

*uH-e-/*ouH-eSkt. hávate ‘invoke’

*zdati v. ‘build’ CS E

OCS z!dati ‘build’, 1sg. zižd0 ORu. z!dati ‘build’, 1sg. zižu

*z%l%

552 S

SCr. zídati ‘build’, 1sg. zdm; ak. zd;t (Orb.) ‘build, lay bricks’, 1sg. z§dan; Sln. zídati ‘build a wall’, 1sg. zídam; Bulg. zídam ‘lay bricks’

BSl. B

*](e)idLith. ži sti ‘form (from clay)’, 3sg. ži džia; Latv. zìest ‘coat with clay’

PIE

*id-

A metathesized variant of *dei- ‘knead clay, coat with loam’. See also: *d„žà; *zid&; *z%d%

*zl  f. i ‘bile’ CS E W S

OCS zl"! f.(i); zl!! (Zogr., Supr.) f.(i) Ru. žël’ f.(i), Gsg. žëli Cz. žlu f.(i); Slk. žl f.(i); Pl. ­ó\ f.(i) SCr. ž f.(i), Gsg. žµi; ak. ž (Vrg.) f.(i), Gsg. žµi; ž (Hvar) f.(i), Gsg. ži; ž (Orb.) f.(i)/m.( jo), Gsg. ži, Gsg. ža; Sln. ž| f.(i), Gsg. žo; ž| m.( jo); Bulg. zl‘ f.(i)

BSl. B

*ulLith. tulžìs f.(i) 4 (with metathesis); Latv. žuR(k)ts f.(i); zuRkts (dial.) f.(i)

PIE Cogn.

*lhGk. ¼•½ f. ‘bile’; Lat. fel n. ‘bile, gall-bladder’

The forms with ž- may have arisen under the influence of *ž!lt" ‘yellow’, but it should be noted that ž- < *g- is in fact what we would expect before a syllabic *l. The East Baltic forms rather seem to agree with Old Church Slavic, though the situation has been obscured by various developments. See also: *zelen&; *zel%je; *zÊlto; *ž%lt&

*zr ti I v. ‘see, look at’ CS E W S

OCS z!rYti ‘see, look at’, 1sg. z!rj0 Ru. zret’ (obs.) ‘behold, gaze’, 1sg. zrju, 3sg. zrit Cz. z•íti ‘see’; Slk. zrieŸ ‘see’; OPl. ]rze\ ‘see’ SCr. zrti (obs.) ‘watch’, 1sg. zr=m; Sln. zr—6ti ‘look (at)’, 1sg. zrèm; Bulg. zra ‘look (at)’

B

Lith. žFrAti ‘shine, sparkle’

The reconstruction of the root is uncertain. One might posit *()r(H )-. See also: *za¹à; *zo¹à; *z¥rk&

*zr ti II v. ‘ripen’ CS E W S

OCS z!rYl" (Supr.) ‘ripe’; CS z!rYti Ru. zret’, 1sg. zréju Cz. zráti; Slk. zrieŸ; Pl. ]rze\ SCr. zrti; Sln. zr—6ti, 1sg. zr¤jem, 1sg. zr¤m; Bulg. zréja

*žal% PIE Cogn.

553

*rh'Skt. járati ‘make old, let smth. reach an old age’; Gk.  ± f. ‘old woman’

See also: *zorìti; *z%¸rno

*zrno n. o (a) ‘grain’ CS E W S

OCS zr!no Ru. zernó Cz. zrno; Slk. zrno; Pl. ziarno SCr. zÃno, Gsg. zÃna; ak. zÃno (Vrg.), Gsg. zÃna; zrno (Hvar), Gsg. zârna; zÃno (Vrg.) ‘grain, kernel, bead’, Gsg. zÃna, Npl. zÃna; Sln. z¼nJ ‘(single) grain, tree-fruit’; Bulg. z¹rno ‘(single) grain, bean, berry’; z‘rnó ‘(single) grain, bean, berry’

BSl. B

*]ir‹nLith. žìrnis m.(io) ‘pea’; Latv. zirnis m.(io) ‘pea’ OPr. syrne ‘grain’

PIE Cogn.

*rh'-noLat. grnum n.; Go. kaurn n.; OIr. grán n.

See also: *zorìti; *z%r˜ti II

Ž *žàba f. # (a) ‘frog, toad’ CS OCS žaba (Ps. Sin.) ‘frog’; žYba (Ps. Sin.) ‘frog’ E Ru. žába ‘toad, quinsy’ W Cz. žába ‘frog’; Slk. žaba ‘frog’; Pl. ­aba ‘frog’ S SCr. ž;ba ‘frog’; ak. ž;ba (Vrg.) ‘frog, turtle’; ž;ba (Orb.) ‘frog’; Sln. žába ‘frog’; Bulg. žába ‘frog, (krastava ž.) toad’ B

OPr. gabawo (EV) ‘toad’

Cogn.

Lat. bf m. ‘toad’; OS quappa f. ‘eel-pout’; MoDu. kwab f. ‘lobe’

The Slavic form seems to reflect *geb-eh', but the presumed cognates do not fit this reconstruction. I suspect a substratum origin. *žal f. i ‘grief, regret, pity’ CS E W S

OCS žal! (Zogr.) ‘tomb’ Ru. žal’ ‘pity’ Cz. žal ‘grief, pain’; Slk. žia¯ ‘grief ’; Pl. ­al ‘grief ’; Slnc. žªul m.(o) ‘grief, regret’, Gsg. žªulu– SCr. ž;o je + Dat adv. ‘feel sorry, be angry, suspect’; ak. je žãl + Dat (Orb.) adv. ‘feel sorry, care, mind’; je žãl + Dat (Orlec) adv. ‘feel sorry’; Sln. žà ‘grief, pain’, Gsg. žli; Bulg. žal ‘grief, pity’

*žar&

554 BSl. B

*glLith. gFlà f. 4 ‘acute pain’

PIE Cogn.

*glHOHG qula f. ‘violent death’; OS qula f. ‘pain, torture’

The evidence points to an original root noun (cf. Kortlandt 1985b: 117). See also: *žel˜ti I; *že³a; *ž‚dlo; *ž%lna

*žar m. o (b/c) ‘glow, heat’ E W S

Ru. žar ‘heat’, Gsg. žára, Gsg. žáru, Lsg. (o) žare, (v) žarú Cz. žár ‘heat’; Slk. žiar ‘heat’; Pl. ­ar ‘glow’ SCr. žr ‘live coals, ardour, zeal’; ak. žr (Orb.) ‘live coals’; Sln. žr ‘glow, heat’; Bulg. žar f.(i) ‘glow’; žar m.(o) ‘fire, passion’

According to Kortlandt (1975a: 72), we must reconstruct a root noun *gr-, for which the coexistence of *žar" and *žarà, cf. Ru. žarà, SCr. žára, may count as an argument. See also: *gor˜ti; *gor%j%; *gor%k&; *go¹e; *gr˜( ja)ti; *g&rnidlo; *g&rn&; *g&rno; *žerav&

*žasiti v. ‘frighten’ CS

CS žasiti ‘frighten’

It is uncertain if *žasiti is cognate with ' *gasìti ‘extinguish’, in which case the root would reflect *gs-. Semantically the etymology is not convincing. The connection with Go. usgaisjan ‘frighten’, on the other hand, is obviously convincing as far as semantics is concerned, but the vocalism does not match. See also: *užas&

*že ptcl. CS E W

OCS že emphatic particle Ru. že conj. ‘but, and, after all’; že emphatic particle Cz. že ‘that, since, because’ conj.; že emphatic particle; Pl. ­e conj. ‘that, since, because’; ­e emphatic particle

PIE Cogn.

*g()e Skt. ha (RV+) emphatic ptcl.

*žegti v. (c) ‘burn’ CS E W S

OCS žešti, 1sg. žeg0, (Supr.) ž"g0 Ru. že’, 1sg. žgú, 3sg. žžët Cz. žéci, 1sg. žehu; Pl. ­ec, 1sg. ­g< SCr. žè\i, 1sg. žèžm

BSl. B

*degLith. dègti ‘burn, light’, 3pres. d ga, 3pret. d gF; dègti ‘burn’, 3pres. deñga, 3pret. d gF; Latv. degt ‘burn, light’

*žel¨zo PIE Cogn.

555

*degSkt. dáhati ‘burn’; Av. dažaiti ‘burn’; Lat. fove ‘warm, cherish’

Most probably from *deg- > *geg- as a result of assimilation. *želd; *želdica m. o; f. j# ‘glazed frost, sleet’ CS E

S

CS žlYdica f.( j#) ‘sleet’ Ru. óželed’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘glazed frost, crust of ice over snow’; oželéd’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘glazed frost, crust of ice over snow’; oželed’ (Tersk.) f.(i) ‘crust of ice on trees’; oželédica f.( j#) ‘glazed frost’; oželédica (S. dial.) f.( j#) ‘black ice, thin crust of ice over snow’; Ukr. óželed’ f.(i) ‘glazed frost’; oželéda f.(#) ‘glazed frost’; oželédica f.( j#) ‘glazed frost’ Pl. ­ód (obs.) m.(o) ‘sleet’; ­ód] (obs.) f.(i) ‘glazed frost, sleet’; Slnc. zl¶u^ f.(i) ‘icicle’, Gsg. zlùo^ä; Plb. zlåd m.(o) ‘hail’ Sln. žl¤d m.(o) ‘glazed frost, sleet’; žl—díca f.(#) ‘glazed frost’

PIE Cogn.

*gelh'dGk. ¼¶• X f. ‘hail’; MoP žla f. ‘hail, hoarfrost’

W

*žel ti I v. ‘regret’ CS W

RuCS želYti ‘regret, grieve’ Cz. želeti ‘regret’

See ' *žal!. The verb has an e-grade *gelH-. *želti II; *želàti v. (a) ‘wish, want’ CS E S

OCS želYti ‘wish, want’, 1sg. želYj0; želati ‘wish, want’, 1sg. želaj0 Ru. želát’ ‘wish, want’ SCr. žèljeti ‘wish, want, desire’, 1sg. žèlm; ak. žel›ti (Vrg.) ‘wish, want, desire’, 2sg. žel§š; žel›t (Hvar) ‘wish, want, desire’, 1sg. želín; ak. želt (Orb.) ‘wish, want, desire’, 1sg. žel§n; Sln. žel—6ti ‘wish, want’, 1sg. želím; Bulg. želája ‘wish, want’

PIE Cogn.

*gelGk. –ª•[ ‘wish, want’

AP (a) applies to the present in *-aj0. The Serbo-Croatian and Slovene i-presents are mobile. See also: *že³a II

*želzo n. o (a) ‘iron’ CS E W S

OCS želYzo Ru. želézo; zelézo (dial.); zjalézo (dial.); Bel. zelézo; zalézo; Ukr. zalízo; želízo Cz. železo; Slk. železo; Pl. ­elazo SCr. žèljezo; ak. želzo (Orb.); Sln. žel—6zJ; Bulg. željázo

BSl.

*gele]-; *gel]-

*že³a I

556 B

Lith. geležìs f.(i) 3¾; gelžìs (Žem.) f.(i); Latv. dzèlzs f.(i); dzelezs (E. Latv.) f.(i) OPr. gelso

*žea I f. j# ‘grief ’ CS E

OCS že#a (Supr.) ORu. že#a

See ' *žal!. *žea II f. j# ‘wish, desire’ CS S

RuCS že#a ‘wish’ SCr. žèlja ‘wish, desire’, Asg. žlju; ak. želj; (Vrg., Novi) ‘wish, desire’; žlja, želj; (Orb.) ‘wish, desire’, Asg. žljo; Sln. žélja ‘wish, desire’

PIE

*gel-ieh'

See also: *žel˜ti II; *želati

*želdk m. o ‘stomach’ CS E W S

RuCS želud"k" Ru. želúdok Cz. žaludek; žaloudek (arch., dial.); Slk. žalúdek; Pl. ­odek SCr. žèludac; ak. želµdec (Orlec); Sln. žel04dŠc, Gsg. žel04dca; žel04dŠk, Gsg. žel04dka

In view of Gk. ¼•¶‘ Npl. f. ‘intestines’, *žel0d- reflects *gel-ond-. The Greek form must reflect *gol-nd-. *žld m. jo (c) ‘acorn’ CS E W S

RuCS želud! m.( jo) Ru. žëlud’ m.( jo) Cz. žalud m.(o); Slk. žalud’ m.( jo); Pl. ­od] f.(i), Gsg. ­o
BSl. B

*gel-/*gilLith. gìlF f.(!) 2; gyl (dial.) f.(!) 4; Latv. z§le f.(!); zìle f.(!); dz§le f.(!) (forms preserving the original anlaut dz- are very rare) OPr. gile ‘acorn, oak’

PIE Cogn.

*g(e)lh'Gk. £¶•  m.; Lat. glns f.

Kortlandt (1985b: 120) reconstructs *gelh'-s, Gsg. *glh'-os. *želsti v. ‘repay, pay for’ CS

OCS žlYsti (Supr.), 1sg. žlYd0; žlasti (Supr.), 1sg. žlad0

*želza

557

E

ORu. želesti, 1sg. želedu

Cogn.

Go. fragildan ‘repay’; OHG geltan ‘pay, repay, sacrifice’; OSw. gjalla ‘pay, repay’ (the Germanic evidence points to a suffix *-t-)

Probably a borrowing from Germanic. *žely I f.  ‘tumour, fistula’ E

W

S BSl. B

Ru. želvák m.(o) ‘tumour’; žolv’ (Dal’) f.(i) ‘tumour’; žëlvi, želví (dial.) Npl. m.(i) ‘abscesses, lumps, bumps’; žëlvi (dial.) Npl. m.(i) ‘swollen glands on the neck’ Cz. žluva (Kott) f.(#) ‘soft tumour (in horses)’; žuva (dial.) f.(#) ‘swelling on the udder of a cow’; Pl. ­ówi (dial.) Npl. m.(i) ‘abscess on the ear’; ­ówie (dial.) Npl. m.(i) ‘boils on the legs of a cow’ ak. žlva (Cres) f.(#) ‘tumour’; ak. žºva (Vis) f.(#) ‘scrofula’; Sln. ž<4va f.(#) ‘fistula’ *gelu‹Latv. dzelva f. ‘(slight) swelling on the skin’

Possibly etymologically identical with *žely II. See also: *želza

*žely II f.  ‘tortoise’ CS E W S

RuCS žely f.(), Gsg. žel"ve Ru. žolv’ f.(i); ORu. žely f.(), Gsg. žel"ve Cz. želva f.(#); Pl. ­ów m.( jo), Gsg. ­ówia SCr. žlva f.(#); Sln. ž=va f.(#)

PIE Cogn.

*gel(H )-uHGk. ¼ª•Í f.; Gk. ¼•› ‰ f.

*želza f. # (b?) ‘gland’ CS E

S

CS žlYza ‘gland’ Ru. železá ‘gland’, Npl. žélezy; žélezo n.(o) ‘tumour (neck, throat, groin)’; zélezy (dial.) Npl. f.(#) ‘glands’; zolozá (dial.) ‘gland, tumour on the neck’; zolóza ‘gland’; Bel. zalóza ‘gland’; Ukr. záloza ‘gland’ Cz. žláza ‘gland’; OCz. žléza ‘gland’; žláza ‘gland’; Slk. ž¯aza ‘gland’; Pl. zozy Npl. ‘scrofula, strangles (adenitis equorum)’; USrb. žaza ‘gland, (pl.), glandular disease’; LSrb. zaza ‘gland, (pl.), glandular disease’; žaza ‘gland, (pl.), glandular disease’ SCr. žlijèzda ‘gland’; Sln. žl—6za ‘gland’; Bulg. žlezá ‘gland’

BSl. B

*gel]Lith. g ležuonys Npl. m. ‘submaxillary gland, strangles (adenitis equorum)’

PIE Cogn.

*gel-eh' Arm. gejk ‘glands’

W

*ženà

558

The Polish and Sorbian forms seem to reflect a zero grade. *ženà f. # (b) ‘woman, wife’ CS E W S

OCS žena ‘woman, wife’ Ru. žená ‘wife, (poet., obs.) woman’ Cz. žena ‘woman, wife’; Slk. žena ‘woman, wife’; Pl. ­ona ‘wife’ SCr. žèna ‘woman, wife’, Asg. žènu; ak. žen; (Vrg., Novi, Hvar) ‘woman, wife’, Asg. ženµ; žen; (Orb.) ‘wife’, Asg. žen«; Sln. žéna ‘woman, wife’; Bulg. žená ‘woman’

BSl.

*géna‹ OPr. genno Vsg. ‘woman’

PIE Cogn.

*gen-eh' Skt. jáni- (RV+) f. ‘woman, wife’; Go. qino f. ‘woman’; OIr. ben f. ‘woman’

*žerav adj. o ‘burning, scorching’ CS E W S

RuCS žerav" ORu. žerav" Cz. žeravý (lit.); že•avý (lit.); •e•avý; Slk. žeravý SCr. žrv f.(i??) ‘live coal’; žèrava (u Grblju) m. ‘live coal’; žravica f.( j#) ‘live coal’; ak. žer;va, žev;ra (Vrg.) m. ‘live coal’; Sln. žervica f.( j#) ‘heartburn’

Derivative in *-av". The root is *ger-. See also: *gor˜ti; *gor%j%; *gor%k&; *go¹e; *gr˜( ja)ti; *g&rnidlo; *g&rn&; *g&rno; *žar&

*žerav m. jo ‘crane’ E W S

Ru. žurávl’; žuravél’ (dial.); žórav (dial.); ORu. žeravl!; Bel. žuravél’; žóraÓ m.(o); Ukr. žuravél’ OCz. žeráv; žeráb; Slk. žeriav; Pl. ­uraw SCr. žrv m.(o); Sln. žerjàv m.(o), Gsg. žerjáva; Bulg. žérav m.(o)

BSl. B

*ger‹()uLith. gérvF f.(!) 1; Latv. dz rve f.(!) OPr. gerwe

PIE Cogn.

*erh'-u Gk. ª  m.; Lat. grs f.; OHG kranuh m.

Kortlandt (1985b: 120) reconstructs *erh'-u, Gsg. *rh'-u-os. The Balto-Slavic *g (instead of *]) must have originated in the zero grade. *žerbj m. io ‘lot, fate’ CS E W

OCS žrYbii m.(io) ‘lot’ Ru. žrébij m.( jo) ‘lot, fate’ Cz. h•eb m.(o) ‘nail’; OCz. h•ebí m.( jo) ‘nail’

*žezl&; *ž%zl&; *žezlò S

SCr. ždr›jeb m.(o) ‘nail’; Sln. žr=b m.(o) ‘nail’; Bulg. žrébie n.(io) ‘nail’

B

OPr. grbin Asg. ‘number’

PIE Cogn.

*gerbGk. ¶[ ‘carve, write’; OE ceorfan ‘carve, cut, strike down’

559

*žerdlò n. o (b) ‘mouth, gorge’ E W S

Ru. žereló (dial.) ‘mouth, orifice’; ORu. žerelo ‘throat, mouth, orifice’ Cz. ž•ídlo ‘source’; Slk. žriedlo ‘source’; Pl. ]ródo ‘source’ SCr. ždrijèlo ‘ravine, gorge’; Sln. žr—6lJ ‘gorge, abyss, hole’; Bulg. žreló ‘gorge, source’

BSl. B

*ger‹tló Lith. gerkl f.(!) 3 ‘throat, larynx’

The e-grade of the Balto-Slavic form, which formally derives from *gerh-tlóm must be an innovation. See also: *g&¸rdlo; *žèrti

*žerti v. (c) ‘devour, eat (of animals)’ CS E W S

OCS požrYti (Ps. Sin., Hil., Supr.) ‘swallow, devour’, 1sg. pož!r0 Ru. žrat’ ‘eat (of animals), gobble’, 1sg. žru, 3sg. žrët; ORu. ž!rati ‘eat (of animals), gobble’, 1sg. ž!ru OCz. žrieti ‘eat (of animals), gobble’, 1sg. žru; Pl. ­re\ ‘eat greedily’, 1sg. ­r< Sln. žr—6ti ‘eat (of animals), gobble’, 1sg. žrèm

BSl. B

*ger‹Lith. gérti ‘drink’; Latv. dzerKt ‘drink’

PIE Cogn.

*gerhSkt. giráti ‘devour’; Gk. £«£›€[ ‘eat, digest’; Lat. vorre ‘devour, eat greedily’

See also: *g&¸rdlo; *žerdlo

*žezl; *žzl; *žezlò m. o; m. o; n. o (b) ‘stick, staff ’ CS E W S Cogn.

OCS ž!zl" m. ‘stick, staff, sceptre’; žezl" m. ‘stick, staff, sceptre’ Ru. žezl m. ‘stick, staff, crozier’, Gsg. žezlá {1}; žezél’ (dial.) f.(i) ‘short stick to which draught dogs are tied’ Cz. žezlo n. ‘sceptre’; OCz. žezl m. ‘sceptre’; žezlo n. ‘sceptre’ SCr. žèzlo n. ‘sceptre’; žéželj (Vuk) m.( jo) ‘ein Anbindstock für die Schafhunde’; Sln. ž<6zlJ n. ‘sceptre’; Bulg. žéz‘l m. ‘staff, sceptre’ OHG kegil m. ‘nail, peg’

The connection with OHG kegil ‘nail, peg’, etc., which would point to *ge-l- is uncertain. The variant with *! results from raising of *e in a pretonic syllable in a palatal environment, which occurred prior to Dybo’s law (Kortlandt 1984-1985). The

*ž‚ƒdàti

560

noun was oxytone due to the fact that it had escaped Ebeling’s law, which states that the stress was not retracted from open final sylables to a syllable closed by an obstruent (Derksen forthc. a). {1} In Old Russian, both (a) and (b) are attested (Zaliznjak 1985: 134, 137). *ždàti v. (b) ‘wish, desire’ CS E W

OCS ž
BSl. B

*gendLith. pasigèsti ‘miss’, 3pres. pasigeñda.

The nasal of the Slavic root must have originated from a nasal present, cf. Lith. -geñda. The PIE root is *ged-, cf. Gk. –ª – « ‘pray for’; –ª[ ‘desire’. See also: *ž‚6dja; *ž‚d%n&

*ždja f. j# (b) ‘wish, desire’ CS E W S

OCS žažda (Euch., Supr.) ‘thirst, desire’ ORu. žaža ‘thirst, drought’ OCz. žáda ‘wish, desire, request’, Lsg. žiedY; OPl. ­dza ‘wish, desire, request, avarice’ SCr. ž=¢a ‘thirst’; ak. ž ¢a (Vrg.) ‘thirst’; žéja (Novi) ‘thirst’; ž£ ja (Orb.) ‘thirst’; Sln. ž<6ja ‘thirst’

A ja-derivative of ' *ž<Èdàti. See also: *ž‚d%n&

*ždlo n. o (a?) ‘sting’ CS E W S

OCS ž
B

Lith. gFlà f. 4 ‘acute pain’

Apparently with dissimilation of the first l to n. In Indo-European terms, the protoform is *glH-dlom. See also: *žal%; *žel˜ti I; *že³a; *ž%lna

*ždn adj. o ‘avid, greedy’ E W

Ru. žádnyj ‘greedy, avaricious’; žáden ‘greedy, avaricious’, f. žadná, n. žádno Cz. žádný (obs.) ‘avid’; Pl. ­dny ‘eager, anxious’

*žìca S

561

SCr. žédan ‘thirsty’, f. žédna, n. žédno; ak. ž=dan (Vrg.) ‘thirsty’, f. ždn;, n. ž=dno; Sln. ž<6dŠn ‘thirsty’; Bulg. žáden ‘thirsty’; ž¹den ‘thirsty’; žéden (dial.) ‘thirsty’

See ' *ž<Èdàti. *žti I v. (b) ‘press, squeeze’ CS E S

SerbCS ž
PIE Cogn.

*g(e)mGk. ª  (Il.) 3sg. aor. med. ‘grasped’; Nw. kumla ‘knead, squeeze’

The primary meaning of Latv. gùmt ‘seize’ seems to be ‘bend, stoop’. I wonder if this verb belongs here (pace LIV: 186). *žti II v. (b) ‘reap, mow’ CS E W S

OCS ž
BSl. B

*gen‹-/*gin‹Lith. genAti ‘prune, hem’; Latv. dzenêt ‘id.’

LIV (215) suggests that *ž
*žtva f. # (a) ‘harvest’ CS E W S

OCS ž
See ' *ž
Ru. žíca (dial.) ‘coloured woollen yarn’ SCr. ž›ca ‘wire, rope, thread’; ak. ž›ca (Vrg., Novi, Orb.) ‘wire, rope, thread’; Sln. žíca ‘thread, wire’; Bulg. žíca ‘thread, wire’

*žid&k&

562 B

Lith. gijà 4 ‘thread (in warp)’; Latv. dzija ‘thread’

See ' *žìla. *židk adj. o ‘liquid, watery’ CS E W S

CS žid"k" ‘watery’ Ru. žídkij ‘liquid, watery’; žídok ‘liquid, watery’, f. židká, n. žídko Cz. židký ‘liquid, watery’ SCr. žídak ‘liquid, watery’; Sln. žídŠk ‘liquid, fluid, flexible, weak’, f. žídka

The etymological connection with Gk. ‘È f. ‘slime, filth’ does not seem very likely. A better candidate is perhaps Arm. g ‘moist’ < *goid-. *žìla f. # (a) ‘vein, sinew, tendon’ CS E W S

OCS žila ‘vein, sinew, tendon’ Ru. žíla ‘vein, sinew, tendon’ Cz. žíla ‘vein’; Slk. žila ‘vein’; Pl. ­ya ‘vein’ SCr. ž›la ‘tendon, vein, root’; ak. ž›la (Vrg., Hvar) ‘tendon, vein, root’; ž›la (Orb.) ‘vein, root’; Sln. žíla ‘vein, sinew’; Bulg. žíla ‘vein, sinew’

BSl. B

*gi‹(s )la‹ Lith. gýsla ‘vein’; Latv. dzî(k)sla ‘vein’ OPr. pettegislo ‘Rückenader’

If *žìla is cognate with Lat. flum n. ‘thread’, Arm. i ‘sinew’, we may reconstruct *giH-l-(eh'). There is an alternative etymology, according to which *žìla is cognate with Skt. jiy, jy f. ‘bow-string’, Av. ii f. ‘bow-string’, Gk. £« m. ‘tendon, bowstring’, MW gieu Npl. ‘sinews, tendons’, which have a root *giH-. The presence of *-lmakes the former option more attractive. See also: *žìca

*žìti v. (c) ‘live’ CS E W S

OCS žiti, 1sg. živ0 Ru. žit’, 1sg. živú, 3sg. živët Cz. žíti; Slk. žiŸ; Pl. ­y\ SCr. žívjeti, 1sg. žívm; ak. žv›ti (Vrg.), 2sg. žvš; žvt (Orb.), 1sg. žvn; Sln. živ—6ti, 1sg. živím

BSl. B

*g‹i(w)Lith. gyvénti; Latv. dzîvuôt OPr. giwt

PIE Cogn.

*ghi(-u)Skt. jÌvati; Lat. vv

See also: *gojiti; *g¥j%; *žìto; *živìca; *život&; *živ&

The position of the laryngeal is based on end-stressed forms such as Ru. žilà f. ‘lived’.

*živòt&

563

*žìto n. o (a) ‘grain, corn’ CS E W S

OCS žito ‘corn, fruits’ Ru. žíto ‘corn’; Ukr. žýto ‘rye’ OCz. žíto ‘corn’; Pl. ­yto ‘rye’ SCr. ž›to ‘corn, wheat’; ak. ž›to (Vrg.) ‘barley’; ž›to (Orb.) ‘grain’; ž›to (Cres) ‘wheat’; Sln. žítJ ‘corn’; Bulg. žíto ‘corn’

BSl.

*geitOPr. geytye (EV), geits (Ench.) ‘bread’

PIE Cogn.

*geHi-toW bwyd ‘food, meat’

In view of the Old Prussian and Welsh forms (note that in this case the vocalism of Old Prussian forms cannot reflect * because <ei> is also found in the vocabularies), we must reconstruct *e-grade. Since in an o-stem neuter fixed root stress must result from Hirt’s law, we are confronted with the problem that *geHi-to- is impossible because of the o-colouring laryngeal of the root for ‘live’ (see also Derksen 1996: 117). If we wish to maintain e-grade, there are several options. First, we may reconstruct a full grade *geih-to- based on a metathesized variant of the root (cf. ' *gojiti). Second, we may assume that the full grade was created after the Balto-Slavic the merger of the laryngeals, thus abandoning the direct connection with Welsh. Third, the root may be considered to be a variant with *h&, for which there is evidence in Greek (cf. Beekes 1969: 248-249). See also: *g¥j%; *žìti; *živìca; *život&; *živ&

*živìca f. j# E W

Ru. živíca ‘soft resin’; Ukr. žyvýcja ‘soft resin’ Cz. živice ‘bitumen’; Slk. živica ‘resin’; Pl. ­ywica ‘resin’

Cogn.

OIr. bí ‘pitch’; Arm. kiw ‘tree pitch, mastic, chewing gum’

A derivative of *ghi-u- ‘live’. See also EIEC: 500a. See also: *gojiti; *g¥j%; *žìti; *žìto; *život&; *ž­v&

*živòt m. o (b) ‘life’ CS E W S

OCS život" ‘life, living creature’ Ru. živót ‘belly, stomach, (arch.) life, (obs., dial.) animal’ Cz. život ‘life’; Slk. život ‘life’; Pl. ­ywot ‘life’ SCr. žìvot ‘life, scrotum’, Gsg. živòta; ak. živ«t (Vrg.) ‘body’, Gsg. život;; živ«t (Orb.) ‘lower part of the back, life’, Gsg. živ«ta, Gsg. život;; Sln. živòt ‘life, body’, Gsg. živóta; Bulg. živót ‘life’

BSl. B

*g‹iwotLith. gyvatà f. 2 ‘life’ OPr. giwato (EV) ‘life’

A derivative of *ghi-u- ‘live’.

*ž­v&

564

See also: *gojiti; *g¥j%; *žìti; *žìto; *živìca; *živ&

*žv adj. o (c) ‘alive’ CS E W S

OCS živ" Ru. živój Cz. živý; Slk. živý; Pl. ­ywy SCr. žv, f. žíva; ak. žv (Vrg.), f. žv;, n. žvo; Sln. žv, f. žíva; Bulg. živ

BSl. B

*g‹iwós Lith. gývas; Latv. dzîvs OPr. gijwans Apl.

PIE Cogn.

*ghi-u-óSkt. jvá-; Lat. vvus

See also: *gojiti; *g¥j%; *žìti; *žìto; *živìca; *život&

*žùna f. # (a) S

Bulg. žúna ‘lip’

BSl. B

*]jóu‹na‹ Lith. žiáuna 1 ‘jaw, jaw-bone, gill’; Latv. žanas Npl. 1 ‘jaw’

See ' *ž!vati. *žuriti v. ‘rage’ E W S PIE Cogn.

Ru. žurít’ (coll.) ‘reprove, scold’, 1sg. žurjú, 3sg. žurít; žurít’sja (dial.) ‘grieve, quarrel’, 1sg. žurjús’, 3sg. žurítsja Cz. zu•iti ‘rage, be furious’ {1}; Slk. zúriŸ ‘rage, be furious’ {1}; Pl. ­urzy\ si< (obs.) ‘be angry, rage’; LSrb. zuriZ ‘make sour, embitter’ SCr. zúriti se ‘hurry, (dial.) complain’, 1sg. žrm se; Sln. žúriti se ‘hurry’, 1sg. žúrim se *geuroSkt. ghorá- (RV+) ‘terrible, terrifying’; Go. gaurs ‘sad’ (both with o-grade)

According to Young (2002: 111-114), the West Slavic forms continue a denominative verb based on an unattested adjective corresponding to Lith. žiaurùs ‘cruel, savage’, which he assumes to have the same root as Lith. žvFrìs ‘wild animal’ (*euh&r-?). Like Vasmer and others, he connects the East and South Slavic forms with Skt. ghorá‘terrible, terrifying’ and Go. gaurs ‘sad’. Since the meaning of the West Slavic forms may have been influenced by German sauer ‘sour, angry’ (perhaps through association with West Slavic *žur" ‘sour mass used for soup or bread’, which is regarded as a borrowing), I wonder if it is necessary to assume a different origin for the West Slavic forms on the one hand and the East and South Slavic forms on the other. {1} With dissimilation of *žu•- to zu•- in Czech (Machek 1971: s.v.). The Slovak form may be a borrowing from Czech.

*ž%lt&

565

*ždàti v. (c) ‘wait, await’ CS E W S

OCS ž!dati, 1sg. žid0, 1sg. ž!d0 Ru. ždat’, 1sg. ždu, 3sg. ždët OCz. ždáti, 1sg. ždu Sln. žd—6ti, 1sg. ždím

BSl. B

*g(e)idLith. ge§sti ‘long for, desire’, 3sg. ge§džia; Latv. gàidît ‘wait’ OPr. g(i)ide 3pl. ‘wait’

PIE Cogn.

*gidOHG gt m. ‘greed, desire’

*žld ti v. ‘desire’ CS S

RuCS žl"dYti ‘desire’ SCr. žúdjeti (Vuk: SW) ‘desire’, 1sg. žúdm

See ' *g|ld". *žlna f. # ‘woodpecker’ E W

S

BSl. B

Ru. želná (dial.) ‘black woodpecker’ Cz. žluna ‘(ž. zelená) green woodpecker’; Slk. žlna ‘(ž. zelená) green woodpecker’; USrb. žoma ‘(orna ž.) black woodpecker, (zelena ž.) green woodpecker’ SCr. žúna ‘(crna ž.) black woodpecker, (zelena ž.) green woodpecker’; žúnja ‘(crna ž.) black woodpecker, (zelena ž.) green woodpecker’; žúja ‘(Srijem) oriole, (Baka) woodpecker’; Kajk. žn« (Bednja) ‘woodpecker’; Sln. žóna ‘(rna ž.) black woodpecker, (zelena ž.) green woodpecker’ *gil‹na‹ Lith. gilnà (BŽ) ‘black woodpecker, blackbird’; Latv. dziRna ‘(meln dz.) black woodpecker, (za# dz.) green woodpecker’

The root is *gelH- ‘torment, sting’, cf. ' *ž
*žlt adj. o ‘yellow’ E W S

Ru. žëltyj; žëlt, f. želtá, n. žëlto, n. želtó {1} Cz. žlutý; Slk. žltý; Pl. ­óty SCr. žt, f. žúta; ak. žt (Vrg., Hvar, Orb.), f. žt;, n. žto; Sln. ž|t, f. žóta; Bulg. ž‘lt

BSl. B

*gil‹Lith. getas 4; Latv. dzelts (dial)

PIE

*lh-

*ž%rny

566 Cogn.

Skt. hári- ‘fallow, yellowish, greenish’; Gk. ¼•[ ‘pale green, greenish yellow’; Lat. helvus ‘yellowish’; OHG gelo ‘yellow’

While ' *zelen" ‘green’ has *z- < *-, *ž!lt" has *ž < *g- as a result of the first palatalization. The depalatalized velar must originate from the zero grade, where it was followed by a syllabic resonant. This suggests that the e-vocalism of the East Baltic forms is secondary (Kortlandt 1978b: 240). {1} AP (b) in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 136). See also: *zel%je; *zÊlto; *z%l%

*žrny f.  ‘millstone’ CS E W S

OCS žr"ny f.() ‘millstone’; žr"nov" m.(o) ‘millstone’ Ru. žërnov m.(o) ‘millstone’, Npl. žernová Pl. ­arna f.(#) ‘handmill’ SCr. žrvnj m.( jo) ‘handmill’; Sln. žÂnŠv f. ‘handmill’, Gsg. žÂnve

BSl. B

*gir‹nu‹ Lith. gìrna f.(#) 1 ‘millstone’; Latv. dzirnas Npl. f.(#) ‘millstone’; dzirnus Npl. f.(u) ‘millstone’; dzirnavas Npl. f.(#) ‘millstone’ OPr. girnoywis (EV) ‘handmill’

PIE Cogn.

*grh'-n-uHSkt. grvan- (RV+) m. ‘pressing-stone’; Go. asilu-qairnus ‘donkey-mill’

*žrti; *žerti v. ‘sacrifice’ CS E

OCS žr!ti, 1sg. ž!r0; žrYti, 1sg. ž!r0 ORu. žereti, 1sg. ž!ru; žreti, 1sg. ž!ru; žr!ti, 1sg. ž!ru

BSl. B

*gir‹Lith. gìrt ‘praise’; Latv. dzirt ‘praise, (-iês) swank, boast, intend long for’ (usually reflexive) OPr. girtwei ‘praise’

PIE Cogn.

*grHSkt. gr¥Áti ‘greet, praise’

See also: *gorn&; *ž%rc%; *ž%rtva

*žrtva f. # ‘sacrifice’ CS E S

OCS žr!tva ‘sacrifice’ Ru. žértva ‘sacrifice, victim’ Sln. žÂtva ‘sacrifice’; žÂtŠv f.(i) ‘sacrifice’, Gsg. žÂtve

Noun in *-tva derived from ' *ž!rti. See also: *gorn&; *ž%rc%; *ž%rti

*ž%vàti

567

*žrc m. jo ‘priest’ CS E S

OCS žr!c! ‘priest’ Ru. žrec ‘priest (of a pagan religion)’, Gsg. žrecá Bulg. žrec ‘priest’

Agent noun in *-!c! derived from ' *ž!rti. See also: *gorn&; *ž%rti; *ž%rtva

*žvàti v. (c) ‘chew’ CS E W

SerbCS ž!vati, 1sg. žuju; RuCS ž!vati, 1sg. žuju, 1sg. ž!v0 Ru. ževát’, 1sg. žujú, 3sg. žuët Cz. žváti (dial.), 1sg. žvu; OCz. žváti, 1sg. žuju; Slk. žuŸ, 1sg. žujem; Pl. ­u\, 1sg. ­uj<

PIE Cogn.

*ieuHToch. B Zuwa> ‘eat’; OHG kiuwan ‘chew’

See also: *žùna

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INDICES 1. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.3.8 1.3.9 1.3.10 1.3.11 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 2. 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 4.

Slavic Church Slavic Old Church Slavic Church Slavic (unspecified) Middle Bulgarian Russian Church Slavic Serbian Church Slavic Croatian Church Slavic East Slavic Russian Old Russian Ukrainian Old Ukrainian Belorussian Old Belorussian West Slavic Czech Old Czech Slovak Old Slovak Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Polish Old Polish Slovincian Kashubian Polabian South Slavic Serbo-Croatian akavian Kajkavian Slovene Bulgarian Macedonian Baltic Lithuanian Old Lithuanian Latvian Old Prussian Greek (Old) Greek Modern Greek Indo-Iranian

585 585 585 593 595 595 597 597 597 597 610 613 616 616 617 617 628 628 630 639 639 640 641 652 653 655 655 655 655 667 676 676 689 696 697 697 704 704 709 711 711 713 713

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 8. 9. 10.

Sanskrit Avestan Late Avestan Ossetic Italic Latin Old Latin Medieval Latin French Spanish Romanian Lombardian Piemontese Celtic Old Irish Middle Irish Modern Irish Old Welsh Middle Welsh Welsh Old Cornish Breton Gaulish Germanic Gothic Old Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Old Swedish Danish Old English Middle English Modern English Old High German Middle High German Modern High German Middle Low German Old Saxon Middle Dutch Modern Dutch Hittite Tocharian B Armenian

713 716 716 716 716 716 719 719 719 719 719 719 719 719 719 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 721 722 723 723 723 723 723 723 723 725 725 725 725 725 725 726 726 726

INDICES

584 11. 12. 13. 13.1 13.2

Albanian Ancient Macedonian non-Indo-European Finnish Estonian

726 726 726 726 726

13.3 13.4 13.4 13.5

Livonian Hungarian Mongolian Arabic

726 726 726 726

INDICES

1. SLAVIC 1.1 Church Slavic 1.1.1 Old Church Slavic a ................................. 25 abl"ko ...........................26 agn<...............................26 agn!c!...........................26 agoda ............................ 27 aice................................ 27 ako ................................ 28 a¯en" .........................366 al(")dii ................. 29, 367 al"kati ........................ 367 al"nii .......................... 368 aštera ............................30 avY .................................30 aviti...............................30 az" .................................31 baba .............................. 32 bali(i) ........................... 32 balovanije..................... 33 bal!stvo ........................ 33 bedra..............................35 bez(")............................ 38 bYda ........................ 38, 39 bYditi............................. 39 bYgati ............................ 39 bYl" ...............................40 bYs" ...............................40 bYžati ............................40 bi!................................ 41 biti................................. 41 blago ..............................51 blag" ..............................51 blato...............................53 blYd" .............................42 bl
bl0d"............................. 47 bl!štati s< ..................... 48 bo ................................ 49 bogat" .......................... 50 bog" .............................. 50 bojati s<........................ 50 bojazn!..................50, 258 bole ................................52 bolYti.............................. 51 bolje ...............................52 bo#ii................................52 bol! ................................54 bosti ...............................59 brada .............................55 bran! .............................57 braš!no..........................57 brati (s<) .......................57 bratija ..........................60 bratrija.........................60 bratr" ...........................60 brat".............................60 brazda ...........................59 brYg"..............................37 brYm<.............................37 brYžda........................... 36 brid"k"......................... 62 britva.............................63 br"noj0......................... 66 br"zdami ......................65 brysalo.......................... 66 br!nije .......................... 67 br!selije .........................65 br!v!mi ........................ 66 br!v!no ........................ 67 br!zo............................. 70 bui ................................ 68 burja............................. 68 b"ela ............................72 b"dYti ........................... 68 b"dr"............................ 69 bylije ..............................71 bystr" ............................71 byti.................................71 bytije..............................71 byvati ............................72 b!ela ............................72 b!rati.............................73

585

b!ždrej0 ....................... 69 cY .................................74 cYliti...............................74 cYlovati..........................74 cYl" ................................ 75 cYna ............................... 75 cYniti ............................. 75 cYsta...............................76 cYstiti.............................76 cYv!nica ........................77 cvYt" ............................ 258 cvisti............................259 ajati .............................78 arodYi ..........................78 ary ...............................78 as" ...............................79 elYdij0 ......................... 80 elo ............................... 80 esati .............................86 etvor" ..........................86 etvr!t".........................87 etyre.............................87 <do ...............................88 
586 uti ................................ 91 !st! ..............................94 !to................................94 da .................................94 dajati ............................ 95 dalee ............................ 95 dalja.............................. 95 dan! .............................. 95 dar" ..............................96 datel’! ...........................96 dati................................96 -davati ..........................96 daviti............................. 97 dažda ............................94 debel!stvo.....................98 des
INDICES dolY .............................. 112 dolu.............................. 112 doma ........................... 112 dom" ............................113 dov!lYti........................ 114 drag" ............................113 drevlje.......................... 116 drev#!_! ...................... 116 drYvo............................. 99 droben" ....................... 119 drobYi .......................... 118 drožd!j< ...................... 121 dr0gy ........................... 121 drug" .................... 121, 122 družina........................ 122 dr"kol! ........................ 123 dr"va ........................... 122 dr!kol! ........................ 123 dr!zati.........................136 dr!zn0ti....................... 137 dr!z" ........................... 137 dr!žati......................... 137 dun0ti..........................124 dupin0 ......................... 125 duša ............................. 127 duxati..........................124 dux" ............................124 dvor" ...........................128 dv!ri ............................128 dv!r!............................128 d"xn0ti........................129 d"x".............................129 d"lg"............................129 d"mYše s< .................... 114 d"my............................ 114 d"šti.............................129 d"va.............................130 d(")vogub!n".............130 d"voi.............................131 d"žd!............................131 dyxati ...........................131 dym" ........................... 132 dzYlo ............................ 138 dzvYzda ....................... 195 d!br! ........................... 132 d!n!............................. 134 d!n!s! ......................... 135 d!rati........................... 135

ese ...............................144 eter" ............................ 147
INDICES govor".......................... 181 g0ba .............................182 g0g"niv" ......................183 grabiti ..........................185 grad".................... 178, 185 gramada ..................... 186 gran" .......................... 179 gražd"......................... 178 greti............................. 186 grYjati ..........................187 gr<sti ........................... 188 grYx" ............................187 grizet"......................... 194 grob"........................... 190 grom" ......................... 190 groza ............................191 grozd"..........................191 grozn"..........................191 groz"n"....................... 192 gr0b"........................... 192 gr"d"........................... 198 gr"m<...........................195 gr"mu (savekovY)...... 194 gr"nil" ........................ 199 gr"stij0........................ 199 gubiti............................195 gum!no........................195 gvozdie........................ 196 gvozdii ........................ 196 g"nati ..........................197 gybati......................... 200 gybn0ti....................... 200 xap!j0šte ....................202 xlad"........................... 203 xlad!n".......................204 xlYb" ...........................202 xl
igo .............................. 209 igrati........................... 209 igr!.............................. 209 imati..................... 141, 211 imYti ............................ 211 im<............................... 212 inii ............................... 213 inok" ........................... 212 in" ............................... 212 is
587 jed(")va ...................... 139 jed!nako ..................... 138 jed!n" ......................... 138 jelen!...........................140 jese...............................144 jesm! ...........................146 jest".............................146 ješte .............................146 jezero........................... 148 jezer"........................... 148 j
588 kon!c!......................... 232 kopati...........................233 kopije .......................... 234 k0pina......................... 243 kopr"............................233 kor< ............................. 237 korec" ......................... 237 koren!......................... 237 koric< ...........................235 koriti ............................235 k0sati .......................... 243 kosn0ti s<.................... 239 k0št< ............................244 kost!............................ 239 koš! .............................240 koter"i ........................240 kotora .........................240 kotor"i ........................240 k0t" .............................244 kovati.......................... 241 koza.............................242 koža.............................242 koz!l" .........................242 krabii .......................... 234 krada........................... 234 krai..............................244 krasoj0 ........................ 245 krasta...........................235 krasti........................... 245 kras!n".......................246 krat" ........................... 236 krYp"...........................246 krYp"k".......................246 kriati .........................247 krilo.............................247 krinic0 ........................248 kr0g"............................251 kromY..........................249 kropiti .........................249 krotiti.......................... 250 krot"k" ....................... 250 krov"........................... 250 krupica ....................... 252 kry ............................... 254 kryti ............................ 254 kr"kn0ti...................... 262 kr"ma ......................... 262 kr"pa .......................... 263

INDICES kr"v! ...........................254 kr"v!n".......................253 kud
lis" ...............................279 -liti.............................. 280 lizaaše ........................ 280 ljubiti .......................... 281 ljubo ............................ 281 ljub" ............................ 281 ljuby ............................ 281 ljudin" ........................282 ljud!je .........................282 ljut"............................. 283 lob"zati....................... 283 lok"vi ..........................284 lomiti...........................284 lono ............................. 285 lopata .......................... 285 loviti............................286 lov"..............................286 loza..............................286 lože ..............................287 ložesna ........................287 l0iti ............................288 l0ga..............................288 l0ka..............................288 l0kav" .........................289 l0k"..............................289 lua............................. 290 luiti s<....................... 290 luna ............................. 291 l"gati ...........................294 l"ža..............................294 l"ž!..............................295 lysto .............................296 l!g"k"..........................297 l!st! .............................298 l!zY ..............................296 mal" ........................... 300 maslo...........................302 mast!...........................302 mater!stva..................303 mati.............................303 mazati.........................304 me! ............................305 medvYd!..................... 306 med" .......................... 306 mene............................308 metati..........................309 meždax" .....................305 meždju ........................305

INDICES meždu ......................... 305 mYd! ...........................309 mYniti ..........................312 mYnit" ......................... 311 mYra.............................312 mYriti ...........................312 mYs
mošti............................ 321 moš!na........................327 motyky ........................327 moždan" .....................328 m0titi...........................329 m0ž! ............................330 mrak"..........................325 mraz" ..........................326 mrYti........................... 308 mrYža ......................... 308 mr"zYti....................... 342 mr!kn0ti .....................341 mr!tv"........................ 342 muditi .........................330 muxa ...........................330 m"dlost! .....................332 m"nog" .......................334 m"zda .........................343 my ...............................336 mysl! ...........................337 myš" ............................337 myš!ca.........................337 myti .............................338 myto.............................338 m!imi ........................ 331 m!!t".........................338 m!gla...........................338 m!nY........................... 340 m!nYti ........................ 340 m!nje...........................341 m!_ii ...........................341 m!stiti .........................343 m!st! ...........................343 m!zda..........................343 na .............................. 344 na
589 ned0g" ........................348 negodovati..................348 nej<syti........................348 nYk"to .........................349 neraditi .......................432 neroditi .......................437 nesti............................. 350 neuv
590 olovo ...........................369 onušta..........................371 on" .............................. 372 opaky .......................... 372 oralo............................ 374 orati ............................ 372 oriši ............................. 374 oriti ............................. 374 or0dije..........................375 or!l"............................ 376 oskr"d"....................... 378 osla...............................381 osm" ........................... 378 osm!............................ 378 ostrov"........................ 379 ostr"............................ 379 oštutiti .........................381 ost!n" .........................380 os"t" ...........................380 os!l".............................381 otrok" ......................... 382 otvoriti........................ 383 otvrYsti........................ 383 ot" ............................... 382 ot"lYk"........................ 382 ot"rigati...................... 441 ot"vYštati.................... 383 ot!c!............................ 383 ov" .............................. 384 ov!ca........................... 384 ov!n" .......................... 384 ozoba .......................... 547 0troba ......................... 387 0tr!.............................. 387 0zilište......................... 387 0z"k" .......................... 388 padati ......................... 389 paxati ......................... 389 paj0ina.......................391 palica ..........................390 paliti ...........................390 pam
INDICES pazuxa.........................392 pažit!...........................393 pelena ......................... 394 per0t" ......................... 427 pešti .............................393 pešt!.............................393 pYgoty ..........................397 pYny .............................397 pYs"k" ........................ 398 pYš!............................. 398 pYti.............................. 398 p
pogr
INDICES prostrYti ...................... 421 prost".......................... 421 prost!rYti .................... 421 protivo ........................422 protiv0 ........................422 protiv" ........................422 provrYš< ......................422 proz
roditi............................437 rod" .............................437 rog"............................. 438 rok" ............................ 438 rosa ............................. 438 rovy............................. 436 rov" ............................ 439 r0ka ............................ 439 runo............................440 rydati...........................441 rýlo...............................441 ryti .............................. 442 saditi........................... 442 sad" ............................ 442 sedm" ......................... 443 sedm! ......................... 443 selo..............................444 sestra .......................... 445 sYdYti .......................... 445 sYjati ................... 447, 448 sYm<............................446 sYno.............................446 sYn!............................. 447 sYsti............................. 447 sYšti.............................446 sYti ...................... 447, 448 sYt!.............................. 448 sYver" ......................... 448 sijati............................ 450 sila ............................... 451 silo .............................. 450 skr!ž!t".......................338 slab" ............................452 slad"k"....................... 459 slana ...........................460 slan" ...........................460 slatina .........................461 slava.............................453 sliny .............................453 slovo............................ 454 slux" ............................455 slušati ..........................455 sluti..............................455 slyšati...........................455 sl"n!ce........................ 479 smYx" ......................... 456 smijati s<.................... 456 smrad" ....................... 456

591 smr!dYti......................457 snYg" ...........................457 sokom"........................459 sol! ..............................461 sovaat" .......................462 s0- ...............................462 s0di ..............................462 s0dii.............................462 s0diti ...........................463 s0d" .............................463 s0k" .............................463 spYx" .......................... 464 spYšiti ......................... 464 spYti ............................ 464 srYda........................... 444 sr!d!ce ........................485 stado........................... 464 stan" ...........................465 star" ............................465 stati .............................465 staviti ......................... 466 stegno ......................... 466 stenati ........................ 466 stYn! ............................467 stog" ........................... 468 stojati ......................... 468 stol .............................. 468 strana......................... 469 straž!.......................... 469 strYšti...........................467 strišti .......................... 469 struja.......................... 470 strup"......................... 470 studen" ....................... 471 stud" ........................... 471 st!blije.........................472 st!dza..........................472 st!gna..........................472 st!lati ..........................473 st!za ............................472 suYa .............................474 sux".............................473 surov" .........................474 sušiti............................474 svekry ..........................475 sv
592 svinija .........................477 svin" ...........................477 sv!tYti s< .....................478 syn"............................. 483 syr" .....................483, 484 syta..............................484 s" ...............................478 s"- ...............................478 s"drav".......................478 s"lati ...........................479 s"l"..............................480 s"mYti .........................480 s"mr!t!.......................480 s"n" ............................ 481 s"pati .......................... 481 s"rYsti.......................... 482 s"sati........................... 482 s"to.............................. 482 s"zori .......................... 548 s! ...............................484 s!xnYaše......................479 šest" ............................486 šest!.............................487 šibaax0 .......................487 štit" .............................486 šui ...............................487 taiti .............................489 tajati ...........................489 tat!..............................489 tesati ........................... 491 tYsn"............................492 tešti..............................489 teti ............................... 491 t<ži............................... 493 t<ž0.............................. 493 t<ž"k" .........................494 tlYšti ........................... 490 tok" .............................494 topl"........................... 490 t0ga ............................. 495 trava............................496 trav<štiima .................496 tretii ............................497 trYva............................497 tr<sti............................497 trije .............................499 tr0d" ...........................497 trud"...........................498

INDICES trup"........................... 498 tr"n"............................505 tr"st! .......................... 499 tr!st! .......................... 499 tr!zati..........................505 tu!n" ........................ 499 tuk" ............................ 500 turom" ....................... 500 tvar! ........................... 500 tvoriti ..........................501 tvor" ............................501 tvr!d"..........................501 tvr!d! ..........................501 t" ...............................502 t"n"aje ......................505 t"št".............................502 ty ...............................502 tys<šti...........................503 tys0šti ..........................503 t!lYx".......................... 504 t!lYti............................ 504 t!ma ........................... 504 t!m!n" ........................505 u(-) ............................. 506 ubalovati.......................33 ubog".......................... 506 uboi................................ 51 ubuditi ......................... 67 uiti ............................ 506 udariti .........................507 ugasiti.......................... 161 uxo...............................507 ukorizna......................258 um" ............................ 508 un’ii ............................ 509 unYi............................. 509 usta ............................. 509 ustiti ........................... 509 ust!na..........................510 us"n0ti ........................510 utoliti.......................... 495 utrY ..............................510 utro..............................510 uv<sti ............................511 uzda..............................511 užas" ............................511 uže .............................. 207 vabimo .........................511

vaditi............................512 variti ............................512 var" ..............................512 vas" ..............................513 veer"...........................513 vedro ............................513 velYti............................ 514 velik"........................... 514 vel!mi ..........................515 vepr! ............................515 vesla............................. 516 vesn0 ............................517 vesti .......................517, 518 vet"x" ..........................517 vYdYti........................... 518 vYdro ........................... 518 vYja.............................. 519 vYjati ........................... 519 vYkoma ....................... 519 vYra..............................520 vYštati..........................520 vYtr" ............................520 v
INDICES vrYšti ............................ 515 vr!x"........................... 538 vr!sta .......................... 538 vr!tit" s<..................... 539 v"(n) ........................... 530 v"dova ........................ 536 v"dovica ..................... 536 v"kupY ........................ 256 v"kup"........................ 256 v"kup! ........................ 256 v"n0tr! ....................... 387 v"noziš<....................... 531 v"n"............................. 531 v"n"zn0ti .................... 531 v"n!zi .......................... 531 v"piti............................532 v"spr
znamenie ....................545 znati ........................... 546 znoi............................. 546 zorj<............................ 548 z0b" ............................ 549 zrak" .......................... 548 zr!no ........................... 553 zvYr! ........................... 549 zvYzda.......................... 195 zv
593 žr!ti.............................566 žr!tva ..........................566 ž!zl" ............................ 559 1.1.2 Church Slavic al!n" .........................366 bali ................................ 32 balovati......................... 33 basn!.............................34 bebr" .............................34 bliz" ..............................45 bl!sk" ............................48 bobr".............................34 bos" ...............................59 bradatyi ........................ 55 brav" ............................. 58 brYza .............................38 brYžda ...........................36 briti s< ...........................63 br"sel!...........................65 buditi ............................67 buino.............................68 cYditi .............................74 ekati.............................79 i .................................88 im!...............................88 rYditi............................82 rYp"..............................84 rYs" .............................. 85 dalek" ...........................95 dav!no ..........................97 dYt<..............................104 doba ............................109 d0ga..............................114 drYmati ........................117 drobiti ..........................118 d"no ............................ 130 esen!............................144 gadati..........................160 gaditi...........................160 gatati............................161 glezna.......................... 163 glup" ........................... 167 goditi ........................... 172 god!n" .........................173 golYmo......................... 174 g0sti..............................183 g0st" .............................183

594 grano........................... 179 gran" .......................... 179 grob"........................... 198 grob! ........................... 198 grozdije........................191 xabiti .......................... 201 xoxotati ...................... 203 xom0t" .......................204 xrana ..........................204 xvor"...........................206 xvrast"........................206 igla .............................. 210 igra..............................209 ikra.............................. 210 il" ................................ 211 jadro ............................150 jadryi ...........................157 jad! ..............................150 jarina........................... 151 jato...............................154 jazda ............................154 j
INDICES kruk" ...........................252 krupa...........................252 kr"xa ...........................253 kr"n".......................... 262 kr"z(!)no ....................263 kukonos".................... 256 kutiti............................258 k"sn" ...........................263 k"xn0ti.......................260 k"šiti........................... 264 kyla ..............................265 lana........................... 366 lani ............................. 369 lYn! ..............................273 lYp" ..............................273 l
mYl"k" ................300, 310 m
INDICES peles" .......................... 394 pero .............................396 plat!no.........................411 plYš! ............................405 polYno ......................... 410 polica .......................... 410 ponrYti ........................349 pras<............................ 414 prati ............................ 414 prysn0ti ...................... 423 pup"............................ 417 p!n! ............................ 427 p!rati .......................... 427 p!str"..........................430 p!xati..........................426 rast<šti ........................ 493 sed!lo ..........................443 s<št" ............................450 slama .......................... 459 slavooije ................... 460 s0iti............................462 spor" ........................... 481 srYn" ...........................444 s(t)r!šen!.................... 485 str"ž!n!...................... 471 sun0ti.......................... 474 svekr".......................... 475 svepiti s< ..................... 475 svraka .........................477 šten< ............................486 šur! .............................488 tiskati..........................494 t0g" ............................. 495 tr0d" ...........................497 tryti .............................499 vedr"............................513 vladYti......................... 524 vl"ga ........................... 216 voziti s<....................... 530 vrYteno.........................516 vyp¯!.............................535 zl"va ............................ 551 znam< .........................546 žasiti ........................... 554 žid"k"......................... 562 žlYdica..........................555 žlYza .............................557

1.1.3 Middle Bulgarian ablan! ...........................25 d!ly .............................. 134 golot! ........................... 175 jelovo .......................... 370 m!šel" .........................343 p0diti ...........................416 p0gy .............................416 1.1.4. Russian CS bajati.............................33 belen"............................35 bernije .......................... 67 blana .............................52 blYjati ............................43 blYsk".............................43 bl<sti ............................. 44 bl"xa............................. 47 bodl!............................. 49 borove............................58 borzdo .......................... 70 bor" ...............................58 brenije .......................... 67 bresti..............................61 brYž(d)a....................... 36 bri!.............................. 62 broditi ...........................63 brod" ............................ 64 bronii............................ 64 bronyi ........................... 64 br"snuti.........................65 br!nije .......................... 67 buben" .........................60 bubon" .........................60 b!rnije .......................... 67 cY .................................74 ad! .............................. 88 ara............................... 78 eles!nyj ....................... 80 emer! ...........................81 ermnovat’sja ...............91 erviti ............................93 cYsta.............................. 76 cYstiti ............................ 76 rYnovit" .......................83 rYnovit!c!....................83 rYn"..............................83 r!stv" .......................... 92

