Field Guide to Clandestine Laboratory Identification and Investigation

Field Guide to Clandestine Laboratory Identification and Investigation Field Guide to Clandestine Laboratory Identifi...

Author: Donnell R. Christian Jr.

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Field Guide to Clandestine Laboratory Identification and Investigation

Field Guide to Clandestine Laboratory Identification and Investigation DONNELL R.CHRISTIAN

CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Christian, Donnell R. Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation/Donnell R.Christian. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2113-1 (alk. paper) 1. Drug traffic— Investigation. 2. Explosives—Detection. 3. Chemical laboratories. 4. Crime scenes. I. Title. HV8079.N3C493 2004 363.25′977–dc22 2003062689 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works ISBN 0-203-48515-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-59007-4 (Adobe e-Reader Format) International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2113-1 (Print Edition)

Preface Clandestine labs that manufacture drugs and explosives may be observed anywhere. These labs may be located in Skid Row motels or luxury resorts, housing projects or multimillion-dollar homes, and tents in the wilderness or buildings in congested urban areas. They may employ complex scientific equipment and exotic chemicals or simply use kitchen utensils and chemicals purchased at a local grocery or hardware store. Regardless of their form, the key to detection of clandestine labs is the investigator’s ability to recognize the combinations of equipment and chemicals that constitute the lab in the first place. Clandestine drug labs have replaced the moonshiner’s still and exchanged it with substances of greater destructive potential. “Super labs” located in rural settings or in jurisdictions just out of the reach of U.S. law enforcement authorities have replaced the large, illegal grain-alcohol distilling operations of Prohibition. More critically, bathtub gin has been replaced by stovetop methamphetamine. Terrorist activity is not limited to international groups directing their hostility toward a nation. Individuals or small groups can easily hold a city or community hostage through the threatened use of explosives. The common thread among the international terrorists responsible for the first (and possibly second) World Trade Center bombings, the political statements made by disgruntled Americans through the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, and the teenagers who perpetrated the horrors at Columbine High School in Colorado is simply the explosive devices used. In each incident, people employed improvised explosive devices containing clandestinely manufactured explosive mixtures, and in each case the explosive manufacturing was conducted or the devices were constructed in a residential setting. The front line of defense against the manufacturers who supply the drug trade and terrorist with their tools of destruction is law enforcement, the fire services, and other emergency responders. Their daily contact with the general population under a variety of circumstances provides the opportunity to observe clandestine labs in operation. This Field Guide to Clandestine Laboratory Identification and Investigation provides the information necessary to recognize these operations before they can dispense their deadly brews. This field guide is divided into two basic sections: 1. The chemicals and equipment commonly used in the manufacture of drugs and explosives. These are grouped in a manner that allows the emergency responder to quickly identify the combinations of equipment and chemicals that could potentially be used to manufacture drugs or explosives. 2. The information required to bring order to the chaos of the crime scene. This segment contains information concerning the hazards associated with the chemicals involved and the personal protective equipment necessary to abate the hazards. Field-testing and sampling procedures are delineated for use once the operation has been seized and

secured. Finally, reproducible worksheets that can be used for working notes or to supplement the on-scene investigators’ field notes are provided. The object here is to record as much information as possible about the crime scene in a standardized manner, thus minimizing later judicial loss through inadvertent technicalities. The ability to identify the tools used to manufacture deadly brews of drugs and explosives is a key element in the battle against drug abuse and terrorism. Unfortunately, many of the clandestine manufacturing operations use materials that have legitimate uses and are commonly available. The Field Guide to Clandestine Laboratory Identification and Investigation provides its users the ability to identify combinations of commonly encountered chemicals and equipment that can potentially produce drugs and explosives and to address a manufacturing operation if one is suspected. Use it in good health.

About the Author Donnell R.Christian, B.S., spent 15 years with the Arizona Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory, specializing in forensic chemistry and trace analysis, with emphasis on the clandestine manufacture of controlled substances (i.e., drugs and explosives). He has responded to hundreds of clandestine lab scenes, examined thousands of exhibits, and provided untold hours of testimony. He is the author of Forensic Investigations of Clandestine Laboratories (CRC Press, 2003) and a chapter concerning the analysis of controlled substances in Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques (CRC Press, 2002). He has published articles on the analysis and the clandestine manufacture of controlled substances, and has developed training programs for investigators, laboratory examiners, and attorneys involved in the investigation, examination, and prosecution of clandestine labs. Currently, Christian is the Forensic Science Development Coordinator for the Department of Justice’s International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program (ICITAP). With ICITAP, he has assisted in establishing forensic science programs in the developing democracies of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Haiti, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Senegal, and Uzbekistan. He served as President and Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Southwestern Association of Forensic Scientists (SWAFS). He is a 1981 graduate of Northern Arizona University. The author conducts lectures and seminars on clandestine lab issues, and is available to provide expert analysis and testimony as required. He can be contacted through his Web site at http://www.criminalist.us/.

Contents Chapter 1 Chemicals

1

Chapter 2 Equipment

33

Chapter 3 Site Safety

50

Chapter 4 Crime Scene Processing and Worksheets

145

1 Chemicals

Chemical

Legitimate Use Table Legitimate Usesa

Acetaldehyde

Manufacturing perfumes, flavors, plastics, silver mirrors

Acetic acid

Food preservative, organic synthesis

Acetic anhydride

Organic synthesis, dehydrating agent

Acetone

General solvent

Acetonitrile

Solvent, organic synthesis

4-Allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene None listed Allylbenzene

None listed

Allylchloride

Organic synthesis

Aluminum (powder)

Paint additive, pyrotechnics, explosives, metal alloys

Aluminum chloride

Disinfectant, deodorant, wood preservative

Ammonia (gas)

Refrigerant, manufacture of nitric acid, explosives

Ammonium chloride

Batteries, electroplating, textiles

Ammonium formate

Inorganic metal analysis

Ammonium hydroxide

None listed

Ammonium nitrate

Fertilizers, explosives, matches, pyrotechnics

Ammonium oxalate

Explosives, metal polishing, dyeing process

Aniline

Manufacturing dyes, perfumes, varnishes, organic synthesis

Antimony (powder)

Metal alloys, bullets, pyrotechnics

Antimony sulfide

None listed

Barium chlorate

Pyrotechnics, explosives, matches, dye processes

Barium nitrate

Pyrotechnics, explosives, vacuum tube manufacture

Barium sulfide

Black ash

Benzaldehyde

Manufacturing dyes, perfumes, flavors

Benzene

Manufacturing pharmaceuticals, dyes, industrial solvent

Benzyl chloride

Manufacturing dyes, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, resins

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

2

Benzyl cyanide

None listed

Bromobenzene

Manufacture of Grignard reagent

Bromoethane

None listed

Calcium carbonate

Chalk

Calcium hypochloride

Bleaching powder

Calcium oxide

Lime

Calcium sulfate

Plaster of Paris

Chemical

Legitimate Usesa

Carbon dioxide

Beverage carbonation, fire extinguisher, dry ice

Carbon tetrachloride

Cleaning fluid, fire extinguisher, general solvent

Carbonic acid

Seltzer

Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide

Ammonium salt

Charcoal

Pyrotechnics, filtering process

Chloro-2-propanone

Intermediate for perfumes, drugs, insecticides, photography

Copper oxichloride

None listed

Copper oxide

Ceramic and glass pigment, glass polishing

Copper sulfate

Fungicide, photography, food additive, paint pigment

Cyclohexanone

Industrial solvent

Dextrin

Excipient for dry extracts, fabric printing, paper sizing, printers’ ink, glue, fireworks, explosives

Dichloroethane

None listed

Ephedrine

Bronchodilator

Ergotamine tartrate

Treatment of migraine headaches

Ethyl acetate

Manufacturing photo film, perfume, gun powder, dry cleaning

Ethylene chloride

Chemical solvent

Ethylene glycol

Automotive coolant, paint and plastic solvent, explosives, fire extinguishers

Ferric oxide

Color pigment, polishing agent, semiconductors, magnetic tapes

Formamide

Organic synthesis

Formic acid

Tanning, electroplating, wool dyeing

Furfuraldehyde

Manufacturing solvent

Glucose

Food additive

Chemicals

3

Glycerin

Plastic solvent, pharmaceutical applications, explosives, glues

Graphite

Pencil lead

Guanidine nitrate

Pharmaceuticals, pyrotechnics

Hydrazine

Reducing agent, rocket fuel

Hydriodic acid

Manufacturing pharmaceuticals, disinfectants

Hydrobromic acid

Analytical reagent

Hydrochloric acid

Pool chemical, masonry and metal cleaner, mining

Hydrogen

Welding

Hydrogen peroxide

Rocket fuel, bleaching agent

Chemical

Legitimate Usesa

Hydroxylamine HCl

Photography, antioxidant for soaps

Iodine

Manufacturing germicides, antiseptics, catalyst

Lead acetate

Textile dyes

Lead tetroxide

Plasticizers, glass manufacturing, paint pigments, matches

Lithium (metal)

Catalyst, metal alloys, batteries

Lithium aluminum hydride

Reducing agent

Lithium hydroxide

Photographic developers

Magnesium (metal)

Metal alloys, pyrotechnics, Grignard reagent

Magnesium silicate

Talc

Magnesium sulfate

Fireproofing, dyeing process, fertilizer, explosives, pyrotechnics, matches, tanning leather

Mercuric chloride

Preservative, photography, mining, steel etching

Mercury

Thermometers, switches, lighting, mining, dentistry

Methanol

Solvent, antifreeze, gas additive, camping fuel

Methyl acrylate

Manufacturing plastics and textiles

Methyl salicylate

Perfumes, flavoring

Methylamine

Tanning, organic synthesis

Naphthalene

Mothballs

Nitric acid

Manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and a variety of organic chemicals

Nitroethane

Fuel additive, solvent

Paraffin

Waterproofing, lubricants, floor polish, cosmetics

Perchloric acid

Metal plating, explosives

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

4

Petroleum jelly

Cosmetics, lubricant, shoe polish, rust preventative

Phenol

Disinfectant, chemical reagent

Phenylacetic acid

Manufacturing perfumes

Phenylacetonitrile

Organic synthesis

Phenylmagnesium bromide

Organic synthesis

Phosphoric acid

Manufacturing fertilizers, detergents, food additive, cleaning solvent

Phosphorus (red)

Pyrotechnics, matches, fertilizers, pesticides

Phosphorus pentachloride

Catalyst

Piperidine

Organic synthesis

Potassium bicarbonate

Baking powder

Chemical

Legitimate Usesa

Potassium carbonate

Manufacturing soap, glass, pottery, engraving, tanning

Potassium chlorate

Explosives, pyrotechnics, matches, dye industry

Potassium chromate

Leather tanning, rustproofing metal

Potassium chromium sulfate

None listed

Potassium cyanide

Mining, electroplating, steel hardening

Potassium dichromate

Leather tanning, dyes, paints, pyrotechnics, matches, waterproofing fabrics

Potassium hydroxide

Paint/varnish remover, photo engraving, printing inks

Potassium iodide

Oxidizer for chemical analysis

Potassium nitrate

Tempering steel, tobacco curing, glass manufacture, explosives

Potassium perchlorate

Explosives, pyrotechnics, photography

Potassium permanganate

Textile dyes, organic synthesis

Pyridine

Solvent, organic synthesis

Raney nickel

Catalyst

Silver nitrate

Photography, mirror manufacturing, hair dyes, analytical chemistry reagent

Sodium (metal)

Manufacturing sodium compounds, sodium vapor lamps

Sodium acetate

Photography, food additive

Sodium bicarbonate

Baking soda, fire extinguishers, cleaning compounds

Sodium bisulfite

Disinfectant, textile bleaching, food additive

Sodium borate

Soldering, tanning, wood preservative, fireproofing

Chemicals

5

Sodium carbonate

Soap manufacture, textiles, photography, chemical analysis

Sodium hydroxide

Drain cleaner, soap, chemical analysis

Sodium nitrate

Glass manufacturing, pottery, fertilizer, meat and tobacco preparation

Sodium oxide

Dehydrating agent

Sodium peroxide

Textiles, bleaching agent, disinfectant

Sodium silicate

Glass, grinding agent

Sodium sulfate

Textile dyes, glass manufacture, organic liquid drying

Sodium thiosulfate

Photography, mining, leather processing

Starch

Textiles, laundry, pharmaceuticals

Strontium nitrate

Pyrotechnics, road flares, matches

Sucrose

Food additive, plastics, ink

Sulfur

Dyes, gun powder, matches, bleaching agent

Sulfuric acid

Battery acid, drain cleaner, manufacture of fertilizers and explosives

Chemical

Legitimate Usesa

Tartaric acid

Food additive, photography, tanning, ceramics

Thorium nitrate

Catalyst

Toluene

Paints, organic solvent and synthesis, explosives, dyes

Trifluro acetic anhydride

None listed

Zinc (metal)

Metal alloys, batteries, mining, printing plates, household utensils

Zinc chloride

Deodorant, disinfectant, taxidermy, vulcanizing rubber, petroleum processing

Zinc sulfate

Wood and leather preservative

a

The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 10th ed., Merck and Co., Rahway, NJ, 1983.

Clandestine Drugs Use Table P-2-P Amphe MDA/ Metham PCP tamine MDMA phetamine Analogs Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride

♥ ♣

♦

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Acetonitrile

6

♣

a-Acetylphenylacetonitrile 4-Allyl-1,2-methylene dioxy benzene

♦

Allylbenzene

♣

Allylchloride

♣

Aluminum chloride

♥ ♦

Aluminum foil

♣

♥

Ammonia (gas)

♣

♦

Ammonium acetate

♣

♦

Ammonium chloride

♥

♥

Ammonium formate

♣

Ammonium hydroxide

♣

Benzaldehyde

♣

Benzene

♣

♦ ♠

Benzyl chloride

♥

Benzyl cyanide Bromobenzene

♠

Bromothiophene

♠

Butylamine

♣

Chloroacetone 3-Chloropropene

♣

♥

Copper sulfate

♥

Cuprus oxide

♦

Cyclohexanone

♠

Dibromomethane

♦

Ephedrine/pseudoephedrine

♥

Ethyl acetate Formamide

♣

♦

Chemicals

Formic acid

7

Amphe tamine

MDA/ MDMA

Metham phetamine

♣

♦

♥

Hydrobromic acid (HBr)

PCP Analogs

♦

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

♣

Hydrogen

♣

Hydrogen peroxide

♦

♥

♠

♥ ♦

Hydriodic acid (HI)

♣

Hydroxylamine HCl

♣

♥

Iodine

♥

Iron filings Isosafrole

♦

Lithium Lithium aluminum hydride

♥ ♣

♦

Magnesium turnings

♥

♠

Manganous carbonate Manganous chloride Mercuric chloride

♣

♦

♥

Mercury

♣

Methylamine

♦

♥

Methylformamide

♦

♥

Nitroethane

♦

Norpseudoephedrine

♣

Palladium sulfate

♥

Perchloric acid

♥

Phenylacetic acid Phenylacetone

♣

♥

Phenylacetonitrile Phenylmagnesium bromide Phosphorus

♠ ♣

♥

Phosphorus pentachloride

♥

Piperidine Piperonal

♠ ♦

P-2-P

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Amphetamine MDA/MDMA Methamphetamine Platinum

♥

Platinum chloride

♥

Platinum oxide

♥

8

PCP Analogs

Potassium carbonate

♠

Potassium cyanide

♠

Potassium hydroxide

♣

♦

♥

♠

Pumic Pyridine Raney nickel

♠ ♣

♥

Sodium

♥

Sodium acetate Sodium amalgam

♣

Sodium bisulfite

♠

Sodium hydroxide

♣

Sodium sulfate

♣

Sulfuric acid

♣

♦

♥

♦

♥

Thionyl chloride

♠

♥

Drug-Manufacturing Methods Grouping Amphetamine Precursors A1: Amphetamine via Leuckart reaction

Ammonia

Reagents Formic acid

Ammonium formate Hydrochloric acid Formamide

Sulfuric acid

Phenylacetone A2: Amphetamine via benzaldehyde/nitroethane Benzaldehyde

Acetic acid

P-2P

Chemicals

9

Nitroethane

Butylamine Hydrogen Lithium aluminum hydride Sodium amalgam Raney nickel

A3: Amphetamine via P-2-P/hydroxylamine

Hydroxylamine HCl Acetic acid Phenylacetone

Hydrogen Lithium aluminum hydride Raney nickel Palladium black Sodium acetate Sodium amalgam

