European Aeronautics
Javier Alfonso-Gil (Editor)
European Aeronautics The Southwestern Axis J. Alfonso-Gil (Editor) J. Chronicas Y. Dupuy V. Frigant J.P. Gilly M. Keichidi M. Lacalle Calderón J.L. Osuna Llaneza A. Sáez Cala R. Salvador D. Talbot A. Vázquez Barquero
With 80 Figures and 61 Tables
123
Professor Dr. Javier Alfonso-Gil Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ctra de Colmenar Km 15 28049 Madrid Spain
[email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006934980
ISBN-10 3-540-35646-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-35646-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & V¨ ockler GbR, Leipzig Cover-design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg SPIN 11783268
134/3100YL - 5 4 3 2 1 0
Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction: Objective and Scope of the Study ................................ 1 2 Sector and Territory ........................................................................... 7 2.1 Sector and Territory. Crossed Competencies.................................. 8 2.2 Variety of "Models" of Territorial Development ............................ 9 2.2.1 The Factors of Spatial Competency......................................... 9 2.2.2 Agglomeration, Specialization, Specification ........................ 11 2.3 From Territorial Governance to Global Regulation ...................... 12 2.3.1 The Concept of Territorial Governance ................................. 12 2.3.2 Governance Structure relations with Local Models................ 14 2.3.3 Local Governance Between Macro and Micro....................... 15 2.4 Relations Sector-Territory ........................................................... 18 3 The Aeronautical Sector: Recent Tendencies................................... 23 3.1 The Organizational Model in the Industry.................................... 23 3.1.1 Defense and the Aeronautical Sector as Public Goods ........... 24 3.1.2 Forms of Ownership and Regulation ..................................... 25 3.1.3 Organization of the Aeronautical Sector................................ 26 3.1.4 The Aeronautical Industry and Technology........................... 27 3.1.5 Product Design, Comparative Advantages and Reliability ..... 28 3.1.6 Aeronautical Firm and Production Costs ............................... 30 3.1.7 From Production Costs to Transaction Costs ......................... 31 3.1.8 Knowledge Flow in the Sector .............................................. 32 3.1.9 The Organizational Model and its Consequences................... 33 3.2 New Concept of the Product ........................................................ 34 3.2.1 Cascade Organization of Subcontracting............................... 35 3.2.3 Subcontracting Relations ...................................................... 37 3.3 EADS: Its Increasing Importance in the World ............................ 43 3.3.1 Structure in the Global Aeronautical Market ......................... 43 3.3.2 The Creation of EADS in 2000 ............................................. 47 3.3.3 The Group and its Five Divisions.......................................... 49 3.3.4 EADS' Dependence on an Airbus Division............................ 52 3.3.5 Guaranteeing Coherence Among the Groups......................... 55
VIII
Table of Contents
3.3.6 Airbus SAS: A Group Open to Cooperation and Alliances .... 55 3.4 The A380: Its Significance .......................................................... 61 3.4.1 The A380 Program: Its Significance...................................... 61 3.4.2 The A-380 Program in Spain................................................. 64 3.4.3 A380 Program Impact in Aquitaine and Midi-Pyrénées ......... 67 4 From Specialization to Specification................................................. 75 4.1 Basic Data of the Aerospace Sector ............................................. 75 4.1.1 The Ill-Defined Boundaries................................................... 75 4.1.2 A Dual Industry: Between the Civilian and the Military ........ 77 4.1.3 A High Technology Industry................................................. 78 4.1.4 A Location Based on the Effects of Concentration ................ 79 4.2 Basic Data in Aquitaine and Midi-Pyrénées ................................. 80 4.2.1 The Aerospace Sector as a Whole ......................................... 80 4.2.2 EADS Installations in Aquitaine and Midi-Pyrénées ............. 88 4.3 The Industria Surrounding the Large Contractors......................... 89 4.3.1 Recent Evolutions................................................................. 89 4.4 Territorial Governance in Midi-Pyrénées and Aquitaine............. 