595 r!viti............................93 uti ................................ 91 !rsti.............................. 85 !rstv"...........................92 !rviti............................93 dajati ............................95 debelyj...........................97 delva............................ 134 del!v!.......................... 134 desiti............................100 desnyj ..........................100 dYl".............................. 103 dYsiti............................100 dikyi ............................ 107 djag" ...........................106 dl"bsti ......................... 134 doblii ...........................109 doilica ......................... 110 dolja ............................. 111 dositi ............................114 drygatisja ................... 122 dupina..........................125 duplii............................125 dvogubyj ..................... 130 d"lbsti ......................... 134 d"ly ............................. 134 d!ly.............................. 134 Yz" ................................155 gbež! ...........................196 glYn"............................ 163 glumiti ........................ 167 glum".......................... 167 gnes!.............................171 gn!s! ............................171 gobino ..........................171 gob!zyi........................ 172 gob!z! ......................... 172 golYmyi........................ 174 golot!............................175 gomola ........................ 177 gomula ........................ 177 gonYti .......................... 177 govno........................... 182 govor" .........................196 grajati ..........................185 grakati ........................ 186 gremYžd! .................... 194 grem" .......................... 194

596 gr<sti ........................... 188 gr
INDICES kliknuti........................225 kljuiti ........................ 226 kl"ati .........................227 kl!cati..........................227 kor<..............................237 koren!..........................237 kosa..............................238 kosm" ..........................238 kos"..............................239 koš!............................. 264 kotera ......................... 240 krada ...........................234 krakati.........................245 kreet"........................ 246 krina........................... 248 kriti............................. 248 krosna......................... 249 kruina....................... 250 krupyj.......................... 251 kr!nuti ........................254 kukonosyj................... 256 kup"............................ 256 k"š!............................. 264 k"zn!.......................... 264 kyi ...............................265 kypryj ......................... 266 lajati ........................... 268 lYt! ...............................275 luiti ........................... 290 luitisja....................... 290 lu! ............................. 290 luspa ........................... 292 mara ............................301 mel!ziti ...................... 308 mitus! ......................... 319 mlYsti.......................... 307 mlin" ........................... 319 moždeni ......................328 mšel" ...........................343 m!d!lyi .......................332 m!d!l!nyi ...................332 nep"tyr!......................350 nereti .......................... 349 nestera........................ 349 netopyr! ......................350 nicati ........................... 352 niati ........................... 353 niknuti ........................ 353

nrYti.............................349 ol" ...............................370 ože .............................. 208 0s" ...............................386 0ziti ............................. 387 plax" ...........................410 plašiti ...........................411 plast"...........................402 plav" ........................... 412 plYsn! ......................... 404 podrag"...................... 408 pomavati ....................299 pyro .............................425 p!k"l" ........................ 426 san! .............................443 sYr"..............................447 slana........................... 460 slavii........................... 460 sl!pati ........................ 460 snuti ............................457 sok" .............................459 sr"na ...........................485 str!ž!n! ...................... 471 svr"ati .......................477 s"por" ......................... 481 tek"............................. 490 teneto ......................... 490 tesla ............................. 491 tonoto......................... 490 tyti ............................... 503 ulii ...............................508 unje .............................509 velii...............................515 vrana........................... 528 vran"........................... 528 vranyi.......................... 528 v"lg"k" ....................... 536 v"slYpati .................... 460 zYvati...........................542 že#a .............................. 556 želYti.............................555 želud"k" ..................... 556 želud!.......................... 556 žely .............................. 557 žerav".......................... 558 žl"dYti ......................... 565 ž!vati ..........................567

INDICES 1.1.5 Serbian CS bedra..............................35 bedro..............................35 bri! .............................. 62 brut" .............................64 xvrastije......................206 ( j)azno..........................31 lijet .............................. 275 mora ........................... 324 0kot! ........................... 386 0zl" ............................. 388 p<st! ............................ 399 povraz"........................415 rit! ..............................436 r0b"............................. 439 r"vati .......................... 441 ryti ..............................442 sn"xa .......................... 458 soiti............................ 458 str"i.............................470 st!blo........................... 472 st!bl!........................... 472 s!cati........................... 485 šiti ...............................487 tajati ...........................489 trYti ............................. 491 trut"............................498 tyl" .............................. 503 vinjaga.......................... 27 v0zl"............................ 388 ž
bába...............................32 bagnó.............................33 bájala ............................33 bajati.............................33 balón’e ...........................53 balovát’ .........................33 básnja........................... 34 bávit’ ............................ 34 belá ..............................72 bdet’.............................. 68 bedá ...............................38 bedít’..............................39 bedrá .............................35 bedró .............................35 bégat’ .............................39 bel ................................ 40 belen ..............................35 belená ............................35 belenít’sja ..................... 42 bélyj .............................. 40 beré’ ............................ 36 béreg ..............................37 berémja .........................37 bérest .............................37 berëza ............................38 beréžaja........................ 36 berëžaja........................ 36 bes ................................ 40 bez .................................38 bežát’ ............................ 40 bi’ .................................41 bílo.................................41 bit’ .................................41 bítva.............................. 42 bledój............................ 42 blëdyj............................ 42 bléjat’.............................43 blëklyj ........................... 48 blëknut’ ........................ 48 blëkot............................ 42 blekotá, blekóta ........... 42 blëkot".......................... 42 blesk...............................43 blevát’........................... 46 blin............................... 319 blískat’.......................... 44 blistát’........................... 44 bliz ................................ 46

597 blízkij ............................45 blizná ............................45 blízna ............................45 bliznó ............................45 blízyj .............................45 bljad’ ............................ 44 bljustí ........................... 46 bljuzná..........................45 bloxá..............................47 blud ...............................47 bludít’............................47 bo ................................ 49 bobër .............................34 bobr ...............................34 bodát’ ........................... 49 bodr.............................. 69 bódryj........................... 69 bog.................................50 bogátyj ..........................50 boj ................................. 51 bojat’sja ........................50 bojázn’...........................50 bol’.................................54 bólee .............................. 52 bolét’.............................. 51 bologó............................ 51 bólogo............................ 51 bolón’, bólon’................. 53 boloná ........................... 52 bolonít’, bolónit’ ........... 35 bolóto ............................ 53 bólozno ......................... 55 ból’šij............................. 52 bor ................................. 58 borodá........................... 55 borodátyj ...................... 55 bóron’ ............................ 57 boroná...........................56 bórošno ......................... 57 borót’............................. 57 borót’sja ........................ 57 bórov ............................. 58 borozdá.........................59 bort’.............................. 69 borzój, bórzyj ...............70 bosój ..............................59 bost’ ...............................59 bostí...............................59

598 brat ...............................60 brat’............................... 73 brát’ja ...........................60 bred ............................... 61 bréden’ .........................352 brédit’ ........................... 61 brestí ............................. 61 brevnó........................... 67 brezg.............................. 61 brid ............................... 62 brídkij, bridkój............. 62 brit’ ............................... 63 brítkij, britkój .............. 62 brítva ............................ 63 brjáknut’....................... 62 brjazžát’ ....................... 62 brjúxo ........................... 63 brod...............................64 brodít’ ........................... 63 brog ............................... 56 brokát’ .......................... 65 brosát’ ........................... 65 brosnút’ ........................ 65 brost’ ............................. 65 brov’ ..............................66 brusníka .......................64 bryd............................... 62 búben............................60 bubnít’ ..........................60 buát’ ............................ 67 budít’............................. 67 bújnyj............................68 búrja .............................68 býdlo .............................70 byl’ë............................... 71 býstryj........................... 71 byt’ ................................ 71 byt’ë............................... 71 byvát’ ............................ 72 bzdét’ ...........................431 bželá.............................. 72 cedít’.............................. 74 celít’............................... 74 celovát’.......................... 74 célyj ............................... 75 cená............................... 75 cenít’ ............................. 75 cerén........................ 83, 84

INDICES cévka............................. 76 cev!ë ............................. 77 ciren...............................83 cren................................83 cvestí............................259 cvet...............................258 cvetók ..........................258 ad ................................ 77 ádo .............................. 88 ájat’............................. 78 cápat’.............................73 arodéj.......................... 78 áry............................... 79 as ................................ 79 ast’............................... 88 ásto.............................. 88 ástyj ............................ 88 ekát’ ............................ 79 éljad’ ........................... 80 elovék.......................... 80 émer .............................81 emeríca........................81 erëd ..............................81 eredá ............................81 eredít’...........................82 eremnój, erëmnyj......91 eremšá .........................82 erëmuxa ......................82 erëmxa.........................82 eren ..............................83 éren ..............................83 ëren ............................. 92 éren’ .............................83 érep ............................. 84 éresla............................85 eresló............................85 erëv’ja ......................... 86 erevlënyj ......................93 erëvo, érevo................85 érez...............................85 ërnyj............................ 92 érpat’........................... 92 ërstvyj ......................... 92 ertá...............................93 erv’ ...............................93 érvyty’..........................93 esát’ ............................. 86 esnók........................... 86

est’................................94 étvero...........................86 etvërtyj ........................87 etýre.............................87 éznut’...........................87 xát’...............................89 i .................................88 in .................................89 inít’ ..............................89 ístit’............................. 90 ìstyj ............................. 90 itát’ ............................. 90 ixát’..............................89 ren................................ 83 to .................................94 udít’ ............................. 91 údit’sja......................... 91 údo............................... 91 újat’ ............................. 91 ut’................................. 91 dal’.................................95 dalëk..............................95 dalëkij ...........................95 dan’ ...............................95 dar ................................ 96 dat’ ............................... 96 dátel’ ............................ 96 davát’ ........................... 96 dave...............................97 dávea ...........................97 davít’ .............................97 dávnij............................97 debélyj...........................97 debëlyj...........................97 débri.............................132 ded................................101 dëgot’.............................98 déjat’ ...........................104 del ............................... 103 délat’ ........................... 102 delít’ ............................ 102 délo.............................. 103 den’.............................. 134 derbá ............................135 derën .............................99 derévnja...................... 136 dérevo............................99 dërgat’ ..........................135

INDICES dërnut’ .........................136 derzát’..........................137 dérzkij..........................137 derznút’ .......................137 dérzyj ...........................137 deržát’..........................138 désjat’..........................100 desjátyj .......................100 deslá ............................ 106 desná........................... 106 det’ .............................. 104 déti .............................. 104 déva............................. 105 déver’ .......................... 105 devíca.......................... 105 dévjat’ ..........................101 devjátyj........................101 dežá, déža................... 106 díkij............................. 107 dirá ............................. 107 dirjá ............................ 107 ditjá............................. 104 div ............................... 108 divesá.......................... 108 divít’............................ 108 divít’sja ....................... 108 dívnyj.......................... 109 dívo ............................. 108 dívoj, dívyj ................. 109 djag ............................. 106 djága ........................... 106 djagíl’ .......................... 106 djágil’ .......................... 106 djáglyj ......................... 106 djátel........................... 107 djúžij............................127 dliná.............................134 dlít’sja .......................... 133 dlja ...............................103 dnes’ ............................. 135 dno .............................. 130 do ............................... 109 dóba ............................ 109 dóblij........................... 109 dóbryj ..........................110 do’.............................. 129 dox .............................. 129 doxnút’ ....................... 129

doít’.............................. 110 dójlo............................. 110 dol ............................... 112 dolbíti ................... 133, 134 dolg ..............................129 dólgij............................ 133 dolgotá......................... 133 dólja..............................111 dolón’............................111 dolotó .......................... 112 dom...............................113 dóma ........................... 112 domovój, domóvyj ..... 112 doróga ..........................113 dorogój .........................113 dorožit’ ........................ 116 dovlét’.......................... 114 dožd’ .............................131 drápat’..........................115 drat’ ............................. 135 dražít’, drážit’ ..............115 drebá ............................117 drébezg ........................ 116 drébezgi....................... 116 drekol’.......................... 123 drekól’e........................ 123 dremát’.........................117 drévnij ......................... 116 drjábat’.........................115 drjápat’.........................115 drjuk............................ 121 drob ............................. 119 drob’............................. 119 drobá ............................117 drobezgá...................... 118 drobína.........................117 drobít’.......................... 118 drobizgá ...................... 118 dróbnyj........................ 119 droít’, dróit’.............. 119 droít’sja...................... 119 drogá ...........................120 dróga ...........................120 drógat’ ......................... 122 drok .............................120 dróka ...........................120 droš ............................ 123 drová ........................... 122

599 drozd ........................... 120 drož’ .............................123 drožát’..........................123 dróžži ...........................121 drug..............................121 drugój.......................... 122 druk..............................121 družína ....................... 122 drygát’, drýgat’ ........... 122 dub ...............................114 dugá .............................114 dúnut’ ......................... 124 dúpa ............................ 124 dupljá, dúplja..............125 dupló ............................125 dur............................... 126 dur’.............................. 126 durít’ ........................... 126 durnój ......................... 127 dušá............................. 127 dut’ ....................... 114, 127 dux .............................. 124 dúžij ............................ 127 dva............................... 130 dver’ ............................ 128 dvóe .............................. 131 dvor ............................. 128 dvôr ............................. 128 dvóxat’ ........................ 128 dýxat’ ........................... 131 dym ..............................132 dyrá ..............................132 ebát’............................. 147 ed’ ............................... 150 edvá............................. 139 ëgla .............................. 139 éxat’.............................. 151 el’ ............................... 139 eléc...............................140 elén’ .............................140 ëlka.............................. 139 ëlkij..............................140 elóxa............................ 371 ëlxa..............................370 ésen’.............................144 est’ ......................... 46, 154 ešë ..............................146 etí ............................... 147

600 Fto ............................... 147 evnjá, évnja ................... 7 ëvnja ........................... 147 ëz ................................ 155 ëž ............................... 149 ezdá..............................154 eževíka........................ 149 gad .............................. 160 gadát’ .......................... 160 gádit’ ........................... 160 gájat’ ............................161 gasít’.............................161 gásnut’ .........................161 gat’ ...............................162 gde ............................... 259 gibát’, gíbat’ ...............200 gíbnut’........................ 200 gládkij..........................162 glaz...............................163 glej............................... 168 glen’..............................163 glëv ...............................163 glev’..............................163 glevá.............................163 glína ............................ 164 glist.............................. 164 glíva .............................165 gljádat’........................ 164 gljadét’ ........................ 164 globá, glóba .................165 globit’sja ..................... 166 glog.............................. 166 glóxnut’....................... 168 glotát’.......................... 168 glubók ......................... 166 glubókij....................... 166 glúda ...........................296 gluxój .......................... 167 glum............................ 167 glumit’sja.................... 167 glup ............................. 167 glúpyj .......................... 167 gnat’ .............................197 gnestí........................... 168 gnev............................. 168 gnezdó......................... 169 gnída........................... 169 gnil .............................. 169

INDICES gnilój............................169 gnit’..............................169 gnoj..............................170 gnus .............................170 gnusít’..........................170 gnúsnyj........................ 171 gnut’ ............................197 god ............................... 172 góden ........................... 173 godína ......................... 172 godít’............................ 172 godít’sja ....................... 172 gódnyj.......................... 173 góit’.............................. 173 goít’sja ......................... 173 gól ...............................176 gólen’ ........................... 174 goljámyj ...................... 174 gólod ............................ 173 gololédica .................... 175 gólos.............................176 gólot’ ............................ 175 golotá........................... 174 golová ..........................176 golubój......................... 175 gólub’ ........................... 175 gólyj .............................176 gonít’............................ 177 gór’kyj..........................180 gorá.............................. 177 gorb..............................198 gord..............................198 górdyj ..........................198 góre ..............................179 gorét’............................178 górkat’ .........................199 górlo.............................198 gorn .............................199 gornílo .........................199 gornó ...........................199 górod............................178 goróx............................179 goróža..........................178 gorst’ ............................199 gortát’ ................. 199, 200 gospód’.........................180 gospodín......................180 gost’..............................180

govét’ ............................181 govjádo ........................181 govnó........................... 182 góvor .................... 181, 196 govorít’.........................181 grábit’...........................185 grad ..............................185 grájat’...........................185 grében’......................... 186 gredut.......................... 188 grex.............................. 187 gremét’ ........................ 195 grestí............................ 186 gret’ ............................. 187 gríbat’sja ..................... 189 gríva ............................ 189 grívna.......................... 189 grjadá.......................... 187 grjaz’ ........................... 189 grjáznut’ ..................... 188 grob .............................190 grom .................... 190, 194 gromáda .....................190 grozá ............................191 grozd ............................191 grozd’ ...........................191 grózen ......................... 192 grozít’ ...........................191 gróznyj ........................ 192 grúbyj.......................... 192 grud’............................ 193 grúda........................... 192 grust’ ........................... 193 gruzít’.......................... 193 gryzt’ ........................... 194 gubá, gúba .................. 182 gubít’ ........................... 195 gúglja .......................... 201 gugnávyj ......................183 gugníti..........................183 gugnívyj .......................183 gugnjávyj .....................183 gumnó......................... 195 gunjávyj.......................183 gus’ .............................. 184 gust...............................183 gust’ ..............................183 gustí..............................183

INDICES gustój ...........................183 gut’ ...............................183 guz............................... 184 guž............................... 184 gužvá, gúžva ...............185 gvozd’.......................... 196 xábit’........................... 201 xapát’, xápat’ .............202 xleb..............................202 xljab’ ...........................202 xlud.............................202 xlut..............................202 xod .............................. 203 xodít’........................... 203 xoxotát’....................... 203 xólod ........................... 203 xolódnyj......................204 xomút .........................204 xoróbryj......................204 xoronít’ ....................... 205 xóryj............................206 xranít’ ......................... 205 xromój ........................ 205 xud .............................. 205 xudój........................... 205 xúže............................. 205 xvojá, xvója................206 xvoróst, xvórost .........206 xvóryj..........................206 i ...............................207 idtí............................... 216 iglá .............................. 210 ígo ...............................209 igrá..............................209 igrát’............................ 210 ikrá.............................. 210 ikró.............................. 210 il ................................ 211 ílem .............................. 211 íl’m ............................... 211 imát’............................. 211 ímat’............................. 211 imét’ ............................. 211 ímja..............................212 ínej ...............................213 inój...............................212 inók ..............................212 ínok ..............................212

írej ............................... 213 iskát’ ............................214 ískra.............................214 ískrennij ...................... 217 issjáknut’.................... 450 ístyj .............................. 215 íva ...............................216 íver...............................216 ívolga ...........................216 iz ............................... 217 izbá .............................. 215 iž ............................... 155 ja ................................. 31 jáblok............................ 26 jábloko.......................... 26 jáblon’............................25 jáblonja .........................25 jaát’............................ 156 jamén’........................ 156 jad ...............................150 jad’...............................150 jadró ............................ 157 jagá.............................. 157 jagá-bába.................... 157 jágoda............................27 jajcó...............................27 jájko...............................27 jáma ............................. 28 jar ................................151 jar’ ............................... 153 jaréc............................. 153 jarém ............................ 28 jarëm ............................ 28 jarmó............................ 28 járost’........................... 152 jarovój, járovyj........... 152 járyj ............................. 152 jášer ............................ 30 jášerica ....................... 30 jásen’............................. 29 jásny ............................ 153 jástreb........................... 29 jat ............................... 154 jat’ ............................... 158 jatrá............................. 158 jatró, játro .................. 158 játrov’ .......................... 158 jávid’.............................. 31

601 javít’ ..............................30 jázva.............................155 jazýk............................ 159 jug ...............................207 júnyj ........................... 208 k(o)..............................259 kadílo .......................... 218 kadít’ ........................... 218 kájat’sja ...................... 219 kakój ........................... 219 kal ...............................220 kalít’ ............................ 219 kámen’ ........................220 kára .............................220 karát’........................... 221 kasát’sja ...................... 221 kášelj ........................... 221 kášljat’ ........................ 221 kazát’ ..........................222 kazít’ ...........................222 kazn’............................222 kev’ ................................77 kévka.............................76 kidát’ ...........................264 kíxat’ ...........................265 kij ...............................265 kikímora ..................... 325 kilá ..............................265 kínut’...........................265 kipét’........................... 266 kíslyj ............................267 kivát’ ...........................267 klast’............................222 klej...............................224 klëkot........................... 223 klekotát’ ...................... 223 klektát’ ........................ 223 kleší............................224 kléši............................224 klet’..............................224 klik...............................226 klíkat’ .......................... 225 klíknut’........................ 225 kljaet’......................... 225 klju’............................226 kljuká ..........................226 klokotát’......................227 kob’ ..............................227

602 kóbec ........................... 227 kobýla ......................... 232 kogdá .......................... 227 koj ...............................260 kol ........................ 231, 261 kolb’.............................260 koléno ......................... 228 kolesó .......................... 229 kóli .............................. 229 kolk .............................260 kolóda ......................... 228 kólokol ........................ 229 kólos............................ 230 kólot .............................231 kolót’ ........................... 230 kolóta...........................231 kolotít’......................... 230 kolp’............................. 261 kon .............................. 232 kon’...............................231 konéc........................... 232 kopá ............................ 232 kopát’ ...........................233 kop’ë............................ 234 kopër ............................233 kópot’ ...........................233 kopýto ......................... 237 korá............................. 234 koréc............................ 237 kóren’ .......................... 237 koríca...........................235 korít’.............................235 korm ........................... 262 kormá ......................... 262 kornój ......................... 262 kórnyj ......................... 262 kórob........................... 234 kórob’ja....................... 234 korósta.........................235 korótkij ....................... 236 koróva......................... 236 korýto.......................... 237 kos ............................... 239 kosá ............................. 238 kósmy.......................... 238 kosnút’sja.................... 239 kósnyj.......................... 263 kost’............................. 239

INDICES koš .............................. 240 košára..........................239 kotéc ............................241 kotít’sja....................... 240 kotóra, kótora............ 240 kotóryj........................ 240 kovát’...........................241 kozá ............................ 242 kozël............................ 242 kózni........................... 264 kóža ............................ 242 kra ...............................210 kraj ............................. 244 krasá............................245 krásnyj........................ 246 krast’............................245 kréet .......................... 246 krej............................... 217 kremén’....................... 246 krépkij ........................ 246 krépok......................... 246 kréslo .......................... 247 kri ............................... 217 kriát’ ......................... 247 krik ............................. 247 kriníca ........................ 248 kroxá ...........................253 kroít’ ........................... 248 kromá, króma............ 249 króme ......................... 249 kropít’ ......................... 249 krosná, krósna........... 249 krósno......................... 249 krotít’.......................... 250 krótkij......................... 250 krótok ......................... 250 krov............................. 250 krov’.............................254 króvnyj ........................253 kruína....................... 250 krúglyj ......................... 251 krux .............................252 kruk .............................252 krupá...........................252 krúpnyj........................253 krutít’ .......................... 251 krutój...........................252 kryló ........................... 247

kryt’.............................254 kto ...............................264 kúa.............................254 kud .............................. 255 kud’ ............................. 255 kudá ............................242 kudé.............................243 kudesá......................... 255 kúdes’ .......................... 255 kúdit’........................... 255 kúka ............................256 kúkat’ .......................... 255 kupiná, kúpina ..........243 kur ............................... 257 kurén’e ........................ 257 kúrica.......................... 257 kurít’ ........................... 257 kus ...............................243 kusát’...........................243 kut .............................. 244 kútat’.......................... 244 kutít’............................ 258 kúznja ......................... 258 kvas ............................. 258 kvásit’..........................267 kvet.............................. 258 lad’já ...........................367 ladón’ ........................... 111 lájat’ ............................267 lakát’ ...........................284 lákomyj .......................367 lam ..............................268 lan’...............................368 laníta...........................369 lápa .............................268 láska ............................269 laskát’..........................269 lásyj .............................269 lázit’ ............................269 lébed’ ................... 365, 366 lebedá..........................366 le’ ...............................270 lëd ...............................270 lédva............................ 139 lédvé ............................ 139 legát’............................272 legí .............................270 lëgkij............................297

INDICES legtí .............................270 lexá, léxa .................... 272 leméx, lémex ...............271 leméš, lémeš.................271 lëmok ........................... 211 lën .............................. 298 len’............................... 273 lenívyj ......................... 272 lenój ............................ 273 lepít’ ............................ 273 les ............................... 274 lést’ ..............................298 let’ ............................... 275 letét’ .............................271 léto .............................. 274 lévyj............................. 275 lezt’.............................. 275 ležát’.............................271 l’ga...............................296 lgat’ .............................294 li ............................... 229 libivój.......................... 277 libívyj.......................... 277 líbo .............................. 281 licó............................... 278 líxo .............................. 278 lixój ............................. 278 lik ............................... 278 lípa .............................. 279 lis ............................... 279 lisá............................... 279 lisíca............................ 279 list ............................... 279 lišít’ .............................280 lit’ ...............................280 lizát’ ............................280 ljádveja.......................276 ljága ............................276 ljagát’.......................... 272 ljakát’..........................276 ljákij............................ 277 ljánoj........................... 273 ljazgá .......................... 274 ljubávyj....................... 277 ljubít’ .......................... 281 ljubivój........................ 277 ljúbo............................ 281 ljubój........................... 281

ljubóv’..........................281 ljubóvyj .......................277 ljud ..............................282 ljúdi .............................282 ljudína.........................282 ljutít’sja .......................282 ljútyj ............................283 l’nut’ ........................... 297 lob ...............................293 lobodá......................... 366 lobzát’..........................283 lód’ja............................367 log ...............................283 lox ...............................285 lokát’........................... 284 lókot’........................... 368 lomít’ .......................... 284 loní.............................. 369 lóno..............................285 lopáta ..........................285 los’ .............................. 370 losk.............................. 294 losós’, lósos’..................285 lóšij ..............................285 lov .............................. 286 lov’ .............................. 370 lovít’............................ 286 lóvkij........................... 286 lóvok ........................... 286 lozá ............................. 287 lož’ ...............................295 lóže.............................. 287 ložít’sja ....................... 287 lub .............................. 289 lu .............................. 290 luít’............................ 290 luit’sja ....................... 290 lud .............................. 290 lug .............................. 288 luk .............................. 289 luká............................. 289 lukávyj ....................... 289 luná .............................291 lunó, lúno....................285 lupít’ ............................291 lusk ............................. 292 luská ............................291 luskát’, lúskat’............ 292

603 lušít’...........................292 luzgá............................293 lúža..............................293 lýdy..............................295 lýko..............................295 lýsyj .............................296 lýtka ............................295 lýtki .............................295 l’zja..............................296 lža ...............................294 maxát’.........................298 májat’................. 299, 300 mak .............................299 málok ......................... 300 mályj .......................... 300 manít’ ......................... 301 manút’, mánut’ .......... 301 mára............................ 301 máslo...........................302 mast’............................302 mat’ .............................303 matërnyj .....................304 materój, matëryj........303 mavat’ .........................299 maz..............................305 maz’.............................305 mázat’ .........................304 mat’ ............................331 me’ .............................305 metá........................... 338 mëd............................. 306 med’.............................309 médlennyj................... 332 medoéd ...................... 306 medvá ........................ 306 medvéd’...................... 306 mex..............................309 mel............................... 310 mel’........................310, 311 melen’já ...................... 333 mélkij .......................... 310 melyj ........................... 310 ména ............................ 311 ménee.......................... 341 menít’........................... 311 mén’šij......................... 341 méra .............................312 meréža ........................308

604 merëža ........................308 mérit’ ...........................312 mérknut’......................341 mërtvyj ....................... 342 merzét’........................ 342 merzít’......................... 342 mërznut’ ..................... 343 mesít’............................ 313 mésjac..........................312 mešók...................309, 313 mestí ...........................308 mésto............................ 313 mest’............................ 343 metát’..........................309 mezdrá.........................316 mezgá........................... 313 mežá ........................... 305 mežú, méžu................ 305 mga ............................. 338 mgla ............................ 338 mig ...............................316 migát’...........................316 míkat’ ..........................317 mílyj.............................317 mímo ...........................317 minovát’ ......................318 minút’ ..........................318 mir ...............................318 mja...............................314 mjágkij.........................314 mjágok .........................314 mjáknut’......................314 mjáso ........................... 315 mjastí........................... 315 mjat’............................. 315 mladénec .................... 322 mnit’ ...........................340 mnógij......................... 334 mnogo......................... 334 mo’..............................321 moá ............................319 moít’ .......................... 320 modet’..........................332 moj .............................. 322 mokr............................ 322 mókryj ........................ 322 mol’ ..............................323 molát’ ........................340

INDICES molít’ .......................... 320 mólnija........................ 333 molodnjá..................... 333 molodój .......................323 molokó........................ 307 molón’ja ...................... 333 mólot ................... 231, 324 molót’ ......................... 307 molotít’........................323 molvá...........................334 mólvit’ .........................334 monísto .......................324 mor ..............................326 móra ....................302, 324 móre ............................325 morgát’........................ 335 morkóv’ ....................... 335 morkvá, mórkva......... 335 mormúlit’.................... 335 mórok ..........................325 moróz ..........................326 mošná..........................327 most.............................326 motát’ ..........................327 motrít’ .........................327 motýga ........................327 mox.............................. 333 móxa ...........................332 mozg ............ 274, 328, 336 mozžát’........................336 mozžít’.........................336 mriet’.......................... 308 mšíca ...........................336 msta.............................343 mstit’............................343 múit’ ..........................328 múdryj ........................329 múxa ...........................330 muká ...........................329 múka ...........................329 mur.............................. 331 muravéj .......................326 murók.......................... 331 múryj........................... 331 mutít’...........................329 muzgá, múzga ............ 331 muž..............................330 my ...............................336

mýkat’ ......................... 337 mýlo ............................ 336 mysl’ ............................ 337 myš’ ............................. 337 myšca .......................... 337 myt’ ............................. 338 mýto ............................ 338 mža..............................344 mžat’ ...........................344 mzda ........................... 343 mzga............................ 336 mžit’ .................... 339, 344 mžít’sja........................344 na ...............................344 naát’ .......................... 345 nad .............................. 345 nag............................... 345 nágl ............................. 345 náglyj .......................... 345 nagój ........................... 345 naród...........................346 nas ...............................346 natína .........................346 naustít’........................346 nav’..............................347 návej ...........................347 návij ............................347 ne ........................347, 350 nébo.............................348 nëbo.............................348 nedúg ..........................348 negodovát’ ..................348 nejásyt’........................348 nékto ...........................349 nérest...........................349 nereti...........................349 nestí............................. 350 netopýr’, nétopyr’ ....... 350 nevésta .........................351 névod............................351 nëvod............................351 ni ...............................352 nic ............................... 352 níkat’........................... 352 níknut’ ........................ 353 níšij............................ 353 nit’ ............................... 353 níva ............................. 354

INDICES níže.............................. 354 njáma ........................... 28 no ...............................360 no’...............................355 nogá ............................ 354 nógot’ ...........................355 nóne ............................360 norá..............................355 nóros ........................... 356 nórost.......................... 356 nórost’......................... 356 nórov........................... 356 nos................................357 nosít’ ........................... 356 nóvyj ............................357 nozdrjá ........................357 nož .............................. 358 nrYti ............................349 nudít’ .......................... 358 núdit’ .......................... 358 núra ............................ 359 núrit’........................... 359 nutró........................... 387 núža ............................ 359 nýne ............................360 nyrját’ .........................360 nyt’ ..............................360 o, ob, obo .....................361 óba ...............................361 obeát’..........................361 obešát’ ........................361 óblako ......................... 362 óblyj ............................ 363 óboloko ....................... 362 obór............................. 362 óbor............................. 362 obóra........................... 362 obrestí ......................... 362 obút’............................ 363 obveát’........................361 obviát’ ........................361 onút’sja ......................381 outít’sja ......................381 odër ............................. 364 odín...................... 138, 139 odinákij .......................138 odnáko.........................138 odolét’ ......................... 363

odr .............................. 364 odvá..................... 139, 140 ogon’ ........................... 364 ogón’ ........................... 364 ogoród ........................ 479 oknó.............................365 óko ...............................365 olén’ ............................ 140 olëx .............................. 371 ol’xá ............................ 370 Ol’sa............................. 371 ólovo ........................... 369 ómex............................ 141 oméla........................... 141 oméš............................. 141 oméž, ómež ................. 141 on ...............................372 onúa........................... 371 ópak(o)........................372 or’mó ...........................377 orát’ .............................372 orël.............................. 376 oréx..............................374 ormó ............................377 orúdie ..........................375 os’ .............................. 380 osá ...............................377 osël............................... 381 osëlok........................... 381 ósen’.............................144 osét’.............................. 145 osetër ........................... 145 osëtr ............................. 145 osína ............................378 oskórd..........................378 osnóva .........................379 osót ............................. 380 ost’ .............................. 380 ostén ........................... 380 ostër .............................379 óstrov...........................379 óstryj ...........................379 osvá..............................377 oše ..............................146 ot(o).............................382 otéc ..............................383 ótrok ............................382 otveát’ ........................383

605 otvérgnut’ ................... 538 otvérzt’ ........................ 383 otvorít’ ........................ 383 ovcá .............................384 ovén.............................384 ovës..............................384 ovín ............................. 147 ózero............................ 148 ozoród ......................... 385 ož ...............................149 oželéd’, óželed’ .............555 oželédica ......................555 ožíka............................149 ožína ...........................149 pádat’ ..........................389 paxát’ ..........................389 paxnút’........................389 páxnut’........................389 pálec ............................390 pálica...........................390 palít’ ............................390 pálka ...........................390 pámjat’ .......................390 par ............................... 391 parít’............................ 391 past’.............................392 pastí.............................392 paúk ............................ 391 pavók........................... 391 pávoroz ....................... 415 paznógt’ ...................... 393 pázuxa ........................392 pážit’ ........................... 393 pelá ..............................72 pe’ .............................. 393 pégij............................. 397 péxij.............................398 péklo........................... 426 pelená..........................394 pelësyj .........................394 pen’..............................427 péna............................. 397 pépel ............................ 395 perdét’ .........................428 pere- ............................ 395 péred(o) ......................396 perepolóx ....................410 perét’ ...........................396

606 perx .............................428 peró .............................396 pérsi ............................429 perst ............................428 perst’ ...........................429 pert’.............................430 pérvyj..........................430 pës ................................431 peskál ......................... 400 peskár’........................ 400 pesók ........................... 398 pest.............................. 397 pëstr ............................430 pëstryj .........................430 péšij............................. 398 pet’ .............................. 398 pxat’ ............................426 pixát’...........................426 pisát’ ...........................430 piskál.......................... 400 piskár’ ........................ 400 píša ............................ 401 pišát’......................... 400 pit’ ............................... 401 pitát’............................ 401 pívo .............................402 pjad’ ............................ 398 pjast’ ........................... 399 pjatá............................ 399 pjat’.................... 399, 400 pjátyj........................... 399 plákat’.........................402 plámja .........................411 plast ............................402 plávat’.........................403 plávit’..........................403 pleó ............................404 plená ...........................404 plésen’ .........................404 plestí............................404 plevá ...........................405 plevát’ .........................402 plexán .........................405 pljusk ..........................405 pljusná........................405 plóskij ........................ 406 plot ..................... 406, 407 plyt’ .............................407

INDICES po .............................. 407 poít’ ...........................408 pod..............................408 pôd..............................408 pod(o).........................408 podóšva ......................409 poít’.............................409 pójas ...........................409 pokój...........................409 pol ...............................412 póle .............................. 411 poléno......................... 410 políca .......................... 410 pól’ga ...........................412 polk ............................. 424 pólnyj.......................... 426 pólomja ............... 390, 411 polón........................... 394 polonít’ ....................... 394 polosá .......................... 411 pološít’ ......................... 411 polót’........................... 394 polotnó ........................ 411 polóva..........................395 polovój, polóvyj ..........412 póloz ............................412 položít’........................ 287 polst’ ........................... 427 pól’za ...........................412 pólzat’......................... 427 polztí........................... 427 poperëk....................... 396 poprat’ ........................ 427 porá .............................413 porít’ ............................413 pornój..........................414 pórnyj ..........................414 poróg............................413 pórox ...........................413 porosënok....................414 porót’ ...........................414 posetít’ .........................414 posjagát’.....................449 postí’ ......................... 467 postígnut’ ................... 467 pot ...............................415 pótka............................425 pózdnij ........................416

pózdyj.......................... 415 pra-............................. 420 prat’.............................427 právyj.......................... 418 pri ...............................419 prijátel’ .......................419 prjádat’ ....................... 418 prjánut’....................... 418 prjast’ ..........................419 pro .............................. 420 pro-............................. 420 pro’............................ 420 próij .......................... 420 prodáža...................... 420 prok ............................. 421 proséjat’ ...................... 421 prosít’ .......................... 421 prosterét’..................... 421 prostój ......................... 421 prot’ .............................422 proti.............................422 prótiv...........................422 prúglo..........................422 prýskat’ .......................423 prýsnut’.......................423 psaltýr’ ........................ 350 ptíca ............................425 puína .........................416 púit’ ...........................416 pudít’...........................416 púdit’...........................416 púgovica .....................416 púxlyj ..........................423 púxnut’ .......................423 puk .............................. 417 pup .............................. 417 pustít’ ......................... 424 pustój ......................... 424 put’ .............................. 417 púto ............................. 417 pyréj ............................425 pytát’ ...........................425 pšenó ........................... 431 rab ............................... 373 raít’, ráit’.................. 431 radét’ ...........................432 rádi..............................432 rájat’............................432

INDICES rak ............................... 374 rakíta ...........................375 rálo.............................. 373 ramená ........................375 rastí............................. 376 rastorgát’ .................... 502 rátaj ............................ 376 rat’............................... 376 razínut’ ....................... 545 razluít’.......................288 razorít’ ........................ 432 rebró............................ 433 re’...............................434 reí .............................. 433 rédkij...........................434 rédok ...........................434 réjat’............................434 reká .............................434 remén’ ......................... 433 revét’ ...........................436 rínut’sja ......................436 rjab’............................. 435 rjábik......................... 435 rjabéc ..........................436 rjábec .......................... 435 rjabíka ........................ 435 rjabína........................ 435 rjábka .........................436 rjabój .......................... 435 rjabók ......................... 435 rjábuška...................... 435 rjad .............................436 róbit’ ........................... 373 robóta ......................... 373 rod............................... 437 rodít’ ........................... 437 rog ............................... 438 roj ............................... 438 rôj ............................... 438 rok ............................... 438 rokíta ...........................375 rosá ............................. 438 rov ............................... 439 roz-.............................. 377 rub............................... 439 rubít’ ........................... 439 rudój .......................... 440 rúdyj .......................... 440

ruká ............................ 439 runó............................440 rvat’ .............................441 rydát’ ...........................441 rygát’ ...........................441 rýlo...............................441 ryt’ .............................. 442 s(o).............................. 478 sad .............................. 442 sadít’ ........................... 442 sáni ............................. 443 scat’..............................485 se’ ..............................446 sed’mój ....................... 443 sedló............................ 443 sej .............................. 484 séjat’ ........................... 447 seló..............................444 sem’............................. 443 sémja ..........................446 sen’.............................. 447 séno.............................446 ser .............................. 447 sérdce...........................485 seredá .........................444 serën ...........................444 séren ...........................444 sérna............................485 séryj ............................ 447 sest’ ............................. 447 sestrá .......................... 445 set’ .............................. 448 séver............................ 448 sidét’ ........................... 445 siját’ ............................ 450 síla ............................... 451 siló .............................. 450 sílo .............................. 450 síto ............................... 451 sívyj ............................. 451 sjagnút’.......................449 skorodá........................452 slábyj ...........................452 slat’ ............................. 479 sláva ............................453 slimák..........................453 sliná .............................453 slína .............................453

607 slíva ............................. 453 sloj .............................. 480 slóvo ............................454 slux.............................. 455 slúka............................454 slúšat’ .......................... 455 slýšat’ .......................... 455 slyt’ ..............................456 smázat’........................304 smeját’sja....................456 smerdét’ ......................457 smert’ ......................... 480 smet’........................... 480 smex ............................456 smórod ........................456 sneg .............................457 snoxá...........................458 snovát’.........................457 soít’ ............................458 soxá .............................458 sóxnut’ ........................479 sok ...............................459 sol’ ...............................461 sólnce...........................479 solódkij........................459 solóma.........................459 sólonyj........................ 460 solotína .......................461 solovéj ........................ 460 solovój ........................ 460 solóvyj ........................ 460 som..............................461 son ............................... 481 sop ...............................482 soróka .........................477 sosát’ ...........................482 sová .............................461 sovát’ ...........................462 spat’............................. 481 spex ............................ 464 spešít’.......................... 464 spet’ ............................ 464 spor.............................. 481 spóryj .......................... 481 ssat’..............................482 stádo........................... 464 stan..............................465 star ..............................465

608 stáryj........................... 465 stat’ ............................. 465 stávit’ ..........................466 stébel’ .......................... 472 stebló........................... 472 stegá ............................ 472 stegát’..........................466 stegnó..........................466 sten’ .............................467 stenát’ .........................466 steré’ ..........................467 stéržen’........................ 471 stezjá........................... 472 stin’..............................467 stlat’ ............................ 473 sto ............................... 482 stog..............................468 stógna ......................... 472 stoját’ ..........................468 stol...............................468 ston .............................468 storoná........................469 stórož ..........................469 strež.............................470 strežá ..........................470 stréžen’........................ 471 stri’ ............................469 stroj .............................470 strujá ..........................470 struk............................469 strup............................470 stud’ ............................ 471 stúda ........................... 471 studënyj ...................... 471 studít’.......................... 471 styd.............................. 473 stýgnut’ ....................... 473 stýnut’......................... 473 su- ...............................462 sud............................... 463 sud’já .................. 462, 463 sudít’ ........................... 463 súe ............................... 474 suxój............................ 473 suk............................... 463 sumasbród.................... 61 súnut’.......................... 474 suróvyj ........................ 474

INDICES sušít’............................ 474 suvóryj........................ 474 sveá ............................475 svëkor ..........................475 svekróv’ .......................475 svekrý ..........................475 sverbét’ ....................... 478 svet.............................. 476 svin’já ......................... 477 svinój .......................... 477 svjatój......................... 476 svórob ......................... 477 syn ...............................483 sýpat’ ...........................483 syr ...............................483 syrój ............................ 484 sýtyj ............................ 484 šenjá.......................... 486 šenók......................... 486 šit .............................. 486 šéršen’ ..........................485 šest’ ............................. 487 šestój ........................... 486 šibát’ ........................... 487 šit’ .............................. 487 šúla ............................. 488 šúlo ............................. 488 šúrin ........................... 488 švec ............................. 488 taít’ ............................. 489 tájat’ ........................... 489 tat’ .............................. 489 te’ .............................. 489 tëk ..............................490 tëmen...........................505 témja .......................... 492 tëmnyj .........................505 ten’ .............................. 492 tenetó, tenëto .............490 tëpat’............................491 tëpel ............................490 tëplyj...........................490 tepstí ............................491 teptí .............................491 tëren ............................505 terét’.............................491 tërn ..............................505 terzát’ ......................... 506

tës ............................... 491 tesát’ ............................ 491 teslá ............................. 491 tesló ............................. 491 tésnyj...........................492 tésto.............................492 tetí ............................... 491 tískat’ ......................... 494 tjága ............................493 tjagát’ ..........................493 tjanút’ .........................493 tjat’ ............................. 494 tjážkij ......................... 494 t’ma .............................504 tlet’ ..............................504 tlo ...............................504 tok .............................. 494 toló’........................... 490 tónkij...........................505 tónok ...........................505 topít’........................... 496 tóš ..............................502 tóšij ............................502 tot ...............................502 travá........................... 496 travít’ ......................... 496 trest’ ........................... 499 trétij ............................497 tri .............................. 499 trjastí...........................497 trost’ ........................... 499 trud ............................ 498 trup ............................ 498 trut ..............................497 trúten’ ........................ 498 túnyj ......................... 499 tugá .............................495 túga .............................495 tugój ............................495 tuk .............................. 500 tur .............................. 500 tvar’ ............................ 500 tvërd ............................ 501 tverd’ ........................... 501 tvërdyj......................... 501 tvorít’ .......................... 501 ty ...............................502 tyl ............................... 503

INDICES týsjaa......................... 503 u(-)..............................506 uít’ .............................506 udárit’......................... 507 údit’............................. 507 úgol ............................. 385 úgol’ ............................ 385 úgor’............................ 386 uxá ..............................208 úxo .............................. 507 uj ............................... 507 úlej ..............................508 úlica ............................508 um ...............................508 unúk............................ 530 urožáj.......................... 437 us ............................... 386 usló..............................509 usnút’.......................... 510 ustá .............................509 úst’e............................. 510 ustná ........................... 510 útka............................. 387 utolít’ .......................... 495 útro ............................. 510 utróba ......................... 387 utvá............................. 387 uvjadát’ ....................... 511 už ............................... 388 úžas.............................. 511 uzdá ............................. 511 užé...............................207 úzel.............................. 388 úzit’ ............................. 387 úzkij ............................ 388 úzok ............................ 388 (uz)belenít’sja ...............35 v(o).............................. 530 vábit’ ............................ 511 vádit’............................512 var ................................512 varít’ ............................512 vas ................................513 verá............................ 536 vdová .......................... 536 véer.............................513 védat’ ...........................518 vedró ............................518

vëdro............................ 513 véjat’............................ 519 véko ............................. 519 velét’ ............................514 velij .............................. 515 velíkij...........................514 vel’mí ........................... 515 véno ............................. 519 vepr’............................. 515 véra............................. 520 véres.............................516 véresk...........................516 veretenó.......................516 verx..............................538 vérša ............................539 verstá...........................538 vertét’...........................539 ves’ .......................539, 540 vešát’ ......................... 520 vesló.............................516 vesná............................ 517 vestí.............................. 517 véter............................ 520 vetx .............................. 517 vétxij............................ 517 veztí ............................. 518 vid ............................... 521 vídet’............................ 521 vir ...............................522 vit’ ...............................522 vixór ............................522 víxor ............................522 vixr’ .............................522 vjánut’ ........................ 520 vjazát’.......................... 521 vkúpe .......................... 256 vladét’..........................524 vlast’ ............................526 vle’..............................514 vn- ...............................530 vne ............................... 531 vnúk.............................530 vnutr’...........................387 vnutrí ..........................387 vodá.............................523 vodít’.....................512, 523 voë .............................. 364 vóin"............................524

609 vojná ...........................524 vólgkij ......................... 536 vólja ............................ 525 volk.............................. 536 volná ........................... 537 vólna ........................... 537 voló’ ........................... 514 volodét’........................524 vológa..........................524 vóloga..........................524 vólok............................526 volóka.......................... 525 voloknó .......................526 vólos ............................526 vólost’ ..........................526 voložít’ ........................ 527 voložni’at’ ................. 527 von................................531 von’.............................. 527 vonzít’ ..........................531 vopít’ ........................... 532 vórog ........................... 527 vóron ........................... 528 voróna......................... 528 voronój........................ 529 vorotá, voróta............. 529 vorotít’ ........................ 529 vos’mój ........................378 vosé..............................144 vósem’ .........................379 vôsem’ .........................379 vosk ............................. 529 voš’............................... 532 voz ...............................530 voz-.............................. 533 vozít’............................530 vrémja......................... 516 vret’ ............................. 537 vsúe ............................. 532 vtórnik ........................ 533 vtorój........................... 532 vuj ...............................507 vy ............................... 533 vy- ............................... 533 výdra ........................... 534 výmja .......................... 534 vyp’ ...............................535 vys’................................535

610 vysók ............................535 vysókij..........................535 výše...............................535 vz(o).............................533 za ...............................540 zaborólo......................540 zabrálo........................540 zarjá.....................541, 548 zaród........................... 548 zaverét’ ........................541 závtra.......................... 510 zdoróv .........................478 zdoróvyj......................478 zél’e ............................. 542 zelënyj..........................541 zelézo ...........................555 zeló...............................138 zemljá ......................... 542 zeníca.......................... 542 zernó ............................553 zevát’........................... 542 ziját’ ............................ 544 zimá ............................ 544 zjábnut’ ...................... 543 zjalézo..........................555 zjat’ ............................. 543 zloj................................ 551 zmej ............................ 545 zmejá .......................... 545 zmij ............................. 545 známja .......................546 znat’ ............................546 znéjat’ .........................546 znét’ ............................546 zniját’..........................546 znoj .............................546 zob............................... 547 zob’.............................. 547 zobát’ .......................... 547 zol ................................ 551 zóloto .......................... 547 zolóv’............................ 551 zolóva........................... 551 zolóvica, zólovica ....... 551 zolóvka ........................ 551 zolozá, zolóza..............557 zorít’............................ 548 zorjá............................ 548

INDICES zoród........................... 548 zórok........................... 549 zovát’ ........................... 551 zólva ............................ 551 žolv’ .............................557 zret’.............................. 552 zub .............................. 549 zubr ............................ 549 zvenét’ .........................550 zver’ ............................ 549 zvezdá.......................... 195 zvja’ ...........................550 zvon .............................550 žadát’.......................... 560 žába ............................. 553 žáden .......................... 560 žádnyj......................... 560 žal’ ............................... 553 žálo ............................. 560 žar ...............................554 žarà..............................554 žat’ ............................... 561 žátva............................ 561 ždat’.............................565 že ...............................554 že’ ...............................554 želát’ ............................ 555 žël’ .............................. 552 železá...........................557 želézo........................... 555 žélezo ...........................557 zélezy ...........................557 želná ............................565 žëlt ...............................565 žëltyj ............................565 žëlud’ ...........................556 želúdok........................556 želvák ..........................557 žëlvi .............................557 žená .............................558 žereló ...........................559 žërnov......................... 566 žértva.......................... 566 ževát’ ...........................567 žezél’ ............................559 žezl...............................559 žíca .............................. 561 žídkij............................562

žídok............................ 562 žíla............................... 562 žit’ ............................... 562 žíto............................... 563 živíca........................... 563 živój.............................564 živót............................. 563 žórav ........................... 558 žrat’ ............................. 559 žrébij ........................... 558 žrec ..............................567 žuravél’ ....................... 558 žurávl’ ......................... 558 žurít’............................564 žurít’sja .......................564 1.2.2 Old Russian ablan! ........................... 25 alen"..........................366 al(")!n" ....................366 al(")kati .....................367 badati............................ 32 bag"no .......................... 33 balii ............................... 32 balija ............................. 32 bebr" .............................34 bedra ............................. 35 bez" ...............................38 bi! ................................ 41 bilo ................................ 41 blYsk" ............................43 blizna ............................45 bliz" ..............................45 bljad! ........................... 44 bljasti ........................... 44 bl!vati .......................... 46 bobr".............................34 bologo............................ 51 bolona ........................... 52 bolon! ........................... 53 bolon!je ........................ 53 borona...........................56 boron!........................... 57 boroš!no ....................... 57 borov"........................... 58 bort!............................. 69 bor"............................... 58 borzdo ...........................70

INDICES brjuxo ........................... 63 brjux" ........................... 63 bronii ............................64 bronyi ...........................64 b"rt! .............................69 bydlo .............................70 b!br"............................. 34 ceren" ........................... 83 cYvije ............................. 77 cYv! ............................... 77 ad!...............................88 ara ............................... 78 eles!nyj .......................80 erem"xa...................... 82 erepati.........................84 eres .............................. 85 erevije..........................86 erez"............................ 85 ermnovat’sja............... 91 esn"k".........................86 uti ................................ 91 !rsti ............................. 85 dajati ............................ 95 davY............................... 97 Daž!bog" ..................... 95 derévnja.......................136 desn"...........................100 dYra ..............................103 dikyi ............................ 107 djag" ........................... 106 djúžij............................127 dl"bsti..........................134 dolja..............................111 dositi ............................114 drevY ............................116 drYve ............................116 drevlje ..........................116 drYvlje ..........................116 drob" ...........................119 drožati .........................123 dug" ............................ 348 dupina .........................125 duti........................114, 127 dvogubyj ..................... 130 d"lbsti..........................134 dyrja ............................132 erjab!.......................... 142 ese ............................... 144

esm!.............................146 ež! ...............................149 Yz" ...............................155 gajati ........................... 161 gbež!............................196 glYn" ............................ 163 glota.............................166 glumiti.........................167 glum" ..........................167 gl"tati ..........................168 gl"xnuti.......................168 gnes!............................ 171 gn!s!............................ 171 gobino.......................... 171 gob!zyi ........................ 172 gob!z! ......................... 172 goi ............................... 173 goiti.............................. 173 golYmyi........................ 174 golot! ........................... 175 gol"t!........................... 175 gomola......................... 177 gomula ........................ 177 goniti ........................... 177 gorn" ...........................199 govno ........................... 182 govor"..........................196 grakati.........................186 gramada......................186 grYsti............................188 gr<sti............................188 grjaza ..........................188 grjazja .........................188 grjazti ..........................188 gromada..................... 190 grozd".......................... 191 grozd!.......................... 191 gruda ...........................192 gr"lo ............................198 gr"m"..........................194 gr"nilo.........................199 gr"n" ...........................199 gr!m" ..........................194 gvor"............................196 g"bež!..........................196 g"(b)nuti.....................197 g"rkati.........................199 g"rlo ............................198

611 g"rnilo......................... 199 g"rn"........................... 199 xapati..........................202 xorobryj ..................... 204 ide .............................. 209 idY .............................. 209 ilem" ............................211 imela ............................141 inii ................................213 inije ..............................213 inog" ........................... 212 inokyj .......................... 212 iskr!............................. 217 ist!ba............................215 iva ................................. 16 iz(")ba .........................215 jablok" ..........................26 jablon!.......................... 25 jabl"k"..........................26 jaati ........................... 156 ja!men! .................... 156 ja!my......................... 156 jagnja............................26 jama..............................28 jara............................... 151 jar< ............................... 151 jarina ........................... 151 jar’ ................................153 jarovyi..........................152 jaryj..............................152 jastreb" .........................29 jastrjab" .......................29 jati ............................... 158 jatro ............................ 158 jatry ............................ 158 jav!nyj ...........................31 ( j)az" ............................31 jesetr" ......................... 145 ( j)ez"...........................155 kaš!l! .......................... 221 kYl"................................ 75 kixati...........................265 klegota......................... 223 kleg"tati...................... 223 kleša...........................224 klik...............................226 kliknuti ....................... 225 kljuka ..........................226

612 kobec"......................... 227 kolokol" ...................... 229 kolot"...........................231 kolp! ........................... 261 komon!....................... 232 kon .............................. 232 kopa ............................ 232 kopot! ..........................233 korm" ......................... 262 korob"......................... 234 korob!ja ..................... 234 korzno......................... 263 kor! ............................. 261 kosa ............................. 238 košitisja ......................264 koš! .............................264 kotera..........................240 krakati ........................ 245 kreet" ........................246 krenuti........................ 254 krina ...........................248 kriti .............................248 kroma .........................249 krosna .........................249 kruina ....................... 250 krupnyj ........................253 kua ............................244 kudY ............................ 243 kudes"..........................255 kud! .............................255 kutati ..........................244 k"rm" ......................... 262 k"r!............................. 261 k"š!.............................264 k"zn! ..........................264 la!n" .........................366 lajati ........................... 267 lakati........................... 367 lapa .............................268 lei ...............................270 lYgati ........................... 272 lemex" .........................271 lYn" ............................. 273 lYt!............................... 275 lice ............................... 278 lico............................... 278 lisa............................... 279 ljaga ............................276

INDICES ljuby.............................281 ljub"v! ........................281 lod!ja...........................367 l0ka............................. 289 loni.............................. 369 los!.............................. 370 ložesno........................ 287 lož! ..............................295 luiti ................... 288, 290 luitisja....................... 290 luspa ........................... 292 l"ž! ..............................295 lytka.............................295 majati......................... 299 manuti ........................301 mati .............................303 meta...........................338 me!ta.........................338 medlyj..........................332 megnuti...................... 340 mene ........................... 308 merziti........................ 342 mYniti.......................... 312 mYzga .......................... 313 mitus! ......................... 319 mjak"kyi..................... 314 mjazga......................... 313 mlin" ........................... 319 mox"............................ 333 moravej .......................326 morkov’ ....................... 335 morkva ........................ 335 morovej .......................326 motati..........................327 mšel" ...........................343 mšel!............................343 muravej.......................326 muzg".......................... 331 m"x" ........................... 333 m"nY........................... 340 myšca........................... 331 m!!ta.........................338 m!!t".........................338 m!gnuti...................... 340 nav!.............................347 nedug"........................ 348 nestera........................ 349 netii ............................. 351

niati........................... 353 nikati........................... 352 niknuti ........................ 353 nišii............................ 353 nura............................. 359 nuta............................. 359 nyti ............................. 360 obYati......................... 361 obYšati ....................... 361 oboloko ....................... 362 obolok" ....................... 362 obora ........................... 362 ob!ii........................... 363 outiti.......................... 381 odva............................. 139 od"va .......................... 139 ok"no .......................... 365 olov!............................369 ol" ...............................370 omela ...........................141 ose ...............................144 osetr" .......................... 145 ovin" ........................... 147 ov!n" ..........................384 ov!s" ...........................384 ože .............................. 208 ož! ...............................149 padoroga.....................389 pal!c!..........................390 perek" .........................396 pero .............................396 pixati.......................... 426 plast"...........................402 pljua ..........................405 plot" ........................... 406 pod" ........................... 408 pod"š!va.................... 409 pojas"......................... 409 pojas!nica ................. 409 polYno .........................410 polica...........................410 polon" .........................394 polosa ...........................411 pol" ............................. 412 pomavati ....................299 porosja ........................414 potka ...........................425 pozd" .......................... 415

INDICES prok"........................... 421 pr0glo..........................422 prug"...........................422 prysnuti ...................... 423 pugy ............................ 416 pug"v! ........................ 416 p"lst! .......................... 427 p!rt!............................430 p!xati..........................426 raditi ........................... 432 rat!.............................. 376 rei .............................. 433 ren! ..............................143 ret! ...............................143 rit! ..............................436 rjuti .............................436 robota ......................... 373 rob"............................. 373 rolija ............................375 rolja..............................375 r"vati .......................... 441 rydati .......................... 441 sad".............................442 sani .............................443 sed!lo ..........................443 silo ...............................450 sn"xa .......................... 458 soiti............................ 458 soxá ............................. 458 sok"............................. 459 solovii ........................ 460 stYn!............................467 storov" ........................478 stryi.............................470 str"i.............................470 st!blo........................... 472 st!bl!........................... 472 sui ............................... 474 sunuti.......................... 474 surov" ......................... 474 svekry.......................... 475 svekr".......................... 475 s"l"..............................480 s"p"............................. 482 s! ...............................484 s!rna ........................... 485 s!ršen! ........................ 485 šurin" .........................488

š!ršen!.........................485 š!v!c! ......................... 488 tei .............................. 489 tjati ............................. 494 trud" .......................... 497 trup"........................... 498 truti ............................ 499 tuk" ............................ 500 tvor" ............................501 tv!rd! ..........................501 t" ...............................502 t!lo.............................. 504 ug".............................. 207 ukot!........................... 386 ulica............................ 508 ust!e ............................510 utov!............................387 utro..............................510 utr! ..............................387 uty ...............................387 uziti .............................387 už! ...............................388 veremja .......................516 vYno ............................. 519 vix"r! ..........................522 voin"............................524 voloi ...........................514 vologa ..........................524 vonja............................527 voronyi ........................529 vxu.............................. 540 vymja ..........................534 v"nuk" ........................530 v"š!.............................. 532 v"tór"j!....................... 532 v!rgnuti.......................538 v!rsta...........................538 zaborolo ..................... 540 zabralo ....................... 540 zautra..........................510 zdorov" ...................... 478 zjabnuti.......................543 zobati ..........................547 z!dati .......................... 551 žaža ............................ 560 že#a ..............................556 želesti...........................557 žely...............................557

613 žeravl!......................... 558 žerav".......................... 558 žerelo........................... 559 žereti ...........................566 žreti .............................566 žr!ti.............................566 ž!rati........................... 559 1.2.3 Ukrainian astrjáb...........................29 badáty........................... 32 bahnó ............................ 33 bájati............................. 33 bdžolá ...........................72 bedrá ............................. 35 berehtý ..........................36 beremja......................... 37 bérest............................. 37 beréza............................38 beréža............................36 bibr................................34 bih .................................50 bij ................................. 51 bil ................................ 54 bir ................................. 58 bléjaty ...........................43 blékit .............................42 bléknuty........................48 blékot.............................42 blekotá ..........................42 blidýj .............................42 blijáty............................43 bloxá..............................47 blyšáti..........................48 blýskati ........................ 44 blýz’kyj..........................45 blyzná ...........................45 blýzna ...........................45 bojáty sja ......................50 bolíty ............................. 51 bolon’............................. 53 bolon’é........................... 53 bolóna ........................... 52 bolónja.......................... 53 bolónje .......................... 53 borih..............................56 borodá........................... 55 borodátyj ...................... 55