A4: Amphetamine via P-2-P/ammonia

A5: Amphetamine via benzene/allylchloride/ammonia

Ammonia

Aluminum

Phenylacetone

Mercuric chloride

Benzene

Ferric chloride

Allylchloride Ammonia A6: Amphetamine via allylbenzene/acetonitrile

Allylbenzene

Hydrochloric acid

Acetonitrile A7: Amphetamine via phenylpropanolamine/HI

Phenylpropanolami Hydriodic acid ne Red phosphorus

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

MDA/MDMA Precursors

10

Reagents

MD1: MDA via isosafrole to 3,4methylenedioxy

Ammonia

Acetic acid

P-2-P using the Leuckart reaction

Ammonium formate

Formic acid

Formamide

Hydrochloric acid

Isosafrole

Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid

MD2: MDA via piperonal/nitroethane

Precursors

Reagents

Nitroethane

Acetic acid

Piperonal

Ammonium acetate Lithium aluminum hydride

MD3: MDMA via 3,4-methylenedioxy

Isosafrole

Aluminum foil

P-2-P/methylamine

Methylamine

Mercuric chloride

MD4: MDMA via 3,4-methylenedioxy P-2-P using the

Isosafrole

Acetic acid

Leuckart reaction

Methylamine

Formic acid

Methylformamide

Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid

MD5a: MDA via safrole/HBr/ammonia

Ammonia (MDA)

Cuprus oxide

MD5b: MDMA via safrole/HBr/methylamine

Methylamine (MDMA)

Hydrobromic acid

Safrole

Mercuric chloride Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide

Methamphetamine Precursors M1: Methamphetamine via P-2-P/methylamine

Reagents

Phenylacetone

Aluminum

Methylamine

Mercuric chloride

Chemicals

M2: Methamphetamine via ephedrine/H2

11

Ephedrine

Hydrogen Palladium black Palladium sulfate Perchloric acid Phosphorus pentachloride Platinum Platinum chloride Sodium acetate Sulfuric acid Thionyl chloride

M3: Methamphetamine via ephedrine/HI

Ephedrine

Hydriodic acid Iodine Red phosphorus

M4: Methamphetamine via

Acetaldehyde

Iodine

benzylchloride/acetaldehyde/methylamine

Benzylchloride

Magnesium

Methylamine M5: Methamphetamine via Leuckart reaction

Methylamine

Formic acid

Methylformamide

Hydrochloric acid

Phenylacetone M6: Methamphetamine via benzene/

Allylchloride

allylchloride/methylamine

Benzene

Ferric chloride

Methylamine M7: Methamphetamine via Birch reduction

Ephedrine

Ammonia Ammonium chloride Lithium or sodium Sodium chloride Tetrahydrofuran

Phenylacetone Precursors P1: P-2-P via phenylacetic acid/acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride

Reagents Sodium acetate

Phenylacetic acid P2: P-2-P via benzyl cyanide/ethyl acetate

Benzyl cyanide

Acetic acid

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Ethyl acetate

12

Phosphoric acid Sodium Sulfuric acid

P3: P-2-P via phenylacetic acid/lead acetate

Phenylacetic acid

Lead acetate

P4: P-2-P via phenylacetic acid/acetone

Phenylacetic acid

Hydrochloric acid

Acetic acid

Manganous carbonate Manganous chloride Nitric acid Pumic Sodium carbonate Thorium nitrate

P5: P-2-P via benzaldehyde/nitroethane

Benzaldehyde

Butylamine

Nitroethane

Ferric chloride Iron filings

P6: P-2-P via phenyl-2-propanol/dichromate

Phenyl-2-propanol

Potassium dichromate

P7: P-2-P via benzene/chloroacetone

Benzene

Aluminum chloride

Chloroacetone

Sodium bisulfate

Phencyclidine Analogs Precursors

Reagents

PC1: Piperidine/cyclohexane intermediate

Bromobenzene (a)

Magnesium

PC1a: Phenyl addition

Bromothiophene (b)

Potassium cyanide

PC1b: Thiophene addition

Cyclohexanone

Sodium cyanide

Phenylmagnesium bromide (a) Piperidine PC2: Pyridine/cyclohexane intermediate

Bromobenzene (a)

Magnesium

PC2a: Phenyl addition

Bromothiophene (b)

Potassium cyanide

PC2b: Thiophene addition

Cyclohexanone

Sodium cyanide

Phenylmagnesium bromide (a) Pyridine PC3: Morpholine/cyclohexane intermediate

Bromobenzene (a)

Magnesium

PC3a: Phenyl addition

Bromothiophene (b)

Potassium cyanide

PC3b: Thiophene addition

Cyclohexanone

Sodium cyanide

Chemicals

13

Morpholine Phenylmagnesium bromide (a)

Explosive Chemicals* Explosive materials are listed alphabetically by their common names, followed by chemical names and synonyms in brackets. Although the list is comprehensive, it is not all inclusive. The fact that an explosive material may not be on the list does not mean that it is not within the coverage of the law if it otherwise meets the statutory definitions in Section 841 of Title 18, United States Code. This revised list supersedes the List of Explosive Materials dated September 14, 1999 (Notice No. 880, 64 FR 49840; correction notice of September 28, 1999, 64 FR 52378), which became effective on April 26, 2002. For further information, contact the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Firearms and Explosives Operations Branch, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20226; 202–789–3027. Acetylides of heavy metals Aluminum-containing polymeric propellant Aluminum ophorite explosive Amatex Amatol Ammonal Ammonium nitrate explosive mixtures (capsensitive) Ammonium nitrate explosive mixtures (noncap sensitive) Ammonium perchlorate having particle size less than 15 microns Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant Ammonium picrate (picrate of ammonia, Explosive D) Ammonium salt lattice with isomorphously substituted inorganic salts ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) Aromatic nitro-compound explosive mixtures Baratol Baronol BEAF [1,2-bis (2,2-difluoro-2-nitroacetoxyethane)] Black powder Black powder-based explosive mixtures Blasting agents, nitro-carbo-nitrates, including noncap sensitive slurry and water-gel explosives Blasting caps Blasting gelatin Blasting powder BTNEC [bis (trinitroethyl) carbonate]

BTNEN [bis (trinitroethyl) nitramine] BTTN (1,2,4 butanetriol trinitrate) Butyl tetryl Calcium nitrate explosive mixture Cellulose hexanitrate explosive mixture Chlorate explosive mixtures Composition A and variations Composition B and variations Composition C and variations Copper acetylide Cyanuric triazide Cyclonite (RDX) Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) Cyclotol Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) DATB (diaminotrinitrobenzene) DDNP (diazodinitrophenol) DEGDN (diethyleneglycol dinitrate) Detonating cord Detonators Dimethylol dimethyl methane dinitrate composition Dinitroethyleneurea Dinitroglycerine (glycerol dinitrate) Dinitrophenol Dinitrophenolates Dinitrophenyl hydrazine Dinitroresorcinol Dinitrotoluene-sodium nitrate explosive mixtures DIPAM

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

14

Dipicryl sulfone Dipicrylamine *Available at http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/listofexp.htm. DNDP (dinitropentano nitrile) DNPA (2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate) Dynamite EDDN (ethylene diamine dinitrate) EDNA Ednatol EDNP (ethyl 4,4-dinitropentanoate) EGDN (ethylene glycol dinitrate) Erythritol tetranitrate explosives Esters of nitro-substituted alcohols Ethyl-tetryl Explosive conitrates Explosive gelatins Explosive liquids Explosive mixtures containing oxygen releasing inorganic salts and hydrocarbons Explosive mixtures containing oxygen releasing inorganic salts and nitro bodies Explosive mixtures containing oxygen releasing inorganic salts and water-insoluble fuels Explosive mixtures containing oxygen releasing inorganic salts and water-soluble fuels Explosive mixtures containing sensitized nitromethane Explosive mixtures containing tetranitromethane (nitroform) Explosive nitro compounds of aromatic hydrocarbons Explosive organic nitrate mixtures Explosive powders Fulminate of mercury Fulminate of silver Fulminating gold Fulminating mercury Fulminating platinum Fulminating silver Gelatinized nitrocellulose Gem-dinitro aliphatic explosive mixtures Guanyl nitrosamino guanyl tetrazene Guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine Guncotton Heavy metal azides Hexanite Hexogene or octogene and a nitrated Nmethylaniline Hexolites

Hydrazinium nitrate/hydrazine/aluminum explosive system Hydrazoic acid Igniter cord Igniters Initiating tube systems KDNBF (potassium dinitrobenzo-furoxane) Lead azide Lead mannite Lead mononitroresorcinate Lead picrate Lead salts, explosive Lead styphnate (styphnate of lead, lead trinitroresorcinate) Liquid nitrated polyol and trimethylolethane Liquid oxygen explosives Magnesium ophorite explosives Mannitol hexanitrate MDNP (methyl 4,4-dinitropentanoate) MEAN (monoethanolamine nitrate) Mercuric fulminate Mercury oxalate Mercury tartrate Metriol trinitrate Minol-2 (40% TNT, 40% ammonium nitrate, 20% aluminum) MMAN (monoethylamine nitrate; methylamine nitrate) Mononitrotoluene-nitroglycerin mixture Monopropellants NIBTN (nitroisobutametriol trinitrate) Nitrate sensitized with gelled nitroparaffin Nitrated carbohydrate explosive Nitrated glucoside explosive Nitrated polyhydric alcohol explosives Nitrates of soda explosive mixtures Nitric acid and a nitro aromatic compound explosive Nitric acid and carboxylic fuel explosive Nitric acid explosive mixtures Nitro aromatic explosive mixtures Nitro compounds of furane explosive mixtures Nitrocellulose explosive Hexanitrodiphenylamine Nitroderivative of urea explosive mixture Hexanitrostilbene

Chemicals

15

HMX (cyclo-1,3,5,7-tetramethylene-2,4,6,8tetranitramine; octogen)

Nitrogelatin explosive Hexogen (RDX) Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen triiodide Nitroglycerine (NG, RNG, nitro, glyceryl trinitrate, trinitroglycerine) Nitroglycide Nitroglycol (ethylene glycol dinitrate, EGDN)

Nitroguanidine explosives Nitronium perchlorate propellant mixtures Nitroparaffins (explosive grade) and ammonium nitrate mixtures Nitrostarch Nitro-substituted carboxylic acids Nitrourea Octogen (HMX) Octol (75% HMX, 25% TNT) Organic amine nitrates Organic nitramines PBX (RDX and plasticizer) Pellet powder Penthrinite composition Pentolite Perchlorate explosive mixtures Peroxide-based explosive mixtures PETN (nitropentaerythrite, pentaerythrite tetranitrate, pentaerythritol tetranitrate) Picramic acid and its salts Picramide Picrate of potassium explosive mixtures Picratol Picric acid (manufactured as an explosive) Picryl chloride Picryl fluoride PLX (95% nitromethane, 5% ethylenediamine) Polynitro aliphatic compounds Polyolpolynitrate-nitrocellulose explosive gels Potassium chlorate and lead sulfocyanate explosive Potassium nitrate explosive mixtures Potassium nitroaminotetrazole PYX (2,6-bis(picrylamino)-3,5dinitropyridme RDX (cyclonite, hexogen, T4, cyclo-1,3,5,trimethylene-2,4,6,-trinitramine; hexahydro1,3,5-trinitro-S-triazine) Safety fuse Salts of organic amino sulfonic acid

Smokeless powder Sodatol Sodium amatol Sodium azide explosive mixture Sodium dinitro-ortho-cresolate Sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate explosive mixture Sodium picramate Squibs Styphnic acid explosives Tacot (tetranitro-2,3,5,6-dibenzo-1,3a,4,6atetrazapentalene) TATB (triaminotrinitrobenzene) TEGDN (triethylene glycol dinitrate) Tetranitrocarbazole Tetrazene [tetracene, tetrazine, 1(5-tetrazolyl)-4guanyl tetrazene hydrate] Tetryl (2,4,6 tetranitro-N-methylaniline) Tetrytol Thickened inorganic oxidizer salt slurried explosive mixture TMETN (trimethylolethane trinitrate) TNEF (trinitroethyl formal) TNEOC (trinitroethylorthocarbonate) TNEOF (trinitroethyl orthoformate) TNT (trinitrotoluene, trotyl, trilite, triton) Torpex Tridite Trimethylol ethyl methane trinitrate composition Trimethylolthane trinitrate-nitrocellulose Trimonite Trinitroanisole Trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzoic acid Trinitrocresol Trinitro-meta-cresol Trinitronaphthalene Trinitrophenetol Trinitrophloroglucinol Trinitroresorcinol Tritonal Urea nitrate Water-bearing explosives having salts of oxidizing

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

explosive mixture Silver acetylide Silver azide Silver fulminate Silver oxalate explosive mixtures Silver styphnate Silver tartrate explosive mixtures Silver tetrazene Slurried explosive mixtures of water, inorganic oxidizing salt, gelling agent, fuel and sensitizer (cap sensitive)

Chemical

Acetone

acids and nitrogen bases, sulfates, or sulfamates (cap sensitive) Water-in-oil emulsion explosive compositions Xanthamonas hydrophilic colloid explosive mixture

Clandestine Explosives Use Table Primary High Black Explosive Explosive Powder

Acetic anhydride ♣

♦

♠

Aluminum (dark pyro) Ammonia

♠ ♣

Ammonium dichromate Ammonium nitrate

Flash Pyrotechnics Powder

♦

Aluminum (powder)

♥ ♣

♦

♥

♠

Ammonium perchlorate Ammonium picrate

♥

Antimony (powder)

♠

Antimony trisulfide

♠

Barium chlorate

♠

Barium nitrate

♠

Barium peroxide

♠

Barium sulfate

♠

Benzene

16

♦

♠

Benzene hexachloride Black copper oxide

♠

Calcium hydride

♠

Calcium metal

♠

Calcium/magnesium (75/25)

♠

Chemicals

Charcoal

17

♥

♠

Copper oxychloride Cotton (cellulose)

♦

Dextrin

♠

Dimethylaniline

♦

Glycerin

♦

Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloroethane Hexamethylenetetramine

♦

Hexamine

♦

Hydrochloric acid

♣

Hydrogen peroxide

♣

Hydroxyethyl cellulose

♠

Iodine crystals

♣

Lead acetate

♣

Lead nitrate

♣

Lead peroxide Lithium perchlorate

♠

Magnalium

♠

Magnesium (powder) Mercury

♦ ♣

Methylaniline Nitric acid

♠

♦ ♣

♦

Petroleum jelly

♦

Phenol

♦

Potassium chlorate

♦

♠

Potassium dichromate Potassium iodide

♠ ♣

Potassium nitrate

♥

Potassium perchlorate

♦

Potassium permanganate

♣

Potassium picrate

♣

♠ ♠ ♠

♠

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Red phosphorus

♣

Sodium azide

♣

18

♠

Sodium chlorate Sodium nitrate

♥

Sodium perchlorate

♠ ♠

Starch

♦

♥

Strontium nitrate

♠

Strontium perchlorate

♠

Strontium peroxide Sucrose

♠

Sulfur

♥

Sulfuric acid

♠

♦

Titanium (powder)

♠

Toluene

♦

Trichlorophenol

♦

Trinitroresorcinate

♠

♣

Zinc (powder)

♦

Explosives-Manufacturing Methods Grouping Primary/Initiating Explosives Precursors Ammonium triiodide [(NH4)I3]

Ammonia

Reagents Potassium iodide

Iodine crystals

Precursor Lead azide [Pb(N3)2]

Reagent

Lead acetate Sodium azide

Lead styphnate (lead trinitroresorcinate)

Precursors

Reagents

Lead nitrate

Magnesium oxide

Trinitroresorcinate

Precursors Mercury fulminate

Mercury

Reagents

Chemicals

19

Nitric acid

Nitrogen trichloride (NCl3)

Precursors

Reagents

Ammonium nitrate

Potassium permanganate

Hydrochloric acid

Precursors TATP (triacetone triperoxide)

Reagents

Acetone Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide

Secondary Explosives Precursors Nitrocellulose

Cotton (cellulose)

Reagents Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Nitroglycerin

Precursors

Reagents

Glycerin

Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Nitrostarch

Precursors

Reagents

Nitric acid

Sulfuric acid

Starch

PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate)

Precursors

Reagents

Nitric acid

Sulfuric acid

Pentaerythritol

Precursors Picrates

Reagents

Ammonia Ammonium hydroxide Picric acid Potassium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide

Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol)

Precursors

Reagents

Nitric acid

Sulfuric acid

Phenol

Precursors

Reagents

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

RDX (cyclonite)

20

Hexamethylenetetramine

Acetic anhydride

Hexamine

Ammonium nitrate

Methenamine

Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid Paraformaldehyde

Tetryl (trinitro-2,4,6-phenylmethylnitramine)

Precursors

Reagents

Dimethylaniline

Sulfuric acid

Methylaniline Nitric acid

TNT (trinitrotoluene)

Precursors

Reagents

Nitric acid

Sulfuric acid

Toluene

Components Dynamite

Ammonium oxalate Barium nitrate Nitrocellulose (guncotton) Nitroglycerine Petroleum jelly Potassium nitrate Potassium perchlorate Sodium carbonate Sodium nitrate Starch Wood meal