109 4.4.1 Governance in the Aeronautical System of Toulouse........... 110 4.4.2 Governance of the ASD Sector in Aquitaine ....................... 123 4.5 Crossed Perspectives ................................................................. 135 4.5.1 Convergence within Diversity............................................. 135 4.5.2 Toward an Interregional Governance?................................. 138 5 Aeronautics in Spain: Specialization & Beyond............................. 143 5.1 Basic Data of the Sector and the Territories ............................... 143 5.1.1 The Aeronautics Sector in Madrid and in Andalusia............ 147 5.2 Organization of Production........................................................ 148 5.2.1 Industrial Characteristics of the Productive Fabric............... 148 5.5.2 Firm Typology.................................................................... 156 5.2.3 Specialization and Cluster................................................... 161 5.2.4 Labour Market and Innovation............................................ 166 5.3 The Agents in Context............................................................... 175 5.3.1 Business Agents.................................................................. 176 5.3.2 Agents Dedicated to Training and Research ........................ 179 5.3.3 Public Administration......................................................... 183 5.4 The Regional Governments of Andalusia and Madrid ................ 192 6 Aeronautics Agglomeration in Portugal ......................................... 193 6.1 Basic Data of the Territory......................................................... 193 6.2 Industrial Organization .............................................................. 211 6.3 Agents in Context...................................................................... 219
Table of Contents IX
6.3.1 OGMA ............................................................................... 219 6.3.2 AP – Maintenance and Engineering .................................... 221 6.3.3 Small and Medium Firms in the Aeronautical Sector........... 222 6.4 Synthesis of the Territory........................................................... 225 6.4.1 Exploration of Synergies between Ogma and Tapme........... 227 6.4.2 Interaction among Related Sectors ...................................... 227 6.4.3 Exploitation of Market Niches ............................................ 229 6.4.4 Line of Action of a Portuguese Aeronautical Mega-Cluster . 231 7 Comparative Analysis of the Territories Studied........................... 233 7.1 Descriptive Analysis of the Territories....................................... 233 7.2 Factorial Analysis...................................................................... 238 7.2.1 Empirical Analysis ............................................................. 238 7.2.2 Factorial Analysis............................................................... 238 8 Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................... 247 9 Annex............................................................................................... 255 10 List of Figures................................................................................ 259 11 List of Tables ................................................................................. 263 12 Bibliography .................................................................................. 267 13 List of Authors............................................................................... 277
1 Introduction: Objective and Scope of the Study
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11 List of Tables
Chapter 3 7DEOH6DOHVYROXPHLQ ,QPLOOLRQVRI¼ «««««««««« 7DEOH%UHDNGRZQRIEXVLQHVVYROXPHLQWKHDHURVSDFHVHFWRU LQ « 7DEOH0DWUL[RIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQILUPVEHWZHHQ ««« 7DEOH7\SHRIZRUNGRQHLQ«««««««««««« 7DEOH0DUNHWVWUXFWXUH««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH6DOHVYROXPHRIWKHWRSIRXUFRXQWULHVLQFLYLODHURQDXWLFV«« 7DEOH6DOHVYROXPHRIWKHSULQFLSOHZRUOGEXLOGHUV ELOOLRQVRI¼ «« 7DEOH6SHFLDOL]DWLRQRIWKHSULQFLSOHSURGXFWLRQFHQWHUVRI$LUEXV6$6 7DEOH $TXLWDLQHILUPVFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKH$SURJUDPLQ/HYHO« 7DEOH'HSHQGHQFHLQ RIPDLQLQGXVWULDOHQWUHSUHQHXUVLQ $TXLWDLQHRQPLOLWDU\SURJUDPV««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH(PSOR\HHVLQPDLQ$TXLWDLQH$6'FRQWUDFWLQJILUPV «««««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH)LUPVLQ0LGL3\UpQpHVFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKH$SURJUDP OHYHO««««««««««««««««««««««««««