614 boroló............................ 56 borólo............................ 56 boroná .......................... 56 boróna .......................... 56 bórošno......................... 57 boróty ........................... 57 bort ...............................69 bort’...............................69 bôrt’...............................69 bósyj.............................. 59 brat ...............................60 bráttja...........................60 bráty ............................. 73 brestý ............................ 61 brid ...............................64 brjáknuty...................... 62 brjažáty....................... 62 brost’ ............................. 65 býdlo .............................70 býlo ............................... 41 byr ................................. 58 bzdíty...........................431 cilýty ............................. 74 ciná ............................... 75 ekáty............................ 79 eranó ...........................84 éred...............................81 erémuxa...................... 82 erémxa ........................ 82 érep..............................84 erépaty ........................84 eresló ........................... 85 érevo............................ 85 erín’ ............................. 83 erón ............................. 83 éznuty ......................... 87 xáty .............................89 olovík...........................80 d’ah ............................. 106 déhot’ ............................98 dérba............................ 135 dérbaty ........................ 135 derén .............................99 dérhaty ........................ 135 díhot’.............................98 dil .........................103, 112 diljá..............................103 dim............................... 113

INDICES djúra............................126 dobá............................ 109 dólja..............................111 dovlíty ......................... 114 drápaty.........................115 drib .............................. 118 drik ..............................120 drizd ............................120 drjápaty .......................115 drjuk............................ 121 drobyná........................117 druÍok ...........................120 drystáty ........................117 dúpa ............................124 dur ...............................126 dur’ ..............................126 dúžyj............................ 127 esé ...............................144 hábaty ......................... 159 hist ...............................180 hivnó............................ 182 hlej ...............................168 hlih...............................166 hlíva............................. 165 hlobá............................ 165 hlóba............................ 165 hlobýty ........................166 hlotá ............................166 hlóta ............................166 hlum ............................167 hlyst .............................164 hnizdó .........................169 hójity ........................... 173 hólka............................210 hornó...........................199 hórod ...........................178 hortáty ........................199 hóspid’ .........................180 hospód’ ........................180 hra .............................. 209 hráty............................210 hrim............................ 190 hrjastý .........................188 hrjazjá.........................188 hrózno ......................... 191 hrud.............................192 hrudá...........................192 hrúda...........................192

hrust’........................... 193 hrývna......................... 189 huhnávyj .....................183 huhnjávyj ....................183 huhnýty .......................183 hustí .............................183 hvizd’...........................196 hvor .............................196 hýver ........................... 216 xapáty .........................202 xid ...............................203 xvoróst ....................... 206 ihlá .............................. 210 ího .............................. 209 il’m ...............................211 ílem ..............................211 im’á ............................. 212 imáty............................211 imíty.............................211 ínej ...............................213 ískra............................. 214 ití ............................... 216 íva ............................... 216 íver’ ............................. 216 jaléc’ ............................140 jáma ..............................28 jar ................................ 151 jar’ ................................153 jaréc’.............................153 jarem.............................28 járyj..............................152 jaryná .......................... 151 jástrib............................29 jástrjab..........................29 játy .............................. 158 jávida.............................31 jaz ................................155 jazgar ...........................155 jélen’ ............................140 jevja............................. 147 jévnja .......................... 147 jibáty........................... 147 jid ............................... 150 jívolga ......................... 216 jiz ................................155 již ...............................149 kalyty ..........................220 kára .............................220

INDICES kazýty ......................... 222 kíbec’........................... 227 kis ............................... 239 kiš ...............................240 kljúka..........................226 kólo ............................. 229 kólos............................ 230 kólot .............................231 kópit.............................233 kóroda......................... 234 kostúra........................ 238 kotorá .........................240 kréet ..........................246 kruk............................. 252 kryló............................247 krynýcja......................248 kúa ............................244 kúka ............................ 256 kútaty .........................244 kýdaty.........................264 kylá ............................. 265 kýla ............................. 265 kýnuty......................... 265 lájati ........................... 267 lákomyj....................... 367 lanýta..........................369 lásyj.............................269 lébid’ ........................... 365 lemíš.............................271 lést’ ..............................298 leviti............................ 275 ležaty ...........................271 lid ...............................270 lis ............................... 274 ljagtý ...........................270 ljaxá ............................ 272 l’om .............................. 211 ljudýna ....................... 282 ljútyty ......................... 282 lódja............................ 367 loknó ...........................294 lóny .............................369 los .............................. 370 losós’............................ 285 lóvkyj ..........................286 lož’............................... 295 ložýty .......................... 287 luká .............................289

luknó .......................... 294 luná .............................291 luspá ........................... 292 lušpá ........................... 292 lýxo ............................. 278 lýko ..............................295 lýsa.............................. 279 lýtka.............................295 m’a ............................... 212 maladnjá .................... 333 mará............................301 máty ............................ 211 mené ........................... 308 mežá ............................305 mid’ ............................ 309 míty ............................. 211 mizdrjá........................316 mizdró.........................316 mlin ............................. 319 mox.............................. 333 móra ............................324 mórkva ........................ 335 morokvá ......................325 móva............................334 móvyty ........................334 msta.............................343 muravýj.......................326 múryj........................... 331 mytús’.......................... 319 mýtus’.......................... 319 mža............................. 344 nat’.............................. 346 netopýr ........................350 niž ...............................354 no .............................. 360 nohá.............................354 novák...........................357 nutró............................387 nyrjáty........................ 360 nýšyj........................... 353 obóra ...........................362 ohén’ ........................... 364 ohón’........................... 364 ólen’ ............................ 140 ol’os.............................. 371 onúk ............................530 osá ...............................377 osé ...............................144

615 ósin’ .............................144 ósit’.............................. 145 osýna ...........................378 ovín ............................. 147 ož ...............................149 oželéda .........................555 oželédica ......................555 óželed’ ..........................555 páhnist’ ....................... 393 pára ............................. 391 pavúk .......................... 391 polá..............................72 perdíty.........................428 pezdíty ........................ 431 pid .............................. 408 pidóšva....................... 409 pol ............................... 412 polón ...........................394 polóx............................410 pólox............................410 porá ............................. 413 póvoroz ....................... 415 prjásty .........................419 ribyj? ........................... 435 rih ...............................438 rij ...............................438 ríjaty ...........................434 rilljá............................. 375 rjabýj........................... 435 rjabýna ....................... 435 rokíta........................... 375 rosá..............................438 rostý.............................376 rub...............................439 rúno............................ 440 rux.............................. 440 sány .............................443 scjáty ...........................485 serén........................... 444 sik ...............................459 síryj .............................447 s’káty ........................... 214 skra.............................. 214 slij .............................. 480 slúxaty ........................454 smórid.........................456 snih..............................457 solónyj........................ 460

616 som.............................. 461 spir .............................. 481 stih ..............................468 stil ...............................468 struk............................469 strup............................470 stryj.............................470 strýžen’........................ 471 suddjá .........................462 suk............................... 463 sverbíty .......................478 šúla..............................488 švec’.............................488 šýty..............................487 terén............................ 505 tesló............................. 491 tik ...............................494 tin ’..............................492 tjáty.............................494 tjažkýj .........................494 toloká .......................... 495 tórhaty........................ 502 tur ...............................500 véir .............................513 véremje ........................516 veréslo..........................516 verx ............................. 538 vísk .............................. 529 viz ............................... 530 vóhkyj ......................... 536 volóka ..................525, 526 vólos ............................ 526 vóvna ...........................537 vtóryj ...........................532 (v)ýrij................... 213, 214 ylkýj ............................ 140 ýver’ ............................ 216 zalízo ...........................555 záloza...........................557 zemljá ......................... 542 zorjá............................ 548 zub .............................. 549 želízo............................555 žuravél’ ....................... 558 žýto.............................. 563 žyvýcja........................ 563 1.2.4 Old Ukrainian

INDICES baviti ............................ 34 brediti............................61 brYditi............................61 brjazáty ...................... 62 1.2.5 Belorussian alës............................... 371 al’sa.............................. 371 asé\ .............................. 145 avín..............................147 azjaród ........................385 baradá...........................55 baradáty........................55 bel’ .................................53 berahý......................... 36 bérast.............................37 bjaróza ..........................38 blëkat............................ 42 bljáknu\ ....................... 48 bljuzná ..........................45 boh................................ 50 bol’ .................................54 bor\............................... 69 brjáknu\....................... 62 býdlo............................. 70 érap ............................. 84 dólja..............................111 dúžy............................. 127 dzjurá..........................126 ëlkij ............................. 140 éÓnja ...........................147 ëÓnja ...........................147 ez ............................... 155 habá\........................... 159 hlaba\..........................162 hlist..............................164 hnjus............................ 171 hórad ...........................178 hrom ........................... 190 hrud.............................192 huhná\ ........................ 182 idze ............................. 209 imže\ .......................... 344 ínej............................... 213 jadžgár ........................ 155 jarabína ......................142 jaÓja ............................147 jaz ............................... 155

kólat .............................231 kúka ............................256 lája\.............................267 lasóZ............................. 285 lémex........................... 271 l’ha...............................296 lisá ...............................279 ljaméš.......................... 271 ljáska........................... 274 ljubáva........................277 loknó ...........................294 mará............................ 301 mára............................ 301 mižá\........................... 319 mórkva........................ 335 móva ........................... 334 mox ............................. 333 mža..............................344 nutró ........................... 387 obóra ........................... 362 osëtka .......................... 145 osvá ............................. 377 palón ...........................394 roh ...............................438 roj ...............................438 rub...............................439 rux.............................. 440 smaród........................456 sneh .............................457 stoh............................. 468 stol .............................. 468 struk ........................... 469 strup........................... 470 stryj ............................ 470 strýže......................... 471 stýgnu\........................473 suk ...............................463 šve\ ..............................488 tik .............................. 494 u\ ...............................387 unúk............................530 véar.............................513 véreme......................... 516 verx ............................. 538 vólas ............................526 (v)óse\......................... 145 voz ...............................530 výraj .............................213

INDICES výrij..............................213 zabrálo........................540 zalézo...........................555 zalóza...........................557 zelézo ...........................555 žóraÓ........................... 558 žuravél’ ....................... 558 1.2.6 Old Belorussian borzdyj..........................70 1.3 West Slavic 1.3.1 Czech a ................................. 25 baba .............................. 32 bába .............................. 32 bádati ........................... 32 bahno............................ 33 báhno............................ 33 bajeti............................. 33 báseŽ............................. 34 báti se............................ 50 baviti............................. 34 bázeŽ ............................ 50 bdíti...............................68 bYda .............................. 38 bYditi............................. 39 bedra..............................35 bYhati............................ 39 bYs .................................40 bez ................................. 38 bYžeti.............................40 bi ................................. 41 bída ............................... 38 bídit se .......................... 39 bíditi ............................. 39 bidlo.............................. 41 bílý ................................40 bít ................................. 41 bitva..............................42 blaho ..............................51 blahý ..............................51 blaŽa..............................53 blána............................. 52 blánY ..............................53 bláto...............................53 bledý..............................42

blecha ........................... 48 blek ............................... 42 blekot............................ 42 blekota.......................... 42 blenovati .......................35 blesk...............................43 bleti................................43 blim ...............................35 blín.................................35 blisk ...............................45 blíti ............................... 46 blizna.............................45 blízký .............................45 blizý ...............................45 bloud ............................ 47 blouditi......................... 47 blud............................... 47 blut ............................... 46 blýskati (se) ................. 44 blyštYti.......................... 48 bo ................................ 49 bobr .............................. 34 bodati ........................... 49 bohatý .......................... 50 boj ................................. 51 bol .................................54 boleti.............................. 51 bor .................................58 bosý................................59 bou•e ............................ 68 brada .............................55 bradatý..........................55 bradlo ........................... 56 brána.............................57 brány ............................ 56 brat ...............................60 bráti...............................73 bratr .............................60 brat•í ............................60 brat•ie...........................60 brav................................58 brázda ...........................59 brh .................................73 brod .............................. 64 broditi ...........................63 broditi se .......................63 broný ............................ 64 brŸ ................................ 69

617 brusnice ........................64 brva .............................. 66 brzda ............................ 66 brzo ...............................70 brzy ...............................70 b•ech.............................. 37 b•edit se ........................ 61 b•ednouti..................... 66 b•eh ............................... 37 b•est............................... 37 b•evno ...........................67 b•ezí ..............................36 b•ich ..............................63 b•icho ............................63 b•ímY............................. 37 b•íti ...............................63 b•itký.............................62 b•itva.............................63 b•íza ..............................38 buben ........................... 60 bubeniti ....................... 60 bueti ............................67 buditi ............................67 b,h ................................50 bujný .............................68 b,sti ..............................59 bydlo .............................70 býlí................................. 71 bystrý ............................ 71 byŸ ................................. 71 býti ................................ 71 bývati ............................72 bzdíti........................... 431 capat ............................. 73 cápat ............................. 73 capati ............................ 73 cediti .............................74 celiti...............................74 celovati..........................74 celý ................................ 75 cena ............................... 75 ceniti ............................. 75 cesta...............................76 céva ...............................76 cevnice ..........................77 ad.................................77 arodYj ..........................78 áry ...............................79

618 as ................................. 79 ást ................................88 asto ..............................88 astý ..............................88 ekati ............................ 79 eled’ .............................80 elo ................................80 emer .............................81 eme•ice.........................81 erep..............................84 ermný.......................... 91 ermucha...................... 82 erný .............................92 erpati...........................92 (e)rstvý .......................92 erv................................ 93 ervený ......................... 93 erviti............................ 93 e•en.............................. 83 esati .............................86 esnek............................86 est ..........................88, 94 i .................................88 in .................................89 initi..............................89 ísti................................89 istiti .............................90 istý ...............................90 ítati..............................90 íti ................................. 91 cítiti..............................381 lovYk ............................80 outi .............................. 91 ren ............................... 83 •íti................................84 rmný............................ 91 rta................................ 93 tverý ............................86 tvrtý............................. 87 ty•i............................... 87 uditi se ........................ 91 dajati ............................ 95 dál ................................. 95 dále ............................... 95 daleký ........................... 95 daŽ ................................ 95 dar.................................96 dáseŽ........................... 106

INDICES datel.......................96, 107 dáti ............................... 96 dávati ........................... 96 dáviti ............................ 97 dávní ............................ 97 dávný............................ 97 dech .............................129 dYd ............................... 101 dYhel ........................... 106 dehet............................. 98 d(e)chnouti.................129 dél ............................... 134 dYlati ...........................102 dYliti ............................102 den ............................... 134 desátý ......................... 100 deset............................ 100 dešŸ ...............................131 d鹟 ...............................131 dYti...............................104 dYva .............................105 devátý.......................... 101 devYt ............................ 101 díl ...............................103 dílo...............................103 díra ..............................103 dítY...............................104 díti ...............................104 div ...............................108 díva..............................105 diví...............................108 diviti se........................108 divný........................... 109 divý ..............................108 díž .............................. 106 díže ............................. 106 dlaŽ ..............................111 dlapa .......................... 268 dláto ............................ 112 dlbsti............................ 134 dletko............................ 98 dlíti .............................. 133 dlouhý ......................... 133 dluh .............................129 dnes ............................. 135 dno...............................130 do .............................. 109 doba............................ 109

dobrý ........................... 110 dojidlo......................... 110 dojiti............................ 110 doma ............................112 domov ..........................112 domový ........................112 dosíci .......................... 449 douchati...................... 124 doupa ...........................125 doupY ...........................125 d’oura.......................... 126 douti..................... 114, 127 dráha............................ 113 drahý............................ 113 drápati ......................... 115 dráti .............................135 drbati ...........................135 drhati ................... 122, 136 drhnouti ..................... 136 drkolí............................123 drkolna ....................... 124 drob ..............................119 droba............................117 drobesk.........................118 drobina ........................117 drobiti ..........................118 drobný..........................119 drouh ...........................121 drouk............................121 drozd ........................... 120 droždí...........................121 drpa’ .......................... 136 drpati .......................... 136 druh .............................121 druhý........................... 122 družina ....................... 122 drvo ..............................123 drzý ..............................137 držeti........................... 138 d•evní...........................116 d•evný ..........................116 d•evo .............................99 d•ímati.........................117 d•ín................................99 d•ístati .........................117 d•íti ...............................99 d•ív(e)..........................116 d•ívný...........................116

INDICES dub ...............................114 duh.............................. 348 duha.............................114 duch ............................ 124 duchati ....................... 124 d,l ................................ 112 d,m.............................. 113 dupa.............................125 d’úra ........................... 126 du•ít sa ....................... 126 durný ...........................127 duše..............................127 duží ..............................127 dva .............................. 130 dve•e ........................... 128 dvé•e ........................... 128 dvojí ............................. 131 dv,r............................. 128 dýchati......................... 131 dým ..............................132 džoba......................... 547 džura........................... 126 g¯ej............................... 168 habaŸ............................159 habati ..........................159 had .............................. 160 hádati ......................... 160 haditi .......................... 160 hasiti ............................161 hasnouti ......................161 hlad ......................173, 203 hladký..........................162 hlahol...........................174 hlaholati ......................174 hlas.............................. 176 hlava ........................... 176 hlaz ..............................163 hledYti ......................... 164 hlen ..............................163 hlezen...........................163 hlezno ..........................163 hlína............................ 164 hlíst ............................. 164 hlísta ........................... 164 hlíva .............................165 hobiŸ .......................... 166 hlobiti ......................... 166 hloh ............................. 166

hloupý .........................167 hltati............................168 hluboký .......................166 hluchý..........................167 hnáti ............................197 hnYv .............................168 hnida ...........................169 hnilý ............................169 hnísti ...........................168 hníti.............................169 hnízdo .........................169 hnouti..........................197 hn,j .............................170 hnus.............................170 hnusiti .........................170 hnusný......................... 171 hod............................... 172 hodina ......................... 172 hoditi........................... 172 hoditi se....................... 172 hodný .......................... 173 hody............................. 172 hoj ............................... 173 hojiti ............................ 173 holeŽ............................ 174 holeŸ............................. 175 holoŸ, holot.................. 175 holota .......................... 174 holub ........................... 175 holý ..............................176 homole......................... 177 honiti........................... 177 hora ............................. 177 horYti ...........................178 horší.............................179 ho•e..............................179 ho•ký ...........................180 host ..............................180 houba .......................... 182 housti........................... 183 houž.............................184 houžev ......................... 185 hovado......................... 181 hovYti........................... 181 hovno........................... 182 hovor ........................... 181 hovo•iti........................ 181 hra .............................. 209

619 hrách ........................... 179 hrad............................. 178 hrad’.............................185 hrady............................185 hrany........................... 179 hráti ............................ 210 hráz ............................. 178 hrb............................... 198 hrdlo............................ 198 hrdý ............................. 198 hrkati .......................... 199 hrnouti....................... 200 hrob .............................190 hrom............................190 hromada .....................190 hrouda ........................ 192 hroužiti ....................... 193 hrozen ..........................191 hroziti ..........................191 hrozný......................... 192 hrst .............................. 199 hrubý........................... 192 hrud’............................ 193 hruditi se .................... 193 hr,za............................191 hryzati ........................ 194 hrýzti........................... 194 hráti ............................ 210 h•ada........................... 187 h•áti ............................ 187 h•e(b)sti...................... 186 h•eb ............................. 558 h•eben ......................... 186 h•ebeŽ ......................... 186 h•ez.............................. 189 h•eznouti .................... 188 h•ích............................ 187 h•ít............................... 187 h•íva............................ 189 h•ivna ......................... 189 h•íziti .......................... 188 h•mYti ......................... 195 h•míti.......................... 195 huba ............................ 182 hubiti .......................... 195 huhŽati ....................... 182 huhŽávy.......................183 humno ........................ 195

620 h,ra .............................177 h,•e............................. 179 hus............................... 184 hustý ............................183 hutný .......................... 184 huza ............................ 184 hvYzda..........................195 hvozd .......................... 196 hýbati......................... 200 hynout ....................... 200 hyže ............................ 200 chabati........................ 201 chábiŸ.......................... 201 chabiti......................... 201 chabný ........................ 201 chabý .......................... 201 chápati........................202 chcáti .......................... 485 chladný .......................204 chléb............................202 chloud .........................202 chod ............................ 203 choditi......................... 203 chomout .....................204 chorý ...........................206 chrániti....................... 205 chrast ..........................206 chrasŸ ..........................206 chrást ..........................206 chrásta .........................235 chrastí .........................206 chromý........................ 205 chudý .......................... 205 chvoj............................206 chvrastí .......................206 chybati........................207 i ...............................207 iha.............................. 210 ikro.............................. 210 ískaŸ ............................ 214 istý................................215 iver .............................. 216 izba ..............................215 já ..................................31 jablko ............................26 jablo .............................. 25 jabloŽ............................ 25 jádro ............................157

INDICES jahoda ...........................27 jak ................................ 28 jako............................... 28 jaký............................... 28 jáma ............................. 28 jar ...............................153 jarka ............................ 152 jaro ...............................151 jarost ........................... 152 jarý .............................. 152 ja• ............................... 153 ja•abina ......................142 ja•ina............................151 ja•mo............................ 28 jasan............................. 29 jasaŽ ............................. 29 jasný ............................ 153 játra............................. 158 jaza.............................. 157 jazyk ............................ 159 jdeže............................ 209 je ...............................146 jebati ...........................147 jeeti ............................ 156 jemen ......................... 156 jed ...............................150 jeden ............................ 138 jedinaký ...................... 138 jedle ............................. 139 jednaký........................ 138 jedva ............................ 139 jehla.............................210 jehnY ............................. 26 jehnec ........................... 26 jechati...........................151 jekati............................ 157 jelec............................. 140 jelen ............................ 140 jelše .............................. 371 jenž ............................. 208 je•áb ............................142 je•ábek.........................142 je•átko ..........................151 jesen.............................. 29 jeseŽ.............................. 29 jeseter .......................... 145 jest ................................ 46 ještY..............................146

ještYr..............................30 ještY•ice .........................30 ještYrka..........................30 jest•áb ...........................29 jeti ............................... 154 jeviti ...............................31 jevný...............................31 jez ................................155 jezero........................... 148 jež ...............................149 ( j)ež........................... 208 ježdík........................... 156 ježice............................149 jho .............................. 209 jícha ........................... 208 jih ...............................207 jikra............................. 210 jíl ................................211 jilm ...............................211 jilma.............................211 jímati ...........................211 jíní ................................213 jiný .............................. 212 jiskra ........................... 214 jísti............................... 154 jíti ............................... 216 jitro.............................. 510 jíva .............................. 216 jizba .............................215 jízda ............................ 154 jizva..............................155 již ...............................207 jmelí .............................141 jméno .......................... 212 jsem .............................146 juný ............................ 208 jutro ............................ 510 k(e/u) ..........................259 kadidlo........................ 218 kaditi........................... 218 kal ...............................220 kaliti.................... 219, 220 kámen .........................220 kára ............................. 221 kárati .......................... 221 kasati .......................... 221 kašel ............................ 221 kašlati ......................... 221

INDICES káti se.......................... 219 kázati.......................... 222 kázeŽ........................... 222 kaziti........................... 222 kde............................... 259 kdo ..............................264 kel ............................... 261 kelka............................260 ke• ............................... 261 kláda ........................... 228 klas.............................. 230 klásti ........................... 223 klát ...............................231 kláti............................. 230 klátiti .......................... 230 kleeti.......................... 225 klehot .......................... 223 klej...............................224 klekot .......................... 223 klekotati...................... 223 klektati........................ 223 kleštY ...........................224 klestiti .........................224 kleštiti .........................224 klí...............................226 klíiti...........................226 klika ............................226 klíka ............................226 klokotati ..................... 227 kokoš ........................... 228 koleno ......................... 228 koliko .......................... 229 kolo ............................. 229 komoŽ......................... 232 konec........................... 232 kopa ............................ 232 kopati...........................233 kopí ............................. 234 kopr..............................233 kopt ..............................233 kora............................. 234 korec............................ 238 koryto ......................... 237 ko•en........................... 237 ko•ice ...........................235 ko•iti se........................235 kos ............................... 239 koš ...............................240

kosa..............................238 kosm ............................238 kosma ..........................238 kost ..............................239 košár ........................... 240 kót ...............................241 kotec ............................241 kotiti se....................... 240 kou•ení........................257 kou•iti .........................257 kousati........................ 243 kout............................. 244 kouti ............................241 kouzeŽ .........................258 koza ............................ 242 kozel............................ 242 kože............................. 242 kra ...............................210 krabuše........................234 kraj ............................. 244 krákati.........................245 krása............................245 krásný......................... 246 krásti ...........................245 krát ............................. 236 krátký ......................... 236 kráva .......................... 236 krev..............................254 krevní ..........................253 krevný..........................253 krkati.......................... 262 krknouti ..................... 262 krm ............................. 262 krojiti.......................... 248 krom ........................... 249 kromY ......................... 249 kropiti......................... 249 krosna......................... 249 krotiti ......................... 250 krotký ......................... 250 kroupa .........................252 kroutiti ........................ 251 krov............................. 250 kruh ............................. 251 kruch ...........................252 kr,sna ........................ 249 krutý............................252 krýti .............................254

621 krzno ...........................263 k•emen....................... 246 k•epký ........................ 246 k•epý .......................... 246 k•eslo...........................247 k•ieti ..........................247 k•ídlo...........................247 k•ik ..............................247 kua............................ 244 kue ............................. 255 kukati.......................... 255 k,l ................................231 k,Ž ...............................231 kupina.........................243 k,ra.............................234 kurica.......................... 257 kus ...............................243 k,s ...............................239 k,š .............................. 240 kutiti ........................... 258 kuzŽa .......................... 258 k,že .............................242 kvas ............................. 258 kvésti ...........................259 kvYt.............................. 258 kvísti............................259 kýchati ........................265 kydati..........................264 kydnouti .....................265 kyj ...............................265 kýla..............................265 kypYti ......................... 266 kyprý .......................... 266 kysati.......................... 266 kyselý...........................267 kývati ..........................267 labuŸ............................ 365 laný............................366 ladví ............................276 lakomý ........................367 laŽ ...............................368 lapa .............................268 láska ............................269 ¯aska ............................ 274 laskati .........................269 láti ...............................268 laz ...............................270 láz ...............................270

622 laziti............................269 leb ............................... 293 lebavý.......................... 277 lebeda..........................366 lebka ........................... 293 léceti............................276 léci ....................... 270, 277 led ...............................270 ledva.............................139 ledví ............................276 lehati........................... 272 lehký............................ 297 lekati ...........................276 lekno ...........................294 lemech..........................271 lemeš ............................271 len ...............................298 léŽ ............................... 273 lenivý .......................... 272 lep ............................... 273 lepiti............................ 273 lepý.............................. 274 les ............................... 274 lesk ..............................294 leskati .........................294 lest ...............................298 letYti .............................271 léto .............................. 274 leviti............................ 275 levý.............................. 275 lézti ............................. 275 lež ............................... 295 ležeti............................ 272 lháti.............................294 líbiti se ........................ 281 libivý ........................... 277 libový .......................... 277 libý .............................. 281 líce ............................... 278 líceti ............................276 lícha ............................ 272 lichý............................. 278 líct ............................... 277 lid ............................... 282 lidé .............................. 282 líný .............................. 273 lípa .............................. 279 líska............................. 274

INDICES list .............................. 279 listo ............................. 296 lišiti............................. 280 líti ...................... 280, 297 lítiti..............................282 lítý ...............................283 lízati ........................... 280 lnYný........................... 297 lnouti.......................... 297 loboda......................... 366 lod’ ...............................367 lokati .......................... 284 loket ............................ 368 lomiti.......................... 284 loni.............................. 369 lopata ..........................285 los .............................. 370 losos .............................285 lou ............................. 290 loue ........................... 290 louiti ......................... 288 louka........................... 289 loupiti..........................291 louže ............................293 lov .............................. 286 loviti ........................... 286 loza ............................. 287 lože.............................. 287 ložiti............................ 287 lub .............................. 289 luiti ........................... 290 luh .............................. 288 l,j ...............................283 luk .............................. 289 lukavý......................... 289 luna .............................291 l,no .............................285 lusk ............................. 292 luska ............................291 luštiti ...........................293 lýko ..............................295 lysý.............................. 296 lýtka.............................295 lýtko.............................295 lze .............................. 296 máchati...................... 298 mák............................. 299 malý............................ 300

mam............................ 301 mámiti ........................ 301 máslo...........................302 maso.............................315 mast.............................302 másti ............................315 mátati .........................302 materstvo....................303 mate•stvo....................303 mávati.........................299 maz..............................305 mazati.........................304 mázdra........................ 316 meti ............................331 mdlý ............................ 332 mY ............................... 314 me ..............................305 mech............................ 333 mYch............................309 med ............................ 306 mYd’.............................309 medojed ..................... 306 medvYd....................... 306 mehnouti ....................340 mYkký.......................... 314 mYknouti .................... 314 mYl............................... 310 melí ..............................141 mYlký........................... 310 mYlý............................. 310 mYna ............................ 311 ménY............................ 341 mYniti........................... 311 meno ........................... 212 menší........................... 341 mY•iti ...........................312 mYsíc ............................312 mésti............................308 mYsto............................313 metati..........................309 meze ............................305 mezi.............................305 mezu............................305 mha ............................. 338 mhla ............................ 338 mih .............................. 316 míhati ......................... 316 míjeti............................317

INDICES mikati ..........................317 milý ..............................317 mimo ...........................317 mímo ...........................317 míniti...........................312 minouti........................318 minovati......................318 mír ...............................318 míra .............................312 mí•iti............................312 míšek....................309, 313 mísiti............................ 313 místo ............................ 313 míti .............................. 211 mitvy............................319 míza .............................314 mizga ...........................314 mknouti.......................333 mládenec .................... 322 mladý...........................323 mlat............................. 324 mlátiti..........................323 mleti ..........................340 mléko .......................... 307 mlha............................ 338 mlíti ............................ 307 mlna.............................333 mluva.......................... 334 mluviti........................ 334 mnY .............................340 mnYti...........................340 mníti ...........................340 mnoho......................... 334 mnohý......................... 334 moc ..............................321 moci .............................321 mo ..............................319 moiti.......................... 320 modla.......................... 320 modliti se.................... 320 modrý ......................... 320 mokrý.......................... 322 mol ...............................323 mor.............................. 326 mora ............................325 mo•e.............................325 most ............................ 326 mošna ......................... 327

motati..........................327 motyka ........................327 moucha .......................330 moudrý........................329 mouka .........................329 mour............................ 331 moutiti ........................330 mozek ..........................328 mrak ............................325 mrav ............................356 mráz ............................326 mrgaŸ........................... 335 mrk ..............................341 mrkev .......................... 335 mrknouti.....................341 mrkva .......................... 335 mrmrati ...................... 335 mrtvý.......................... 342 mrzeti ......................... 342 mrznouti .....................343 m•íti ........................... 308 m•íže .......................... 308 msta.............................343 mstíti ...........................343 mšice............................336 muiti ..........................328 m,j ..............................322 muka ...........................329 m,ra............................324 mútiŸ............................330 muž..............................330 my ...............................336 mýdlo ..........................336 mykati .........................337 mysl .............................337 myš ..............................337 mýti .............................338 mýto.............................338 mzda............................343 mžeti........................... 344 mžíti ........................... 344 na .............................. 344 naíti ...........................345 nad(e) .........................345 Žadra...........................150 Žadro...........................150 náhlý............................345 nahý.............................345

623 národ...........................346 nás ...............................346 nat’ ..............................346 naviti...........................347 ne ...............................347 nebe.............................348 nebohý ........................348 neduh ..........................348 nehet ............................355 nYkdo ..........................349 nésti............................. 350 netopýr........................ 350 nevYsta .................351, 458 nevod ...........................351 než ............................... 352 ni ............................... 352 nice .............................. 352 niceti ........................... 352 níceti ........................... 352 nicí............................... 352 nieti ........................... 353 niknouti ...................... 353 niŸ ............................... 353 niva ............................. 354 níva ............................. 354 noc................................355 noh .............................. 212 noha ............................ 354 nora............................. 356 nos ............................... 357 nositi ........................... 356 nouze........................... 359 nový............................. 357 nozdra......................... 358 nuditi .......................... 358 nukaŸ........................... 359 nu•iti se....................... 359 nutiti .......................... 360 n,ž .............................. 358 nyní ............................ 360 nýti ............................. 360 o ............................... 361 ob ............................... 361 oba............................... 361 obYcat, obYcet ............. 361 oblak ........................... 362 oblý.............................. 363 obora ........................... 362

624 obo•iti ......................... 374 obouti.......................... 363 octnouti se...................381 od(e) ........................... 382 odoleti......................... 363 odr............................... 364 oheŽ ............................ 364 oje ............................... 364 okno ............................ 365 oko............................... 365 okrouhlý ......................251 olovo ...........................369 olše ...............................371 omela ...........................141 omelo ...........................141 on ............................... 372 onuce............................371 opak ............................ 372 orati ............................ 372 orel .............................. 376 orudí ............................375 o•ech ........................... 374 osa ............................... 378 osel ...............................381 oset ..............................380 osm.............................. 379 osmý............................ 378 osnova......................... 379 osten............................380 ostrý ............................ 379 oškrd ........................... 378 oškrt ............................ 378 otec.............................. 383 otev•íti .................382, 383 otrok............................ 382 ovce ............................. 384 oves ............................. 384 páchati........................ 389 páchnouti ................... 389 padati ......................... 389 palec............................390 palice...........................390 páliti............................390 pálka ...........................390 pamYŸ...........................391 pára..............................391 pás .............................. 409 pásti ............................ 392

INDICES pata ............................ 399 pátý............................. 399 pavouk......................... 391 pazneht .......................393 pazucha.......................392 pažit.............................393 pcháti ......................... 426 pec ...............................393 péci ..............................393 pYha .............................397 peklo ........................... 426 peŽ .............................. 427 pYna.............................397 pero............................. 396 péro............................. 396 pes ............................... 431 pYsŸ.............................. 399 pestrý.......................... 430 pYší.............................. 398 pYt ..............................400 pYti.............................. 398 píce...............................401 píchati ........................ 426 píd’.............................. 398 piha..............................397 píha..............................397 pija...............................397 písek............................ 398 pískati.........................400 pisko•..........................400 píst ...............................397 písta .............................397 píštYti..........................400 píti ...............................401 pivo ............................. 402 plachý ......................... 410 plakati ........................ 402 plamen ........................ 411 plást ............................ 402 plašiti........................... 411 plátno ..........................412 plavati ........................ 403 plaviti ......................... 403 plavý ............................412 plaz ..............................412 plec..............................404 plen ............................. 394 plena................... 394, 404

plésti........................... 404 pleš ..............................405 pleva............................ 395 plíce .............................405 plíseŽ.......................... 404 plíti......................394, 402 plíva ............................ 395 plný ............................ 426 ploský ......................... 406 plot ............................. 406 plouti.......................... 406 plst...............................427 plsŸ...............................427 pluk ............................ 424 plvati ...........................402 pnouti..........................399 po .............................. 407 pod(e) ........................ 408 podešev ...................... 409 podešva ...................... 409 podoba ....................... 408 pojiti........................... 409 pole...............................411 poleno .........................410 police ...........................410 popel............................ 395 poplach .......................410 posláti .........................479 pot ..................................15 pouchlý .......................423 pouŸ ............................. 417 pouto ........................... 417 pov•íslo ....................... 516 pozdY ........................... 415 pozdní .........................416 práh............................. 413 prach ........................... 413 prase............................414 práti ............................428 pravý ........................... 418 prdYti...........................428 pro-............................. 420 prositi.......................... 421 prost•íti....................... 421 prostý ..........................422 proti.............................422 provaz ......................... 415 prs ...............................429

INDICES prsa .............................429 prskati......................... 423 prso .............................429 prst ..............................429 prsŸ ..............................429 pruhlo .........................422 prvý.............................430 prýskati....................... 423 prY-.............................. 395 p•áti ............................420 p•ed(e)........................396 p•i ............................... 419 p•ísti............................ 419 p•ítel............................ 419 p•íti .....................396, 428 p•íti se.................396, 428 psáti ............................430 pšeno............................431 pták .............................424 ptáti se ........................ 425 pueti .......................... 416 puchnouti................... 423 p,da............................408 puditi .......................... 416 puk .............................. 417 p,l ............................... 412 pupek .......................... 417 pustiti..........................424 pustý ...........................424 pýr ............................... 425 ráiti ............................431 •ad...............................436 •ád...............................436 •ada.............................436 rádlo............................ 373 rak ............................... 374 rámY.............................375 rameno ........................375 rataj ............................ 376 •e ...............................434 •eka .............................434 •emen.......................... 433 •e•avý.......................... 558 •íci ............................... 433 •ídký............................434 •íhati........................... 441 •inouti se ....................436 •iŸ ...............................436

rob ...............................373 robiti............................373 robota ..........................373 rod ...............................437 roditi............................437 roh .............................. 438 roj .............................. 438 rok .............................. 438 rokyta ..........................375 role...............................375 rolí ...............................375 rosa ............................. 438 roubiti ........................ 439 rouno..........................440 rov .............................. 439 roz- ..............................377 rozb•esk.........................61 rub .............................. 439 ruch ............................440 rudý ............................440 ruka ............................ 439 r,sti ............................ 376 rváti.............................441 rydati...........................441 rydlo ............................441 rýti .............................. 442 s(e).............................. 478 sad .............................. 442 saditi........................... 442 sahati..........................449 sáhnouti .....................449 sáknouti ..................... 450 saŽ .............................. 443 sanY............................. 443 sánY............................. 443 sáti .............................. 482 scáti .............................485 sedYti .......................... 445 sedlo............................444 Sedlo ........................... 445 sedm ........................... 443 sedmý ......................... 443 sédmý ......................... 443 sen ...............................481 seno.............................446 sever............................449 síci ..............................446 sídlo ............................ 445

625 schnouti ......................479 sestra ...........................445 siesti ............................447 síla ............................... 451 símY ............................ 446 síŽ ...............................447 síŸ .............................. 448 síti ...............................447 síto............................... 451 sivý .............................. 451 skora............................452 sko•ice ......................... 235 skura ...........................452 sk,ra ...........................452 slabý ............................452 sladký ..........................459 sláma...........................459 slaný........................... 460 slap ............................. 460 sláti..............................479 slatina .........................461 sláva ............................ 453 slavík .......................... 460 slimák ......................... 453 slina............................. 453 slíva ............................. 453 sloj .............................. 480 slouti ........................... 455 slovo ............................454 sluch ............................ 455 sluka............................454 slunce ..........................479 slušeti .......................... 455 slyšeti........................... 455 smáti se .......................456 smYti........................... 480 smích...........................456 smíti ........................... 480 smrad ..........................456 smrdYti........................457 smrt ............................ 480 snacha.........................458 sníh..............................457 snouti ..........................457 snovati ........................457 socha ...........................458 sok ...............................459 sou-..............................462

626 soud............................. 463 souditi......................... 463 souti ............................ 475 souvati ........................462 sova ............................. 461 spáti ............................ 481 spYch ...........................464 spYšiti ..........................464 spYti.............................464 spíšiti...........................464 spor ............................. 481 sporý ........................... 481 srdce ............................ 485 srna ............................. 485 sršeŽ ............................ 485 stádo ........................... 465 stan ............................. 465 starý ............................ 465 státi .............................468 státi se......................... 465 staviti..........................466 stéblo........................... 472 stehno .........................466 sténati.........................466 stez .............................. 472 stezka .......................... 472 stežka .......................... 472 stihnouti .....................467 stín ..............................467 stláti ............................ 473 sto ............................... 482 stoh..............................468 ston .............................468 straka..........................477 strana..........................469 st•eda ..........................444 st•emcha....................... 82 (s )t•ep...........................84 st•eví .............................86 st•evo ............................ 85 st•íci ............................467 st•íditi ........................... 82 st•ín.............................444 st•íŽ.............................444 (s )t•íslo......................... 85 struk............................469 strup............................470 strýc.............................470

INDICES stržeŽ...........................471 stud..............................471 studený........................471 studiti ..........................471 st,l .............................. 468 stydnouti.................... 473 suchý........................... 473 suk .............................. 464 s,l ...............................461 sunouti ....................... 474 surový......................... 474 sušiti ........................... 474 s,va .............................461 svatý ........................... 476 svekr ............................475 svYt.............................. 476 svíce ............................ 476 svinY ........................... 477 svrab........................... 477 svrbYti......................... 478 syn ...............................483 synová ........................ 458 sypati...........................483 sýr ...............................483 syrý ............................. 484 sytý.............................. 484 šerý.............................. 447 šest .............................. 487 šestý ............................ 486 šéstý ............................ 486 šíti .............................. 487 štYnY............................ 486 štít .............................. 486 švec ............................. 488 táhnouti ..................... 493 tajíti............................ 489 táti .............................. 489 tázati se...................... 493 tchnouti.......................129 téci .............................. 489 témY ............................ 492 temný ..........................505 ten ...............................502 teneto..........................490 tenký............................505 tepati .......................... 492 teplý ............................490 tes ...............................491

tesati............................ 491 tesla ............................. 491 tYsný ............................492 tYsto.............................492 tYžký ........................... 494 tíha ..............................493 tiŽ ...............................492 tín ...............................492 tisíc .............................. 503 títi .............................. 494 tla ...............................504 tlapa ............................268 tlíti...............................504 tlo ...............................504 tlouci .......................... 490 tma..............................504 tok .............................. 494 topiti........................... 496 touha...........................495 tráva........................... 496 tráviti......................... 496 trhati...........................502 trn ...............................505 troud ...........................497 trst .............................. 499 trud ............................ 498 trup ............................ 498 t•ásti............................497 t•eŽ................................ 83 t•enový.......................... 83 tresŸ ............................ 499 t•etí..............................497 t•evo ........................85, 86 t•i .............................. 499 t•ída .............................. 81 t•íditi.............................82 t•íti .............................. 491 tuný .......................... 499 tuhý .............................495 tuk .............................. 500 tur .............................. 500 tvar............................. 500 tvá•............................. 500 tvor .............................. 501 tvo•iti .......................... 501 tvrdý............................ 501 ty ...............................502 týl .................................03

INDICES týti............................... 503 ubohý ..........................506 uiti.............................506 uditi ............................ 385 uhel ............................. 385 úhel ............................. 385 úho• ............................ 386 ucho ............................ 507 ujec.............................. 507 úl ...............................508 ulice.............................508 um ...............................508 úpYti.............................532 ,smý ........................... 378 usnouti........................ 510 ústa .............................509 ústí .............................. 510 úterý.............................533 útroba ......................... 387 uvadati ........................ 511 uvnit•.......................... 387 uzda ............................. 511 uzel.............................. 388 úzký............................. 388 úžas.............................. 511 užovka ........................ 388 v ............................... 530 v(n)-............................ 530 vábiti............................ 511 vaditi............................512 vadnouti ..................... 520 vajko ............................. 27 var ................................512 va•iti ............................512 vás ................................513 váti ...............................519 vázati...........................521 vela .............................. 72 vera............................ 536 vdova .......................... 536 veer.............................513 vYdYti ...........................518 vedro ............................513 vYdro ............................518 vejce .............................. 27 vejr .............................. 216 veleti ............................514 veliký............................514

velký ............................ 515 velmi............................ 515 vemeno........................534 ven ............................... 531 vYno ............................ 520 vep•.............................. 515 vér ...............................216 ves ...............................539 veslo............................. 517 vesna............................ 517 vésti.............................. 517 veš ............................... 532 vetchý .......................... 517 vézti ............................. 518 vid ............................... 521 vidYti ........................... 521 vichr ............................522 víko .............................. 519 vír ...............................522 víra ............................. 520 vískati..........................214 víti ...............................522 vítr .............................. 520 vláha............................524 vlak ..............................526 vlaka............................526 vlákno..........................526 vlas...............................526 vlasŸ .............................526 vlásti ............................526 vlažiti ..........................527 vléci..............................514 vlha..............................216 vlhký ............................536 vlk ...............................537 vlna..............................537 vnit•.............................387 vnuk.............................530 voda.............................523 voditi ...........................523 voják............................524 vojín.............................524 vojna............................524 voliti ............................525 vosa..............................377 vosk..............................529 vous ............................ 386 voziti............................530

627 vrah ............................. 527 vrána........................... 528 vrata............................ 529 vráta............................ 529 vrátiti.......................... 529 vrch ............................. 538 v¼ch ............................. 538 vrhnouti...................... 538 vrše .............................. 539 vrstva .......................... 538 vrtYti............................ 539 v•es .............................. 516 v•eteno ........................ 516 v•íti.............................. 537 v,le.............................. 525 v,Že............................. 527 v,z...............................530 vy ............................... 533 vy- ............................... 533 vydra ........................... 534 výheŽ........................... 534 vyknouti...................... 534 výmY............................ 534 výmeno ....................... 534 vysoký ..........................535 vz(e)- .......................... 533 z(e).............................. 217 za ...............................540 zábnouti ..................... 543 zábradlí....................... 541 zábsti........................... 543 zá•e.............................. 541 záti ..............................544 zav•íti.......................... 541 zblo..............................472 zdravý .........................478 zed’ ..............................544 zelený .......................... 541 zelí ...............................542 zem..............................542 zemY ............................542 zeŸ ............................... 543 zeti...............................544 zima ............................544 zítra............................. 510 zívati ...........................542 zjevný.............................31 zlato ............................547

628 zlý ................................ 551 zmije ........................... 545 znamení...................... 545 zŽat .............................546 znáti............................546 znYŸ .............................546 zníti............................. 550 znoj .............................546 zob............................... 547 zobati.......................... 547 zora ............................. 548 zo•e ............................. 548 zouti.............................218 zrak ............................. 549 zráti .............................552 zrno..............................553 zub .............................. 549 zubr............................. 549 zu•iti ........................... 564 zváti ............................. 551 zvY•.............................. 549 zvon ............................ 550 žába .............................553 žádati..........................560 žádný ..........................560 žal ................................553 žaloudek ..................... 556 žalud ........................... 556 žaludek ....................... 556 žár ............................... 554 žatva ............................561 že ....................... 208, 554 žebro ........................... 433 žéci .............................. 554 želeti.............................555 železo ...........................555 želva.............................557 žena............................. 558 žeravý.......................... 558 že•avý ......................... 558 žezlo ............................ 559 židký ........................... 562 žíla .............................. 562 žíti ..........................61, 562 živice ........................... 563 život ............................ 563 živý.............................. 564 žláza.............................557

INDICES žlu .............................. 552 žluna............................565 žlutý.............................565 žluva ............................557 ž•ídlo ...........................559 z•íti .............................. 552 žuva .............................557 žváti.............................567 1.3.2 Old Czech bahno ............................33 bás(e)Ž......................... 34 báti ................................33 bedra .............................35 bidlo...............................41 blaŽe..............................53 blání ..............................53 blekot............................ 42 blén ................................35 blesk.............................. 48 blésti ............................. 44 blívati ........................... 46 blvati ............................ 46 bósti ...............................59 bradlo ........................... 56 brah .............................. 56 bran ...............................57 braŽ ...............................57 brána.............................57 brat ...............................60 bratr .............................60 brat• .............................60 brev............................... 66 brh .................................73 broný ............................ 64 brt ................................ 69 brzo............................... 70 brzý............................... 70 b•Yh................................37 b•Yzí.............................. 36 b•ezk..............................61 b•ísti ..............................61 b•idký ........................... 62 buj ................................ 68 cYsta.............................. 76 cYv ................................ 77 cYva............................... 76 ciev................................ 77

cieva ..............................76 cievka ............................76 ad.................................88 ád.................................88 ada...............................88 áda...............................88 akati ............................78 áry ...............................79 ekati.............................79 eles(e)n....................... 80 e•Yn.............................. 83 Yst.................................88 iest ...............................88 ieti.........................91, 345 káti ..............................79 •ieti ..............................84 rpati.............................92 úti ................................ 91 dás(e)Ž .......................106 dásno...........................106 dáti ............................... 96 dci ............................... 129 deb• ..............................132 dehna ............................98 dél ............................... 134 déš............................... 131 deve•............................ 105 dYvice .......................... 105 dieti .............................104 diežY ............................106 dle ........................103, 134 dolov.............................112 drážiti .......................... 115 drob ..............................119 drobYz ..........................118 drzati ...........................137 držYti............................123 drzký ............................137 drznúti .........................137 dunúti ......................... 124 d•év(e) .........................116 d•evní...........................116 d•Yvní...........................116 d•ežeti ..........................123 d•ien..............................99 d•iev(e)........................116 d•kolna ....................... 124 d•vi.............................. 128

INDICES haŸ ................................162 (h)i ..............................207 hlechnúti .................... 168 hluma ......................... 167 hniezdo ....................... 169 hnus ............................ 170 hoj ................................173 hojiti sY ........................173 holemý .........................174 holeŽ ............................174 holet .............................175 hó•e ............................. 179 ho•í.............................. 179 hospod ........................ 180 hospodin..................... 180 hrad..............................185 hrázY ........................... 178 h•áznuti...................... 188 h•ebí............................ 558 h•ésti ........................... 186 h•ívna ......................... 189 hus............................... 184 ch(v)orý ......................206 chlud ...........................202 chrabry .......................204 chto .............................264 jadati ............................26 jarý...............................152 jatrev ...........................159 jáz ..................................31 jYYti.............................156 jedl ...............................139 ješe............................. 146 jest•áb ........................... 29 jYst•áb ........................... 29 jYzY ...............................157 jhra..............................209 jieti...............................158 jiezva............................ 155 jímati ........................... 211 jískati .......................... 214 jistba ............................215 jmáti ............................ 211 jmY ...............................212 jmelé ............................141 jmieti ........................... 211 juh ...............................207 juž(e) ..........................207

kaký .............................219 kehdy ...........................227 klestiti......................... 224 klí .............................. 224 klíeti...........................225 koba.............................227 kokot........................... 228 kon...............................232 konec ...........................232 kopet............................233 ko•ec ............................238 kosa..............................238 kot ...............................241 kót ...............................241 kotec ............................241 kovati ..........................241 kra ...............................210 krada ...........................235 krásty...........................235 krupný.........................253 krupý ........................... 251 kto .............................. 264 kur ...............................257 kúr ...............................257 kvisti............................259 lákati .................. 268, 367 laní ............................. 368 lanítva ........................ 369 láti .............................. 268 laz .............................. 270 láz .............................. 270 leb ...............................293 léceti ........................... 276 ledvie .......................... 276 lécha ............................272 lekno ........................... 294 léŽ ...............................273 léný ..............................273 lesk.............................. 294 lésk.............................. 294 léti .............................. 297 lež ...............................295 ležYti ............................272 lháti ............................ 294 lib(o)............................281 libYvy ...........................277 libí ...............................277 líbiti .............................281

629 líbiti sY ........................ 281 líce ...............................278 lichý.............................278 lisa ...............................279 lodí ..............................367 lóno ............................. 285 loza..............................287 lože ..............................287 ¯ubo ............................. 281 ¯úbo ............................. 281 luby ............................. 281 lú ................................ 90 lúiti ............................288 ¯ud ...............................282 ¯udie ............................282 luh ...............................288 lušiti...........................293 luska............................ 291 luštiti...........................293 ¯útiti ............................282 ¯útý .............................. 283 lúže..............................293 lýtka ............................295 lzY ...............................296 máti.............................303 matorný......................304 mieti ...........................331 mYl............................... 310 mení ............................ 341 mhla ............................ 338 miesti ...........................315 mieti............................ 316 miezha ........................ 314 miezka ........................ 314 míjYti............................317 mladný........................ 323 mnieti..........................340 modla..........................320 mozk............................ 328 mrkev .......................... 335 mrknúti (sY) ............... 341 mútiti..........................330 Žadra........................... 150 Žádra........................... 150 náv...............................347 náva ............................347 naviti...........................347 neduha........................348

630 nedvYd ........................306 nYkdo ..........................349 nYkto ...........................349 nenie ...........................360 neroditi....................... 437 ne•est ..........................349 netopý• ....................... 350 nevod ........................... 351 nieti ............................353 nicí ...............................352 novák ...........................357 nrav............................. 356 nutiti...........................360 núže ............................ 359 nýti..............................360 obYcYti..........................361 obora........................... 362 oje ............................... 364 ojY ............................... 364 opak ............................ 372 os ...............................380 oškrd ........................... 378 ov ............................... 384 oven............................. 384 pásti ............................ 392 pazucha ...................... 392 pieha ........................... 397 pieti ............................. 399 pitati ........................... 401 plesna..........................403 pleŸ ..............................407 pléva............................ 395 p¯úcY............................405 plúti............................ 406 podYsiti .......................100 podrah ........................408 pozinúti ...................... 545 p•edlí............................. 33 priesti.......................... 419 p•ieti ...........................428 prsi ..............................429 pšano ...........................431 puchati ....................... 423 •ebro............................ 433 •ieka............................434 rolí................................375 •úti ..............................436 rydati .......................... 441

INDICES s dolí .............................111 sahati..........................449 sédmý ......................... 443 selo..............................444 sieci.............................446 sieŽ.............................. 447 sít ............................... 451 slúti..............................455 smYti ...........................480 smieti se ..................... 456 sok .............................. 459 spYšiti.......................... 464 ssáti............................. 482 stblo ............................ 472 stláti............................ 473 stráka ......................... 477 (s )t•Yvo .........................85 st•íci............................ 469 st•ieci.......................... 467 strkolna .......................124 strziess ........................ 470 stzY.............................. 472 súditi .......................... 463 suvati.......................... 462 svadnúti ..................... 476 svekrev.........................475 sviecY .......................... 476 szo•íti.......................... 548 šYrý.............................. 447 šéstý ............................ 486 švadlí .............................33 trest............................. 499 tresŸ............................. 499 t•Ymcha .........................82 t•Yví .............................. 86 t•ie .............................. 499 t•iesti .......................... 497 tští ...............................502 úpiti ............................. 532 úzda..............................511 váti............................... 519 vYcYch (vecYch, vecech) .............................. 520 velí ............................... 515 veš .............................. 540 vieko ............................ 519 vieti.............................. 519 vŽut•............................387

vrci ...............................515 zYŸ ............................... 543 zelva .............................551 zielo ............................. 138 zieti..............................544 znamY .........................546 zvnieti .........................550 žáda.............................560 ždáti ............................ 565 žebro............................ 433 žeráb ........................... 558 žeráv............................ 558 žezl .............................. 559 žezlo ............................ 559 žíto............................... 563 žláza............................ 557 žléza ............................ 557 žrieti............................ 559 žváti ............................567 1.3.3 Slovak ako.................................28 baba .............................. 32 bádaŸ............................. 32 bahno ............................ 33 baŸ sa.............................50 bdieŸ ..............................68 behat .............................39 bes ................................ 40 bez .................................38 bežaŸ............................. 40 bi ................................. 41 bidlo .............................. 41 bieda .............................38 biediŸ .............................39 bielian ...........................36 biely.............................. 40 biŸ ................................. 41 bitva ..............................42 blahý ............................. 51 b¯akot ............................42 blana ........................52, 53 blcha..............................48 bledý..............................42 blen................................ 35 blesk ..............................43 blisk ...............................45 blízky.............................45

INDICES blud...............................47 blúdiŸ ............................47 b¯uvaŸ............................46 blýskaŸ ..........................44 bodaŸ.............................49 boh ................................ 50 bohatý........................... 50 boj ..................................51 bô¯ ................................. 54 bolieŸ ..............................51 bor ................................. 58 bôr ................................. 58 bosý ............................... 59 brada .............................55 bradatý ..........................55 bradlo ........................... 56 brána ............................ 57 brány............................. 56 brat ...............................60 braŸ................................ 73 brat(e)r.........................60 brav............................... 58 brázda........................... 59 b¼dnuŸ...........................66 breh ............................... 37 bremä............................ 37 brest .............................. 37 breza ............................. 38 brh................................. 73 bridký ........................... 62 briŸ ................................ 63 britký ............................ 62 britva ............................ 63 brod...............................64 brodiŸ (sa) .................... 63 b¼sŸ ................................ 61 brt .................................69 brucho........................... 63 brusnica........................64 brva...............................66 brvno ............................ 67 brzda.............................66 buaŸ ............................. 67 budiŸ ............................. 67 bujný.............................68 bura...............................68 búra...............................68 bydlo .............................70

býlie ...............................71 bystrý.............................71 byŸ .................................71 bytie...............................71 cápaŸ..............................73 cediŸ ...............................74 celovaŸ ...........................74 celý.................................75 cena ...............................75 ceniŸ...............................75 cesnak........................... 86 cesta.............................. 76 cesto ............................ 492 cieva ............................. 76 adza ............................ 77 akaŸ............................. 78 ar ................................ 79 as ................................ 79 asŸ................................ 88 asto.............................. 88 astý.............................. 88 e¯ad’ ............................ 80 elo................................ 80 emer .............................81 emerica........................81 ereŽ ..............................83 erpati .......................... 92 erv ................................93 ervený ..........................93 esaŸ.............................. 86 ierny............................ 92 in ................................ 89 iniŸ............................... 89 istiŸ .............................. 90 istý............................... 90 ítaŸ............................... 90 cítiŸ .............................. 381 lovek............................ 80 remcha.........................82 ren................................83 renový .........................83 rep ............................... 84 revo ..............................85 rieda.............................81 rieslo ............................85 rieŸ............................... 84 rta ................................93 udo ...............................91

631 uŸ ................................. 91 d’ah .............................106 daleký............................95 daŽ ................................95 dar ................................ 96 d’asno..........................106 daŸ ................................ 96 d’ate¯ ........................... 107 dávaŸ ............................ 96 dáviŸ ..............................97 dážd’............................. 131 dech ............................. 129 decht..............................98 deliti ............................ 102 deŽ............................... 134 derski............................137 desaŸ ............................100 desiaty.........................100 deti ..............................104 deva............................. 105 deväŸ ............................101 deviaty .........................101 diel............................... 103 dielo............................. 103 diera ............................ 103 dieŸa ............................104 dieža............................106 diký.............................. 107 div ...............................108 diviŸ sa ........................108 divný ...........................109 divo..............................108 dlaŽ .............................. 111 dláto .............................112 dÏbsŸ............................. 134 dlh ............................... 129 dlhý ..............................133 dnes ..............................135 do ...............................109 dobrý ........................... 110 dochnúŸ....................... 129 dojiŸ............................. 110 dom .............................. 113 doma ............................112 domov ..........................112 domový ........................112 draha............................ 113 drahý............................ 113

632 draŸ .............................. 135 drážiŸ ........................... 115 drbaŸ ............................ 135 drevný..........................116 drevo .............................99 drgaŸ ............................122 drhnút’.........................136 driapaŸ......................... 115 driemaŸ........................ 117 drieŽ .............................99 drieŸ (sa).......................99 driev.............................116 drobiŸ ........................... 118 drobizg......................... 118 drozd........................... 120 droždie......................... 121 druh ............................. 121 drúh ............................. 121 druhý ...........................122 drúk ............................. 121 drvo..............................123 drzý ..............................137 držaŸ.............................138 dub ...............................114 duch ............................ 124 dúchaŸ......................... 124 dúha.............................114 dupa.............................125 dúpa.............................125 dúpä.............................125 duriŸ............................ 126 durný ...........................127 duša .............................127 duŸ................................127 dúži ..............................127 dvakrát ....................... 236 dvor............................. 128 dýchaŸ .......................... 131 dym ..............................132 ešte .............................. 146 glej............................... 168 grmolec ....................... 194 grno............................. 199 habaŸ............................159 had .............................. 160 hádaŸ........................... 160 hasnúŸ..........................161 haŸ ................................162