Inorganic Mixtures Oxidizer ANFO (Ammonium nitrate/fuel oil)

Ammonium nitrate

Fuel Kerosene Motor oil Nitromethane

Chlorate mixtures

Oxidizer

Fuel

Potassium chlorate

Aluminum powder

Chemicals

21

Sodium chlorate

Magnesium powder Petroleum jelly Zinc powder

Perchlorate mixtures

Oxidizer

Fuel

Potassium perchlorate

Aluminum powder

Sodium perchlorate

Magnesium powder Petroleum jelly Zinc powder

Chemical

Black Powder Mixtures General Firearms Military Blasting Specific Specific Specific

Ammonium Sulfurless Based

Ammonium dichromate Ammonium nitrate Ammonium picrate Ammonium sulfate and copper sulfate Charcoal

♠

♣

♦

♥

Paraffin Potassium nitrate

♠ ♠

♣

♦

♥

♠

Potassium picrate Resin

♣

Sodium nitrate

♣

♠

Starch Sulfur

●

♠ ♣

♦

♥

♠

●

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

22

Flash Powder Mixtures Chemical Perchlorate- Perchlorate- Photo Chlorate- Chlorate- Nitrate- Exotic Based Flash Based Flash Based Based Based Flash Report Flash Report Flash Aluminum (atomized) Aluminum (dark pyro)

♥ ♣

♠

Aluminum (flake) Aluminum (German black)

●

■

♥ ♣

Ammonium nitrate

♥

Antimony (powder) Antimony trisulfide

♣

♦

♥

Barium carbonate

♠ ♠

Barium chlorate Barium nitrate

■ ♣

♦

♥

Barium oxide

●

■ ■

Barium peroxide

♥

Barium sulfate

■

Beef suet

♥

Benzene

♦

Black copper oxide

■

Boron Bran (or

♠

♥ ♣

Chemicals

23

sawdust or wheat hulls) Cab-o-sil

♣

Calcium

♥

Calcium carbonate

♥

Calcium fluoride

♥

Calcium hydride

♥

Calcium metal

♥

Calcium sulfate

■

Calcium/m agnesium (75/25)

♥

Charcoal

♠

Charcoal (airfloat)

♦

Dextrin Fluorel astomer Graphite powder

■ ♣

Hydroxy ethyl cellulose

♥

Lampblack

♦

♠

Lithium carbonate

♥

Lithium perchlorate

♥

Lycopo dium (powder)

♥

Magnalium (−325 mesh)

♣

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Magnalium (fine)

24

♥

Magnesium

♠

Magnesium (−400 mesh) Magnesium (fine)

■

♣

♥

Magnesium oxide

●

■

♥

Meal A

♦

Paraffin

♦

●

Paris Green

■

Potassium borohydride

♥

Potassium chlorate

♥

Potassium dichromate

♣

Potassium nitrate

♣

Potassium perchlorate

♣

♠ ♦

Potassium permanganate

♥

■

♠

♠

♥

● ■ ■

PVC

■

Realgar

♠

Red gum Red phosphorus

♥

Rice starch Rosin

■ ♦

Sand Sawdust

♦

Shellac

♥

Silica

♥

Sodium 2-

♥

Chemicals

25

ethylhexyl sulfate Sodium lignosulfonate

♥

Sodium nitrate

■

Sodium oxalate

■

Sodium perchlorate

♥

Sodium salicylate

♦

Stearin Strontium carbonate

■

Strontium nitrate

♥

Strontium perchlorate

♥

Sucrose

♥

♠

♥

♠

Sulfur

♣

♦

Teflon

■

●

■ ■

Titanium (powder)

♥

Titanium (30 mesh)

♣

Titanium (sponge or flake)

♣

Trichlorophenol

●

♥

Zinc carbonate Zirconium

■

Zirconium hydride

■

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Chemical

Stars

Aluminum (powder)

♣

Aluminum (dark pyro)

♣

Ammonium chloride

♣

Pyrotechnic Components Rocket Whistling Smoke Propellants Compositions Compositions ♦

♦

Ammonium dichromate

♦

Ammonium nitrate

♦

Ammonium perchlorate

♣

♠

♦

Anthracene

♠

Antimony (powder)

♣

Antimony trisulfide

♣

Asphalt with mineral oil or resin

♠ ♦

Asphaltum Auramine

♠

Barium carbonate

♣

Barium chlorate

♣

Barium fluoride

♣

Barium nitrate

♣

♠

Barium oxalate Barium peroxide Barium sulfate

♣

Basic copper carbonate

♣

Beeswax

♦

26

Tracer Compositions

Chemicals

Benzene hexachloride

♣

Bismuth trioxide

♣

Black copper oxide

♣

27

♦

Boiled linseed oil Borax

♠

Boric acid

♣

Calcium carbonate

♣

Calcium fluoride

♣

Calcium resinate

♣

Chemical

♠

Stars

Rocket Whistling Smoke Tracer Propellants Compositions Compositions Compositions

Calcium silicide Calcium sulfate

♠ ♣

Carbon black

♦

Charcoal

♣

Charcoal (air float)

♣

Chlorowax

♣

♦

Cinnamic acid

♠

♠

Cobalt naphthenate Cobalt octanoate (1% in styrene)

♦

Colophony resin

♣

Copper benzoate

♣

Copper carbonate

♣

Copper chromite Copper oxychloride

♠

♦ ♣

Copper powder Copper sulfate

♣

Cryolite

♣

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Cupric chloride

28

♣

Dechlorane Dextrin

♣

Dibutyl phthalate

♦

♠

♦

Egyptian lacquer Epoxy curing agent

♦

Gallic acid

♥

Graphite (−325 mesh) Hexachlorobenzene

♣

Hexachloroethane Hexamine

♠ ♣

Indigo (pure)

♠

Kaolin

♠

Kieselguhr

♠

Lactose

Chemical

♣

Stars

Laminac (polyester)

♣

Lampblack

♣

Lead chloride

♣

Lead peroxide Lead tetraoxide

♠

Rocket Propellant s

Whistling Compositions

Smoke Tracer Compositions Composition s ♠

♦ ♣

Lead thiocyanate Lecithin (10% in styrene)

♦

Liquid tar

♠

Magnalium

♣

Magnesium

♣

Magnesium (powder) Magnesium carbonate

♦

♦

♠

Chemicals

Meal (powder)

29

♣

Methyl acrylate

♦

Methyl ethyl ketone

♦

Methyl polymethacrylate

♦

Methylene Blue

♠

Montan wax

♠

Naphthalene

♠

Oxamide Para Red

♠

Paraffin oil

♥

Paris Green

♣

Parlon

♣

Petroleum jelly

♦

Phthalo Blue Pine charcoal

♠ ♣

Pitch

♠

Polybutadiene

♦

Polyethylene Polymerized linseed oil Potassium benzoate

♣

Potassium chlorate

♣

Chemical

Stars

Potassium dichromate

♣

♥

♠

Rocket Whistling Smoke Tracer Propellants Compositions Compositions Compositions ♦

Potassium dinitrophenate

♥

Potassium hydrogen terephthalate

♥

Potassium nitrate

♣

♦

♥

♠

Potassium perchlorate

♣

♦

♥

♠

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Potassium picrate PVC

♥ ♣

♦

Quinoline Yellow

♠

Realgar

♣

Red gum

♣

Red iron oxide

♣

Resin

♠ ♥ ♦

♥

♦

Rhodamine B Rosin

♠

♠ ♣

Sand

♠

Sawdust

♠

Shellac

♣

Sodium benzoate

♣

Sodium bicarbonate

♣

♦ ♠

Sodium chlorate

♥

Sodium nitrate

♣

Sodium oxalate

♣

Sodium salicylate Sodium sulfate

♦

♦ ♣

Sodium/potassium benzoate Solvent

♥ ♣

Stearic acid

♦

Stearin

♣

Strontium carbonate

♣

Strontium nitrate

♣

Strontium oxalate Strontium oxide

♥

30

Chemicals

Chemical

Stars

Rocket Propellants

31

Whistling Compositions

Smoke Compositions

Strontium peroxide Strontium sulfate

♣

Strontium tartrate Styrene

♦

Sucrose

♦

Sulfur

♣

♦

♠

Talc Thiokol LP

♦

Titanium (powder)

♣

Ultramarine

♣

Urethane (plastic)

♦

Vaseline

♥

Vinyl acetate acrylic resin Wheat flour Zinc powder Zinc oxide Zinc stearate

♠ ♣

♦

♠ ♠

Tracer Compositions

2 Equipment

FIGURE 2.1 Traditional Scientific Equipment

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

FIGURE 2.2 Clandestine Alternatives: Reflux

34

Equipment

35

FIGURE 2.3 Clandestine Alternatives: Distillation

FIGURE 2.4 Clandestine Alternatives: Hydrogenator

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

FIGURE 2.5 Clandestine Alternatives: Vacuum Filtration

36

Equipment

37

FIGURE 2.6 Clandestine Alternatives: Extraction Equipment

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

FIGURE 2.7 Clandestine Alternatives: Makeshift Ventilation

38

Equipment

39

FIGURE 2.8 Heating Mantle. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

FIGURE 2.9 Ice Bath. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

FIGURE 2.10 Water Bath. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

FIGURE 2.11 Magnetic Stirrer. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

40

Equipment

41

FIGURE 2.12 Mechanical Stirrer. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

FIGURE 2.13 Vacuum Filtration. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

FIGURE 2.14 Vacuum Pump. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

FIGURE 2.15 Aspirator. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff

42

Equipment

43

Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

FIGURE 2.16 Desiccator. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

FIGURE 2.17 Fume Hood Variations. From The Whole Drug Manufactures Catalogue, Chewbacca Darth, Shmootz & Goniff Publishing Co., 1980. With permission.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

FIGURE 2.18 Hydrogenator. From The Secrets of Methamphetamine, Fifth Edition, Uncle Fester, Loompanics Unlimited, 1999. With permission.

FIGURE 2.19 Coiled Metal Tube Still. From Home Workshop Explosives, Uncle Fester, Festering Publications, 826 S.Baird, Green Bay, WI 54301. With permission.

44

Equipment

45

FIGURE 2.20 Homemade Separatory Funnel. From The Construction and Operation of Clandestine Drug Laboratories, Second Edition, Jack B.Nimble, Loompanics Unlimited, P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend, WA 98369. With permission.

FIGURE 2.21 Pressure Cooker Reaction Vessel. From The Construction and Operation of Clandestine Drug Laboratories, Second Edition, Jack B.Nimble, Loompanics Unlimited, P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend, WA 98369. With permission.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

FIGURE 2.22 Mechanical Stirrer. From The Construction and Operation of Clandestine Drug Laboratories, Second Edition, Jack B.Nimble, Loompanics Unlimited, P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend, WA 98369. With permission.

FIGURE 2.23 Reflux Extraction A. From The Construction and Operation of Clandestine Drug Laboratories, Second Edition, Jack B.Nimble,

46

Equipment

47

Loompanics Unlimited, P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend, WA 98369. With permission.

FIGURE 2.24 Reflux Extraction B. From The Construction and Operation of Clandestine Drug Laboratories, Second Edition, Jack B.Nimble, Loompanics Unlimited, P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend, WA 98369. With permission.

FIGURE 2.25 Fume Hood. From The Construction and Operation of Clandestine Drug Laboratories, Second Edition, Jack B.Nimble,

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Loompanics Unlimited, P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend, WA 98369. With permission.

48

3 Site Safety

Chemical

Toxic Effects

Chemical Hazard and Toxicology Information* IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities

Acetaldehyde Eyes: Causes severe eye irritation. Vapors may cause eye irritation. May cause transient cornea1 injury. Lachrymator (substance which increases the flow of tears). Skin: May cause skin irritation. May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon reexposure to this material. Respiratory: Can produce delayed pulmonary edema. Inhalation of large amounts may cause respiratory stimulation, followed by respiratory

2000

NA

200

3/4/2

−6

4/60 Strong oxidizers, acids, bases, alcohols, ammonia and amines, phenols, ketones, HCN, H2S. [Note: Prolonged contact with air may cause formation of peroxides that may explode and burst containers; easily undergoes polymerization.]

Site safety

51

depression, convulsions, and possible death due to respiratory paralysis. GI Tract: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May be harmful if swallowed. Systemic Effects: May cause central nervous system depression. Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. Exposure produces central nervous system depression. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Acetic acid

•

Eyes: Causes severe eye irritation. Contact with liquid or vapor causes severe bums and possible irreversible eye damage.

50

10

10

3/2/0

104

4/19.9 Acetic acid is incompatible with chromic acid, nitric acid, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, phosphorus.

The information contained in this section was complied from the Material Data Safety Sheets locaed at http://siri.org/msds/index.php.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Skin: Causes skin bums. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Contact with the skin may cause blackening and hyperkeratosis of the skin of the hands. Respiratory: Causes chemical bums to the respiratory tract. Exposure may lead to bronchitis, pharyngitis, and dental erosion. May be absorbed through the lungs. GI Tract: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes severe pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock. May cause polyuria, oliguria, and anuria. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Effects may be delayed.

52

trichloride, oxidizers, sodium peroxide, strong caustics, most metals (except aluminum), carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, and phosphates. Avoid heat, flame, ignition sources, freezing, and incompatibles.

200 5 5 3/2/1 NA 2.9/10.3 Water, steam, mineral Acetic Eyes: In case of contact, acids, oxidizing anhydride immediately flush eyes materials, alcohols, or with plenty of water for at amines may cause least 15 minutes. Get violent reaction. Contact medical aid immediately. with strong caustics will Skin: In case of contact, cause violent reaction immediately flush skin and spattering. Corrosive with plenty of water for at to copper, brass, bronze, least 15 minutes while and iron. removing contaminated Avoid heat, flames, clothing and shoes. Get ignition sources, water, medical aid immediately. and incompatibles. Wash clothing before reuse. Respiratory: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. GI Tract: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Get medical aid immediately. If victim is fully conscious,

Site safety

53

give a cupful of water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

Toxic Chemical Effects Acetone

Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid immediately. Skin: Flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists. Wash clothing before reuse. Respiratory: Remove from exposure to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities 2500

250

1000

1/3/0

−4

2.5/12.8 Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures, oxidizing materials, chloroform, alkalis, chlorine compounds, acids, potassium, tbutoxide. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

54

difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. Do not use mouth-tomouth resuscitation. If breathing has ceased, apply artificial respiration using oxygen and a suitable mechanical device such as a bag and a mask. GI Tract: Do not induce vomiting. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2 to 4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid immediately. Acetonitrile Eyes: Causes eye irritation. Lachrymator (substance which increases the flow of tears). May produce superficial reversible injury. Skin: Causes mild skin

500

20

40

2/3/0

−4

4.4/16 Incompatible with oxidizing materials, sulfuric acid, oleum, chlorosulfonic acid, n-fluoro compounds, nitrating agents, and perchlorates. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Site safety

irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. May be metabolized to cyanide, which in turn acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase, impairing cellular respiration.

55

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

56

Respiratory: Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Causes upper respiratory tract irritation. May cause tissue anoxia, characterized by weakness, headache, dizziness, confusion, cyanosis (bluish skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), weak and irregular heart beat, collapse, unconsciousness, convulsions, coma, and death. GI Tract: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May cause effects similar to those for inhalation exposure. Systemic Effects: May cause central nervous system depression. Metabolism may release cyanide, which may result in headache, dizziness, weakness, collapse, unconsciousness, and possible death. May be metabolized to cyanide, which in turn acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase, impairing cellular respiration. May cause tissue anoxia, characterized by weakness, headache, dizziness, confusion, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), weak and irregular heart beat, collapse, unconsciousness, convulsions, coma, and death. 4-Allyl-1,2methylene dioxybenzene

None listed.

NA NA NA 3/0/2 NA NA/NA Water, organic materials, aluminum chloride reacts violently with water producing hydrochloric acid and heat.

Site safety

Chemical

Toxic Effects

Allylbenzene Eyes: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid. Skin: Flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists. Wash clothing before reuse. Respiratory: Remove from exposure to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid if cough or

57

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities NA

NA

NA

NA

177

NA/NA N A

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

58

other symptoms appear. GI Tract: If victim is conscious and alert, give 2 to 4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Allylchloride Eyes: Causes irritation. Skin: Causes irritation. Respiratory: Causes irritation to nose and mucous membranes; pulmonary edema. Systemic Effects: In animals: liver, kidney injury.

250

1

1

2/3/1

30

2.9/11.1 Explosion hazard when exposed to acids or oxidizing agents. Explosive reaction with alkyl aluminum chlorides+aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene or toluene). Violently exothermic polymerization reaction with Lewis acids (e.g., aluminum chloride, boron trifluoride, and sulfuric acid). Incompatible with ethylene imine, ethylenediamine, chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, sodium hydroxide, and nitric acid.