Chapter 4 7DEOH$HURQDXWLFVDQG$HURVSDFHFRQVWUXFWLLRQ 0DLQUHVXOWVLQ 7DEOH$HURQDXWLFVDQGDHURVSDFHPDQXIDFWXULQJLQ««««« 7DEOH(YROXWLRQRI,$6EXVLQHVVYROXPHEHWZHHQ DQG LQ 0LOOLRQV¼ ««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH%UHDNGRZQRIVDOHVE\FOLHQW«««««««««««««« 7DEOH6KDUHRI5'ZLWKLQWKHYROXPHRIVDOHV LQPLOORQVRI¼ «« 7DEOH%UHDNGRZQRISHUVRQQHOE\SURIHVVLRQDOFDWHJRU\LQ«« 7DEOH(PSOR\PHQWHYROXWLRQLQWKHVXEVLGLDULHV$6««««««« 7DEOH%UHDNGRZQE\DFWLYLWLHVLQ$TXLWDLQHDQG0LGL3\UHQHHV««« 7DEOH 3DUWRIDHURVSDFHLQWKHYROXPHRIWD[IUHHVDOHVDQGQXPEHU ³GHGLFDWHG´««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH,PSRUWDQFHRIWKHPLOLWDU\SURJUDPPHVLQWKHEXVLQHVVYROXPH RIDHURQDXWLFVDQGDHURVSDFHDFFRUGLQJWRILUPDFWLYLW\«««««««« 7DEOH%XVLQHVVYROXPHE\JHRJUDSKLFRULJLQRIRUGHUV LQ ««« 7DEOH5HODWLRQVZLWKWKHDHURQDXWLFDQGDHURVSDFHVHFWRU««««« 7DEOH$YHUDJHQXPEHURIILUPVDQGRIPDQDJHUVE\DFWLYLWLHV««
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7DEOH*URXSPHPEHUVKLS««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH&HUWLILHGILUPVLQ$TXLWDLQHDQG0LGL3\UpQpHV«««««« 7DEOH)LUPVFRPPLWWHGWRDFRRSHUDWLRQQHWZRUN«««««««« 7DEOH&ROODERUDWLRQVWUXFWXUHV««««««««««««««« 7DEOH'LVWULEXWLRQRI5 'EHWZHHQSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHUHVHDUFK«« 7DEOH 'LVWULEXWLRQRIILUPVUHFHLYLQJDLGE\UHJLRQ««««««« 7DEOH'LVWULEXWLRQRIILQDQFLDOSOHGJH6WDWH5HJLRQ«««««««
Chapter 5 7DEOH.H\VHFWRUGDWD «««««««««««««««« 7DEOH'LVWULEXWLRQRIQDWLRQDOHPSOR\PHQWLQDHURQDXWLFV «« 7DEOH9ROXPHRIVDOHVRIWKHDHURQDXWLFDOILUPVLQ$QGDOXVLD WKRX VDQGV¼ «««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH*HRJUDSKLFGHVWLQ\RIQHZPDUNHWVRIDHURQDXWLFDOILUPVLQWKH &RPPXQLW\RI0DGULGE\VL]H««««««««««««««« 7DEOH$VVHVVPHQWRIPLOLHXIDFWRUV«««««««««««««« 7DEOH&RQGLWLRQVRIWKHVXEFRQWUDFWJLYHQWRWKHDHURQDXWLFVILUPVLQ 0DGULG«««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH&RQGLWLRQVRIWKHVXEFRQWUDFWRIWKHDHURQDXWLFVILUPVLQ0D GULG«««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH(PSOR\HHVLQDHURQDXWLFVILUPVLQ$QGDOXVLD QXPEHUDQG JURZWK ««««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH $HURQDXWLFVILUPVLQ$QGDOXVLD DFFRUGLQJWRTXDOLILFDWLRQRI HPSOR\HHV««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH,QYHVWPHQWE\WKHDHURQDXWLFVILUPVLQ$QGDOXVLDLQPDFKLQHU\ DQGRUHTXLSPHQWJRRGV«««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH)LUP¶VYDOXDWLRQRIWKHRWKHUDFWRU¶VFRQWULEXWLRQ RIILUPV 7DEOH$HURQDXWLFVUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVLQ(76,$ 830 6SDLQ XQGHU ZD\LQ «««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH$HURQDXWLFVUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVIRU,17$ XQGHUZD\LQ « 7DEOH4XDOLILFDWLRQRIHPSOR\PHQWLQDHURQDXWLFVLQ ««« 7DEOH&HQWUDODGPLQLVWUDWLRQDHURQDXWLFDOSURJUDPPHV LQPLOOLRQVRI HXURV ««««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH(FRQRPLFFRQWULEXWLRQE\WKH-XQWDGH$QGDOXVLDWRWKHDHUR QDXWLFVLQGXVWU\ PLOOLRQVRI(XURV «««««««««««««««« 7DEOH&RRUGLQDWHVRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWPRGHOIRUWKHDHURQDXWLFVLQ GXVWU\LQ$QGDOXVLD«««««««««««««««««««««
Chapter 6 7DEOH)LUPVSROOHG 7DEOH,QVWLWXWLRQVSROOHG«««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH3(0$PHPEHUILUPVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQV«««««««««« 7DEOH3RUWXJXHVH$HURVPHHPHPEHUILUPVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQV««««
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Chapter 7 7DEOH0DGULGDQG6HYLOOH«««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH%RUGHDX[DQG7RXORXVH«««««««««««««««« 7DEOH/LVERQ««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH'HVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFV««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH.02DQGWKH%DUWOHWWWHVW««««««««««««««« 7DEOH&RPPXQDOLWLHV««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH7RWDOH[SODLQHGYDULDWLRQ««««««««««««««« 7DEOH0DWUL[RIURWDWHGFRPSRQHQWV««««««««««««««
12 Bibliography
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11 List of Tables
Chapter 3 7DEOH6DOHVYROXPHLQ ,QPLOOLRQVRI¼ «««««««««« 7DEOH%UHDNGRZQRIEXVLQHVVYROXPHLQWKHDHURVSDFHVHFWRU LQ « 7DEOH0DWUL[RIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQILUPVEHWZHHQ ««« 7DEOH7\SHRIZRUNGRQHLQ«««««««««««« 7DEOH0DUNHWVWUXFWXUH««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH6DOHVYROXPHRIWKHWRSIRXUFRXQWULHVLQFLYLODHURQDXWLFV«« 7DEOH6DOHVYROXPHRIWKHSULQFLSOHZRUOGEXLOGHUV ELOOLRQVRI¼ «« 7DEOH6SHFLDOL]DWLRQRIWKHSULQFLSOHSURGXFWLRQFHQWHUVRI$LUEXV6$6 7DEOH $TXLWDLQHILUPVFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKH$SURJUDPLQ/HYHO« 7DEOH'HSHQGHQFHLQ RIPDLQLQGXVWULDOHQWUHSUHQHXUVLQ $TXLWDLQHRQPLOLWDU\SURJUDPV««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH(PSOR\HHVLQPDLQ$TXLWDLQH$6'FRQWUDFWLQJILUPV «««««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH)LUPVLQ0LGL3\UpQpHVFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKH$SURJUDP OHYHO««««««««««««««««««««««««««
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