INDICES hlad...................... 173, 203 h¯adaŸ ..........................164 hladký..........................162 hlas ..............................176 hlboký..........................166 hlien............................. 163 hlina ............................164 hlísta............................164 hliva............................. 165 hlobic...........................166 hlobiŸ ...........................166 hloh..............................166 hltaŸ .............................168 hluchnúŸ......................168 hluchý..........................167 hlupý............................167 hnev.............................168 hnida ...........................169 hniesŸ...........................168 hniezdo........................169 hnilý ............................169 hniŸ ..............................169 hnoj .............................170 hnus.............................170 hnusiŸ ..........................170 hnusný......................... 171 hnúŸ .............................197 hodina ......................... 172 hodný .......................... 173 hoj ............................... 173 holeŽ............................ 174 holota .......................... 174 holub ........................... 175 holý ..............................176 honiŸ ............................ 177 hora ............................. 177 horieŸ ...........................178 horký ...........................180 hospodin .....................180 hosŸ ..............................180 hovädo......................... 181 hovieŸ........................... 181 hovno........................... 182 hovor ........................... 181 hovoriŸ......................... 181 hra .............................. 209 hrach ...........................179 hrad ......................178, 185

hrád..............................185 hrada........................... 187 hrádza......................... 178 hrana .......................... 179 hraŸ.............................. 210 hrb............................... 198 hrdlo............................ 198 hrdý ............................. 198 hrebeŽ ......................... 186 hriaŸ ............................ 187 hriaznuŸ...................... 188 hriebsŸ ......................... 186 hriech .......................... 187 hriva............................ 189 hrkaŸ ........................... 199 hrmieŸ ......................... 195 hrnúŸ .......................... 200 hrob .............................190 hrom............................190 hromada .....................190 hrôza ............................191 hroziŸ............................191 hrozno..........................191 hrozný......................... 192 hrsŸ .............................. 199 hrubý........................... 192 hrud’............................ 193 hruda .......................... 192 hrúžiŸsa....................... 193 hrýzŸ............................ 194 huba ............................ 182 hubiti .......................... 195 huhŽaŸ ........................ 182 humno ........................ 195 hus............................... 184 húsŸ...............................183 hustý.............................183 hutný........................... 184 hviezda........................ 195 hýbaŸ .......................... 200 hynút.......................... 200 chabiŸ .......................... 201 chabý........................... 201 chápaŸ .........................202 chladný ...................... 204 chlieb...........................202 chod.............................203 chodiŸ ..........................203

INDICES chomút........................204 chorý ...........................206 chrasta .........................235 chrastie .......................206 chromý........................ 205 chudý .......................... 205 chvoja .........................206 chýbaŸ .........................207 ihla .............................. 210 ihra..............................209 ikra.............................. 210 il ................................ 211 íl ................................ 211 imelo, jmelo.................141 iný ................................212 ískaŸ ............................ 214 iskra ............................ 214 ísŸ ............................... 216 iva ............................... 216 íver .............................. 216 izba ..............................215 jablko ............................26 jaaŸ .............................156 jachaŸ........................... 151 jameŽ .........................156 jadro ............................157 jahŽa.............................26 jahoda........................... 27 jak ................................. 28 jaký ............................... 28 jalec............................. 140 jama.............................. 28 jar ................................ 153 jarabica ...................... 142 jarec ............................. 153 jarina........................... 151 jarka ............................152 jarmo ............................ 28 jarý...............................152 jaseŽ.............................. 29 jasný............................. 153 jastrab........................... 29 jazda ............................154 jazero .......................... 148 jazva ............................ 155 jazyk ............................159 jebaŸ ............................ 147 jed ................................150

jed¯a............................. 139 jednaký........................ 138 jelcha .......................... 370 jeleŽ ............................ 140 jemelo.......................... 141 jerab ............................142 jerabina.......................142 jeseŽ.............................144 jeseter .......................... 145 jesŸ ............................... 154 je]er .............................148 jež ...............................149 jímaŸ ............................ 211 juh .............................. 207 jucha........................... 208 k(u)..............................259 kadidlo ........................218 kadiŸ ............................218 kajaŸ sa........................219 kaliŸ .....................219, 220 kameŽ ........................ 220 kára ............................. 221 kaše¯............................. 221 kašlaŸ ........................... 221 kázaŸ............................222 kázeŽ ...........................222 kaziŸ.............................222 kde ...............................259 kel ...............................261 ker ...............................261 klada........................... 228 klas.............................. 230 klásŸ .............................223 klaŸ.............................. 230 klát............................... 231 klátiŸ ........................... 230 kliešte.......................... 224 klieštiŸ......................... 224 klkaŸ.............................227 k¯ú ............................. 226 k¯uati ........................ 226 k¯uka........................... 226 kobec............................227 kokoš........................... 228 kokot........................... 228 kôl ............................... 231 koleno......................... 228 kolo ............................. 229

633 kôŽ ...............................231 koniec.......................... 232 kopa............................. 232 kopaŸ ........................... 233 kôpor ........................... 233 kopt ............................. 233 kôra .............................234 koreŽ ........................... 237 korica .......................... 235 koriŸ sa ........................ 235 koryto.......................... 237 kos ...............................239 kô .............................. 240 kosa .............................238 kosŸ ..............................239 kostura........................238 košiar ......................... 240 koterý ......................... 240 kotorý......................... 240 kotrý........................... 240 kovaŸ ........................... 241 koza.............................242 kozol............................242 koža.............................242 kraj............................. 244 krákaŸ..........................245 krása ...........................245 krásny ........................ 246 krátky..........................236 krava ...........................236 krch ............................. 253 kremeŽ ....................... 246 krepký ........................ 246 krepý .......................... 246 krh ............................... 253 kriaŸ...........................247 krídlo...........................247 krieslo..........................247 krik..............................247 k¼kaŸ............................262 krm..............................262 krma............................262 kropiŸ.......................... 249 krosná ........................ 249 krotiŸ ...........................250 krotký..........................250 krov .............................250 krpa.............................263

634 kruch........................... 252 kruh .............................251 krúpy........................... 252 krútiŸ............................251 krutý ........................... 252 krvný............................253 kryŸ.............................. 254 kuka ..........................244 kudiŸ ............................255 kupina ........................ 243 kúriŸ ............................ 257 kus............................... 243 kúsaŸ ........................... 243 kuŸ ............................... 241 kút ...............................244 kutiŸ ............................ 258 kúzeŽ .......................... 258 kuzŽa.......................... 258 kúzŽa.......................... 258 kvas ............................. 258 kvet.............................. 258 ký ...............................260 kydat’ ..........................264 kydnúŸ ........................ 265 kýchaŸ ......................... 265 kyj ............................... 265 kyla ............................. 265 kypieŸ ..........................266 kyprý ...........................266 kyslý ............................ 267 kývaŸ ........................... 267 laba .............................268 labuŸ............................ 365 laný ...........................366 ¯ad ...............................270 ¯adva ...........................276 ¯advie ..........................276 ¯ahký ........................... 297 lakomý........................ 367 lakoŸ ............................ 368 laŽ ............................... 368 ¯an ...............................298 lani..............................369 láska............................269 láskaŸ ..........................269 ¯äsŸ...............................270 l០...............................268 ¯avý.............................. 275

INDICES laziŸ............................. 269 lazy ............................. 270 leb ...............................293 lebeda ......................... 366 ledva ............................ 139 ledvo ............................ 139 lekno ........................... 294 lemeš............................271 lenivý ...........................272 lep ...............................273 lepiŸ..............................273 lepý ..............................274 les ...............................274 lesk.............................. 294 lesŸ .............................. 298 letieŸ.............................271 leto ...............................274 ležaŸ .............................272 lhaŸ ............................. 294 lichý ............................ 278 lido...............................295 lieŽ...............................273 lieska............................274 liezŸ ..............................275 lipa.............................. 279 líšiŸ sa ......................... 280 list ..............................279 listá ............................. 296 lízaŸ............................. 280 loboda......................... 366 loj ...............................283 lomiŸ ........................... 284 lono.............................285l lopata ..........................285 los .............................. 370 losos .............................285 lov .............................. 286 loviŸ............................. 286 loza ............................. 287 lož ...............................295 ložiŸ............................. 287 lub .............................. 289 ¯úbiŸ .............................281 ¯ubý..............................281 lú .............................. 290 lúiŸ............................. 290 lúiŸ sa ........................ 288 ¯ud ...............................282

¯udia............................282 luh ...............................288 luhaŸ............................294 luk ...............................289 lúka .............................289 luna ............................. 291 lúpiŸ............................. 291 lusk ..............................292 lúštiŸ ............................293 ¯úty .............................. 283 lyko..............................295 lysý ..............................296 mach ........................... 333 máchaŸ........................298 mak .............................299 mäkký ......................... 314 mäknúŸ ....................... 314 malý ........................... 300 mam............................ 301 mamiŸ ......................... 301 mara............................ 301 maslo...........................302 mäso.............................315 masŸ.............................302 maŸ ...............................211 mäŸ .............................. 316 mátaŸ ..........................302 materstvo....................303 mávaŸ..........................299 máz(d)ra.................... 316 mazaŸ ..........................304 mdlý ............................ 332 me ..............................305 med ............................ 306 med’.............................309 medved’...................... 306 medza .........................305 mech............................309 meniŸ sa ....................... 311 meno ........................... 212 menší........................... 341 mesiac ..........................312 metaŸ...........................309 miasŸ ............................315 miazga ........................ 314 mieniŸ...........................312 mier............................. 318 miera............................312

INDICES mieriŸ ...........................312 miesiŸ ........................... 313 miesto .......................... 313 migáŸ............................316 mih...............................316 mikaŸ ...........................317 milý ..............................317 mimo ...........................317 minúŸ ...........................318 mládenec .................... 322 mladý...........................323 mlat............................. 324 mlátiŸ ...........................323 mlaŸ ...........................340 mlieko ......................... 307 mlieŸ............................ 307 mluva.......................... 334 mluviŸ ......................... 334 mÏzŸ............................. 307 mnieŸ...........................340 mnoho......................... 334 mnohý......................... 334 moc ..............................321 mo ..............................319 moiŸ........................... 320 môcŸ .............................321 modla.......................... 320 modliŸ sa..................... 320 modrý ......................... 320 môj .............................. 322 mokrý.......................... 322 mo¯ ...............................323 mor.............................. 326 mora ........................... 324 more.............................325 morkva ........................335 mošna ......................... 327 most ............................ 326 motaŸ .......................... 327 motyka........................ 327 mozog ......................... 328 mrak ............................325 mráz............................ 326 mreža..........................308 mrieŸ ...........................308 mrk...............................341 mrknuŸ ........................341 mrký............................ 342

m¼tvy .......................... 342 mrzieŸ ......................... 342 mrznúŸ ........................343 mšica ...........................336 mstva...........................343 mucha .........................330 muiŸ ...........................328 múdry..........................329 muka ...........................329 múka ...........................329 mútiŸ............................330 muž..............................330 my ...............................336 mydlo...........................336 myš ..............................337 myse¯............................337 myŸ...............................338 mýto.............................338 mzda............................343 na .............................. 344 naaŸ............................345 nad(o) .........................345 náhly............................345 nahý.............................345 národ.......................... 346 naŸ .............................. 346 naviŸ sa........................347 ne ...............................347 nebo ............................ 348 nebohý........................ 348 necht............................ 355 neduh ......................... 348 neheŸ............................ 355 neres ........................... 349 neresŸ .......................... 349 netopier .......................350 nevesta .................351, 458 neže.............................. 352 ni ............................... 352 nicaŸ............................. 352 niekto.......................... 349 niesŸ .............................350 niŸ ............................... 353 niva..............................354 noc ............................... 355 noha.............................354 nos ...............................357 nosiŸ.............................356

635 novák .......................... 357 nový............................. 357 nozdra......................... 358 nôž............................... 358 nudiŸ............................ 358 núdza .......................... 359 núkaŸ........................... 359 nuriŸ sä ....................... 359 nútiŸ ........................... 360 nyŸ .............................. 360 o ............................... 361 obecaŸ.......................... 361 oblak ........................... 362 oblý.............................. 363 obora ........................... 362 obuŸ ............................. 363 ocitnouŸ sa.................. 381 od(o) ........................... 382 odolieŸ ......................... 363 oheŽ.............................364 okno ............................ 365 oko............................... 365 olovo............................369 on ............................... 372 onuca .......................... 371 opak............................. 372 oraŸ.............................. 372 orech............................ 374 orel ..............................376 orol ..............................376 os ...............................380 osa ............................... 377 osem ............................379 ôsmy ............................378 osnova.........................379 osol .............................. 381 osŸ ...............................380 ostrý ............................379 otec .............................. 383 otrok............................ 382 otvoriŸ ......................... 383 ovca .............................384 ovos .............................384 ožina ...........................149 padaŸ...........................389 páchaŸ .........................389 páchnuŸ.......................389 palec ............................390

636 palica ..........................390 páliŸ.............................390 pamäŸ ..........................391 para..............................391 pás .............................. 409 pásŸ.............................. 392 päsŸ.............................. 399 päŸ .............................. 400 päta............................. 399 pavúk ...........................391 pazucha ...................... 392 pažiŸ ............................ 393 pchaŸ ...........................426 pec ............................... 393 peha ............................ 397 peklo............................426 peŽ .............................. 427 pena ............................ 397 perdieŸ.........................428 pero .............................396 pes ................................431 pestrý ..........................430 peší .............................. 398 piad’ ............................ 398 piaty............................ 399 pichaŸ..........................426 piecŸ............................. 393 piesok .......................... 398 piest............................. 397 písaŸ ............................430 piskor ......................... 400 piŸ ............................... 401 pivo .............................402 plachý ......................... 410 plakaŸ..........................402 plameŽ.........................411 plást ............................402 plátno.......................... 412 plávaŸ..........................403 plaviŸ...........................403 plavý ........................... 412 plaz ............................. 412 plece ............................404 plen ............................. 394 pleseŽ ..........................404 pleŸ .............................. 394 pleva ........................... 395 pliesŸ............................404

INDICES plný............................. 426 plot..............................406 plsŸ .............................. 427 plŸ .............................. 407 p¯úca........................... 405 pluk............................. 424 pluŸ .............................406 p¯uti ............................ 402 pnúŸ ............................ 399 pod(e).........................408 podošva ......................409 pol ...............................412 pole .............................. 411 poleno......................... 410 polica .......................... 410 popel ............................395 poplach....................... 410 poslaŸ .......................... 479 pot ...............................415 povraz .........................415 pozde ...........................415 prach............................413 prah .............................413 prasa............................414 praŸ ............................. 428 pravý............................418 pri ...............................419 priasŸ ...........................419 priate¯..........................419 priek ........................... 396 prosiŸ............................421 prostý.......................... 422 proti ............................ 422 prsia............................ 429 prskaŸ ..........................423 prst.............................. 429 pšeno ........................... 431 puaŸ............................416 puchnúŸ.......................423 puk...............................417 pupok...........................417 pustiŸ .......................... 424 pustý ........................... 424 púŸ ...............................417 puto .............................417 pýr ...............................425 pýtaŸ ............................425 ráiŸ ............................. 431

rad ...............................436 radlo............................ 373 rak ............................... 374 rakyta.......................... 375 ramä............................ 375 rásŸ ..............................376 rataj ............................376 rebro............................ 433 re ...............................434 remeŽ .......................... 433 riad..............................436 riecŸ ............................. 433 riedky ..........................434 rieka ............................434 rihaŸ ............................441 rinúŸ se........................436 robiŸ............................. 373 robota.......................... 373 rod ...............................437 rodiŸ.............................437 roh ...............................438 roj ...............................438 rôj ...............................438 rok ...............................438 rokyta.......................... 375 ro¯a .............................. 375 rosa..............................438 rov ...............................439 roz- .............................. 377 rub...............................439 ruch ............................ 440 rudý............................ 440 ruka.............................439 rúno............................ 440 rvaŸ..............................441 rydaŸ............................441 rydlo............................441 ryŸ .............................. 442 s(e) ..............................478 sad .............................. 442 sadiŸ............................ 442 saŸ ...............................482 sedem ..........................443 sedieŸ ...........................445 sedlo ........................... 444 sen ............................... 481 seno ............................ 446 sestra ...........................445

INDICES sever ............................449 schnúti........................479 siahnuŸ........................449 siaŸ...............................447 sídlo............................. 445 siedmy.........................443 sieŽ..............................447 sieŸ ...............................448 sila................................451 sito................................451 sivý ...............................451 slabý............................ 452 sladký.......................... 459 slama .......................... 459 slaný........................... 460 slatina......................... 461 sláva............................ 453 slimak ......................... 453 slina ............................ 453 slnce ............................479 sloj ...............................480 slovo ............................ 454 sluch............................ 455 sluka............................ 454 slušaŸ........................... 455 smiaŸ sa ......................456 smiech.........................456 smieŸ ...........................480 smrad..........................456 smrdieŸ........................ 457 smrŸ.............................480 sneh............................. 457 snovaŸ ......................... 457 socha ........................... 458 sok ............................... 459 so¯ ............................... 461 sova ............................. 461 spaŸ.............................. 481 spieŸ.............................464 spor ............................. 481 srdce ............................ 485 srieŽ ............................444 srna ............................. 485 sršeŽ ............................ 485 stádo ........................... 465 stan ............................. 465 starý ............................ 465 st០..............................468

staŸ sa ......................... 465 staviŸ sa ......................466 steblo .......................... 472 stehno .........................466 stenaŸ..........................466 stihnúŸ........................ 467 štít .............................. 486 sto .............................. 482 stoh ............................. 468 stôl .............................. 468 ston ............................. 468 straka ......................... 477 strana ......................... 469 streda..........................444 struk ........................... 469 strýc ............................ 470 stržeŽ...........................471 studený........................471 studiŸ ...........................471 stydnúŸ ....................... 473 sú- .............................. 462 suchý........................... 473 súd .............................. 463 suk .............................. 464 surový......................... 474 sušiŸ ............................ 474 svätý ........................... 476 svet.............................. 476 sviŽa ........................... 477 svokor ..........................475 svrab........................... 477 svrbieŸ......................... 478 syn ...............................483 sypaŸ ............................483 syr ...............................483 sýty.............................. 484 šerý.............................. 447 šesŸ .............................. 487 šibaŸ ............................ 487 šiesty ........................... 486 šiŸ .............................. 487 šteŽa ........................... 486 švec ............................. 488 tajiŸ ............................. 489 Ÿažký ........................... 494 temä............................ 492 temný ..........................505 ten ...............................502

637 tenký ...........................505 tepaŸ ............................492 teplý............................ 490 tesaŸ............................. 491 tesný ............................492 tiahnouŸ......................493 tiecŸ............................. 489 tieŽ ..............................492 tisíc .............................. 503 tlapa ............................268 tlcŸ .............................. 490 tlieŸ ..............................504 tma..............................504 tok .............................. 494 topiŸ............................ 496 tráva........................... 496 tretí..............................497 trhaŸ ............................502 tri .............................. 499 triasŸ............................497 trieŸ.............................. 491 t¼Ž ...............................505 trsŸ .............................. 499 trud ............................ 498 trup ............................ 498 trút ............................. 498 tuný .......................... 499 túha.............................495 tuhý .............................495 tuk .............................. 500 tur .............................. 500 tvar............................. 500 tvár............................. 500 tvor .............................. 501 tvoriŸ ........................... 501 tvrdý............................ 501 ty ...............................502 tylo .............................. 503 tyŸ ............................... 503 úbohý ..........................506 ucho.............................507 uiŸ ..............................506 uhol ............................. 385 uho¯ ............................. 385 uhor.............................386 úhor.............................386 újec ..............................507 ú¯ ...............................508

638 ulica ............................508 um ...............................508 usnúŸ........................... 510 ústa .............................509 ústie............................. 510 utorok ..........................533 útroba ......................... 387 uzda ............................. 511 úzky............................. 388 uzol ............................. 388 už ...............................207 úžas.............................. 511 užovka ........................ 388 v(o).............................. 530 vábiŸ............................. 511 vadiŸ.............................512 vädnúŸ ........................ 520 vajce.............................. 27 var ................................512 variŸ .............................512 vela .............................. 72 vera............................ 536 vdova .......................... 536 veer.............................513 vedeŸ.............................518 vedro ............................518 veko..............................519 veliký............................514 ve¯ký............................. 515 ve¯mi ............................ 515 vemä ........................... 534 vemeno ....................... 534 veno............................. 520 ves ............................... 539 veslo .............................517 viaŸ...............................519 viazaŸ...........................521 vid ................................521 videŸ .............................521 viera............................ 520 viest..............................517 vietor........................... 520 viezŸ .............................518 víchor.......................... 522 vir ............................... 522 viŸ ............................... 522 vládaŸ.......................... 524 vlaha ........................... 524

INDICES vlak ..............................526 vlákno..........................526 vlasŸ .............................526 vlha..............................216 vlhký ............................536 vliecŸ ............................514 vlk ...............................537 vlna..............................537 vnuk.............................530 vnútri ..........................387 voda.............................523 voditi ...........................523 vôdor .......................... 364 voják............................524 vojín.............................524 vojna............................524 vô¯a ..............................525 voliŸ..............................525 vôŽe .............................527 vosk..............................529 voš ............................... 532 voz ...............................530 voziŸ.............................530 vrah .............................527 vrana ...........................528 vráta ............................529 vrátiŸ............................529 vrch..............................538 vres ..............................516 vreteno ........................516 vrhnúŸ .........................538 vrieŸ .............................537 vrstva...........................538 vrteŸ .............................539 vták............................. 424 vy ............................... 533 vy- ............................... 533 vydra ...........................534 vyhŽa...........................534 vysoký.......................... 535 vz(o)-........................... 533 z(o) .............................. 217 za .............................. 540 zábradlie .....................541 zajtra...........................510 zaŸ ...............................543 zavrieŸ .........................541 zdravý......................... 478

zelený .......................... 541 zem..............................542 ziabnuŸ........................ 543 zima ............................544 zívaŸ ............................542 zlato ............................547 zlý ................................551 zmija ........................... 545 znamenie .................... 545 znaŸ .............................546 znieŸ ............................550 zobaŸ ...........................547 zolvica..........................551 zora .............................548 zozuŸ............................ 218 zrak .............................549 zrieŸ ............................. 552 zrno ............................. 553 zub...............................549 zubor ...........................549 zúriŸ.............................564 zvaŸ...............................551 zver..............................549 zvon.............................550 žaba............................. 553 žalud’ .......................... 556 žalúdek ....................... 556 žaŸ ............................... 561 žatva ........................... 561 že .............................. 208 železo............................555 žena............................. 558 žeravý.......................... 558 žeriav .......................... 558 žiadaŸ ..........................560 žia¯............................... 553 žiar .............................. 554 žila............................... 562 žiŸ ............................... 562 živica........................... 563 život............................. 563 živý ..............................564 ž¯aza............................ 557 žl ............................... 552 žlna.............................. 565 žltý............................... 565 žriedlo ......................... 559 žuŸ ...............................567

INDICES 1.3.4 Old Slovak dáti................................96 jho ...............................209 jínie ..............................213 1.3.5 Upper Sorbian ba\................................. 33 bahno............................ 33 bYda .............................. 38 bi\ ................................. 41 bka ................................48 ble\ ................................46 blek................................42 blekot ............................42 blYdy..............................42 blYsk .............................. 43 blik ................................42 blizki ............................. 45 bóto...............................53 budzi\ ..........................47 bluwa\ ..........................46 buzna........................... 45 bys\e\...........................48 byska\ ..........................44 boje\ so ......................... 50 bole\ ...............................51 borno ............................66 bosy ............................... 59 bóh ................................ 50 ból ................................. 54 bóle................................ 52 bór ................................. 58 bra\ ............................... 73 bratr..............................60 brYmjo .......................... 37 brYza ............................. 38 britki ............................. 62 brjóh ............................. 37 bród...............................64 broda..............................55 brodaty ..........................55 brod]i\.......................... 63 bró............................... 57 bróna ............................ 56 brózda........................... 59 bue\ ............................. 67 cyd]i\ ............................ 74 cyli\ ............................... 74

cywa.............................. 76 \epa\........................... 492 \Ymny ..........................505 \Ysto ............................ 492 \ma ............................. 504 \opy ...........................490 aka\............................. 78 erw ...............................93 es\................................ 94 icha\............................ 89 orny............................. 92 rjewo ............................85 rjóda ............................81 rjód]i\..........................82 rjóso ............................85 rona .............................83 deš\ ...............................131 dom...............................113 draby ............................115 drY\ ............................... 99 drYn .............................. 99 drjewo .......................... 99 drob ............................. 119 drobina.........................117 droha ............................113 dróha ............................113 dwYrja .........................128 dwór ............................128 d]ehel ......................... 106 d]Yo ............................103 d]e ............................. 134 d]Yra............................103 d]Yža .......................... 106 d]iki.............................107 d]iwi............................108 gnYw ............................168 hat ...............................162 hód.............................. 173 hós ..............................176 howa...........................176 hóji\............................. 173 hora ............................. 177 hózd] ...........................196 hrYch............................187 hroch ...........................179 hrono ...........................179 hróch ...........................179 hród .............................178

639 hryza\ ......................... 194 hwYzda........................ 195 chód ...........................203 chróst ......................... 206 imje ............................. 212 jabo............................ 25 jakny .............................28 jase ..............................29 jasotr ........................... 145 jat•ob ............................29 jeba\ ............................ 147 jY\ ............................... 154 jYd ............................... 150 jYd] .............................. 150 jejko...............................27 jejo.................................27 jemjel ...........................141 jerbina..........................213 jerjab........................... 142 jerjabina ..................... 142 jesetr............................ 145 jYž ...............................149 jYzer............................. 148 jiwa.............................. 216 jstwa.............................215 kazy\ ...........................222 kipry ........................... 266 kosa .............................238 kotry........................... 240 kóda ...........................228 kós ..............................230 koÿ.............................. 261 kó ...............................231 kónc............................. 232 krej ..............................254 kroma......................... 249 krówa ..........................236 kruwa..........................236 kuka ............................256 kwYt............................. 258 aka\............................268 akomy ........................367 och\ ............................368 oni ..............................369 óch\ ............................368 uska............................ 291 lac ...............................277 lYdma .......................... 139

640 lYha\............................ 272 len ...............................298 lYp ............................... 273 les\...............................298 lYska ............................ 274 leže\............................. 272 lód ...............................270 mara ........................... 301 maz ............................. 305 mY\............................... 211 mYch............................309 mYd .............................306 mYd] ...........................309 mYra.............................312 mYsto............................ 313 mYza ............................314 miec^– ........................... 305 mihel........................... 338 mika\ ...........................317 mje ...............................212 mje............................. 305 mjed] ..........................309 mjeno...........................212 mjeza .......................... 305 mlY\............................. 307 móci\ ..........................323 módny ........................323 mót............................. 324 mloko .......................... 307 mo ..............................319 moch ............................333 móch ............................333 módry ......................... 320 móst ............................ 326 mróz............................ 326 njebjo.......................... 348 njetopy¼ ...................... 350 njewjesta ..................... 351 njež...............................352 noch\............................355 nóc................................355 nós................................357 nóž .............................. 358 nu\i\ ...........................360 nuri\ ........................... 359 ny\...............................360 pcha ..............................48 pola.............................. 72

INDICES pYc ...............................393 pYna.............................397 pYsk............................. 398 pjata ........................... 399 pje............................. 427 pjerd]e\ ...................... 396 pjero............................ 396 pót..............................406 pluwa...........................395 podroha......................408 polo .............................. 411 pos ............................... 431 pós ............................... 431 próh .............................413 p•as\ ............................419 p•e\iwo........................418 rado ............................373 ramjo...........................375 rY .............................. 434 rYdki ........................... 434 rYka............................. 434 rod]i\...........................437 rola ..............................375 roZc.............................. 376 sel ...............................461 sódki .......................... 459 soma.......................... 459 sowjer .........................449 sól ...............................461 soobik ........................460 són ...............................481 spYch ........................... 464 srjeda..........................444 sroka ........................... 477 sróka........................... 477 strona ......................... 469 strowy......................... 478 stwa ............................. 215 svYt.............................. 476 syc ..............................446 sy\ .............................. 447 sydo ........................... 445 sydom ......................... 443 syobik ........................460 syno ............................446 šesty ............................ 486 šYry ............................. 447 šYs\.............................. 487

škra.............................. 214 tcha................................48 tk(h)a ............................48 tón ...............................502 wola .............................72 wYno............................520 wYtr .............................520 wichor ......................... 522 wjeor...........................513 wjes.............................. 539 woha ..........................524 wós .............................526 wobora ........................ 362 wohe..........................364 wola............................. 525 wosa ............................378 wólša ........................... 371 wón.............................. 527 worjo..........................376 woš .............................. 532 wósom.........................379 wóst .............................380 wot(e)ry...................... 147 wótry...........................379 wóz ..............................530 wrYs ............................. 516 wrje\eno ..................... 516 wrjós............................ 516 wrota........................... 529 wróh ............................ 527 wróna.......................... 528 wuhe ......................... 534 wuhor..........................386 wukny\........................ 534 wuž..............................388 zoto ............................547 žada\...........................560 žaza............................ 557 žoma .......................... 565 1.3.6 Lower Sorbian badaZ............................. 32 bagno ............................ 33 barš\..............................65 bcha...............................48 bYda...............................38 bido .............................. 41 biZ ................................. 41

INDICES bo................................53 bona............................. 52 bu]iZ ............................47 bysk..............................48 byskaZ (se) ..................44 blYdy..............................42 blizki ............................. 45 bluZ................................46 bluwaZ...........................46 bluzna........................... 45 bys\aZ (se)...................48 bol ................................. 54 bosy ............................... 59 bójaZ se ......................... 50 bóleZ ...............................51 bór ................................. 58 braZ ............................... 73 bratr..............................60 bratš ..............................60 bratZa............................60 brY¦e............................ 37 brjaza............................ 38 brjog.............................. 37 brod...............................64 broda..............................55 brodaty ..........................55 brog ............................... 56 bro............................... 57 brouzda ........................ 59 brozda........................... 59 broziZ ............................ 63 br,zda .......................... 59 b]eZ ...............................68 carny .............................92 cerw............................... 93 coa................................ 72 akaZ ............................. 78 daÊe.............................. 97 garnuZ........................ 200 ga ............................... 210 goba ............................165 gobiZ........................... 166 gójZ ...............................173 gó¼e ............................. 179 groch ........................... 179 grono........................... 179 gryzaZ.......................... 194 herje........................... 376

herjo .......................... 376 horal ........................... 376 chamny .......................201 jabo ............................25 jabo ............................25 jajko...............................27 jajo.................................27 jalc .............................. 140 jastZeb........................... 29 jebaZ.............................147 jemjo .......................... 141 jerje............................ 376 jerjo ........................... 376 jesotr............................ 145 je] ...............................150 jYZ ............................... 154 jimY.............................. 212 kazyZ............................222 kón...............................232 kóš .............................. 240 kótary ......................... 240 kšoma ......................... 249 ajaZ ............................ 268 akaZ ........................... 268 oni ............................. 369 ožyZ............................ 287 lažaš.............................272 lYc ...............................277 lYgaZ .............................272 lYska.............................274 mamiZ..........................301 maniZ...........................301 mawaZ ........................ 299 maz..............................305 mY ............................... 212 mYZ............................... 211 mY] ............................. 309 mYzga .......................... 314 migoriZ ........................339 mikaZ ........................... 317 mlin ............................. 319 nahus\iZ ..................... 346 nawod.......................... 351 njewjesta ..................... 351 nokZ ............................. 355 nouž .............................358 nož ...............................358 nuriZ ............................359

641 nuta............................. 359 pata .............................399 pcoa..............................72 pYsk..............................398 pcha...............................48 pjas .............................. 431 pjask............................398 pjero ............................396 pjoro............................396 prZeZiwo ...................... 418 pZYs\ ............................419 rado............................ 373 ramje........................... 375 rYka .............................434 robiZ............................. 373 sec .............................. 446 sedo ............................445 sedym ..........................443 ZepaZ............................492 seZ ...............................447 strowy..........................478 Zopy ........................... 490 Zpa ................................215 šk¼a.............................. 214 wichar ......................... 522 wichor ......................... 522 wiwa............................ 216 woge ..........................364 wola............................. 525 wolša ........................... 371 woset ...........................380 wosom.........................379 wosym .........................379 wósa ............................378 wótery ......................... 147 wugo¼ ..........................386 wuž..............................388 zaza............................ 557 zuriZ ............................564 žaza............................ 557 žedaZ ...........................560 ]Yža .............................106 1.3.7 Polish a ................................. 25 baba .............................. 32 ba\ si<............................50 bada\............................. 32

642 bagno ............................ 33 baja\ ............................. 33 bar\ ...............................69 bardzo...........................70 barzo.............................70 baZ............................... 34 bawi\............................. 34 bez ................................. 38 b
INDICES bo ................................ 49 bogaty........................... 50 boja]........................... 50 bole\............................... 51 bosy................................59 bóbr .............................. 34 bóg ................................ 50 bój ................................. 51 ból .................................54 bór .................................58 bóZ\................................59 bra\................................73 bracia ...........................60 brat ...............................60 bredzi\...........................61 brew.............................. 66 brn\ ............................ 66 broda .............................55 brodaty..........................55 brodo ........................... 56 brodzi\...........................63 brona .......................56, 57 bro ...............................57 browek...........................58 bró\ si< ..........................57 bród .............................. 64 bródo ........................... 56 bróg............................... 56 brusznica ..................... 64 bruZnica ....................... 64 bruzda...........................59 brzask ............................61 brzeg ..............................37 brzemi<..........................37 brzost.............................37 brzoza............................38 brzóst.............................37 brzuch ...........................63 brzucho .........................63 brzydki ......................... 62 brzytwa .........................63 bucze\........................... 67 budzi\........................... 67 bujny ............................ 68 burza ............................ 68 bycie...............................71 by\ .................................71 bydo............................. 70

bystry ............................ 71 bywa\ ............................72 bzdzie\ ........................ 431 caowa\ .........................74 cay ................................ 75 capa\ ............................. 73 cedzi\.............................74 cena ............................... 75 ceni\ .............................. 75 chapa\.........................202 chleb ............................202 chd ...........................202 chodny ...................... 204 chód ...........................203 chodzi\ ........................203 choja........................... 206 chomto..................... 204 chory .......................... 206 chód.............................203 chrobry....................... 204 chromy ........................205 chroni\ ........................205 chroZcie ...................... 206 chrust ......................... 206 chudy...........................205 chyba\ .........................207 ciasny ..........................492 ciasto ...........................492 ci\ ............................. 494 cig ..............................493 ciga\ ..........................493 cign\........................493 ciec.............................. 489 ciemi<..........................492 ciemierzyca................... 81 ciemny.........................505 cie..............................492 cienki...........................505 ciepy.......................... 490 cier ............................505 ci<­ki .......................... 494 cios .............................. 491 ciosa\........................... 491 ciosa ........................... 491 ciska\.......................... 494 cuci\ ............................ 381 cud................................. 91 cudo............................... 91

INDICES czad............................... 77 czaka\ ........................... 78 czar ............................... 79 czarny ...........................92 czarodziej ..................... 78 czas................................ 79 czcha\ ...........................89 czczy............................ 502 czeka\............................ 79 czelad] ..........................80 czemier ..........................81 czermny ........................ 91 czerpa\..........................92 czerstwy ........................92 czerw............................. 93 czerwony ...................... 93 czesa\ ............................86 czeZ\ ..............................94 czezn\ ......................... 87 cz
dba\ .............................. 34 dech .............................129 deszcz ...........................131 d
643 dupo............................125 dur............................... 126 dura............................. 126 durny........................... 127 durzy\ ......................... 126 dusza........................... 127 du­o ............................ 127 du­y............................. 127 dwa.............................. 130 dwoje............................ 131 dwór ............................ 128 dycha\ .......................... 131 dym ..............................132 dzia\............................104 dziad ............................101 dzia ............................ 103 dziaa\ ........................ 102 dziao .......................... 103 dziarski ........................137 dzisa.........................106 dzieci< .........................104 dziegie\ .........................98 dzieli\.......................... 102 dzieo........................... 103 dzie............................ 134 dzierga\....................... 136 dzier­e\ ....................... 138 dzierzga\..................... 136 dziesity......................100 dziesi<\........................100 dziewity .....................101 dziewica...................... 105 dziewi<\ .......................101 dzie­a..........................106 dzi
644 gada\........................... 160 garb............................. 198 gardo.......................... 198 gardy........................... 198 garn\........................ 200 garZ\............................ 199 gasi\ .............................161 gasn\ ..........................161 gZ\...............................183 g­va............................185 gdzie............................ 259 g
INDICES gnusi\ si<.....................170 gnuZny ......................... 171 godny ........................... 173 gody ............................. 172 godzi\ .......................... 172 godzina........................ 172 goi\............................... 173 golemy ......................... 174 gole ............................ 174 gob............................ 175 goomróz ..................... 175 goota........................... 174 goy ..............................176 gomóa ........................ 177 goni\ ............................ 177 gorszy...........................179 gorze ............................179 gorze\...........................178 gorzej...........................179 gorzki...........................180 goZ\ ..............................180 gospód .........................180 gospodzin ....................180 gowor........................... 181 góra.............................. 177 gówno.......................... 182 gra .............................. 209 grabi\........................... 185 gra\ ..............................210 grad ............................. 185 grd ............................. 193 gr­y\ .......................... 193 gr
grzech.......................... 187 grzeZ\........................... 186 grzezn\...................... 188 grz
INDICES jak ................................. 28 jaki ................................ 28 jako ............................... 28 jama.............................. 28 jamioa ........................141 jar ............................... 151 jarka ............................152 jaro............................... 151 jary...............................152 jarz............................... 153 jarzb.......................... 142 jarzbek...................... 142 jarzec ........................... 153 jarz
jekij............................ 140 jemiesz......................... 141 jemioa ........................ 141 jerz
645 kt .............................. 244 k
646 koper ............................233 kopie\...........................233 kora............................. 234 koryto ......................... 237 korzec.......................... 238 korze ......................... 237 korzy\ si< .....................235 kos ............................... 239 kosa ............................. 238 koZ\ ............................. 239 kosm............................ 238 kosz .............................240 koszar .........................240 koszara .......................240 kot ............................... 241 kowa\.......................... 241 koza.............................242 kozie...........................242 kozio ..........................242 kó ................................231 kraj..............................244 kraka\ ......................... 245 krasa ........................... 245 kraZ\............................ 245 krasny .........................246 kraZny .........................246 krg ..............................251 krgy...........................251 krech ............................253 krew ............................ 254 krewny .........................253 kr
INDICES krupny.........................253 krupy ...........................252 kry\..............................254 krynica ....................... 248 krzaso........................ 247 krzeczot ...................... 246 krzemie .................... 246 krzepki........................ 246 krzeso ........................ 247 krzycze\...................... 247 krzydo ....................... 247 krzyk........................... 247 kto ................................ 64 ku ...............................259 ku\ ...............................241 kucza ...........................255 kuczka ........................ 244 kudyZ ...........................255 kuka\ ...........................255 kur ...............................257 kurzy\..........................257 kurzyca........................257 ku]nia .........................258 kwas.............................258 kwiat ...........................258 la\ .............................. 297 las ...............................274 laska ............................274 lato...............................274 lc .............................. 270 lebioda........................ 366 lec ..............................270 lecha ............................272 lecie\ ............................271 ledwie .......................... 139 ledwo ........................... 139 lega\.............................272 lekki ............................ 297 lemiesz.........................271 len .............................. 298 leniwy ..........................272 lep ...............................273 lepi\ .............................273 lewy..............................275 le]\...............................275 le­e\ .............................272 l
lgn\............................297 lice ...............................278 licho.............................278 lichy.............................278 lik ...............................278 lipa ..............................279 lis ...............................279 lisica ............................279 list ...............................279 liszy\........................... 280 liza\ ............................ 280 lniany..........................297 lód ...............................270 lub ............................... 281 lubawy ........................277 lubi\ ............................ 281 luby ............................. 281 lud ...............................282 ludzie ..........................282 luty .............................. 283 abd] .........................366 ab<\ ............................ 365 ab
INDICES oza ............................. 287 o­e.............................. 287 ožy\............................ 287 ód] ............................. 367 ój ............................... 283 ów ..............................286 ub ...............................289 ug ............................... 291 una............................. 291 upi\ ............................ 291 uska ........................... 291 uska\.......................... 292 uszczy\....................... 293 u­a ............................. 293 yda ............................. 295 ydka ........................... 295 yko ............................. 295 ysk..............................294 yst...............................296 ysta.............................296 ysy ..............................296 yta .............................. 295 ­a ...............................294 macha\ .......................298 mak .............................299 may............................300 mami\......................... 301 mani\.......................... 301 mara ........................... 301 marchew......................335 marga\.........................335 martwy ....................... 342 marzn\ ..................... 343 maso .......................... 302 maZ\............................ 302 maza\ .........................304 ma] ............................. 305 mci\ .......................... 330 mdry ......................... 329 mka........................... 329 m­ ............................. 330 mdy.............................332 mech.............................333 m
mia .............................310 miaki ..........................310 miana ...........................311 miano .......................... 212 miara........................... 312 miartwy...................... 342 miasto.......................... 313 miazga......................... 314 mie\ ............................. 211 miech.......................... 309 miecz ...........................305 miedza.........................305 mied].......................... 309 mied]wied]................ 306 miey............................310 mieni\.......................... 312 mierzchn\ .................341 mierzi\........................ 342 mierzie\...................... 342 mierzn\ .....................343 mierzy\........................ 312 miesic ........................ 312 miesi\........................... 313 mieZ\........................... 308 mi<............................... 314 mi
647 mnie ............................340 mniej........................... 341 mniejszy...................... 341 mnogi .......................... 334 moc...............................321 mocz............................ 319 moczy\ ........................320 moda..........................320 modli\ .........................320 modry..........................320 mokry.......................... 322 móc...............................321 mora............................324 morze .......................... 325 most.............................326 moszna........................ 327 mota\ .......................... 327 motyka........................ 327 mowa .......................... 334 mój .............................. 322 mól .............................. 323 mór..............................326 mówi\ ......................... 334 mózg............................ 328 mrok............................ 325 mrówka.......................326 mróz ............................326 mruga\........................ 335 mrze\...........................308 mrzost .........................349 msta............................. 343 mszyca ........................ 336 mZci\ ........................... 343 mucha .........................330 muzga ..........................331 my ............................... 336 my\.............................. 338 mydo .......................... 336 mysz ............................ 337 myZl ............................. 337 myto ............................ 338 m­e\ ............................344 m­y\ ............................344 na ...............................344 nacz\ ......................... 345 na\...............................346 nad(e) ......................... 345 nagi ............................. 345

648 nagy ........................... 345 naród ..........................346 narów.......................... 356 nas...............................346 nka\ .......................... 359 nerest ..........................349 n
INDICES oby ..............................363 obora ...........................362 obu\ .............................363 ockn\ si<.................... 381 od(e)............................382 ogie ........................... 364 ojciec............................383 oje .............................. 364 okno.............................365 oko ...............................365 okrgy ........................ 251 olcha ........................... 370 olesie ............................ 371 olsza............................. 371 oowo .......................... 369 oów ............................ 369 on ...............................372 opak.............................372 orati.............................372 or
pajk ........................... 391 palec ............................390 palica ..........................390 pali\.............................390 paka ...........................390 pami<\......................... 391 para............................. 391 pas .............................. 409 paZ\ .............................392 paznokie\.................... 393 pazucha ......................392 p\ ............................... 417 pgwica.......................416 pk............................... 417 pcha...............................48 pcha\ .......................... 426 pcha .............................48 pczea ............................72 pczoa............................72 peny........................... 426 peza\ ..........................427 perz..............................425 p
INDICES pilZ\ ............................. 427 pióro............................396 pisa\ ............................430 piska\ ......................... 400 piskorz ....................... 400 piszcze\ ...................... 400 piwo ............................402 ple\ .............................. 394 plecy ............................404 pleZ\.............................404 pleZ............................404 plesz ............................405 plewa........................... 395 plon ............................. 394 plu\ .............................402 pa .................................48 paka\ .........................402 pawi\ .........................403 pecha ...........................48 pet ..............................407 pochy ......................... 410 pomie .......................411 plwa\...........................402 posa.............................411 pósa.............................411 poszy\ .........................411 pot............................. 406 pótno ......................... 412 powy .......................... 412 poza ........................... 412 puco ...........................405 po ...............................407 pod(e) .........................408 podeszwa ................... 409 poi\............................. 409 pokój .......................... 409 polano......................... 410 pole...............................411 polica .......................... 410 popió.......................... 395 pora..............................413 poskromi\................... 205 posa\..........................479 pot ................................415 powróz .........................415 pó ............................... 412 pó]ny .......................... 416 pra\ .............................428

prawy...........................418 proch............................413 prosi\ ...........................421 prosi< ...........................414 prosty.......................... 422 pró\..............................414 próg..............................413 pryska\ ........................423 przZ\ ..........................419 prze-.............................395 przeciew ......................418 prze\ ........................... 396 prze\ (si<)................... 428 przed(e) ..................... 396 przeko......................... 396 przy..............................419 przyjaciel ....................419 pstry............................ 430 pszczoa.........................72 pszono ......................... 431 ptak............................. 424 ptåk............................. 424 pucha\ .........................423 puchn\.......................423 puk............................. 424 puZci\.......................... 424 pusty ........................... 424 pyta\ ............................425 raczy\ .......................... 431 rado ............................373 rak ...............................374 rami< ...........................375 rataj............................ 376 rb .............................. 439 r
649 ruch ............................ 440 rudy............................ 440 runo............................ 440 rwa\ ............................441 ry\ .............................. 442 rzadki..........................434 rzd .............................436 rzec .............................. 433 rzecz ............................434 rzeka............................434 rzemie ....................... 433 rzemyk ........................ 433 rzu\ .............................436 rzy\..............................436 rzyga\..........................441 sadzi\ ......................... 442 sanie ............................443 sarna ...........................485 s- ...............................462 sd ...............................463 sdzi\ ..........................463 schn\ .........................479 s
650 skra ............................. 214 saby............................ 452 sa\ ..............................479 sawa........................... 453 sodki .......................... 459 sój...............................480 soma .......................... 459 somka ........................ 454 sony........................... 460 soce ..........................479 sowik......................... 460 sowo........................... 454 such............................ 455 sucha\........................ 454 susza\......................... 455 sysze\ ......................... 455 smród..........................456 snu\............................. 457 socha ........................... 458 soczy\ .......................... 458 sok ............................... 459 sowa ............................ 461 sól ............................... 461 spa\ ............................. 481 spory ........................... 481 spór ............................. 481 sroka ...........................477 ssa\.............................. 482 sta\ ..............................468 sta\ si<......................... 465 stado ........................... 465 stan ............................. 465 stary ............................ 465 stawi\..........................466 sto ............................... 482 stóg..............................468 stó...............................468 strk ............................469 strona..........................469 stró­ ............................469 strup............................470 stryj.............................470 strzec...........................467 strzyc...........................469 studzi\......................... 471 stygn\........................ 473 suchy ........................... 473 su\ ............................... 475

INDICES sum ..............................461 sun\ .......................... 474 surowy........................ 474 suszy\.......................... 474 suwa\.......................... 462 Zciegna........................ 472 Zci
toka ............................495 tóka ............................495 tuc ............................. 490 tok .............................. 494 topi\............................ 496 trawa.......................... 496 trawi\ ......................... 496 trd..............................497 trt ............................. 498 treZ\ ............................ 499 tru\............................. 499 trud ............................ 498 trup ............................ 498 trut ............................. 498 trute ......................... 498 trzZ\...........................497 trze\............................. 491 trzeci ...........................497 trzemcha.......................82 trzemucha ....................82 trzewo ........................... 85 trzoda............................ 81 trzon.............................. 83 trzonowy....................... 83 trzop..............................84 trzosa ........................... 85 trzósa ........................... 85 trzy ............................. 499 tuczny......................... 499 tuk .............................. 500 tur .............................. 500 twardy......................... 501 twarz .......................... 500 tworzy\ ....................... 501 twór ............................. 501 ty ...............................502 ty ............................... 503 tysic ........................... 503 u(-) ..............................506 ubiedrze ........................ 35 ubogi ...........................506 ucho.............................507 uczy\ ...........................506 ujZcie ........................... 510 ul ...............................508 ulica ............................508 um ................................ 08 usn\ ........................... 510

INDICES usta .............................509 utarta droga.................76 uzda ............................. 511 w(e) .....................530, 533 wabi\............................ 511 wadzi\..........................512 war ...............................512 warzy\..........................512 was ...............................513 ws .............................. 386 wtroba ...................... 387 w­.............................. 388 wzki .......................... 388 wczoraj ....................... 536 wdowa ........................ 536 wena ...........................537 wesz..............................532 wewntrz.................... 387 w
wioso .......................... 517 wiosna ......................... 517 wiór .............................216 wir ...............................522 wiwielga......................216 wada\.........................524 wlec..............................514 wok .............................526 wos..............................526 woZ\............................526 wók .............................526 wóka...........................525 wókno.........................526 wn- ..............................530 wnuk............................530 woda............................523 wodzi\ .........................523 wojak...........................524 wojna...........................524 wola .............................525 wo ..............................527 wosk.............................529 wozi\............................530 wrona ..........................528 wrota ...........................529 wóz ..............................530 wróci\ ..........................529 wróg.............................527 wrstwa.........................538 wrze\ ...........................537 wrzeciono....................516 wrzos ...........................516 wstyd .......................... 473 wtorek ......................... 533 wtóry ........................... 532 wuj...............................507 wy ............................... 533 wy- ............................... 533 wydra ..........................534 wymi<..........................534 wyraj ........................... 213 wysoki.......................... 535 wywilga .......................216 wywioga.....................216 z(e) ...................... 217, 478 za .............................. 540 zadzierzgn\...............136 zawrze\ .......................541

651 zb...............................549 zorza ...........................548 zdba..............................215 zdrowy ........................478 zia\ ..............................544 ziarno.......................... 553 ziele .............................542 zielony......................... 541 ziemia .........................542 ziewa\ .........................542 zi
652 ­re\.............................. 559 ­ubr............................. 549 ­u\............................... 567 ­uraw.......................... 558 ­urzy\ si< .................... 564 ­y\ ............................... 562 ­ya.............................. 562 ­yto ............................. 563 ­ywica......................... 563 ­ywot........................... 563 ­ywy ............................ 564 1.3.8 Old Polish barg............................... 73 barzy .............................70 biada............................. 38 bido.............................. 41 biedzi\........................... 39 bielon ............................ 36 bielun............................ 36 bielu............................ 36 Birzwno ........................ 67 ble ..........................35, 36 bliska\...........................44 blizi ............................... 45 blizu ..............................46 bluzna........................... 45 bona............................. 52 bratr..............................60 brodo ........................... 56 brzazg ........................... 61 bydo .............................70 byle................................ 71 chomt........................204 chto .............................264 cig.............................. 493 cir.............................. 505 cudo .............................. 91 czaka\ ........................... 78 czemierzyca...................81 czrzoda ..........................81 czterzy........................... 87 cztwarty........................ 87 cztyrze........................... 87 czudo............................. 91 czyZ\ ..............................89 Dadzibog ...................... 95 darzki...........................137

INDICES debrz..................... 132, 133 de­d­ ............................131 d
jka\.............................157 jedl............................... 139 jedla............................. 139 jedwa........................... 139 jedwo........................... 139 jedzinak ...................... 138 jedziny......................... 138 jemie\...........................211 jemio ...........................141 jemioa.........................141 jemioo.........................141 jesiotr .......................... 145 jeZm .............................146 je­d­yk ........................ 156 je­yny..........................149 jmie\.............................211 justrzejszy.................... 511 justrzenka.................... 511 k(u) .............................259 karpa...........................263 kasa\ ........................... 221 ka].............................222 kida\............................264 kiedy............................227 kiegdy..........................227 kin\............................265 kluka ...........................226 kociec .......................... 241 kopije...........................234 kopr ............................. 233 kosa .............................238 ko­a.............................242 kr
INDICES le ............................... 273 leny.............................. 273 leZ\...............................298 li\ ...............................280 licho ............................ 278 lichy............................. 278 limiesz..........................271 liszy\ si< ......................280 ln\ ............................. 297 lubo ............................. 281 luby ............................. 277 lza ...............................296 ania............................ 368 askanie ......................269 az ...............................270 ab<\............................ 365 aczny..........................366 aja\ ............................268 ani.............................. 368 e­ ............................... 295 odziá .......................... 367 oka\............................284 uczy\ ..........................290 ug ............................... 291 una............................. 291 usk.............................. 292 yda ............................. 295 yst...............................296 ytka............................ 295 ­a ...............................294 ma\ ............................. 303 marchew......................335 marchwa......................335 mata\.......................... 302 mdy.............................332 mgy .............................332 mia............................. 310 mizdra .......................316 miel ............................. 310 mi
niekto.......................... 349 nies\............................. 351 nieZciora..................... 349 nietopyrz .....................350 niewiasta..................... 351 niewod......................... 351 niewód......................... 351 nozdrza .......................358 nozdrze........................358 nynie........................... 360 oje .............................. 364 onuca........................... 371 oZm ..............................379 otrok ............................382 owien.......................... 384 pia\ ............................. 398 pica ..............................401 pie\.............................. 398 pierZ\ .......................... 429 pierwy......................... 430 pkie............................ 426 past............................ 402 pawa\ ........................ 403 poski ..........................406 poZrzeZ\ ...................... 482 pyrz..............................425 sani ............................. 443 Z\bo............................ 472 Z\dza........................... 472 Zciebo......................... 472 Zciegna........................ 472 sierce............................485 siersze........................485 som ..............................461 strowy......................... 478 stydn\ ....................... 473 szuo ........................... 488 tarn..............................505 tuka ........................... 495 trant ........................... 498 tszczy ...........................502 woda\ .........................524 wn
653 zew ..............................551 zew ..............................551 zoba\ ...........................547 zorza ...........................548 zubr .............................549 zu\ ............................... 218 zwon............................550 ]rze\ ............................ 552 ­dza...........................560 1.3.9 Slovincian bãb‘ .............................. 32 bˆd‘c............................. 32 bˆgn‰ ............................ 33 bˆrz‰ .............................70 bªrn‘.............................56 bª•d‘.............................59 bjªulï............................ 40 bj§c................................. 41 bj§................................. 41 bj§dl‰ ............................. 41 bjìeg‘c ...........................39 bjìež®c .......................... 40 blad³ ..............................42 blˆš®c ...........................48 blˆsk ..............................43 blˆsk‘c ......................... 44 bl^®c ............................47 blìeš®c ..........................48 blìesk .............................43 bl¶un ............................. 53 bl¨Q‰t‰............................ 53 bl¨Q‰zn‰ ......................... 55 brˆt............................... 60 brˆsc.............................. 61 br‰dˆtï .......................... 55 br¶ug .............................56 br¨Q‰d‘ .......................... 55 b•¨Q‰z‘...........................38 b•ˆ¸ ...............................63 b¨Q‰j ®c s .......................50 b¨Q‰l®c............................ 51 bÄdlo ..............................70 b¶r ................................. 58 b¶ul ...............................54 cìe^®c .............................74 cÉd................................. 91 a•å ...............................78

654 ªud .............................. 77 ˆs ................................. 79 d®rnï ............................127 d %š ............................. 131 dläg¨Q‰t‘ ...................... 133 dr¨Q‰b‘ ......................... 117 dr¨Q‰bjin‘ .................... 117 drˆp‘c.......................... 115 dr¶uzd ........................ 120 dr¶Îg............................ 121 d•ˆst‘c ......................... 117 d•¶un ............................99 d•Ac ...............................99 d•ìem‘c........................ 117 dvˆ .............................. 130 dv¶r............................. 128 d³m...............................132 ^äw³............................. 108 ^ìecä ............................ 104 ^ìe•no–Îc.......................136 ^ìesinc .........................100 ^ìevjinc.........................101 ^¨–Kr‘............................. 126 ^Al ................................103 ^Ëc ............................. 104 ^Ër‘ ..............................103 ^³rzï ..............................137 ftu¸ ............................424 glˆn‘ ........................... 164 gl¨K–pï ............................ 167 gªuzd‰...................... 169 g¶Îž...................... 184, 185 gräb³............................ 192 gr¨Q‰z‘..........................191 gr¨Q‰¸ ........................... 179 g•A¸6...............................187 grˆsc............................ 194 grªud ...........................185 g¨Q‰jØc ...........................173 gÉz............................... 184 h lem ........................... 211 ¸lAb..............................202 ¸ˆp‘c...........................202 ¸ªrn‘ ..........................204 ¸ó¸otac ....................... 203 ¸r¶ust..........................206 jåbac ........................... 147 jãjä ................................ 27

INDICES jˆbl‰...............................25 jˆd®n............................ 138 jˆso–un ........................... 29 jˆst•ïb ........................... 29 jk‘c ............................ 157 jm‘ ............................. 28 jìegl‘ ............................210 jìesc .............................. 154 jìezor‘..........................144 j§m‘c............................ 211 j§zb‘............................. 215 j³c ...............................216 j¨K–¸a............................. 208 kãzec ............................222 kårma......................... 262 kˆl‘c ........................... 220 kˆrn ............................ 262 kpa............................ 243 ksac........................... 243 klˆka........................... 226 klëëc .......................... 226 kl¨Q‰c ........................... 230 kl¨Q‰c®c........................ 230 klÉ ............................. 226 k‰Q
¨p ............................261 k¶Ît ............................ 244 krˆ ...............................254 krˆpä ...........................252 krëk..............................252 kr¨Q‰ .............................210 k•Ädlo .......................... 247 kua .............................255 kuka............................ 256 kÉr ...............................257 k¨•äc‘ .........................257 kÉzn‘...........................258 läbˆvï...........................277 läsˆc‘.......................... 279 lˆs .............................. 279 lˆsi .............................. 296 lˆsk‘ ........................... 269 lˆst .............................. 279 luska ..........................274 lëbavï ...........................277 lëb³ ...............................277 lëga ............................. 276 lemješ...........................271 lem06ž ...........................271

lep ............................... 273 lìesc.............................. 275 lìež®c............................272 ln¶Îc ...........................297 l¨Qon‰ ........................... 285 l¨Q‰sos .......................... 285 l¨Q‰ž®c ..........................287 lžˆ ...............................294 ajac ............................268 äž .................................95 Ég ............................... 291 maic .......................... 301 mara............................ 301 mrz............................326 mˆrg‘c ........................ 335 mªut‘c........................302 mg³ ............................. 332 mjªuzg‘ ...................... 314 mjìec .............................211 mjìe•k.......................... 341 mjìerz®c ......................342 mjìex ...........................309 mj§j‘c ...........................317 mj¨Q‰n‰ ....................... 212 ml¨Q‰c ..........................307 ml¨Q‰t...........................324 m‰dr³ ..........................320 m‰¨nªu ..................... 333 mr¶uz..........................326 m•ìež‘.........................308 mùor‘ .........................324 m¨Q‰vj§c ....................... 334 mžëc ............................344 m½ova.......................... 334 nk‘c........................... 359 pªr» ............................. 413 p¸lˆ................................48 pjìekl‰ ........................ 426 pj§nc ........................... 400 plìev‘...........................405 pl¨K–t‰ ........................... 406 rˆch ............................ 440 rˆk ............................... 374 •Ëk‘ ..................... 434, 435 sk .............................. 464 sã^‘c........................... 442 sˆrk‘ ...........................477 sËt®m ...........................443