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59

15 1/3/1 NA NA/NA Mercury, halocarbons, mg/m3 halogens, water (with bulk aluminum powder), strong oxidizing agents, some acids, bases, and many other materials. An explosion occurred after mixing sodium hydrosulfite, aluminum powder, potassium carbonate, and benzaldehyde. Avoid moisture, heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Aluminum (powder)

Eyes: Causes NA irritation, redness, and pain. Skin: May cause irritation with redness and pain. Respiratory: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. GI Tract: Not considered toxic although aluminum chloride may form slowly in the digestive tract with nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal effects in extreme cases.

Aluminum chloride

15 1/0/0 NA Eyes: Causes NA 10 severe eye burns. mg/m3 mg/m3 Skin: Causes skin bums. Respiratory: Causes delayed lung injury. Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, bums, breathing difficulty, and possible coma. GI Tract: Causes gastrointestinal tract bums. May cause corrosion and permanent tissue destruction of the esophagus and digestive tract.

Ammonia gas

Eyes: Causes irritation.

300

NA

25

50

15/28 Water, moist air; avoid moisture.

NA NA NA/NA Strong acids and bases.

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60

Skin: Skin bums, vesiculation; liquid: frostbite. Respiratory: Irritation to nose, throat; dyspnea (breathing difficulty), wheezing, chest pain; pulmonary edema; pink frothy sputum. Ammonium Eyes: Causes NA 10 chloride irritation, redness, mg/m3 and pain. Skin: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. Respiratory: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, and shortness of breath.

NA 2/0/0 NA NA/NA Concentrated acids, strong bases, silver salts, potassium chlorate, ammonium nitrate, bromine trifluoride, and iodine heptafluoride; ammonium chloride reacts explosively with potassium chlorate or bromine trifluoride, and

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Toxic Chemical Effects

61

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities violently with bromide pentafluoride, ammonium compounds, nitrates, and iodine heptafluoride; explosive nitrogen trichloride may result from reaction of ammonium chloride and hydrogen cyanide Avoid heat, moisture, and incompatibles.

GI Tract: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Ammonium Eyes: Causes formate eye irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. Respiratory: May cause respiratory tract irritation. GI Tract: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Systemic Effects: The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.

NA

NA

NA

1/0/0

NA

Ammonium Eyes: Contact hydroxide with liquid or vapor causes severe burns and possible irreversible eye damage.

NA

NA

NA

3/1/0

NA

NA/NA No incompatibility data found. Avoid heat and moisture.

16/27 Acids, acrolein, dimethyl sulfate, halogens, silver nitrate, propylene oxide, nitromethane, silver oxide, silver

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Skin: Causes severe skin irritation. Causes skin bums. May cause deep, penetrating ulcers of the skin. Contact with the skin may cause staining, inflammation, and thickening of the skin. Respiratory: Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, bums, breathing difficulty, and possible coma.

62

permanganate, oleum, betapropiolactone. Most common metals. Avoid heat, sunlight, incompatibles, and sources of ignition.

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63

GI Tract: Harmful if swallowed. May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. Causes throat constriction, vomiting, convulsions, and shock. Effects may be delayed. Ammonium Eye: Causes irritation, NA NA NA 1/0/3 NA NA Aluminum, antimony, nitrate redness, and pain. OXY chromium, copper, Skin: Causes irritation to iron, lead, skin. Symptoms include magnesium, redness, itching, and pain. manganese, nickel, Respiratory: May cause zinc, brass, oil, irritation to the respiratory charcoal, organic tract; symptoms may material, acetic acid, include coughing, sore ammonium chloride, throat, and shortness of bismuth, cadmium, breath. At high chlorides, cobalt, temperatures, exposure to phosphorus, toxic nitrogen oxides potassium and decomposition products can ammonium sulfate, quickly cause acute sodium, sodium respiratory problems. hypochlorite, sodium Inhalation of large amounts perchlorate, sodiumcauses systemic acidosis potassium alloy, and and abnormal hemoglobin. sulfur. GI Tract: Large oral doses Avoid heat, flame, of nitrates may cause ignition sources, dizziness, abdominal pain, dusting, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, incompatibles, weakness, convulsions, and moisture, and collapse. Harmful if combustible swallowed. May cause materials. Shock methemoglobinemia sensitive. resulting in cyanosis. Ammonium Eyes: May cause severe oxalate irritation and pain. May cause bums. Skin: Skin contact may produce severe skin irritation with burning, redness. Respiratory: Inhalation of dust is corrosive to mucous membranes. Oxalates can be absorbed through the lungs. Symptoms of

3/0/1

Sodium hypochlorite plus ammonium acetate, strong acids. Avoid heat and incompatibles.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

64

poisoning include nervousness, cramps, central nervous system depression. GI Tract: Mean lethal dose for oxalates in adults is estimated at 15 to 30 grams with death within a few hours or even minutes. Corrosive action on the mucosa and severe inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract can occur with pain, vomiting, etc. Sharp reduction of serum calcium can cause dysfunction of the brain. Calcium oxalate may be deposited in the kidneys. Aniline

Eyes: Vapor is an eye 100 NA irritant. May cause tearing, blurred vision. Splashes may cause cornea1 damage. Skin: May be absorbed through skin. Symptoms of skin absorption parallel those from inhalation exposure. May cause skin irritation. Local contact may cause dermatitis. Respiratory: Toxic. Affects ability of blood to carry oxygen. Symptoms may include bluish discoloration of lips and tongue, severe headache, nausea, confusion, dizziness, shock, respiratory paralysis, death. GI Tract: Toxic. Lethal dose may be as little as one gram. Symptoms of ingestion parallel those of inhalation exposure.

Antimony (powder)

Eyes: None identified. Skin: Prolonged contact may cause dermatitis.

NA NA

5 3/2/0 158 1.3/11 Strong acids and strong oxidizers, albumin, solutions of iron, zinc, aluminum, toluene diisocyanate, and alkalis. Ignites spontaneously in the presence of red fuming nitric acid, and with sodium. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

0.5 3/1/2 NA mg/m3 POI

NA Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, halogen

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65

Respiratory: Is harmful, may be fatal. GI Tract: None identified.

acids, chlorine, and fluorine. Avoid heat and light.

Antimony Eyes: Eye irritant. Irritates NA NA sulfide mucus membranes. Skin: Skin irritant. Respiratory: Harmful if inhaled. GI Tract: Harmful if swallowed.

NA

NA NA NA Strong oxidizing agents. Avoid contact with acid.

Barium chlorate

Eyes: Eye irritant. Irritates NA NA mucus membranes Skin: Skin irritant. Absorbed through skin. Respiratory: Harmful if inhaled. Irritates upper respiratory tract. Leads to formation of methemoglobin, which can cause cyanosis. GI Tract: Harmful if swallowed.

NA

NA NA NA Heat, strong acids, reducing agents, finely powdered metals, aluminum.

Barium

Eyes: Causes irritation, NA NA 0.5 3/0/3 NA NA Magnesium plus barium oxide plus redness, and pain. mg/m3 OXY zinc, aluminum and Skin: Causes irritation to magnesium alloys, skin. Symptoms include combustibles (paper, redness, itching, and pain. oil, wood), acids, and Respiratory: Causes oxidizers. Mixtures irritation to the respiratory with finely divided tract. Symptoms may aluminuminclude coughing, magnesium alloys are shortness of breath. easily ignitable and Systemic poisoning may extremely sensitive to occur with symptoms friction or impact. similar to those of Avoid heat, dusting, ingestion. contact with GI Tract: Toxic. May combustibles and cause tightness of the incompatibles. muscles of the face and neck, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, muscular tremors, anxiety, weakness, labored breathing, cardiac irregularity, convulsions, and death from cardiac and respiratory failure. Estimated lethal dose lies

nitrate

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

66

between 1 to 15 grams. Death may occur within hours or up to a few days. May cause kidney damage. Benzaldehyde Eyes: Causes eye NA NA NA 2/2/0 NA irritation. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Skin: Causes skin irritation. Respiratory: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, and coma. GI Tract: Harmful if swallowed. May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Systemic Effects: May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma, and possible death due to respiratory failure. May cause kidney injury. Benzene

Eyes: Causes mild eye 500 0.1 irritation. Skin: Causes mild skin irritation. Causes skin

1 2/3/0

1.4/8.5 Performic acid and other oxidizing materials. An explosion occurred after mixing sodium hydrosulfite, aluminum powder, potassium carbonate, and benzaldehyde. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

12 1.2/7.8 Strong oxidizers, many fluorides and perchlorates, nitric acid.

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67

irritation on prolonged or repeated contact. Harmful when absorbed through the skin. Respiratory: Cancer hazard. Can cause blood disorders. Inhalation causes headaches, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea, and may lead to unconsciousness. GI Tract: Harmful or fatal if liquid is aspirated into lungs. Benzyl chloride

Eyes: For vapor or liquid: Corrosive. Contact can cause blurred vision, redness, pain, and severe tissue burns. Permanent eye damage is possible if exposure is severe. Skin: Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe bums can occur. Respiratory: Toxic. May be corrosive to the respiratory tract; symptoms may include sore throat, coughing, and labored breathing. May also cause central nervous system depression, pulmonary edema, kidney and liver damage, and death. GI Tract: Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe bums of the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to death. Can cause

10

1

1 3/2/1 153

1.1/14 Water, dimethyl sulfoxide, oxidizing material, steam. Corrodes all common metals except lead and nickel (explosive when heated). Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

68

sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. May also cause systemic poisoning with symptoms paralleling inhalation. Benzyl cyanide

Eyes: Causes eye NA NA 5 2/1/0 223 NA/NA Strong acids, strong irritation. bases, strong mg/m3 Skin: Causes skin oxidizing agents, irritation. Harmful if strong reducing absorbed through the agents, sodium skin. May be hypochlorite. metabolized to cyanide, which in turn acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase, impairing cellular respiration. Respiratory: May be fatal if inhaled. May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. GI Tract: Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Metabolism may release cyanide, which may result in headache, dizziness, weakness, collapse, unconsciousness, and possible death. Ingestion may result in symptoms similar to cyanide poisoning, which is characterized by asphyxiation.

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Chemical Toxic Effects Bromo benzene

Eyes: Causes eye irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. If absorbed, may cause liver injury. Respiratory: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. GI Tract: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Systemic Effects: May cause central nervous system depression. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, and coma. May cause liver abnormalities. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.

69

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incomp (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) atibilities NA

NA

NA

2/2/0

NA

0.5/2.5 Strong oxidizers. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

70

May cause blood changes. Brom oethane

Eyes: Irritant. Skin: Irritant. Respiratory: Irritant. Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. Inhalation of the substance may cause lung edema. Systemic Effects: The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system, kidneys, and lungs. Exposure to high concentrations may result in death. The effects may be delayed.

NA

NA

NA

3/1/0

NA

10/16 Risk of fire and explosion on contact with aluminium, zinc, or magnesium.

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Carbon dioxide

Skin: Frostbite (liquid, dry ice). Systemic Effects: Headache, dizziness, restlessness, paresthesia, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), sweating, malaise (vague feeling of discomfort), increased heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, coma, asphyxia, convulsions.

Carbon tetrachloride

Eyes: Irritant. Skin: Irritant. Systemic Effects: Central nervous system depression; nausea, vomiting; liver, kidney injury; drowsiness, dizziness, incoordination; [potential occupational carcinogen].

200

2

Charcoal

Eyes: No adverse effects expected. May cause mild irritation, possible reddening. Skin: Not expected to be a health hazard from

NA

NA

40000 5000

5000

NA NA NA/NA Dusts of various metals, such as magnesium, zirconium, titanium, aluminum, chromium, and manganese are ignitable and explosive when suspended in carbon dioxide. Forms carbonic acid in water.

10 3/0/0 NA NA/NA Aluminum, bromine trifluoride, calcium hypochlorite, dimethyl formamide, ethylene oxide, fluorine, lithium, magnesium, potassium, potassiumtert-butoxide, silver perchlorate, sodium, uranium, chlorine trifluoride, dinitrogen tetraoxide, and methanol. 15 1/1/1 NA mg/m3

0.14 Strong g/1 oxidizers such as ozone, liquid oxygen, chlorine, permanganate,

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

skin exposure. May cause mild irritation and redness. Respiratory: No adverse effects expected. May cause mild irritation to the respiratory tract. GI Tract: No adverse effects expected. May cause mild irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Chloro-2Eyes: Causes eye propanone bums. Lachrymator (chloroacetone) (substance which increases the flow of tears). May cause chemical conjunctivitis and cornea1 damage.

Che mical Toxic Effects Skin: May be fatal if absorbed through the skin. Causes skin burns. May cause cyanosis of the extremities. May cause skin rash (in milder cases), and cold and clammy skin with cyanosis or pale color. Respiratory: May be fatal if inhaled. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. May cause systemic effects. Vapors are extremely irritating

72

etc., may result in rapid combustion. Avoid contact with strong acids. Conditions to Avoid: Moisture and incompatibles.

NA

NA

NA 3/2/0 102 NA/NA Strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash (ppm) REL PEL Ra Point (ppm) (ppm) ting

Exp losive Limits Incompat (%)/(%) ibilities

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to the respiratory tract. May cause burning sensation in the chest. GI Tract: Harmful if swallowed. May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract; gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; liver and kidney damage; perforation of the digestive tract; spleen damage. Ingestion of large amounts may cause CNS depression. May cause systemic effects. Copper Eyes: Causes eye oxide irritation. May result in cornea1 injury. May cause conjunctivitis. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May cause skin discoloration. Respiratory: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum if inhaled in excessive quantities.

Inhalation of fumes may cause metal fume fever, which is characterized by flulike symptoms with

100 1 mg/m3 mg/m3

1 mg/m3

2/1/1

NA

NA/NA Aluminum, boron, cesium acetylene carbide, dirubidium acetylide, hydrazine, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, lead oxide, magnesium, metals, phospham, potassium, phthalic anhydride, rubidium acetylene carbide, sodium, titanium, and zirconium. Forms acetylides with acetylene, sodium

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

metallic taste, fever, chills, cough, weakness, chest pain, muscle pain, and increased white blood cell count. GI Tract: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May cause circulatory system failure. May cause vascular collapse and damage. Systemic Effects: May cause central nervous system depression, kidney damage, and liver damage.

74

hypobromite and nitromethane. Avoid incompatibles.

100 1 1 2/0/0 NA NA/NA Substance will Copper Eyes: Exposure to mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 ignite Sulfate particulates or hydroxylamine. solution may cause Solutions are acidic conjunctivitis, and can react with ulceration, and magnesium to cornea1 evolve flammable abnormalities. hydrogen gas. May Causes eye irritation react with acetylene and possible burns. to form dangerous Skin: May cause acetylides. skin sensitization, an Avoid allergic reaction incompatibles. which becomes evident upon reexposure to this material. Causes skin irritation and possible bums. May cause itching eczema. Respiratory: May cause ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum if inhaled in excessive quantities. Causes respiratory tract irritation with possible bums. GI Tract: Harmful if

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75

swallowed. May cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting, and possible bums. Ingestion of large amounts of copper salts may cause bloody stools and vomit, low blood pressure, jaundice, and coma.

Chemical Toxic Effects

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incomp (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) atibilities

Systemic Effects: Ingestion of copper compounds may produce systemic toxic effects to the kidney and liver and central nervous excitation followed by depression. Cyclo hexanone

Eyes: May result in cornea1 injury. Vapors may cause eye irritation. Contact produces irritation, tearing, and burning pain. Skin: Causes skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea,

700

25

50

1/2/0

111

1.1/9.4 Strong oxidizing agents. May cause spontaneous ignition and violent reaction. May attack plastics, resins, and rubber. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

vomiting, and diarrhea. Respiratory: Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, edema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. May cause irritation of the mucous membranes. GI Tract: May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, and coma. May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. Systemic Effects: May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness,

76

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drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma, and possible death due to respiratory failure. Dextrin

Eyes: No adverse effects expected but dust may cause mechanical irritation. Absorption may cause irritation. Skin: No adverse effects expected. Respiratory: Symptoms similar to those caused by nuisance dust; coughing, sneezing. GI Tract: Not expected to be a health hazard.

NA NA NA 0/2/0

NA

NA Strong oxidizers. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Dichloroethane Eyes: Contact with 3000 100 100 2/3/0 >233 13/23 Aluminum or magnesium powder, oxidizing agents, eyes may cause reducing agents, organic severe irritation, peroxides, alkali and alkali and possible eye earth metals, nitric acid, bums. May be caustics, nitrogen absorbed through tetraoxide, ammonia, and the skin. Causes dimethylaminopropylamine. irritation with Avoid heat, flame, sources burning pain, of ignition, light, and itching, and incompatibles. redness. Skin: Prolonged exposure may result in skin bums. Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Respiratory: Inhalation of high concentrations may

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, and coma. Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. GI Tract: May be harmful if swallowed. Systemic Effects: May cause blood changes. Overexposure may cause an increase in carboxyhemoglobin levels in the blood. Can produce delayed pulmonary edema. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma, and possible death due to respiratory failure.