INDICES skrˆ ............................. 214 sk¶ur‘ ......................... 452 snjAg ............................ 457 s¶Îd............................. 463 strˆp............................470 st•¶ud‘ ..........................81 š³t ...............................486 šìesc .............................487 tlùok‘.......................... 495 tr¶Îd ...........................498 trÉd .............................498 vãbjØc ........................... 511 vˆ^Øc.............................512 vjãt®r........................... 520 vješìe•äc‘ ....................30 vjìes ............................. 539 vj§c................................523 vj§g‰ ............................209 vj§sk‘c ......................... 214 vjA•¸ ............................ 538 vj¶r.............................. 216 v¨Q‰go–un ...................... 364 v¨Q‰s®m........................ 379 zl¶u^.............................555 žªul ..............................553 1.3.10 Kashubian blïzna............................ 45 bozno ............................55 b½o–l ................................ 54 jarzbina .......................213 jerzbina .......................213 ˜eb..............................260 ˜ep..............................260 ˜Fp.............................. 261 kwÿ ............................ 261 vŠblFkn0c......................48 zblFkn0c........................48 %el ............................... 140 %wš ..............................156 %wž·..............................156

b¯åv‘............................. 46 blåx‘............................. 48 born‘............................ 56 brad® .............................61 bröd‘ .............................55 brot ...............................60 brot’‘ ............................60 cel‘.................................72 dar‘ ............................. 132 dov‘.............................. 97 jågl‘.............................210 jaid’ü .......................... 209 jaigo............................ 209 jaigroj........................210 jaim‘ ........................... 212 jaim ........................... 212 jaim‘t.......................... 211 jaist‘............................ 215 jåkr‘ ............................210 jåskr‘...........................214 jåzb‘............................ 215 jFlm‘............................ 211 jFm® ............................. 158 jeseråi ..........................144 jFver .............................216 joji .................................27 j0tr‘............................. 158 klåt’öl.......................... 229 laisai\‘ ....................... 279 laug..............................291 lauze ............................293 måua......................... 333 met............................... 211 ¦ol® .............................310 müzdenü.....................328 müzdin........................328 pYta............................. 399 xarn‘.......................... 204 xorn® .......................... 205 zlåd .............................. 555 1.4 South Slavic

1.3.11 Polabian ait ............................... 216 bait................................ 41 blån ................................53 blån‘..............................53 blån® ..............................53

1.4.1 Serbo-Croatian a .................................25 ako ................................ 28 b;ba...............................32 b;dar ............................ 69

655 bádati............................ 32 b;jalo ............................ 33 b;jati............................. 33 b;san.............................34 b;vit ..............................34 b;viti se.........................34 bàzdjeti ....................... 431 bdjti ............................ 69 bdra ............................. 35 bèdro ............................. 35 belèna...................... 35, 42 bez .................................38 b› ................................. 41 bí\e ................................72 bijèda ............................39 bijèditi...........................39 b›jel............................... 40 b›jes .............................. 40 bijèžati .......................... 41 blje................................ 71 b›lo ................................ 41 b›star ............................. 71 b›ti ............................41, 71 b›tva ..............................42 bívati.............................72 bjgati ...........................39 bjèžati ........................... 41 blg................................ 52 blgo.............................. 51 blan ............................... 35 blániti ........................... 35 bl;to .............................. 53 blàzina ..........................54 bléjati............................43 bl=k................................42 blkt.............................42 bl=m............................... 35 bl=n................................ 35 blesti............................. 44 bl›jed .............................43 bl›jesak..........................43 blijèštati (se) ............... 49 bl›skati (se) ................. 44 blìstati (se) .................. 44 blz.................................45 bl›zak ............................45 bl›zna ............................45 blzna ............................45

656 bl›zno ............................ 45 blízu ..............................46 bld...............................47 blúditi ...........................47 bljµsti............................46 bljùvati .........................46 bo .................................49 b|dalj............................49 bòdar ............................69 b«dar ............................69 b|g................................. 50 bògat ............................. 50 b|j ..................................51 bòjati se ........................ 50 b«jzan......................... 50 b|l ................................. 54 b«lje .............................. 52 bòljeti.............................51 b«lj ............................... 52 b|r ................................. 58 boròvk.......................... 58 bòrovina ....................... 58 bòrvka......................... 58 b|s ................................. 59 bòsti .............................. 59 br;\a .............................60 bráda .............................55 br;da .............................55 bràdat ............................55 brn .............................. 57 brána ...................... 56, 57 br;šno........................... 57 br;t ...............................60 br;ti .............................. 73 br;tja ............................60 brv............................... 58 brázda........................... 59 b¼cati ............................ 65 br¢............................... 36 bréknuti........................ 62 brme ............................ 37 brést .............................. 37 brz ............................... 38 brza ............................. 38 br ................................ 62 brd................................ 62 br›dak ........................... 62 brìjati, br›jati............... 63

INDICES brijè\i ........................... 36 br›jeg..............................37 br›jest.............................37 br›salo........................... 66 br›ti................................63 br›tva.............................63 b¼knuti ..........................65 brna .............................. 66 brnje ............................. 67 br|d .............................. 64 bròditi ...........................63 bÂst.................................65 brùsnica ....................... 64 brµt............................... 64 bÂv ................................ 66 b¼vno ............................ 67 bÂz ................................ 70 brzdìca ......................... 70 bbanj ..........................60 búati ........................... 67 búditi............................ 67 bùha ............................. 48 bjan ............................ 68 bn ................................73 bùnika ...........................73 búniti se ........................72 bunòvati........................72 bµra .............................. 68 cijèditi ...........................74 c›jel ................................75 cijèliti.............................74 cijèna.............................75 cijeniti ...........................75 c›jev .............................. 77 crn................................83 crèpati .......................... 84 cr›jemuša ......................82 cr›jep............................. 84 crijèvo........................... 86 crman............................91 cÂn ................................ 92 crQpati ............................ 92 cÃta.................................93 cÂv .................................93 crQven..............................93 c¼viti ..............................93 cvàsti ...........................259 cv›jet ............................259

;d.................................77 ¢.................................77 ;¢a...............................77 ;jati .............................78 ;kati ............................78 ara ...............................78 aròdjej .........................78 ;s .................................79 st ................................94 ed .................................88 do ...............................88 kati.............................79 èla ................................72 èlo ............................... 80 ljd............................ 80 mr............................. 81 emèrika ....................... 81 èrjen............................. 83 èsan..............................86 èsati .............................86 èsno..............................86 =st.................................88 csta...............................76 ètiri ..............................87 tver.............................87 tvero...........................87 tvoro ..........................87 ètvrÈt............................87 znuti ..........................87 i .................................89 n .................................89 ìniti..............................89 ›st ................................ 90 ísti ................................89 ›stiti ............................ 90 ìtati............................. 90 cjelòvati ........................ 75 cjevànica.......................77 cjevnica.........................77 òvjek ........................... 80 «vjek ........................... 80 réda.............................. 81 rz ................................ 85 rijèslo........................... 85 µditi se......................... 91 µdo............................... 91 µti ................................ 91 vÂst...............................93

INDICES \útjeti...........................381 d; .................................94 d;bar ............................ 34 dh .............................. 129 dàhnuti....................... 129 daj;t.............................. 95 dàlek ............................. 95 dlj ................................ 95 dálja.............................. 95 dan ................................ 95 dn ...............................134 dànas ........................... 135 dr.................................96 d;telj.............................96 d;ti................................96 dávan............................ 97 dávati............................96 dáviti ............................ 97 dvn( j) ....................... 97 d;žd ............................. 131 džd ............................. 131 dèbeo.............................98 debri.............................132 der;ti ........................... 135 dsan...........................100 dst ............................100 dèst...........................100 dèsiti, dsiti ................100 dèsn............................100 d=sni............................ 107 dvt.............................101 dèvt ...........................101 díhati ........................... 131 dijel ..............................103 d›jel ..............................103 dijèliti ......................... 102 dijète ........................... 104 d›m...............................132 dìra, d›ra, díra, dra .. 107 dvan........................... 109 díviti se ....................... 108 dìvlj............................ 108 dvo ............................. 108 djd ............................. 102 djlati.......................... 102 djlo .............................103 djsti ........................... 104 djètao .......................... 107

djti..............................104 djv ..............................105 djéva, djva.................105 djvr...........................105 djèvica ........................ 106 djèvjka.......................105 dl;n ..............................111 dlijèto ........................... 98 dn«...............................130 d« .............................. 109 d| ............................... 112 d«ba............................ 109 d«bar ........................... 110 dòjilica ........................ 110 dòjiti ............................ 110 d|m...............................113 d«ma ........................... 112 dómov.......................... 112 dòspjeti....................... 464 drg ..............................113 dr;ga ............................113 drápati .........................115 dráti............................. 135 drážiti...........................115 dr=van ..........................117 drí\kati.........................117 drijèmati ......................117 dr›jen............................ 99 drijèti............................ 99 dr›jevo .......................... 99 drískati.........................117 dr›skati.........................117 drkol ............................ 123 dr|b ............................. 119 dróba ............................117 dr«ban......................... 119 dròbina.........................117 dròbiti ......................... 118 dr«iti.......................... 119 dr|zak .........................120 dr|zd ...........................120 dròžda ......................... 121 d¼pati...........................136 drg ...................... 121, 122 druk ............................. 121 drùžina........................ 122 dÃvo ............................. 123 dÃzak ........................... 137

657 dÃznuti .........................137 drQžati .......................... 138 db ...............................114 dúbiti ...........................133 dµg................................133 dg............................... 129 dúga .............................114 dµga .............................114 dugòta ..........................133 dh, dµh ..................... 124 dúhati ......................... 124 dúnuti ......................... 124 dµpe .............................125 dúplja...........................125 dúplo ............................125 dúpsti .......................... 134 dran .......................... 127 dúriti se, dµriti se ...... 126 dúša............................. 127 dµti...............................114 dv............................... 130 dvari............................ 128 dv=ri ............................ 128 dvògub ........................ 130 dv«ji ............................. 131 dv|r ............................. 128 enák............................. 138 to ............................... 147 g;d...............................160 g;diti...........................160 gànuti.......................... 197 gásiti.............................161 g;snuti .........................161 gt ............................... 162 gátati............................161 g;ziti ........................... 162 gdj..............................259 g›(d)ža ....................... 200 gíbati .......................... 200 g›nuti.......................... 200 gl;bati......................... 162 gld.............................. 174 gl;dak ......................... 162 glagòlati ...................... 174 glágolj, gl;golj ............ 174 gls .............................. 176 gláva............................ 176 gldati ......................... 164

658 gl=j............................... 168 glzan...........................163 glžanj .........................163 glísta.............................165 glj›va ............................165 gl«ba ............................165 glòbati..........................165 glòbiti.......................... 166 gl«g.............................. 166 gl«ta ............................ 166 glh ............................. 167 glúma.......................... 167 glúmiti ........................ 167 glp ............................. 167 gn;ti.............................197 gnijèzdo ...................... 169 gn›o ............................. 169 gniua........................... 354 gnjèsti ......................... 168 gnjv............................ 168 gnj›da.......................... 169 gnj›la........................... 164 gnj›ti............................ 169 gn|j ............................. 170 gns............................. 170 gnúsan, gnµsan........... 171 gnúsiti......................... 170 g|(l)............................ 176 gobino .......................... 171 g|d................................172 g«dan ...........................173 g«dina..........................172 gòditi............................172 g|j ................................173 gòjiti.............................173 gòlem ...........................174 g«lijen ..........................174 golòta ...........................175 g«lb ............................175 golùbij.........................175 gòmolja........................177 gòniti............................177 gòra ............................. 178 górak ........................... 180 g«r .............................. 179 gòrjeti.......................... 179 g«spd......................... 180 gospòdin ..................... 180

INDICES g|st...............................180 gòvedo ......................... 181 gòvjeti.......................... 181 góvno ........................... 182 g«vr............................ 182 govòriti........................ 181 gr;biti.......................... 185 gr;d ............................. 185 grd .............................178 gr¢a ...........................178 gr;h .............................179 grájati, gr;jati............186 grákati.........................186 gramáda, gràmada....186 gÂb ...............................198 gÃba..............................198 gÂd ...............................198 grben..........................186 gréda............................187 grjati ..........................187 grèpsti..........................187 grésti............................188 grèsti............................188 gr=z ..............................189 grznuti.......................188 gribati..........................189 gr›jeh ...........................187 gr›sti.............................194 gr›va ............................189 grvna ..........................189 grkati...........................199 gÃlo...............................198 gÂm ..............................194 gÜrm›ti ......................... 195 grQmljeti........................ 195 grno .............................199 g¼nuti..........................200 gr«b............................. 190 gr«m ........................... 190 gr|m ........................... 190 gromáda..................... 190 gròmada..................... 190 gróza, gròza ................ 191 gr«zan, gr|zan ...........192 gr|zd............................ 191 gr«z¢e.......................... 191 gr|z¢e.......................... 191 gróziti, gròziti............. 191

gÂst............................... 199 gÃtati ........................... 199 grb ............................. 192 grd............................. 193 grµda........................... 192 grµziti ......................... 193 gb............................... 197 gµba ............................ 182 gùbiti........................... 195 gúmno......................... 195 gst...............................183 gústi..............................183 gùtati........................... 168 gz............................... 184 gžva............................185 gv«zd, gv|zd ...............196 h;bati.......................... 201 habiti........................... 201 hld .............................203 hládan........................ 204 hlb..............................202 hljb.............................202 h|d ..............................203 hòditi...........................203 h«mt ........................ 204 hrábar ........................ 204 hrána ..........................205 hrániti.........................205 hrš\e ......................... 206 hrst ........................... 206 hr«m............................205 hd ..............................205 hvòja, hvója............... 206 i ...............................207 ì\i ............................... 216 ìgla............................... 210 igo .............................. 209 ìgra ............................. 209 ìgrati............................ 210 ›jed............................... 150 ›kra .............................. 210 il ................................211 ›mm........................... 212 ìmati.............................211 ›me............................... 212 ìmela ............................141 imjeti........................... 212 ›n ................................213

INDICES ineg...............................212 nje ...............................213 inog ..............................212 inok ..............................212 ískati ........................... 214 ìskati ........................... 214 iskr ...............................217 ›skra ............................ 214 ›skrnj...........................217 ìsti ............................... 216 ›st ................................215 ìti ............................... 216 ›va ............................... 216 ›vr .............................. 216 ›z ................................217 ìzba, ›zba .....................215 ìzuti..............................218 j ..................................31 j;buka...........................26 j;buko...........................26 j;men .........................156 jd ................................150 jàgla ............................ 210 j;gne .............................26 j;gnjac ..........................26 j;goda ........................... 27 j;hati ........................... 151 jájce............................... 27 jáje ................................ 27 jk ................................. 28 jal ................................141 jálac .............................141 j;ma.............................. 28 jar ................................ 153 jr ......................... 151, 152 j;ra........................ 151, 152 j;rac ............................. 153 járam ............................ 28 j;re ............................... 151 j;rb............................ 142 jarèbica....................... 142 j;rina, jarìna .............. 151 j;rka, jrka ................. 153 járst............................152 j;san ............................ 153 j;sn.............................. 29 jàsika .......................... 378 j;ster .............................30

j;strijeb ........................ 29 j;šterica........................ 30 j;to............................... 154 jvan.............................. 31 javi................................ 30 jáviti .............................. 31 j;z ................................. 31 jz ............................... 155 jž ............................... 155 jža .............................. 155 je ...............................146 jèbati ...........................147 jcati............................ 157 jéati............................ 156 jmn ......................... 156 j=d ...............................150 jèdan............................ 139 jédar ............................ 157 jedìnk ........................ 138 jdnk.......................... 138 jédro............................. 157 jdro, jèdro..................150 jèdva ............................ 139 jékati, jkati................ 157 jéla, jla ....................... 139 jèlen ............................ 140 jelha............................ 370 jlša.............................. 371 jèmeš............................ 141 jèmlješ ......................... 141 jerèbica........................142 jèsam ...........................146 jsn.............................144 jèsetra.......................... 145 jèsika ...........................378 jst ...............................146 jsti .............................. 154 ješe .............................146 jéti ............................... 158 jtra, j=tra ................... 158 jétrva, jtrva, j=trva... 159 j=z ............................... 155 j=ž ...............................149 jéza .............................. 157 jezda ............................ 154 jzr .............................148 jzero ...........................148 jèzik ............................. 159

659 jéževica .......................149 jèžica ...........................149 ježika...........................149 jèžina ..........................149 jìgla ............................. 210 jìgo.............................. 209 j›lo ................................211 j«št(e)..........................146 jù .............................. 536 jùr(a) ....................... 536 jµg .................................07 jµgo..............................207 júha ............................ 208 jun .............................. 208 jµtro ............................ 510 k(a)..............................259 kàda ............................227 kàdilo .......................... 218 káditi........................... 218 k;hati......................... 260 k;hnuti, kàhnuti ...... 260 k;jati........................... 219 kàk ............................. 219 kl ....................... 220, 261 káliti............................ 219 k;mn .........................220 kára ............................. 221 kárati .......................... 221 k;san...........................263 k;sati .......................... 221 k;sno...........................263 k;šalj........................... 221 kàšljati ........................ 221 kzanj .........................222 kázati ..........................222 kazíti ...........................222 kzn.............................222 k\ ............................... 129 k›dati...........................264 kíhati...........................265 kij ...............................265 k›la ..............................265 k›nuti se ......................265 kípjeti......................... 266 k›sao ............................267 kisati .......................... 266 k›sati .......................... 266 k›seo ............................267

660 kl;da ........................... 228 kls.............................. 230 kl;sti ........................... 223 kl;ti............................. 230 klátiti .......................... 230 kláto .............................231 kléati ......................... 225 kl›cati.......................... 225 kl›ja .............................224 klijèšta ........................224 klijèšte.........................224 klijèštiti.......................224 kl›jet ............................224 klk ..............................226 kl›kati ......................... 225 kl›knuti, klíknuti ....... 225 klokòtati ..................... 227 klj ............................226 kljùiti, kljµiti ..........226 kljµka..........................226 k« ...............................264 k|b .............................. 227 kòbac........................... 227 kojáriti........................ 228 kòj ..............................260 k«kš ........................... 228 k«kt ........................... 228 k«li .............................. 229 k«liko, kòliko, kolìko . 229 k«lo ............................. 229 kòljeno ........................ 228 k«n .............................. 232 kònac .......................... 232 k«nj ............................. 232 k«pa, kòpa.................. 232 k«par............................233 kòpati...........................233 kopína......................... 243 kòplje .......................... 234 k«plje .......................... 234 k|r ............................... 237 k«ra............................. 234 kòrac ........................... 238 k«rica...........................235 k«rijen ........................ 237 kòriti ............................235 kòrito .......................... 237 k|s ............................... 239

INDICES kòsa..............................238 kosnuti (se).................239 k|st ..............................239 k«š .............................. 240 kòšr ........................... 240 k«šr ........................... 240 kòšara......................... 240 k|t ...............................241 kòtac ............................241 koteri .......................... 240 kòtiti (se) ....................241 kòvati ......................... 242 kòza ............................ 242 kòzao .......................... 242 k«ža ............................ 242 krj ..............................245 krákati.........................245 krása............................245 krásan ........................ 246 krsan ........................ 246 kr;sta ..........................235 kr;sti ...........................245 krt ............................. 236 krátak......................... 236 kr;va .......................... 236 krmn ....................... 246 krpak ........................ 246 kríati ......................... 247 kr›jep .......................... 246 krk ............................. 247 krílo ............................ 247 krnica ........................ 248 kr›ti..............................254 k¼kati.......................... 262 kÃkati.......................... 262 kÃknuti ....................... 262 k¼ma ........................... 262 krQmlj ..........................194 kÃmlj ..........................194 kÂn .............................. 262 k¼nja........................... 262 kÃnja........................... 262 kròjiti.......................... 248 kròpiti......................... 249 kr«sna......................... 249 kr«sno......................... 249 kr«tak ......................... 250 kròtiti ......................... 250

kr|v .............................250 kÃpa .............................263 kruina........................ 251 krg ............................. 251 krgao......................... 251 krµh............................. 252 krúpa, krùpa, krµpa.. 252 krúpan, krùpan.......... 253 krt.............................. 252 krútiti.......................... 252 kÂv ...............................254 k¼van........................... 253 kÂvn, krQvn................. 253 k¼zno, krQzno ...............263 kúa............................. 255 kµ\a............................ 244 kùd ............................242 kµditi........................... 255 kf ............................... 261 kµjati........................... 255 kµk ............................. 260 kµka ............................256 kµkati..........................256 kukònos.......................256 kµp ..............................256 kp .............................. 261 kµr ............................... 257 kúriti ........................... 257 ks .............................. 244 kúsati ..........................243 kt .............................. 244 kútiti ........................... 258 kvs ............................. 258 kv;siti .........................267 laboda .........................366 l;bd ........................... 365 l;an ...........................366 l¢a .............................367 l;gak............................297 làgati ...........................294 l;hak ...........................297 l;jati............................268 l;k ...............................297 lkat ............................368 l;kom ..........................368 lm ..............................268 l;n ...............................298 làne..............................368

INDICES l;nen ........................... 297 lni, láni .....................369 l;pa .............................268 l;ska............................269 l;skati .........................269 last...............................298 lst...............................298 l;z ...............................270 lz ...............................270 l;ziti............................270 lž ............................... 295 làža ............................. 295 lbt ............................ 365 lécati se, lcati se .......276 lè\i ...............................270 l=d ...............................270 ldva............................276 ledvija .........................276 lèmeš ............................271 lèmež............................271 lètjeti............................271 léviti ............................ 275 lèžati ........................... 272 l›bav ............................ 277 lìbiv ............................. 277 líce ............................... 278 l›h ............................... 278 lh ............................... 278 lho .............................. 278 lijati ............................ 297 lijègati......................... 272 lijèha ........................... 272 l›jen ............................. 273 l›jep ......................273, 274 lijèpiti.......................... 273 l›jes .............................. 274 lijèsak.......................... 274 lijèska.......................... 274 l›jev ............................ 275 l›k ............................... 295 l›ko .............................. 295 l›pa .............................. 279 ls .......................279, 296 lìsica............................ 279 lst .......................279, 296 líšiti .............................280 l›ti ...............................280 lízati............................280

ljb .............................. 202 ljèniv............................272 ljsti ............................ 276 ljto..............................275 ljibo..............................281 ljub...............................281 ljúbav ..........................281 ljúbiti...........................281 ljubo ............................281 ljúbov...........................281 ljdi .............................282 ljùdina.........................282 ljµska ...........................291 ljµskati ....................... 292 ljµspa.......................... 292 ljúštiti ..........................293 ljt ...............................283 ljútiti............................282 lobòda......................... 366 lobzb;t.........................283 l|g ...............................283 l|j ...............................283 lòkati .......................... 284 l«kva ........................... 284 lòmiti.......................... 284 lòpata ..........................285 l«š ...............................285 l|v .............................. 286 l«vak ........................... 286 lòviti ........................... 286 lòza ............................. 287 l«že.............................. 287 lòžiti............................ 287 lb .............................. 289 l, l ........................ 290 lµa ............................. 290 luiti ........................... 290 lúiti ................... 288, 290 ld .............................. 290 lg .............................. 288 lk .............................. 289 lúka............................. 289 lùkav........................... 289 lúna .............................291 lúpiti............................291 lµska ............................291 luzga ............................293 lµža..............................293

661 m;..............................305 madal.......................... 332 màgla .......................... 339 màgnuti ......................340 mh ............................. 333 máha........................... 332 máhati ........................298 m;jati .........................299 m;k .............................299 màknuti ...................... 333 m;lak ......................... 300 mm............................ 301 mámiti ........................ 301 mániti ......................... 301 m;nje .......................... 341 m;nj .......................... 341 m;nj........................... 341 manúti ........................ 301 m;o ............................ 300 m;slo...........................302 mst.............................302 matati .........................302 materstvo....................303 m;ti.............................303 m;tor ..........................303 mz..............................305 m;zati.........................304 màzda ......................... 343 màž¢iti ....................... 336 me ............................... 314 m=d..............................307 mdojd ..................... 306 mèdva ........................ 306 mèdvjed ..................... 306 mè¢a ...........................305 m¢u .......................... 306 mŠgà............................ 339 mej; ............................305 mk...............................315 mknuti ...................... 314 mél............................... 310 mèla .............................141 m lj ............................. 310 méne, mne ................308 mok............................ 310 m=so .............................315 mésti.............................315 mèsti............................309

662 mètati .........................309 mézdra.........................316 mézga...........................314 mézgra .........................314 m ............................... 336 mí\e..............................318 mg ...............................316 m›gati ..........................316 m›jeh...........................309 mijèna.......................... 311 mijeniti........................312 mijèniti........................ 311 mijèsiti......................... 313 míkati ..........................337 m›lo............................. 336 m›mo ...........................318 minòvati......................318 mínuti..........................318 m›o ...............................317 mr ...............................318 m›š................................337 msao ...........................337 mìšca............................337 m›šca............................337 m›ti ............................. 338 mìžati ..........................319 míždati ............... 339, 344 mjd ............................309 mjra............................312 mjriti..........................312 mjsc ..........................312 mjsto .......................... 313 mld.............................323 mlàdan, ml;dan.........323 ml;djenac................... 322 mlát............................. 324 mlt............................. 324 mlátiti..........................323 mlijèko........................ 307 mljti........................... 307 mn›ti ...........................340 mnjeti .........................340 mn«g.......................... 334 móa ............................319 mòiti.......................... 320 m|\ ..............................321 mò\i .............................321 mòdar, m«dar............ 320

INDICES m|j...............................322 mòkar, m«kar.............322 m«kar ..........................322 mòliti.......................... 320 m«lj..............................323 monisto .......................324 m|r ..............................326 mòra ............................324 m«re ............................325 m|st.............................326 m«šnja.........................327 mòtati..........................327 motiška .......................327 mòtriti.........................327 m«zak..................274, 328 m«ždan .......................328 mòždan ......................328 m«ždni ......................328 moždena .....................328 mòžditi........................336 mrk ............................325 mrv ............................326 mr;z ............................326 mrža ......................... 308 mr›jest ........................ 349 mrijèti ........................ 308 mrk ..............................341 mÃk ............................. 342 mrQk ............................ 342 mÃknuti.......................341 mÃkva .......................... 335 mrmljiti....................... 335 mrQmrati ...................... 335 mrQtav.......................... 342 m¼ziti.......................... 342 m¼zjeti........................ 342 mÃznuti .......................343 múati ........................ 340 mµiti ..........................328 múdar .........................329 mùha ...........................330 múka ...........................329 mµka ...........................329 múnja.......................... 333 mr.............................. 331 múra............................ 331 mµsti .......................... 307 mútiti ..........................330

mµzga ..........................331 mž .............................330 mzda ........................... 343 na ...............................344 nàti .......................... 345 nad(a)......................... 345 ng............................... 345 nágao .......................... 345 ngao .......................... 345 nárav........................... 356 národ...........................346 nas ...............................346 ns ...............................346 naustiti .......................346 ne ...............................347 nbo.............................348 nèbg...........................348 n\k ............................351 nègodovati..................348 nko.............................349 nesit.............................349 nèstera.........................349 nèsti............................. 350 nèvjesta........................351 nevod ...........................351 neže ............................. 352 ni ............................... 352 niati ........................... 353 n›knuti ........................ 353 ništ............................... 353 n›št............................... 353 n›t ............................... 353 niz .................................54 n|\................................355 nòga............................. 354 nogat ............................355 n«kat ............................355 n|s ............................... 357 nòsiti ........................... 356 n«v............................... 357 nòvk .......................... 357 n«zdra......................... 358 n|ž............................... 358 nµditi .......................... 358 nµkati ......................... 359 núriti........................... 359 nutiti .......................... 360 nµžda .......................... 359

INDICES nj›va............................ 354 o(b) ..............................361 «ba ...............................361 «bao ............................ 363 obè\ati .........................361 «blk ........................... 362 òbor............................. 362 obrs(t) ....................... 362 obresti ......................... 362 obrèsti se..................... 362 òbuti............................ 363 od(a) ........................... 382 òdar............................. 364 odòljeti........................ 363 òganj ........................... 364 óje .................................64 òkno ............................ 365 «ko............................... 365 «lovo ...........................369 òmela ...........................141 «n ............................... 372 |n ............................... 372 «pk ............................ 372 «p\.............................. 363 òrah............................. 374 òrao............................. 376 òrati ............................ 372 òriti se......................... 374 òrž¢e..........................375 òržje...........................375 |s ...............................380 òsa ................................. 77 «sam ........................... 379 òsao..............................381 |sm ............................ 378 òsnova......................... 379 òstan ...........................380 «sti...............................380 «strov .......................... 379 «stve ............................380 «štar, òštar.................. 379 òtac ............................. 383 otvòriti........................ 383 òvj ............................. 384 òvan, óvan.................. 384 òvas ............................. 384 óvca............................. 384 p;dati ......................... 389

p;hati, páhati............ 389 pàkao.......................... 426 p;lac ........................... 390 p;lica.......................... 390 páliti ........................... 390 p;mt .......................... 391 pnj............................. 427 p;ra ............................. 391 p;s ............................... 431 ps ..............................409 p;sti.............................392 p;tka ...........................425 p;k............................. 391 p;vit ............................523 p;ziti ...........................392 p;zuho.........................392 pèla ..............................72 p=\ ...............................393 pè\i...............................393 p=d .............................. 398 pelèna ......................... 394 ppeo ...........................395 pèro............................. 396 pst.............................. 399 p=t ..............................400 péta............................. 399 péti.............................. 399 pti.............................. 398 p=t.............................. 399 p›\a ..............................401 pijèsak ........................ 398 p›r ...............................425 písati........................... 430 p›skor..........................400 pítati............................425 p›tati............................401 p›ti ...............................401 pvo............................. 402 pjga ............................397 pjgav ..........................397 pjna............................397 pjše ............................ 398 pjèšk.......................... 398 pl;h............................. 410 pl;kati ........................ 402 pl;mn ........................ 411 pl;sa ............................ 411 pls; ............................ 411

663 plst.............................403 plášiti ...........................411 plátno.......................... 412 plv.............................. 412 pl;viti..........................403 plz.............................. 412 ple\............................ 404 plè\e............................ 404 plèsti........................... 404 pl›jen ...........................394 pl›jesan....................... 404 pl›ti............................. 407 pljti ............................ 395 pljva........................... 395 pljùvati .......................402 pl|t ............................. 406 plú\a............................405 pl\a............................405 plúto, plt« ................ 406 po .............................. 407 p| ............................... 412 p«d.............................. 408 p|d.............................. 408 pod(a) ........................ 408 p«js ........................... 409 pòjati...........................398 pòjiti........................... 409 pòkj ...........................410 pòlica...........................410 p«lje..............................411 pòriti ...........................414 p|t ............................... 415 p«vrz ......................... 415 p«zan ..........................416 pr;g ............................. 413 prh............................. 413 prse............................414 pr;ti ............................428 pr;v ............................. 418 p¼djeti .........................428 prdati ........................ 418 prnuti ........................ 418 prsti ...........................419 pÂh ...............................428 pri ...............................419 prd..............................419 pr›jatelj ...................... 420 prìjati ......................... 420

664 pr›jek...........................396 pr« ............................420 pr«daja .......................420 pròsiti.......................... 421 pr«st ............................422 pròstrijeti.................... 421 pr«tv ..........................422 pÃsa .............................429 pÃsi ..............................429 p¼skati......................... 423 pÃst ..............................429 prúglo..........................422 pÂv..............................430 pšéna............................431 pt›ca ............................ 425 pµ\i ............................. 416 púditi .......................... 416 púhati ......................... 423 púhnuti....................... 423 pk ..............................424 pµknuti....................... 416 pµn..............................426 pp .............................. 417 púpak, pµpak ............. 417 pµst ............................. 427 pst .............................424 pùstiti..........................424 pt ............................... 417 pµto............................. 417 pµzati.......................... 427 púziti........................... 427 rábiti ........................... 373 ràbota ......................... 373 ráiti se ....................... 432 r;di ............................. 432 rdi ............................. 432 ráditi........................... 432 r;k ............................... 374 ràkita ...........................375 r;lo.............................. 373 r;me.............................375 rásti............................. 376 r;t ............................... 376 ràtaj ............................ 376 raz-.............................. 377 razòriti........................ 433 rebica .......................... 435 rebika.......................... 435

INDICES rèbro ............................433 rè\i ...............................433 r=d .............................. 436 rèkeš............................. 143 rmn ..........................433 rèmik ...........................433 rèvati .......................... 436 r›dati ...........................441 rìgati............................441 r›je............................. 434 rijèdak ........................ 434 r›jedk ......................... 434 rijèka, r›jeka .............. 434 r›lo ...............................441 r›nuti .......................... 436 r›ti .............................. 442 r«b .......................366, 373 r|d ...............................437 ròditi............................437 r|g .............................. 438 r|j .............................. 438 r|k .............................. 438 ròsa ............................. 438 r|v .............................. 439 rb .............................. 439 rúbiti .......................... 439 rd ..............................440 rúka ............................440 rúno............................440 rQvati se.........................441 s(a).............................. 478 sd .............................. 442 sáditi........................... 442 sàhnuti ....................... 479 sam ..............................146 s;n ...............................481 sni ............................. 443 s;one........................... 443 s;oni ........................... 443 sàsti ...........................475 s;ti .............................. 482 s;v .............................. 540 sdam ......................... 443 sèdlo............................444 s=dm .......................... 443 ségnuti........................449 sgnuti se....................449 sèlo..............................444

sèstra ...........................445 szati .......................... 449 s›jati ........................... 448 s›jeno.......................... 446 s›la ............................... 451 sn ...............................483 s›pati ...........................483 s›r ...............................483 s›rov.....................474, 484 s›t .............................. 484 s›to............................... 451 s›v ...............................452 sj;ti..............................450 sj\i............................. 446 sjèditi...........................445 sjèdjeti.........................445 sjme .......................... 446 sjn ..............................447 sjsti ............................447 sjvr .......................... 449 sjµtra........................... 510 sl;b ..............................452 sl;dak..........................459 sl;k ..............................459 sl;ma...........................459 sln............................. 460 slána........................... 460 sln............................ 460 slp ............................. 460 sl;ti..............................479 sl;tina .........................461 slàtk............................459 sl;va ............................ 453 slàvj, slavj...............461 sl›na............................. 453 sl›šati........................... 455 sl|j .............................. 480 sl«vo ............................454 slh, slµh..................... 455 slµšati.......................... 455 smìjati se ....................456 sm›jeh..........................456 smjti ......................... 480 smrd ..........................456 sm¼djeti.......................457 smÃt ............................ 480 snàha...........................458 sn›jeg ...........................457

INDICES snòvati ........................ 457 s| ............................... 461 sòiti............................ 458 sòha............................. 458 s«k ............................... 459 s|k ............................... 459 s«m.............................. 461 sóva, s«va ...................462 sp;ti ............................ 481 spjna.......................... 397 sp«r ............................. 482 sÃce .............................. 485 srsti............................ 482 srijèda .........................444 sr›jemuša....................444 s¼na ............................. 485 sÚljnj......................... 485 stáblo .......................... 472 st;do, stdo ................ 465 stàjati..........................468 stn ............................. 465 st;r .............................. 465 str............................. 465 st;ti ............................. 465 st;viti..........................466 stàza............................ 472 stègno..........................466 stènjati........................466 st›\i..............................467 std .............................. 473 st›gnuti .......................467 st| .......................468, 482 st«g..............................468 st|g..............................468 strána..........................469 strc .............................470 str›\i ............................469 strúja ..........................470 strk............................469 strp............................470 stÞ ..............................470 std ..................... 342, 471 stùden ......................... 471 stúditi ......................... 471 sd............................... 463 sùdija .......................... 463 súditi........................... 463 sh............................... 473

snce........................... 479 súnuti ......................... 474 súšiti ........................... 474 sµtra ............................510 svkar ..........................475 svkrva ........................475 sv=t.............................. 476 svijè\a......................... 476 sv›jet ........................... 476 svínja.......................... 477 svrb........................... 477 svr;ka......................... 477 sv¼beti......................... 478 šávac........................... 488 š\ ...............................129 š=st .............................. 487 šst ............................. 486 š›bati........................... 487 š›ti .............................. 487 šlj›va ............................453 šljµka .......................... 454 štène............................ 486 štt .............................. 486 št« ................................ 94 šlj .............................. 488 šra............................. 488 šùr( j)k ..................... 488 tj ...............................502 t;jati........................... 489 tájiti............................ 489 táma ........................... 504 táman..........................505 tman..........................505 t;nak ...........................505 t;št ...............................502 tt .............................. 489 tè\i .............................. 489 t=g .............................. 493 t—6nja ........................... 492 tèpsti se....................... 492 tèsati............................491 tsla .............................491 téžak ........................... 494 t ...............................503 tijèsan......................... 492 t›jesto.......................... 493 t›skati ......................... 494 t›su\a ...........................503

665 t›ti ...............................504 tjme ...........................492 tk« ...............................264 tláka ............................495 tl ................................ 04 tl« ...............................504 t|k .............................. 494 t«pao .......................... 490 tòpiti........................... 496 tráva........................... 496 tráviti......................... 496 tr\ .............................497 trésti ............................497 tÃgati ...........................502 tr .............................. 499 tÂn ...............................505 tròvati .........................497 tÂst .............................. 499 tÃti ............................... 491 trd .....................497, 498 trp ............................ 498 trt ............................. 498 tÃzati ...........................506 tú\i ............................. 490 túga .............................495 tr .............................. 500 tvr............................. 500 tvòriti .......................... 501 tvÂd.............................. 501 u .......................506, 530 u- ...............................506 ùbog.............................506 ùiti .............................506 ùdariti.........................507 udòvica ....................... 536 µgal .............................386 µgalj ............................ 385 µgljn .......................... 385 µgor .............................386 µho ..............................507 µjac..............................507 µjk .............................507 µlica ............................508 m ...............................508 ùnuk.............................531 unútar......................... 387 unútra......................... 387 ùpiti............................. 532

666 ústa .............................509 š ................................532 utòliti .......................... 495 µtroba ......................... 387 µtva............................. 387 µvo .............................. 507 µzak ............................ 388 µzao ............................ 388 ùzda ............................. 511 zd; ............................. 511 úziti............................. 387 va- ............................... 530 vábiti............................512 v;n ............................... 531 vn ............................... 531 vàpiti............................532 vr ................................512 váriti ............................512 vas ................................513 vs ................................513 vš ................................532 v...............................513 vdar ............................513 vlik ............................514 vèlm ............................514 v=lj............................... 515 vèlju .............................514 vnuti...........................521 vpar ............................ 515 vèslo .............................517 vèsna ............................517 vèsti..............................518 vézati ...........................521 v ................................533 vd ................................521 v›djeti...........................521 v›dra............................ 534 v›ganj .......................... 534 v›hr............................ 522 v›jati.............................519 vijè\ati ........................ 520 vijèdro..........................518 vijèno .......................... 520 v›knuti ........................ 534 v›me .............................535 vìnjaga.......................... 27 vr ............................... 522 vs ................................535

INDICES vìš............................... 535 vìsok............................. 535 v›ti ...............................522 vjèdro........................... 518 vjra............................ 520 vjtar .......................... 520 vládati .........................524 vl;ga ............................524 vlk ..............................526 vlákno..........................526 vls...............................527 vlst .............................526 vòda.............................523 vòditi ...........................523 v|jna............................524 vòjnk ..........................524 v«lja.............................525 v«nj..............................527 vònja............................527 v«sak............................529 v|z ...............................530 vòziti............................530 vrg..............................527 vrn .............................528 vr;na ...........................528 vráta ............................529 vrátiti ..........................529 vÃ\i............................... 515 vretèno ........................516 vrti .............................537 vÂh ...............................538 vrijème ........................516 vr›jes ............................516 vrijèslo.........................516 v¼sta.............................538 vša ..............................539 v¼tjeti...........................539 vú\i ..............................514 vµga ............................. 217 vk...............................537 vµna.............................537 za .............................. 540 zàbralo ....................... 540 z;o ............................... 551 z;ova ........................... 551 zva ............................. 551 zàvrijeti.......................541 zdr;v........................... 478

zèlen ............................ 541 z=lje .............................542 zèmlja .........................542 zépsti ........................... 543 zt ............................... 543 zd ...............................544 zídati........................... 552 zìjati............................544 zijèvati ........................ 543 zíma ............................544 z›nuti........................... 545 zj;ti .............................544 zjnica.........................542 zlto ............................547 zmj ............................ 545 zmìja ........................... 545 zn;mn .......................546 zn;mnje .................... 545 zn;ti ............................546 zn|j..............................546 z|b...............................547 zòbati ..........................547 zòra .............................548 zrk .............................549 zrti ............................. 552 zÃno ............................. 553 zb...............................549 zv;ti .............................551 zv›jer ...........................549 zvijèzda.......................196 ž;ba............................. 553 ž;o je........................... 553 žr ............................... 554 žára ............................. 554 ždr›jeb ......................... 559 ždrijèlo........................ 559 žè\i .............................. 554 žédan........................... 561 ž=¢a .............................560 žld............................ 556 žèludac........................ 556 žlva ............................ 557 žèlja............................. 556 žèljeti............................555 žèljezo ..........................555 žljd........................... 556 žèna............................. 558 žrv............................ 558

INDICES žèrava ......................... 558 žravica ...................... 558 žti................................561 žtva.............................561 žéželj ........................... 559 žèzlo ............................ 559 ž›ca...............................561 žídak ........................... 562 ž›la .............................. 562 ž›to .............................. 563 žv ............................... 564 žívjeti .......................... 562 žìvot ............................ 563 žlijèzda ........................557 žrvnj..........................566 ž................................552 žúdjeti......................... 565 žúja ............................. 565 žúna ............................ 565 žúnja........................... 565 zúriti se....................... 564 žt ............................... 565 1.4.2 akavian b;ba .............................. 32 bedr;..............................35 bežãt ............................. 41 b§(l) ..............................40 b› ................................. 41 b£=l ................................40 bs .................................40 b›ti................................. 71 bv;t.............................. 72 biž;ti............................. 41 blgo ..............................51 bl“go ..............................51 bl;to...............................53 blejãt ............................. 43 blj;ti............................ 43 bld ................................ 43 bl£=t ............................... 43 blš\›ti se .......................49 blzµ ..............................46 bl§zu ..............................46 bljµvat ..........................46 b|g................................. 50 bog;t ............................. 50 bõj ..................................51

bòjati se........................ 50 b|l .................................54 bolt............................... 51 bol›ti .............................. 51 b«# ................................52 b«#.................................52 b«lje ...............................52 b«lji................................52 bõr ................................58 b«s .................................59 b|s .................................59 b«sti ...............................59 br;\a.............................60 brd; .............................55 br”d; .............................55 br;šno............................57 br;t ......................... 60, 73 br;ti...............................73 br“v ...............................58 br”zd; ...........................59 brzd; ...........................59 brja ............................. 36 brme(n) .......................37 br£=g...............................37 br£=s ...............................37 brg.................................37 br›me .............................37 br§st................................37 br›t .................................63 br›t(v)a..........................63 br›t(v)a..........................63 br|d .............................. 64 br|t ............................... 64 bÃz ................................ 70 bbanj ..........................60 b;ti ........................... 67 bd›t ............................. 67 bd›ti............................ 67 buh; ............................. 48 bµha ............................. 48 bun›ka ...........................73 bu|dalj .......................... 49 bu|h .............................. 50 bu|l.................................54 bu|s ................................59 bµra .............................. 68 cn; ...............................75 csta.............................. 76

667 c(l) ............................... 75 cd›ti ..............................74 c£=(l) ............................. 75 c£ed›t .............................74 c£=no.............................. 75 cn;................................ 75 cva ................................76 cÃn .................................92 cvãs..............................259 cv£=t.............................259 cvt...............................259 ;¢a...............................77 ;s .................................79 s .................................94 “st ................................94 kat..............................79 kati.............................79 el; ................................72 la ................................72 lica .............................72 el« ............................... 80 lj”d............................ 80 mer............................. 81 éra.............................. 536 èsan..............................86 es;t...............................86 es;ti .............................86 et›ri ..............................87 etÃti..............................87 tvero...........................87 etvÃt ............................87 £=r(a) ......................... 536 in›ti..............................89 ›s ................................ 90 ›st ................................ 90 ›stit.............................. 90 ›tat .............................. 90 ›tati............................. 90 ov›k ............................. 80 rd;.............................. 81 rd; .............................. 81 rvo ..............................86 Ân .................................92 Ãv .................................93 Âv .................................93 µditi se......................... 91 µdo............................... 91 µt ................................. 91

668 µti ................................ 91 \=r ............................... 129 \t›t..............................381 \t›ti.............................381 vÃs ................................ 93 vÃst............................... 93 dh .............................. 129 d“h .............................. 129 dahnµti....................... 129 dn ...............................134 d“n ...............................134 dan;s ........................... 135 dr.................................96 d“r.................................96 dãš................................ 131 d;t .................................96 d;ti................................96 dv;t.............................96 d”v;ti............................96 d”v›ti............................. 97 d;ž ............................... 131 db...............................98 dél ................................103 dlat ............................ 102 dlo...............................103 der;t............................. 135 der;ti ........................... 135 dset ............................100 des t...........................100 des£ ti..........................100 desn............................100 dtelj ........................... 107 dver ........................... 105 dvet.............................101 dev t ...........................101 dev£ ti ..........................101 d§(l) .............................103 d›d ............................... 102 d£=l ...............................103 d£el›t............................ 102 d›hat ............................ 131 d›hati ........................... 131 d›lati ........................... 102 dl›ti ............................ 102 d›lo ...............................103 dím...............................132 d§m...............................132 dt .............................. 104

INDICES Dva (Mar›ja).............105 d›ver.............................105 Div›ca ......................... 106 div#..............................108 díža............................. 106 džva........................... 106 dlán ..............................111 dln ..............................111 dl’n ..............................111 dl£et« ............................ 98 dlisti.............................. 98 dn«...............................130 dob;............................ 109 d«ba............................ 109 d«bar ........................... 110 d«ga ............................. 114 doj›t ............................. 110 doj›ti ............................ 110 d|m...............................113 d«ma ........................... 112 dr“g ..............................113 drh ..............................113 dr”ž›ti...........................115 dr n .............................. 99 dr£ n ............................. 99 dr£ t .............................. 99 dr£=vo ........................... 99 drm;ti .........................117 drvo ............................. 99 dr«ban......................... 119 drob›t........................... 118 drob›ti.......................... 118 dr«zak .........................120 drž›t ............................115 drµgi ............................ 122 drµg ............................ 122 druž›na........................ 122 drv« ............................. 123 drž;ti........................... 138 dµg............................... 133 dµga............................. 114 dh ..............................124 du|l .............................. 112 duõr ..............................128 dp............................... 114 dr›t.............................126 dš; ............................. 127 dv ...............................130

dv“............................... 130 dvõr ............................. 128 g;d...............................160 g;diti se.......................160 gs›t..............................161 g”s›ti.............................161 g;ziti ........................... 162 gld.............................. 174 gl“d.............................. 174 gl;dak ......................... 162 gls .............................. 176 gl“s .............................. 176 glt .............................. 174 glv;............................ 176 gl”v;............................ 176 gldat .......................... 164 gls ............................... 165 glsta............................ 165 g#dati ......................... 164 gljh ............................ 167 gl«biti..........................166 glh ............................. 167 glp ............................. 167 g›da ........................... 169 gij;ti.......................... 169 gnjl ............................. 169 g(l) .......................... 169 g›la ............................ 164 gnj§t ............................. 169 gít .............................. 169 gzd« ......................... 169 gnjzl« ......................... 169 g|j.............................. 170 gnjs............................ 170 gnjsan ........................171 gnu|j ............................ 170 gõ ............................... 176 g|d............................... 172 g«dina ......................... 172 god›t ............................ 172 goj›ti .............................173 g«lop.............................175 g«lb ............................175 gon›t ............................ 177 gon›ti........................... 177 gor; ............................. 178 g«rak ...........................180 gort ............................ 179

INDICES g«r .............................. 179 gor›ti ........................... 179 gospodín ..................... 180 gospod§n ..................... 180 govdo.......................... 181 gvn« ...........................182 g«vor ............................182 govor›t.......................... 181 govor›ti ........................ 181 gr;bit ...........................185 gr;biti ..........................185 gr“d............................. 178 grãja............................ 178 gr;t...............................185 grben ......................... 186 grd; ............................187 grjat............................187 grs...............................187 gr£ed;...........................187 gr£ h.............................187 gr§h...............................187 gr›s............................... 194 gr›sti............................ 194 gÃlo .............................. 198 gÃm.............................. 194 grÈmt............................195 gr«b ............................. 190 gr|m............................ 190 gr«p ............................. 190 gr«s...............................191 gr«zd ............................191 gr«zj ...........................191 gÂs ............................... 199 grb............................. 192 grµda .......................... 192 gruõjze..........................191 gb›t.............................195 gub›ti............................195 gn« .............................195 guõl .............................. 176 gu|s...............................183 gu|t ...............................172 h\ ............................... 129 hld ............................. 203 hldan ........................204 hlt.............................. 203 hl“d ............................. 203 hl“dan ........................204

hlb ............................. 202 hlúd ............................ 202 hluõt ............................ 202 h#›b.............................. 202 h|d.............................. 203 hod›t ........................... 203 hod›ti.......................... 203 hrn;.......................... 205 (h)r”n;....................... 205 hrn›t ......................... 205 hr”n›ti ........................ 205 hr’st ...........................206 hr«m........................... 205 hu|t ............................. 203 ht .............................. 205 d ...............................150 ›dro ..............................150 £=š ...............................149 igl; ...............................210 ›gla ...............................210 igr; ............................. 209 ›gra.............................. 209 igr;t .............................210 igr;ti............................210 ›lo ............................... 211 im;ti............................ 211 ›me............................... 212 imt.............................. 212 isk;t .............................214 sk;t .............................214 sk;ti............................214 ›skra.............................214 ›sti ........................154, 215 ›st ............................... 215 izµti .............................218 jã ................................. 31 j; ................................. 31 j’ ................................. 31 j;buka .......................... 26 j;mer ......................... 156 j;mik.......................... 156 j;d ...............................150 j;dro ............................150 j;goda............................27 j;hati ............................151 jje .................................27 j“je .................................27 j“k ................................ 28

669 j;ma ..............................28 j;njac ............................26 j;e................................26 j;rac .............................153 jrám ............................28 jrãm ............................28 j”r’m ............................28 jareb›ca ....................... 142 jar§na ........................... 151 j;rina ........................... 151 jãrka.............................153 j;sen ..............................29 j;strb ...........................29 jãstrop...........................29 j;š\erica........................30 jt ............................... 150 j;to .............................. 154 jv›t ................................31 j”v›ti...............................31 jaz›k ............................ 159 jeb;ti ........................... 147 jedãn ........................... 139 jed’n ........................... 139 j=dar .............................157 jedv;............................ 139 jla............................... 139 jlen.............................140 js ............................... 154 jsen ...................... 29, 144 jsn ...................... 29, 144 jetrv;........................... 159 j=trva........................... 159 jzero........................... 148 j=ž ...............................149 j›lo ................................211 jsto...............................215 j|gla............................. 210 j«š ...............................146 još\.............................146 jµgo..............................207 jh; ............................ 208 jµtre............................. 510 jµtro ............................ 510 kad.............................259 k”d›ti........................... 218 kd›t ............................ 218 k;jati se ...................... 219 kl ...............................220

670 kl›t............................. 219 k;men.........................220 k;mn.........................220 k;ša#.............................221 k;san .......................... 263 ksan .......................... 263 kaš#;ti ..........................221 kašlj;t ..........................221 kz;t ........................... 222 k”z;ti.......................... 222 k›dati ..........................264 kh;t............................ 265 kh;ti .......................... 265 k›la .............................. 265 kpt ............................266 kis;ti ...........................266 k›s .............................. 267 k›sel ............................. 267 kls.............................. 230 kl“s.............................. 230 kl;t .............................. 230 kl;ti............................. 230 klt›t ........................... 230 klt« .............................231 kl›cat ........................... 225 kl£et.......................... 225 kl£ š\a .........................224 kl§š\å ...........................224 k#e;ti ......................... 225 k#›cati.......................... 225 k#íš\a ...........................224 klj ............................226 k#..............................226 kd›t.............................218 k«koš ........................... 228 k«kš ........................... 228 kolno ......................... 228 kol›ko .......................... 229 kol›no.......................... 228 k«lo ............................. 229 kon;c .......................... 232 kõ_ .............................. 232 k«pa ............................ 232 kop;t ............................233 kop;ti...........................233 k«ra............................. 234 k«ren........................... 237 k«rn........................... 237

INDICES k«rice...........................235 kor›to ...........................237 kos;..............................238 k«se..............................238 k|st ..............................239 k«š .............................. 240 koš;ra......................... 240 kot›ti ............................241 kovãti ......................... 242 kov;ti ......................... 242 koz; ............................ 242 k«za ............................ 242 k«ža ............................ 242 kráj ..............................245 krãj ..............................245 kr’j ..............................245 kr;s ..............................245 kr;sta ..........................235 krãtak......................... 236 kr“tak......................... 236 kr;va .......................... 236 krmen ....................... 246 krpak ........................ 246 kÂf ...............................254 kri ...............................254 krl« ............................ 247 kr§l” ............................ 247 kr›pak ......................... 246 krm; ........................... 262 krÈm; ........................... 262 krmlj›.........................194 kÃmežalj ......................194 kroj›t........................... 248 kroj›ti.......................... 248 krop›ti......................... 249 kr«sn”......................... 249 kr«tak ......................... 250 krõv............................. 250 kÃpa .............................263 krg ............................. 251 krµh .............................252 krh ............................. 251 kruõf ............................ 250 kruõsna ....................... 249 krp; ...........................252 krpa ...........................252 krpan.........................253 kÃv .................................54

kµ\a............................ 244 kµditi........................... 255 kk ............................. 260 kk ............................. 260 kµka ............................256 ku|lo ............................229 kuõnj............................ 232 ku|s..............................239 kuõt ............................. 244 kµp ..............................256 kr›t ............................ 257 ks .............................. 244 kút .............................. 244 kvs ............................. 258 l;bd ........................... 365 l;an ...........................366 l’¢a .............................367 l;gak............................297 lag;ti ...........................294 l;jati............................268 l;k ...............................297 l;kat ............................368 lkat ............................368 l;kom ..........................368 ln ...............................298 láni ..............................369 lãni ..............................369 l’n ..............................369 lš ...............................295 l“z ...............................270 l“ž ...............................295 lebr« ............................ 433 l\ ...............................270 l\i ...............................270 l=d ...............................270 lemš ........................... 271 l=n ............................... 273 lt«.................................98 lto............................... 275 l£ vi.............................. 275 lež;t.............................272 lež;ti............................272 lc ...............................278 l£eh; ............................272 l£=n............................... 273 l£=p............................... 274 l£es;k ........................... 274 l£=t ...............................270

INDICES lg;ti............................ 272 ln ............................... 273 lp ............................... 274 lp›ti ............................ 273 ls ............................... 279 lst ............................... 279 l›sti ..............................276 l›ti ...............................280 lt« .................................98 l›to ............................... 275 l§v ............................... 275 lz;t .............................280 lz;ti............................280 ljubãf........................... 281 #b;v ........................... 281 #b’v ........................... 281 #b›ti ........................... 281 #di.............................. 282 ljt............................... 283 #t ............................... 283 #t›ti ............................ 282 lobod;.........................366 l|j ............................... 283 lok;t ............................284 lok;ti...........................284 l«kva ...........................284 lom›t............................284 lom›ti ..........................284 lop;ta.......................... 285 l«š ............................... 285 l|v ...............................286 lov›t .............................286 lov›ti............................286 loz;.............................. 287 lož›t ............................. 287 lož›ti............................ 287 l ...............................290 ld ...............................290 lg .................................88 lh ...............................288 lk ...............................289 lk; .............................289 lka .............................289 ln;............................. 291 lu|j ............................... 283 lp›t............................. 291 lsk;............................ 291 m; ............................. 305

magl; ..........................339 m;h ............................. 333 mh;t......................... 298 m”h;ti........................ 298 m;k............................. 299 maknµt........................ 333 maknµti ...................... 333 mli ............................ 300 m’l ............................ 300 m”m›ti ........................301 m; ............................341 m;nje ..........................341 m;nji ...........................341 ms ..............................302 m;slo ...........................302 m;t ..............................303 m;ti .............................303 m;zat ......................... 304 m;zati ........................ 304 m=d............................. 307 medvd....................... 306 medv›d ....................... 306 mej;.............................305 mk .............................. 315 mkak.......................... 315 mra ............................ 312 mriti........................... 312 ms.............................. 309 msec ........................... 312 m=so............................. 315 msti ........................... 309 msto ........................... 313 m£=h............................ 309 m£es›t........................... 313 m£=so ........................... 315 m£=t ............................ 307 mí ...............................336 m§ ...............................336 m ...............................336 m›ga.............................316 m›gati ..........................316 mh ............................. 309 m›li .............................. 317 m›l .............................. 317 mn; .............................311 mr ............................... 318 m›ra............................. 312 m›riti ........................... 312

671 msal............................ 337 m›sc ............................312 ms›ti ............................313 m›sto ............................313 ml“d ............................ 323 mlt......................323, 324 ml“t.............................324 mlt›t .......................... 323 ml”t›ti ......................... 323 m›š............................... 337 ml=dan........................ 332 mlt .............................307 ml£ek« .........................307 mlk« ...........................307 ml›ti.............................307 m«a............................ 319 mo›t ...........................320 mo›ti..........................320 m«\i..............................321 m«\...............................321 mõj .............................. 322 m«kar.......................... 322 mol›t............................320 mol›ti...........................320 Mor; ...........................324 m|st.............................326 m«šnja ........................ 327 mot;t........................... 327 mot;ti ......................... 327 mot›ka......................... 327 m«zak ......................... 328 mrk............................ 325 mr“k............................ 325 mr;s ............................326 mrv............................326 mr“v............................326 mr;z............................326 mrža ..........................308 mr›ža...........................308 mÃkva.......................... 335 mÃt...............................342 mrt;v ..........................342 mrt’v ..........................342 mrÈzt...........................342 mrz›ti ..........................342 muãt ..........................340 mu;ti.........................340 mµiti.......................... 328

672 mdar......................... 329 mdar......................... 329 muh; .......................... 330 mµha .......................... 330 mk;........................... 329 mµka........................... 329 mu|\ .............................321 muõj............................. 322 muok;.......................... 329 mu|s ............................ 326 mu|š ............................ 330 muot›t.......................... 330 mµs ............................. 307 mµsti........................... 307 mt›ti.......................... 330 mž ............................. 330 na ti .......................... 345 ngal ........................... 345 n“gal ........................... 345 n”r’v .......................... 356 n;rot ...........................346 n”r«d ..........................346 n;s...............................346 n’s...............................346 nbo ............................ 348 ns .............................. 350 nsti............................. 350 ntjk........................... 351 nevsta......................... 351 nev›sta ......................... 351 n›kat.............................352 n›knuti.........................353 n›t ................................353 n|\................................355 nog; ............................ 354 n«hat ...........................355 n|s................................357 nos›t ............................ 356 nos›ti ........................... 356 nov ..............................357 n«v ..............................357 n«zdrva ...................... 358 nóž .............................. 358 nõž .............................. 358 nµdit ........................... 358 nµditi .......................... 358 nu|\ ..............................355 nuõf...............................357

INDICES nuõš ..............................358 nu|s ..............................357 «ba ...............................361 «bal..............................363 obe\;ti.........................361 «blak............................362 «bl”k............................362 obµti ............................363 od’r ............................ 364 odol›ti ..........................363 ofc; ............................. 384 ogá............................ 364 «ga............................ 364 «ko ...............................365 «lovo ........................... 369 õn ...............................372 «p”k.............................372 or;t ..............................372 or;ti.............................372 «reb..............................142 oreb›ca.........................142 or›h ..............................374 oružj= ..........................375 oržje ..........................375 os; ...............................377 «sam ............................379 «san .............................379 õsm .............................378 ósm .............................378 «štar.............................379 «štr.............................379 «sti .............................. 380 ot;c ..............................383 otr«k ............................382 otvor›ti ........................383 ov;s............................. 384 |vca ............................ 384 ov .............................. 384 p;dat .......................... 389 p;dati ......................... 389 pak’............................ 426 pakál........................... 426 pakãl........................... 426 pak|l........................... 426 p;lac ........................... 390 plac ........................... 390 p;lica.......................... 390 p”l›ti ........................... 390

p;met .......................... 391 p;mt .......................... 391 pnj .............................427 p’ ..............................427 p;ra ............................. 391 p;rst ............................429 p;s ........................392, 431 ps .............................. 409 p”s .............................. 409 p;st..............................392 p;sti.............................392 p;tka ...........................425 p;uk ............................ 391 p;k ............................ 391 pãzoka.........................392 pãzuha ........................392 p\ ............................... 393 p=\ ............................... 393 p\i .............................. 393 pna............................. 397 per« .............................396 p=t .............................. 400 pt;..............................399 p t...............................399 p£=s ..............................399 p£et; ............................399 p£ ti .............................399 p›na ............................. 397 pr ...............................425 ps;t.............................430 ps;ti ...........................430 p›t ...............................401 pt;t.............................425 p›tat.............................401 pt;ti............................425 p›tati ...........................401 p›ti ...............................401 pvo..............................402 pl;kati.........................402 pl;men .........................411 pls;.............................411 pltn«.......................... 412 pl\” ........................... 404 ple\............................ 404 ple\« ........................... 404 pln; ...........................394 pls ............................. 404 plst ............................ 404