78

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Toxic Chemical Effects

79

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities

Ephedrine

Eyes: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Contact with the skin may cause a local anesthetic effect. Respiratory: May cause respiratory tract irritation. GI Tract: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Systemic Effects: The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.

NA

NA

NA

1/0/0

NA

Ethyl acetate

Eyes: Causes eye irritation. Vapors may cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Prolonged and/or repeated contact may cause irritation and/or dermatitis. Respiratory: May cause respiratory

2000

400

400

1/3/0

24

NA/NA Oxidizing agents, direct light.

2.0/9.0 Avoid heat, flame, and other sources of ignition. Contact with nitrates, strong oxidizers, strong alkalis, or strong acids may cause fire and explosions. Will attack some forms of plastic, rubber, and coatings.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

80

tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause narcotic effects. GI Tract: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Systemic Effects: May cause liver and kidney damage. Ingestion of large amounts may cause central nervous depression. May cause headache, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness. Ethylene glycol

Eyes: Splashes may cause NA 50 irritation, pain, eye damage. Skin: Minor skin irritation and penetration may occur. Respiratory: Vapor inhalation is generally not a problem unless heated or misted. Exposure to vapors over an extended time period has caused throat irritation and headache. May cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and drowsiness. Pulmonary edema and central nervous system depression may also

50 2/2/1 232 3.2/5.3 Strong oxidizing agents. Reacts violently with chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid. Causes ignition at room temperature with chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate and sodium peroxide; causes ignition at 212°F (100°C) with ammonium dichromate, silver chlorate, sodium chloride, and uranyl nitrate.

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develop. When heated or misted, has produced rapid, involuntary eye movement and coma. GI Tract: Initial symptoms in massive dosage parallel alcohol intoxication, progressing to CNS depression, vomiting, headache, rapid respiratory and heart rate, lowered blood pressure, stupor, collapse, and unconsciousness with convulsions. Death from respiratory arrest or cardiovascular collapse may follow. Lethal dose in humans: 100 ml (3 to 4 ounces).

81

Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, water (absorbs readily), and incompatibles.

Formamide Eyes: Causes eye NA 10 NA 2/1/0 310 2.7/19 Acids, alkalis, iodine, irritation. pyridine, and sulfur Skin: Causes skin trioxide. Copper, irritation. brass, lead and rubber Respiratory: May cause are attacked by respiratory tract irritation. formamide. GI Tract: May cause Avoid heat, flames, irritation of the digestive ignition sources, and tract. incompatibles. Systemic Effects: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, and coma.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Toxic Chemical Effects Formic acid

Eyes: Contact with liquid is corrosive to the eyes and causes severe burns. Lachrymator (substance which increases the flow of tears). May cause cornea1 edema, ulceration, and scarring. Skin: May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material. Contact with liquid is corrosive and causes severe bums and ulceration. Absorbed through the skin. May cause erythema (redness) and blistering. Respiratory: Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Aspiration may lead to pulmonary

82

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities 30

5

5

3/2/0

>233

18/57 Sulfuric acid, strong caustics, furfuryl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, strong oxidizers and bases. Reacts explosively with oxidizing agents. Avoid heat, flame, other sources of ignition.

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edema. Vapors may cause dizziness, nausea, itching, burning, and swelling of the eyes. GI Tract: Causes severe digestive tract burns with abdominal pain, vomiting, and possible death. May be harmful if swallowed. May cause central nervous system depression. Ingestion may produce corrosive ulceration and bleeding and necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract accompanied by shock and circulatory collapse. May cause asthmatic attacks due to allergic sensitization of the respiratory tract. Glycerin

Eye Contact: May cause irritation. Skin Contact: May cause irritation. Inhalation: Due to the low vapor pressure,

NA

NA

15 mg/m3

1/1/0

390

NA Strong oxidizers. Can react violently with acetic anhydride, calcium oxychloride, chromium oxides, and alkali metal hydrides. Avoid heat, flames,

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

inhalation of the vapors at room temperature is unlikely. Inhalation of mist may cause irritation of respiratory tract. Ingestion: Low toxicity. May cause nausea, headache, diarrhea. Hydriodic acid (HI)

84

ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Eyes: Causes eye burns. NA NA NA 3/0/0 NA NA/NA Strong oxidizers, Skin: Causes skin burns. alkalis, fluorine, Respiratory: Causes potassium, nitric acid, chemical burns to the some metals, water, respiratory tract. Inhalation and steam. Attacks may be fatal as a result of natural rubber. spasm, inflammation, edema Avoid light, heat, of the larynx and bronchi, incompatibles. chemical pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose and throat, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary edema. GI Tract: Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract.

Hydrobromic Eyes: May result in cornea1 acid (HBr) injury. Causes severe eye irritation and burns. Skin: Causes severe skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin. Contact with liquid is corrosive and causes severe burns and ulceration. Respiratory: Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Causes chemical burns to the

30

3

3 3/0/0 NA NA/NA Reacts violently with fluorine gas, ammonia, ozone, ferric oxide, alkalis, metals, and strong oxidizing agents. Light, heat, air, and incompatibles.

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respiratory tract. May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. May cause respiratory failure. GI Tract: Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. May cause hemorrhaging of the digestive tract. May cause corrosion and permanent tissue destruction of the esophagus and digestive tract. Systemic Effects: May cause circulatory system failure. Hydrochloric Eyes: May cause irreversible acid (HCl) eye injury. Vapor or mist may cause irritation and severe burns. Contact with liquid is corrosive to the eyes and causes severe bums. May cause painful sensitization to light.

50

5

5 3/0/0 NA NA/NA A strong mineral acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid is incompatible with many substances and highly reactive with strong bases, metals, metal oxides,

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Chem ical

Toxic Effects Skin: May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction which becomes evident upon reexposure to this material. Contact with liquid is corrosive and causes severe burns and ulceration. Respiratory: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, and delayed lung edema. Causes chemical bums to the respiratory tract. Exposure to the mist and vapor may erode exposed teeth. Causes corrosive action on the mucous membranes. GI Tract: Causes severe digestive tract bums with abdominal pain, vomiting, and possible death. May cause corrosion and permanent tissue

86

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incomp (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) atibilities hydroxides, amines, carbonates, and other alkaline materials. Incompatible with materials such as cyanides, sulfides, sulfites, and formaldehyde. Avoid heat, direct sunlight.

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destruction of the esophagus and digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed. Systemic Effects: May cause circulatory system failure. Hydrogen Defined as a simple asphyxiant. Inhalation of high concentrations of hydrogen may cause dizziness, headache, deeper breathing due to air hunger, possible nausea, and eventual unconsciousness. Hydrogen peroxide

NA

NA

Eyes: Contact with liquid is corrosive to the eyes and causes severe bums. Contact with the eyes may cause cornea1 damage. Skin: Causes severe skin irritation and possible bums. May cause discoloration, erythema (redness), swelling, and the formation of papules and vesicles (blisters). Respiratory: Causes chemical bums to the respiratory tract. May cause ulceration of nasal tissue, insomnia, nervous tremors with numb extremities, chemical pneumonia, unconsciousness, and death. At high concentrations, respiratory effects may include acute lung

NA

75

1

0/4/0

gas

1 3/0/1 NA OXY

4/75 Oxidizing agents, some metals, alkaline material, halogens.

40/100 Heat, reducing agents, organic materials, dirt, alkalis, rust, and many metals. Spontaneous combustion may occur on standing in contact with readily flammable materials. Avoid light and incompatibles. Avoid excess heat and contact with combustible or organic materials.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

88

damage and delayed pulmonary edema. GI Tract: Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Causes gastrointestinal tract bums. May cause vascular collapse and damage. May cause damage to the red blood cells. May cause difficulty in swallowing, stomach distension, possible cerebral swelling and death. Ingestion may result in irritation of the esophagus, bleeding of the stomach, and ulcer formation. Hydroxylamine Eyes: Corrosive to the HCl eyes. May cause severe irritation and cornea1 damage. Skin: Irritant and possible sensitizer. May cause bums. Respiratory: Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of

NA NA NA 3/1/1 305 NA/NA Strong oxidizing agents, heat plus sodium acetate or ether, carbonyl compounds, copper sulfate, zinc and phosphorus chlorides. Avoid heat, flame, moisture, dusting, sources of ignition and shock, and incompatibles.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive Che (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incompa mical Toxic Effects (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) tibilities breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm inflammation and edema of

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the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. May convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin, producing cyanosis. May also cause nausea, vomiting, fall in blood pressure, headache, vertigo, ringing in the ears, shortness of breath, severe blood oxygen deficiency, and convulsions. Systemic Effects: High concentrations cause coma and death from circulatory collapse. Iodine Eyes: Causes severe eye irritation. May cause eye burns. Vapor or mist may cause irritation and severe burns. May cause epiphoria, which is an excessive flow of tears. Skin: Causes skin burns. May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction which becomes evident upon reexposure to

NA

2

0.1

3/0/1 OXY

NA

NA/NA Incompatible with ammonia, powdered metals, alkali metals, or strong reducing agents. Reaction can be violent or explosive with acetaldehyde and acetylene. Reacts with ammonium hydroxide to form shocksensitive iodides on

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

this material. Respiratory: May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose and throat, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema. GI Tract: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May cause kidney damage. May cause bums to the digestive tract. Systemic Effects: May cause thyroid abnormalities. Isosafrole Eyes: May cause eye NA irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Respiratory: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. GI Tract: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause liver damage. May cause cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), weakness, acidosis,

90

drying. Avoid heat, sunlight, and poor ventilation.

NA

NA 1/1/0 120 NA/NA Oxidizing agents.

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and shock. May be harmful if swallowed. Lead acetate

0.05 3/0/0 NA NA/NA Bromates, phenol, 0.1 Eyes: Absorption can NA chloral hydrate, mg/m3 mg/m3 occur through eye sulfides, hydrogen tissues but the more peroxide, common hazards are resorcinol, salicylic local irritation or acid, sulfites, abrasion. vegetable Skin: Lead and lead infusions, alkalis, compounds may be tannin, phosphates, absorbed through the citrates, chlorides, skin on prolonged carbonates, exposure; the tartrates, and acids. symptoms of lead Avoid heat, flames, poisoning described ignition sources, for ingestion exposure and incompatibles. may occur. Contact over short periods may cause local irritation, redness, and pain. Respiratory: Lead can be absorbed through the respiratory system. Local irritation of bronchia and lungs can occur, and in cases of acute exposure symptoms such as metallic taste, chest and abdominal pain, and increased lead blood levels may follow. GI Tract: Poison. The symptoms of lead poisoning include abdominal pain and spasms, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Acute poisoning can lead to muscle weakness, “lead line” on the gums, metallic taste, definite loss of appetite, insomnia, dizziness, high lead levels in blood and urine with shock,

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92

coma, and death in extreme cases.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point (ppm) (ppm)

Exp losive Limits Incomp (%)/(%) atibilities

Ch emical

Toxic Effects

Lithium

There is no known longterm hazard from lithium in its solid state. However, lithium metal is extremely reactive with body moisture and is corrosive to the skin, nose, throat, and eyes.

NA

NA

NA

1/1/2

NA

Lithium aluminum hydride

Eyes: Causes eye burns. When substance becomes wet or comes in contact with moisture of the mucous membranes, it will cause irritation. May cause chemical conjunctivitis and cornea1 damage. Skin: Causes skin burns. Contact with skin causes irritation and possible bums, especially if the skin is wet or moist. May cause skin rash (in milder cases), and

NA

15 mg/m3

10 mg/m3

3/2/2 W

NA NA/NA

NA/NA Moisture, acids, oxidizers, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide.

Heat, water, alcohols, acids, transition metal salts, oxidizing agents, and a wide variety of other substances. Violent reactions occur on contact with powerful oxidizers. Exothermic reactions involving hydrogen occur when heated or in contact with moisture or acids. Avoid moisture, heat, flames,

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cold and clammy skin with cyanosis or pale color. Respiratory: Causes chemical bums to the respiratory tract. Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. May cause systemic effects. GI Tract: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes gastrointestinal tract bums. May cause perforation of the digestive tract. May cause systemic effects. Magnesium Eyes: Dust turnings may cause mechanical irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Particles embedded in the skin may cause “chemical gas gangrene” with symptoms of persistent lesions, inflammation, and gas bubbles under

ignition sources, and incompatibles.

NA

NA

NA

0/1/2

NA

NA/NA Magnesium reacts dangerously with many substances, including oxidizers, carbonates, cyanides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, sulfates, acids, and other metals. Please refer to the most recent edition

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

94

the skin. Respiratory: Inhalation of fumes may cause metal fume fever, which is characterized by flulike symptoms with metallic taste, fever, chills, cough, weakness, chest pain, muscle pain and increased white blood cell count. GI Tract: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause respiratory tract irritation.

of the NFPA publication “Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials” for details. Reacts with acids to form hydrogen gas. Avoid moisture, heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Manganous Eyes: No adverse effects NA NA 5 1/0/1 NA NA/NA Contact with acids may generate carbonate expected but dust may mg/m3 carbon dioxide cause mechanical gas. Oxidizes irritation. toxic sulfur Skin: No adverse effects dioxide to the expected to dermal more toxic sulfur exposure. trioxide and Respiratory: Acute causes violent poisoning can occur decomposition of from excessive hydrogen inhalation causing peroxide. symptoms. Avoid excessive GI Tract: Extremely dust generation large oral dosages may and produce gastrointestinal incompatibles. disturbances a n d acute poisoning. NA NA Manganous Eyes: May cause chloride irritation, redness, and pain. Skin: May cause irritation with redness and pain. Respiratory: Inhalation can cause a flu-like illness (metal fume fever). This 24- to 48hour illness is characterized by chills, fever, aching muscles, dryness in the mouth and throat, and headache. May irritate the

NA 2/0/0 NA NA/NA Strong reducing agents, hydrogen peroxide, potassium, sodium, and zinc. Avoid incompatibles.

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respiratory tract. May increase the incidence of upper respiratory infections (pneumonia). Absorption of inorganic manganese salts through the lungs is poor but may occur in chronic poisoning. GI Tract: May cause abdominal pain and nausea. Although they are poorly absorbed through the intestines, inorganic manganese salts may produce hypoglycemia and decreased calcium blood levels if absorption occurs.

Chemical Toxic Effects Mercuric chloride

NIOSH OSHA Explosive IDLH REL PEL NFPA Flash Limits Incompa (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Rating Point (%)/(%) tibilities

Eyes: Causes 10 irritation and mg/m3 burns to eyes. Symptoms include redness, pain, blurred vision; may cause serious and permanent eye damage. Skin: Causes irritation and burns to skin. Symptoms include redness and pain. May cause skin allergy and sensitization. Can be absorbed through the skin with symptoms that parallel ingestion. Respiratory: Causes irritation to the

0.05 mg/m3

0.1 mg/m3

3/0/0

NA

NA/NA Bromides, iodides, ammonia, alkalis, cyanides, chlorides, copper and lead salts, silver salts, carbonates, sulfides, soap, lime water, iodoform, and hydrogen peroxide. Avoid light and incompatibles.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

respiratory tract. Symptoms include sore throat, coughing, pain, tightness in chest, breathing difficulties, shortness of breath, and headache. Pneumonitis may develop. Can be absorbed through inhalation with symptoms to parallel ingestion. Vapor inhalation can bum the mucous membrane of the nose and throat. GI Tract: Highly toxic! Average lethal dose for inorganic mercury salts is about 1 gram. May cause burning of the mouth and pharynx, abdominal pain, vomiting, corrosive ulceration, bloody diarrhea. Systemic Effects: May be followed by a rapid and weak pulse, shallow breathing, paleness, exhaustion, central nervous system problems,

96

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tremors, and collapse. Delayed death may occur from renal failure. 0.05 Mercury Eyes: Exposure to 10 0.1 3/0/0 NA NA/NA Acetylenes, ammonia, mercury or mercury mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 ethylene oxide, compounds can cause chlorine dioxide, discoloration on the azides, metal front surface of the oxides, methyl lens, which does not silane, lithium, interfere with vision. rubidium, Causes eye irritation oxygen, strong and possible burns. oxidants, metal Contact with mercury carbonyls. or mercury Avoid heat, compounds can cause flames, ignition ulceration of the sources, metal conjunctiva and surfaces, and cornea. incompatibles. Skin: May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction which becomes evident upon reexposure to this material. Causes skin irritation and possible burns. May cause skin rash (in milder cases), and cold and clammy skin with cyanosis or pale color. Respiratory: Causes chemical bums to the respiratory tract. Inhalation of fumes may cause metal fume fever, which is characterized by flulike symptoms with metallic taste, fever, chills, cough, weakness, chest pain, muscle pain, and increased white blood cell count. May cause

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

98

respiratory sensitization. Systemic Effects: May cause central nervous system effects including vertigo, anxiety, depression, muscle incoordination, and emotional instability. Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. May cause systemic ettects. GI Tract: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. May cause perforation of the digestive tract. May cause effects similar to those for inhalation exposure. May cause systemic effects.