INDICES plsti............................404 plšnja ........................404 plva............................ 395 pl£=n ............................ 394 pl£evt ......................... 395 pl›va ............................ 395 plú\a ...........................405 pl\a ...........................405 p#\; ...........................405 p| ............................... 412 p«d ..............................408 pod(/;) .....................408 poj›ti........................... 409 pokõj ........................... 410 pol›ca .......................... 410 p«lje .............................411 p«#e...............................411 p«pel ........................... 395 por›ti ........................... 414 p|t ................................415 pozn ........................... 416 pr;g ..............................413 pr;h..............................413 prh..............................413 pr“h..............................413 prse............................ 414 pr“se............................ 414 pr;t .............................428 pr;ti ............................428 pr;v............................. 418 prvi............................ 418 prÈdt............................428 prd›t ............................428 prnut ......................... 418 prs.............................. 419 prst ............................ 419 prsti ........................... 419 pr£=tel..........................420 pr›jatl ........................420 pr›jate# ........................420 pr|h..............................413 pr|se............................ 414 pros›t........................... 421 pros›ti.......................... 421 prostrít........................ 421 prostr§ti....................... 421 pr«ti ............................422 pÃs ...............................429

pÃsa............................. 429 pÃsi.............................. 429 pÃst.............................. 429 pÃvi ............................. 430 pÃv ............................. 430 pµgva...........................416 ph;t ...........................423 ph;ti..........................423 phnµti .......................423 pk.............................. 424 pµknut.........................416 pµknuti .......................416 pún ............................. 426 pn ............................. 426 pn ............................. 426 puõt ..............................417 pu|t ..............................415 pµp...............................417 pp...............................417 pµpak ..........................417 pst ............................. 424 pušt›t .......................... 424 pušt›ti ......................... 424 pút ...............................417 pt ...............................417 pz;t .......................... 427 r;bota..........................373 r”›ti se........................432 radi ..............................432 r”d›ti............................432 r;k ...............................374 Rak›ta..........................375 r;me ............................375 r;men ..........................375 rãs .............................. 376 r;taj............................ 376 rebr« ............................433 r\i ...............................433 r=d .............................. 436 rmik ...........................433 r ................................ 34 r£ek; ........................... 434 r£ tki ........................... 434 r›gati............................441 r§ka ............................. 434 r›nut ........................... 436 r›nuti .......................... 436 rtak............................ 434

673 rod›t.............................437 rod›ti ...........................437 r|g ...............................438 ros;..............................438 rov;t............................436 rb...............................439 rk;............................ 440 rn«............................ 440 rno............................ 440 ruob›t ...........................439 ru|h..............................438 ruõj...............................438 ruok;........................... 440 rv;ti se ........................441 s“d .............................. 442 sd›t............................ 442 s”d›ti .......................... 442 s;je ................................77 s;ji .................................77 sán ............................... 481 s’ ............................... 481 sãnj.............................. 481 se k;jat........................ 219 se kr;t ....................... 221 se k›sa......................... 266 se top›t........................ 496 s\ .............................. 446 sdam..........................443 sdan ...........................443 sedt ............................445 sedl« ........................... 444 sdlo ........................... 444 s dm...........................443 sédm...........................443 sjat ............................ 448 skrva..........................475 sel«.............................. 444 s=no ............................ 446 ss ...............................447 sestr; ...........................445 s›\i .............................. 446 sid›ti ............................445 s£ dmi..........................443 s£=no ........................... 446 s›jati ........................... 448 s›me ............................ 446 sn ...............................483 s›pat.............................483

674 s›pati ........................... 483 sír ............................... 483 s§r ............................... 483 s›rof .....................474, 484 s›rov ....................474, 484 s›t ...............................484 š›t ...............................487 s›to................................451 sj;ti se .........................450 sl;b.............................. 452 slak............................. 459 sl;ma .......................... 459 sl“n............................. 460 sl”n; .......................... 460 sl’n ........................... 460 sl;p.............................. 452 sl;t...............................479 sl;ti .............................479 sl;tki ........................... 459 sl;va............................ 453 sl›šati........................... 455 sl›va............................. 453 sl«vo ............................ 454 slµšati ......................... 455 smejãt se.....................456 smt.............................480 sm£ h ..........................456 sm§h ............................456 smj;t se......................456 smj;ti se ....................456 sm›ti............................480 smrd..........................456 smrÈdt......................... 457 smrdti........................ 457 smÃt.............................480 smr“d..........................456 snah; .......................... 458 sn£=h............................ 457 sng.............................. 457 s| ............................... 461 soh;............................. 458 s|l ............................... 461 sov; .............................462 sp;t.............................. 481 sp;ti ............................ 481 sr“b .............................477 sr;ka ...........................477 srÈbt ............................478

INDICES srb›ti ........................... 478 sÃce...............................485 srd;............................444 sr£ed;..........................444 sÚen.............................485 stabl« .......................... 472 st;do ........................... 465 stãr.............................. 465 st’r.............................. 465 st’r............................. 465 stãt .............................. 468 st;t .............................. 465 st’ti............................. 468 st;vit...........................466 staz; ........................... 472 st;za ........................... 472 stegn« .........................466 stenj;ti .......................466 std .............................. 473 št›ti................................ 90 stõ .............................. 468 st| .............................. 482 st|r.............................. 465 str§c............................. 470 str›\i............................ 469 stud n..........................471 stuõl............................. 468 sd .............................. 463 sd›ti .......................... 463 sh .............................. 473 snce........................... 479 snce........................... 479 su|l ...............................461 sš›t ............................ 474 st .............................. 463 sµtra ............................510 s(v);............................ 540 sv;s ............................. 540 s(v)kar .......................475 svkrf ...........................475 svekrv; ........................475 svkrva ........................475 sv=t.............................. 476 sv£e\; .......................... 476 sv£=t ............................ 476 sv\;............................ 476 sv; ........................... 477 svt .............................. 476

š=st...............................487 ssti..............................447 š£ sti ........................... 486 š st............................. 486 š£=s ...............................487 š›ti ...............................487 št;t................................ 90 štt ................................ 90 št« .................................94 šurj’k ..........................488 t; ...............................502 t;nak...........................505 t;š\ ..............................502 t\ .............................. 489 t\i .............................. 489 tp”............................. 490 tpal ........................... 490 tes;t............................. 491 t£=san...........................492 t£=sto............................493 tžak........................... 494 tež’k........................... 494 tí ............................... 503 t§ ............................... 503 t›ca...............................425 t ............................... 503 t›me .............................492 tsan ............................492 tsto..............................493 tl; ...............................504 tl« ...............................504 tr”v;........................... 496 tÂd ............................... 501 tr\ .............................497 trésti ............................497 tr sti ............................497 trti..............................497 trt..............................497 tr£ s .............................497 tÃgat.............................502 tÃgati ...........................502 tr .............................. 499 trn ...............................505 tà ...............................505 trovãt ..........................497 trov;t ..........................497 trov;ti .........................497 tÃt ............................... 491

INDICES tÃti ................................. 91 trúd .............................498 trd .............................498 trp .............................498 trt ..............................498 tÃzat ............................506 t\ .............................. 490 t\i ............................. 490 tg; ............................. 495 tga ............................. 495 tk ...............................500 tvÃd...............................501 t“man ......................... 505 ubµt............................. 363 u r(a) ........................ 536 u›ti.............................506 udov›ca ....................... 536 ugãnj........................... 364 µg#en ........................... 385 µgor............................. 386 µgr............................. 386 µho .............................. 507 ho .............................. 507 µjac ............................. 507 kn«............................ 365 µlica ............................508 lj ...............................508 unµk............................. 531 ½õš ............................... 388 ½õsmi ........................... 378 ½|zalj ........................... 388 µsak............................. 388 sta .............................509 st” .............................509 utr«ba ......................... 387 zal ............................. 388 za# ............................. 388 µzda ............................. 511 vãn ............................... 531 v;piti............................532 v”r›ti ............................512 v;s ....................... 513, 540 v’s ................................513 ver.............................513 vr.............................513 v dar............................513 vjat .............................519 vel§................................514

vl ............................... 515 v=li ............................... 515 vlik .............................514 vnut............................ 521 vnuti .......................... 521 vra............................. 520 vesl«............................. 517 vtar ........................... 520 vtr ........................... 520 vz;t ............................ 521 vz;ti ........................... 521 ví ............................... 533 v§ ............................... 533 v ............................... 533 vd ............................... 521 v›det............................. 521 v›dit ............................. 521 v›dro ............................ 518 v£ez;t ........................... 521 v›jati ............................ 519 v›me............................. 535 v›ra ............................. 520 vis«k ............................ 535 v›tar ............................ 520 vìti ............................... 521 vládati .........................524 vl”d;ti .........................524 vl;ga ............................524 vlk;............................525 vls...............................527 vl“s...............................527 vod;.............................523 vòditi ...........................523 v«#a ..............................525 v«lja.............................525 vó ...............................527 v| ...............................527 vr›t ............................. 512 (v)«sak ........................529 voz›ti............................530 vrg..............................527 vrh .............................527 vrn .............................528 vr;na ...........................528 vrãta ............................529 vr’t” ............................529 vr”t›ti ..........................529 vÜÃ\............................... 515

675 vr\...............................515 vreten« ........................ 516 vÃh .................................38 vr£=me ......................... 516 vrme........................... 516 vrst; ............................ 538 vÃsta ............................ 538 vÚa.............................. 539 vrtt............................. 539 vrt›ti ............................ 539 v\ ............................... 514 v\i.............................. 514 vk............................... 537 (v)k ........................... 537 (v)µna ......................... 537 vuõnj ............................ 527 (v)u|z...........................530 z ............................... 217 zaj›k ............................ 159 zrno........................... 553 zavr§ti.......................... 541 zdrãf ............................478 zdr“k ...........................549 zdr’v ...........................478 z #...............................542 zel n ............................ 541 zlen ............................ 541 zem#;...........................542 zemlj; .........................542 z£eh;t .......................... 543 z£ s............................... 543 z sti ............................. 543 zt ............................... 543 zd ...............................544 zd;t ............................ 552 zh;ti........................... 543 zìjati............................544 zm; ............................544 z›nuti........................... 545 zt ...............................544 zlto ............................547 zl“to ............................547 zl|to.............................547 zmij; ........................... 545 zm›ja ........................... 545 znam£ nje................... 545 zn;t .............................546 zn;ti ............................546

676 z|b............................... 547 zob;t ........................... 547 zob;ti .......................... 547 zor; ............................. 548 zor›t............................. 548 zrk ............................. 549 zÃno..............................553 zb .............................. 549 zu|p ............................. 549 zµt ................................218 zv;t .............................. 551 zv;ti ............................. 551 zv£ezd;........................ 196 zvzd;......................... 196 zvr .............................. 549 zvzd; ......................... 196 ž;ba .............................553 žr ............................... 554 žãl ................................553 ž ¢a.............................560 ž=dan ...........................561 žéja..............................560 želt..............................555 želzo ...........................555 žel›t ..............................555 žel›ti .............................555 želj;............................. 556 žlja............................. 556 žel«t............................. 556 želµd ........................... 556 želµdec........................ 556 žlva.............................557 že#µd ........................... 556 žen;............................. 558 žer;va ......................... 558 žét ................................. 61 žt ................................561 žti................................561 žtva.............................561 ž›ca...............................561 ž£ ja ............................560 ž›la .............................. 562 ž›to .............................. 563 žv ............................... 564 žvt............................. 562 žv›ti............................ 562 živ«t ............................ 563 ž................................552

INDICES žt .................................65 žºva ............................557 1.4.3 Kajkavian «kati............................ 78 d§el ...............................103 gnzd ........................169 grb............................. 190 jdr ............................ 157 kyes« ............................238 los...............................527 mgl«..........................339 nž ...............................358 pd ..............................409 snh« ......................... 458 s|uk ............................ 464 t rn ..............................505 zmlj«..........................542 zvzd« ........................196 žn«...........................565 1.4.4 Slovene a .................................25 gnŠc ............................ 26 ágnje ............................. 26 àkJ ................................ 28 bába...............................32 bájati .............................33 balováti .........................33 bsŠn ............................ 34 báti se ........................... 50 báviti se........................ 34 b<4la ..............................72 bd—6ti.............................. 69 bébŠr............................. 34 bŠ<4la.............................72 b—6da ...............................39 bŠd—6ti............................ 69 bédra .............................35 bédrJ..............................35 b—6gati.............................39 b—6 ................................ 40 b—žáti.............................41 b—6žati.............................41 bì .................................41 blje................................71 bílJ.................................41 bístŠr..............................71

bíti ............................41, 71 bítje ...............................72 btva ..............................42 bívati.............................72 blg................................ 52 blagº.............................. 51 blna ............................. 52 blánja............................ 53 blátJ .............................. 53 blazína ..........................54 bl—6jati ............................43 bl<6k ................................42 bl—Qn................................ 35 bl—ncáti ......................... 35 bl—6šati ......................... 49 blésti............................. 44 blsk ...............................45 blískati (se) ................. 44 blískati se..................... 44 blìz................................ 46 blízŠk.............................45 bljŠváti ......................... 46 bljúti............................. 46 bljuváti......................... 46 bl¤d................................43 bl¤sk ..............................43 bl04d ...............................47 bl06diti............................47 b04bŠn............................ 60 bóbŠr .............................34 b|dŠlj ........................... 49 bdŠr ............................ 69 bogàt .............................50 bòj ................................. 51 bojáti se.........................50 bojzŠn .........................50 b| .................................54 bol—6ti ............................. 51 bóha .............................48 bošáti......................... 49 bósti...............................59 bráda............................. 55 bradàt ........................... 55 brn............................... 57 brána....................... 56, 57 brášnJ ........................... 57 bràt............................... 60 brtŠr ........................... 60

INDICES bráti .............................. 73 brtja ............................60 brv............................... 58 brázda........................... 59 b¼cati ............................ 65 b¼cniti ........................... 65 br—6ja.............................. 36 bréme ............................ 37 br—6st .............................. 37 brésti ............................. 61 br—Qz ............................... 38 br—6za ............................. 38 brd................................ 62 bridk ........................... 62 brídŠk............................ 62 brisálJ...........................66 bríti ............................... 63 brtva ............................ 63 b¼kati ............................ 65 b¼kniti........................... 65 bÂn.................................66 b¼na ....................... 66, 69 bÂnja .............................66 bÂnje.............................. 67 bróditi........................... 63 brózda...........................66 b¼sati............................. 65 b¼sniti ........................... 65 brQst ................................ 65 bÂst ................................ 65 brt .................................70 brnJ ............................ 67 brusníca........................64 bruzdà ..........................66 bÂvnJ............................. 67 brQz .................................70 b¼zda.............................66 br¤g ............................... 37 br¤sk.............................. 61 brºd...............................64 búati............................ 67 budíti ............................ 67 bújŠn.............................68 búrja .............................68 b¤s ...................................0 bºdati ...........................49 bºg................................. 50 bºlje .............................. 52

bºlji................................52 bºr ................................58 bºs .................................59 c—díti..............................74 c—6liti ...............................74 c—lováti ..........................75 c—6na ...............................75 c—6niti..............................75 c—6sta.............................. 76 c—6stiti ............................ 76 cvésti............................259 cvŠstí............................259 cvŠQsti............................259 c¤ .................................75 c¤v ................................ 77 c¤vka............................. 76 c¤vnica.......................... 77 cv¤t...............................259 d ................................ 77 áj ................................ 77 jati ............................ 78 ákati............................ 78 capáti.............................73 r ................................ 79 ára............................... 78 arod—Qj.......................... 78 às .................................. 9 st................................ 94 Šb<4la.............................72 <4la.................................72 el<4sŠn .......................... 80 éljad ............................ 80 élJ................................ 80 em<6r .............................81 emeríka........................81 er—Qn ..............................83 ésati............................. 86 ésŠn ............................. 86 ésnŠk ........................... 86 <4st ................................ 94 <6stJ .............................. 88 etírje............................ 87 et¼ti ............................. 87 etv<4r ............................ 87 ì ................................ 89 íhati ............................ 89 n ................................ 89 íniti ............................. 89

677 ìst ................................ 90 ístiti ............................ 90 ítati............................. 90 lóv—k ........................... 80 m<4la.............................72 m—6r .............................. 81 r—6da.............................. 81 r—6diti............................82 r<4mha ..........................82 r<4moš...........................82 r<4msa...........................82 r—6pati ...........................84 r—6slJ ............................. 85 r—6vje .............................86 r—vº..............................86 rèz ................................ 85 r—Qz ................................ 85 rljèn .............................93 Âm ................................92 ¼n .................................92 rpáti.............................92 ¼ta ................................93 Âv .................................93 r¤n................................ 83 r¤p................................84 t—6ti............................... 90 úditi se......................... 91 údJ............................... 91 úti ................................ 91 utíti............................ 381 útiti............................ 381 vÂst...............................93 dà .................................94 dáh .............................. 129 dàh .............................. 129 dáhniti ........................ 129 dajáti.............................95 dálek..............................95 dálja ..............................95 dn .........................95, 134 dánŠs ............................135 dnj ...............................95 dr ................................ 96 dáti ............................... 96 dávati........................... 96 dáv—...............................97 dávŠn ............................97 dávi ...............................97

678 dáviti ............................ 97 dávnji............................ 97 davri ........................... 128 débe..............................98 debŠr ............................132 d—Qd .............................. 102 d<6ga............................. 106 dgŠt..............................98 d<6gniti...........................98 dŠhníti ........................ 129 d—játi........................... 104 d—6lati........................... 102 d—líti............................ 102 d—Qlj ...............................103 d—6lJ...............................103 dŠnŠQs ............................ 135 d<4rati ........................... 135 d<6sŠn ...........................100 des<4t ............................100 des<6ti...........................100 d—6te.............................. 104 d<6tŠ ............................ 107 d<6telj ........................... 107 d—6ti .............................. 104 d—6va............................. 105 d—v<4r ........................... 105 d—6ver ........................... 105 dev<4t.............................101 dev<6ti ...........................101 d—víca.......................... 106 dŠQž ................................ 131 d<6ža............................. 106 díhati ........................... 131 dìm...............................132 dívŠn ........................... 109 dívji............................. 108 djal ...............................103 dlàn...............................111 dlásna ......................... 107 dlésna.......................... 107 dl—6tJ ..............................98 dn=s.............................. 135 dnJQ .............................. 130 dò .................................09 d04b ....................... 109, 114 dóba ............................ 109 d06bŠlj .......................... 109 d06bŠr............................110

INDICES d06ga ............................. 114 dojílJ ........................... 110 dojíti ............................ 110 dóbsti.......................... 134 d|g.......................129, 133 dogóta ........................ 133 dom ........................... 112 dovl—6ti.......................... 114 drg ..............................113 drága ............................113 drápati .........................115 drážiti...........................115 dr—6mati ........................117 dr—Qn .............................. 99 dr—6ti .............................. 99 dréven...........................117 dr—vº............................. 99 d¼gati....................122, 136 d¼gniti .........................136 drískati.........................117 drístati..........................117 d¼kŠlj ........................... 123 d¼ko ............................ 123 dróbŠn ......................... 119 drobíti.......................... 118 dr04g.............................. 121 dr04k ............................. 121 dr04zd ...........................120 droždž<4 ........................ 121 drož<4 ............................ 121 dr04zg............................120 drož ............................ 121 drožj<4 ........................... 121 d¼pati...........................136 drg ............................. 122 družína........................ 122 d¼vJ ............................. 123 dÂz ............................... 137 d¼zati...........................136 d¼žati........................... 138 d¼zniti ......................... 137 dr¤st............................ 349 dr¤vi ............................ 116 drºb ............................. 119 dh ..............................124 dúhati..........................124 dúniti...........................124 dúpa ............................ 125

dupína..........................125 dplja...........................125 dúplJ ............................125 dúr............................... 126 dúri ............................. 128 dúriti........................... 126 dúša............................. 127 dúti.............................. 127 dv............................... 130 dv<6ri ............................ 128 dvogùb ........................ 130 dvòr ............................. 128 dvºj............................... 131 dº ................................112 dºm .............................. 113 édŠn............................. 139 edín ............................. 139 ednák .......................... 138 èn ............................... 139 enák............................. 138 esej...............................144 eše ..............................146 gábati .......................... 159 gàd...............................160 gádati..........................160 gáditi...........................160 gasíti.............................161 gásniti ..........................161 gt ............................... 162 gátati............................161 gáziti ........................... 162 gŠníti ........................... 197 gíbati .......................... 200 gíniti........................... 200 glábiti.......................... 162 gld.............................. 174 gládŠk.......................... 162 glgol........................... 174 gls .............................. 176 gláva............................ 176 gl<6dati ......................... 164 gl<6žŠn .......................... 163 gl<6žŠnj ......................... 163 gl<6žnJ.......................... 163 glína ............................ 164 glísta............................ 165 glíva............................. 165 glóba............................ 165

INDICES gl06bati..........................165 globíti...................165, 166 globòk ..................165, 166 glóbsti ..........................165 glòg.............................. 166 glóta ............................ 166 gl04ta ............................ 166 glh ............................. 167 glúma.......................... 167 glúmiti se.................... 167 glp ............................. 167 gl¤n...............................163 gnáti.............................197 gnésti........................... 168 gn—Qv ............................. 168 gn—6zdJ......................... 169 gnída........................... 169 gn .............................. 169 gníti............................. 169 gnjiva .......................... 354 gns............................. 170 gnúsŠn.......................... 171 gnúsiti......................... 170 gnºj ............................. 170 g06ba .............................182 gódŠn ...........................173 g04dina..........................172 godíti............................172 gognjáti........................182 gognjàv ........................183 gòj ................................173 g06ja ..............................173 gojíti.............................173 gò ............................... 176 gol04b.............................175 gol04bji ..........................175 golot .............................175 gotáti ......................... 168 gol¤n.............................174 golºta ...........................175 gomóla .........................177 gomólja........................177 góniti............................177 gòr ............................... 196 góra ............................. 178 górŠk ........................... 180 gor—6ti........................... 179 gorj<4 ............................ 179

g06rji .............................179 g06rši .............................179 gospodn......................180 gospºd .........................180 g04st............................... 183 g06sti ............................. 183 gov<6dJ ......................... 181 g06vno ........................... 182 g04vor............................ 182 govoríti ........................ 181 g06ž ...............................184 g06za .............................184 gòzd .............................196 g06žva ........................... 185 grábiti.......................... 185 gràd ............................. 185 grd .............................178 gràh .............................179 grája ............................178 grájati..........................186 grákati.........................186 gramáda......................186 gÂb ...............................198 g¼ba..............................198 gÂd 1............................... 98 greb<4n ..........................186 grébsti..........................187 gréda............................187 gr—6h ..............................187 gr—6ti .............................187 gr<4z ..............................189 gr<6za ............................188 grezíti ..........................188 gr<6zniti ........................188 grísti.............................194 gríva ............................189 grvna ..........................189 g¼kati ...........................199 g¼lJ...............................198 gÂm ..............................194 grmáda........................186 grm—6ti.......................... 195 g¼niti...........................200 gròb............................. 190 gr04b..............................192 gr04d.............................. 193 gromáda..................... 190 gróza............................ 191

679 gròzd ............................191 gr06zdje .........................191 grózŠn ......................... 192 grozíti................... 191, 193 gÂst............................... 199 grúda........................... 192 grúditi ......................... 193 grst ............................ 193 grºm............................190 gúba ............................ 197 gubíti........................... 195 gúmnJ......................... 195 gºd............................... 172 gºs ............................... 184 gºst ..............................180 hábati.......................... 201 hábŠn .......................... 201 habíti........................... 201 hábiti........................... 201 hpati..........................202 h<4r .............................. 129 h ............................... 129 híbati...........................207 hlad .............................203 hld .............................203 hládŠn ........................ 204 hl—Qb ..............................202 hl06d .............................202 hl04d .............................202 hòd ..............................203 h04d ..............................203 hóditi...........................203 hohotáti ......................203 h06ja ............................ 206 h04ja ............................ 206 hom04t ......................... 204 hrábŠr ........................ 204 hrána ..........................205 hrániti.........................205 hrást ........................... 206 hrst ........................... 206 hrástje ........................ 206 hršje........................ 206 hròm............................205 hd ..............................205 hv04ja .......................... 206 ì ...............................207 iglà............................... 210

680 ígla .............................. 210 igrà..............................209 ígra..............................209 igº ...............................209 íkra.............................. 210 í ................................ 211 ilŠm .............................. 211 ilJ ................................ 211 im<4 ...............................212 im<4la ............................141 im—6ti.............................212 in ................................213 nje ...............................213 ir ........................ 213, 214 irn ...............................213 iskáti ........................... 214 ískati ........................... 214 iskŠr..............................217 ískra ............................ 214 ískrnji...........................217 sti ................................215 íše............................... 146 íti ............................... 216 íva ............................... 216 iv<6r .............................. 216 ìz ................................217 izbà ..............................215 zba ..............................215 izúti..............................218 jábŠ .............................. 25 jáblan............................ 25 jáblana ......................... 25 jáblJ .............................. 25 jáboka..........................26 jábokJ..........................26 jd ................................150 jádrJ ............................150 jgnŠc............................26 jágnje ............................26 jgnjŠc...........................26 jágoda ........................... 27 jhati ........................... 151 jájce............................... 27 jk ................................. 28 jáma.............................. 28 jr .........................152, 153 jarè............................... 151 jar<4b ............................ 142

INDICES jarebíca .......................142 jrŠc............................. 153 járŠm ............................ 28 jarína............................151 jrka ............................ 153 jarºst ........................... 152 jásen ............................. 29 jásŠn ............................ 153 jasíka ...........................378 jstreb........................... 29 jšarica....................... 30 jšerica ....................... 30 jta .............................. 154 játJ............................... 154 jávŠn.............................. 31 jáviti .............................. 31 jàz ................................. 31 jè ...............................146 jébati ...........................147 j<6cati............................ 157 j<6ati............................ 156 jémen ......................... 156 j¤d ...............................150 jédŠn ............................ 139 jedín............................. 139 jédrJ ............................ 157 jèdva ............................ 139 jèdvaj........................... 139 jŠQgla .............................210 j<6kati............................ 157 j<4l ............................... 139 j<4la ............................... 139 jélen ............................ 140 j<6ša.............................. 371 jer<4b .............................142 jerebíca........................142 jerebíka .......................142 jerebína .......................142 jérŠk............................ 140 jes<4n .............................144 jésen.............................. 29 jestŠr .......................... 145 jesíka ...........................378 j—6sti .............................. 154 j<6ti ............................... 158 j<6tra ............................. 158 j<4trva ........................... 159 j¤z ............................... 155

j¤zba.............................215 j<6za ...............................157 j—6zda............................ 154 jezer............................. 148 j<4zer............................. 148 j<4zerJ........................... 148 jézik............................. 159 j—6ža ...............................155 ježevíca .......................149 ježíca ...........................149 j<6ž ...............................149 jígJ.............................. 209 jilJ ................................211 još ...............................146 joše.............................146 jùg ...............................207 júha ............................ 208 jn .............................. 208 jutre............................. 510 jtri ............................. 510 jútrJ ............................ 510 k ...............................259 kadá ............................227 kadaj ...........................227 kadílJ .......................... 218 kadíti........................... 218 khati......................... 260 kájati........................... 219 kák............................... 219 k ...............................220 kalíti.................... 219, 220 kámen .........................220 kárati .......................... 221 kasati .......................... 221 kásŠn ...........................263 kṊlj ........................... 221 kšljati ........................ 221 kat<6ri.......................... 240 kázati ..........................222 kzŠn...........................222 kazíti ...........................222 kdá...............................227 kdáj .............................227 kdJ6...............................264 kŠdá.............................227 kŠdáj............................227 k<6hniti........................ 260 kŠQl ............................... 261

INDICES kŠsn........................... 263 kídati ..........................264 kíhati .......................... 265 kj ............................... 265 kíla .............................. 265 kíniti ........................... 265 kip—6ti...........................266 kísati ...........................266 kíse............................. 267 kísŠ ............................. 267 kívati........................... 267 kj—6 ............................... 259 kj—Q ............................... 259 kláda ........................... 228 kls.............................. 230 klásti ........................... 223 kláta.............................231 kláti............................. 230 klátiti .......................... 230 kl<6ati ......................... 225 kl¤j...............................224 klekotáti...................... 223 kl—6še...........................224 kl¤t ..............................224 klícati.......................... 225 klk ..............................226 klíkniti ........................ 225 kljú ............................226 kljúiti.........................226 kljúka..........................226 klokotáti ..................... 227 kóbŠc ........................... 227 k06a.............................244 k06d ..............................242 k06da ............................242 kokºš ........................... 228 kokºt ........................... 228 kò ................................231 kócati......................... 227 kol—6nJ ......................... 228 kJQli .............................. 229 kJ6liko .......................... 229 kòk .............................260 kolº ............................. 229 kónŠc........................... 232 kònj ............................. 232 kópa ............................ 232 kopáti...........................233

kópati ..........................233 kópŠr............................233 kopj<4 ............................234 kóra .............................234 kórŠc ............................238 kor<4n ...........................237 k04ren ...........................237 k04rŠn ...........................237 kórica ..........................235 koríti............................235 korítJ ...........................237 k04s .............................. 244 kósa..............................238 kosáti .......................... 243 kósŠm ..........................239 kòš .............................. 240 košár ........................... 240 košra......................... 240 kòt ...............................241 k06t .............................. 244 kótŠc ............................241 kot<6ri .......................... 240 kotíti ............................241 kótiti ............................241 kováti ......................... 242 kóza ............................ 242 kózŠ ........................... 242 k06ža ............................ 242 kraba ...........................234 kráda ...........................235 krkati.........................245 krásŠn......................... 246 krásta ..........................235 krásti ...........................245 kràt ............................. 236 krátŠk ......................... 236 kráva .......................... 236 krémen ....................... 246 kr—pk......................... 246 kr—6pŠk......................... 246 krQh ...............................253 kr ...............................254 kríati ......................... 247 krk ............................. 247 krílJ ............................ 247 krínja.......................... 248 krínjica....................... 248 kríti..............................254

681 k¼kniti .........................262 k¼ma............................262 krm<6lj.......................... 194 krm—6žŠlj ...................... 194 krQn ...............................262 krníca..........................248 kr04g ............................. 251 kr06gŠ .......................... 251 krojíti ..........................248 kropíti ........................ 249 krósna ........................ 249 krosne......................... 249 kr04t .............................. 252 krotk..........................250 krótŠk ..........................250 krotiti .......................... 252 krotíti ..........................250 kròv .............................250 k¼pa .............................263 krùh............................. 252 krúpa........................... 252 krpi............................ 252 k¼vŠn ........................... 253 k¼zno ...........................263 kúditi........................... 255 kújati se ...................... 255 kúka ............................256 kúkati..........................256 kùp ..............................256 kùr ............................... 257 kurica.......................... 257 kúrica.......................... 257 kúriti ........................... 257 kutiti se ....................... 258 kvs ............................. 258 kºs ...............................239 kºst ..............................239 lab06d ........................... 365 láŠn ............................366 ládati...........................524 ládja ............................367 lagk............................297 lágŠk ............................297 lahk ...........................297 laht ............................368 láhŠk............................297 ljati............................268 lakt ............................368

682 lákati........................... 367 lakŠQt ............................ 368 lákŠt ............................ 368 lákom.......................... 368 lam ..............................268 ln ...............................298 lan<4n ........................... 297 láni..............................369 laníta ..........................369 lapa .............................268 lápa .............................268 ls ............................... 527 láskati .........................269 lst....................... 298, 526 lz ...............................270 láziti............................270 lž ............................... 295 lažà ............................. 295 lŠQb ............................... 293 leb<6d ............................ 365 leb<6da..........................366 l<6cati ...........................276 l<6i ...............................270 l<4d ...............................270 l<6deja ..........................276 ledŠvjè .........................276 l<6dija ...........................276 l<6dje.............................276 ledovjè.........................276 l<6dvije .........................276 l—6gati ........................... 272 lŠgáti ...........................294 l—6ha ............................. 272 lèhŠt ............................ 368 léja .............................. 297 lŠkt ............................ 368 leknJ ...........................294 lémeš ............................271 lémež............................271 len ............................... 273 l¤n ............................... 273 l¤v ............................... 275 l—nìv ............................ 272 l—píti............................ 273 l¤p ........................273, 274 l¤s ............................... 274 lŠQsk ..............................294 l—6ska ............................ 274

INDICES lésna ............................107 lŠQst .............................. 298 l—6sti ............................. 276 let—6ti.............................271 l—6tJ ...............................275 lŠQž ...............................295 lŠžà ..............................295 léžati............................272 líce ................................ 78 lh .............................. 278 líkJ...............................295 lìm ............................... 211 lípa.............................. 279 lìs .............................. 279 lisíca ........................... 279 lst .............................. 279 líti .............................. 280 ltka .............................295 lízati ........................... 280 ljb...............................281 ljubv ..........................281 ljúbiti...........................281 ljd ..............................282 ljudj<4............................282 ljt ...............................283 ljútiti............................282 lob06d ............................365 lobóda......................... 366 lóboda......................... 366 l06iti............................ 288 l04je............................. 288 l04g .............................. 288 lºj ...............................283 l04k .............................. 289 l06ka............................. 289 lókati .......................... 284 lokàv ........................... 289 l04kŠv ........................... 284 l04kva ........................... 284 lómiti.......................... 284 lonJ..............................285 lopáta ..........................285 lsos .............................285 lòv .............................. 286 l04v .............................. 286 lovíti ........................... 286 lóza ............................. 287 l06že.............................. 287

ložesna ........................287 lóžiti ............................287 lb .................................89 lú .............................. 290 luíti ........................... 290 ld .............................. 290 lg ............................... 291 lúna ............................. 291 lúpiti............................ 291 lsk ..............................292 lska............................ 291 lúskati .........................292 lúšiti...........................293 lúža..............................293 lžà ...............................295 mádŠ .......................... 332 mh ............................. 333 máhati ........................298 májati .........................299 màk .............................299 mlŠk ......................... 300 mli ............................ 300 mámiti ........................ 301 mànj............................ 341 mnje .......................... 341 mnji........................... 341 mnjši ......................... 341 máslJ...........................302 mst.............................302 máterstvo....................303 máti.............................303 mat06r ..........................303 mat06rŠn ......................304 mz..............................305 mázati.........................304 mè ..............................305 m<4d..............................307 mŠd .......................... 332 médŠ........................... 332 mŠdŠQ........................... 332 mŠdl<4n ........................ 332 medoj—Qd ..................... 306 médv—d....................... 306 mŠglà........................... 339 mŠgníti........................340 mèh ............................. 333 mehk ..........................315 méhŠk...........................315

INDICES méja ............................ 305 mèju ............................306 mekk .......................... 315 mékŠk........................... 315 m<6kniti ........................314 mŠkníti ........................333 m<4la .............................141 melj<4 ............................141 m—6na ............................ 311 m—níti .......................... 311 m—6niti ..........................312 m<6ra.............................312 m<6riti ...........................312 mŠstíti......................... 343 mŠšíca......................... 336 m—6siti ........................... 313 mésti ...........................309 m<6sti ............................ 315 m—6stJ............................ 313 mesº............................. 315 métati .........................309 m<6ti..............................316 mŠžáti.........................344 m<6zda ..........................316 mŠzdà ......................... 343 m<6zdra.........................316 m<6zdrJ.........................316 mŠz—6ti .................. 314, 319 m—6zga...........................314 m ............................... 336 mg ...............................316 mígati ..........................316 mkati ..........................317 m................................317 mílJ............................. 336 mimJ ...........................318 mmJ ...........................318 miníti...........................318 minováti......................318 mir ...............................318 msŠ.............................337 mìš................................337 mšca............................337 míti ............................. 338 mítJ............................. 338 mížati .........................344 mld.............................323 mládŠn.........................323

mlad<6nŠc.....................322 mlt .............................324 mlátiti .........................323 ml—6dŠn.........................332 ml—6kJ.......................... 307 ml—6sti.......................... 307 ml—6ti ........................... 307 mn—6ti .......................... 340 mn04g............................334 mn04go..........................334 m06a............................ 319 mói............................. 321 moiti ..........................328 moíti ......................... 320 móiti ......................... 320 m06dŠr ..................320, 329 modliti........................ 320 mJ6j...............................322 m06ka............................329 m06kŠr ..........................322 móati ....................... 340 móliti.......................... 320 mòlj..............................323 mónja......................... 333 móviti.........................334 mòr ..............................326 móra ............................324 m|ra ............................325 morj<4 ...........................325 móšnja.........................327 motáti..........................327 motka .........................327 m06titi...........................330 mótriti.........................327 m04ž ..............................330 moždni ......................328 moždžni ....................328 možgni ......................328 mrk ............................325 mrv ............................326 mrávlja........................326 mràz ............................326 mr—6ti........................... 308 mr—6ža ......................... 308 mÂk ..............................341 m¼kŠv .......................... 335 m¼kniti ........................341 mÂkva .......................... 335

683 mrmráti ...................... 335 m¼tŠv...........................342 mrz—6ti..........................342 m¼ziti ..........................342 m¼zniti........................ 343 mr¤st ...........................349 múiti.......................... 328 mudíti .........................330 múha...........................330 múka........................... 329 mr...............................331 múzga ..........................331 mz—6ti ........................... 319 m¤d..............................309 m¤h .............................309 m¤lj ............................. 310 m¤sec............................312 m¤šŠk ...................309, 313 mº...............................321 mºrje........................... 325 mºst.............................326 mºzŠg .......................... 328 mºzŠk.......................... 328 mºzg............................ 328 mºzga...........................331 nà ................................ 44 na<6ti .......................... 345 nàd .............................. 345 ng............................... 345 nágŠ............................ 345 nahústiti .....................346 národ...........................346 nt ...............................346 naústiti .......................346 nv...............................347 nvje............................347 nè ...............................347 nebº.............................348 nebºg...........................348 neák ............................351 n¤drje .......................... 150 n¤drJ........................... 150 n—kdJ6 ..........................349 nesìt.............................349 nesítŠn.........................349 nésti............................. 350 netopír ........................ 350 nev—6sta .........................351

684 nì ................................352 níati............................353 níkati ...........................352 níkniti..........................353 ništ ...............................353 n›št ...............................353 nìt ................................353 nìz ............................... 354 njíva............................ 354 nº................................355 nóga ............................ 354 n04gŠt ............................355 nohŠQt ............................355 n04hŠt............................355 nºhŠt............................355 nora............................. 356 nºs................................357 nósiti ........................... 356 n04tŠr............................ 387 n04tri ............................ 387 nòv ...............................357 nºv ...............................357 novák ...........................357 nòž .............................. 358 n04zdra......................... 358 nozdÂv......................... 358 n04zdrva ...................... 358 nràv............................. 356 núditi .......................... 358 núja............................. 359 núta............................. 359 ò(b) ..............................361 ob ...............................361 óbi.............................. 363 ob—6ati .........................361 06bŠ.............................. 363 obst .............................215 oblk ........................... 362 obòr............................. 362 obr—6sti ......................... 362 obúti............................ 363 obºra........................... 362 óe ............................... 383 òd ............................... 382 ódŠr ............................. 364 odíti............................. 385 odol—6ti......................... 363 odvaj ............................139

INDICES odvo ............................. 139 odvr—6ti .........................382 04gŠ ......................385, 386 ógŠnj ........................... 364 og06r ............................. 386 oj<4 .............................. 364 óknJ.............................365 okº ...............................365 04 .............................. 370 ol06v ............................. 369 06ša .............................. 371 om<6la........................... 141 òn ...............................372 onúa...........................372 opk.............................372 oráti.............................372 órati.............................372 ór—h..............................374 órŠ.............................. 376 oriti se .........................374 or04dje ..........................375 04s .............................. 380 ósa ...............................377 ost ............................. 380 ósŠ............................... 381 06sŠm.............................379 ósŠt.............................. 380 oskÂd............................378 ósla............................... 381 06smi .............................378 osn04va .........................379 04st .............................. 380 06stŠn ........................... 380 06stŠr .............................379 ostròv...........................379 otróba..........................387 otròk ............................382 04tva..............................387 otvoríti ........................383 06v .............................. 384 óvca ............................ 384 óvŠn ............................ 384 óvŠs ............................. 384 ovr—6ti ...........................362 06ž ...............................388 06zŠk..............................388 ózŠ ..............................388 pádati ......................... 389

páhati..........................389 pjŠk............................ 391 pjok ........................... 391 pŠc ............................390 pálica...........................390 páliti............................390 pámet .......................... 391 pnj .............................427 pra ............................. 391 ps .............................. 409 pásti.............................392 pvok........................... 391 pvuk .......................... 391 pzdiha .......................392 pzduha......................392 pzha ..........................392 pziha .........................392 páziti ...........................392 pážnohŠt ..................... 393 p<4 ............................... 393 péi .............................. 393 p<4d ...............................398 p—6ga ............................. 397 p—6gav ........................... 397 pŠháti ......................... 426 pŠkŠQ ........................... 426 pel<6sast........................394 p—6na............................. 397 pep<4 ............................ 395 pérJ .............................396 perº .............................396 pŠQs ............................... 431 p—6sŠk............................398 p<4st ..............................399 pŠQstr...........................430 p—6stJ ............................ 397 p¤šji .............................398 p¤ški ............................398 p<4t .............................. 400 péta..............................399 p<6ti ..............................399 p—6ti ..............................398 pŠzd—6ti......................... 431 pía..............................401 pr ...............................425 píra..............................425 písati ...........................430 pískati ........................ 400

INDICES pisk06r ......................... 400 pišk06r ......................... 400 piškúr......................... 400 pítati ................... 401, 425 píti............................... 401 pívJ .............................402 plh ............................. 410 plákati ........................402 plam<4n .........................411 plámen.........................411 plámŠn.........................411 plása.............................411 plst ............................403 plášiti ...........................411 plátnJ.......................... 412 plàv ............................. 412 plávati.........................403 plavíti..........................403 plz ............................. 412 plée ............................404 pl¤n ............................. 394 pl—6na ........................... 394 pl¤sŠn ..........................404 plésna..........................403 plésti............................404 pl¤š ..............................405 pl—6ša ............................405 pl—6ti ............................. 395 pl—6va.................... 395, 405 pljúa ..........................405 pljuváti .......................402 pl|sk........................... 406 plºt ............................. 406 plúti............................ 406 pò ...............................407 poína ......................... 416 poíti ...........................408 p06iti ........................... 416 pòd ..................... 408, 409 podíti .......................... 416 pod04ba........................408 pojs........................... 409 pójati .......................... 398 pojíti........................... 409 pokòj ........................... 410 pókoj ........................... 410 pºl ............................... 412 pol—6nJ ......................... 410

pol—6ti........................... 410 políca .......................... 410 polj= ............................. 411 pºlje ............................. 411 p|k............................. 424 p|n............................. 426 p|st ............................ 427 pózati ........................ 427 poz—6ti......................... 427 p04p ...............................417 pop<4 ............................395 posláti......................... 479 p06t ...............................417 pºt ...............................415 p06tJ..............................417 povràz .........................415 póvraz .........................415 pozd .............................415 pozde ...........................415 pozd............................415 pózdi............................415 pózŠn ...........................416 pràg..............................413 prh .............................413 prasè ............................414 práti.................... 414, 428 pràv .............................418 prvi ............................418 prd—6ti .......................... 428 pre- ..............................395 pr¤d............................. 396 pr¤k............................. 396 pr<6sti............................419 pÂh .............................. 428 prì ...............................419 prìd ..............................419 prijtelj....................... 420 príjati ......................... 420 prò............................. 420 prodja....................... 420 pr06gla ......................... 422 pr06glJ ......................... 422 prósiti ..........................421 pròst............................ 422 prostr—6ti.......................421 pr04ti............................ 422 prJQti............................ 422 p¼si.............................. 429

685 p¼skati.........................423 pÂst ..............................429 pÂvi..............................430 pšénJ ........................... 431 ptì...............................425 ptíca ............................425 púhati .........................423 púhŠ ...........................423 púhniti ........................423 pst............................. 424 pustíti......................... 424 rábiti ........................... 373 rabºta.......................... 373 ráiti............................432 rdi..............................432 ràk .................................74 rakta .......................... 375 rálJ .............................. 373 ráma............................ 375 ráme ............................ 375 rámo............................ 375 rásti .............................376 ratj.............................376 rátaj ............................376 raz-.............................. 377 ràz ............................... 377 rbíka.............................213 r<4b ...............................436 r<6bŠr ............................ 433 r<4bŠr ............................ 433 rebíca .......................... 435 rebíka ...................142, 435 rébrJ............................ 433 r¤ ...............................434 réi............................... 433 r<4d ...............................436 r—6dŠk............................434 r—6ka .............................434 rémen .......................... 433 r¤šŠk ............................ 143 rígati ...........................441 rílJ ...............................441 ríniti ............................436 rìt ...............................436 ríti .............................. 442 rjúti .............................436 ròb ............................... 373 r04b ...............................439

686 r06biti ........................... 439 rºd............................... 437 rodíti ........................... 437 róditi ........................... 437 rºg ............................... 438 ròj ............................... 438 ròk ............................... 438 róka............................ 440 rósa ............................. 438 ròv ............................... 439 rd.............................. 440 rúnJ ........................... 440 rváti ............................ 441 s(ŠQ) ..............................478 sd...............................442 sadíti ...........................442 san .............................443 scáti............................. 485 s<6i...............................449 s—6i...............................446 s<6dŠm ..........................443 s—d—6ti........................... 445 sédlJ ............................444 s<6dmi...........................443 s<6gati...........................449 s<6gniti .........................449 sŠhníti .........................479 sej 4...............................84 s—játi............................448 sŠQ ...............................480 sélJ ..............................444 sŠm .............................. 146 s—6me ............................446 sŠQn ............................... 481 s—nº .............................446 sèp ............................... 482 s<6r ...............................447 sŠsáti ........................... 482 s—6sti .............................447 séstra........................... 445 s—6ver ............................449 s—6vŠr ............................449 s<6zati...........................449 sijáti ............................450 síla................................451 sn ............................... 483 sípati ........................... 483 sìr ............................... 483

INDICES sir04v ............................ 474 sìt .............................. 484 st ............................... 451 síta ............................... 451 šíti .............................. 487 sítJ ............................... 451 sìv ...............................452 skóbŠc ..........................227 sk06rja...........................452 skºrja...........................452 slàb ..............................452 sládŠk.......................... 459 sláma .......................... 459 sln .............................460 slána ...........................460 slp .............................460 sltina .........................461 sláva ............................453 slávŠc ...........................461 slína .............................453 slíšati ...........................455 slíva .............................453 slò j .............................480 sl06ka ........................... 454 slóvJ............................ 454 slovº............................ 454 slh ..............................455 slúšati ..........................455 slúti..............................455 sm—játi se ................... 456 sm—6jati se ................... 456 sm—6ti ...........................480 smrd ......................... 456 smrd—6ti ........................457 smrQt ............................480 sm¤h ........................... 456 snáha.......................... 458 snéha .......................... 458 snováti.........................457 sn¤g..............................457 so .............................. 462 s06d .............................. 463 s06dij ............................ 463 s06diti........................... 463 s06dja ........................... 463 s06drag ......................... 463 s06draga....................... 463 s06drga......................... 463

sóha .............................458 s04k .............................. 464 sºk ...............................459 sº ...............................461 s|nce ..........................479 sòm..............................461 sóva .............................462 s|va .............................462 sováti...........................462 spáti............................. 481 sp—6šiti ......................... 464 sp—6ti ............................ 464 spòr...................... 481, 482 sp¤h ............................ 464 srb..............................477 sráka ...........................477 srb—6ti ...........................478 src<4 ..............................485 sr—6da........................... 444 sr<4msa ........................ 444 sr<4mša ........................ 444 sr—6sti ............................482 s¼na .............................485 s¼šen ............................485 sr¤da........................... 444 sr¤n..............................445 sr¤nj.............................445 stn..............................465 stàr ..............................465 státi .................... 465, 468 stáviti ......................... 466 stŠbŠQ ...........................472 stéblJ ...........................472 stŠblJQ ...........................472 stŠgnè ..........................473 stégnJ ......................... 466 st—6n ..............................467 st—6nj.............................467 stenjáti ....................... 466 stŠzà ............................472 std...............................473 stígniti.........................467 štírje ..............................87 stláti ............................473 stòg ............................. 468 stò.............................. 468 strn ........................... 469 strána......................... 469

INDICES str—6i............................467 stríc .............................470 stríi ............................469 stròk ............................469 strúja ..........................470 strp............................470 stž ..............................470 strž<4n .......................... 471 std ..................... 342, 471 studèn ......................... 471 stúditi ......................... 471 stº ............................... 482 sh............................... 473 súniti........................... 474 sur04v ........................... 474 sušíti............................ 474 súti .............................. 475 suváti ..........................462 súvati ..........................462 sv—6a............................476 sv<6kŠr .......................... 475 sv<4krv.......................... 475 sv<4krva........................ 475 sv<4t ..............................476 svínja ..........................477 svrb ...........................477 šè ............................... 146 šenè............................486 šìt ...............................486 šè ............................... 146 š<4st...............................487 š<6sti .............................486 šíbati ...........................487 šj ...............................487 šlj...............................488 šúrja............................488 šurják..........................488 t ............................... 502 tájati ...........................489 tajíti ............................489 tnki............................ 505 tš .............................. 502 tt ...............................489 téi...............................489 t<4g ............................... 493 t<6gniti.......................... 493 t<4k .............................. 490 tŠmà ............................504

t—6me ............................ 492 tŠmŠQn...........................505 tŠnŠQk ............................505 ten<4t ............................490 ten<4tva........................490 tépsti ........................... 492 t—sn ........................... 492 tésati............................491 tŠQš ...............................502 tésŠn............................ 492 tésla .............................491 téslJ..............................491 t—stº ............................ 493 t<6ti ................................ 94 t<6zati........................... 493 težk ........................... 494 t龊k............................ 494 t ...............................503 t ...............................503 tískati ......................... 494 tis06a ...........................503 tlà .............................. 504 tláka ........................... 495 tl—6i .............................490 tl—6ti.............................. 504 tmà ............................. 504 t04g .............................. 495 t06ga............................. 495 tòk .............................. 494 tói.............................490 tóliti ............................ 495 tópŠ............................490 topíti ...........................496 tráva ...........................496 tÂd ...............................501 tr<6sti ........................... 497 tr—6ti..............................491 tr<6tji............................ 497 t¼gati............................502 trij<4 ............................. 499 t¼n ...............................505 tr04d ............................. 497 tr04t .............................. 498 trováti......................... 497 tÂst .............................. 499 trd............................. 498 trp............................. 498 t¼zati........................... 506

687 túŠn .......................... 499 tr .............................. 500 tvr............................. 500 tvoríti .......................... 501 tvÂd.............................. 501 tvºr .............................. 501 u- ...............................506 ub04g.............................506 uíti .............................506 udáriti.........................507 uhº ..............................507 jŠc ..............................507 ukroiti ....................... 251 ukrokniti..................... 251 úlica ............................508 lj ...............................508 úm ...............................508 ùm ...............................508 ùš ............................... 532 š ............................... 532 ústa..............................509 ústiti............................509 stje............................. 510 stna ........................... 510 úzda ............................. 511 v ...............................530 vábiti............................512 váditi............................512 vr ................................512 varíti ............................512 vs ............................... 539 v<6ra............................ 536 v<6raj........................... 536 vdºva........................... 536 ve<4r .............................513 v<6dŠr.............................513 v—6d—ti........................... 518 v—6drJ ........................... 518 v¤ja.............................. 519 v¤jati ........................... 519 v—6ka ............................. 519 v—6kJ ............................. 519 v<4l(i) ............................515 vel—6ti............................ 514 vélik............................. 514 v<4liki............................ 514 vŠQn ................................531 v<6niti ............................521

688 vŠn¤.............................. 531 v<4pŠr ............................ 515 v<6ra ............................. 520 vŠQs ...............................540 véslJ .............................517 v¤sna ............................517 vésti..............................517 v—6ti ...............................519 v¤tŠr ............................ 520 v<6zati ...........................521 v ................................533 vd ................................521 víd—ti............................521 vdra............................ 534 vígŠnj .......................... 534 vihár ........................... 522 víhŠr............................ 522 vhra............................ 522 víme .............................535 vr ............................... 522 vše ...............................535 visòk.............................535 vt ................................523 víti ............................... 522 vkùp ............................ 256 vkpe( j)..................... 256 vládati ........................ 524 vlága ........................... 524 vlk ............................. 526 vláka ............................525 vláknJ ......................... 526 vlst............................. 526 vlážiti.......................... 527 vl—6i ..............................514 vnua .......................... 372 vnúa .......................... 372 vnúk ............................. 531 vnùk ............................. 531 vn¤................................ 531 vóda .............................523 vodíti........................... 385 vóditi............................523 v04gŠ.....................385, 386 vójna ........................... 524 vojník.......................... 524 vogk ......................... 536 vógŠk.......................... 536 vóhŠk ......................... 536

INDICES vóliti ............................525 v06lja.............................525 v|k ..............................537 vóna............................537 vònj..............................527 v06nja............................527 v04s ................................ 86 v06se ............................. 386 vºsŠk ............................529 vºsk..............................529 vºz ...............................530 v06troba........................387 vózŠ ............................388 vóziti............................530 v04ž ...............................388 vpíti ............................. 532 vrg..............................527 vrn .....................528, 529 vrána ...........................528 vráta ............................529 vr—6i ............................. 515 vréme...........................516 vr—6me...........................516 vr—ténJ ........................516 vr—6ti .............................537 vÂh .................................38 vÂst...............................538 vrstà.............................538 v¼sta.............................538 v¼ša ..............................539 vrt—6ti............................539 vr¤s ..............................516 vtórŠk .......................... 533 vtóri ............................. 532 za .............................. 540 zjtra ...........................510 zjtr— ...........................510 zjtrJ ...........................510 z ............................... 551 zva ............................ 551 zaràd ...........................432 zardi ..........................432 zárja ............................541 zutra..........................510 zva ............................. 551 zavr—6ti .........................541 zdràv........................... 478 z<6bsti ...........................543

zŠQ ................................551 zelèn ............................ 541 z—lº .............................. 138 zémlja .........................542 z—níca ..........................542 zèt ...............................544 z—6vati........................... 543 zd ...............................544 zídati........................... 552 zijáti ............................544 zjati............................544 zíma ............................544 zíniti............................ 545 zlatº ............................547 zmj ............................ 545 známenje .................... 545 znáti ............................546 znòj..............................546 zn04j..............................546 z04b ....................... 547, 549 zº .............................. 548 zóbati ..........................547 z|va.............................551 zòr ...............................548 zóra .............................548 z06ra .............................548 zoríti............................548 zórja ............................548 z04rja ............................548 zrk .............................549 zr—6ti ............................. 552 z¼nJ ............................. 553 zváti .............................551 zven—6ti.........................550 zv<4r ..............................549 zv—6zda .........................196 zvºn.............................550 žába............................. 553 žà ............................... 553 žr ............................... 554 žd—6ti............................. 565 ž<6dŠn ........................... 561 ž<6ja ..............................560 žel—6ti.............................555 žel—6zJ............................555 žélja............................. 556 z<6lje .............................542 žélJ ..............................560

INDICES žélod............................ 556 žel04dŠc ........................ 556 žel04dŠk........................ 556 ž=va.............................557 ž<4va.............................557 žéna............................. 558 žervica ...................... 558 žérŠk............................ 140 žerjàv .......................... 558 ž<4tŠv .............................561 ž<6ti................................561 ž<4tva.............................561 ž<6zlJ ............................ 559 žíca...............................561 žídŠk............................ 562 žíla .............................. 562 žítJ .............................. 563 žv ............................... 564 živ—6ti ........................... 562 živòt ............................ 563 žl—díca..........................555 žl—6za .............................557 žl¤d...............................555 ž|...............................552 žóna ........................... 565 ž|t .............................. 565 žr=b ............................. 559 žr—6lJ ............................ 559 žr—6ti............................. 559 žÂnŠv ...........................566 žÂtŠv ............................566 žÂtva............................566 žúriti se....................... 564 1.4.5 Bulgarian ¹g‘l ............................. 386 ágne...............................26 akó ................................ 28 álen............................366 álne ............................. 368 áve.................................30 avlíga ...........................217 az ..................................31 bába .............................. 32 bája ............................... 33 b‘lnúvam ..................... 72 b¹lvam..........................46 b‘lxá .............................48

b¹rna............................ 69 b‘rz............................... 70 básnja........................... 34 bdja............................... 69 bedá ...............................39 bíja.................................41 bílo.................................41 bíst‘r .............................71 bitié................................72 bitva.............................. 42 bívam ............................72 bjágam ..........................39 bjal................................ 40 bjas ............................... 40 blag ................................52 blágo .............................. 51 blaná .............................52 bl¹s‘k ........................... 48 bláto...............................53 bled ................................43 bléja...............................43 blek ............................... 42 blen ................................35 blenúvam ......................35 bleští ............................. 49 bléštja ........................... 49 blíz‘k.............................45 blizná.............................45 blízo .............................. 46 bljan ..............................35 bljás‘k ...........................43 bljáskam....................... 44 bljúja ............................ 46 bljúvam ........................ 46 blud............................... 47 bób‘r ............................ 34 bodá.............................. 49 bód‘r ............................ 69 bodél ............................. 49 bog ................................ 50 bogát............................. 50 boj ................................. 51 bojá se........................... 50 bojáz‘n ........................ 50 bol .................................54 bol’ .................................54 bolí................................. 51 boljá............................... 51

689 bor ................................. 58 bórja.............................. 57 bos .................................59 bradá............................. 55 bradát ........................... 55 brálo..............................56 bran............................... 57 braná....................... 56, 57 brána.............................56 br¹sna ...........................65 brašnó ........................... 57 brat............................... 60 brav ............................... 58 br‘z ...............................70 brazdá...........................59 brékna...........................62 bréme ............................ 37 brest............................... 37 brezá .............................38 brezdá ...........................59 bri ................................62 bríja...............................63 brjag .............................. 37 brjast ............................. 37 brod...............................64 bródja............................63 brusníca........................64 brut ...............................64 buá...............................67 búdja.............................67 buníka........................... 73 búrja .............................68 cápam ........................... 73 cedjá ..............................74 cená ............................... 75 cenjá.............................. 75 cev .................................77 cjal................................. 75 cvjat.............................259 ákam ...........................78 ar .................................79 arodéj ..........................78 as .................................79 ast ................................88 édo ...............................88 eló ............................... 80 elovék.......................... 80 emeríka ....................... 81

690 erdá ..............................81 éren..............................92 érep..............................84 érpja ............................92 ertá .............................. 93 ervén ........................... 93 ervjá ............................ 93 ervó .............................86 és‘n .............................86 est ................................94 ésto ..............................88 etíri.............................. 87 etv¹rti ......................... 87 ézna............................. 87 in .................................89 ínja ..............................89 ist .................................90 ístja..............................90 ovék .............................80 rez................................ 85 údja ............................. 91 údo .............................. 91 úja ............................... 91 da .................................94 d‘b ...............................114 d‘gá .............................114 d‘x .............................. 129 d¹l‘g ............................ 133 d‘lg ............................. 129 dam...............................96 d¹no............................ 130 dar.................................96 d¹rpam........................136 d‘rvá ...........................123 d‘rvó............................123 d‘ržá............................138 d¹rz‘k..........................137 dávam...........................96 dávja ............................. 97 d‘žd ............................. 131 debél..............................98 deljá ............................ 102 délo...............................103 délva.............................134 den ...............................134 derá.............................. 135 derévo ...........................99 désen ...........................100