Chemical

Toxic Effects

Methanol

Eyes: Causes moderate eye irritation. Vapors may cause eye irritation. May cause painful sensitization to light. Skin: May cause skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin. May be fatal or cause blindness if swallowed. Respiratory: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May cause adverse

Explo sive NIOSH OSHA IDLH REL PEL NFPA Flash Limits Incompa (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Rating Point (%)/(%) tibilities 6000

200

200

1/3/0

54

6/36 Strong oxidizing agents such as nitrates, perchlorates, or sulfuric acid. Will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. May react with metallic aluminum and generate hydrogen gas. Avoid heat, flames, ignition

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99

central nervous system effects including headache, convulsions, and possible death. May cause visual impairment and possible permanent blindness. May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. GI Tract: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause kidney damage. Systemic Effects: May cause kidney damage. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma, and possible death due to respiratory failure. Methylamine Eyes: Causes eye bums. May result in cornea1 injury. May cause chemical conjunctivitis and cornea1

sources, and incompatibles.

100

10

10

3/3/0

39

4.9/20.8 Nitromethane, acids, oxidizing agents, chlorine, hypochlorite, halogenated

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

damage. May cause tearing, conjunctivitis, and cornea1 edema when vapor is absorbed into the tissue of the eye. Skin: Causes skin bums. May be absorbed through the skin. May cause dermatitis. Methylamine is readily absorbed through the skin and may cause malaise, discomfort, injury, and death unless treated promptly. Respiratory: Inhalation of methylamine may cause coughing, nausea, and pulmonary edema. Allergic or chemical bronchitis was reported in a worker exposed to methylamine in an unpublished report. It is unclear from this report what the actual exposure concentrations were. GI Tract: Harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract bums. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. May cause pulmonary edema and severe respiratory disturbances. May cause liver

100

agents, mercury, copper, copper alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, aluminum, and perchlorates.

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abnormalities. MethylEyes: Causes eye 500 10 10 2/2/0 136 2.2/15.2 Bromine, carbon formamide irritation. May cause tetrachloride, chromic chemical anhydride, 2,5conjunctivitis. dimethylpyrrole, Skin: Causes skin phosphorus oxychloride, irritation. hexachlorobenzene, GI Tract: May magnesium nitrate, cause methylene diisocyanate, gastrointestinal phosphorus trioxide, triethyl irritation with aluminum, organic nitrates, nausea, vomiting, acidic and alkaline and diarrhea. materials, and other halogenated compounds. Respiratory: Causes respiratory Contact with iron or strong tract irritation. Can oxidizers may cause fires produce delayed and explosions; may react pulmonary edema. violently with alkyl aluminums. Methylene diisocyanate can polymerize violently on contact with DMF. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Chemical

Toxic Effects

Naphthalene Eyes: Vapors and solid causes irritation, redness, and pain. Very high exposures can damage the nerves of the eye. Skin: Can irritate the skin and, on prolonged contact, may cause rashes and allergy. “Sensitized” individuals may suffer a severe

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities 500

NA

10

2/2/0

189

0.9/5.9 Strong oxidizers, strong alkalis, and strong mineral acids, mixtures of aluminum trichloride and benzoyl chloride. Reacts violently with chromic anhydride. Melted naphthalene will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. Avoid heat, sparks, flames and other ignition sources, and incompatibles.

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102

dermatitis. Respiratory: Inhalation of dust or vapors can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, extensive sweating, and disorientation. The predominant reaction is delayed intravascular hemolysis with symptoms of anemia, fever, jaundice, and kidney or liver damage. GI Tract: Toxic. Can cause headache, profuse perspiration, listlessness, dark urine, nausea, vomiting, and disorientation. Intravascular hemolysis may also occur with symptoms similar to those noted for inhalation. Severe cases may produce coma with or without convulsions. Death may result from renal failure. Nitric acid

Eyes:

100

2

2

4/0/3

NA

NA A dangerously

Site safety

Corrosive. Vapors are irritating and may cause severe damage to the eyes. Splashes may cause severe burns and permanent eye damage. Skin: Corrosive. Can cause redness, pain, and severe skin bums. Concentrated solutions cause deep ulcers and stain skin a yellow or yellow-brown color. Respiratory: Corrosive. Inhalation of vapors can cause breathing difficulties and lead to pneumonia and pulmonary edema, which may be fatal. Other symptoms may include coughing, choking, and irritation of the nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Symptoms may disappear only to return in a few hours and more severely. Onset of symptoms may be delayed for 4 to 30 hours. GI Tract: Corrosive. Swallowing nitric acid can cause immediate pain and bums of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract.

103

OXY POI COR

powerful oxidizing agent, fuming nitric acid is incompatible with most substances, especially strong bases, metallic powders, carbides, hydrogen sulfide, turpentine, and combustible organics. Avoid heat, light, and moisture.

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104

Nitroethane Eyes: Causes eye irritation. 1000 100 100 1/3/3 82 3.4/NA Amines, strong May cause chemical acids, alkalis, conjunctivitis and cornea1 oxidizers, damage. hydrocarbons, Skin: Causes skin irritation. combustibles, May cause dermatitis. May and metal cause cyanosis of the oxides extremities. GI Tract: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Methemoglobinemia is characterized by dizziness, drowsiness, headache, shortness of breath, cyanosis with bluish skin, rapid heart rate, and chocolate-brown colored blood. Respiratory: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. May cause burning sensation in the chest. Ingestion of large amounts may cause CNS depression. May be harmful if swallowed. May form methemoglobin, which in sufficient concentration causes cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood).

Toxic Chemical Effects Norpseudo- Eyes: May ephedrine cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Contact with the skin may cause a local anesthetic effect. Respiratory: May cause

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities NA

NA

NA

1/0/0

NA

NA/NA Oxidizing agents and direct light.

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respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. GI Tract: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Palladium sulfate

Eyes: May cause eye/skin irritation. Respiratory: May be harmful by inhalation. To the best of the manufacturer’s knowledge the toxicological properties have not been thoroughly investigated.

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Paraffin

Eyes: Irritant. Skin: Irritant. Respiratory: None identified. GI Tract: Irritation of mucous membranes.

NA

NA

NA

1/0/0

399

NA Strong oxidizing agents. Avoid heat, flame, and other sources of ignition.

Perchloric acid

Eyes: Causes eye bums. May cause retinal damage.

NA

NA

NA

3/0/3 OXY

102

NA/NA Incompatible with numerous materials, including combustible materials, organic

NA/NA Strong oxidizing agents. Avoid freezing and incompatibles.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Skin: Causes skin bums. May cause skin sensitization, an allergic reaction which becomes evident upon reexposure to this material. May cause deep, penetrating ulcers of the skin. Respiratory: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, and delayed lung edema. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, edema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. GI Tract: Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. May be harmful if swallowed. Ingestion may produce corrosive ulceration and bleeding and necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract accompanied by shock and circulatory collapse.

106

chemicals, strong dehydrating agents, reducing and oxidizing agents. Reacts violently with benzene,

calcium hydride, wood, acetic acid, charcoal, olefins, ethanol, sulfur and sulfuric acid. Do not use perchloric acid in a hood designed for other purposes. Avoid heat and incompatibles.

250 5 5 3/2/1 175 1.8/8.6 Oxidizers, aluminum Phenol Eyes: Corrosive. Eye bums chloride and with redness, pain, and blurred nitrobenzene, calcium vision may occur. May cause hypochlorite, butadiene, severe damage and blindness. halogens, formaldehyde, Skin: Corrosive. Rapidly mineral oxidizing acids, absorbed through the skin with isocyanates, sodium systemic poisoning effects to nitrite and many other follow. Discoloration and materials. Hot liquid severe bums may occur, but phenol will attack may be disguised by a loss in aluminum, magnesium, pain sensation. lead, and zinc metals. Respiratory: Breathing vapor, Avoid heat, flames, dust, or mist results in digestive disturbances ignition sources, and

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(vomiting, difficulty swallowing, diarrhea, loss of appetite). Will irritate, possibly bum respiratory tract. GI Tract: Poison. Symptoms may include burning pain in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, muscular weakness, central nervous system effects, increase in heart rate, irregular breathing, coma, and possibly death. Acute exposure is also associated with kidney and liver damage. Ingestion of 1 gram has been lethal to humans.

Chemical

Toxic Effects

Phenylacetic Eyes: Causes acid eye irritation and possible burns. May cause chemical conjunctivitis. Skin: Causes skin irritation and possible bums. Respiratory: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Can produce delayed pulmonary edema. GI Tract: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Phosphorus

Eye: Red phosphorus causes eye

incompatibles.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incompa (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) tibilities NA

5 mg/m3

NA NA

0.1 mg/m3

0.1 mg/m3

2/0/0

168

NA/NA NA

1/1/1

NA

NA/NA Halogens, halides, sulfur,

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

irritation. If contaminated with yellow phosphorus, eye contact can cause severe irritation and bums. Skin: Red phosphorus is not harmful to skin. If contaminated with white phosphorus, however, contact may cause deep, slow healing bums. Respiratory: Not considered highly toxic, but acute exposure may cause coughing, bronchitis, possible liver or kidney impairment if contaminated with yellow phosphorus. GI Tract: Red phosphorus is not readily absorbed, and in pure form is considered nonpoisonous. However, possible contamination with the yellow form must be considered, and symptoms such as

108

oxidizing materials, and alkalis (forms of phosphine). Avoid heat, flame, ignition sources, shock, friction, and incompatibles.

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nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or garlic odor on breath will indicate poisoning by the latter. The estimated lethal adult human dose for white phosphorus is 50 to 100 mg. Phosphorus Eyes: Causes 1 1 3/0/2 NA NA/NA Reacts violently 70 pentachloride severe eye W with water. mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 bums. Alcohols, amines, Skin: Causes aluminum, sodium, skin bums. and potassium acids. Respiratory: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, and delayed lung edema. Causes chemical bums to the respiratory tract. GI Tract: Causes digestive tract bums with immediate pain, swelling of the throat, convulsions, and possible coma. May be harmful if swallowed. Piperidine

Eyes: Contact with liquid or vapor causes

NA

NA

NA 2/3/3

16 NA/NA Acids, acid C chlorides, acid anhydrides, carbon

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

severe bums and possible irreversible eye damage. Contact may cause ulceration of the conjunctiva and cornea. Eye damage may be delayed. May cause conjunctivitis. May cause blindness. Skin: May be absorbed through the skin. If absorbed, causes symptoms similar to those of ingestion. Penetration may continue for several days. Causes severe skin irritation and bums. Respiratory: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, and delayed lung edema. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Damage may be delayed. May cause bronchial

110

dioxide, strong oxidizing agents, dicyanofurazan, Nnitrosoacetanilide, and 1perchlorylpiperdine.

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pneumonia. GI Tract: Harmful if swallowed. May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes gastrointestinal tract bums. Systemic Effects: Can cause nervous system damage. May cause tremors and convulsions.

Chemical Toxic Effects Piperonal

Eyes: Dust may cause mechanical irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. Respiratory: Inhalation of dust may cause respiratory tract irritation. GI Tract: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. Systemic Effects: May cause central nervous system depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incompa (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) tibilities NA

NA

NA

1/0/0

NA

NA/NA Strong oxidizing agents.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

112

Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma, and possible death due to respiratory failure. Platinum catalyst

Eyes: May cause severe eye irritation. Skin: Some local redness may occur. Prolonged exposure may result in more severe irritation. Some platinum salts are skin sensitizers. Respiratory: Exposure to diethyl ketone (DEK) vapor is moderately high, concentrations may result in drowsiness, dizziness, and nausea. No effects reported from platinum metal. GI Tract: DEK is moderately toxic and may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and drowsiness.

NA 1 mg/m3

NA

2/2/1

NA

NA/NA Aluminum, acetone, arsenic, ethane, hydrazine, hydrogen peroxide, lithium, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium, and various fluorides.

Platinum chloride

Eyes: May cause irritation, itching, and conjunctival vasodilation. Skin: May cause platinosis; symptoms may

NA

NA

2/0/0

NA

NA/NA Bromine trifluoride, carbonates, sulfides, and cyanides. Avoid moisture, light, heat,

NA

Site safety

include severe irritation, eczema, urticaria, itching, and dermatitis. May cause skin allergy.

113

and incompatibles.

Respiratory: Exposure can cause severe allergies affecting the nose, skin, and lungs. Irritation and even ulcers can develop in the nose. May cause platinosis. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, tightness of the chest, shortness of breath, cyanosis, and pronounced asthmatic symptoms. GI Tract: May cause vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Platinum oxide

Eyes: Causes eye NA NA NA 2/0/0 NA NA/NA Oxidizing agents. irritation. May cause Avoid moisture, chemical conjunctivitis. light, heat, and Skin: Causes skin incompatibles. irritation. Respiratory: Causes respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Can produce delayed pulmonary edema. GI Tract: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated.

Potassium Eyes: Causes extreme carbonate irritation, redness, pain, and possibly cornea1 damage. Skin: Contact with dry material causes irritation. In aqueous solution it is a strong caustic and as such

NA NA NA 2/0/0 NA NA/NA Acids, chlorine trifluoride, and magnesium. An explosion occurred after mixing sodium hydrosulfite, aluminum powder, potassium carbonate,

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

may have corrosive effects on the skin. Respiratory: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. GI Tract: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May have moderate toxic effects if consumed in large enough quantities. Ingestion of large amounts may be

114

and benzaldehyde. Avoid moisture, heat, dusting, and incompatibles.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point (ppm) (ppm) Chemical Toxic Effects

Explo sive Limits Incompa (%)/(%) tibilities

corrosive to mouth, throat, and GI tract and produce abdominal pains, vomiting, diarrhea, and circulatory collapse. Potassium chlorate

Eyes: Causes irritation, redness, and pain. Skin: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. Respiratory: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. GI Tract: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May cause

NA

NA

NA

1/0/3 OXY

NA

NA Iodides, tartaric acid, aluminum, sulfuric acid, hypophosphite, powdered metals, organic matter, and many other oxidizable substances. Avoid heat, flame, ignition sources, shock, friction, and incompatibles.

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abdominal pain, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, anuria, coma, and convulsions. May cause liver and kidney damage. Death may occur from renal failure, generally in 4 days. Estimated lethal dose from 15 to 30 grams. Potassium cyanide

Eyes: Contact with 25 5 mg/m3 eyes may cause mg/m3 severe irritation and possible eye burns. Skin: May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. Contact with skin causes irritation and possible burns, especially if the skin is wet or moist. If absorbed, causes symptoms similar to those of ingestion. Skin absorption may cause unconsciousness. Absorption into the body may cause cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood). Respiratory: Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. Contains cyanide. Inhalation may result in symptoms similar to cyanide poisoning, such as tachypnea, hyperpnea (abnormally rapid or deep

5 mg/m3

3/0/0

NA

NA/NA Strong acids and strong oxidizers. Reacts with acids to liberate toxic and flammable hydrogen cyanide gas. Water or weak alkaline solutions can produce dangerous amounts of hydrogen cyanide in confined areas. Can react with carbon dioxide in ordinary air to form hydrogen cyanide gas.

Avoid heat, moisture, and incompatibles.

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116

breathing), and dyspnea (labored breathing) followed rapidly by respiratory depression. Pulmonary edema may occur. GI Tract: May be fatal if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract bums. May cause tissue anoxia, characterized by weakness, headache, dizziness, confusion, cyanosis (bluish skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), weak and irregular heart beat, collapse, unconsciousness, convulsions, coma, and death. Contains cyanide. Human fatalities have been reported from acute poisoning. Large doses of cyanide may result in sudden loss of consciousness and prompt death; small doses will prolong symptoms 1 to 2 hours. Systemic Effects: Can cause central nervous system damage and death. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effects characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, and coma. Potassium Eyes: Corrosive. Contact NA NA NA 3/1/1 NA NA/NA Reducing agents, dichromate can cause blurred vision, OXY acetone plus redness, pain, and severe sulfuric acid, boron tissue bums. May cause plus silicon, cornea1 injury or ethylene glycol, blindness. iron, hydrazine, Skin: Corrosive. and Symptoms of redness, pain, hydroxylamine. and severe bum can occur. Any combustible, Dusts and strong solutions organic, or other may cause severe readily oxidizable

Site safety

Toxic Chemical Effects irritation. Contact with broken skin may cause ulcers (chrome sores) and absorption, which may cause systemic poisoning, affecting kidney and liver functions. May cause skin sensitization. Respiratory: Corrosive. Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. May cause ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum. Symptoms may include sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, and labored breathing. May produce pulmonary sensitization or allergic asthma.

117

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities material (paper, wood, sulfur, aluminum, or plastics). Avoid heat and incompatibles.

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118

Higher exposures may cause pulmonary edema. GI Tract: Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe bums of the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to death. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. May cause violent gastroenteritis, peripheral vascular collapse, dizziness, intense thirst, muscle cramps, shock, coma, abnormal bleeding, fever, liver damage, and acute renal failure. Potassium hydroxide

Eyes: Highly corrosive. Causes irritation of eyes with tearing, redness, swelling. Greater exposures cause severe bums with possible blindness resulting. Skin:

ND 2 mg/m3

ND

3/0/1

NA

NA/NA Contact with water, acids, flammable liquids, and organic halogen compounds, especially may cause trich loroethylene, fire or explosion. Contact with nitromethane

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Corrosive. Contact with skin can cause irritation or severe bums and scarring with greater exposures. Respiratory: Severe irritant. Effects from inhalation of dust or mist vary from mild. irritation to serious damage of the upper respiratory tract, depending on the severity of exposure. Symptoms may include coughing, sneezing, damage to the nasal or respiratory tract. High concentrations can cause lung damage. GI Tract: Toxic. Swallowing may cause severe burns of mouth, throat, and stomach. Other symptoms may include vomiting and diarrhea. Severe scarring of tissue and death may result. Estimated lethal dose: 5 grams. Potassium nitrate

and other similar nitro compounds cause formation of shock-sensitive salts. Contact with metals such as aluminum, tin, and zinc causes formation of flammable hydrogen gas. Avoid heat, moisture, and incompatibles.

NA NA NA 1/0/0 NA NA/NA Heavy metals, Eyes: Causes irritation, OXY phosphites, organic redness, and pain. compounds, Skin: Causes irritation to carbonaceous skin. Symptoms include materials, strong redness, itching, and pain. acids, and many Respiratory: Causes other substances. irritation to the respiratory Avoid heat, flames, tract. Symptoms may ignition sources, include coughing, and incompatibles. shortness of breath. GI Tract: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May cause gastroenteritis and abdominal pains. Purging and diuresis can be

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expected. Rare cases of nitrates being converted to the more toxic nitrites have been reported, mostly with infants. Potassium Eyes: Causes irritation, NA NA NA 2/0/0 NA NA/NA Aluminum, perchlorate redness, and pain. May OXY magnesium, cause bums. charcoal, fluorine, Skin: Causes irritation to sulfur, many skin. Symptoms include combustible redness, itching, and pain. substances and May cause bums to skin reducing agents. tissue upon contact. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

Chemical

Toxic Effects Respiratory: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. High concentrations can cause pulmonary edema. Absorption through inhalation of dust can produce systemic effects paralleling those from ingestion exposure. GI Tract: Irritant to mucous membrane; causes

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point (ppm) (ppm)

Exp losive Limits Incomp (%)/(%) atibilities

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gastrointestinal upset, and larger doses can cause nausea, vomiting, fever, rashes. Reduces oxygen to body organs (methemog lobinemia) causing the lips and skin to turn blue. Exposure causes a breakdown of red blood cells, which can lead to kidney damage. May affect bone marrow (aplastic anemia). Potassium Eyes: Contact permanganate with crystals (dusts) and concentrated solutions causes severe irritation, redness, blurred vision, and can cause severe damage, possibly permanent. Skin: Dry crystals and concentrated solutions are caustic causing redness, pain, severe bums, brown stains in the contact area, and

NA

NA

5 mg/m3

1/0/0 OXY

NA

NA/NA Powdered metals, alcohol, arsenites, bromides, iodides, phosphorus, sulfuric acid, organic compounds, sulfur, activated carbon, hydrides, strong hydrogen peroxide, ferrous or mercurous salts, hypophosphites, hyposulfites, sulfites, peroxides, andoxalates. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

possible hardening of outer skin layer. Diluted solutions are only mildly irritating to the skin. Respiratory: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. High concentrations can cause pulmonary edema.

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incompatibles.

GI Tract: Ingestion of solid or high concentrations causes severe distress of gastrointestinal system with possible bums and edema, slow pulse, shock with fall of blood pressure. May be fatal. Ingestion of concentrations up to 1% causes burning of the throat, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain; 2 to 3% causes anemia and swelling of the throat with possible suffocation; 4 to 5% may cause kidney damage. Pyridine Eyes: Redness and pain. Skin: Absorption causes redness. Respiratory: Cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, unconsciousness. GI Tract: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, weakness. Silver nitrate

Eye: Corrosive. Can cause blurred vision, redness, pain,

1000

5

5 2/3/0

68 1.8/12.4 Strong oxidizers and strong acids.

NA NA NA 1/0/0 NA NA/NA Ammonia, alkalis, OXY antimony salts,

Site safety

severe tissue bums and eye damage. Skin: Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe bum can occur. Respiratory: Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting. May be absorbed into the body following inhalation, with symptoms paralleling those from ingestion exposure. Dust deposits in the lungs may resemble a form of pneumoconiosis.

Toxic Chemical Effects GI Tract: Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe bums of the mouth, throat, and stomach. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. Poison. Symptoms include pain and burning in the mouth, blackening of the skin and mucous membranes, throat, and abdomen, salivation, vomiting of

123

arsenites, bromides, carbonates, chlorides, iodides, thiocyanates, ferrous salts, phosphates, tannic acid, and tartrates. Avoid heat, flame, sources of ignition, light, and incompatibles.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incompa (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) tibilities

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black material, diarrhea, collapse, shock, coma and death. Sodium

Eyes: May cause redness, pain, blurred vision, and damage from severe alkali bums. Skin: Corrosive can cause serious bums due to almost immediate reaction with water, especially on moist skin. If metal ignites, very deep bums and tissue destruction can occur. Respiratory: Corrosive. Inhalation produces damaging effects on the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include irritation of the nose and throat and labored breathing. May cause lung edema, a medical emergency.

NA

NA

NA

3/3/2 W

NA

NA/NA Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, halogens, acetylene, metal halides, ammonium salts, oxides, oxidizing agents, acids, alcohols, chlorinated organic compounds, and many other substances. Avoid air, heat, flames, ignition and incompatibles. sources,

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Extremely dangerous, corrosive material. The metal’s low melting point can cause further complications. GI Tract: Will react immediately with saliva to cause serious bums and possible local combustion and even explosion of hydrogen in the mouth or esophagus. Sodium acetate

Eyes: Contact may NA NA NA cause irritation, redness, and pain. Skin: May cause irritation with redness and pain. Respiratory: May cause irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, sore throat, labored breathing, and chest pain. GI Tract: Large doses may produce abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Sodium azide

Eyes: Causes irritation, NA 0.1 NA 3/1/3 NA NA/NA Benzoyl chloride plus POI potassium hydroxide, redness, pain, and EXPL bromine, carbon blurred vision. disulfide, chromyl Skin: Highly toxic! chloride, copper, Causes irritation, dibromalononitrile, redness, and pain. May dimethyl sulfate, lead, be absorbed through the barium carbonate, skin; symptoms may sulfuric acid, water, and parallel ingestion. nitric acid. Respiratory: May cause irritation to the Avoid heat, flames,

3/0/1 NA NA/NA Nitric acid, fluoride, potassium nitrate, strong oxidizers, and diketene. Avoid incompatibles.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

respiratory tract and mucous membranes, sore throat, coughing, dizziness, shortness of breath, and fainting. May be absorbed through inhalation. Symptoms may parallel ingestion. GI Tract: Highly toxic! May cause breathlessness, pulmonary edema, and rapid heart beat within 5 minutes. Nausea, vomiting, headache, restlessness, and diarrhea may occur within 15 minutes. Other symptoms may include low blood pressure, abnormal breathing, reduced body temperature, reduced body pH, convulsions, collapse and death. Sodium Eyes: Causes eye burns. NA NA NA bisulfate When substance becomes wet or comes in contact with moisture of the mucous membranes, it will cause irritation. May cause chemical conjunctivitis and cornea1 damage.

Toxic Chemical Effects Skin: Causes skin burns. Contact with skin causes irritation and possible burns, especially if the skin is wet or moist. May cause skin rash

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ignition sources, and incompatibles.

2/0/1 NA NA/NA Water, acids, alkalis, sodium nitrite, oxidizers, and aluminum powder. Avoid moisture, heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incompa (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) tibilities

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(in milder cases), and cold and clammy skin with cyanosis or pale color. Respiratory: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, and delayed lung edema. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. May cause systemic effects. GI Tract: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. May cause perforation of the digestive tract. May cause systemic effects. Sodium carbonate

Eyes: Contact may be corrosive to eyes and cause conjuctival edema and cornea1 destruction.

NA

NA

NA

1/0/1

NA

NA/NA Fluorine, aluminum, phosphorus pentoxide, sulfuric acid, zinc, lithium, moisture, calcium

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Risk of serious injury increases if eyes are kept tightly closed. Other symptoms may appear from absorption of sodium carbonate into the bloodstream via the eyes. Skin: Excessive contact may cause irritation with blistering and redness. Solutions may cause severe irritation or bums.

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hydroxide, and 2,4,6trinitrotoluene. Reacts violently with acids to form carbon dioxide. Avoid moisture, heat, dusting, and incompatibles.

Respiratory: Inhalation of dust may cause irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms from excessive inhalation of dust may include coughing and difficult breathing. Excessive contact is known to cause damage to the nasal septum. GI Tract: Sodium carbonate is only slightly toxic, but large doses may be corrosive to the gastrointestinal tract where symptoms may include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, collapse, and death. Sodium Eyes: Causes irritation, redness, NA NA NA 1/0/1 NA NA/NA Aluminum, OXY strong acids, chlorate and pain. strong reducing Skin: Causes irritation to skin. agents, organic Symptoms include redness, matter, and other itching, and pain. oxidizable Respiratory: Inhalation of dust substances. may cause irritation to the Avoid heat, respiratory tract; symptoms may flame, ignition include sore throat, coughing, sources, shock, headache, and dizziness. GI Tract: Causes irritation to friction, and

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the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May cause abdominal pain, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, anuria, coma, and convulsions. May cause liver and kidney damage. Death may occur from renal failure, generally in 4 days. Estimated lethal dose from 15 to 30 grams. Sodium Eyes: For salt concentrations chloride greater than the normal saline present, causes irritation, redness, and pain. Skin: May irritate damaged skin; absorption can occur with effects similar to those via ingestion.

Toxic Chemical Effects

incompatibles.

NA NA NA 1/0/0 NA NA/NA Lithium and bromine trifluoride. Avoid incompatibles.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incompa (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) tibilities

Respiratory: May cause mild irritatio to the respiratory tract. GI Tract: Very large doses can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and prostration. Dehydration and congestion occur in most internal organs. Hypertonic salt solutions can produce violent inflammatory reactions in the gastrointestinal tract. Sodium

Eyes: Causes

10 2 mg/m3

2

3/0/2

NA

NA/NA Sodium

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

hydroxide

eye burns. mg/m3 May cause chemical conjunctivitis and cornea1 damage. Causes skin bums. Skin: May cause deep, penetrating ulcers of the skin. May cause skin rash (in milder cases), and cold and clammy skin with cyanosis or pale color. Respiratory: Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, bums, breathing difficulty, and possible coma. Causes chemical bums to the respiratory tract. Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. May cause systemic effects. GI Tract: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes gastrointestinal tract bums.

mg/m3

130

hydroxide in contact with acids and organic halogen compounds, especially trichloroethylene, may cause violent reactions. Contact with nitromethane and other similar nitro compounds causes formation of shocksensitive salts. Contact with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, tin, and zinc cause formation of flammable hydrogen gas. Sodium hydroxide, even in fairly dilute solution, reacts readily with various sugars to produce carbon monoxide. Precautions should be taken, including monitoring the tank atmosphere for carbon monoxide to ensure safety of personnel before vessel entry. Avoid moisture, dusting, and incompatibles.

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May cause perforation of the digestive tract. Causes severe pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock. May cause systemic effects. Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Sodium Eyes: NA peroxide Corrosive. Contact can cause blurred vision, redness, pain, and severe tissue bums. Skin: Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe bum can occur. Respiratory: Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting.

NA

NA 3/0/1 NA NA/NA Moisture, organic and OXY oxidizable substances, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, aluminum, aluminum plus carbon dioxide, ammonium persulfate, aniline, antimony, arsenic, benzene, boron nitride, calcium carbide, charcoal, dextrose plus potassium nitrate, diethyl ether, glycerine, hexamethylenetetramine, hydrogen sulfide, magnesium, magnesium plus carbon dioxide, manganese dioxide, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium selenium monochloride, silver chloride plus charcoal, sodium, sulfur monochloride, tin, zinc, and reducing agents. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

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GI Tract: Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe bums of the mouth, throat, and stomach. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea. Sodium sulfate

Eyes: May NA cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Respiratory: May cause respiratory tract irritation. Low hazard for usual industrial handling. GI Tract: Ingestion of large amounts may cause gastrointestinal irritation. Low hazard for usual industrial handling.

Starch

Eye: No adverse effects expected, but dust may cause mechanical irritation. Skin: No adverse effects expected. Respiratory: Symptoms similar to those caused by nuisance dust; coughing, sneezing. GI Tract: Not

NA

NA 1/0/0 NA NA/NA In combination with sodium sulfate, aluminum and magnesium will explode at 800°C (1472°F); strong mineral acids and bases. Avoid air and incompatibles.

NA 10 15 0/1/0 NA NA/NA Strong oxidizers. mg/m3 mg/m3 Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

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expected to be a health hazard.

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits Incompa Chemical Toxic Effects (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) tibilities Strontium nitrate

Eye: Corrosive. Contact can cause blurred vision, redness, pain, and severe tissue bums. Skin: Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe bum can occur. Respiratory: Irritant to the nasal and respiratory passages due largely to the nitrate radical. Coughing, sneezing, and some difficulty in breathing can occur in cases of exceptional dust inhalation. Higher levels may cause a chemical pneumonia. GI Tract: Toxicity rating is low (2 to 3) because strontium salts are poorly absorbed from the digestive system. Large doses may, however, upset the osmotic balance and cause vomiting and diarrhea as

NA

NA

NA

1/0/3 OXY

NA

NA/NA Reducing agents, organic compounds, and halogens. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

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134

well as nitrate irritation. Sulfur

Eyes: Irritant to human eyes at 6 to 8 ppm. Redness and pain may be observed. Skin: May cause irritation. Respiratory: Nuisance dust. May cause coughing, sneezing, or labored breathing if large amounts are inhaled. GI Tract: Considered essentially nontoxic by ingestion. Ingestion of very large amounts may cause sore throat, nausea, headache, and possibly unconsciousness in severe cases. May be converted into hydrogen sulfide in the intestine.

NA

Sulfuric Eyes: Corrosive. acid Contact can cause blurred vision, redness, pain, and severe tissue burns. Can cause blindness. Skin: Corrosive. Symptoms of redness, pain, and severe burn can occur. Respiratory: Inhalation produces

NA

15 1

NA

2/1/0

NA

NA/NA Chlorates, nitrates, and other oxidizing agents. Halogens, carbides, zinc, tin, alkali metals, phosphorus, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, charcoal, and many other substances. Avoid heat, flame, ignition sources, dusting, and incompatibles.

1 3/0/3 NA NA/NA Water, potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate, sodium, lithium, bases, organic material, halogens, metal acetylides, oxides and hydrides, metals (yields hydrogen gas), strong oxidizing and reducing agents, and many other reactive substances. Avoid heat, moisture, and

Site safety

damaging effects on the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include irritation of the nose and throat and labored breathing. May cause lung edema, a medical emergency. GI Tract: Corrosive. Swallowing can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to death. Can cause sore throat, vomiting, and diarrhea. Systemic Effects: Circulatory collapse with clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine may follow skin contact or ingestion. Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death.

135

incompatibles.

Thionyl Eyes: Corrosive. NA 1 NA 4/0/2 NA NA/NA Water, ammonia, chloryl chloride Vapors are irritating W perchlorate, dimethyl and may cause damage sulfoxide, linseed oil, to the eyes. Contact quinoline, sodium, 2,4may cause severe burns hexadiyn-1-6-diol, oand permanent eye nitrobenzoyl acetic acid, and damage. o-nitrophenylacetic acid. Skin: Corrosive. Avoid heat, moisture, and Liquid contact may incompatibles. cause blistering burns, irritation, and pain. Vapors may be severely irritating to the skin.