INDICES déset............................ 100 deséti .......................... 100 deté ..............................104 déti...............................105 déva .............................105 déver ............................105 dévet ............................ 101 devéti........................... 101 devíca ......................... 106 dim .............................. 132 dírja.............................108 díšam............................131 div ...............................108 díven........................... 109 divjá.............................108 dlan ..............................111 dlató ............................ 112 dletó....................... 98, 112 dnes ............................. 135 do .............................. 109 dóba............................ 109 dob¹r ........................... 110 dojá.............................. 110 dójlo............................. 110 dol ............................... 112 dom...............................113 domoví ........................ 112 drag ..............................113 drápam ........................115 dráskam .......................115 dreb.............................. 116 drében ......................... 116 drémja..........................117 dren .............................. 99 drískam ........................117 drjan............................. 99 drob ............................. 119 drobjá .......................... 118 dróa............................ 119 drozd ...........................120 drug ............................. 122 družína........................ 122 dúja se ......................... 127 dúpe............................. 125 dúpli ............................ 125 dúplo ........................... 125 dušá ............................. 127 dux...............................124

duxam......................... 124 dva............................... 130 dvor ............................. 128 e ...............................146 écam............................ 158 eá ............................... 156 éd‘r ..............................157 edín ............................. 139 edinák ......................... 138 edvá(m) ...................... 139 élavo ....................369, 370 elxá..............................370 émeš .............................141 eméž .............................141 émež .............................141 enzá..............................157 érbica ...........................213 érebica......................... 142 érembica ..................... 142 esé ...............................144 esétra........................... 145 ešte...............................146 éto ............................... 147 ézero............................ 148 ezík .............................. 159 ež ...............................149 g¹ba............................. 182 gábam ......................... 159 gad...............................160 gadája .........................160 g¹gna........................... 182 g‘gnív...........................183 g¹ltam......................... 168 g¹rba ........................... 198 g‘rdá ........................... 193 g¹rlo ............................ 198 g‘rmjá ........................ 195 g‘rné ........................... 199 gasjá .............................161 gásna ............................161 g‘st ...............................183 gatam...........................161 g‘z ............................... 184 g‘ž ............................... 184 gázja............................ 162 g¹žva ............................185 gde ...............................259 gíža............................. 200

INDICES glábam.........................162 glad ..............................174 glád‘k ..........................162 gl¹xna......................... 168 glas .............................. 176 glavá ........................... 176 glédam ........................ 164 glen...............................163 glézen ...........................163 glézna...........................163 glína ............................ 164 glist...............................165 gliva .............................165 glóba ............................165 globjá .......................... 166 glog.............................. 166 glóta ............................ 166 glux ............................. 167 glúma.......................... 167 gnetá ........................... 168 gnezdó......................... 169 gnída........................... 169 gníja............................ 169 gnil .............................. 169 gnjav ........................... 168 gnoj ............................. 170 gnús‘n ......................... 171 gnusjá se ..................... 170 góden ...........................173 godína..........................172 gojá ..............................173 gol ............................... 176 goljám ..........................174 golotá ...........................175 gónja ............................177 gorá ............................. 178 gór‘k ........................... 180 gorjá............................ 179 góspod......................... 180 gospodín ..................... 180 gost.............................. 180 govédo.......................... 181 govéja........................... 181 govnó ...........................182 góvor ............................182 govórja......................... 181 gr‘b............................. 198 grábja ..........................185

grad ......................178, 185 gr‘d ............................. 193 grax..............................179 gramáda......................186 grebá............................187 grében..........................186 gredá............................187 gréja.............................187 gríbam.........................189 gríva ............................189 grívna ..........................189 grizá.............................194 grjach ..........................187 grob............................. 190 gromáda..................... 190 grozd............................ 191 grózde.......................... 191 grózen..........................192 grozjá........................... 191 grub .............................192 grúda ...........................192 gúbja............................ 195 gúmno ......................... 195 gvózdej ........................196 xáben...........................201 xabjá............................201 xlad............................. 203 xláden......................... 204 xljab............................ 202 xod.............................. 203 xódja........................... 203 xomót ......................... 204 xráb‘r......................... 204 xraná .......................... 205 xránja......................... 205 xrast............................206 xrom ........................... 205 i .............................. 207 ída ...............................216 iglá ...............................210 ígo .............................. 209 igrá ............................. 209 igrája ...........................210 ímam .................... 211, 212 imé............................... 212 ímež ............................. 141 ínej............................... 213 inók.............................. 212

691 ískam........................... 214 iskrá ............................ 214 íst‘ba ...........................215 íva ............................... 216 íver .............................. 216 iz ............................... 217 ízba...............................215 ja ..................................31 jáb‘lka ..........................26 jáblo .............................. 25 jábol .............................. 25 jad ............................... 150 jágne..............................26 jágoda ...........................27 jáxam........................... 151 jajcé...............................27 jakyj ..............................28 jam .............................. 154 jáma ..............................28 járe ............................... 151 járebica ....................... 142 járec..............................153 jarém.............................28 járina ........................... 151 járka.............................153 járost ............................152 jásen .......................29, 153 jàsika...........................378 jástreb ...........................29 játo .............................. 154 jatró ............................ 158 jáve................................30 jáven...............................31 jaz ................................155 jazdá ........................... 154 jázva.............................155 jebá.............................. 147 jécam........................... 158 jedró .............................157 jelá............................... 139 jelén.............................140 jésen ............................144 jèsika ...........................378 jezdá............................ 154 jóšte .............................146 jug ...............................207 k‘dé.............................243 kadjá ........................... 218

692 kája se......................... 219 kal ...............................220 k¹lcam ........................ 227 kaljá ............................ 219 k¹lka ...........................260 k‘m ............................. 259 k‘pína......................... 243 káram ..........................221 k¹rkam ....................... 262 k‘rmá ......................... 262 k¹rpa .......................... 263 k‘s ...............................244 kasáe se........................221 k¹sam ......................... 243 k¹sen........................... 263 kášlja............................221 kášljam ........................221 k¹šta ...........................244 k‘t ...............................244 k¹tam .........................244 káža ............................ 222 kídam..........................264 kíla .............................. 265 kína............................. 265 kíp‘r............................266 kipjá ............................266 kísel .....................266, 267 kíxam.......................... 265 kladá ........................... 223 kláda ........................... 228 kl¹ka ...........................260 klas.............................. 230 klátja........................... 230 kleá............................ 225 klej...............................224 kléšti............................224 klju ............................226 kogá............................. 227 koj ...............................260 kol ................................231 kólja ............................ 230 koljáno........................ 228 kon .............................. 232 kopá ............................ 232 kopája..........................233 kóp‘r............................233 kópie ........................... 234 kor ............................... 237

INDICES korá .............................234 kóren ...........................237 koríca...........................235 koríto ...........................237 korjá ............................235 kos ...............................239 kosá..............................238 kós‘m ..........................239 kost ..............................239 koš .............................. 240 košára......................... 240 kótja ............................241 kotrí ............................ 240 kótryj.......................... 240 ková ............................ 242 kozá ............................ 242 kozél............................ 242 kóža ............................ 242 kradá ...........................245 kr‘g.............................. 251 kr¹g‘l .......................... 251 kraj ..............................245 kr‘p ............................. 251 krása............................245 krásta ..........................235 krát‘k......................... 236 kr‘v..............................254 kráva .......................... 236 kr¹ven .........................253 krép‘k......................... 246 kresló .......................... 247 kríja .............................254 kriló ............................ 247 krojá ........................... 248 krosna......................... 249 krosnó......................... 249 krót‘k ......................... 250 krux .............................252 krúpen .........................253 kúka............................ 256 kúkam ........................ 256 kup.............................. 256 kur ...............................257 kúznja .........................258 kvas..............................258 ládija ...........................367 l‘g .............................. 288 lája.............................. 268

l‘k ...............................289 l‘ká .............................289 lák‘t ............................368 lákom ..........................368 laní ..............................369 láni ..............................369 lápa .............................268 láska ............................269 laskája.........................269 lázja ............................270 l‘žá..............................295 l¹ža..............................294 lébed ............................ 365 led ...............................270 lexá..............................272 léja.............................. 280 lek ...............................297 leméž ........................... 271 len ...............................298 lénen............................297 lenív.............................272 lepjá............................. 273 les ............................... 274 leská ............................ 274 letjá ............................. 271 ležá ..............................272 licé ...............................278 líko...............................295 lipá ..............................279 lis ...............................296 lísa ...............................279 lisíca ............................279 list ...............................279 líža.............................. 280 ljágam .........................272 ljáto ............................. 275 ljav............................... 275 ljúbja........................... 281 ljubóv .......................... 281 l’úskam .......................292 ljúspa...........................292 ljúštja ..........................293 ljut ............................... 283 ljutjá............................282 ljútja............................282 lóboda .........................366 loj ............................... 283 lókva............................284

INDICES lomjá...........................284 lóno ............................. 285 lopáta.......................... 285 loš ............................... 285 lov ...............................286 lovjá ............................286 lozá.............................. 287 lóže.............................. 287 lud ...............................290 luná............................. 291 lúspa ........................... 292 lúštja ........................... 293 m¹a ........................... 328 m¹d‘r ......................... 329 m‘glá.......................... 339 m‘x ..............................333 máxam .......................298 mája............................299 mak .............................299 m¹ka........................... 329 m¹kna..........................333 mal ..............................300 mál‘k..........................300 m‘lá ..........................340 m¹lnija ........................333 m‘lvá.......................... 334 m‘lvjá......................... 334 m‘lzjá......................... 307 mámja ........................ 301 m¹na............................316 manísto....................... 324 mánja ......................... 301 Mára ........................... 302 m‘rmórja....................335 máslo .......................... 302 m‘st ............................ 343 másti ........................... 302 m‘stjá......................... 343 m¹tja .......................... 330 matórnyj ....................304 m‘ž ............................. 330 m‘zgá ..........................314 me.............................. 305 metá .......................... 338 med ..................... 307, 309 mex .............................309 mek .............................. 315 mélja ........................... 307

méne ........................... 308 menjá ...........................311 mérja ........................... 312 mésec ........................... 312 mésja ........................... 313 mesó............................. 315 metá............................ 309 meždá..........................305 meždú......................... 306 mi ...............................336 mg...............................316 mígam .........................316 míja .............................338 mil ............................... 317 minávam..................... 318 mir ............................... 318 mitó ............................. 318 míto .............................338 mižá............................ 344 míž‘............................ 344 mjax ........................... 309 mjásto.......................... 313 mlad ............................323 mlátja..........................323 mlin ............................. 319 mljáko ........................ 307 mnógo..........................334 móga............................ 321 moj...............................322 mók‘r ..........................322 mor ..............................326 morá ............................324 moré ............................325 most.............................326 mošt............................. 321 motája.........................327 motíka .........................327 móz‘k..........................328 mrak ............................325 mrávka........................326 mraz ............................326 mr¹zna........................343 mréža ......................... 308 muxá ...........................330 múzga.......................... 331 na .............................. 344 n‘ .............................. 360 nad...............................345

693 nág‘l ........................... 345 naród...........................346 návi .............................347 návod ...........................351 ne ...............................347 nebé.............................348 ned¹g...........................348 negodúvam.................348 nésit.............................349 nevésta .........................351 nevjásta .......................351 névod............................351 néže ............................. 352 ni ............................... 352 nícJm .......................... 352 níkna........................... 353 ništ............................... 353 níva ............................. 354 nogá............................. 354 nók‘t ............................355 nos ............................... 357 nósja............................ 356 nošt...............................355 nov............................... 357 novák .......................... 357 nož............................... 358 nózdra......................... 358 nrav ............................. 356 núžda .......................... 359 o ............................... 361 ób‘l.............................. 363 obeštája....................... 361 óblak ........................... 362 obór ............................. 362 obšt.............................. 363 obúja ........................... 363 ód‘r.............................364 odva( j) ....................... 139 óg‘n.............................364 oknó ............................ 365 okó............................... 365 ópak............................. 372 orá ............................... 372 or¹die.......................... 375 órex ............................. 374 orél ..............................376 órja.............................. 374 os ...............................380

694 osá ............................... 377 ósen ............................... 29 ósmi ............................ 378 osnóva......................... 379 óst‘r ............................ 379 ošte .............................. 146 ostén............................380 óstrov .......................... 379 ot ............................... 382 otrók ........................... 382 otvórja ........................ 383 ovcá............................. 384 ovén............................. 384 ovés ............................. 384 óvi ............................... 384 pádam......................... 389 p¹dja........................... 416 p¹xam.........................426 p¹k‘l ...........................426 pálec............................390 p¹len ...........................426 pálja............................390 pálka ...........................390 pámet...........................391 p‘n .............................. 427 p‘p .............................. 417 pára..............................391 p‘rdjá .........................430 p‘rvi ...........................430 pasá............................. 392 p¹st‘r..........................430 p‘t ............................... 417 pázja ........................... 392 pelá.............................. 72 péga............................. 397 péja ............................. 398 peká............................. 393 pelená ......................... 394 pépel............................ 395 perá .............................428 peró .............................396 peš ............................... 398 pešá ............................. 398 pešt.............................. 393 pet .............................. 400 petá ............................. 399 petí .............................. 399 píja .............................. 401

INDICES piskál ..........................400 pískam........................400 píša ............................. 430 pítam ...........................425 pívo............................. 402 pjána ...........................397 pjás‘k ......................... 398 pláa ........................... 402 plax............................. 410 pláša ............................ 411 plast ............................ 403 platnó ..........................412 plávam ....................... 403 plávja.......................... 403 plaz ..............................412 plésen..........................404 pleští ...........................404 pléšti ...........................404 pletá............................404 pljáva...........................395 pljúja .......................... 402 pljúvam...................... 402 plós‘k .........................406 po .............................. 407 pod..................... 408, 409 pojá.............................409 pójas ...........................409 pokój........................... 410 polé .............................. 411 políca .......................... 410 pólza ............................412 póra .............................413 pórja ............................414 posetjá .........................414 pot ...............................415 pózden.........................416 prag..............................413 prax .............................413 prasé ............................414 pr¹ska..........................423 pr‘st............................ 429 prav..............................418 pred............................. 396 predá ...........................419 pri ...............................419 príd‘t...........................419 prijátel........................ 420 prjak ........................... 396

prjáko..........................396 pro-............................. 420 proséja......................... 421 prósja .......................... 421 prost ............................422 prostrá......................... 421 protív...........................422 provrá .........................422 ptíca ............................425 pust............................. 424 rab ............................... 373 r‘b ...............................439 r¹bja............................439 rábota ......................... 373 radjá............................432 rak .................................74 r‘ká ............................ 440 rakíta .......................... 375 rálo .............................. 373 rámo............................ 375 rastá ............................376 rat ...............................376 rátaj ............................376 raz-.............................. 377 rebró............................ 433 re ...............................434 red ...............................436 réja ..............................434 reká ..................... 433, 434 ríja.............................. 442 rílo ...............................441 rína..............................436 rob ............................... 373 rod ...............................437 rodjá............................437 rog ...............................438 roj ...............................438 rosá..............................438 rov ...............................439 rud.............................. 440 rúno............................ 440 s(‘s ) ............................478 s‘- ...............................462 s‘d ...............................463 s‘dijá...........................463 sadjá........................... 442 s¹dja............................463 s¹xna...........................479

INDICES s‘n............................... 481 s‘rbí ............................478 s‘rcé ............................ 485 s‘rná........................... 485 sédem..........................443 sedjá............................ 445 sedló ............................444 sédmi...........................443 séja ..............................448 seká .............................446 sékna...........................450 sélo ..............................444 séme ............................446 senó .............................446 sestrá........................... 445 séver ............................449 sijája ...........................450 síla................................451 sin ............................... 483 sípja ............................ 483 sit ...............................484 síto................................451 siv ............................... 452 sjádam ........................447 slab.............................. 452 slád‘k ......................... 459 sláma .......................... 459 slaná .......................... 460 sl¹nce ..........................479 sláva............................ 453 slávej ........................... 461 slíva............................. 453 sloj ...............................480 slóvo ............................ 454 slux.............................. 455 slúšam......................... 455 sm‘rdjá ...................... 457 sm‘rt...........................480 sméja...........................480 sméja se ......................456 smjax ..........................456 smrad..........................456 snaxá .......................... 458 snjag............................ 457 snová........................... 457 soá ............................. 458 soxá ............................. 458 sok ............................... 459

sol ...............................461 som ..............................461 sóva............................. 462 spja ..............................481 spor ..............................481 sredá ...........................444 srjáda .........................444 st‘bló .......................... 472 stádo ........................... 465 stan ............................. 465 stána........................... 465 star.............................. 465 stélja ........................... 473 sténa ...........................466 stígna.......................... 467 sto .............................. 482 stojá ............................ 468 stol .............................. 468 ston ............................. 468 str‘k............................ 469 straná ......................... 469 straž............................ 469 stríža........................... 469 strúja .......................... 470 stud..............................471 studén..........................471 sux .............................. 473 suróv........................... 474 sušá............................. 474 svék‘r ..........................475 svek¹rva ......................475 svešt ............................ 476 svet.............................. 476 svinjá.......................... 477 svjat ............................ 476 svráka......................... 477 šest .............................. 487 šésti............................. 486 šíbam.......................... 487 šíja .............................. 487 štit .............................. 486 što ................................ 94 šúrej............................ 488 t‘gá............................. 495 tajá ............................. 489 tája ............................. 489 t‘má ........................... 504 t¹men ..........................505

695 t¹n‘k...........................505 t¹rgam ........................502 t¹rzam ........................506 teká............................. 489 téme.............................492 tépam ..........................492 tés‘n............................492 teslá ............................. 491 testó.............................493 t龑k........................... 494 ti ............................... 503 til ............................... 503 tjága ............................493 tléja .............................504 tok .............................. 494 topjá ........................... 496 tr‘n .............................505 tr‘st............................ 499 travá........................... 496 tresá.............................497 tréti..............................497 trevá ............................497 tri .............................. 499 tríja ............................ 499 trud ............................ 498 trup ............................ 498 túen .......................... 499 tur .............................. 500 tvar............................. 500 tv‘rd............................ 501 tvorjá........................... 501 u ...............................506 u- ...............................506 úa...............................506 udárja .........................507 uxó ..............................507 úlej...............................508 úlica ............................508 um ...............................508 unúk.............................531 ustá..............................509 ústie............................. 510 ústna ........................... 510 útre.............................. 510 útro.............................. 510 úžas .............................. 511 v ...............................530 v‘lk.............................. 537

696 v‘lná ............................537 v¹lna ............................537 v‘n ............................... 531 varjá.............................512 v‘rtjá .......................... 539 v¹zel............................ 388 véra............................ 536 vdovíca ....................... 536 véer.............................513 véd‘r ............................513 vedró ............................518 véja...............................519 velík..............................514 vélja .............................514 vesló .............................517 veštája......................... 520 vétxi .............................517 vext ..............................517 véza ..............................521 vid ................................521 vídja.............................521 vídra............................ 534 víja .............................. 522 víme .............................535 vir ............................... 522 visók.............................535 víx‘r............................ 522 vjára............................ 520 vját‘r .......................... 520 vlága ........................... 524 vlak ............................. 526 vlaknó ......................... 526 vlast............................. 526 vleká.............................514 vnuk ............................. 531 vodá .............................523 vódja ............................523 vojná ........................... 524 vojník.......................... 524 vólja .............................525 vonjá ........................... 527 vós‘k ........................... 529 vózja ........................... 530 vrag ............................. 527 vr‘x............................. 538 vran............................. 529 vrána .......................... 528 vratá ........................... 529

INDICES vréme...........................516 vreténo ........................516 vrja ..............................537 vtórnik......................... 533 za .............................. 540 z‘b .............................. 549 zabrálo ....................... 540 z‘l ............................... 551 z¹lva ............................ 551 z‘rnó ........................... 553 z¹rno ........................... 553 zástra............................511 zdrav........................... 478 zéja ............................. 544 zelén.............................541 zemjá...........................542 zeníca ..........................542 zet .............................. 544 zid .............................. 544 zídam .......................... 552 zíma............................ 544 zína..............................545 zl‘............................... 552 zláto.............................547 zmej .............................545 zmijá ...........................545 znája........................... 546 znam .......................... 546 známe......................... 546 znoj............................. 546 zob ...............................547 zóbam..........................547 zorá............................. 548 zra ............................... 552 zrak............................. 549 zvezdá..........................196 zvjar ........................... 549 žába ............................. 553 žáden ........................... 561 ž¹den ........................... 561 žal ............................... 553 ž‘lt...............................565 ž¹na............................. 561 žar ...............................554 ž¹tva............................ 561 žéden ........................... 561 žél‘d ............................556 želája ........................... 555

željázo ..........................555 žená............................. 558 žérav............................ 558 žéz‘l ............................ 559 žíca .............................. 561 žíla............................... 562 žíto............................... 563 živ ...............................564 živót............................. 563 žlezá ............................ 557 žrébie........................... 559 žrec ..............................567 zréja ............................ 552 žreló............................. 559 žúna ............................564 1.4.6 Macedonian blen................................ 35 blenuva ......................... 35 bol .................................54 brada............................. 55 brana....................... 56, 57 brat............................... 60 bratija .......................... 60 brazdá...........................59 brékna...........................62 breza .............................38 brna.............................. 69 capa............................... 73 éka ...............................79 dreben ..........................116 dzástra ......................... 511 émeš .............................141 golem........................... 174 grne ............................ 200 jave................................30 kara ............................. 221 kon...............................259 kot ............................... 241 lae ...............................268 leméš ........................... 271 leži ...............................272 lisa ...............................279 lisica ............................279 list ................................ 96 mr‘k............................342 no .............................. 360 vélij...............................515

INDICES 2. BALTIC 2.1 Lithuanian abù ...............................361 ãdata............................139 adva ............................ 140 aguonà........................299 áigyti........................... 210 áiškus ........................... 153 áiža .............................. 155 akìs.............................. 365 akmuõ.........................220 akrtas........................300 ãkstinas ......................380 akstìs ...........................380 akAios .........................145 ãlavas.......................... 370 aldijà........................... 367 alìksnis........................ 370 álkanas .......................366 álksna ......................... 370 álkti............................. 367 alknF......................... 368 álnF .............................369 álnis ............................369 alùs...................... 140, 370 álvas............................369 ãmalas .........................141 anàs............................. 372 angìs............................ 388 anglìs .......................... 385 añglis, ánglis .............. 385 ánka ............................ 386 añkštas........................ 388 ántis ............................ 387 añtras...........................532 anýta............................ 531 an×kas ......................... 531 ÃpšF ............................ 378 ãptvaras.......................501 ãpušF, apuš............... 378 apvalùs ....................... 363 apvarà ........................ 362 ardýti ...................374, 433 ar lis ........................... 377 árklas .......................... 373 arotai ..........................300 árti .............................. 372

artójas ........................ 376 ãsilas............................ 381 àš ................................. 31 ašakà ...........................144 ašers...........................144 ašìs .............................. 380 ãšmas...........................378 ãšmenys...................... 220 ašrùs ....................144, 379 aštrùs...........144, 220, 379 aštuonì ........................379 ãšutas ......................... 380 at- ...............................382 ãtlaikas........................382 ãtsailF ......................... 450 atšank....................... 464 atvérti..........................383 atžlùs......................... 551 atžlus......................... 551 au- .............................. 506 auls ........................... 508 aumuõ........................ 508 áusioti....................... 509 ausìs.............................507 áusti............................ 509 aušrà............................510 auštrà ..........................510 ati ...................... 218, 363 ãvinas......................... 384 avýnas .........................507 avìs.............................. 384 avižà ............................385 až .............................. 540 ažù .............................. 540 6žuolas ........................388 aksnis ........................ 370 b(a)rãgas...................... 56 bà ................................ 49 badýti ......................32, 49 baidýti .................... 39, 40 baisùs ........................... 40 balà................................53 bãlas ............................. 40 bálnas ............................52 bálnis.............................53 báltas .......................40, 53 balžíena................... 54, 55 balžíenas ................. 54, 55

697 barnìs............................ 57 barnis ............................ 57 bárti .............................. 58 bártis............................. 58 barzdà........................... 55 barzdótas...................... 55 bãsas..............................59 báudyti..........................68 bakti............................67 basti ............................68 banas............................54 bè ...........................38, 49 b bras............................34 bebrùs ...........................34 bFdà...............................39 b drF ............................. 35 bFgióti ........................... 41 bAgti.............................. 40 bAras..............................34 ber( g)ždžias .................36 ber( g)žd ......................36 berti............................... 73 béržas ............................38 bèsti...............................59 bi dnas..........................39 bijóti(s ).........................50 bìrginti..........................36 biržF ..............................59 bìtF.................................72 blaivas...........................43 bla§vas...........................43 bláižyti......................... 46 blandà...........................47 blañdas ..................47, 339 blandýtis.......................47 blandùs .........................47 bl<sti............................. 44 bliáuti .......................... 46 bliežti ........................... 46 bliskAti.................... 44, 49 blyškAti................... 44, 49 blìzgas ...........................48 blizgAti ................... 44, 49 blyž ..............................45 blusà..............................48 blùzgana .......................45 bóba .............................. 32 bognà ............................ 33

698 bõgnas........................... 33 bóti................................ 34 bradà ......................64, 67 brãdas...........................64 bra(i)dýti ..................... 63 brankýti........................ 62 braktas .......................64 br dyti .......................... 61 brAkšti ........................... 61 breñgzti......................... 62 briñkti........................... 62 brìnkti........................... 62 brìsti........................ 61, 66 brólis .............................60 broterlis.......................60 brùknF ..........................64 brùkti............................ 65 brùvF.............................66 bruvìs............................66 bruzdùklis ....................66 bruzdùs.........................70 budAti............................69 budrùs...........................69 bklas ...........................70 burnà ............................69 burzdùs.................70, 287 btìs .............................. 72 bùvintis......................... 34 buvóti............................ 72 bzdAti ...........................431 bkla.............................70 bti................................ 71 dabà ....................109, 408 dabar ..................109, 408 dailýti ......................... 102 dalià..............................111 dalýti........................... 363 dangà...........................114 dánga...........................114 dangùs .........................114 dargà................... 389, 463 dárgana .............. 389, 463 daubà...........................125 dag ..................... 127, 348 daugi............................127 dagia..........................127 dasios.........................127 dasos......................... 124

INDICES debesìs ........................ 348 ddF .............................102 ddis ............................102 dègti.......................98, 554 degùtas ......................... 98 dl ...............................103 dFlioti ..........................102 délna.............................111 délnas ...........................111 dérti .............................. 99 dervà ............................ 99 d šimt......................... 100 dešimtìs ...................... 100 d šinas........................ 100 deši8tas ..................... 100 dAti...............................104 devynì.......................... 101 deviñtas....................... 101 dienà............................ 134 dieverìs ........................105 díeveris........................105 dkas ...........................107 dibti ............................ 134 dìlti ...............................111 dyrAti ...........................108 dìrginti ........................136 dìrgti............................136 dirti.............................. 135 dìrti.............................. 135 dirvà ............................136 dóbilas...........................25 drãbanas ......................115 drabnà......................... 118 drabùžis .......................115 drãgFs .......................... 121 drãkas..........................120 dránga......................... 121 drañgas........................ 121 drãpanas ......................115 drsùs .......................... 137 dragas........................ 122 dreb(z)nos.......... 116, 118 drÐsti ............................ 137 drobùžis .......................115 drugs.......................... 123 dù ...............................130 dùgnas.........................130 dujà ............................. 127

dukt ........................... 129 dùmti ........................... 115 duõnis ...........................95 dúoti............................. 96 dùres............................ 128 dùrys ........................... 128 dùrti .............................132 dùsas ........................... 129 dùsti ............................ 129 dsúoti......................... 131 dsAti....................124, 128 dvãras ......................... 128 dvejì.............................. 131 dvsti....................124, 128 dvìgubas...................... 130 dmai...........................132 dis .............................. 150

glF .............................. 139 egžls ........................... 156 éiškus........................... 214 e§ti ............................... 216 ekAios ......................... 145 eldijà ...........................367 elenis ...........................140 élksna ..........................370 eksnis..........................370 elknF..........................368 élnF ..............................369 élnias...........................369 élnis .............................369

malas..........................141 éngti .............................157

pušF, epuš................378 Aras ............................... 151 er lis ............................376 érkF.............................. 374 ernis............................. 143 eršk tas ....................... 145 eršktis ........................ 143 erškAtras...................... 145 eš ..................................31 ešers............ 144, 145, 156 esmi .............................146

sti ...............................146 Asti ............................... 154 ežegs .......................... 156

žeras .......................... 148 ežgs ............................ 156

INDICES ežià............................... 155

žis .............................. 149 ežs.............................. 149 Fžs.............................. 149 gabénti.........................159 gailùs ...........................138 gajùs.............................173 galsas .......................... 176 galvà ........................... 176 galAti ............................174 gãmalas .......................177 gãmulas .......................177 ganýti...........................177 ganAti...........................177 gardas ..................178, 548 garšvà ......................... 179 garAti........................... 179 gagaras ..................... 201 gasti ...........................183 gebAti............................159 gAda............................. 160 ge§sti............................ 565 gFlà...................... 554, 560 geležìs.......................... 556 g ležuonys ...................557 gélti ............................. 565 gelumb .......................175 gelžìs ........................... 556 -geñda.........................560 genAti ...........................561 gerkl........................... 559 gérti............................. 559 gérvF............................ 558 gesýti ............................161 getas ........................... 565 giedóti..........................161 gijà .............................. 562 gìlF............................... 556 gyl.............................. 556 gilnà ............................ 565 giñti..............................197 girià............................. 178 gìrna ...........................566 gìrt...............................566 gýsla ............................ 562 gývas ........................... 564 gyvatà ......................... 563 gyvénti ........................ 562

gla§stas ........................ 165 gléinF ...........................164 gléivFs .......................... 165 gléivos.......................... 165 glìnda ..........................169 glodùs ..........................162 glùšas...........................167 gni×sas ........................ 171 govAti ........................... 181 góžti.............................162 graudìnti ..................... 193 gráužti.........................194 grãžnas........................192 gražóti ......................... 191 gražùs .................. 192, 245 grAbti ...........................187 grìdyti..........................188 grimzd-................189, 287 gri8zti.........................189 grindà..........................188 gróbti ....................185, 187 grõmulas .....................186 gróti .............................186 grõžis ...........................245 grubùs .........................192 grdas.......................... 185 grùmulas.................... 190 grumAti........................ 195 grúodas ................185, 193 grstìs.......................... 193 gùbti ............................197 gugà .............................201 gulbìs ............ 197, 245, 261 gùmulas...................... 190 gùnga...........................201 gunžs.........................200 gubis ....................197, 261 guõdas ......................... 172 gurdùs..........................198 gùrklis..........................198 gurkls.........................198 gžF, gמF...................200 gžis............................200 gžs...........................200

...............................530 ieškóti ..........................214 ievà ..............................216 ìkras.............................210

699 ìlgas ..............................133 i8ti.............................. 158 ýnis ...............................213 inkstas..........................215 inkštFti ................. 156, 158 iñkšti ........................... 156 ìntF .............................. 159 ìrbF ................ 213, 217, 435 irb nis ......................... 435 ìrklas ........................... 374 ìrmFdF......................... 375 ìš ............................... 217 ýškus............................ 214 ìž ............................... 217

žulnùs .........................551

žvilùs...........................551

žvinas.........................551 ja ...............................207 jáuja............................ 148 jaukìnti .......................506 jáunas ........................ 208 jáura............................ 214 jasti ........................... 381 jati, jáuti ................. 208 java§ ............................ 148 jentF............................. 159 jAras.............................. 151 jerub .......................... 142 jerumb....................... 142 jAvaidas..........................31 jóti .........................151, 154 jõvytis.............................31 judùs ........................... 365 jùngas......................... 209 jùnkti .......................... 534 júosta ......................... 409 jra....................... 213, 214 j×s ............................... 533 jùsti ............................. 381 jšF ............................. 208 ka§ .................................74 káina ............................. 75 káininti .........................76 káirinti........................ 235 káišti .............................76 kãklas ..........................229 kàkti ..............................79 káltas............................231

700 kálti............................. 230 kãmanos.....................204 ka8pas .......................244 kañdis ...................88, 244 kãpas........................... 232 kapóti...........................233 kãras ........................... 237 karbas ......................... 234 karšti........................... 236 kartas.......................... 236 kartùs.......................... 236 kárvF ........................... 236 kàs ...................... 260, 264 kasà............................. 238 kasýti ...........................221 kàsti ..............................86 k6sti ............................ 243 katràs..........................240 kakas ........................ 256 káulas .........................266 kapas, káupas .......... 256 káuti............................242 kélbas ..........................260 k lias .............................80 k lis ............................. 228 k meras .........................81 kèpti ............................ 393 kera§ .............................. 79 k ras.......................83, 237 kermuš ........................ 82 kerslas ........................... 85 keturì ............................ 87 ketverì........................... 87 ketvertas ....................... 87 ketvirtas........................ 87 kìlbas...........................260 kiltìs ..............................80 ki8štas .........................88 kirmìs...................... 92, 93 kìrna ........................... 261 kirpti .......................84, 92 kirsnas ..........................92 kirstas ........................... 93 kirsti.............................. 85 kláusti ................. 454, 455 klausýti ............... 454, 455 klénkti......................... 225 klAtis............................224

INDICES klkti............................225 klìšF............................. 224 kliti ........................... 226 klóti .............................223 kõks..............................219 kósFti ........................... 221 kosuls......................... 221 krañtas ........................252 krãsF ........................... 249 krajas ........................254 kraupùs .......................253 kráuti...........................254 krAslas......................... 247 kr sF............................ 249 krsti........................... 249 krkšti..................247, 248 krkti ...................247, 248 krokoti .........................245 krmas ........................194 krùvinas ......................253 krušà............................253 kjis .............................265 kla............................. 266 klas ........................... 266 kulkšnìs .......................261 kum lF.........................232 kuõlas .......................... 231 kùpti ........................... 266 kpAti ......................... 266 kur ...............................259 kùrpF ...........................263 kùrti.............................257 kùšlas...........................263 kvãpas .........................233 kvpti...........................233 láibas ...........................277 láipioti.........................273 la§škas, láiškas ........... 279 laižýti ......................... 280 làkti ............................ 284 lãmežis ........................271 lankà .......................... 289 lañkas ......................... 289 lankýti ........................ 288 lãpas ............................285 lašišà............................285 laukañ ......................... 531 lakas .......................... 531

laupýti......................... 291 lãvinti .........................286 lavùs ............................286 lazdà ............189, 274, 287 l das ............................270 ledùs ............................270 léisti............................ 280 lkti ............................. 271 l mežis ........................ 271 lémti ............................284 lAnas ............................ 273 léngF ............................276 leñgvas ........................297 lénkF ............................276 leñkti ...........................277 liáudis .........................282 liaups......................... 281 liáuti............................ 275 líebas ...........................277 líepa.............................279 líesas............................277 líeti ............................. 280 li žti .................... 159, 280 liežùvis ........................ 159 lina§ .............................298 lìnka ............................276 lipìnti .......................... 273 lìpti..............................297 lýsF...............................272 lÐsti..............................454l i×dnas ........................ 290 li×gas...........................293 li×gnas ........................293 lìzdas ........................... 169 lokšnùs ........................269 lomà ............................268 lopà..............................269 lópa .............................269 lópeta ..................269, 285 lóti ...............................268 lgas ............................293 l×gnF............................294 lùgnF............................294 lgóti ...........................294 lùknF ...........................294 lùnkas .........................295 lùzgana .......................293 magAti ..........................321

INDICES mãguonF.....................299 ma§nas......................... 311 mainýti........................ 311 ma§šas......................... 310 maišýti......................... 313 makõnF....................... 322 makšnà ....................... 327 maldà.......................... 320 maldýti ....................... 320 málti ........................... 307 mán.............................340 mañdras ..................... 329 mandrùs ..................... 329 man<s .........................308 mánkyti ...................... 329 mãras.......................... 326 mãrios..........................325 márška........................308 matrùs ........................ 327 matýti ......................... 327 máudyti...................... 338 maura§......................... 331 medùs ......................... 307 m džias....................... 305 mesti .......................... 320 mélžti.......................... 307 mensà .......................... 315 mAnuo..........................312 merkti ..........................325 mérkti ..................325, 342 m s .............................. 336 mFsà............................. 315 mèsti ...........................309 m<sti ............................ 315 mAšlas ......................... 302 m tai...........................309 mAžti ................... 302, 304 mi gas.................. 316, 339 miegóti.........................316 míelas...........................317 mieras ..........................318 mi šti ........................... 313 miglà........................... 339 mìgti............................ 339 mýlas............................317 mìlžti .......................... 307 minAti .........................340 mìnkyti ........................314

mìnkštas...................... 315 mìnti............................316 mintìs .......................... 391 mirgAti......................... 335 mirksAti .......................341 mirti ........................... 308 mirtìs..........................480 mžti ................... 319, 339 mokas .......................... 319 mokF ............................ 319 mõnyti.........................301 mosúoti ...................... 298 mótF.............................303 móteris ........................303 móti ............................ 299 mótina.........................303 mùkti.................... 331, 333 murm(l)énti............... 335 murmAti ...................... 335 msa§........................... 333 mùsF .................... 330, 332 musià................... 330, 332 mùsos .......................... 333 nagà.............................354 nãgas ...........................354 nagùtis......................... 355 naktìs........................... 355 nãmas...........................113 narà .............................356 nãras............................356 narštas.........................356 nasra§ ..........................358 nastra§ .........................358 našìnti .........................356 naudóti........................358 najas..........................357 ne ...............................347 negù ............................. 352 ne§ ............................... 352 neptF............................350 neptis........................... 351 nepuotis................350, 351 nerštas ........................ 349 nérti............................ 349 nèšti .............................350 nýtis.............................354 nýtys ............................354 nõglas ..........................345

701 nóras ........................... 356 norAti........................... 356 nósis ............................ 357 notr............................346 nõvF.............................347 nõvis............................347 nõvyti, nóvyti .............347 nubli kti .......................48 nna§.......................... 360 nuõ .............................. 345 núogas......................... 345 n×n............................. 360 õ ................................. 25 obelìs ............................. 25 obel .............................. 25 óbulas............................ 25 óbuolas.......................... 25 obuols.......................... 25 óvaidas...........................31 ovyje ..............................30 ovytis..............................31 oženà............................. 32 ožìnis............................. 32 pa- .............................. 407 pãdas.......................... 409 pálšas ..........................394 pavas .......................... 412 pa8pti ........................ 417 pántis .......................... 417 pansti....................... 360 papártis.......................396 parš lis ........................414 paršiùkas ....................414 pas ........................392, 415 pasigèsti ......................560 pa-drF ........................535 pavalgà ....................... 525 pažvìlti.........................551 peialánda ..................454 peialìnda...................454 p ius ..........................454 pelena§ ................. 395, 411 pelsis ......................... 404 penas ..........................394 p ls ............................ 395 penkì .......................... 400 peñktas....................... 400 péntis...........................399

702 per ............................... 395 pér-.............................. 395 pérgas...........................413 perti.............................396 pAsias......................... 398 piestà........................... 397 pi stas ......................... 397 pi šti............................430 pi ts .......................... 401 pìkis.............................426 pìlnas ..........................426 pìnti ............................ 399 pypls......................... 400 ppti........................... 400 pirkšnys ......................429 pìrmas.........................430 pirštas .........................429 pìršys...........................429 pirtìs............................430 pìsti .............................426 pyškAti........................ 400 plãkanas .................... 406 platùs ..........................403 plaiai...................... 406 plaksta......................405 pláusti.........................403 platas ....................... 406 pláuti ................. 403, 406 pléikF...........................405 plFn....................394, 404 plAnis.................... 395, 411 plFv ................... 404, 405 plìkas...........................405 plti.............................407 pra- .............................420 prãkartas.................... 237 prašýti......................... 421 prasti ........................ 423 pri .............................. 419 príe-............................. 419 pri das ........................ 419 pró- .............................420 prõ ...............................420 pra§ ........................... 425 pras ........................... 425 psl............................ 423 rãgas ........................... 438 ráibas .......................... 435

INDICES rãkas........................... 438 rakrtas...................... 300 rankà ..........................440 rarotai ........................ 300 rasà ............................. 438 rasm...........................437 radas ........................440 raudóti ........................441 ráugFti .........................441 raupa§......................... 470 ráuti............................ 442 rãvas ........................... 439 ravAti ...........................441 riáugFti....................... 442 ríešutas........................374 riešuts ........................374 ríetas........................... 436 rindà........................... 436 riñkti ..........................440 rojóti............................432 rókis.............................374 rõkis.............................374 rùmbas ....................... 439 rumbúoti.................... 439 ru8bas ....................... 439 sa§tas ........................... 451 saka§ ........................... 459 sakýti .......................... 458 salà .............................444 saldùs ......................... 459 salpà ...........................460 sapas..........................460 sam-............................ 462 sãpnas..........................481 sárgas.......................... 469 sartas ...........................485 sáulF ........................... 479 sasas ......................... 473 sasinti....................... 474 sFdAti .......................... 445 sègti.............................449 sAmenys ......................446 septiñtas..................... 443 septynì........................ 443 sèkti ............................ 450 sérgFti ......................... 467 sAsti............................. 447 sesuõ ........................... 445

sAti .............................. 448 síela ............................. 451 si tas, síetas ................ 451 si ti............................. 448 sijóti ........................... 448 sintAti ..........................450 siti .............................487 siuvìkas .......................488 siuvikis........................488 skaistùs .........................76 skaitýti ......................... 90 skardýti.......................452 (s )kerdžius ...................82 skFrs.............................30 (s )kersa§........................ 85 (s )kersas ....................... 85 skíesti ............................74 ski tas ........................ 486 skýstas .......................... 90 sklandà .......................202 skle8bti ......................202 skl<sti ..........................202 skóbas.......................... 201 skóbti........................... 201 skõbti........................... 201 skrepliúoti.................. 249 skri ti .................. 247, 248 skríeti ..........................248 skubùs .........................207 skujà........................... 206 skverbti .......................478 slãbnas ........................452 slankà..........................454 slánka..........................454 sliñkti ..........................454 slõbnas ........................452 slyvà ............................454 slvas...........................454 smardas ......................456 sm genys..................... 328 smiltis........................... 311 smirdAti.......................457 smlis .......................... 310 snáusti......................... 339 sni gas.........................457 sõdas............................443 sodìnti ........................ 442 sótus ........................... 484

INDICES spáinF.......................... 397 sparnas .......................396 sp<6sti ........................... 398 spjáuti.........................402 spr<6sti.......................... 419 spkas..........................464 spAti.............................464 sraujà..........................470 stãgaras ......................468 stãlas ...........................468 ste§gti ..........................467 stenAti .........................466 stibýna ........................ 472 stíebas ......................... 472 stìrna .......................... 485 stónas.......................... 465 stóras........................... 465 stóti .............................466 stovAti .........................466 strãzdas ...................... 120 strùjus.........................470 stu8bras..................... 549 sdrus .........................479 snùs........................... 483 spoti .......................... 483 sùpti ............................ 475 sras............................484 sursti ................. 362, 482 sris ............................ 483 sv ias ......................... 414 šaivà..............................76 šakà..................... 405, 458 šãkF ............................. 458 šãkFs............................ 458 šalnà .......................... 460 šãmas .......................... 461 šárka ...........................477 šáuti ............................462 šeivà ..............................76 šerdìs...........................444 šerkšnas ...................... 445 šérnas.......................... 485 šešì...............................487 š štas ...........................486 š šuras ........................ 475 šiáurF ..........................449 ši nas ..........................446 ši8tas.......................... 482

širdìs ............................485 šìršF..............................485 širšuo ...........................485 šìs .............................. 484 šývas ............................452 šlãvF............................ 454 šlóvF, šlov...................453 šónas........................... 443 šùlas............................ 488 šùlinF .......................... 488 šùlinis ......................... 488 šveñtas........................ 476 švi sti.......................... 476 švitAti.......................... 478 tãkas ........................... 495 táldyti......................... 495 talkà .................. 490, 496 tamsùs .........................505 tàs ...............................502 tašýti............................491 tauka§ ......................... 500 takinas ..................... 500 taras ......................... 500 tekAti........................... 489 tekti ...........................490 tèpti ............................ 492 t<6vas.............................505 tìlFs ............................. 504 tylAti............................ 504 tìltas............................ 504 tìlti .............................. 495 tìngti ........................... 493 tingùs.......................... 494 tingAti ......................... 493 tiñklas.........................490 tìnti............................. 494 tìrti...............................491 trãnas ......................... 498 trandìs........................ 498 tr ias ......................... 497 trs.............................. 499 triušìs ......................... 499 tri×sas......................... 498 tù ...............................503 tkstantis ....................503 tlas.............................503 tulžìs ............................ 552 tùšias..........................502

703 tvérti............................ 501 tvìrtas.......................... 501 tvorà........................... 500 dra............................. 534 ugnìs............................364 ungurs .......................386 un×kas .........................531 úoga...............................27 úolektis........................368 úosis ..............................29 uõstai ..........................386 úostas ..........................509 úosti ..............................26 utFl............................. 532 utìs............................... 532 už ............................... 533 vãdas ............................351 vadìnti .........................512 vadýti .......................... 523 va§kas ........................... 80 vãkaras ........................513 valdýti .........................524 valgà............................ 525 válgyti ......................... 527 valkà.....................525, 526 vanduõ........................ 523 vaps(v)à...................... 377 vargas.......................... 527 várna........................... 528 varnas ......................... 528 varstas......................... 538 vartai .......................... 529 vartýti ......................... 529 varùs ............................513 váržas.......................... 539 vãsara ..........................517 vãškas.......................... 529 važióti .........................530 vAdaras........................ 518 véidas ...........................521 veizdAti.........................521 vAjas ............................520 véldFti..........................524 velti.............................. 514 vérti ............................. 541 veržti ........................... 383 vèsti ..............................517 vAtra ............................520

704 v tušas .........................517 vèžti..............................518 víenas...........................213 víesula......................... 522 víesulas ....................... 522 vi špats ....................... 539 vìlgšnas ....................... 536 vikas............................537 vikti.............................514 vìlna.............................537 vilnià............................537 vilnìs ............................537 vris ............................ 522 vrius .......................... 522 virsti............................ 539 viršùs, viršus .............. 538 vìrti ............................. 538 vìržis ............................516 vìsas ............................540 výti ....................... 415, 522 vytìs..............................523 vókas ............................519 volung ........................217 võs ............................... 140 žãlias............................541 žarà............................. 548 žárdas ......................... 548 žarijà .......................... 548 žsìs............................. 184 ža8bas ....................... 549 žbti ............................ 547 žélvas, ževas ...............541 žémbFti ....................... 543 že8bti......................... 543 ž mF............................ 542 žéntas.......................... 544 žFrAti ............................552 žiáuna......................... 564 žiaurùs........................ 564 žiemà .......................... 545 ži sti.............................552 žinóti...........................546 žióti ............................. 544 žióvauti....................... 543 žìrnis............................553 žmogùs........................ 330 žmuõ ........................... 330 žol ..............................496

INDICES žvai( g)žd...................196 žvéngti.........................550 žvFrìs ...................550, 564 2.2. Old Lithuanian ešketras........................146 jovnai ........................... 30 ovyje ............................. 30 snus ...........................483 2.3 Latvian acs ...............................365 âbele ..............................25 âbels...............................25 âbuls ..............................25 âbuolis...........................25 âbuõls .....................25, 141 àiz .............................. 540 a§za .............................. 155 akmens ....................... 220 aRkans ......................... 366 aRnis ............................ 369 àlksna .................. 370, 371 àlksnis ........................ 370 aRkt...............................367 alus ............................. 140 aRva ............................. 369 aRvas ........................... 369 mals ........................... 141 amuls........................... 141 muls........................... 141 amuols......................... 141 apa#š ............................363 apse..............................378 arãjs............................ 376 ¬rdît..................... 374, 433 ar js ............................ 376 arKkls, ãrkls ..................373 arKt ...............................372 asaris ...........................144 aseris ...........................144 ass .......................379, 380 at- ...............................382 atv rt ...........................383 au- .............................. 506 alis ............................ 508 àuns ............................ 384 àuss..............................507

astra, àustra............. 510 ašât ...........................509 àut ........................218, 363 àuzas ........................... 385 âvîtiês.............................31 avs ...............................384 az (ãz, âz)...................540 bãba .............................. 32 badît..............................59 ba§dît............................ 40 baîss ............................. 40 bãls, b¬ls ...................... 40 bats.........................40, 53 bàlziêns................... 54, 55 b¬rda............................. 55 bar§ba............................ 57 bãrti .............................. 58 brzda........................... 55 bass................................59 badît............................68 bàudît............................68 ba`uôt .........................68 bebrs..............................34 beQda...............................39 bedre ............................. 35 bÅrt ................................ 73 berzs ..............................38 bez .................................38 bijât(iês ).......................50 bìrze, birze, birKze .........59 bite.................................72 bîtiês..............................50 blaiskums .....................43 blaizgums .....................43 blaîzît ........................... 46 blàndîtiês......................47 blàugznas......................45 bleñst, blènst................ 44 blêt.................................43 bliêzt....................... 44, 46 blîznis² ..........................45 bluôdîtiês².....................47 bluods............................47 blusa..............................48 b#aût............................. 46 brads .............................64 brãlis ............................ 60 brtartis...................... 60

INDICES brist......................... 61, 66 brklene........................64 bût ................................. 71 bzdêt ............................431 celis ............................. 228 cemeri_š ........................81 cers .............................. 237 ceturKta§s........................ 87 cìenît .............................76 cìens .............................. 75 ciRts................................80 cirmis............................ 93 cìrst ............................... 85 daba ....................109, 408 dab#š, dabls .................110 dâbuls ........................... 25 dâbuôls ......................... 25 da#a ...............................111 dalît............................. 363 dañga...........................114 d¬rgs ............................ 113 darKva.............................99 dadz(i) ......................127 dãvât............................. 97 debess.......................... 348 deQds ............................. 102 degt ............................. 554 deguts............................98 dena .............................111 deKls .............................. 105 d# ................................103 deñkts ......................... 106 depsis ............................98 desmit .........................100 dêt .........................104, 111 devi_i...........................101 devît(ai)s.....................101 dibens........................... 133 dìeks²........................... 107 dìena ............................134 di veris ....................... 105 dìks², dîks² ................. 107 dìrât ............................. 135 dìrva² ...........................136 drabenes ...................... 118 dracît............................119 dradži .......................... 121 drakâtiês......................119

draks............................120 drapsnas...................... 118 dràugs.......................... 122 drudzi.......................... 123 drudzis ........................ 123 drùoss, drùošs............. 137 dubens ......................... 133 dubra........................... 132 dmi ............................ 132 duôbjš..........................130 duôt .............................. 96 duris ............................128 dùrvis ..........................128 dust..............................129 dvèst..................... 124, 128 dzelezs .........................556 dzelts............................565 dzelva ..........................557 dzèlzs ...........................556 dzerKt.............................559 dz rve ..........................558 dzî(k)sla......................562 dzenêt .......................... 561 dziêdât......................... 161 dzija.............................562 dziRna ..........................565 dz§le .............................556 dzirnas ....................... 566 dzirnavas ................... 566 dzirnus ....................... 566 dzirt ............................ 566 dzìt...............................197 dzîvs............................ 564 dzîvuôt ........................562 ecê(k)šas...................... 145 egle............................... 139 eQlks.............................. 368 elksna .................. 370, 371 èlksnis......................... 370 eQlkne²........................ 368 eQlkuone....................... 368 eQlkuonis ...................... 368 eQlkuons ....................... 368 emuols ......................... 141 epse ..............................378 epss ..............................378

rce...............................374

rcis..............................375

705 Årglis............................376

rkšis ........................... 143

r(k)š™is ...................... 143 es ..................................31 es ..................................31 êst ............................... 154 ezars ............................ 148 ezers ............................ 148 ezis...............................149 eža ................................. 55 gadît ............................160 gadîtiês........................ 172 gàidît ........................... 565 gàle ...............................175 gaRva............................ 176 grša............................ 179 gavêt.............................181 gâzt.............................. 162 glenKst².......................... 164 glve ............................. 165 glošs........................... 162 gn§da ........................... 169 grâbt.............................185 graûds ......................... 193 graûzt.......................... 194 grebt ............................ 187 gr
706 îgt ................................157 ikra.............................. 210 ikri............................... 210 ikrs .............................. 210 îkstis.............................215 ls ................................ 211 irbe ....................... 213, 435 irbenjs....................... 435 irube.............................217 istaba ...........................215 îstri...............................215 §sts ................................215 iz ................................217 igs ................................ 133 jât .........................151, 154 jàu ...............................207 jaûcêt ..........................506 jaja............................ 148 jaûns ...........................208 jàust .............................381 jàvîtiês, jâvîtiês .............31 je8t..............................158 jre ............................... 151 jers................................ 151 jûgs..............................209 jûkt.............................. 534 jra ...................... 213, 214 js ................................533 just ...............................381 kâ(i).............................. 74 ka§rinât........................235 kakls............................ 229 ka#uôt.......................... 229 kãpa ............................ 256 kapât............................233 kaps............................. 232 karinât.........................235 k¬rst ............................ 236 kãsêt.............................221 kasît .............................221 kast................................86 kãsulis..........................221 karêt ......................... 258 kaût.............................242 kat .............................. 230 kats..............................231 klât .............................. 223 klencêt......................... 225

INDICES kl ts............................. 224 kl§kât ...........................225 krãkât..........................245 krams.......................... 246 krât ..............................245 krat............................254 krava........................... 250 krems.......................... 246 kr pât ......................... 249 kreslis.......................... 249 kreKsls....................247, 250 krijât........................... 248 krms ..........................194 krusa............................253 kru8pêt....................... 251 k`apa.........................252 kulksnis .......................261 kuôst ........................... 243 kupêt........................... 266 kûpêt....................233, 266 kupt ............................ 266 kûpt .....................233, 266 kupuôt ........................ 266 kurns ...........................263 kurpe ...........................263 kurt ..............................257 kûsât........................... 267 kusls.............................263 kvêpt ............................233 kvitêt............................259 la( g)zda ..................... 287 la§zît, làizît................. 280 lakt.............................. 284 lãma ........................... 268 lañka .......................... 289 lãpa............................. 269 lapsa ........................... 279 lâpsta...........................285 lasis..............................285 lãt .............................. 268 làupît ...........................291 làuskas² ...................... 292 làuskt² ...................... 292 lavît............................. 286 lazda............................274 ledus ........................... 270 lèkt ...............................271 lemesis .........................271

le8t .............................284 lêns, lens, lÅns............. 273 lepa..............................269 l zêt .............................276 liêgs..............................297 lìekt .............................277 li pa.............................279 li ss..............................277 liêt .............................. 280 ligzds ........................... 169 lìks ...............................277 lini ...............................298 luga..............................293 lùgt ..............................294 lûks ..............................295 lùocît ...........................288 lùoks............................289 #àudis ..........................282 #at .............................. 275 #uga..............................293 maguône.....................299 ma§na........................... 311 ma§nît .......................... 311 màisît ...........................313 màiss ........................... 310 mat.............................307 mãnît .......................... 301 marKga..........................308 mãt ..............................299 mãte ............................303 maudât ....................... 338 mars...........................331 maût..................... 337, 338 medus..........................307 mêgt..............................321 m ness..........................312 merKga ..........................308 mÅrkt........................... 325 m s .............................. 336 mêsls............................302 mest.............................309 mêzt.....................302, 304 mežs ............................305 mìegs ....................316, 339 miêrs ........................... 318 mìesa............................315 migla ........................... 339 mîksts...........................315

INDICES milna ...........................333 m§#š ..............................317 minêt...........................340 mirKdzêt ........................335 mìrt .............................308 mîcît.............................314 m§t................................316 mìzt...................... 319, 339 mudêt...........................332 mukt .....................331, 333 muôdrs ....................... 329 muõzêt........................304 muôžs.......................... 329 msa .............330, 331, 332 muša ....................330, 332 nakts ............................355 n¬rsts²......................... 356 nãss ..............................357 nâtre ...........................346 nâve ............................ 347 nâvît............................ 347 nâvîtiês ....................... 347 ne ............................... 347 nÅrsts² .........................349 n§tis ............................. 354 nùo.............................. 345 nuôgs........................... 345 pads............................ 409 paduse......................... 392 pass ............................ 394 p¬rsla ...........................413 paseij.........................447 pavalgs.........................525 pavaga ........................525 pelus............................ 395 pè#_a ........................... 394 pìeci............................ 400 pìesta........................... 397 piests ........................... 397 piêts............................. 399 pi™is.............................426 p§kstêt ........................ 400 pîkt ...............................233 pikts .............................233 pins ............................426 pìr(k)sts ......................429 pìrkstis ........................429 pìrma§s .......................430

pìrts ............................ 430 pît .............................. 399 plàuši..........................406 plàuts² ........................406 pl ne .....................395, 411 pliks ............................ 405 pluts............................ 407 pret ..............................418 pret .............................418 pri ds...........................419 puõga...........................416 pûri..............................425 purKns ............................ 69 prs..............................425 pù`i ..............................425 putns........................... 424 radît.............................437 rads..............................437 rags ............................. 438 ràibs.............................435 ra§dît........................... 434 raks ............................. 438 rasa ............................. 438 rasma...........................437 rãt ...............................432 raûdât..........................441 rads...........................440 raûgâtiês .....................441 raûklis .........................441 raupa.......................... 470 raût............................. 442 ravêt.............................441 raža..............................437 rds ............................. 434 rens ............................. 434 rd ............................. 436 rdams ........................ 436 ri ksts ..........................374 ri ta ............................ 436 riñda........................... 436 rubenis ........................435 rùobs........................... 439 ruodere....................... 300 rùoka ..........................440 sacît ............................ 458 sàds ............................. 443 saiklis.......................... 450 sa§te ............................. 451

707 sa§va ..............................76 sa§ve ..............................76 saRds.............................459 saRna........................... 460 sams ...........................459 s¬ls...............................461 sams ............................461 sãns..............................443 sapnis .......................... 481 sarKgs ........................... 469 sãrts.............................485 sale ............................479 sàuss ............................473 sat..............................462 se§ja .............................447 seja ..............................447 septi_i .........................443 septîts ..........................443 srsna ..........................445 sestais ......................... 486 s t .............................. 448 sìens............................ 446 sìet .............................. 448 siêts.............................. 451 sijât............................. 448 sìmt .............................482 sìmts ............................482 sirKds .............................485 sirKsnis ..........................485 sirKsuonis......................485 skâbs............................ 201 skâbt............................ 201 ska§sts............................76 sk¬rdît.........................452 sklañda .......................202 skrìet ...........................247 skùbrs..........................207 skuja........................... 206 slãbs.............................452 slava .................... 453, 454 slave..................... 453, 454 sli nas ......................... 453 slìkt..............................454 slùoka..........................454 smaîdinât ...................456 sma§dît........................456 smarKds.........................456 smlis .......................... 310

708 smîdînât, sm§dînât....456 smiêt ...........................456 smìltis .......................... 311 smìlts............................ 311 smirKdêt........................ 457 snaujis ........................ 457 snìegs .......................... 457 sp¬rns .........................396 speQks............................464 sp t ..............................464 sp#at ..........................402 spriêst.......................... 419 stât ..............................466 stãvêt...........................466 stèigt(iês)....................467 stiba ............................ 472 stiga............................. 472 stirna........................... 485 strauja ........................470 strazds......................... 120 stumbr(i)s .................. 549 sbrs............................ 549 sùkt ............................. 482 su8brs ........................ 549 srs..............................484 sveQts.............................476 svns ............................477 šat .............................462 šis ...............................484 š™erbs ..........................204 š™Årss............................. 85 š™iêst ............................. 74 š™iêts²..........................486 s™irgaila........................30 s™ìrgaîlis .......................30 š™ist ...............................89 š™îsts..............................90 št ...............................487 taks.............................. 495 tàlka............................496 tas ............................... 502 tàuki............................500 tàurs............................500 tecêt.............................489 teka ............................ 490 teks ............................. 490 tiêvs............................. 505 tìkls ............................ 490