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

Toxic Chemical Effects

136

IDLH NIOSH OSHA NFPA Flash Explosive (ppm) REL PEL Rating Point Limits (ppm) (ppm) (%)/(%) Incompatibilities

Respiratory: Corrosive. Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm inflammation and edema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. GI Tract: Corrosive. May cause burning pain in throat, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Thorium nitrate

Radioactive material. Eyes:

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA/NA Strong oxidizers.

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Irritation and possible eye damage. Skin: Irritation in sensitive persons. Respiratory: Not known. GI Tract: Not known. Toluene

Eye Contact: Causes severe eye irritation with redness and pain. Skin Contact: Causes irritation. May be absorbed through skin. Inhalation: Inhalation may cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms of overexposure may include fatigue, confusion, headache, dizziness, and drowsiness.

500

100

Peculiar skin sensations (e.g., pins and needles) or numbness may be produced. Very high concentrations may cause unconsciousness and death. Ingestion: Swallowing may cause abdominal spasms and other symptoms that parallel overexposure from inhalation.

200

2/3/0

43

3.3/19 Heat, flame, strong oxidizers, nitric and sulfuric acids, chlorine, nitrogen tetraoxide. Will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. Avoid heat, flames, ignition sources, and incompatibles.

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Aspiration of material into the lungs can cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal. Xylene Eye: Vapors cause eye irritation. 900 100 100 2/3/0 90 1.0/7.0 Strong oxidizing Splashes cause severe irritation, agents and possible cornea1 burns, and eye strong acids. damage. Avoid heat, Skin: Skin contact results in loss of flames, ignition natural oils and often results in a sources, and characteristic dermatitis. May be incompatibles. absorbed through the skin. Respiratory: Inhalation of vapors may be irritating to the nose and throat. Inhalation of high concentrations may result in nausea, vomiting, headache, ringing in the ears, and severe breathing difficulties, which may be delayed at onset. Substernal pain, cough, and hoarseness are also reported. High vapor concentrations are anesthetic and central nervous system depressants. GI Tract: Ingestion causes burning sensation in mouth and stomach, nausea, vomiting, and salivation. Minute amounts aspirated into the lungs can produce a severe hemorrhagic pneumonitis with severe pulmonary injury or death. Zinc Eye: May cause irritation. NA NA NA 0/1/1 NA NA Zinc powder can react (powder) Skin: May cause irritation. violently with water, Respiratory: No adverse sulfur, and halogens. effects expected but dust Dangerous or potentially may cause mechanical dangerous with strong irritation. The effects may be oxidizing agents, lower expected to resemble those molecular weight of inhaling an inert dust; chlorinated possible difficulty in hydrocarbons, strong breathing, sneezing, acids, and alkalis. coughing. When heated, the Avoid heat, flames, fumes are highly toxic and ignition sources, and may cause fume fever. incompatibles. GI Tract: Extremely large oral dosages may produce gastrointestinal disturbances, due both to mechanical effects and the possibility of reaction with gastric juice to produce zinc chloride. Pain,

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stomach cramps, and nausea could occur in aggravated cases.

PPE Selection Code 29 of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.132 lists the general requirements for personal protective equipment (PPE). The PPE shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever hazards may be encountered that are capable of causing injury or impairment in the functioning of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation, or physical contact. PPE should not be used by personnel who have not received proper training in its selection, use, limitations, care, and maintenance. The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required to use PPE. Eye Protection The eye and face protection requirements are outlined in 29 CFR 1910.133. Protective eye and face devices shall comply with ANSI A87.1–1989. Face shield

Supplementary protective device worn with safety glasses or goggles to shield the wearer’s face from certain hazards.

Goggles

A wrap-around protective device that fits the face, surrounding the eyes to shield them from impact, splash, and vapor hazards. Nonvented goggles are available, as are goggles with direct or indirect vents.

Direct venting goggles

This design offers impact protection only. The air flow around the eyes helps reduce lens fogging.

Indirect venting This design offers impact protection with some degree of splash and particle goggles protection. The reduced air circulation increases the potential for lens fogging. Nonvented goggles

Lens frame construction without holes for air circulation. This design provides maximum protection; however, the lenses are subject to fogging.

Spectacle A protective device to shield the wearer’s eyes from a variety of hazards. (safety glasses) Source: EZ Facts, http://www.labsafety.com/.

Glove Materials The hand protection requirements are outlined in 29 CFR 1910.138. The use of appropriate hand protection is required when the hands are exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances; severe cuts or lacerations, abrasions, or punctures; chemical and thermal burns, and harmful temperature extremes. The selection of the appropriate hand protection shall be based on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards and potential hazards identified.

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Butyl rubber

Synthetic rubber material that offers high permeation resistance to gas and water vapors. Especially suited for use with esters and ketones.

Neoprene

Synthetic rubber material that provides excellent tensile strength and heat resistance. It is compatible with some acids and caustics.

Nitrile

Synthetic rubber material that offers chemical and abrasion resistance. It is a good, general-duty glove that provides protection from oils, greases, petroleum products, and some acids and caustics.

Polyvinyl A water-soluble synthetic material that is highly impermeable to gases. Excellent alcohol (PVA) chemical resistance to aromatic and chlorinated solvents. This material cannot be used in water or water-based solvents. Polyvinyl A synthetic thermoplastic polymer with good abrasion resistance that provides chloride (PVC) excellent resistance to most acids, fats, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Vitron®

A fluoroelastomer material that provides exceptional chemical resistance to aromatic and chlorinated solvents; however, minimal resistance to cuts and abrasions.

Source: EZ Facts, http://www.labsafety.com/.

Protective Clothing Materials 29 CFR 1910.132 does not specifically address the construction of protective clothing other than to say: All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed. It is essential that users of PPE are trained in its selection and use. Disposable Tyvex®

Uncoated manmade material that provides protection from particulates and incidental liquid and vapor contact.

Sarnex®

Tyvex-like product that has been coated with a chemical resistant layer to provide protection from a broad range of chemicals.

Tychem® Material consisting of multiple layers of chemically resistant materials fabricated to provide maximum protection against chemical exposure. Note: These materials do not provide protection against fire or extreme heat.

Reusable Work clothes

Natural fibers such as cotton or wool provide a barrier against particulates. They readily adsorb liquids and provide minimal barrier against vapor exposures.

Nomex®

Manmade fiber with fire-resistant (not fire-proof) qualities. The fabric’s weave and the garment design will determine its resistance to liquid and vapor exposure.

Kevlar®

Manmade fiber with fire-resistant qualities that exceed Nomex. Like Nomex, the fabric’s weave and the garment design will determine resistance to liquid and vapor exposure.

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Respiratory Protection The respiratory protection requirements are outlined in 29 CFR 1910.134. In brief this section states that to control occupational diseases caused by breathing contaminated air, the primary objective shall be to prevent atmospheric contamination by accepted engineering control measures. When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while they are being instituted, appropriate respirators shall be used. Respirators that are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of the employee. Air purifying A full- or half-face mask with chemical or mechanical cartridges that filter out a respirator (APR) variety of airborne contaminants. APRs cannot be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres (below 19.5%). Disposable APRs are intended for single use or until the cartridge expires. The cartridges are permanently attached and there are no replaceable parts. Reusable APRs have replaceable cartridges or parts. Powered APRs use a blower to pass the contaminated air through the filtering cartridge. Supplied air respirators

These devices provide the highest level of protection against toxic materials and are required for work in oxygen deficient atmospheres. Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) has a limited air supply that is carried by the user, allowing for greater mobility and fewer restrictions. Air-line respirators have an air hose that is connected to a fresh air supply from a central source. The source can be a compressed air cylinder or an air compressor that supplies Grade D breathing air. Emergency escape breathing apparatus (EEBA) provides oxygen for shorter duration than provided by an SCBA. These units are designed for emergency situations that call for immediate escape from IDLH environments

Respirator Protection Factorsa No respiratory protection

1

Half-face cartridge respirator

10

Full-face cartridge respirator

50

Powered air respirator

50

Positive pressure supplied air respirator a

Established by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

10000

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142

EPA PPE Selection Guidelines Respiratory Protection

Protective Clothing

Hand and Foot Protection

Optional Equipment

Gloves: Outer and inner chemicalresistant gloves Boots: Chemical resistant with steel toe and shank

Coveralls Long underwear Hard hat Two-way radio communications system

Gloves: Outer and inner chemicalresistant gloves Boots: Chemical resistant with steel toe and shank

Coveralls Long underwear Hard hat Two-way radio communications system Face shield Boot covers (chemical resistant)

Gloves: outer and inner chemicalresistant gloves Boots: Chemical resistant with steel toe and shank

Coveralls Long underwear Hard hat Two-way radio communications system Face shield Boot covers (chemical resistant) EEBA

Boots: Chemical resistant with steel toe and shank

All the above plus: Eye/face protection Gloves

Level A NIOSH-approved positive pressure full face piece SCBA, or NIOSH-approved positive pressure full face piece supplied air respirator with an EEBA (5-minute duration minimum)

Totally encapsulated chemicalprotective suit specifically designed to resist permeatation by chemicals that are encountered

Level B NIOSH-approved positive pressure full face piece SCBA, or NIOSH-approved positive pressure full face piece supplied air respirator with an EEBA (5-minute duration minimum)

Hooded chemical-resistant clothing made of materials resistant to the chemicals encountered (overalls) and long sleeved jacket; coveralls; one- or two-piece chemical splash suit; disposable chemical-resistant overalls

Level C NIOSH-approved full face piece or half mask air purifying respirator

Hooded chemical-resistant clothing made of materials resistant to the chemicals encountered (overalls) and long-sleeved jacket; coveralls; one- or two-piece chemical splash suit; disposable chemical resistant overalls

Level D No respiratory protection required

Coveralls

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FIGURE 3.1 Contamination Reduction Zone

FIGURE 3.2 Site Control Plan Site Control Decontamination Solutions Solution A: For inorganic acids, heavy metals, etc.

1 gallon water 6.5 oz. (by weight) sodium carbonate 6.5 oz. (by weight) trisodium phosphate (TSP)

Solution B: For chlorinated phenols and oils, cyanides, ammonia, and other nonacidic inorganic wastes

1 gallon water 13 oz. (by weight) calcium hypochlorite

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Solution C (general use): For oil, grease, solvents, organic compounds, and unspecified substances

1 gallon water 6.5 oz. (by weight) trisodium phosphate

Solution D: For inorganic bases, alkali, and caustic substances

1 gallon water 1.5 fluid oz. concentrated hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)

4 Crime Scene Processing and Worksheets Processing Sampling Kit Necessary Items Desirable Items Camera (35 mm or digital) 30 1/2-oz glass vials with acid-resistant screw caps 30 25-ml disposable volumetric pipettes 60 4×6″ zip-lock plastic bags 3 pipette bulbs 100 3×5″ index cards Marking pens Tape

Chalk or dry-erase board with markers Scales (1-kg and 100kg capacity) Field test kit Disposable culture tubes Disposable plastic eye droppers Wooden spatulas or applicator sticks pH paper Premixed reagents (see Reagents, page 121)

Ruler or tape measure Worksheets or note pads

Sampling Guide General Considerations • Consult local statutes and case law concerning the type and amount of samples required. • Sampling should be conducted in a well-ventilated area, preferably away from the lab area. • All samples should be photographed with the original container. What to Sample • The entire amount of controlled substances should be seized. • All reaction mixtures should be sampled. • Random samples of waste material should be taken. • Unlabeled chemical containers should be sampled. • Sampling of reagents and solvents is left to the discretion of the on-scene chemist.

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• Each phase of a multiphase liquid should be sampled. • The sampling of commercially labeled containers is left to the discretion of the on-scene chemist. • Factory-sealed containers can be assumed to contain what the label reports. • Open, commercially labeled containers may or may not contain what the label reports. • The sampling of glassware is left to the discretion of the on-scene chemist. Sample Packaging • Liquid samples should be packaged in glass vials with acid-resistant screw cap and placed inside a sealed ziplock plastic bag. • Solid samples should be placed into a sealed zip-lock plastic bag. • Solid and liquid samples should be placed inside a second sealed zip-lock plastic bag. • The outer sealed zip-lock plastic bag should be marked with the appropriate case information. • Individual items should be placed into a single container filled with an absorbent material for transportation and storage.

Field Test Information

Reagent Marquis

Cobalt thiocyanate Copper sulfate

Dinitrobenzene

pDMBA

Silver nitrate

Reagents Formulation 0.5 ml fomaldehyde combined with 30 ml of sulfuric acid; store in amber glass vial with acid-resistant cap 5% aqueous solution of cobalt thiocyanate (CoSCN) Solution A: 5% aqueous solution of copper sulfate (CuSO4) Solution B: Saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Solution A: 2% solution of mdinitrobenzene, in reagent alcohol Solution B: 5% solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Solution A: 2% solution of pdimethylaminobenzaldehyde (pDMBA) Solution B: Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) 5% aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3)

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Barium chloride 5% aqueous solution of barium chloride (BaCl2) Diphenylamine Solution A: 1% aqueous solution of diphenylamine Solution B: Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4); store in amber glass vial with acidresistant cap Thymol Solution A: 1% aqueous solution of thymol Solution B: Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4); store in amber glass vial with acidresistant cap Nessler’s Dissolve 5 g of potassium iodide (KI) and 10 g of mercuric chloride in 50 ml of deionized water Dissolve 20 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 50 ml of deionized water; combine solutions Methanol/sodium 1 N solution of sodium hydroxide hydroxide (NaOH) in methanol

Reagent Marquis

Reactions Color Indication

Orange Phenethylamines, phenylacetic acid Purple Opiates, MDA, MDMA Cobalt thiocyanate Blue Cocaine HCl, PCP, meperidine, lidocaine Copper sulfate Blue Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, lidocaine Dinitrobenzene Purple Phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) pDMBA Purple LSD, indoles Silver nitrate White Cl−, CO3−2, SO3−2 Crème Br Yellow I−, PO4−3 Brown OH Black S− Barium chloride White CO3−2, SO3−2, SO4−2, PO4−3

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

NO3−, ClO3−, ClO4−, nitro compounds, oxidizers Thymol Green NO3 Brown ClO3− Red RDX, HMX Blue PETN green Nessler’s Orange NH4+ Methanol/sodium Red to TNT hydroxide orange Blue to DNT brown Sulfuric acid Yellow ClO4− orange Diphenylamine

Blue

Volume Estimates

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Round Bottom Flask Volume (ml) Liquid Height 1000 2000 3000 5000 12000 22000 50000 72000 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0

5 19 42 79 109 152 200 252 308 366 426 487 549 609 669 726

6 24 53 93 141 199 264 336 414 497 585 676 770 866 963 1061 1158 1253 1347

7 28 62 107 164 232 309 394 488 589 696 808 925 1046 1170 296 1423 1551 1678 1804 1929 2050 2168 2281

9 33 74 129 198 280 348 481 597 723 859 1002 153 1310 1473 1641 1812 1987 2165 2344 2523 2703 2881 3058 3232 3402 3569 3731

11 45 100 176 271 385 518 667 833 1015 1212 1422 1646 1882 2129 2388 2556 2933 3218 3510 3810 4115 4424 4738 5055 5357 5696 6017 6340 6661 6980 7297 7610 7920

14 55 123 217 336 478 644 832 1042 1273 1524 1794 2082 2388 2710 3048 3401 3769 4150 4542 4948 5364 5790 6225 6668 7120 7577 8041 8510 8984 9860 9940 10421 903

18 73 163 288 447 638 862 1117 1402 1717 2061 2433 2832 3258 3709 4185 4685 5208 5753 6319 6909 7513 8139 8783 9444 10121 10815 11523 12245 12980 13728 14487 15257 16036

21 83 185 326 506 724 979 1270 1596 1957 2351 2778 3238 3728 4249 4799 5378 5984 6618 7278 7963 8673 9407 10163 10942 10163 12562 13402 14261 15137 16031 16941 17867 18807

Liquid Height 1000 2000 3000 5000 12000 22000 50000 72000 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

8224 11358 16825 8522 11867 17622 12347 18426 12825 19237 13299 20054 13771 20875

19761 20729 21708 22699 23700 24711

Field guide to clandestine laboratory identification and investigation

20.5 14236 21701 21.0 14697 22530 21.5 23361 22.0 24194 22.5 25028 23.0 25862 23.5 26695 24.0 27526 24.5 28354 25.0 29190 25.5 30001 26.0 30817 26.5 31627 27.0 32431 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 Adapted from Microgram, 24, 7, 184, July 1991.

25731 26758 27794 28835 29882 30934 31990 33049 34110 35173 36236 37299 38361 39421 40479 42533 42583 43627 44666 45967

150

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