INDICES tiRt².............................. 504 tits.............................. 504 tima ............................ 504 tìmšs²...........................505 trans ........................... 498 trešs............................. 497 trûdi............................ 498 trusis........................... 499 tu ...............................503 tkstuôtis .................. 503 tkstuõtis ....................503 tukšs.............................502 tùmšs ...........................505 tverKt .............................501 tvirKts ............................501 ûdens ...........................523 uguns.......................... 364 ™eris.......................... 300 uodere......................... 300 uôdze ...........................388 uôga...............................27 ùogle ............................385 uôlekts ........................ 368 uôsis.............................. 29 uôst ............................... 26 uõsta........................... 509 uôzuõls ........................388 pêt.............................. 532 pis .............................. 535 puôt ........................... 532 uts ............................... 532 uz ............................... 533 vadinât........................ 512 vadît ............................523 vads ............................. 351 vaît............................527 vakars.......................... 513 vâks.............................. 519 vàldît ...........................524 vàlka² .................. 525, 526 vàlsts....................524, 526 vãluôdze...................... 217 vapsene........................377 vãrgs, v¬rgs²................527 vàrît ............................. 512 vãrna ...........................528 v¬rti.............................529 v¬rtît............................529

varKza ........................... 539 vasara ..........................517 vasks............................ 529 veKdars.......................... 518 vedinât.........................512 ve§ds .............................521 vepris............................515 v rt .............................. 541 vetra ............................520 viêns .............................213 vi sulis ........................ 522 vi suls.......................... 522 vilgans......................... 536 vìlks ............................. 537 vìlkt ............................. 514 virksne......................... 516 vìrsis ............................ 516 vìrsus........................... 538 virKt ............................... 538 virKzis............................ 516 viss...............................540 vît ............................... 522 vina ............................ 537 viR_a ............................ 537 zãrds............................548 zeQlts .............................547 zeme ............................542 zìema .......................... 545 zìest ............................. 552 zìle ............................... 556 z§le ............................... 556 zinât ............................546 zirnis ........................... 553 znuõts..........................544 zùobs ...........................549 zùoss............................ 184 zuRkts........................... 552 zvaidrt .......................196 zvaigala ......................196 zvàigzne ......................196 zveKrs ............................550 zviedrt........................196 žanas.........................564 žàvât² .......................... 543 žuR(k)ts ....................... 552 2.4 Old Prussian abse .............................378

INDICES ackis ............................ 365 addle ............................139 ayculo ......................... 210 ainan ...........................213 ainawarst ................... 538 aketes ...........................145 alkns ..........................366 alkunis ........................ 368 alne .............................369 alu ....................... 140, 370 alwis............................369 angurgis...................... 386 ansonis........................ 388 antis ............................ 387 arelie ........................... 377 artoys .......................... 376 as ..................................31 asilis .............................381 asmai .......................... 146 assa ..............................217 assae.............................217 assanis ........................ 144 assaran ....................... 148 assegis ..........................156 assis.............................380 ast ............................... 146 asy ................................ 155 at- ............................... 382 aulat ................. 275, 506 aulis ............................508 aumsnan ..................506 usins.......................... 507 ustin..........................509 austo ...........................509 awins........................... 384 awis............................. 507 balsinis.....................54, 55 bebrus ........................... 34 berse.............................. 38 bhe................................. 38 bisnan......................... 50 bitwei.......................... 50 bitte............................... 72 bordus............................55 brti ..............................60 bratrkai .......................60 brote..............................60 buccareisis.................. 374

dalptan................. 112, 231 dantimax .............107, 327 dt ................................ 96 dauris ..........................128 debica ........................... 98 debkan ........................ 98 deinan ......................... 134 dellieis .........................363 dessempts ................... 100 dessimpts.................... 100 dessimton................... 100 dessmts...................... 100 dlants .........................102 dirsos ........................... 137 dyrsos .......................... 137 dragios......................... 121 duckti ..........................129 dumis........................... 132 drai............................126 dwigubbus...................130 eyswo ........................... 155 emelno......................... 141 emmens ....................... 212 emnen.......................... 212 enkopts ........................233 eristian .........................151 es ................................. 31 esketres ........................ 145 est ...............................146 estureito ....................... 30 et- ...............................382 etbaudints.................... 68 etwerreis......................383 gabawo ........................ 553 gall.............................176 galwo ...........................176 geytye...........................563 geits..............................563 gelso .............................556 genno...........................558 gerwe ...........................558 gdan .......................... 160 g(i)ide........................565 gijwans ....................... 564 gile ...............................556 grbin...........................559 girmis ............................93 girnoywis ................... 566

709 girtwei.........................566 giwato ......................... 563 giwt ............................ 562 golimban......................175 grabis........................... 198 gulbis.................... 197, 261 guntwei ....................... 197 iaukint ........................506 dis............................... 150 yccroy .......................... 210 mt............................... 158 instran ........................ 158 insuwis........................ 159 inxcze ...........................215 ios.............................. 533 irmo............................. 375 is ............................... 217 isquendau...................242 st ............................... 154 stwei........................... 154 irin .............................213 jauge............................ 148 juse ............................. 208 kai .................................74 kayle .............................. 75 kailstiskan.................. 75 kackint ..........................79 cawx ............................256 kelan............................229 krdan...........................82 krmens ........................86 kersle ............................. 85 kexti ............................238 kirno............................ 261 kirsnan..........................92 ksman ..........................79 klausiton............. 454, 455 crauyo .........................254 krawian ......................254 creslan.........................247 crixti liskas .............. 280 cugis ............................265 kurpe ...........................263 curwis .........................236 ladis.............................270 laygnan .......................278 lalasso ......................... 285 Langa ..........................288

710 Langodis .....................288 lauxnos ....................... 291 laxde ................... 274, 287 lembtwey ....................284 limtwei........................284 limtwey.......................284 linno............................298 lse ...............................276 lyso .............................. 272 lopto ............................ 285 luckis...........................290 lunkan ........................ 295 lunkis ..........................289 luriay ...........................213 maddla ....................... 320 maiggun ..................... 339 mais ............................ 322 maldai .........................323 maldenikis.................. 322 massi............................321 mealde .........................333 meddo......................... 307 median ....................... 305 meicte ..........................316 menig ...........................312 mennei........................340 mens .......................... 315 menso........................... 315 mes .............................. 336 mien.............................314 mijls .............................317 moasis......................... 310 moke ................... 299,300 mothe.......................... 303 muis ............................304 musgeno ..................... 328 muso ....................330, 332 muti ............................ 303 mti ............................ 303 na ............................... 345 nage..............................355 nagutis.........................355 naktin ..........................355 Namoyumpelk ............. 54 Namuynbalt..................53 nautin................. 358, 360 newnts ........................101 no ............................... 345

INDICES noatis.......................... 346 novis ............................347 nozy .............................357 panto ...........................417 pausto......................... 424 peisi .......................... 430 pelanne.................395, 411 pelwo ...........................395 pentis.......................... 399 pettegislo .....................562 pincts ........................400 pintis............................417 pirmas ........................ 430 pirsten ........................ 429 plasmeno.................... 403 pleynis ........................404 pobaiint........................ 40 pobalso .................... 54, 55 pomests....................... 309 posinnat ..................... 546 postt..........................466 puton .........................401 pracartis......................237 pralieton..................... 280 prastian.......................414 prei...............................419 pyculs.......................... 426 ragis ............................ 438 rnkan........................440 rawys .......................... 439 rokis .............................374 saddinna .................... 442 saytan.......................... 451 sal ...............................461 slin ............................496 salme .......................... 459 salowis.........................461 sansy............................184 sari.............................. 548 sarke ........................... 477 saule ........................... 479 saus........................... 473 schis ............................ 484 schuwikis.................... 488 seydis .......................... 544 seilin ............................ 451 semen .........................446 semm .........................542

sen-..............................462 septmas .......................443 sijwan..........................452 sindants ......................447 sirsilis ......................... 486 skijstan......................... 90 scurdis................. 378, 452 slanke ..........................454 snaygis ........................457 soalis .......................... 496 souns ...........................483 spoayno....................... 397 stalis ........................... 468 stallan ........................ 468 stallt ...........................473 stas ..............................502 staytan ....................... 486 strigeno ....................... 471 sulis .............................488 sunun ..........................483 suris.............................483 swestro ........................445 swintian......................477 swints ......................... 476 swrins.........................550 syrne............................ 553 taukis ......................... 500 tauris...........................549 trts..............................497 tou ............................... 503 tresde........................... 120 trupis.......................... 498 tlan............................ 503 tsimtons.................... 503 unds............................. 523 uschts ......................... 486 usts ............................. 486 wabelcke ....................... 25 waispattin .................. 539 waist............................ 518 waitit................. 361, 520 wans .............................513 wanso..........................386 wargan........................ 527 wargs........................... 527 warne .......................... 528 warnis ......................... 528 wartint........................ 529

INDICES warto........................... 529 weders..........................518 welgen..........................525 widdew..................... 536 wilkis............................537 wilna............................537 wrst ............................ 539 wyse ............................ 385 wissa-..........................540 wissambs’ ................... 549 wissene........................ 549 woaltis ........................ 368 woasis ........................... 29 wobalne ........................ 25 wobilis........................... 25 woble............................. 25 wobse .......................... 377 wudro.......................... 534 wundan .......................523 wuschts .......................486 3. GREEK 3.1 Greek \Œ[ ........................ 190 ]¼[ ............................521 ]‰«..............................519 «–¶  «.................508 ]€[ .........................220 ]€ .......................... 379 ]•€‰............................ 370 ]•Š .............................514 î• .............................. 461 \•‡‘« .................. 140 \ª•[ .......................308 ]  ............................26 \  ............................26 ][............................361 ]  ........................ 527 \ °«................ 350, 351 ]Š[ .............................381 \..............................407 \ ~€[ ..................... 28 ] .......................375 ]€¤–.....................375 ] ..................... 374 \[ ........................... 373 \€ Œ.........................30

] .............................383 ̽ ........................... 207 𕠊...........................514 ̕.......................... 508 ̕› ......................... 508 ð............................ 473 « .........................510 мª[ .......................148 £¶•  ......................556 £¶ – ....................198 £‘ª[ ............................ 431 £•Œ[ .........................52 £«£›€[ ...................559 £« ..............................562 £ ‘‡ ........................198 £ ¼‡.......................... 70 ¶•[ .......................... 551 ª  ........................... 561 ª .......................558 Ç .......................... 548 « ›€[................... 546 • ¤.................... 165 •¶[ ......................... 165 •Œ ..............................164 •Œ ‰............................164 •«.................. 163, 168 •‡[ .........................166 •Â .......................166 •Â¼.........................166   ......................... 546  ......................184 › ‰ ...................184 ¤• ....................184  ....................... 549 ............................. 182  ........................ 191  ±........................... 553 ¶[ .........................559 ‘Ÿ½ ............................105 ‘· ................................ 97 ‘ Œ «........................102 ‘È ............................562 ‘ª€ ............................ 100 ‘ª€ ...................... 100 ‘ª€ « ...................... 100 ‘ª[ ............................ 114 ‘Š«..................... 101 ‘ª[ ....... 99, 104, 107, 135

711 ‘Œ‘[« .....................96, 97 ‘½ ................................97 ‘«Œ ............................. 131 ‘« ............................ 131 ‘•«¼ ........................133 ‘¶ ..............................97 ‘¤ ..............................99 ‘¶ «.................. 138 ‘ª[........................... 115 ‘±..............................123 ‘‡[.............................. 130 ‘ .......................... 96 Æ ................................517 棑 ......................443 Ƽ........................... 358 š› .................................31 Ƒ « ....................... 154 Æ‘ ...........................520 ÆX «..........................445 Ï ...............................207 “‘ .............................521 “‘.............................521 ϕ‡...............................211 ÏŒ...............................146 “«............................... 216 Ï ª .................... 159 ˆ[........................... 528 ”€  ........................483 š€È  ........................144 ”€¤.........................475 ƕ  ........................369 š• ......................297 š• ¼‡.........................297 š••...........................369 Æ ..........................101 Æ ‘ ...........................109 Æ • .........................140 š

ª ............................101 Æ  ..................158, 387 šŠ ............................... 217 æŠ ...............................487 šŒ• .....................405 ”¶.............................443 š‡ « ...................441 Æ€.........................450 æ........................513 šŒ..............................146 æ .........................414

712 Æ« ............................... 382 ̑Œ ............................ 131 ̖ ½........................177 š¼È .......................... 149 Ƽ« .............................. 149 ÃÄ .............................. 97 X¤ ..........................209 X[ ...........................152 X[½ ...................... 409 X[ ....................... 409 ôª•« .........................479 ôŒ– ......................... 536 Þ € ...............350, 356 Ö ............................ 210 – ‡•«......................... 97 –Œ [.....................177, 197 –ª•[.............................555 – ................. 179, 187 –ª – « ..................560 –ª[ .............................. 126 –Ç•¤ .......................... 105 –‰Œ ......................... 550 –½ .............................. 550 –± ........................ 126 –‡ «........................... 128 –·[........................ 115 – ‡.........................137 –‡ ..........................499 –¤¶‰...................... 129 –Í ...........................132 ˆ–« ............................... 216 “•Í............................... 211 ˆ‰Š ............................... 29 ................. 466, 468 € –ª•€« ................... 374 € «  ................... 88, 232 € •¶‰ ....................... 459 €¶•  ..................... 459 €¶•[ ......................... 229 €¶  ........................81 €  ½ ..................... 461 €¶()  ...................81 €  .........................233 € £¶« « ................. 263 € ‘Œ ........................ 485 €¶ ‰.......................... 237 € ¶«  ................ 263 € ¤•........................266

INDICES € ¼¶X[ ....................... 203 €Œ[ ...........................234 € ........................ 236 €ª  .......................... 84 €Ç...............................485 €•¶‘ ....................... 228 €•ŸÙ........................... 226 €•ª ........... 453, 454, 455 €•‰Ù........................... 226 €« ¶ ..........................446 €•• ......................... 224 € Œ ............................169 €[..........................233 € Š...........................528 €› ‰........................528 €¤....................239 €°«¼ .......................239 €ª  ...........................254 €ª¤ ........................82 €¤ ......................82 €ª[ ....................... 250 €‡[.................. 252, 253 €¤‘¶X[ ........................255 €±‘o.............................91 €‡€•........................ 229 €‡« .....................233 €‡.......................233 €[£« .........................197 €Â• ......................... 229 • «............................275 •¶€€ ....................... 284 •¶[..........................283 • ‡[.....................283 •Œ£[ .......................... 280 •ŒŸŠ ..........................453 •Œ[ ...........................382 •ª«¼[ .......................... 280 •ª¼ « .......................271 •ª¼ .......................... 287 •½–[........................... 268 •Œ–........................... 270 •Œ  ........................... 298 •« Œ [ ...............273, 297 •¼«......................... 287 •¼...................283, 287 •‡€................... 283, 537 •‡ ..........................283  Ç «...................... 304

 Œ  « ..................... 341 ·€[ .........................299   Œ [...................... 218 ¶[ ................. 304, 314 Ÿ¼¶ Ÿ.........................321 ݼ ...........................321 ª–¤.....................306, 307 Œ ...............................313 ½€[ .........................299 Ǖ ..................300, 310 ½‰ ..........................303 Ç«.............................312 ‰¼ ½.........................321 Ǽ ...........................321 «– .........................344 ‡‘ .......................... 332 ±– .......................... 337 ¤È ......................330, 332 ±............................... 337

« ............................ 354

ª ............................. 357

ª ..........................348

Π..........................215

ª[ .............................. 354

± .............................. 360

¤.............................458

‡Š ................................355 Š‡• ...........................488 @ ............................... 216 @€ ..........................386 ‘......................... 518 ԑ‡[..........................203 ԑ.............................203 @X[ ................................26 @‰ ............................... 216 ˆŸŠ.............................. 365 ˆ‘ ............................. 518 ˆ‰ ............................... 216 ˆ€ ‘ ......................... 539 “€ ........................... 539 ˆ ‰ ..............................213 Ϫ[ .......................... 147 ˆ[ ............................ 147 @« ...............................384 »•ª€Ÿ  ..................368 ԕ€ ..........................526 »Œ¼[......................... 319 »Œ¼•‰......................... 339

INDICES @  ...........................212 @ ¤Š .............................355 »ŠŒ ............................145 »¶ ......................... 144 »› ......................... 144 @ « ........................... 377 @ ............................ 365 »ª ........................ 239 ð– ...........................535 »±............................66 »¼ª «....................... 530 @¼ ............................ 530 Ÿ•..........................220 ¶ .......................... 418 Œ–[............................. 39 ••¶............... 394 ª ..................... 400 ª .......................... 400 ª‘ « ....................428 Œ ............................. 395 «‰€ª[ ...............321 «€ ••½ ................ 395 ª[ ......................... 393 ª¤– « ......................46 ‰•..........................220 «€..........................431 Œ‰«......................391 Œ Š ........................... 427 È  ...........................402 ã [ ............................ 401 Œ ..........................426 • ‡ ........................403 •ª[............................407 •½[.......................402 •‡ [ .........................407 •›[...........................403 –ª[ .........................560 «€Œ•.......................431 « ½............................. 75 •.......................... 230   ........................ 418 È ..........................413  ......................240 ª............................. 418 Œ – « ............. 248, 254 ..............................420 € ......................... 421 «...........................422

 ........................ 396 Œ ......................... 431 Œ[........................ 426 Í...........................425 › [ ...........................401 â.................... 379, 470 £ª

Í« ..................... 161 € Œ[ ......................... 30 € Œ‘....................... 30 €«·............................. 447 ...........................501  ...................... 182 Í ........................425  È........................... 493 Œ¼[ ........................ 467 ª••[ ....................... 473 ª [ .........................466 ª[ ....................... 467  ........................ 469  Í« .................... 469  ¤« .....................421 ¼........................ 468 ¤ª[ ........................471 ‡Š .............................471 ...................... 182  .........................505 Œ ................................ 94  ±........................ 500  ¶[ ......................115 Œ[ ...........................491 ª [ ......................... 494 ª¼  ........................ 99 ½–‰.............................102 ½€[ ........................... 489 Œ–‰«............102, 103, 104 Œ[ ................................ 78 oȼ ......................... 106 È............................ 499 ª[ ......................... 497 ª¼[ ..........................120 û[ ........................... 499 û•‰.............................503 õ‘ ......................... 518 õ‘Ÿ.............................534 ‘Œ ........................... 518 õ‘...........................534 õ‘[............................523 õ ...........................481

713 °‰•.........................535 ŸŒ............................... 33  [« .......................56 ª£ « ..................40, 41 ª[.............................. 73 ‰Œ............................... 33 • ±........................ 51 •ª[............................. 46 È£.........................196 ·‰ ........................ 60 ŸŒ ........................ 61 ‡ « .......................... 71 ‡• ..........................70 ¼¶• X .........................555 ¼ ‘¶ [ .....................160 ¼«› ......................... 545 ¼ª•Í ........................... 557 ¼•› ‰........................ 557 ¼–› ............................542 ¼½ ............................... 184 ¼•[................ 541, 566 ¼ ¶¤[...........................171 ¼•¶‘ ...................... 556 ¼•½ ............................ 552 ¼ ........................190 °‡•• ............................48 | ................................27 †€‡....................29 †•ª ‰..........................368 •€ ........................... 514 ÒŸ...............................152 †‡ «......................437 3.2 Modern Greek £¶• .......................... 53 4. INDO-IRANIAN 4.1 Sanskrit abhí ............................. 361 ách.............................146 agní-............................364 ahám..............................31 ajína- ............................ 32 ákša-............................ 381 a>hú- .........................388 añc- .............................386 ÁÖá-............................157

714 ntrá-.......................... 387 á gra- ....................... 385 a ká-........................... 386 anr¥kšará-.....................143 ápa-.............................407 ápka-......................... 372 apk .......................... 372 apkt......................... 372 apavr¥Áoti.................... 383 apivr¥Áóti......................541 áZman-........................220 ásmi ............................ 146 aš¿amá- ...................... 378 aš¿áu ........................... 379 ásthi ............................ 239 aš¿hvá(nt)-..................76 ásti .............................. 146 t ................................. 25 áti ............................... 382 tí-............................... 387 átti................................154 áva ..............................506 ávi-.............................. 384 víš........................30, 508 babhrú-......................... 34 bdhate......................... 39 bályas- ......................... 52 bhága-........................... 50 bhárati.......................... 73 bhárman-.................... 37 bhávati ......................... 71 bhvayati ..................... 34 bhay£-............................ 50 bhrÁti ........................ 63 bhr¥š¿í- ........................... 59 bhrjate-..................38, 61 bhr-.............................66 bhrjá-.......................... 38 bhšati.......................... 71 bhyn..........................68 bódhati .........................46 bodháyati .....................68 bradhná- ................ 47, 64 brávti ......................... 334 br¥hánt- ......................... 37 B¼¥haspáti.......................51 cakrá-.......................... 229 cárman-........................86

INDICES catúras.......................... 87 caturthá-...................... 87 catvras........................ 87 cétati.......................89, 90 chy-......................... 447 cinóti ............................ 89 cítti- .............................. 94 códati...........................265 cyati...................... 78, 79 dádti ..................... 96, 97 dádhti.........102, 103, 104 dáhati.......................... 555 dákšiÁa- ...................... 101 dáZa ............................ 100 daZasyáti ............. 100, 114 dávyas-........................ 97 day£..............................107 day£- ............................108 devár- ..........................105 dhámati .......................115 dhráyati .................... 138 dháyati..................110, 111 dhr¥šÁú-........................ 137 dhruvá- .............. 478, 479 dhmá- ....................... 132 dhnóti ................124, 127 dhvati........................126 dhÌ- ..............................108 drghá- ........................ 133 dóš- ..............................392 duhitár-.......................129 durdina-.......................131 dvayá-...........................131 dv ...............................130 dna- .............................95 dru.............................. 99 drv- .........................136 éjati............................. 209 éti ...............................216 gábhasti- ..................... 159 ghate..........................162 gáryas- .......................179 gtú- ............................162 gáya-............................ 173 gyati........................... 161 ghorá-......................... 564 ghr¥Áá-........... 179, 187, 199 giráti............................559

girí-.............................. 178 grma- ........................190 grvan- .......................566 gr¥bhÁti ............... 187, 189 gr¥6dhyati ...................... 174 gr¥há-............................ 178 grv-........................... 189 gr¥Áti ..................180, 566 gurú- ........................... 179 gtha-.......................... 182 ha ............................... 554 hánti..................... 177, 197 hári- .................... 541, 566 hávate ..........................551 haÚsá- ........................ 184 hím- .......................... 545 híraÁya-......................547 hrdúni- ......................185 hr¥6d- .............................485 hvárate.........................551 iccháti ......................... 214 ihí ............................... 216 rmá- ........................... 375 jámbha- ......................549 jámbhate .................... 543 jámbhayati................. 543 jáni-............................. 558 jnti...........................546 járati ....................548, 553 jsáyati ........................161 jihv-........................... 159 jvá- .............................564 jiy............................... 562 jóguve.......................... 182 jy ............................... 562 jÌvati ............................ 562 ká- .............................. 260 kákhati........................203 karÁá- .........................263 kárÁa- ........................... 83 ks-.............................. 221 ksik- ........................222 katará-....................... 240 khd-...........................243 kleZ- .............................224 kravís- .........................254 kravyá-................ 253, 254 krÁti .................248, 254

INDICES k¼¥mi-.............................94 kr¥Áóti .................... 79, 257 kr¥ntáti........................... 85 kr¥šÁá-............................92 kr¥6tvas .......................... 236 kšám- .......................... 542 kšipáti .........................487 kšobh- .........................207 kšú- ..............................431 kšudrá- ....................... 205 kúha............................260 kulva-.......................... 176 kupyati .......................266 kváthant-.................... 267 laghú- ......................... 297 lepayati....................... 273 limpáti ........................ 297 lúbhyati ...................... 281 mádhu-...............306, 307 madhvád-...................306 mádhya- ..................... 305 madhyá>-dina- .........134 maghá- ........................321 m.............................. 315 ms............................... 313 majján-....................... 328 mm.............................314 maÁí- .......................... 324 mánthati ..................... 315 mánu-......................... 330 mányate.......................341 mtár-......................... 303 matí- ............................391 matyà- ........................ 327 may-............................. 313 máyate......................... 311 mÚsá- ....................... 315 medh- ....................... 329 meghá-..................317, 339 mén-........................... 311 mešá- .......................... 310 míh- ............................ 339 mímti.........................312 miZráyati ..................... 313 mitá- ............................ 313 mithás..........................318 mithuná- .....................319 mr¥dú-...........................323

mriyáte....................... 308 mr¥Áti ................. 218, 307 múcyate....................... 331 múhur .......................... 70 mš-.............................337 mtra-.........................337 mÌvati-.........................338 nábhas- ...................... 348 nagná- .........................345 nakhá-......................... 355 nákt-............................ 355 nman- ....................... 212 nápt-.......................... 351 naptÌ-...........................350 nás-..............................357 náva............................. 101 náva- ...........................357 ni ........................353, 354 nc.......................353, 354 nÖá-............................169 ni-dryt......................117 n횿ya........................... 353 nú .............................. 360 n .............................. 360 óš¿ha-.......................... 509 pácati...........................393 pádyate........................392 palva- ........................395 páñca..........................400 pánth- .......................418 prayáti....................... 391 pardate....................... 428 pári ..............................395 parÁá- ........................ 396 paryríÁ- ................... 152 paZc............................415 paZú ............................. 431 pÚsú- ....................... 398 pti ..............................401 piÚZáti ....................... 430 pínka-....................... 427 pinᚿi ........................ 426 pi galá-.......................397 ptá- .............................401 pitú-.............................401 pÌvan- ..........................401 plávate........................ 407 plúši-............................. 48

715 pramará- ....................326 práti ............................ 418 pr¥ccháti....................... 421 prÁti........................ 420 priyá- ......................... 420 pro-............................. 420 pr¥6šant- ........................428 pr¥š¿há- ........................429 p¼¥t- ..............428, 430, 481 prušÁóti ......................423 prÁá-........................ 426 prva- .........................430 púšyati ....................... 424 raghú- .........................297 ras..............................439 ryati ..........................268 reh-............................. 280 riÁákti......................... 382 riÁti...........................436 ryate...........................434 rocáyati...................... 290 rocíš- .......................... 290 róman-....................... 440 rudanti........................441 ruZant- ........................296 ruváti ..........................437 sá ...............................502 sdáyati ..................... 442 sájati .......................... 449 sak¼¥t ............................236 sám......................462, 478 Za kú- ........................ 464 saptá............................443 saptamá- ....................443 Zárdha-..........................82 Zárdhas- ........................82 šáš- ..............................487 saZcasi .........................450 šaš¿há-........................ 486 Zástra- .........................238 Zatám ..........................483 savyá-..........................488 sétu-............................ 448 siñcáti .........................485 sÌvyati..........................487 smáyate.......................456 snuš-..........................458 Zošáyati .......................474

716 sphirá- ........................464 srmá- ........................ 205 Zrávas- .........453, 454, 455 Zróšati ......................... 455 sthna- ....................... 465 str¥Áti ................. 421, 469 snú-........................... 483 Zúška-.......................... 473 Zyá- ........................... 474 svápati ........................ 481 svápiti ......................... 481 svápna- ....................... 481 svàr- (súvar-) .............479 svásar- ........................ 445 ZvaZr- ........................ 475 ZváZura- ...................... 475 Zvetá- ..........................476 Zvit- .............................478 sylá- ..........................488 Zyvá-.......................... 452 Zkh- ......................... 458 Zri-.............................477 srya-..........................479 tákšati......................... 491 tákti.............................489 támas-.........................504 tanú- ........................... 505 tpáyati ......................496 tavti ...........................504 tyú- ...........................489 t횿hati ............... 466, 468 trásati .........................497 tráyas ..........................499 t¼¥Áa-............................ 505 tr¥tÌya-..........................497 tucchyá-...................... 502 tla- ............................ 503 ubhá- ...........................361 ucyati .................. 506, 534 úd ................................533 udán- ...........................523 udára-..........................518 dhar-.................. 507, 535 rmí-............................537 rÁ-............................537 vad£ ..............................512 vádati...........................512 váhati...........................518

INDICES válZa- ...........................527 vána- ........................... 531 vanóti ......................... 509 vr ...............................214 várdhate......................437 váršman-.....................538 vártaÁa- ......................516 vártate.........................539 vártman-.....................516 vasantá- ...................... 517 vasar-........................... 517 vat- ...................... 381. 382 vti............................... 519 vay-............................ 519 véda ............................. 518 védas- .......................... 521 véti ...............................415 vidháv-......................536 víZ- ...............................539 víšu-............................ 540 vitarám ....................... 532 v¼¥ka- ............................537 yábhati ........................147 yákar- ( yakn-) ...........210 ytá- ............................ 154 ytar-........................... 159 yatará- ........................147 yti............................... 154 yu- .............................. 208 yudhmá- .....................365 yugá- .......................... 209 yš- ............................. 208 yúvan- ........................ 208 yyám ......................... 533 4.2. Avestan at‡ .................................25 atra- ..........................147 auuiš............................. 30 ava-............................. 384 brg .............................. 51  ................................ 89 isti-.............................. 94 dašina- ........................ 101 dažaiti ......................... 555 dražaite ....................... 138 druua- ................ 478, 479 duuar- .........................128

gÙa- ........................... 182 haoya- .........................488 isaiti ............................ 214 ii .................................62 kan ............................ 75 ky- ............................. 219 ma»a-........................ 339 mm............................ 314 mana...........................308 maoir-........................326 mazd ......................... 329 mazga- ........................ 328 miÙana-.................... 319 miÙara ...................... 319 raoxšna-...................... 291 šitim ......................... 408 sarŠÇa- ..........................82 snaoÇa- ....................... 339 spŠnta- ....................... 476 taka-............................495 udra- ........................... 534 ufyeimi........................ 532 vati- ........................... 523 xvarŠna- ......................205 xÞara- ..........................207 ystá- ......................... 409 4.3 Late Avestan ba»a-.............................50 bŠrŠz- ............................ 37 gtu-............................ 162 karna- .......................263 van-............................531 varŠsa- ........................ 527 zii............................... 545 4.4 Ossetic dombaj........................549 kærc.............................263 lÀsÀsg ......................... 285 5. ITALIC 5.1 Latin ab .............................. 407 accipiter ........................29 cer..............................379 acipnser..................... 145

INDICES aeruscre .................... 214 agnus ............................26 alcs............................. 370 alnus ............................371 almen ....................... 140 anas............................. 387 ancus........................... 386 angere ..........................521 anguis ......................... 388 angulus ....................... 386 angustus ..................... 388 animus........................ 527 nser ........................... 184 anus ............................. 531 aper .............................. 515 aperre ........................ 383 arre ........................... 373 armus...........................375 atta.............................. 383 au-...............................506 auris............................ 507 auster .......................... 510 avna .......................... 385 avus.............................508 axis...............................381 barba .............................55 barbtus ........................55 bf..............................553 caballus ...................... 232 calamitas.................... 230 calre .......................... 229 calex............................ 261 callum......................... 219 calva............................ 176 calvus .......................... 176 carb ........................... 257 carinre .......................235 carpere..........................84 carrere ........................ 236 crus ............................. 79 cseus.......................... 258 castrre....................... 238 cattus .......................... 241 caurre ........................ 258 caurus .........................449 caus............................103 cavannus ....................462 centum........................ 483

cervus ......................... 236 cvre.......................... 267 clvis........................... 226 clta .............................225 columba ...................... 175 corbis ...........................234 cornx ..........................528 corvus ..........................528 costa.............................239 crbr ......................... 486 crocina ........................263 crcre..........................245 cruor............................254 cdere......................... 242 culmus........................ 459 cupi........................... 266 dre......................... 96, 97 decem ......................... 100 decet .................... 100, 114 decimus ...................... 100 dexter .......................... 101 dis............................... 134 dissipre ..............475, 482 dlium......................... 134 dol....................... 111, 364 domus...........................113 dnum...........................95 dormre ........................117 ebulum ........................ 139 ebulus .......................... 139 ed ............................... 154 emere........................... 158 rgere.........................441 et ...............................382 ex ............................... 217 exuere ..........................218 faber ........................... 109 far .................................57 fr .................................33 farna.............................57 ftum.......................... 438 favre........................... 181 fc ................102, 103, 104 fcundus......................105 fel ............................... 552 fls ..............................241 ferre ........................56, 58 fer.................................73

717 ferus ............................550 festnre ........................70 ftus............................. 105 fiber ...............................34 flum............................ 562 flre................................43 flgere.......................45, 46 flu ............................... 46 fodi .................. 32, 49, 59 foedus........................... 40 formen ........................70 forre.................56, 58, 69 forda..............................36 fors............................. 128 fornx ......................... 199 fove.............................555 fracs ............................121 frter ............................ 60 fmus ...........................132 gallus........................... 176 gelidus ........................ 204 gel...............................175 gemma ........................ 543 glaber .......................... 163 glns ............................ 556 gls ...............................551 glti........................... 168 glutti.......................... 168 gbius.......................... 197 gracilem ......................277 graculus .............. 186, 199 grand..........................185 grnum ....................... 553 gremium .....................190 grs.............................. 558 grÛmiae....................... 194 habre .........................160 helvus .................. 541, 566 hiems........................... 545 hi ...............................544 hospes..........................180 hostis ............................181 ianitrcs..................... 159 ignis.............................364 induere........................ 363 nfns .......................... 382 inquit ..........................459 re ............................... 216

718 iugum .........................209 is ...............................208 iuvenis ........................208 lacna.........................284 lacus ............................284 laevus.......................... 275 lambere....................... 283 lna ..............................537 lascvus .......................269 latre ...........................268 ltrre .........................268 lnis............................. 273 levis ............................. 297 liber.............................289 lmx........................... 453 lingere .........................280 lnum ..........................298 lra............................... 272 lvre ........................... 454 lumbus........................276 lna............................. 291 lx ...............................290 malleus ....................... 324 mlus .......................... 327 mnus.........................304 mare.............................325 mateola....................... 327 mter .......................... 303 mtrus.............. 303, 304 mere ...........................317 medius ........................ 305 membrum ...................316 mnsis.......................... 313 mtr ...........................312 met ............................309 meus............................ 322 micre..........................317 minor ...........................341 minus...........................341 miscre......................... 313 mtis...................... 317, 318 molere ......................... 307 mollis ...........................323 monle......................... 324 morior.........................308 mors ............................480 mortuus...................... 342 movre ........................ 338

INDICES mulgre ...................... 308 ms ..............................337 musca .................. 330, 332 musculus .....................337 muscus ........................336 mscus ........................ 331 mtuus.................318, 319 nris ............................357 ne - ..............................347 ncubi.........................260 neps ........................... 351 neptis...........................350 nre..............................354 ndus............................169 nmen ......................... 212 nnus........................... 101 ns .............................. 346 novem.......................... 101 novus ...........................357 nox ............................... 355 ndus...........................345 nurus .......................... 458 occa.............................. 145 octvus ........................378 oct ..............................379 oculus ..........................365 lim ............................ 369 orre ............................374 ornus ............................ 29 stium ........................ 509 ovis.............................. 384 vum .............................27 pallidus........................412 pnus...........................417 psc............................392 pdere .......................... 431 pellis............................ 394 pend.......................... 399 per ...............................395 perfins..........................41 per-magnus.................395 pilleus ......................... 427 ping............................397 pnsere........................ 426 piscis ............................401 pix .............................. 426 plangere...................... 402 plectre.......................404

pollex...........................390 pons............................. 418 porcus..........................414 prehend.....................160 pressus.......................... 46 probus ......................... 418 plex..............................48 putre..........................425 qulum ...................... 240 quasillum................... 240 qu .................................89 quis ........................... 408 qunque...................... 400 quntus....................... 400 ravus............................432 recens .......................... 232 recns ............................88 reciprocus ................... 421 rvus ....................434, 438 rfus ........................... 440 rgre...........................441 rmor..........................437 rta caesa .................. 442 sl ...............................461 satis ............................ 484 sctum ....................... 486 sedre ..........................445 smen ......................... 446 sentre .........................450 septem.........................443 septimus......................443 serere.......................... 448 srscere ......................264 srus ............................264 socer ............................475 socrus ..........................475 sl ...............................479 somnus........................ 481 sonus ...........................550 spre........................... 481 soror ............................445 spuere..........................402 spma ......................... 397 stre.................... 466, 468 sternere ....................... 421 stringere..................... 469 suere ............................487 sgere ..........................482

INDICES sunus .........................477 supre ................. 475, 482 tbre..........................489 taurus .........................500 tenuis .......................... 505 tepidus ....................... 490 terere........................... 491 terg ............................ 502 tertius .........................497 trem ..........................497 trs ..............................499 truncus .......................469 t ............................... 503 turdus ......................... 120 ur ................................517 uidua .......................... 536 ulmus ........................... 211 ulna............................. 368 uncre.................. 156, 158 uncus .......................... 386 unda.............................523 unguis ..........................355 nus .............................213 uterus...........................518 va .............................. 216 vad .............................352 vd .............................352 vapor................... 233, 266 vehere...........................518 velle ..............................514 versus .......................... 538 vrus ........................... 520 vespa ........................... 377 vesper...........................513 vetus.............................517 via trta.........................76 vcus ............................ 539 vidre ...........................521 vire ............................ 522 vv ............................. 562 vvus............................ 564 vorre.......................... 559 5.2. Old Latin dingua..........................159 endo-........................... 109 f ................................. 71 oll ...............................369

poste.............................415 5.3 Medieval Latin mta ............................338 5.4 French étuve ............................ 215 poison ..........................150 près ............................... 46 5.5 Spanish aliso ............................. 371 belesa............................ 36 velesa ............................ 36 5.6 Romanian balt‘ ..............................53 tare ............................... 28 5.7 Lombardian palta ..............................53 5.8 Piemontese pauta .............................53 6. CELTIC 6.1 Old Irish aball...............................25 áirne ..............................27 as-gleinn .....................164 áu ...............................507 aue .............................. 508 bairgen ..........................57 bech ...............................72 ben ...............................558 benaid ...........................41 bí ...............................563 bronnaid .......................63 brú .................................63 buith ..............................71 cainnenn ...................... 86 caire.............................237 calath...........................219 cath............................. 240 cenél.............................. 88 cern................................83 cét- ...............................232

719 cír .................................86 clíath ........................... 225 clú ................453, 454, 455 cob ...............................227 crem ..............................82 crenaid................248, 254 cruim.............................94 cúar .............................256 daingen .......................106 delb.............................. 134 dess ...............................101 dligid ........................... 130 do .........................94, 109 draigen..........................99 fedb.............................. 536 fedid ......................517, 523 follnaithir ...................524 gaibid ..........................160 grán ............................. 553 gulban .................. 197, 261 ingen ............................355 ingreinn ...................... 188 intech ......................... 490 irar .............................. 377 laithe ........................... 275 lán .............................. 426 lecca.............................278 lí ...............................454 lín ...............................298 loch..............................284 maith ..........................303 máthir.........................303 mecc-...........................305 meilid..........................307 menic .......................... 334 mid ......................306, 307 míl .......................300, 310 moirb ..........................326 mor-rígain ..................324 muir ............................ 325 necht............................ 350 nél ............................... 339 ó (úa) ..........................506 raith ............................396 ríathor.................434, 438 rúamnae .................... 440 salach ......................... 460 salann .........................461

720 scíath...........................486 sernaid........................ 421 siur .............................. 445 sniid ............................ 354 sruith ..........................470 táid..............................489 táis............................... 493 tanae........................... 505 techid ..........................489 truit............................. 120 úasal ............................535 ubull.............................. 25 uilen............................ 368 uinnius ......................... 29 6.2 Middle Irish ailit..............................369 cosachtach.................. 222 elit ...............................369 escung ......................... 388 find.............................. 386 6.3 Modern Irish draoib .......................... 118 moais .......................... 310 moaiseog..................... 310 6.4 Old Welsh ocet...............................145 strutiu.........................470 6.5 Middle Welsh aseu.............................488 aswy ............................488 bachgen ........................88 di-llyd .........................280 draen.............................99 elein ............................369 gieu ............................. 562 ucher ............................513 6.6 Welsh afal ................................ 25 afall ............................... 25 bara............................... 57 bela................................ 36 bele................................ 36 bru................................. 63

INDICES brys ............................... 70 bwyd ............................563 caled ............................219 cennin........................... 86 cern................................83 cuan............................ 462 delw ............................. 134 dol ............................... 112 eirin ...............................27 gallu............................. 174 galw ......................174, 176 gwchi ...........................377 gylf ........................197, 261 gylfin.....................197, 261 medi............................ 309 pâs ...............................222 pryf ............................... 94 tawdd ......................... 489 toes.............................. 493 wy .................................27 6.7 Old Cornish bal .................................54 6.8 Breton kaouann..................... 462 kaouenn ..................... 462 6.9 Gaulish mercasius ....................325 odocos.......................... 139 7. GERMANIC 7.1 Gothic ( ga)hailjan ...................74 af .............................. 407 afdauiþs ....................... 97 afhlaþan......................223 afmauiþs .................... 299 aggwus.........................388 ahs ...............................144 akran .............................27 ara ...............................377 arbaiþs ........................373 arms.............................375 asans............................144 asilu-qairnus ............. 566

asilus ........................... 381 atta.............................. 383 auso.............................507 awo..............................508 ba ................................ 49 bai ............................... 361 baidjan .........................39 bairan ........................... 73 bairgahei ...................... 37 bairgan .........................36 bairhts........................... 37 balwawesei ...................54 balwjan......................... 51 barizeins ....................... 57 bilaigon...................... 280 biuhts ..........................506 bihts .......................... 534 blandan sik...................47 blinds ........................... 44 broþar .......................... 60 daddjan ................ 110, 111 dailjan ........................ 102 dails............................. 103 daug ............................ 128 distairan .99, 104, 107, 135 diups......................125, 133 dius................124, 127, 129 driugan ....................... 122 dulgs............................ 130 faran............................427 fimf............................. 400 fragildan ..................... 557 frijonds....................... 420 fulls............................. 426 gabei.............................171 gabeigs .........................171 gadaban...............109, 110 ga-daursan ..................137 gadraban .....................118 gadrauhts.................... 122 gards............................ 178 gasts..............................181 gaurs ...........................564 giban ........................... 159 goþs ............................. 172 graba ...........................190 graban.................. 187, 189 grid.............................. 188

INDICES gulþ ............................. 547 hails .............................. 75 hairda ........................... 82 hairto..........................444 hauri ........................... 257 hina.............................484 hlaifs ...........................202 hleiþra ........................ 225 hoha ............................ 458 hrot ..............................235 øas..............................260 øaþar .........................240 øaþo ........................... 267 id- ............................... 382 ik ..................................31 itan...............................154 jer ................................152 kaurn ...........................553 kilþei ........................... 166 kunnan .......................546 lagjan..........................288 laiks............................. 278 lasiws ..........................286 leihts............................ 297 lein ..............................298 letan ............................ 275 lewjan ......................... 275 ligan .............................271 lists ..............................298 liufs ............................. 281 liugan..........................294 liuts .............................290 lofa ..............................269 mag ..............................321 mahts .......................... 322 malan ......................... 307 malo.............................323 manags ....................... 334 marei ...........................325 maurgins .............325, 342 meki ............................ 305 mena............................ 313 midjis.......................... 305 mimz............................ 315 misso............................318 mizdo..........................344 moþs............................480 nahts ............................355

naqaþs.........................345 naus .............................347 ni ...............................347 niujis............................357 niun ............................. 101 niunda......................... 101 niutan..........................358 noþs .....................358, 360 nu .............................. 360 qino..............................558 qiþan ................... 160, 161 qrammiþa ...................194 rauþs...........................440 saian........................... 448 saljan.......................... 479 salt .............................. 459 saþs ............................. 484 sauil ............................ 479 sibun........................... 443 sitan............................ 445 siujan.......................... 487 skeinan....................... 450 smals....................300, 310 snaiws..........................457 sniwan.........................457 speiwan ...................... 402 steigan ........................ 467 stols............................. 468 sunus ...........................483 swein........................... 477 swistar........................ 445 taihswa........................ 101 taihun......................... 100 taihunda .................... 100 triu................................ 99 tuggo............................ 159 þaurus .........................505 þsundi .......................503 ut ............................... 533 wairpan....................... 515 wait.............................. 518 waldan ........................524 wato.............................523 weihs............................539 widuwo........................536 wiljan ..........................514 witan ........................... 521 wopjan ........................ 512

721 wrikan ........................ 528 wulfs............................ 537 wulla ........................... 537 7.2 Old Icelandic almr..............................211 askr................................29 át ............................... 150 austr ............................ 510 ax ...............................144 barr ............................... 57 bekkr ............................. 33 berja ........................ 56, 58 berr............................... 60 bjalki ....................... 54, 55 bjarg.............................. 37 bjarga............................36 blanda...........................47 blauðr............................ 51 blindr ........................... 44 blunda...........................47 blundr ...........................47 bora ......................... 56, 58 b0l .................................54 b0lva.............................. 51 b0rgr.............................. 58 b0rr ............................... 58 bringa............................62 brinna ...........................63 broddr .......................... 66 bumba.......................... 60 bý .................................72 dalr...............................112 dapr....................... 98, 110 draf...............................118 drafna ..........................119 draga ........................... 120 dragan.......................... 113 drangr ..........................121 dregg.............................121 drengr...........................121 drepa ............................118 dríta .............................117 drótt ............................ 122 dróttinn ...................... 122 dýja ......................124, 127 egg .................................27 eiskra.................... 153, 214

722 eista..............................215 ekki...............................157 ekkja ........................... 386 elgr .............................. 370 elptr............................. 365 epli ................................ 25 erfiði............................ 373 falr............................... 394 fjall.............................. 394 fj0l ............................... 412 flétta............................404 fleyðr...........................407 fljóta............................403 flóa ..............................403 folk ..............................424 forkr .............................413 fors ..............................428 f0lr....................... 394, 412 freta............................. 160 gáta ............................. 160 geta.............................. 160 gina ............................. 545 gína ............................. 545 gine ............................. 545 glaumr ........................ 167 gleyma ........................ 167 glópr............................ 167 gnúa ............................. 171 gramr ...................190, 195 grápa............................185 grautr...........................193 grind ........................... 188 gumpr ..........................197 haddr .......................... 238 haðna.......................... 241 happ ............................ 227 hár...............................464 hárr .............................447 haugr .......................... 256 haukr .......................... 227 haull............................266 héla ............................ 460 heymeiss ..................... 310 hjarn ........................... 445 holt .............................. 228 hóta..............................255 h0ð ..............................240 h0ggva ........................242

INDICES hrÀfa .......................... 246 hringr .......................... 251 hrjúfr ...........................253 hrýfi .............................253 hyrr..............................257 illr ...............................367 jarpi.............................142 jarpr.............................142 kalls .............................176 kambr......................... 549 kengr............................184 klakkr .......................... 163 knoða...........................168 k0kkr ...........................184 kryppa .........................192 lag .............................. 287 lágr.............................. 270 lax ...............................285 ljúga............................ 294 mara ............................324 mega ............................ 321 meiss............................310 melr ..............................311 mergr...........................328 missa............................343 mj0llnir ....................... 333 mosi ............................. 333 m0lr .............................323 mý ................ 330, 331, 332 myrkr........................... 335 naut .............................359 n0tr............................. 346 0fugr ............................372 0gr ...............................144 0l .......................140, 370 0lr ............................... 371 0rn ...............................377 0sp ...............................378 rá ..............................440 rámr ............................432 reyrr............................440 rif ...............................433 rjúpa............................435 ró6mr.............................432 rœkja ...........................432 rýja ............................. 442 salr ..............................444 saurr ........................... 474

segja ............................458 sitja..............................445 skarpr......................... 204 skera............................234 skíta...............................74 skjóta...........................265 slím.............................. 453 smali....................300, 310 snúa.............................457 sófl ...............................475 s0ðull.......................... 444 s0lr.............................. 460 spakr ...........................392 spretta ......................... 418 springa ........................422 stinga.....................35, 466 stóð ..............................465 stórr.............................465 straumr...................... 470 súga .............................482 súrr............................. 484 svefn ............................ 481 sveipa ..........................487 torfa..............................135 tyrvi...............................99 þexla............................ 491 þorn.............................505 þraut .......................... 498 þr0str........................... 120 þungr.......................... 494 þyngja .........................493 úfr ................................535 upp .............................. 533 út ............................... 533 vaðr ..............................351 valr .............................. 363 vatn ............................. 523 vax...............................530 veðr...............................513 vega ............................. 518 7.3 Norwegian aul ...............................508 bra...............................68 dabb(e) ................. 98, 110 daper ..................... 98, 110 drag .............................. 113 drav ..............................118

INDICES drog .............................. 113 flein .............................405 føysa............................424 kumla...........................561 musk .................... 331, 336 olda ............................. 367 smol.............................. 311 smola ........................... 311 tira .............................. 108 vale..............................300 7.4 Swedish ålla .............................. 367 mjåg ............................. 311 smula ........................... 311 streke........................... 471 valbjörn ......................300 7.5 Old Swedish da .................................111 gjalla ............................557 valmoghe ....................299 7.6 Danish buln-urt........................ 36 bylne ............................. 36 7.7 Old English aldaht ......................... 367 alor...............................371 Àlbitu.......................... 365 balca ........................54, 55 bealu ............................. 54 beard..............................55 bearg ............................. 58 bearh............................. 58 bearu............................. 58 bo................................. 72 beofor............................ 34 beolene, belene............. 73 beolone ................... 36, 73 blandan ........................47 blt ................................ 43 blendan.........................47 blcan ............................44 blkan............................44 b(ia)n.......................... 34 bian............................. 33

botl................................ 70 br ................................ 66 bÀr................................60 calu ..............................176 ceorfan ........................559 cnedan.........................168 delfan ...... 98, 112, 133, 134 drÀf ............................. 116 drtan ...........................117 ealdoht ........................367 ealu(þ)........................ 140 eg(e)þe ........................ 145 eodor........................... 364 eofor............................. 515 eolh ............................. 370 fm...............................397 fealg ............................. 411 fearn ........................... 396 flcan.......................... 402 folc .............................. 424 frian........................... 391 fyÈst .............................. 399 géap .............................197 gefetan.........................392 glam...........................167 gnidan .........................170 grimman ..................... 195 hr .............................. 447 heaðor .........................241 heord ............................ 86 hnitu............................169 hramsa ..........................82 hraw...........................253 hrodan.......................254 hwsta .........................222 hwyÈ, hw....................... 89 hyrst............................206 ig(i)l.............................149 inca.............................. 157 lagu............................. 284 l´s ...............................274 lf ...............................277 lycge .............................295 lyge...............................295 lyso.............................. 286 mare ............................324 mattoc .........................327 mx-wyrt .................... 314

723 m´ð .............................312 melcan ........................308 mengan ................ 314, 315 miscian ....................... 314 moru ........................... 335 nefa ..............................351 nest .............................. 169 rotan..........................441 sca ................................76 sar..............................473 snoru ...........................458 spd ............................ 464 spwan....................... 464 staca ........................... 468 stenan ........................ 466 std..............................465 stwian ...................... 466 strcan ........................ 469 swpan........................487 swefan ......................... 481 swindan ..............385, 476 teoru..............................99 tiergan......................... 136 t .................................94 turf ...............................135 der ...................... 507, 535 weax ............................530 weotuma.....................520 wpan...........................512 wlh.............................526 7.8 Middle English blundren .......................47 7.9 Modern English blunder .........................47 barrow .......................... 58 dike...............................155 glare ............................ 163 maiz ............................ 310 sallow ......................... 460 7.10 Old High German afful............................... 25 ahil ..............................144 ahir..............................144 albiz............................. 365 alunt.............................141

724 anut ............................ 387 apful.............................. 25 ar(a)n ......................... 144 asc ................................. 29 aspa............................. 378 attah ............................139 attuh ............................139 bah ................................ 33 balg ............................... 54 balko ........................54, 55 bar.................................60 barh .............................. 58 bart ................................55 barug............................. 58 beitten........................... 39 berg ............................... 37 berjan ........................... 58 ba ................................. 72 bibar ............................. 34 bilesa............................. 36 bilisa ............................. 36 bilsa............................... 36 bini................................ 72 bleizza........................... 43 blic................................. 45 born ......................56, 69 brart..............................66 dehsala........................ 491 dioh .............................500 dirn-baum....................99 dren........................... 491 ebur.............................. 515 egida ............................145 ehir.............................. 144 ei ................................. 27 eiscon .......................... 214 elina ............................ 368 elira..............................371 elm ............................... 211 erila..............................371 etar.............................. 364 falg ...............................411 falo .............................. 412 far(a)h ........................ 414 fearh............................ 414 fh ................................431 feim ............................. 397 feld ...............................411

INDICES felga .............................413 ferzan ..........................413 filz .............................. 427 fimfto..........................400 flah..............................406 flechtan ......................404 flh................................ 48 frten........................... 420 fst.............................. 399 gans .............................184 geil ............................... 138 gelo.......................541, 566 geltan...........................557 ginn............................545 gt ...............................565 giwn ...........................543 glas............................... 163 glat............................... 163 gntan ..........................170 grab............................. 190 guot.............................. 172 habuh ..........................227 hal(a)m ...................... 459 harawn ......................235 hemera ..........................81 hladan .........................223 hleib............................ 202 (h)niz...........................169 hla............................. 266 holz ............................. 228 hornuz........................ 486 hosc..............................255 houuespranca ............ 422 houwan ...................... 242 hubil ........................... 256 huosto..........................222 hurst ...........................206 igil ...............................149 jr ............................... 152 jung............................. 208 kalo..............................176 kalt.............................. 204 kegil .............................559 kiuwan ........................567 knetan .........................168 korb .............................234 kren ...........................186 kranuh.........................558

kropf............................ 192 krusina........................263 kruste ..........................236 kursi(n)na ..................263 laffan........................... 283 lahha ...........................284 lahs .............................. 285 leich.............................278 lentn...........................276 liogan ..........................294 liuben .......................... 281 liut ...............................282 liuti..............................282 luggi ............................295 lug ..............................295 ls ............................... 532 magan, mugan............321 mago ................... 299, 327 mahhn ......................304 mho ...........................299 malan..........................307 manag ......................... 334 mann...........................330 mno............................313 mast............................. 327 mein ............................. 311 meinen .........................312 meisa........................... 310 menni..........................324 metu ....................306, 307 miscen ......................... 314 morha ......................... 335 mos .............................. 333 muntar........................ 329 muoan.........................299 muot........................... 480 muoter ........................303 murmuln .................. 335 ms.............................. 337 mta............................ 338 nagal ............................355 nasa............................. 357 nazza...........................346 nift(a).......................... 350 nt ............................... 358 nz............................... 359 ottar ............................ 534 qula ........................... 554

INDICES ribbi ............................ 433 rippi ............................ 433 sagen ........................... 459 salwo .......................... 460 salz .............................. 461 satul ............................444 scarbn .........................84 scina..............................76 scirbi .............................84 scrintan ........................ 85 seichen ........................ 485 seid...................... 448, 451 seil ...............................450 sibunto........................443 shan ........................... 485 skeidan .......................492 skeitila ........................492 slango.......................... 454 steg ...................... 472, 473 stellen.......................... 473 stuot ............................ 465 swehur ........................ 475 sweifan........................487 swero...........................207 swigar ......................... 475 swn.............................477 swintan............... 385, 476 tal ................................ 112 tapfar .....................98, 110 teil ................................103 theismo (deismo)....... 493 tirn-pauma ..................99 trebir ............................ 118 treffan .......................... 118 trzan ........................... 117 truht.............................122 truhtn .........................122 tuon.............. 102, 103, 104 turi .............................. 128 unc .............................. 388 vo ...............................535 wen ............................519 wafsa........................... 377 wagan-leisa ................ 272 wahs............................ 530 wala .............................525 waltan......................... 524 wra............................ 520

725

watan .......................... 351 welc..............................536 werc .............................539 wetar ........................... 513 wintbrwa ................. 386 wirken .........................539 wisa ............................ 549 wolchan.......................525 wuofen......................... 512 wuoffen ....................... 512 wurgen ........................383 zarga...........................408 zurba ........................... 135

zergen.......................... 136

7.11 Middle High German bbe ...............................32 bl´jen............................43 bbe ...............................32 drz............................. 498 glinzen.........................164 grit ...............................188 hader .......................... 240 hocker......................... 256 huore ............................ 79 lecken...........................271 meisch ......................... 314 meren ..........................325 rz(e) ..........................235 rieme ...........................433 wate ............................. 351 witewal........................ 217

7.14 Old Saxon beki................................ 33 bilene....................... 36, 73 bliksmo .........................45 brustian ........................65 krusina........................263 magosmo ..................299 mki ............................305 makn.........................304 mcopin ......................299 meldn ........................320 qula ........................... 554 quappa........................ 553 watar........................... 523 wurgil...................415, 516

7.12 High German alden............................367 Barsch ......................... 156 Borste .......................... 156 brennen .........................63 drisseln ........................339 geben ...........................150 Gift...............................150 jauge ............................148 Maische....................... 314 mögen.......................... 321 sauer........................... 564 Schramme.......... 205, 249 Teich ............................ 155 verharschen ................235 wiedewalch ................. 217

7.13 Middle Low German anken ................... 156, 158 barch .............................56 klei............................... 168 korste...........................236 quast(e) ......................196 slap ..............................452 spranke .......................422 sprinke ........................422 vsel ............................. 397 wade.............................351

7.15 Middle Dutch bilse ...............................36 micken ........................340 miegen......................... 339 7.16 Modern Dutch afsmeren .....................304 bagger ........................... 33 barg ............................... 58 bij .................................72 draf........................116, 118 haam.......................... 204 janken .................. 156, 158 karmijn.........................92 karmozijn .....................92 kwaad .........................160 kwab............................ 553 miegelen...................... 339

726 miggelen ..................... 339 tergen ...........................136 wielewaal ....................217 woest ........................... 107 zaluw ......................... 460 8. HITTITE antara..........................321 ed-z£/ad-.......................154 hamank .......................521 hara(n)-...................... 377 iš i ............................448 iš amin- .....................448 išša-............................. 365 ks ...............................484 kiszi...............................86 mld£-/mald- ............. 320 malla- ......................... 307 nekuz ................... 350, 355 npiš- .......................... 348 pahs- ........................... 392 tai- ..............................489 tkan ........................... 542 u(a)rni.......................512 utar ............................523 utarnahh-..................512 unu- .....................218, 363 urni ........................... 538 9. TOCHARIAN B antapi ..........................361 ntpi ............................361 laks.............................. 285 oko................................. 27 pi- ............................... 398 Zuwa> ........................ 567 telki .............................496 tsälp- ............................ 133

INDICES 10. ARMENIAN jain ..............................550 anic..............................169 ankiwn ....................... 386 arawr...........................374 barjr...............................37 beran ............................ 69 cÒ- ...............................146 en .............................. 369 ezr ........................148, 155 g ...............................562 gejk............................557 gišer ............................. 513 hac’i .............................. 29 hanum.........................417 haw ............................. 508 henum ........................ 399 i ...............................562 kiw ...............................563 lakem.......................... 284 lapÒem..........................283 low ................................ 48 macanim.................... 304 malem ........................ 307 mg ..............................339 mr ..............................322 nr ............................... 159 on .............................. 368 ozni..............................149 sa n............................. 445 sirt ...............................485 xacanem..................... 243 11. ALBANIAN ah ................................ 29 baltë...............................53 be .................................39 bredh .............................61

hie ...............................447 kalli .............................230 kóhë...............................79 mardhë........................326 mótrë...........................303 pjerdh..........................303 zë ...............................550 12. NON-IE 12.1 Finnish äës ............................... 145 aisa.............................. 365 ankerias ......................386 karpas .........................234 kesä..............................144 lauta........................... 407 lohi .............................. 285 lunka ...........................296 vaha ............................530 12.2 Estonian kääv...............................76 magun.........................299 vaha ............................530 12.3 Livonian maggon .......................299 12.4 Hungarian beléndek........................ 35 12.5 Mongolian khomut ...................... 204 12.6 Arabic qirmiz ...........................92